P147: 't^-T^-r-r ASIA ■.-r«-fc.^ * *■■-. H- :^-^:^^'^^^ -v ^J«V^. > ♦^.-- P-, •V:^;iC%^,i:.^t4:^ V-,^>, .V' ?t:;\^^. 7 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE WASON CHINESE COLLECTION Cornell University Library PL 473.M69 A Manchu grammar.with analysed texts.by 3 1924 023 341 112 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023341112 T rT>. /" ^\ J-. * i ! 1 j --^ i 1 1 MANCHU GRAMMAR, i i WITH i 1 ■ \ i ANALYSED TEXTS, BY P. G. VON MOLLENDOKKF, Chhu'M' Cu.^toms l^ercire. SHANGHAI : Printed at the American Presryterian Mission Press. 1892. 3-1 rV MANCHU GRAMMAR, WITH A X A L Y S E D TEX T S , P. G. VON MOLLENDORFF, Clihief^i' CKxtoiiiH Spi-rii'e. 8HAN(iHAl: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1892. TA.BLE OF CONTENTS. IiitrddneHijii 1. — Phonology. 1. Alphabet (Table ) Pronuneiatioa .. "i. Harmony of Vowels ;>. Diphthongs and Triphthongs 4. Word-changes and Foreign Words II. — Etyjiology. ]. Xonns and Adjectives. Tei'niinations. i'hiral. ('use AlH.Ki's : ?, ;//, (h'. hi', ci '^. Pronouns '.]. Numerals 4. Verbs. Derivation. Jloods and Tenses. Irregnlaritii o. Adverbs 0. Postpositi(jns 7. (jonjunctions •S. Interjections. III. — Syntax Manchu Texts with Translation and Analysis Iiid(!x of Affixes and Terms Appendix : European Literature treating on I\lanclHi Nesi-ation V. vi. 1 3 3 4 6 13 13 13 13 13 15 51 53 INTRODUCTION Theke is as yet no grammar of the Manclin language in Eiiglisli. Wylik's translation of the Tsing Wan Ki Mung ('^- -^ jgj; ^), Shanghai, 1S55, a kind of Mauchu hand-book for the use of Chinese, though useful and full of interest, is by no means a grammar. The general interest taken in every language will, of course, be also extended to Manchu ; still a few words seem necessary to sliow the particular usefulness of its study. There exist in all about 2-JO works in Manchu, nearly all of which arc translations from the Chinese. They consist of translations from the Classics, some historical and metaphysical works, literary essays, collections of famous writers, novels, poetry, laws and regulations, Imperial edicts, dictionaries, phrase books, ere. Most of these translations are excellent, but they are all literal. Executed under the eyes of intelligent princes, they form a reliable expression of the meaning of the ('hinese text and hav(! therefore a right to acceptance ecpial to that enjoyed by commentaries of good writers. Manchu being infinitely easier to learn than Chinese, these translations are a great help towards obtaining a clear insight into Chinese syntax, and scholars like Stanisl.vs Julien, who owed the remarkable precision in his renderings to his knowledge of Manchu, have repeatedly pointed this out. In a letter addressed to Dr. Leggk he alludes to the stud}^ of Manchu as being of great assistance in translating the Classics. Dr. Leggb, however, in the preface to his translation of the Shukiug, pronounced himself against it. The reasons advanced by this great scholar are not very cogent, and, in fact, not knowing tlie language, he was hardly competent to judge. But, even if he were right, others may be in a different position. Dr. Legge was perhaps more fortunate or more gifted than most people and had a thorough mastery of Chinese at the time when St. Julien wrote to him. Those who find Chinese more difficult will be inclined to consider the Mauchu translations a great help. This grammar being intended for the practical pur])ose of guiding tlie student in learning to read Manchu works, not of translating into Manchu, everything foreign to the aim is left out, especially all information wliich properly belongs to the sjihere of the dictionary. SlIAXGH.M, Fchruitnj, 1892. p. ({. VON MoLLENDOliFF. THE ^LFH^BET. a When alone. In the beginning of a word. In the middle of a word. . — .. — ,, At the end of a word. y when followed by n in the beginning of a word, a spaee is left to distinguish it froti) a : J en T a i r ^ l-^ see n e i u u 4' A >> &y see b n k g 'i Y^ when followed by a, o, u "r >i II »i fi» h '^ ^ when followed by a, o, ti ii 11 n M **i 1) n ^ when followed by a, o, ii 3 '.1 -> ->• ' .^ ,T -^i;Vn final" a, but a vowel preceding shows that it must be n. h b P s 3 1^ 11 II 11 ®i *i ^ > rfl ta, Xjj te, ^ ^.S' the downstroka is longer than that of o. A t' d 1 ^ foil, by a, Ji fotl.bye, after a vowel d ^, foil. by n, -P folLbye, <^' da X$j' de h m c 1^ 4 A •J tL J y r f ■w ^ -1 A cf foil, by a or e, foil, by other vowels ^ foil, by a or e A ^ tf* foil, by a or e ^ foil by other vowels. tA foil, by a or e For transcribing Chinese syllables: — k' >$ ,g' >$.,h' >^, ts' .J+, ts E., A ■" .1 6 (^' ^. -^^ I. PHONOLOGY. 1. Alphabet. Mauchu writing consists of 34 elements, viz., 6 vowels, 18 essentially Mancliu consonants and 10 marks specially intended for the rendering of Oliinese syllables (vide Table). The 6 vowels are a, e (a), i, o, n, u (not 5 as generally represented).* The IS consonants are k, g, li, n, b, p, s, s, t, d, 1, m, c, j, y, r, f, w. The 10 marks are k', g, h', ts', ts, dz, z, sy, c'y, jy.^ k, g, h, t, d have two forms, one when followed by a, o, u, the other when followed by e, i, u. in the middle or at the end of words may be doubled and then stands for oo or ao. If u or u is followed by a or e, w is placed between them : juive (two) pronounced jue. If a vowel is followed by i, the latter is doubled, except at the end of a word. No word commences with r, nor with two or more consonants. t after a vowel and before a consonant, or at the end of a word, is written like on. To distingnish f from w the rule is : at the beginning of a word w occurs only when followed by a or e. F before a and e has an additional stroke at the right. Mauchu is written from top to bottom, the lines following from left to rio-ht.* Pronunciation. Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronuncia- tion, so k before i and e=ch', g before i and e=ch, h and s before i=hs, etc. H before a, o, u, u, is the guttural Scotch or German oh. n is the ordinary sonorous liquid ; only as initial, when followed by ij^a, iye, iyo, io, it is pronounced like ny : e.g. niyalma ma.n=ni/alma ; niyengniyeri spring=nymy?2wzn ; niolhon smooth.=nyolkon (Radloff, Phonetik, p. 162). s=sh ; c=ch in Chinese ; j=j in judge ; y when initial==y in yonder. a, i, 0, u, u as in German. e=a, ; e.g. ejen master, Tungusic djdn; inenggi day, Tung, indngi ; elgembi to lead, Tung. dlgojdm; edun wind, Tung. odyn. i=i, y (=Russian h) ; kali meadow=Tung. kowyr. y with an e before and after, is not pronounced : beye body=bee (bed). Nor is it heard between i and a, or i and e. z=j in jardin. The accent lies always on the last syllable, the same as in Mongolian. 2. Harmony of Vowels. Manchu writing distinguishes 6 vowels ; there are, however, in reality eight, which all occur in stem syllables : a, a, o, o, y, i, u, ii. As regards long and short vowels u only has two separate signs. 1 The name of the Emperor ^ shun is given in Manchu as sun. ' The y in these 3 Chinese syllables represents the vowel transcribed by Wade with ii as in tzii and gsii, and with ih as in chih and shih. * This alphabet was adopted by the Uigurs from a Syriac or Mandaic source, thence adapted to the Mongolian language and in 1599 slightly altered to suit the pronunciation of Manchu. Unfortunately 3 vowels were left unrepre- sented : 6, ti, y. Qy comparing the Tungusic dialects these vowels can be partly restored. These 8 vowels are divided* into the followiug groups : — 4 guttural a y u 4 palatal a 6 i u 4 dental a a y i 4 labial o u 6 ii 2 dento-gnttiiral a y 2 labio-guttural u 2 dento-palatal a i 2 labio-palatal 6 ii 4 wide vowels a a 6 4 narrow vowels y u i a according to the degree of widening or nar- rowing the inner organs of speech. The harmony of vowels consists in a certain attraction of vowels physiologically related to each other ; in accordance with it a vowel can only be followed by a corresponding one. All the Altaic languages show this peculiarity, the Turkish dialects the most, the Tungusic and Mancbu the least. Within stems. this harmony of vowels is of interest only to the philologist, but as most of the aflSxes in Manchu oifer the choice between 2 or even 3 vowels (e.g. ha, ho, he ; la, le ; hon, hun, hun), a few rules are necessary to show which vowels should be used. 1. Stems terminating in a, e or o, take the same vowel in the affix: sula-ha left behind ; mute-re being able to ; tokto-ho fixed. Exceptions are given under " Verbs." For affixes in on, un, un (hon, hun, hun) : stems in which a or o occurs twice, or those having 1 and a, take sometimes u : yacla-hnn poor ; soyos-hun folded. 