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OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 A COURSE OF LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 GIVEN IN 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE WILLIAM HARRIS 
 
 LIBRARIAN 
 
 ITHACA, N. Y. 
 I9L5 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 21001 .H31 
 
 Outlines of a course of lectures on blbl 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 029 538 463 
 
h 3o I (*,<£«( 
 
 The purpose of the course is to trace the history of the 
 book as the vehicle for the transmission of literature, to 
 present the elements of bibliography and to serve as an 
 introduction to the more important aids and guides in the 
 knowledge and use of books. For each lecture required 
 readings are given, and upon these the preliminary examin- 
 ations are based. The references which follow the required 
 readings are to be taken as suggestions for collateral read- 
 ing at the option of the student. With few exceptions, 
 references have been made only to works in the English' 
 language. Unless otherwise indicated, Roman numerals in 
 the references denote volumes and Arabic numerals pages. 
 In the required readings the call-numbers of the books are 
 given in parentheses. 
 
I. 
 
 Definition and scope of bibliography ; knowledge of 
 books, manuscript and printed ; old division into material 
 and intellectual bibliography. Greg's division into three 
 branches : elements of bibliography, systematic or descrip- 
 tive bibliography, and critical bibliography or textual criti- 
 cism. Usefulness of bibliography. Survey of materials 
 used in different countries in early ages to receive writing. 
 
 Read : W. W. Greg-What is bibliography ? in Transac- 
 tions of the Bibliographical Society XII, 39-53 (2959 D 
 12) ; J. Ferguson-Some aspects of bibliography, 2-20 (2978 
 C 14) ; E. M. Thompson-Introduction to Greek and Latin 
 palaeography, 8-14 (3231 G 25). 
 
 References . C. Davenport-The book and its history ; E- 
 Egger-Histoire du Livre ; J. D. Brown-Practical bibli- 
 ography ; Encyclopaedia Britannica, nth edition, article 
 Bibliography, and the articles on the various topics treated 
 in the succeeding lectures. 
 
 II. 
 
 In Assyria and Babylonia clay the material chiefly used 
 for books, in the form of tablets and cylinders ; method of 
 writing ; character of the cuneiform writing influenced by 
 the"material-; discovery of ancient libraries; decipherment 
 of the writing ; character of the literature. Examples of 
 ancient clay tablets. ■— 
 
 Read: L. W. King-Assyrian language, 1-40 (330 C 26) ; 
 -'A. H. Sayce-Assyria its princes, etc., 93-119 (3476 A 43). 
 
 References : R. F. Harper- Assyrian and Babylonian liter- 
 ature ; C. H. W. Johns- Assyrian deeds and documents ; H. 
 Rawlinson-The Persian cuneiform inscriptions ; Records of 
 the past, vols. 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. 
 
 III. 
 
 In India and Siam palm leaves the chief material for 
 books from earliest times ; methods of preparing the leaves, 
 writing instruments, form of books. Use of bamboo strips 
 in China, of birch bark in Cashmere. Bark books of the 
 Mayas in Central America. Examples of palm leaf manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 3 
 
Ill (Continued) 
 
 Read : M. Schuyler-On the making of palm leaf manu- 
 scripts, in Jour, of Amer. Oriental Society XXIX, 281-284 
 (132 F 29) ; D. G. Brinton-Essays of an Americanist, 230- 
 254 (4596 B 11). 
 
 References . A. F. R. Hoernle-On palm-leaf, paper and 
 birch-bark, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 
 LXIX, 93-134; Z^-NuttaH- Principles of Old and New 
 WorkLcivilizations ; A. M. Tozzer-Value of ancient Mexi- 
 can manuscripts in the study of the development of writing, 
 in Proceedings of the Amer. Antiq. Society. XXI, 80-101. 
 
 IV. 
 
 In Egypt the papyrus furnished a writing material of 
 vastly greater importance to literature than any of the 
 materials mentioned. General usefulness of the papyrus ; 
 preparation of charta papyracea ; different qualities ; roll 
 form of books. Hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic systems of 
 writing ; the Rosetta Stone and its decipherment. Char- 
 acter of the literature. Examples of papyrus manuscripts. 
 
