OLIN 
 
 E 
 
 78 
 
 .N74 
 
 M36 
 
 1914a 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924101547887 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY .LIBRARY, 
 
 3 1924 101 547 887 
 
 RE PORT 
 
 (DUPLICATE) 
 
 v.T r,TTTnM Aim TRIBAL RISHTS Of IHDIA U-8 OF R0BE8P^ 
 
 ^^ tT^.^mmm COUITTISP TW worth OAROLIHA. 
 
 BY 
 
 SPECIAL IKPIAN AGENT 0.-.iK:3 
 
01'^ 
 B 
 1% 
 
 
 
 «7 
 
 Huntington Free Library 
 
 Native American 
 Collection 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 LIBRARY 
 
I 
 
 ACDPE?'. ONL V THE '^ 
 R! ■ rO rnr MWIBSIONEK of tWDIAN affaip- 
 
 Land-Allotinent6 
 
 23202-1912 
 
 15122-1914 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 73304-1914 
 
 OFFICE OF INDIAN A-FAIRS, 
 
 WASH'NGTCN. September 19, 1914. 
 
 Hon. Cato Sells, 
 
 ConnisBioner of Indian Affairs. 
 ■y dear Vr. Sells: 
 
 On June 30, 1914, the Senate passed a 
 resolution (S. Res. 410) authorizing and directing the Sec- 
 retary of the Interior to cause an Investigation to be made 
 of the condition and tribal rlc:5:it8 of the Indians of Robeson 
 and adjoining counties In 7orth TEirolina. Said resolution 
 reads as follows: 
 
 Reeolyed , That the Secretary of the Interior be, 
 and he hereby Is, directed to cause an investigation to 
 be made of the condition and tribal richts of the In- 
 dians of Robeson emd adjoining counties of North Caro- 
 lina, recently declared by the Legislature of Horth Car- 
 olina to be Cherokees, and formerly known as Croatans, 
 and report to '^onpress irtiat tribal rights, if any, they 
 have with any band or tribe; rtiether they are entitled 
 to or have received any lands, or whether there are any 
 moneys due thoai, their present condition, their educa- 
 tional facilities , and such other facts as v/ould enable 
 Congress to determine w4isther the Government would be 
 warranted in making suitable provision for their support 
 and education. (See P^xliibit "A") 
 
 Oji July 23, 1914, you instructed me to proceed to 
 
 Robeson County, 'Torth Carolina, as early as convenient, and 
 
 make the investiration called for by the resolution. In 
 
 obedienge to your instructions I immediately proceeded to 
 
 Lumberton, in said ^tate, and the results of my investigation 
 
will appear under appropriate headings in this report. (See Ex- 
 hibit "A" 1) 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 The Croatan Indians (designated "Cherokee Indians of 
 Roheeon County" by an Act of the General Assembly of North Car- 
 olina, ratified March 11, 1913) conpriae a body of nixed-blood 
 people residing chlftfly in Robeson county, North Carolina. A 
 few of the same class of people reside in Bladen, Columbus, 
 Cumberland, "Scotland and Foke counties, Korth Carolina, and 
 in SuDQ)ter, Marlboro and Dillon counties, South Carolina. It 
 is also said that a similar people, called "Redbones", reside 
 in these counties in South Carolina, but I think it probable 
 that they belong to the same class of people as those residinr 
 in Robeson County, North Carolina. In the Meventh Cenaas of 
 1890, under the title ""orth Carolina Indians", they are des- 
 cribed as "generally white , showlnir the Indian moatly in actions 
 and habits". It is stated that "T: c-:' '■^re enumerated by the 
 regular census enumerator in part as whites; that they are clan- 
 nish and hold with considerable pride to the tradition that 
 they are the descendants of the Croatsms of the Ralei'h .period 
 of North Carolina and Virginia". (See Exhibit "A" 2). 
 
 They are described in the Hand Book of Americar In- 
 dians, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin ro.50, as a peo- 
 ple evidently of mixed Indian and white blood, founo in irariouB 
 
-3- 
 
 •eotlons in the •Mtern part of Vorth Caroltn*, }m% oMcfly In 
 BolMson Oountjr. Xt &8 also stated that for many 70«ra thoy 
 wero olaasod with tlio froa nairo9B, \ni% 8toadfaa,tly rofuaed to 
 accept auoh olaaaifloation orito attend the negro aeheolie or 
 churehOB, olalslng to be the deaeendHtti of the early nittlTO 
 tribea and irtilte settlera «ho had Intenurrlad with tha». 
 
 A httllAtln of the Thirteenth Cenauo (C«m«b of 1910^ 
 ■Indians of North Carolina", ehowa their numbers to be as fol* 
 lows: 
 
 Bladen Cennty 36 
 
 Coliusbaa county 12 
 
 Cumberland County 48 
 
 Scotland County 74 
 
 Beavson Csunty 213 
 
 Bobeson county S89S 
 
 Total In H.C. 6278 
 
 In a statement furnished the Coonittse on Indian Affairs, 
 Fcuse of BepreBentatlvsB ,, february 14, 1913, in the hearing q 
 on Senate Bill 3258, it is salds "Aocordinf t« the Census of 
 1910, the number of Indians in B^^sson County was 5,896. There 
 are also about 1,500 to 2,000 in adjoining oountiss in North 
 and south Carolina, making a settlement in all of about 8,000 
 
 persons". 
 
 Apparently, the Indian Office had no knowlodgs of the 
 
-4- 
 
 •sUt»iie« 9t tte GrMteB Xadtana ttntil the latter part of 1888. 
 A||»ttt that ttiM 84 of these Indians, da sorlhing thsasalTss as 
 •a yvrt •t th« oroatan Indians imng in Bohsson csonty" , and 
 eUJIisg'ts 1w "a raanant of ffhlto*8 lest oelony", petitioned 
 Centreaa *fer'iNiali1^^ as you aajr see fif to extend to us". "' 
 This petitlSB was referred to the Xndlsn Of floe, and on January 
 f« 1888, a wpr Was sent to the Sireetcr- of the Bureau of 
 Vthnelogy, wtih the stateaent that there was no record in the 
 Xttdiaa Off loe shewinc any saoh Indiana en any «[rah oolony as 
 thAt rsferpsd to, and revisstinc to he furnished with suoh in- 
 forMatisa as said Bureau had eenoeminc these people. On Jan- 
 uary 11, 1889, the fitreeter of the Bthnelogleal Bureau replied: 
 
 I hsUi leave ts say that Oroaton was in 1S8S and 
 ttwrealisu^s^the naae of an islsad and Indian Tillaee 
 Just fl|*r1ih at Oape Hatteras, Berth Carolina. White's 
 eolengr ef lfl|0 iMn and veasn s«s landed on Beanoke 
 Zslaad Juaift At the north in 1587, and in 1590 when 
 Ihite rwtenib** to rsrisit ths eiaony he found no traoe 
 sf it «« JMffiffke Island, saTs ths aaas croaten eanred 
 uyoB A,: 'U^sv.siiiah aseording to a proTioue understadding 
 «M 1iilf|K«lKid to oean that the eoleaists had left Beanoke 
 lalaaa fhir Orsaten. Bo SHill traoe ef the Missing ool- 
 4«i(H|li #9 ever found, hut aere than one hundred years 
 
 XJivson obtained traditional information from 
 the/ilplflllrM Indians whioh Isd him to beliere that the 
 
 Its bad heen tas^rperated with the Indians. It was 
 
 tltat trases of white hlood eould be dieooTored 
 ;#his' Indiana, seme maeng them hawing grey eyes. It 
 ii 'praMbIs that the greater lAMber of the eoleniete were 
 kiiliNtt b«t it waa quite in keeping with Indian usagse 
 tliat : a grsatsr or less nttafbsr,.sq)seially woMn and ohil- 
 drMikshSttld liaws bssn made saptiws and subsequently inoor- 
 pmrnati into the tribe, (flee Bahibit "B* s). 
 
 Ob Jfginary 29, 1889, the Indian Offioe oonsiunicated 
 
 with «r. BsailtOii ■«iiU«n, of PafettOTille , Berth Carolina, 
 
-6- 
 
 oonoomlng th«8« Indiana, with the result that on July 17,1890, 
 
 t 
 Mr. MoUlllan sent the Offloe a copy of his hooklet relating to 
 
 these people ."^ entitled ;"81r Walter Balelgh'e Lost colon/". Tur- 
 
 ther mention will he made of Mr. ]foVlllan*s Tlewp eonoemlng 
 
 the Roheson County Indians. On. August U, 1890, In reply to 
 
 a letter of July 2 of that year, the coanlsaloner of Indian 
 
 Affairs wrote Mr. w. L. Moore of Osborne, Horth Carolina: 
 
 4 
 
 It appears from his stateoent that this \maA is 
 reoognlced by the State of Vorth Carolina, has iMm 
 admlttsd to oltlsenshlp, and the State has undertsken 
 the woric of their education. 
 
 While I regret axeeedlngly that the provisions aade 
 liy the State of Horth Carolina seen to be entirely Inad- 
 equate, I find It qiulte lapraotioable to reader any as- 
 slstaaoe at this tins. The QOTomment Is responsible for 
 the education of something like 36,000 Indian ehildren 
 and has proTlslons for less than half this amber. So long 
 as the Isnediate wards of the OOTenwsat are so insuffi- 
 oieatly proTlded for, I do not see how I can oonslstently 
 render any assistainoe to the croatans or any other elTll- 
 Ised tribes. (See Exhibit "B" 7). 
 
 (See Bzhiblt "C" for the HoMlUan Booklet}. 
 
 Much doubt and uncertainty has existed as to the 
 source of the Indian blood of this people, and as to lAiether 
 their ancestors con^rised a part of fhite's Loot colony (some- 
 times spoken of as Baleigh's Lost Colony), some of these In- 
 dians hold to a tradition that they are of Cherokee origin, ahd 
 affect to beliere that the aotlon of the CeQoral AssoKbly of 
 worth Carolina in designating them aa fCfaereliee Indians of Robe- 
 son County" In some way confirms this t/rad^^^*''* ^ find that 
 the question of the souroe of their Indian biood, sad whether 
 
-6- 
 
 th«ir ane^ators nam a part of aQTomor Whit* 'a loat colony 
 are ae iB«ctrioal>ly bound togatliar that it will be neoeaaary 
 to treat of both aubjeeta under the aame heading. 
 
 ■glTl'B LOST COLOWY. 
 
 iSb0 firat esqploror of the regien originally known as 
 Tirgiaiai oeaqprielng the territory afterwarda known aa Virginia, 
 Vorth Carolina and South Carolina (eoitting for the present 
 •OBB osplorationa along the ooaat made by Lane) waa John Lederer, 
 « loaraod Oorvan, who reaided in the Virginia colony during the 
 adniBiatration of Sir fllllaa Berkley. It appeara that he made 
 *throo soToral aiarehea" through the country referred to, be- 
 tvaon MUroh 1669 and Sopteaber 1670. Copioua extraota from 
 X,»dor«r*a notee of traral are printed in Vol. II of Hawhs* Kis- 
 torjr of lorth OarolSna, together with lengthy explanatory notea. 
 A aup of X.odorer*a e3q>lorationa acoosvaniea Talbot 'a transla- 
 tion of tlw BOtoa (which ware written in Latin) by the aid of 
 whleh Dr. Hawlca oadoaTOrod to trace the esqplorer's wanderings 
 in Vtrth Carolina. A fao alnlle of the map la printed In the 
 1ii8tory{ alao a fao aiaile of the aiap of Carolina drawn by 
 OgUobgr in 1666. Fhotoatat oopiea of these maps and of the text 
 of Chapter VIZ, volume II, of Sr. Hawka' hlatory accompanied 
 thia report, (see Bsdiibit "C"). 
 
 Dr. Baaka found himaelf unable to reconcile some of 
 
-7- 
 
 Led«rer'8 narratire vith later well-Icnown geographloal and 
 historical facts. This was probably due to Inaeouraoles In 
 courses and distances traveled by the ejqplerer.to errors in 
 names and locations, and to still greater inaoeuraoies in the 
 original map. It is not my purpose to attempt to reoonoile or 
 explain these inaoouracies , hut merely to call attention to 
 some iaqportant facts ^ich seem to have some relation to the 
 early history of the so-called Croatan Indians. 
 
 There is a long-standing tradition among these Indiana 
 that their ancestors were ftbite people, a part of QOTenier 
 White's lost colony, v^o amaloaraated with the Coast Indians, and 
 afterward reraoved to the interior where they new reside; sad 
 it is my purpose to inquire into the historical d&ta ^ioh sup- 
 port or contradict this tradition. It is a matter of oonmon 
 knowledge that the Indians are a people of "traditions" ,h(^ing 
 entirely destitute of written records. Indeed I would regard 
 the tradition of these people that their ancestors ooioprisad a 
 part of the "lost colony" as of little value were it not sup- 
 ported by what is regarded as authentic historical data. Mr. 
 James Mooney, in the Hand Book of Indians, Bureau of Amerioan 
 Ethnology, Bulletin No. 30, expresses doubt that these people 
 originated from White's lost colony. He says: 
 
 The theory of descent from the lost colony may 
 be regarded as baseless, but the nEune Itself serves as a 
 convenient label for a people who combine in themselves 
 
tbB l>lood of the wasted native tribes, the early colo- 
 nists or forest rovers, the rtinaway slaves or other 
 negroes, and probably also of stray seamen of the Latin 
 raoes from coasting vessels in the West Indian or Brazil- 
 ian trade**. 
 
