^*^ws QJatnell Uniueraitg ffiihrarjj Stifuta, Hem ^ork FROM THE BENNO LOEWY LIBRARY COLLECTED BY BENNO LOEWY 1854-I9I9 ^\ *^ W^S^' The date shows when this volume was taken. |:^^o v$}i^W this book t 80&I AS Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092565591 1^1 ^.5 '$> 6.5 1.6 C) 100.0 11.3 40.8 59.2 » Less than 0.05 per cent. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. I. i S fO a I I ■•I -2 ? a; 1 -g e g o o o ■^ O o o a: a z < >- > Z -I u z LJ C9 O o— II ■■■■■ hiJIiiiiiii .1 oi 0:9: llJ X LI > z Z& o < l*^ ^ -. o o z z «)< z^iEr? z^zzz I1.IUU ^ u ^Z^xZ ZZ^^ ^Tv-Z »- £z>- J 5j>-, H2-«z5l-3^-Wtf,>- >> 5 •JgfeZ ajgcozziKiUnjp&t'^ 5 Z^Zfi lD_tOTOUli.l3iE!lL:_l _ m o o o o 3 o -« -I 0. 0: u) (/) tf) q: o Chapter II. RACIAI DISPLACEMENTS. History of imimgratioii to the coal mines of the Southwest— Period of residence in me United btates of foreign-bom employees and membere of their households— Kacial classification of employees at the present time— History of immigration to the Oklahoma coal fields— Racial movements to selected localities in Oklahoma— msent racial classification of Oklahoma mine workers— Period of residence in the United btates of foreign-bom employees in Oklahoma— Future immigration to Oklahoma— History of immigration to the Kansas mines— Racial movements to selected bitummoua mining localities in Kansas— Racial classification of Kansas nune workers— Penod of residence in the United States of foreign-bom employees m Kansas— Future immigration to Kansas.- [Text Tables 389 to 396 and General Tables 153 and 154.] HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL MINES OF THE SOUTHWEST. No satisfactory statistics for the coal industry in the Southwest ¥rior to 1883 are available. The Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian 'erritory fields were not opened on any considerable scale until about the year 1885, and the annual production in Texas had not reached large proportions by 1890, the principal period of development in the latter State being as late as the five years 1902 to 1907. Kansas took the lead in developing her coal deposits, and if Kansas and Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) be considered as representa- tive of the Southwest, it may be said that coal mining by the year 1885 had reached an important stage of development. Four years later these two States were producing together about 3,000,000 short tons annually. This had increased m 1902 to more than 8,000,000 tons, and in 1907 to more than 11,000,000 tons. During the same period the number of men employed in the coal mines of Kansas and Oklahoma had increased as follows:" i 1889. 1902. 1907. 5,956 1,862 7,017 4,763 12,439 8,398 Total . 7,818 11,780 20,837 The above data show that the development of mining in the two States led to the employment of almost 4,000 more men in 1902 as compared with 1889, and slightly over 9,000 more in 1907 than in 1902. The significant feature of the situation from the standpoint of immi- gration is that not only the original employees, but also the increased number due to the expansion of coal operations, were largely recruited from immigrant races entering the United States at the time of the opening of the mines, or from immigrants who had already settled in other mining sections of the United States. "Compiled from reports of United States Census. 48296°— VOL 7—11 2 9 10 TTie Immigration Commission. Both Kansas and Oklahoma were very sparsely inhabited about 1878, and the management of the properties induced Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh to come from the coal regions of Pennsylvania to work in the mines. Mines had been developed in Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) as early as 1873, and a few immigrants were then employed, but the movement of immigrant races to these mines did not assume large proportions until the year 1880. After that year the older immigrants from Great Britain began to come to the Southwest in considerable numbers from Pennsylvania, the Middle West, and other coal fields of the country. The movement continued until the early nineties in Oklahoma (then Indian Territory), and until 1895 in Kansas, when the arrival of men of the races of northern Europe prac- tically stopped. As early as 1880 Croatians, Germans, Poles, and Lithuamans were also in the field. They were induced to come from Pennsylvania in some cases, and in others were furnished transportation by agents of the coal companies at the Atlantic ports. The number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe em- ployed in the mines was small, however, until the early nineties, when they began to come of their own accord. After 1895 the;^ entered the field in large numbers. The following table, classifying mine employees in Kansas and Oklahoma (Indian Territory) according to nativity indicates the presence of Italians, Poles, Eussians, and other recent immigrants in considerable numbers. It also indicates the large proportion of immigrants from Great Britain employed in the mines. Table 389. — Number of miners and quarrymen in Kansas and Oklahoma {Indian Territory), iy nativity, 1900. [Compiled from United States Census of 1900: Occupations.] Nativity. Kansas. Oklahoma (Indian Territory). Total Aggregate NatlTe white: Native parents ( Foreign parents Foreign white Colored: Total Negro Persons of native parentage Persons having either both parents born as specified or one parent born as specit^ed and one parent native: Austria-Hungary Canada, English Canada, French Germany Great Britain Ireland Italy Poland Russia Scandinavia Other countries Persons of mixed foreign parentage 9,545 3,S68 1,311 3,204 1,162 1,158 5,023 354 40 9 683 1,483 487 458 47 13 221 602 225 4,201 1,823 309 1,130 917 2,757 105 11 3 99 488 122 321 109 47 7 84 48 13,746 5,691 1,620 4,334 2,101 2,075 J, 780 459 51 12 782 1,971 609 779 156 60 Z!3 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 11 PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOTEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. The following table, based upon reports from 4,089 foreign-bom males in the bituminous coal-mining district of the Southwest shows, by general nativity and race, the period of residence in the United States of individual mine workers. Table 390.— P«r cent bf foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STDDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in tlia United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. TtJs table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals however, is for all loreign-born.] Bace. Number reporting complete data. Per cent in United States each specified number of years. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. English French German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish.... Busslan Scotch Slovak.. Slovenian Total... 246 212 181 92 1,160 427 121 48 109 216 106 137 128 195 11.0 26.4 19.9 13.0 38.4 40.7 24.0 39.6 26.6 39.8 28.3 9.5 43.0 40.0 10.2 23.6 13.3 7.6 36.7 35.4 34.7 39.6 23.9 31.0 37.7 9.5 27.3 33.3 4.1 6.6 3.9 3.3 9.7 13.3 17.4 6.3 22.0 13.9 13.2 2.2 6.3 9.7 6.1 14.2 17.1 6.5 7.9 4.9 14.0 6.3 19.3 8.8 6.6 4.4 16.4 9.7 68.7 29.2 45.9 69.6 7.2 5.6 9.9 8.3 8.3 6.6 14.2 74.5 7.0 7.2 33.1 8.8 9.2 19.0 Of the 4,089 foreign-born male employees reporting complete data, it will be seen that nearly one-third, or 33.1 per cent, have been in the United States less than five years, and nearly two-thirds, or 63 per cent, less than ten years, while less than one-fifth, or 19 per cent, have been in the United States twenty years or over. Perhaps the best method of discussing this table would be to separate the foreign-born races given into two OToups; the first to be known as the older immigrants, including the English, Irish, Scotch, French, and Germans, and the second group to be known as the more recent immigrants — this last to include all other races reported in the above table except the Mexicans, who for obvious reasons should not be classified with either the recent or less recent immigrants of Euro- pean origin. It will be noted that, in the column showing the percentages of the various races with a residence of twenty years or over in the United States, the Scotch show nearly thrpes-fourths, or 74.5 per cent, while the South Italians show only 5.6 per cent. These, of course, are the two extremes, the highest per cent of the older immigrants and the lowest per cent of the more recent immigrants. It might be well to mention, however, in this connection that a greater variance exists among the older than among the more recent immigrants ; for, follow- ing the Scotch, are the Irish, with 69.6 per cent; English, 68.7 per cent; 12 The Immigiation Commission. German, 45.9 per cent; and French, with 29.2 per cent. Among the more recent immigrants the Russians show the largest proportion, or 14.2 per cent, in the United States twentjr years or over, after which the percentage of the various races with this period of residence varies very Httle, ranging from 9.9 per cent of the Lithuanians to 5.6 per cent of the South Italians. The Scotch and Magyars show the same proportion with a residence less than five years as they show with a residence of from five to nine years, while the Russians and Lithuanians show smaller percentages with a residence under five than from five to nine years. With these exceptions, all other races report a larger percentage of their number in the United States less than five years than is shown by the same races for a residence of from five to nine years; the largest gain being shown by the Slovaks, who report 43 per cent in the United States under five years, as compared with 27.3 per cent in the United States from five to nine years. The proportions of the foreign-bom males of the different races in the households studied who have been here less than five years, less than ten years, and less than twenty years, respectively, are shown in the following table, by- race of individual. Table 391. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOBSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction J3 made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all loreign-bom.] Bace ol individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent of persons in United States each specified number of years. Under 5. Under 10. Under 20. Croatian 58 78 306 108 121 36 104 106 122 68 43.1 20.5 46.4 53.7 27.3 38.9 10.6 50.9 30.3 19.1 81.0 21.8 83.7 88.9 69.4 63.9 31.7 74.5 59.0 26.5 100.0 Irish 24.4 Italian, North 97.4 Italian, South 98.1 Lithuanian 94.2 83.3 Mexican 84.6 Polish...: 93.4 Slovak 86.9 Welsh 47.1 Total 1,118 36.4 65.2 85 4 Data were secured from 1,118 foreign-born individuals. Of these over one-third, 36.4 per cent, have been in the United States less than five years, 65.2 per cent less than ten years, and 85.4 per cent less than twenty years. The race having the largest proportion of men in the United States less than five years is the South Italian; that having the smallest proportion is the Mexican. The South Italians have the largest pro- portion of men in the United States less than ten years, and the Irish have the smallest. The entire number of Croatians reported have been in this country less than twenty years. The race having the smallest proportion of men here less than twenty years is the Irish. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 13 The distinction between the figures for the races of the recent immi- gration and those for the races of the less recent immigration, so far as they are represented in this locality, is very marked. More than three-fourths of the Irish and more than half of the Welsh have been in the United States twenty years or over. The proportion of men of the races of eastern and southern Europe who have oeen in the coun- try twenty years or more is, as will be noted, very small. RACIAL,' CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. The arrival of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe continued steady after the year 1900 and was especially marked during the period 1902 to 1907. The demand for labor arising from the opening of new mines or the extension of old workings was sup- plied by the immigrants of recent arrival, and the operating forces of the mines rapidly absorbed a constantly growing proportion of immi- grant mine workers from southern and eastern Europe. The extent to which recent immigrants found employment in the mines of Kansas and Oklahoma during this period wks disclosed by an indi- vidual study of bituminous mine workers in these two States. More than 7,000 mining employees furnished information as to race and country of birth, and these data are presented in the table which follows, exhibiting the different races employed. Table 392. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STODY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Indian Native-bora or foreign fatlier, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmarlc England France. Germany Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands Russia Scotland Sweden r Switzerland Africa (country not specifled).. . Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French 1,675 23.8 396 5.6 2 (.") 2fi .4 9 .1 4 .1 2 (a) 180 2.6 36 .5 104 1.5 141 2.0 64 .9 9 .1 4 .1 20 .3 147 2.1 6 .1 1 C) 40 .S 2 C) 29 .4 6 ..1 4 .» 1 (a) 14 .2 1 (a) 9 .1 254 3.6 2 .(") 215 3.1 Foreign-born, by race — Continued. German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specifled) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Norwegian PoUsh Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian , Welsh , West Indian Australian (race not^pecifled).. Austrian (race not specified)'. . . . Belgian (race not specified). . . . . Sw&3 (race not specified) Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-bom Total foreign-bom ise 3 99 1,169 429 10 125 49 114 2 221 4 107 148 1 133 196 5 19 3 37 1 2 455 lis 1 7,036 795 2,868 4,168 2.6 C) 1.4 16.6 6.1 .1 1.8 .7 1.6 («) 3.1 .1 l.S 2.1 C) 1.9 2.8 .1 .3 '■';. 1.6 A") 100.0 11.3 40.8 69.2 uLess than 0.05 per cent. 14 The Immigration Commission. Of the total number reporting as to race, 23.8 per cent were whites, native-born of native father, 5.6 per cent negroes, and 11.3 per cent native-born of foreign father, or, m all, 40.8 of the employees reported that they were native-born. In connection with the second genera- tion it is worthy of note that more than three-fourths were males whose fathers were born in England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Wales, and France, corroborating the statement already made that large numbers of these races had come to the Southwest from other mining localities of the United States. The different immigrants of "foreign birth represent 32 races and constitute almost 60 per cent of the total number furnishing information, which is but slightly in excess of the proportions in which they are employed in the Southwest. In connection with the foreign-born, the EngUsh, German, Irish, French, Scotch, and Welsh races make up 13.3 per cent of the total employees and 22.5 per cent of those of foreign birth. Of the races from southern and eastern Europe the North Italian shows up numerically the strongest, the nuniber of this race reporting being equal to 16.6 per cent of the total employees. The other races present in the largest numbers are, in the order named, the South Itahan, Polish, Slovenian, and Slovak. The history of immigration to Kansas and Oklahoma may be more clearly presented by submitting a general account of racial move- ments to the coal-mining districts of the two States and a detailed history of immigration to representative coal-mining localities. With this object in view a history of racial movements to the mines of the two States will be given in regular order." i HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE OKLAHOMA COAL FIELDS. I From the time when Indians were moved from their homes in Georgia and Mississippi and placed on reservations in the Southwest, the pres- ence of coal was known in Indian Territory. There were outcroppinga in various places, but only primitive strip mining was done, supplying the small local demand for fuel. In the early seventies, however, when a railway company was building its road south, an early settler in Indian Territory secured a wagonload of coal from near the present site of the city of McAlester, Oklahoma, hauled it 125 miles north, and showed it to the officers of the railroad. The coal was tested, found to be of excellent quality, and this undoubtedly led to the extension of the road through the coal district. Even before the railroad was built as far as the coal fields some coal was got out by stripping and was hauled north in wagons. After the completion of the road the Eractice of mining by stripping was continued for several years efore slope or shaft mines were opened. o At the time of the investigation in Oklahoma and Kansas a considerable number of the mines in Arkansas were closed and the remainder were working on a short- time basis. Consequently no detailed work was done in the State. As a result of a general survey, however, it was ascertained that the total number of miners em- ployed in the State was only about 5,000. Outside of the Spadra field, where there are no immigrants, 40 per cent of those employed in the State are estimated to be natives and negroes, 15 per cent Italians, and 10 per cent Poles. The remaining 35 per cent is made up of Germans, Scotch, Welsh, English, Swedes and Slovaks, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a few Irish and Magyars. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 15 Indian Territory in the early seventies was very sparsely settled, and such labor as was necessary to operate the coal properties had to be brought in from other sections of the country. The method of mining coal by stripping required no particular skill, and few miners were brought m during the first years that coal was produced. How- ever, some representatives of almost every race now in the coal fields of Oldahoma were employed in the strip pits. During the years 1873 and 1874 the first laborers were brought to the new coal field. These men were Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, some of whom had been miners in Pennsylvania. As more properties were developed, the demand for labor became greater, and more and more men were brought from other coal fields, principally those of Pennsylvania. The races mentioned above still predominated, but some Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians were also induced to come. There were no cities or toAvus within many miles of the coal-pro- ducing districts, and it was difficult to hold the EngUsh-speaking races, as they preferred to work in a more settled part of the country. It was found by the operators that the Italians^ Russians, Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, and Lithuanians were better satisfied and more con- tented, and during the following years these races wer^ induced to come in grea,ter numbers. After the first mines opened near McAlester, Oklahoma, in 1873, other mines were started in that vicinity, and during 1874 and 1875 prop- erties were developed near what is now the town of Krebs. In 1881 the first mine was put down at Lehirfi, and in 1889 and 1890 mining began at Hartshorn and Coalgate. The field continued to be devel- oped as facilities for the transportation of coal became better. New railroads were built through the mining section, and as the country became more thickly settled the demand for fuel increased, and more mines were opened each year. It is difficult to give a history of any particular race in the mines of Oklahoma, for the reason that representatives of all races were brought in at about the same time, and the history of one immigrant race is the history of all. It was found that it was not well to let any particular race predominate, and in securing men in other coal fields the agents were instructed to secure miners of different nationalities. As far as possible this was done. After the first English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh were brought in during the years 1873 and 1874 all ship- ments of labor were of mixed races. From 1890 to 1895 there were many severe strikes in this section, particularly in 1890 and 1895. Military authorities had to be brought to the aid of the operators to protect property. It was found that the English-speaking races were responsible for agitating and bringing on these strikes, and that these men had been prominent in labor troubles in the East. The leaders were sent notices to leave the country, and several train loads were sent out. The places of the men deported were filled with American negroes brought from Ala- bama and West Virginia as strike breakers, and since then few English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh are to be found in the coal-mining industry in Oklahoma. Immigrants from other countries were not prominently identified in these strikes and were allowed to remain, a]id each year has seen an increase in the number of immigrants 16 The Immigration Commission. employed from continental Europe, The following account by races will show in a more comprehensive way the racial movements and displacements in the coal fields of the State: English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. — To the English, Irish, Scotch,; and Welsh the coal field of Oklahoma owes its development to a great extent. The people of these races were the first inamigrants brought in and were the original mine workers in this territory. Pennsylvania furnished the first quota in the years 1873 and 1874. Others came from the same State during the next few years, and some from Illinois. Until 1890 they contmued to come from almost every coal field in this country and some direct from the mining dis- tricts of their native land. In that year began a series of strikes, which finally caused the displacement of these races throughout-the entire district. The strikes m question were for higher wages, shorter hours, and a recognition of the union. The men of these races were experienced miners and had belonged to labor unions both in this country and at home, and in all the labor troubles during the five years mentioned it was found that the English-speaking races were the leaders and agitators. Though the coal operators recognized these races as the best mine labor to be secured, at the same time they saw that as long as they predominated there would be trouble. In all strikes negroes were employed as strike breakers, and the English, Irish, Scotch, and Weigh were dis- placed by this Bace and by immigrants from other countries. The majority of those displaced left the section, and since 1895 few have worked in the mines. Those remaining have made decided prog- ress, and at the present time the^. majority of the superintendents, mine foremen, and bosses in the district belong to one of these races. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh never colonized, but mingled freely with natives, and in a short time became thoroughly American- ized. Since 1895 very few English-speaking immigrants have come into the field; fewer are working in tne mines each year, and in the opinion of mine officials it wUl be only a question of a few years until none are found in the mining industry in Oklahoma, except as bosses or mine officials. Mexicans. — The history of Mexican immigration to the Oklahoma coal fields began in 1890. Men of this race were employed on construc- tion work on one of the railroads. Seeing a chance to earn more inoney in the mines some applied for work and were engaged. Others came f|bm Texas where they had been employed in railroad work, and of late years many have been coming direct from the coal and silver mines in Mexico. Very few are making their permanent homes in Oklahoma, and a very small percentage own property. More are employed at Dow, Gowan, Lehigh, and Coalgate than in any other pkces, but it can ^|ardly be said that these people are permanent residents in any of the above-mentioned places, as they are continually moving, and wander from one mining town to another, and about as many are returning to Texas and Mexico as are coming into Oklahoma. More than half of the Mexicans in the Oklahoma mmes were born in Texas, but are no more Americanized than those direct from their own country. Italians. — The Italians have increased steadily since the first few rep- resentatives of this race were brought to the coal fields in 1874 and Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 17 1875. Some of these employees sent for their families, but up to the early eighties the percentage accompanied by their wives was small. When a shipment of men was made there were usually from 25 to 50 brought at a time and only once or twice were a hundred or more secured in a body from other sections of the United States. In 1883 it is estimated there were between 200 and 300 of them, including women and children. From this time until 1895 they continued to arrive in large numbers. Many sent for their friends and families and began building homes. From the year 1895 to the present time the influx of this race has not been so rapid, but there has been a steady increase in the number, and each month there are new arrivals. The Italians coming at the present time are mostly direct frbm Europe, while those brought in during the early days were from other States of this country. Many leave each year, but the percentage of those coming in is much larger than of those going out, and a considera- ble number are making Oklahoma their permanent home. From infor- mation secured from steamship agents, it is estimated that during the year 1908 about 458 went to Italy. Out of this number about 50 per cent returned to the United States, bringing their friends and families with them, and those arriving during an equal period of time number about 800, making a gain of 575 in the Italian population for the past year. At the present time Itahans are found in every town and mining camp in the coal fields, and the number is about equally divided between North and South Itahans. More property is owned by these races than by any other immigrants, and in each community they are prospering. In all cases they have gone to work in the coal mines, and those now in business were formerly miners. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 iti the coal regions and that this munber will be greatly increased during the next few years. Lithuanians. — Lithuanians were brought in with the Italians, though not in as large numbers. A few, probably not over 10 or 15, were working in the mines in 1875. They, continued to arrive in small numbers until 1889, when there were probably about 200 in the McAlester coal district. Many more were brought in during the next few years, and many sent to Europe for their families. They continued to come of their own accord after the coal companies ceased to bring men, and each year has been marked by an increase in the number of this race in the coal fields. The first Lithuanians were brought from Pennsylvania, but since 1895 they have come direct from Europe. Magyars. — ^Ma^ars were brought in with other immigrants, and in 1883 there were about 100 of this race employed in the different mines. They have continued to arrive in small numbers Up to the S resent time. These people have formed only one colony in the coal istrict and are scattered through the different towns. Slovaks. — The Slovaks have also been in the mines of Oklahoma since 1883. A few of this race arrived probably before 1883, but it is certain that during that year about 25 were transported from Illinois to the mining town of Lehigh. Others were brought to Hartshorne in 1892, and since the above-mentioned dates this race has continued 18 The Immigration Commission. to come. Their largest settlements are in Lehigh and Coalgate, and about 700 live in these two communities. There are about 20 families in Hartshorne, and a few families are found in each of the towns in the coal field. The colonies at Lehigh and Coalgate are not as large as they were three or four years ago, as work has not been very steady, and many have left for other coal-mining sections. French. — In the year 1881, when the first coal mine was opened at Lehigh and miners were brought from Illinois, there were about 15 Frenchmen in the party, and these men formed the nucleus of the present colony. During the next three or four years other French miners, many being married men with families, were brought from Illinois. Several of these miners afterwards visited France and Bel- gium and when they returned 8 or 10 families of immigrants accom- panied them. This started immigration to Lehigh, and the French continued to immigrate to the locality up to the year 1895. When the town of Coalgate was founded, some of them moved to that town. In 1895 it was estimated that there were about 900 in and about Lehigh, Coalgate, and the coal camps in the vicinity. Many owned homes and some were in business. In 1895 there was a strike for higher wages and an eight-hour shift, in which the French took an active part. Negroes were brought as strike-breakers from Alabama. All of the leaders were forced to leave the community, and many French either returned to Europe or went to other sections of the United States. Those owning property returned after the strike was settled, but since 1895 French immigration to Lehigh has almost ceased. It is estiiH!§ted ' that there are at present about 700 French in and around' Lehigh and Coalgate. In other mining towns in. the section there are very few. There is little prospect of further immigration on the part of the French. Bulgarians. — During 1908, 10 or 12 Bulgarians came to Hartshorne and applied for work. They were employed and sent for their families. During the past eight months 8 other families emigrated direct from Europe. There are now about 15 famihes in the town. It is prob- able that a number of these people will come in the near future. None have worked in the mines here before, but those now employed are giving satisfaction. Poles. — Poles have been employed by the different companies since 1876, when the first representatives of this race were brought from other sections of the United States. A few were induced to come each year up to 1896, and since then others have come to join their friends, families or relatives. There has been no steady immigration of this race, however, and although they are found in each town in the coal region, they have formed no colony as other races have done and usually live in communities. with the Lithuanians and the Slovaks. It is estimated that there are about 800 Poles in the Oldahoma coal fields. Russians and Syrians. — Russians were brought in by the coal com- panies just as other immigrant races were, and since 1875 there have been a few of these people employed in the mines. As in the case of the Poles, they have formed no communities and are scattered among other immigrant settlements. Very few have arrived in recent years. In the town of Krebs there is a Syrian colony of about 150 persons, Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 19 a few are to be found in each to'vra. Very few work in the mines, t of them being peddlers or storekeepers. RACIAL MOVEMENTS TO SELECTED LOCALITIES IN OKLAHOMA. 1 order to gain a clearer and more detailed conception of the '■ement of alien races to the Oklahoma coal fields as well as an , of the present racial composition of the coal-mining locaHties, IS been considered worth while to present a history of immigration he mining towns of any importance in the mining region and an mate of their present population by races. This detailed pres- ition is by communities, each community being designated by Arabic numeral, in regular order. ■ ommunity No. 1 is located near the center of Pittsburg County is the county seat. The first settlement was made here in 1873^ lie time of the opening of the first mine in Oldahoma. he community is now the center of the coal fields of Oklahoma, many of the companies operating in the district have their ofiices s. The general history of immigration to Oklahoma began at imunity No. 1 in 1873 and 1874. The town was founded by ligrants from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Few of le are left, and those still residing in the community are connected 1 the mines in an ofiicial capacity or have gone into other branches )usiness. The immigrant population is faUing off each year, as e are only two mines near the city now in operation, and miners moving to the neighboring towns in order to be nearer'their work, he population in 1900 was 3,479; in 1907 it was 10,000, and at present time the population is estimated to be 12,000. The ign-born portion of the population is estimated at 2,100, made )y races as follows: m 900 lanian 250 ish 275 200 ;h 175 h 75 lan.. 50 h 50 jllaneous 125 Total ^ 2,100 ammunity No. 2 is about 4 miles from Community No. 1, with ;h it is connected by steam and electric railroads. The town ng from a small mining camp which was founded about 1874, first settlers being English and Irish. A few Italians made r homes in the town in 1875, and from that year_ have con- ed to settle until at the present time the community has the ist Italian colony in the State. 20 The Immigration Commission. The population at the present time is estimated at 2,200. Many immigrants live just outside of the city limits and, including these immigrants, the town has a population of 3,000. Of this number 1,550 are foreign-born, divided by race as follows: Italian 1, 100 Lithuanian 200 Polish 75 Syrian 75 Irish 50 Miscellaneous 50 Total 1,550 The Italian colony grew rapidly from the early eighties up to 1900. Since that time many have been coming in, but not in as large num- bers. The number of Italians in the town is constantly changing, the number when work is steady at the mines being from four to five hundred more than when the mines are not running at their full capacity. Many own homes and these are permanent residents, but there is a large floating population of young unmarried men and others who have not brought their families from Europe. These people leave and go to other coal-mining sections when work is dull and return when work is more steady. Italians are constantly leaving the town and others are coming in, but it is estimated that each year sees a net increase of about 30 families in the permanent Italian popiJation. Lithuanians have also been ip. the community since the early eighties, but have formed no colony. Syrians also are present in small numbers. All immigrants at first were brought in or induced to come from other coal fields. Since 1895 all have come of their own accord, and many are emigrat- ing direct from Europe. Community No. 3 is in Pittsburg Coimty at a short distance from Communities 1 and 2, with which it is connected by steam and electric railroads. The first settlement was made in 1887, and in that year the first immigrants arrived. These immigrants were Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks and were brought in from other coal fields by the mine operators. Others came from the neigh- boring communities and in 1895 there were about 325 immigrants in and around Commimity No. 3. The population has varied from time to time. Few immigrants made their permanent homes in the town prior to 1900, and it is said that at times when the mines "were not being operated the town was almost deserted. Since 1900 the Italians have begun to purchase homes and at the present time there are quite a number who are permanent residents. A few Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks also own homes. The population in 1907 was 517. At the present time there are 700 people in the town. The foreign population consists approximately of the following numbers, by race: Italian , nn Lithuanian \. Polish ?n Slovak "ii"i!!i!!!!!!!!i!!!!;;;;;;! 45 T^tal 1^ Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 21 Community No. 4 is in the eastern part of Pittsburg County, 17 miles from Community No. 1, on the through line of a steam railroad and the electric traction line originating at Community No. 1. The town was established in 1889, when the local mines were opened, and by the year 1900 had a population of about 1,800, of whom one-half were foreign-born. The state census of 1907 shows 2,989, of whom 1,200 are of foreign birth. It is estimated that 500 are Lithuanians, 300 Italians, 300 Poles, Russians, Slavs, and Austrians, and 100 English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Mexicans. In 1889 the first coal-shipping mine was opened in the locality. The men who were operatmg this mine had been engaged in the mining business in Pennsylvania, and as labor was scarce in Indian Territory, and experienced miners hard to secure, they turned to the coal fields of Pennsylvania to supply the experienced miners necessary to develop the property. The miners brought in during 1889 and 1890 were principally Americans, Irish, Scotch, English, and Welsh. As was afterwards ascertained, many of them had been prominent in the labor disputes in Pennsylvania a short time before coming to Indian Territory. During the following year, 1890, these men were the agitators in a severe strike, which closed the mines at Community No. 4. American negroes were brought in from Alabama and West Virginia as strike-breakers, and when the mines resumed operation, most of the English, Irish, Scotch, Americans, and Welsh had been displaced and either returned to Pennsylvania or to other coal fields. Since then few members of the above-mentioned races have been found in the mines of the community or in the imnlediate vicinity. Durmg 1889 and 1890 a few Italians had come from the neighboring communities and secured work. These were the first immigrants from southern Europe to locate in the town. As the coal properties were developed, there was a greater demand for miners, and from 1891 until 1895 the companies continued to bring in men from other fields. Various nationalities were purposely selected, for -the reason that the operators had been taught oy the strike of 1890 not to allow one race to predominate. The Itahan immigrants in the town sent for their friends in other sections of the country and in Europe. They soon began to build homes and now the Itahan colony in the community is very firmly estabhshed. The North and South ItaUans immigrated at the same time and have built homes and Uve in the same neighborhood. The first Lithuaniansj Poles, and Russians coming to Community No. 4, had been employed on construction work on a neighboring railway. Finding that they could make more money in mining, some of them appUed for work in 1889 and 1890, and were engaged. Others at a later date were brought from other coal fields. They have also induced their friends and relatives to join them and at the present time the Lithuanian predominates among the immigrants of the community. Community No. 5 is in Okmulgee County, on the fine of two rail- roads. In 1907 it had a population of 1,051 and in 1909 there were 1,800 people in the town. The foreign population is at present esti- mated^ to be 500, divided by races as follows: Scotch, 150; English, 125; Irish. 75; Itahan, 100; Slovak, 25; Polish, 25. 22 The Immigration Commission. The coal field of which the town is the center is in an early stage of development. Although 18 mines are in operation, all of -them are small and are scattered over a large area. The largest mine in this section employs only 140 men, and the next largest 75. The first mining was done in the field in 1895. The coal was pro- duced by stripping and no skilled miners were employed. The first immigrants were brought to the communitj in 1900 and were English, Irish, and Scotch from the coal fields of Kansas. There were 40 of these men about equally divided among the three races. In 1901 other miners were brought from the same State and among them were 5 or 6 Slovaks and about the same number of Poles. These were the first immigrants from continental Europe to enter the field. In 1903, 50 ItaEans were brought from the Indiana coal fields and were the first of this race to arrive. Others of the above- mentioned races were brought to the community, until the year 1905. Since that time no immigrants have been brought in by the coal com- panies. There has never been any steady immigration of any race to this section. Few, if any, immigrants have come in directly from Europe, and the immigrants now in the community have been brought in by the coal companies or have come of their own accord from other coal-mining sections. Community No. 6 is in the southern part of Coal County on the main fines of two transcontinental railroads. In 1907 the town had a population of 2,188. At the present time it is estimated at 2,500. Of this number 750 are immigrants, classified by race as follows: ' Italian 350 French 200 Mexican 100 Slovak 50 Magyar 50 Total 750 The first mine was opened in 1881, and at that time immigrant races were first introduced. At about the same time mining was started in a neighboring town, but the mines have been abandoned and few foreigners are now found there. Community No. 7 is located in the central part of Goal County and is on the main line of the two railroads already mentioned. In 1907 it had a population of 2,921. At the present time there are about 3,500 people in the town. Of these, 1,500 are foreign-born. Esti- mated by races there are 600 Italians, 400 French, 150 Slovaks, 200 Magyars, 150 Mexicans, and 50 of miscellaneous races. The first immigrants came to the community in 1890 from Com- munity No. 6. These immigrants were of the races mentioned above. Many French also arrived up to 1895, but since that time the influx of this race has almost ceased. Italians have continued to arrive each year and their colony is growing and more are making permanent homes here each year. The Slovaks and Magyars continue to come, but few of them are becoming permanent residents. Mexicans are also constantly arriving in the community. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 23 PRESENT RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OP OKLAHOMA MINE WORKERS. In the different coal communities of Oklahoma, information as to race and country of birth was secured from 3,349 individuals employed in the coal-mimng industry. Of this number 1,200 were native-born of native father, 286 native-born of foreign father, and 1,863, or a fraction over 55 per cent, were foreign-born. The following table shows in detail the number of each rdce : Table 393. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in the Oklahoma coalfields, by general nativity and race. (STDDY OP EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. ' General nativity and race. Total number. Native-born of native father: wmte 948 260 2 Forsign-bom, by race— Continued. Negro Dutch 4 Indian English 82 Native-born of foreign tatlier, by country 11 1 1 1 61 13 27 3S 44 9 3 20 4S 1 1 21 2 French 60 of birth of father: 38 Austria-Hungary Greek 1 Belgium Irish IS 582 189 Canada Italian, North Denmark Italian, South England Germany MaEvar 47 Ireland Italy Polish 188 Mexico Scotch 48 Switzerland Spanish 5 Wales Africa (country not specified) Syrian 3 Welsh 25 Total 286 Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) 2 65 23 1,486 Total forelgn-bom Foreign-bom, by race: 13 1 4 1,863 Grand total... Bulgarian 3,349 Of the 286 in the 'above table who were born in the United States and whose fathers were foreign-born, those whose fathers were bom in Italy are more strongly represented than any others except those whose fathers were born in England and Scotland. Of the 1,863 individuals born out of the United States less than 12 per cent are Enghsh, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German. On the other hand, the Italians (North. and South) represent over 41 per cent of the first generation of immigrants from whom information was obtained. After the Italians, the Poles, Lithuanians, and Mexicans are more largely represented than the other races. 24 The Immigration Commission. PERIOD OF EESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOEEIGN-BOEN EMPLOYEES IN OKLAHOMA. Data were also secured as to the period of residence in the United States of the employees of foreign birth and are submitted in the following table, by general nativity and race: Table 394. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the OTclahoma coal fields who have been in the TJnit^ States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OV BMFLOTEBS. ) (By years In the United States is meant ye^rs since first arrival in the United States is made for time spent abroad.] . No deduction Number report- complete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Bace. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Mora- 13 1 4 1 4 78 2 57 37 1 16 575 187 5 120 46 109 183 2 97 45 70 36 4 7 3 24 2 63 23 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 Bulgarian 1 1 2 1 Dutch .'. . . . 3 i' 1 1 i' 2 1 2 English 2 1 4 1 7 4 6 4 58 Finnish •• .... French --.-. 4 3 5 1 2 3 1 1 1 52 31 2I 3 24 30 15 4 18 German 23 Greek Irish 1 183 'I 42 IS 26 58 47' 14 ii' 3 21 19 14 Italian, North 30 6 40 13 52 18 81 19 2 12 7 '8 20 1 9 1 13 5 45 19 ....... 7 6 9 45 Italian, South 20 Italian (not specified) . . Lithuanian.... 1 1 2 S 3 2 5 4 3 2 8 24 1 6 11 Magyar 4 9 Polish 14 Koumanian . . 1 1 7 1 3 4 38 1^ 11 14 2 3 4 6 3 14 2 15 Scotch 34 Stoyak 6 i' 4 3 2 8 4 1 2 3 Spanish Swedish 2 1 2 S 5 '5 Syrian 2 Welsh 1 21 Australian (race not 1 6 1 1 Austrian (race not 1 2 11 4 6 3 8 1 19 2 { Belgian (race not speci- fied) 7 Total 1,815 58 85 155 197 125 486 208 184 317 Out of 1,815 foreign-born employees shown in the above table, 709, or 39.1 per cent, have been in the United States over ten years, 486, or 26.7 per cent, between five and ten years, and 620, or 34.1 per cent, under five years. One of the most interesting facts brought out by this table, how- ever, is the decrease in the number of English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and Germans who have resided in the United States less than ten years, and a corresponding increase, during the same period, of southern European races, especially the Italians. Of the English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and Germans employed, 86.5 per cent nave been in this country over ten years, 6.5 per cent over five and under.; ten, and the greater part of the remaining 7 per cent have come Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 25 ;hin the last five years. On the other hand, only 144, or 25 per it, of the 575 North Italians have resided here over ten years, 31.8 : cent between five and ten years, and 43.1 per cent under five ITS. Other races showing a large per cent of arrivals within the 3t five years are the Slov^, Slovenian, South Itahan, and Polish. In proportion to the number of each race employed, the Irish and slsh show a larger per cent with a residence of over twenty years m does any other race, followed by the Scotch, English, and rmans. The preceding table, showing the employment of so many of the )re recent iinmigrants with only a year or so of residence — a number them with less than a year — indicates that many are coming direct the Oklahoma coal field upon their arrival in the United States, d supports the belief that many inexperienced men are being iployed in the industry. FUTUEE IMMIGRATION TO OKLAHOMA. Future immigration to Oklahoma will probably be very large. As b the coal fields have not been extensively developed, and as new nes are opened the demand for labor will increase, and it will be B immigrant races who will have to satisfy this demand. There will be very little more immigration on the part of the Eng- ti, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. Very few French have come in since 95, and the immigration of this race to Oklahoma has now ceased, the other races, the Italians (North and South), Lithuanians, )vaks, Magyars, and Mexicans continue to come and future immi- ition will be of these races. Very few Poles have been coming of ,e years, and it is not thought that the future immigration of these ople wUl be large. During the past year many Bulgarians have me to Oklahoma, and it is thought that many more will come thin the next few years. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE KANSAS MINES. The coal fields of Kansas he principally in the counties of Craw- rd and Cherokee, in the southeastern part of the State. These unties compose what is known as the Pittsburg coal field, with ttsburg, Kansas, as the central point. There are many companies crating mines in the district and the development of mining prop- ties has been steadily increasing since the first mines were opened the vicinity of Pittsburg and Scammon in 1878 and 1879. Pittsburg is surrounded on all sides by coal camps and small min- g towns, the most important being connected by interurban trac- m fines. Only the larger and older of these places will be considered. In 1877 coal was taken out in small quantities by strip openings, it no immigrant labor came into the field until 1878 and 1879. ten the first shaft mines were opened English, Irish, Scotch, and elsh came from Mercer County, Pennsylvania, to help work and ivelop the new mines. These men were not shipped in, but came their own accord upon the advice of some fellow-countrymen, lere were about 20 men of these races who came during the years 178 and 1879, and this was the first immigrant labor employed in the 48296°— VOL 7—11 3 26 The Immigration Commission. coal j&elds surroimding Pittsburg. During 1879 other companies opened -mines, and as there was no local labor to be had agents were sent to other coal fields and to New York, and immigrants of other races were brought to the field. This method of securing mine workers was contmued until the late nineties, but since that time it has not been found necessary to import any more men, as sufficient numbers came of their own accord. . The first English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh who came to the Kansas fields in 1878 and 1879 from Mercer County, Pennsylvania, induced friends to join them from the same State, and in 1882 a few families came direct from Great Britain. The majority, however, continued to come f rem Pennsylvania. They were usually accompanied by their families and established permanent homes. Up to 1890 there was a steady 'immigration of the races, as new mmes were developed. From that year until 1895 there was quite an influx from the coal fields of Indian Territory, where the earlier immigrants had been dis- placed on account of the prominent part they nad taken in labor disputes. Since 1895 smaller nmnbers have been coming, but at the present time immigration on the part of these races to Kansas has ceased;^ ' The immigrants from Austria-Hungary in the Pittsburg field are Croatiahs, Germans, Poles, Magyars, Slovaks, and Slovenians. All of these races were at first brought into the district by the coal oper- ators. The first shipments were made in 1879 and 1880 from Penn- sylvania, and included representatives of all of the above-mentioned races. They went to work in the mines in the vicinity of Pittsburg, but are now to be found all over the field. From 1880 to the early nineties many were brought direct from New York as soon as they landed. Agents of the operators ques- tioned newly arrived immigrants on landing in New York as to what work they had been engaged in before leaving Europe. AJl who had been coal miners were given transportation and were brought to Pittsburg and put to work in the inines. A Croatian, who was one of the first to come into the field, said he had been engaged in mining in Pennsylvania, and was approached by the agent who told him that work was plentiful and wages good in the coal mines of Kansas. He with several of his countrymen consented to go and were brought out with a party which included Poles, Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks. Conditions were found to be as represented, and he and some of his friends wrote to their friends in Pennsylvania and induced them to join them in Kansas. None of the men who first arrived were accompanied by their families, but later many sent for their wives and kindred. After being in the field a short time they also induced friends from Europe to come, and thus immigration from Austria-Hungary was started to the Pittsburg district. About 1885 a few began to purchase homes and each year more have made Kansas their permanent home. Smce 1903 immigrants from Austria-Hungary have not arrived in as large numbers as previously, but immigration is still steady. The reason given for the dechne m immigration during the past few years is that the development of mimng operations has not been rapid. The number of the immi- Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 27 grants in the field constantly varies, as many go to other localities when work is slack and return when the mines in the Pittsburg dis- trict are running regularly. The first immigrants from Italy were brought into the field in 1880 as strike breakers. These men were brought from Pennsyl' vania and Illinois and there were about 30 in the party. From the above-mentioned year until about 1895 agents employed by the coal companies continued to bring them into the district from other sec- tions of .the United States, usually in parties of 10 or 15. This started immigration on the part of the Italians. Those brought in by agents induced friends and relatives to join them, and since 1880 the immi- gration of Italians to the coal fields of Kansas has been steady. As IS usually the case with the Italians, they are segregated and have formed colonies in different locahties. The town of Chicopee, near Pittsburg, is composed almost entirely of this race, of whom about 1,500 live in and around the town. Many own homes and are perma- nent residents. All of the Italians have engaged in coal mining, and it is this industry alone which has drawn them to Kansas. In 1879 a few French were induced to come from Illinois to the Pittsburg coal fields, and in 1880 others were brought from the same place and from Pennsylvania. This started immigration on the part of the French, and they continued to come until about 1897. Since that time they have been migrating in smaller numbers. After 1884 many French came direct from France and Belgium. Immigration of French to Kansas has practically ceased, however, and fewer of this race are engaged in mining than was the case four or five years ago. Those who have left the mines have engaged in farming and other pursuits. A number of farms in the section are owned by t£e French, and many own homes in the different towns in the coal field. The French are not segregated. The cause assigned for others coming. was the over-- crowded condition of the mines in their native land, and the desire to earn more. A great many of the French own their homes and are permanent residents. Taking the field as a whole, there were in round numbers 12,000 men employed in the coal-mining industry in Kansas in the year 1907, and with the exception of 1,300 in Leavenworth and Osage counties they are in the Pittsburg field. The races represented in the field are estimated as follows: American: White 5, 500 Negro 500 Italian, North and South 1,300 French 800 Slovenian and Croatian 700 English • 700 Scotch 500 Irish 500 Welsh 300 German 500 Polish 400 Magyar 150 Slovak 150 Total 12,00ft 28 The Immigration Commission. EAOIAL MOVEMENTS TO SELECTED BITTTMmOUS MINING LOCALITIES IN KANSAS. For the same reason that the history of immigration to various coal-mining locaHties in Oklahoma is presented in detail, it is con- sidered worth while to set forth in detail the history of immigra- tion to and the present racial composition of several mining towns in Kansas. The detailed statement, by commmiities, follows: Community No. 1 is located in the southeastern part of Crawford County on the main lines of two railroads making connections with other parts of the United States. The principal industry employing immigrants is coal mining. Immigration to the community began in 1878, when the first mines were opened in the vicinity, and it is estimated that, out of a present population of 15,964, the immigrants number 1,800: The racial composition is as follows: English 400 Irish 300 Scotch 250 Welsh 150 Italian 500 Miscellaneous 200 Total 1, 800 At one time there were many more immigrants in the town than there are now, for the reason that during the last five years they have been moving out to the coal towns in the vicinity where they are nearer work. The probable future immigration to the com- munity win be small, as the demand for labor is greater in the sur- rounding coal field than in the town proper. Community No. 2 is 5 miles northeast of Community No. 1, in Crawford County. The town has a population of 2,790, and accord- n^g to careful estimate 2,140 are foreign-bom, of the following races: German 250 ^^■: "!!!!!!!!!!!!!;;!!!!]!!!!!! iso French. 200 English 200 ^^}^ 250 Croatian 3J0 Italian ^ g2n Total 2,140 The Germans, Croatians, Poles, English, French, and Irish first came to the community in the year 1884 from neighboring coal camps. In 1886 an agent for one of the mining companies brought in 10 Itahans from Sprmg Valley, Illinois, and during the next four or five years this same agent continued to import men of this race trom other coal fields m the country. This started immigration of Italians, and they have come steadily since 1886. The future immi- gration to the community wiU probably be large, as new mines are projected m the vicmity. Community No 3 is in the north-central part of Cherokee County, Id miles south of Community No. 1. The first mines were opened ^^M ""rru^^ ^^^ ^ ^¥^ y^^^ *^® ^^^ immigrants came mto the field. These were English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh.. They settled in the commumty and smce that year the above races have continued Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 29 to arrive. The present population is 2,373. It is estimated that of this number 1,200 are English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, with about 300 immigrants of other races of recent arrival in the country. Community No. 4 is in the northern part of Cherokee County, 12 miles south of Community No. 1. Immigrants began to arrive in 1880 when mines were first opened. These immigrants were English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, and came of their own accord from mines in the vicinity. During the latter part of the same year a few French came. In 1881 there was a strike, and ItaUans were brought from Illinois as strike breakers, and in 1882 Croatians and Germans came in of their own volition from other towns in the vicinity. The foreign population of the community has fluctuated from time to time, because many imnaigrants leave when work is slack and others come in when work is steady. At the present time the population of the town is estimated to be 2,500, divided by races as follows: Native-bom 1, 250 Foreign-born: English 400 Scotch : 200 Italian 175 French 12^ Irish : ! 100 Welsh 75 German 50 Croatian t 125 Total 2, 500 Community No. 5 is in Cherokee County and 18 miles southwest of Community No. 1. The town was founded in 1897, and during this year immigrants made their appearance. The first foreigners to come were French, Croatians, aad Poles. The same year Irish came from neighboring towns, and in 1901 the first Italians were shipped in by the coal operators. The present population, estimated to be 1,800, is divided by races as follows: Native-born 300 Foreign-born: Italian 500 Irish 300 Croatian 250 Polish 50 French 400 Total 1,800 RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF KANSAS MINE WORKERS. In the investigation of individual employees made in Kansas, data were secured from 873 mine workers native-born of native father, 509 native-bom of foreign father, and 2,305 foreign-born. The rsfcial composition of the three classes is given on th'e following page. 30 * The Immigration Commission. Table 395. — Total number of male employees' for whom information was secured in ths Kansas coalfields, by general nativity and race. (STUDY or EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign fatlier, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Beimiark England France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Scotland Sweden Wales Total Total native-bom Forelgn-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian « Croatian Danish Dutch 727 146 15 8 3 1 129 23 77 106 20 1 102 5 19 Foreign-bom, by race— Continued. English French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Swiss Welsh West Indian. ..: Austrian (race not spciiled) . , . Belgian (race not specmed) Total foreign-born Grand total 172 155 147 2 81 587 240 4 1 2 2 33 ' 2 9 10b 1 58 160 12 1 12 1 390 92 3,687 One interesting fact developed by the above table is the large number of second-generation Enghsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, and French employed in the mines a% well as the large number of foreign- born representatives of the same races. Of the more recent immi- grants the North and South Itahans combined furnish the largest proportion. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES IN KANSAS. As regards the length of time foreign-born mine workers have been employed, no definite information is at hand, but the period of residence in the United States reported by the various miners cor- roborates the history of immigration to the field. Out of a total of 2,273 mine employees reporting years of residence in the United States, 734, or about one-third, have been in the country less than five years. This number is largely made up of North and South Italians, Austrians (race not specified), Slovenians, French, and Poles, which races, especially the Italians, obviously constitute the most recent additions to the operating force. It is also clear that the new immigrant is put to work in the mines practically as soon as he arrives in the country, as shown by the fact that of the total number report- ing, 86 had been in the United States less than one year, 68 one year, 160 two, 187 three, and 233 four years. The table showing period of residence of Kansas employees, by general nativity and race, is given on the page following. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 31 ABLE 396. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the Kansas coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) ly years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. made for time spent abroad.] No deduction Is Number reporting complete data. Number in United States each specified number ol years. Kace. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. nhfiTTiian ftTifl ^Tnrftvinn 16 5 14 1 S 108 155 144 2 76 585 240 4 1 2 2 33 2 9 92 1 68 169 11 1 '\ 384 91 1 i" 2 1 3 1 7 1 ""•n 43 20 s' 4 1 1 e uigarian 1 1 10 12 9 1 4 11 6 1 U 15 27 2 nslish.... 4 3 2 12 6 1 6 34 13 6 10 7 1 2 65 30 HI 44 erman .... ... 60 ish. 1 27 9 1 'iV 3 61 40 6 243 104 2 2 61 26 6 45 7 60 38 allan, South 4 alian (not specified) ithuanian 1 1 orwRgian . , , 1 1 2 6 7 , 6 1 2 3 1 10 15 9 3 2 1 5 2 9 i" 1 3 68 [ovale . . 2 7 5 15 4 16 18 64 2 6 15 7 17 3 7 11 nredish . 6 1 relsh . 1 10 1 elgian (race not specified) 28 48 4 37 6 48 11 162 27 13 1 29 15 11 27 Total 2,274 86 68 160 187 233 736 152 19.3 459 FUTURE IMMIGKATION TO KANSAS. In Kansas, as in Oklahoma, native mine labor is scarce, and it is ipon the recent immigrant that coal operators will be dependent. in upplying the increasing demand as new properties are developed. Immigration on the part of the English-speaking races and the French has been on the dechne for a number of years, and at the iresent time there are fewer representatives of these races at work han there were four or five years ago. The universal opinion is hat future immigration on the part of these races will be very small. Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, and other races represented in his field are still arriving, though not in as large numbers as formerly, ^his is accounted for by the fact that there has been no rapid deyel- pment of coal properties during the past few years. Immigration n the part of the races mentioned will doubtless be steady, as mem- lers of each race are firmly established in Kansas and these perma- lent residents will do much toward influencing future immigration. Though the past two years have been dull ones in the coal trade of Kansas an(i Oklahoma on account of mild winters and the increasing 5e of oil and natural gas as fuel, the number of men employed las increased as follows: In 1907 there were 12,439 men employed a the mines of Kansas, and in 1908 there were 13,916, showing an icrease of 1,477. During the same years in Oklahoma the increase ras 353. With the return of normal conditions the steady immigra- ion to the coal fields of the races mentioned above may be expected. Chapter III, ECOITOMIC STATUS. Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States— General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied — General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied — Occupations of immigrants in the bituminous mines of the Southwest— Daily earnings— Relation between period of residence and earning ability — ^Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — ^Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the house- holds studied— Annual family income— Wives at work— Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative, importance of the different sources of Kimily income— [Text Tables 397 to 418 and General Tables 155 to 167]. k INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. Before proceeding to the discussion of the present economic status of the immigrant mine workers and their f amihes it will be interest- ing as well as instructive in furnishing a standard for future com- Earisons to consider the industrial status of the foreign-born persons efore they emigrated from their native lands. With this object in view, a series of tables is first submitted, showing the industrial condition of the males and females who were 16 years of age or over before they came to the United States. As regards the 304 females who were 16 years of age or over when they came to this country, and for whom detailed information was received, the following table showing their industrial condition abroad exhibits some interesting data: Table 397. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual, (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting, bom.] The total however , is for al foreign Number report- ing com- plete, data. Number- Per cent— Race of individual. With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit. 21 86 28 29 26 30 36 21 64 17 22 21 22 31 100.0 74.4 60.7 75.9 80.8 73.3 80.1 0.0 16.3 32.1 24.1 16.4 13.3 11.1 0.0 9.3 7.1 0.0 3.8 13.3 2.8 0.0 Italian, North .... 14 9 7 4 4 4 8 2 .0 .0 T.it.hnn.nisvTl .0 1 4 1 .0 Polish .0 .0 Total 304 232 54 18 76.3 17.8 5.9 .0 33 34 The Immigration Commission. The significant fact brought to light by the preceding table is that 76.3 per cent of the females were without occupation before coming to the United States. None of the Croatian women were employed abroad. Only 25.6 per cent of the North Italian women, 39.3 per cent of the South Italian, 24. 1 per cent of the Lithuanian, 19.2 per cent of the Mexican, 26.6 per cent of the Polish, and 13.9 per cent of the Slovak, or, considering all races combined, only 72 women, or 23.7 per cent of all the women, had any form of employment before coming to the United States. Fifty-four of these were working for wages and 18 without wages, the South Italian women composing the largest num- ber working for wages, while the Polish exhibited the largest num- bers working without wages. As regards the specific occupations followed by immigrant women before coming to the United States, the table presented below furnishes a more detailed exhibit : Table 398. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races witli 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, Is for all foreign- bom.J 1 -Si §-^ 2; 1 Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. S Kaoe of individual. g S-3 o p. 1 O Pi □ 3 a Croatian 21 86 28 29 26 30 36 100.0 74.4 60.7 75.9 80.8 73.3 86.1 0.0 Italian, North 7.0 32.1 20.7 3.8 3.3 2.8 9.3 16.3 32.1 24.1 13.4 13.3 11.1 8.1 7.1 1.2 9.3 7.1 Italian, South 3.4 7.7 3.3 6.6 "s.'i' 6.7 2.8 .0 3.8 13.3 2.8 3.8 13.3 2.8 Polish Slovak Total 304 76.3 9.2 3.9 4.6 17.8 5.6 .3 5.9 .0 It is apparent that of the 54 women who were working abroad for wages the largest numbers were engaged as farm laborers. In the case of the women who were working but not receiving wages, all but one North Itaha,n were farm laborers. The greater number of women who were workiag abroad were, therefore, principally agricultural laborers, many of whom were workiag on their fathers' farms. In addition to these, a few Slovak, Pohsh, Mexican, and Lithuanian women were also working as waitresses and domestic servants. As regards the economic status of the men abroad, the talale fol- lowing, showing the general industrial condition abroad of males who are at the present time employed in the coal mines of the Southwest and who were 16 years or over at the time of their coming to the TJnited States, wiU throw an interesting light upon the previous industrial condition of the foreign mine workers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 35 Table 399. — Indmtrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OP HOVSEHOLDS.) [1 Us table includes onl^ races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is lor all foreign- born.] Number report- mg com- plete data. Number- Per cent— Race of Uidlvldual. With- out occupa- tion. Work- ing tor wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out occupa- tion. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. Croatian 20 28 166 52 65 45 43 62 16 It 69 26 24 41 21 27 4 3 34 13 5 3 4 2 0.0 3.6 .0 .0 1.5 .0 .0 .0 80.0 57.1 41.6 50.0 36.9 91.1 48.8 51.9 0.0 28.6 38.0 25.0 53.8 2.2 41.9 44.2 20.0 Irish 1 8 63 13 35 1 IS 23 10.7 Italian, North 20.5 Italian, South 25.0 1 7.7 Mexican 6.7 PoUsh 9.3 Slorak 3.8 Total 510 5 274 163 68 1.0 53.7 32.0 13.3 In the table above it is important to note that of the total of 510 males now employed in or about the mines, who were 16 years of age or over when they came to the United States, only 1 per cent were without any occupation abroad. Aside from this inconsiderable pro- portion 53.7 per cent were working at some occupation abroad in which ^hey were paid wages, while 32 per cent were engaged in some pursuit in which they received no wages, but their subsistence or other compensation, and 13.3 per cent were in business or engaged in some commercial undertaking. The largest proportion working for wages is shown by the Mexicans, of which race 91.1 per cent were wage-earners. Eighty per cent of the Croatians, 57.1 per cent of the Irish, and 50 and 51.9 per cent, respectively, of the South Itahans and Slovaks were receiving wages. A relatively small proportion of the Slovaks, Mexicans, Lithuanians, Poles, and Irish were working for profit. As regards the specific occupations of the three general industrial groups discussed above, the table next presented, showing the per cent of males in the principal occupations, will furnish more defimte information. 36 The Immigration Commission. Table 400. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn malea who wen 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is tor all toreign-bom.) fl 11 g D P4 Per cent woriing for wages. Per cent working without wages. Per cent work- ing for profit. Race of individual. 1 a ■a %i 1 a-" a- 1 Is fe.2 It i i o C. .5 S 1 Croatian 20 28 166 52 65 45 43 52 45.0 50.0 S.4 1.9 5.0 30.0 80.0 67.1 41.6 50.0 36.9 91.1 48.8 51.9 20.0 10.7 19.9 23.1 6.2 4.4 9.3 3.8 'o.'e' 1.9 1.5 2.2 20.0 Irish 3.6 i.'s' 3.6 15.1 36.5 24.6 28.9 9.3 13.5 3.6 6.0 1.9 25.0 37.3 25.0 63.8 2.2 37.2 44.2 3.6 0.6 '4.'7' 28.6 38.0 25.0 53.8 2.2 41.9 44.2 25.0 7.7 Italian, North Italian, South 9.6 5.8 7.7 '9.'3' 1.9 5.4 3.8 4.6 4.4 7.0 1.9 Mexican 8.9 2.3 3.8 48.9 20.9 30.8 67 Polish d 3 Slovak 3.8 Total 610 1.0 19.2 4.1 18.8 6.3 5.3 63.7 31.2 0.8 32.0 12.5 0.8 13.3 The group of wage-earners in the table above covers a large num- ber of pursuits, but the four principal occupations reported are farm' labor, mining, general labor, and hand trades. The principal occu- {)ation followed abroad, as seen in the above table, was that of farm aborer. A small number of the individuals reporting were common laborers, and 11.6 per cent were carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, or engaged in other hand trades or general occupations. Thirty-0n6; and two-tenths per cent were farm laborers without wages, and 12.5^er cent were farmers abroad. The total number reporting in these groups as f arnpiers or farm laborers before coming to the United States is 62.9 per cent of the total number reporting complete data. The signiflr cance of this table hes in the conclusion that 81.2 per cent oi the males who are now working in the coal mines in the Southwest, and who were 16 years or over before they left their native land, received no industrial experience abroad which fitted them for coal minin g. Only 18.8 per cent of the total number were miners abroad and received training and experience which fitted them for their work in the United States. Sixty-five and three-tenths per cent of the Slovaks, 58.1 per cent of the Poles, 84.6 per cent of the Lithuanians, 86.5 per cent of the South Itahans, 78.3 per cent of the North ItaUans, 44.4 per cent of the Mexi- cans, 20 per cent of the Croatians, and 42.9 per cent of the Irish were farmers, farm laborers, or common laborers in their native lands. PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES. In addition to the above showing, made by the data gathered from the investigation of famihes, a more extensive exhibit as to the economic condition of the foreign-born mine workers before immiorar \ tion to this country may be presented as the result of the detailed study of the individual employees. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 37 Table 401. — Fee cent of foreign-horn male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (study of EMPLOTEEa.) (This table Includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent who were engaged in- Bace. Mining. Farming or farm labor. General labor. Manu- facturing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. English 129 144 114 863 319 109 08 175 88 90 122 99 87.6 90.3 65.8 21.6 9.4 11.0 71.4 33.1 13.6 87.8 54.1 53.5 5.4 3.5 14.9 46.8 40.1 65.1 17.3 44.6 67.0 3.3 34.4 35.4 0.0 2.1 7.0 19.5 44.2 11.0 6.1 5.1 6.8 3.-3 5.7 6.1 0.8 1.4 .9 1.2 .6 .0 .0 1.7 6.8 .0 ,8 .0 3.9 .7 8.8 8.1 2.8 11.0 5.1 8.0 3.4 4.4 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.1 German 2 6 Italian, North 2.9 Italian, South 2.8 1.8 Mexican 1.0 Polish 7.4 Kussian 2.3 1.1 1.6 Slovenian . ... 3.0 Total 3,036 43.0 34.0 13.2 1.2 5.5 2.5 An unusual situation as compared with other coal-mining sections is disclosed by the above table, which shows that 43 per cent of the total number of employees furnishing information were miners abroad, 34.6 per cent were farmers or farm laborers, 13.2 per cent were laborers in other industries, 5.5 per cent were in hand trades, 1.2 per cent in manufacturing, and 2.5 per cent had occupations not specified. • No other geographical division of the bituminous coal-mining industry shows so large a proportion of the men to have been miners before coming to the United States, and this is largely due to the better class of workers being pushed farther west by the influx of less desirable immigrants in the districts nearer the Atlantic seaboard. The Russians show the largest proportion of farmers or farm laborers abroad. The smallest proportion is shown by the Scotch, whose un- usually large proportion of miners leaves but few persons scattered among other industries. The South Itahans were largely laborers abroad, their percentage in this class being 44.2. No other race at all approaches this figure, the North Italians ranking second with 19.5 per cent. None of the English, and only 2.1 per cent of the French, were laborers. Six and eight-tenths per cent of the Russians, and between 1 and 2 per cent of the Poles, French, and North Italians, were engaged in some branch of manufacturing. No other race shows as much as 1 per cent, and the Lithuanians are entirely unrepresented. In the hand trades, however, the Lithuanians lead with 11 per cent, fol- lowed by the Germans with 8.8 per cent, the North Itahans with 8.1 per cent, and the Poles with an even 8 per cent thus engaged. Among those engaged in mining prior to their emigration, the French rank highest, with 90.3 per cent thus reported, and the Scotch follow with 87.8 per cent. 38 The Immigration Commission. The facts as to the industrial condition of the foreign-bom coal- mining employees prior to their emigration from their native lands having been set forth, it will be next in order to present briefly their general industrial condition in the Southwest and their status in the coal-mining industry at the present time. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the general industrial status of women in the house- holds studied in the Southwest, and especially the tendencies exhib- ited by the children of native and immigrant households, the follow- ing table is instructive. It shows, by general nativity and race, the principal occupations of females 16 years of age or over. Table 402. — General occupation offeynales 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent— General nativity and race of individual. In do- mestic and per- sonal service. In trade. other- wise em- ployed. At home. At school. Native-bom of native father: White X. Negro. 67 32 23 23 24 93 36 37 36 36 46 25 4.6 12.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.0 1.5 .0 8.7 .0 .0 1.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.5 3.1 30.4 .0 4.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.0 91.0 78.1 43.5 91.3 95.8 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.0 l.t 6 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 17.4 «.7 .0 .0 Foreign-bom: Irish Italian, North Tiithnanian . , . .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Polish Welsh Orand total ,..,.., 542 1.5 .7 2.2 93.6 2.0 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-bom 64 166 376 .0 4.2 .3 3.1 1.8 .3 12.5 6.0 .5 75.0 82.5 98.4 9.4 5.4 .6 As regards the females of the households studied, 82.-5 per cent of the native-born are at home, as compared with 98.4 per cent of the foreign-born. The immigrant races uniformly show a higher percent- age of their girls at home, only 1.1 per cent being employed and 0.5 per cent at school. It is also noticeable that few females of the foreign households are engaged in domestic service. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 39 GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. Table 403. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY Oir HOUSHnOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are lor all races.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent — In bitu- minous- coal mining. In other ocoupar tions. At home. At school. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Irish Foreign-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North ItaUan, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish -■ Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-bom of foreign father Total native-born ■ Total foreign-born 27 22 47 175 53 72 20 62 51 55 33 94.6 96.9 81.6 100.0 100.0 98.3 98.1 98.6, 95.0 96.8 98.0 100.0 93.9 4.1 3.1 11.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 6.0 .0 .0 .0 3.0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 1.1 1.9 .0 .0 3.2 2.0 .0 3.0 1.4 .0 7.4 .0 .0 .6 .0 1.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 96.7 1.2 1.1 51 157 593 82.4 91.1 98.1 5.9 4.5 .3 2.0 .6 1.2 1.1 9.8 Upon reference to the table covering male members of the house- holds, it is seen that less than 4 out of each 100 reporting are engaged in other occupations than bituminous coal mining. In the case of the foreign-born, the proportion is even smaller. The members of three races — the Croatian, Irish, and Slovak — are aU engaged in coal mining. The smallness of the percentages of males of foreign birth who are in school is also noteworthy. The native negroes have none at school. OCCUPATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS IN BITUMINOUS MINES OF THE SOUTH- WEST. As a matter of fact most of 'the immigrants in Kansas and Okla- homa have been drawn to the two States by the chance to secure work in the coal mines. The employment available to immigrants through Oklahoma is not varied, as coal mining is the only industry employing a large amount of labor. There are only a few factories and these are very small, employing from 15 to 20 men. They are ice factories, brick plants, planing mills, and other small establish- ments. Besides the above-mentioned plants the only other oppor- tunities for immigrants to secure work are the section gangs on the various railroad lines. Immigrants rarely apply for work in the manufacturing plants, and when employed soon leave and return to coal mining. In summer. 40 The Immigration Commission, when work is not steady in the mines, a few work as section hands, but as soon as the mines resume operations they leave the railroads. Though there is a demand for female house servants, no immigrant women seek employment, and only in very rare instances is one found working as a domestic. In the coal-mining districts of Kansas conditions are sHghtly dif- ferent, for the reason that there are more and larger factories than in Oklahoma and a few immigrants are employed in these establish- ments. There were formerly several large smelters near Pittsbm-g, Kansas, and here a large force of immigrants was employed, but since the smelters have been removed these immigrants have engaged in mining. In both Kansas and Oklahoma, therefore, most of the for- eign population will be found working in or around the mines. In coal mining there are two sharply defined classes of labor — (1) the miners, who are engaged directly in the production of coal and are piece workers, being paid by the ton for the amount of coal pro- duced, and (2) the company or day men, who are engaged in various capacities in the mine, such as mule drivers, fire runners, gas men, trackmen, hoisting engineers, etc., and who are paid a certain wage per day. The newly arrived immigrant almost without exception begins work as a miner and few ever leave this branch of work. It is gen- erally a fact that the great majority of company or day men are Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, or Welsh. A discussion of re- (juirements of the different occupations will show why newly arrived immigrants are engaged almost exclusively as miners. In most of the coal mines in Kansas and Oklahoma the mining is done by pick work. On account of the pitch of the coal, the danger of shooting from the solid, and other adverse conditions, machine mining has never been extensively practiced. During 3 908 only 17 machines were in use in Kansas, and only .31,352 short tons of coal were produced in Oklahoma by this method during the same year. In pick mining it is necessary for a miner to have had experience in the work to insure good results. If the cutting is not first made with the pick to a certain depth, according to the length of the hole drilled for the blast, it will require much more powder to throw the coal down than if the shot were properly mined. It can be readily seen that an extremely large charge of powder will blow the coal to pieces and that a large percentage of it will be slack or fine coal. The English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, French, and Americans are experienced in the methods of mining required and the coal produced by men of these races is of much betler quahty for marketing than that gotten out by more recent immigrants. Immigrants from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Eussia, as already shown, have had httle ex- perience before coming to this country and go into the mines ignorant of practical mining. The coal produced by these miners is very much shot up and is not of a good grade. The percentage of Americans and English-speaking races engaged, as miners is small, and most of these now working in the mines are com- pany men. The reasons for this situation are as follows: Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans are employed as pump men, hoistmg engineers, slope engineers, motormen, and electricians, because the more recent immigrant knows little about machinery; as gas men, because the safety of the miners depends upon the mine Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 41 being thoroughly tested for gas and warnings posted as to its presence, and the above-mentioned races are considered more reliable for this position than the more recent immigrants ; as timbermen, because it IS important that all weak places in the roof be carefully timbered to prevent accidents due to falls of rock or slate, and it has been found that the immigrant is not so careful as the first-mentioned races in this work. The brattice men have charge of the ventilation of the mine, and their duty is to see that all working places are well supplied with air. It has been found that few immigrants are fitted for this work. Some superintendents declare that in places of danger, and where a cool head is required, they never put South Italians, as this race is too nervous and excitable. The Lithuanians are much more calm in an emergency, and are given positions which Italians are not per- mitted to hold. For positions of responsibilitv most mine officials prefer Americans, Irish, Scotch, English, and Welsh first; Lithu- anians second; Magyars and North Italians third; South Italians and Slovaks fourth; Poles, Russians, and negroes fifth; and Mexicans sixth. From the standpoint of the immigrant the occupation of mining is also more desirable for the reason that there is no fixed daily wage payment, and with the piece-rate method of payment the amount of his earnings is limited only by his industriousness and efficiency. As a consequence, the recent immigrant tends to remain in the mining occupation even when it is possible for him to become a company or day employee. On the other hand, the predominance of recent immir grants m the occupations of digging and loading coal in itself tends to leave them in exclusive control of these occupations, for the reason that the races of older immigration prefer the day occupations, with the smaller earning possibilities, to mtimate working relations with races of recent arrival. DAILY EARNINGS. The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day. Table 404. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STDDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. $1.25 or over. $1.60 or over. S2or over. $2.50 or over. 83 or over. $3.60 or over. Native-born of native father: White 1,631 376 158 90 126 119 $2.60 2.48 2.60 2.56 2.64 2.61 99.0 99.2 99.4 100.0 99.2 100.0 98.9 98.9 98.7 98.9 99.2 100.0 90.1 90.4 88.6 93.3 96.8 96.6 76.8 71.8 74.1 80.0 91.3 85.7 18.9 16.0 17.1 8.9 15.1 15.1 7 7 6.1 Native-bomofforeignfather, by country of birth of father: 9.5 . Qermany 6.6 liBlarid.. 7.9 Scotland 6.7 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. 42 The Immigration Commission. Table 404. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. General nativity and race. S1.25 or over. J1.50 or over. $2 or over. S2.50 or over. S3 or over. $3.50 or over. Foreign-lbom, by race: English 236 206 174 85 1,087 389 118 104 208 102 132 123 181 $2.6S 2.55 2.80 2.58 2.63 2.91 3.02 2.46 2.48 2.54 2.70 2.53 2.59 98.3 97.1 100.0 98.8 98.6 97.9 99.2 100.0 96.6 98.0 100.0 98.4 100.0 98.3 95.6 99.4 98.8 98.6 97.9 99.2 100.0 96.2 98.0 100.0 98.4 99.4 96.8 94.6 97.1 96.5 97.0 95.6 93.2 98.1 79.3 94.1 98.5 91.1 97.2 86.0 89.3 86.8 90.6 92.9 90.5 83.1 76.0 68.8 79.4 89.4 84.6 88.4 18.2 8.3 31.6 8.2 16.4 38.3 56.8 9.6 27.4 22.5 21.2 8.1 16.0 8.5 2.9 Op.rmftTl , 16.1 Jiish 4.7 Italian, North 6.0 Italian, South 26.5 30.5 . 1.9 Polish 6.7 4.9 Scotch 9.1 Slovak 6.5 Slovenian.... ... 2.8 Grand total 6,438 2.62 98.7 98.5 94.9 83.4 19.5 8 1 Total native-bom of foreign father 653 2,562 3,876 2.57 2.57 2.66 98.6 98.9 98.6 98.0 98.7 98.4 92.2 94.2 95.3 80.9 76.4 88.1 12.9 16.9 21.2 6.7 7.2 Total foreign-bom 8.7 In comparing the earning capacity of native and foreign bom miners it will be seen that there is little difference between the races until the percentage earning $2.50 per day or over is reached. Here foreign-bom employees make a much better showing, 88.1 per cent earning $2.50 per day or over, as compared with 76.4 per cent of those of native birth earning the same wage. The percentage still contin- ues in favor of the foreign-born through the $3 and $3.50 or over daily earnings. In making ^ study of the table, by races, it is found that the Lithuanians have the highest earning capacity, with the South Italians second and the Germans third. Mexicans show the smallest proportions earning the higher amounts. North ItaUans show a better average when compared with South Italians, up to between $2.50 and $3 per day, but the percentage earning over $3.50 per day falls far below the other race. This is accounted for by the fact that a larger number are employed as day men and receive a specified daily wage, which is not the case with immigrants from southern Italy, most of whom are miners. In comparing Americans, English, and Scotch, it is seen that the Scotch have the largest percentage earning $3.50 per day or over, with the English second, American whites thu-d, and American negroes fourth, the percentage ranging from 9.1 of the Scotch down to 6.1 of the American negroes. Of the Slavic races, the Poles show 6.7 per cent earning $3.50 per day or over; Slovaks are second with 6.5 per cent, and Russians third with a percentage of 4.9, while only 2.8 per cent of the Slovenians earn $3.50 per day or over. French and Mexicans make a poor showing when compared with other races, only 2.9 per cent of the French and 1.9 per cent of the Mexicans earning $3.50 or over. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 43 Germans, Mexicans, Scotch, and Sloyenians have 100 per cent earning $1.25 per day and over; the same races have the highest per- centages earning $1 .50 per day and over. Of taces earning $2 per day and over Germans, Mexicans, Scotch, and Slovenians still lead; those showing the highest percentage earning $2.50 per day and over are NorthItalians,Irish, South Italians, Scotch, and French; those having the largest representation earning $3 per day and over are lithuanians. South- Italians, Germans, and Polish, while Lithuanians, South Italians, and Germans have the largest num^jer earning $3.50 per day and over. The table shows there are more men in the class earning between $2.50 and $3 than any other, due to the fact that a large number are day or company men, whose wage is $2.56 per eight hours' work. In connection with the earnings of adults in the coal mines of the Southwest, it will also be of interest to note the number and per cent of employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci- fied amount per day. In the following table the showing is made for 277 mine employees within these age limits, of whom 64 are foreign-born and 213 are native-born. Table 405. — Per cent of wale employees 14 andunder 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number report- ing com- plete data. Average earnings per day. Percent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. $lor over. SI .25 or over. 11.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.60 or over. Native-bom of native father, White. . 86 $1.91 . 98.8 74.4 72.1 61.2 38.4 277 2.01 99.6 73.6 72.6 59.2 60.2 Total native-born of foreign father. . . Total native-born 114 213 64 2.05 1.97 2.14 100.0 99.5 100.0 74.6 73.7 73.4 73.7 72.3 73.4 63.2 66.8 67.2 66.3 46.5 62.5 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing aimual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Upon comparing the relative proportions earning specified amounts in the table above it is seen that about equal percentages of the total native-born, the total foreign-born, and the total native-born of foreign father are earning $1.25 or over per day. This proportion in exact percentages is 74.4 per cent for the native white of native father, 74.6 per cent for the total native-born of foreign father, 73.7 per cent for the total native-bom, and 73.4 per cent for the total foreign-born. In the $1.50 wage classification the relative propor- tions for the groups are about the same, but they difi'er for those earning $2 or over and $2.50 or over per day. More than one-half of eacn group earn $2 or over per day. Thirty-eight and four- tenths per cent of the American white, 55.3 per cent of the second generation, and 62.5 per cent of the foreign-born are engaged in work for which they receive $2.50 or over per day, a wage equivalent to that received by many employees in the industry who are of a more advanced age. 44 The Immigration Commission. RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. As regards the effect «f an extended residence upon progress in the industry or earning abiUty, the following tables show the per cent of individual mine workers of foreign birth earning each specified amount Eer day, according to number of years in the United States. In the rst tabulation the races are arranged alphabetically with the differ- ent periods of residence under each race; m the second tabulation, the same figures are arranged, by race, under different periods of residence, Table 406. — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.* (STDDT or EMPLOYEES.) IBy years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] n Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race and years in United States. 81.25 or over. $1.50 or over. 12 or over. S2.60 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or Over. Knglish: Under 5 24 22 190 S2 49 104 404 404 279 165 139 85 81 66 61 100.0 100.0 97.9 90.2 100.0 96.2 98.0 99.5 98.2 97.6 100.0 • 95.3 92.6 100.0 98.4 100.0 100.0 97.9 94.2 100.0 94.2 98.0 99.5 98.2 97.6 100.0 95.3 91.4 100.0 98.4 95.8 100.0 95.3 94.2 98.0 93.3 ■ 96.5 98.0 96.1 95.8 98.6 90.6 61.7 89.4 91.8 87.5 86.4 85.8 90.4 95.9 85.6 93.6 93.3 01.4 90.3 91.4 89.4 55.6 77.3 77.0 20.8 18.2 17.9 5.8 12.2 7.7 12.9 17.8 19.4 30.3 50.4 34.1 21.0 27.3 36.1 8.3 9.1 a4 1.9 4.1 2.9 3.2 5.0 7.5 17.6 38.1 24.7 1.2 10.6 9.8 S to9 French: UnderS 5 to9 1 Italian, North: Under 5 5to9 Italian, South: UnderS... 5 to 9 10 or over Polish: UnderS 5to9 10 or over *Thls t^ble shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdows or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made lor time lost during the year. Table 407. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States * (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) fBy years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN S YEARS. Race. English French Italian, North Italian, South. Polish Number reporting complete data. 24 62 404 165 81 Per cent earning each specified amount per day. $1.25 or over. 100.0 96.2 98.0 97.6 92.6 $1.50 or over. 100.0 94.2 98.0 97.6 91.4 $2 or over. 95.8 94.2 96.5 95.8 6L7 S2.50 or over. 87.5 90.4 93.6 90.3 55.6 $3 or over. 20.8 5.8 12.9 30.3 21.0 $3.50 or over. as 1.9 17.6 L2 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken o{ voluntarv lo^l time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showine ahnu^ sarnings allowance Is made for time lost during the year. '•"uiviue sumumt i report showing anni^J Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 45 Table 407. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States — cfontinued. IN UNITED STATES 6 TO 9 YEARS. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Eace. $1.25 or over. SI .50 or over. $2 or over. 82.50 or over. $3 or over. S3 .50 or over. English 22 49 404 139 66 100.0 ■ 100. 99.5 100. . 100. 100.0 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 89.4 86.4 95.9 93.3 91.4 77.3 18.2 12.2 17.8 50.4 27.3 9.1 4.1 Italian, North 5.0 Italian, South 38.1 Polish 10.6 IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. English 190 104 279 85 61 97.9 96.2 98.2 95.3 98.4 97.9 94.2 98.2 95.3 98.4 95.3 93.3 96. t 90.6 91.8 85.8 85.6 91.4 89.4 77.0 17.9 7.7 ■19.4- 34.1 36.1 8.4 2.9 Italian, North 7. 5 Italian, South 24.7 Polish 9.S South Italians show the highest earning capacity of any of the races in the above table. Of those who have been in the United States under five years 17.6 per cent earn $3.50 or over per day, as do 38.1 per cent of those who have been in this country from five to nine years and 24.7 per cent of those with a residence of ten years or over. The Enghsh are the next highest wage-earners, 8.3 per cent of those here under five years, 9.1 per cent between five and nine years, and 8.4 per cent ten years or over, earning $3.50 or over per day. The French show the lowest percentage of high earnings, only 1.9 per cent of those in the United States under five years, 4.1 per cent from five to nine years, and 2.9 per cent ten, years or over, earning $3.50 or over per day. All immigrants who have been in the United States over five years show a better earning capacity than those who have been in this country for a shorter period of time. It is particularly noticeable that the English, French, and South Itahans who have been in the United States between five and nine years show a slightly higher earning capacity than those who have a residence of ten years or over. This is accounted for by the fact that many with a resi- dence of over ten. years are old men and are not physically able to make the wage of the younger immigrants. Further, it is stated that the older immigrants have saved money out of earnings in the past years, and it is unnecessary for them to work as hard as the more recent immigrants. The reason assigned for the large percentage earning higher wages among those who have been in this country between five and mne years as compared with the same wage class of more recent immigrants is that those who have been here only a few years are not highly skilled miners, and consequently are not able to produce as large an amount of coal as those who have become pro- ficient in the work by several years' experience. 46 The Immigration Commission. There'is' little difference in the earning capacity of Enghsh who have been in this country under five years and those who have been here between five and nine years; this is on account of their haying been experienced miners before coming to the United States, which is not generally the case with other races. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. An indication of the industriousness of a given race may be found in the percentage of heads of families regularly employed. Data upon this subject relating to the coal and coke workers of Kansas and Oklahoma are shown in the following table, together with average an- nual earnings of heads of famiUes engaged in bituminous miniiig. Table 408. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number of selected families.o Number of husbands. Number of husbands at work. Per cent of husbands at work. Average yearly earn- ings of husbands at work. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Foreign-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-born 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1583 384 397 S13 422 446 568 387 391 432 380 656 418 408 100.0 63 355 63 345 63 345 100.0 100.0 508 451 o For selection of families, see p. 284. The total number of families is 418 and the total number of husbands 408. It will be noted that aU the husbands are reported as at work. The figures of the table speak well, therefore, for the in- dustry and abiUty to secure and retain work of all the employees hav- ing family responsibilities. The highest average annual earnings of male heads of famihes is ex- hibited by the Welsh employees, whose average yearly earnings are $656, followed by the Lithuanians, Irish, South Itahans, Poles, North Italians, Croatians, Mexicans, and Slovaks, in the order named. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 47 As regards the rannje of annual earnings, the following table shows the proportion of husbands earning each specified amount: Table 409. — Earnings per year of male^heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF EOUSEEOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] It Number earning— Per cent earning — General nativity and race of individual. ^8 5* ax •og ■og t3 ■as u ■og 5=^ ■og ■dg ■og M ■Og Native-bom of native father: White 39 24 20 35 71 32 32 15 38 35 45 22 S583 384 397 513 422 446 568 387 391 432 380 656 IS 16 13 12 33 6 } 24 17 29 8 24 24 20 23 68 31 21 14 37 31 42 11 32 24 20 32 71 32 30 15 38 34 45 16 33 24 20 33 71 32 30 15 38 35 45 18 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 %^ .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 2.9 2.8 3.1 .0 '^0 6.7 6.7 4.6 38.5 66.7 65.0 34.3 48.5 18.8 3.1 W 63.2 48.6 64.4 36.4 61.6 100.0 100.0 65.7 95.8 96.9 65.6 ir\ 88.6 93.3 50.0 82.1 100.0 100.0 91.4 100.0 100.0 93.8 1^"^0 97.1 100.0 72.7 84.6 100.0 Foreign-bom: 100.0 Irish Italian, North .... 1 2 1 94.3 100.0 Italian, South 100.0 93.8 Magyar ..,., 1 100.0 Mexican , Polish 2 3 1 100.0 Slovak 100.0 Welsh 81.8 408 460 — 11 183 346 389 394 .0 2.7 44.9 84.8 95.3 96.6 Total native-bom 63 345 508 451 31 152 48 298 66 333 57 337 .0 .0 .0 3.2 49.2 44.1 76.2 86.4 88.9 96.5 90.6 Total foreign-bom. . . „ .... 11 97.7 <> Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the foregoing table 39 native whites show an average of $583, 24 negroes $384, and 345 foreign-born an average of $451. The average yearly earnings of the negro race are so much lower than the native whites that it is considered advisable, for the purpose of com- paring the foreign with the native born, to consider the native whites and negroes separately. Of the negroes, 66.7 per cent report average yearly earnings under $400, while the other 33.3 per cent average between $400 and $600. Of the total foreign-born, 44.1 per cent average under $400, as against 49.2 per cent native-born. Fifteen and four-tenths per cent native whites average $1,000 or over, while only 2.3 per cent of the foreign-born average as much as that. Forty-two and three-tenths per cent of the foreign-born report average yearly earnings between $400 and $600, and 10.1 per cent between $600 and $800, while the native whites show 23 per cent and 20.6 per cent, respectively. Although the Lithuanians have only 3.1 per cent of their number averaging under $400, the per cent averaging under $600 is 65.6. Next to the Lithuanians, the South Italians report a smaller per cent (18.8) than any other race averaging under $400; at the same time they have 96.9 per cent with average earnings under $600. Of all races reporting from this district, the Slovaks have the lowest average earnings, $380, with 64.4 per cent of their number earning under $400. The Poles report 2.9 per cent of their number averaging over $800. They and the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians are the only foreign- born with average yearly earnings over this amount. 48 The Immigration Commission. The average earnings of the foreign-born in this field are somewhal higher than in Pennsylvania and the Middle Wegt, but not so high as in the South." ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 TEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the approximate annual earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied, by general nativity and race of individual: Table 410. — Yearly earnings (approximate) ofinales 18 years of age or over, by general riativity and race of individual. (STUDY. OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earnlng- Under S200.' Under $400. Under SOOO. Under S1,000. Per cent earning— Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under ■ $1,000. Native-born of native father: White , Negro Native-born of foreign ■ father, by race of father: Irish i Lithuanian... Magyar Slovak Welsh , Foreign-born: Croatian , Irish., Italian, North ' Italian, South.' Lithuanian Magyar... , Mexican Polish , Slovak. Spanish , -Welsh Grand total Total native-born of for- eign father.. , Total native-born Total foreign-born 19 I 3 2 7 22 46 16.3 45 67 17 57 48 62 2 29 $496 377 404 5^ m m m 10 406 632 411 438 649 405 379 • 453 360 ('). 2 1 5 13 2 14 2 90 1 11 27 1 10 1 39 3 23 3 34 1 2 11 169 44 '64 16 55 41 48 2 15 19 1 3 2 7 22 43 163 45 65 17 67 47 52 2 25 12.3 3.3 (6). m. m .0 4.3 1.2 2.2 .0 C) LS 6.3 5.8 C) 47.7 96.7 -W (?> {») m 59.1 30.4 55.2 24.4 40.3 C) 68.4 47.9 65.4 C) 37.9 73.8 100.0 m ?\ (') 100.0 63.0 97.6 97.8 9.'). 5 C) 96.5 85.4 92.3 (') 81.7 675 448 28 659 4.1 52.0 88.6 32 127 548 429 451 447 18 78 273 26 103 495 32 121 538 12.5 10.2 2.7 56.3 61.4 49.9 78.1 81.1 90.3 90.8 100.0 (?) (?-) . C) (J' C) 100.0 93.5 100.0 100.0 97.0 C) 100.0 97.9 100:0 (6) 86.2 97.6 100.0 95.3 98.2 a See Table 41, Vol. I, p. 66. tNot computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 49 Of the 675 males reporting information, for the preceding table, 65 are native-born whites of native father, 32 are native-born of foreign father, and 548 are foreign-born. The remaining 30 are native-born negroes. The average annual earnings of all reporting are $448. The Amer- ican whites average $496 yearly, while the native-born of foreigii father average $429 and the foreign-born $447. The average earn- ings of the negroes are only $377. Of the foreign-born the Welsh have the highest average earnings, with $624. The Lithuanians and Irish follow with $549 and $532, respectively. The Slovaks, with $366, show the lowest average earn- ings. The Croatians, the North Italians, the South Itahans, the Magyars, and the Mexicans are below the general average. ■ Of all reporting, 4.1 per cent earn less than $200, 52 per cent less than $400, 88.6 per cent less than $600, and 97.6 per cent less than $1,000. On comparing those earning less than $200 it is seen that the for- eign-born have the smallest per cent in this class. Only 2.7 per cent of the foreign-born earn less than $200, while 12.3 per cent of the whites native-born of native father earn less than this amount. Of the foreign-born, the Welsh, while showing the highest average earnings, also have the largest per cent of any of the races earning less than $200;' this is, however, offset by their relatively large per cent earning $1,000 or more. The Croatian and the Lithuanian races report none of their number earning less than $200. The negroes have the lamest per cent earning under $400. The Mexicans come next. The South Italians have the smallest per cent with earnings under $400. In this class the American whites have nearly twice as high a per cent as have the South Italians. The Irish, the Lithuanians, and the Welsh also make a better showing than the American whites. None of the Croatians or negroes earn $600, while 48.3 per cent of the Welsh and 37 per cent of the Irish earn as much as or more than this figure. The American whites and the Poles are also above the average in this group. The Lithuanians, while ranking second in average earnings, have only 4.5 per cent earning $600. The negroes, the foreign-born Croatians, North and South Italians, Mexicans and Slovaks, and the native-born of foreign father as a class, report no one earning $1,000. 50 The Immigration Commission. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The table next presented shows, by general nativitjr and race of head of family, the annual average and range of family income. Table 411. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rThls table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of Number of selected families." Average family Income. Per cent of families having a total income— family. Under {300. Under S500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Under $1,500. Native-bom of native father: White 39 24 21 35 75 32 32 39 35 45 26 S679 470 427 827 637 548 764 472 612 434 818 6.1 4.2 4.8 5.7 6.3 3.1 .0 7.7 11.4 17.8 11.5 43.6 75.0 81.0 14.3 62.7 63.1 12.5 69.2 54.3 73.3 19.2 66.7 91.7 96.2 62.9 85.3 84.4 62.5 92.3 82.9 93.3 53.8 76.9 95.8 100.0 77.1 94.7 96.9 75.0 97.4 100.0 95.6 61.6 97.4 100.0 Foreign-bom: 100.0 Irish 86 7 Italian, North 100 Italian, South 100 Lithuanian 96 9 Mexican .. 100 Polish 100 100 Welsh 92 3 Grand total 418 582 6.9 52.2 80.4 89.2 97 8 Total native-bom 63 355 699 679 4.8 7.3 65.6 51.5 76.2 81.1 84.1 90.1 98 4 a For selection of families, see p. 284. From the above table, based upon reports from 418 families, it will be seen that, of this number, 52.2 per cent have a total income under $500 — the whites native-bom of native father having 43.6 per cent of their famihes, and the foreign-bom having 51.5 per cent, earn- ing under this amount. Only 14.3 per cent of the Irish families report a total income under $500. while 14.3 per cent earn over $1,500. The Welsh, although 19.2 per cent of their famihes earn less than $500, as compared with 12.5 per cent of the Lithuanian famihes, have only 53.8 per cent earning under $750, as against 62.5 per cent Lithuanians; also, the Welsh report 7.7 per cent of their famihes with total incomes of over $1,500, while the Lithuanians report only 3.1 per cent with such incomes. There is very httle difference in the family income of the Mexi- cans and the native-bom. Although the Mexicans report a smaller per cent with total income under $500 than do the negroes, the Mexicans show a shghtly larger per cent with total family income under $750. Both of these races report a small per cent with incomes over $1,000, but none with incomes over $1,500. The average family income of the South Itahans is shghtly higher than that of the North Itahans or the Poles. The Poles, however, report a smaUer per cent with total incomes less than $750 than either the North or South Itahans, 82.9 per cent of the Poles report- ing an average income less than $750, as compared with 84.4 per cent of the South Itahans and 85.3 of the North Itahans. The Croatiana Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 51 report 81 per cent of their number .with total incomes under $500 and 95.2 per cent under $750. Their average income is the lowest reported. The average income of the households whose heads are native whites of native father is exceeded by that of three races — the Irish, Welsh, and Lithuanian. WIVES AT WORK. The question next presents itself as to whether any family income is derived from sources other than the earnings of, the heads of fami- Ues in the coal mines. In partial answer to this question, the follow- ing table is submitted, which is designed to show the tendency on the part of the wives of mine workers of the Southwest to engage in gainful occupations: Table 412. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY Of HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families." Number of wives. Number of wives at work. Native-born of native fattier: Wliite 39 24 21 35 75- 32 32 IS 39 35 45 26 39 24 21 35 75 32 32 15 39 35 45 26 Negro 3 Foreign-bom: Irish Italian, North Italian, South _ Lithuanian Mpiric^TI . , Polish Slovak ... 1 Welsh Grandtotal . 418 418 4 Total native-bom 63 355 63 355 3 1 o For selection of families, see p. 284. The number of families is 418, and the number of wives the same. The table shows 3 wives of negroes and the wife of a Slovak to have been engaged in gainful occupations. The occupations of boarding-house or lodging-house keepers have not been considered gainful occupations for purposes of this table. The 4 women reported as at work were employed either in their own homes as washer- women, or at hotels. ' None of them was regularly out in domestic service. One of the distinctive features of the coal-mining industry is the fact that in the great majority of cases the employees are com- pelled by the very nature of their work to live in small and isolated communities. Coal mines are seldom located in or near considerable towns. Mine work can be done only by men. The manufacturing establishments of the cities and towns which employ so large a num- ber of immigrant women are too far distant to be accessible to tlie wives of the mine workers. For those remaining in the home domestic service is in general the only alternative. All the coal- mining communities of Kansas and Oklahoma, from which the data 52 The Immigration Commission. for the table were secured, were of the type described above. Conse- quently this small percentage of employment is mainly due to lack of opportunities. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OP AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the approximate earnings of all females 18 years of age or over in the households studied, working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual: Table 413. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT OF HODSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning— General nativity and race ol individual. Under 1200. Under $.■500. Under t400. Under J500. Native-bom of native father: Wliite 2 S 7 2 m 2 4 1 1 2 5 2 1 2 S 4 1 2 6 7 2 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish IForeign-born: Welsh Grand total 16 $23S 8 10 12 16 Total native-bom of foreign father 7 14 2 C) 229 C) 1 7 1 2 9 1 4 11 1 7 14 2 Total native-born "Not computed, owing to small number involved. Because of the very small number reporting, no opportunity for a comparison of the approximate earnings of the several races is afforded by the precedmg table. It will be seen, however, that for the entire number furnishing information the average yearly earnings per female amount to $235. It is interesting to note in connection with those earning specified amounts that an even 50 per cent of those reporting average less than $200, and that the entu-e 100 per cent average less than $500. The average earnings of the native-bom, of native or foreign father, are reported as $229, indicating, in view of the average reported for the total number, that the average earn- ings of the foreign-born are in excess of the earnings of the native- born. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. The relation between the earnmgs of the husbands and the practice of the wives of keeping boarders or lodgers is considered in the tables next presented. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 53 Table 414. — Number of families in which wife has employment orjteeps hoarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Genoial nativity and race of head head of family. Number ofselocted families.!! Number of husbands earning— Under $400. t400 and under J600. S600 or over. Number of wives having employ- ment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of wives hav- ing employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where hus- bands' earnings are — Under S400. t400 and under S600. seooor over. Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-bom Total foreign-bom IS 183 163 345 31 162 17 146 2 13 01 the selected famiUes only those which have both husband "For selection of families, see p. 284. and wife present appear in this table. Table 415. — Per cent of families in which wife has pnploymerit or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) rThls table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals however are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 284. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.] General nativity and race of head of family. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Foreign-bom: Croatian Irish ■ Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-bom Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings are— Under S400. 4.: n.i .0 9.3 1400 and under S600. 0.0 25. .0 9.1 31.4 24.0 65.0 3S.5 SO.O .0 (a) 28.2 11.8 30.1 $000 or over. 13.3 8.3 C) (o) 54.5 C) 24.2 13.3 27.7 Total. 5.1 16.7 .0 5.7 28.2 21.9 62.5 18.4 31.4 4.4 .0 19.1 9.5 20.9 o Not computed, owing to small niunber involved. 54 The Immigration Commission. A glance at the preceding table shows that the Welsh and Croatiana are the only races, of all reporting, whose wives have not, either by employment or the keeping of boarders or lodgers, had any part in increasing the earnings of their husbands. Of the foreign-bom races, the vSlovaks and Irish each report two wives who have added to the earnings of their husbands by one or both of the above methods, which places these two races in the same class as the native whites, who also report 2 of their mves, or 5.1 per cent, as supplementing the family income. The largest number of wives aiding in increasing the husbands' earnings, are found among the Lithuanians, who report 62.5 per cent. Following the lithuanians are the Poles and the North and South Italians, with 31.4, 28.2, and 21.9 per cent, respectively so reported. A larger per cent of the wives of Mexicans than of native-born negroes aid in increasing their husbands' earnings, the Mexicans reporting 18.4 per cent, and the negroes 16.7 per cent. The natural supposition would be that the lower the earnings of the husband, the larger would be the per cent of wives keeping boarders or' lodgers, or seeking other employment. This, however, is not the case, as is apparent from the above tables. The striking exception to the above statement is in the case of the Lithuanians. It is also noticeable, but to a lesser extent, with the North and South ItaUans. Only one Lithuanian is reported as earning under $400, and his wife adds to his earnings by keeping boarders or lodgers, while 65 per cent of the wives of Lithuanians earning between $400 and $600, and 54.5 per cent of the wives of those earning $600 or over, con- tribute to the family income. The North Italians earning under $400 and between $400 and $600 are aided by 24.2 and 31.4 per cent of their wives, respectively, as compared with 16.7 and 24 per cent of the wives of South Itahans, on the same basis of husbands' earnings. Only 11.8 per cent of the wives of Poles whose husbands earn less than $400, as compared with 50 per cent of those whose husbands earn between $400 and $600, add to the husbands' earnings. It will be readily seen, therefore, that although 44.9 per cent of the husbands of the 408 families reporting earn less than $400, only 9.3 per cent of the wives in this class add to the husbands' earnings, as compared with 28.2 per cent of the wives of husbands earniDg between $400 and $600, the husbands earning between the last- named amounts representing 40 per cent of the entire number of families from whom information was secured. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 55 SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. In addition to the activities of the wives in contributing to the family income, the next table presented exhibits the extent to which the families studied have an income from other sources. Table 416. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STDDT OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Total number of selected families.o Per cent of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— " Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. other Husband. Wife. sources. Native-bom of native father: White 39 24 21 33 75 32 32 39 35 45 26 100.0 100.0 95.2 100.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 97.4 100.0 100.0 84.6 0.0 12.5 .0 :l :S .0 .0 2.2 .0 17.9 12.5 4.8 48.6 8.0 9.4 9.4 10.3 5.7 11.1 50.0 5.1 42 .0 5.7 30.7 21.9 62.5 17.9 31.4 4.4 3.8 S.1 58.3 Foreign-bom: 4.8 Irish 17.1 Italian North 21.3 31.3 Lithuaiiiaii 93.8 82.1 Polish 42.9 20.0 Welsh 30.8 Grand total 418 97.6 1.0 16.3 18.9 37.1 63 353 100.0 .97. 2 4.S .3 15.9 16.3 4.8 21.4 25.4 39.2 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Of the 418 families from whom information was secured, a greater proportion derive income from the earnings of husband than from aU other sources combined. Upon the information secured, it is found that 97.6 per cent of the families derive income from husband's earn- ings, 18.9 per cent from boarders or lodgers, 16.3 per cent of the fami- lies receive contributions from the ohildren, 1 per cent from earnings of wife, and 37.1 per cent from sources other than those just, enumer- ated. One hundred per cent o^ the native-born families reporting have an income from husband's earnings, as compared with 97.2 per cent of the foreign-bom. The native-bom also report a greater proportion of families who derive income from wife's earnings than do the foreign- born. On the other hand, the foreign-born report a larger proportion of famihes having an income from children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources than do the native-born. Of the foreign-born, the Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks each report 100 per cent of the famihes deriving an income from husband's earnings; while the Croatians, North Italians, and Mexicans each report over 90 per cent. The Welsh report 84.6 per cent of the families as having income from husband's earnings. The native-bom negroes and the Slovaks are the only races report- ing an income from wife's eamings, and in each case the proportion is small, being but 12.5 per cent^of the negro famihes and 2.2 per cent 56 The Immigration Commission. of the Slovak families. All of the races, however, show contributions from children. The Welsh stand first in this respect, with 50 per cent of the families receiving contributions from children, but this race is followed closely by the Irish, who report 48.6 per cent. The propor- tion of Slovak families receiving contributions from children is 11.1. per cent. The Mexicans, South Italians, Lithuanians, North ItaUans, Poles, and Croatians follow in the order named. The proportion of American white families receiving contributions from children is 17.9 per cent, as compared with 12.5 per cent of the negro families. Only 4.8 per cent of the native-born families derive income from the payments of boa;rders or lodgers, as compared with 21.4 per cent of the foreign-born. Of the foreign-bom races reporting, the Lithu- anians report the largest proportion of families who have an income from boarders or lodgers, the per cent being 62.5, while 31.4 per cent of the Polish families have an income from that source. The North Italians, South Italians, and Mexicans follow in the order named. Compared with these races, only 5.1 per cent of the American whites and 4.2 per cent of the negroes have an income from boarders or lodgers. Of the Lithuanian families reporting, 93.8 per cent have income from sources other than those named above, followed by the Mexicans with 82.1 per cent. The lowest proportion, 4.8 per cent, is shown by the Croatians. The following table shows the extent to which the families studied depend exclusively upon certain specified sources of income: 'J Table 417 . — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family^ 'i -A (STODT Off HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are lor all races.) i h f Per cent of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. •a i ■S 3 a i •a i 1 •a a es D ■aS a S 1 0.a e 1 Jii Native-bom of native father: White., 39 24 21 35 75 32 32 39 35 45 26 76.9 20.8 90.6 40.0 53.3 46.9^ .0^ 10.3 45.7 68.9 28.9 0.0 12.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 12.8 4.2 .0 37.1 5.3 6.3 .0 .0 2.9 8.9 26.9 2.6 4.2 .0 2.9 14.7 12.5 6.3 5.1 8.6 2.2 .0 0.0 .0 4.8 .0 1.3 .0 .0 2.6 .0 .0 11.5 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 ,0 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.8 0.0 .0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 7.7 58.3 4.8 20.0 21.3 34.4 93.8 83.1 42.9 20.0 30.8 N6gro......... Foreign-bom: Croatian Irisji i : Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Grand total 418 43.5 .7 9.3 6.2 1.4 .2 .7 37.8 Total native-bora 63 355 56.6 41.4 4.8 .0 9.5 9.3 3.2 6.8 .0 1.7 .0 .3 .0 .8 27.0 39.7 Total foreign-born » For selection of families, see p. 284. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 57 From the preceding table it will be seen that, of a total' of 418 families, a large proportion, or 43.5 per cent, have their entire income from husband, while a very small proportion, or 0.2 per cent, have their entire income from children and boarders or lodgers; 9.3 per cent have their entire income from husband and children, 6.2 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers, 1.4 per cent from children, and less than 1 per cent from either husband and wife or boarders or lodgers. A relatively large proportion, 37.8 per cent, is shown as having entire income from source or combination of sources not before specified. Comparing the native and foreign born, it will be seen that the former show the largest proportion having entire income from hus- band, husband and wife, and husband and children. The native- born do not report proportions for those having entire income from children, children and boarders or lodgers, and boarders or lodgers, while the foreign-born fehow 1.7 per cent, 0.3 per cent, and 0.'8 per ■cent, respectively. Comparing the foreign-born races reporting, it will be seen that the largest proportion, or 90.5 per cent, having entire income from husband is shown by the Croatians, while the smallest is shown by the Mexicans. None of the Lithuanian families are entirely sup- ported by the husband. The proportions of the other races range from 68.9 per cent as shown by the Slovaks to 26.9 per cent as shown by the Welsh. Only four races report families supported by children, with proportions ranging from 11.5 per cent as sho-wm by the Welsh to 1.3 per cent as shown by the North Italians; and only one race, the North Italian, reports entire income from boarders or lodgers, the proportion of families deriving entire income from this source amounting to 4 per cent. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. As regards the source of family incomes in the coal-mining indus- try of the Southwest, the table following is of interest in that it shows the per cent of total family income received frpm husband, wife, c,hilm•e^, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family- 48296°— VOL 7— U- 5 ' 58 The Immigration Commission. Table 418. — Per cent of total family inccyme within the year from husband, wife, ddldren, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however.are for all races.] Number of selected families.^ Per cent of total Income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. sources. Native-born of native father: White 39 24 21 35 75 32 32 39 35 45 26 86.0 81.7 88.5 62.0 74.4 81.4 74.3 80.7 84.4 87.6 67.8 0.0 2.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 (») 9.8 12.9 11.0 33.9 4.4 8.3 5.6 11.8 2.2 9.6 25.3 2.7 .8 .0 1.6 20.2 8.8 19.6 6.2 11.9 1.3 1.1 1.5 2.0 Foreign-bom: Croatian. ... ............. ■ S Irish 2.6 Italian, North 1.0 Italian, South 1.4 .5 Mexican '. .■ 1.2 Polish l.S Slovak 1.4 Welsh 6.8 418 77.1 .1 12.9 8.2 1.8 63 355 84.7 75.7 .8 C) 10.8 13.3 2.1 9.3 1.7 1.8 » For selection of families, see p. 284. > L$ss than 0.05 per cent. On the basis of information furnished by 418 famiUes in the South- west it will be seen that of the total family income the husband contributes 77.1 per cent, children 12.9 per cent, boarders or lodgers 8.2 per cent, and wives 0.1 per cent, while 1.8 per cent is derived from other sources. The most interesting fact in connection with the above table is that the native-bom husbands contribute a larger per cent of the total family income than is contributed by the foreign-bom hus- bands; on the other hand, a larger per cent of the fanmy income of the foreign than native bom is made up from the earnings of children and from boarders or lodgers. The negroes show a larger proportion of the family income derived from children and a smafler proportion from boarders onlodgers than do the native whites, while the husbands of the native whites and negroes contribute 86 per cent and 81.7 per cent, respectively. A comparison of the foreign-born races brings to light two most interesting facts: (1) The small proportion of the totalfaroily income contributed by the husbands and the large proportion contributed by the children of the Irish and Welsh, as compared with the per cent contributed by the husbands and children of the other races; and (2) the lame proportion of the total family income of the North Italians and Lithuanians derived from payments of boarders or lodgers — the proportion for the North Italians being 20.2 per cent and for the Lithuanians 19.6 per cent. No part of the total family income of the Croatians is derived from payment of boarders or lodgers and less than 2 per cent of the family income of the Irish, Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 59 Slovaks, and Welsh is obtained in this manner. The smallest pro- portion of fardily income contributed by children is shown by the Poles, while the largest is shown by the Irish. Following the Irish are the Welsh, who show that over one-fourth of the total family income is derived from this source. _ The proportions of total family incomes derived from sources not specified are too small to require any consideration, except in the case of the Welsh, who show 5.8 per cent. Chapter IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Method of securing immigrants — Hours worked per day — Regularity of employment — The wage scale — Company houses — The company-store system — The immigrant and organized labor — ^Mining accidents in their relation to recent immigration — Relations among races employed— [Text Tables 419 to 421 and General Table 168]. METHOD OF SECURING IMMIGRANTS. The method of securing men, as first practiced by the coal companies in Kansas and Oklahoma, was to send an agent to other coal fields, who obtained as many as were needed. A special car was chartered and the men were transported directly to the coal fields. At a later date this plan was discontinued and men were given transportation to the mines. The railroad fare was collected m instalments from their earnings. In some few instances immigrants returning from Europe were employed to bring over men. They were paid for each miner brought over, the coal company supplying steamship tickets and paying all expenses, such practices bemg perfectly legal at that time. The cost of transportation was collected in monthly payments from the immigrants thus secured. This method was discontinued by the year 1890 because of contract-labor legislation by the Federal Government. The companies also let it be known among the men employed that anyone wishitig to bring in relatives or friends could do so, the company supplying transportation and enough money for expenses, provided two or more men in their employ were willing to stand good for the amount expended. . Many immigrants brought over their wives and families by this plan and in most mstances they have become permanent residents. The officials of the companies encouraged immigrants to send for their families for the reason that the men could be held more easily and were more contented when accompanied by their wives and children. It is stated by Germans who were brought into Kansas during the early eighties that they had been working in the coal mines at West- phalia, where conditions were bad. There was little demand for labor, the mines were overcrowded, and wages were low. On account of this, many men were discontented and when the literature giving glowing accounts of the money to be earned in mining in the United States was distributed in the German mines many of them migrated to America. They were met in New York by agents of the operators in the Southwest, who sent them to Pittsburg, Kansas. In this manner many came into the field. The' majority of immigrants, however, who were brought into Kansas and Oklahoma by the coal companies were from other coal-mining sections of the United States. This custom of shipping in labor has not been practiced for some time, and now aU immigrants come of their own accord, and are employed upon personal application. HOURS WORKED PER DAT. As regards hours worked per day in the coal fields of the Southwest, the following is quoted from the contract between the coal operators and miners: For all classes of labor, eight hours shall constitute a day's work An eight-hour day means eight hours' work at the usual working places, exclusive of noon time, which 61 62 The Immigration Commission. shall be one-half hour for all classes of day labor. This shall be exclusive of the time required in reaching such working places in the morning and departure from the same at night. In discussing the hours worked per day and the number of days worked during the past year, the United States Geological Survey, in its annual report, comments as follows: Practically all the mines in Oklahoma are operated on the basis of an eight-hour day. During 1908 the average number of working days were one hundred and seventy-two. Part of the time lost was due to the general suspension of operations, which began on April 1 and extended into June. The number of men afiected was 6, 929, the idle time ranging from forty-eight to seventy-eight days, the average number of days lost by each of the 6,929 men was fifty-seven, and the total number of working days idle was equivalent to about 25 per cent of the total number worked during the year by all men einployed. The coal miners of Kansas are for the greater part well organized, and under the union rules the large majority of them work eight hours a day. In 1908 there were 138 mines, employmg 12,973 men out of a total of 13,916, that were operated imder an eight-hour day; 283 men employed at 11 mines worked nine hours, and 363 men employed at 7 mines worked ten hours. The average number of days worked was one hundred and eighty-one, part of the time lost being due to the suspension of operations during April and May. The suspension of operations on April 1 affected 11,155 men, or 80 per cent of tiie total number employed. They were idle for an average of sixty days each, or about 25 per cent of the total time made during the year. KEGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. The following table showing the months worked during the past year (the twelve months preceding the collection of data) by males sixteen years of age or over in the various households studied in the Southwest, indicates the general regularity of employment and com- parative industriousness of the different races employed in the mines of this locahty: Table 419. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of Individual. Ninnber reporting complete data. Per cent working — 12 , months. 9 months or more. 6 months or more. 3 months or more. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Irish Foreign-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mexican Polish Slovalc i Welsh Grand total Total native-bom of foreign father ^■otal native-born Total foreign-born 32 22 22 47 160 47 68 58 48 S5 31 11.6 .0 4.5 .0 10.6 .0 .0 1.5 .0 .0 .0 25.8 21.7 .0 31.8 46.8 19.4 .0 2.9 1.7 4.2 5.6 45.2 63.8 56.3 63.6 95.4 68.7 67.5 80.9 100.0 63.8 83.3 81.8 71.0 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 96.8 3.7 15.8 76.2 41 142 556 7.3 7.7 2.7 29.3 19.0 14.9 73.2 64.8 77.9 100.0 98.6 99.3 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 63 Before commenting upon the preceding table, it should be borne in mind that this section felt very strongly the effects of the industrial depression of the years 1907 and 1908, as well as the curtailment of employment during the same years because of the decreased demand for coal in the territory served by the mines. While, the usual tend- encies of certain races in this section may have been somewhat hampered by conditions imposed upon them, yet the exhibit made by the table will indicate m a rough way the comparative indus- triousness. Upon referring to the totals in the table, it is seen that only 7.7 per cent of the native-born and 2.7 per cent of the foreign-bom were employed for twelve months preceding the time at which the infor- mation was received; 19 per cent of the native-born and 14.9 per cent of the foreign-bom worked nine months or more, and 64.8 per cent of the native-bom and 77.9 per cent of the foreign- born were at work for a period of six months or more. Of the foreign-born employees, 10.6 per cent of the Irish and 25.8 per cent of the Welsh worked twelve months, and 46.8 per cent of the Irish and 45.2 per cent of the Welsh worked nine months or more. All the members of the Lithuanian race worked six months or more, while 2.9 per cent worked nine months or more and 1.5 per cent twelve months. Almost aU of the Croatians were also employed six months or more, and 31.8 per cent of the same race nine months or more; 80.9 per cent of the South Italians worked six months or more, but none of the employees of this race worked as long as nine months. Slightly more than 80 per cent of the Slovaks and Poles, 63.8 per cent of the Mexicans, 100 per cent of the Lithuanians, and 67.5. per cent of the North Italians were employed six months or more. THE WAGE SCALE. The wage scale for mining varies in the different districts accord- ing to local conditions of mining. There is a standard scale which -governs general conditions, but in many instances the coal is deficient, or, in other words, the vein on account of a fault or squeeze is not as thick as that in neighboring properties, and when this is the case thp men are paid more than where conditions are normal. Where coal is harder to mine the prices paid are also higher. Taking the McAlester District in Oklahoma, from which about 50 per cent of the coal mined in that State comes, an approximate idea of -pncea paid for mining can be secured. Here the scale for pick mining ranges, with some exceptions, from 72 cents to 77^ cents per ton. At Alderson, Bache, Carbon, Craig, and Dow the scale is 77^ cents; at Lehigh, Oklahoma, screened 90 cents, and mine-run 72 cents. The Henryetta machine scale is 50 cents per ton, including shooting down and loading. The Oklahoma machine scale is 45 cents per ton on a piece basis, and where men are paid by the day it is $2.45. The general scale, however, in the two States for pick niining is 72 cents per ton on a mine-run basis. On account of the pitch of the veins and other adverse conditions, machme minmg has never been suc- cessful, and most of the coal mined is by pick or hand work. 'i The prices quoted refer only to the actual mining, shootmg, and loading of the coal. Besides those engaged hi mining, there are 64 The Immigration Commission. pumpers, trackmen, timbennen, gasmen, rope riders, greasers, cagers, shot firers, motormen, trappers, spraggers, hoisting engineers, trimmers, and employees in other occupations. In all cases this class of labor is paid by the day, and the scale runs from $1.13 per eight hours work for trappers up to $3 for shot firers. Almost all of the day laborers employed receive $2.56 for eight hours work in the mine, and $2.02^ for eight hours work outside. Miners are also paid by the yard for makmg "break throughs," driving entries or air courses, for pulling down rock from the roof, and taking up hot" tom. These prices vary according to conditions. In addition to the wage scale, pay days are also fixed by contract, and in all cases the men are paid twice each month, usually on the 15th and 30th, and in some cases on the nearest Saturday to the above dates. COMPANY HOUSES. Houses are rented to their employees by almost all of the coal- mining companies. These houses are the property of the coal com- Eanies. They are frame structures, usually or the same size^, 1-stoff mldings of 3 to 5 rooms being the typical company house intended for one family. Two-story houses and double houses with two kitchens for two f amiUes are less frequently seen. The rooms are of different sizes, from 12 by 12 feet to 18 by 18 feet, but the average room is about 14 by 14 feet. The dwellings are in most cases badly constructed. A cheap grade of lumber is used and the workmanship is very poor. Windows and doors are not fitted and in a short time are in need of repairs. Floor- ing is poor and few houses are ceiled or carefully finished. The aver- age cost of erecting the ordinary dwelling is $100 per room. The general condition and appearancie of houses depends greatly iipon their location. In the larger settlements or near towns, where the mines have been in operation a long time, housing conditions are much better than in remote locaUties. In such places miners will, as a rule, not be satisfied with the inconvenience of occupying a shat- tered company house, as they have a chance to rent better quarters in private hoiises in the nearby villages or towns. In places where miners have an opportunity to occupy private houses, or to buy their homes, the renting business of the coal companies has received a hard blow. Not only are private houses built of better material and with greater skiU, but they also look more desirable, display more indi- viduality in their appearance, and usually have more space aroimd them, affording possibihties for gardening and privacy. For this reason, in such locaUties, company houses are kept in better repair. Notwithstanding this, they are only occupied when no private housing facihties are obtainable. As a consequence quite a number of them can be noticed standing empty and approadiing complete dilapidation. In isolated and detached mining communities company houses are to be found at each mine. They are frame buildings of uniform design and are usually painted a duU red, placed in a row, or several rows, according to the size of the mine and the number of employees. Many of these houses have no soUd foundations. They are elevated from 2 to 3 feet from the ground and rest at the four comers on pil» Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest, 65 of stone or brick. In many instances window panes are out and large cracks are to be, seen around the doors and windows. Incases where mines have been abandoned, houses have been moved to other locahties, and this of course has greatly added to the dilapidated con- dition of the house. There is generally room for a garden. The water supply comes from wells, oftentimes one well supplying several fami- lies. The closets are dry and are well removed from the dwelling. Company houses rent for $1.80 to $2 a room per month, the rent being deducted every two weeks from the amount due the employee. The state of repair in which houses are found depends much, on the company owning them. Some companies exercise more care in housing their men than others and the contrast is often very marked. Several companies employ a man who has charge of the houses, see- ing that they are maintained in good repair and in a sanitary condi- tion. These companies also employ a scavenger, whose duty it is to keep the closets clean and remove all filth from the premises. Operators declare that it is very discouraging to attempt to keep houses in good repair, for the reason that many families upon moving out will break window lights and otherwise deface the building. Instances were given where the last tenant had broken up the floor and inside woodwork for fuel. The percentage of immigrants occupying company houses is smaller than thart of Americans and negroes. A large percentage of Mexicans also occupy company property. THE COMPANY-STOKE SYSTEM. Most of- the coal companies operating in Oklahoma and Kansas either own stores or give the privilege of selling to the mine em- ployees to some local concern for a certain percentage of the sales. It is not compulsory for miners to trade at these stores. They are paid in cash every two weeks, and can purchase their supphes where they choose. Between pay days, however, no employees are paid in cash, and the only way in which they can secure supplies is to draw scrip or get orders on the store, as the case may be. This system, of course, forces all employees to trade at these stores when they have no ready money. The scrip and store orders are only good at the company stores, and such purchases as the miner or his family may make between pay days is held out of his wages when he receives his pay. In most cases the company stores handle as good if not a better une than other neighborhood stores and prices are no higher than elsewhere. Scrip, which can be drawn in lieu of money between pay days by employees, is honored dollar for dollar at company stores. It is stated by mine officials that immigrants draw little scrip and receive their full pay in cash on pay day. Managers of company stores say they frequently extend credit to immigrants and find them generally honest and prompt in settling. The only articles which the coal companies insist that the employees, shall buy from their stc-res are powder and other explosives. The reason assigned for this is that m order to insure the best results- certain kinds of powder must be used in shooting to suit local condi- tions of coal. For example,^^in one mine a quickly igniting powder 66 The Immigration Commission. will be exactly suitable, while in another the same explosive will be entirely unsatisfactory. It is claimed, further, that before this rule went into effect many miners did their shooting with dynamite^ This explosive makes an output of inferior grade by shattering the coal badly, and producing a large percentage of slack or fine coal. Consequently the operators have insisted upon the regulation of the kind and quality or explosives used. In almost all cases there are stores owned by private, parties in close proximity to company stores, so that miners may have their choice as to which they will patronize. It is the universal opinion of mine operators that natives and negroes draw a far greater percentage of "scrip" than the immigrant. No instances were observed where employees were forced to trade at company stores or were charged excessive prices. THE IMMIGKANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. All of the important coal-mining concerns in Oklahoma and Kansas employ union labor only, and all prices, for mining and other work are fixed by an agreement between the Southern Mne Operators Asso- ciation and the committee of the United Mine Workers of America., Membership in the union is a necessary qualification for securing employment in commercial or shipping mines. The almost universal extent to which different races hold membership in the unions is, evident from the following table, which shows the affihation with organized labor of male employees 21 years of age or over, by general nativity and race. Table 420. — Affiliation tuith trade unions o/malee 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual . (STUDY OP HODSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number report- ing com- plete data. Affiliated with trade unions. Number. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White 62 29 6 1 3 21 45 168 48 67 17 56 47 51 3 28 54 29 S 1 3 21 40 164 47 66 17 56 46 51 3 24 87.1 100.0 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father; (a) (a) 100.0 Magyar ; , Welsh Foreign-bom: Irish 88.9 Italian, North 97.6 Italian, South 97 9 Lithuanian ^ 98 5 (") 100 Mexican Polish 97.9 Slovak 100 n,7 Welsh G rand total 652 627 96 2 Total native-born of foreign father 10 101 651 9 92 635 ki 97,1 Total native-born Total foreign-born o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 67 The union idea was first introduced in the Southwest in tlie early eighties. At that time there was no centraHzed organization, and the dinerent mines were entirely independent of each other. Rules gov- erning a mine in one locality were not observed on a neighboring Sroperty, and the operator had the local union of his employees to eal with rather than the general organization of the present time. This loose and disorganized condition worked a hardsnip not only to the mine operator, but to the men as well, and from 1890 to 1895 the whole field was reorganized by the labor leaders, placed on a firm basis, and affiliated with the national organization. From 1890 to 1895 there were several strikes throughout the Southwest designed to secure recognition of the union, higher wages, and shorter hours. These strikes were successful and since 1895 the whole field has been closely unionized. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh have always taken great interest in the organization of labor and have been leaders in all of the locals where immigrant races are represented. They, with Americans, have been agitators in most of the strikes and labor troubles and are prominently identified with the order. As a general rule, the attitude of Italians toward the labor unions is one of toleration, and most of them belong to it because they are forced to do so in order to secure work. A few of the more highly Ameri- canized members of the race generally control the remainder in all questions coming before meetmgs. It is said by Americans promi- nent in the affairs of the organization that Italians would not join the union if it were not necessary for them to do so in order to work in the mines, and very few of them show any interest in its affairs. Italians are frequently on "pit committees" and hold offices, but in the important works of the union, Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh are the leaders, though Italians and other races may hold the balance of power. , The Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, Magyars, and Russians really show less interest than Italians, and in many cases are antagonistic to the union. Many of them have expressed the opinion that they would have better work and make more money it they were not controlled by the organization. The reason for the lack of interest on the part of the immigrant^ from southern and eastern Europe is that they are unable to understand English and can take very little part in the discussions at meetings. They also claim that they are not treated fairly by the English-speaking races. Members of the second generation or the southern and eastern European races are strong supporters of the unions and usually control other members of their particular race. Coal operators state that they have often known of strikes in which the foreign element did not know on what grounds they were striking. They also assert that when the Italians, Lithuanians, or Slovaks are m control of a local, the demands are less extravagant and are not so radical as when the situation is controlled by the Americans, English, Irish, and Welsh. American miners claim that the union is absolutely necessary to control the wage scale, hours worked, and conditions of employment. The immigrant would be willing, they say, to work, at a price much below the present scale of wages and would demand no limit as to 68 The Immigration Commission. hours. For the purpbse of protecting themselres, therefore, against the competition of immigrant labor, the Americans and the English- speaking races claim that they take an active part in directing and controUmg the labor organizations. Although there is prejudice against immigrants from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia on the part of the English-speaking races, stiU their attitude is not openly unfriendly as long as they can control the situation, but if any of the first-mentioned immigrants try to show their power in any measure, they are usually forced into submission. The Americans and English are able to retain power for the reason that the different immigrant races never unite with each other. The presence of the United Mine Workers of America in Kansas and Oklahoma has been of great benefit to the miners. The men are benefited by better prices for mining, shorter hours, and by different rules and regulations concerning appliances to promote safety in mining. In securing industrial peace and stability among employees the unions have also been of benefit to the operators. Before the field was strongly organized and mine labor was scarce, operators, by giving a slight advance in wages could secure men from neighbering rival concerns, strikes were more frequent than at the present time, and the operator was never certain that he could hold his force during the busy season when he needed it most. Under present conditions a contract is signed for a universal wage scale and a strike is called only in extreme cases, whfere the committee of the United Mine Workers of America and the Southwestern Coal Operators Association, fail to settle the difference by arbitration. I MINING ACCIDENTS IN THEIR RELATION TO RECENT IMMIGRATION. According to the report of the state mining inspector, 27 men were killed and 70 injured in the coal mines of Kansas during 1908. Of the total number of men killed, 7 were shot firers who lost their lives in the performance of their work, evidently by improperly placed shots; 14 were killed by falls of roof and coal in the rooms and entries; 2 men met death by falling down a shaft; 1 eager was caught by the cage and killed; and other causes claimed -3 victiins. Of the 27 men killed, 14 were married, and the total number of children left fatherless was 56. The death rate per thousand men emploved was 1.94 in 1908 as against 2.57 in 1907. The number of tons of coal mined for each life lost in 1908 amounted to 231,315." No statistics were available showing the race or nationality of the men killed or injured. During the paist year (1908) there were 172 accidents in the coal mines of Oklahoma) .44 of which were fatal, or 1 for every 67,002 tons of coal mined.' There were 128 nonfatal accidents, or 1 for every 23,032 tons of coal mined; for every 1,000 employees, 5.08 were killed. Of the tota,l number who were either killed or injured, 79 were immigrants, 81 Americans, and 12 negroes. o Production of Coal in 1908, p. 121. E. W. Parker, U. S. Geological Survey. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 69 The following table shows the total number of men killed and injured n the mining mdustry in Oklahoma and Kansas, the percentage of he total number employed who were killed, and the number of tons )f coal mined for each life lost in the two States in 1908: Table 421. — Fatal and nonfatal accidents in Kansas and Oklahoma coal mines, 1908. [Compiled from Annual Report (1908) of the State Mining Inspector of Oklahoma and the Annual Report on Coal Production (1908) of the United States Geological Survey. State. Fatal acci- dents. Nonfatal accidents. Men em- ployed. Percentage killed. Tons mined. Number of tons of coal mined for each life lost. 044 27 ■1128 70 8,651 13,916 6.08 1.94 2,948,116 0,245,608 67, (102 231,315 Total 71 198 22,567 3.14 9,193,624 129,487 I statistics showing the number of fatal and nonfatal accidents In Oklahoma coal mines are for the Iscal year ending October 31, 1908. The majority of immigrants from Italy, Russia, and Austria- Hungary, on coming to this country, are entirely ignorant of mining and go to the mines without knowledge of the dangers to be encoun- tered, and, in consequence, are reckless. The. majority of superin- tendents and mine foremen interviewed claim that many accidents are due to the fact that the foreigner is not. able to speak or under- stand English and it is hard to make him understand a warning. Before the miners are allowed to go down for work the mines are thoroughly tested for gas by fire bosses or gas men, and in cases where bodies of gas are found warnings are posted directing the men to remain away from that part of the mine. It is difficult to compel the newly arrived iinmigrants to regard these warnings, and on this account many men have been severely burned or killed by explosions. Thus the ignorance of the foreigner as t'o English not only brings great danger to himself, but to every man working in the mine with him. It has been suggested that there should be a law requiring each immigrant to stand a thorough examination before allowing him to be employed in the coal-mining industry, similar to the state examinations required for position of mine foreman, hoisting engi- neer, or fire boss. The examinations for engineers, fire bosses, and similar occupations are held at designated intervals by an appointed board. The state mining inspector states that of the men who take these examinations, with the exception of the English-speaking races, less than one and one-half per cent are foreigners, and that a very small percentage of these are able to pass the examination. Only in rare instances does the ItaKan attempt the examination, and usually in such cases the appUcant is of the second generation. EKLATIONS AMONG RACES EMPLOYED. In pick mining it is almost necessary for two men to work together. The universal practice is for two men, who are called "buddies," to work in the same room, often for a period of years. One does the mining and places the shots and the other does the loading, or they will take turn about at 'the two tasks. Generally they send out car 70 The Immigration Commission. for car of coal and divide yardage, room turning, and other extra work, so that their pay will be as nearly equal as possible. On pay day if one has a Uttle more money due Tiinn than the other they may divide equally, having first taken out of their joint pay all expenses for mining, such as powder, fuse, caps, blasting paper, etc. These men are to some extent isolated, working together at the face of the coal, probably from 100 to 200 feet from thS entry, and almost the only other employee they see during the day is the driver, who brings the empty cars and hauls away the loaded ones. It is natural, there- fore, that the two men will become very intimate. Consequently it is an almost unheard-of situation to find an Amer- ican miner and an immigrant from continental Europe working in the same room. Possibly the force of men working the entry may include five or six different nationaKties, but on entering the rooms the " bud- dies," or partners, wiU be found to be men of the same race. Often an American works in the same room with an Englishman, Scotchman, or Welshman, but it is rare to find an American miner working with an immigrant of any race other than those mentioned. With the company or day men the case is different. Drivers, tim- bermen, trackmen, spraggers, cagers, etc., are very often of different races, and Americans work side by side with Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, or Slovaks. The reason assigned for this is that the miner chooses his own working partner, while the mine foreman hires the company men and places them together irrespective of race. Many pit bosses prefer to work gangs of different races rather than a force made up of the same nationahty. While outside the mine there may be racial prejudices and httle association between the races, during work hours little of this is seen and working relations between Americans and immigrants are pleas- ant, the foreigner receiving as fair treatment as the native at the hands of the company. |. Chapter V. HOUSIITG AND LIVING CONDITIONS. General housing and living conditions — Rent in its relation to standard of living- Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments occupied — Size of households studied- Congestion— [Text Tables 422 to 433 and General Tables 169 to 180]. GENERAL HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. General housing conditions in Oklahoma and Kansas vary accord- ing to localities. Generally speaking, in the larger towns and mining villages, the condition of houses is much better than in smaller and more isolated settlements. ^ The particular race predominating in a community also has a noticeable influence in regard to the general appearance of the home and the sanitary conditions surrounding it. In the older towns throughout the mining sections of the two States, the houses are more substantial, are kept in better repair and more conveniences are provided. The reason for this condition is that in such places many miners own their homes and others rent houses from private persons. On account of competition in renting, the coal companies are forced to provide better dwellings for their employ- ees than they do in places where aU the houses are owned by the com- panies. Length of residencle also has much to do with the appearance and comfort of the home, since the immigrant after purcnasing a piece of property is constantly improving it. Those who have owned homes for a number of years have set out shade and fruit trees, a good garden usually exists, wells or cisterns are dug, some have small vineyards, and the general appearance of the property denotes pride in ownership. On rented property, the immigrant has no in- centive toward improving his home and the effect is at once dis- cernible. Company houses, which have already been discussed," are never as good as those owned by immigrants or as those rented from private persons. In the older mining towns few immigrants rent houses from the company. A tendency toward segregation on the part of certain immigrant races is very noticeable, and almost every town in the coal fields has its foreign quarter, where the members of one or more immigrant races have purchased homes. There are also a number of towns wiiich have an almost exclusively immigrant population. Italians more than any other race are found in complete segregation. Wher- ever a large force of Italians is employed there wUl be found an Italian colony living in a community by itself and associating little with other races or witi natives. In some places North and South Italians are living in the same neighborhood, but where there are many of both races they live in separate colonies. More property is owned by Italians in Kansas and Oklahoma than by any other immigrant race, and in every mining locality there are Italians owning homes. When a See p. 64. < 71 72 The Immigration Commission. the Italian decides to remain permanently in a town he purchases: a home as soon as possible. These homes are usually frame structur^: of from four to six rooms of one story. Much care is devoted to the* premises, a good garden is always maintained, and goes far toward the support of the family, while ovens are built in the yard and such outbuildings as are necessary are erected. The interior of the home, however, is never as clean as it should be, though the North Italians are more careful in this respect than immigrants from southern; Italy. The Italian women are not neat housekeepers and are very negligent as to sanitary conditions. The kitchen is used as a living and dining room, and here also the miners wash after returning from work. This naturally leads to a great deal of filth, water is allowed to accumulate on the floors, remains of the preceding meal are not removed, and often, dishes go unwashed from one meal to another; no care is exercised in throwing waste trater at a proper distance from the dwelling, and as few towns are provided with a sewerage system the back yards are usually in a very insanitary condition. . In towns where there is a water system, city water is piped to the houses, but the usual supply comes from wells or cisterns in the back yards, sometimes one well supplying several families. The furnishing of the home is usually very poor, the furniture being of the cheapest grade, and little at^tempt is made at adornment. Lithuanians have not settled in all parts of the coal fields as did the Italians, but have confined themselves to certain towns and localities in Oklahoma. Very few, if any, are to be found in Kansas. They are segregated to a great extent and live in communities by themselves. It seems that when one family comes to the United States it induces all its kindred to join it as soon as possible. Most of them have come to this country with the idea of making, it their permanent home, and are therefore desirous of becoming property owners. In buying property the effort is always made to get it in neighborhoods occupied by their own people. The interior of the home is generally neat and well kept, and the furniture is of better quality than that of the average Italian family. They are also much more careful as to sanitary precautions. Homes owned by this race are of the same type as those occupied by Italians, consistmg of one- story frame structures of from four to six rooms. Poles, Croatians, Slovaks, and Slovenians also own considerable property throughout the coal fields, but are not segregated to as great an extent as are Italians and Lithuanians. Their homes are of same the type as those previously described. The interiors of the houses are not as neat and well kept as those of the Lithuanians, but are more so than those occupied by Italians. Mexicans own very little property and most of them live in houses owned by the coal companies. On this account they are not segregated in their living quarters, but at the same time there is no associatioav between them and natives or members of other races. The interior of Mexican homes is usually unclean. Many families occupy houses with no furniture beyond a cooking stove, the inmates sleeping on rude bunks or upon straw thrown on the floor. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 73 RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. A large number of families investigated in the Southwest own their homes. Fifty American families, however, and 175 foreign-born families, or a total of 225, rent their apartments. The amount of rent paid is important from the standpoint of cost of living, but is chiefly significant as regards the discussion of standard of living. For this reason the subject of rent is presented in connection with the consideration of _ living conditions. The first tabulation in this con- nection, which is submitted below, shows the average rent paid by the families studied per apartment, per room, and per person, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. Table 422. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household, (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) {This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. ] Number of households paytag rent and reportmg amount. Average rent per— General nativity and race of head of household. Apart- ment. Room. Person. Native-born of native father: White 29 21 U 47 12 16 36 19 (7.10 6.17 6.93 6.65 8.17 5.97 4.58 6.Q5 SI. 94 1.60 1.80 1.95 1.77 1.84 1.63 1.88 (1.65 1.18 1 34 Negro Foreign-bom: Insh i Italian, North...'. Italian, South 1 13 Lithuanian 1 22 Polish 1 19 Grand total 225 5.54 1.80 1 21 Total native-bom 60 175 6.29 6.33 1.81 1.80 1 45 As regards rent as an index to the standard of living, it is instruc- tive to note in the table above that the average rent paid by the families classed as "whites, native-born of native father" is one- third again as high as the average rent paid by all races of recent immigra- tion. It is also worthy of comment that the average rent per apart- ment paid by the negro of native birth is slightly below the average for foreign-bom households. As regards the households of recent immigrants, it is significant that all races, with the exception of the Mexican, pay about the same rate per apartment. The Mexican is below the general average, which is due to the fact that in most of the mining communities of Okla- homa, where the Mexican is employed in greatest numbers, the least desirable houses are usually occupied by this race." The rent paid by the Lithuanian households is greater than that paid by any other foreign race. Upon examination of the average rent per month per room paid by each household, it is immediately apparent that the relative show- ing is practically the same as that made by the different races under 48296° "See discussion of housing, 'pp. 71, 72. -VOL 7—11 6 74 The Immigration Commission. the caption "Average rent per apartment." The North Italian in his payment per room indicates a higher standard than any other households or recent immigration and is on a par with the native white. The Irish household, as already noted, pays a relatively higher rent per apartment, but in the payment per room sinks to the general level of tne foreign-bom, which is $1.80. A significant fact developed by the above showing, and especially indicated by the general uniformity of rent per apartment and per room paid by the foreign-born, is that the rent per room and per apart- ment affords no basis in the territory under discussion for any satis- factory conclusions as to the standard of living. The fact is that most of the famihes hve in company houses which rent on a basis of $1.80 to $2 per room per month. Consequently the differences in rents per room and apartment, while they indicate that the American white occupies a somewhat better and more commodious house as compared with the foreign-born, also points clearly to the fact that the foreign- born, with the exception of the Mexicans, are practically living in the same general style of company house, the rent per apartment depend-' ing upon the number of rooms. In discussing the relation between rent and standard of hving, therefore, the only safe and sure index is the rent paid by each household per month per person, for the reason that there is a constant tendency among races of recent immigration to keep a large number of boarders and lodgers or to share a house with another family in order to decrease the rent payment per person or per household. Upon examination of the average rent paid by each household per E arson per month, differences in relative standards of hving at once ecome manifest . The average rent per person for native white house- holds is almost one-third greater than for the total foreign-bom, and the showing of the native negro and the total foreign-born is shghtly in favor of the negro. The worst showing is made by the Mexican households, which have an average rent of .97 per cent per person. Of the races of southern and eastem Europe, the South Itahan stands on the lowest level. The relatively high standard which, from the exhibit made per apartment and per room by the North Itahan, is seen in the rent per person for households of this race to be of no con- sequence, for the reason that the average rent per person, is much below the average for native white and Irish households and some- vjrhat below the Poles and native negroes . Upon the basis of the fami- hes furnishing information, the Lithuanians have the highest stand- ard of hving of all races of southem and eastem Europe. If the examination as to the relation between rent and standard of hving be carried further, the tendency of the various races in greater detail may be gathered from the table which follows, showing the per cent of households paying a specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 75 Table 423. — Per cent ofhouseholds paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per apartment. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. Under 15.00. Under S7.50. Under SIO.OO. Under J12.60. Native-born of native father: White 29 21 47 36 17.10 5.17 6.65 4.58 10.3 42.9 17.0 75.0 69.0 100.0 '95.7 100.0 86.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.6 100.0 ■Foreign-bora: Italian, North 100.0 100.0 225 5.54 33.3 89.8 98.2 99.6 SO 175 6.29 5.33 24.0 36.0 82.0 92.0 92.0 100.0 98.0 Total foreign-born 100.0 In the above table of 225 households reporting, 33.3 per cent pay- less than $5 monthly rent, 56.5 pay $5 but less than $7.50, and a small proportion pay $7.50 or over per month, less than 1 per cent paying $12.50 or over. Of the foreign-bom no household reports as high as $10 monthly rent, as contrasted with 13.8 per cent of the native-born whites of native father, a small proportion of the latter paying $12.50 or over monthly. Of the foreign-born 56 per cent pay $5 but less than $7.50, and a slightly higher proportion of the native-born whites of native father pay the same. Of the latter but 10.3 per cent pay less than $5 monthly, as compared with 36 per cent of the former. A study of the races shows that none of the Mexicans pay as high as $7.50 monthly, although 25 per cent of them pay $5 but less than $7.50. The great majority of the North Italians pay $5 but less than $7.50, although 4.3 per cent pay between $7.50 and $10. A comparatively low proportion, 17 per cent, pay less than $5. Contrasting these figures with those of the native-bom, white and negro, it is noted that but 10.3 per cent of the native-born whites of native father pay less than $5 monthly and 31 per cent pay $7.50 or over. A small proportion, 3.4 per cent, pay $12.50 or over monthly. The majority of this race, however, pay $5 but less than $7.50. The native-bom negroes of native father show very low rentals, not one paying as high as $7.50 monthly and 42.9 per cent paymg less than $5. " tii- • A general summary of the table, then, would show that the Mexi- cans and native-bom negroes of native father pay a very low rate •of rent, all of each race paying less than $7.50, the majority of the Mexicans and a very large proportion of the negroes paying less than $5. The North Italians, although not reporting a high rate of rent, nevertheless report a very low proportion paying less than $5. The table following shows the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. 76 The Immigration Commission. Table 424. — Per cent of households ■paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY 01' EOnSBHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. Under $1. Under|2. Under $3. Under (4. Native-bom of native father: White 29 21 47 36 $1.94 1.60 1.95 1.63 0.0 .0 .0 .0 41.4 67.1 27.7 72.2 96.6 100.0 93.6 100.0 96.6 Negro 100.0 Foreign-horn: Italian, North 100.0 100.0 225 1.80 .0 48.9 97.8 99.6 Total native-born 50 175 1.81 1.80 .0 .0 48.0 49.1 98.0 97.7. 98.0 100.0 It becomes evident from a glance at the above table that 55.2 per cent of the American white households are paying between $2 and $3 per room per month, while 41.4 per cent are paying less than $2 per room per month. On the other hand, the greater number of American negro households have a rent payment which is less than $2 per room per month, while 42.9 per cent pay between $2 and $3. No negro households pay more than $3 per room per month, while a small percentage of native whites pay between $3 and $4 per room. Almost 50 per cent of all foreign households pay a rent per room per month which is less than $2, and 48.6 per cent pay between $2 and $3 per room per month. No Mexican household pays more than $3 per month, and 72.2 per cent of the households of this race pay less than $2 per room per month. A small proportion of the North Italian families, as compared with that of the native whites, are paying imder $2 per room per month, but a larger proportion are pay- ing between $2 and $3 per month. Extending the analysis, however, to the extent to which the different races pay a specified rent per month per person, the following table will be found of value: Table 425. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per rrwnth per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STDDY OF HOnSEHOtDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of houseliold. Under $1. Under $2. Under $3. Under $4. Native-bom of native father: White 29 21 47 36 $1.65 1.18 1.17 .97 10.3 42.8 23.4 65.5 02.1 7C.2 74.6 83.3 82.8 85.7 93.6 100.0 93.1 95.2 97.9 100.0 Negro Foreign-bom: Italian, North Grand total 225 1.21 29.8 75.6 91.6 97.3 Total native-bom 50 176 1.45 1.15 24.0 31.4 68.0 77.7 84.0 93.7 94.0 98.3 Total foreign-born Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 77 The preceding table shows that 10.3 per cent of the American white households, as compared with 31.4 per cent of the foreign-born households, are found to be paying a rent per person per month vrhich is less than $1. Fifty-one and eight- tenths per cent of the native white families have a rent per person per month between $1 and $2 as contrasted with 46.3 per cent of the foreign households pay;ing that ainount. Twenty and seven-tenths per cent of the native whites also pay a monthly rent per person between $2 and $3 as compared with 16 per cent of all foreign-born households. Ten and three-tenths per cent of native white households pay between $3 and $4 per person per month, while only 4.6 per cent of the iforeign- born pay this amoimt. Twenty-three and four-tenths per cent of the North Italians and 55.5 per cent of the Mexicans are paying less than $1 per month. Fifty-one and one-tenth per cent of the former race and 27.8 per cent of the latter have a monthly rental per person between $1 and $2. In the case of the other foreign households the numbers are too small to be converted into percentages. From the comparisons which have been given above, however, it is quite obvi- ous that the general standard of living as based upon the monthly rent per person is considerably lower among households whose heads are or foreign birth than among the native white of native father. BOARDERS AND LODGERS. As regards the tendency to keep boarders or lodgers, the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the number and per cent of households having boarders or lodgers : Table 426. — Number and per cent of households heeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY 01' HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only Immediate time of taking schedule and not tho entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Households keeping boarders or lodgers. Number. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White 63 27 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 1 1 1.9 3.7 Foreign-born: Croatian Itish 2 24 9 20 3 9 11 2 1 5 1 Italian, North , 25.0 Italian, South 25 7 Lithuanian 55.6 Magyar (») 21.4 Polish 30.6 Slovak 4 1 Welsh 3.7 4.76 83 17.4 Total native-born 80 396 2 81 2 5 Total foreign-bom 20 6 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 78 TTie Immigration Commission. Of the total of 476 households, only 83 keep boarders or lodgers, and 81 of these are among the races of foreign birth. The Croatian households show no boarders or lodgers at all, and there is only one among the 27 Welsh households. The Slovak and Irish races each have but two households keeping boarders or lodgers. The 36 Lithuanian famihes have the largest percentage of boarding houses, 55.6 per cent of their homes being reported as such. The Poles, likewise represented by 36 households, rank next, with boarders or lodgers in 30.6 per cent of their households. The North and South Italians show 25 per cent and 25.7 per cent, respectively, of their households with boarders or lodgers. The average number of boarders or lodgers per household in the Southwest, by general nativity and race of head of household, is presented in the table below. Two averages are given, the firist based on the total number of households and the second on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers: Table 427. — Average number of hoarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Infonnation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only Immediate time of taking schedule and not the entu'e year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging,] General nativity and race of head of hoose- hold. Total number of households. Number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of boarders or lodgers. Average number of boarders or lodgeis per household- Based on total num- ber of households. Based on number of households keeping boardera or lodgers. Native-bom of native father; White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-born 35 0.04 .04 (-) C) .05 .98 .54 1.11 .27 .36 .53 .06 .04 C). 3.92 2.00 s 1.73 83 200 .42 2.« 3 197 .04 .50 C) 2.43 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Out of the 476 households reporting complete data in the above table, 17.4 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, averaging 2.41 per household. Only one of the 53 native white households keeps board- ers or lodgers, while 81 of the 396 foreign households are so reported, showing an average of 0.5, based on the total number of households, and 2.43 per household keeping boarders or lodgers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 79 The greatest number of foreign households for any one race, 96, is reporteo. for the North ItaHans, 24 of which keep boarders or lodg- ers. This race shows the maximum average of 3.92 boarders or lodgers based on the number of householders keeping boarders or lodgers. The Lithuanians average 1.11 boarders 'or lodgers per household based on the total number of households, which is the highest entry j:)resented on that basis. The same race shows 2 boarders or lodgers to each house keeping boarders or lodgers. As regards the Mexicans, it is noticed that 9 households out of 42 reporting keep 15 boarders or lodgers. SIZE OF APAETMENTS OCCtTPIED. As regards the housing conditions of the families studied, it will be instructive to consider, first, the relative size of apartments occupied. Table 428. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STODI OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races witli 20 or more bousebolds reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7 or more. Native-bom of native lather: White 53 27 21 39 96 35 36 42 36 49 27 3.85 3.26 3.19 4.18 3.09 3.11 3.50 2.86 2.78 3.00 4.41 0.0 .0 .0 .0 1.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 13.2 11.1 14.3 5.1 18.8 22.9 11.1 31.0 41.7 18.3 3.7 32.1 69.3 67.1 38.6 57.3 54.3 44.4 52.4 41.7 67.3 22.2 37.7 22.2 23.8 17.9 18.8 14.3 27.8 16.7 13.9 10.2 33.3 . 9.4 7.4 4.8 20.5 1.0 6.7 16.7 .0 2.8 4.1 18.6 1.9 .0 .0 .3 3.1 2.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 14.8 5.7 .0 Foreign-born: Croatian .0 Irish 7.7 Italian, North .0 .0 Lithuanian -. .0 .0 Polish .0 .0 Welsh 7.4 Grand total 476 3.34 .2 17.4 60.0 21.0 6.9 2.7 1.7 Total native-bom 80 396 3.65 3.27 .0 .3 12.5 18.4 41.2 61.8 32.5 18.7 8.8 6.6 1.3 3.0 3.8 1.3 Of the entire number of households for which data were secured, 69.4 per cent, as sh6wn by the preceding table, lived in three rooms or less and 90.4 per cent in four rooms or less; 4.4 per cent occupied six or more rooms. Of the households the heads of which were foreign-born, 70.5 per cent occupied three rooms or less and 89.2 per cent four rooms or less. Of the households the heads of which were native-born, 53.7 per cent occupied three rooms or less and 86.2 per cent four rooms or less. It will thus be seen that the tendency to live in dwellings of less than three or four rooms is much more general on the part of the foreign- born than on the part of the native-born. If, however, a distinction be made between the native-born whites and the negroes it will be seen that an even larger proportion of the latter than of the foreign- born occupied three rooms or less. Of the households the heads of which were white native-bom of native father, only 45.3 per cent 80 The Immigration Commission. lived in less than four rooms. This percentage is less than that for any foreign race except the Welsh and Irish. , >% The percentages for the foreign-born show that the proportion! of households occupying two rooms is largest among the Poles, Mexi- cans, and South Italians, ih the order mentioned, and smallest among the Welsh and Irish; that the proportion of households occupying three rooms is largest among the Slovaks, North Italians, Croatians, and South Itahans, in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Welsh and Irish; and that the proportion of households occupy- ing four rooms is largest among the Welsh, Lithuanians, and Croatians, in the order named, and smallest among the Slovaks and Poles. Households occupying five or more rooms are far more general among the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians than among the other races of foreign birth. The table shows that the households, the heads of which are Welsh or Irish, occupy, upon an average, the largest number of rooms, those the heads of which are white native-born of native father a number rather less, and the households of American negroes and the races of continental Europe a very small number of rooms. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In the following table percentages are given showing the number of individuals to a household: Table 429. — Per cent of households ofeadi specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are tor all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S. 9. 10 or more. Native-bom of native father: White 53 27 21 39 96 35 36 42 36 49 27 4.45 4.44 4.00 5.79 4.93 4.77 5.14 4.67 4.72 5.10 4.67 0.0 3.7 .0 .0 1.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 13.2 22.2 33.3 10.3 11.5 14.3 13.9 14.3 19.4 12.2 22.2 26.4 14.8 4.8 5.1 20.8 28.6 5.6 16.7 8.3 14.3 11.1 20.8 11.1 19.0 17.9 20.8 8.6 16.7 19.0 22.2 20.4 22.2 9.4 14.8 23.8 15.4 14.6 11.4 27.8. "23.8 13.9 10.2 7.4 11.3 14.8 14.3 12.8 8.3 11.4 11.1 7.1 22.2 18.4 18.5 13.2 U.l .0 10.3 8.3 11.4 11.1 7.1 2.8 8.2 3.7 L9 .0 4.8 12.8 5.2 5.7 8.3 9.5 5.6 6.1 7.4 3.8 7.4 .0 10.3 2.1 8.6 2.8 .0 2.8 8.2 7.4 0.0 Negro .0 Foreign-bora: .0 Irish ,11 Italian, North.... Italian, South Lithuanian 7.3 .0 2.8 2.4 Polish 2.8 Slovak 2.0 Welsh ., .0 Grand total 476 4.84 .4 14.9 16.0 19.3 14.9 12.6 8.4 6.1 4.4 2.9 Total native-born Total foreign-born 80 396 4.45 4.92 1.3 .3 16.3 14.6 22.5 14.6 17.6 19.7 11.3 15.7 12.5 12.6 12.5 7.6 1.3 7.1 6.0 4.3 .0 3.5 Of the total number of households covered by the foregoing table, 14.9 per cent are of two persons, 16 per cent are of three persons, 19.3 per cent are of four persons, 14.9 per cent are of five persons, 12.6 per cent are of six persons, and 21.8 per cent are of seven or more per- sons. The average number of persons to a household is in general Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 81 considerably larger among the foreign-born than among the native- born, the percentage of households of three persons or less being 40.1 for the native-born and 29.5 for the foreign-born; that of households of four, five, or six persons, for the native-born 41.3 and for the foreign- born 48; and that of households of seven or more persons 18.8 for the native-born and 22.5 for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born races, the number of persons to a household varies greatly. The figures show that the proportion of households of but two persons is largest among the Croatians, Welsh, and Poles in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Irish and the North Italians ; that the proportion of households of three persons is largest among the South Italians, North Italians, and Mexicans in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Croatians, Irish, and Lithuanians; that the proportion of households of four persons is largest among the Poles, Welsh, North Italians, and Slovaks, and smallest among the South Italians ; that the proportion of households of five persons is largest among the Lithuanians, Mexicans, and Croatians, and smallest among the Welsh and Slovaks; that the proportion of households of six persons is largest among the Poles, Welsn, and Slovaks, and smallest among the Mexicans and North Italians ; and that the proportion of households of seven or more persons is largest among the Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Slovaks, and smallest among the Croatians and Poles. Large households appear to be more general with the Irish than with any other race. • CONGESTION. In a study of congestion the foregoing discussion may be summarized by showing, by general nativity and race, the average number of per- sons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. Table 430. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) » Total number of households. Average number of persons per — General nativity and race of head of household. Apartment. Eoom. Sleeping room. Native-born of native father: ■\Vliite 53 27 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 4.45 4.44 4.00 5.79 4.93 4.77 5.14 4. SO 4.67 4.72 6.10 4.67 1.16 1.36 1.25 1.39 1.59 1.63 1.47 1.50 1.63 1.70 1.70 1.06 2.25 2.45 Foreign-born: 2.15 Irish 2.48 2.52 2.42 2.53 2.67 3.27 Polish 2.66 2.87 S Welsh 2.33 Grand total 476 4.84 1.45 2.54 80 390 4.45 4.92 1.22 1.50 2.31 2.69 82 The Immigration Commission. For all races and nativities the average number of persons to an apartment, as shown by the preceding table, is 4.84. The average for theforeign-born, 4.92, is greater than that for the native-bom, 4.45, Of the native-born, the whites and negroes reported substantially the same average number of persons to the apartment, 4.45 and 4.44, respectively. Passing to the foreign-born, the greatest average num- ber of persons to an , apartment is found among the Irish, and the smallest among the Croatians. The figure for the Irish is 5.79; that for the Croatians, 4. In the order of those for which the largest average number of persons per household is reported, the different races rank as follows: Irish, Lithuanians, Slovaks, North Italians, Magyars, South Italians, Poles, Mexicans and Welsh, American whites, American negroes, and Croatians. It will be noted that with the single exception of the Croatians the native-bom, both whites and negroes, have the smallest households. Figures showing the number of persons per apartment, whUe of interest, do not determine definitely the degree of congestion prft- vailing. Clearly there is no more overcrowding in a household of six living in three rooms than in a household of twelve living in six rooms. The relation existing between the number of persons and the number of rooms is the true indication of congestion. It appears from the table that the average number of persons per room, for aU the households for which data were secured, is 1.45. For the. foreign-born, considered as a whole, the number is 1.50. For the native-born it is 1.22. The native whites report an average number of 1.16 persons to the room as against 1.36 for the negroesj Among the foreign-born, the races havmg the largest number of persons to the room are the Slovak and Polish; the one having the smallest num'ber, the Welsh. For the Slovaks and the Poles the figure is 1.70; for the Welsh, it is 1.06. Those having the greatest number of persons per room rank by races as follows: Slovak and Pohsh, Mexi- can, North Italian, South Italian, Magyar, Lithuanian, Irish, Ameri- can negro, Croatian, American white, and Welsh. It is believed that the figures referred to form a trustwqrthy indi- cation of the,relative prevalence of congestion or overcrowding among the different races. The figures appearing in the last column of the table supply further information upon the subject of congestion. These figures show the average number of persons per sleeping room. For all races and nativities the average number of persons to a sleeping room is 2.54, the average for the foreign-bom, 2.59, being freater than that for the native-bom, which is 2.31. Of the native- orn the whites report 2.25 and the negroes 2.45 persons to a sleeping room. Among the foreign-bom the race having the largest number of persons per sleeping room is the Mexican, the race having the smallest is the Croatian. For the Mexicans the figure is 3.27, for the Croatians it is 2.15. Congestion in all the rooms is most general among the Poles, Slovaks, and Mexicans, and least general among the Welsh, American whites, and Croatians. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 83 The table, which shows in detail the average number of persons per room, as well as the number of households having eaefh specified number of persons per room, follows: Table 431. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. ,,;>, (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per room. Number of households hav- ing each specified number of persons per room. Per cent of households hav- ing each specified number of persons per room. lor more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. lor more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4er more. Native-born of native father: White 53 27 21 38 96 35 36 IS 42 36 49 27 1.16 1.36 1.25 1.39 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.50 1.63 1.70 1.70 1.06 38 21 15 33 91 30 32 13 40 34 43 16 S 7 3 11 25 11 10 4 14 16 22 3 1 1 71.7 77.8 71.4 84.6 94.8 86.7 88.9 C) 95.2 94.4 87.8 69.3 9.4 25.9 14.3 28.2 26.0 31.4 27.8 (") 33.3 44.4 44.9 11.1 1.9 3.7 .0 2.6 4.2 5.7 .0 («) 4.8 6.6 10.2 .0 0.0 .0 Foreign-bom: Croatian .0 Irish 1 4 2 i" .0 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 1.0 .0 .0 1 2 2 5 i' (o) M^ican .0 Polish .0 Slovak 2.0 Welsh .0 ' ' Grand total 476 1.45 406 131 19 2 85.3 27.5 4.0 .4 Total native-born Total foreign-born 80 396 1.22 1.50 59 347 12 119 2 17 2' 73.8 87.6 15.0 30.1 2.6 4.3 .0 .6 1 Not computed, owing to small number Involved. The average number of persons per room has already been dis- cussed in connection with Table 430, and the primary purpose of this table is to show the proportion of households having each specified number of persons per room. Of the 476 households included in the table above, 85.3 per cent have one or more persons per room, 27.5 per cent have two or more per room, 4 per cent have three or more per room, and two households, or 0.4 per cent of the total, have four or more per room. The per cent of households with two or more persons per room is 30.1 for foreign households, 25.9 for negro house- holds, and 9.4 for native white households. The Slovaks show the largest proportion of households with that number of persons per room, the per cent being 44.9 ; the Welsh, with 11.1 per cent, show the lowest proportion among foreign households. 84 The Immigration Commission. The crowded living conditions become more apparent when the effect upon sleeping quarters and living arrangements is considered. In the following table figures are given showing the number of house- holds having each specified number of persons per sleeping room: Table 432. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of househoU, (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Oeneralnatlvltyand race of head of Total number of house- holds. Av.erage number of persons per sloL-p- Ingroom. Number of households having each specified number oT persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households having each specified number ol persons per sleeping room. household. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. Cor more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. Native-born of na- tive father: White 63 27 21 S9 96 85 36 15 42 36 49 27 2.25 2.45 2.15 2.48 2.52 2.42 2.53 2.67 3.27 2.66 2.87 2.33 43 22 17 32 80 24 29 13 41 30 40 19 23 9 3 13 36 15 14 6 25 16 28 11 7 1 1 6 14 5 6 8 17 11 16 5 2 81.1 81.5 81.0 82.1 83.3 68.0 80.6 C) 97.6 83,3 81.6 70.4 43.4 33.3 14.3 33.3 37.5 42.9 38.9 1^9.^5 44.4 57.1 40.7 13.2 3.7 4.8 15.4 14.6 14.3 10.7 40.5 30.6 32.7 18.5 3.8 .0 .0 5.1 5.2 5.7 11.1 C) 23.8 16.7 12.2 8.7 0.0 .0 Foreign-born: Croatian Irish 2 5 2 4 1 10 6 6 1 1 1 1 ....„ 2 2 1 2.6 Italian, North... Italian, South... Lithuanian 1.0 2.0 .0 6.6 4 I Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh ii Grand total... 476 2.84 390 199 92 39 12 81 9 41.8 19.3 8.2 2.6 Total native-born. . . Total foreign-born.. 80 396 2.31 2.59 65 325 32 167 8 84 2 87 "'ii' 81.3 82.1 40.0 42.2 10.0 21.2 2.5 9.3 .0 8.0 • Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Of the total number of households, 390, or 81.9 per cent, report two or more persona per sleeping room; 199, or 41.8 per cent, three or more persons per sleeping room; 92, or 19.3 per cent, four or more persons per sleeping room; 39, or 8.2 per cent, five or more persons to the sleeping room; and 12, or 2.5 per cent, six or more persons to the sleeping room. In only 86 households, or 18.1 per cent of the total, is the average number of persons to the sleeping room less than two. The figures include all the members of each household; children as well as adults, lodgers as well as members of the families. Overcrowding is more general among the foreign-born individuals than among the native-born, ,either whites or negroes. The percent-' ages of households reporting two or more persons to a sleeping room is, for the foreign-born considered as a whole, 82.1 per cent and for the native-born considered as a whole 81.3 per cent. The percentngo repbrting three or more persons to a room is 42.2 per cent for the total foreign-born, and 40 per cent for the native-born; the percent- age reporting four persons to a room is 21.2 per cent for the foreign.' born and 10 per cent for the native-born; the percentage reporting five or more persons to the room is 9.3 per cent for the foreign-born and 2.5 per cent for the native-born; 3 per cent of the foreign-born households and none of the native-born report six or more persons to the sleeping room. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 85 Among the native households reporting two or more persons to the room, the negroes show 81.5 per cent, and the whites 81.1 per cent. The percentage of households reporting three or more persons to the sleepmg room is higher for the whites than for the negroes. The same is true of the households reporting four or more persons to the room. Three and eight-tenths per cent of the white house- holds and none of the negro households report five or more persons to the sleeping room. The proportion of foreign-bom individuals reporting two or more Eersons per sleeping room is, in most cases, slightly over 80 per cent. If the Mexicans, however, 97.6 per cent, report two or more persons to the sleeping room. In the percentage or households having three or more persons to the sleeping room, the Mexicans again lead the other foreign races, and Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, Welsh, Lithuanians, North Itahans, Irish, and Croatians follow in the order mentioned. The percentage reported by the Mexicans is 59.5, that reported by the Croatians, 14.3; 40.5 per cent of the Mexi- can, and 4.8 per cent of the Croatian households report four or more persons per sfeeping room; 23.8 per cent of the Mexican, and 3.7 per cent of tlie Welsh households report five or more persons per sleepmg room; 9.5 per cent of the Mexican, and 1 per cent of the iNorth Itahan households report six or more persons per sleeping room. No Croatian households report five or more persons per sleeping room, and no Lithuanian households six or more persons per sleeping room. The figures and percentages may be taken, to indicate that over- crowding is most general among the Mexicans, Slovaks, and Poles. Conditions seem to be far worse in the Mexican households than in those of any other race. The figures indicate further that there are fewer persons per sleeping room in the households of the Croatians, than m the households of the American whites. Overcrowding is apparently less general with the American negroes than with the majority of the foreign races. 86 The Immigration Commission. In addition to the foregoing it is important to note what effect, these tendencies, considered both separately and in their relation to- one another, maj have upon the number of rooms not used for sleep- ing, but reserved for use as kitchens, dining rooms, or living rooms. Data upon this subject are given in the following table: Table 433. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except etuk specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY Of HODSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per house- hold. Average number of sleep- ing rooms per house- hold. Number of households sleeping In— Per cent of househoia^ sleepmg in— t ■ race of head of house- hold. All rooms. All except one room. AU except two rooms. All rooms. AU except one room. All except two rooms. Native-born of native father: White 63 27 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 3.85 3.26 3.19 4.18 3.09 3.11 3.60 3.20 2.86 2.78 3.00 4.41 1.98 1.81 1.86 2.33 1.96 1.97 2.03 1.80 1.43 1.78 1.7S 2.00 i' i' 2 1 21 18 15 17 82 31 20 10 22 33 38 6 21 « 6 13 12 3 16 4 19 8 7 0.0 .0 .0 .0 1.0 .0 .0 6.6 2.0 .0 39.6 66.7 71.4 43.6 85.4 88.6 66.6 91.7 77.6 22.2 39.6' 22,? Foreign-born: 23.8 Irish .So. 6 .Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 12.5 8.6 41.7 (") 45.2 l>olish .0 16.3 Welsh i. 25.9 Grand total 476 3.34 1.90 5 313 113 1.1 65.8 23.7 Total native-born Total foreign-born 80 396 3.65 3.27 1.93 1.90 5' 39 274 27 86 .0 1.3 48.7 69.2 33.8 21.7 oNot computed, owing to small number Involved. The average number of rooms for all households is 3.34. For the foreign households the figure is 3.27; for the native-bom it is 3.65. Of the native-bom, the American whites report an average of 3.85 rooms to a household, and the American negroes an average of 3.26. The race that shows the largest average number of rooms per house- hold is. the Welsh; the one having the smallest average number is the Pohsh. For the Welsh the figure is 4.41 ; for the Pohsh it is 2.78. The American whites report a larger average number of rooms than any foreign race except the Welsh and the Irish, and the American negroes a larger average number than any foreign race except the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians. In the order of the average number of rooms per household, the races rank as follows: Welsh, Irish, American white, Lithuanian, American negro, Magyar, Croatian, South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Mexican, and Pohsh. What proportion of the rooms of the apartments are used as sleeping rooms may be seen upon a comparison of the figures just referred to with those given in the third column of the table. The average number of sleeping rooms for all the households is 1.90. There is little difference between the average for the foreign-born considered as a whole, and that for the native-born, the figure being 1.90 for the former and 1.93 for the latter. Of the native-born the whites report an average of 1.98 sleeping rooms to a household and Bituminous Coar Mining in the Southwest. 87 the negroes an average of 1.81. The race having the largest average nunaber of sleeping rooms per household is the Irish; that having the smallest average number, the Mexican. In the order of the average number of sleeping rooms per household the races rank as follows : Irish, Lithuanian, Welsh, American white, South Italian, Croatians, American negro, Magyar, Slovak and Polish, and Mexican. The relation between the number of rooms per apartment and the number of sleeping rooms per apartment may best be seen from the numbers and percentages given in the table showing in what proportion in the households of different races all the rooms are used as sleeping rooms, in what proportion all the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms, and in what proportion all the rooms but two are used as sleeping rooms. From the number of rooms not slept in, it will be easy to determinie w^hat opportunity each family has for a separate living room, whether or not the cooking must be done in the living room, and whether, as happens in some cases, the room in which the cooking is done must be used also as a bedroom. A comparison of the different races in this respect is not only of interest, but will also serve, it is believed, as a reliable indication of their relative standards of living. In 1.1 per cent of the households all the rooms of the apartment were occupied as sleeping rooms. In none of the apartments occupied by the native-bom were all the rooms used as sleeping rooms. Stating the results, by races, in numbers, it appears that in one North Italian, one Mexican, one Slovak, and two Polish households the kitchen is used as a hving room and also as a sleeping room. All of the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms in '65.8 per cent of all the households. The proportion of the foreign-born house- holds in which this occurs is 69.2 per cent; that of the native-born, 48.7 per cent. For the American whites the figure is 39.6 per cent; for the American negroes it is 66.7 per cent. The foreign race reporting the largest proportion of households in which all the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms is the Polish; that reporting the smallest proportion is the Welsh. The percentage of households in which all the rooms but one are slept in is smaller for the Ameri- can whites than for any of the foreign races except the Welsh. In a descending order of percentages the races rank in this respect as follows: PoUsh, South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Croatian, American negro, Lithuanian, Mexican, Irish. American white, and Welsh. The percentages in the next column of the table show the propor- tion of nouseholds in which all the rooms but two are used as sleeping rooms. For all the households the percentage is 23.7, for the native- bom it is 33.8, and for the foreign born it is 21.7. The figure for the American whites is 39.6 per cent; that for the American negroes, 22.2 per cent. In descendit^ order of percentages the races in this class rank as follows: Mexican, Lithuanian, American white, Irish, Welsh, Croatian, American negro, Slovak, North Italian, and South Italian. Where two of the rooms of an apartment are not used as sleeping rooms it would seem possible to have not only a separate kitchen, but a separate living room. Such a situation may be taken to sig- nify a comparatively advanced standard of living, and probably does in certain cases. In other cases, however, such an assumption S8 The Immigration Commission. must not be made too hurriedly. For example, the percentages show & larger proportion of households having two rooms not used as sleepr ing rooms in the case of the Mexicans than in the case of any other race, and this showing is due to the practice, general on the part of this race, of hiring an apartment of three or four rooms, and living, cooking, and sleepmg entirely in one room, the other rooms being used for the storage of fuel and like purposes. Thus the standard of living is lower, not higher, among the Mexicans than among the other races. The three races having a large percentage of households in which the number of rooms not used as sleeping rooms is greater than two are the Welsh, the American white, and the Irish. The figure for the Welsh is about 52 per cent, that for the American white and the Irish about 20 per cent. Of the negro households 11.1 per cent report more than two rooms not used as sleeping rooms. The percentages for the other races are very small. Chapter VI. SAIIEBTT CHARACTEEISTICS. Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Criminality of recent immigrants — Diseases of recent immigrants — Age classification of employees and members of their households— [Text Tables 434 to 444 and General Tables 181 to 190]. INTERACT. One of the points of greatest interest and importance in connection with the immigrant labor supply is found in the inquiry as to their literacy. From a purely industrial standpoint the literacy of the immigrant mine worker has no significance oeyond the bearing of his ability to read and write upon industrial progress and efficiency. The following table shows the literacy of 6,785 employees in the mines of the Southwest, of whom 2,745 are native-born, 753 native- born of foreign father, and 4,040 are foreign-born. Table 434. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (STDDT OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent who— General nativity and race. Bead. Head and write. Native-born of native father: White 1,616 374 174 100 135 63 138 . 248 205 179 94 1,149 412 120 49 106 208 105 141 129 185 97.6 90.1 99.4 100.0 100.0 96.2 100.0 99.6 94.1 98.9 97.9 90.9 81.6 93.3 81.6 80.9 85.6 77.1 100.0 91.5 95.7 96.8 88.8 Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 99.4 99.0 100.0 Xtaly 96.2 100.0 Foreign-bom, by race: • 98.8 French. 94.1 97.8 Irish 95.7 Italian North 89.7 78.2 90.0 81.6 Mpxifan 74.3 80.3 72.4 100.0 90.7 94.6 Grand total - 6,785 93.6 92.3 763 2,745 4,040 98.4 96.8 91.4 98.1 96.1 89.7 Upon examining the relative showing of the nativity groups in the table above, it is seen that a slightly higher degree of litetacy exists among the native-born of foreign father, and that 6.4 per cent 48296°— VOL 7— U- 89 so The Immigration Commission. more of the foreign-born than of the native-born are illiterate. About nine-tenths of the foreign-born can read and write. Among the native-born of foreign father, all those whose fathers , were born in Ireland or Scotland can both read and write. Prac- ; tically all males whose fathers were bom in England or Germany, also, are able to read and write. Of the second generation whose father^ were born in Italy, 3.8 per cent are illiterate. As regards the different races of foreign birth, it is noteworthy that there is no illiteracy among the Scotch, and only from 1 to 4 per cent of the English, Irish, and Germans are illiterate. Ainong the races of southern and eastern Europe the best showing is made by the Slovenians, all except 4.3 per cent of this race being able to read, and all except 5.4 per cent being able to both read and write. The Lithuanians are next in order, showing only 6.7 per cent who can not read and 10 per cent who can neither read nor write. About nine- tenths of the Slovaks and North Italians can both read and write. More than one-fifth of the South Italians, however, can neither read nor write, and nearly one-fifth of this race can not read. The Poles show 14.4 per cent not able to read and 19.7 per cent not able to read or write. Of all races of foreign birth the Russians exhibit the greatest proportion of illiteracy. Twenty-two and nine-tenths per cent of this race can not read, and 27.6 per cent can neither read nor write. The extent to which literacy prevails among the members of the households whose heads were engaged in bituminous coal mining is shown by the following table. The classification is by sex and general nativity and race. Table 435. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read mid write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT OF HOnSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of Indi- Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read. Per cent who read and write. vidual. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Native-born of native father: White 92 41 50 17 24 47 180 .TO 77 Ii4 55 69 34 82 40 44 20 27 26 100 39 38 38 38 48 30 174 81 94 43 61 73 280 98 115 102 93 107 64 97.8 87.8 100.0 94.1 87.5 95.7 86.7 71.2 75.3 67.2 80.0 79.7 97.1 95.1 90.0 lOO.O lOO.O 77.8 100.0 77.0 51.3 65.8 23.7 60.5 58.3 83.3 96.6 88.9 100.0 97.7 82.4 97.3 83.2 63.3 72.2 iil.O 72.0 70.1 90.6 97.8 87.8 100.0 94.1 87.5 91.5 85.0 67.8 72.7 65.6 74.5 74.6 94.1 93.9 87.5 100.0 100.0 77.8 100.0 74.0 51.3 47.4 23.7 50.0 54.2 80.0 96. a 87.7 mo 97.7 82.4 94.5 81.1 61.2 64.3 50.0 64.6 65.4 87.6 Negro . - Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Slovak Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh 861 869 1,5.30 85.7 78.6 82.6 8.1.7 75.6 80.2 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born 106 239 622 138 263 406 244 502 1,038 95.3 95.0 82.2 96. 4 95.1 68.0 95.9 95.0 76.6 95.3 95.0 79.4 96.4 94.3 63.5 95.9 9i6 73.2 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest, 91 Eighty-two and six-tenths per cent of all the individuals covered by the preceding table are able to read; 80.2 per cent can both read and write. Among the males the proportion who are able to read is 85.7 per cent; among the females it is 78.6 per cent. A similar superiority on the part of the males appears in the percentages show- ing ability both to read and to write. The percentage of literacy is in general much higher for the native- born than for the foreign-born. A further distinction between the native-born and the foreign-born is that, for the former, the per- centage of males who are able to read only is lower than the per- centage of females who can read only. In the case of the native- born of foreign father, it is also evident that a higher percentage of females than of males can both read and write. Of the foreign races for which the percentages have been computed," the Irish, Welsh, North Italians, and Croatians, in the order men- tioned, have the largest proportions of persons who can read, and the Mexicans and South Italians, the smallest. With most of the races the percentage of Hteracy is higher for the males than for the females, but m the case of the Irish the reverse is true. To show according to length of residence the per cent of foreign- born persons who can read and write in the United States, the following table is entered: Table 436. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and pet cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. Tliis table includes^ only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Kaoe of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by years in United States. Per cent who read and write, by years in United States. l' Under 5. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Under 6. Sto9. 10 or over. SI 73 280 98 115 102 93 107 64 79.0 100.0 86.0 66.7 79.3 44.4 63.4 91.7 100.0 85.7 100.0 82.6 £1.4 71.4 69.1 72.0 63.6 100.0 81.8 96.7 78.0 83.3 67.6 49.3 85.2 64.0 88.0 79.0 100.0 86.0 62.7 72.4 44.4 63.7 79.2 100.0 86.7 100.0 78.0 51.4 61.2 59.1 64.0 63.6 100.0 81.8 Irish 93.4 Italian.North 76.0 Italian, South 83. S 62.2 Mexican 47.9 Polish 81. S Slovak . 60.0 Welsh .84.0 Total 1,028 80.0 73.8 75.8 76.7 69.9 72.8 Out of a total of 1,028 persons 10 years of age or over who have been in the United States less than five years, 80 per cent can read and 76.7 per cent can read and write; of those who have been in the United ^ates from five to nine years, 73.8 per cent can read and 69.9 per cent can read and write; and of those who have been in the United States for ten years or more, 75.8 per cent can read and 72.8 per cent can read and write. ■ Of the races reporting in numbers sufiiciently large for computa- tion, ability to read is more general among the foreign-born Irish than any other race. All of the Irish who have been in the United States under five years can both read and write; all of those who have been b the United States from five to nine years can read and write; and 92 The Immigration Commission. of those who have been in the United States ten or more years, 96.7 per cent can read and 93.4 per cent can read and write. A total of 280 North Itahans furnish information,- and of this num- ber 86 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years can read and write ; of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years, 82.6 per cent can read, while 78 pei cent can read and write; and of those who have been in the United States ten or more years, 78 per cent can read and 76 per cent can read and write. Due largely to geographical location, a large number of Mexicans are employed in the bituminous coal-mining industry in the Southwest. Of the 102 reporting, 44.4 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years can read and write; of those who liave been in the United States from five to nine years, 59.1 per cent •can read and write; and of those who have been in the United States ten or more years, 49.3 per cent can read and 47.9 per cent can read and write. Of the Lithuanians, 79.3 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years can read, while 72.4 per cent can read and write ; of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years, 71.4 per cent can read and 61.2 per cent can read and write; and of those who have been in the United States for ten years or more, 67.6 per cent can read and 62.2 per cent can read and write, The table next presented shows literacy at present among the foreign-born members of households in connection with the age ol the .individuals at the time of coming to the United States. Table 437. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per ceiti who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races witli 40 or more persons born.] reporting. rhe total, however, is for all foreign / Eaoe of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by age at time of coming to United States. Per cent who read anc write, by age at timf of coming to United states. Under 14. 14 or over. Under 14. 14 or over. Croatian 51 73 280 98 115 102 93 107 64 100.0 100. 92.0 66.7 80.0 48.0 73.3 75.0 100.0 78.0 96.4 82.4 62.7 71.0 61.9 71.8 69.2 83.8 100.0 94.4 88.0 60.0 80.0 44.0 73.3 75.0 100.0 711. ( Irish 94.! Italian, North 80. < Italian South 61. < m 51.! Polish 62.! 63.1 Welsh 78.! Total 1,028 82.0 75.5 79.7 71.1 The. individuals in the above table have been divided into twc groups. The first group includes all persons who came to thf United States when \mder 14 years of age, and the second all whc came when 14 or over. The percentages of those able to read only and of those able both to read and to write are given for the twc groups. It is seen that of the total number of individuals who came to thii CQimtry under 14 years of age, 82 per cent can read. Of those whc came here when 14 or over, the percentage is 75.i5. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 93 The races having large proportions of persons now able to read who came here under 14 years of age are the Croatian, Irish, Welsh, and North Italian; those having small proportions are the Mexican and South Itahan. Of those able to read who came to the United States when 14 or over the races having large percentages are the Irish, Welsh, and Ndrth Itahan; those having the small percentages are the Mexican, South Italian, and Slovak. The proportion of individuals able both to read and to write is 79.7. per cent for those who came to this country when under 14 years of age, and 71 .8 per cent for those who came when 14 or over. Among the former the high percentages are for the Croatians, Welsh, Irish, and North Itahans, and the low percentages are for the Mexicans and South Italians. The races having large proportions of persons who can both read and wi'ite among those who came here -vmen 14 years of age or over are the Irish, North Itahan, and Welsh in the order mentioned; and those having the small proportions are the Mexican, South Itahan, Lithuanian, and Polish. -" CONJUGAL CONDITION. The conjugal condition of the mining employees is of importance in its bearing upon the general character of the immigrant labor supply. The following table shows the proportion of married and Unmarried men among the employees 20 years of age or over in the bituminous coal mines of the Southwest. The employees are classi- fied according to race and general nativity. Table 438. — Fer cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. 7-' (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are- Single. Married. Widowed. Native-born of native father: . White 1,420 300 124 83 128 100 240 198 105 95 1,003 -^ 387 116 46 102 202 98 141 117 174 22.6 22.5 28.2 41.0 33.6 37.0 14.2 27.3 23.0 24.2 44.2 40.5 40.6 39.1 44.1 28.7 36.7 19.9 33.3 36.8 73.5 08.9 07.7 57.8 64.8 02.0 81.3 09.7 73.9 68.4 53.9 52.2 52.6 00.9 52.9 68.8 62.2 76.0 06.7 61.5 3 9 Negro 8 6 Native-born of foi^ign father, by country of birth of father: 4 1 2 1.6 Scotland ■ 1 Foreign-born, by race: En'^lish . 4.5 French . 3.0 3.0 Irish 7 4 1.9 Italian South • 1 3 0.9 2.9 Polish 2.5 1.0 ik Scotch 3 5 0.0 1.7 6,123 32.1 64.8 3.1 538 2,320 3,803 37.2 25.9 35.9 61.0 09.9 61.7 1 9 4 2 2.4 94 The Immigration Commission. Of the total number of 6,123 furnishing information for the preceding table, 64.8 per cent are married, 32.1 per cent are single, and 3.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married men is higher among the native-born, considered as a whole, than among the foreign-born, but lower among the native-bom of foreign father than among either the native-bom of native father or the foreign-born. Between the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-bom the variation is very slight. The proportion of widowed men is higher for the native- born than for the foreign-born. It is highest for the American negroes. The foreign races having large proportions of married men are the English, Scotch, German, French, and Pohsh, in the order mentioned. Of these, the English, Scotch, and German have a larger proportion of married men than have the native whites of native fatner. The races having large proportions of single men are the Lithuanian, South Italian, North Italian, and Mexican.- The Irish have a much larger proportion of widowed than any other foreign race. It will be noted that the proportion of married men is in general highest among the races of past immigration, so far as these are rep- resented in the locality, and lowest arflong the races of recent immi- gration. The table next presented exhibits the per cent of individual em- ployees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. ' Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 95 a. s s -§ 1 *S .s a 05 M m m 03 a o a ™ 6=1 S| tuOoj Is S S as ^1 otto CO 00 t-OOO CO t* OJ Oi N CD 0> 00 to f- U3 ooco 00 Q 1^ u3 cS ^: CO 5 OU3 CqtOO « CC O CM >0 to iH r- OS « 00 -(iHi-i (N .-I .-t o m w ,: 00 C4 CO^ iH OJ I> O M Oi tJ< P3 N O <0 MUJ,^ «D 00 ■* CO ■* id t>i «i M 'co r-co com COfHrtOlO-rfCOeOOCOCO SS^ SSSSKSsSSSgg < eo oi CO o P2 CO CO .-H OS I- th noo t-eoNi-f«DOcooooooo cc ■^oto ooi--ooci(Noo«-icM^eo 0(N NO^ W O OS OS lO 00 Ol i-H O to 00 SCO 00 t* «0 >0 00 U3 'V O U9 CO 00 CO 00 cicq O O O CO CO o,o o o o o OCO"* COOOO»O^.T coos lOTfH t»- "3OC>l0»t^OeQ.-li0CDC0 CM CO CD CO CO COOOS rHlOOOlOlOt^M-^fcDOSCM COCOVO "3 CD CO Q t^ "* CO CO CM CO t- OSCM^ oosb- 1-4 ai)-H C0C0«0 OOOCO SCI o CO 00 t^lOOO CDt-cS cot- OCCOCM CO CM CO oooo CMrHCD "^ »Oco SCO .-I OOO ri J13 li'f s hi 5 a bi O"" o o 96 The Immigration Commission. Of the native-bom between 20 and 29 years of age, the whites report 56.5 per cent married and 2.3 per cent widowed, as compared with 53.2 per cent and 3.8 per cent, respectively, of the negroes. The native-born whose fathers were born in England show a larger {)roportion married than do those whose fathers were born in Scot- ana or Ireland; also a slightly larger per cent than the negroes. Among the foreigiji-born between 20 and 29 years of age, the English report 70.6 per cent married and 2 per cent widowed, as compared with 61.5 per cent of Scotch who are married and none who are widowed. The next largest per cent of married males is shown by the Mexicans, reporting 43. S per cent. Aside from the Lithuanians reporting 23.4 per cent married, very little difference exists between the proportions shown for other races. The largest per cent married between 30 and 44 years of a^e is shown by the native-bom males whose fathers were born in Scotland, -who report 90.6 per cent. They are followed by the whites native- born of native father, the French, and the second generation of Irish. CoDiparing the Poles, Slovenians, Germans, Slovaks, and second generation of English little difference in the per cent of married males exists. The native-born males whose fathers were bom in England, however, report the largest per cent widowed, or 4.3 per cent, as compared with 3.2 per cent Germans and 2.8 per cent Poles. The Slovaks and Slovenians report none widowed. The negroes show the largest per cent widowed— 8.4, as compared with 5.8 per cent Scotch, who report the next highest. Nearly three-fourths of the North Italians between 30 and 44 years of age are married, and 3.1 Eer cent are widowed. The North Italians are followed by the lithuanians. South Italians, and Mexicans, the last-named showing a smaller per cent of married persons between 30 and 44 years of age than any other race. Of the employees over 45 years of age, 82.8 per cent of the entire number reporting are married, and 6.8 per cent widowed. Practically no difference exists between the native, and foreign-born as to the per cent of married persons, but the native-born report a larger per cent of widowed persons thaia do the foreign-born. The Mexicans report only 59.3 per cent married among the employees over 45 years of age and 7.4 per cent widowed, as 'compared with the next lowest, the negroes, who report 74.6 per cent married and 12.3 per cent %vidowed. The Poles over 45 years of age report 90.6 per cent married, the highest per cent reported by any race. Germans, Scotch, English, South Italians, and native-born males whose fathers were born in Scotland show very slight differences among those beyond 45 years of age in the percentage of married persons. It is worthy of note that only the males whose fathers were born in England and of those whose fathers were born in Scotland over 45 years of age report all of their number either married or widowed, and only one race, the Slovak, reports none widowed. In addition to the individual study, data were also collected as to the conjugal condition of the members of the immigrant households studied. This information is presented in the table on the page opposite by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 97 Table 440. — Per cent cf persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity ana race of individual,. (STUDY or HOnSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) MALE. 20 to 29 years of age. 30 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age or over. 20 years of age or over. General nativity and race o( individual. d . 11 §,•0 as ai 1" Per cent who are— as 1" Per cent who are— fl as .SB ai Per cent who are— k II •a" Per ctat who are— ;,#i! 1 ■s o s ca 1 1 Bq i 13 1 GO 1 1 : 'Natlve-hom of native i ; .father. White Eoreign-bom: Italian, North.,... 21 81 34 18 17 8 47.6 55.6 67.6 55 6 41.2 (") 52.4 44.4 32.4 44.4 58.8 C) 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 C) 31 69 30 29 28 30 0.0 11.6 10.0 20.7 7.1 .0 100.0 85.5 90.0 79. i 92.9 100.0 0.0 2.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 13 21 5 11 4 14 0.0 14.3 (») 9.1 (») .0 100.0 71.4 (a) 81.8 W 92.9 0.0 14.3 (") 9.1 (») 7.1 65 171 69 58 49 62 15.4 32.7 39.1 29.3 18.4 3.8 84.6 61.3 60.9 69.0 81.0 94.2 0.0 2.9 MPTTlPftT^ 1 7 Polish Slovak 1 9 m Grand total 235 63.6 46.4 .0 309 9.7 89.3 1.0 129 5.4 87.6 7.0 673 16 110 563 24.2 74.0 1.8 Total natlve-hom of 16 42 193 93.8 61.9 51.8 6.3 38.1 48.2 .0 .0 .0 93.8 25.4 24.0 6.3 73.6 74.1 f) Total native-bom Total foreign-bom 51 258 2.0 11.2 96.1 88.0 2.0 .8 17 112 6.9 6.4 94.1 86.6 .0 8.0 .9 2.0 FEMALE. Native-born. of native ; (father, White Foreign-bom; — Italian, North , Lithuanian ' Mexican 1 Polish t Slovak Grand total. Total native-bom of ' foreign father ' Total native-bom Total foreign-bom 22 210 9.1 .0 6.7 {<■) .0 .0 6.7 30.8 15.9 2.7 81.8 100.0 93.3 C) 100 100.0 91.9 69.2 81.0 96.6 182 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0 93.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.7 97.3 100.0 06.4 0.0 (o) .0 .0 86.5 83. 87.1 (<•) (a) 16.7 12.9 36 120 346 3.0 22.2 8.3 1.2 92.6 96.0 93.8 90.3 100.0 97.6 3.7 3.4 3.1 9.7 .0 2.4 93. l! 3.9 77.8' .0 88.3, 3.3 94.3, 4.0 TOTAL. NBtlve-bom of native lather, White •Joteign-bom: Italian, North 43 131 49 25 34 20 445 42 105 340 27.9 34.4 49.0 40.0 20.6 10.0 67.4 65.6 51.0 60.0 79.4 90.0 4.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 ■' .0 1.9 .3 55 99 43 45 43 63 491 8 96 396 0.0 8.1 7.0 13.3 4.7 .0 6.1 (a) 1.0 7.3 100.0 87.9 93.0 86.7 95.3 98.1 0.0 4.0 .0 .0 .0 1.9 1.6 % 1.8 21 29 9 19 6 20 203 2 29 174 0.0 10.3 100.0 75.9 (") 73.7 («) 95.0 0.0 13.8 (") 21.1 («) 5.0 119 259 101 89 83 93 1.139 52 230 909 10.1 21.6 27.7 19.1 10.8 2.2 15.'5 44.2 16.6 15.3 88.2 75.3 71.3 76.4 89.2 95.7 1.7 3.1 1.0 4.5 Polish .0 i Slovak 2.2 ** Grand total...... TotaJ native-bora of *jt foreign father 31.5 54.8 34.3 30.6 67.9 45.2 63.8 69.1 92.3 (") 97.9 90.9 3.4 W 3.4 3.4 87.2 (") 89.7 86.8 9.4 6.9 9.8 81.8 66.8 81.3 82.0 2.6 .0 Ttttal native-bom 'Total foreign-bom 2.2 2.8 "Not computed, owing to small number involved. 98 The Immigration Commission. The preceding table shows that among the native whites 84.6 per cent of men over 20 are married and none widowed. Of foreign- born men over 20, 74.1 per cent are married and 2 per cent are widowed. The Lithuanians have the highest proportion of single men appearing in the table. The Lithuanians are the only foreign race reporting any single women. The Polish women are reported aU married, and of the Slovak women nearly 98 per cent are married. It is noticeable that the age group of those between 20 and 29 has the highest proportion of single men, and the group of those 45 or over the smallest. The middle group, including those between 30 and 44, reports all the native white men married and 88 per cent of the foreign-born married. As regards permanent settlement in the United States, and the assimilation of the foreign-bom, the question as to whether the wives of the married males are residing in this country or abroad is obviously of great importance. The situation in this respect is shown by the following table, which exhibits the location of wives of foreign- born husbands, by race of husband: Table 441. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOrBBS.) {This table Includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- bom.] Eace of husband. Number reporting complete data. Per cent reporting wife — In United States. Abroad. English 177 128 108 S6 649 197 47 47 125 58 93 73 104 98.9 97.7 95.4 98.2 77.4 77.7 93.6 93.6 77.6 82.8 97.8 76.7 84.6 1 1 23 German 4.6 Irish 18 Italian, North 22.6 Italian, South 22 3 I,ithuanian 6.4 Polish 22 4 Eussian Scotch 23 Blovalc Slovenian 15 4 Total 2,176 85.7 14.3 The table above shows that the races which have the most estab- lished conditions of family life are the English, Irish, Scotch, French, German, Lithuanian, and Mexican, in the order mentioned, more than nine-tenths of each of these races reporting wives in the United States and presumably with theu- husbands. At the other extreme are the Slovak, PoUsh, -Italian, and Slovenian. It is also notice- able that in the Southwest the proportions of married men whose wives are in the United States is uniformly high for aJl races, as com- pared with other coal-mining localities. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 99 VISITS ABEOAD. Another indication of the stabihty of the foreign population is to be found in the number of visits made to their native countries. In this connection the following table shows the number and percentages of visits made bj' employees in the coal industry of the Southwest by race and period of residence in the United States : Table 442. — Visits abroad made hy fordgn-horn male employees, hy years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) (By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table Includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all loreign-born.] Race. Number in United States— Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by years In United States. Under 5 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 years or over. Total. Under 5 years. 6 to 9 years. 10 years or over. Total. 22 48 30 401 166 24 76 12 53 76 20 40 21 390 147 37 65 13 31 60 152 90 105 272 95 42 48 98 35 47 194 178 156 1,063 398 103 179 123 119 183 18.2 6.3 .0 7.7 8.3 8.3 7.9 41.7 .0 6.3 10.0 12.5 4.8 27.7 24.5 2.7 23.6 63.8 9.7 8.3 13.2 13.3 10.5 3r.5 49.6 26.2 27.1 27.6 11.4 12.8 French 11 2 German -'. 7 7 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 22.7 24.1 13 6 Polish Scotch 31 7 Slovenian 8 2 Total 1,198 1,110 1,312 3,620 7.1 19.6 24.6 17 2 The total number of employees for whom information was reported was 3,620. Of these, 1,198 had been in the United States under five years, 1,110 from five to nine years, and 1,312 ten years or over. Seventeen and two-tenths per cent of the entire number reported one or more visits to their native lands. Of the group resident less than five years in the United States, 7.1 per cent; of the group resi- dent *in the United States from five to nine years, 19.6 per cent; and of the group resident in the United States ten years or more, 24.5 per cent had made visits abroad. The foreign races of which a large percentage of employees had made one or more visits, are the Scotch, South Itahan, and North Itahan, in the order mentioned; for those in the United States under five years the Scotch and English; for those in the United States from five to nine years the Scotch, North Itahan, South Itahan, and Polish, in the order mentioned; and for those in the United States ten years or more the South Itahan and North Itahan. The races of which a small percentage of employees had made at least one visit are the Slovak, German, and Slovenian; and for those in the United States ten years or over the German and Slovak. Of the employees in the United States under five years none of the Slovaks or Germans, and of those in the United States from five to nine years 2.7 per cent of the Lithuanians and 4.8 of the Germans had made visits to their native countries. 100 The Immigration Commission. CRIMINALITY OP RECENT IMMIGRANTS. As regards the criminality of the foreign-born, it is significant that there are fewer cases against immigrants than natives in the courts of Oklahoma and Kansas. The poUce of the different towns, however, maintain that this does not prove that there is less crime among immigrants, but that it is impossible to secure evidence unless there is an American witness, and that immigrants rarely report any of their difficulties to the police. The English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Lithuanians are considered law-abiding' and few members of any of these races are ever accused of crime. Oklahoma and Kansas are prohibition States, and it is therefore unlawful to sell intoxicants within their limits. More immigrants break this law than any other. In the three principal coal-mining counties of Oklahoma 30 per cent of the indictments on this charge were against immigrants, about two-thirds of these being Italians and the rest Poles and Mexicans. During the past year there has also been a great deal of trouble on account of outrages purporting to come from the Black Hand Society. This has been particularly true in Oklahoma, and of the men arrested on account of these crimes all except one were South Italians. The one exception was from northern Italy. The police authorities in Oklahoma and Kansas consider the South Italian the most undesirable race from a criminal standpoint, and the Polish, Slovak, Mexican, and North Italian rank next in the order named. In all communities in Kansas where South Italians have settled there is much crime. During the past year (1908) there have been numerous murders in the different coal camps and villages sur- rounding Pittsbtirg, Kansas, and in few instances have the guilty parties been apprehended, on account of lack of witnesses. It is uni- versally stated that South Italians are responsible for these crimes, as they have occurred in localities occupied by these people, and the victim has generally been a member of this racial group. DISEASES OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. The consensus of opinion of leading physicians and hospital super- intendents in the Oldahoma fields is that there is no disease peculiar to any particular race of recent immigrants, and that immigrants have not been instrumental in spreading disease. Physicians are unani- mous in the opinion that there is no more sickness among immigrants than among natives. One physician who has practiced among coal miners for twenty years gives the opinion that the immigrant from Italy yields to treatment quicker than natives or immigrants from other countries. Some physicians have alleged that there are more hereditary venereal diseases among immigrants from Russia than among those from_ any other country, but this statement has not been sus- tained. It IS also stated by all physicians that venereal diseases are more common among the American miners than among the immio-rants. In diseases of this class the immigrant takes better care of himself, fol- lows directions better, and a cure is more easily effected than among natives. Physicians are also of the opinion that the constitution of tlie bouth Italian is not so strong as that of natives and other immi- Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 101 grants and that they are not able to stand the ravages of a long period of illness. The Mexicans seem to be delicate and do not yield to treatment. When attacked by any disease, the death rate is higher among them than among any of the other races. AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE- HOLDS. The classification, by age and sex of members of households, of the employees of the coal-mining industry in the Southwest is shown by the following table : Table 443. — Per cent of persons within each age group, hy sex and by general nativity and ^ race of head of household. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE. General nativity and Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. race of head of house- hold. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and IS. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Native-born of native father: White 117 54 41 125 265 99 111 112 89 124 OS- 22.2 13.0 21.5 27.3 21.6 23.2 30.3 23.0 10.3 16.2 20.4 19.5 18.4 9.8 15.2 n.7 17.0 9.0 23.4 20.6 3.4 7.4 .0 7.2 1.1 2.0 1.8 .9 1.1 3.2 1.5 6.0 5.6 2.4 14.4 2.3 . 0.1 3.6 4.5 3.4 6.5 16.2 14.5 9.3 2.4 11.2 31.3 20.2 29.7 17.0 21.3 6.5 16.2 26.5 37.0 41.4 12.0 26.0 22.2 27.0 27.7 30.3 24.2 13.2 11.1 , Negro 7.4 Foreign-born: 7.3 Irish 21.6 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 7.9 7.1 4.5 9.8 Polish 4.5 11.3 Welsh 22.1 Grand total 1,241 21.8 15.3 2.5 6.2 18.9 24.9 10.4 Total native-born Total foreign-born 171 1,070 19.3 22.1 17.5 16.0 4.7 2.1 6.8 6.3 12.9 19.9 29.8 23.2 9.9 10.5 FEMALE. Native-born of native father: White 119 66 43 101 174 63 65 84 76 126 58 13.4 22.7 25.6 11.9 29.9 28.6 20.0 27.4 23.7 29.4 6.9 26.9 25.8 18.6 24.8 13.2 9.5 16.9 13.1 26.3 22.2 26.9 5.0 3.0 2.3 9.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 4.8 1.3 3.0 3.4 9.2 7.6 4.7 11.9 3.5 12.7 7.7 *3 1.3 7.9 12.1 21.0 18.2 25.6 12.9 29.3 33.3 27.7 11.9 ' 23.7 14.3 10.3 19.3 19.7 16.3 14.9 17.2 11.1 20.0 25.0 21.1 18.3 15.5 5.0 3.0 Foreign-born: 7.0 Irish . 13.9 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 5.2 3.2 6.!" 9.5 Polish 2.6 4.8 Welsh 25.9 f Grand total 1,009 22.3 20.4 3.6 7.6 20.8 18.0 7.3 Total native-bom Total foreign-born 185 824 16.8 23.5 26.5 19.1 4.3 3.4 8.6 7.3 20.0 21.0 19.5 17.7 4.3 8.0 102 The Immigration Commission. Table 443. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general natipiUf and race of head of household. — Continued. TOTAL. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Native-bom of native father: White 236 120 84 226 439 162 176 196 165 250 126 17.8 18.3 26.2 13.7 24.8 27.8 21.0 25.0 27.3 27.2 8.7 21.6 23.3 19.0 21.2 11.2 13.0 13.6 15.3 17.0 22.8 23.0 4.2 6.0 1.2 8.4 1.4 1.9 1.7 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.4 7.6 6.7 3.6 13.3 2.7 8.6 5.1 6.1 2.4 7.2 14.3 17.8 14.2 14.3 11.9 30.5 25.3 29.0 14.8 22.4 10.4 13.5 22.9 27.5 28.6 13.3 22.6 17.9 24.4 26.5 26.1 21.2 14.3 8.1 Negro 6.0 Foreign-bom: Croatian. .......... 7.1 Irish ■.. 18.1 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mexican 6.8 5.6 5.1 9.7 Polish 3.6 Slovak 8.0 Welsh 23.8 Grand total 2,260 22.0 17.6 3.0 6.8 19.8 21.8 9.0 Total native-born Total foreign-bom 356 1,894 18.0 22.8 22.2 16.7 4.5 2.7 7.3 6.7 16.6 20.4 24.4 21.3 7.0 9.4 The classification according to race and general nativity in the preceding table is by head of household. The foreign-born number 1,894, about 84 per cent of the total. The table also includes a classification according to sex, showing that 1,241, or about 55 per cent of the individuals for whom data were secured, are males. The percentages for the different age groups show that the pro- portion of children under 6 and of persons from 20 to 29, and 45 or over, is higher for the foreign-born than for the native-born. The foreign races for which a large proportion of children under 6 is re- ported are the South Italian, Polish, and Slovak; those having a large Eroportion of children from 6 to 13 are the Welsh, Slovak, and Irish, large percentages of individuals of 14 and 15 years of age are shown for the Irish, Slovaks, and Mexicans; of individuals from 16 to 19, for the Welsh, Irish, and South Italians; of individuals from 20 to 29, for the North Itahans, Slovaks, and South Italians; of individuals from 30 to 45 years of age, the Croatians, Mexicans, and Poles; and of individ- uals 45 or over, for the Welsh, Irish, and Mexicans. While the racial tendencies are not very clearly marked, it wiU be noticed that the largest proportion of young children and of individuals of working age is to be found among the races of more recent immigration. For the foreign-born the percentages for all ages below 30 are higher for the females than for the males. Among the native-born the percentages are higher for the females than for the males, for individuals from 6 to 13, from 16 to 29, and 45 or over. It thus appears that the age of the females is in general higher among the native-born than among the foreign-born. For all individuals, irrespective of nativity, the average age of the males is greater than that of the females. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 103 The following table shows the per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race: Tablb 444. — Per cent of male employies within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STUDY or EMPLOTEES.) f [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are lor all iBces.] General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father by country of birth of father: England Germany Ireland Italy Scotland , Foreign-bom, by race: English , French , German Irish , Italian, North Italian, South , Lithuanian Magyar , Mexican , Polish Russiaji , Scotch Slovak , Slovenian , Grand total , Total native-bom of foreign father. . Total native-born Total foreign-born Number reporting complete data. 1,661 179 102 13S 64 147 252 214 182 95 1,146 425 124 48 109 218 106 146 130 193 6,930 787 2,829 4,101 Per cent within each specifled age group. 14 to 19 20 to 24, 13.0 6.7 30.2 17.6 5.1 59.4 30.6 2.4 6.5 7.7 .0 6.3 7.3 3.2 2.1 6.4 3.7 6.6 1.4 8.5 6.2 30.5 17.0 6.1 25 to 29, 17.1 9.0 24.6 35.3 24.6 28.1 24.5 6.7 13.6 8.8 3.2 20.5 18.6 12.9 27.1 14.7 14.2 17.0 6.2 13.8 14.5 16.4 25.5 18.3 15.1 20.0 11.8 11.2 12.7 19.6 10.9 17.0 13.6 17.3 12.1 15.8 24.6 23.3 26.6 10.4 14.7 17.0 17.0 12.3 11.5 23.8 18.7 13.2 17.0 19.9 36 to 44. 15.4 15.7 13.4 6.9 10.9 1.6 10.9 14.3 20.6 13.2 14.7 19.6 20.0 20.2 16.7 15.6 17.0 17.9 17.1 20.8 20.7 17.0 9.5 13.8 19.2 22.4 27.5 12.3 14.7 26.1 .0 10.9 17.9 16.9 21.4 21.1 20.9 24.9 23.4 20.8 23.9 33.5 20.4 18.5 28.5 22.8 21.8 13.0 20.5 22.7 9.3 22.9 .0 6.1 27.0 18.2 28.0 31.6 7.2 5.2 12.1 18.7 19.3 13.3 14.2 29.5 11.5 7.3 12.3 6.6 10.4 13.5 66 or over. 2.8 6.4 2.2 3.9 2.9 .0 .0 18.3 7.9 8.8 13.7 1.8 .7 1.6 4.2 6.5 1.4 .9 15.1 6.4 4.7 1.7 3.0 4.6 Of the 6,930 male employees shown in the above table the greatest Eroportion in any one group are from 35 to 44 years of age, the next ighest proportion are from 25 to 29, followed by those wno are from 30 to 34 and from 20 to 24 years of age. A very smaU proportion are 55 years of age or over. Among the employees who are native-born of foreign father by far the highest per cent is shown for those who are from 14 to 19 years of age. The native-born whites of native father show slightly over 50 per cent who are from 14 to 29 years of age, the foreign-born employees show slightly over 40 per cent, while the negro employees who are native-born of native father show less than 30 per cent from 14 to 29 years of age. The employees who are native-born negroes of native father show ithe highest per cent who are from 30 to 54 years of age, followed by the foreign-born, the native-born whites of native father, and the native-born of foreign father, in the order named. The last men- tioned nativity group shows very small proportions who are of the above mentioned age. Of these classes the negro employees show the highest per cent who are 55 years of age or "over, followed by the 104 The Immigration Commission. foreign-born employees, native-born whites of native father, and native-born of foreign father, in the order named. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those whose fathers were born in Italy show the highest per cent who are from 14 to 19 years of age, and tnose whose fathers were born in Ireland the smallest per cent. The employees whose fathers were born in Ire- land show the highest per cent who are from 45 to 54 years of age, and those whose fathers were born in Germany the highest per cent 55 years of age or over. None of the employees whose fathers were born in Scotland are 55 years of age or over, and none of those whose fathers were born in Italy are 35 j-ears of age or over. Of the foreign-born employees none of the Irish are under 20 years of age, and the Scotch show very small proportions under this age. It will be further noted that the proportion of employees who are from northern Europe and who are 45 years of age or over is higher than that of the employees in these age groups from southern and eastern Europe. Chapter VII. GENERAI PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION. Americanization— Immisrrant churches— Societies and fraternal orders— Sa^nngs and investments— Ownership of homes— Money sent abroad— School facilities and attendance— Status of children in the households studied— Interest in political and civic affairs in Oklahoma and Kansas — Citizenship in the Southwest — Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 445 to 458 and General Tables 191 to 199]. AMERICANIZATION. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh throughout the Southwest are thorouglily Americanized. Most of them have been in the coal fields a number of years and are permanent residents. Even those who have been in tms country only a short time have adopted Ameri- can customs. They mingle freely with the natives, show much interest in all pubhc questions, and take a prominent part in all elec- tions. There is no ill feeling between these races and the Americans, and as soon as they come to a locahty they are received and treated as friends and neighbors. They do not make any attempt at segre- gation but live m American neighborhoods. With the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh the conditions favoring Americanization are as follows: The knowledge of English possessed by the races, their popularity with natives, the ready way in which they addpt American customs, the lack of tendency toward segrega- tion, the interest they display in all civic affairs, the fact that they intermarry with natives, that they send their children to school and keep them there until they have acquired an ordinary education, and that they make their permanent homes in this country. There are no conditions opposing the Americanization of the EngUsh, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. After the races mentioned above, the French become Americanized more quickly and more thoroughly than any other immigrants. The fact that they do not understand English when they land in this country has held them back to some extent, but they have been well received by natives and mingle freely with them, do not form colonies, and are quick to adopt American ways. The French are also familiar mth the republican form of government. Moreover, they seem to be ver^^ quick in understanding American business methods. The Lithuanians, after the French, are quickest to adopt American customs and standards of living. The majority of them come to this country with the idea of maldng it their permanent home, and conse- quently desire to master the language as soon as possible. Many are property owners, and this fact naturally stimulates their civic inter- est. Many are voters and take a prominent part in elections. The children are sent to school and are encouraged at home to attend reg- ularly and master their studies. The second generation is thoroughly Americanized, and many of the race have intermarried with natives, 48296°— VOL 7—11 8 105 106 The Immigration Commission, which tends to make their assimilation more complete. The prin- cipal obstacle against Americanization of Lithuanians is their tend- ency to form colonies and segregate themselves. North Italians are held in higher estimation by the natives than Italians from the southern part of Italy. Consequently the North Italians are given a better opportunity to become Americanized, as Americans associate with them to some extent. The North Italian seems to be quicker to grasp American customs, and more of them come to this country with the idea of making it their permanent home, and so are more ready to learn English. Even taking mto consideration these facts, however, the North Italians are slow to fall into the ways of the country and show httle interest in pubUc affairs. They are usually strongly influenced by a few leaders, are slow to take advantage of their opportunities, and seem to be suspicious of Americans. The South' Italians are slow in becoming Americanized and many in the coal regions who have been in this country from fifteen to twenty years are scarcely able to speak English. They live in colonies, haTe very little association with natives, and show little interest outside of their own immediate neighborhood. They are suspicious of Amer- icans, do not trust their money to the banks, and trade at American shops as little as possible. They are making little progress toward Americanization. , Each year the South Italians are investing more money in homes and real estate^ and in becoming property owners, they are naturally led to take more interest in civic affairs. Even after the South Italian, however, has made his permanent home In the Southwest, he seems to make little effort to aJopt American ways. He does not encourage his children in attending school but takes them away at an early age, thus preventing the second generation • from having the opportunity of becoming assimilated. The children hear only Italian spoken in the colony and in the home, and their only opportunity to learn English is at school. TheToles, Slovaks, and Magyars are almost as backward as South Italians, but are more popular with natives. They are very slow in learning to speak English and associate little with people outside of their own races. No civic interest is shown and a very small percent- age are naturalized. The second generation of these races, however, makes very much better progress than the South Italian and is slowly becoming Americanized. These races also are less segregated and less clannish than the South Italian, and consequently have more oppor- tunity to associate vidth the natives. Most of them go to Kansas and Oklahoma with the intention of remaining. Mexicans show less progress than any other immigrants. Thej| have adopted no American ideas or customs, but live as they do. in' their own country. Although many of the Mexicans in the coal minps, of Oklahoma were born in the United States, they are little nearer Americanization than those directly from Mexico. Few of them speak English or show any civic interest and very few are permanent residents. The majority of the Mexicans are migratory, moving from one coal mine to another and never working long in any locality They are heartUy disliked by natives and there is no association between the races. Though they do not live in colonies and are not : segregated at work, there is very strong racial prejudice on the part Bituminous Coal Mming in the Southwest. 107 of Mexicans against Americans. They do not send their chil'dren to school, and thus deprive them of opportunities for Americanization. Most of the Mexican immigrants in the district are thriftless and receive little encouragement from employers. Length of residence in the United States has no effect upon their mode of living and they are maldng little progress. * IMMIGRANT, OHTTECHES. The mining localities of Kansas and Oklahoma have numerous churches including several denominations. With the exception of the English, Scotch, and Welsh, immigrants attend the Roman Catholic and Greek Cathohc churches. The Greek Catholic Church at Harts- horne, Oklahoma, is said to be the only church of this faith between St. Louis, Mo., and Galveston, Tex. In many communities in the coal district in Oklahoma there are Roman Cathohc churches, and at Pittsburg, Frontenac, Qhicopee, Weir, Scammon, and other mining towns in Kansas this church is also represented. In the smaller villages and mining settlements where there are no churches, services are held at stated mtervals. No church, however, except the Roman and Greek Catholic does any work among the immigrants or makes any effort to secure their attendance. The Roman Cathohc Church provides good schools for the children of its members; has various societies to which immigrants are urged to belong; supports hospi- tals; and looks after the welfare of the immigrant in every way pos- sible. In one locaUty in Oklahoma this church has attempted to start night schools, but has failed on account of lack of interest. An effort was also made to form classes among immigrant women, teach- ing sewing, cooking, and the general care of the home, but so httle interest was shown that the work was abandoned. In cases of sick- ness or accident, the immigrant, if unable to afford the expenditure, is given free treatment and attention in the hospitals, and in case of want or sickness in the home, the church does all in its power to help the immigrant. The Episcopal Church also has a hospital in McAlester, Oklahoma, and immigrant patients are given the same attention that is bestowed upon Americans. At all of the parochial schools are hbraries which are open to immigrants. Those in charge say that an adult never asks for a book and only in rare instances do the children utihze the library. A good many immigrants subscribe to newspapers, and this is about all the reading done by them with the exception of a few taking courses in correspondence schools. SOCIETIES AND ERATEENAL ORDERS. The societies and fraternal organizations to which immigrants belong are numerous. A canvass of the Oklahoma district showed the following societies and organizations having recent immigrants as members: Slovaks belong to the First Cathohc Union and the National Slovak Association; these societies are fraternal and bene- ficial. Mexicans belong to the National Beneficial Society; this society is a sick benefit organization. Itahans belong to La Minature, Vittorio Emanuel III, and Christif oro Colombo ; these are fraternal ;and beneficial societies. North Italians also belong to the Societa Piedmontese and Society di N. Italia; these societies are fraternal. The Poles are members of the National PoHsh Society, which gives 108 TTie Immigration Commission, sick atfd death benefits and is fraternal. Italians who have taken naturahzation papers belong to the American Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, and Foresters of America. Negroes are members of the Odd Fellows and Masons. En^sh, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh are members of the Masons, Knights of Pythias, Foresters of America, Woodmen of the World,' and the usual American fraternal and beneficial societies. The Lithuanians are not affihated with any fraternal or beneficial organizations. SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS. The amount of money saved by immigrants in Oklahoma and Kan- sas bituminous mining localities varies according to the thrift of the particular race. The South Italian saves more than any of the other immigrant races, the North Italian is second, and the Lithuaniami ;! Pohsh, Croatian, Slovak, Magyar, Scotch, Welsh, English, Irish, American, Mexican, and American negro rank in the order named. A large number of the South Italians locating in the coal districts seem to come only with the idea of remaining a few years, and in that time expect to save enough money to return to Italy and carry into effect whatever plans they may have. The consequence is that they save eveiy dollar possible, and deny themselves all but the neces- sities of life. The majority of Italians who are single men, or who have famihes in Italy, begin to send surplus earnings to that country as soon as possible. The large amount of money sent out each year shows how much this race saves in comparison with natives and other immigrant races." The native miner rarely has money saved and spends all his earnings, living from pay day to pay day on credit. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh save little more than the native miner. The native negro and the Mexican usually stop work after pay day until they spend their earnings. Lithuanians are much more thrifty than the races last named and are judicious in the expenditure of their earnings. They send very little money to Europe. Most of them have saved money to build homes and many have money on deposit in the banks. They live better than the Italians and spend more money for food, clothing, and other living expenses, and consequently do not save as much. The Poles, Mag- yars, Slovenians, and Slovaks are thrifty but do not save to the extent of the Italians. The living expenses of these races is higher, and they are said to be much better customers at the company stores. They send money to their native land, but not in such large amounts as the Italians. OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. The Italians, when they decide to make their permanent homes in the coal-mining districts, buy property and build as soon as possi- ble. Most of the Lithuanians have settled there permanently and nearly all of them who are married own homes. Many Magyars, Poles, Slovenians, and Slovaks also own homes in Oklahoma" and Kansas, but some are migratory and move from one part of the country to another. When work is not good in Oklahoma or Kansas they will go to Colorado or Pennsylvania, or wherever they can find readv employment. However, where any have settler! perma- nently they usually own homes. Mexicans show no tendency toward o See pp. Ill, 112. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 109 purchasing homes and only three or four in the whole district own property. A few American negroes own homes, but most of them rent houses from the coal companies. Most of the money invested by immigrants is in real estate, either in homes or business. In Community No. 4 in Oklahoma, several Italians and two or three Lithuanians own stock in the two banks there, and in Community No. 7, Oklahoma, the majority of the stock in the leading bank is owned by ItaUans. In Community No. 1, Oklahonaa, an Italian owns a large macaroni factory. In another community in that State two immigrants from Ireland own one of the largest coal-mining concerns in the district. In each locality Italians, Slovaks, or Magyars have money invested in stores. Lithu- anians are also in business in several towns. At Community No. 7, Oklahoma, the stock in a large mercantile company is all owned by Italians . Several smaller mines are owned by English or Irish. Nearly all the immigrants owning homes also own live stock. Many immigrants are engaged in the mercantile business in both Kansas and Oklahoma mining locahties. Several large stores in Oklahoma are owned by German and Russian Hebrews. At Com- munity No. 6 the largest furniture store in the town is owned by a French miner. A son of this man also has a store of this description in Community No. 4. These stores are conducted according to Ameri- can ideas and are as good as those of natives in the same business. In almost every town in the coal fields Italians and immigrants from Austria-Hungary are found conducting stores. In all cases these are small groceries or bake shops carrying a stock inferior to that handled by natives. A few handle mining supphes in a small way. There are also a small number of Syrian stores, particularly at Community No. 2, Oklahoma. These stores are in most cases supply houses for peddlers, as Syrians are doing a peddling business through the mining camps. There are also restaurants owned by Italians and Mexicans. A company has lately been formed in Community No. 7 to operate a large grocery and dry goods store. All the stock in this conipany has been subscribed for by Italians and the plan is to cater to people of this race alone. The president of the Citizens State Bank in the same town is an Itahan, and the bank has a large number of immi- grant depositors. The French at Communities No. 6 and 7, Oklahoma, all own homes, and their houses are clean and weU kept and more pretentious than those of other immigrants in that locality. In many towns in the Kansas cctal fields, immigrants have invested large amounts in homes, others have gone into business on thq^r savings, and in each of the towns mentioned there are stores owned by immigrants. Each year more money is being invested locally and less goes to Europe. A good many French people have also purchased farms with money earned in the mines and are prospering. The immigrant stores in localities in Kansas, except those owned by the French and Hebrews, are greatly inferior to those owned by Americans. They are not so , progressive, do not expand, and are afraid to risk an investment in ' a large and varied stock. The wholesalers say that the immigrant usually pays promptly, but buys in very small quantities and a cheap class of goods. Immigrants in business cater only to their particular race; they have little to do with natives, and do not seek their trade. 110 The Immigration Commission. In order to show the amount of money invested in real estate, in- stances of the amount of property owned by immigrants in a few typical towns may be presented. The assessed value of property in Community No. 4, both real and personal, exclusive of coal mines and equipment, is S60D,000. Of this, $100,000 is owned by immigrants in nomes, town lots, and per- sonal property. It is estimated that the stock in immigrant stores amounts to $22,000, thus making the value of property owned by foreigners, $122,000. The majority of immigrants who have been in Community No. 4 for some years own homes and in many cases have other houses which they rent to fellow-countrymen who have been in this country a shorter time. The assessed value of property in Community No. 1 is $4,301,571, <5f which $2,850,425 is real and $1,451,146 is personal. The esti- anated value of property owned by immigrants is $275,000, distrib- uted by races as follows: Scotch, $150,000; English, $50,000; Ital- ians, $50,000; Irish, $15,000; other races of recent immigration, $10,000. The assessed value of property in Community No. 2 is $700,000. Three hundred and twenty-nine thousand dollars, or a lit- tle less than half the total assessment, is owned by immigrants. The assessed value of property in Community No. 3 is $105,000, of which $25,000 is owned by immigrants, principally Italians. The assessed valuation of property in Comnmnity No. 5 is $600,000. The prop- erty owned by immigrants is valued at $5,000. In this community few recent immigrants are buying homes, and the property referred to is owned by English and Scotch. In the course of the detailed investigation in the Southwest, data were secured from the families studied relative to the ownership of homes. In the following table the figures are given for employees of the coal-mining industry of the Southwest, . by general nativity and race of head of f amUy : Table 445. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and root of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of families. Owning home. Number. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White 57 26 20 4 35.1 Negro 15.4 Foreign-born: 21 38 94 35 36 15 42 36 48 28 13 23 48 23 20 8 6 17 40 19 61 9 Irish ' 60. 5i Itahan , North aif Italian, South Lithuanian 65,6 ^-'in Magyar Mexican PoIUh.... - 47.5 83 3 Slovak Welsh ; 67 9 Orand total 476 241 ' ' '"so 6 Total native-bora 83 393 24 217 m Total foreign-borh.i * Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. Ill The total number of families reported in the preceding table ia 476. Of these, 241, or 50.6 per cent, own homes. As regards the native-bom of native father the percentage owning homes is 28.9; for the foreign-born it is 55.2. Among the native-born of native father, 35.1 per cent of the whites occupy homes owned by them- selves as against 15.4 per cent of the negroes. The foreign-bom, classified according to race, raak in the percentage owning homes as follows: Slovak, Welsh, South Italian, Croatian, Irish, Lithuanian, North Italian, Polish, and Mexican. The percentage for the Slovaks is 83.3; that for the Mexicans is 14.3. It wiU be noted that for all the foreign races, except the Mexican, the percentage of homes owned •is larger than for the native-born whites. The figure fur the Ameri- can negro is only shghtly higher than for the Mexican. Fur these two races the percentages are far lower than the percentage of any other race It is interesting to note here that in the Southwest the percentage of famihes owning homes is much higher than in Pennsylvaaia and the South and slightly lower than in the Middle West. The fact that the standard fpr employees of the Southwest and Middle West is so much higher than the standard for those of the East and South is behevedto be due, in a_ considerable measure, to the prevalence of better working conditioiis in and about the mines of the first-named sections. In the Middle West the PoUsh lead in the percentage owning homes. North Italian, South Itahan, American white, and Lithuanian follow in the order mentioned. In the Middle West 53.8 per cent of all the employees own their homes, as against 50.6 per cent in the Southwest." MONET SENT ABROAD. As already indicated, a large amount of the money saved, by immi- grants each year goes to Europe. Most of this is sent to Italy, Austria- Hungary, and Sussia. Of all the immigrants in Kansas and Okla- homa the South Italians send the largest amount of money abroad. North Italians, Poles, Slovenians, and Slovaks also send out con- siderable amounts. This money goes through various channels, and although it is impossible to estimate the total amount sent from the coal fields of the two States, a rough conception of the aggregate may be had by giving some examples showing amounts sent from certain locahties, the information having been secured from post-offices, steamship agents, immigrant bankers, and other sources. The money sent from Community No. 1, Okla., during 1908, •amounted to about $20,000. Most of this went to Italy. From Community No. 6, $10,000 has been sent to European countries during the past year, most of this being sent to cities in Russia and Austria-Hungary. From Community No. 3, $3,000 went to Italy. Immigrants at Community No. 2 sent out about $35,000 in 1908, a large proportion going through the local post-office, the rest being sent through immigrant bankers and steamship agents. Nearly $20,000 of this amount went to Italy, the balance going to Austria- Hungary and Eussia. During 1908, as nearly as can be estimated, o See Table 113, Vol. I, p. 179. 112 The Immigration Commission. $108,000 was sent from Community No. 7 and the surrounding coal camps. Two-thirds of this sum went to Italv and the rest to Aus- tria-Hungary and Russia. From other localities in Oklahoma and Kansas, of the same population and racial composition as those given above, similar proportionate amounts were sent to Europe, the largest sums going from localities occupied by Italians, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh sent out scarcely any money, Lithuanians very little, and Mexicans none at all. SCHOOL FACILITIES AND ATTENDANCE. The mining sections of Kansas and Oklahoma are well supplied with' good schools. In the larger cities and towns there are hign schools, and ill all of the smaller villages and mining settlements there are graded schools giving pupils the opportunity to reach the fifth or sixth grade. In almost all localities there are also parochial schools ■ with a good force of teachers, taking scholars through the higher branches. In the earlier days of mining in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) school facilities were very poor, and it was the custom of the larger coal companies to provide schools for .the children of their employees. To provide a fund for the support of these schools each man on the pay roll was assessed a certain sum each month, usually 25 cents for the single men and 50 cents for heads of families. Since the Territory has been admitted to statehood this is no longer necessary, as good schools are provided by the State. In Oklahoma a canvass of schools in the principal mining localities was made and in nine of the largest schools it was found that there was a total enrolment of 4,208 pupils, 29.6 per cent of whom were of foreign parentage. The number of each race was as follows: Table 446. — Children of immigrants in nine public schools of Oklahoma, hy race o] father. Eace ot father. Num- ber. Race of father. Nnm- ber. English 71 68 96 11 77 438 93 206 37 4 Irish 19 Scotch Slovalc 10 Welsh German i French 67 Italian 37 Polish Total Lithuanian 1,244 Russian It will also be profitable to discuss briefly the schools in the different towns of Oklahoma in or around which coal mines are located. Community No. 1 has good schools, with a total enrolment of 913. Of these, 108 are children of immigrants of the following races: German 15 English 26 Irish 18 Welsh 3 Italian 18 Danish 3 Russian 4 Austrian 2 Chinese 2 Scotch 13 Norwegian 1 Dutch 3 Total, 108 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 113 By grades, the children of foreign parentage are distributed as fol- lows: First and second 47 Third 25 Fourth'. 9 Fifth 12 Sixth 2 Seventh '. 5 High school 7 Total Russian Hebrew 6 Greek a French 2 Total 48a 108 Community No. 2 has two schools, the public and the parochial, both of which have immigrant pupils. The public school is of eight grades and has an enrolment of 480, distributed, by race of father, as follows: American 329 Italian 100 Syrian 20 Polish 4 German , '.... 10 Irish 6 The principal of the school states that the first public school in Community "No. 2 was started five years ago. Prior to that time all the miners were taxed, by the companies employing them, a certain amount for school purposes. The principal also declares that an im- migrant chUd rarely goes beyond tne fifth grade. There is only one foreigner in the eighth grade, an Italian boy. Many children enter the school who can not speak a v/ord of English. The children attend- ing school are ranked in about the following order in regard to their progress: American, German, Italian, Irish, Syrian, and Polish. The reason assigned for backwardness on the part of immigrant children is lack of encouragement at home. The parochial school has an attendance of 250 children, all of whom are immigrants. Italian 150 Lithuanian 50' Polish 25 Miscellaneous 25 Total. 250 The priest who has charge of this school says that the Lithuanians are the best scholars he has and are very regular in attendance. The Itahans are bright up to 10 or 12 years of age, but from that time show no interest in their work, and Soon leave school, as they are not ehcouraged at home to remain. The Poles are dull and hard to teach, and very few can speak English upon entering school. The priest further states that immigrant parents take their children away from school at such an early age that they have little chance to acquire much education. He has endeavored to start a night school, but little interest has beeii shown in the work. The public school of Community No. 3 has eight grades, with an enrolment of 304. In the school there are 8 Italians, 15 Lithuan- ians, and 5 Poles. The Lithuanians make the best progress of the fanm igrflnt, children, the Italians ranking second. The Lithuanians aiid Italians are as regular in attendance as American?, but, in the 114 The Immigration Commission. opinion of the teachers, the immigrant children do not make the progress made by the native children. There is a good public school in Community No. 4, and also a, parochial school supported by the Roman Catholic Church. Immi- grant children attend each. The parochial school was founded in 1902 and has an enrolment of 180. Of this number, 30 are Italians, 100 Lithuanians, 12 Poles, 15 Irish, and 23 Americans. English is taught and the children are urged to master this language. The priest who has charge of the school states that a graduate is well prepared to enter college, but only in rare instances do children of immigrants go through the school, as their parents take them away at about 15 years of age and put them to work. He also says that Italians from 7 to 12 years of age have very keen intellects, but after that do not progress so rapidly as the Irish, Americans, and Lithuanians. The roles are very backward. The public school of Community No. 8 has seven grades and an attendance of 116 pupils. Of these, 20 are immigrants, as follows: ^, Grade. Race. Number. First Italian 11 1 Third ..do 3 Third Polish 2 Third Italian 1 Fifth Lithuanian 1 Sixth do 1 Total 20 ' The teacher in charge of the school says that the immigrant children are better in attendance than Americans and make as good progress. She considers Lithuanian children brighter in arithmetic than any others in the school. STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the relative status and progress of native and foreign born children, the following table furnishes a limited but interesting' exhibit on the basis of information received for 463 children in house- holds of the Southwest: Table 447 . — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 ormoro bom abroad. The native-bom of native father are shown for comparative purposes.] General nativity and race of father. Birthplace of child. Number reporting complete data. Number— Per cent— At home. At school. At work. At home. At school. At wort Native-born: White United States United States .... United States 62 34 28 26 8 1 2 6 S2 32 26 19 2 1 2" 12.9 2.9 7.1 19.2 83.9 94.1 92.9 73.1 3.2 2.9 .0 7.7 Foreign-born; • Italian, North . Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 115 Upon comparing the second generation children in the preceding table with the whites native*born of native father, it is seen that a smaller per cent of the former are kept at home and a larger per cent are at school, while 3.2 per cent of the native American children are at work, though none of the second generation children are so reported. If the foreign-born be compared with the native-born, more native-born children are found at school and fewer at home. INTEREST IN POLITICAL AND CIVIC AFFAIRS IN OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS. Little leaning toward the acquisition of citizenship or interest in civic affairs is displayed by the races of recent immigration in Oklahoma. There are a number of immigrants who have been in the Oklahoma coal fields for a period of twenty to thirty years who have not yet secured their first naturalization papers. Statements showing the number of first and second papers taken out in the coal- mining counties of Oklahoma by the different races since Oklahoma was admitted to Statehood (1902) are presented herewith. The figures for Pittsburg County are as follows : « Race or people. First papers. Second papers. Italian 51 22 8 12 4 4 5 3 6 14 9 4 3 Syrian. Magyar...... Scotch 1 1 French ... . . . . 1 wZt;;."::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::. :::::.:. :::::::::::::::::: 2 1 3 1 4 Polish Canadian ..... Welsh Total 124 35 In Okmulgee County no immigrants have taken out second papers. The following number of each race have secured first papers : Austriaa 10 English 3 German 3 RuBsiaa ' 2 Scotch 2 Total 20 'W? 116 The Immigration Commission. Foreigners in Goal County have taken out naturalization papers as follows : Rasce OT people. First papers. Second papers. Italian 43 5 21 12 6 4 7 2 15 Austrian - Russian .. . .. Belgian rpTiFi.Hi>n , , . , , . . 16 Irish Polisli ; 3 1 1 1 Mexican Swedish ' Total 122 53 In Latimer County 40 immigrants have taken out first papers, but it is impossible to classify them by race. The number or each race who have obtained second papers follows: Russian 7 Austrian '3 Hungarian 2 German 1 Italian ' 1 Total 14 A very small amount of interest in civic affairs is shown by immi- grants in Oklahoma. As a rule there are one or two infiuential immigrants in each locality who control the vote of their particialar race, and most of the races usually vote as they are told to by their leaders. The Italians in certain, localities in OMahoma are controlled by leaders who are advocates of radical political ideas. The Lithua- nians are more independent and are not influenced as much as the Italians and vote according to their own ideas. The French show much interest in pohtical affairs, and the vote is not influenced or controlled. Russians, Poles, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh take as much civic interest as Americans, and in many cases are leading citizens. Mexicans show no civic interest whatever. In the coal-mining localities of Oklahoma information was secured as to the pohtical condition of 612 mine workers of foreign birth, who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their arrival in the United States and who had been in this country five years or a longer period of time. These data are presented in the table follow- ing, by race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 117 Table 44S. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees in Oklahoma who have been in the United States five years or over and who were Zl years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (STUDY OP BMPLOTEBS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] Race. Bohemian and Moravian Dutch English French German Greek Irkh .'. Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian _. Magyar Mexican Polish Bussian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian Welsh AuslraUan (race not specified) . Austrian (race not specified) . . . Belgian (race not specified) — Total. Number reporting complete data. Fully natu- ralized. 1 30 20 12 1 11 183 30 47 18 43 73 40 21 24 11 2 1 8 1 19 7 Number- Having first papers only. Having neither first nor second papers. 82 19 19 7 38 60 24 279 Out of the total number of 612 furnishing information 171, or 27.9 per cent, are fullv naturalized; 162, or 26.5 per cent, have first papers, while 279", or 45.6 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. These proportions indicate, as already pointed out, that little interest is taken in civic affairs by the foreign-born mine workers. Out of a total of 183 North Italians reporting, 35 have full natural- ization papers, 66 have first papers, and 82, or 44.8 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. In numbers the Poles rank second to the North Italians. Out of a total of 73 of this race reporting only 9 have full naturalization papers, 14 have first papers only, and 50,"or 68.5 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. Less inter- est as regards naturalization is manifested by the Polish than by any of the other races m this field except the Mexican. Following the Poles in numbers. come the Lithuanians. Out of a total of 47 per- sons of this race reporting, 17 have full naturalization papers, 11 have first papers only, and 19 have neither first nor second papers. The Mexicans are next in the order of numbers. Out of a total ot 43 persons 38, or 88.4 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. Four persons out of the total number are fully naturalized and one has taken out first papers. Forty Russians are included m the tab- ulation. Out of this total number 24, or 60 per cent, have neither first nor second papers, 7 have full naturalization papers, and 9 have first papers only. Among persons having neither first nor second naturalization papers, the Russians rank next to the Mexicans and the Poles Of a total of 36 South Italians, 5 have full naturalization 118 The Immigration Commission. papers, 12 have first papers only, and 19, or about 52 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. ., In the bituminous mining industry in Kansas, data pertaining to poHtical condition were obtamed from 901 employees who had been in, the Unic-ed States five years or more, and who were 21 years or over at the time of coming. This information is presented below, by race. Table 449. — 'Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in Kansas who have been in the United States five years or over and who were Zl years of age or over ai tim£ of coming, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the tJnited States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Kace. Number reporting complete data. Number- Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Having neither Mst nor second. papers. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South .- Italian (not specified) Magyar Norwegian ., Polish Russian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) . Total 4 8 1 3 63 62 S6 25 225 103 1 1 2 33 32 6S 6 6 159 19 14 146 66 5 1 16 17 43 3 3 100 22 300 519 Of the total of 901 persons included in the above table, 300, or 33.3 per cent, are fully naturalized; 519., or 57.6 per cent, have first papers; and 82 persons, or 9.1 per cent of the total, have neither first nor second papers. Out of a total of 56 Germans reporting, 36, or 64.3 per cent, have both naturalization papers. Out of 63 English reporting, 50.8 per cent, or 32 persons, are fully naturaHzed; 25 persons have first papers; while only 6 have neither first nor second papers. The Irish and the Slovak each show more than 40 per cent of their num- ber fully naturalized. The Scotch, the Bohemian and Moravian, and the French show between 30 and 40 per cent, and the Slovenian, the South ItaHan, and the North ItaUan show between 20 and 30 per cent so reported. CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOXJTHWBST. As the result of the study of individual employees data were secured asto the political condition of 1,513 foreign-bom males who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming. This information is presented, by race, in the table following. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 119 Table 450. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over andwho were 21 years of age or over at time ofcominq, by race. (STUDT OP EMPLOYHHS.) [By years In the United States Is meant yesa^ since first arrival In the United States.) Race. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) IiiUiiianian Magyar Mexican Norwegian Polish Sossian Scotch Slovalc Slovenian Swedish Syrian Welsh Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified).. Belgian (race not specified)... Total Number reporting complete data. 7 8 1 4 93 82 68 1 36 '408 139 1 47 19 43 2 79 42 S4 56 76 8 1 14 1 178 4S 1,513 Number— Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. 4 62 32 27 41 47 20 20 16 87 212 35 78 17 11 8 3 4 1 2 9 19 8 10 23 23 22 24 22 46 4 3 1 11 3 1 107 25 Per cent — Fully natural- ized. 55.9 32.9 69.1 55.6 21.3 25.2 C) 36.2 (") 9.3 C) 11.4 19.0 42.6 39.3 28.9 25.8 35.6 Having first papers only. 34.4 59.0 29.4 (") 44.4 52.0 56.1 (a) 23.4 2.3 24.1 23.8 42.6 42.9 i.S (") 60.1 55.6 45.0 « Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the 1,513 males of foreign birth reporting in the above table 31.1 per cent are fully naturalized citizens and 45 per cent have first naturalization papers, while 23.9 per cent have no political status in the United States. The Germans, English, and Irish are from 55 to 69 per cent fully naturalized, with very few who have no papers. Slovenians, Italians, and French possess the greatest number of first papers in proportion to their numbers. Eighty-eight and four-tenths per cent of the 43 Mexicans reporting have no papers, and the race as a whole shows the least tendency tow^ard naturalization. It is inter- esting to compare the Lithuanians with the Mexicans and notice the increased interest displayed by the former in political affairs of the nation. Nearly 60 per cent of the Lithuanians have either first or second papers, whil^ only 11.6 per cent of the Mexicans are so reported. The Slovaks and Russians also display considerable civic interest Information was also secured from 792 employees who had been in the United States between five and nine years and from 721 esaploy- ees who had a residence of ten years or over. These data are sub- mitted in the table following, but the percentages for two races only are shown, the number reporting for the others being too small for computation. The percentages for the total numbers are computed for purposes of comparison. 120 The Immigration Commission. Table 451. — Present political condition cj' foreign-bom male employees who were^l yean of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is for all foreign-bom.] In United States 6 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. In United States 5 years or over. Bace. Number report- ing com- plete data. Per oent^- Number report- ing com- plete data. Per cent— Number report- ing com- plete data. Per cent— Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Italian, North.. 250 95 8.4 14.7 58.4 60.3 158 44 41.8 47.7 41.8 34.1 408 139 21.3 25.2 52.0 Italiaii, South 56.1 Total 792 11.4 66.7 721 52. 8 32.2 1,613 31.1 45.0 Of immigrants who have been in the United States between five and nine years 11.4 per cent are fully naturalized as compared with 52.8 per cent who have been in thiscountry over ten years. Of those" in the United States between five and nine years 56.7 per cent have first papers while only 32.2 per cent have first papers who have been here over ten years. However, in the case of both the North and South Italians a much larger proportion of those of the longer period of residence in the United States are fully naturalized as compared with those who have been in this country between five and nine years. The following table shows the present political condition of foreign- born males in the households studied in the Southwest. Table 452. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were tl years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.) Number reporting complete data. Number- Percent— Race of individual. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Croatian 17 18 82 18 27 9 30 13 29 13 7 16 14 1 4 3 7 1 21 6 9 3 17.1 W 14.8 (") .0 (») 20.7 ■ ("■) C 25.6 ^3.3 Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish 1 6 8 3 10 2 (») , 34.5 C) Slovak..! Welsh Total 256 60 62 23.4 . 24.2 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 121 Because of the very small numbers of the majority of races in the Southwest furnishing information, the possibility of making a satis- factory comparison, as between the races, is precluded. Of the 256 persons furnishing complete data only 23.4 per cent are fully natural- ized, while an additional 24.2 per cent have, by securing first papers, manifested a desire to become citizens. This desire, it is apparent from the above table, is stronger with the Slovaks than with the Lithuanians and North Italians, the Slovaks showing 20.7 per cent fuUv naturalized and 34.5 per cent having first papers, as compared with ,14.8 and 33.3 per cent, respectively, of the Lithuanians, and 17.1 and 25.6 per cent, respectively, of the North Italians. Of the 30 Mexicans reporting not one has taken any steps toward natural- ization. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. Another point of value and interest in connection with the question as to the general progress of the foreign-born mine workers in the Southwest is found in the relative advancement of the different races in the use of the English language. The first table bearing upon this point is submitted below and exhibits, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the ability to speak English of 1,145 persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied. Table 453. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT 01' HOUSEHOLDS.) (Tliis table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how- ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of forplgn father, by race of father: Slovak 30 29 190 65 80 64 67 63 36 28 105 40 41 39 41 53 66 57 295 105 121 103 98 116 90.0 79.3 61.1 47.7 66.3 21.9 38.6 60.3 97.2 71.4 23.8 27.5 22.0 15.4 22.0 41.5 93.9 Fflreign-bom: 75.4 Italian North 41.4 TtAlian South. 40.0 61.2 19.4 31.6 Slovak 61.7 Grand total 661 484 1,145 54.0 44.2 49.9 90 571 118 366 208 937 74.5 50.8 88.1 30.1 82.2 42.6 Of 1,145 males and females in this locality for whom information was secured, 49.9 per cent speak English, the native-born of foreign L father reporting a proportion greatly in excess of that shown for the I foreign-born. This difference in proportions, it will be noted, is not so marked among the males as among the females.. As regards the foreign-born males who speak English, the Croatians, with 79 3 per cent, report a proportion larger than that of any other race: the Mexicans, with. 2 1.9 per cent, reporting the smallest pro- ' portion Following the Croatians, in the order named, are the Lithuanians, Slovaks, North Itahans, South Italians, and Poles. 48296°— VOL 7—11 9 122 The Iimnigrabon Gsmmission. Regarding the ability of the foreign-bom females to speakEnglish, it will be seen that the Croatians report by far the largest proportion or 71.4 per cent. The nearest approach to the proportion of the Croatian females who speak English is shown by the Slovaks, reporting 41.5 per cent. Following the Slovaks, with little difference in pro- gortions, are the South Italians, North Italians, Lithuanians, and 'oles, while the Mexican females report the smallest percentage spealong English. Of the native-bom of foreign father, information concerning a sufficient number to justify computation was secured from only one race. Of this race, the Slovak, the proportion of females with ability to speak English exceeds that of the males, each, however, showing a consideraluy larger proportion than is shown for the foreign-born Croatians. By combining the proportions of males and females who speak English, it will be noted that, with on« exception, the relative position of the several races remains the same as if only the males were considered. Information was also secured from 3,482 individual employees, as is shown ia the following table: Table 454. — Per cent offoreigTv-hom male employee! who speak English, by race. (STUDY or EMFLOTEES.) (This table Inclades only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, ho*- ever, is lor all non-Bngiish-speaking races.) Bace. Number reporting data. Percent who speak English. French.. . 206 177 1,129 418 119 48 105 209 101 124 185 74.3 9L0 Italian, North 62.4 Italian, South 66i0 T4thnaniftn 8S.2 75.0 Mexican. 74.3 Polish 55.1 Russian. 70.1 Slovak 65.3 PlffysniiUi 68.1 TotaL 3,482 69.1 It win be noted from the above table that 69.1 per cent of the total number speak English. Of the races reporting, the Germans show a smaller per cent unable to speak English than any other race, 9 per cent as compared with 11.8 per cent of the Lithuanians, who report the next higher per cent. After the Lithuanians, and in the following order, come the Magyars, French, Mexicans, and Russians, who report as being able to speak English, 75, 74.3, 74.3, and 70.3 per cent, respectively. . With the exception of the Slovenians, who report 68.1 per cent, less than two-thirds of each of the other races are able to speak English, the South Italians reporting the highest, or 66 per cent, while the North Italians, with 62.4 per cent, report the lowest. The per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who speak Endish is shown in the table following, by age at time of coming to the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 123 Table 455. — Fer cent of foreign-horn persont 6 years of age or over who epeak English, by age at time of coming to the United States ana race of indiviaital. (STUDY OF HOOSBHOLDS.) [This table Includes onlf non-Engllsli.8peaklng races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total^owe ver, Is fat all non-English-speaking races.] Bace of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Croatian Italian, North ItaUan, South Lithuanian... Mexican Polish Slovak Total... 67 295 103 121 103 98 116 81.3 85.0 68.2 85.7 42.3 60.0 64.0 73.2 34.6 32.6 44.0 11.7 24.4 48.4 937 70.3 36.4 The above table shows that, of a total of 937 individuals reporting complete data, a much larger proportion who can speak English is shown by those who were under 14 years of age than by those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, 70.3 per cent as against 36.4 per cent. Of the various races, it will be seen that the largest proportion who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to tne United States and who can speak English is shown by the Lithuanians, followed by the North Italians and Croatians; while the largest proportion who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, and who can speak English, is shown by the Croa- tians, followed by the Slovaks and Lithuanians. The Mexicans show the smallest proportion of both those under 14 years of age and 14 years of age or over at time of. coming to the United States who can speak En^ish. The foflowing table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied, who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual: Table 456.— Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or oyer who speak English, by years in the Unitea States and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all noa- English-speaking races.] Bace of IndiTlduaL Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under 6. 6 to 9. 10 or over. 67 295 105 121 103 98 116 64.2 20.6 34.5 24.2 .0 6.6 16.1 86.4 60.0 39.6 61.0 13.6 24.0 42.8 100.0 Italian. North 76.0 Italian, South 66.7 75.7 23.9 Polish 81.6 Slovak...! 80.0 Total *■•- 937 21.6 46.2 66.3 124 The Immigration Commission. Of a total of 937 individuals reporting complete, data, it will be seen that those with a period of residence in the United States of ten years or over show the largest proportion, or 65.3 per cent, who can speak EngUsh, while those with a period of residence under five years show the smallest, or 21.6 per cent. The largest proportion who can speak English is shown by those of each race with a period of residence of ten years or over, the per- centages ranging from 100 as shown by the Croatians to 23.9 as shown by the Mexicans; while the smallest is shown by those with a period of residence of under five years, the percentages ranging from 54.2 as shown by the Croatians to zero per cent as shown by the MexicanSk It is clearly shown that as the period of residence increases so does the proportion who can speak English, the most noticeable increase being shown by the Poles and Slovaks. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak Enghsh, by age at time of coming to the Umted States and race: Tablb 457. — Fer cent oj foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by age at timt of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY or EMFLOYBIIS.) [This table includes only non-Bnglish-speaking races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however Is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data.1 Per cent who speak English, b; age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Total. 206 177 1,129 418 119 105 209 101 124 185 94. S 97.4 98.0 92.3 100.0 87.5 90.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.9 89.2 60.8 64.3 87.8 71.9 . 63.6 69.7 64.2 65.7 (Iftrman 91 Mexican 74 3 Polish Russian 70.3 Slovenian fifLl Total 3,482 95.7 66.8 «-i Upon information secured from 3,482 foreign-bom males in the Southwest, it will be noted that, of those under 14 years of age at the time of coming to the United States, 95.7 per cent can now speak English, as compared with 66.8 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over. The most interesting feature of the above table is that 100 per cent of the Lithuanians, Kussians, Slovaks, and Sloven- ians, who were under 14 years of age at the time of coming to this country, are at present able to speak English. Following the above- mentioned races are the North Italians, Germans, French, South Italians, Poles, and Mexicans, in the order named, the Mexicans show- ing the smallest proportion, or only 87.5 per cent, of those under 14 years of age upon their arrival in the United States able at present to use the English language. That the children of some races are quicker than others in acquiring a knowledge of English is apparent from the above comparison and is probably due to the fact flbat the Bituminous Coal Mining' in the Southwest. 125 children of certain races associate more freely with the children of native Americans than do the children of other races. On the other hand, of those over 14 years of age at the time of coming to the United States, the Germans, reporting 89.2 per cent, show a larger proportion than any other race who speak English at (he present time. Following the Germans, closely, are the Lithu- anians, who seem to acquire a knowledge of E)nglish more readily than the other races of recent immigration. The Mexicans, although reporting only 71.9 per cent of those 14 years of age or over at time of arrival in the United States who speak English, compare favorably with the other races, the proportions of which range from 69.7 per cent of the Russians to 60.8 per cent of the North Italians. The relation between different periods of residence in the United States and the ability to speak English is shown by the following, based on data from 3,482 individual mine workers. Table 458. — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by years in the United States ana race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in tlic United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is for all non- English-speaking races.] fly, Eace. Number reporiing complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years In United states. Under 5. 8 to 9. 10 or over. Total. 206 177 1,129 418 119 105 209 101 124 185 61.9 62.9 35.0 43.6 79.3 67.9 35.3 30.8 35.2 44.6 66.7 87.0 73.8 75.2 BO. 5 80.8 80.3 74.4 85.3 78.7 89.4 100.0 87.9 91.8 91.7 74.6 91.4 94.4 91.7 90.0 74 3 91.0 Italiah, Rorth 63.4 Italian, South 66 88.2 Mexican . . 74 3 Polish 65.1 Russian 70.3 Slovak 65.3 68.1 Total ,. . 3,482 43.0 77.4 91.1 69.1 It is evident from the preceding table that of those races with a residence in the United States under five years, 43 per cent can speak English, as compared wjth 77.4 per cent who nave resided here between five and nine years, and 91.1 per cent with a residence of ten years or over. Over two-thirds, or 67.9 per cent, of the Mexicans residing in the United States under five years can speak English, while the Germans report 62.9 per cent, and the Lithuanians 79.3 per cent, the Lithuanians reporting the largest per cent for this period of residence. The next highest per cent is shown by the French, 51.9 per cent, followed by the Slovenians and South Italians, who report 44.6 per cent and 43.6 per cent, respectively. The other races reporting range from 35.3 per cent of the Poles to 30.8 per cent of the Russians. The Lithuanians who have been in the United States between five and nine years, as thosp with a residence under five years, show a higher per cent able to speak English than is shown by any other race. They report 90.5 per cent able to speak English, and the next highest, 87 per cent, is reported by the Germans. 126 The Immigration Commission. The large gain of the Slovaks diiring this period of residence is of special mterest, reporting, as they do, 85.3 per cent as compared with 34.5 per cent during the shorter period of residence. As between the Mexicans and Poles, wjio immemately follow the Slovaks, there is very little difference, less than one-fifth of each race being unable to speak English as compared with a fraction more than one-fourth of the Eussians, and a fraction less than one-fourth of the South Italians. Immediately preceding the Russians and South Italians are the Slovenians, with 78.7 per cent able to speak English, and immediately following these same races will be found the North Ital- ians, reporting 73.8 per cent able to speak English. The French, on the other hand, show the smallest per cent of literacy, one-third of their nxmiber with a residence of between five and nine years being \mable to speak the English language. Of those races who have been in the United States ten years or over, all of the Germans can speak English. The next largest pro- portion is shown by the Russians, who report 94.4 per cent. Follow- mg the Russians are the South Italians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, and Poles, between whom there is very little difference, each one report- ing a fraction over 91 per cent able to speak English. The Slove- nians, French, and North Italians report 10, 10.6, and 12.1 per cent unable to speak English, respectively. The Mexicans with a resi- dence of ten years or over in this country report only 74.5 per cent who can speak English. This is a shght gain over those with a residence under five years, and a loss as compared with those who have been in this country between five and nine years. It seems apparent, therefore, from the preceding table that, upon the whole, the greatest advancement in the acquisition of English on the part of the different races is made during the five to nine years' residence period. PART V.-THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. 127 PART T.~THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. Households studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was secured — Employees for whom information was secured — [Text Tables 459 to 463 and General Tables 200 to 202]. HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the scope of the investigation in the South, the house- holds studied were in tlie southern West Virginia and Virginia coal fields. Individual employees were studied in all the coal-producing areas of Virginia, West Vu-ginia, and Alabama. The following table shows the number of households studied in the South, by race of head of household: Table 459. — Households studied, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STCDX OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Households. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Porelgn-born: 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 3.6 6.8 Italian, North 8.1 Italian, South. 24.6 Lithuanian • 3.9 23.9 Polish .. 22.3 Slovak 6.8 Total 309 100.0 Of the 309 households studied more are of the South Italian than of any other race. The Magyars report in numbers almost as large as the South ItaUans and are followed by the Poles, who also report in a large proportion. Altogether these races constitute a fraction over 70 per cent of the tot£U number of households studied. The English, German, North Italian, Lithuanian, and Slovak races, on the other hand, constitute each less than 10 per cent of the total number of households studied. 129 130 The Immigration Commission. MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOK WHOM DETAILED INFOKMATION WAS SECURED. The table next presented shows the number of persons in the households studied and the persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household: Table 460. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom, detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY Off HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Persons in house- holds. Persons for whom detailed infonna- tlon was secured. Number. Percent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribn- tion. Forelgn-bom: English 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 55 109 123 475 80 497 410 144 2.9 5.8 6.5 25.1 4.2 26.3 21.7 7.6 55 108 115 441 78 471 392 139 3.1 fJprmfVTi 6.1 Italian, North 6.4 Italian, South 24.5 4.3 Maeyar , 26.3 pS.::;:::::::::::::::::;:::;::::::::;:::::::; 2L8 Slovak 7.7 Total 309 1,893 ICO.O 1,800 100.0 From the above table it will be seen that, of the 1,893 persons in the households studied, the persons in households whose heads are South Itahans, Magyars, and Poles constitute nearly 75 per cent. The persons in the Magyar households appear in largest numbers, repre- senting 26.3 per cent of all persons in households studied, and the persons in households whose heads are English, with 2.9 per cent, represent the smallest proportion. Those in household^ whose heads are Grermans, North Italians, Lithuanians, and Slovaks are also reported in relatively small proportions. It will also be seen that of all persons for whom detailed informa- tion was secured, those of the Magyar households, with 26.2 per cent, constitute the largest proportion, and members of households whose heads are English, constitute the smallest proportion, or 3.1 percent. The South Italian households report a proportion that is only slightly smaller than that for the Magyar households. The persons m house- holds whose heads are Poles come next to the South Italian house- holds in numbers, and the Slovak, North Italian, German, and Lithu- anian households, with a small proportion each, follow in the order named. The number of persons of each race and the number and proportion of males and females in the households studied are shown in the follow- Bituminous Coal Mining m the South. 