 Read : Pliny-Natural History, III, 185-189 (900 C 13) ; 
 G. H. Putnam-Authors and their public in ancient times, 
 10-21 (2966 A 15) ; E. M. Thompson-Introduction, etc., 
 21-27 (3231 G 25). 
 
 References : A. E. W. Budge-The Rosetta Stone ; G. 
 Maspero-Contes populaires de 1'Egypte ancienne. W. M. 
 F. Petrie-Egyptian tales; Records of the Past, vols. 2, 4, 
 6, 7, etc. 
 
 V. ' 
 
 Origin of the Greek alphabet ; boustrophedon method of 
 writing. Papyrus paper supersedes earlier materials such 
 as wood and skins ; slow development of the book trade in 
 Greece ; methods of book-making and publishing in Greece 
 and Rome similar. Formation of libraries. Discovery of 
 Greek manuscripts at Fayoum. 
 
 Read: Publishers before the age of printing, Cornhill 
 Mag. IX, 26-32 (B 3 Coh 9) ; E. M. Thompson-Introduc- 
 tion, etc., 39-50 (3231 G 25). 
 
 4 
 
References : R. H. Brown-Fayoum and lake Moeris ; G. 
 H. Putnam-Authors and their public ; H. Sharpley-A 
 Realist of the Aegean ; W. M. F. Petrie-Formation of the 
 alphabet. 
 
 VI. 
 Id Greece and Rome the roll was the universal form of 
 books for centuries. Technical terms ; volumen, frontes, 
 cornua, capsa, scrinium. Prices of books in Rome ; some 
 Roman publishers and book collectors. Description of the 
 library discovered at Herculaueum ; methods of unrolling 
 the charred rolls. Some ancient public libraries. 
 * Read: J. W. Clark-Care of books, 15-35 (2969 G 45) ; O. 
 ^elepierre-Historical Difficulties, 31-39 (3264 B 5) ; R. 
 v Lanciani-Ancient Rome, pp. 179-199 (3776 D 71). 
 
 References . E. R. Barker-Buried Herculaneum. T. 
 Hodgkin-Italy and her invaders, II ; H. Langie-Biblio- 
 theques publiques dans l'ancien Rome ; G. H. Putnam- 
 A\ithors and their public. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Wax tablets and their influence on the form of books 
 when, in the 4th century, parchment superseded papyrus 
 paper for literary purposes. Change from the roll to the 
 codex or square book ; influence of this change on the pres- 
 ervation of classical literature ; compilations and abridg- 
 ments of classical works ; palimpsests ; illustrated by 
 examples. 
 
 Read: F. G. Kenyon-Palaeography of the Greek papyri, 
 112-125 (3231 B3.1) : E. M. Thompson-Introduction, etc., 
 
 15-33. 51-54 (3231 G 25). 
 
 References : H. I. Bell-Early codices from Egypt, in The 
 Library, N. S. X. p. 303; Gaius-Commentaries ed. Tom. 
 kins ; G. H. Putnam-Authors and their public ; H. W. 
 Johnston-Latin manuscripts. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Definition and scope of palaeography ; importance of 
 Latin palaeography. Distinction between cursive writing 
 and the formal or book hand. Majuscule writing and its 
 
 5 
 
VIII (Continued) 
 varieties, capital and uncial ; early national styles ; develop- 
 ment and importance of the Carolingian minuscule ; later 
 national styles and their characteristics , punctuation and 
 abbreviations in manuscripts ; cataloguing and description 
 of manuscripts. 
 
 Read: F. Madan-Books in manuscript, 23-31 (2964 C 
 53) ; J- E. Sandys-Companion to Latin studies, 765-790 
 
 (4B5). 
 