 Ilr. Samael A'Gourt Ashe, a niost creditable historian, 
 
 also seems to doubt the origin of the Croatan Indians from 
 
 Wbite's lost colony* He says in part: 
 
 Because names borne by some of the colonists have 
 been found among a mixed race in Boseson County, now called 
 Croatans, an inference has been drawn that there was some 
 connection between them. It is highly improbabl^ that 
 English names would have been preserved among a ^ribe of 
 savages beyond the second generation, there being no com- 
 munication except with other savages. If English names 
 had existed amo33g the Hatteras Indians in lawson's time, 
 he probably wotild have mentioned it as additional evidence 
 corroborating his suggestion deduced from some of them 
 having gray eyes, and from their valuing themselves on 
 their affinity to the English. It is also to be observed 
 that nowhere among the Indians were found houses or tilled 
 lands or other evidence of improvement on the customs and 
 manners of the aborigines. When this mixed race was first 
 observed by the early settlers of the upper Cape Fear, about 
 1735, it is said that they spolce English, cultivated land, 
 lived in substantial houses, and otherwise practiced the 
 arts of civilized life, being in these respects different 
 from any Indian tribe. (See Exhibit "OC**). 
 
 Except for the doubt expressed by these writers, the 
 universal opinion of those t*io have written concerning the early 
 history of the Carolinas, as far as I have been able to ascer- 
 tain, supports the tradition of the Indians. 
 
 Grovernor White's notes of his voyage to Virginia, 
 (North Carolina] in search of the colony he planted in Roanoke 
 Island in 1587, are printed at length in Hawks' History of Horth 
 
-9- 
 
 Carolina.extraotB from whloh are re-prlnted in KoMlllan*8 pam- 
 phlet heretofore referred to. Acoordlng to a secret under- 
 etanding whloh White had with the colonists before he returned 
 to Snplauid, if they departed froa Roanoke Island hefore his 
 retu-n (and there had hoen talk that they aiftht go fifty allea 
 Into the interior) they vvere to carve upon the trees or po^ta 
 of thn doore "the nane of the place where thay should b« seated" 
 -han White Kn(* hl9 men on Aui^uat 16,1590, landed on the north 
 point of the island, where they had left the colony three years 
 proTioualy, and proceeded up the seuidy hank, they saw upon a tree 
 In the very brow thereof, the fair Ronan letters C.B.O. ,irtii<^ 
 they "presently knew to eipnify the place where they should find 
 the planters seated". It was also understood "that if thay 
 should happen to he distressed in any of these places" they 
 should carre over the letters or naisie a cross; but White and 
 hie men found no such elm of distress. The narratlre contin- 
 ues: "And haying well considered of this wa pasaed through the 
 place where they were left in sundry housee,but we found the 
 housea taken down and the place -rery stronply enoloaad with a 
 hlrh palisade of ffreat trees with ourtalne and flankara, yery 
 fortlikb , and one of the chief treaa or poata at the right 
 side of the entrance had the bark taken off and fire feat from 
 the ground, in fair capital letters, was graven "fKOATOANV 
 without any cross or sl^ of distress". It should be noted that 
 
-11- 
 
 "^il + e's nirrative indicntes that the oolonlBtB {or''planter»" 
 as he called them) oririnally reEPved to nroatoan, an island 
 south of Cfitpe TTatteras, und not to Croatan,a part of the main- 
 Ipnd. Vr. KcMillan In his pamphlet (p. 11) saya: "It is eyi- 
 rerr from the story of Governor White, aa given on a preceding 
 pRfTR , that tho colonists want southward along the coast to a 
 '"roatoan Island, nov a part of Carteret County, in North Car- 
 olina, una distant a'^out one hundred miles in a direct line 
 from AlbeTArle Hound". 
 
 The Tuscarora Indians was a powerful and war^tUke 
 tribe, occupying the central eastern part of Uorth Carolina. 
 Th'jy had frequent encountere with the Hherokeee and CatawbaB 
 on the west and southwest ,&rd with the Cberaws on the south, 
 hut stood as an inp&ssable harrier. to encroachments on their 
 territory vr.til the destructive war or 1911-13. The exact lo- 
 cation of the Tuecarcrr s c'-nnot be determined from Lederer'a 
 notes nor from Ogilby's or Talbot's nap, further than that they 
 occupied a very advantageous position in eastern Noi th Carolina; 
 but as indicative of the character of the people at thiB time 
 (1670), especially the principal chief, Lederer sayB: 
 
 T?ot thinking fit to proceed further, the eight-and- 
 twentiath of junt I faied nbout and looked homewards. To 
 avoid Wisacky marsh I shaped my courae northeast; and after 
 three days' travel over hilly ways, ^ere I met with no 
 path or road, I fell into a barren, sandy deBert.nhere I 
 suffered riiserably for want of water, - the heat of sum- 
 mer having drunk p11 the springa dry, and left no sign of 
 any, but the gravelly channels in which they run; so that 
 
-12- 
 
 if now and then I bad nOb found a standlnc; pool, which 
 proridknt nature set round with shady oaks, to defend it 
 from the ardor of the sun ,i!\y Indiein compsmlon, horse, and 
 self had certainly perished with thirst. In this distress 
 we traTelled till the twelfth of July, and then found the 
 head of a river, which afterwards proved Kruob; in which 
 we reeeivod.not only the comfort of a necessary and sea- 
 sonable refreshment, hut likewise the hopes of coming into 
 a country again, -fhere we might find game for food at least. 
 If not discOTor some new nation or people. Nor did our 
 hopes fail usi for'^^ter >re had crossed the river twice, we 
 were led by i^,upon uie fourteenth of July, to the town of 
 Katearas , a plaee of great Indian trade and coioraerce ,and 
 chief seat of the haughty emperor of the Tasklroras , called 
 Kaskusara, vulgarly called Kaskous. Kls grim majesty, upon 
 ny first appearance , demanded my gun and shot, which I wil- 
 lingly parted with, to ransuu piyself out of his clutches j for 
 for he was the most proud, imperious barbarian that I net 
 "vith in all uy marches. The people here at this timd seem- 
 ed prepared for some extraordinary solemnity; for tho men 
 and the! women of better sort had decked themselves tory 
 fine ^ith pieces of bright copper in their hair and ears 
 and about their oirms and necks, which upon festival occa- 
 sions they use as an extraordinary bravery; by which it 
 would seem this country is not without rich mines of copper 
 but I durst not stay to inform myself in it, being Jesaous 
 of some sudden mischief towards me from Taskous , his nature 
 being bloody, euid provoked upon any slight occasion. 
 
 Therefore, leaving iratearas, I travelled through the 
 woods unt.il the sixteenth, upon which I came to Kawitzlokaflj 
 an Indian town upon a branch of T^orenoke Elver, which here 
 I passed over, continuing my journey to Menohaerlnk; and 
 on the seventeenth departing from thence, I lay all night 
 In the woods, and the next morning betimes going by NatowEiy, 
 I reached that evening Apamatuck, in Vlrginln ,<«rhe!rs I was 
 not a little overjoyed to see Christian faces agaVn. 
 ( "Por the full text of Lederer's notes and "f^r.Fa'^ks' con- 
 nents, see Ixhiblt "D") 
 
 John Lawson, Surveyor General of Korth Carolina, was 
 
 the next explorer '."iho left a permanent record of hie travels 
 
 among the Indian tribes of the Carol inas. Ke commence d his 
 
 Journey at Charlestown, December 28, 1700, passed up the "^antee 
 
 and fateree rivers and thenoe across the foot-hills to the head 
 
-12- 
 
 if now and then I had no^ found a standlnf; pool, which 
 proTidknt nature set round with shady oaks, to defend it 
 from th« ardor of the sun ,riy Indian oompsuiion, horse, and 
 self had certainly perished with thirst. In this distress 
 we travelled till the twelfth of July, and then found the 
 head of a rirer, which after"«fard8 proyed Eruob; in which 
 we received, not only the ooinfort of a neeessary and sea- 
 Bonahle refreshment, hut likewise the hopes of coming into 
 a country ai;ain, where we might find game for food at least, 
 if not discover Borae new nation or people. Nor did our 
 hopes fail us; for'^^ter we had orosaed the river twice, we 
 were led by i^.upon ^e fourteenth of July, to the town of 
 Katearas , a place of great Indian trade and coiamerce ,&nd 
 chief Beat of the haughty emperor of the Tasklroras , called 
 Kaskusara, vulgarly called Kaskous. His grim majesty, upon 
 lay first appearance .demanded my gun and Bhot, which I wil- 
 lingly parted with, to ranson r.yself out of his clutches; far 
 for he was the most proud, imperious barbarian that I met 
 vith in all ui/ marches. The people here at this time seem- 
 ed prepared for some extraordinary Bolemriity; for tho men 
 and the women of better sort had decked themselves very 
 fine ^Ith pieces of bright copper in their hair and ears 
 and about their arms and necks, which upon festival occa- 
 sions they use as an extraordinary bravery} by wftiich it 
 would seem ^his country is not without rich mines of copper 
 but I durst not stay to inform myself in it, being jealous 
 of some sudden misohief towards me from '^askous , bis nature 
 being bloody, and provoked upon any slight occasion. 
 
 Therefore, leaving Katearas, I travelled through the 
 woods until the sixteenth, upon which I owne to Kawitziokaia 
 an Indian town upon a branch of T^orenoke Piver, which here 
 I passed over, continuing my Journey to Menchaertnk; and 
 on the seventeenth departing from thence, I lay all night 
 in the woods, and the next morning betimes going by Natoway, 
 I reached that evening Apamatuck, in Virginia , vhere I was 
 not a little overjoyed to see ChristiEui faces agaVn. 
 ( 'Por the full text of Lederer's notes ajid ^r.'Fa''/kB* con- 
 nents, see Exhibit "D") 
 
 John LawBon, Surveyor General of North Carolina, was 
 
 the next explorer '.sho left a permanent record of his tiavels 
 
 among the Indian tribes of the Carol inas. He commenced his 
 
 Journey at Charlestown, December 28, 1700, passed up the Pantee 
 
 and Vateree rivers and thence across the foot-hills to the head 
 
-1»- 
 
 watere of the trltiutarlea of the *TeuB« and thence down these 
 rivers *.r the conat, :-'or i"nry dfiy* he thought that he had 
 creased to the headwati^rs of the Cape Fear Elver, but after en- 
 countering Enoe-Vlll, an Indian who acted as his guide and in- 
 tferpreter during the latter part of his Journey, dlsoOTsred his 
 mi3t»»ke. Ffc apparently passed through the country of the San- 
 tees, Watereea .GherawB and Catawbas, and on the return trip 
 1^hroof:h the ooixitry of the Catawbas , Tuacaroras and Corees. It 
 is pos8lbl3 that h« may have entered the country of the Chero- 
 keefi on the Flwasaee '^Ivsr .though this is by no means certain. 
 I faB fortunate in obtaining an original copy of the Lawson 
 his Lory, pi Inted in I nndon in 1718, from which I have copied 
 lioorall^ b./ vJ^otfstvt proosBs. As in the case of the Lederer 
 notes,! i *.& not- ay p -ipose to review the Lawson history in ex- 
 taneo, but 'aerely to call ?^^.tantion to «(uch psa'te as relate to 
 the lost colony and to tb-i Indians with whom it is supposed they 
 amalgaanated. The history is addressed to the "Lords-Proprietors 
 of the Province of Csrolina In Ainerioa* , and the Author says in 
 the Preface: 
 
 Fivlnn spent most of ay Time, during my eight Years 
 Abode In Carolina, Ir travelling; I not only survey 'd the 
 "rf^i-Ooast and those parts which are sLlreaay Inhabited by 
 tht7 ChrlstlariB ,but likewise view'd a j^atioua Traot of 
 lani, lying bJtwixt the Inhabitants ana the Ledges of 
 Mountains ,froni '*hance our noblest Rivers have their Rise, 
 running towards the Ocean, «iere they water as pleasant 
 a country as any in Europe, the Discovery of whioh being 
 never yet made publiok.I have, in the following Sheets, 
 given you a faithful Account thereof .wherein I hare laid 
 
-14- 
 
 4o«n e-rerything with iBqpar ilea ity, and Truth, whiota is 
 indeed, the Suty of erery Auther^and prefershle to a tinooth 
 f9tlIe,»eeonptinyM with Falsities and Eyperholes. 
 