2. Stems of one syllable, terminating in i or u, take mostly e : bi-he was ; kit-he rotten . With one of the affixes on, un, iin : his-hun bashful. 3. Stems of several syllables terminating in i or u, with a, u, u, or oo preceding, take mostl y a : mari-ha returned ; jabunha answered ; tumi-kan somewhat frequent ; guni-ha thought ; kooU-ngga customary. An exception appears to be : ashu-re will refuse. Of affixes in on, un, un : taH-hun doubtful ; miosi-hun or hon wrong. 4. Stems of several syllables terminating in i or u, with e preceding, take e : julesi-Jeen a little forward ; tebvrngge laying down ; of affixes in on, un, iin : wesi-hun upper ; etu-hun strong. 5. Stems having n repeated, take mostly e, but sometimes a : uhu-he accompanied ; ulu-ken a little wrong ; but usu-kan a little uncommon. 6. Stems terminating in u with i preceding, take mostly a : bisu-kan a little smooth ; but also e : Mru-re will be in heat. 7. Stems in u and S, take mostly a : muku-ha, breathed in. 8. Stems with two i, take mostly a : ili-ha, stood ; but also e : iji-re will weave. The exceptions for the verbal affixes ha, ra, will be given in extenso under " Verbs." If two or more affixes are used, the vowel of the first determines the vowels of the others. The difference between wide and narrow vowels is also used to express the difference of gender, e.g.; — a male principle (|g yang). e female principle (|^ yin). ama father. erne mother. amha father-in-law. emhe mother-in-law. haha man. - hehe woman, etc. * I follow J. GEtTNZBL, Die Vooalharmonie der Altaischen Sprachen, Sitz. Ber. der Kaia. Ak. der Wiss, Wien, 1888, which is based on Radloff's eminent work: Phonetik der Nordlicheu Tiirkspracben. Leipzig, 1883. 3. Diphthongs and Triphthongs. Iq these the rules of vowel harmony are not perceptible : a may be followed by i, o : ai, ao ; e by i, o : ei, eo ; i by a, e, i, o, u : ia, ie, ii, io, iu ; o by i, : oi, 00 ; u by a, e, i, o : ua, ue, ui, uo ; 5 by a, e, i, o : ua, ue, ui, uo. Triphthongs are ioa, ioo, io (w) an, io (w) en, ioi, i (y) ao. Of the above oo stands for ao or u ; ioo for Chinese yao (H); io(w)aa, io(w)ea for nan, lien ; ioi for ii ; i(y) )0 for iao. 4. Word-changes and Foreign Words. Vowels are often dropped : a. iu the middle of words : tofohon fifteen, pronounced tofhon ; ilha flower from ilaha ; utha hunt — butaha ; hojhon son-iu-law — hojihon ; ufhi part — ufuhi; gelhun fear — gelehun ; narsa. niggard — narasa, ; cirku pillow — cirulm from ciritmbi ; forgon or forhon 8&&son—forohon, etc. b. in combination of two words : ertele till here— ere tele, emderi at the same time — emu, derei ; emursu simple — emit ursit; erse such — ere se ; ergi this side — ere gi ; inenggiskun noon — inenggi sahun ; dergi upper — dere gi ; baitaku unemployed — baita, aku ; memema step-father— meme ama ; aba where? — ai ba; amargi behind — ama ergi, alimhaharaku inexpressible — alime- ba?-aha aku. A final n, not being part of the root, is dropped in combinations : kumuda musician — kumun da ; ilase three years — ilan se ; daniyartu a mythological animal — daniyan artu, or transformed in m before b : dulimba" m.iM\Q — dulin ba. K and h, g and h sometimes interchange : emeke — emke mother-in-law •,julge — julehe formerly. Foreign words in Manchu are mostly Chinese and Mongol. The latter, like gobi desert, sain good, have been taken over without change and are difficult to recognize as foreign. In the beginning of Manchu literature Chinese words were : — a. borrowed without change, new words for new ideas : ging {^^, ^, |g), gung (^, ^, J&i Di wang (2), even when an original Manchu word existed : liyo huioang (T^ ^ liu huang sulphur) instead of hurku ; funghuwang {%, Jg, fgn^ huang phoenix) instead oi garudai. It has been calculated that one-third of the Manchu dictionary consists of Chinese words thus borrowed. b. with slight change in the termination : ging-gulembi to honour from f]^ (ching). c. with an addition explanatory of the meaning : gin liyan ilha (^ m chin lien lotus, ilha flower) lotus ; ingturi or ingtoro cherry from \% ying cherry with turi bean or toi'O (^ t'ao) peach. Other similarities seem to point to more ancient loans : ^ brush {^ ]}i\ /a/im law (f^ fa) ; dule/un degree (]g tu) ; kemun measure ( gj k'e). These may, however, originally spriuf from the same root (compare e.g. hemun with Jakutic hiim measure). Manchu words cannot begin with r (Buddhist works contain some transliterated Sanscrit words commencing with r) or Q (ulet is Mongol). They generally terminate in vowels or n. Final r, k and s is only found in onomatopoetic words like kacar kicir, kafur, kalar kilir, etc., cik cak, tok, katak kitik, Ms kis. Words with final m, 1, or t, are foreign : serim name of a place, serekul town in Turkestan, mandal Mongol word, a place where sacred rites are practiced, ulet is a Mongol name. Some few words terminate in b : tob right, cob mountain peak, kah kih, cib cab. The ending ng, if not onomatopoetic as in ang, cing cang, cung, etc., shows Chinese origin. II. ETYMOLOGY. The words of the Manchu language may be divided into : 1. nouns and adjectives, 2. pronouns, 3. numerals, 4. verbs, 5. adverbs, 6. postpositions, 7. conjunctions, 8. interjections. 1. Nouns and adjectives I treat together, as they have many terminations in common and as many adjectives may be used as nouns and vice versa. The terminations for nouns are : — a. vowels : abki, heaven, muke water, kesi favour, olo hemp, huncu sledge, boo house, buhu stag. b. n : morin horse, banin nature. c. ka, ko, ku, ku, ho, indicating mostly names of instruments and utensils : ujika bow case ; oboko washing basin ; hujuku bellows ; forika drum ; corho funnel ; but also taciku school. d. ha, he, ge, han, hen, gan, gen, goa : sujaha tent peg ; suhe, silken commentary, nedege news ; husihan petticoat ; hitrgan large net ; turigen wages ; bodogon intention. e. ba : hondoba whip lash ; dulimba middle. f. bun : ulabun tradition. g. si, ci, cin : yafa,si gardener; aduci herdsman; jacin second of two brothers. h. ra, re, ri, ro, rn, ran, ren, ron : jamaran quarrel ; tohoro circle, wheel ; heturen cross beam. The terminations for nouns and adjectives are : — a. nggi : inenggi day ; etenggi strong. b. hiyan, hiyen : acuhiyan slander, calumnious. c. hon, hun, hun, shun, shun : etuhun power, mighty; ijishun compliance, compliant. d. sun : huwaliyasun harmony, peaceful. e. tu, tun : iletu appearance, clear ; iletun sign. f. ki, hi, hin : jabsaU luck, lucky ; holhi stupid ; aduhi leather trowsers ; lekerU, leherhi, hkerhin seal. g. cu, cun : suilacun anxiety, anxious. h. la, lo, le, Ian, Ion, le^a.: fangkala low ; dorolon ceremony.- i. ja, ji : boihoju terrestrial, spirit of the earth; jiduji quite iright ; boigoji landlord. The terminations for adjectives are : — a. ngga, nggo, ngge, nggu : moringga viiiag'doronggo regular ; ambalinggu (o) earnest. b- (n) ingge : niyalmaingge human. c. su, da, do, de : gelesu timid ; ubiyada hated. d. bnru, cuka, cuke : hataburu, hatacuka odious ; ferguwecuke wonderful. e. saka : ekisaka, silent. Diminutives and augmentatives are formed with the affixes kan, kon, ken, gan, gen, liyan, liyen, cen, si : amhakan somewhat large ; biragan a small river ; olhokon a little dry ; gelfiyehen a little pale; adaliliyan somewhat similar; arnhakaliyan a little big; isheliyen rather narrow; suhecen a small axe ; ambakasi somewhat big. Adjectives are transformed into nouns by adding urse (^) : tacire urse (J^ ^) the students, the scholars ; or by adding ha (place) : amba ha greatness. The plural of nouns (adjectives remain unchanged) is formed : — a. by the affixes sa, se, si, so, ta, da, te, ri. These are simply added to the word ; a final n (not being part of the root) is dropped {hafan — hafasd) ; but han emperor — hansa. Jui loses final i: juse; omolo final lo : omosi. Thus sabi — sabisa; age, agese; aha — ahasi ; monggo — monggoso ; ama — amata ; erne — emete ; nwtfa — mafari. Some nonns use several affixes : n?