25 K3 d ^ si ^^ ■ «:; d or o % mmm$ /~i 'n '<^ fe .'^■:'>x'/^'/^'/: ^K^AA/^/^ r^^^M^ .^.^aA r3?8S^«SS3P3i '^^HAAAA/^^ HW^' ■^ ^-^./^v^ ^^CS^^^AS^^^^^' ^^M^^mtt. ■§.f^mp ^S«^S505?es«'s^^ > ^ /-^ -^-^^^^ r-rr^r-^^.^ .A An /^ '_ />.. (^ .'r '.^. r\ r^. ^ ^ .^. '^ ^«^^«;v^^^^B«8e§ /^N -\ /^ ,-^ AAa ^^^^.r^hh^m' BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME PROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henril W. Sage X891 lNGir>iEERiNG" Library AiiiUU"::.. imW^y^ ■ Cornell University Ubrary QE 262.H3F79 1873 The geology of the country north and eas 3 1924 004 550 343 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004550343 93 N.W. MEM0IB8 OF THE GEOLOaiCAL SUEYEr OF ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY NOftTH AND EAST OF HARROGATE. (QUARTER SHEET 93 N.W. OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS BT C. FOX-STRANGWATS, F.G.S. tSM^SSSD BT OSBX^ 01 ISS LOltDB COlflllSSICnriBBS OV HBB 1CAJS9IZ'9 TBSASXmT. LONDON: PBINTBD FOE HBB MAJESTY'S 8TATI0NBBT OFFICB. AKD SOLD BT LOI^GMANS, GREPN, & Ca AITD EDWARD STANFORD, 6, Chabing Cboss, S.W. 1873. [Price Sixpence.^ NOTICE. > The Session of the Royal School of Mines and of ■ 'Science applied to the Arts commences early in October in each year, during which the following Courses of liectures are delivered : — Chemistry, with special reference to "j its applications in the Arts and >E. Frankland, F.R.S. Manufactures - - -J General Natural History - - T. H, Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S. Physics - - - - - F. Guthrie, F.R.S. Applied Mechanics - - - T. M. Gk)odeve, M.A. Metallurgy ... - John Percy, M.D., F.R.S. Geology - - - - A. C. Ramsay, LL;D., F.R.S. Mining and Mineralogy - - W. W. Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., ( Chairman). Mechanical Drawing - - - J. H. Edgar, M.A. The Chemical Laboratory (at South Kensington), imder liie direction of Dr. Frankland, and the Metallurgical Laboratory (in Jermyn Street), under the direction of Dr. Percy, are open for the instruction of Students. N.B.— By order of the Lords Commissioners of the Privy Council on Education the Lectures on Chemistry Natural History, Physics, and Applied Mechanics are delivered at the Science Schools, South Kensington. A Prospectus and Information may be obtained on application to ' Trenham Reeks, Registrar. Jermyn Street London, S.JF, 93 N.W. MEMOIES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY NORTH AI^D EAST OF HARROGATE. (QUARTER SHEET 93 N.W. OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.) C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, F.G.S. FITBLISHED BT OBDBB O? THE L0BD8 COUMISSIONBBS OB HER MAJBBIX 6 IBB^UBY. LONDON: PRINTED I'OE HEK MAJESTY'S ST4TI0NEET OFFICE. AND SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, & Co. AND EDWARD STANFORD, 6, Chabing Cross, S.W. 1873. [Price Sixpence.J V CONTENTS. Page Table of Fonnations - - - 4 Yoredale Rocks ... - . - 4 Millstone Grit - .... 5 Permian - - ... .8 Ttias - U Lias " " " "x . - - 12 Post Tertiary - - - - 13 Physical Structure - - - - - - 17 [Note. — A List of the various Works referring to the Geology of this district will he printed in the forthcoming edition of Prof. F. Phillips' " Yorkshire Coast." — H. W. B.] 93 N.W. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. INTRODUCTION. This quarter-sheet (93 N.W.) may be said to comprise the valley of the Ouse from Eipon to York, or roughly speaking, the central part of the Vale of York. The area contained in the map is 216 square miles. The chief towns are Harrogate, BJaaresborough, Boroughbridge, and Easingwold, with the southern suburb of Bipon ; the map also extends, on the south-east, to within three miles of the city of York. The principal rivers are the Ouse, the Ure, the Swale, and the Nidd, which all rise in the high ground in the north-west of the county ; and uniting into one stream, in this map, enter the Grerman Ocean by the estuary of the Humber. The ground rises gradually to the north-east and west, but principally towards the west, on which .side the highest groimd is at Harlow HiU, near Harrogate, and How Hill, near Fountains Abbey, both of which are about 600 feet above the sea. The general dip of the several forma- - tions is to the north-east, although in the western part of the district the Palaeozoic rocks are thrown into a series of anticlinal and synclinal folds striking north-east and south-west, the most remarkable of which is that at Harrogate. All the physical features of the country may be shown to be a result of its geological structure. Thus, the hard sandstones and soft shales of the carboniferous rocks form the high ground and deep valleys in the western part of the map ; these are succeeded by a lower, but well- marked ridge of Magnesian Limestone rising to an average height of between 200 and 300 feet above the sea ; beyond these again are the soft marls and sandstones of Permian and Triassic age, forming part of the great central valley of Yorkshire. A small area at the north-east corner of the map, where the ground begins to rise again in that direction, is occupied by the shaly sandstones of the Middle Lias, the soft marls and shales of the Keuper and Lower Lias being entirely hidden by an immense thickness of alluvial deposits. The country under notice is almost entirely agricultural, there being no mines or manufactures of any extent. 32374. A 2 PAKT I. Dbsceiption of Foemations. Geological Formations. The formations described in this memoir are the following : — POST TERTIAEY | Ee^j^^nd Post Gbcial. iiiassic - SECONDARY tTriassic or New- Sandstone. 'Permian Red PALAEOZOIC -s Carboni- ferous. 'Millstone Grit. Yoredale Rocks. f Marlstone. \ Lower Lias Shales. / Keuper. \ Bunter. ("Upper Limestone, j Middle Marl. I Lower Limestone. (_ Lower Marl. ■■Plompton Grit. Shales. Cayton Gill Beds. Shales. Follifoot Gri^. Shales. Kinder Scout Grit. I Shales. Eoadstone. < Shales. 1 Grit. LShdes. Cakbonifeeous Rocks. Yoredale Rocks. These beds consist^ for the most part, of shales with a few bands of cherty limestone, with one tolerably massive bed of sandstone near the base. This sandstone is well seen iti a line df quarries on How Hill near Harrogate ; it is here a thin-bedded but somewhat hard sandstone, and of a whitish colour, and contains on its surface a white efflorescence. On the northern side of Harlow Hill this rock is more decomposed, and near the surface has a rubbly and somewhat sandy or gritty nature. The limestone is an exceedingly hard silicious rock containing the remains of Encrinites in great numbers, in fact in many cases it is rather an aggregated mass of the silicifted skeletons of these creatures than a limestone proper ; when by exposure to air and moisture the calcareous portion of the rock becomes dissolved out, it has very much the appear- ance and texture of pumice stone, and especially is this the case along the angles of flexUre when the beds are much contorted. The best sectioiis of this rook are in quarries at Shaw Green, Beck- with House, dtid behind the Cold Bttth Road, Lo-W Harrogate, at all of which plates it forins an excelleni; roadstohe and is quarried for that purpose. Professor J. Phillips * considered this rock to be the equivalent of the main or 12-fathom limestone of the Yoredale series ; but it is rather diffi- cult to fix its exact horizon, as it occurs at a considerable distance from the nearest locality of undoubted Yoredale Measures, and appears only as an inlier along the line of elevation of the Harrogate anticlinal. It is * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxi., p. 234. owing to this peculiar structure at Harrogate that we have the outcrop of these rocks in the country under consideration, and wherever this cherty limestone is exposed to view it is either contorted or highly inclined having evidently been exposed to great disturbance. Millstone Grit. The lower portion only of this group of strata crops out in the dis- trict i)nder consideration ; the beds which appear in this map being the equiyalents of the Third Grit and Fourth, or Kinder Scout Grit of Derbyshire. The Kinder Scout Grit consists of three separate beds of sandstone which, with the intermediate shales, have a thickness of nearly 1,400 ft. Both the lowest and highest of these beds are coarse, massive, grit- stones, frequently containing pebbles of quartz, and capable of being split by means of joints into blocks of a considerable size. They have been largely quarried ^for buUding-stone at Hookstone Wood, and several places to the south of Harrogate, and also at Birk Crag to the west and near Walker's Boad to the north of the town. The middle bed of sandstone belonging to this group is not nearly so clearly defined as the, other two. It consists of a thin flaggy sandstone which becomes more massive towards the base ; it forms no good feature anywhere throughout the district, and not being well exposed has, apparently, been overlooked by previous observers. That the strata which comprise this group have a considerable thick- ness is proved by the fact that a borehole, which was put down at the southern end, of Bog Lane, near Starbeck, near the outcrop of the upper bed failed to reach the sandstone next below although sunk to a depth of 437 feet. This section, as wUl be seen below, was sunk almost entirely in shale. Borehole at Bog Lane End, Harrogate, July 1854. ft. in. Clay - - 11 Bed earth (sand and clay mixed) - 9 7 fiottom stone (red and irony) 3 Strong red earth - 14 6 Strong blue bind - - 2 6 Soft stone mineral - - - 11 4 Blue bind - 7 8 Black scale - 5 7 CaUiard - - 1 Blue bind - - - 105 CaUiard - . 