 Zt seeae evident that Lavson and his party were unable 
 te eOHTerse with the Indians cf the seysral ththe^ through which 
 they passed, except m the sign language, until they encounter- 
 ed Snee-Vill,onti of the headaen of the Coree tribe, a small 
 tribe erlfinally residing on the ccast near the nouth of the 
 Venae Hirer, aad which was probably allied with the Tfatterae, 
 f'Utlioe and ether coast tribes. About the point of leaving the 
 country of the Keyawwees, most of the party abandoned Lawson, 
 with a wiew of proeeedlng to Virginia, leaving him and one ooa- 
 ptaien to pursue their journey alone through Sorth Carolina. 
 On page 53 Lawson say a: 
 
 This aernlng most of our Cmqpany havln^r some Inolina- 
 tlon to go straight away for Virginia, -'hfn they left this 
 Vlaoe; X and one more took our leaves or them, resolving 
 (with God*8 Leave) to eee North Carolinf^.one of the Inoians 
 setting us in our way. The rest being indifferent whtch 
 way they want, desired us, by i<ll aeane ,to leavfc a Letter 
 for then, at the Achoneehy-Town. The Indisn that put ue 
 In our Path, had l>een a Prisoner aaongst the Slnn|<g«rBi but 
 had out-run them, although they had cut his Co98,|a]d half 
 his 9eet away, irtiioh is a Practice cocraon tunoriirBt them, 
 They first raiae the skin, then cut away half ^he Foet,and 
 •0 wrap the Skin over the BtuRpe,and neke a prsajont Cure of 
 the Vounds. This coigmonly disables them from n.ntking their 
 Ssoape, they being not so t?ood Travellere as before, uid the 
 lapression of their Half-Peet naming it aa^y to trao« them. 
 Hewever, this ?eHow wan got clear ox' thea, but hafi. little 
 .Heart to go :far from hone, and carry' d al'^aya -. OfRRo of 
 Pistols in his Prirdle, beeidee a CutlHse.fur/d ?. Tusee. 
 
 Betwithstanding they v/cro «put in their path" by the 
 
 XaAian referred to, Laweon and hlK conpanion apparently ? traveller 
 
•15- 
 
 a hundred niles or aor* without a guide. During thie time they 
 had nothinp to Bubs4sit on but parched com, and probably passed 
 over the neutral territory between the Catawbae and the Tueoa- 
 rords. Near the "to^mn" of Aohonech? , probably 120 miles from 
 the country of the Keyauwees, they onoountered "30 horses oomlng 
 on the road with four or fire men on other jades, drirtng then*. 
 Those proTOd to be a small company of Englishmen from Virginia, 
 who were ^oing Into the Carollnas to trade with the Indians. 
 The lea4in{7 man was named Tjassey, and hd adrised Lawson by all 
 means "to strike down the country for Roanoke, and not think 
 of Virginia beeanse of the Slnnep:arB". He also persuaded them 
 to call upon Snoe-"Vlll as they irent to Adshusheer, "for that 
 he would conduct thera safe among the Xngllsh", giving him the 
 character of a very faithful Indian. About three o'clock they 
 reached t^-e town, and within two hours Enoe-Vlll came into the 
 "irinp'p" heuee , where they were staying. T^*' next morning thsy 
 set out with Knoe-Will "towards Adshusheer, leavinp the Virginia 
 path and striking more to the eastward for P.oanoke". Lawson 
 describes the Journey to Adshushwer , vrhere Kno^-ffill r*. sided, "as 
 a sad stony way" which made him quito lam«. Here the Indians 
 brought them two "cocks" (chickens), which to my mind is oon- 
 olusive evidence that those Indians had previously come in con- 
 tact with the shltes, as Indians in their native stats, as a 
 rule are destitute of donestio animals, except the horse and 
 dog. Lawson says of Enoe-Will: 
 
•M- 
 
 •Our fulde and landlord, Knee-will, ima of the boBt and 
 JB08% ac;r*eable teaper that ever I pjet with in an Indian, being 
 always raady to aerre the Xn<;ll0h,not out of gain, but real af- 
 faetion." 
 
 The Voll owing day much rain fell and they staid at the 
 Indian town. The next morning thoy set out early, and traroled 
 atiout ten nlles whan they were stopped by the high water in the 
 rlT«r. LawBOn thouffht that they mre on some tributary of the 
 Cape Fear Ttiver; hut on Inquiry of Bnoe-Till he learned that it 
 was Bnoe Rlvwr, and anptied into a plaoe called **Bnoe ^4y«,near 
 his country, whloh he left when he -^aft a boy; by wbloh Laweon 
 pe res Ivod that Will was one of the Coreea , and that the river 
 they were waiting to orons was a branch o" the Nsuae River. 
 This locates the Coreen when Will wan a boy - probably fifty or 
 ■ora years previously - on th-? eoaet near the lacjuth of the Tleuee 
 RlTsr; and for the first tlnifl the traveler leaxnad that he was 
 nu^ further north than he had supposed. 
 
 On page 58, the author says: "The next ay, early, cane 
 tww Tuekerora Indians to the other oide of the river, \ut could 
 not gat over. They talked isuoh to us, but ve understood then 
 not. In the afternoon, Will eaeie with the mai*e and had some 
 discourse with thms. >> They told hin the ZnKlisii, to whom he was 
 gslBg, were very wiokad people; and that they threatened the 
 Indians for hunting on their plantations". This incident re- 
 veals the fact that thsjiravelsrs ware within or near the Tusoa- 
 
•17- 
 
 rora country, and that already friction existed between the 
 English and the Tuscaroras. The author continues: "Will had 
 a slaye , a Slsslpahan Indian by nation, who killed ue several 
 turkeys and other game , on which we feasted" , showing the ex- 
 istence of Indian slavery among the Corees (or Sohoooores as 
 Lawson sometimes called them) at this time. 
 
 A short distance after crossing the branch of the House 
 River referred to, they halted for the night. The traveler car- 
 ried an illustrated Bible with him and as they lay In oamp at 
 this place Enoe-Vill asked to see the book. Lawson describes 
 what took place as follows: 
 
 My rruide Will desiring to see the Book that I had 
 about rae , I lent it him; and as he soon found the Pioture 
 of King David, he asked me several Questions oonoeming 
 the Book, and Picture , which I resolved him, and invited him 
 to become a Christian. He made me a very sharp Beply,auB- 
 suring me. That he loved the English extraordinary well, 
 and did believe their Waiys to be very good for those that 
 had already practiced them, and had been brought up thercli) 
 But as for himself , he was too much in Tsars to think of 
 a Change , esteeming it not proper for Old People to admit 
 of such an Alteration. However, he told me ,If I would take 
 his son Jack, who was then about 14 Years of Age, and teaoh 
 him to talk in that Book, and make Paper speak , which they c 
 oall our Way of Writing, he would wholly resign him to my 
 Tuition; telling ne ,he was of Opinion, I was very well 
 af footed to the Indians. 
 
 This conversation between the traveler and his guide 
 
 reveals several in5>ortant things: First that Enoe-Will must 
 
 have been between 60 and 70 years old at this time ,and that he 
 
 was familiar with the fact that the English could "talk in a 
 
 book" and "meJce paper speak". Couple this with the fact that 
 
-18- 
 
 the ^ide had an English nana, "Till", which he probably as- 
 
 feUMd at the age of 20 or 21, and the information preriously 
 
 glTAn by hla that he llred on Enoe-Beiy irtien he was a boy, leads 
 
 qjalte certainly to the oonolusion that the Coreea had come in 
 
 eai^taot with at least some portion of the lost oolony. It must 
 
 ba n»«mb«red that when will was a boy there were no English 
 
 •ettleiMnts on the east coast of North Carolina other than 
 
 Whiia's leat colony. 
 
 A few days after the conversation between the traveler 
 
 aad his guide , quoted abOTS, Lawson reached the plantation of 
 
 his friend, Mf. Biehard Smith, on *?aavtigoueh River", "where 
 
 being wsll reoeired by the inhabitants, and pleased with the good 
 
 BSSS of the country I *• all resolved to continue". 
 
 In the seoond part of his history, which the author 
 
 dosigaatod "A description of Horth Carolina", he speaks of the 
 
 oarly sottlement of the country «id of the lost colony as follows 
 
 Iho first DlsooTsry and Settlement of this Country 
 was by the ?roourement of Sir Walter Raleigh, in Conjunction 
 with sons pttbliek- spirited aentleraen of that Age , under the 
 proteotion of ({Been Sllaabethi for whioh Reason it was 
 then naiaed Virginia, being begun on that Part called Ron oak 
 Island, irtiere the Ruins of a fort are to be seen at this 
 day .as well as some old English Coins which have been late- 
 ly feimdi and a Brase-Oun, a l^owder-Hom,and one small 
 Ottarter doek-Oun ,made of Iron Staves, and hooped with the 
 suw iMtal; which Method of making Guns might very prob- 
 •MLy be Bade use of in those Days, for the Convenience of 
 Infant-Colonies . 
 
 A farther Confirmation of this we have from the 
 Hatteras Indians, who either then lived on Ronoak-Island, 
 or inich frequented it. These tell us, that several of their 
 ancestors were irtiite ?eople,and could talk in a Book ,ae 
 «• do; the Truth of lAiich is oonfimed by gray Eyes being 
 
-It- 
 
 found fr«<i!iiiantXjr ssensst th»M IadiaaB»«n4 n* others. Ttoqr 
 ralue tbaaswlTti extramljr f«r tib*ir Afftnity t* th* 
 Xaeltah.aiid am [raady to do Una all frltndljr Offlowi. It 
 Is proteU.0 ,Uuiit thla 8«til«a«Bt a&soarrliMt f«r mat »f 
 tlaaly Snypltos frnr Bii«lmds or thro* tho froMlwiy of tlw 
 Hatlvos, for m ,w»j rmmmmMj suvpooo that tho tagliah 
 iraro forced to dohaMt wliti thOB,for Boliof aad 0*iT«roa* 
 tioni and that in proooso of Tl)M,thoy omifDniOd thmtml^'mm 
 to tlM vanners of their Indian Belatieno. Aad thwi «• 9— 
 hov a^t Hnaaae Vatvro Is to dsgoAerato. 
 
 I oannot forbear insert inc'lMli*. a pleaaaat Story tbat 
 passes for an tneontostod Trvth aaosffst the InhaibitaBto of. 
 this Plaee; ttbi^ is, that the !%ip ehioli brooii^t the iTlrsfl 
 Coieniee (does often appear aaonget thesi,«ader tftlljia a ■ 
 Reliant Vesture ,«hidh they eall Sir Miter Kaleich** 8hi#i1 
 And the truth of this has been aff irastf to ae ,hy Hmn of 
 the best Credit in the Cettatry* 
 
 A second 8ettle!<ient of tbia cevntry aas aade ahoaft. 
 fifty Tsars aire, In that part «• new eall. Albeaarl Ce«i1^« 
 and chiefly in Ohuvon Vreoinoty by eoiwral sab«t«ntial 
 Planters, froM Virginia, and ether Plantations. 
 
 La«sen*s history is regarded as the standard autpnrity 
 
 for the period it coyers; ^i rind it eztiiHl^MK qoeted froa ty 
 
 all aubseqnent historians; and if his statoaenti eoaooralpg tha 
 
 azBalgaaatioa of the lost eoleny with the Hatteras ladiaas is 
 
 not true, the "ajretery" of what beeaae of lhite*e ColMqr oaa aaevor 
 
 be solved. But there are aany facts aad oircoflMtaneos ehltii 
 
 confim Lawson's record. 
 
 ISien White returned to Boanolce Island in, 1590, la ao- 
 
 eordanee with the secret undo ret aad ins beteeen hiasolf and the 
 
 eolonlets, he found the word "Croatoan" graToa apoa a tra* eia- 
 
 prisin(; one of the door posts of the palidads; end abOTO it ha 
 
 found no oroBs or sign of distress, fhis, to ay Bind , indieatM 
 
 I 
 th'ut the colonists were not captured in warfare by the lBdiaa#, 
 
-ao- 
 
 ^•t ^pot •Ith th«a v*l«nt«rllj to find a Iwtter location than 
 RnaniriN Zalaad. If th«7 mant with the Hattoraa Indians TOlun- 
 tarUy, milyiilpatl— vlth tbam ifas inevitable. 
 
 iZ im««nitaBd that iften the Act of the North Carolina 
 IitfCislatarB ttoslcnattng tbam rnrotttans was publioly read to the 
 Xii4i«a8,oiM •«•« XnAiaB.a very iBielligent man .reraazked that he 
 liaA mlw*^ heard his aneestors say that they ^re Hatteraa Xn- 
 ||^K|» MaRt«o was friendly to the Bnglish.and would undoubted- 
 ly do ewerjthlng in his power to protest thera. Ofn pape 254 of 
 bis htstsry LswBOn dsseribes the Hatteraa Indiana as consisting 
 •f iBS.to«a issidiag on the Sand Banks, with 16 fight ln(r taen. 
 Ths Wttsrss Indians are dssoribed In the Hand Book of American 
 tmUmnm, Barsaa sf Bthnology (p. 557} as follows: 
 
 ffATBBAS. An Algonqaian tribe living in 1701 on the 
 sand baalcs about C. Battsras, H.C. ,8.of Pinllco Sound, and 
 tnqaantlng Bsanoke id. nisir single village, Sandbanks, 
 had than saly about 80 inhabitants. They showed traces 
 •f idiite blood and elaicwd that sorao of their ancestoro 
 ssrs ahite. Thsy aagr have been identical with the Croatan 
 ZndlMis (4*T«) t *^^ when Balei^'s colonists nt Roanelce 
 id. ars sttppsssd to have taken refuge. 
 
 tba prsMBse of gray eyes and fair skin among these 
 
 pe^le in Lttiisen*8 tim esnnot be eitplained on any other hy- 
 
 ^•tlMSis than that of aaalgaaatien with the shite race; and 
 
 iftsa l4MMSSa wrsts (1709) thsre was a tradition anong the Fat- 
 
 tsras Xniians Uiat thsir ancestors were white people "and could 
 
 tttllc in a 'bosk*; and that "thsy valued thenselves extreraely for 
 
 Bffinitgr ts the Bngikl^ and were ready to do them all 
 
•21- 
 
 friendlj' offices". I have already referred to the fact that 
 
 Enoe-Will,a Coree Indian, who had heen raised on the coast, and 
 
 who v/as probably nearly 70 years of age when he acted as l.aM- 
 
 Bon's puide, knew that the English could "talk in a book" and 
 
 as he further ejcpressed it, "could make paper talk", indicating 
 
 that he ♦/as familiar with the customs of the English. The 
 
 Corees are described in the "Hand Book", Bulletin No. 30, (p. 349} 
 
 as follows: 
 
 CORES. A tribe, possibly Algonquian ,f onaerly oec«- 
 pying the peninsula a. of Neuse r.,in Carteret and Craven 
 COS. , N.c. They har" been greatly reduced in e war with 
 another tribe before 1696, and were described by Archdale 
 as having been a bloody and barbarous people, lawson refers 
 to them as Coranine Indians , but in auiother place calls them 
 Oonnamox, and gives then two villages in 1701 - Coranine 
 and Raruta - with about 125 souls. They engaged In the 
 Tuscarora war of 1711 , and in 1715 the remnants of the 
 Coree and Hachapunga were assigned a tract on Hattanuskeet 
 lake, TTyde co. , T1.C. , where they lived In one village .prob- 
 ably until they became extinct. 
 