 References : C. T. Martin-Record Interpreter ; M. Prou- 
 Manuel de pal£ographie latine ; E. M. Thompson-Intro- 
 duction to Greek and L,atin palaeography. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Book-making in the Middle Ages. Copying of manu- 
 scripts part of the regular work in monasteries ; revival of 
 literary activity under Charlemagne, and formation of 
 schools of calligraphy. The monkish scriptorium its 
 arrangements and rules ; the armarius and his duties ; divi- 
 sion of labor ; correction of mauuscripts ; colophons and the 
 information they give. Examples of manuscripts. 
 v Read : F. A. Gasquet-Old English Bible, 41-62 (7585 C 
 63) ; F. Madan-Books in manuscript, 32-45 (2964 C 53) ; 
 E. A. Savage-Old English libraries, 73-108 (2969 A 28). 
 
 References: J. W. Clark-Care of books; T. D. Hardy- 
 Descriptive catalogue of manuscripts, etc.; G. H. Putnam- 
 Books and their makers, I. 
 
 X. 
 
 Monastic libraries, their rules, their contents, and their 
 catalogues ; example of a fourteenth-century co-operative 
 or union catalogue ; arrangement of the books. Foundation 
 of universities ; their regulations for secular scribes and 
 dealers in manuscripts ; pay of the scribes. 
 ^ Read : F. A. Gasquet-Old English Bible, 1-40 (7585 C 
 V 63) ; E. A. Savage-Old English libraries, 164-172, 199- 
 208 (2969 A 28). 
 
 References : F. Madan-Books in manuscript ; G. H. Put- 
 nam-Books and their makers, I ; H. Rashdall-Universities 
 of Europe in the Middle Ages. 
 
 6 
 
XI. 
 
 Definition of illumination ; its development in Rome ; 
 Revival of the art in the 7th and 8th centuries in the ser- 
 vice of the church ; predominance of symbolism ; gradual 
 tendency towards naturalism ; national schools of illumina- 
 tion and their characteristics. Exceptional course of 
 development of the art in the British Isles. Cost of illum- 
 inated manuscripts. Examples. 
 ** Read: F. Madan-Books in manuscript, 47-58 (2964 C 
 y/ 53) ; J- W. Bradley-Illuminated manuscripts, 19-22, 36-42, 
 71-77, 123-132 (2964 B 36) 
 
 References: J. A. Herbert-Illuminated manuscripts; J. 
 H. Middleton-Illuminated manuscripts ; E. M. Thompson- 
 English illuminated manuscripts ; E. Twining-Symbols and 
 emblems of Christian art ; J. O. Westwood-Facsimiles of 
 Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Changes resulting from the introduction of paper. Cotton 
 versus linen paper ; investigations by C. M. Briquet ; 
 early Arabian paper making ; slow development of paper 
 making in Europe. Playing cards ; image prints ; block- 
 books. Early use of block printing in China and descrip- 
 tion of Chinese methods. Some noted block-books. Ex- 
 amples of Chinese block printing. 
 
 Read: R. Garnett on Arabian papermaking in The 
 • Library, N. S. IV, 1-10 (2976 Ac 4) ; T. L. De Vinne-In- in- 
 vention of Printing, 108-121, 171-192 (2964 D 69). 
 
 References : E. G. Duff-Early printed books : W. M. Con- 
 way- Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the 15th century. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 New processes involved in typographic printing. Who 
 was the inventor ? The honor of .the invention claimed for 
 various countries and persons. Finally the question nar- 
 rows down to the claims of Gutenberg in Germany and 
 Coster in Holland. Van der Einde and Hessels on the 
 claim of Gutenberg. Sketch of Gutenberg and his work ; 
 the evidence in his favor. 
 
 7 
 
XIII (Continued) 
 Read : E. G. Duff-Early printed books, 21-38 (2964 C 
 ^54) ; A. W. Pollard on Gutenberg in The Library N. S. 
 VIII, 69-99 (2976 Ac 8). 
 