3 Strong blue bind - - 6 8 Black scale • 3 3 Stone bind - 11 Black scale - - 117 Stone bind - 9 Strong open black scale - 5 8i Black scale and mixture o f sulphur - 131 5 437 3 The Third Grit-beds of this district are occasionally divisible into as many as five separate beds of sandstone ; but these sub-divisions, owing to local thinning out, do not always hold good. 6 For convenience these beds are divided into the following groups named after the localities in which they are best exemplified. . The Follifoot Grit, so named on account of its being well seen along the edge of the hill south of the Crimple Valley, known as Follifoot Moor, usually consists of two beds, which with the intermediate shale have a thickness of about 200 feet; it is a hard compact sandstone which in small fragments has very much the appearance of loaf sugar. To the north of Harrogate these beds form the remarkable ridge of Long Crag north of Oak Beck, and are again seen at the Gas Works, and at several places near Harrogate End. They also outcrop in the bed of the river Nidd below EUton, but have not been separately mapped, as their course is too obscure to allow it to be done with accuracy. At Bilton coal was formerly worked in these grits and was used for burning the Magnesian Limestone close at hand, but it was never of much importance. It occurs in two seams separated by about three or four yards of shale. The uppermost of these, which was the one princi- pally worked, had a thickness of 3 feet 2 inches ; the lower bed, which in some places was as much as 2 feet 9 inches in thickness, appears to thin away altogether on the northern side of the working. The coal has been worked out to the east, but on the west or dip-side it was discon- tinued on account of water. In the little stream, west of Thornton Moor House, this coal was again met with at a depth of 60 feet, where it had a thickness of 18 inches, but only 4 inches of this was good. The Cay ton Gill Bed, so named as the best sections of it are exposed at two or three places in that valley, is not of great thickness, but is remarkable from its being highly fossil iferous, an unusual occurrence in beds of millstone grit age. It is a hard calcai-eous sandstone crowded with the remains of Encrinites, Productus, and other Brachiopods ; it has been quarried as a road-material at Ehodes House, near Follifoot, at Four Lane Ends and Saltergate Hill, north-west of Harrogate, at several places on and near Scarab Moor, and by the road leading from Fountains to Sawley. The following fossils, determined by Mr. Etheridge, have been collected in this bed from the several localities named : — Four Lane Ends. Encrinite stem^ — Actinocrinus ? Fenestella. Orthis resupinata. Mart. Productus semireticulatus. Mart. „ cora, D'Orb. Spirifera trigonalis, Mart. „ striata, Mart. Sitreptorhynchus crenistria, Phill. Area sp, allied to cancellata. Nautilus (Discites) sulcatus. Sow. „ sp. Quarry, near Hampsthwaite Station. Spirifera trigonalis. Mart. Streptorhynchus crenistria, Phill. Aviculopecten. Nautilus (Discites) sulcatus. Sow. Railway-cutting, Hampsthwaite Station. ' Chonetes Hardrensis, Phill. RhyDchonella pleurodon, Phill. Productus semireticnlatus, Mart. Streptorhynchns crenistria, Phill. Lane, near Fountains Abbey. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. Orthis resupinata, Mart. The Plompton Grit, the higheat of the Millstone Grit measures occurring in this district, consists of two beds having a total thickness of 150 feet, and composed of thick-bedded, coarse, and exceedingly massive grits. The base of the rock is often a true conglomerate con- taining rolled pebbles of quartz, and is very ferruginous ; it was this rock which was formerly considered as belonging to the Lower New Red Sandstone of the Permian series, and to be the equivalent of the Eoth- liegende of the Thuringerwald in Germany ;* but as this subject has been ably discussed in the papers enumerated below it is needless to enter upon the subject here."!" The junction of the grit with the Magnesian Limestone above is well seen at several places in the southern part of the map ; but, undoubtedly, the finest sections are those exposed along the banks of the Nidd below Knaresborough. Here, although the sections are not always quite clear at first sight, a decided unconformity between the two series of strata can be traced ; the denuded surface of the coarse red grit of Plompton, which is exposed in a series of fine sections, being covered directly by the Magnesian Limestone. This is more particularly the case below what is called Abbey Crag, where there is a decided boss of red grit which rises several feet into the surrounding limestone. At Newsome Bridge and St. Helen's quarries, in the extreme south of the map, the junction is also well shown ; at the latter of these there is a small patch of red marl, with a little greenish layer below the limestone, which may be the equivalent of the lower marls. Kg. 1. Ne-wsome Bridge Quarry. Drawn by J. C. Ward. a. Whitish grit. About j: it contains, in quite its upper part, little horizontal patches of a soft unctuous marl. b. Grit and limestone confusedly mixed together. c. Yellow limestone, with included fragments of grit at its base. * Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. iii. ; Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi., p. 234 ; MurcUson's Siluria, p. 349, 3rd ed. • + Geol. Mag. (for Feb. 1866), vol. Iii., p. 49 ; Report Geol. and Polytech. Soc. of West Biding of Yorkshire, 1867; Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 291. Kg, 2. St. Helen's Quarry. Drawn by J, C. Ward. a. Coarse purplish grit. 6, Bed marls, 5 ft., -with a little greenish layer at top,-'belp-yf which is oceasionally a thin layer qf fine grit (redeposited). c. Soft yellow limestone. The Plompton Grit, on account of its great durability as well as the comparative. facility with which it may bp worked, is largely used as a buUding-stone, and is quarried at a great number of places along its out- crop. South of the Nidd the best sections are those at Plompton, near Knox mill and near Killinghall mills ; north of the Nidd it is well seen at Knaresborough, Soriven, Lingerfield, Eipley, South Stainley, Dole Bank, and Fountains. Professor J. PhiUips, in speaking of this rock, says, " at Plompton " great and lofty cliffs of solid rock appear, such as may have yielded the " Devil's Arrows, those massive monoliths of the British settlement " which preceded ancient Isurium." * These grits, probably from their unequal hardness and thick-bedded nature, have a tendency to weather into very peculiar apd fantastip shapes as may be seen on either side of the road between Plompton and Spofforth, where they stand up in the centj-e of the fields in the most picturesque manner; they are usually of a purple colour, which may, possibly, be due to the peroxidation of the iron they contain, by the action of carbonated water filtering from the limestone above through the porous grit.f The MiUstone G-rit at several places is covered with a ijoating of palo- spar, and sometimes small pieces of the rock are cemented together by the same substance ; as at Fountains' Abbey and other places. Permian. The Permian rocks of this district are capable of division into four separate alternations of strata, which are to a certain extent unconformable to each other, although this is not always very clearly seen in the country under consideration. They occupy, as a whole, a, broad strip of country in the western half of the map, running from the banks of the Nidd south of Knaresborough to the neighbourhood of Studley Park, to the west of Eipon. Besides the main mass, there are several outliers to the west, of which we shall speak presently, * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxi., p. 236. The Ijevil's Arrows, of which there are now only three remaining, are sitiiated in sopie fields near the Isme leading from Boroughbridge to Roeoliffe. They consist of massive blocks of grit, the largest of which is about 26 feet in length ; they are about eight miles in a direct line from Plompton, and about six from South Stainley and Lingerfield, the nearest places where such a grit exists in situ. • t On the colouring of these grits see papers by J. C. Ward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac., vol. XXV., p. 295, and Geol, Mag., vol. ix., p. 389, and J. Lucas, Geol, Mag., vol. is., p. .338. 