-un — unisa and uruse ; agu — agusa and aguse ; nakcu — nakxusa, nakcuse, and nalcuta ; gioro or gioni — gioroso and gioruse ; sargan — mrgaUi and sargada, b. by repeating the noun : se sc years. c. by adding numeral terms or words denoting plurality. These are : Placed before the noun : tangga liundred, e.g. tangga hala ("g ^) the hundred family names, the people; tiimen ten thousand (^), e.g. tumen j^'afc!!. things, all things; geren all, e.g. geren nil/alma all men ; tiie latter is also used in combination with plural forms : geren ambasa hafasa the officials. Placed after the noun : gemu all, e.g. baijan gemu the rich ; t07ne all, e.g. niyalma tome men, all men ; jergi rank (^), e.g. gitrgu jergi the animals ; urse (^) follows chiefly adjectives or participles, e.g. bayan urse the rich ; tacire urse the scholars, but does not always denote plurality. Comb/nation of nouns icitk other affixes : i, ni ; de ; be; ci. 1 . 1, ni. I is placed after words terminating in a vowel or in n ; 7ii follows words terminating in a cm, sonant other than n. After words ending in i (words of Chinese origin excepted) the i may be left out. This affix denotes : a. the genitive case or possession, origin, habitation, part, intention with which a thing is done (.;i), e.g. boo i ejen the master of the house ; abkai ejen the Lord of Heaven, God (5c i) '■> irgen i >i.rse those of the people ; urgun i doro the ceremony of congratulation. b. instrumentality (.H), e.g. siilie i with an axe. c an adverbial expression (^), e.g. fafun i legally. (Sometimes the i is left out, e g. gunin sukdun the spirit of thought, i.e. energy ; siden halm a supernumerary. The first noun is in such cases employed like an adjective. Of several nouns dependent on one, only the last of the dependent nouns takes the affix, e.g. a.ma Jui i boo the house or houses of the son and of the father. Ama i jui i boo means the house of the son of the father. 2. De denotes the situation (in, at), the direction (towards, tipon, on), the address (to), the remaining with, according to, the locative and the dative: gurun de in the empire, towards the empire ; hotan de in or to the town ; doron de according to custom, solemnly ; na de on earth ; ere niijalma, de bumbi to give to this {ere) man {niyalma); tere niyalma de henduhe he spoke with that man ; dere de sindamU to place on the table ; si aibide genembi where {aihide) are you {si) going to ? tmoare de ja gojim£ yabure de mangga though {gojime) easy {ja) to look at {tuware de), it is difficult (mangga) to perform (j/abure de) ; niyalma de it is for man to ; abka de it is for heaven to (kotninis est, cceli est) ; juwe de gemu sartabure de isinambi to come to {isinambi) delaying {sartabure de) altogether {gemu) in either [juwe f/e) M T ® ^ M JS^ Ifc JS ; ^«»«^ ^i^e the Chinese ^ tu is here expletive. 3. Be denotes the direct complement of the verb, the accusative, e.g. baita be gaimbi to take a thing ; erdemui beyebe dasambi by virtue we cultivate the body {beye be ourselves). Be is sometimes used as an expletive, e.g. huwasabuku mutehiku taciku tacikiyahu he ilibuji tacibume. hoioascibuhri serengge ujire be tacihiyaka serengge tacibure be mutebuhu serengge gabtabure be, establish {ilibuji) colleges, academies, schools and gj-mnasia for the instruction {tacibume) of the people. A college is for nourishment, an academy (and a school) for instruction, a gymnasium for archery (Mencius, GrabeJentz p. 90, Lcgge p. 118). This use of be might be explained as an ellipsis, a verb like to give {bumbi) or to teach {tacimbi) being understood. It may be left out, if the sentence is otherwise clear, e.g. bithe arambi to write a letter. 6 4. Ci is the sign of the ablative case (from, out of), denotes separation and is nsed in comparisons, e.g. erect amasi henceforward ; daci dubede isitala from beginning to end ; ubaci goro aka, not far from this ; ama eniye ci fakcafi, booci aljafi inenggi goidaha taking leave of his father and mother, he was long separated from his family ; yaci neneme jihe bike which came first ? It serves to form the comparative, e.g. minci amba bigger than myself. 2. Peonouns. a. Personal Pronouns. bi I, si thon, i he {tere that), be we, muse we, suwe yon, ce they. Muse means (like the Pekingese P§ P^ tsa men) we that are speaking together, we that belong to one family, one clan, one nation. The above are declined as follows : — he, she, it ce they ni ceni nde cende nom. bi I be we muse we si thou suwe you gen. mini Tneni musei sini suweni dat. minde mende musede sinde suwende ace. mimbe membe musebe simbe suwembe imbe cembe abl. minci menci museci sinci suwenci inci cenci. For I, myself, etc., beye is added to the genitive : mini beye, sini heye, etc. For he himself ini beye or gula beye is used. b. Possessive Pronouns. These are formed by adding ngge to the genitive of the personal pronouns : miningge mine, siningge thine, etc. Often the genitive without ngge is thus employed : meni morin our horse. Ere this, tere that frequently stand for the third person : terei ganin his opinion ; eseingge theirs, belonging to them. c. Demonstrative Pronouns. These are ere this, tere that : — nom. ere this ese these tere that tese those gen. erei, ereni esei terei tesei dat, ede, erede esede tede, terede tesede ace. erebe esebe terebe tesebe abl. ereci eseci tereci teseci. If used as adjectives, ere and tere do not add the case affixes. Sometimes uba this and tuha that are used, but always alone, not in combination with nouns. d. Interrogative Pronouns. These are we (gen. wei, dat. wede, ace. webe, abl. weei) who ? ai (ace. aimbe, abl. ainci) what ? which ? ya who ? what ? With we are formed weingge, weike which ? of what nature ? With ai : aibi, ai gese, aiba what ? ai yadare how much ? aba where ? etc. With ya : yaci who ? what ? yaka how ? At the end of interrogative sentences it is common to append ni or o, e.g. marimbio shall 1 back out ? When following the future participle in ra (re, ro) o sometimes implies a request : minde hulabureo do cause me to study ! {hulambi to study, hulabumbi passive or causative, halabure future participle). e. Indefinite Pronouns : aiha, aimaka somebody, ya everybody, yamaka whoever, etc. 3. Numerals. a. The Cardinal Numerals are : — 1 emu, emke 6 ninggun 2 juwe 7 nadan 3 ilan 8 jakun 4 duin 9 uyun 5 sunja 10 juwan 11 J/iiran emu 70 nadanju r,' „ juice 80 jakimja 13 „ ilan. 90 ui/anja 14 „ (I III II 100 tangga 15 tofolton 101 tangga emn 16 jmvan ninggun, etc. 200 _;;«»e tanggu 20 ()r/;t 300 ?7aM tanggn, etc. 21 or/w COTM, etc. 1000 minggan 30 (7 .^/?i 10,000 «emeH 40 A'/// 100,000 jiiwan tumen 50 A'wsa/ 1,000,000 tangga tumen. 60 ?!»i;w The liiglier numerals (up to 100 trillious huju baja) are not origiually Manchn, bat were introduced into Buddhist works in imitation of Tibetau numerals which again were originally Sanscrit. h. The Ordinal Numerals are formed by adding ci to the cardinals, dropping a fiaal n except in jiacati ten and tumen ten thousand, in which two the n is part of the root : The first tijn, vjui, vjuci, tuktaii, emuci, the very first ujui uju, niongnio, bonggo. The second j'a/, jaici, juweci. The third ilaci The ninth w/uci The fourth cluici The tenth, jtiwajici The tifth sunjaci The eleventh _/M2^;an emuci The sixth ningguci The hundredth tangguci The seventh nadaci The thousandth minggaci The eighth ja/nlci The ten thousandth tumenci. For the days of the month and for the months and years other expressions are in use : the first day of the month ke ; the first month iob biga {}£ ^); the first year (of an emperor's reign) sucungga aniya (^ ^) ; the 3rd day of the 3rd moon ilangga inenggi ; the 7th day of the 7th moon nadanqga inenggi ; the 16th day of the 1st moon niohun ; the 11th moon omson biya; the 12th moou jorgon biya. The first of 2 or 3 sons is uda, the second 7'a f 3^ < > y 4 o ?