 References: A. W. Pollard-Fine Books; J. E. Hodgkin- 
 Rariora II ; J. H. Hessels-The Gutenberg Fiction ; A. Van 
 der L,inde-Gutenberg. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 The claims of Haarlem and Coster ; the story of Coster 
 as discussed by Van der L,inde and Hessels. Avignon 
 documents relating to printing. Oriental attempts at print- 
 ing with movable types. 
 
 v Read : A. W. Pollard-Fine Books, 32-43 (2964 D 46) ; 
 E. G. Duff-Early printed books, 78-80, 95-103 (2964 C 54). 
 
 References : T. I,. De Vinne-Invention of printing ; J. H. 
 Hessels-Haarlem not Mentz ; A. Van der L,inde-The Haar- 
 lem legend of the invention of printing ; J. E. Hodgkin- 
 Rariora II ; Asiatic Society of Japan-Transactions, Vols. 
 X and XVII (articles by E. Satow). 
 
 XV. 
 
 Earliest dated books printed at Mentz. Gutenberg's 
 relations with Fust. Partnership of Fust and Schoeffer. 
 Albrecht Pfister of Bamberg and bis books. Statements in 
 colophons of early printed books. General trend of the 
 testimony of fifteenth century writers in favor of Mentz. 
 Spread of printing in other European countries. Examples 
 of early Mentz books. 
 
 Read: E. G. Duff-Early printed books, 39-77 (2964 C 
 y 54); A. W. Pollard-Fine books, 59-76 (2964 D 46). 
 
 References : H. F. Brown-Venetian printing press ; T. L,. 
 De Vinne-Invention of printing ; S. de Ricci-Catalogue 
 raisonn£e des premieres impressions de Mayence. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Incunabula, fifteeners, or early printed books, and their 
 distinguishing characteristics ; absence of title pages, blank 
 spaces for initial letters, irregular spacing, abbreviations 
 and contractions, colophons. The first printers followed 
 
 8 
 
closely the methods of the scribes, and the forms of their 
 letters resemble those of the manuscripts ; thus we get 
 the Gothic types in Germany and in Holland, the Roman 
 in Italy. Examples of incunabula, and of catalogues of 
 incunabula. Hain's Repertorium bibliographicum, etc. 
 
 Read : A. Lang-The Library, 94-100. (2966 F 3) ; A. 
 W. Pollard-Fine books, 77-99 (2964 D 46). 
 
 References : D. W. Amram-Makers of Hebrew books in 
 Italy; R. Garnett-Essays in Librarianship ; J. S. Kennard- 
 Some early printers and their colophons ; A. W. Pollard- 
 Last words on the history of the title-page ; R. Proctor- 
 Printing of Greek in the fifteenth century. 
 
 XVII. 
 Printers' marks and devices. Some famous printers and 
 families of printers : N. Jenson, Windelin of Spire, J. 
 Numeister, A. Verard ; the Aldi of Venice, the Giunti of 
 Florence, the Estiennes of Paris, Plantin of Antwerp, the 
 Elzevirs, of Leiden. 
 
 Read: H. F. Brown-Venetian printing press, 11--16, 40- 
 49 (2964 D 81). 
 
 References : A. F. Didot-Alde Manuce ; G. Fumagalli- 
 Lexicon typographicum Italiae ; W. Roberts-Printers' 
 Marks ; M. Rooses-Christophe Plantin. 
 
 XVIII. 
 William Caxton and the introduction of printing into 
 England. Caxton probably learned the art in the Nether- 
 lands ; he set up his press at Westminster in 1476, and con- 
 tinued to print there until his death in 149 1. Some charac- 
 teristics of his books. His device adopted by his successor 
 Wynkyn de Worde ; some London printers ; printing at 
 Oxford and St. Albans. Printing in Scotland and Ireland. 
 Read: R. H. Plomer-Short history of English printing, 
 1-50 (2964 D 58) ; A. W. Pollard-Fine books, 204-243 
 (296+ D 46). 
 