9 Lower Marl. — This bed of marly sandstone has only been met with in one locality close to the village of Brearton. It is a soft brick-red sandstone, excessively like the Bunter sandstone, but unlike rocks of that age it is interstratified with thin seams of white unctuous clay, resenjbling fuller's earth. The subjoined rough sketch is from the sand- pit at the back of the village, and may give some idea of the nature of this deposit :— Fig. 3. Sand-pit near Brearton/ a. Ked sandstone. b. Bed sandstone, much false-bedded, mth fragments of rM marl and white clay, e. Band of fragments, chiefly fuller's earth. d. Red sandstone. e. White unctuous clay. /. Eed sand. The beds dip to the north at an angle of about 10° ; they are much broken up and false-bedded, appearing to have been much disturbed during their formation, and having somewhat the character of a shore deposit. The true geological age of this rock may be a matter of dispute, but we prefer to class it with the Permian on account of its peculiar litho- logical character, although we believe a similar deposit has not been observed anywhere throughout the range of the Permian measures in this part of England. QuickSand.^At the base of the Magnesian Limestone there occasionally occur certain sands which appear to be formed by the decomposition of the limestone itself; they were first noticed by the late Professor Sedg- wick in his paper on the Permian rocks of this part of England. These sands were well shown in a pit which had been recently opened on the western side of the outlying patch of limestone at New Covert, near Scriven, where the following section appears : — Fig. 4. Sand-pit at New Covert, near Scriven. a. Fine white sand, with thin yellow clayey bands. b. Sand with hard veins which form ridges inclined to the plane of bedding. c. Yellow sandy limestone. d. Coarse and rnbbly limestone. a and 6 are of a slight pink colour towards the top. 10 The bottom of the sand is not reached, so we could not arrive at its thickness, but it cannot be very great as coarse conglomeratic beds of red grit are seen a short distance to the south, dipping in the direction of the limestone. Lower Limestone. — This is the principal rock of the Permian mea- sures, having an average thickness of about 175 feet. It is usually a soft, thick-bedded, yellovrish, sandy limestone, but its character varies somewhat in different localities ; frequently it is very concretionary, and contains small cavities filled with calcai'eous spar, causing the surface of the rock to weather into curious shapes. The rock is well exposed in various quarries, but the best sections are to be obtained from the banks of the Nidd, near Knaresborough, in the railway-cutting at Wormald Green, and the banks of the Skell in Studley Park. The base of the rock, when exposed, is seen to contain fragments of grit and quartz, derived from the underlying Millstone Grit, and has somewhat the character of a conglomerate, being much coarser in texture and harder in substance than the main mass of lime- stone. This character was well seen in a quarry near Grimbald Crag, at Goldsborough Mill, and other places. At Quarry Moor, near Eipon, the rock is traversed by a series of small faults, which give it a peculiar veined structure, the limestone, (probably by pressure) being rendered more compact and of a blue colour for some little distance on either side of the lines of fracture. The upper part of the limestone is frequently much softer and of a more earthy nature, and in the neighbourhood of Farnham and Burton Leonard has been dug in what are called marl-pits, and spread over the land. Small caves frequently occur in the limestone and are usually filled with clay and stones which have been washed in from above ; this is the case with Mother Shipton's Cave at Knaresborough, and also in quarries near Markenfleld Hall and in Studley Park. Sometimes the caves form underground passages in which the present streams flow. A good instance is seen in Studley Park, where during the summer the river Skell is entirely swallowed up, and emerges again in the form of a copious spring at a place called Hell Wath, a mile and a half lower down its course. The Lower Limestone when exposed in this area does not appear to be fossiliferous, but in a quaiTy at Aldfield, close to the north-west corner of the map, and also in one at Well rather further north, the following list of fossils was obtained by the Rev. J. S. Tute : — Cythere Geinitziana, Janes. Acanthocladia anceps. Fenestella retiformis, Schloth. Productus horridus,'iS'oro. „ latirostratus, Howse. Terebratula elongata, Schloth. Streptorhynchus pelai-gonatus, Schloth. Strophalosia lamellosa, Geinitz. Spirifera alata, Schloth. Camarophoria Schlotheimii, V. Buck. Schizodus truncatus. King. „ rotundatus. Brown. Bakewellia (Gervillia) antiqua. ,, ceratophaga, Schloth. Monotis speluncaria, Schloth, Solemya. Pleurophorus costatus. Brown. Leda speluncaria, Gein. Turbonilla Phillipsii, Howse. Turbo helicinus, Schloth. Nautilus Frieslebeni, Geinitz. As the chemical composition of the Magnesian Limestone appears to vary somewhat throughout this area, it may be interesting to compare the limestone in the south of the map with that in the north. The 11 analyses, by Mr. Holme, given below are quoted from Professor Sedg- wick's paper on the Permian Series.* Earthy variety of Magnesian Limestone from Ripon. Carbonate of lime - - - 71 ' 125 Carbonate of magnesia - - - 25 ■ 625 Red oxide of iron and alumina - 1 • 750 Silica, a trace of, and water - - 1 • 500 100 grs. Earthy variety of Magnesian Limestone from Knaresborough. Carbonate of lime, - - - - 72 • 00 Carbonate of magnesia - - - 25 • 50 Red oxide of iron and alumina - 1 ■ 50 Silica, a trace of, and water - 1 • 50 100 grs. The Middle Marl does not appear to be so thick nor to occupy so large an area as in the map to the south. It consists of red marls and soft red sandstone, which in some sections is excessively like that of Triassic age. There are very few good sections in this rock, the best being those on the banks of the Nidd below Goldsborough Jlill and to the west of Bilton Hall ; it was formerly visible in the railway-cutting and in the clay-pit west of Knaresborough, but these latter are now overgrown and obscured ; beyond these places its presence is denoted by the red and clayey nature of the soil. To the north of Knares- borough the country is so covered with Glacial and Post-Glacial deposits that there is no evidence of the presence of the Middle Marls, except perhaps near Monkton Mains, where there was formerly an old marl-pit, and where the ground is of a somewhat reddish nature. The Upper Limestone This is, also, not nearly so important a rock as it has been further south, the small patches in the neighbourhood of Goldsborough and Knaresborough, being all that occur in the map. At these places it is a thin fissile limestone, easily crumbling away on exposure to the atmosphere, and of scarcely any commercial importance. It is well seen in the railway- cutting, west of Knaresborough, resting on red marl, and in quanies at Goldsborough where it is fossiliferous. The following species of shells from Goldsborough have been de- termined by Mr. Etheridge : Mjrtilus squamosus, Sow. Schizodus rotundatus, Brown. The Upper Marl has not been observed in this district. Trias. The New Red Sandstone consists probably of the two divisions of Bunter and Keuper Sandstone and Marls, although owing to the thick covering of superficial deposits it is only the former that is actually seen at the surface, and even that at only comparatively few places. * Tram. Geot. Soe., sec. ser., vol. iii., p. 87. 