■ Senior. So I hear you are studying Manchu, eh ? that's right. Manchu is with us Manchus the first and foremost of essentials ; it is to us, in short, what the language spoken in his own part of the country is to a Chinese ; so it would never do to be without a knowledge of Manchu, would it ? donjici, Condit. tense (6) of donjimhi to hear : I hear, but I am not sure, whe- ther it is so Si thou te now manju Manchu hithe book taciinbi Present Tense (2) to learn sembi (2) to say, here merely closing the report he heard umesi very sain good manju Manchu gisun word, speech serengge Future Part, of sembi to say, namely nv.isei we, with genitive affix i, of us manjusai Manchus, gen. plur. ^a-i ujiii first, with genitive affix i \ the first of uju first j the first oyonggo important baita thing, matter uthai therefore, it is as nikasai, pi. of nikan Chinese (nikasa) with gen. affix i of the Chinese me7ii meni every ba place i ofenitive affix gisun word, speech i genitive affix adcdi alike, similar to bahanarakuci Fut, (.5) of bahanambi to comprehend, with negation aku and oci Conditional (6) of ombi to be, if you should not know ombio Pros, Tense (2) of ombi to be, with interrogative o, will that do 1 16 i i t L 1 ■ i 4 i t is k Js ,f Junior, To be sure not. I have been studying Chinese for over ten years, but I am still as far as ever from seeing my way in it. Then if I can't master Manju and learn to translate, I shall have broken down at both ends of the line. inu yes, indeed waJca not oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be, it may ai what ? bil juwan ten aniya year funceme Inf. (3) of funcemhi to exceed, coordinate definite verb followed by taciha: I have exceeded and learned nikan Chinese hithe book taciha Pret. (4) of tacimbi to learn : I have learned tetele from te now and tele till ; up to the present, still umai not at all dube point, end, extreme da beginning, dube da the very beginning tuciralm Fut. (5) of tucimbi to appear, with ahu not : it does not appear jai second, further aikabade if manju Manchu bithe book hularaku Fut. (5) of hulambi to read, to study, with aim not : shall not study ubaliyambure Fut. partio. (.5) of ubaliyam- bumbi to translate be accusative affix tacirahu Fut. (5) of tacimbi to learn with akii not oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be juwe detwo, with postpos. in gemu both, alike sartabure Fut. (5) of sartabumbi to be delayed de postpos. to isinambi to arrive 17 ,r t i J i t C I /- So I am come to-day, sir, in the first place, to pay my respects to you, and, in the next, to ask a favour of you. I find it not so easy to open the subject, however. Sekioe. What's your difficulty ? pray say what you have got to say. If it's anything that 1 can do for you, do you suppose that, with the relations existing between us, I shall try to back out ? uttu thus qfi Past Gerund (8) of ombi to be : having been emiide firstly oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be age elder brother, sir be accusative affix tmvanjiha Pret. (4) of tuivanjimbi to call (composed of tuwambi to see and jimbi to come) jaide secondly oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be geli also sahda old, experienced ahun elder brother de dative affix baire Fut. Participle (5) of baimbi to request babi from ba place, occasion and hi there is damu but baibi only angga mouth juwara Fut. Part. (5) of juivambi to open de in mangga difficult ede so, then aibi (from ai what and bi is) what ? gisun word, speech bid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be : if there are words uthai then gisure Imp. (1) oi gisiiremhi to speak mini (gen. of bi I) my mutere Fut. Part. (5) of mutembi to be able to do baita matter oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be sinde dative of si thou bil geli too marimbio to turn the head away, to back out, with interrogative o. 18 2 I - J I 4 > Junior. What I have to ask, then, is this : that you will so far take an interest in me as to put yourself to a little trouble on my account ; I will tell you how. Find time, if you can, to compose a few phrases in Manchu for me to study, and if I manage to succeed at all, I shall regard it entirely as your work. mini my bairengge Fut. Part. (21) of haimbi to request : that which I shall request age elder brother, sir gosici Cond. (6) of gosimbi to be kind to sadamhi Present (2) to be (get) tired seme Inf. or Ger. (3) of semhi tq say : saying ainara Fut. (5) of ainambi to do wha,t ? solo leisure solo leisure dein ' udu several, some meyen chapter manju Manchu (^isuft word, speech banjibufi Past Ger, (8) of banjibumbi to create, ptepare : having prepared minde dat. for me hulabureo Future (5) of causative of hu- Iambi to read, to study with o implying a request : please cause me to study deo younger brother bil bahafi Past Ger. (8) of bahambi to obtain, to succeed hMwasaci Cond. (6) of huwasambi to in- crease, to prosper gemu entirely age elder brother, sir i genitive afl&x kesi grace kai is (final particle). 19 i I i ■ J 1 4 1" I I i < > • I ^ ^ L .r 1 h :;!' Sir, I shall never forget your kindness, and shall not fail to repay it handsomely. Senioe. What are you talking about ? you are one of us, are you not ? My only fear would have been that you were not anxious to learn ; but, since you are wil- ling, I shall be only too glad to contribute to your success. ainaha seme certainly haili kindness be accusative affix onggorahu Fut. (5) of onggomhi to forget, with akii not urimahu must ujeleme Ger. (3) of ujelemhi to make heavy, to increase : increasingly harulald Subj. (7) of karulambi to repay ainu why ? uttu thus gisuremhi to speak si thou aika perhaps gurun empire 1 fo^.^ ^^^j, interrogative o guivao otlier J ° damu only sini gen. of si thou tacirahu Fut. (5) of tacimbi to learn, with aku not. be accusative affix hendumbi to speak dere final particle expressing a doubt taciki Subj. (7) of tacimbi to learn seci Cond. (6) of se?n6i to say, to be willing tetendere supposing bil nehulefi Patt Ger. (8) of nekulembi to be useful simhe ace. of si thou niyalma man o/cm Opt. (15) of ombi to make sembikai to say, with A;c«', final particle 20 2 .i •i c Talk of handsome return, indeed! people as intimate as you and I are should never use such language to one another. Junior. Well, sir, if that's the way of it, I am sure I feel extremely obliged. I have only to make you my best bow, and I shall say no more. karulaU Subj. (7) of harulambi to repay serengge Verbal Noun (21) oi sembi to say: that which you said ai what ? gisun word, speech musei gen. of muse we, we two dolo interior, in the family gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak omhio to be, can, may, with interrogative o : will that do ? tuttu thus ooi Cond. (6) of omhi to be bil huksehe Pret. (4) of huJcsembi to be thank- ful seme Inf. or Ger. (3) of sembi to say wajiraku Fut. (5) of wajimbi to end, with aku not : infinitely damu only hengkiseme Inf or Ger. (3) of hengkisemhi to prostrate oneself baniha thanks bure Fut. (5) of bvmhi to give dabala only geli besides ai what ? sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say. 21 > t O 4 I t i F 3- ■ 1^ i ^ '4 c • . J" .5 7 • .s h J^ 1^ £. 1 / <> 1 ■ n 4 S5° .A I t ^ 1 ■ t^ ^ y ^ \ •^ ^ j>' •7 O T ( ^ J 5 ^ > ? i^ , ft I 4: ^ > 1 Well, then, no matter Low exact or practised a speaker he may be, all we have to do is to make up our mind and apply ourselves to the language ; and if we don't quite reach the point he has attained, Ave shall not be very far behind him, I suspect. i he ai what ? liacin kind i genitive affix hahanaha Pret. (4) of halianamhi to compre- hend urehe Pret. (4) of uremhi to be proficient ohini Opt. (15) of omhi to be, may mitse we damu only mujilen heart he accusative affix teng with semhi to be firm seCTe Ger. (.3) of semhi to say jafa_fi Past Ger. (8) of jafamhi to take (junin thought girkn/i Past Ger. (8) oi girhumhi to exert tacici Cond. (6) of tacimhi to learn udu althougli tere tliat ten hight de to, at isiname Ger. (3) of isinomhi to arrive vniterahn Put. (.5) of miitemhi to l)e able, with ahl not I hicihe Ad vers. (13) oihiinhl to be inu yes, certaiuly ! urunaku -without doubt hammamhi to come near dere final particle expressing a presumption. 26 i> y- { "L t f .'4 4 \ /I t 3 ^ y ? \ ^ t t 1 I III. Senior. As to becoming a translator of Manchu, you are a Chinese scholar, and you can have no difficulty in learning to translate. All you need is an exclusive devotion of your mind to the one subject. Don't let anything interfere with your studies, and let these be progressive ; and in two or three years, si thou ■nikan Chinese hithe book 'bahanara Fut. Part. (5) of bahanambi to comprehend niyalma man hai is, final particle ubaliyambure Fut. (5) of ubaUyambumbi to translate be accusative affix tacici Cond. (6) of tacimbi to learn umesi very ja easy dabala only gunin thought girhuji Past Ger. (8) of girkumbi to exert giyalan interval lakcan interruption aku not emu one ; emu anani one after the other, without interruption tacime Ger. (3) oi tacimbi to learn ohode supposing, if juwe two ilan three aniya year I genitive affix siden middle de in L c L I 1 • -1 4- 1 4 -J - n c ^ t T q> as a matter of course, you will be well on your way. If you glow for one clay and are cold for ten days in your study, you may read for 20 years, but it will come to nothing. IV. Jqniok. Will you do me the favour to look over these translations, sir, and make a few corrections ? ini cisui as a matter of course duhe point, end, extreme da beginning, dube da the very beginning tucimhi to come out oiha if emu one inenggi day Jiyakiyara Fut. (.5) ofjiyakiyambi to glow juivan ten inenggi day sahurara Fut. (5) of saMvramhi to be cold aelali like, similar to tacioi Ciond. (6) of tacimhi to learn uthai then orin twenty aniya year hithe book ImlaJia Pret. (4) of hulambi to read, study seme Ger. (3) oi sembi to say mu yes, truly mangga difficult Jcai is, final particle. age elder brother, sir mini my uhaliyamhuhangge Verbal Noun (21) of uhaliya'nibumhi to translate i^e accusative affix twwaji Past Ger. (8) of tuwambi to look at majige little dasatarao Fut. (5) of dasatambi to correct, with implying a request. 