 There is an abiding tradition among these people at 
 the present time thtit their ancestors were the lost colony, 
 araalgamated with some tribe of Indians. This tradition is sup- 
 ported by their li^oks ,• their cofi5)lexion, color of skin, hair and 
 eyes, by their manners, customs ajid habits, and by the fact that 
 while they are , in part , of undoubted Indian origin, they have no 
 Indian ncjnes and no Indian language - not even a single word - 
 and knov.' nothing of Indian customs tmd habits. Speaking of 
 the language of this people, 'T.McMillen says: 
 
itWi'W!^"''-ij|Ji.ii.i/w 
 
 -28- 
 
 fb* tme^BBrngt ayskeB Is alaost para i^le Saxon .a fact 
 tftieb «• thlalr afferte eatrafearati'va erltenoa of tlieir 
 {TSlatiMi to th» lest eolragr of IhlU. Mon (SaatOB) 1« vs«d 
 for warn, ttL$bmr Is pronounoed fiyrthor, and a traditiea is 
 vsoaUjr iN^pa as follows: 
 
 "Hon J «y fHiythsr told jm that his fajrthor told hin.'fce. 
 SsBsim la ttB«« for sMHMwrwwat, aks for ask .hit for it, 
 IMMMB for hose, lOTond for lovii^^ouswi for bousos. They 
 asm ts hSTO Irot t«« aonads for !*» letter a, one like 
 short •*. Wway of the words la eemon use aisoiig thea have 
 . lone lleea ehsolete in Inglish siwflacing eotmtrios. 
 
 eel. prod A. Olds, 8e«^tary of the serth Carolina 
 
 iri«tM4>eal AesoeiatiOD, sajra of their Imenafo: 
 
 She langaace SfMdeeB hy the Oreatans is a very pore 
 but quaint old AnglOwSaxan,and there are in daily use some 
 seveaty-fiTe «»rds shtdi have ocom do«D frms the great days 
 •t Balei^ and his ad^hty mistress, Q^eea Sllsaheth. Xhese 
 eld Saamn words arrest attwitien instaatlf. yor man they 
 say "BKMi", pfiasimee father "feyther", ase "mension" for 
 aeasar«mnt, •ax" for aak,«heseB" for hose, "lovened" for 
 lovlE^, *«it" fer kneelsdge, "heesen* for hoases; and nsny 
 other verds in daily use hy thea have for years been en> 
 tiraly e^selete in Iii83,i8h speaking eeuBtriee. 
 
 yust ehen the selenists and the Indians with whMi they 
 
 apalgawatsd rsMrvsd to the interior is not eertaidly known ,but 
 
 it is Relieved to ha^ been as early as 16S0. At the eoaing 
 
 of the first wfeite twttlsrs to lAiat is now known as Bobeson 
 
 Co«ity« there wa« foimd looated on the banks of the Lumber BlTor 
 
 a lailge tri'be of Indians ,speai: teg the Bnglish language, tilling 
 
 the soil,ewatag slaves and practicing many of the Arts of eiv- 
 
 illsed life. K^KUIaB saysf "Swy oeeupied the eouatry as far 
 west as the Itae. Dee,bat their priaeipal seat wa« on the 
 l.wAM'teacteBdSag Sleng that riwer for twnity milee. They 
 held Khsir lands in oomBon and land titles only becsae 
 kiMNRi ^ the approaeh of ^ite men. The firet grant of 
 land to any ef thie tribe, of ^ioh there ie written evi^ "^-t 
 denee in existence , was aade by King George'^fdie Second in 
 
•25- 
 
 1733, to Henrjr Berry and Jams Lemrle, two leadiiig awn of 
 th« tribe, and was located on the Lenrle Siiaap^ast of 
 Lunber RlTor in |>resent eoonty of Robeeon in north Caroltn*- 
 A aubsequent ^rant was nado to Jaaes Lo<frto in 1738. Ae* 
 cordine to tradition there ware deeda of land of older dat% 
 described ae *fhite" deeds and "Saith* deads, but no traoe 
 of their existence can be found at this date. 
 
 And vhat is of greater slicnif loance ,a vety large noa- 
 ber of the poses appearini; aaong the lost colony are to be foaai 
 anong the Croatsn Indians, a fact ines^lieable upon any other 
 hypothesis thun that the lost colony aaalgaaated with the In* 
 dians. 
 
 These naises, conmon to both, are printed in italiof ia 
 tb'i K'c:!lllan booklet (Xxhibit C.) The present inTostigatiea dl»- 
 cloeis that the Indian names, Indian language and Indian oue- 
 toms ?x.i h'<,bitr! perished ,'«h lie the Knglieh nazsea ,Bnglish laa- 
 r^iafe and Knglish euotons ana habits proYalled. yr. McMillan 
 
 The "Titer he.t> been mich interested in InTeetigatiag 
 the tradition prevalent anong the Croateas and exprosooa 
 his fim conYletion that they are descended fron the tii»aA 
 ly tribe found or our east coast in 1587, and also dssoood- 
 ed frna th« lost colonists of Ttonnoke iiho aaalfaaated vitli 
 this tribe. 
 
 Troa the forefoinp I ha to no hesitaney in exproooias 
 
 the belief that the Indinns originally settled in Boboson and 
 a< <oinlnp runties in North Carolina were an ^algnaation of 
 the TJ-atter.if Inr'lanr with COTemor White's lost colony; the 
 present Indianc are their deaoendants with a further aBalgwai^ 
 tion with the early Scotch and Scotch-Irish settlers, such "* 
 
-84- 
 
 uuklgaaatloa oontlzming dom to th« present tiiw , together with 
 a SBell degree ef OQialganatien with ether races. 
 
 I do not find that the Hatteras Indians on the so- 
 oalled Cfreataa Indians sTer-had any treaty relations with the 
 United States ,er that thaj have any tribal rights with any trihe 
 or band ef Indians; neither do I find that they hare reeeiTed 
 any lands or that there are any BOneye due then. 
 
 CLAIM OF CHSBOKXK 0RI6IW. 
 
 Since writing the foregoing, the Office hae received 
 
 and referred to ne a oOBBsunicatlon dated 6ept<.ir.hur 7, 1914, from 
 
 Vr.A. W. VeLean of Ltnsbarton, Vorth Carolina, tht local repre- 
 
 ?»n%atiTe of these Indians concern It '-hei; claiQ to Oierokee 
 
 crlglB. Mr. KoLean refers tc a etatettenf presented by hixi on 
 
 yebruary 14,1913, to the Fouse Cooalttse on Indian Affairs, 
 
 reepectihg the origin of these Indians, tr.d asks that his oobbbi- 
 
 nlwttian be treated ae supplemental to said ntateaent. In the 
 
 •t»t«wnt referred to Vr.HoLeaa said in part: 
 
 Vb are of the opinion that" they wre originally a 
 jfta-t ef tihe great Cherokee tribe of Indians «ftiieh inhabited 
 the weatem and central portions of Carolina before the 
 adranee of the white nan. 
 
 Indeed, Mr. VetriUan.in his account before referred tq 
 tMces.the peeitien that they are ef Cherokee descent i thourh 
 we oABfeee that we can not reeoncile this contention <ith 
 his main eoatent ion that they are deecendants of GfT'WhitVs 
 vr Sir waiter Haleigh*B lost colony. 
 
 |.mig before historians began to study the origin of these 
 i; petylt they olaioed to be of Cherokee descent. In fact 
 they ha've always elained that they were originally a j>art 
 
-26- 
 
 of Via Chsroke* Trl"b« and that they paye yp their tribal 
 relation after they had participated -vlth the iftjlte aan 
 In the wsr a/rninat ithe Tuecaroras. The?e Indiane had 
 ftreat roads or trails connecting their settleisents with 
 tv,9 nrtnelpal seat of the Cherokes Tribe in the AllegheBy 
 HountalriB. There is a woll-anthentleated trac:ltlen aaong 
 them, handed down throufh fsever*! {jene rat lone, that this 
 sjnali reranant after participating »ith the i^itea in the 
 war afp.lnet tYa Tuecororap took up ranny of the habits and 
 ouatone of th«^ «hite rain and thesreforo refused to rasore 
 ires': w.i'.h the preet rhereltee Tribe. Jt is also oertala 
 th«t In '.Ms thay -»ere influenced by t.ha adnixture of Anglo 
 raxon blood,»»'hii"h had taken place ^o sane extent eren In 
 that rsQOte period. 
 
 In the coHirjunlcatlen ¥.r. MOLean says: 
 
 ':y opinion is, from a yety exh&ustlre axaralnation 
 made before and Rftsr the Hearlnp above mentioned, that 
 thcpf' TridlRnB &t9 rot only deeeenoants of ^i.r Walter Ra- 
 leigh's Lost Colony, as contended by Mr. Hamilton McMil- 
 lan in his etatanenr. ,a copy of ^hlch Mr. Mcpherson has 
 In his po8seflslon,but that they are also nixed with the 
 Oherokeo Indians. In the first placf , these Inoianp hare 
 contended frora tlae li>Bieraorlal that they were of Cherokee 
 dsBcent, and they further have had a tradition aaong them 
 that their ancestors, or some of then, ceiae frea "Roanoke 
 o.nd Virrinia". Roanoke and Virginia, of course, originally 
 coaprised all of Eastern North Carolina, Including Bofuicke 
 Ifland, the settlement of Sir ?alter B&lelgh'E Lost Celooy. 
 
 {'9or the full text of Mr.McLean*fi statsaent and coanu- 
 
 nicitior eee Exhibit "¥•■.) 
 
 I'be history and traditions of the Cherokee Indians 
 of TTor+h Carolina in By ^udmnent do not confirm the Claia of 
 the 'Rcbepon County Indians to Cherokee ori/Ftin. The Cherokses 
 were the oountalnoers ' f the «;outh,oriKin&lly holding the entire 
 Appelpchif n r<ric^i from th« head waters of vht Kcsnawhft on the 
 north to !rirt(il< Oeorpia on the Bouthi Their principal toims 
 were upon the head^vaters of the Sa-rannahi Biwassee ana Tuoka- 
 segee rirerr , and along the entire length of the Little Tennesse* 
 
-86- 
 
 to Its JuBotion with the main etreiaiB. Ae far as I cnn learn, 
 
 th«re is no tradition thut they erer occupied the coast country 
 
 in Horth Carolina or else-»her«. Indeed, interposed between the 
 
 Chorokeea and the eoast irere three or four powerful tribes with 
 
 lAsich they were in parpetaal warfare. On the east and southeast 
 
 the Tuseareras and Oatawbas were their InToteratts enemies, with 
 
 hardly OTen a EMfflentary truce wltihin historic tiroes; and avidenoe 
 
 le net wanting that the Sara or Chera were originally their 
 
 deai^'ly enesiies. Had Inclination led thea toward the coast in 
 
 the tliM of the earliest coloniaation .they would probably hoTc 
 
 be«n dri'ven hack by other hostile tribes. Zn the Kineteenth 
 
 Annaal Report of the Bureau of Kthnology (p.^) speaking of the 
 
 early location of the Cherokeee, it is stated: 
 
 ?roa a careful siftinf* of the eTldence Hay /ood con- 
 olvdes that the authors of the nont anoi^^nr. '-oa-iinB la 
 Tennessee had spread over that rerion from the south foici 
 southwest at % -vvt/ «%rly pflr.l'>d,bu* thit th«; lufct-.er oc- 
 eupanta , the Cherokee , had entered it from the north and 
 northeast in eoni oratiTely r^csnt tiii,?3,overru.'niriis and 
 exterBinating the aboriein«ee. He declares that the his- 
 torical fact seems to bo establishoi th it the Cherokee en- 
 tered the country froE Virginia, nakinc tenporary eettle- 
 nente upon Kew rirer iml the uppar Hsiston.uniil, under 
 the eeatiiraad hostile pressure fr<ffii the north, they ^re 
 a^ala forced to reaore f&rther to the south, fi.King thesi- 
 selTSS open the little Tennessee, in ^at afterward becaoe 
 known as the pildais totns. 3y.a leading ruxed blood of 
 the tribe he was inforaed that they had nade their first 
 settlffiBMnts within their ciodem bono territoi-y upon Hoiich- 
 g. ueky riTsr.and that, harinp liyed there for a lonp; period, 
 
 - they could glTo no definite account of m earlier location. 
 