12 The Bunter Sandstone. — This is a soft, brick-red, thick-bedded sand- stone, containing occasionally thin marly partings, and in one locality several veins of opaque white quartz. The best sections of this rock are to be found in the railway-cutting half a mile east of Cattal Station, and at Aldborough ; besides which it is exposed at Hunsingore near the bank of the river, in the bank of the river at Broad Oak Farm, at the keeper's lodge north of Hunsingore, at Cattal Station, in the road and lane east of Green Hammerton, at Thorpe Green, at, Little Ouseburn, and in a field south of Marton. It is dlso well seen at several places to the north-east of Eipon just beyond the northern boundary of the map. At Aldborough and Eipon it was formerly used as a buU^ng-stone, but these quarries are not now in use. A curious circumstance connected with this I'ock is its liability to sink and form depressions and hollows in the surface, from 50 to 100 feet across, and occasionally perpendicular shafts of large size. Several of these pits occur in thfe northern part of the map near the town of Ripon. At Bishop Monkton one of these sinkings occurred about 40 or 50 years ago, which carried^away a stack that was being made at the time ; but the most remarkable one which we haVe seen is just beyond the limits of the map north of the railway station at Ripon ; it is a perfectly perpendicular shaft, having a depth of between 60 and 70 feet. The formation of these pits is, probably, due to the washing away of the friable marls and gypsum below the New Red Sandstone.* Keuper Sandstone and Marl. — The only evidence we have for this formation is that derived from a borehole which was sunk at some little distance to the north of Alne Station in search of coal. This borehole penetrated to a depth of 140 yards, the last part of which was in grey shale and freestone. In a borehole which has Ijeen lately sunk at the North Riding Asylum at York, just beyond the boundary of the map, white and red sandstones with pebbles of quartz and thin marly partings were found. These beds in all probability represent the lower part of the Keuper Sand- stone. Red and grey marls and thin white sandstones with ripple-marks and pseudomorphous crystals of salt are, also, seen at; several places near the banks of the Derwent in the map to the east, and apparently on the same line of strike as the beds which were penetrated by the above borehole. Lias. , This formation is but; poorly shown, the ■vyhole of the Lower Lias Shales and part of the sajidy beds of the Marlstope being buried under an average thickness of from 60 to 80 feet of Glacial and Post-Glaqial sands and clays. It is only when the ground begins to rise, in the north-past corner of the map, above the level of the alluvial deposits of the Vale of York, that we obtain any sections in beds of Liassic age. The Marlstone. — In the neigjibourhood of Easingwold the Middle Lias is seen in a few obscure sections, chiefly in field-drains and roadside ditches, near the Workhouse and near Halfway House ; it has also been dug out of the foundations of houses in the town of Easingwold, but these were not exposed at the time of our survey. Aa far as we could judge from the very poor sections visible, its lithological character is * For further account of these pits, see a paper by the Rev. J. S. Tute, read before the Geological and Polytechnical Society, West Riding of Yorkshire, at Wakefield, April 28th, 1869. 13 similar to what it is on the north-east coast in the neighbourhood of Whitby and Staithes, with the exception that the irony portion is not nearly so strongly (if at all) developed ; this southern extremity of the Yorkshire Marlstone appearing to consist only of sandy shale with thin sandstones, which latter are frequently calcareous and very fossiliferous. Prom a small stream, shewn near the comer of the map, we obtained the following species : — Cardium truncatum, Sow. Modiola. Ehynchonella tetrahedra, Sow. Avicula insequivalvis, Sow. „ rimosa, V. Buck. and in hard shale, a little fiarther on, Inoceramus dubius. The ironstone of Cleveland does not appear to be present at Easing- wold, although the chalybeate springs which rise in the alluvium at the foot of the town would intimate that these strata still contain a con- siderable amount of that mineral ; it is probable that its place is taken by less ferruginous beds, for the thickness of the strata between the Upper Lias of Craike and the base of the sections at Easingwold cannot be much less than 130 feet, which is fully equal to that of the corresponding beds on the coast. Post Tektiaey. The Post-Pliocene and Superficial Deposits which occur in this area, and which will be represented on a separate map, have more influenced the physical structure of the country and the nature of its soil than the rock formations previously described. They include the following subdivisions : — Eecent AUuviUm. Eiver Terraces. Lake Depbsits (Peat and Clay). Warp Clay and Sand. Tj, . . T. , r Sand and Gravel, with Mammalian re- ' \ mains. J J Sand and Gravel more or less stratified, \ but containing scratched stones. f Gravel, without trace of stratification, '\ deeply grooved and striated. {Boulder-clay, containing Btones derived from distant localities. r Boulder-clay, containing only stones of ' \ immediate neighbourhood. Post- ^Glacial. Esker Drift Moraines Erratic Drift Local Drift >Glacial. Glacial. Local Drift. — This name is applied to the Boulder-clay found in the south-west corner of the map : it appears to be quite a local deposit, and contains chiefly pebbles and fragments of rocks which occur in situ in the immediate neighbourhood. Pebbles of Carboniferous Limestone, which form so large a per-centage of the drift next to be described, are almost if not entirely absent. This deposit, which is not of great thickness, occurs only in the south-west part of the map, its eastern boundary being formed in a generfd way by the valleys of the Crimple and Nidd, as far as Ripley, and from thence northwards by the narrow gOrge in which Cayton Gill flows. \ The Erratic Drift is at once distinguished from that just described by the abundance of carboniferous limestone-pebbles which it contains. 14 It is a much more important deposit than the local drift, having a greater thickness and a more extended range. This drift, which is the ordinary boulder-clay of this country, covers nearly the whole of the area east of the line through Eipley and Knaresborough mentioned above, the solid rock appearing in only a few places where it has been exposed by excavation or denudation since the glacial period. In the eastern part of the map the boulder-clay disappears below the alluvial deposits of the Vale of York, but re-appears again in the north- east corner, partially covering the Lias at Easingwold, at which place the included fragments are mainly derived from the Oolitic rocks. Middle Sands and Gravel. — There are certain beds of sand and gravel occurring throughout the map, the age of which is to a certain extent doubtful. They may be the equivalent of the Middle Glacial beds of Lancashire and elsewhere ; but whether they are glacial or post- glacial we have no means of ascertaining, as no shells have been found in them, and their relation to the boulder-clay has not been anywhere observed, except perhaps at Markington, where in sinking a well three or four yards of sand and gravel with boulders, among which were rounded pieces of magnesian limestone, was passed through below seven yards of stiff dark-coloured boulder-clay ; these sands and gravels may be mid-glacial, but at the same time there is not su£3.cient evidence to prove that they were not deposited in prffi-glacial times. At York (in the next map to the east) the boulder- clay has small irregular patches, and thin seams of sand intercolated in its mass, but owing to the absence of good sections these have not been observed in this district. The sands, which are most probably of this age, are those occurring at Hay Park, Eufforth, Shipton, and elsewhere. They form a light, dry soil, which is easily distinguished from the heavy land of the boulder-clay. These sands frequently exhibit very irregular stratification, and occasionally, as between Nidd Hall and Brearton, the beds are much contorted as if from lateral pressure, such as might be produced by icebergs grounding in shallow water. Moraines. — In the centre of the map at Allerton Park and Marten there are large hills of gravel, which apparently have a greater thickness and a different aspect from any of the other superficial deposits. These Professor Ramsay considered, from their general appearance and position to be the remains of an ancient moraine descending from the high ground to the west. Good sections in these gravels are to be seen at Hopperton, Flaxby, Clare House, and Grafton ,' they are composed of stones derived from various localities, confusedly