2 .i y 1 L I C t C Senior. Oh, come, you really have made very great progress ; every sentence runs as it should ; every letter is clear ; I have not a fault to find. If you go up for your examination, success is in your own hands. V. Senioe. Have you returned yourself as: a candidate at these examinations that are coming off now 1 Junior. I should be glad enough to stand, sini thy tacihangge "Verbal Noun (21) of tacimbi to learn labdu much nonggibuha Pret. (4) of nonggibumbi to make progress gisun word, speech tome all ^■ ijishun proper hergen letter aname singly tomorhon clear • majige little cilcin fault aku not simneci Cond. (6) of simnemhi to be ex- amined seferehei Past Part. (4) of seferembi to take in the hand, with *', which makes the word an adverb bahambi to obtain. ere this mudan time uhaliyambure Put. Part. (5) of ubaUyam- bumbi to translate be accusative affix simnere Put. Part. (5) of simnembi to be ex- amined de in gebu name alibuhao Pret. (4) of alibumbi to offer, with iuterrogative o alcun or not ? simneci Cond. (6) of simnembi to be examined oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be esi certainly sain good oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 2^ I t I A- ■ .r O). I i < 1 but I am afraid that, being a B. A., I am not qualified. Senior. What ? when any baunerman can go up, do you mean to say that a man of your attainments would not be allowed to ? Nonsense ! why even the boys from public schools may stand ; damu only bithei book, with gen. affix { (^ wen) susai B. A. (^ :}' hsiu t'sai) ainahai how should it ? ombini to be, it will do, with interrogative particle ni loei whose ? kooli custom sini thy gesengge similar jakmi eight gicsa banner gemu all simneci Cond. (6) of simnemhi to be ex- amined omhime Ger. I (16) of ombi to be, may sini thy beye body, self teile only simneburaJcu Fut. Pass. (5) of simnembi to be examined, with aJcu not : will not be allowed to be examined doro rule bio is, with interrogative o tere that anggala not only jurgcmgga public (^ i) tacilfid school, with gen. affix, i juse plural oijui son, child, scholar gcmu all ojoro Fut. (5) of ombi to be, may bade when 30 y i 2 4. i i 1> J?* and if so, how should a B. A. not be qualified ? my younger brother is now work- ing as hard as he can at Manchu for the little time that remains before he has to go up. Don't you throw away the opportunity. Add your name to the list at once. susai B. A. he accusative affix ai what ? hendure Fut. (5) of hendumbi to speak simneci Cond. (6) of simnembi to be ex- amined ome Inf. (3) of ombi to be; may oji Past Ger. (8) of omhi to be, because mini my deo younger brother ere this siden interval de to, in teni highly hacihiyame Ger, (3) of hacihiyamhi to exert oneself manju Manchu bithe book hulambikai to read, with hai final particle hudun quickly gebu name yabubu Imp, Pass, (1 ) of yabumbi, to go : cause to go, forward nashun opportunity he accusative affix ume do not ufarahure Fut. (5) oi ufarabumhi to neglect. 31 i ?' VI. Senior. Well, I hear that you have made such way in Manchu, that you are beginning to speak it quite correctly. Junior. Nonsense ! I understand it, cer- tainly, when I hear it spoken, but it will be sometime yet before I can speak it myself. It is not only that I can't go right through with a piece of conversation of any length like other people, but I can't even string half a dozen sentences together. sini thy manjurarangge Verbal Noun (21) of man- juramhi to speak Manchu majige little muru appearance tucihebi Indef. Past (10) of tucimhi to come forth aibide how ? Ml niyalmai man, with gen. affix * gisiirere Fut Part. (5) of gisuremhi to speak he accusative affix ulhire Fut. (5) of ulhimbi to understand gojime only mini my beye body, self gisureme Ger. (3) of gisuremhi to speak ohode when oron interval, place unde not yet, oroii wide not yet time, too early gu'wai other, with gen. affix i adali like, similar fiyehn chapter, piece, fiyden Jiyeleni con- nectedly gisureme In£ (3) of gisuremhi to speak muterahu Fut. (3) of mutemhi to be able, with aJcu not sere Fut, (5) of semhi to say anggala not only emu one siran continuation i adverbial particle, emu sirani uninter- ruptedly duin four sunja five gisun word *!' 32 < ~ j6 I ■n {> Then there is another odd thing I do : whenever t am going to begin, without being the least able to say why, I become so alarmed about mistakes that I dare not go on without hesitating ; now, so long as this continues to be the case, how am I to make a speaker 1 Indeed, so far from con- sidering myself one, I quite despair. gemu all sirahume Inf. (3) of sirdbumbi to connect muterdku Fut. (5) of mutembi to be able, with aku not tere that anggala not only hono further emu one aldungga extraordinary, strange hdbi place, with hi is gisurere Fut. Part. (5) of gisurembi to speak onggolo before haibi in vain tasaraburalm Fut. (5) of tasarabumbi to make mistakes, with dhu not calaburaku Fut. (5) of calabumbi to err, with aku not seme Inf. (3) of sembi to say tathunjame Inf. (3) of tathunjambi to doubt, to be incertain, to be alarmed gelhun aku without fear, t6 dare kengse lasha constantly gisurerahU Fut. (5) of gisurembi to speak, with aku not uttu thus kai it is mimbe ace. of I adarame how ? gisure Imp, (1) oi gisuremhi to speak sem6i to say, to call Jil inu yes, indeed usaka in despair. 33 2 I o t t CD. t H 1 3 1 % L J^' I of ever learning to speak. I say to myself that if with all my studying I have not got farther than this, I shall certainly never be a proficient. Senior, This is all mere want of practice. Listen to me. Whenever you meet a man, no matter who, (that can talk Manchu), at him at once, and talk away with him. gunici Cond. (6) of gunwibi to think ai what ? hacin kind i genitive affix taciha Pret. (4) of tachnbi to learn seme Inf (3) of semhi to say inic indeed ere this human ability dabala only nonggibure Fut. (5) of mnggibumhi to make progress aibi how could ? ere this gemu all sini thy ureheku Pret. (4) of urembi to practice, with aliu not haran reason bil sinde dat. of si thou tacibure Fut. (5) of tacibumbi to teach yaya whoever tvebe ace, of we who seme Inf (3) of sembi to say ttwe not, do not bodoro Fut, (5) of bodombi to consider darau only ucaraha Pret. (4) of ucarambi to meet ucaraha Part. Pret, (4) of ucarambi to meet 6e sign of accusative tuwame Ger. (3) of tuwambi to try amcatame Ger. (3) of amcatambi to address one against his will gisure Fut. (5) oi gisureiribi to speak. 34 X 1 1 .1 i You must go and take lessons of competent professors of the language as well, you know ; and if you have any friends who are good Manchu scholars, you should be for ever talking with them. Eead some Manchu every day, and talk incessantly, until the habit of speaking comes quite naturally to the mouth. If you follow this rule in a year or two at the farthest Jai secondly hithede book, with de in sungke well read sefu teacher (6$ f|: shih-fu) be accusative affix baifl Past Gerund (8) of baimbi to seek biihe book hula Imp. (]) of hulambi to read manju Manchu gisun word, speech de in mangga proficient gucuse plur. of gucu friend de in, with adanafi Past Gerund (8) of adanambi to go to, to be together gisure Put. (5), here Imp. of gisuremhi to speak inenggidari daily hulaci Cond. (6) of hulambi to read gisun word, speech ejembi to remember erindari always gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak ilenggu tongue urembi to be accustomed uttu thus tacime Inf. (3) tacimbi to learn ohode when manggai scarcely emu one juwe two 35 ir tf). I .r c I t I 1 •i I. 4 is you will speak it without an effort ; so now don't despair any more. VII. Junior. Where are you from, sir, may I ask ? Senioe, I have been to visit a relation of mine who lives down yonder. Won't you step in and sit down on your way, sir ? aniya year i genitive affix sidende