 References : E. G. Duff-The printers of Westminster and 
 London ; E. G. Duff-English provincial printers ; W. 
 Blades-Life of William Caxton ; T. B. Reed-History of the 
 old English letter foundries ; S. de Ricci-A census of Cax- 
 
 tons. 
 
 9 
 
XIX. 
 
 First printing press in America set up in the city of 
 Mexico as early as 154.0 by a printer from Seville, and the 
 first press in South America at Lima about 1580. The first 
 press in the English colonies in America was set up at Cam- 
 bridge in 1638 or 1639, by Stephen Daye of London. Bay 
 Psalm Book, 1640. Eliot's Indian Bible. Printing in 
 Pennsylvania, New York, etc. 
 
 Read: R. F. Roden-The Cambridge Press, 9-24, 41-51, 
 77-85 (2993 A 91); G. P. Winship-Early American im- 
 prints, in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings 1897-9, 395-400 
 (5085 Ca 12). 
 
 References: I. Thomas-History of Printing in America; 
 
 C. R. Hildeburn-Printers and printing in colonial New 
 
 York. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Technical terms for form or size of books ; methods of 
 folding the sheets used by the early printers ; ternions, 
 quaternions, etc., signatures, manuscript and printed ; im- 
 portance of water-marks in old books ; systems of form or 
 size notation ; notation by measurement of size alone. 
 
 Read : W. Blades-Books in chains, 85-122 (2964 C 31) ; 
 R. B. McKerrow-Notes on bibliographical evidence, in 
 Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, XII, 245-260 
 (2959 D 12). 
 
 References : C. M. Briquet-Les filigranes ; W. Savage- 
 Dictionary of the art of printing ; Printing Art IV ; T. L. 
 DeVinne-The practice of typography. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Bindings of books ; early use of metals and wood ; leather 
 and other materials used to cover the boards ; substitution 
 of pasteboards for wooden covers ; ornamentation of covers. 
 Grolier and his relation to the art of book-binding. Some 
 famous French binders ; book binding in England, and 
 some noted English binders ; book binding in America. 
 Examples of fine binding by noted binders. 
 
 Read. W. S. Brassington-History of the art of book- 
 binding, 62-73 (2964 G 84) ; C. Davenport-The book, 205- 
 240 (2964 C 11). 
 
 10 
 
References: H. Bouchot-The printed book; H. P. Horne- 
 
 The binding of books; Bibliographica III, 129-142, 371- 
 
 378. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Practical side of book-binding ; sewing, backing, putting 
 in boards, cutting and finishing the edges, covering the 
 boards with leather or other materials ; different sorts of 
 leather used ; ornamentation and lettering ; examples of 
 books in the various stages of binding, and of the various 
 styles of finishing. 
 
 Read: D. Cockerell-Bookbinding, 17-33, 100-124 (2964 
 F 95). C. Davenport-The book, 32-45 (2964 C 11). 
 
 References: H. P. Horne-The binding of books; J. W. 
 Zaehnsdorf-Art of book binding ; Report of the committee 
 on leather for bookbinding to the Society of Arts, 1905. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Rare books : some absolutely rare, some relatively rare ; 
 rare books not necessarily costly books ; rarity of certain 
 editions of common books ; incunabula, first editions, edi- 
 tions from the presses of famous printers, privately printed 
 books, books printed on vellum, or on expensive papers, 
 publications of societies, early American books, local histo- 
 ries, large paper copies, etc. 
 
 Read: A. Lang-The Library, 97-120 (2966 F 3); W. 
 Roberts-Rare books and their prices, 6-50 (2966 F 30). 
 
 References: H. Stevens-Recollections of James Lenox; 
 J. Winsor on Americana, in Atlantic Monthly LVII ; H. 
 B. Wheatley-Prices of books. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Book collecting and collectors ; fashions in books ; col- 
 lectors of manuscripts ; collectors of special editions ; col- 
 lectors of books on particular subjects. Value to a univer- 
 sity library of such special collections as those given to 
 Cornell by A. D. White, W. Fiske and others ; knowledge 
 of the merits of different editions necessary to the scholar ; 
 guides for the collector. . 
 