 Behota, their capital .nd peace to^vn , "cl&iised to be the 
 eldest brother in the nation," and tho clais -m.^ {generally 
 acknowledged. In confimation of the statement as to an 
 

 early occupancy of the upper Holston refjlon, it nay be 
 noted th/t ■Wataag'* Old Fields", now Slisabethtom, mri 
 so called frOB the fact that <«hen the first white settle* 
 Rent within the present state of Tennessee was begun there, 
 so early as 1769, th« bottoa lands were fotmd to contain 
 f ra-vee and other r.uaercus ancient renains of a fonur In- 
 dian town Wich tradition ascribed to the Cherokee, whose 
 nearest «>ettle£ients were then many Biles to the southward. 
 
 In this historical stateaent there is no tradition 
 nrat the Cherokees had sv«r occupied any portion of the coast 
 count ry- 
 
 ?he stronrost and most pare latent tradition of the 
 Poboson County Indlant is that their ancestors were a part of 
 the "lost colony"; anrt it seems noet proba le that the lost 
 colony, if analganatert with any Indian tribe, ("shich seats his- 
 torically certnln) arialpanated with a Coast tribe, and not with 
 a "mountain tribe" resldlnr three hundred Biles to the wesVvard, 
 between whom and the coast eettlenerts three or four hostile 
 tribes were interposed. In this ccnnection it should not be 
 o>erlooked that r.t the tine of the earliest attempts .t colo- 
 nisation, and fit the tlrae of the great Tueoarora W*r, the Cores 
 snd TTatteras Indians, who resided on the cofist.were fina allies 
 of the Tuscaroras; in f .ct.they coui ; not havs- maintained their 
 position on the coast, as against the tribes fwrther west and 
 southwest, except through a firs alliance with the strongsr Tus- 
 caroras. 
 
 The first definite history of the Oherokeee ber;ins 
 with the year 1540, at which date they were flmly ests.blishsd 
 
-28- 
 
 irii«r« they hftTC silwajre afterward be«n known to ranide, namely, in 
 the ipMBtalB eeotien of th« Carolinae and Georgia. The earliest 
 S^aaleh ftdventnrers failsd to penetrate eo far into the interior 
 and the earlleat entry Into thsir country was aade by the in- 
 trepid Be Soto, itho adTonced into the interior in May 1540 by 
 eagr, ef the SaTannah Biver, in hie fruitless quest for g:old. 
 There le no reeord of a second attempt to penetrate the Cherokee 
 ' ilnmtry for teenty-siz years. In 156i the Spaniards took forcial 
 peeeeselen of the bay of Santa Xlena, no'r '^'jlnt Helenti.near Port 
 Bogral on the eoaat of South Carolins. The next year tho 9rench 
 ■ade an unsuccessful ^^tteapt at aettleisant at the saoe place , 
 and in 1566, Menendes made the 'Spanish occupancy sure b7 estab- 
 liehlne there a fort ^Ich he called "an jfelipe. In HOTember 
 of that year Captain Jfuan Pardo was sent irlth » party from the 
 fori to ejg^lere the interior and probably penetntad Into the 
 Cherokee Country, but on account of th« deep pno*^ in the mount- 
 ains he did not think it adTlsable to go further, end so returned 
 The foUevlng sucmer ''nptain 'ar*!© left ?ort ^tanti Rlena with 
 a aaall detaehsMnt of troops and penetrated the Cherokee Country 
 hot the trip vas fruitless of inportsnt results, and he returned 
 havins diseevered nothing aore Tiluable th=ut non^ jaica mines. 
 Vt was at about this tias th%t th9 Catawbas, residing 
 eaet of the Cherokess, were at the height of their power and 
 influenoe ,and for nearly a hundred years they were engaged in 
 petty earfeu'e with the northern Iroquoian tribes .particularly 
 
-29- 
 
 with the Cherokees. Turinc this period the Catawbas stood as a 
 barrier between the OfaerolteeB and the coast.. 
 
 not until 1654 did the Knglish come in contact with 
 the Cherokees, called in the records of that period Rechahecrl- 
 ans, probably a corruption of Rickahock'tne, apparently the narae 
 by which they jrere then known to the Powhatan tribe In Virginia. 
 In this yeau- the Virginia colon-, -^hich had recently concludad 
 an exterainatlnp war with the Powhatans, was alarmed at the n«w» 
 of the approach of a large body of Rechahecrian Indians »Ao had 
 invaded the country and established themselves at the falls of 
 the Janes Elver. On page 30 of the Hineteenth Annual Report of 
 the Bureau of Ethnology it Is stated: 
 
 In 1670 the German traveler, John Lederer, went from 
 t.he falls of Janes River to the ^atawba country in South 
 Carolina, following for most of the distance the path used 
 by the Virginia traders , *io already had regular dealings 
 with the southern tribes , including probably the Cherokee. 
 He speaks in several places of the Bickahockan, >^lch aeeras 
 to be a Bore correct fona than Rechahecrian, and his narre- 
 tive and the accoopanylng map put theig in the mountains 
 of North Carolina (back of the Catawba and the Sara and so^th 
 ward froH the head of Roanoke river. They were i^pparently 
 on hostile terns with the tribes to the eastward, and ^ihlle 
 the traveler was stopping at an Indian village on Dan river 
 about the present Clarksvllle, Virginia, a delegation of 
 Pickahockan , ><*iich had come on tribal business, was bartf:ir- 
 I sly murdered nt a dance prepared on the night of their 
 arrival by their treacherous hosts. On reaching the Catawbfi 
 country he heard of '-hite men to the southward , and Inci- 
 dentally mentions that the neighboring mountains were called 
 the "uala '-.ourr-aine by the -■cijniis.rds. In the next year , 
 le*?! .a part:, frorr, Viritinla ur.der Thomas Batts exploi'ed the 
 nortliem branch of Revoke r iver and croeeed over the Blue 
 Ridge to the headwaters of New river, -*ere they found trace 
 of occupancy , but no Indians. By this tine all the tribes 
 of this section, east of the mountains, were in poesesoion 
 of fire arms. 
 
■30- 
 
 This r«Tea3.s the fact thnt the CherOkees in the ear- 
 liar part of their known history ware on hostile terms with the 
 tribes to the eastward, which, as before , stated, .included the 
 powerful and war-like tribe of the Tuscaroras. The Catawbas 
 were in isnediate contact with the Cherokees on the south and 
 east, bat the Tusearoras also stood as an iispassable barrier 
 between then and the coast. To the south of the Tuecaroras were 
 the Sara or Cheraws ,who in the earliest historical periods ^ora 
 also hostile to the Cherokees. 
 
 On page 38 of the Ethnological report above referred 
 
 to it is stated: 
 
 Throufthout the eighteenth century the Cherokee swre 
 engaged in chronic warfare with their Indim neiphbors. 
 As these quarrels concerned the iibites but little, ho^erer 
 aoaenteias they aay have been to the principals ,ws hare but 
 few details. The war with the Tuscarora continued until 
 tbe outbreak of the latter tribe against ^rolina in 1711 
 I^TS opportunity to the Cherokee to cooperate in striking 
 the blew irtiioh droro the Tuscarora fron their ancient hones 
 to seek refuge in the north. The Cherokee then turned thetr 
 attention to the Shawano on the Cunberland, anc rtth the 
 aid •f the Chickasaw finally esqpelled then fron that region 
 about the year 1715. Inroads upon the Catawba were probably 
 kept up until the latter had become -a frr reduced by war 
 and disease aftito be nere dependent pensioners upon the 
 Whites. The former friendship with the Chickasaw are t 
 last broken thlfeugh the orerbearing eoncuct of the Cherokee, 
 and a war fol^wsd of irtiich we find incidental notice in 
 l?S7,and which terainated in a decislTS Tlctory for the 
 Chickasaw about 1768. The bitter war with the Iroquois of the 
 far north continued, in spite of all the efforts of the col- 
 onial go-femnents .until a foraal treaty of peace was brought 
 about by the efforts of "ir William Johnson (13) in the sane 
 year. 
 
-31- 
 
 (Por the full text of the history of the Cherokees as 
 giTen in said report, Bee Kxhihit "G"). 
 
 Until after the exterminating war with the Tuscaroraa 
 in 1711-17ia, it seemR ^uite irapossihlo that the Cherokees 
 could have gotten to the coast of the Carolinas; hut this was 
 124 years after the planting of the English colony on Poanoke 
 Island by GoTemor White. 
 
 As mentioned hy Mr. McLean, it is quite probable that 
 a small nunher of the Cherokees '»ero allied with the whites, 
 the (llheraw and Catawba Indiana against the Tusoaroras ,for as- 
 sertion to this effect is made by Vllliamson, Gregg and Mooney; 
 but in a report of his Indian allies, made by Col, Barnwell him- 
 self, at port JTarhantes (the stronghold of the Tusoaroras) on 
 February 4, 1712, he does not irantion the Cherokees. I q[uote 
 from the Hand Book of American Indians , page 845: 
 
 In a letter dated at TTarhantes ?ort ,I'eb.4,1712,Col. 
 Barnwell gives a list of the Tarioas tribes of -outhem 
 Indiana who composed hie motley army. In his own spelling 
 these were: the Yamasses, Hog Logees , Apala tehees, Corsaboy 
 <Vatterees , Sagarees, Catawbas, f^uterees, Vaxaais, Congarees, 
 Sattees , Pedees ,Veneaws , Cape Feare ,Hoopengs , Vareperees , 
 ^araws and Saxapahaws. Ft. Narh&ntes .according to Barnwell 
 was the largest and most warlike town of the Tusearora. 
 
 Then the Tusoaroras were first Tisited by Lawsonthay 
 
 possessed the country lying between the coast of North Carolina 
 
 and the foothills .having 16 towns and about 1 ,200 warriors. 
 
 Por their history, their alliance with the small coast tribes, 
 
 their struggles with other tribes, the Tusearora war, etc., see 
 Fhhibit "ff". 
 
-58- 
 
 After the elose of the Tusoarora war It la possible that 
 * fsir of the Cherokee Indians taking part therein remained in 
 iftAt is now Bobeson County end aaalgomated with the Indians than 
 rssiding there; but it aust be reaembered that when the first 
 Sootch sottlers lOQated in that section of country, they found 
 seated en the Luaber HlTer and its tributaries a tribe of In- 
 dians apsaking English, tilling the soil like irtilte men, own- 
 ing slaves, and practicing many of the arte of clTilized life. 
 This could not hare been the Cherokees, for there is no tradi- 
 tlMi aaeng them that they ever spoke the English lan^^uage; but 
 it does eonstitute one of the strongest links in the chain of 
 •▼Idanee that this "Indian tribe" were the descendants of the 
 "lest eolSfiy* which by force of necessity had become amalga- 
 mated with one of the coast tribes. While I say it is possible 
 that some sf the Cherokees wtio took part in the Tuscarora war 
 ■ay haws rsaalned in the east and amalgamated with the coast 
 tribes, inelttdlng the so-called Croatans in Robeson County, it 
 la mnoh more j^robable that they induced indiridual members of 
 these tribes to migrate west with them, for it is a matter of 
 history that the remnants of some of these small coast tribes 
 did migrate weot and became absorbed in the larger tribes, and 
 in this way lost their identity. To my mind it is much more 
 probable that some of the Croatans went west and became absorb- 
 ed hj the Cher<Aree8 than that a few Cherokees remained east and 
 
-33- 
 
 bceama absorbed by the Croatane. It is not unlilcsly that in 
 this way the ancestprf of the jrohn lowrie who signed the Cher- 
 okee treaty of 1806 may hare been connected with the Croatans, 
 but emigrated west after the Tuscarora war. But the oirouastanoe 
 of the similarity of names between the signer of the treaty of 
 1806 and one of the leading faailiee of the Croatans would carry 
 little weight as establishing identity between the two, for 
 among the Cherokees in 1806 were a number of Snglish and Seoteh 
 names, tnd & few of French origin; and the name Lowrie or Lowrey 
 was then, as it is now, a very common English name, and might 
 appear in seyeral of the Indian tribes. The mere "tradition" 
 that the two families were related, in the absence of record 
 evidence to this effect, could have but little weight for, as 
 explained in the earlier part of this report, the Indians are 
 a people of traditions and in the absence of record OTiaence 
 are content to aoeept tradition as fact. 
 