131 ing table, according to general nativity and race of head of house- hold: Table 461. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general na- tivity and race of head of household. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS,) General nativity and race of head of household. Number. Per cent of each • sex. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Forelgn-bom: English 37 64 86 343 66 334 271 90 18 45 29 98 22 137 121 49 65 109 115 441 78 471 392 139 67.3 £8.7 74.8 77.8 71.8 70.9 69.1 64.7 32 7 German .,,.. 41 3 Italian, North 25 2 22 2 WthnaTilaA , 28 2 29.1 ■poMi SloTak 35.3 Total 1,281 519 1,800 71.2 28.8 The foregoing table shows the proportion of males in the households studied to oe largely in excess or that of the females, the highest per- centage of males being found in the households whose heads were North or South Italians, and the lowest in German households. The following table shows the number and per cent of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual : Table 462.^-Per«on« for whom detailed information was secured, nativity and race of individual. (STUDT or HOUSEHOLDS.) sex and general General nativity and race of Individual. Number. Per cent distribution. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father, White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Ensllah S 7 12 12 41 13 64 47 13 1 1 29 1 47 73 305 39 240 222 3 37 2 67 6 1 13 11 23 9 43 26 25 11 8 25 23 64 22 107 73 38 1 1 46 1 81 91 377 60 333 314 3 37 2 92 0.4 .5 .9 .9 3.2 1.0 5.0 8.7 1.0 .1 .1 2.3 .1 3.7 5.7 23.8 3.0 18.7 17.3 .2 2.9 .2 5.2 1.2 2.1 4.4 1.7 8.3 5.0 4.8 .0 .0 3.3 .0 6.6 3.5 13.9 2.1 17.9 17.7 .0 .0 .0 4.8 0.6 .4 Qennan. .. 1.4 Italian, North 1.3 Italian, South 3.6 1.2 Magyar 5.9 ^ Poflsh 4.1 Slovak 2.1 Foreign-bom: ■ -Bohemian and Moravian .1 .1 *■ English 17 2.6 .1 German ... 34 18 72 11 93 92 4.5 Italian, North 5.1 ' ' Italian, South 20.9 2.8 Magyar 18.5 Polish 17.4 .2 Russian . 2.1 Scotch 25' .1 Slovak 6.1 * Grand total . 1,281 519 1,800 100.0 100.0 100.0 209 214 1,067 151 157 362 360 371 1,429 16.3 16.7 83.3 29.1 30.3 69.7 20.0 20.6 Total foreien-bom ' 79.4 132 The Immigration Commission. Comparing the native-bom and foreign-bom, it will be seen that the latter show a larger proportion of both males and females than do the former, although the difference in proportion is not so large in the case of the females. Of the foreign-born races, the South Italians, Magyars, and Poles, in the order named, show the largest proportions of males. The same is true of the females, except that both the Magyars and Poles show larger proportions than the South Italians. No other race shows a proportion in excess of 6.6 per cent for either males or females, while six races show a total absence of females. EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED. The table next presented shows, according to general nativity and race of individual, the number and per cent of bituminous mine workers for whom detailed information was received: * Table 463. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Oeneral nativi'ty and race. Native-bom of native father: White , Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary , Belgium , Canada England ' , France. I Germany , Greece Ireland Italy Norway , Russia , Scotland , Sweden ." Switzerland Wales , Africa (country not specified)... Foreign-bora, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (otlier than French)., Croatian Cuban Danish Dutch English French German Num- ber. 31 1 3 66 S 49 I 86 14 1 S 66 3 2 6 1 2 8 123 2 2S8 1 2 19 119 38 112 Per cent dis- tribu'. tion. 32.6 35. 7 General nativity and race. Foreign-bom, by race— Continued. Greelc Hebrew (other than Russian)... Herzegovlnian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuarrian Macedonian Magyar Mexican ■ Montenegrin Polish Rouhianlan Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Grand total Total native-bom of foreign father. . Total native-bom Total foreign-bom Num- ber. 23 1 3 45 402 1,182 41 13 346 1 91 301 37 86 4 102 21 391 57 1 5 5 11 56 13,458 343 9,541 3,917 Per cent dis- tribu^ tion. 0.2 (•) 3.0 8.8 .3 .1 2.6 2.2 .3 .6 W .8 .2 2.9 .4 n 100.0 2.5 70.9 29.1 • Less than 0.05 per cent. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 133 Chapter II. SACIAL DISPLACEMEITTS. History of immigration to the bituminous coal mines of the South — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at the present time — History of immigration to the coal mines of Alabama — Present racial classification of mine employees in Ala- bama — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-bom employees in Ala- bama coal mines — History of immigration to the coal fields of West Virginia — Racial composition of mine-operating forces at the present time in West Virginia — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-bom employees in the West Virginia coal fields — History of immigration to the coal fields of Virginia — [Text Tables 464 to 480 and General Tables 203 and 204]. HISTORY OF IMMIGEATION TO THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINES OF THE , SOUTH. The development of bituminous coal mining during recent years and the increase in the number of employees -have gone forward rapidly in certain southern States as well as in other sections of the country. The States in the South where the expansion of bituminous coal mining has been most marked and where the process of development is stUl in progress are West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama." The annual production m West Virginia was about six times greater in 1908 than in 1890; in Alabama during the same period the yearly output was trebled; in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee combined it was increased about fivefold. The consequent demand for labor which has existed in the various States is shown by the fact that there were 59,029 mining employees in West Virginia in 1907 as compared with 9,778 in 1889; 21,388 in Alabama in 1907 as contrasted with 6,864 in 1889; 6,670 in Virginia in 1907 and 1,523 in 1889; and 29,023 in Kentucky and Tennessee together in 1907 as compared with 9,175 employed in the year 1889. The class of labor which was thus utilized to make possible this extraordinary development of the coal resources of the South is indicated by the returns of the Eleventh and Twelfth Censuses. The figures compiled from these sources and presented in the tables which follow show the nativity of all persons 10 years of age or over who were engaged in mining in the coal-producing southern States in 1890 and 1900. The figures include persons engaged in all forms of min- ing, but for the present purpose they are valuable in clearly indicating the composition by nativity of coal-mining employees who constituted the great majority of miners in the States under discussion. The first table covers the census year 1890; the second table affords prac- tically the same showing for 1900.' " Texas and Arkansas have been classified under the Southwestern States. 6 The census returns for 1900 are not so satisfactory as for 1890 for the reason that the country of birth of the foreign-bom is not given in 1900, but the classification is made by birthplace of parents. 135 136 The Immigration Commission. Table 464. — Number of persons 10 years of age or over engagedin mining in each specified State, by nativity, 1889. [From United States Census of 1890, Population, Volume II, Table 116.] Nativity. Number of miners in each specified State. Alabama. Kentucky. Tennessee. Virginia. West Virginia. Native, White: Native parents Foreign parents Foreign, White Colored (native and foreign) Foreign-bom, by country of birth: Germany Ireland Great Britain Canada (Knglish) Canada (French) Sweden and Norway Denmark Other countries 2,487 300 1,492 3,687 75 129 1,009 1 219 3,165 369 681 976 72 68 336 4 .'iJ 3,439 181 600 769 46 40 378 4 1 1,811 38 376 1,700 4 4 5,523 791 1,375 2,016 161 261 740 10 I 2 92 29 300 211 Table 465. — Number of persons 10 years of age o/ over engaged in mining and quarry- ing in each specified State, by nativity, 1899. [From United States Census of 1900, Occupations, Table 41.] Nativity. Native, White: Native parents , Foreisn parents Foreign, White Negro , Persons of native parentage , Persons having either botli bom as speci- fied or one parent bom as specified and one parent native: Austria-Hungary Canada (English) Canada (French).... , Germany Great Britain Ireland Italy Poland Russia Scandinavia Other countries Persons of mixed foreign parentage Number of miners and quarrymen In each specified State, Alabama. 5,984 606 1,573 9,735 15,713 189 12 4 128 1,112 279 171 5 1 IS 159 107 Kentucky. 6,135 487 471 2,206 8,342 4 7 1 185 396 182 42 7,223 265 310 3,092 10,313 Virginia. 4,150 89 479 2,651 6,800 348 19 125 28 11 9 2 2 12 7 West Virginia. 12,028 1,181 2,968 4,620 16,647 915 11 l,Og 220 275 7 lis HI The clear inference from the above tables is that native whites and negroes were principally used in developing the bituminous coal resources of the South. Before the year 1890 there were immigrants from Great Britain and Germany in aU the above States. Th^ presence was especially noticeable in West Virginia and Alabama, bu| in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia they were so few in number as to be of no consequence. By the year 1900 the situation in some of the States had changed. During the previous ten years the operators of West Virginia had increased their employees from Great Britain and Germany and had also employed a considerable number of miners of Austro-Hungarian, PoUsh, Russian, and ItaUan parentage. The number of mine workers in Alabama from Great Britain and Germany Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 137 had also been inftreased, and Alabama and Virginia had begun to employ miners of Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and Polish extraction, Very httle mcrease, if any, in either class of immigrants was noticeable m Kentucky or Tennessee. After the census period of 1900 and during the period 1900 to 1907 the tendencies observable in 1900 became fully operative. Immi- grants from southern and eastern Europe were employed in consid- erable numbers in Alabama, West Virginia, and Virginia to supple- ment the negro and native labor supply. In the States of Tennessee and Kentucky the former sources of labor were utilized and very few recent immigrants were employed to assist in the development of the mines." pesiod of residence in the united states of foreign-born employi;es and members of their households. As regards length of residence in the United States on the part of the foreign-born coal and coke workers in the South, the following tables furnish an instructive exhibit, by percentages, according to general nativity and race : Table 466. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each spedjied number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOIBHS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] * Race. Nmnber reporting complete data. Per cent in the United States each specified num- ber of years. Under 5. stog. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Blllgj^n'j^Ti 120 258 117 112 43 398 1,169 41 343 91 300 74 101 389 55 92.6 63.2 12.8 SO.O .0 43.5 46.4 22.0 SI. 3 98.9 47.7 71.6 S.9 45.0 34.5 6.7 33.7 15.4 20.5 9.3 35.7 39.9 24.4 34.1 .0 34.7 18.9 2.0 35.5 40.0 0.8 2.7 3.4 4.6 9.3 13.3 8.1 22.0 7.3 .0 7.3 4.1 4.0 9.8 14.5 0.0 .4 6.8 9.8 4.7 5.0 3.9 19.5 4.7 1.1 5.7 2.7 7.9 6.4 3.6 English 61 6 flfimmn .... 16 2 Irish 76 7 Italian, North 2.S Italian, South 1 7 12.2 2.6 Uontenesrin ... . . . Polish...; 4.7 Russian 2 7 Scotch 80.2 Slovak , 4.4 7.3 Total 3,864 48.4 31.4 7.4 4.6 8.2 The total number of employees reporting residence in the United States was 3,864. Of these about 48 per cent, or nearly one-half, had been in the country under five years; about 31 per cent, from five to nine years; 7.4 per cent, ten to fourteen years; 4.6 per cent, fifteen to nineteen years; and 8.2 per cent, over twenty years. As "In the preparation of data, therefore, ithaa been thought that immigration to Ken- tucky and Tennessee coal-mining points has not been of sufficient importance to be studied. As a consequence these States have been eliminated and the discussion of immigration to the South has been confined to the States of Alabama, West Virginia, and Virginia. 48296°— VOL 7—11 ^10 138 The Immigration Commission. regards the different races, the Montenegrin, Bulgahan, Russian, and Croatian, in the order mentioned, report the largest proportion of their number in the United States under five years. None of the Insh have been in the country ]#ss than five years. The races reporting the largest proportion of their number in the country from five to nine years are the Slovenian and Lithuanian; that reporting the smallest proportion is the Scotch. The races reporting the largest proportion of their number in the United States twenty years or over are, m the order named, the Scotch, Irish, and English; those reporting the smallest proportion, or none at all, the Bulgarian, Croatian, South ItaUan, North Italian, Magyar, and Russian. It will be seen from the table that a very large percentage of the races of southern and eastern Europe are of recent arrival. This is notably true of the Bulgarians, Croatians, North Itahans, South ItaUans, Magyars, Montenegrins, and Russians, and in a shghtly less . degree of the Poles) Slovaks, and Slovenians. Of the English-speaking foreign-bom employees, the Scotch, English, and Irish, considerably more than half have been in the country twenty years or over, and the number of recent arrivals is insignificant. The present tendencies relative to immigration to the coal fields of the South may be seen from the figures showing the number of employees in the country less than one year. The total number reported was 197. Of these, 69 were South Italians, 30 were North Itahans, 27 were Magyars, 18 were Poles, and 13 were Croatians. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years : Table 467.— Per cent of foreign-horn persom in the United States each specified rmmler of years, by race of individual. (STUDY or HOnSBHOLDS.) IBt years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction ii made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for ail foreign-bom.] Race of individuaL Number reporting complete data. Per cent of persons in United her of years. Under 5. Under 10. UndaSO. Enelish 45 81 91 377 SO 333 314 37 92 71.1 67.9 74.7 69.5 42.0 60.7 69.4 91.9 44.6 95.6 86.4 96.7 947 6S.0 85.3 92.7 97.3 76.1 97.8 91.4 Italian North 100.0 9S.7 96.0 96.7 Polish 99.4 97.3 Slovak 96.7 Total 1,428 65.8 89.7 97.8 It will be seen from the above table that the majority of persons in this locality for whom information was obtained have been in the United States under five years, while the proportion with a residence of twenty years or over is exceedingly small. The Russians show by far the largest proportion of individuals who have been in this country under five years. Following the Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 139 Russians are the North Italians, English, South Italians, Poles, Germans, and Magyars, in the order named, the proportion of the Magyars being slightly in excess of 60 per cent. The Lithuanians and Slovaks, on the other hand, report each less than 45 per cent as having been in the United States less than five years. Of those who have been in the United States under ten years, the North Italians and Russians show the largest, and the Lithuanians the smallest, proportions. With the exception of the North Italian, each race reports a small proportion in the United States twenty years or over. KAOIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. The investigation in Virginia, West Virginia, and Alabama secured information from more than 13,000 individual mine workers as to race and country of birth. The tabulation of this data, which exhibits the remarkable changes in the racial composition of the mine-working forces since the last census period, is given below: Table 468. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, ,by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada England France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa {country (jot specified).. Foreign-bom, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Cuban Danish Dutch English French German Num- ber. 2 8 123 2 258 1 2 19 119 3S 112 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 32.6 35.7 (")■ C) .5 C) .4 .1 .6 (») (") (") (") W .1 General nativity and race. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. Greelc Hebrew (other than Kussian) . Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh Austrian (race not specified). . Belgian (race not specified) . . . Swiss (race not specified) Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-bom Num- ber. 45 402 1,182 4l 13 346 1 91 301 37 86 4 102 21 391 57 1 5 5 11 56 7 1 13,468 343 9,641 3,917 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 0.3 Si. 3.0 8.8 .3 .1 2.6 <"\7 2.2 .3 .6 (a) .8 .2 2.9 .4 Pi .1 .4 100.0 2.6 70.9 29.1 *•' a Less than 0.06 per cent. By reference to the table above it is seen that about seven-tenths of the total number of miners were native-born and three-tenths foreign-born. Thirty-two and six-tenths per cent of the total were native whites born of native father, while 35.7 per cent were native- born negroes, showing the fact that the negro constitutes the largest 140 The Immigration Commission. racial element among the southern bituminous mine workers. The group of persons native-born of foreign father, or the second genera- tion of immigrants, aggregates only one-fortieth of the total number of employees and includes small groups of fourteen races, those most important numerically being English, German, Irish, and Scotch. As regards the races of recent immigration, the South Italian has the largest representation, the employees of that race forming over 30 per cent of the foreign-born and more than 8 per cent of the total number employed. The North Italian, Slovak, Magyar, and Polish, in the order named, stand next to the South Italian in numerical importance, constituting together about one-tenth of the total num- ber employed. The Croatian is also a prominent race and in the present exhibit forms about ' 2 per cent of the total mine workers covered. There are comparatively small numbers of immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe, the total number of per- sons belonging to such races reporting being only 437, or 3.2 per cent of the total number employed. In addition to the races aheady mentioned, the presence of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, Lithuanianj Montenegrin, Roumanian, Russian, Sloveriian, and Servian is indi- cated in considerable numbers. Other races of southern and eastern Europe are also represented among the mine workers in comparatively small numbers. For the purpose of giving a more local application to the racial, movements to the coal-mining industry of the South, it has been thought profitable to. present the history of immigration to the coal- Eroducing States of Virginia, West Virginia, and Alabama, which ave used immigrant labor in their recent remarkable developma^ In addition to the local interest attaching to such a presentation, a detailed exhibit of this kind within a limited compass is valuable for comparative purposes. The situation in Alabama is first considered, followed by West Virginia and Virginia. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL MINES OF ALABAMA. The coal-producing region of Alabama is divided into three dis- tinct districts or basins known by the names of the rivers which drain them — the Warrior, the Coosa, the Cahaba." The Warrior district is the largest and contains 23 regular seams varying in thick- ness from a few inches to 16 feet, the total thickness of all seams reaching in some places as high as 115 feet, but the Cahaba district is the principal producer. The county of Jefferson, which includes the city of Birmingham, is m the Cahaba district and contributes more than 50 per cent of the total bituminous coal output of the State. The total coal area of Alabama is estimated to be 6,500 square miles.' The coal development of the State began about 1870, and with the exception of the years 1893 and 1894, there has been an annual increase in the coal production." The census of 1840 reported a production of coal in Alabama for that year of 946 tons, and in the census of 1860, 10,200 tons were reported. According to the census report of 1870, the production for that year was 13,200 tons, and in 1880 the Tenth Census reported a production of 323,972 tons.* The » Report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, United States Census Bureau, pp. 54, 166, 167, 680. < yf ' * Ibid. pp. 167, 680, 681. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 141 census reports of 1890 and 1902 give the following figures for the coal- mining industry in the State of Alabama and the principal coal-pro- ducing counties: Table 469. — Development of bituminoTis coal mining in the State of Alabama, by county, 1902. [From report on Mineral Industries, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 347. Eeport on Mines and* Quan-ies, 1902, United States Census Bureau.) County. Census of each speciHed year. Number of mines. Average number of wage- earners. Annual production. Value. Short tons. Bibb 1902 1902 1902 1902 8 48 43 46 1,712 6,964 2.313 1,951 »1, 842, 163 6,976,929 2,147,894 1,453,680 1,487,407 6,855,536 1,903,976 1,107,661 Jefferson Walker Ail otlier counties Total for S bate 1902 1890 145 67 12,930 6,976 12,419,666 3,961,491 10,.354,570 3,572,983 Total tor State The coal counties are Bibb, Blount, Callman, Etowah, Jefferson, Marion, St. Clair, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, Walker, and Winston. Slightly more than one-half of the coal produced comes from Jefferson County alone, and over 89 per cent is produced in Jefferson, Walker, and Bibb counties." Birmingham is located in the east-central portion of Jefferson County. The Cahaba field has an estimated area of 435 sc[uare miles, and hes in St. Clair, Jefferson, Shelby, and Bibb coun- ties. The measures of the Cahaba field have only a thin ledge of lime- stone a few feet in thickness running through them, and more resem- ble the measures of the coal fields of Arkansas and Oklalioma than those of the middle and middle western States. Owing to the absence of any considerable amount of pyrites of sulphur, the seams in the Cahaba field are more easily worked than those of Ilhnois.'' The development of the Cahaba district has taken place largely within the past twenty years. A brief statement shows 2,900,000 tons of coal mined twenty years ago compared with over 14,000,000 tons in 1907 and about 11,000,000 tons in 1908; 500,000 tons of coke manufactured twenty years ago compared with more than 3,000,000 tons in 1908; and 401,330 tons of pig iron twenty years ago compared with 1,400,000 tons in 1908. * The United States Census of 1900 gave to Birmingham proper a population of 38,415, and to the surrounding communities popu- [lation as follows: Bessemer : 6, 358 Bnaley 2,100 Pratt City ■ 3, 485 Cardiff 562 Brookside., 658 The races employed as miners or as outside men at the mines in the Birmingham district are negro, native white. South Italian, Scotch, ■f "Report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, United States Census Bureau, pp. 167, 680, 681. ft Geological Survey of Alabama, Report on Cahaba Coal Field, by Joseph Squire, pp. 4-5. 142 The Immigration Commission. Slovak, French, English, Bulgarian, German, Irish, Welsh, and North Itahan the order in which they are named being, according to their numerical strength. Practically no Italians are miners; they are em- ployed almost altogether on the mining tipples or in outside work. The first immigrants to be employed m the mines in any num- bers were the Scotch, Welsh, and Slovaks, together with a few French, English, and Irish, and a small number of South Italians as outside men. They were first employed over twenty years ago. During the next five years immigration to the mining communities consisted chiefly of Slovaks, English, and Welsh, with a small number of Irish, Scotch, Germans, French, and South Italians. In the next ten years an increasing number of South Italians were employed, with a few Slovaks, Scotch, and French. In the last five years the newer immigrants in mining occupations have been chiefly Bulgarians and North and South Italians, with a small number of French and Scotch. In addition to the above races, a few Poles have been miners for about ten years, although in 1904 a considerable number were brought in, but departed almost immediately. The Bulgarians in the mining communities are composed entirely of those who have drifted away from the steel plant at Ensley, Alabama, where they were first employed. A large number of Slovaks have left the district since the strike of 1904. PRESENT RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINE EMPLOYEES IN ALABAMA. The racial composition of the operating forces of the mines in Ala- bama at the present time is shown in detail in the foUowing table: Table 470. — Number of male employees in Alabama for whom information was secured, by gerieral nativity and race. (STUDZ OF BMFLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. Qeneral nativity and race. Namber. Nativft-bom of native lather: White Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father; Austria-Hungary Canada England France ,. Germany Greece Ireland Italy Norway Scotland Sweden Total Total native-born FOrelgn-bom, by race: Armenian Bohemian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Cuban Danish nutch 1,979 4,439 118 6,526 5 118 1 2 1 2 6 ForeignJ)orn, by race— Continued. English French German Greek. Irish ; . . . Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish ;.; Roumaniau ] . Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Span ish ...,. Swedish .. Welsh Austrian (race not speeifled) . . Belgian (race not specified).... Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom Grand total 67 36 39 7 28 CO 156 1 13 27 1 78 56 4 35 75 1 68 42 1 2 5 32 7 1 7,49S Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 143 As the result of the investigation of individual employees, 7,495 miners in the Birmingham district, as can be seen from the preceding table, furnished complete data as to their nativity and race. Of the total number thus reporting 6,408 were native-born of native father, 118 were native-born of foreign father, and 969 were foreign-bom. This division by nativity does not afford a basis for a hard and fast classification of the mine workers by general nativity and race, but it does corroborate the preceding estimates as to the different elements in the population and mdicates the proportionate racial distribution in the operating forces at the mines. This is especially noticeable in the smallness of the proportion of foreign-born as compared with the total number reporting, and also in the fact that 69 per cent of the native-born of native father are negroes. In connection with those native-born of foreign father, it will be observed that this group of 118 employees is almost entirely com- posed of English, Scotch, Irish, and German, with the addition of 14 miners of Austro-Hungarian parentage. The entire number of native- born of foreign father only constitutes about 1 .6 per cent of the total number reporting as to race. The number of foreign-born furnishing information constitutes about 13 per cent of the total. In this group, as in the second gen- eration, the English, Irish, Scotch, and German make an important showing, numbering, together with the French and Welsh, 250 and forming 25.8 per cent of all foreign-bom. Of the more recent immi- grants from southern and eastern Europe the largest representation is furnished by the South Italians, followed, in the order of their numerical snowing, by the Bulgarian, ' Montenegrin, North Italian, Slovak, Slovenian, Russian, Greek, and Magyar races. These races compose 63 per cent of the totalforeign-born. The remaining 12 per cent of foreign-born persons are scattered among 16 different races. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES IN ALABAMA COAL MINES. As regards the period during which foreign-born persons have resided in. the United States the table below affords a detailed exhibit, by general nativity and race :, Table 471. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in Alabama who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (ST0DT OF EMPLOYEES.) mt years since flrst arrival Ir made for time spent abroad.] [By years in the United States is meant years since flrst arrival In tlie United States. No deduction Is ade '-^ " ' -t_^- J , Number reporting Number in the United States each specified number of years. complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. i. Sto9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Eorelgn-bom: 1 5 115 1 2 2 1 1 8 2 1 2 1 1 50 13 2 ' " Ciinadian (other than French). 1 1 ' Banish'.'."!";;! 1 1 144 The Immigration Commission. Table 471. — Number of foreign-born male employees in Alabama who have been in Oie United States each specified number of years, by race— Continued. Race. Number reporting Number In the United States each specified number 6l years. complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. IS to 19. 20 0r over. Foreign-born— Continued. Dutch .......... 6 67 35 39' 7 27 59 154 1 13 27 1 78 56 3 33 75 1 58 40 1 2 6 32 7 1 1 6 8 6 2 ..... 3 4 1 1 1 6 2 1 4 9 6 3 English 1 i' 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 4 47 Frerich. g German, k. ........... ...... 10 Greek ........ Irish 2 19 27 3 11 13 2' 6 22 Italiai^, NortJi 8 13 2 9 3 41 5 29 S 11 4 Italian, South.. 5 " Lithuanian . . I 5 1 4 1 1 5 1 2 2 8 1 5 4 1 MbiiteQegriii . ... 2' i' 38 4 3 9 31 17 8 7 ^ 1 2 Polish 15 4 1 4 Rbiiin&liian. Russian 10 2 1 s 3 6 1 4 1 3 1 4' 1 S ScQtoh. 61 Slovak 2 7 2 5 4 5 17 18 4 7 6 .1 s 4 Spanish...................^... 1 1 1 Welsli 1 2 1 3' 4 Austeian.{raoe not specified)... 1 8 5 1 1 1 1 9 2 2 2 1 Total 954_ 30 138 101 91 50 155 61 42 186 The races of most recent arrival in the United States, as shown in the table above, are South Italian, Bulgarian, and Montenegrin^ The majority of the two latter races have been in the country les^ than one year and almost all under three years. About 3 per cent of all foreign-born persons employed have been in the United States less than one year and 14.5 per cent one year only. On the other hand, of the 46.5 per cent of the total who have been in the United States more than five years, about 44 per cent are immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe, the greater part of whom have been in the United States for a period longer than twentg'' years. Eliminating the English, Irish, Scotch, Germans, French, and a few Italians, the larger part of the immigrants employed in the Bir- mingham mines have been in the United States less than five years. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL FIELDS OF WEST VIRGINIA. West Virginia has been of more or less importance as a coal-pro- ducing State since it was formed in 1863. The industry's most striking growth, however, has been made since the year 1893. In its first year as a State, the total production was 444,648 " short ' tons. From 1863 to 1893 the production was gradual^ increased, and almost every year showed an increase over the one immediately preceding it. In the year last mentioned the production was 10,708,578 short tons, and since then the increase has been rapid o Production of Coal in 1908, p. 193. E. W. Parker, United States Geological Su^ vey, Mineral Resources of the United States. Bituminous Coal Industry in the South. 145 and constant. For the past twentjr-seven years there have been only two instances in which production has shown a decrease in one year as compared with the one preceding. These exceptions were m 1895 and 1908, both years or financial depression. The high- water mark was reached m 1907, when 48,091,583 short tons were mined. When the mining industry began to be developed, the State as a whole was sparsely settled, and the expansion of the industry was further hampered by the fact that topographically the sections containing the best coal were rugged and transportation facilities were slo\dy developed. Because of these conditions, and the lack of sufficient capital for many years, the operations were scattered and rather small, and practically all labor to operate the mines was secured from the immediate vicinity. As more coal was mined each year, and new mines were opened up, the available numbers of native people^ always small, began to decline and the negroes, principally from Virginia, began to be attracted to the coal fields, while some white native miners from adjoining States also appeared. Within more recent years the mining industry has been consolidated more and more and many very large companies have been formed. The greatest development has been going on in four well-defined fields. In presenting a history of immigration and a discussion of the con- ditions resulting therefrom, only these four fields will be discussed. They do not contain all the counties within the State which produce coal, but they contribute more than 90 per cent of the total output. They are also clearly defined and have certain distinguishing geo- graphic and physiographic features. Practically all the inami- grant laborers employed in coal mines within the State are in mines mcluded in these sections. ■- Two of these fields are located in the northern part of the State and two in the southern. Those in the northern are the Fairmont, or Upper Monongahela, and the Elk Garden, or Upper Potornac, districts. Those in the southern are the New and Kanawha rivers district, which includes what are usually popularly divided into the New and Kana- wha river fields, and the Pocahontas or Flat Top district, which also includes Tazewell County in Virginia. Although conditions in many respects are very similar in all these districts, there have been certain elements entering into the develop- inent of each which make it different in some respects from the others, and for this reason the divisions above referred to will be treated separately. Fairmont and Elk Garden Coal Fields of West Virginia. The Elk Garden field, as compared with the other coal-producing districts of the State, is small. Owing to this, and to the fact that it adjoins the Fairmont field and that conditions are very similar in both, they wiU be treated together. The Elk Garden field is made up of Tucker, Grant, and Mineral counties. Tucker County, which produces 51 per cent of the coal of the district and employs 72 per cent of the immigrant labor, is bounded on the north and west bj counties included in the Fairmont fi^ld. The Fairmont coal field is composed of Barbour, Harrison, Marion, Monongahela, Preston, and Tayfor counties, and in 1908 the field had a production of 9,581,436 146 The Immigration Commission. short tons and employed a total of 11,470 men. The most extensive development in this field has been in Harrison and Marion counties. In 1908 these two counties produced 7,185,036 short tons, or 74.9 per cent of the entire output of the field and employed 7,440 men, or 66.3 per cent, of all the labor. The first mines opened were operated exclusively by native white labor from the immediate -vicinity, but when development becapie extensive operators had to bring in men from other communities to work the mmes. This condition of affairs prevailed from 1889 to 1892. About 1892 or 1893, not being able to secure sufficient numbers of American whites or negroes, some of the larger operators began to bring in immigrant^, These were secured from two sources: First, a few came with the Americans from the soft-coal region of southwestern Pennsylvania; and, second, from labor agencies in New York — the greater number from the latter source. The numbers secured, however, were comparatively smaU, and until 1897 the immigrant labor employed was not in excess of 10 per cent of the total operating forces. The first immigrants to come to the field were Poles, Slovaks, and Italians (principally North Italians), and withiji a very short period Magyars began to arrive. As the production of coal began to increase and additional mines were opened the demand for labor increased, and these first immigrants formed a nucleus for the attraction of additional numbers of their races. The following brief discussion will give some idea of the coming of the most prominent races to the field: Italians. — The Itahans have been an important race in this field almost since their introduction, and have outnumbered any other sin- gle immigrant race. The first to be employed in nmnbers of any con- sequence arrived about the year 1892. They were first induced to come to mines along the Monongahela River in Marion County, and were only employed at two or three mines for the first few years. As the new mines were developed and those already in operation increased their output, they kept pace with this progress,' and are now found practicalfy all over the field. This race has centered along the Monongahela River in the mining towns in the vicinity of Fairmont and Clarksburg, and of the 2,100 employed in and about mines in 1908 about 75 per cent were in Marion and Harrison counties. Slovaks and Tholes. — The Slovaks and Poles entered the field at about the same time as the Italians, and, like the Italiare, were first brought to mines along the Monongahela River in Marion County. At the time when immigrants were m-st induced to come to the field, the largest mines and the greatest development were found in this section. Their numbers were comparatively small until 1897. When the industry was extended these races increased in number and became more and more scattered. The town of Monongah has always been a center for Slovaks and Poles, more of these nationali- ties being found there than inany other locahty. At present, 'these two races are employed in about equal numbers in the field, the number of each race bemg about 650. Fully 80 per cent of the total number are in Marion and Harrison counties. : Magyars.— The Magyars first secured employment about 1893, at first only in small numbers, but as in the case of other races, they Bitummous Coal Mining in the South. 147 have been constantly increasing in numbers and spreading out to new mines. The first members of this race came from the neighbor- ing coal fields of Pennsylvania, and have been added to by emigra- tion from that section, by recruits drawn from labor agencies in New York, and by the coming of friends and relatives from Europe to join the men already located in the Fairmont district. Some also came into this field in search of work from the Connellsville coke region of Pennsylvania during the strike of 1894. Oroatians. — The Croatians are of recent arrival, the advent of the race dating back not more than five years. They came in largest number to the town of Monongah where, in 1907, an explosion 'killed between three and four hundred men. Since then, the Croa- tians employed there have increased from about 25 to 225. They are not present in such great numbers in other mines of the region, as there have been no such disasters to create vacancies. It is also worthy of note that the majority of all immigrants coming into the field after the financial depression of 1907 were Croatians. They very often came in bands in search of work, and in some instances have been known to walk from the bituminous regions of Pennsylvania to this field. Other races of recent iminigrants have been employed in the field in varying numbers for the past seven or eight years, but have been as a rule an unsettled class rarely accompanied by families. The most prominent races among these recent immigrants are Russians, Lithuanians, Slovenians, and Ruthenians. They represent about 3 per cent of all labor in the field. The general strikes of 1894 and 1895, which affected the bituminous coal fields more or less throughout the country, were felt in this field. In all these strikes the operators were, as a whole, victorious, and since then the field has been nonunion. The strikes affected the production of the field to a considerable extent. There was no general bringing of immigrants or natives as strike-breakers, but some immigrants came in from other fields where the strikes were more severe. Immediately after the labor difficulties were over, the field entered upon an era of unprecedented growth, which called for more men. Moreover, many of the better class of American miners left the field and moved to the organized regions of the Middle West and Southwest. This made two immediate causes for the employ- ment of immigrants, and great efforts were put forth on the part of employers to secure their services. At many of the mines no immigrants are employed, and as a rule the companies employing immigrants follow a policy of mixing the different races. From the best information obtainable the racial classification of the total number employed in the district is about as follows : Ferment of total operating farces. American, White 52. 5 American, Negro 3. 4 Italian, North and South 18. 6 Magyar , 6-5 Polish : 5.5 Slovak 5. 5 Croatian '. j ^ 3. English-speaking and German 2. Southeastern European races not specified 3.0 148 TTie Immigration Commission. In Harrison and Marion counties, where the greatest development has taken place and where most of the immigrants iare found, the proportion of different races to the total number employed is about as follows: Per cent of total operating forcea. American, White * 46. 7 American, Negro 3. 8 Italian 21.6 Magyar , 6.3 Polish 6.2 Slovak 6.4 Croatian 4. 3 English-speaking and German 2. Southeastern European races not specified 2. 7 For the purpose of gaining a clearer conception of the history of immigration to this district and the resultant changes in the races of immigrants employed, a detailed account of immigration to a representative locality will be valuable. With this object in view a typical community has been selected which will be designated as Community Number 1. This locality, which is httle more than a mining camp, is situated in Marion County, in the heart of the soft coal region of northern West Virginia." It is on the line of a traction company, about 6 miles from the county seat of the county in which it is located. A trunk line railroad also has a spur running out to the town. The 4 mines and coke ovens constitute its sole industries. The output of the 4 mines is between 3,000 and 4,000 tons per day. The racial composition of the town's population is constantly changing, as the population itself constantly fluctuates. There is a large class of what may be termed floating labor, which greatlj; outnumbers the men with families who are more likely to remain in the community. This fact renders it almost impossible to give an accurate or clear account of the coming of each race to the com- munity by periods. Moreover, the increases or decreases in the popu- lation all depend upon the amount of work available at different times in the mines. The history of immigration to the commimity, however, is largely identical with the history of the development of the coal business in the locahty. For this reason, and from the fact, as stated above, that it would be impracticable to take up the history of each rade separately, it has been thought best to give a general account of the coal-mining industry in the commimity. A conception of the immi- gration question, as locally applicable, can be made clearer in this way than by taking up the history of each race independently. Coal mines were first opened in the commimity in the year 1890. At that time the production of coal in West Virginia was small as com- pared with that of the present time. The total output from the State m 1889 was only 4,663,859 tons. Competition was very keen, and for the first two years of their operation the local mines were able to secure sufficient native labor to handle their limited output of about 400 tons a day. The production of coal in West Virginia rapidly assumed noteworthy proportions, however, and West Virginia coal a In 1907 Marion County stood fourth in point of coal production among the countiai of West Virginia. Bituminous Coal Mining m the South. 149 soon established itself in the commercial world. By 1892 the output for the State had reached 7,777,570 tons, -and in 1897 had increased to 11,705,829. A very active demand had been created, and the operators in Community No. 1 as early as 1892 found themselves facing an insufficiency of labor supply. To increase their producing ability, the operators first attempted the introduction of negro labor. In 1892 two carloads of negroes were brought in from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. These proved unsatisfactory. Recourse was next had to Italian labor, and during 1893 and 1894 many of that race were secured from New York. The Italians were found quite satisfactory as work- men, but it soon became necessary to employ more men. About 200 Slavs and Poles were consequently brought in from New York through labor a,gencies. In 1894 occurred the great soft coal strike. The West Virginia fields were affected in common with the rest. The controversy was quickly settled at the mines in Community Number 1. The strikers were unsuccessful, and within a few days the district was definitely made nonunion, and is so maintained at present. Practically all of the employees soon went back to work and it was unnecessary to import strike-breakers. Shortly afterwards, however, large num- bers of American miners began to go out to the union districts of Pennsylvania and Ohio, where the strike had been successful. To meet this second great deficit in the labor supply, the local mines were forced to seek foreign labor in earnest. Large numbers of immigrants, seemingly without distinction or preference of race, were Drought in through labor agencies in 1894. From that time forward the employment of immigrant labor became a fixed policy. In December, 1907, there occurred an explosion in which a large number of, men were killed. The whole energies of the company affected were concentrated upon the damaged mines with the object of reopening them as soon as possible. Within two months the mines had been cleared and were ready for operation. Full time was guaranteed for their operation, and forces were largely drawn away from the other shafts and concentrated in them. There was no lack of men. Attracted by the guarantee of full time, more than 150 Croatians, Magyars, and Austrians came in from the Ohio and Pennsylvania fields. A great many Poles who had been in the town previously also returned. At that time work was difficult to obtain elsewhere and these miners gladly availed themselves of this opportunity. This, in brief, is the history of immigration to the locality. The races which have secured work may be seen at a glance from the tables following showing the racial classification of employees in the local mines in the years 1907, 1908, and 1909." The series of three tables will also exhibit the changes in racial composition of the forces from year to year. o From the Annual Reports of the Chief Mine Inspector of West Virginia. Racial designations are confused, but are sufficient to indicate the racial composition of the operating forces. 150 The Immigration Commission. Table 472. — Number of inside and outside employees tn Community No. 1, by rmx, 1907. Race. Inside men. Outside men. On coke ovens. Total American White 196 13 20S 166 5 136 3 2 66 335 Italiaii 34 295 Polish 166 Lithuanian..... 5 2 1 Hungarian. , . . .... 1 1 1 Total 686 170 64 820 Table 473. — Numher of employees in Community No. 1, by race, July 1, 1908, andMay 1, 1909. JULY 1, 1908. Bace. Number. Race. Numliffl. American, WUte 324 24 194 46 14 14 Itauan Syrian 3 Polish Total MAY 1, 1909. American', White 300 30 260 100 30 10 Slovak 60 Italian 70 15 PoUah All other races Lit-hn*^"*ftTi Total Austrian 950 As regards the total population of the community by race, the following table based upon careful estimates is submitted. In addition to an estimate of the total population, the effort was made to secure the number of boarders and families of the immigrant races in order to show the transitory character of a large element of the population. In this connection it will be noted that the floatmg . element designated as boarders constitutes about one-fourth of the whole. It also should be borne in mind that the town has only been in existence since the year 1889. Table 474. —Estimated population of Community No. 1, by race, 1909. Bace. Number of families. Number of boarders. Total number of peisons. Italian 84 20 10 15 20 174 115 60 100 75 556 215 100 176 175 20 Polish Slovak Croatian Magyar Austrian Lithuanian other races <■ 75 Total 159 614 1,396 1,204 American, White !!'.!!"!!!!!!!!!!! ^^^ "*'V 100 Grand total 2,700 o Include Irish, German, Scotch, Syrian, and Hungarian. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 151 New and Kanawha Rivers District. The New andKanawha rivers coal field is situated in the south central part of West Virginia, reached by the Cincinnati and Ohio Raihoad and its many branches. The Virginian Railway also taps this field and connects it with the eastern coast, and the Kanawha and Michigan Railroad affords an outlet to the Lakes. This field ranks second in point of production of the four fields under discussion. Until the year 1906, with the exception of 1902, when its output was greatly reduced by a severe strike, it was first in point of production. After the settlement of the strike it again tooK the lead, and did not rehnquish it until 1906, since which year the Pocahontas field has had first place. For several years prior to 1888 the production of the New and Kanawha rivers field was more than the combined production of the other three. This field includes ,Glay, Fayette, Kanawha, Nicholas, Putnam, and Raleigh counties. For the purposes of this report only the three counties, Fayette, Kanawha, and Raleigh will be considered, as they produce 96 per cent of the coal of the area and employ 95 per cent of all men working at mines, together with all immigrant mine workers. _> The conditions in three counties under discussion vary considerably in some features, Fayette and Raleigh counties constituting what is popularly known as the New River Field. Smajl numbers of immigrants have been employed in both Fayette and Kanawha counties since 1897, but they were very few and con- fined only to certain mines and one locality until 1902. In 1893 one company, operating at Glen Jean, brought in a small force of Magyars and Slovaks from the mines of Pennsylvania, and since that time these races have been employed at that mine. Many of those originally introduced are still in the employment of the company, and others have come in from time to time. About 100 men were brought in during 1893, almost equally divided between the two races above mentioned, and including from 15 to 20 famihes. At this time the field was thoroughly unionized, and through the efforts of the miners' union immigration was checked, and no immigrants entered the other mines in the vicinity. About this same time a few were employed in several mines in Kanawha County, but they were men who had drifted in, were scattered about, and were not in sufficient numbers to have an influence on any mine, or to cause more to come. In the year 1902 there was a very severe strike which greatly reduced the output of the field, as a majority of the mines were closed for a considerable period. This strike occurred at the time of the anthracite strike in Pennsylvania and owing to the unsettled con- ditions of labor generally prevaihng in the coal-mining regions coal was commanding a very high price. The operators, after being con- vinced that the union would not agree to their terms, began to bring in men to break the strike. Any man who was willing to work in or about the mines was employed, and great numbers of immigrants, as well as Americans from the North and negroes from Virgima, North Carohna, and South CaroUna, were induced to come. These men were secured principally by agents of the companies, who visited the industrial and mimng districts of the North and the towns m 152 The Immigration Commission. agricultural sections of the southern States above mentioned. By means of regularly organized labor agents a large number of immi- grants were also secured. In parts of the Kanawha field the strike was settled without resorting to strike-breakers, and this section is still unionized. The operators, by using the methods above mentioned, were suc- cessful tnroughout the New River field and in one part of the Ka- nawha. Consequently the mines resumed operations and have never recognized labor organizations. During all this strike period the mining company which had introduced the immigrant labor some years before operated steadily with two shifts, and was the only mine in the section which was not closed during the strike. In addition to the fact that the strike marked the entrance of the southern and eastern Europeans into the field^ it also seriously affected the production of coal. The productionin 1902 in this field was ].,337,769 tons less than the year preceding, and if the future- growth of the field and the increase shown by other fields not affected may be used as an indication, these figures are not more than one- half the actual loss in production. After the strike was broken a great many American miners of the better clas^ began to leave the field and go to the organized coal dis- tricts of the Middle West. This action on the part of old employees continued for several months after the mines had resumed operations, and left a vacancy which had to be filled. Those of the str&eHbreak- ers, therefore, who could be induced to stay, were prevailed upon to do so, and to these many more have since been added. The demand for men was made much greater by the growth of the fi«ld both in output of mines already in operation and in new ones opened, and since the period of the strike the influx of immigrants from continental Europe, and of negroes from Virginia and North and South Carolina has been constant. Owing to the fact that a large number of the immigrants coming to this field were secured from labor agencies and "brought in on transportation" and to the further fact that the supply of laborers has always been inadequate, very little preference has been shown for certain races, and a great number of races are represented in the field. There are a few races, however, which have been employed i throughout the period, are more numerous and stable than the rest, and seem to be the races from which will come the greater part or the future immigration for the development of the field. These races are discussed below in some detail. Magyars and Slovalcs. — Although not kindred races and rarelyfound socially commingling, the Magyars and Slovaks are treated together, because the history of one is, with the possible exception of some minor details, the history of both". Both races entered the field at the same time and have been important factors in its recent development. As stated before, the first members of these races to come to this field came in 1892 and 189i3 from Pennsylvania. Owing to the fact ttjat all the other mines in the locahty were organized they were confined to this one plant. Although occasion'ally members of these races left either to go to other fields or to return to their native land, the force was constantly replenished by the advent of friends from Europe and from other sections of the United Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 153 States, and was kept intact throughout the period 1892 to 1902. Since the strike of 1902 considerable numbers of these races have come into the region, and in most cases both races are represented in almost every locality where immigrant labor is employed. Glen Jean has, however, always been a headquarters for these two races and they are more permanently established there than in any other locahty. The great majority of those coming have been either single men or mar- ried men not accompanied by their families, and owing to the pros- perous condition^ of the mining industry they are constantly moving from mine to mine. There are at present about 780 Magyars and 350 Slovaks employed in this field. Italians— The exact date of the entrance.of members of the Italian race into this field is somewhat doubtful. A few have been employed at two mines in the Kanawha district, however, since the year 1899. That year is believed to be the real beginning of immigration of the Italian race into the field. The number employed up to the strike of 1902 was small, and it was in this year that they began to come in earnest. Some were brought into the field along with otner r^ces as .strike-breakers. Since the strike they have entered in greater num- bers than any other race, and greater numbers of them' have been secured through labor agencies than of any other two races. The majority of those employed are South Italians. A great number have come into the field from railroad construction work in this and neigh- boring States at different times for the past few years, and the influx was especially great after the financial depression in October, 1907, when practically all construction work was stopped. At present there are about 1,500 Italians employed in and about the mines of the district. The greater number of them are single men or men who are married but not accompanied by their families, and the proportion of adult males to families is much larger among members of this race than of any other found in the community. The Italian population of the various mining villages where they are found is con- stantly shifting. Poles. — ^Polish immigration began with the introduction of men of that race as strike-breakers in 1902. Many came to the field from both the hard and soft coal districts of Pennsylvania. The majority of those found in the field were originally from Austria, while some were from Russia, and a very small number from Germany. As before stated, all those who came to the field first were from the coal fields of Pennsylvania, both in the bituminous and anthracite regions, and were secured by agents of the companies operating in the field and brought in on transportation. They were first employed in the Loup and White Oak creeks district of the New River field and are found in greater numbers here than in any other section. Since they have been employed a great number have gone, but others have come in and the Polish population has been constantly increasing. A great number have come directly from the coal-mining fields of Austria-Hungary. The percentage of single men and men married but not accompanied by their families, while large, is smaller among the Poles in this field than among any other southern or eastern European races, with the possible exception of Russians. There are at present about 750 men of this race employed in and about the mines in the region. 48296°— VOL 7—11 11 154 The Immigration Commission. English, Scotch, and Welsh. — Some members of the, English, Scotch, and Welsh races have been in this field since its development, and many of the fire bosses, foremen, superintendents, and managers are Enghsh and Scotch. None of the races taken singly have ever been employed in sufficient numbers to constitute any large propor- tion of the labor supply of the field. A majority of the members of these races came in from the mining districts of Pennsylvania and other mining regions of the United States. Some have come direct from the coal fields of England and Wales. Those coming direct from Great Britain are generally accompanied by families, and the proportion of single men contrasts with that which exists among the races of continental Europe. They usually associate freely with Americans and are thoroughly Americanized. After the strike of 1902, as in the case of the native miners, a considerable number of men of these races w^ent to fields that had been organized. There are now about 375 English, 100 Scotch, and 50 Welsh employed. Oermans. — Germans have been employed Ln the mines of this field for several years. Small numbers were employed in the field before the strike of 1902, but they were members of the race who had been in the United States for many years and had drifted into West Vir- finia from other coal fields, principally those of Pennsylvania and Ohio, 'or the past six or seven years, however, the German immigration to this field has been quite active. Not so many have come as com- Eared with the more prominent races of southern and eastern Europe, ut a sufficient number to be considered of importance in the labor supply of the field. These immigrants have come very largely from abroad directly to this field and probably one-third or more are from Russia. A majority of them are accompanied by families or are joined by their famUies soon after arriving. The Germans who have been in the country .many years are thoroughly Americanized and associate freely with Americans. The more recent arrivals learn English much more quickly than the southern and eastern Europeans and maintaii;! a better standard of living. About 350 men of this race are employed in and about the mines of the field. Lithuanians and Russians. — Along with the other immigrant races brought into the field by operators to take the place of striking miners, and later to help in further development of the field, were Lithuanians and Russians. Some members of these races weresecured from the anthra,cite region of Pennsylvania and others from labor agencies. Within more recent years a considerable portion of the Russians^ in the field have been secured from employment agencies.| The Lithuanians and Russians have never been employed in as great numbers as the races of eastern Europe already discussed. Many representatives of these races who have come to the field have left after a short period of time, but new ones are constantly arriving, and there is a slight increase from year to year in the total number employed . Practically all of the Russians are either single men or men who are married and not accompanied by families. As a consequence the^ live very largely on the boarding group plan. The lithuanians employed are principally young single men who have come to this country within recent years to avoid military duty. There are, however, several families of this race in the field, and Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 155 the proportion of families is much higher among them than among the Russians. The young men move frequently and the number of this race is constantly changing. There are employed in the field at present about 175 Russians and about 150 Lithuanians. Other races. — ^Many races of recent immigration in addition to those discussed in detail have also been employed since the strike of 1902. When taken separately none of these races are in suffi- cient numbers to be of importance, but taken collectively they con- stitute -a rather important element of the field's labor force. They include Roumanians, Macedonians, Spaniards, Greeks, Syrians, Croa- tians, and a few other Slav races from Austria-Hungary. Theyare usually without exception bands of single men and are very migra- tory. They have been introduced into the field by employment agencies and are always considered temporary employees. Practically none ever enter the mines as miners, but engage in the rough un- skilled work. In 1908 there was a total of about 350 men of these various races employed in this field. The development in the field for the past ten years has kept pace with that of other sections of the State. The rapid expansion of operations has called for the addition of many men, and the recent immigrants were the most available source of supply. Throughout the period 1892 to 1907, as a general rule, there has been a great demand for labor at all times, and not much selection has been [ffacticed in getting employees, which accounts in large measure for the arge variety of races found. It is estimated that one large company operating in this field has spent more than $50,000 since 1 902 in trans- porting labor to its mines. The greatest numbers of immigrants have come to Fayette and Raleigh counties. This is attributable to two causes: First, in a con- siderable portion of Kanawha County and of the district known as the Kanawha field, the labor is organized, and, second, the neatest pro- portionate increases in production have been made in Fayette and Raleigh coimties. Of these three counties, Raleigh has been most recently developed, and it is the only one which showed increase in number of men employed and in production of coal in 1908. Owing to the fact that immigrants have been employed in the field for so short a time, they have been more or less unsettled and have always shown a disposition to move from mine to mine. This dis- position was especially manifest during 1908, because of the financial and industrial depression. They were constantly moving through- out that year in search of the places offering the most regular employ- ment. A great many of them went back to Europe to await better times and others were constantly coming in from other fields. In j the case of Italians especially there was a movement from abandoned railway construction work to the mines. 156 TTie Immigration Commission. The following table is an estimate of the number and percentailp of the various races employed in the three counties collectively a^ in each county separately: lit: Table 475. — Number of employees in each specified county, by race, 1908. Fayette County. Ealeigh County. Kanawha County. Total. , Percent distrlbu- Uon. Race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. American, White.... American, Negro Italism 5,852 3,493 , 1,000 460 500 300 150 225 105 85 40 175 47.2 28.2 8.0 3.6 4.4 2.4 1.2 1.8 .8 .6 .3 1.3 1,425 465 148 122 100 56 60 35 30 45 40 75 55.0 18.0 6.7 4.7 3.8 2.1 2.3 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.5 2.2 6,985 900 425 227 / 180 20 135 86 55 20 20 90 73.5 11.0 5.2 2.7 2.2 .2 1.6 1.0 .6 .2 .2 1.1 13,262 4,868 1,673 799 780 376 346 345 190 150 100 340 67.4 21.10 6.8 Magyar.... 3.it Polisli 3.4 1.'6 Slovak l.i 1.1) Russian .8 .6 Scotch A lA Total 12,375 100.0 2,571 100.0 8,141 100.0 23,087 10O.;0 Pocahontas Field. This important coal field includes the counties of McDowell, Mer- cer, Mingo, and Logan, located in the extreme southern part of West Virginia, along the Virginia and Kentucky line, together with the adjoining county of Tazewell, in Virginia. The field is penetrateS by the main line of the Norfolk and Western Railway and its many branches. The Pocahontas field was riot developed until the construction of the Norfolk and Western Eailway in 1882. The first mines were operated at Pocahontas, in Virginia, and just over the line on the West Virginia side in the same vicinity. The field ogened suddenly and, owing to the fine quality of coal produced, ready markets were found and development was rapid from the beginning. After starting at Pocahontas the development continued toward the west and was maintained somewhat anead of the railway construction. On first opening the mines such of the natives of the district as could be induced to work at mining were employed, but the supply of labor was inadequate almost from the beginning, while the laborers were irregular in their attention to work and generally inefficient as mine employees. On the opening of the mines negroes from the agricul- tural sections of Virginia and North Carolina also began to enter the field, and within a very short time the operators were sending out agents and inducing men to come. The negroes proved to be good employees, but, like the native white people, were inclined to be irregu- lar workers. It was also hard to get enough men of these two races to keep up with the expansion of the industry, and in 1884 or 1885 a few Magyars were induced to come to the section from Pennsylvania, with the idea of starting immigration to the coal mines of the section. The Ma,gyars were followed in a short time by Slovaks, but the numbers of both were small. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 157 Before 1890 the increase in production was rapid, but was restricted to the eastern portion of the field. In that year the Norfolk and Western Railroad crossed the Elkhorn Mountains and pushed on. to the West, giving transportation facilities to the largest and at present most important part of the field. The period of greatest develop- ment in this section has been within the past ten years or since 1898. In that year the production was 5,521,160 tons, and in 1907, when the greatest production was reached, it was 16,777,893 tons, or slightly more than three times that of 1898. This period has also been the one in which the greatest number of immigrants have arrived. Prior to 1898, the immigrants were few, and confined to comparatively few mines and localities, but since that time they have been generally employed over the district and almost all mines have some immigrant labor. Within the above mentioned period, a considerable area of McDowell, and the greater part of Mercer and Mingo, and all of Logan counties, have been developed. Some conception of the remarkable expansion of the industry may be gathered from the fact that in 1904 Logan County produced 326 short tons, while in 1909 the output of this county was 1,683,456 short tons of coal. The development prior to 1898 had required pi'actically all the native labor that was available, and to carry on subsequent develop- ment labor from the outside sources has been used. This has been drawn from two sources — first, immigrants secured through advertising and employment agencies, together with the great number who have come directly from abroad and from other sections of the United States, upon the representations of friends and relatives in this field; second, negroes from the rural regions of Virginia and North and South Carolina, attracted by the wages paid at the mines. A great number of the immigrants in the newer fields, especially Italians, were brought in by railroad contractors, who were engaged in building the roads into the mining districts, and on completion of the con- struction work, they entered the service of the mining companies. Fully 25 per cent of the Italians employed in the district at present were brought in in this way. Magyars. — The Magyar is the most important immigrant race employed in the field from a numerical standpoint, and has con- tributed more toward its development than has any other. Magyars first came to Pocahontas about 1884 and for several years were employed in mines in this vicinity only. Those first employed were from the coal-mining region of Pennsylvania and formed a nucleus for the future immigration of the race to that field. From time to time, as the industry grew, the number of Magyars employed increased. Many have come direct from their native country to friends and rela- tives here, others have come from sections of the United States in response to advertisements, through the efforts of employment agencies and because of the influence of friends and relatives already in the field. A great many of the Magyars leave the field, but the influx is sufficient to maintain a constant increase. Pocahontas has always been the center for the Magyar race, and a large proportion of the total number of men employed in that community are Magyars. The proportion of families to adult males is much greater there and is much more stable than in other locahties. There were about 2,000 Magyars employed in and about mines in this field in 1908. 158 Tlie Immigration Commission. ItaliaTis. — Next in numerical importance to the Magyars are the Italians. Members of this race have been employed m the mines and about the coke works of the field since 1890. A few were then employed in railroad construction, and some of these began working in the mines. The numbers employed were very small, however, and the race was not of importance until about 1900. The period of greatest Italian immigration has been from 1902 to 1908. In that period the development of the industry was so rapid that there was constant recourse to employment agencies in New York and other cities, and a larger number of Italians than of any other race was available. The percentage of families among the Italians is very small, and the men are constantly moving from mine to mine. They live for the most part in groups, which in many cases consist solely of males. Many each year leave the community for Europe, but therfil are always new arrivals sufficient to keep the number of the race on the increase. About 1,900 men of the Itahan race were employed in the field in 1908, and fully 90 per cent of them were South Italians. Slovaks and Poles. — Slovaks were employed in mines in the vicinity of Pocahontas as early as 1886, but in very small numbers. The first r€fpr6sentatives Came in from the coal fields of Pennsylvania. As with other foreign races employed in the field, the increase was very slight prior to 1898. The Poles arrived in this field about 1895, and, Uke the Slovaks, the first were from the bituminous coal fields of Penn- sylvania. Very little increase occurred until about 1900. During the early period new arrivals were constantly being employed, but many of the older representatives of the race were moving to othM localities. For the past eight years immigration both of Slovaks and Poles has been very active. Men were secured from labor agencies in New York and from other coal fields, and a great many came from abroad direct to the field. The proportion of famihes among the Slovaks and Poles is much smaller than among the Magyars, but greater than among the Italians. About 850 Slovaks and 610 Poles were employed in the field in 1908. Russians and Lithuanians. — There were about 250 Kussians and 100 Lithuanians employe4 in the field in 1908. The exact date of their arrival is unknown, for there is no record of any members of these races, except that probably a few arrived, prior to 1898. They were first introduced by employers, who secured them from New York labor agencies. Some men have been bringing in their famihes within the past two or three years, but the majority are single men or married men whose families are in Europe. They constantly move about from mine to mine, and it is not uncommon for a company to carry 25 or 30 men of either race on one pay roll and on the succeed- ing pay day to have none. Other races. — Probably 225 men of various races of recent immi- grants were also employed during 1908. These men were principally Roumanians, Croatians, Greeks, and Syrians. They are usually found living with other immigrant races, though in some instances, especially in the case of the Greeks, they form groups and Uve entirely by themselves. They are constantly moving from place to place and are never accompanied by famihes. Some members of these races have been employed since 1900, but there has been no permanent increasis in the numbers of any one race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 159 ' During the last three months of 1907 and throughout 1908, there was a great deal of moving from place to place within the field by the immigrant population. A considerable number also went either to other coal fields or to Europe, but, on the other hand, some came in from other fields. The greater part of the moving occurred '(vithin the field, however, in the effort to secure regular employment. The following tables show the approximate number of men of the various races and the percentage of each employed in the district for each county separately and for the district as a whole: Table i7Q.—r Approximate number of employees in the Pocahontas coalfields, by race. [Compiled from original Etnd secondary material.] W' Race. Employees . Per cent distrlhu- tlon. American, White - 6,690 6,738 1,948 1,912 861 613 242 97 82 255 ' 34.4 34.7 Magyar 10 KaSan 9.8 Slovak 4.4 Polish 3.2 Russian 1.2 T,ithnfV"'fi" .S German .4 Other races ;..