mixed without trace of stratification, and containing boulders which are often as much as four feet in diameter. Esker Drift. — This name is given to certain gravels, which appear principally in the north-west quarter of the map. They somewhat resemble those just described, but with this difference, that they do not appear to have so great a thickness, and they are almost always distinctly stratified. The stones they contain are not (as a rule) so large nor so deeply striated as those in the moraine gravels, and have the appearance of being formed from these by the action of marine currents. These gravels, except those immediately east of the house at Studley Park, have not the peculiar ridge -form so characteristic of the Irish eskers, but there is this curious circumstance connected with their contour, that while they slope away gradually to the west, they almost invariably present a steep bank to the east ; they occur at vaiious heights ranging from 250 to 600 feet above sea-level. Large boulders, apparently 15 washed out of some of the glacial beds or deposited at the close of that epoch on their surface, have been observed at several places throughout ' the map ; the largest we have seen is a block of carboniferous limestone in the bed of the river Shell, near Bishopton Mills, Ripon : this block measures 9 feet in length by 5^ feet in breadth, with a height of 3J feet above the surface of the water ; but how far it extended below that level we were unable to determine. Boulders of granite with large crystals of flesh-red felspar, have been found at several places in the north and east of the map, but always within the drainage of the Swale and Ouse : we have never been able to discover a fragment of granite to the west of this watershed. Post- Glacial. Estuarine beds. — In the Vale of York, more especially about Overton, are certain sands and gravels in which, from time to time, bones of mam- malia have been found. They do not occupy any great extent of surface, but may perhaps extend below the alluvial covering of this great vaUey. The gravels also at ToUerton, Aldwark, Tholthorpe, and Brafferton are probably of this date, but without further evidence it would be impos- sible to determine their real age. The gravels at Overton were formerly extensively used for repairing the roads, and were excavated to a considerable depth. About the year 1818 Mr. James Cook of York discovered in these gravels, at a depth of 30 feet, the following mammalian remains : — Elephas primigenius fmolar tooth). „ „ (tusk). Rhinoceros tichorinus (molar tooth). „ „ (portion of tibia). Stag (portion of palmated horn). „ (portion of rib). Reindeer (part of an antler). Horse (coronary bone). Also bones of tiger, elk, and bird. The bones were found in dark-red clay below 4 feet of rolled gravel, the upper part of the section being chiefly pale-red sand. Warp Clay. — This clay, which covers so large an area in the neigh- bourhood of the Ouse and its tributaries in the eastern part of the map, forms a continuation of the vast spread of flat country which stretches away from the estuary of the Humber northwards. It has been described, in the map to the south, as being composed of three subdivisions ; " an " upper clay weathering into little cubical pieces, and often containing " small phosphatie nodules, a lower finely laminated unctuous clay, the " true warp or tidal alluvium, and interstratifled with the clays or inter- " mediate between them lenticular beds of sand." This description seems to hold good, in a general way, in the present map ; but from the very few good sections it is impossible to make out any regular sequence. At Park House, near Newton, there is a bed of sand below laminated clay ; but it is usual to find this clay in most of the brickyards, where the only good sections are obtained, at the base. In a clay-pit at York, in the next map, to the east, the following section was observed : — ft. in. Strong loam - - - 4 6 Strong blue clay - - - 10 Fine sUt, with ferruginous concretions - 4 Very fine laminated clay - - 7 Bottom of this clay not reached. 16 The lower of these clays, only, is used for the better kinds of work, such as chimney pots, tiles, and best bricks ; the upper clay making only an inferior kind of brick. The greatet part of this great clay flat is about 50 feet above the level of the sea, but in the tributary valleys of the Ure and Nidd it rises to the 100 contour-line. Lacustrine Deposits. — These deposits of peat and clay, which occur at several places throughout the centre of the map, form flat clay-land, not unlike the warp country, but on a much smaller scale. They occupy depressions in the boulder-clay, and appear to be the result of the sedi- ment deposited from the lakes which were left behind at the close of the period, aided in many cases by the subsequent growth of peat. The principal areas of this clay are those which occur west of Farn- ham on Arkeiidals Moor, on Goldsborough Moor, south of Great Ouse- bura, and near Cattal Station ; but thfere are a large number of smaller patches throughout this district, a gi:eat inany of which have been obliterated since the coUntty has been brought under cultivatibn. Pre- vibus to the country being fenclosed many of these were mere swarrips, but now they are most of them drained by means of deep dyk^s, and rendered comparatively dry and fit for agrictdtural purposes. The following section in beds of this age was opened in 1868, previous to the commencement of our survey of this district ; for the particulars of which we are indebted to the Eev. J. S. Tute, of Markington. Fresh-water deposit near Hollin Hall, Ripon. 1. 2. Soil Yellow clay ;} 18 inches. 3. Peat - 3 ;) 4. Freshwater shells (aU of 1 3) recent species). 5. Marl - - 6 J5 6. Bluish clay - - j) SJ Alluiiiurn, and River Terraces. — ^Along the banks of the Niddj within fbur milfes of Knaresborough, on either side, and also on the banks of the Skell, near Bipon, there occur several terraces of gravel on both sides of the stream; which were formed when the river flowed at a higher level. The most remarkable of these terraces is that at Eipley, which almost surrounds the boss of Magnesian Limestone standing up at Nidd Rock. It is a curious fact connected with these terraces that thfey all occur just above thfe 100 contour, which is the maximum elevation of the warp- clay ; and it would appear from this that they were deposited about the same time, and when thfe lower portions of the Ure and Nidd were under tidal influence as far as RipOn and Walshford Bridge respefctively. On either side of the streams^ both great and small, there is a modern alluvium — the flat of the present river. This alluvium, which forms the largest speads near the lower part of the Swale and near Ripon, is about 25 feet below the warp flat. 17 PART II. Physical Structure. On glancing at the map, the first thing that strikes the eye is, that all the faults are towards the south-west quarter. This arises from two causes ; firstly, it is only on this side that we get the older Millstone Grit rocks with their numerous dislocations, and especially the remark- able disturbance at Harrogate ; and secondly, because all the country comprised in the northern and eastern part of the map is obscured by the sands, clays, and gravels of glacial and post-glacial times. At Harrogate the most interesting portion of the physical geology may be said to be centred ; for it is here that we get the eastern end of that great anticlinal which stretches across the country from Clitheroe in Lancashire to the north of Pendle Hill and Skipton. The direction of this anticlinal, iu the country to the west, has been more or less easterly; but within a few miles of Harrogate it suddenly bends to the north, and in this district" has its axis running nearly in a north-east and south-west direction. As it is along this line that the greatest amount of denudation has taken place, and we get the lowest beds exposed to view, we cannot do better than commence our detailed account of the positions of the rocks than by first of all tracing this axis of disturbance. But before going any further it will be necessary to mention the fault which forms the northern boundary of the Yoredale measures. This fault, which we will call the great anticlinal fault, has a down- throw to the north : it runs in a northerly direction, a short distance north of Shaw Green, along the northern side of Harlow Hill and Harrogate to the Magnesian Limestone, near Bilton. In a small stream, to the south-west of Shaw Green, the Yoredale Sandstone is seen first of all dipping to the west at about an angle of 35°, and a