 The tradition obtained by Gregg from tllliam H. Thoaas 
 that the Cherokees oriprinally occupied the territory assigned to 
 the Catawbas.end that there was a sanguinary battle between 
 them, lasting from morning until night, resulting in frightful 
 losses on both sides, as a result of vhlch an agreement was en- 
 tered into between them by the terns of which the Catawbas were 
 to occupy the country formerly occupied by the Cherokees and 
 the Chorokees were to remove further west into the mountains, 
 
-54- 
 
 the 
 d»e8 aet som to "be au'bstantiated by the reports of/Ethno log leal 
 
 Bureau, for th« flmt chapter In Oreee*« History or the Old 
 
 dMrawSflii «hleb he relates this tradition and pimn the origin 
 
 of the aasee ef eertaln rirers in South Carolina, see Ixhihit I. 
 
 ne aap lneludedr4n the narratire (betKeen pa^ee 2 & 5) taken 
 
 frea »ip in 7ol.I, Traneaotlens ef Aaerioan Ithnologieal Society, 
 
 no 4«Qht ehOWB correotly the relatire loeations of the several 
 
 trilws oeeis^ying the territory of the Carolinas when the earliest 
 
 •aqploratlons eere as(!e hy the ihites. Reference is particularly 
 
 sade to thle nap for each locations. 
 
 *he Catawbae were the nost important of the Xastem 
 
 Slwaa triheStaBd doubtless had a nuaber of conflicts with the 
 
 Cbertitoe«, tet the (!herokees were essentially BOuntaineers,etnd 
 
 -liBld dosinien orer the Appalachian Chain from the headquarters 
 
 of tbe ITanaeha to central Georgia. The Cherokees were of Iro- 
 
 qaoiaa stoek ^^tiile the Catawbae -vere of •'iousn stock, and racial 
 
 differences may have bad soisething to (?« -vith their petty con- 
 
 fliete. The principal Tilla«r«B of tk® Catawbae were foraerly 
 
 •a the west y^taOc of the riTer,in what is now York County, ''outh 
 
 Carollaa,oppe«lte the south of stngar Creek. I quote fros the 
 
 Head Book ef AzMricen Icdiaas, pages 215 and 314, 
 
 TWrther iaweetigationB "by Fale, Gatschet ,Hooney ,and 
 Dorsey prewed that eeveral other tribes of the sane re- 
 glOB weie alee of Siouan stock, while the lir<mlstic fcma 
 aad traaltlenal evidenoe all point to this X. region as 
 the eriglael heae ef the <^iouen tribe r>. The allep^ed tradi- 
 tion !4il^ brings the Catawba from the li.,as refugees fron 
 the WrmnHIti and their Indian allies about the year 1660, 
 
-56- 
 
 do«B not (M^ree In any '»f its aaln points with the kaofm 
 facts of history, and if gsnuine at all, refers rather to 
 some local incident than to a tribal noTeaent. It is mil 
 known that the Catawha were in a ehronic state of warfare 
 with the northern tribes, whose raiding parties they soiae- 
 times followed, (BTsn across the Ohio. 
 
 The first notice of the Catania seena to be that of 
 Vtudera in 1579, who calls them Is^a in his narratiTS of 
 Pardo's eicpedition. Nearly a century later, in 1670 , they ar« 
 Dontiened as Ushery by Lederer,^o claias to hare wisited 
 then, but this is doubtful. 
 
 Lawson, who passed through their territory in 1701, - 
 speaks of then as a "powerful nation" and states that their 
 Tillages wsi-e Teryetthiek. He calls the two dirisions , which 
 were liTing a short distance apart, by different naBes,on« 
 the Kadapau and the other the Ssaw .unaware of the fact that 
 the two vsre synonyms. Prom all accounts they were for- 
 merly the most populous and Bost isaportant tribe in the 
 Carolinas .excepting the Cherokee. 
 
 vjroc the full text of the history of the Catawbas as 
 giren in the T?and Book, see Exhibit J. 
 
 Peferring to the origin of certain naune8,as nentloned 
 by rrerp.lt is stated In the nineteenth Annual Report of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology that the word "Cherokee" has no meaning in 
 the Cherokee language, and seens to be of foreign origin. As used 
 anong themselres the form is Tsa-laga or Tsa-ragi. It first 
 appears as Chalaque in the Portuguese narratire of De Soto's 
 expedition, publiaheo originally in 1567. There is eridence 
 that it Is taken from the Ohoctaw word Choluk or Chiluk .signi- 
 fying a pit or caTe.derired fron the Mobilian trade languitge , a 
 corrupted Choctaw Jargon formerly used as a medium of conmuni-. 
 cation among all the tribes of the Oulf < tates. As given by 
 rratschet, the Catawba name for the Cherokees was Man te ran, me an- 
 
-36- 
 
 Ing "ttMUnc •»* of the ground" .nhioh is nearly equiralent to 
 the meanl^j^ contained in the Chootaw word. The report adde: 
 "Adair'a atteaqpt to oomtect the name Cherokee with their word 
 for fire, ateila . is an error, founded upon imperfect knowledge 
 of the language". (See Eschibit G. pp.15 & 16) 
 
 ' The word "!^antee" (the name of an eastern Siouan tribe) 
 is frost the Sioux or Dakota word "inaanyati", meaning Knife Lake. 
 The word "Vateree" (also the name of an eastern Siouan 
 tribe) is probably from the Catati^a word "wateran", meaning to 
 float en the water. 
 
 Congaree is the name of a small eastern Siouan tribe 
 aad the word is probably of Siouan origin; and Pedee is like-^lse 
 the name of a amall Siouan tribe and the vord is thought to be 
 of Siouan origin. While the word "Lurabee" is not found in the 
 Hand BoA (the Luaber RiTor was anciently called the Lurabee) it 
 is probably of the same origin. The "Lumbee" Biver la a branch 
 of the Pedee and the similarity of the names would suggest the 
 oaae origin. All these small Siouan tribes were originally 
 parts of or confederated with the Cheraws.and about 1739, 
 with the Cheraws, became incorporated with the Catawbas. For a 
 omsplote history of ail these small tribes .see Hand Book of 
 
 Aasriean Indians. 
 
 The Cheraws are of ''iouan stock, and originally ranged 
 from southern Virginia to the Cape Pear RiTer in -^outh Carolina, 
 their principal seat being near the town of Cheraw, S.C.,*hich 
 
-»T- 
 
 tnk«a lie nwae fros th«B. In nunlMra they pre'babl^ •teo« next 
 to the Tu8c»ror*8 , byt are Mteti loes prenin«nt in litstAry %•- 
 oause of tholr alaost coopleto destniotJlon "by the tl«e the «hlt« 
 ••ttloaents reached then. Tbey were rfrst vlelted hy I» ?ote la 
 1540 and l&ter by Leterer anc Law8on.||5 They nere undovhtedly 
 known to the Cherokeee In very early tliMs for they rangeA 
 OTor a part of the territory origiaally elaiaed hy the Cherekees, 
 hut X find no authentic history thnt they were OTsr a part 
 of the Chereksee or even allied with then. It la aueh sore 
 probable that they had nuneroue eoafliots with the Cherekeee 
 in early tines as they raaiced erer their terrltoi^ and were 
 oontlnually harassed by the IroqiioiaB tribes. The Cherokeea 
 are of Iroqaelan steok ,«0iile ethnelOfrists olaia that the Oieraws 
 irere of f^louan stoek,and en aoeeunt of this raolal differenee 
 and differenee in lanrmase, there is no roaaoaable probability 
 that an alliance •ymr existed betweoD thea. The Cheraws were 
 contianally harassed by the Ireqiueian tribes, and about 1710 
 were oonpelled to renOTO farther southeast and joined the Key- 
 aawee, a snail Siouan tribe. Being still subject to attaeks 
 by the Iroquois .between 1726 and 1739,»Jhey becans inoorporatoA 
 with the Catawbas. The last historical notioe of thea was in 1768 
 whsn their reanant» reduced by war and disease, were still ^^ 
 llTini: with the Catawbas. The final absorption of the Cheraws 
 by the CataiTbas seens to refute the clala that the Cheraws were 
 a branch o*" the Cherokee tribe. It is not ii^robable .hottOTf r. 
 
 ■1 V 
 
36« 
 
 that th«r« was eone derre* of SBaleanation between the Indians 
 residing; on the Luaber RlVer and the Che raws .who were their 
 nearest neigihbors. 
 
 Wot a full history of the Cheraws and Cherokee8,aB 
 glTen In the Hand Book of ApieriCH>.n Indians , sea KxlUblt K. 
 
 THKIB PHSPKNT CORIITIOH. 
 
 It is not altogether easy to describe the exact con- 
 ditlMi of these Irdia.'^.s. They ar« essentially a fr.rnlrp paoplo 
 liTinir alsiost excluslTsly in the country, and t» many resj ?cte 
 their eonditlon Is identical with that of their white nelRhborrs 
 aoons -«hOB they liwe. A nuch less proportion of the headn of 
 fanilies howsTor ,ar« land owners than anonp the whites ,•■7'-. ich 
 Means a rmeh less de^ee of prosperity. It te conservMroly 
 estlaated that not more th «n one- juarter of the headp of fm~ 
 Hies are land owners, the holdlnp"" fre.iucntly wjr'Ourtlnf; to 
 only four or fi-re acres; it follo-^rs thit ^he i reat na^orlty cf 
 thee ^re renters. 3ut in the commmitiee «here tbslr Irrd 
 holdinfTS are equal to th- 1 of the Mten they ri^e nTidencef 
 of eq:aal prosperity , find np l went through such cettlenents, 
 from feuTB to fara, it was Irapossl^ile for ne to tell fron out- 
 ward appearance whether I was passlnr th<- f rr of r^n Indian or 
 that of a white nan. One of the«e Indiana 1p tho o rser of five 
 hundred acres of land; two or three others o-vn about three 
 
-59- 
 
 hundred acres oach,and Issser aattunta are oimed by a oonsidar- 
 able nuaber. Thase aan would be olassed as prosperous fHraera 
 in any community. But it mist be understood that most of the 
 land in Robeson County Is very lerel and a considerable pro- 
 portion is included in smu^s and low lands. The tillable land 
 of the county, however, would be classed as fertile bottoa land 
 readily susceptible of raising large crops of cotton, tobacco 
 and com. 
 
 Anong the sraall land owners anc renters a lesser de- 
 gree of prosperity prevails, and anong Tsry oany fasilies there 
 is nuch pOTerty and wretchedness. Many of the rery old people 
 1^0 are unable to care for theaselTes are eztreaely needy and 
 should be sent to the Hozse for the Aged and Infina of Robeson 
 County. It nny be said of the entire body of Indians that they 
 speak only the English language i that they are good farmers and 
 cultivate their lands equally as well as the whites; that they 
 are entirely self-supporting and self-reliant; that many of them 
 IlTs in substantial houses, and that all of . then practice the 
 arts and habits of civiliaed life. In these respects they are 
 different from laost of the Indian tribes. 
 
 The followlnp otatenent of projwrty owned by these 
 Indians was furnished ne by the '^tate Auditor: 
 
 Answering your letter of July 24th ,*ftiich you handed 
 me this date I rive you the following Info mat ion, token from 
 the records of this Departnent: 
 
iNMkttr Of InAlai) polls 
 
 iSia 1913 
 
 960 1 ,010 
 
 RJ'taSHir' ^^'*** •**' *^^ ^*^® •'^* 
 
 laiftsr laAlan Polls 36 44 
 
 rtHum proforty lloUd 
 
 for taUtlOB $ 6,500 $ 5,689 
 
 OOOWT 
 
 Wva6mr t Indian Polls 13 28 
 
 TolIbo proportr llstod 
 
 twr tascfttlaa $ 3,574 $ 4,465 
 
 Hm v«ttord8 on filo in this Oopartaont fr^ Cuaberland, Hladen 
 
 ma& ColsalKis Ceuntios do not ehow any Indian Polls. 
 
 gggCATIQlAL ?ACILITIg3. 
 
 Prior to 183S,th« adult nale Croatans exercised the 
 rUfiit of franehise in Vorth Carolina, and , it B«e9isd to b« the 
 onrront tradition that at Isast a few of theohlldren Attended 
 tho shit* ooliools, flhersTor schools for the «ihltes had been 
 ootobliahed in Indian settleBonte; hut for the scat part they 
 warm eiaivollod to attend feubscrlptlon" t^choolA orrr.nlKed nd 
 •ontoetod hy thomolves. By Clause III of Section III of the 
 ■iMinitnnntn to the constitution of 1835, the Croatans lost the 
 
 rlfllt of fra»ehiso,and frosi that date until the adoption of the 
 
 r 
 oonstittttiwi of 1866, they were regaroed and treated as "free 
 
-41- 
 
 pereoiic of cclor" - lAicb pract;lcf.lly saeajst fre« negroes - 
 
 .rd uurinjr this period zhey ^ere not p«rt«tkt»ed to attend the 
 
 scbooiH '*9r vrhlteu; tber<i vara praotically ne edUoationel faelU- 
 
 lti«a .pun to ^h«J Indi.ius lu this '.ioa. There -^ere doubtieee 
 
 gone aubecrlption echooln, but they auot haye been of the poor»i- 
 
 cat tort. 
 