interval, with de in imt yes, certainly ; inu cisui naturally gunin thought i sign of genitive cihai will, with adverbial affix i, gunin i cihai as you like anggai mouth, with genitive affix id in accordance tang sembi to speak without interruption kai final particle muteraku Fut. (5) of mutemhi to be able, with aku not jalin as regards geli again aiseme how could it ? jobomhi to apprehend, to fear ni interrogative particle. ahsi wliy ? yoha Pret. (4) oi yombi to go, to walk hike Pret. (4) of bimhi to be Ul ergi this side emu one niyamangga related niyalmai man, Avith genitive affix i boode house, with de in genehe Pret. (4) oi genembi to go bihe Pret. (4) of himhi to be ere this ildun opportunity de in mini my boode house, with de m, to darifi Past Gerund (8) of darimhi to pass majifje little ie/ii Subj. Present (7) of ie7«f)t to sit down. 36 Junior. Do you reside in this neigh- bourhood, sir ? Senior. Yes, I moved into this house not long ago. Junior. Oh ! indeed, sir ; then we are not so very far from each other. If I had been aware that you lived Irere, I should have called before. Go on, sir, pray (I'll follow you, if you please). Senior. What, in my own house ? Now, please take the upper seat. Junior. Thank you, I am very well wliere I am. Senior. But if you sit where you are sitting, what place am I to take ? age elder brother, sir si thou ubade here tehebio Indef. Past. (10) of tembi to sit, to reside, with interrogative o inu yes jaJcan lately gurinjihe Pret; (4) of gurinjimbi to come to change place uttu thus oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be musei we two, with genitive affix i tehengge Verbal Noun (21) of tembi to sit, to reside giyanalm far from udu how much ? goro distant saha Pret. (4) of sambi to know hid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be aifini before simbe aec. of si thou tmoanjiraku Put. (5) of tuwanjimbi to come to see, to call, with aim not biheo Pret. (4) of bimbi to be, with inter- rogative age elder brother, sir yahu Imp. (1) of yambumbi to go ai geli how could that be ? mini my boode house, with postpos. de in hai it is age elder brother, sir wesiji Past Gerund (8) of wesimbi to ascend teki Subj. Pres. (2) of tembi to sit ubade here icangga convenient si thou tuttu thus tehede seat, with postpos. de in bil absi how ? tembi to sit. / 37 3 i I .f I < Junior. I have got a seat, thank you ; and a seat with a back to it. Senior. Here ! bring a light ! Junior. Not for me, thank you, sir, I can't smoke ; I have a sore mouth. Senior. Well, then, bring some tea. Junior. Drink first, then, pray. Oh, isn't it hot. Senior. If it is too hot, let it be taken away for a while, that it may get cooler, I am very sorry. Boy, go and see what there is in the kitchen, sain good feme Inf. (3) of tetmihi to sit jahduha Pret. (4) ofjabdumbi to reach one's aim tihade here emu one nihere Fut. Partic. (5) of niJcembi to lean against babi place {ba) is (bi) booi house, with genitive affix i urse those who aba how ? yaha coal gaju Imp. (1) oi gajimbi to fetch age elder brother, sir hi I damhagu tobacco omiraku Fut. (5) of omimbi to eat, to smoke, with aku not angga mouth furugahabi to have ulcers in the mouth tuttu thus oci Cond. (6) of omhi to be cai tea ga7ia Imp. (1) oi ganambi to bring age elder brother, sir cai tea gaisu Imp. (1) oi gaimbi to take ko oh, exclamation of pain absi how ? halhun hot hallmn ' hot oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be majige little tukiyecebu Imp, (1) of tukiyecebumbi to take away huioanggiyaraku it does not signify mukiyebukini Opt, (15) of mukiyehumbi to become cool je exclamation of compassion buda rice be accusative affix tuwana Imp. (1) of tmoanambi to go and look after 38 A and bring quickly whatever is ready. Junior. No, indeed, sir ; do not put yourself to so much, trouble. I have still got to go somewhere else. Senior. But it's only whatever is ready ; nothing is being prepared for you. Do try and eat a little, then you may go. Junior. Not just now, thank you, sir; but now that I have found out where you live, I'll come another time beleni ready bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of himhi to be he accusative affix hasa quickly hanju Imp. (1) of banjimhi to produce se Imp, (1) of sembi to say akii no age elder brother, sir ume do not bil Icemuni further guwa other bade place, with de to genehi Subj. Pres. (7) oi genembi to go sembi to say ainahabi how is that ? beleni ready bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of bimbi to be sini thy jalin postpos. on account of dagilahangge Verbal Noun (21) of dagilambi to prepare geli also waka not is majige little jeji Past Ger. (8) oijembi to eat genecina Concessive (14) o£ genembi to go joo enough bi it is emgeri once sini thy boo house be accusative affix takaha Pret. (4) of takambi to recognise kai it is encu different, other inenggi day jai again cohome specially jiji Past. Ger. (8) oijimhi to come 39 I A 4 t ^ ^. ■3 I' and spend the day with you. A'lIL Seniok. I observe you pass this way every day, sir, what place is it that you go to ? Junior. I go to my studies. Senior. To read Manchu, isn't it ? Junior. It is. Senior. What are you reading in Manchu ? Junior. Oh, no new books, only every day talk gulhun completely emu one inenggi day gisureme Inf. (3) oi gUuremhi to speak tecelci Subj. Pres. (7) of tecemli to sit together. age elder brother, sir si thou inenggidari daily ederi this way yaburengge Verbal Noun (21) of yahumhi to go gemu all aihide whither ? genembi to go hithe book Imlaname Inf. (3) of hulanamhi to go to read genembi to go manju Manchu bithe book hulambi to read ivaJcao it is not, with interrogative o inu yes ne now aid which 1 jergi order bithe book hulambi to read guwa other ii'i/ie book a/ctT not damu only 2/asfa eye, with genitive affix i juleri postpos. before buyarame Ger. (3) of buyarambi to do petty things gisun word, speech 40 and the " Important explanation of Manchu speech." * Senior. Are they teaching you to write Manchu round hand yet ? Junior. The days are too short at present to leave any time for writing ; but presently, when they begin to lengthen, we shall be taught to write and to translate, too. Seniob. Well, sir, I have been wanting to study Manchu myself * See Essay on Manchu Literature, page 10. jai secondly manchu Manchu gisun word, speech i genitive affix oyonggo important jorin aim, explanation i genitive affix hitke book teile only suwende dat. of suwe you ginggulere Fut. Part. (5) of ginggulemhi to honour; here with hergen the ^ff § ch'ieh-shu an elegant style of writing hergen letter, writing tacibumbio to teach, with interrogative o akun or not ? te now inenggi day ) ^ sun sun j < ^ foholon short hergen letter arara Fut. Part. (5) of aramhi to write solo leisure aku not is erect this, with postpos. ci from, hereafter inenggi day ) ^ sun sun ) '' saniyaha Pret. (4) oi saniyambi to extend manggi as soon as hergen letter arabumbi Pass, of arambi to write ; to cause to write sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say anggala not only hono also uhaliyambu Imp.J(l) of uhaliyambumbi to translate sembikai to say, with hai final particle age elder brother, sir bil bithe book hulara Fut. Part. (5) of hulamhi to read jalin because of 41 2 /I ■ n ? > i I 7 - t L <> < T C L J?' <1. and I have looked, I assure you, everywhere (for a school) and left no place unexamined ; but in our neighbourhood, I am sorry to say, there is no school for Manchu. I was thinking that the one you go to would do for me well enough, and that one of these days I might commence my attend- ance. Will you be so good as to say a word for me to the master beforehand ? Junior, Ah ! I see you think that it is a regular professor that teaches us; but that yala really uju head silgime Ger. (3) of silgimbi to put into aibide where ? haihanahalcu Pret. (4) of baihanmnbi to go to search, with ahu not musei we two, with genitive affix i ^lbai here, with genitive affix i surdeme all round fuhali altogether manju Manchu taciku school aku not gunici Cond. (6) of gunimbi to think sini thy tach-e Fut. Part. (5) of tacimbi to learn ba place ai what 7 hendure Fut. (5) of hendumhi to speak atanggi when ? \ whenever bicibe Ad vers. (13) of bimbi to be ) it may be bil inu also bitlie book hulanaki Subj. Pres, (7) of hulanambi to go to read mini gen. of bi I funde postpos. for majige little gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak ojoroo can, may, with interrogative o age elder brother, sir