^ - -- 1.3 Total 19,438 100.0 Table 477. — Approximate number of employees in each specified county in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race. [Compiled from original and secondary material.] UcDowell County, W. Va. Mercer County, W.Va. Logan County, W.Va. Mingo County, W.Va. Tazewell Coun- ty, Va. Raco. 1 * Nimiber of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Nimiber of em- ployees. Per ceut distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per , cent distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. American, White... Americarr, Negro Maevar .... 3,165 4,950 1,144 1,080 470 350 168 40 43 77 27.5 43.1 10.0 9.4 4.1 3.0 1.5 .3 .4 .7 750 850 ISO 312 76 61 21 22 24 45 32.6 37.0 6.5 13.1 3.3 2.2 .9 1.0 1.6 2.0 885 • 185 209 185 86 112 33 15 5 46 50.3 10.5 11.9 10.5 4.9 6.4 1.9 .9 .3 2.6 1,310 241 220 195 125 40 10 20 52 69.2 10.9 9.9 8.8 6.6 1.8 .5 .9 .0 2.4 580 512 225 140 105 60 10 10 35 34.6 30.5 13.4 Italian..:::::;::::;: 8.3 Slovak 6.3 Polish 3.6 Russian .6 .0 German .6 2.1 Total 11,487 100.0 2,300 100.0 1,761 100.0 2,213 100.0 1,677 100.0 f The racial composition of the field may be rendered more appar- ent by showing the elements in the population of several mining communities. Communities No. 1 and No. 2, submitted below, afford representative types of localities arising from the opening of new mines and the influx of an immigrant labor supply. Community No. 1 is a purely mining community and one of a series of small towns along the Tug River. Very little municipal life is manifest. The town itself is the headquarters of a group of 12 mines, all operated under the same management; The general 160 The Immigration Commission. supei4ntendent and chief officers of the mines are located there, and the settlement is larger than any other connected with these 12 mines. The mines began operation in 1902. Previous to that year there were no settlers of any kind except some scattered mountaineers. The first employees were iiegroes and native whites, the former being in the large maj ority . The whites native-born of native father were for the most part mountain people who were unreUable as regular workers and few in number. Negroes could not be secured in sufficient force, and were unsatisfactory as steady miners. From the very first it was reahzed by the operators that the local labor supply was insuf- ficient, and immigrants were obtained from New York in as large numbers as possible through the company's agents. At present the employees number about 3,000, and are racially classified as follows: Per cent distribu- tion. Native white 25. Negro 31. Magyar 20.0 Slovak » 9D Russian 1-4 Polish 3.6 Italian - 8. 8 Roumanian 1 Greek 4 Swedish 1 Other races 6 Total 100.0 There has been very little change in the racial composition of the force during the past five years, except that the negroes have been displaced by immigrants. It is stated that since this displacement has taken place it nas been easier to retain immigrants. The reason for this detention, it is alleged, is that the companies pursued a policy of eliminating negroes who .were overbearing to the immigrant and all who showed any decided tendency toward lawlessness. The coal mines in and near Community No. 2 have been in oper- ation since the year 1883. The earliest immigrants were Magyars and Russian Hebrews. The former were employed in the mines and the latter engaged in business. Magyars arrived as early as twenty years ago in very small numbers. The largest immigration, however, has occurred within the past ten years, Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Russians, and Magyars arriving during that period. Tie present population of the community is, racially, as follows: Italian Polisli Magyar Sip vale Bussian Hebrew, Russian. Families. 6 ISO SO Individuals. ISi SO 700 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 161 RACIAL COMPOSITION OF MINE-OPERATING FORCES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN WEST VIRGINIA. The following table shows the nationalities employed in the West Virginia mines and their relative proportions on June 30, 1908: Table 478. — Nationalities employed in the West Virginia mines June SO, 1903. [From Annual Report of the Department of Mines of West Virginia, 1908, p. 92.] Nationality. Total number employed. Per cent distribution ol em- ployees re- porting nationality. Per cent distribution of all em- ployees reporting. American (white) Negro , Italian Hungarian Polidi Austrian Russian Slavish Lithuanian English German Irish Litvitcb breek Welsh Scotch Swedish Belgian Danish Syrian Macedonian French .\ Roumanian Spanish Bohemian Total Unlmown Grand total 23,979 11,270 6,046 3,668 1,901 1,013 851 620 606 488 430 264 180 147 118 115 69 25 23 20 13 11 8 7 S 51,777 8,707 46.312 21. 766 11. 677 7.084 3.672 1.966 1.644 1.197 .977 .943 .831 .510 .348 .284 .228 .222 .133 .048 .044 .039 .025 .021 .015 .014 .010 100.000 39. 645 18.633 9.996 6.064 3.143 1.675 1.407 1.025 .837 .807 .711 .437 .298 .243 .195 .190 .113 .041 .038 .018 .013 .012 .008 14.396 60,484 100.000 162 The Immigration Commission. As a result of an individual investigation among mine workers in all the coal districts of West Virginia original data as to race and country of birth were received from 5,963 employees. The detailed showing is submitted in the table below : Table 479.— Number of male employees in WestVirginiafor whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY 01' EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native fatlier: White , Negro Native-bom of foreign fatlier, by country of birth of father: Aastria-Hungary Belgium Canada England France -• Germany ., Ireland..' Italy Bussia Scotland .' Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born Foreign-bom, by race: . Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Dutch Number. 2,410 3 5 1 256 13 General nativity and race. Foreign-bom, by race— Continued. English French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) . . Herzego vinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South ., ' Lithuanian Magyar Montenegrin Polish Koumanian Russian .....' E uthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian Welsh Austrian (race not specified) . . . Total foreign-bom Grand total Number. i 73 'le 1 3 17 1,026 40 319 13 245 33 ei 4 37 20 333 15 3 5 24 2,948 6,963 In the table above only 2,790 persons, or 46.8 per cent, are native- born of native father, while the remaining 53.3, per cent, or 3,173, are native-bom of foreign father or foreign-lsoni. The showing as to persons native-bom of native father is striking, because the number of native whites is so large when compared with the negroes. Of the total 46.8 per cent the whites form 40.5 per cent, the blacks only 6.3 per cent. Of the foreign-bom, the South Itttliiahs represent 17.3 per cent of the total number of working people scheduled; North ItaUans, 5.7 per cent; Slovaks, 5.6 per cent; Magyars, 5.4 per cent; Croatians, 4.5 per cent; Poles, 4.1 per cent; Germans, 1.2 per cent; English, 0.9 per cent ; Irish, 0.3 per cent ; Scotch, 0.4, and Russians, 1 per cent. The workers considered above are employed, for the most part, either as miners and coke drawers or as unskilled laborers. The preponderance of the South Italians is worthy of notice, that race being exceeded only by the American whites. Of the persons native-born of foreign father, the southeastern Europeans form the largest percentage. PERIOD OP RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OP POREIGN-BOBN EMPLOYEES IN THE WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. The percentage of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years is presented in the table following byrace of individual. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 163 Table 480. — Number of fardgn-hom male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States each spedjied number of years, by race. i (STUDT OF BHPLOYBBS.) (By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrlygi In the United States for time spent abroad.] . No deduction is made Number reporting complete data. Number In United States each specified number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5to9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 3 5 1 256 10 SO 2 73 15 1 3 16 339 1,015 40 318 13 244 33 41 4 26 20 331 15 3 5 6 24 1 2 1 4 1 86 1 14 1 13 1 12 1 1 51 53 2 2 33 ..... 7 3' 1 2 4 £utch 3 Snglish. 25 2 Germft" 3 3 2 12 8 15 4 4 1 17 4 8 7 Creek 1 3 Irish 2 123 439 10 109 1 42 82 9 20 • 2 18 40 8 12 1 16 11 Italian, North . 22 56 2 27 ...... 2 1 1 9 20 41 123 45 122 4 44 33 lis 3 21 6 ItAllSn, South IS 4 Uagyar 18 3 9 5 4 57 9 39 9 S 8 Polish 34 7 10 2 ...„ 44 2 13 3 4 ..... 1 33 89 7 11 1 1 8 121 4 2 2 18 10 ^.OIlmATliATl • 3 1 2 Kllth<^lHTl Scotch 1 5 42 S 3 20 1 18 2 ■■i2' Slovak 34 1 i' 15 1 1 12 Swedish 2 Welsh 1 7 S Austrian (race not specified) 1 1 2 2 9 1 1 Total 2,910 167 104 419 399 271 1,059 226 134 131 The number of employees furnishing complete data is 2,910. Of this number, 1,059, or 36.4 per cent, have been in the United States from five to nine years; 419, or 14.4 per cent, have been in the United States two years; 399, or 13.7 per cent, have been in the United States three years; 271, or 9.3 per cent, have been in the United States four years; 226, or 7.4 per cent, have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years; 167, or 5.7 per cent, have been in the United States under one year; 134, or 4.6 per cent, have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years; 131, or 4.5 per cent, have been in the United States twenty years or over; 104, or 3.6 per cent, have been in the United States one year. More South Italians entered in any one given period than did any other race represented. Of the South Italians, 439 have been in the United States from five to nine years. Those that have been in the United States one year and under one year, however, are fewer in numbers than are those in any other period of residence. It is noticeable that very few of the Croatians have been in the United States over nin^ years, and that more have been in the United States from five to nine years than appear in any other period. The North Italians, like the South Italians, predominate in the period of from five to nine years' residence. Those that have been here ten years and over are few. The Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks appear mostly in the five to nine year period. 164 The Immigration Commission. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL FIELDS OP VIEGINIA. , Big Stone Gap Field. The first bituminous coal area to be developed in the United States was in the Richmond basin of Virginia. In 1822 this area is reported to have produced 54,000 short tons and ten years later, iu 1832, the production is reported to have reached 132,000 short tons. Within a short period this area began to fall o£E in production, as other fields more favorably situated as to quality of coal and ease of mining were developed. Not until 1882, when the Norfolk and Western Railroad was constructed and opened the Pocahontas region, did Virginia resume any importance as a coal-producing State. In 1880 the production of the State was only 43,079 short tons, but in the calendar year 1889 it had increased to 865,786 short tons; more than 600,000 tons of this output came from the recently developed Pocahontas mines in Tazewell County. From the opening of the Pocahontas field until the construction of the Chnch Valley division of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, and the Cumberland Valley division of the Louisville and Nashville Railway in 1891 the greater part of the coal mined in Virginia was from the Pocahontas field in Tazewell County. At present there are three important coal fields in Virginia — the Big Stone Gap field, the Pocahontas, and the Lee County or Black Moun- tain field. Only the Big Stone Gap and the Pocahontas fields are significant in connection with the employment of immigrant labor. The Black Mountain field was not opened untU 1905, and in 1908 reached a production of over 460,000 tons." . The Big Stone Gap coal field is of striking importance because of the production of a fine quahty of coke, which rivals that of the famous Connellsville coke of Pennsylvania. This field was not opened until 1891. Nine new mines were started in that year alouQ, and 124,088 tons of coal were mined during the ensuing year. From 1893 to 1902 the annual coal production of Wise County greatly increased. It exceeded 1,000,000 tons m 1899 and m 1902 the output was 2,422,417 tons. By comparing the output of 1892 with that of 1902 it will be seen that the production was increased nearly twenty times. This field reached its highest mark in 1907, with a production of 3,145,845 short tons, whfle in 1908, owing to the financial depres- sion, the output was reduced to 2,558,874 short tons. The growth in coke production has kept pace with the coal mined, more than 60 per cent of the total output being made into coke. Owing to the topography of the Big Stone Gap region, the oppor- tunities for agriculture are meager, and it was accordingly very sparsely settled when the mines began to be developed. This fact made the question of labor important from the oeginning. To develop the mines almost all the labor had to be brought in from other parts of the country. This labor was procured from three sources: (1) The negroes from other sections of Virginia, (2) white o The Pocahontas field has been treated under West Virginia. That part of the Virginia territory discussed at this point is the Big ^tone Gap coal fi^d or Wise County. Bitummous Coal Mining in the South. 165 laborers from the same section, and (3) immigrants from the soft- coal regions of Pennsylvania, reinforced by friends and relatives from abroad. All the coal companies operating in the district in its early develop- ment were comparatively small, and the number of immigrants employed prior to 1900 was small. The first immigrants to come into the field were Magyars from the Pocahontas region. They arrived in 1893 in small numbers and did not have much influence on future immigration to the field. In 1896 one company brought about 50 men from the ConnellsviUe coke region of Pennsylvania. About 15 of the 50 were accompanied by families, the remainder either being single or having families in Europe. This .force of employees was composed entirely of Magyars and Slovaks in about, equal numbers. The Slovaks and Magyars gradually, increased in numbers, while the arrival of scattered representatives of other races of southern and eastern Europe soon became noticeable. The following table gives the number of immigrants employed in mines 'and at colje works in the Big Stone Gap field in September, 1908: Magyar 634 Italian 450 Slovak : 200 PoUsh 40 Roumanian 38 Servian 14 Ruthenian 12 German .^ 10 Macedonian 7 Lithuanian 7 Other races 25 It will be seen that immigration to this region began in 1900, and the number employed has increased with the coal and coke produc- tion of the district. A brief history of immigration, by races, will be of interest. Magyars and, SlovaTcs. — These two races will be treated together, as they entered the field at the same tune. The first important influx of immigrants of these races occurred in Stonega, Va., m 1896. Prior to 1900 several coal mines had been started in the Big Stone Gap field, but most of them were small and only two employed more than 300 men. The employment of unmigrants was confined to these two mines almost entirely during this period and the numbers employed were small, comparatively speaking, consisting principally of the two races under discussion. From 1900 to 1906 many more mines of more or less importance were opened and the original companies were constantly increasing their production. More men were therefore required. The pro- portion, of immigrant labor employed necessarily mcreased both at the old and new mines, because the increase of production caused a constant demand for labor. The numbers of Magyars and Slovaks at work, especially the former, kept pace with the production of coal and coke, and as new mines were opened they began to enter all of the region. Friends and relatives of the earlier arrivals came from Europe and members of the same races were secured, by advertising and other inducements, from the coal fields of the 166 The Immigration Commission. North and West. The maximum number of men belonging to these races employed was reached in 1907, when about 900 Mag- yars and 450 Slovaks were employed in the Big Stone Gap field. Italians. — The Italians employed in the Big Stone Gap field are for the most part from southern Italy. The first Italians to come to Big Stone Gap came to Norton in 1900. They were not employed in any considerable numbers, however, until about 1902. Since that time they have been arriving steadily and in large numbeis, the greatest numbers coming during the years 1905 to 1907. There has been direct immigration from Italy to the locality and some have been diverted from railway construction camps in different sections of the South. As in the case of the other races, the great- est numbers were employed in 1907, when it is estimated that fully 650 were at work in and about the mines. The Italians employed in the Big Stone Gap field have been migratory and a very small proportion of the adults have families with them. Poles. — ^A few Poles have been employed since 1898, but they Ijave never been numerically important. Those employed have always been more or less migratory, and not more than 75 to 100 have been employed at any one time. The majority are laen who were secured during the month of August, 1908. They were employed because of a sudden increase in production at a time when great numbers of other laborers had left the field because of slackness of work. None of them were accompanied by famihes, and they may all be considered migratory. Chapter III. ECONOMIC STATUS. Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied — General occu- pation of males at the present time in the households studied — Occupations entered in the bituminous coal-mining industry — Daily earnings in the Soufli — Daily earn- ings in West Virginia— Monthly earnings in representative coal mines in southern West Virginia — ^Relation between period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — ^Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Annual family income — ^Wives at work — Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the .households studied — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative importance of the different sources of family income — [Text Tables 481 to 509 and General Tables 205 to 217]. INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. Before proceeding to a consideration of the present occupation of the foreign-born races, both males and females, it will be instructive to ascertain what were their occupations prior to their arrival in this country. That a clearer understanding of their previous occupations may be had, the males and females will be considered separately. Of the 224 females who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States, 206, or 92 per cent, were without some prior occupation; 6.3 per cent had worked for wages; while the others had worked without wages. A detailed showing of the indus- trial condition of each race is made, in the following table : Table 481. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 18 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, Is for all foreign- born.] Number report- mg complete data. Number— Per cent— Race of individual. With- out oc- cupa- tion. Working for wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. With- out oc- cupa- tion. Working for wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. German 20 56 71 69 19 m 64 61 1 95.0 100.0 90.1 86.4 5.0 .0 7.0 10.2 0.0 .0 2.8 3.4 0.0 Italian, South. -js... Magyar .0 5 6 2 2 .0 Polish .0 Total 224 206 14 4 92.0 6.3 1.8 .0 167 168 The Immigration Commission. It is worthy of note in the preceding table that not a single South Italian woman had a money-earning occupation prior to her arrival in the United States; also that 95 per cent of the Germans were without prior occupation, while 5, per cent had worked for wages in their native countrj^. Of the 71 Magyars reporting, 90.1 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, as compared with 86.4 per cent of the Poles thus reported. On the other hand, the Poles show 10.2 per cent of their number, as com- pared with 7 per cent of the Magyars, who had previously worked for wages, and 3.4 per cent of their number, as compared with 2.8 per cent of the Magyars, who had worked without wages prior to their arrival in this country. In the table next presented the three general groups are divided into the specific occupations of which they are composed. Table 482. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom femalei who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting bom.] The tot^l, however, is for all foreign- - i o 1- r Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. a Bace of individual. ii n a O Pi a 1 Eh & o 1 h Ms.' a , -1 /■SI »EHt 1 20 56 71 59 95.0 100.0 90.1 86.4 0.0 .0 2.8 1.7 0.0 .0 1.4 3.4 5.0 .0 2.8 5.1 6.0 .0 7.0 10.2 0.0 .0 2.8 3.4 0.0 .0 .0 .0 s BRP Italian, Soutb Polish .iM^n- ^am Total 224 92.0 1.3 1.3 3.6 6.3 1.8 .0 1.8 P7 Of the number reporting complete data, 1.3 per cent were farm laborers, 1.3 per cent servants and waitresses. The Poles show 1.7 Eer cent and 3.4 per cent, respectively, of their number as having een farm laborers or servants, waitresses, etc., as compared with 2.8 per cent and 1.4 per cent of the Magyars in the same occupations. The Poles also show 5.1 per cent of their number, as compared with 2.8 per cent of Magyars, m all other occupations, while the Germans show 5 per cent in this group. Of the 224 females reporting, 4, or 1.8 per cent, report that they had, prior to coming to thie United States, worked as farm laborers without wages. The table'next pre- sented, based upon 892 males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over when they came to this country, shows that only 15, or 1.7 per cent, were without some occupation prior to their arrival in the United States; 514, or 57.6 per cent, worked for wages; 291, or 32.6 per cent, worked without wages; and 72, or 8.1 per cent, worked for profit. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 169 born males indimdual. Table 483. — Industrial condition before coming to the United State's of foreign- 1 ,who were 16 years of age or over at tirne of coming, by race ofindimdw f (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, bowever, is for all f^reign-bom.] Number report- ing com- plete data. Number- Per cent— Kaoe of Individual. With- out occupa- tion. Working tor wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. With- out occupa- tion. Working tor wages. Working without wages. Working tor profit. 34 64 261 32 198 184 35 60 23 46 154 17 106 112 14 24 10 10 84 12 61 59 20 31 1 4 22 2 26 11 1 5 0.0 6.3 .4 3.1 2.5 1.1 .0 .0 67.6 71.9 59.0 53.1 53.5 60.9 40.0 40.0 29.4 15.6 32.2 37.6 30.8 32.1 57.1 51.7 2.9 Kalian, North Italian, South 4 1 1 5 2 6.3 8.4 6.3 Magyar 13.1 Polish 6.0 2.9 Slovak 8.3 Total 892 15 514 291 , 72 1.7 57.6 32.6 8.1 Although the North Itahans in the foregoing tables show a larger percentage of persons without prior occupation than do immigrants of any other race, they also report 71.9 per cent of their number as having worked for wages, the largest per cent reported by any one race and exceeding the proportion of Germans by 4.3 per cent. On the other hand, the Germans report 13.8 per cent more than the North Italians as working without wages, and 3l4 per cent less than the North Ital- ians as working for profits. Of the 261 South Italians only one had no occupation m his native country, while 59 per cent had worked for wages, 32.2 per cent without wages, and 8.4 per cent for profits. It will readily be seen that the percentage of. South Italians previously working for profits is exceeded by that of only one other race, the Magyars, who report 13.1 per cent. The Magyars also report 1.4 per cent less than the South Itahans as working without wages, 5.5 per cent less working for wages, and 2.1 per cent more than the South Itahans without prior occupation. Little difference exists between the Lithuanians and Magyars in the number working for wages and the number without prior occu- pation, but the percentage of Lithuanians working without wages IS greater than that of the Magyars by 6.7. The per cent of Lithu- ' anians working for profits is smaller than the per cent of Magyars in the same group oy 6.8. Forty per cent each of Kussians and I Slovaks, as compared with 60.9 per cent of the Poles, had worked for wages in their native country, while the proportion of Poles working without wages is less than the proportion of JRussians and Slovaks in ■ this group by 25 and 19.6 per cent, respectively. The Poles also &ho^ 2.3 per cent less thian the Slovaks and 3.1 per cent more than the I Russians as working for profits. I 48296°— vox. 7— U 12 170 The Immigration Commission. Proceeding further with the analysis, the following table shows the percentage of persons in the principal occupations which are combined to form the industrial groups of tne preceding table: Table 484. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-hom males who were 16 years of age or ova" at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY or HOUSBHOLOa.) [Tills table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting born.] The total, however, Is (or all foreign- 60 a ?! -a 1 ii p 1 Per cent working (or wages. Percent working without wages. Per cent worlt ing lor profit. Race ol Individual. 03 1 r a 1 1 u 1 & II 1 34 64 261 32 198 184 35 60 0.0 6.3 .4 3.1 2.5 1.1 .0 . .0 2.9 .28.1 32.6 31.3 27.3 19.0 11.4 26.7 14.7 10.9 13.0 9.4 7.1 9.2 5.7 5.0 32.4 1.6 2.3 9.4 2.5 16.3 .0 .0 5.9 25.0 5.7 .0 10.1 14.7 8.6 6.7 11.8 6.3 5.4 3.1 6.6 1.6 14.3 1.7 67.6 71.9 59.0 53.1 53.5 60.9 40.0 40.0 29.4 15.6 32.2 37. S 30.3 31.5 57.1 51.7 0.0 .0 .0 .0 :v5 .5 .0 .0 29.4 15.6 32.2 .37.5 30.8 32.1 57.1 61.7 2.9 6.3 8.4 6.3 13.1 6.0 2.9 8.3 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0, .0 .0 .0 ? « Italian, North , Italian, South 6.3 K 4 n 1 Masracw.. :..... V^ Polish..::::::::::;.:: Russian. ? Slovak R ^ Total 892 1.7 25.0 9.8 8.1 9.8 5.0 57.6 32.4 .2 32.6 8.1 .0 8.1 In the above table it is seen that of the entire number reporting,' one-fourth were employed as farm laborers for wages, prior to leaving their native country; less than one-tenth each as labor- ers and in the hand trades; 5 per cent in all other occupations; and only 8.1 per cent as miners. A fraction less than one-third of • those reporting worked as farm laborers without wages; and 8.1 per cent worked for profits as farmers. It is worthy of note also that three races, the German, Russian, and Slovak, report none without prior occupation ; and a larger per cent than the Poles, are reported by the Russians and Slovaks, as farm labor- ers without wages. The North and South Itahans, Lithuanians, and Magyars, who were employed for wages as farm laborers, vary onl^ slightly in the proportions reported, the South Itahans reporting the highest, 32.6 per cent, as compared with 27.3 per' cent for the Magyars. A comparison of the North and South Itahans as laborers and in hand trades shows a marked reversal in positions, the North Itahans reporting 10.9 per cent employed as laborers and 25 per cent in hand trades, as compared with 13 per cent and 5.7 per cent, re- spectively, of South Italians. Aside from the Russians and Slovaks, the Lithuanians report a larger per cent working as farm laborers without wages than any one of the other races; and. the North Italians report the smallest— 15.6 per cent of the latter as compared with 37.5 per cent of the former— with very little difference, as between the South Italians, Poles, Magyars, and Germans. Or those who are reported as having worked for profits, prior to leaving their native country, all were farmers. Of the several races, the Magyars show the highest percentage, 13.1, as compared with 8.4 Bituminous Coal Mining' in the South. 171 per cent of the South Italians and 8.3 per cent of the Slovaks. Two races, the North Italian and Lithuanian, report 6.3 per cent each as having worked for profits, and two races, the German and Russian, 2.9per cent each, while the Poles show 6 per cent. The above table also shows the significant fact that nearly one- third of the Germans reporting were employed as miners before coming to the United States ; whereas the Poles report a fraction less than one-sixth of their number as having been employed in the same capacity before coming into this country. After tne Poles come the Lithuanians, who report 9.4 per cent as miners prior to leaving thoir native country. It is also important to note that the Russians and Slovaks fail to show a single one of their number with previous experience as a miner. PBINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES. Table 485, which exhibits the result of the study of the occupation abroad of individual mining employees of foreign birth in the South, shows that nearly three-fourths of the total were engaged in farming or farm labor. Seventy-three and nine-tenths per cent were farmers or farm laborers, 10.4 per cent miners,^ 7 per cent in hand trades, 4 per cent in general labor, 1.6 per cent in manufacturing, and 3.1 per cent in other industries not specified. The detailed exhibits for each race are here set forth: Table 485. — Per cent of foreign-hom male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United Slates, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is for all foreign-born.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent who were engaged in- Bace. Mining. Farming or farm labor General labor. Manu- facturing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. Bulgarian 115 242 3S3 1,072 322 277 335 2.6 2.5 3.7 S.1 5.0 7.2 10.4 89.6 85.9 77.6 78.4 78.3 82.3 75.5 0.0 5.4 5.9 5.3 1.9 4.0 3.3 0.0 .8 .3 1.1 1.6 1.4 3.0 4.3 2.9 9.9 7.2 11.5 4.3 5.1 3.5 Croatian 2.5 Italian, North 2.5 Italia!i,.aouth 2.9 1.9 Fo^b .7 Slovak 2.7 Total 3,367 10.4 73.9 J- *•»' 1.6 7.0 3.1 The Bulgarians show a higher percentage of farming people than does any other race in the table above, 89.6 per cent of this race being thus reported. The Croatians follow, with 85.9 per ceiit, and the Poles rank third, with 82.3 per cent. The Magyars and South Italians report 78.3 per cent and 78.4 per cent, respectively, and the North Itahans and Slovaks complete the group. Each of these raoes exceeds the general average of 73.9 per cent. 172 The Immigration Commission. Only 4 per cent of the members of all races were laborers in indus- tries other than farming. The North Itahans show the highest percentage, though their 5.9 per cent is closely followed by the 5.4 per cent of the Croatians and the 5.3 per cent of the South Itahans. Four per cent of the Poles are thus reported, and 3.3 per cent of the Slovaks. No Bulgarians were laborers, and only a very few of the Magyars. The Slovaks show 3 per cent engaged in some branch of manufactur- ing, the Magyars, Poles, and South Itahans show between 1 and 2 per cent, the Croatians and North Itahans less than 1 per cent, and the Bulgarians none. The hand trades, however, were much more common, 7 per cent of aU reporting an occupation in this class. The Magyars lead, with 11.5 per cent, the North Itahans following with 9.9 per cent, and the South Itahans with 7.2 per cent. The Slovak percentage is 5.1, and the Bulgarian and Polish each 4.3. The Croatians, with only 2.9 per cent reporting in this class, show a lower proportion than any of the other races. As already stated, only 10.4 per cent of the immigrants of all races were engaged abroad in the occupation by which they now make ^ living. Moreover, of the principal races tabulated, the Slovaks alone report even that percentage, the Poles, who rank next, showing only 7.2 per cent. The Croatians and Bulgarians report but 2.5 per cent and 2.6 per cent, respectively, as having mined abroad. These are also the two races showing, the largest proportion of farmers and farm laborers. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. . As regards the general industrial condition of the foreign-bom since their arrival in the United States, the table below shows for the southern coal fields the general occupations of aU females 16 years of age or over in the households studied. Table 486. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of indiikdiuil. (STODT or HOnSBHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Number reporting complete data. Percent— Osneral nativity and race of Individual. In do- mestic service. In trade. Othe> wise em- ployed. At home. At school. Foieign-bom: Gfenhan 25 60 77 63 21 0.0 1.7 1.3 .0 *.S 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0 98.3 98.7 100.0 95.2 0.0 Italian, South Magyar .0 Poflsh Slovak 292 1.4 .3 .0 98.3 .0 Total native-born of foreign father 6 10 282 81. (0) «.. 9^9 n Total foreign-bom ^' .0 • Not computed, owing to small number InTolved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 173 The significant fact brought to Ught by the foregoing table is that 98.3 per cent, or practically all, of the females both native and foreign bom are at home, and only 1.7 per cent are engaged in domestic or personal service or in trade. The South Itahans, Magyars, and Slovaks show a small proportion of the women engaged in domestic or personal service. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. As regards the males 16 years of age or over in the households studied m the southern coal-mining localities, the table below shows their general industrial condition, by general nativity and race. Table 487. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT OF HOnSBHpLDS. This table Includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent— General nativity and race of individual. In bitu- minous- coal mining. other- wise em- ployed. At home. At school. Foreign-bom: 22 38 69 286 37 215 198 37 61 100.0 100.0 95.7 96.5 94.6 98.1 79.3 83.8 96.7 0.0 .0 2.9 3.6 ^■i 1.8 20.7 16.2 3.3 0.0 .0 1.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 Italian, North .0 Italian, South .0 .0 Magyar .0 Bolish .0 Russian .0 .0 Grand total., 985 92.8 7.1 .1 .0 11 14 971 (a) (a) 93.0 6.9 Si. ^'\ .0 * Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon examining this table it is seen that 93 per cent of the total for all races of foreign birth are engaged in the coal-mining industry, while 6.9 per cent are engaged in outside work. The races which show a proportion above the average engaged in work other than coal mimng are the Polish and Russian,. 20.7 per cent of the former and 16.2 per cent of the latter being engaged in occupations 6utside of the coal mines. OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING INDUSTRY, It is clear that the larger part of the races of recent immigration have engaged in an industry for which they had no training or experience abroad. A large amount of the coal mined in the northern part of West Virginia is taken out by machines. Almost without exception the 174 The Immigration Commission. machine operators are American whites. The Americans are also trackmen, motor men, and a few of them are pick miners. For the most part the Slovaks, Poles, Croatians, Magyars, ItaUans, and negroes are loaders after the machines. There are also Slovak, Italian, and PoUsh pick miners. On the coke ovens are Americans, Polda^ Slovaks, and Italians. The power-plant employees are largely Americans. In general, it may be stated that the Americans cut and haul the coal, lay the tracks, and do all the skilled work both inside and outside the mines. The Italians, Croatians, Magyars, and negroes principally load the coal after the machines and do the rough work on the ovens and elsewhere. Slovaks and Poles are often pick miners as well as coke pullers and loaders. In many mines of the southern coal fields of West Virginia the Slo-^ks and Magyars are employed almost exclusively in pick min- ing and underground work. A great many Italians worn; on the tipples and other outside labor. The following tables covering the occupations of races in mines in the southern part of West Virginia exhibit the range of occupations engaged in by recent immigrants. It will be noted that the Italians are engaged in pick niining and outside labor in largest number, while almost all of the Magyars, all of the. Russians, and the two Slovaks employed are pick mmers. The f ollowipg series of three tables shows, m a summary form, the racial composition of the bituminous mine-working forces, m the West Virginia fields, by occupations. In connection with mine No. 3, coke ovens were operated: Table 488. — Number of coal mine employees in Mine No. 1 in West Virginia, by race and occupation. Occupation. Ameri- can, White. Ameri- can, Negro. Italian, North. Italian, South. Magyar. Russian. Slovak. Total. Pick miner. 23 12 2 4 1 15 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 2 19 2 1 1 2 4 29 2 35 2 19 2 127 U Mucter . Pitcher 1 2 Priver 2 Zl BlatRinan Motonnan 1 2 Trapper S 1 14 Blacksmith Pumper 6 Fowderman. Laborer 1 IG 19 Total 73 35 1 53 44 19 2 227 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 175 Table 489. — Number of coal mine employees in Mine No. 2 in West Virginia, by race and occupation. Occupation. Ameri- can, White. Ameri- can, Negro. Italian, South. Italian, North. Magyar. Russian. Slovak. Total. Blacksmith 1 1 1 1 , 1 Blacksmith helper 1 Biakeman 1 2 Brattlceman 1 2 1 Ditcher 1 1 Bumper 1 14 1 2 1 2 22 2 1 4 11 1 s 2 3 Driver 4 2 20 Fan tespclBr. 1 Improving mine ..'drainage 1 3 Motorman 1 Mucker 1 19 1 ■ 3 Miner, pick 20 16 35 21 2 119 Outside labor i 19 1 4 Koadman helper 3 2 3 19 Slateman 1 Trapper S 1 2 13 Total 71 34 40 3 44 21 2 218 Table 490. — Number of em^loiyeea in Mine No. 3 {coal mining and coke manufacturing) in West Virginia, by race and ocqupation. Occupation. a a . as a 09 . H 5 .d (2 s 3 1 »-4 i 4 1 < n 1 H S 1 Pick miner : 39 1 37 1 s 7 4 18 3 1 1 5 1 3 132 Blooksmltli . . 2 Assistant blacksmith 1 T Bankboss 1 1 2 2 1 Motonnan 9 2 1 Trackman 18 4 5 2 1 9 2 1 1 2 4 12 2 1 2 4 31 Driver 16 7 Spragger.... 3 1 Tlppleman... 20 29 Carpenter ?, Stable boss... 1 Stableman . . 1 Engineer 2 Cokeman. 1 1 Coke boss 1 3 23 1 .... 12 10 in Gok^ Duller and leveler 3.1 ' " ' Total 90 83 13 1 6 9 51 19 3 1 1 5 1 3 286 1.76 The Immigration Commission. In another mine, which had an average working force of 300 employees, the number of men of each race engaged as pick miners was as follows: American, White SO American, Negro 44 English 1 German 4 Italian, South 87 Slovak 6 Polish 1 Total 193 Some members of these races are employed as coke drawers, but comparatively few. The ItaUans employed in Virginia are found principally in two occupations — those of coke drawers and outside laborera. Very few of those employed have entered the occupation of mining. This has been due very largely to the fact that they are afraid of the dangers con- nected with coal mining. A vast majority of those eniployed at most 1)lants are used as coke drawers, and the rest are used principally as aborers on the yards, as loadens into cars or "forkers," or on the tipple or other forms of unskilled labor on the outside. The majority of the coke drawers in this field are South ItaUans and negroes. The other races found in the field, such as Roumanians, Servians, Croatians, etc., or those which have been here only short periods, are employed almost exclusively at rough unskiQed labor, such as coke loaders, etc. None of them have entered the mines except at one mine where about ten of the Roumanians are found working as pick miners. In the coal and coke industries of Virginia, as in southern West Virginia, the occupations are of three general classes — those of miners, coke drawers, and company men. AH mining is done by the piece at so much per mine car, and all coke is drawn by the piece or at a certain price per oven, while all other employees both inside and out- side, such as drivers, engineers, trackmen, timbermen, and yard laborers, are paid a stated wage per day, and are termed company men. As already stated, the first immigrants to come to the field were Magyars and Slovaks, who were brought in to draw coke. "Diese were added to by members of the same and other races, which have entered almost all occupations. Comparatively few, however, are employed as company men except as rough laborers, tipple employ- ees, coke loaders, etc. The Americans, both white and colored, usually fill the positions of drivers, and the American whites such Eositions as engineers, firemen, trackmen, and other occupations of ke character. The Magyars, Slovaks, and Poles are einployed in greater numbers as miners than in any other occupation. This is due principally to the fact that no knowledge of English is required. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 177 DAILY EARNINGS IN THE SOUTH. Information was also secured as to the daily earnings of 12,084 individual employees in the bituminous coal" mines of the South. The table which follows shows by general nativity and race the num- ber and per cent earning each specified amount per day: Table 491. — Per cent of male emplcyyees 18 years of age or over earning each speciJUd amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races,] Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. SI .25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. S3 or over. $3.50 or over. Natlverbom of native father: White 3,887 4,405 118 239 109 109 363 1,048 308 82 204 94 351 $2.16 1.87 2.09 1.97 2.28 2.26 2.07 2.04 2.11 1.83 2.15 2.29 2.37 98.9 95.4 100.0 100.0 98.2 99.1 97.2 96.8 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 09.7 94.5 82.9 93.2 99.6 97.2 96.3 96.4 92.5 98.4 98,8 98.5 100.0 93.3 65.8 44.1 68.6 55.6 84.4 84.4 65.3 69.2 67.9 48.8 73.1 85.1 83.9 27.1 16.1 35.6 16. S 36.7 33.0 24.5 25.5 24 7 14.6 31.1 34.0 43.3 12.9 7.9 13.6 3.8 13.8 14.7 11.0 11.7 6.2 -11.0 16.0 19.4 4.0 2.3 Foreign-bom: .8 1.3 2.8 2.8 1.1 Italian South. 1.2 1.3 Montenegrin ^ Polish — .- Scotch .0 2.3 J-1 8.0 Grand total .- 12,084 2.04 97.5 90.7 58.4 23.4 10.7 2.9 Total native-born of foreign fetJaer 267 8,559 3,525 2.16 2.01 2.12 99.3 97.1 ■98.6 97.0 88.6 95.9 66.3 54.6 67.6 27.3 21.5 28.0 12.4 10.3 11.4 3.0 3.1 2.4 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account Is taken of volimtary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Upon referring to the above table, it is seen that of the entire num- ber reporting, 58.4 per cent earn $2 or over per day, 23.4 per cent $2.50 or over, and 2.9 per cent $3.50 or over per day. As between the persons native-born of foreign father and the for- eign-bom very little difference in the percentages of each race report- ing a specified earning per day exists. Moreover, both show to a be't- ter advantage than dp the native-born. By way of illustration, of those eammg between $2 and $2.50 per day, native-born persons show 33.1 per cent, as compared with 39 per cent of the persons i jiative-born of foreign father, and 39.6 per cent of the foreign-born persons. This margin decreases until the earnings reach $3.-50 or over per day^ at which point the native-born report a slightly larger percentage earning the specified amount than do the others—or 3.1 per cent earning $3.50 or over as compared with 3 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father, and 2.4 per cent of the foreign- bom. ,' !.• T. Of the foreign-bom races reporting, the Slovaks show higher aver- age earnings than any other race, reporting 43.3 per cent earning $2.50 or over, as compared with 36.7 per cent for the English, 35.6 per cent for the Bulgarians, and 33 per cent Germans. They also 178 The Immigration Commission. report 8 per cent earning over $3.50 per day, as against 4 per cent of the native whites, itmong persons earning $1.50 or over, the percentage of Slovaks is sUghtly lower than that of three other races — the Croatians reporting 99.6 per cent, Poles 98.5, and Magyars 98.4 per cent. On the other hand, of those earning $2 or over per day, the Scotch lead with .85.1 percent, closely followed by the Germans, _ English, and Slovaks, in the order named, with the Poles and Bulgarians next in order. Little difference exists between the Magyars and North Italians. The South Italians and Croatians report a smaller percent- age earning $2 or over per day than do the other races. Of those earning $3 or over, the Slovaks lead with 19.4 per cent, followed bv the Scotch, Germans, English, Bulgarians, South Italians, North Italians, and Poles, with little difference between the last three. In the group earning over $3.50 per day the Slovaks report 8 per cent, as compared with 4 per cent of the native whites, the Germans, English, Poles, and negroes following, with the per cent ranging from 2.8 on the part of the Germans and EngUsh to 2.3 per cent each for the Poles and negroes. In addition to the daily and annual earnings of males of 18 or more than 18 years of age, it is of importance to consider the earnings of the younger mining employees. With this object in view, the table below is submitted to show the number and percentage of 794 males between the ages of 14 and 18 years, in the principal races, earning each specified amoimt per day : Table 492.— Per cent ofmak employees 14 and under 18, years of age earning each specified ; amoiini per Itfa^i 6;^ g'eWai iiaiiOTi^ and race.* (BinDT OF EMPLOYEES.) {This table Includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. $lor over. J1.25or over. Sl.SOor over. $2 or over. }2.S0or over. Native-born of native father: White 351 263 49 $1.39 1.22 1.61 86.0 68. 4 91.8 63.2 £2.9 75.5 46.7 37.6 69.4 S.4 7.6 30.6 1.1 .4 Foreign-born: ItaUan, South 8.2 Grand total 794 1.34 80.-5 60.8 46.1 11.5 1.8 Total native-born of foreign father...:. ..; 63 677 117 1.41 1.31 1.S3 84.1 79,0 88.9 57.1 5».6 73.5 46.0 43:1 63.2 17.5 4.8 Total native-born 1.! S.1 *ThIs table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In Uie various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance Is made tor time lost during the year. In the returns for all races set forth in the table above, it is seen that about four-fifths earn $1 or more, and about three-fifths $1.25 or more per day. Of all reporting, 46.1 per cent earn $1.50 or over, while only 11.5 per cent have a daily earning ability of $2 or more. Twenty-one per cent of the total native-born as compared with 11.1 per cent of the total foreign-bom earn less than $1 per day. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 179 Only 14 per cent of the native-born of native father, and 15.9 per cent of native-born of foreign father exhibit an earning capacity of less than $1 per da;y. Only 46.7 per cent of native \mites born of native father, however, as compared with 63.2 per cent of all foreign-born persons and 69.4 per cent of the South Italians earn daily $1.50 or more. Moreover, only 9.4 per cent of the native white persons born of native father, as against 23.1 per cent of all foreign-born persons and 30.6 per cent of the South Italians, have daily wages of $2 or more than $2. Foreign-bom persons who are receiving under $1 per day constitute a proportion 9.9 per cent less than do the native-born persons of the same wage class. In this connection it is of interest to compare the daily earning ability of the negroes and of the mine workers of foreign birth. Of the former 21.6 per cent, and 11.1 per cent of the latter are earning less than $1 per day. Moreover, only 52.9 per cent of the negroes as contrasted with 73.5 per cent of the total foreign-born and 75.5 per cent of the South Italians, are daily receiving a wage of 11.25 or more than that amount. Only 37.6 per cent of the negroes as compared with 63.2 of all foreign-born persons and 69.4 per cent of the South Italians are classified as eammg $1.50 per day or more. Of all the employees, 9.7 per cent earn between $2 and $2.50 per day. The f)roportion of men receiving wages in excess of $2.50 is slightly ess for the native-born than for the employees considered in the aggregate. DAILY EARNINGS IN WEST VIRGINIA. Daily earnings were also obtained for 5,580 of the employees in the coal and coke industries of West Virginia. Of these employees, 5,2i50 are 18 yekrs 6f a^e or ove'r, aiid the remainder, 330, between 14 and 18 years of age. Of the employees 18 years of age or over, 2,641, or about 50 per cent, are native-bom. Ninety-three and one- tenth per cent of these native-bom persons are of native fathers and 6.9 per cent of foreign fathers. The persons native-bom of native father are, in turn, aboiit 86 per cent whites and about 14 per cent negroes. 180 The Immigration Commission. Mgurea showing in detail the range of daily earnings, by geaeral nativity and race of employees 18 years of age or over, are given in the fouowing table: Table 493. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or oyer in West Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES. ) Num- ber re- porting oom- Aver- age Haxn- Ings <^y. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der SI. U and under 11.25. 11.26 and under J1.50. n.50 and under 11.75. $1.76 and under »3. t2 and under t2.50. S2.50 and under 13. {3 and under J3.50. J3.50 and under S4. t4or over. Native -bom of native .Ksliher: White 2,107 352 $2.18 2.10 1 2 14 5 28 7 252 64 363 42 898 174 .305 31 176 11 17 1 S3 Negro 15 Native-bom of foreign lather, by country of birth of lather: Austria-Hungary 10 1 1 30 4 32 57 3 4 30 1 2 6 1 2.19 (») (") 2.30 2.23 (<■) (<■) 2.27 (») a) (") («) 1 2 4 2 1 1 , 1 3 Eneland . . 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 6 14 15 1 12 26 2 5 1 I 2 6 6 1 2 Italy 1 1 1 3 6 1 ...... 'Scotland 12 .5 6 1 1 3 Wales 2 Africa (country not specifled) 1 Total 182 2.22 1 1 12 37 76 28 22 3 2 Total native-bom 2,641 2.17 4 19 36 328 442 1,148 364 209 21 70 FoiBign-born, by race: Bohemian and 3 S 1 237 8 46 , a 71 15 1 3 16 307 895 39 2S2. 12 210 31 40 4 22 19 295 10 3 6 « 20 (o) 2.31 2'3V 2.07 2.60 "2.05 2.11 1 1 1 5 Bulgarian Canadian (other than French).. 1 30 '' ' Croatian; 1 63 1 2 41 ...... 93 7 21 1 40 10 6 1 2 -Outcb:.. 1 fifiglish 16 "15' 1 3 1 9 1 1 /,i;)Sretol\— ;...., 2 2 3 1 2 1 56 152 3 35 ' 3 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) . ., .. 1 1 53 174 2 60 Irish - ■ 8 129 307 13 129 5 93 5 17 4 13 16 119 4 2 2 1 15 3 42 128 10 47 '4I 1 8 3 Italian, North 2 4 2 10 3 4 i9 108 7 12 3 9 "i' 1 Italian, South 3 2.29 1 Magyar 2.10 2.31 2.18 1.71 2.11 (") 2.39 2.06 2.40 2.00 (») h (») 2.12 1 3 Polish 2 4 27 9 7 21 12 4 17 1 5 1 2 ...-..- 1 3 '"'25' 3 2 3 ...... 3 1 Servian ' 2 19 1 Slovalc 2 74 2 31 22 Swedish 1 1 2 4 Welsh 1 Austrian (race not speci- - fled) 1 2 2 Total foreign-bora.,.. . 2,609 2.14 8 28 416 371 1,060 437 221 20 « Grand totol 5,250 2.16 4 27 64 744 813 t5 9ns 801 430 41 118 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no account Is taken of volimtaiy lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report ihowin! annual earnings allowance Is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 181 The largest proportion of the employees 18 years of age or over earn $2 and under $2.50 per day. Of the entire number or employees between 14 and 18 years of age, more receive between $1 and $1.25 per day than receive any other rate of wages, as is shown in the next table. This is true, also, of the native-born persons, treated as a group, of the persons native- bom of native fathers, both whites and negroes, and of the persons native-born of foreign fathers. Of the foreign-born, more are paid at a rate of between $1.75 and $2 than are paid at any other rate, owing probably to the fact that the largest proportion of the foreign- born mine workers are engaged in occupations usually followed oy older employees. The wages of employees between 14 and 18 years of age in West Virginia are given by nativity and race in the following table : Table 494. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age in West Virginia earning each specified amount, per day, by general nativity andrace.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der 11. SI and under $1.25. S1.25 and under S1.50. S1.60 and under $1.76. 81.75 and under S2. S2 and undSer $2.50. $2.60 and under S3. S3 and under n.ao. Native-born ol native father: White 194 13 SI. 38 1.15 25 2 55 8 23 31 47 2 11 1 1 1 Negro Native-born of foreign lather, by country afblrth of father: 6 4 6 3 8 3 3 (") C) 1 2 1 2 ...... 1 1 2 1 1 ■■3' 2 1 3 1 1 1 jtaly - 2 1 1 2 Total 32 239 1.51 1.39 5 8 71 1 24 5 36 6 55 4 16 2 3 1 Total native-born 2 Forelgn-bom, by race: 2 1 1 21 46 4 4 1 2 1 7 1 /."5^ 1.59 (a) (**) (a) (<■) 1 1 1 Knpliflh 1 3 10 Itttnto North. ■3" 1 4 8 4 3 4 9 3 5 9 1 4 Italian, South fS' .■■■■::::;::: 1 2 i 1 1 1 1 4 Slovak 1 1 1 1 Austrian (race'not specified) : Total foreign-bom 91 330 1.54 1.43 9 41 15 11 17 19 14 6 Grand total .....■.■-■■-• 86 35 53 74 30 9 2 • This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance Is made for time lost during the year. • Not (lomipated, owing to small manhet involved. 182 The Immigration Commission. MONTHLY EARNINGS IN REPRESENTATIVE COAL MINES IN SOUTHEEN WEST VIRGINIA. In addition to the original information received from households and individuals, transcriptions were also made from the pay rolls of representative companies. The following table shows, by occupation' and by race, the monthh^ earnings of the operating force in a typical mine m southern West Virginia: Table 495. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southern West Virginia, by occupation and race* ' Occupation and race. 1 Number of employees. Amount earned. Aggregate. Average. Coke puller: • 23 6 $766.05 227.63 i33.31 Italian South" . - 37.94 Total 29 993.68 34.28 Coke loader: 5 16 1 170.82 660.43 18.90 34.16 Italian, South 4L28 Polish l&W Total 22 850.15 38.64 Other occupations: American White ... 18 1 3 1 979.81 32.50 292.00 56.00 54.43 'American, Negro 32.50 97.33 Italian (not specified) 56.00 Total 23 1,360.31 59.14 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no acnount is taken of volnntsry lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. From another representative mine in the same section, the average monthly earnings have been computed by race and conjugal condi- tion and are shown in the following table: Table 496. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southern West Virginia, by conjugal condition and race* Race and conjugal condition. Number. Average earnings. Race and conjugal condition. Number. Avenge American, White: ' Married 34 37 16 18 S50.73 28.89- 46.65 27.15 ""T^ed 8 36 $45.35 Single Sinele 4a IS American, Negro: Married Russian: Married Single Single 21 49. Gt ItaUan, South: Married Slovak: Married Single 40 33.72 Single . 2 ffilw Italian, North: Married Single 3 16.38 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of volontary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showins annual earnings allowance Is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 183 RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OP RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The tables next presented set forth the effect which different periods of residence have had upon the daily earning ability of the principal foreign-born races residing in the southern coal fields. Table 497.— Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYBBS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States, only races with 200 or more males reporting.] This table Includes Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. ' Bace and years In United States. $1.25 or over. $1.60 or over. S2or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Croatian: Under 5 150 81 8 156 132 7fi 475 425 148 152 109 47 128 88 48 156 128 67 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.9 98.5 100.0 94.5 98.4 99.3 100.0 100.0 97.9 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 98.5 100.0 98.8 100.0 94.2 97.7 98.7 88.0 96.5 95.3 98.0 100.0 95.7 98.4 98.9 97.9 98.1 99.2 97.0 50.7 64.2 62.5 55.8 72.0 73.3 51.1 61.9 67.6 62.5 75.2 68.1 64.8 79.5 70.7 80.8 84.4 85.1 13.3 21.0 25.0 16.0 28.0 36.0 21.3 28.6 30.4 23.0 25.7 27.7 27.3 31.8 39.6 40.4 46.1 44.8 3.3 4.9 .0 1.9 17.4 18.7 7.8 15.5 13.6 6.3 6.4 8.5 10.2 9.1 16.7 20.5 21.9 11.9 1.3 1.2 .0 .S 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.6 .7 Sta9 ItaUan,mrfh:- - -Under 5 • 5 to 9 ." 10 or over Italian, South: Under 6 6to9 Magyar: Under 5 ' 6to9 1.8 .0 3 1 Polish: Under 5 \ fita9 2.1 Slovak: Under 5...... 12 2 8to9 6.3 10 or over 1 5 *Thls table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Table 498. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over, by race arid length of residence in.the United States* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant year^sinCe first 4rrlv!il in tbci United States. This table Includes only laces with 200 or more males reporting.) IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Bace. $1.25 or over. $1.60 or over. $2 or over. $2.60 or over. $3 or over. $3.60 or over. Croatian 150 166 476 162 128 156 100.0 94.9 94.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.2 88.0 98.0 98.4 98.1 50.7 65.8 51.1 62.6 64 8 80.8 13.3 16.0 21.3 23.0 27.3 40.4 3.3 1.9 7.8 6.3 10.2 20.5 1.3 Italian, North .6 Italian, South 1.1 Magyar 1.3 Poflsh.., 3.1 Slovak 12.2 * This ^>)s.«hows-.wiigeS(er;4eamiiigs jf or. thfbperlodri j^icatedy,but , no account Is ; t^ken of voluntary lost:tlin&«r'lbst.time.^{rom.'dlutd,| General nativity and race of head of family. Number of select- ed fami- li^.a Average family income. Per cent of families having a total in- come — Under S300. Under J500. Under J750. Under S1,000. Undo 11,500. Foreign- hom: Italic, South 64 5S S3 5.W2 774 663 3.7 .0 .0 42.6 24.1 37.7 83.3 46.6 73.6 94.4 75.9 86.8 100 Poush 100 '■ ■ ' ' ■* Total 230 699 1.3 28.3 66.1 84. J 98 3 o For selection of families, see p. 284. The average family income for all races as shown by the above table is $699 per year. The South ItaUans, with 54 families showing on the average only $582 each, are the earners of the smallest amounts. The Magyars make a very favorable showing, averaging $774 per family, and the Poles, with $663, earn a smaller amount. The com- parison of the races as to earning capacity is further and more forci- bly brought out by the figures appearing in the columns showing the approximately specified amounts received by each family during the year. Of the 230 families only four received as much as $1 ,500. The Ital- ians, Magyars, and Poles do not show a single family earnmg $1,5Q(1 or over. It is also important to note that 24.1 per cent of the Magyars have an income of more than $1,000 annually. The South Italians have 42.6 per cent of their families with an income under $500 yearly, which is a larger percentage in this class than is shown by any other race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 189 WIVES AT WORK. The yearly earnings of the heads of famiUes having been presented together with the exhibit of the annual incomes of families whose heads were employed in bituminous coal mining, the question arises as to what measures are taken to augment the family income by sup- plementing the earnings of the heads. In partial answer to this ques- tion the following table is submitted. It shows the tendency on the part of the wives of the employees in the coal and coke industries of the South to engage in gainful occupations. Table 503. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. $P- (STODT OP HOnSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected familles.o Number of wives. Number of wives at work. Porelgn-bom: English German Italian, North Italian, South. Lithuanian . . Magyar P^h Slovak Total 230 229 a For selection of families, see p. 284. The number of families, as shown by the above table, is 230, and the number of wives 229. The table shows the wives of one German and four South Italians to be engaged in gainful occu- Eations. The occupations of boarding-house keeper and lodging- ouse keeper have not been considered gainful occupations for purposes of this table. It should be recalled that one of the dis- tinctive features of the coal and coke industries is the fact that in the great majority of instances the employees are compelled by the very nature of their work to live in small and isolated communities. Coal mines are seldom located in or near considerable towns. Mine work can be done only by men. The manufacturing establish- ments of the cities and towns which employ so large a number of immigrant women are -too far distant to be accessible to the wives of the mine workers. For these continuance in the home or entrance into domestic service are then the only alternatives. All the commu- nities of the South, from which the data for the table >were secured, , are of the type described. It "will have been noted that the propor- tionate number of married women at work is very small, being ^lightly over 2 per cent of the total. This small percentage of employment is due, in all probability, to the lack of opportunity of employment. 190 The Immigration Commission. ANNUAL EARNINGS OP FEMALES 18 YEARS OP AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The total number of females in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over and who were annually earning specified amounts is shown in the following table: Table 504. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working lor wages and re- porting amount. Number earning- Cnder $200. Under J300. Under J400. Under KOO. Native-bom pf foreign father, by race of father.Magyar Foreign-bom: German Italian, South Magyai; '. . — . Grand total Total native-bom of foreign father Total native-bom Total foreign-bom RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OP WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. At this point it is important to point out the relation between the keeping or boarders or lodgers and the earnings of the heads of the families. In the following tables the proportion of the families of employees in the coal industry in the South in which the wife takes boarders or lodgers, or has employment, is shown according to the earnings of husband and the general nativity and race of the head of the family : Table 505. — Number of families in which vrife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgen, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity andraoeofhead of family. Number ofse- • looted families.o Number of husbands earning— Number of wives having employ- ment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Numberof wives havtol employment or ke^ ing bgardeis or lo# ers where hosbanitt' earnings are — Under 1400. S400 and under S600. S600 or over. Under S400. $400 and under t600. S600 or over. Foreign-bom: English 8 17 12 54 8 58 53 19 8 10 3 9 1 13 10 3 2 5 10 42 7 37 36 13 ,t German i' 16 2 20 15 7 7 8 29 5 25 28 9 i" 11 2 14 10 5 4 6 2e 4 16 20 S ■» 1 Italian, North Italian^ South . Lithuanian Polish Slovak 3 Total 229 61 111 57 1S2 43 77 32 o For selection of families, see p. 284. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and Wife present appear in this table. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 191 Table 506. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodg. ers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOnSHHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more selected families reportlne. The total.however.Is for all races. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of head of family. Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, where husbands' earnings are— Under J400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Total. Foreign-horn: Italian, South 68.8 70.0 66.7 76.9 64.0 71.4 100.0 63.8 60.0 77 8 Magyar 63 8 Polish 67 9 Total 70.5 69.4 66.1 66 4 Referring to the total of the preceding tables it is found that 24.9 per cent of the men earn $600 or over, and 56.1 per cent of the wives of this class contribute to the family support; 48.5 per cent of the men earn from $400 to $600, and 69.4 per cent of the wives contri- bute; and 26.6 per cent of the men earn less than $400, and 70.5 per cent of the women of this group contribute to the family income. As regards the several races, it is seen that of the husbands earning $600 or more, the wives of the North and South Italians, Lithuanians, and Slovaks all contribute to the support of the family. Sixty per cent of the Polish women do likewise, aswell as 53.8 pel* cent of the Magyars. The earnings of no man of English birth reported are under $600. Of the husbands earning less than $400, all the wives of the Lithu- anians and North Italians contribute. Moreover, 70 per cent of the Magyars, 68.8 per cent of the South Italians, and 66.7 per cent of the Polish wives whose husbands earn imder $400 contribute to the family income. No German reported has earnings of this lowest The most common yearly wage Ues between $400 and $600, 48.5 per cent of the men having an income within these amounts. The percentages of wives contnbuting to the family support vary more in this division than in the others. The South Italian with 75.9 per cent ranks first, followed by the North Italian with 75 per cent, Polish 71.4 per cent, Magyar 64 per cent, German 57.1 per cent, and Slovak 55.6 per cent. Of the three races most widely represented the South Italian women are reported as sharing most cominonly in the support of their fam- ilies, their percentage of 77.8 being followed by 67.9 per cent of the Poles and 63.8 of the Magyars. SOtJECES OF TAMILT INCOME. In the two tables next presented the sources of family income are shown. 192 The Immigration Commission. The table immediately following exhibits the per cent of families having an income from husband, -wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family: Table 507. — Fer cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family., (STUDY 01' HOUSEHOLDS.) (Thia table includes only raoes with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, Is for all races.) Number of selected families.^ Per cent of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of — Contribu- tions of children. Payments ofboardets or lodgers. rjBther Husband. Wife. -(Bources. Forelgn-bom: Italian, Soath 64 68 63 230 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 >7.4 .0 .0 2.2 9.3. 20.7 6.7 12.2 70.4 63.8 67.9 63.9 0.0 Maffvar 1.7 poBsh.....:;:::;::::::::::: 1.9 Total <> For selection of families, see p. 284. Of 230 families in this locality from whom information was obtained all have an income from earnings of husband, 63.9 per cent from pay- ments of boarders or lodgers, 12.2 per cent from contributions of children, 2.2 per cent from earnings of wife, and 1.3 per cent from other sources. Of the three races the South Italians alone report a proportion of famihes having an income from earnings of wives, the proportion receiving an income from this source amounting to 7.4 per cent. The Magyars report a considerably larger proportion, 20.7 per cent, of families receiving contributions from children than do the other races. As regards those receiving an income from boarders or lodgers, there is Tittle difference in the proportions of the several races, the proportions ranging from 70.4 per cent of the South ItaUans to 63.8 per cent of the Magyars; while of those famiUes hav- ing an income from other sources, the " less than 2 per cent. ing an income from other sources, the Magyars and Poles each show The following table shows the source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family : Table 508. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY 01' HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however. Is for all races.] Oeneral nativity and race of head of family. Number ofselected families. Per cent of families having entire Income from— Husband Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband; wife, and children. Husband and boarders or lodgers. SouKceor combina- tion of sources not before specified. Foreign-born: Italian, South Magyar Polish Total 64 68 63 230 18.5 27.6 26.4 28.3 7.4 .0 j.O 1.7 3.7 6.9 4.8 0.0 .0 .0 .4 64.8 61.7 67.9 67.4 9.6 13.8 1.9 7.4 « For selection of families, see p 284. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 193 That the usual sources of income of the families from whom infor- mation was obtamed in this locality are the husband and boarders or lodgers, and the husband alone, is apparent from the above table. Small proportions only get their entire mcome from husband and wife or from husband and children, the South Italians alone report- ing a proportion whose entire income was derived from husband and wife, while each race reports a small percentage of famihes deriving their entu-e income from husband and children. Of the several races, a certain proportion of who^e famihes have entire income from husband alone, the South Italians show the smallest proportion, or 18.5 per cent, as compared with 27.6 per cent of the Magyars and 26.4 per cent of the Poles. The Poles show the largest Eroportion, or 67.9 per cent, deriving their entire income from hus- and and boarders or lodgers, while the Magyars, with 51.7 per cent, show the smallest proportion of famihes having entire income frona this source. Of the proportion of famihes of the several races having entire income from sources or combination of sources not before specified, the Magyars report the largest, and the Poles the smallest proportion. Although the heads of the South Itahan families received less assistance than the family heads of any other race, the family income at the same time is smaller. The earnings of the wife are negligible for all races. They appear as a very smaU percentage in only the South Italian families. Certain of the Magyar and Polish fiamilies have a small income from other sources which does not appear in the earnings of the other races. EELATIVE IMPOKTANOE OF THE DIFFEEENT INCOME. SOURCES OF FAMILY The concluding table which immediately follows, exhibits, by general nativity and race of head of household, the relative impor- tance of each source of famUy income by showing the proportion of income drawn from each specified source : Table 509. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. Ihe total, however, Is for all races.] Number of selected families.!! Per cent of total Income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. other Husband. Wife. sources. Foreign-born: Italian, South 64 S8 53 230 78.5 62.0 72.8 71.6 0.4 .0 .0 .1 5.2 8.0 1.9 6.3 16.0 29.6 24.9 21.7 0.0 .4 Polish .3 Total .2 » For selection of families, see p. 284. For the South Italian race the earnings of the husband form a larger percentage of the total family income than for either of the others. 194 The Immigration Commission. The earnings of the husbands in 58 Magyar famiKes were only 62 per cent of the total income — the lowest for any race. These may be contrasted with the 54 South ItaUan families, whose husbands earned 78.5 per cent, and with the 53 Pohsh famihes, whose husbands earned 72.8 per cent. The contributions of children, amoimting to 8 per cent, were higher for the Magyars than for the other two, but the payment of boarders and lodgers was much greater than among the South Italians and 4.7 per cent higher than among the Poles. In fact, the 29.6 per cent contributed to the Magyar fanaiUes by board- ers and lodgers is the highest shown. On the basis of the total for all races, the two important sources of family income are those arising from earnings of nusband and the Eayments of boarders or lodgers, 71.6 per cent of the family income eing derived from the first-mentioned source, and 21.7 per cent from the latter. Chapter IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — Working condi- tions in Alabama mines — Working conditions in West Virginia coal fields—Working ' conditions in Virginia coal fields— [Text Tables 510 to 5ll and General Table 218|! HEGTILARITT OF EMPLOYMENT. _ As regards the regularity of work offered, as well as the compara- tive ihdustriousness of different races, the accompanying table shows for the males of the different races in the households studied the relative proportions who worked a specified number of months during the past year. Table 510. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSIHOLDS.) (This table iDclndes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Number reporting complete data. , Per cent worting— General nativity and race of individual. 12 months. 9 months or more. 6 months or more. 3 months or more. FoiBign-bom: 35 62 272 36 207 187 37 60 14.3 25.8- 27.9 16.7 18.4 11.8 2.7 16.7 22.9 64.5 50.4 38.9 32.4 44.4 35.1 23.3 97.1 96.8 95.6 97.2 95.2 95.7 ■81.1 90.0- 100.0 Italian, North . .: 100.0 Italian, South 100.0 Lithuanian 97.2 99.5 Polish 99.5 94.6 Slovak 100.0 Grand total 934 20.2 42:0 95.0 99. S 11 13 921 19.9 41.8 94.9 C) Total native-bom (• 99. S » Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Of the total of 921 foreign-born persons it is seen that only 19.9 per cent worked twelve months^ 41.8 per cent nine months or over, and 94.9 per cent worked six months or over. Of -the North Itahans and South Italians 25.8 per cent and 27.9 per cent, respectively, worked twelve months of the year, 64.5 per cent of the North and 50.4 per cent of the South ItaUans, as compared with the average of 41.8 per cent for all foreign-born, being employed nine months or more. The Poles stand next to the Itahan races as regards time worked. If the opportunities for employment, therefore, be considered the same for all races, in point of industriousness, the North and South Italians take first rank, followed by the Poles, Lithuanians, Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, and Russians in the order named. 195 196 The Immigration Commission, THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. A very small proportion of natives and representatives of immi- grant races in the South are identified with organized labor. Only 8 per cent of the males in the households studied report affliation with trade unions, probably the large majority being men holding member- ship cards in some labor organization, but who at present are workbg as nonunion men for the reason that in only one small district of the southern field is organized labor recognized. The following table shows in detail the number and per cent of males 21 years of age or over in the households studied who are mem- bers of trade unions : Table 511.— Affiliation with trade unions of males Zl years of a^e or over who me working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of Individual. Native-bom of native father, White Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: German Magyar., n-bo; Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German » Italian, North Italian, South .-. . . t . Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Biissian ,. Scotch Slovak Grand total. Total native-born of foreign father . Total native-born : Total foreign-bom Number reporting complete data. Affiliated witti tradg unions. 