 Between 1B68 ar.c 1885 ef forte were made to onqpel 
 
 the lT!(<i,inp to ttenS the negro schools, but they persiateatlj 
 rtfiieed to ro thl? , pre"' rr inn ^^ grow up in ignorancu 
 r!itbc.r than .ttenn ':;-.:• c">lo'-oi« ^choole. It would be aore acou- 
 r»--; t^ "v7 tl-'t pTtjnta vo'jld rot. peralt their children to 
 att'?nd 'vh ; n.';^»? rchoola ..jraferrlng rather that they should 
 ,•.0' j,^ in oo:a1 Irno-Tice. T's? cMidren raised to aanhoed and 
 tonanhood during this ps-iod am the iro»t densely l^Tiorant of 
 r.ny -"f \>.-y^3 people. 
 
 I': t-7 1885, the ee pe^rl** had been without naijw or 
 d'!ri^-^-»tlor ,^jt through the efforts of 'Ton. Haallton McMlllaa , 
 "by r,n '.^t o" ♦.>t r.eneral Aescrhl;- of worth Carolina of Februarj' 
 10, 1835, '.hs/ -ere fipsir^ated "CrORtfin InoiarB*; and by the 
 B'Ma<? '.ft they -were "rr»ntod reparate achrols for their children, 
 rchool co-i-nltteao of their o-«t' rnce and color, and were allomA 
 t? zrlect tea hs-s >f th9ir on cholco ,-ub<ect to the sane rulite 
 !in r r-ui -tiono appllr^.ble t?^ al?. teRcherr under th" n*>neral 
 "Chool laws, "^y aactlon t^o of the act the county board of 
 educitlon was directed to see that the act, was carried into 
 
•ff*et, and to proceed to establish, suitable school districts 
 as aball be necessanr for their convenierce ,E,nc! to So ^il beces- 
 •arythiags to carry the Act Into effect, tmder this Art the 
 amber of free ptJblio eebools has increased to such -r extent 
 aa to fairly meet the needs of the Indians, i hearr? no com- 
 plaint on account of their district schools. Their teachers 
 are selected by their o-m school coinraittees.Hnd as a rule are of 
 tSieir e«n race. Practically all th. ir teachers have attended 
 their aeraal school. 
 
 ar. J. R. Pool the bounty Superintendent of -,chool 
 for Bebeson Ceunty, furnished me with the school statistics of 
 the Indians for the school years 1912-1915 and 1914-1914. I 
 glean the following facts frora his stateraert; 
 SCHOLASTIC YKAR 191?.-l='l?. 
 
 Census (6 to 21 years of ^e 2643 
 
 Enrollment '6 to 21) 1562 
 
 Arerage daily attendance 970 
 
 number of schools 27 
 
 Hunber of teachers (nale 21,ferv''le 11) 32 
 Hwsber of districts 27 
 
 Value of school bulldlnf^s <7,900 
 
 ATorage length of terra 85.7 (days) 
 
 Arerage special tax districts 111.43 " 
 
 ExpBBolec; for repairs s* 500.00 
 
 Teachers' salaries * 5*, 47 5. 23 
 
-45- 
 
 SCHOLASTIC XBAH 1913-1914. 
 
 ^ensu^ (6 to ^1 y«prs of aga) 2943 
 
 RnroUmant; (6 to 21> 1854 
 
 Average dall/ attendance 1164 
 
 :Ta«l>6r of achoola 27 
 
 iTumber of teachers 36 
 
 For repairs and new iMilldlngB |1160. 
 
 * Total value school Twildlnt^s f 9060 
 
 Average length of tene (all eeheolB) 103.66 dnys 
 
 Average in special tax exhihlte 104. oe ^ 
 
 Teachers' salaries #6,410.25 
 ('"-ae Sxhlhit M.) 
 
 HOBMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 The Act of the General Assonbly of Xorth Carollam, 
 ratifiiSd March 7, 1887, provided for a nomal school for the 
 Indians of Robeson County. 7uur In<liaui trustees were appointed 
 and were given full power to select three additional trustesaj 
 to rent or acquire suitable buildings , appoint teachers, and to 
 do all necessary things to inaup'urate a normal school. The sua 
 of $500 wrae appropriated annually for two years for the support 
 of the school. The school >ras at first located near Pates in 
 a building formerly used for district school purposes, but aftsr 
 
-44- 
 
 i 
 
 the «U«truoti»n of thl. Iwlldlng by fire It was remored to the 
 tow Of Poabroko. whore a nuoh Ifrgor buUding ma erected, 
 oonolotlnc of four rooaa. 
 
 By the Aet of the General Aaaeably of March 8, 1911, 
 tho board of trvotooe of the noraal eohool was eoponered to 
 eonToy by dood tho title to all the property of said school t' 
 tlM State BOftrd of XdueatiOB. flection two of the Act authorised 
 tko State Board of Education to appoint seren menhers of the 
 ladlaa race to const Itato the board of trustees for the school. 
 Ite aMPraprlatlon for the school has been Increased from tloe 
 to tlao.tho prooont appropriation being at the rate of $2750. 
 por aantas. I hoTO no statistics as to the onrollfflont and at- 
 tondaaeo at the school, but Z understand that it has always been 
 ■aintalnod to the Ozhaustlon of the appropriation, and that it 
 haa oontrlbntod greatly to the educational advantages of these 
 ptooylo In the preparation of teachers for their district schools. 
 
 LBGISLATKW BY THE -^TATB QJ WORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Prior to the adoption of certain amendments to the 
 ooBstttmtlen on the second Monday of HOTember 1835, the Croatan 
 Indians TOtod and otherwise enjoyed all the rights and prlrl- 
 logos of the eleoti«tf franchise for State officials; but Clause 
 3 sf c!eetion 3 of the amendments adopted on said date prorided 
 that no tn^ negro, froo mulatto, or free person of mixed blcod, 
 tfesednded frost negro ancestors to the fourth generation .inclu" 
 
-45- 
 
 sive (thou(Th one ancestor of each generation aay hare been a 
 «ftiit person) shall vote for mein>ier8 of the senate or house of 
 coEBnons (''ee Exhibit L-1) . Under this clause they were subse- 
 quently denied the right of franchise. 
 
 Section 7, Chapter 68, of the Acts of the General 
 Assembly of 1854 , provides that all marriages slnee the 8th day 
 of January 1839, and all marriages In the future between a iriilte 
 person and a free negro, or free person of color, to the third 
 generation, shall' be void. It was held that the term *or free 
 person of color" applied to the Croatans; but notwithstanding 
 this prohibition I understand that occasional marriages between 
 the Indians and white persons occurred. I was unable to ascer- 
 tain T^ether or not any such marriages had been declared void, 
 (•^ee rxhibit L - 2) . 
 
 An amendment to the Constitution of North Carolina 
 in 1857 , provides that every free white man of the age of twenty- 
 one years, being a native or naturalized citizen of the United 
 "tates , and irtio has been an Inhabitant of the ?tate for twelve 
 months immediately preceding the day of any election, and shall 
 have paid public tajces, shall be entitled to vote for a member 
 of the senate for the district in «i*ilch he resides. (See Exhibit 
 
 L - 3) 
 
 qeotlon 1 of Article 6 of the constitution of 1868, 
 
 provides that every male person bom in the United ^tates.and 
 
 eyery male person who has leen naturalized, twenty-one years 
 
-46- 
 
 •' ■*•» and possessing the qualifications set out In said ar- 
 
 tl«X«, Bball be entitled to vote at any election by the people 
 
 in the State ,exoept as therein otherwise provided. After the 
 
 adoptiea of the constitution of 1868, the right of franchise was 
 
 restored to the Croatans. 
 
 The anendaent of 1902 to Section 4 of Article 6 of the 
 
 eomtltvtlon of 1868 reads: 
 
 Etery Bale person bom in the Dnited States, and 
 OTory Bale person ^o has been natdraliaed, twenty- one 
 years of age, and possessing the Qualifications set out in 
 this article ,shall be entitled to vote at any election 
 by the people in the state, except ae herein other^/ise 
 
 yrorlded. 
 
 • ••.••••••••< 
 
 See. 4. Krery person prOsentinn Mnself for registra- 
 tion shall be able to read and write any section of the 
 .COBstittttien in the Knglish Ituiguage; anu before he shall 
 %o OBtltled to TOte he shall have paid, on or before the 
 first day of May of the year in lAioh he proposes to vote , 
 his poll tax for the proTious year as prescribed by Art- 
 iele T, See.l, of the Conetitution. Bat no male person 
 elie «B8 on Jaavary 1 1867 , or at any tine prior thereto , 
 •ntitlod to TOte under the laws of any State in the United 
 States wherein he then resided, and no lineal descendant 
 of any sueh person, shall be denied the right to register 
 and TOte at any election in this State by reason of his 
 fBilvro to possess the educational qualifications herein 
 fjreseribed: Prorided , he shall hare registered in accord- 
 ■aeo with the terms of this section prior to December 1, 
 1908. The General Assembly shall provide for the registra- 
 tion of all porsons entitled to vote without the education- 
 al qvalifioations herein preserlbed,and shsai.on or before 
 VoTsaber 1 ,1908 .provide for the'making of a permanent recor(^ 
 ot sueh registration, and all persons so registered Bhall 
 forever thereafter have the right to vote in all elections 
 by the people in this state, unless disqualified under 'Sec- 
 tion 2 of this ar^licle: Provided . sueh person shall have 
 paid his poll tax as above required. (Pee ?;xhi'rit L-4). 
 
-47- 
 
 Thls section is What la knom m the "eraadfathar 
 elanae* of tha ConstUutlon of Worth Caroliaa .lAiloh danlas tha 
 right of franehlaa to thoae 1*0 are not ahla to read and arlta 
 any seotlon of the Conetltutlon la the Xngll^ Imgvac** bat 
 this clause Is held not to apply to the ladlma of Reheaaa 
 nottnty for the reason that they, or their aaoeatera, prlar to 
 1667, or at a tine prior to said date, were entitled te fete 
 under the laws of the f^tate« The Indians of oourae .vaat jmqt 
 this poll tax and must conply with the reclatratlM preTlaleasr 
 
 In the ease of the State tb. Manual (20 I.C. ,144) 
 
 ■Justice Gaston held: 
 
 Upon the ReTOlutlon,no other change te«k place In 
 the lavs of North Carolina than was eonseqitmt Hyea tha 
 transition frois a colony ,dap«a4eat ap«i a War^f^Ui Klag, 
 to a free and soTorelgn State, eiavea reaalaad alaras. 
 British subjeets In vorth Carolina beeeMa Vertb Caraliaa 
 free-aen. ?o re Ignera .until aade aeakers (eltlseas) af 
 the State .continued aliens. Slaves Baaanltted hers ba- 
 caae free-Ben,aad therefore If bora within forth Carolina 
 are cltlsens of Worth Cardinal and all tr9» par sans ,lMrB 
 within the *^tate,are born cltlsens of the State". (8«e 
 Exhibit L-5) . 
 
 Under this decision i^lch was sabseqiaent to tha Cm- 
 stitutlon of 1835, which deprlTOd free negroes and* free Halat- 
 toes of the right to TOte,"free persons of color" (the Cr«ata» 
 Indians) ware not Included, and it aeeas that they should not 
 have been denied the right of euffrage. 
 
 Section 1 of Chatpter 51 , Laws of l885,preTldes that tha 
 Indians of Roseson County, and their deseendants .shall hereafter 
 «be designated and known as the Croatan Indians". It should 
 
b« BOted tliat tbm Ka% does not d«elare that they ara Croatan 
 iBdlans/ tat Boroly daslcnatas or nanea thoa Croataiia , by which 
 naao thoy afaalX thoreaftor be knoon. 
 
 Soetlon 2 or the Aot prOTldeo that said Indiana and 
 their doaoMidanta ahall hare separata aohoiols for their ehUd- 
 rOB, sohool eooBittooo of their ooa race and o^lor, and shall 
 bo alloood to seloet teacaiers of their oun oholoe, Sab^Jeot to 
 the saao mles axk« rogulatlens that are applloable under the 
 Itonoral sohool law. Th« resmlnlnc sectloae of the Aet prorlde 
 for pottiae the sehoole Into operation under the general laws 
 applloBhle to free eeheols within the State, (^^^e ExM^it L-5-1/2) 
 Frlsr to this snaotaont the Indians had no separate schools for 
 ths steOBtion of their ohlldren. Xfforte had been Bade to com- 
 ysl thMi to attend the sohools established for the negro popo- 
 Istlsn, bat thoy stoadfastly resisted sooh efforts and absolutely 
 dsollaod to attOBd the colored schools. The statistics respect- 
 ing the Boabor of sohools, noaber of ^lldren of school age, 
 BttoBdaaeo ,sto. ,vlll bo found under a separate heading. 
 
 Section 1, Chapter 400 ot the laws of 1887 ,prOTld08 
 that W. L* Moors, :''s«es OzenMne , Jases Dial, Preston Lodclear, 
 aadWthers who may be associated with thea, shall constitute 
 a body politle and corporate, for eduoatlmial purposes, In the 
 Coxmty of BobesOB, under the nane and style of the "Trustees 
 of the Croatan Honaal School"; that they shall hare perpetual 
 
-4»- 
 
 suttceaelea with the ri«!ht to sua SBd ^ Ba«d,«te. Hm «%lMir 
 sactions of th« Aot iproTide for putting tbe said aonMtl selwel 
 into oponttion.and section f ^prepriatss (^600 u^aUy for 
 tte period of two years for tbe support of the selMiol. IhiM 
 appropriation has heen Inere&sod fren ti«e to tins, the prtaeilt 
 appropriation for the support of the school hetag |2T80. (Am 
 Bxhiblt 1,-6). The purpose of the noraal sohooX is to pr^are 
 porsons as teacherc for their ptfblio schools, and Z understaad 
 that practically all the teaehere in their di«tri«t eeheole hare 
 attended the nomal school. 
 