little lower down rolling over and dipping at a very high angle to the south-east : on either side of this we get the encrinital road- stone of Harrogate, dipping to the north and south at angles varying from 20 to 45 degrees. From these dips we may conclude that Shaw Green stands upon an anticlinal axis. Now if we follow out the course of these two rocks with the shales, both above and below them, we shall have described the whole of the Yoredale Bocks which occur in this part of the country. To the east of Shaw Green the lower shales crop up and divide the Yoredale Sandstone into two portions, the northern of which striking across the low country is lost against the fault near Harlow Carr, while the southern branch (which is much better seen) crosses the country by How Hill, and Harlow Hill to the Bogs at Low Harrogate. The roadstone which on the north of the anticlinal is only seen at one quarry near Shaw Green, to the south has a somewhat extended range, and is well exhibited at several places north of the Crimple Beck as far as Beckwith House, and again near the Cold Bath Road, Low Harrogate, at which latter place it dips to the south-east at dbout 20", but soon rolls over, and on the opposite side of the little valley which comes down from the Bogs, we have it dipping north-west at about 60° into the great anticlinal fault. Between Beckwith House and Cold Bath Road its course is somewhat obscure and can only be traced by means 32374. B 18 of the fragments in the fields. A great thickness of shale separates these measures from the- lower beds of the Millstone Grit. The three lowest members of this series (that is, the Kinder Scout group) are those which are most affected by the peculiar structure of Harrogate. These coarse and massive grits form, as it were, walls on either side of the anticlinal, and afford a key to the whole structure of the neighbourhood. To the north of the gre^t anticlinal fault the lowest pf these beds is thrown down by that fault, and does not appear at the surface ; but to the south we have the whole series well exposed in several places, more particularly in the railway-cutting and along the hill-side north of Pannal. The uppermost of these beds, which dips towards the Crimple Valley at an angle of from 15 to 20 degrees, for'ms a well- marked and almost unbroken ridge from Almes Cliff in the map to the south, through Pannal as far as Starbeck, where it disappears below the Permian rocks. On the northern side of the anticlinal the total thickness of this group of rocks does not appear to be so great ; but we still have the uppermost member which dips to the north-west at about 43°, forming a marked feature to the south of Oak Beck along the line of the well- known Birk Crags. These rocks, at their eastern end, bend round towards the fault, and at the same time the dip is considerably less, for at Starbeck we have the top bed of Kinder Grit dipping east at 4° ; from this it appears that the anticlinal of Harrogate. dies out to the east, and that there is no great anticlinal ridge of carboniferous rocks below the Permian and ' Trias in this part of the country.* The Third Grits are not nearly so much disturbed as those we have been describing. To the south of Harrogate the lower or Follifoot beds form the escarpment south of the Crimple, known as Follifoot Moor, where they have a dip to south-east of about 8°. To the north of this they are thrown down by a small east and west fault running through Rudfarlington, but again appear in the valley at Crimple Farm and Eudfarlington Wood, a little north of which they arc lost below the unconforinable Permian rocks, but again crop up in the bed of the river Nidd above Knaresborough. The Cayton Gill bed, which is not very strikingly exhibited in this part of the country, next succeeds and forms a band running across the Prospect Tunnel and Rudding Park ; to the south-east of this we have the thick beds of Plompton Grit, spreading over the country in the direction of Spofforth and Plompton, with a few inlying patches cropping up from below the Permian at Birkham Wood, Goldsborough Mill and Knaresborough. On the northern side of the Harrogate anticlinal these beds roll over, and on the north side of Oak Beck we get the Follifoot beds dipping north-east across Killinghall Moor and Harrogate End to the limestone at Bilton — the Cayton Gill bed capping the hill at Saltergate. At Killinghall there is a large spread of Plompton Grit, which extending eastwards across the Nidd as far as the limestone near Scriven, is bounded on the west by small faults which again throw up the Lower Third Grit beds on both sides of the river above Eipley Station. On Scarah Moor there is a second anticlinal, having its axis parallel to that at Harrogate, which brings up the Follifoot and Cayton Gill beds for a short distance, but they are soon cut off by an east and west fault * See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol, xxiv., p. 323. 1& a little north of Thornton Moor Mouse, and only appear again in the low ground west of Haddockstones Grange and in the valley west of Fountains Abbey. The Plompton Grit, north of the river Nidd, mainly occupies a con- siderable tract of country ranging north-west from Scriven to the banks of the Skell at Fountains. Throughout this district it is much obscured by Boulder-clay and gravel, but its outcrop to the north and west of Ripley is clearly marked. The Permian beds, which have a general north-easterly dip of from 2° to 3°, occupy, as we have said before, a band of countiy running diagonally across the western half of the map. They form a well-marked line capping the grit escarpment from Spof- forth to Plompton, where they are thrown down by an east and west fault, a good section of which was seen in the bank of the river Nidd, and also in the roadside at the same place. The Limestone is again seen near Rudfarlington, but a little to the north of this it appears either to thin out or to have been denuded away previous to the deposition of the marl ; as in a quarry at Arlington House, we have red marl resting directly on Millstone Grit rocks, and on the right bank of the Nidd, above Knaresborough High Bridge, a band of limestone appears below the marl, but is too thin to be delineated on the map. About Bilton the limestone again appears to thicken, and we have it occurring in that neighbourhood in a series of outliers along a north-east and south-west line at Bilton and Scriven. From Knaresborough northwards, the limestone forms a well-marked escarpment by Farnham and South Stainley as far as Markington ; from this point northwards its exact base is obscured by a thick deposit of gravel. At Barsneb, South Stainley, Nidd Hall, and Nidd Bock are outlying patches of this lime- stone ; at the first and last of these places the rock is exposed in quarries, but at South Stainley the only evidence was the fragments in the fields, and at Nidd Hall that derived from a -well. At Nidd Rock the limestone appears to be thrown in by a fault, for on the south side of the river we have the massive red grit of Plompton forming a cliff of 50 feet or more, and in the bed of the river these beds are seen dipping to the north at a high angle. On the north side of the river nothing but limestone is to be seen until we come to the next railway-cutting to the east, where we have soft yellow limestone reposing on red sandstone and shales ; whether the limestone is here faulted down or was deposited against an old cliff of Millstone Grit there is not sufficient evidence to prove, the river having obliterated the junction.* In the neighbourhood of Goldsborough are two or three snfkll faults which more or less affect the Permian measures. The principal evidence for these is exposed along the banks of the river, but to the east they soon become obscured by a thick covering of Boulder-clay. * Although the evidence at this place seems to he in favour of a fault, or at least of an unconformahle junction, it is juit possible that the apparAt irregularity may be caused by a rapid change of dip ; for while in the bed of the river, on the southern side, the Millstone Grit is seen to be lying nearly flat, on the northern bank the same beds are seen to dip rapidly to the north and east, and the junction may be conform- able and unfaulted as in the diagram given below. 