1 1 1 1 20 1 35 59 250 34 196 179 2 4 862 Number. Percent 0.0 5.7 40.7 11.6 5.9 .5 4.6 (•) 3.8 1.8 8.0 (•) 7.9 "Not computed, owing to small number Involved. WORKING CONDITIONS IN ALABAMA MINES. Owin^ to the diiference of conditions among different States, and often within a State itself, the general working conditions in the South may be best treated according to the coal-producing States under consideration. Such a method is also of greater v^ue and interest for the reason that it affords a local application to the topioa treated and admits of a comparison of conditions in different geo- graphical areas. The number of hours worked per day and per week in theBirminghaBl district varies according to occupations. Contractors, machine run- ners, scrapers, shooters, loaders, and pick miners are very irregular in their hours of work, while the firemen, tipple hands, couplers, trap- pers, and motormen work ten hours per day and fifty-five hours per Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 197 week. In most of the mines the hours worked are ten per day and sixty per weels;. Sanitary conditions of mines, with few exceptions, may be considered good. One company has had installed in its mines afl electric system. This system eliminates the use of mules, thereby reducing to an appreciable extent the dust in the mines. The same company contemplates bettering conditions in its mines by installing a spraying system. Because of the location of the mines, the mining communities that surround Birmingham and the populated suburban districts are in groups along the coal veins or are situated singly at various distances from the city. The largest group is a line of communities along the Pratt vein northwest of the city, and others are located north, north- east, and south. Each mine or group of mines has its own settle- ment, consisting of the works, the company offices, -residences of the superintendent and other officials, churches, schools, lodge buildings, and company houses. In almost all instances it was found that .the land on which churches and schools were located had been given by the company. In some cases the financial assistance of the com- panies had been given in the building of churches, and in certain locali- ties it was found that the companies contributed in some manner to the support of the schools, usually by supplementing the public funds. In the majority of instances, however, a levy upon the employees of from 50 cents to $1 a month was made by the companies and talien out of wages for the support of the schools. The companies never contributed to the support of the church, however, beyond furnishing land for the buildings. In some cases the companies fur- nished a building or rooms for the use of local lodges, but did not contribute to then* support. The prevailing type of dwelling rented to the employees by the company is a 1-story frame 4 or 5 room house. Land for a yard or garden is always furnished, but it is quite unusual to see any attempt at gardening or the maintenance or yards. In some instances the companies furnish lumber for fencing at cost, but even this does not serve to stimulate the tenants in making use of the space allotted them. The houses are usually painted and in fair condition and repair. The rooms average about 10 by 12 or 12 by 12 feet in floor space, with either one or two windows of ordinary size. Almost every house has a front porch and some a rear porch. The interiors are ceiled or whitewashed, have unpainted floors, and possess ample chimneys for heating and cooking purposes. One family of native whites usually occupies a house. On the other hand, the negro tenants show a tendency to crowd more than one family into a 1-lamily dwelling or to the accommodation of an unlimited number of boarders. In the foreign settlements adjoining some mines, boarding houses conducted on the group plan are regu- larly found. In the Slovak settlements, where the immigrants have been located for some time, there is evidence of permanent settle- ment and a development of family life. In the former instances the houses are usually rented from the company by the room; in the latter instance the tenants own their homes to_ a large extent. As a general rule, negro miners occupy a poorer kind of house than either the native white or the immigrant. In a settlement where negro miners are the chief labor supply the 2-room cabin is the 198 The Immigration Commission. rule and untidiness and insanitary conditions are everywhere evi^ dent. In general, it may be said of all the negro tenants tnat extreme carelessness marks their houses and grounds, due not only to their own lack of care, but also to the lack of any attempt on the part of the companies to keep the houses in good repair. In none of the mining communities were there furnished other than dry closets which were usually in an insanitary condition.; For each house there was a closet, without much regard for drainage or distance from dwellings. In addition to the 4 and 5 room houses, and to the 2-room cabins occupied by negroes, there occur occasionally 3-room cabins as well as 6 to 9 room 2-story dwellings. The former are occupied by negroes as well as native' whites, and the latter are used by immigrant boarding groups. As in the cases already noted, these houses are also frame, painted or whitewashed, although kept in a rather untidy condition. In the case of all of the houses occupied by miners no weatherboarding is used; all of them are boarded and stripped^ None of the company quarters give the impression of comfort, al- though this unfavorable view is enhanced by the smoke and dirt from the mines and tipples. The soil is generally very poor and the smoke and dust, as weJl, should be taken into consideration with the lack of cultivated gardens or of improved grounds. No attempt at welfare work in beautifying grounds, or in fact in any direction, has been made in any instance. As a general rule, however, the houses in this district are better than those in the coal regions of Pennsyl- vania. There is less congestion, more space is given between the houses, and they are kept in better repair. The 3 and 4 story tene- ment in the mining communities in this district is never found, and hence the opportunity for the grouping of a large number of families is made impossible, and sanitary conditions are rendered greatly- superior to those existing in Peimsylvania. The average rents of the houses in the mining districts are as follows^ Bent per menth. ' 2-room houses $3. 00-JJ3. 50 3-room houses 2: 50^ 4. 50. 4-room houses 6. 00- 8. 00 5-room houses 7. 00-10. OO^ 6-room houses 8. 00' 9-room houses ■ 10. 00 The rents, of course, vary according to the company owning the house. While there are only two large communities in the district in which immigrant miners form any considerable portion of the population, it is important to note that in these, as well as in those where native whites and negroes live, the tendency toward racial segregation is quite evident. The most distinct segregation in all instances is the almost absolute separation of negroes from other races. This is more clearly evident in company quarters than it is in the sections of cities and towns occupied by workingmen. In general it may be stated that the type of company house varies more with the company than with the race of the tenant, with two exceptions: (1) The housing conditions of the Italians, Greeks, and Macedonians are better than those of negroes; (2) in most instances Bituminous Coal Mining in the South, 199 the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh hve in better houses than does any other race except the native white. _ In every mming community, with the exception of a few imme- diately adjacent to towns, the company store or commissary is found. These are owned by the companies outright and operated directly by company employees. The method of conducting these stores is based upon a credit system whereby the laborer is given dollar sets of coupons in five and ten cent denominations, or else his time book is kept in the store and the laborer is allowed an amount of purchases equal to the time worked. A careful investigation of prices in several of these commissaries, as compared with the market prices in the workingmen's districts in Birmmgham, reveals very shght diflferences. It was stated by a number of employers, however, that the companies operated their commissaries with the expectation of making about a 20 per cent profit, and it was further stated that negroes were considered cheaper laborers because they showed a decided tendency to spend all they made in purchases at the company stores. The stores themselves are operated in a cleanly manner, are well stocked, and are lenient, as many instances showed, in the matter of credits. In no case was it discovered that the companies impose any obligation upon the employees to patronize the companies' stores to the exclusion of others. As a matter of fact, other stores are accessible enough in the Birmingham district to have a considerable patronage among the miners of out- lying communities, and such seems to be the case. On the other hand, when it is reaUzed that the companies have only one pay day a month on which they settle with their employees in currency, issumg scrip or store orders in the interim, good only at their own stores or at that of the individual with whom an agreement exists, it is appa- rent that the patronage of the employees is more or less compulsoryi This is but a natural conclusion when it is realized that the ^jaine worker, as a rule, purchases the necessities of life from day to day. Instances are rare where the operatives do not receive benefits from the companies in one form or another in addition to their wages. These benefits are usually in the form of churches, schools, and lodge rooms. Each company has its own method of dealing with this situation, some giving more liberally than others. By way of illustration, one company donates a certain sum each year toward the maintenance of churches and schools; another provides the land upon which these buildings may be erected; others erect and maintain buildings free of cost for the above-mentioned pur- poses. By some companies every employee is assessed a fixed sum each month to be added to the county school fund, thereby mak- ing it possible to have a nine instead of a six months' school term. These assessments range from 35 cents for each employee, in some of the mines, to 50 cents and $1 in others, the head of a family paying the larger assessment. In addition most of the companies furnish hospital and medical service at a very small cost to the employee, One company furnishes such service in most cases free to its em- ployees. The usual rate of assessment for medical attention for a single man is from 50 to 75 cents per month and $1 per month for a faroily. 200 The Immigration Commission. Another benefit received by the operative in most companies is the payment of a certain amount in case of accidents, the amount paid bemg based' upon the wage received by the employees. In some instances a monthly payment is required of each employee; in others Ho charge is made, the company in both cases protecting itself from loss by carrying insurance on its employees in some employer's liability company. With one or two exceptions, there has been very little friction among the races employed. In one instance, where Italians and negroes were employed, and not segregated at work, the feeling became so strong that the Italians were compelled to leave the mine. Had it been possible to separate these races, the employer is of the opinion that the Italians would have proven satisfactory. Any effort on his part, however, to retain the Italians would have resulted in the loss of his trained negro miners, a loss that would have seriously crippled operations at the time. Dissension occasionally arises among the southern European immigrants. In one instance it became neces- sary to employ interpreters to manage them. In general the segregation of races at work which shows most clearfy in the maiority of the mines is that of the native white from the negro. This is very pronounced, even so far as to put the two races hot only in separate rooms but in different parts of the mine, except where contract labor is employed. This separation of the negro efe- ment is confined largely to the natives, as in only a very few cases are any of the immigrant races separated from the negro. WORKING CONDITIONS IN WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS, Because of the nonunion or "open-shop" regulations under which most of the mines of West Virginia are operated, the ten-hour day prevails in a vast majority of cases. Of 613 mines of West Virginia reporting to the United States Geological Survey as to men employal and hours worked in 1908, 403 mines employing 39,550 men worked ten hours per day; 180 employing 14,426 men worked nine hours; and 30 employing 1,242 men eight hours per day." Many of the mines in the Kanawha field of the New and Kanawha rivers district are operated under agreements with labor organiza- tions, and in these mines the hours per day are never more than nine. This is the only section of the State where any number of mines worthy of consideration are operated under union agreements. Within the past few years many vigorous attempts have been made to organize the coal mines of West Virginia, but in a majority of cases these attempts have been unsuccessful. There is considerable difference in the number of hours worked per dayor week in the same mines by men engaged in the different occupations. Pick miners, machine runners, scrapers, and coke drawers may not work the full ten, nine, or eight hours, as the case may be, as their work is on a piece basis and they may stop work at their own discretion. In most cases, however, they enter the mines simultaneously with the company men and quit at about the same time. Such employees as loaders (when employed by the o Production of Coal in 1908. E. W. Parker, United States Geological Survey, Mineral ResourceB of the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 201 daj), road men, drivers, and most others who are paid a stipulated price per, day, work ten hours in practically all nonunion mines, and eight and nine in the mines where organized labor is employed. Engineers, firemen, and pumpers often work seven days per week, and eleven or twelve hours per shift. Hours are usually irregular with coke drawers. They are assigned to a certain number of ovens per day and the time required depends on the individual abihty of the laborer. Other outside men, such as laborers and chargers, work the regulation hours adopted by the company employmg them. Under normal conditions a great many of the employees, with the exception of coke drawers and outside laborers, work two shifts or turns. At a majority of the mines of the West Virginia fields the employees are paid once a month. At the mines where agreements with the union are in force they are paid twice a month, and outside of the union districts there are individual companies which pay twice a month. The payments are ostensibly in cash, but as a matter of fact the employee receives only a part of his wages in cash be- cause various deductions are usually made from his gross earnings. These deductions cover as a rule a large variety of items, prominent among them being the store account, medical fees, and rent and smithing. In addition to these more or less fixed charges the miners have to bear the cost of powder, which usually amounts to a con- siderable item in the course of a month. Every mining company has a company store^ and if one company operates several mines, even in the same locality, there is usually a store for each locality, vt at least there is one for each village. These stores are always situated so as to be convenient to employees. They carry a varied and well-assorted stock of general merchandise. The prices of provisions vary at the different stores, and in some iso- lated communities are excessive. In many localities there are inde- pendent stores in near-by towns, and in stores so located they usually meet the prices of their competitors on all articles. Many of the companies are large, and by buying in large quantities are able to underbuy their independent competitors, and can therefore offer a better quality of goods at the same or lower prices. The stocks carried by the company stores are in many instances larger, more varied, and of better quality than those carried by independent dealers having the same class of trade. It is very convenient to trade at the company stores. In most instances the companies own large tracts of land and keep out com- petitors very largely. If the operation is near a small town, the com- pany store is located more conveniently to the residents of the mining village than the independent one. Another convenience furnished to the employee by the company is trading scrip, which is good only at the company stores. This scrip is issued between pay days to cover the whole or part of the working time which the employee may have to his credit. It is issued by the company pay-roll clerk in $1, $2, $3, $5, $8, and $10 denominations, and whenever a pur- chase is made the amount is usually punched out of the scrip. When the scrip is issued the pay-roll clerk charges the amount against the employee's time. In some cases employees have store books, and when goods are purchased a ticket representing the amount of the 48296°— VOL 7—11 14 202 The Immigration Commission. purchase is given the pay-roll clerk by the store clerk, and this is charged against the employee. The name of the article purchased and its cost are entered on the purchaser's store book, which is kept by him. The system most in use in West Virginia is the one where scrip is issued. This scrip is always worth its face value in trade at the company store, and it is the only form of payment made between pay days, In some cases individuals, saloons, and independent storekeepers buy the scrip at from 65 to 85 per cent of its face value and use it in buying provisions from the company store. In some cases small indepenident storekeepers get a large portion of their goods by buying scrip at from 65 to 75 per cent of its face value from thriftless employees and using it in the purchase of goods at the company store. Because of the fact that in a great many cases small dealers were thus buying goods which they used in estabhshing competition with them, many companies have ruled that the scrip shall not be transferable. In a majority of communities the selling of scrip is not allowed, but the method out- lined is still practiced in some locahties. The Americans^ both white and colored, usually spend a greater percentage of their earnings at the company store than do the recent or southern and eastern European immigrants. This is especiallv true with regard to the negro, who usually can draw but a small percentage of his earnings in cash each pay day. The following statement shows the average earnings and the aver- age deductions for provisions at the company store or 58 pick miners of the five most prominent races employed by one company in south- ern West Virginia. Thirty-five of the 58 men worked twenty-six days, or full time, and the others worked almost every, day in the month. Race. Number of employees Included. Average earnings perman. Average deductions tor provl- slonspa man. American, White. . . American, Negro . . , Magyar and Slovak. ItaMn, South J78.18 S8.83 76.68 69.11 $26.45 23.28 1.23 5.77 The store at which the purchases indicated in the table were made is located near independent stores, and the lowness of the expendi- tures made by all immigrant races is accounted for in part by the fact that they draw most of their earnings in cash and trade at these independent stores. Another fact which makes the accounts of the American whites and negroes higher than those of other races is that practically all of the men have families, while in the case of the Italians only one family is represented, and but six of the men included in the group of Magyars and Slovaks have families. The differences in the case of the Italians and Magyars and Slovaks is explained by the fact that all the Italians live together under the boarding-boss system, and each man buys his own food. The other two races board afra stipulated price per month for board, lodging, and washing. Thfe Italians here buy about one-half of their provisions from the company store, while the other immigrant races buy only in very small quan- Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 203 titles. The American whites and negroes are less thrifty than other races and usually buy everything needed at the company store. The expenditures included in this statement are only those for household necessities and clothing, and do not include such other charges as rent, doctor's fees, powder, and smithing, which come out of every miner's earnings, and constitute a deduction of considera- ble importance. The following tables show for a representative mine and coke plant average monthly earnings and deductions from earnings of employees, together with the amount of cash actually received: Table 512. — Monthly earnings of employees in southern West Virginia, deductions from earnings, and amount received, by race and occupation.* Race and occupation. Number of em- ployees. Amount earned. ' Amount deducted. Amount received. Aggregate. Average. Aggregate. Average. Aggregate. Average. Coke loader: American, Negro Italian, Soutb Polish 5 16 1 tl70.S2 660.43 18.90 J34.16 41.28 18.90 J103.50 101.00 7.00 $20.70 6.31 7.00 $67.32 669.43 11.90 $13.46 34.07 11.90 Total 22 850.15 38.64 211.60 9.61 638.65 29.03 Coke puller: Ajnerican, Negro Italian, Sqjitb 23 6 766.05 227.63 33.31 37.94 480.90 40.00 20.91 6.67 285.15 187.63 12.40 31.27 Total 29 993.68 34.26 520.90 17.96 472.78 16.30 Other occupations: American, White American, Negro 1 3 1 979.81 32.60 292.00 56.00 54.43 32.60 97.33 66.00 391.72 .50 62.25 14.00 21.76 .60 20.75 14.00 588.09 32.00 229.75 42.00 32.67 32.00 76.58 Italian (not specified). 42.00 Total 23 1,360.31 59.14 468.47 20.37 891.84 38.78 'This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut downs or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The average earnings and deductions for the mining employees is submitted below, by race and conjugal condition: Table 513. — Average monthly earnings and amount deducted from earnings of mine employees of a representative mine and coke plant in southern West Virginia, by race and conjugal condition.* Number of em- ployees. Average- Race and conjugal condition. Earnings. Deductions. Money received. American, White: Married 34 37 16 18 40 3 8 36 21 2 $50.73 28.89 46.65 27.15 33.72 16.38 45.35 40.18 45.69 42.80 $22.76 15.03 34.79 18.74 9.40 11.08 3*1.35 18.67 22.15 21.25 $27.97 Single. 13.86 American, Negro: Married. 11.86 Single 8.41 Italian (South), single 24.32 Italian (Northl single 5.30 Magyar: Married 14.00 Single '." 21.61 Russian single 23.54 21.65 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut downs or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance Is made for time lost during the year. 204 The Immigration Commission. In some isolated communities the prices charged at the compaay stores are much in excess of a legitimate profit, and the company store in all cases is decidedly a paying institution. , They are usually economically conducted and have no bad debts, as credit is rarely extended beyond the amount due the employee in wages. In many of these isolated communities it costs more to get provisions laid down at the stores because of their inconvenient location, and this accounts, at least in part, for the higher prices. Owing to the fact that the mines in West Virginia are located in more or less isolated localities, where no houses are available other than company houses, practically all are tenants as well as employeea of the mining company. In a majority ot cases the country surrounding the company vil- lage is rough and sparsely settled. Owing to the rugged topography, there is rarely enough level land for the company village to be con- densed and all buildings put in regular rows. The company stores are centrally located and the houses, from 50 to 150 in number, are scattered on hillsides and in the narrow valleys. They are con- structed of a cheap grade of lumber, and many of them give the impression of being only temporary structures. They vary in size, as already pointed out, from two rooms to six or eight, are usually pamted red or steel gray, and all are alike. There are three general types of houses found in the coal-mining villages of the State, and it is not un- common to find all of them represented in the same village. The most general type found, especially in the older established villages, gives every appearance of cheapness and lack of permanence. This IS a one-story structure of from two to four or sometimes fivfe or six rooms. They are usually boxed on the outside with 10 or 12 inch boards nailed on vertically with 3-inch strips over the cracks. They are either ceiled with good dressed and matched lumber, or plastered and in some cases papered, in addition to being either ceiled or pl|^ tered. They are usually two rooms long, and, if there are more than two rooms, the additional rooms are usually built as a wing running back from the front part. A rather narrow porch is buUt on the front of the house, and in some cases in the rear. The double houses are two stories high, two rooms wide, and two long. If they contain six rooms, the rear ones are only one story hi^; and if there are eight rooms, the front and rear are both two stories. The houses are divided by a main wall running from front to rear, each sec- tion or side accommodating one family. Double chimneys are usually constructed in the front rooms, with open fires as the source of heat. These houses have narrow porches at the front running the width of the house, with railings, or, in some instances, an out- side continuation of the dividing wall, wnich cuts the porch into two sections. The houses are either ceiled or plastered and, in some cases, papered. They are always painted on the outside, and while not attractive are usually comfortable and kept in a very good state of repair. The third type of house found in mining villages is better in quality and general appearance, and occurs less frequently than any other. This type of house is a single one-story building of four or five rooms and hall, and finished both inside and out with ' "" material than that usually found in the types above described. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 205 The rent charged by the different companies varies widely and, as a rule, includes coal if the employee wiU carry it from the mining tipple. If coal is deliyered, an extra charge, usually just sufficient to meet such expenses as are incurred in the delivery, is made. When a .house and fuel are furnished, which is the case in most instances, the rent ranges from $1.50 to $2 a month per room, or from $6 to $8 per month for a 4-room house. Some companies have a fixed rule of 12 per room per month for 3-room houses, and where an employee rents a house containing more than three rooms a charge of $1 per month is made for each additional room. Where such extra conveniences as electric lights or gas are 'fur- nished, an extra charge is made. Some companies claim to furnish these at actual cost, while others make a good profit on the service. In no cases are the houses suppUed with running water inside, and the closest approach to it is a hydrant in the yard. In most places where outside hydrants are found, they are arranged so that each will serve from six to eight families. In many of the villages water is secured from wells, and in some communities practically all houses are served by one or two springs. Where wells are found they are barely deep enough to secure a lasting supply, and each well is located so as to supply from three to ten families. Some weUs are equipped with pumps and others are furnished with buckets and windlass. Cases were found in some villages where employees were securing aU water for household purposes directly from a river without any filtration. The general sanitary conditions of the average mining village of West Virginia are not good. The drainage is surface entirely, and although in its natural state, owing to the topography, the soil drains readily, when obstructed by buildings and household garbage it is considerably impeded. Toilets are generp,lly dry and of the earth vault variety. Owing to the rolling character of the ground surrounding houses, the lots have no uniform size, and the distance between houses and between the houses and toilets is not uniform. The toilets are often some distance from the houses, but if the houses face the store, or main part of the village, as they usually do, the toilets located in the rear are on higher ground than the houses. Most of the companies clean their viUages at least once each year, when all toilets and grounds about the houses are cleansed and lime applied. In some cases this process is parried on twice each year. The insanitary conditions are largely due to the inhabitants themselves. The recent immigrants usually have from two to twelve boarders to the family, and the houses, are poorly kept. Little regard is given to appearance, and in the yards about these bearding houses wiU be found various forms of household garbage. Waste water is usually thrown from the door or from some convenient wiadow. _ The negroes do not show much greater diligence as regards sanita- tion than the average recent immigrant of southern and eastern Europe. There is a marked improvement in general household con- ditions among the families of the southern and eastern European races who have lived many years in the United States. As the period of residence increases, the tendency to keep boarders or lodg- ers seems to decline. The South Italian has less regard for sanitary 206 The Immigration Commission. conditions than has any other race. This is due very largely to the fact, especially in the southern fields, that they have been coming in large numbers only within recent years, and the number of families is comparatively small. They live very largely in groups composed of men only, and no thought or time is devoted to keeping up attrac- tive abodes. The houses of American whites, English, Scotch, and Germans are usually very well kept, and a majority of the families of these races do not keep boarders. In households where boardete are kept, more individuals are found per room. The general living conditions of the races of northern Europe are a great improvement ovei* conditions found in the homes of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The general conditions in coal-mining localities in West VirgMia are not conducive to the ownership of homes by mine employees. In the first place, a majority of the mines are in isolated districts, more or less cut off from other communities becaiise of ru^ed topography, bad roads, and poor transportation facihties. If an employee should invest in a home near his work and for any reason he should be thrown out of work the property would not be valuable, because there are no other industries near in which he could find employment. The coal mines often have periods when work is irregular, or suspend oper- ations for months at a time, which facts tend to make coal-miniog labor migratory. Another fact opposed to home ownership which exists in some locations is found in. the policy of various companies not to sell either land on which to build houses or the houses them- selves, because in either case they would be cutting into a very profitable part of their business. The mining companies often own such large tracts that no other available land suitable for building purposes is to be had convenient to the work. In addition to wages paid, the only benefits received by operatives in either the northern or southern coal fields of West Virginia are in the form of medical and hospital service. Even these are usually maintained by a fund contributions to which are required of the nune workers. At every miuing village a resident physician is maintained. Hospital service is often a few miles away from the mining villages. The charges for this service are usually one doUar per month for every operative who is married and has a family. Some companies in addition levy an assessment upon each employee for the mainte- nance of a miner's hospital. The rates charged differ with different companies, but represent the average charges. The following notice, issued by a coal-mining company in southern West Virginia, outlines the insurance system usual in that section: To employees: Commencing this date all employees of this company will be changed 25 cents per month (or fraction thereof) each for accident insurance. In case an employee receives an injury by an accident while at his work or in going to or returning therefrom and is disabled for work thereby, he will be paid $6 per week, ten days constituting the first week of disability. In no case will benefits be allowed longer than twenty weeks nor for more than the above prescribed amounts. In case of the death of an employee resulting from an accident, the sum of $50 will be paid to his legal heirs for the purpose of defraying the funeral expenses, etc. In case of the loss of a limb the claimant may draw at once the whole of his twenty weeks' benefits on application. In case of the death of an employee from natural causes, $35 will be paid to his legal heirs to defray funeral expenses. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 207 In case an employee receives an injury lie, or some one in his behalf, must report the fact promptly at the office of the company and must have a physician's attend- ance—the resident physician of the company, if practicable — whose certificate of dis- ability he shall present at the office on makmg application for benefits. Should any person while drawing benefits become inebriated or engage in any kind of work, or do anything to retard his recovery, he shall forfeit all further benefits. Should any person who has been drawing benefits return to workj and after twc days find himself unable, he shall report to the office and to the physician, when hia benefits shall continue, the number of days worked being deducted therefrom. An old sprain, wound, or sore, or any wound received in a quarrel or brawl, or by the discharge of firearms, will not entitle any person to receive benefits, nor any ailment of the body caused by the elements, such as sunstroke, frostbite, or arising from miasma consec^uent on marshy land, wet work in mines, insufficient ventilation, fumes from ammunition used in mines, or anything of like nature. In case of the death of an employee, or of a member of an employee's family, the company will provide a grave, if buried on the premises. Copies of this order may be secured by applying at the office. During the years 1905 to 1907 employment in most of the mines in West Virginia was steady throughout the year. _ In 1908; owing to the industrial depression, employment was very irregular m most mines of the State. During 1907, 59,029 men worked an average of two hundred and thirty days, while in 1908, 56,861 men were employed an average only of one hundred and eighty-five days. In almost every mining establishment, from which data were secured, throughout the State of West Virginia, short time was worked during the year 1908. Several establishments were entirely closed down for months at a time — some for three and others for six months. The majority of establishments, however, operated during the entire year on short time, the usual number of days worked in each week being three, four, and four and a half. As examples of the foregoing, one important establishment was closed entirely for a period of three months, covering July, August, and September, 1908; another operated on short time from' January 1 to October 1 and on full time for the remainder of the year; in another estab- lishment unemployment during the year averaged three days per week; another operated approxunately four days out of each week during the entire year; while in another the pick mmers worked approximately three days in each week throughout the year, though the day laborers, who were few in numbers, worked full time of six days per week throughout the entire year. . . , , As has been stated before, only a smallproportion of the employees workmg in mines and at coke plants in West Virginia are organized. There has never been any organization in the Pocahontas field, and the unions have not been recognized in the Fairmont field since 1894, nor in the New River field since 1902. In many cases deputies are employed by the mining companies to keep order, and besides this they inquire into the business of strangers coming mto the villages. Many companies do not permit agents selling articles to canvass the village without first obtaining the permission of some offacer ot the = company. This rule exists m many instances for the purpose of ' keeping labor organizers from working up a union sentiment among the men At the establishments where organized labor is emploved the agreement with the union does not permit the company to employ deputy sheriffs. 208 The Immigration Commission. Some difference is noted in the racial make-up of mines in the union and nonunion districts of the State. Many small mines throughout all the district included in this report employ only native white labor, and many others have only native whites and negroes. There are, however, no large mines or companies without a rather large complement of either negroes or immigrants, and in a majority of cases, especially in the southern field, of both. The proportion of native white employees is much higher in the union districts even with large establishments than in the nonunion. The following table gives the racial make-up of two companies in the same county in one of the southern fields, employing about the same number of men. One of these companies operates under agreement with the miners' union and has a nine-hour day. The other employs nonunion men exclusively and has a ten-hour day. Table 514. — Racial distribution of employees in a union and in a nonunion mine. UNION MINE. Numberol J.f.^} Race. i.mr.i«^.«= olstribu- tion. American, White '. Anjeriean, Negro Italian, North Italian, South Polish Total NONUNION MINE. Amerlcaa, White j 217 156 103 12 14 75 134 30 19 28.7 ATnerinftTij Nejjro 20. e English 13.1 German 1.6 Italian 1.8 Magyar..... 9.9 Polish 17.8 Russian 3.9 other raeeso 2.3 Total 760 100.0 a " other races" Include Lithuanian, Slovak, and Bomhanian. It will be noticed that the perc|entage of American white miners is much less in the nonunion than in the union mines. Prior to the strike of 1902 very few negroes, and no immigrants other than a few English, were employed in the mines that are now nonunion. The Italians and negroes employed at the mines included in this table are principally in rough labor positions and loading coal after the machines, occupations that American whites will not enter generally. In 1908 wages for all classes of positions were from 8 to 20 per cent higher in the union mines included in the above table than in the nonunion ones, and other conditions of employment, including hours and the absence of the company deputy, were better. These facts are directly responsible for the greater number of American whites employed at these mines. Bitummous Coal Minmg in the South. 209 WORKING CONDITIONS IN VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. The general conditions of employment in the Virginia coal fields are practically the same as those obtaining in "West Virginia, with the exception of some changes in working conditions arising from the more recent developments in Virginia. The question of an adequate supply of labor has always been an important one, in the Big Stone Gap field, and inore or less competition on the part of operators has existed, at all times. Immigrants have been employecl practically from the beginning, and operators have gone to considerable expense through* advertising and other channels to get them established, Ooiisiderable vigUance has been exercised on the part of employers to keep the miners and other employees from organizing.. At one time, when an attempt was made to organize, guards were maintained at some of the plants to keep labor organizers out, and great care wag exercised in examining all who sought to gain access to the properties of the coal companies. At present, deputies or marshals are kept at some of the larger plants, whose duty it is to preserve order and tp inspect or inquire into the nature of any trespasser's or visitor's business. The hours of work per day in practically all mines in this field are ten for company shift men or, m other words, men who receive a certain wage per day for their work. The miners and coke drawers, and, in some instances, coke forkers,are paid on a piece basis, and there are no regulations as to the number of nours they work, except that all work is required to be between certain hours. Under normal con- ditions, the mines run six days per week, but in 1908, owing to the financial depression, many operators did not average more than half time, and some even less. In every establishment in the field short time was worked from October, 1907, to June, 1908. Some estab- hshments were entirely closed for several months at a time, and others operated throughout the period, but on short time of from two to six days per week, with an average of probably three or three and one-half. In practically aU cases the labor force was substantially reduced, and the population was constantly shifting. The recent immigrants left the field in considerable numbers, especially the single men and those not accompanied by their families. A great many returned abroad. Those who remained moved about the field in search of plants offering the most regular work. There is no uniform wage scale for tms region, and the prices paid for the different classes of labor vary. In 1906 and 1907 there was great demand for labor in all lines of work in and about the mines, and a great deal of competition existed. Wages were constantly being raised in order to induce men to enter the employment of the different companies, and this condition kept the laborers in a state of unrest and tended to make employees migratory, especially those not accompanied by families. It had the further effect, a great many employers claim, of making the more shiftless element of the native whites and the negroes more irregular, for the reason that the wages Said were so high that it was only necessary to work from two to four ays per week to earn enough money to supply their wants. The operators furnish medical service to employees, for which a charge of 50 cents for individuals and $1 for fanmies is deducted from 210 The Immigration Commission. ^ each man's pay. All companies have at least one resident physician, and some or the larger concerns two, the fee paid entitling the em- ployee or any member of his family to all medical attention. Two of the companies maintain, in addition, well-equipped hospitals, with trained nurses to attend any cases of serious accident or sickne#; No extra assessment is placed upon the employees for such service. One company maintains a free library or reading room for the bene- fit of all employees, but very few of the immigrants patronise it. Two companies have built churches for their immigrant employees, and all have contributed to the erection of churches without regard to religious denomination. In practically every case the employers have given considerable assistance toward the improvement of the public schools. This has been done both by substantial contributions to the erection of good schoolhouses and by increasing the length of the school term. The average length of the public school term in most of the villageS-is from five to seven months, and in a number of cases the companies supplement the public funds in sufficient amount to_ make a nine months' term possible. In one of the larger coal-mining villages of the field the company erected a large modern school building, equip- ped it with modern desks, steam heat, electric lights, and turned it over to the public school authorities of the county. In most instances all employees live in houses rented to them by the company. None of the employees have ever shown a tendency to buy homes. This has probably been due to two causes. The mining villages are all in isolated localities and if work should cease or an employee be discharged or desire to change employers that locahty would not be convenient to any other work; and very little land convenient to the mines is for sale, the companies usually controlling large tracts of adjacent property which they do not care to sell. Topographically the coimtry composing the Big Stone Gap field is very broken, being a deeply dissected region made up of ravines and steep ridges which attain an altitude of 4,000 feet above sea level in some sections. There are no tovms of importance in the region. Norton, the terminal point of the Norfolk and Western and Louisvifle and Nashville railways, is a town of probably 2,500 inhabitants and constitutes the business center as well as the largest town of the field- In all the mining localities the companies operating the mines control large tracts of land and own all houses used by employees. Business activity in the mining villages is confined solely to the com- pany store. There are no industrial enterprises of any nature in the tegion outside of the mines and coke works, and the opportunities to engage in agricultural pursuits are very hmited. In the level valley lands is always located the company store, usually as near the center of the whole village as possible. Thtfcoke ovens, mining stables, machine shops, and such other buildings as may be necessary are also located on the low lands along the banks of the streams. The houses for employees are built on the surrounding hillsides, or, if sufficient room is available after other company buildings have been located, some of them are in the valley. In some cases the villages are located on main streams where some small tributaiy Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 211 enters, and in such cases houses are often found along the banks of the streams. In many cases the valleys are so narrow that the vil- lages are considerably scattered and available space for the location of houses is very hmited. As can be readily understood from the foregoing description the villages have no general plan, but are of necessity irregular. All companies employing any considerable number of different races have their employees colonized by races, principally because of the desire of the employees themselves for segregation. In the majority of instances there are no yards surrounding the company houses, but in some cases the houses are inclosed by a fence built of rough boards. There is no uniform distance between houses, and conditions are rarely such that as many as two parallel rows of houses can be built. An average rent for the whole district would be about $^2 per room, including the cost of coal for household purposes. For houses of more than four rooms thb rate per room above mentioned is usually reduced. The houses are of many types and sizes, and practically no village in the whole region has a uniform type. Three general types are f oimd throughout the region under which will fall a majority of the houses, and all types wifl be foimd together in some towns. Many of the houses are of two or three rooms, one story high, and built of rather cheap material. Often the house is weatherboarded with 10 or 12 inch boards, un- dressed and nailed on vertically, with a narrow strip over the cracks. These houses are, as a general rule, painted red or some other color which does not show dirt readily. They are always either ceiled with dressed and matched lumber or rough ceiled and papered. They are Jieated by open fires and coal stoves, and, although they have the appearance of temporary structures, are comfortable. When placed on the side of hills, there is no grading of the f round for the foundation, but pillars of brick, stone, or wood are uilt so as to make them level. Very often one side of the house is several feet above the ground while the other is very close to the ground. In some commvmities double houses are found. These are of two sizes and are two stories high. They are either of six rooms to the house or three to the section, or eight and four, respectively. Where these houses have six rooms, the ! firont rooms are built two stories high, with a back room of one story, and a dividing wall from front to rear cuts the house into two sections. The only difference between this and the eight-room types is that in the latter the back rooms are two stories. Houses of this type whenever found in the region are constructed of dressed lumber, painted on the outside, and ceiled with regulation 3-inch ceiling, dressed and matched. They are heated either by open fires or by coal stoves. In two villages types of houses were found which were a distinct improvement over those described above. These were the four-room single houses, one story in height, built of a good quality of lumber and weU painted. The houses have an 8-foot hall and are either plastered or pajered on the inside. They are usually found in new plants which have been constructed within recent years. The quality and appear- ance of houses built in more recent years are very much better than those built within the first half of the region's development. Very little attention is given to sanitary conditions in the mining villages. 212 The' Immigration Commission. There is no town government of any kind, and all movements for civic betterment must come from the company. Very little attention is given to cleaning their own premises or the village by the employees themselves. The drainage is surface, and owing to the general con- tour of the country, if not obstructed, all water soon runs off naturajiy. No waterworks of any kind exist in the various company towns, and all toilets are necessarily dry. In many places the toilets are rather close to houses and are on higher elevations than t;he houses. An apparently inseparable adjunct of the bituminous coal mine in the Btg Stone Gap, Clinch Valley, and Pocahontas fields of Virginia is the so-called company store. No mining company is without at least one store, and where mines are operated in different localities there is a store for each mine. Located usually within a short distance of the mine tipple, and flanked on either side by the company houses, it is generally both the social and geographical center of the ordinary mining community. The most familiar type of building is a large one-story frame structure. A wide porch extends across the front and at one side, and under the same roof are often located the offices of the mine superintendent and the clerical force. Frequently the office of postmaster is filled by one of the employees, in which case the postoffice is also located in the building. A large and varied assortment of merchandise is carried. Such prime necessities of the coal miner as powders, mine oil, drills, and picks are, of course, always in stock, and in addition to these articles almost every commodity for which a demand exists in a mining community may be purchased. Although the store is patronized to some extent by all classes, the bulk of its patronage is supphed by the employees of the mining company. The greater portion of the purchases are made through the medium of company scrip which is issued in lieu of money to the employee who wishes to draw on his wages in advance of pay day. On the first of the month the employee is given what is known as a stoppage card. The name of the mining company is printed at the top of the card, beneath which is written the name of the employee. The days of the month in figures are printed consecutively on the face of the card. When scrip is desired the card is presented to the pay roll clerk and the amount of scrip issued is written in after the date of issue. The scrip is in denommations of tl, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $8,. and $10. When the purchases are made the scrip is presented at the store with the stoppage card and the price or the articles purchased is punched out on the margin of the scrip. Scrip is seldom issued in excess of the credits Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of 309 foreign-born households studied in this locahty, 59.2 per cent keep boarders or lodgers. The Slovaks, it wUl be noted, repoil the largest proportion, or 71.4 per cent, and the Germans the smallest proportion, or 23.8 per cent. Following the Slovaks, with sHght differences in the proportions reported, are the Poles, Magyars, and "South Italians, in the order named, the South Italians reporting 59.2 per cent. The North Italians, on the other hand, while reporting a considerably smaller proportion than the South ItaUans, indicate that a much larger proportion of their number keep boarders or lodgers than do the Grermans. The table following shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, py general nativity and race of head of house- hold. Two averages are given; the first based upon the total num- ber of households, and the second upon only those households which have boarders or lodgers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 237 Table 520. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general natimty and race of head of household. (STDDY OV HOUSEHOLDS.) Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only Immediate time of taklne schedule, and not the entile year. Boarders are persons wlio receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Number of households boarders or lodgers. Number of boarders or lodgers. Average number of boarders or lodgers per household — Based on total num- ber of house- holds. Based on number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Forelgn-bom: English Oerman Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian... Magyar : PoHsh... Slovak Total 11 12 32 183 23 183 138 61 1.00 .57 1.28 2.41 1.92 2.54 2.00 2.43 S, w. 2.91 4.07 3.92 3.00 3.40 309 183 2.06 3.49 o Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Based on the total number of households, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is 2.06, while, if based on the total. number of households keeping boarders or. lodgers, the average is, increased to 3.49. The Magyars report the largest, and the Germans the smallest, average number of boarders or lodgers per household, or 2.54 and 0.57, respectively. Following the Magyars, and reporting, an average only shghtly lower, are the Slovaks and South Italians, while, in the case of the other races, the average nurnber of boarders, or lodgers per household ranges from 2 for the Pohsh to 1 for the English households. These averages, are, without exception, materially increased when the number, or boarders or lodgers per household is based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. On this basis the iSouth ItaUans, with ah average of 4.07, and the North ItaHans, with an average of 2.91, report the highest and lowest average number, of (boarders or lodgers per household,, respectively. The Magyars, it (wiU be noted, report a slightly lower average than the South Itahans, or 3.92, while the Slovaks and Poles report an average number of boarders or lodgers per household of 3.40 and 3, respectively. 238 The Immigration Commission. SIZE OP APARTMENTS OOOUPIED. Of the total number of households studied the table which follows shows, by race, the per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. Table 521. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified numier oj rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOCSEHOLDS.) (This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, Is for all races.] General natlvlty'and race of head d{ Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per house- hold. Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. household. t 2. 3. i.. E. 6. 7or mote. Forelgn-bom: 21 25 76 74 69 21 3.67 3.68 3.78 3.85 3.29 3.67 0.0 8.0 6.6 .0 2.9 .0 4.8 8.0 10. S .0 5.8 4.8 42.9 .0 25.0 37.8 59.4 47.6 42.9 80.0 36.8 47.3 24.6 33.3 0.0 .0 6.6 8.1 a. 8 9.5 9.5 4.0 10.5 5.4 1.4 .0 0.0 .0 11 .0. 18 Italian, North Italian , South , PoUsh Slovak Total 309 3.70 3.2 S.5 3S.3 41.1 6.5 6.8 H From an examiaation of the table above it is evident that the type of apartment or house most generally occupied by races of recent immigration in the mining localities of the South contains 4 rooms, 41.1 per cent of the total number being of this size. On the other hand, 35.3 per cent of the total number of households have apartments of 3 rooms. Only 2 households live in 1-room apartments, and 22, or 5.5 per cent of the total number, occupy 2-room apartments. At the other extreme it is found that 13.3 per cent of the total number of households have apartments of 5 or 6 rooms, and less than 2 per cent have apartments containing 7 or more rooms. As regards the tendencies exhibited by certain races as to the size of apartment occupied, the North and South Italians, together with the Poles, Slovaks, and Germans, seem inclined to secure apartments of small size. About one-tenth of the South Italian households and a few Germans, Poles, North Italians, and Slovaks have 2-room apartments. On the other hand, about the same number of the races mentioned above have households occupying apartments of 5, 6, or more than 6 rooms, so that the bad showing in one direction is counterbalanced by the favorable showing at the other extreme. As regards the smallness of apartments, the Polish households make the worst exhibit, with the Slovaks not far in advance. Of the Polish households 68.1 per cent and of the Slovak 52.4 per cent have apart- ments of 3 rooms or less ; 59.4 per cent of the Polish and 47.6 per cent of the Slovak households occupying apartments of 3 rooms. Of the Magyars 97.8 per cent, of the South Italians 25 per cent, and of the Germans 42.9 per cent also have apartments of 3 rooms only. More- over, if the standard of the average immigrant households be con- sidered a 4-room apartment, the South Itahan, Slovak, and especially the Polish househplds are seen to be below the general average, Bituminous Coal Mining m the South. 239 while the German and Magyar households are slightly above the general standard, and the North Italians are far in advance of any other race, as four-fifths of the North Italian households have apart- ments of 4 rooms. , SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STXJDIED. The number of persons living in apartments of each specified num- ber of rooms is of much significance in forming a conception of gen- eral living conditions and the degree of congestion existing in the households of recent immigrants. In this connection the following table sets forth the conditions which prevail in immigrant households in the coal-mining fields of the South, showing for each race the per cent of households of each specified number of persons: Table 522. — Fer cent of households of ectch spedjied number of persons, by general nativity and race of heaa of household. (STUDY OV HOUSIHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, Is for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more Forelgn-bom: 21 25 76 74 t 69 21 5.19 4.93 6.25 6.72 5.94 6.S6 0.0 8.0 .0 .0 •0 .0 19.0 12.0 7.9 4.1 6.8 .0 14.3 16.0 14.5 6.8 13.0 4.8 14.3 16.0 11.8 12.2 10.1 14.3 14.3 4.0 11.8 16.2 20.3 9.5 0.0 20.0 11.8 13.5 10.1 19.0 14.3 8.0 14.5 14.9 11.6 23.8 9.5 12.0 9.2 8.1 13.0 .0 9.5 0.0 5.3 2.7 7.2 9.5 4.8 Italian, North.... Italian, South Uasyar. .0 13.2 21.6 .-■Kffih:... ::;:::; 8.7 Slovak 19.0 Total 309 6.13 .6 6.5 11.7 12.0 16.2 12.0 13.3 9.7 5.5 12.6 Twelve and six-tenths per cent of the total number of households of all races are represented by 10 or more persons, 27.8 per cent are of 8 or more persons, 41.1 per cent of 7 or more persons, and 53.1 per cent have 6 or more persons. A more detailed analysis of the tables shows some striking differences in the number of persons per house- hold. CONGESTION. The conclusion from the data at hand is that all rooms of the apartments occupied by the recen^ immigrant households are not only congested but that the sleepmg rooms are overcrowded and taxed to their utmost capacity to accommodate the persons who are assigned to them. From a sanitary standpoint the sleeping rooms are wholly inadequate. This statement becomes even more apparent when the foUowmg series of tables is studied. The first shows the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. 240 The ImmigFation Commission. Table 523. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by. general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per— General nativity and race of head of household. Apart- ment. Eoom. Sleeping room. Forelgnrborn: 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 5.00 5.19 4.92 6.25 6.67 6.72 5.94 6.86 1.20 1.42 1.34 1.66 1.64 f.74 1.81 1.87 2. HO 3.21 Italian, North , 2.86 Italian , South 2,9> 3.08 Magyar 3.13 PoUsh 2.95 3.06 Total 309 6.13 1.66 3. do The above table is clear in itself and needs very little comment. It is well worth while to note, however, the high average of persons per sleeping room for all households of recent immigration and the tendencies exhibited by the Slovaks, Magyars, Lithuanians, Ger- mans, Poles, and South Italians, which races, with the exception- of the last two mentioned, are in excess of the average for all raoes in the number of persons per sleeping room. The same tendency holds good in the relative showing as tO' the average number of per- sons per apartment and per room. The table which follows presents data relative to the number of persons per room. , , Table 524. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) : General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per room. Number of households having each specified number of parsons per room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per room. lor more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. lor more. 2 or mote. 3 or more. 4 or more. Foreign-bomr English 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 1.20 1.42 1.34 1.66 1.64 1^74 1.81 1.87 9 16 20 69 12 68 64 21 2 6 5 33 4 31 33 9 it!2 80.0. 90.8 9?l 92.8 100.0 ^^ 20.0 43.4 C) 41.9 47.8 42.9 C) 9.5 8.0 7.9 S'5 4.3 4.8 {«) 2 2 6 2 7 3 1 ...... 2 1 no Italian, North .0 Italian, South, Xiithuanian.. 2.6 f») Magyar H EoUsh:.... ,0 Slovak .0 Total 309 1.66 279 123 23 S 90.3 39.8 7.4 1,A • Not computed, owing to small number involved.. Considering the total number of households of foreign-bom head, the table above shows that 90.3 per cent have one or more per-' sons per room, 39.8 per cent have two or more persons per room, and 7.4 per cent have three or more persons per room. As regards the several races, the Germans indicate a comparatively small amounf*''> Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 241 qf coagestion, 76.2 per cent of the households of this race having one or more persons per room, and 28.6 per cent having only two or more fersons per room. An even better showing is made by the North talian households, of which only 20 per cent have two or more persons per room. On the other hand, 47.8 per cent of the Poles, 43.4 per cent of the South Italian, 42.9 per cent of the Slovak, and 41.9 per cent of the_ Magyar households have two or more persons per room. Four and eight-tenths per cent of the Slovak homes have an average of three or more persons per room. Of the South Italian households, 7.9 per cent, 9.5 per cent of the Magyars, and 4.3 per cent of the Poles have an average of three or more persons per room. Of the South Italians, 2.6 per cent, and 1.4 per cent of the Magyars have an average of four or more persons per room. A considerable proportion of the households of all races have three or more persons per rooni. The prevailingly crowded condition of practically all households of recent mamigrants in southern coal communities having thus been made manifest it will be profitable to inquire how far the congestion is limited to the general living conditions and how far it affects the sleeping and other household arrangements. An interesting light is thrown upon this question by the foflowing table, which, as compared with the preceding table exhibiting number of persons per room, shows the number and percentage of households having each. specified number of persons per sleeping room. Table 525. — Persons per sleeping room, hy general nativity andrace of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Oeneral nativity and 1 race of head of Total number ofhouse- holds. Average number of per- sons per sleeping room. Number of householils having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. household. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. > Borelgn-born: 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 2. SO 3.21 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.13 2.95 3.06 8 21 20 71 12 67 63 20 3 12 15 44 5 42 40 13 2 7 6 16 4 ■ 18 18 3 («) 100.0 80.0 93.4 90.5 91.3 95.2 5% 60.0 67.9 (») 66.8 68.0 61.9 24.0 19.7 (") 24.3 26.1 14.3 (-) 9.5 .0 7.9 C) 14.9 4.3 9.5 (») ' German 2 1 4.8 Italian, North .0 Italian South 6 2 11 3 2 .0 Lithuanian lEil Kagyar 1 3 1 1 (") 4.1 g-» Polish 1.4 ^ Slovak 4.8 ^ i Total 309 3.00 282 174 73 26 7 91.3 56.3 23.6 8.4 2.3 a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. J Upon examining the table it is seen that 91.3 per cent of the house- I holds of all races have two or more persons per sleeping room, 56.3 i;per cent have three or more persons, 23.6 per cent have four or more, I and 8.4 per cent have five or more persons. > None of the German households have less than two persons to a sleeping room. Fifty-seven and one-tenth per cent of the house- bolds of this race have three or more persons per sleeping room, and ■"■SS.S per cent have four or more persons to a sleeping room. In the "tase of the North Italian homes, it is a striking fact compared with leather races that 20 per cent of the households have on an average less ithan two persons sleeping in a room, a,nd while 24 per cent of the pi 242 The Immigration Commission. households have between four and five persons to a sleeping room, none of the households have more than five persons. On the other hand, 19.7 per cent of the South Italian households have four or more persons for each sleeping room, and 7.9 per cent have five or more Eersons. It is worthy of note also that 56.8 per cent of theMagyar ouseholds have three or more persons sleeping in a room, 24.3 per cent have four or more persons, and 14.9 per cent five or more persong. A greater proportion of the Polish households also have three or more and four or more persons per sleeping room, but not so great a percent- age have five or more sleeping in a single room as in the case of the MsLgy&Ts. The Slovak households in general make somewhat the same showing as do the Polish. An added significance, however, is given to the foregoing showiag with regard to congestion, when a more detailed exaramation « made or the relative use of rooms and the extent to which the rooms of the households are used for sleeping or for other purposes. In the following table, which shows the number and percentage Not Including one Hebrew, other than Bussian, and 24 Austrians, race not specified. The percentage of literates is, for the first group, 95.7, and for the second group 68.8. In addition to the information secured from individual employee^ in all the southern coal-producing States, data as to literacy were also secured from the members of the households studied in the South. The following table indicates the degree in which they are able to read and write any language: Table 532. — Per cent of persona 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, oy sex and general nativity and race of individual. (SIUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes on ly races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read. Per cent who read and write. Male. Fe. male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total Foreign-bom: English 26 40 69 291 39 224 207 64 14 26 16 65 10 80 71 24 40 66 85 356 49 304 278 88 100.0 90.0 92.7 53.6 43.6 92.9 76.3 82.8 92.9 84.6 93.8 26.2 60.0 76.3 69.0 70.8 97.5 87.9 92.9 48.6 46.9 88.6 74.5 79.5 100.0 87.5 91.3 62.6 38.5 92.0 76.4 81.3 92.9 84.6 93.8 26.2 30.0 76.3 67.6 66.7 'tin S6,4 Italian, North i)1(t 47.1) 36.7 Magyar 87.3 Polish 73,0 Slovak 77,3 1,041 336 1,377 75.2 67.6 73.3 74.1 66.1' 72.1 Total native-bom of foreign father 32 36 1,005 24 30 306 66 06 1,311 90.6 88.9 74.7 loo.o 90.0 65.4 94.6 89.4 72.5 90.6 88.9 73.6 100.0 90.0 63.7 94.6 a4 Total foreign-bom 71.2 Upon comparing the relative degree of literacy shown by the total number of persons native-born and the total number of persona Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 251 native-born of foreign father in the preceding table it is seen that 5.4 per cent of the total niales and females of the second generation, as compared with 10.6 per cent of the total number of persons native- born are unable to either read or write. On the other hand, 14.2 per cent more of the total native-born males than of the total foreign- born males can read and 15.4 per cent more can both read and write, and 34.6 per cent more native-born females can read and 36.3 per cent more can read and write than of females of foreign birth. Considering the total of both sexes from the standpoint of' illiteracy, 10.6 per cent only of the native-born as contrasted with 28.8 per cent of the foreign-born can neither read nor write. When the illiteracy of the different immigrant races is examined some startling exhibits are presented. Of the total number of Lithu- anians 63.3 per cent and 52.2 per cent of the South Italians, together with 27 per cent of the Poles and 22.7 per cent of the Slovaks, can not read and write. Comparatively speaking, a somewhat better showing is made by the Magyars, one-eighth of the total number of this race being unable to read and wrfte. Among all the races above mentioned a greater degree of ilhteracy is shown among the females than among the males, 73.8 per cent of the South Italian, 70 per cent of the Lithuanian, 32.4 per cent of the Polish, 23.7 per cent of the Slagyar, and 33.3 per cent of the Slovak females being illiterate. The English and North Italian races stand out prominently in the degree of literacy they show. All the English males and all but 7.1 per cent of the females can read and write, and all except 8.7 per cent of the North ItaUan males and all except 6.2 per cent of the females are literate. The German is more illiterate than the North Italian, 12.5 per cent of the males and 15.4 per cent of the females being with- out tne ability to read and write. It is also important to inquire into the eflFect of the period of resi- dence in this country upon the ability of the immigrant to read and write. In the following table is shown the percentage of 1,311 foreign-born persons in the South 10 years of age or over who can read and write, by years in the United States. Table 533.— Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and virUe, by years %n the United States and race of individual. (STUDY or HOT7SEHOLD3.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in tlie United States. Tliis table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by United States. years in Per cent who read and write, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Under 5. 6 to 9. 10 or over. English 40 66 85 356 49 304 278 88 ^6.4 , 83.3, 91.9 43.9 50.0' 88.8 74.3 78.4 ' loo.o 92.3 95.0 : 65.6 46.2 - 86.8 77.9 86.2 («) 100.0 (") 76.0 43.8 89.8 65.2 72.7 96.4 81.0 90.3 42.7 40.0 88.3 73.3 75.7 100.0 92.3 95.0 65.6 38.5 85.5 ,76.5 82.8 (c) RpT^ian . , , . , 100.0 Italian North (a) Italian, South 75.0 31.3 89.8 Polish 65.2 Slovak 72.7 Total 1,311 70.4 75.9 77.6 69.1 74.6 76.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 252 The Immigration Commission. From a glance at the preceding table it is evident that there ia an intimate relation between period of residence and literacy, illiteracy decreasing as period of residence increases. Of all the immigrant races the greatest improvement in literacy growing out of an extended period of residence is found in the case of the South ItaUans, 75 per cent of the persons of this race who have been in the coimtry ten years or more being able to read and write as compared with 43.9 per cent of the race who had been in the country under five years. AH of the Germans of ten years' residence or over can read and write as contrasted with only 83.3 per cent who have been in the countn^ less than five years. The North Italians also exhibit a considerable degree of advancement in the longer residence periods. Instead of improvement, an opposite tendency is noticeable among the lithu- amans, Slovaks, and Magyars. Among these races a smaller percent- age of those who have been in the United States ten years or more can read and write than of those of a shorter residence. In connection with the general subject of literacy it will be of value to compare the relative status of the foreign-bom upon the basis of their age at the time of coming to the United States. This compari- son is presented in the foUowrng table, which shows the hteracy of loreign-bom persons in the households studied, 10 years of age or over, by age at the time of arrival in the United States : Table 534. — Per cent of forelg7irbam ■persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and wnte, hy age at time of coming to the United States and race of individiuil. (SIUBT or HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or liiore peisons reporting. The total, howerer, is for all foreign- bom.] Bace of individuaL Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. English Oemian Italian, North ItaUan, South Lithuanian... Magyar Polish Slovak Total... 40 66 85 356 49 304 278 100.0 100.0 C) 47.6 40.0 90.9 84.6 71.4 96.8 86.2 92.7 48.7 47.7 88.3 73. 4 80.2 100.0 100.0 W 47.6 40.0 90.9 84.6 57.1 96.8 84.9 9L5 47.8 36.4 87.6 72.2 '79.0 1,311 78.4 72.0 77. S 70.7 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon comparing the two groups in the above table, it is seen that of foreign-bom persons who were less than 14 years of age when they came to this country 78.4 per cent can now read and 77.5 per cent can both read and write, while of those persons who were over 14 years ©Id when they came to the United States only 72 per cent can now read and 70.7 per cent both read and write. The greater proportion of those under 14 at time of coming to this country who can both read and write is probably due to the greater adaptability of the younger immigrant as well as to the effects of the American public school system. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 253 As regards the diflferent races it is worthy of notice that of the Ger- mans and Enghsh who were under 14 years of age when they came to this country all are able both to read and to write, and these same races as compared with all other foreign-bom persons show a greater degree of hteracy m the group of 14 years of age or over at the time of their arrival. Ihe Magyars, Slovaks, and Poles who were 14 years of age or over at the time of their coming to the United States also exhibit a relatively high proportion of literacy as compared M.t i the South Italians and Lithuanians. The two latter races in botk age groups exhibit more than 50 per cent of illiterates, and no degree of advancement in the age group under 14 as compared with the group over 14 years of age. CONJUGAL CONDITION. As regards the conjugal condition of the coal-mining employees of the South, the tables next submitted show, by general nativity and race, the number and per cent of persons who report themselves as single, married, or widowed. The table next presented shows the conjugal condition of the individual employees 20 years of age or over, studied in the bitumi- nous coal mines of the South, classified according to race and general nativity. Table 535. — Per cent of male employees W years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are- Single. Married. Widowed. Native-bom of native father: White 3,729 4,269 47 78 43 115 237 111 108 43 329 1,008 41- 313 80 276 82 98 353 49 26.0 35.1 27.7 46.2 43.9 32.2 42.2 13.5 32.4 30.2 35.6 36.2 65.9 31.9 65.0 43.8 43.9 12.2 32.6 30.6 71.2 60.3 72.3 47.4 53.7 64.3 56.5 82.9 64.8 62.8 63.5 62.9 34.1 66.1 35.0 54.3 54.9 83.7 66.0 69.4 2.8 4.6 .0 6.4 2.4 3.5 1.3 3.6 2 S Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of lather: , England Foreign-born, by race: Croatian .... English German Irish I talian, North 9 Italian, South T.ihhlinniAri 1.9 ""Polish.!: 1 8 l.i Scotch 4 I Slovak 1.4 Slovenian. .0 Grand total 11,711 32.6 64.9 3.1 237 8,235 3,476 42.6 31.2 35.9 64.3 65.1 62.5 2.S 3.7 Total foreign-bom 1.4 254 The Immigration Commission. It is seen that 64.3 per cent are married, 32.6 per cent are single, and 3.