 Read: A. W. Pollard-Fine books, 1-18 (2964 D 46); A. 
 L. Humphreys-The private library, 1-25 (2966 F 45). 
 
XXIV (Continued) 
 
 References . C. I. Elton-Great book collectors : W. C. 
 Hazlitt-Confessions of; ; a collector ; J. H. Slater-How to 
 collect books ; H. B. Wheatley-How to form a library. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Book illustration: woodcuts (relief), engravings and 
 etchings (intaglio), lithographs; explanation of the differ- 
 ent methods ; chromolithographic methods ; photographic 
 processes: prints, half-tones, photogravures, etc.; modern 
 color processes ; extra illustration of books, or grangerizing. 
 
 Read: C. Davenport-The book, 102-138 (2964 C 11) or 
 P. G. Hamertoa-Drawing and engraving, 75-95, 104-111 
 (7796 A 4); A. W. Pollard — Fine books, 100-109, 267-281 
 (2964 D 46). 
 
 References: H. Blackburn-Art of illustration; J. Cun- 
 dall-Brief history of wood engraving ; W. Crane-Decora- 
 tive illustration of books ; J. Pennell-Modern illustration ; 
 F. Weitenkampf-How to appreciate prints. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Arrangement and classification of books in libraries : may 
 be by authors, by order of accession (as in some European 
 libraries), by literary form, by subjects, etc., but generally 
 is by subjects. Principles of classification ; outlines of 
 Brunet's system, British museum system, Dewey's decimal 
 system, Cutter's expansive classification, Library of Con- 
 gress system. Methods of notation. 
 
 Read : J. D. Brown-Subject classification 1-29 (2969 D 
 96). E. C. Richardson-Classification theoretical and prac- 
 tical, 46-89 (2969 D 101). 
 
 References : E. Edwards-Memoirs of libraries II ; A. 
 Maire-Manuel pratique du bibliothecaire. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Catalogues and cataloguing : examples of author cata- 
 logues, classified catalogues, author catalogues with subject 
 index, classified catalogues with author index, combined 
 
 12 
 
author and subject catalogues, i.e., dictionary catalogues ; 
 card catalogues ; work of a cataloguer ; cataloguing rules ; 
 difficulties with obscure or misleading titles, pseudonyms, 
 etc. 
 
 Read : J. Fiske-A librarian's work, in Darwinism and 
 other essays, 332-370 (9082 E 45). 
 
 References : C. A. Cutter-Rules for a dictionary cata- 
 logue ; A. L. A. catalogue rules ; W. W. Bishop-Practical 
 handbook of modern library cataloguing ; H. B. Wheatley- 
 How to catalogue a library. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Bibliographical aids and guides ; general, such as Brunet, 
 Ebert, Graesse ; national bibliographies, e. g., for this 
 country, Sabin, Evans, Kelly, the American catalogue, 
 Cumulative book index, Publishers' Weekly ; for Great 
 Britain, Watts, Lowndes, English catalogue, Bookseller ; 
 for France, Querard, Eorenz, Bibliographic de la France ; 
 and similar works for other countries. Special bibliogra- 
 phies of authors or subjects. Examples. 
 
 References : H. Stein-Manuel de bibliographic generale ; 
 E- Vallee-Bibliographie des bibliographies ; W. P. Court- 
 ney-Register of national bibliography. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Use of the library ; functions and limitations of a cata- 
 logue or bibliography ; need for guides in selection ; ad- 
 vantages of annotated reference lists, and such works as 
 Sonnenschein's Best books, Adams' Manual of historical 
 literature, Baker's Guide to best fiction, etc. Indexes to 
 periodical literature such as Poole's Index, Royal Society's 
 Catalogue of Scientific papers, A. E. A. Index to general 
 literature, etc. 
 
 References ; W. F. Gray-Books that count ; H. L. Koop- 
 man-Mastery of books ; A. B. Kroeger-Guide to the use 
 of reference books. 
 
 13