20 Kg. 6. Fault at Goldsbrough Mill. Drawn by J. C. Ward. , a. Bed grit. b. Soft yellow limestone, with small pebbles from the grit in its lower part, and occasional thin lines of similar pebbles. c. Yellow earthy thin-bedded limestone (above footpath). d. Earthy limestone. e. Thin-bedded limestone. /. Thicker earthy limestone. g. Eed marl, only a few feet thick, there being a quari'y in yellow limestone just behind. The Triassic beds, which really cover half the superficial area of the map, are, on account of the enormous alluvial deposits of the Vale of York, represented as occupying only a space equal in extent to that of the Permian. This portion, coloured on the map as Trias, is occupied entirely by the Bunter Sandstone, which has been seen at the few places mentioned above. It is a gently undulating district, thickly covered with Boulder-clay and gravel, and forming no good geological boundaries. On the western side its base can be only traced approximately by the aid of wells, and on the eastern side it gradually sinks below the great plain of centi-al Yorkshire, leaving no clue (except the borehole mentioned above) to the liature of the strata between this and the Lias of Easingwold, where the sandy and fossiliferous beds of the Marlstone begin to rise on the flanks of the Oolitic outlier at Craike. Thus all the faults, with the exception of those near Goldsborough, appear to be more or less connected, and to owe their origin to the great prsB-Permian disturbances of the Pendle range in the western part of the map; for at Harrogate all the faults of any note ai-e more or less parallel to that axis, and this is again the case on Scarab Moor ; but intermediate between these to the west of Eipley, where the beds are somewhat»arched along an axis striking north and south, the faults also range in that direction. From the foregoing remarks we see that the area included in the map tnay be divided into three districts, each having an aspect peculiar td itself. In the south-west corner the Millstone Grit rocks, when not obscured by drift, form the usual bold features and deep valleys peculiar to this formation, although not in so mai-ked a degree as these rocks do ftirther to the westj the effect being somewhat lessened by the high angles at which the rocks lie near HaiTOgate. The Yoredale rocks attain a height of 600 feet above the sea at Harlow Hill, but the Mill- stone Grit rocks do not rise to more than an average height of 400 feet. The Permian and Triassic rocks, or more properly speaking, the Magnesian Limestone and Bunter Sandstone (as it is only these which really affect the physical character of the country), form the central district. The former of these rocks, whicb together occupy an area equal to that of half the tnap, usually forms at good escarpment on their western 21 side, while to the east they gradually slope away below the alluvial covering of the Vale of York. This district which is somewhat elevated^ and may ia the extreme north, near Fountains' Abbey, where it is thickly covered with drift, attain a height of nearly 600 feet, does not rise to more than 200 feet above the sea in the southern portion of the map. Almost the entire surface of these rocks is covered by gravels and sands of glacial and post-glacial age, which have very much altered its physical aspect; so that instead of a continuous and uniform slope to the east, we get a series of mounds and hills which form a generally undulating and park-like country. To the east of this is the great alluvial plain stretching north from York. This district which, when viewed from the higher ground on either side, appears to be a dead flat, is in reality somewhat undulating. The Warp Clay, which covers the larger part of this ground, forms an almost perfectly level plain, having 'an average height of about 50 feet above the present sea-level, while the sand and gravel with which it is associated forms gently undulating ground, attaining a height of 75 feet above this plain at Tholthorpe. Before closing this portion of our subject it will be as well to say a few words about the general denudation of the valleys and the courses in which the present rivers flow. The general drainage of the country is to the east, as might be natU' rally inferred from the dip of the rocks ; but it is curious to observe that all the rivers to the west of the Magnesian Limestone escarpment have cut their way through that formation, and form a series of steep valleys or gorges, which contain some of the prettiest scenery in the district ; thus the Skell at Studley, the Beck at South Stainley, the Nidd at Knaresborough, the Crimple at Spofforth, and even the little stream near Walkingham Hall have each a separate channel through the Permian escarpment. Another curious circumstance is,' that although the stream coming down from Haddockstones now flows eastwards by Markington and South Stainley into the Ure at Newby, this does not appear to have been its original course ; for at Dole Bank, and thence southwards to Ripley, there is a well-marked gorge, which is in some places fully as wide and deep as that of the Nidd near Knaresborough, and consider- ably larger than that in which the present stream flows. This valley is now only drained by the diminutive stream of Cayton Gill, which joins the Nidd below Eipley ; but it is evident that a much lai-ger stream must originally have cut the streamless deiile at Dole Bank, where it is interesting to observe the abrupt turn the Markington Beck makes to avoid this valley. LONDON: Printed by Geoeob E. Etee and William Spottisttoode, Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 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Sheets divided into four quarters, (1 N.W., N.E, S.W., 8^.), 42, 43, 4S, 46, S2. 63, 6455, 66, 57, (69 N.B., 8.B.), 66, 61, 6^63, 71, M, 73, 74. 75, (76 N„ 8.), (77 N.), 78, 79, 80, 81, 82. 88, 89, 105 (87 N: 6d. each, BOSXZOirTA& SaCTIOirS, lOuttraUveetffht Omloeieai Ifaps, , 1 tp 86, Bngland, price St. each. 1 to 4, Scotland, price 5*. eacli. 1 to 21, Ireland, price St. each. . ° VIWTZCA:^ SSCTZOKB, nUutratne ofBoriamM Seetiotu and Mapi, 1 to 4^ England, price 8«.6<;.eacli. I, Ireland. price 3«. 6. 6d. in wrapper ; 2>. in boards.- A DES0RIF1XVE GUIDE to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY, with Notices of the OeoloigMal Burv«y of the tTnited Eingdoih. the School of Mines, and the Mining Record OUce. By Bobebi Husi. KBiB., and F.W. RUDIEB. Price 6d. (3rd Edition.) A DEBCRIFTIVB CATALOGUE of the ROCK SPECIMENS in the MUSBUM.of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY By A. 0. Raubat, F.B..S., H. W. Bbibtow, F.R.8., H. Bauebmait, and A. Getkie. F.G.8. Price U. (3rd Edit.) . On the TERTIARY FLUVIO-MARINE FORMATION of the ISLE of WIGHT. By Bdwabd Fobbbs, F.R.S. Illus- > trated with a Map and Plates of F&ssils, Sections, &c. Price Ss. On the GEOLOGY of the COUNTRr around CHELTENHAM. Illustrating Sheet 44. By E. Hvu, A.B. Price 2(.6d. On the GEOLOGY of PARTS of WILTSHIRE and GLOUCESTERSHIRE (Sheet 34). By A. C. Raiibat, F.R.B., F.G.S., W. T. AVBlllfBj P.G.S., and EdWabd Hull, BA., F.G.8. Price M. On the GEOLOGY of the SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE COAL-FIELD. By' J. B. JTVZES, M. A, F.R,R. '(3rd Edit.) U.6d. On the GEOLOGY of the WARWICKSHIRE COAl^FIELD. By H. H. HowEix, F.G.B. l«.6d. ' OntlieGEOLOGYof the COUNTRY around WOODSTOCK, niustrating Sheet 46 B.W. By E. Huix, A.B. It. On the GEOLOGY of the COUNTRY around PRESCOT, LANCASHIRE. By Edwabs Hull, A.B.. FJG.S. (2iid Edition.) Illustrating Quarter Sheet. No. 80 N.W. Price 8ii. On the GEOLOGY of PART of MilCESTBRSHIRE. By W. TAIBOX Atbmeb, F.G.S.. and H. H. HowEix. y.G.S. Illustrating Quarter Sheet, No. 63 S.E. Price 8d. _ _ On the GEOLOGY of FART of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Illustrating Sheet 63 S.E. By W. T. AVEinni. F.6.8.. and RiCHABD Tbbsok. BX. F.G.B. Price Sd. _ On the GEOLOGY of the A8HBY-DE-LA-Z0UCH COAL-FIELD. By ESWASO Hull. A3.. F.G.8. lUustrating Sheets • 63 N.W. and 71 S;W, Prices*. „ .„ , „, „ „ On the GEOLOGY of PABTB of OXFORDSHIRE and BERKSHIRE. By B. Hull, A3, and W. WmrAEBE. B J. lUustratinK Sheet IS. Price S«. {Out of print.) .„. On the GEOLOGY of PARTS of NOBTHAMPTONBHIRE and WARWICKSHIRE. By W. T. Ateueb, F.G.B. Illustrating Quarter Sheet SSN.B. ad. _ „„_„„,.„„, , On the GEOLOGY of the COUNTRY around WIG AN. ByEDWABD Huil,A.B.,F.S.B. Illustrating Sheet 89 S.W, on the One-inch Scale, and'Sheets 84.86. 92, 93. 100, 101 on the Six-inch Scale, Lancashire. . (2nd Edition.) Price U. On the (3E0L0GY of TBINlSlAD (Westludiau Surveys). By G.P.Waxl and J. G. Saveihs, F.G.8, with Maps and QhtheGECOiOGYof JAMAICA (West Indian Surveys). ByJ.G.SAWKlNB.Ac. WithMaps 4 Sections. 