si thou mende dat. plur. of be we tacibuve Fut. Part. (5) of tacihumbi to teach niyalma man &e accusative affix we who 5emJi to say, call ; 42 .f- or i? is not the case. Our instructor is one of the elders of our clan and his pupils are all our own near cousins ; any others that may attend are relations by marriage; there is not an outsider among them. But the fact is that our elder is too busy to give regular lessons ; for, besides teaching us, he has to go to the yam^n every day. It is only because we entreat him day and night sefu teacher (IB ilP shih fu) sembio to say, call, with interrogative o waha no hai final particle. mini my emu one mulcun clan i genitive affix ahiin elder tacibure Fut. Part. (5) of tacihumbi to teach ele whoever urse plural affix gemu aU meni our emu one uksun relationship i genitive affix juse pi. of ym' son deote pi. of deo younger brother Jai Secondly niyaman blood relation huncihin relation by marriage umai not at all guwa other m'yalma man v/ aM not is adarame how seci Cond. (6) of semhi to say mini my ahun elder inenggidari daily yamulamhi to go to the yam^n jabduraM Fut. (5) of Jabdumhi to have leisure, with aku not ineku the same be accusative affix erde morning yamji evening nandame Inf (3) of nundambi to request genere Fut. (5) of genembi to go jakade conj. because arga trick, expedient 43 1 ^ t J'- 1 L o 1 ■^ that he feels obliged to find time to play the tutor. Were the case otherwise, your desire to study Manchu is a thing commendable in itself, and as for the trouble of speaking in your behalf, I should not have thought it any trouble at all. IX. Senior. That gentleman is our old neighbour, you know ; the lad we have seen grow up here. akih not, arcja aku he cannot help it solo leisure jalgiyanjafi Past Ger. (8) oi jalgiyanjamhi to supply viembe ace. of be we tacibumbi to teach waJca not oci if age elder brother, sir bithe book hulame Inf (3) of hulambi to read geneki Subj. Pres. (7) of genembi to go sehengge Verbal Noun (21) oi sembi to say sain good baita thing dabala only sini gen. of si thou funde postpos. for majige little gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak ininde dat. of bi I geli then ai what wajiha Pret. (4) of tvajimbi to end, finish «i interrogative particle. tere that a^e elder brother serengge Verbal Noun (21) of se?nJi to say musei our, with genitive affix i fe old adaki neighbour kai is kemneme Inf (3) of kemnembi to measure tuwame Inf. (3) of tuwambi to see 7?zMiM/ia Pret. (4) of mutumbi to grow to regard carefully 44 4 f .i t .? 1 He has not been away from us very long, and now one hears that he is doing very well ; that he has got an appointment. I only half believed the report when I first heard it, until on inquiring of friends I find it really is the case. It shows the truth of the proverb "If a man but resolve, the thing he wants to do is done " ; and of the other proverb " No man is too young to make a resolution." Juse plur. oijui child hiyalafi Past Ger. (8) of hiyalambi to be separated giyanahu how could udu how much goidaha Pret. (4) oi goidambi to last donjici Cond. (6) of donjimbi to hear mujaku exceedingly huwasafi Past Ger. (8) of huwasambi to increase, to get on hqfan official oho Pret. (4) of ombi to be sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say sucungga first J^I Kono also akdara Put. (5) of akdamhi to believe dulin half henehunjere Put. (5) oikenehunjemhi to doubt dulin half hike Pret. (4) of hinibi to be rnnala afterwards gucuse pi. of gucu friend de postpos. in fonjici Cond. (6) oifonjinibi to ask mujangga certain erebe this, with accusative affix be tuwaci Gond. (6) of tuwambi to see, to regard mujin resolution bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of bimhi to be baita thing jiduji completely mutebumbi it can be done se year mulan ^eat ; se mulan age de postpos, in aku not sehe Pret. (4) of sembi to say gisun word tasan wrong 45 r yf' L L ( > JuNiOE. That is all very Avell, sir ; still, his father's infinite virtues must have en- abled him to beget a son of such promise ; a young man so kind and good, so fond of his studies ; in foot and horse archery, in every manly exercise beyond his years accomplished ; spending any spare time aku not ni, final particle (tffe elder brother, sir / genitive affix gisun word inu true tuttu thus secibe Ad vers. (13) oi semhl to say inu certainly terei his sakdasa pi. of sakda old man, father de postpos. in wajirahib infinite sain good ba place hifi Past Ger. (.5) of liirahi to be teni therefore ere this gese similarity dekjingge prosperous j\ise child hanjiha Pret. (4) of hanjimhi to beget nomhon kind bime Ger. (3) of biiabl to be sain good tacin learuiuo" Jorin interpretation de postpos. in amnran fond of gabtara Fut. Part. (5) of i/abtambi to shoot on foot (with the bow) niyamniyara Fut. Part. (5) of niyariiaiyara to shoot on horseback eiten every haihai man, with sign of genitive i erdemu virtue se year, age de postpos. to teiau corrcspondilag to aku not ambula greatly tacihahi Indef Past (10) of tacimbi to learn, to study an i ucuri generally 46 i 2 b I I .i *:>' I 1 ^•t- ] .i^ i, ^ J? i r 1 ^ 1 4 1 ^ J? .4' I i at home, and there always at his studies ; never moving one step in the direction of a dissolute life. Then he is so careful and attentive in the discharge of his public duties ; and when he is able to obtain information about some- thing, he remains perfectly spotless. It is quite a case in which one may observe that " The house where virtue accumulates (from feneration to generation) will not fail to have more than an ordinary share of happiness." boode house, with postpos. de in bid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be bithe book tuwara Fut. (5) of tuwambi to look at dabala only balai frivolous bade place, with postpos. de to emu one 'y olcRon step seme Inf. (3) of semhi to say inu really feliyeraku Fut. (5) oi feliyembi to walk, with aku not tere that anggala not only siden public i genitive affix haitoj affair de postpos. in oci Cond. (6) of ambi to be ginggun careful olhoha attentive hahara Fut. Part. (5) of bahambi to ob- tain sara Fut. Part. (5) oi sambi to know bade place, with postpos. de in oci Cond. (6) of ombi to he- Jimenere Fut. Part. (5) of JvmenemU to smudge ha place aim not is ere this toih right seme Inf. (3) of sembi to say sain good ba place iktambuha Part. Pret. {i) oi iJctamhumbi to accumulate boode house, with postpos. de in urunaku must funcetele superabimdant huturi luck bi has sehe Pret. (4) of sembi to say gisun word, speech de postpos. in acanaha Pret. (4) of acanambi to agree 47 t I f i 2 ■ 3 r u /I .-4 X. Junior. Keep on your horse, sir, pray ! I went out of your sight. Now, why should you go through the form of dismounting when you are so tired ? Senior. Not dismount, indeed ! If I had not seen you, well and good ; but when I did see you ever so far off, you would not have had me pass you on horseback, would you ? Junior. Well, sir, won't you step in and sit down ? Senior. Oh, yes, I'll step in and sit down a moment , it is so long since we met. secina Concess. (14) of sembi to say age elder brother, sir yalu Imp. (1) of yalumbi to ride hil sincle Dat. of si thou jailaha Pret. (4) oijailamhi to escape hai final particle saclame Ger. (3) of sadamhi to be tired geli also aiseme how could ebwmhi to dismount ai gisim what language serengge Verbal Noun (21) of sembi to say sabuhakTo Pret. (4) of sabumhi to notice, with ahu not oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be ainara what is to be done ? hil kejine far off aldangga distant ci postpos. from uthai therefore simhe ace. of si thou sabulm Pret. (4) of sabumhi to notice bade conj. because morilahai Part. Pret. (4) of morilamhi to ride, with adverbial affix i : on horse- back didere Fut. Part. (5) of dulemhi to pass hooli custom hio it is, with interrogative o age elder brother, sir boode house, with postpos. de in, to dosifi Past Ger. (8) of dosimbi to enter teralun Fut. (5) of tembi to sit, with ahun or not 1 inu yes kai final particle muse we two acahalungge Verbal Noun (21) of acamli to meet, with aim not kejine far off. 48 r t I I J- I k i-« i-« But, dear me ! what a show of trees and flow- ers you tave, and what a stock of goldfish ! and your rockery, so ingeniously conceived ; every tier of it has a character of its own ! and what a tidy library ! everything in it looks goiddha Pret. (4) oi goidamhi to last hi I dosifi Past Ger. (8) of dosimbi to enter majige little telci Subj. Pres. (7) of temli to sit ara hallo ! utala so many hacingga of all kinds moo tree ilha flower tebuhebio Indef Past (10) of tebumbi to plant, with interrogative o geli also utala so many hoconggo coloured | ^^g^j^ msiha small nsn ) ° ujihebi Indef. Past (10) of ujimbi to nourish wehe stone ai what jibsime Inf (3) oijibsimbi to lay in tiers iktaonhuhangge Verbal Noun (21) o£ iktam- bumbi, pass, of iktamhi to heap up inu really srtm good gunin thought isinaha Part. Pret. (4) of isinambi to arrive be accusative affix umesi very faksi ingenious jergi order, tier, jergi jergi every tier cZe postpos. in gemu all cZoro rule yangse beauty bi is, has ere this &z«^e2 book, with genitive affix i boo house, room -^ yala certainly bolgo clean ahsi how tuioaci Cond. (6) of tuwambi to regard 49 ■v ^ I 1 3 r U tf). 