 Section %. Chapter 394 of the lavs of 18Q7,«t!iends 
 «:eetion 1810 of the Code of Korth Carolina ^ adding thereto 
 the words; *That all imrriagMi heteeea aa Zndiait and a negro o» 
 between an Indian and a person of negro descent to the third 
 generation inelusive shall ha utterly void: Previted (tShat the 
 Act shall apply only to the croataa Indians*. (See Sxhibit L-T). 
 
 Seetion 1, Chapter 498 of the laws of leW, proTldes 
 that the Croatan Indiuis of Rlehaond County ,aad their destm** 
 ants, shall be entitled to the sbbo aehool pri«i3fiHiei and bene- 
 fits as are the Croatan Indians of Beeeson county. (See Xxhlliit 
 
 ^" c^Qotion 1, Chapter 60 of the laws of 1889, oaends Sec- 
 
 tion 2 »' ^^* ^**" '^ ^®®® ^ adding after the word "law" in 
 last lin« ^^ *^^^ section the words: "And there shall be 
 eluded from such separate schools^ for the said Croataa Indians 
 
-4«- 
 
 suoceaelOB with the ri«!ht to bm and te 8aed,«te. The eth«? 
 Metiens of tho Act froTldo for potting the said itoraml ■okeol 
 into operation, BDd section 1 approprlatee $§00 wiMelXar tor 
 the period of fro ye^m for thf support of the sohool. Ihls 
 appropriation has heen inereased from tlae to tlsw,^e present 
 appropriation for the support of tlw school helng fSTfO. (See 
 Bxhihlt L-6). The pcrpose of the noraal sohool Is to prepare 
 persons as teacherc for their pnblio soheols.snd I vndsrstsiii 
 thi^t praetloallj all the teetolters in the ir district schools hare 
 attended the nomul school. 
 
 Seotlon 1, Chapter 354 of the lavs ef 1889 ^aaettts 
 t^oetion ISIO of the Code of Forth Carolina tgr adding thereto 
 the vords: "that all eiarrlaces TMteeen «a Indian and a wigro o» 
 between an Indian and a person of negro descent to the third 
 generation inoluslTe shall he utterly void: ?rovlded,that the 
 Act lOxall apply only to the croataa Indians". (See Xschibit L'-T). 
 
 Seetion 1, Chapter 458 of the lavs of 1889, provides 
 that the Croatan Indians of Ftlehaond County, and their dssOsaA* 
 ants, shall be entitled to the sane eehool prlvi3|i^(0fl'«nd bene- 
 fits as are the Croatan Indians of Seeeson Ceonty. (See Xxhlhlt 
 
 1,-8) 
 
 gaetion 1, Chapter 60 of the lavs sf 1889, oaends Sec- 
 tion 2 ot the lavs of 1885 by adding after the vord "law" In 
 la«* ^*°* "- "'^^ section the verds: "And there shall be 
 exclo*"* ^''*"" *"*** separate aohools'fer the said Croatan Indian* 
 
 i 
 
-50- 
 
 *11 ChUdrsn of ths negro r&cs to Ue fourth treneration". (See 
 IzbiMt L-9). 
 
 Section 1, Chapter 536 of the lave of 1897 .provides 
 for the expenditure of an uneaqiendad balance of tr;8l.25, being 
 the «ii«3Ep«nd0d eppropriation of 1895 for the eupport of the 
 CrORtaa nomal school. (See lathlbit L-10) . 
 
 f?ectlon 1, Chapter 168 of the lawa of 1911, author- 
 !■•• the trasteee of the Croatan normal school to conve:' the 
 property by deed to the f?tate Board of Education , and auiLoriaes 
 •aid board to accept the same, r.fctlon 2 authori^ot the St-.te 
 Beard of Iducatien to appoint seren ae«ber8 of the Indian race, 
 fomerly Icnown as Croatane , to ndnpti'.ute a board cf truetees 
 for eaid b«*oo1, and ^.he renalnlng ecctione pro-side tLat such 
 board of trusteee.and their successors, shall manage and control 
 the ciffaire of the Croatan nornal echool. vR*>e Sxbibit L-11). 
 
 Section 1, Chapter P15 of the laws of 1911, provides 
 tliet chapter fifty-one of the public laws of Ncrth Cctrolina, Ses- 
 sion of 1885, be swended by striking out the v»«rd8 •Croatan In- 
 dians* whtreyer the same occur In said ohs.pter iixid inserting 
 Inflieu thereof the words ."Indiana of Hobeson County", ^^otior 
 2 proTidea that in all lairs enacted by the Gentr;,! Ao8<ambly of 
 north Carolina relating to said Indians subsequent to the enact- 
 ment ot eald chapter fifty-one of the laws of 1885, the words 
 •Croatan Indians" shall be stricken out and the words "Indians 
 
-I- -1 
 
 Of HobQsen Cwatj* shall be iasert«A in Um ttereef . StetlMC 5 
 proTldas that the aa^d Indians rastdlng la Roheaon and adJalBtac 
 count lea, aho have haretafara ^tmn knoan aa Croataa ladlana ,t«<^' 
 gather with their deaeendaata ,ahall heraaiftar ha knaan and daan^ 
 natad aa "Indiana of Rohaaon ceuaty", and hr that aaaa ahall he 
 aatitlad to all the ri^ta aad priTllacaa oonfarrad hy any of 
 the lawa of Worth Carellaa upon the Xadlaaa haretafara kaaw 
 as Creatan Indiana. Sectioa 4 prOTidaa that the adMOl aitaatad 
 near the town of PeahrOko in Robeson County ,kna«i aa the Ct<^ 
 atan Indian VonuJ. School, shall haraaftar be knaaa aad daaic- 
 natad auB "The Indian Vonaal Schaol of Robeson '^t tJKlfm g, aad 
 under that naae ahall be entitled to all the prlTilecaa aad 
 powers heretofore conferred by law i^oa oald schaal. 
 
 'Section 5 of the Act takes up a' new line of laglsla* 
 tlon and praridea that the Board of Slreetara of the State Ifoa- 
 pltal for the Inaane at Raleigh be authorised and dlraoted to 
 prOTlde and set apart at said hospital, as soon after the paa- 
 aage of the Act as practicable, suitable apartaoata aad warda 
 for the aeoOBmodation of any of aaid Indiana 9f||i1|!ll!VBil County 
 who may be entitled under the lawa relating ''^ ^ 
 to be admitted to said hospital 
 
 Section 6 authorises and directs 
 or ether proper authorities of Robeson 
 oOTBBon Jail of the county and In the H^ ftr' 
 flrra of Robeson County, separate oella, warda, or apartasato for" 
 
*«8- 
 
 the a&ld Indiana, la all eaaea *ilier« it shall ba naoaaaary un- 
 der tha lawB of the State to eoBoilt any of eaid Indiana to the 
 i**!^ OF to tha county HoiBa for the Aged and Infirm. (See Ex- 
 
 hibr-.-ia). 
 
 ^eetlea 1, ChM>ter 123 of the laws of 1913, proTldea 
 that chapter 21S of the pobliv laws of Forth Carolina, seEsion 
 of 1911, he aaeaded by strivinic ent in the laat line of aection 
 1 ef said Act the norda "Indiana of Robeson County", and inaert- 
 las In lieu theraef the worda "Cherokee Indiana of Robenon 
 Ceaaty*; that la to aay, the deelf^atlen of aald Indiana waa 
 ohansed fren "Indiana ef Robeson County" to "Cherokee Indiana 
 of Retoeaea Veaaty". The other aeotlonn of the Act make proria- 
 ies for a odrreapending change In the dt^alfjnatlon of aald In- 
 dlaiw aherererthe dealgnatlen "Indiana of Robeson County" occura 
 la the lawa > the State. (See Exhibit L-13). 
 
 Seetien 1, Chapter 199 of the lawa of 1913 .enacted 
 ■areh 12, 1913, prOTldoa for an appropriation of $500 in addition 
 to the $2,500 already ajqjropriated for the support of the normal 
 •eheol for aald Indians, for the years 1913 and 1914. (See Ex- 
 hibit L-14). 
 
 THEIR VZSDS. 
 
 Aa already Indicated, a considerable number of these 
 Indians .probably rather leaa than one-eighth, are proaperoua 
 rarae*^; another group .amounting approximately to one-eighth 
 
•53- 
 
 are fairly well-to-tin; about one-half of them wult" be classed 
 as poor people, and about one-quarter of thera ae rery poor, 
 but entirely self-supportinF. This classification relates to 
 
 the fanilies .considered as a unit. The faisiliee, as a rule, an 
 Tery large, ^r.i\ the chilcren under sixteen years of Kpe great- 
 ly outnuHber the adult?. Any financial assistanrie extended to 
 the poorer classes, in the way of furnishing thea with lands 
 anr idth r-c=-nB tn properly cultiT&te their Isinds, would be of 
 rreat >^encflt to then and i^ould undoubtedly be gratefully re- 
 ceiTed. 
 
 In a person tl canvasE of a -rery large monber of the 
 heads of fapsllies, I found th:it they differed widely ac to Wb&t 
 wulfi be the beat method of extending assistance to individual 
 fRSiilies, but thore was entire unanlaity of epinioa as to the 
 way In •^.icii the entire body of people could best be helped, 
 namely, in proTidlnr ther 'with sone higher institution -f learn- 
 ing where the more aabitious of their young people couIq obtain 
 a better education than is now possible and better training for 
 useful occupations in life . 
 
 Their district schools I an told will coopare faror- 
 abl - with the district schools of the colored people and the 
 whites residing in the sane Tlclnitles, and their norattl school, 
 If better equipped and better supported would furnish them 
 teachers for their district schools , but there are no higher 
 
-54- 
 
 Inetltutione of learning in North Carolina, to which they have 
 aee«8B, where tlaey can send their youth who desire to obtain 
 a aore liberal edueation; the State institutions for the edu- 
 cation of the white and colored youth are not open to the In- 
 dians of Kobeaon and adjoining counties. In consequence, their 
 yevnc people who desire to obtain a better education than that 
 furnished throughthe laedluiD of the noraal school are unable at 
 present to do so. It is true that these yoxmg people could 
 attend the Carlisle Indian nchool , and ether non-reserration 
 Indian schools, but most of them are too poor to do so, and be- 
 sides these non-reserTation Indian schools do not furnish pre- 
 oisely the character of training they desire. 
 
 In addition to the common or district schools and 
 the normal schools for both white and colored children, the 
 State of Korth Carolina has prOTlded the youth of both these 
 races with institutions of learning .imparting instruotion In 
 agriculture and the mechanic trades , and to some extent in do- 
 sestle science; but there are no such schools of higher instruc- 
 tion open to these Indians. As I understand the matter, they are 
 prohibited by law from attending these higher institutions of 
 learning established for the education of white and colored 
 jeutta. It *■ conjectured that the very limited nxunber of 
 ^^gge Indiana ,compeLreA wlto the white and colored population, 
 aeooonts for this discrlmlnatien. 
 
-95- 
 
 t nlcbt sajf har« that in mr ittd««ent» the ehildran of 
 *h««« Ia4iwi8,as a rale, are exeeedlnely bright .quick to lea^n _^ 
 ■^*~ W«k«,ao tMii aa froH «HHVle,aBd are very ea^er to obtain 
 i**i*»r •teaatleaal adrantaees than are now opmi to theis. ^If 
 *^ r»var«« were trae, there would be little eneouraeeaent to 
 twnMait thmm with higber tBetitutleas ef learning irtxen they 
 «>re iBOiqMitole ef tdelng advantage ef their preaent eduo&tlonal 
 raeilitl«a or indifferent about ebtalnlng a higher education; 
 tat Z %elS««« the aore uftltieus ef their youth to be eager to 
 atteiBd hicher lastitatlenB of learning than those now proTlded. 
 
 Vhtlt these Indiana are eaaentially an agricultural 
 pt§i3^, I haXi«ve thea to he as ospAble of learning the nschan- 
 1««1 UmdOT aa tM arerage ehite youth. ?be foregoing facts 
 mBflgmtt tfaa tiiaractar ef the edaeatienRl Institution that should 
 ha ftehUnh^-ff for thea, In case Congress sees fit t^ ncOce the 
 g|g000SMT apprapriatlon , naaely, the estahllshaent of an agrl- 
 MWltiir ^'* "Bd aeohanieal school, in which deneRtio selanoe shall 
 ttl«o he twBght. 
 
 fhe ^neparatlon of this report has been soraewhat de- 
 im;fm4 BineB ay ratam fron Herth Carolina because of ths great 
 -_miint of hiatarioal reaearoh •Balled for by the inrestlgatloa. 
 Iha eerreapendenoe in eonneetlon with the lovestlga- 
 
 ▼ery reapectfully suboiltted, 
 
 •|| (-Signed) 0. Vi. McPherson, 
 , Special Indian Agent. 
 
. '-1.' .^