8vo. 1871, Price 9». COUNTRY around ALTBINCHAM, CHESHIRE. ByB. HULL,BX IUustratlng80N3. RiceSd. . GEOLOGY of PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVELIH^, F.G.S. lUustratmg 82 S.E. COUNTRY around NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. Aveliite, F.G.S. Illustnting 71 N3. Price 8<2. alio GEOLOGY of PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. lUustrating Sheet 82 N.B. The'^^BOLOGY'of SOUTH BERKSHmE and NORTH HAMPSHIRE. lUustrating Sheet 12. By H. W. Bbibtow Tho*GEM.Oa"rf1he MLB OF WIGHT, fWim theWBAJ-DEN FOEMMIOH to the HEMPSTEAD BEDS inchufiTft Tritti Illustrations, and aList of the FossUs. lUustrating Sheet 10. By H.W.Beistow,F.R.8. Price 0». The GEOLOGY of EDDf BURGH. IllustratingShcet 32 (Scottand). Pnce4». By H..H.HDWELLandA.GBixiB. m,l GEOLOGY of the COUNTRY around BOflCON, LANCASHIRE. By E. Hull, Jt.A. lUustratmg Sheet 89 S3. Price 2». The GEOLOGY of BERWICK. lUustratuigSheet 34 Scotland, linoh. ByA.GElKls. Price2». ThlGBOJ^GYoftfreCOTOTRYaipund By B. Hull. B^. Ulustratiug 88 S.W. Price 2... 4 mOPOLOGY of PARTS of MIDDLESEX, &c. IllustrafinK Sheet 7. By W. Whitakbb, B.A. Price 2». ■Tlie GBOI^GY rf the COUNTRY ^und BANBURY. WOO&STOCK, and BUCKINGHAM. Sheet 45. By A,H. GEEBir. The^GEOMiGYrfthe COUNTRY between FOLKESTONE and RYE. By J. D^w, F.G.S. (Sheet*,) Pricel*. The GEOWGY of EAST LOTHlUf. Ac. (Maps SO. 84. .41. Scot.) By H. H. Howell. F.GA. A. Gbikib, FJB.8.. and J YotkoTmJ). WittianApT)endlxontheFossilsbyJ.W.SALTEE.A.Ii.S. „, ,«„ The GEOLOGY rf part of the YORKSHIRE COAL-FIELD (88 S3.) By A. H. Gbees, MA.. J. B. Daktbb. M.A, and Tho'GEOLwt^f'thS OOiraTRYWoen LIVERPOOL and SOUTHPORT (90S.B.) By C. B. Db BAifOB, F.GJ3. Ti,„ OFOL??OT rf the COUNTRY around SOUTHPORT, LYTHAM. and SOUTH SHORE. By C. E. Db Raitob, F.G.S. Thn GEOLOGY S^e OABBONIFEEOUS BOCKS NORTH and EAST of LEEDS, and the PEilMIAN and TRfASSIC The GEOU)Gy MWieWLBB^mr|^^ T. Avelise, F.G.S., A. H. GEEEir.M.A, J. R. Daktkb, MjL. J. C. Wabi).P.G.S.. TIio^GEOLOGY^^thl^NEIGHBOURHOOD of KIRKBY LOI^DALE and KENDAL. By W. T. AvBLlHB, P.6,S, m Mn K HriiHES M.A.. F.S.A., and R. H. TlDDBSCAK, BA, Price 2». The GEOiSot oft& NBIGHBdURHOOD of KENDAL, •frlNDERMEBE. SEDBERGH. and TEBAY. By W. T. iiio .v^ey.tji^fn o —J T Mc K. n-c^wm. M.4.n F„S.A. Price 1». 6d. THE COAL-FrELDS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ARE ILLUSTRATED BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. COAL-FIELDS OF UNITED KINGDOM .(.Illnstrated by the follovring Maps.) Angless^, W (SW). Bnstpl a.nd Sotuerset, 19, 85. Coidbrook Sale, 61 (N'E & SI!)> '. 01eeHill,5S(NE,NTir). Denbighsliire, 71 (NE & , JPerby and Yorkshire, 71 (N 79XSEJ. ■ ite,;* SE), 89 (NW &SW), ■ 81 {NB), 87 (NB, SB), 88 (SE)4 ■pUntshire, 79 (NE & SB). - • Forest of Dean, 43 (SB & SW). , . Forest ofWyre, filjfSE), 55 (NE). •Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (W), 89(SE,NE,i SW), 88(SW). (For correspondini; six-inch Maps, see detailed list.) •Leicestershire, 71 (SW), 63 (NW)< Newcastle, 105 (SE & SB). •North Staffordshire. 72 (NW), 72 (SW), 73 (NE), 80 (SE). 81 (SW). ••South Staffordshire, 5f (NW). 62 (SW). Shrewshnry. 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). •South Wales. 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 (SE, SW). •Warwickshire, 62 (NE & SE), 63 (NW & SW). 54 (NB), 6S (NW). ■ Yorkshire, 88, 87 (SW). 93 (SW). SCOTLAND. •Bdinbureh, .32, 33. •Haddington, 32, S3. Fife and Kinross, 40, 41. IRELAND. «Kantnrk,l74,175. •Oastleoomer, 128,137. •Kijlenaule (Tipperary), 146. (For Sections illnsti'ating these Maps, see detailed list.) • With descriptive Memoir. GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. Scale, six inches ta a mile. The Ooalflelds of Lancash&e, Northumherland, jDurham, , Yorkshire. Edinburghshire. Haddington,. Fif^shire, and Ayrshire are being surveyed on' a scale of six inches to a ' mile. Price e«. ' '■■j', Xtanctwlilre. fftS. Colne, Twiston Moor. M. Laneshaw Bridge. Horjz. Sect. 62, partly illustrates B6. Haggate. 68. Horiz, Sect. 62. 85. this sheet. 67. Winewall. 63. Balderstone, Sec. 63. Aocrington. 8*. Burnley. 86. Stiperden Moor. 4s. 70. Blaokbum. &c. 71. Haslingden. 72. CKviger, Bacup, &c. 73. Todmorden. 4s. 78. Bolton-le-Moors. 79. Entwlstle. 80. Tottington. 81. Wordle. es. • • Horiz. Sect. 66. Illustmtes 84. Ormskirk. St. John's. &e, 85. Btandish. &c. 86. Adlington, Hotwick. &c. - 87. Boltonile-Moors - 88. Bury Qeywood - 89. llochdUe.&c. 92. Bickbrstaffe. Skelmbrsdale, 9-3. Wigaa, TTp Holland, &o. - 94. WestBonglita»,HiiHlley. Atherton . . - 95. Badcliffe.FeelSwinton.ftc. 96. Middleion. Frestwich. Ac 97. Oldliam, &c. - 100. Knowsley, lUiinford, Ice. 101. Billinge, AsbtoB, &e. 102. Leigh, Lowton the sheet. 67. 87i 86-871 66. . 8*. 87-68. 87. 84^85. 64-65. 87. 108. Asmey, Eocles' , - - 104. Manchester. Sajford, &c. ■ 105. Ashton-under-Lyne 106. Liverpool. &c - • 107. Preaoott, Huyton, 4c. - 108. St. Helen's. Burton Wood 109. Warwick, So. 6». 111. Cheedale.part of Stookpolft, 4c. 112. Stockport, 4e. 4S. ' 113. Part of Liverpool, 4c. 4». '.,,,... . ^ Sheets 84, 86, ^2, 93, 100, and 101 are included in the one-inch Ifep 89 SW. and are described in the "Memoir of the Gedlogy of the Country around Wigan." Second edition. Price Is. • ^ancasbtre- cont. iart),102,103,104(in Sheets 86, 87^ 83 (in part), 94, 95. 96 (in part). 102, 109. Sart)i Are included in the one-inch Map 89 SB., and are escribed in the" Memoir on the (Jeology of the Country around Bolton^l&'MQBis." Sheets 107, 108, ate included in the one-in(& Map 80 NW., and are described intbe "Memoir ou the Geology of the Countiy round Pcesoott." Sheets 8g, 89, 96,97. lOt, 105, HI, 112, on the six^oh scale, are included in 88 S W., and are described in a Memoir on the Geology of the Country around Oldham, including Manchester and its Suburbs. Burbam. Scale, six inches to a mite. Sheet. 10. Bdmond Byers. ' 4s. 1. Byton. 4s. 11. Ebchester. 2. Ga;teshcad. 4s. IS. Chestep-le-Street. 6s. • 3. Jarrow. 4s. 14. Ohester-Ie-Street. 4. S. Shields. 4s. 17. Waskerley. 6. Greenside. 4s. 19. Lanchest«r. 6s. Vertical 6. Winlaton. , Section, S9. 7. Washington. 20. Hotton-le-HoIe. 8. Sunderland. 25. Wolsingbam. 9. ' 4s. 26. Brancepeth, irortbuinberland. Scale, six inches to a mile. 47. Coqu^.lsland. 4s. 56. Druridge Bay. 4c 65. Newbiggin. 4s. 68. Belingnam. 69. Bediesdale. 72. Bedlington. 73. Blyth. 4s. 77. Swinburn. 78. Ingoe. .6s. 80. Cramlington. 81. Earsdon.. 84,'Newboraiigh. 85. Chollerton. . 86. Matfen. 87,. Eeddon-oii-the-Wall. 88. Long Benton. 89. Tynennnth. 95. Corbridge. 96. Horsley. 4s. 97. Newcastle-on-Tyne. 4*. 98. Walker. 4s. 109. Shofleyaeld. 12. Penicuick, Goalfielda of Lasswade, 4c. 13. Teniple,4c. 14. Pathcad. 4s. 17. Brunstoh Collieiy, 4c, 18. Howgate. These Sheets' are' included in 106 NE., One inch, Torksblre. 201. Bingley. -274. Bamsley. 246. Huddersfleld. 281. Langsell: 260. Honler. 287. Low Bradford. 272. Holmflrth. 293. Hallam Moors. 4s. 273. Fenistone. SCOTLAND. Scale, six inches to a mile. EdlnburgrbBblre, 2. Edinburgh, &c. 3. Fortobello. Mussel- burgh. &c. « 6. Gilmerton, Burdie House, 4c. 7. Dalkeith, 4c - 8. Preston Hall. 4s. ^niese Sheets are included in Sheet 3% One-inch scale. 8. Preston Hall, 4c 14. Fala, 4c. Baadlngtoiisblre. , Six inches to a mile.' 8. Frestonpans. 4c Price 4s. 9. Trenentr, Gladsmuir, 4o. Price 6s. 13, Blphinstone. 4o. Price 4s. 14. Otmlston. East Salton, 4c These Sheets are included in Sheet 32, One-inch scale. Horitontal Sections 82, 63, and Tertical Section 28 iUustrata these Six-inch Maps. Fifeshlre. Six inches to a mile 24. Markinch, 4o. S3. Suckhaven. ' 26. Scoonie, 4c. 35. Dontermline. 30. Beath, 4c. 38. Kinghom. 31. Auchterderran. . 4s. 37. Kinghom, 4s. 32. Dysart. 4c Ayrsblre. Six inches to one mile. 19. IT«wmilnS. 38. Grieve Hill. 26. Glenbuck. 4s. . 40. Chiltree. 27. Monkton, 4c. 41. Datleagler. 28. Taivbolton, 4c. 42. New Cumnock. 30. Aird'sJUoss. 46. Dalmellington. 31. Muirkirk. 4s. 47. Benbeock. 33. Ayr. 4c 60. Daily. 34. Coylton. 62. Glenmoat. MINERAL STATISTICS. Embracing the producs Qf Tin. Copper. Lend. Silver, Zinc Iron!.S'°*'s> ^''^ °*'^|,''5'?^?^i.,''^=^ri^¥r'^ ^^'™' ^■^^- Keever of Aing Records. From 1853 to 1857, inclusive. Is. «d. each. 1868.1>orti:,ls.ed.i Portr/..6s. 1869,ls.aA, MC8s.M..18n;&.raXAPPBndix.ls. 1862,2s.6d. isra^ 1864, a». 1865, 2s. Bd. 1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871, 2s.each.. ^^g ^^^^ Qj^gg OF GREAT BRITAIN. Parti. The IRON 0BJ2S of the North and North Midland Counties of England (Ott* ofpHfO). Part II. The IBON OEBS of South Staffordshire Price Is. Part III. The IBON ORES of South Wales, fricels. Sd. Part IT. Tljo IBON OK.ES of the Shropshire Coal-field and of North Staffordshire. Is. 3d. rN/^/?^A/^rr^rr>Anon.nA/^^^^^^0 ^^Ar, ^c^mo. " ~ "^ * " sAA AR^ i^^aH '^W^^'s^, if-iH^^R^^: ^^SW^ /*^(^'/^' '■'^^ o .c^ /i^h k^ ,^. _\/^/^, ^^^^Odn^«^ lAArt «. ./^. A' /=;';,»' 'rr:.r>-^--r-]^.\/7>^^ :im^^M^>fif<^f-'