4 i A % I 1. so convenient, it is quite the place for read- in g men like us. Junior. It is nice enough, no doubt ; the misfortune is that I have no friend to study with, and studying all alone is tame work. Senior. Well, there needn't be much dit- ficulty on that score. I'll be your fellow- student, provided that I don't bore you; what say you ? Junior. Bore, indeed ! It will be a real blessing if you wiU. I never asked you ahsi so icangga fit, convenient toh true seme Ger. (3) of semhi to say musei we, with genitive affix i lithe book hnlaci Cond. (6) of hulambi to read acara Fut. Part. (.5) of acambi to suit ba place damu but korsorongge Verbal Noun (21) of KorsomU to be discontented mincle dat. of I asuru many fjucu friend (jargan associate aku not emhun alone bithe book tacici Coad. (6) of tacimbi to learn demhei extremely simeli lonesome cde this ai what ? mangga difficult ? si thou aika perhaps eimeraku Fut. Pat. (.5) of eimembi to be l)ored, Avith o/iit not oci if s»?(ie dat. of si thou r/i(C?t friend 'arai))e Inf (.3) of aramhi to represent /Vci Cond. (6) oijimhi to come anUdca how i^^^!i^t thus oci Cond. (6) of om&i to be minde dat. of 5i 1 tusa profit o/i,o Pret. (4) of omhi to be, to have soUnaci Cond. (6) of solinambi to go to invite 50 1 2 hono yet •r jiderahu Fut. (5) of ymfti to come, with aku not 90 4 ^ ^ ya^OT postpoS. on account of J 1 •5 j'obosombikai to be uneasy, with kai final 1 particle I yala indeed 7 Jici Cond. (6 ) oijimbi to come mini my '^ i .? jabsan luck dahala only I eimembi to be bored ? sfire Fut. (5) of sem^i to speak O t ± c?oro rule, custom geli still "k 6io it is, with interrogative o. i .r -i i t. • ■ to come, because I feared you would refuse ; but if you really are coming I shall be the most fortunate of men. IlSrr>EX of AFFIXES and TEI^JMS. (The nuinber in brackets indicates the cerhal affix as explained on page 9). absi adali ai ... aibi aikix aimbe aiseine 35. 36. 37. 48. 49 15. 31 6. 16. 20. 25. 30. 33. 41. 43. 48. 49 ... 33. aibide 39. 41. aid 39 27. 49. aikabade 16 6. ainci 6 35 aku, akun, akungge 12. 13. 22. 23. 24. 28. 31. 32 39. 40. 41. 44. 45. 49 anggala 29. 31. 32 ha 4. 24. 41. 46. 49. bade 13. 29. 46. 47 babi 17. 21. 32. 37. 45 be 5. 6 beye 6. 29. 31 hi ... 6. 50. hid 17. 36. 46. 47. bidbe 25. 41. hifi 45 bilie 11. 35. 36. 44. hime 21. 22 45. hisirengge 38. 44 bxi-n . . , ... ... ... ... ... 4 hitru ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 ca, ce, CO ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 ce, cent, cend^, cernbe, cenci ... ... ... 6 cen... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 d (6)4. 6. 7. 8. 13 cibe (13)8 cin... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 dna (14)8 CM 4 cuka, cuke ... ... ... ... ... 4. 1 3 oin ... (14) 4. 8 da, de, do ... ... ... ... ... ... 4. 8 dari ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 de 4. 5. 8. 13 dere 19. 25 du ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 ele 42 ere ... ... ... ■■■ •■■ ■■■ ■■■ 6 ese ... ... ... ... ... ••■ ••• 6 fl .... (8)8 4 4 8. 16. 29. 32. 33. 48 5 13 ga7i, gen, gon r^ yemu geren yeri ha, he, ho (4) 4. 8. 9. 10. habi (10) 8. 9. habid (12) 8. 9. habihe{n)i. 9 han, lien, hon, hun, hun ... ... ... ... 4 hi, hin ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 hiyan, hiyen ... ... ... ... ... 4 i, iiii, inde, imbe, ind ... 5. 6. 13. 22. 23. 25. 27 ingge ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 inv, ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 ja 8 jergi ... ... ... ... ... 5. 1 3 ji 4.8 i" 4 ka, ke, ko ... ... ... ... (4) 4. 8. 10, v. Aa. kai 18. 24. 26. 27. etc. kail, ken, kon ... ... ... ... ... 4 ku, ku ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 la 4. 8 lame,leme ... ... ... ... ... (23)8.13 Ian, len, Ion ... ... ... ... ... 4 le (22)4. 8 lengge (22)8 liyan, liyen ... ... ... ... ... 4 lo 4 mari ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 mbi 8, mbiji (17) 8. vibihe (9) 8. nibiyne (16) 8. 13 mbubtmibi . . . ... ... ... ... (20)8 mbumbi ... ... ... ... ... (19) 8 me (3)8. 13 meni, niende, membe, mend ... ... ... 6 mini, minde, mimbe, mind ... ... ... 6 mpi ... ... ... ... ... 8. 11 mudan ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 muse ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 52 na, ne, no, nu ndara, ndere ndu i^99<*, ngge, nggo ... nggala, nggele, nggolo, nggeri nggi nggu ngka, ngke, ngko ... ni ... ... 4 ... 8 8. 10 ... 8 (21) 4. 6. 8 (18) 8. 9 ... 13 ... 4 ... 4 8. 10. 11 5. 35. 43. 45 ... 4 o 6 ombi 13. 15. 20. 22. ombini 22. 29. ombime 29. oJio 44. 49. phode 26. 31. 34. qfi 13. 17. 21. 30. ojoro 29. 41. qme. 30. ooi 13. 16. 17. 20. 24. 28. 36. 37. 43. 46. 47. 49. ocibe 13 8. 11 (5) 4. 8. 9. 10 4 4 4 4 4.13 sembi 13. 15. 32. 38. 40. 41. seme 18. 19. 20. 24. 27. 32. 33. 46. 49. sehe 44. 46. seJiengge 43. seliebi 24. sere 20. 24. 31. 40. 44. 50. serengge 15. 20. 43. 47. seci 19. 22. 23. 42. secibe 45 //• ... ra, re, ro ... ran, ren, ron ri ru .. sa, se, so ... saka si, sini, sinde, su ... sun... suwe, suweni, Sa, so, se ... sun, sun ... ta, te, to tanggu I, smn tetendere tome tu ... tumen tun . . . udu um,ai um.e unde urse ursu uthai waka we, wei, wede, webe, wed . weike weingge ya • ta ■• 4 4 suwenci •■ 6 8 4 . 4. 7. 8 5. 7 22 ... •• 6 19 . 5. 28 4 5. 7 4 7 ... 25. 36 44 ■ •■ 12. 42 ... 12. 30. 33 * ■■■ 12 31 ... 4. 5. 37. 42 • ■• • • • 7 ... 15. 27 12 - ,, 6 . ■*■ . ,, 6 . .. 6 . 6. 24 ^^J M ^ w s M i 1 j^j^^ii^ sst r Tinffl; S J2 S ^PIPENDIX. For Miiiiclin Literature see my Essay on Mauclia Literature in Jourual of China Branch of R. A. S., Shaughai, vol. xxiv (1890) p. 1-45. The following are the principal European works for the study of Mancliu ; — J. Klaproth, Chrestomathie mandchou or recueil de textes mandchou. Paris, 1828. 8vo, 273 pp. H. C. vou der Gabelentz, Elemeus de la grammaire mandclioue. Altenbourg, 1832. 8vo, 156 pp. Additional remarks on the Manchu verb in " Beitrage zur mandschuischen Conjugations- lehre, Zeitschr. der D. M. Ges. xviii, p. 202-219. — Sse-schu, Schu-king, Schi-kiug in mandschuischer Uebersetzung mit cinem mandschu- deutschem AVorterbuch, Leipzig, 18(34. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I containing the romanized Manchu text of the four books (E3 ^), the Shuking and Shiking, 304 pp. Vol. II containing the dictionary, 231 pp. T. T. Meadows, Translations from the Manchu language with the original text. Canton, 1849. Svo, A. Wtlie, T'sing-wen-k'i-mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language with introductory notes on Manchu literature. Shanghai, 1855. Svo, ii, Ixxx, 310 pp. F. Kaule^, Linguae mandschuricae institutiones quas conscripsit iudicibus ornavit chres- tomathia et vocabulario auxit. Ilatisbouae, 1856. 8vo., 152 pp. W. Wassilyeff, Manchu C!hrestomathy. St. Petersburg, 1863. 8vo, 228 pp. L. Adam, Grammaire de la langue maudcliou. Paris, 1873. Svo, 137 pp. Sakhahi.iff, Complete Manchu-Rnssian Lexicon. St. Petersburg, 1875. Imp. 8vo, xxx, 1,636 i>p. # G. von der Gabelentz, Thai-kih-thn. Tafel des Urpriuzips, chinesisch mit mandschuischer uiid deutscher Uebersetzung. Di'esden, 1876. 8vo. AY. Gkube, T'ung-schu des Ceu-tsi, chinesisch uud mandschuisch mit Uebersetzung uud Com- mentar. Wien, 1880. Svo. E. Teza, Mangiurica, note raccolte. Pisa. G. Hoffmann, Grammatica mancese compendiata dall' opera zinese Zing wen ki mung. Turin, 1883. Svo, 36 pp. L. NoCKNTiNi, 11 santo cditto di Kanghi e ramjilificazionc di Yung-ceng. Versione mancese. Firenze, 1883. C. DE Haklez, Manuel de la langue maiiilchoue. Grammaire, anthologie et lexique. Paris, 1884. 8vo., 232 pp. For older works see Manual of Chinese Bibliography by myself and my brother, Shanghai, 1876, p. 30IJ-305. >T^ ^Si,^ T..^::