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married men is higher among the native-born, considered as a whole, than among the foreign-bom, but lower among the persons native-bom of foreiga: father than among either foreign-born or persons native-bom of native father. The proportion of widowed is more than twice as high for the native-born as for the foreign-bom. The foreign races having the largest proportion of married men are the Scotch, English, Slovenian, Magyar and Slovak, in the order mentioned. The Scotch and English have a higher proportion of married men than have the native whites bom of native father. The highest percentages of single men are reported by the Lithu- anians,Montenegrins, Eussians, Poles, and Croatians. The Irish have by far the largest proportion of widowed men. It will be noted that the proportion of married men is, in general, higher among the races of old unmigration than among the races of recent immigration. The table next presented shows the proportion of male employees in each conjugal condition, by specified age groups and general nativity and race : Table 536. — Per cent of male employees in each, conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race. (STUDY or EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. 20 to 29 years of age. 30 to 44 years of age. a) a, 2! Per cent who are— Is V Q, ■§1 Per cent who are — M 45 years of age or over. §4 is fa Per cent who are — 20 years of a over. Per cent who are— ■2 S o Native-born of natlye father: White Negro Foreign-bom: Bulgarian Croatian English German Italian, North..., Italian, South.... Magyar Poflsh Slovak Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born . . . . Total forelgn-bom 1,979 76 124 19 21 168 553 141 119 14S 49.3 56.3 42.1 66.1 36.8 61.9 58.3 54.8 58. 68. 60.8 49.8 42.1 55.3 33.9 63.2 38.1 41.7 44.7 40.4 31. 39.2 1, 1,466 33 97 42 65 129 383 144 137 165 11.9 22.2 15.2 15.5 14.3 30.8 13.2 15.4 8.3 27.0 12.7 85.5 72.9 78.8 82.5 85.7 69.2 86.0 83.6 90.3 69.3 85.5 672 824 2.8 7.3 C) 18.8 4.0 9.1 6.3 4.2 17.9 10.0 10.0 81.6 C) 75.0 88.0 77.3 87.5 93.1 71.4 90.0 85.0 7.6 11.2 8.0 13.6 6.3 2.8 10.7 .0 S.O J, 729 115 237 111 108 329 1,008 313 276 353 26.0 3S.1 32.2 42. 13.5 32. 35. 71.2 2.8 10.3 6i3 S6. 4.6 I.! 3.6" 6 2 3Lg 43. 32. 64.! 63.S 62.9 66.1 54.3 66.0 is- .«■-' 1.9 1.8 1.4™ 5,260 55.3 43.7 1.0 4,479 17.6 79.5 3.0 1,972 6.3 84.9 8.8 11,711 32.6 64.3 97 3,645 1,615 69.1 53.6 59.3 30.9 45.1 40.3 3,042 1,437 31.8 17.6 17.6 63.6 78.8 81.0 62 1,548 424 11.5 5.6 9.4 84.6 85.1 84.0 237 8,235 3,476 42. 31. 2| 35.9 649 65.1 62. S 3.1 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. In all, 5,260 employees are reported from 20 to 29 years of age. Of these, 43.7 per cent are married. The proportion of married men is for those who were native-bom of foreign father, 30.9 per cent; for all the native-bom, 45.1 per cent; and for all the foreign-bom, 40.3 Bituminous Coal Mming in the South. 255 per cent. The races having the largest proportion of married men are, in the order rientioned, the Engush, Bulgarian, American white, and South ItaUan ; those having the smallest proportion, the Polish and Croatian. For the EngUsh the figure is 63.2 per cent; for the Poles it is 31.1 per cent. There were reported 4,479 employees from 30 to 44 years of age. Of these, 79.5 per cent were married. The proportion of married men is, for the persons native-bom of foreign father, 63.6 per cent; for all the native-bom, 78.8 per cent; and for all the foreign-bom, 81 per cent. The races having the largest proportion of married men are, in the order mentioned, the Magyar, North Italian, and" Eng- lish; those having the smallest proportion are the German, Pohsh, Bulgarian, and American negro. For the Magyars the figure is 90.3 per cent; for the Germans, 69.2 per cent. A total of 1,972 employees 45 years of age or over furnished infor- mation. Of these, 84.9 per cent are married. The proportion of married men is, for the persons native-born of foreign father, 84.6 per cent ; for all the native-born, 85. 1 per cent ; and for all the foreign- born, 84 per cent. The races having the largest proportion of married men are the South ItaUans and Poles; those having the smallest proportion, the Magyars, Croatians, and Germans. As might be expected, the proportion of married men increases with the age of the group. This is true, not only of the employees as a whole and of the native and foreign born, but of all or nearly all of the races. There is, however, as will be noted, a pronounced difference in the rate of increase for the different races. The table immediately following makes a comparison of the races with regard to the conjugal condition of individuals in the house- holds studied, by sex and age. Table 537.— P«r cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity arid race of individual. (STUDY or HOUSBHOI/DS.) (mis table Includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races UALE. Qeneral nativity and race of Individual. Pq^^lgn-bom: Italian, South Magyar Poflsh Slovak Grand total lotal native-born of for- ..elgn father Total native-bom Total forelgn-bom 20 to 29 years of age. 411 Per cent who I 74.3 66.2 70.2 72.2 72.0 71.9 25.7 33. S 29.8 27.8 27.5 27.8 ^1 30 to 44 years of 420 Per cent who are— 14.7 12.6 7.6 9.1 15.7 15.6 84.4 91.1 90.9 82.4 82.6 45 years of age or over. Percent who are — 100.0 96.5 4.6 20 years of age or over. 260 199 180 Per cent who are — 46.2 41.1 27.1 40.8 40.5 63.5 68.8 68.3 72.9 57.8 (») («) 68.2 0.4 2.5 .6 .0 1.4 I Not computed, owing to small number Involved. 256 TTie Immigration Commission. Table 537. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groupt and by general nativity and race o/individual — Continued. ' FEMALE. Oenaral nativity and race of Individual. 20 to 29 years ot age. u If Per oent who are— is S ft 30 to 44 years of Per cent who are— .Sri ll £2 I ft 45 years of ago or over. Per cent who are — 20 years of age or over. I. ts if n Per oent v?ho are— Forelgn-bom: Italian, South Magyar PpHsh Slovak Grand total Total native-born of for> elgn father ;. Total natlva-bom Total foreign-born 0.0 .0 .0 (■>) 100.0 100.0 100.0 («) 0.0 .0 .0 .0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ao .0 .0 .0 .0 100,0 121 100.0 .0 0.0 9S.2 4.8 271 8. .0 100.0 C). (») 100.0 C). 21 .0 05.2 4.8 ^{ 00.0 TOTAL. Foreign-born: Italian, South 177 90 131 27 68.8 47.8 60.4 48.1 41.2 62.2 49.6 51.9 0.0 .0 .0 .0 127 148 102 46 12.6 9.5 5.9 6.7 86.6 87.8 03.1 93.3 0.8 2.7 1.0 .0 15 31 8 8 0.0 .0 [•1 100.0 96.8 0.0 3.2 319 269 241 80 37.6 21.2 30.7 20.0 62.1 77.0 (S.0 80.0 0.S 1 n Polish Slovak Grand total 640 64.8 44.8 .4 541 12.2 86.3 1.5 88 4.6 90.9 4.5 1,109 31.3 67. « 1.S Total native-born of for- eign father 6 7 633 E ^"1 46.0 i=i 6 11 1,168 (») 45.6 31.2 (») 36.4 07.8 i>) Total native-born Total foreign-born 3 538 C) 12.1 i2. ^\ 1 87 % ffo ^"'4 18.3 1.0 n Not computed, owing to small number taivolved. Of the 891 foreign-born males 20 years of age or over 40.5 per cent are single, 58.2 per cent are married, and 1.2 per cent are widowed. The Slovaks show the highest percentage of married persons, their showing being 72.9 per cent. The Magyars also show a percentdgS;^ of married persons largely in excess or the single, 68.8 per cent of this race being thus reported. The South Italian and Polish males report considerably higher percentages of single persons than do the otner races, the former showing 46.2 per cent single, 53.5 per cent married, and 0.4 per cent widowed, and the latter 41.1 per cent single, 58.3 per cent married, and 0.6 per cent widowed. All the South Italians are married, as are 95.5 per cent of the Magyars, the one exception in the case of the last named race being a widower. Of the foreign-born males between 30 and 45 years of age 82.6 per cent are married, 15.6 per cent are single, and 1.9 per cent are wid- owed. The Slovaks show 90.9 per cent married and 9.1 per cent single. One of the Poles is widowed and 6 are single, the remaining 91.1 per cent being married. The South Italiaiis show a greater pro- portion single than do the other races; 14.7 per cent of them are reported unmarried, 84.4 per cent married, and 0.9 per cent widowed« Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 257 Of the younger men, 20 to 29 years of age, the greater proportion are unmamed, this percentage bemg 71.9 per cent as compared with 27.8 per cent married and 0.2 per cent widowed. Among the four races under discussion the South Italians show the lai^est percentage of single men and the Magyars the lowest. Their percentages are 74.3 and 66.2, respectively, the Poles, with 70.2 per cent singks, and Slo- vaks, with 72.2 per cent, ranking between the two first mentioned races. There are no widowers among the young men of these four races. In its bearing upon the general character of the immigrant labor supply the location of the wives of the foreign-bom employees is probably of greater importance than the general conjugal condition of the foreign-bom mine workers. As regards this point, the tables next submitted are designed to show for each race and for certain ^oups made upon a basis of residence, what proportion of the mar- ried employees of foreign birth have their wives in this country or abroad. Table 538. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who.report wife in the United States and per cent who report tot/« abroad, by race of husband. (STDDI OP EMPLOTEBS.) [This table includes only ihors with 40 or more husbands reporting. bom.] The total, hovrever, is for all foreigo^ Nomber reporting complete data. Per cent reporting wile- In United States. Abroad. Bnlgarian 73 133 91 67 206 622 207 146 80 224 8.2 346 9a9 85.1 66.5 56.6 51.7 65.1 100.0 59.8 91.8 65.4 l.l 14.9 33.5 43.4 Croatian English GoinaD Italian, North Italian, South Magyar PoUsh 34.9 BGotnh Slovak 40 2 Total 2,117 59.3 40.7 Table 539. — Per cent offmagn-bam husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States only races with 200 or more husbands reporting.] . This table hicludes Race of husband. Ntmiber having been in United States each specified number of years who report location of wife. Per cent having been in United States each specified number of years wbo report wile abroad. Under 5. Sto9. 10 or over. Total. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. IWjan, North Italian, South Magyar 53 210 91 66 87 286 82 93 66 126 34 65 206 622 207 224 67.9 70.0 73.6 68.2 31.0 33.2 32.9 37.6 9.1 '22.2 17.6 15.4 33.5 43.4 48.3 Biolkk...: 40.2 258 The Immigration Commission. The preceding tables show that the northern European races, such as the English, French, and German, lead in the proportion of married men with wives located in this country. The races reporting the smaller numbers of those whose wives are with them are the BuIt garian, and Croatian. Of the races reporting, 8 have over 50 per cent of their men with wives in this country, and who are presum- ably maintaining established conditions of family life in the United States in the coal-mining localities. Among those who have been in this country ten years or over, the South Italians have the greatest proportion of persons whose wives are abroad, and the North Italians the lowest, though but four races are thus classified. Among those who have been in the United Statra under 5 years, all four races reporting show that about two-thirds of the married men have their wives abroad. VISITS ABROAD. An indication of the stability of the immigrant labor employed in a given industry and district is furnished in considerable measure by the tendency exhibited by the men of each race to visit their native land. The following table shows, by period of residence in the United States and race of individual, what proportion of the foreign-bom males reporting from the bituminous mines of the South have made visits abroad since coming to this country. The first general divi- sion of the following table shows, by period of residence in the United States, the number of persons reporting this information; the second division makes the same showing by percentages. Table 540. — Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OP BMPLOTBHS.) [By years In the United States la meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table Include! only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.) Bace. Number in United States— Under 5 years. £to9 years. 10 years or more. Total. Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by years in United States. Under 5 years. 5to9 years. 10 years or more. Total. Bnlg^lan Croatian English Italian, North, Italian, South. Magyar Polish Slovak Total... 101 154 13 14S 471 160 118 17 117 409 113 91 119 1 7 74 78 142 44 48 62 110 244 104 340 1,022 317 257 320 1.0 11.0 7.7 16.6 12.1 14.4 3.4 7.9 .■SO-O C) 26.5 14.3 29.4 27.0 3.5.9 42.3 30.3 33.1 2.'i.7 29.5 14.3 20.8 27.7 29.0 i-" IS 16.4 25.0 29.1 22.3 20:5 10. S 19.4 1,618 1,074 676 3,368 9.4 26.8 19.1 ■> Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the total aumber of 3,368 individuals reporting, l,618havebeeniii the United States under five years, and of these 9.4 per cent have made visits abroad; 1,074 have been in the United States from five to nine years, and 26.8 pec cent of that number have made visits abroad. Of the number who have been in the United States for ten years or more, Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 259 30.2 per cent have made visits abroad. It will be noticed that the proportion of those who have made visits abroad increases with years of residence in the United States. The grand total shows that 19.1 J)er cent of the persons reporting have made visits to their native ands. The North Italians show the largest proportion of those reporting who have made visits abroad. Of this race, 145 persons are reported to have been in the United States under five years, and 16.6 per cent of that number have made visits abroad. Of the total number of 104 persons of English birth who reported this information, 25 per cent have made visits abroad. The race reporting in largest num- bers is the South Italian. A total of 1,022 persons'reportec^ of whom 471 have been in the United States under five years, 409 from five to nine years, and 142 for ten or more years. Of those who have been in this country under five years, 12.1 per cent have made visits abroad; of those here from five to nine years, 30.3 per cent have made visits abroad; and of those who have been in the United States ^'or ten or more years, 33.1 per cent have made visits abroad. It vill be noticed that in the case of this race, as with many others, the )roportion of those who have made visits abroad increases with ength of residence in this country. The table next submitted shows the number of mine workers in West Virginia who are of foreign birth and who have made one or nore visits abroad. The relation between period of residence and risits to native land is also exhibited. 260 The Immigration Commission. ^ ■^ g s s w to "^ t§ r«r •S S s m ^ ^ ^ § •s s c ■f; B so ca Ti i 1 |H u O q ,1 1 i o is S n e3 zfi gti ■^VB "B-- 5.a E^ o S.2 K t- i-(h- ■■^ i-HOM iCa SCO r-'^rtN t-.o-^eicfl MU3FHC4oot:<-io-4*i-mo>-iffiooooc^a»mcC'4 Not Including 1 family not reporting complete data. Of the total number of 281 families furnishing information for the above table, only three are reported as owning homes. Of these three, two are. of the Magyar and one of the South Italian race. It 267 268 The Immigration Commission. is obvious, therefore, that the percentage of ownership is too small to serve as a basis of comparison between the standards of the differ- ent races. The figures do, however, point strongly to the conclusion that the ownership of property is not general among the immigrant mine workers of tJie district covered by these data. The fact that only a negligible proportion of the" employees live in homes owned by themselves would seem to indicate either unfavorable conditions of employment, lack of disposition to save, an intention of merely temporary residence, or a combination of these factors in varying proportions. It is important to recall, however, that in the Pennsylvania coal and coke localities the percentage of families owning homes is per- ceptibly larger than in the South; that. in the Southwest it is much larger than in Pennsylvania; and in the coal mines of the Middle West the employees make a better showing than in any other region. The above statement is true not only of the employees as a whole but, in general, of the very races present in the coal mines of the South. This being the case, and for the additional reason that it is not likely that the individuals of a given race settled in different sections of the country would differ widely in their tendency to save or to make the United States their permanent place of residence, the probabilities would appear to favor the inference that the extremely low percentage of ownership of homes reported for the South is due to relatively unfavorable conditions of employment. STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the children 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied in the South who were at home, at school, and at work: Table SiG.— Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at ichool, and at work, hy general nativity o^jd ra^e of father and hy birthplace ofdiUd. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races w^th 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or morecbU- dren born abroad.] General nativity and race ol father. Birthplace of child. Number reporting complete dala. Number— Per cent— At home. At school. At work. At home. At school. At work. Foreign-born, Magyar /United States. \Abroad 35 29 4 12 28 IS 3 2 il.4 41.4 80.0 51.7 8.6 6.9 Among the Magyars, the only race with enough children of foreign- born fathers to be considered, it is seen that similar percentages of the native-born children and of the foreign-born children of this race are at work, although a much larger percentage of the native-born children are at school than of the foreign-born. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 269 CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOUTH. The following table shows the present political condition of foreign- born males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. Table 547. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 6 years or over and who were Zl years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (STDDI OF DMPLOYBBS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.) Baee. Number reporting complete data. Number- Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Per cent — Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. ■Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Croatian Danish Dutch English French German , . - Hebrew (other than Russian) . Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian : . . Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian WeUh Australian (ra«e not specified) Belgian (race' not specified) . . . Swiss (race not specified) Total 3 7 66 1 6 45 12 29 1 21 111 315 15 2 110 96 3 16 3S 5 125 16 2 2 3 14 3 1 1 3 1 25 13 4 2 17 3 17 2 22 14 31 24 1 S 4 10 6 4 i 32 S 14 11 6 1 1 1 1 3 6 1 1 55.6 19.8 ["1 0.0 28.9 S 12.6 7.6 11.2 9.1 4.2 8.8 C) 186 17.4 10.2 a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. It appears from the data presented in the above table that 17.4 per cent of the foreign-born males for whom information was secured are fully naturahzed and that 10.2 per cent have first papers only. The proportion of individuals fully naturalized is very much larger for the English than for any other of the races for which percentages have been computed and larger for the North Italians and Slovaks than for the South Italians,. Poles, and Magyars. The EngUsh have by far the largest ajid the Poles and South Italians have the smallest proportion of individuals having first papers only. 270 The Immigration Commission. The follovraig table shows the pohtical condition in the southern coal fields of individual employees of foreign birth who were 21 years of age at the time of their arrival, by general nativity and race^ and by period of residence in this country : Table 548. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who were SI years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States tmd race. (STUDY 07 EMPLOZEES.) (By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. This table inclndes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.) In United States 6 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. In United States 6 years or over. Bace. Number reporting comp.ete data. Percent— Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Percent— Nirnx- ber re- porting com- plete data. Percent- FuUy natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. first papers only. Italian, North 61 223 80 83 9.8 2.7 .0 1.2 3.3 6.3 5.0 8.4 50 92 30 42 32.0 27.2 13.3 31.0 24.0 10.9 20.0 9.5 Ill 315 110 125 19.8 9.8 3.6 11.2 12.6 Italian, South 7.6 Magyar 9 1 Slovak S.8 Total 670 2.7 8.1 397 42.3 13.9 1,067 17.4 10 2 The above table, which gives information from 1,067 employees who have been in the United States five years or over, discloses the fact that 17.4 per cent are fully naturahzed and 10.2 per cent have first papers only. Of the 1,067 mine workers who reported, 670 have been mi the United States between five and nine years, and report 2.7 per cent fully naturalized and 8.1 per cent as having first papers omy. On the other hand, the 397 employees who have oeen in the United States ten years or over report 43.2 per cent fuUy naturalized and 13.9 per cent with first papers only. It IS interesting to note also that the North Itahans, South Itahans, and Slovaks are the only races, with a residence in the United States of betweep five and nine years, who report a percentage of their number as fully naturalized, the North Italians reporting 9.8 per cent. South Itahans 2.7 per cent, and Slovaks 1.2 per cent. Eight and fourrtenths per cent of the Slovaks, 6.3 per cent of the South Itahans, 5 per cent of the Magyars, 3.3 per cent of the North Itahans, and 3 per cent of the Poles have secured first papers only. Of those who have been in the United States ten years or over, the North Italians show by far the largest per cent fully naturahzed, reporting 32 per cent. The North Itahans also report 24 per cent, as having first papers only. The Slovaks report 31 per cent fuUy naturalized and 9.5 per cent with first papers only, as compared with 27.2 per cent and 10.9 per cent, respectively, of the South Itahans. It is also apparent from the above table that, of the entire number ■who have been in the United States five years or over, the North Itahans have shown a stronger desire to become citizens than any other race, with the Slovaks next, and the South Itahans and Mag- yars following in the order named. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 271 The tendencies exhibited by the foreign-born toward the acquire- ment of citizenship are set forth in the following table, which shows the present political condition of foreign-bom males in the house- holds studied, who have been in the United States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age or over at time of arrival, by race of individual : Table 549. — Prtimt Tpolitical condition of foreign-bom males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were Bl years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (BTUDZ OF EOUSBHOLDS.) [By yean In the 0iilted States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] Bace of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Number- Fully nat- uralized. Having first papers only. Per cent— Fully nat- urauzed. Having first papers only. Bohemian and Moravian English German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Uagyar Polish Russian Slovak Total 221 2 1 2 5 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 2 ("5 3.8 11.8 7.7 W. 1.9 CL 12.5 <"). 5.1 '8.3 9.5 6.3 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. That httle interest in American institutions is manifested by the foreign-bom males in this locality is apparent from the very small proportion of those who have acquired full citizenship, and the stiU smaller proportion of those who have secured first papers only. Since only four races show a sufficient number of representatives to allow of computation, definite conclusions as to the relative standing of the races are precluded; however, it will be noted that, of these races whose percentages have been computed, the Slovaks show a larger proportion of persons fully naturalized, as well as of those wiwi first papers only, than the Magyars and JPoles, and much larger proportions than the South Itahans. 272 The Immigration Commission. CITIZENSHIP IN WEST VIRGINIA. An individual study of 862 foreign-bom miners in the West Vir- ginia coal fields shows the following political conditipn amoijg foreign- born males who had reached manhood befope leaving th6ir native land and who have resided five years or more in the United States: TABtE 550.— Present polUical condition of foreign-bom mak'imphyees in West Virginia liho have been in the United States S years or over and viho viiere-^Zl years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STDDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] In United States 6 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Bace. 5 MO, 3v 1' H <• n & ? si' «§ m2 II 09 0) 1^ H 1 65 3 24 21 1 9 9S 291 15 101 82 3 14 9 5 109 5 2 2 2 3 "si' 1 5 3 1 1 49 186 4 73 56 3 11 1 5 70 3 ..... 1 1 61 1 11 8 1 1 55 206 6 74 57 3 11 1 5 75 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 13 13 65 1 6 6 1 2 69 238 9 90 72 3 13 1 5 92 6 ..... 1 2 *» "Dutdh. 2 11 10 ""7' 1 2 11 14 3 English. 6 1 ■4' 1 3 1 24 21 Hetoew (other than Russian) Iri&h . -. . 1 1 20 52 5 17 17 ..... 10 4 6 2 7 11 23 1 4 6 8 40 85 10 27 25 ..... 24 5 7 4 7 15 29 1 4 6 A Italian, North 2 14 1 1 2 4 6 m Itifciian, South 291 Lithuanian 15 m Polish H2 3 2 ..... 1 , 7 3 8 ■■'i' 1 7 14 scotch ., . « 5 Slovak 4 1 22 2 2 10 34 2 1 1 2 1 6 11 m 9 Swedish 1 1 1 1 2 Syrian 1 1 1 2 Welsh 1 ..... 1 2 Austrian (race not specified) 1 1 2 » Total 862 534 34 15 583 149 35 95 279 683 69 HO R(i2 A very small degree of progress toward citizenship is disclosed by the above table. Of the 'total number, 683, or 79.2 per cent, were aliens and only 69, or 8 per cent, had signified any inclination to become citizens by securing first papers. Twelve and eight-tenths per cent were fully naturalized, this small group being mainly composed of the majority of the Germans, English, Scotch, and Irish, with a few North and South Italians. It is significant also that none of the Croatians had even first papers, and only one Eussian and oiie Lithuanian had attained to citizenship. The Poles and Slovaks were below the general average for all races, 7.3 per cent of the former and 10.1 per cent of the latter being fully naturalized. The North Italians were above the average, with 15.7 per cent naturalized. Only 4 per cent of Magyars and 9.9 per cent of South Italians had second papers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 273 ABILITY to SPEAK ENGLISH. The following table shows the number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. Computations are made only for races reporting 40 or more individuals, but the totals are for all non-English-speaking races. Table 551. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and genetal nativity and race of individual. (stubt of households.) [This table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how- ever, are 'for all non-Gnglish-speaking races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Magyar 28 4S ■71 295 39 236 212 66 IS 32 17 68 11 85 79 24 43 77 88 363 50 321 291 90 100.0 4i.i 35.2 30.-2 61.5 38.6 27.8 37.9 100.0 46.9 41.2 17.6 45.5 27.1 27.8 20.8 100 F6r«lea-|iorn: 'Gttmsia 57.1 Italian, North 36.4 Italian, South. 27.8 58.0 Magyar... 35.5 Poush . J 27 8 Slovak 33.3 Grand total A 1,063 359 1,422 38.0 36.2 37.6 Total native-bom of foreign father S6 1,007 43 316 99 1,328 98.2 34.7 95.3 28.2 97.0 33.1 Of all persons reported as native-born of foreign father in the table above, 97 per cent speak English. Of the foreign-bom individuals, the Lithuanians and Germans, with percentages of 58 and 57.1, re- spectively, show a greater ability to speak English than do the North Itahan's, Magyars, Slovaks, Poles, and South Italians, who, in the order named, range from 36.4 for the North Italians to 27.8 for the Poles and South Italians. The Slovaks, with a percentage of 33.3, are nearest the general showing for all foreign-born. Every foreign- born race, except the North Italian and Pohsh, reports a smaller per- centage of females who speak English than of males. In the case of the North Italians, the proportion of females exceeds that of the males. The proportion for males and females is the same for the Poles. . ' . . . The table next presented shows the proportion of individuals among foreign-born mine workers of non-English-speaking races einployed in the bituminous coal-mining industry of the South who ai-e able to speak English. The classification is by race and general nativity. 274 The Immigration Commission. Table 552. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race. (STUOZ or EUFLOTBES.) [This table Includes only non-EngUsh-speaUng races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, how- ever, is &i all non-EngUsh-spealdng races.] Bace. Number reporting complete data. Percent who speak English. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. ' Bulgarian Croatian German Italian, North. •Italian, South. Lithuanian... Magyar 119 255 110 391 1,167 41 337 25.2 71.0 80.0 65.5 63.9 92.7 63.6 Montenegrin Polish Russian Slovak Slovenian... Total. 91 294 73 382 51 25.3 65.0 68.6 63.1 649 3,537 Data were collected for 3,537 individuals. Of these, 2,248, or 63.6 per cent, speak English. The races having the largest propor- tion of individuals able to speak English are the Lithuanian, Grerman, Croatian, and Russian, in the order mentioned. Those having the smallest proportion are the Bulgarian and Montenegrin. The next table presented, while serving to emphasize the com- parative racial adaptabihty, is of greatest value in estabUshing the effect of age )ipon the alien's abihty to learn the language of the country to which he has immigrated. This table shows the ability to speak English among the foreign-bom, according to age at time of arrival in the United States and Jjy race. Table 553. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons'6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States arid race of individval. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how- ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Bace of individual. German Italian, North Italian,, South Lithuanian... Magyar Poflsh Slovak Total... Number reporting complete data. 77 50 321 90 1,323 Per cent who speak English, by age at time 01 >}omlng to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. 68.4 66.7 82.1 83.3 71.8 92.1 75.0 79.3 53.4 34.1 23.3 54.6 30.6 18.3 29.3 27. The preceding table sets forth the per cent of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, according to their age at time of arrival. It is seen at a glance that in every race a greater proportion of those who were under 14 years of age at time of arrival are able to speak English than those who were 14 or over. This is particularly noticeable of the South Italians and Poles. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 275 In connection with the foregoing tables the effect of period of residence in the United States upon ability to speak English should also be considered. As regards this point the following table shows the number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, according to years in the United States and race of individual: Table 554. — Per rent of foreign-bcyrn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (By yean In the United States Is meant yeara since first arrival In the United States. This table Includes only non-Bngllsh-speaklng races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, Is lor all non-English-speaking races.] Eace of Individual. Number reporting complete Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under S. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Qerman •77 88 363 50 321 291 90 39.2 20.0 12.9 33.3 21.6 10.8 10.3 86.7 80.0 53.2 53.8 45.1 53.4 41:4 100.0 Italian, North 100.0 Italian. South 95.0 93.8 73.5 p^h 91.3 63.6 Total 1,323 16.9 63.0 82.8 The foregoing table affords an index.to the adaptability and intel- ligence of the various races measured by their abiUty to learn EngUsh. In this respect the Germans are shown to be superior to all other immigrant mine workers, while the Slovaks are slowest to learn. Over one-third of the Germans of this field who have been in the United States under five years speak English, a percentage approached only by the Lithuanians. Moreover, all Germans who have been in this country ten years or over have learned the new language. The same situation is also true of the North Itahans of ten or more than ten years' residence. Although the South Italians do not seem to learn EngHsh as quickly as Germans, North Itahans, Lithuanians, or Magyars, as only 12.9 per cent of those who have been in the country five years can speak English, they rank next to the Germans and North Italians in abmty where consideration is confined to those who have been in the country ten years or longer. One-third of the Lithuanians of a period of residence under five years are able to speak English, as are more than one-half of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years. 276 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows the per cent of the individual employees of foreign birtn, who speak EngUsh, according to age at time of arrival m the United States: Table 555. — Per cent of foreign-ham male employee who speak English, by age at tim oj coming to the United States and race. (STUDX OF EMPLOYEES.) (This table includes onl^nDn-Englisb-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting is for all non-English-speaking races.] The total, however, Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English by age at time of coming to Xfnlted States. Under 14. 14 or over. Total 119 255 110 391 1,157 337 294 382 25.2 71.1 88.8 63.3 63.0 62.8 63.4 62.0 25.2 ^0 93.1 80.3 83.3 93.3 100.0 71.0 900 Italian, North 65. S 63.9 Magyar ' * 63.5 Polish 65,0 Slovak .' 63.1 Total 3,637 88.3 ».3 636 a tJot computed, owing to small number Involved. Of those persons in the above table who were under 14 years of age at the time of arriving ii\ the United States, 88.3 per cent speak Enghsh, while the percentage for those who were 14 years or over when they immigrated to this country is 62.3. Considering the tendencies exhibited by members of the several races who were under 14 years of age at the time of arriving here, it is seen that the Ger- mans and Slovaks report no one unable to speak Enghsh. The Poles and South Italians show a small percentage unable to speak the language. Of those who were 14 years old or over at the time of arrival in the United States, the Germans have 88 per cent speaking EngUsh. The next highest percentage is that of the Groatians. More than 25 per cent difference separates all the other races from the Germans. The North ItaUans, the South Italians, the Magyars, and the Poles show similar percentages able to use the language of this country. The Bulgarians have only 25.2 per cent of their num- bers able to speak English. The table following shows the ability of the foreign-born employees studied to speak English. The returns are classified by length of residence in the United States of different groups of emplpyfees. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 277 Table 556. — Per cent offordgn-bom male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (STnDT OP HMPLOYBBB.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. This table Includes only non-Engllsh-speakIng races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non- English-speaking races.] Bace. Bulgarian Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Magyar Foflsh Slovak Total... Number reporting complete data. 119 255 110 391 1,157 337 294 Per cent who speak English, by years In United States. Under 5. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Total. 20.0 61.3 81.8 45.6 47.4 45.3 41.5 41.0 87.5 88.5 95.5 74.8 75.7 80.0 82.0 76.9 78.0 w 75.0 100.0 91.4 86.0 88.0 25.2 71.0 90.0 65.5 63.9 63.6 65.0 63.1 63. ( o Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Data for the preceding table have been secured from 3,537 indi- viduals of 8 different races. Of these races the South Italians are shown in the greatest numbers. The proportion of the persons of each period of residence who speak English is, for those under five years, 46.4 per cent; five to nine years, 78 per cent; and for those ten years or over, 89.8 per cent, indicating a constant progress in acquir- ' mg the use of English corresponding to the number of years in the i United States. The races having the largest proportion of individuals in the United States less than five years who can speak English are the ! German, Croatian, and South Italian, in the order mentioned; that , having the smallest proportion is the Bulgarian. The proportion of individuals in this country from five to nine years who are able to 1 speak EngMsh is highest among the Germans, Croatians, and Bulga- 5 nans, and lowest among the North Italians and South Italians. The races having the largest proportion of individuals in the United States • ten years or over who are able to speak English are the German and t; Polish; those of the same group having the smallest proportion are the Croatian and South Italian. GENERAL TABLES. I.— GENERAL SUBVEY: TABLES 1-60. n.— PENNSYLVANIA: TABLES 61-100. m.— THE MIDDLE WEST: TABLES 101-149. IV.— THE SOUTHWEST: TABLES 160-199. v.— THE SOUTH: TABLES 200-249. 279 GENERA! EXPLANATION OF TABLES. Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows : 1. Native-horn of native father. Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian, Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean. 2. Native-horn of foreign father . Persons under this group are classified according to race of father in all tables where the data were seciured for households, and accord- ing to country of birth of father in all tables where the data were secured for employees. Where classification is by race of father the classification used for several years by the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed. Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people). The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed. In the study of households information is presented — 1. By general nativity and race of the "mdividual" in all tablesj which show facts which are personal in their nature, such as Enghsh speaking, occupation, or conjugal condition. 2. By general nativity and race of "head of family" in tables concerned with family matters — for example, family income. 3. By general nativity and race of " head of household " in all tables dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing the composition of the household and the number of persons per room and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made through- out this study between "family" and "household" is dependent upon the use of the term "apartment." An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apart- ment may be, for example, a whole house; or it may be a single room of what was originally intended as an apartment; or it may be a corner of a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and set aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of rooms joiatly, occupjang certain rooms separately but sharing one or more, usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these con- ditions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor those used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the room used in common must in such case be considered a rooin in each apartment and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have been encountered the entire number of rooms has been considered one apartment. The "household" includes all persons living within an apartment, without regard to the relationships which exist ainong them. The household may consist of one or more families with or without boarders or lodgers; or it may consist of a group of persons living together, no family included; or it may consist of various combina- tions of families, "groups," and boarders or lodgers. 48296°— VOL 7—11 19 281 282 The Immigration Commission. The term "family" as used throughout these tables refers in general to the immediate family composed of husband, wiie, and children. Groups of persons among -whom none of these relations exist are not considered families. Households in wliich complicated relationships exist have been resolved into the component immediate families. Remnants of families maintaining a home are considered families when either husband or wife is present. The general tables show results of two practically independent studies, as follows: STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS. All tables headed "Study of households" are based on information from the schedule which was filled out for certain selected households in each of the several communities. Names and addresses were secured of employees in a given industry who were heads of house- holds; and for each such household a schedule was filled out by an agent of this Commission who visited the apartment and secured detailed information, so far as possible, for every occupant, as well as data in regard to family and household organization and status at the time of the visit. STUDY OF EMPLOYEES. The general tables headed "Study of employees" present data from the schedule relating only to the individual emjployee. I his schedule was filled out by the employee himself or by some one, detailed by the employer to the task, to whom the employee fur- nished data. The general tables of this series, therefore, concern only the history and present status of the employee, while the other series, as has been stated, presents data not only for certain of the employees, but also for members of their households. All data included under the "Study of employees" are tabulated by sex and by the general nativity and race of the individual. For the native-born of foreign father the classification is by country of birth of father and not by race of father. DESCKIPTION OF TABLES. Total number of Jiouseholds and persons studied, ly general nativity and race of head of Jiousefiold: Study of houseJiolds. TaUes 1, 51, 101, 150, and 200. — These tables enumerate the households studied of each race, the aggregate of the members of the households of each race, and the persons, male and female, for whom detailed informa- tion was secured. All members of households appear in these tables under the general nativity and race of head of household. Number of persons for whom detailed information was seaired, by sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of house- holds. . Tables 2, 52, 102, 151, and ;gOi.— These tables are a second enumeration of the persons, male and 'female, who are included in the detailed study of members of households. In this enumeration each individual appears under his own general nativity and race. Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 3,53, 103, 162, and ^0^.— These tables enumerate the employees for whomdata were secured for the "Study of employees." The enumer- ation is by general nativity and race of employee. General Explanation of Tables. 283 Numier of foreign-lorn maZe employees in the United States each specified minwer of years, by race: Study of employees. Tables 4, 64, 10.4-, IBS, and 20S. — All foreign-born employees who report the number of years since their first arrival in the United States are here classified as in the United States under one year, one year, two years, three years, four years, five to nine years, ten to fourteen years, fifteen to nineteen years, or twenty years or over. Number of foreign^born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 5, 55, 105, 154, '^''^ ^O^.— These tables, which are concerned with members of households, are similar to Tables 4, 54, 104, 153, and 203, relating to employees. Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual: Study of households. Tables 6, 56, 106, 155, arm 205. — Males who were 16 years of age or over at the time of 'their first arrival in the United States are here classified according to whether, before coming to the United States, they worked for profit, for wages, or without wages, and are further classified according to the kind of employment pursued. Payments in kind as well as in money are here considered wages. Persons who worked without wages were usually at work with fathers or other near relatives. Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time was too small for tabulation. Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212.— These tables form a part of the study of family incomes. The information relative to income was secTU^ed for the year ending at the time of the agent's visit. In the "selection of families" for the compilation of data concern- ing family income, the following classes were omitted: 1. Families established less than one year. 2. Families living two or more per household under complicated financial arrangements, so that exact income from boarders or other sources within the household is uncertain. 3. Families with earnings or contributions representing entire earnings of mem- bers who are profit earners or whose net earnings are for any other reason uncertain. That part of the income in this study represented by earn- ings is net. Practically all of the heads of famiUes included in these tables are also heads of households. They are here classified according to the amount of their earnings for the year. Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 14, 64, 114, 163, and 213. — ^Male wage-earners are here classified according to the amount of their earnings for the year ending at the time of the agent's visit. Persons who receive board and lodgiag in addition to a money wage and persons who receive tips or other per- quisites over and above a stipulated wage are not included in these tables. Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 15, 65, 116,164, and 214.— The famihes included in these tables are the same as in Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. These families are here classified according to the amount of total income for the year from all sources. 'Tables 17, 67, 116, 166, and 216 show the soiu-ces of this income. Income from General Explanation of Tables. 285 "boarders or lodgers" and in some cases from "other sources" is gross. Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 16, 66, 165, and ;8i5.— These tables are similar to Tables 14, 64, 163, and 213, which relate to earnings of males. Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 17, 67, 116, 166, and 216. — The famihes included in these tables are the same as ia Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. The number of families with income from earnings of husband, the number with income from earnings of wife, etc., are shown here. The terms "husband" and "wife" include the widowed, divorced, and deserted. The principal items under "Other sources" are (1) receipts from invest- ments, which, in the great majority of cases, are in the form of rentals, and (2) contributions of friends or relatives, who pay either more or less than the rates of boarders or lodgers. Attention is called to the fact that the family may have had income from some source, for example, from boarders or lodgers, within the year, but not at the time the schedule was taken. Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family: St'ady of households. Tables 18, 68, 117, 167, arid 217. — The famihes included in these tables are the same as in Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. They are classified here according to the source or combination of sources upon which the family has been wholly dependent for income within the year ending with the taking of the schedule. The four items which make up all incomes except those entered in the last column of these tables are earnings of husband, earnings of wife, contributions of children, and payments of boarders or lodgers. It will be noted that all families deriving their entire income from husband, wife, and children have a net income, and that all incomes including the payments of boarders or lodgers are gross; also, that all families having any part of their income frohi money invested appear in the last colunm of these tables. Months worlced during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and, race of individual: Study of households. Tables 19, 69, 118, 168, and 218. — Members of households of working age who have been employed outside of the home within the year ending with the taking of the schedule are here classified according to whether they have worked under three months, three and under four months, four and under five months, etc. For the purposes of these tables all cases of part-time employment have been reduced to a full-time basis; for example, an employee who has worked seven months on half-time is counted as having worked three and one-half months. The data are shown for males and females separately. Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 20, 70, 119, 169, and 219. — ^AJl households are here divided into "family households," or households where a family is present, and "group households," or households composed of a group of persons, no family included. 286 The Immigration Commission. Family households are further classified as being with or without boarders or lodgers. Family households with neither boarders nor lodgers are subdivided into those consisting of a single family and those consisting of two or more famiUes hving in the same apartment and sharing one or more rooms. Family households with boarders or lodgers are subdivided into those who keep boarders and those who keep only lodgers. Households keeping both boarders and lodgers are here entered as households with boarders. "Boarders" are persons to whom both food and lodging are furnished. Number of households paying each specyied rent per month per apartment, hy general nativity and race of head of household: Stiid/y of households. Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220.— In these tables appear only the renting households which report the rent paid for the unfurnished rooms which they use for living purposes. The following classes are thus excluded from these tables: 1. Households which, rent apartment furnished. 2. Households which pay an undivided sum for apartment and place of business. 3. Resident landlords who pay an undivided sum for the apartment they occupy and other apartments which they sublet. 4. Households which pay "ground rent." Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 22, 72, 121, 171, and £21.—Th.e households mcluded in these tables are the same as in Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 23, 73, 122, 172, and 222.— The households included in these tables are the same as in Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220. Number of households Tceeping boarders and lodgers and number of hoarders ana lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 24, 74, 123, 173, and 223 .—These tables show the number of households keeping boarders and the number keeping only lodgers; they also show the total number of boarders ana of lodgers. "Boarders" both sleep and eat with the household. Households which keep lodgers in addition to boarders Are classified with the households keeping boarders. Among certain races it is customary to include one of the followmg accommodations with the nominal price of lodging: (1) Coffee or soup is served once a day; (2) the lodger is allowed the privilege of cooking his food on the kitchen stove; (3) the housewife buys the lodger's food, having the ?rice charged in his account book, and prepares the food for hiih. ersons with such financial arrangements consider themselves lodgers, and have been classified as such in these tables. _ Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and ;g^.^.— Households are here classi- fied according to the number of rooms which they occupy, and are further classffled according to the number of persons of whom they are composed. Rooms used exclusively for business purposes, although connected with the apartment, are not counted in the num- ber of rooms per apartment. As before stated, only such persons as sleep in the apartment are considered members of the household. General Explanation of Tables. 287 Number of households occupying apartments of each specified mimher of rooms, hy general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 26, 76, 125, 176, and 225.— These tables summa- rize part of the data of Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. Households are here classified according to the number of rooms they occupy. Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold: Study of households. Tables 27, 77, 126, 176, and 226.— Them tables summarize part of the data in Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. They give the total number of households and the total number of persons in apartments of each specified size. Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 28, 78, 127, 177, and ^^7.— These tables summarize part of the data in Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. Households are here classified according to the number of persons in the household. Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 29, 79, 128, 178, and, 228.— These tables show the number of households which average less than one person per room, one and less than two persons per room, two and less than three persons per room, etc. These tables also show the average num- ber of persons per household and per room for all households studied. Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 30, 80, 129, 179, and 229.— These tables present the data relative to persons per sleeping room. Only rooms which are regularly used for sleeping purposes are here considered sleeping rooms. The tables are similar to Tables 29, 79, 128, 178, and 228. Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of roorns, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 31,81, 130, 180, and 230.— These tables classify households according to the number of rooms left for living purposes after the number of sleeping rooms has been deducted. Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 32, 82, 131, 181, and 231. — These tables show the number of male employees who read some language and the number who both read and write some language. Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 33, 83, 132, 182, and 232. — These tables, which are concerned with members of house- holds, are similar to Tables 32, 82, 131, 181, and 231, relating to employees. Literacy of foreigvr-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 34, 84, 133, 183, and 233.— These tables classify foreign-born persons, male and female, according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are : Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. These tables show under each of the three groups the number of persons who can read some language and the number who can both read and write some language. Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at the time of coming to the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 35, 85, 134, IH, ai^ 234.— These tables 288 The Immigration Commission. classify foreign-bom persons, male and female, according to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14 years' of age or over at the time of their first arnval in the United States, and show the number in each group who can read some language and the number who can both read and write some language. Conjugal, condition of male employees, hy age groups and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tames 36, 86, 135, 185, and 235. — For the purposes of these tables male employees are divided into four age groups — 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over — and are further classified according to whether they aresiagle, married, or vddowed. With the widowed are iacluded the relatively few persons who are divorced or deserted. Conjugal condition, hy sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 37, 87, 136, 186, and 236. — These tables, which are concerned vdth members of house- holds 16 years of age or over, are similar to Tables 36, 86, 135, 185, and 235, relating to male employees. Location of wives of foreign-iom employees, by race of husband: Study of employees. Tables 38, 88, 137, 187, and ^37.— These tables show the number of foreign-born married employees who report wife in the United States and the number who report wife abroad. The tabulation is by the race of the employee. Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 39, 89, 138, 188, and 238. — Male employees are here classified according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each group employees are classified according to whether they have made no visit, or one, two, or three or more visits, abroad. Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables Jfi, 90, 139, 189, and 239.— These tables give for aU households studied the number of persons of each sex who report their ages as under 6 years, 6 to 13 years, 14 and 15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years,"30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over. The tabulation is by race of head of household. Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, hy general nMxvity and race: Study of employees. Tables 4I, 91, I4O, 190, and 24O. — Male employees are here classified according to age, by years if between 14 and 19 years of age, and by year groups if 20 years of age or over. Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family : Study of households. Tables 42, 92, 141 , 191, and 24I . — These tables show for all f amiUes studied the num- ber owning their homes, the number renting homes, the number board- ing and the number lodging. The few dependent f amiUes are mcluded in the miscellaneous class "In other conditions." General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, hy sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 43, 93, I42, 192, and 242. —These tables showfor males, females, and totals, the number of children under 6 years of age, 6 to 13 years of age, and 14 and 15 years of age, and further show for each age group the number of children at home, at school, and at work. The few children with employment outside of school hours are tabulated General Explanation of Tables. 289 here as at school, and the few children found working through the day and attending night school are here entered as at work. • Present political condition of foreign-iorn male employees who have leen in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, hy race and length of residence: Study of employees. Tables U, .94, US, 193, and ^S.— These tables include only foreign-;born employees who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States and who have been in' the United States long enough to acquire citizenship. These persons are classified as in the United States five to nine years and ten years or over, and are further classified under each year group as aliens, citizens, and persons with only their first papers. Present poUtical condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence: Study of households. Tables 45, 95, 144, 194, O'^d 244- — These tables, which are concerned with members of households, are similar to Tables 44, 94, 143, 193, and 243, relating to employees. Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 46, 96, 145, 195, and 245. — These tables show for all non-English- speaking races the number of members of households, male and female, who can carry on a conversation in the English language. Ability to speak English of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables ^7, 97, I46, 196, and 246. — These tables classify foreign-born persons, male and female, of non- English-speaking races, according to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States, and show the number in each of the two groups who are able to speak English. Ability to speak English offoreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 48, 98, I47, 197, and 247 .—These tables classify foreign-born persons, male and female, of non-Enghsh-speaking races, according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are : Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each group the number able to speak English is shown. Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 49, 99, I48, 198, and 248: — These tables are similar to Tables 47, 97, 146, 196, and 246, relating to members of households. Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 50, 100, 149, 199, and 249.— These tables are similar to Tables 48, 98, 147, 197, and 247, relating to members of households. GENEEAL TABLES. I.— GENERAL SURVEY. Table 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general ncitivity and race of head of household. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of households. Total number of persons in households. Number of persons for whom detailed information was se- cured. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father; White 108 27 499 120 259 64 238 66 497 Negro 120 Native-hora of forpien father, by race of father: English 11 15 54 89 25 48 27 41 52 Iiish 89 Total 26 143 73- 68 141 Total native-bom 161 762 386 372 758 roreign-bom: 16 132 27 11 51 50 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 gs 942 147 51 300 292 1,803 1,289 1,021 1,512 196 2,087 51 265 293 71 2,798 70 184 48 329 91 29 161 853 717 482 727 112 1,018 34 100 155 39 1,290 30 98- 43 239 66 22 139 130 647 374 337 478 84 763 17 73 109 29 1 089 26 86 91 Croatian 668 147 French 51 300 Irish 292 1,500 Italian, South... . 1,091 819 Magyar ^ 1,205 Mexican 196 PoUsh l,7i)I RnnTnanian 51 Russian 173 Ruthenian 264 Scotch 68 Slovak 2,379 56 Welsh 184 Total foreign-bom 2,210 13,467 6,475 4,741 11,216 Grand total 2,371 14,229 6,861 6,113 11,974 291 292 The Immigration Commission. Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Male. Female. Total. Native-born o( native fatlier: While 321 54 324 66 3 645 120 3 Negro ... Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 24 19- 2 92 25 U 82 89 281 142 139 201 39 338 4 19 57 14 570 10 37 2 1K8 78 23 154 205 568 „ 317 323 Canadian (other than French) 96 53 12 72 116 287 175 184 208 45 324 1 4 30 44 18 527 12 47 English Irish ... Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 409 84 662 Mexican Polish . .. Russian 49 Buthenian 101 Slovak 1,097 Slovenian Welsh 84 Total . . 2,278 2,171 4 449 Total native-born . . 2,663 2,664 5 217 Foreign-born: 29 1 25 Bosnian 1 2 144 1 39 12 64 36 357 226 194 277 40 416 13 54 61 19 621 17 2 Croatian 233 377 English 48 IS 81 03 663 543 296 481 64 698 39 101 lOS 20 751 18 3 50 87 French 3U Irish :: 99 920 769 Lithuanian 758 Mexican 1,113 52 Eoumanian Russian . 159 Scotch Slovak L272 35 Spanish 3 42 92 4,208 2,549 6,757 Grand total 6,861 5,113 11,974 General Tables: General Survey. 293 Table 3. — Totd number of male employees for whom information was secured, by gene- ral nativity and race. (STDDY OF UMPLOYBES.) (Seneral nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. Native-bom of native lather: White 18,615 6,702 2 Foreign-born, by race— Continued. English 2,497 70 3 Frnnish. . mdian Flemish '. French Native-bom ol foreign father, by country 4 823 61 49 10 1,800 173 2,266 1,352 196 9 19 6 1 176 925 66 28 468 3 of birth of father: German 2 699 'll3 6 6 Hebrew (other than Russian) Irish Denmark 1 935 Italian, North 6,666 4,272 113 1 892 England Italian, South . France Italian (not specified) Germany Lithuanian 'Greece 18 Ireland 4,671 Italy Mexico Monteneerin . 136 Netherlands Norwegian. 14 Polish 7,370 Russia Roumaiiian 157 Ruthenian 308 ■ Sweden . Scotcti Switzerland 1,162 27 Wales Scotcti-Irish ' . ^ Africa (country not specified) . , . Servian 132 F Total 8,415 1,912 33,034 7 307 Foreign-bora, by race: Armenian ... . 2 747 1 177 26 30 2,426 6 20 106 21 Turljish 4 Welsh 399 West Indian (other than Cuban) Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) 1 8 886 377 24 54,734 Grand total 88,368 Dutch 294 The Immigration Commission. Table 4. — Number of Jordgn-hom male employees in the United States each specified nuTriber of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since llrst arrival in the United States. No deduction b made for lime spent abroad.] • Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number In Umted States each specified number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Armenian 1 744 1 173 24 29 2,416 (i 20 103 2,444 70 3 775 2,677 111 6 6 916 6,622 4,239 109 1,885 18 4,543 111 136 14 7,316 7 156 1,831 307 1,139 24 131 11, 272 1,899 6 306 21 4 397 1 8 874 375 24 1 90 Bohemian and Moravian 9 27 84 57 44 189 1 18 6 4 858 3 11 19 229 25 21 22a 2 60 60 2 1 433 ...... 9 112 1 19 6 2 1 2 128 2 5 5 85 4 10 1ft 30 Canadian, French 46' 1 4 39 1 1 204 1 1 6 55 1 Croatian .■ 391 1 6 103 6 247 ....„ 6 97 7 Dalmatian Banish ft 30 1,593 !> 2 209 1,224 7 D«tch 5 78 10 18 138 11 1 131 548 8 Finnish Flemish French ......... . 11 33 2 33 56 14 55 124 19 43 109 12 2 1 11 805 533 12 148 1 563 8 15 38 100 10 223 363 32 120 8 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian 4 20 786 549 18 111 4 736 8 51 1 1,107 1 28 632 376 8 310 Irish 3 166 146 1 18 1 148 2 7 377 247 10 37 9 412 5 41 i2 686 430 12 166 1 441 6 10 37 2,382 1,690 34 713 2 1,460 27 14 2 2,333 3 16 609 72 115 2 50 3,557 605 60 547 224 8 271 738 341 144 ft HI Italian, North Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian 331 24 2" 667 3 1 167 35 28 1 15 1,279 164 296 21 1 3 671 1 3 135 22 72 1 4 1,120 125 156 10 4 6 510 Mexican Polish 132 491 758 647 Portuguese 7 45 5 22 54 181 26 26 43 368 67 39 1 25 1,290 291 1 4 ...... 9 22 207 28. 42 ■■■i2' 1,038 203 1 7 4 1 5 9 138 36 39 1 14 1,014 182 1 91 16 756 18 3 1,177 70 1 Russian Scotch Scotch-Irish •I7i 51 1 2 i' 4 7 623 118 2 4 1 ■■■-j- Slovak Spanish Swedish 6 1 1 .8 36 6 15 6 65 2 167 1 Syrian Turkish Welsh 11 18 24 311 \ West Indian Australian (race not speci- fied) 1 351 84 2 4 45 14 1 72' 84 3 Austrian (race not specified) . Swiss (race not specified) 33 11 41 7 118 14 81 14 89 30 44 117 21 Total 54,300 1,116 3,192 6,557 5,269 4,436 16,088 4,582 4,875 8,186 General Tables: General Survey. 295 TABiiE 6. — NwnAer of fordgn-iom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STCDX OF HOCSXROLDs!) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. No deduction Is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. III United States- Race of individual. Under 1 year. 1 year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 years or over. Bohemian and Moravian 29 1 233 47 18 81 63 563 643 296 481 04 698 39 101 108 20 751 18 3 60 2 3 4 2 5 1 22 2 1 14 1 59 60 17 61 1 64 7 7 11 2 62 2 4 1 3 6 feL,-«l__ 6 1 S 11 4 2 3. 25 8 1 11 1 63 88 23 59 27 7 1 6 47 77 20 55 2 72 3 11 14 84 6 4 11 , 3 185 161 99 129 14 172 12 31 27 6 183 7 32 1 1 2 1 68 39 62 55 16 66 24 4' 5 1 60 20 33 37 18 64 2 SfiS^i. 19 I^rmch 5 Iteiaa .29 Iri^ 61 Italian. North 21 28 6 16 2 29 1 3 1 2 24 i" 4 33 66 11 43 37 14 Lithuanian 25 26 11 Polish 80 9 21 15 109 7 17 11 42 Rfflitnanifti Russian 5 11 3 11 3 Buthenlanl 7 Scotch 10 Slovak 36 1 ...... 78 2 2 1 67 1 103 1 105 4 103 Welsh 1 2 5 3 9 24 Total 4,207 162 329 510 402 401 1,142 457 401 413 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 25 2 144 1 39 12 64 36 367 226 194 277 40 415 13 54 51 19 521 17 42 2 3 1 4 5 3 3 4 2 6 12 19 14 23 48 12 10 1 1 English 3' 12 11 9 5 6 1 3 2 26 22 8 34 4 3 2 7 , 3 4 i' 2 2 3 6 16 French . 4 German 14 54 46 15 29 1 52 3 8 3 1 6 39 22 16 35 4 46 2 11 6 9 1 37 24 9 29 1 47 2 9 8 4 43 22 Irish... 27 119 69 82 67 8 114 4 7 17 4 168 7 3 28 17 39 42 8 46 34 12 9 26 13 34 8 3 Lithuanian 7 Magyar 10 Mexican 5 Polish 14 6' 40 2 7 4 22 Roumanian Russian 6 7 6' 1 Ruthenian 1 Scotch 11 9 S 28 1 55 2 2 34 3 1 72 2 1 70 1 5 42 Slovenian 1 Welsh 19 . / L Total 2,549 84 198 308 246 256 734 282 234 207 ^ 296 The Immigration Commission. Table 5. — Number of fareign-bom persons in the United States each specified numjer of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. In iCJnlted States— Eaceoflndividaal. Under 1 year. 1 year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. 5to9 years. 10 to 14 years. IS to 19 years. 20 years or over. Bohemian and Moravian 54 1 2 377 1 86 30 145 99 920 769 490 768 104 1,113 52 165 169 39 1,272 35 3 9% 4 6 5 6 10 1 7 1 6 ,9 2 3 1 35 9 SI 78 45 17 32 36 16 64 11 23 24 41 45 132 44 34 Danisli 1 8 33 39 15 21 2 43 1 9 1 2 33 i' 12 9 3 6 2 59 78 19 77 120 11 28 19 12 1 25 1 117 134 38 88 1 161 10 25 14 10 "2 11 86 99 36 90 6 118 5 22 19 4 1 23 2 96 84 26 90 2 111 9 16 19 6 105 2 12 7 15 3 304 230 181 196 22 286 16 38 44 10 351 14 1 2 4 1 86 56 101 97 24 112 2 7 11 1 94 32 42 63 31 98 French Irish Italian, North TJthnajiifl.n Magyar Polish Roumanian Kussian 10 18 3 17 4 '8 21 Scotch Slovak 64 2 ...... 133 4 2 3 91 4 175 3 175 5 145 1 Slovenian Spanish Welsh 1 2 5 8 4 14 43 Total 6,756 236 527 818 648 657 1,876 739 636 620 Table 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race 0? Indfymual. Bohemian and Mo- ravian Bosnian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Kussian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Spanish Welsh Total ■2B 18 1 189 57 35 441 437 45 567 36 91 00 13 600 16 3 29 S3 Numbez ^--^rldsig for wages. 3,341 39 844 213 274 254 244 1,829 50 iss fiS 53 28 10 38 21 264 248 109 214 41 321 14 25 52 13 336 9 Number working without wages. 12 7 90 122 86 102 1 165 8 51 15 200 6 930 eg 91 122 86 103 1 169 8 51 16 202 6 946 Nimiber work- ing for profit. 506 21 627 General Tables; General Survey. 297 Table 7,—Oemp§tion before coming to the United Stq.tes of/orefgn-hom femtiks who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of inilimdual. (STUDY OT H0VSEH0LD3.) Eace o< Individual. Is '£■3 Number worl^ing tor 1^ i>3 Number worMng without wages. Number work- ing for profit. 'a ^^heinlan and Moravian. I^Wtian ;. French Gennan liish Italian, North.. Italian, South. . tithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Boumanian. Kiissian Euthenian . Scotch Slovak Slovenian.. Welsh 16 119 1 22 7 37 20 264 165 150 200 26 271 10 40 37 9 369 11 23 75 1 19 7 31 18 149 136 143 : 21 16S 5 18 218 4 21 Total. 1,787 1,155 132 129 12 48296°— VOL 7—11- -20 298 The Immigration Commission. Table 8. — Occupation of fordgn-bom male employees before coming to the United Statu by race. (STUDY 07 BMFLOXBES.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. ■ Number who were mgaged in- Bace. Min- ing. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. OOlBT occupa- tions. 408 1 158 15 8 1,212 17 68 1,277 65 352 1,423 67 2 2 321 4,840 2,883 12 1,670 13 2,423 08 118 10 3,771 6 07 1,389 ISl 561 5 69 5,378 1,248 5 142 15 4 178 7 658 271 7 235 is" 9 1 44 3 33 1,055 3 254 782 7 1 190 661 223 5 67 '■■■263' 70 5 1 369 7' 108 24 495 4 4 573 250 4 22 3 1 156 1 312 217 1 67 1 119 2 4 1,026 7 16 33 43 24 265 40 24 5 67 3 7 Bosnian Bulgarian 12 8 3 1 47 2 7 48 8 10 157 11 1 4 5 n' u' Canadian, Frencli 1 1 18 4 4 61 2 20 Canadian, Other. 1 57 5' 38 5 36 95 7 15 1 3 25 2 7 58 2 Banisli Dutch English Finnish French Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) 2 83 2,770 1,917 4 1,243 1 1,660 17 108 4 2,697 5 80 1,109 100 10 68' 3,680 719 1 82 9 3 3 4 248 7 3 Irish 25 563 415 3 129 '"'229' 5 1 2 333 6 116 28 9 496 206 1 28 9 7 Italian, North Italian, South 85 Italian (not speolfled) TjlthnftTiian 26 3 29 110 86 4 188 5 2 1 281 3 4 3 «■ 1 4 16 Macedonian 1 Mexican I 2 Polish 77 Portuguese 1 Boumanian 5 88 18 14 1 2 650 71 1 25 4 2 3 43 2 15 4' 1 2 I Buthenian 2 Scotch 23 Scotch-Irish 1 77 33 2 282 138 2 9 2 Slovak 107 35 Swedish 14 2 2 16 1 1 5 Turkish Welsh 6 4 1 41 10 1 i' 1 9 Australian (race not specified) 1 Austrian (race not specified) 37 14 5 17 2 14 6 Swiss (race not specified) Total 31,325 6,478 18,174 2,905 607 2,206 123 832 General Tables: General Survey. 299 Table 9.— Number of males 16 years of age or over in each spedfied industry, by general nativity and race of indiwdual. (STDDY OP HOCSKHOLDS.) (The main headings used In this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these modl- flcations: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Minlne and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct from each other.) »uai;uii,n.viuu 1 1 3 Pi i t 1 n 1> s . 9 3 boa •§^ a Roumanian Russian 5 1 1 Rnthcnlan Scotch 1 1 2 Slovak 2 1 t Spanish > Welsh. 1 1 "3,777 2 65 3,650 12 4 .:. 3 3 29 R Grand total 4,205 2 6 91 i,996 12 4 1 15 12 S'i ^0 a Including 1 not reporting complete data. 300 The Immigration Commission. Table 10. — Number of females 16 years, of age or over in each specified industry, 6y general nativity and race of individual. (STDDY OF H0USEEOI.DS.) [The main headings used In this table follow the classlflcation of the United States Census with thesQ modi, fications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Serrice; Fishing, Mining, mi Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and TransportaUos are distinct from each other J General nativity and race of individual. 1 a 1 3 Is if, o ■1 P. a jl 11 gas 3 '3 o 1 g Eh ^ 1 Native-bom of native father: White 184 32 3 .... 6 4 1 5 .... 168 25 3 Negro ,,,,.. 1 2 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 6 2 1 9 4 28 34 13 6 6 9 S 14 2 7 43 13 3 1 2 2 1 7 I 18 19 8 5 5 7 5 11 2 4 34 10 Canadian (other than French) ' " ' English - .... 1 1 .... 3 .... .... .... 6 1 1 Irish 6 3 .... 4 Italian, North s Italian, South. 1 Lithuanian 1 1 .... 1 Polish 1 2 Ruthenian Scotch 2 4 1 Slovak 1 2 1 .... *) Welsh ? Total 202 1 18 6 7 10 141 19 Total native-bom 421 1 28 7 8 15 . 337 25 Forelgn-bom: Bohemian an^ Moravian 18 2 130 1 31 12 53 31 301 182 175 241 36 325 U '^ 15 444 13 32 18 2 127 1 31 12. 51, 3tf 296 180 174 238 3« 320 10 44 42 13 440, 13, 30 .... 1 ? Danish English * .... German 2 ' ... .... Irish .... 1 Italian, North 2 T Italian, Soutli .... 1 1 ... Lithuanian ^ ->* " 1 Magyar .... 3 ' ' ' Mexican .... .... .... 1 1 2 2 Roumanian. ** *' . .. - .... ■"" Ruthenian *"*" ... Scotch .... 1 3 1 ... Slovak.., 1 ...fc Slovenian.... .... ■' -■ .... 1 1 .... • ■■ 2,139 2,560 1 14 42 3 10 3 3" 1 9. 3 1 2,10» n Grand total IS 1 2,«5 31 General 1 aUes: General Survey. 301 Table H.-^Number of male employees 18 'yean of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race-.* (STUDT or UMPLOTHES.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings per day. Ntmiber earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der SI. SI and under S1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.76. $1.76 and under $2. $2 and under S2.60. $2.50 and under S3. $3 and under 83.60. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Native-bom of native father: White 1.5,972 6,179 3 $2.31 1.98 78 19 280 245 352 680 1,601 1,511 1,506 577 6,510 1,782 1 4,297 851 1,652 449 387 73 409 92 ..Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 4 496 31 47 10 1,470 C) 2.16 2.23 2.28 1.89 3 163 11 19 3 434 39 604 1 372 21 1 11 1 112 13 12 3 632 66 580 Austria-Hungary Belgium 2 "2 7 "i2" 18 1 2 18 63 4 4 1 88 7 167 76 ...... 1 88 9 164 27 1 7 4 1 1 13 Canada Denmark England 30 6 32 14 1 18 173 11 264 34 8 93 70 142 i 2.41 1,977 1 2.41 Germany 63 Greece 1 1,151 107 7 17 4 102 744 49 22 384 3 C) 2.32 2.36 & (a) 1.99 2.47 2.30 2.45 2.49 C) Ireland ............. 10 14 5 1 15 4 97 9 119 7 384 48 5 3 1 29 289 15 10 166 92 3 20 3 28 Italy 7 Mexico 1 1 18 41 4 2 10 2 2 79 4 1 63 Norway 2 1 25 ""2 4 12 10 2 5 1 ....„ 11 41 2 1 16 25 212 22 5 105 1 38 Sweden 1 Switzerland. "3" 1 10 2 Wales 18 Africa (country not specified) Total 6,768 2.38 40 142 79 609 637 2,052 2,249 721 104 245 Total -native-bom. 28,921 2.25 1=7 667 1,011 3,522 2,620 9, .345 7,397 2,822 6.i4 746 Foreign-bom, by race: Armenian. . . 1 705 1 161 23 24 2,278 5 19 93 2,2S3 57 3 731 2,540 108 5 5 841 6.141 3,909 70 1,767 17 2.34 (a) 2.07 2.31 2.30 1.98 (") 2.25 2.18 2.60 2.24 (a; 2.28 2.35 2.01 2.24 2.28 2.14 2.15 2.28 l.RO 1 58 Bohemian and Mo- ravian 6 14 30 46 244 159 1 34 7 11 262 102 27 21 Bulgarian. Canadian, French... Canadian, Other 1 2 1 9 37 4 3 474 9 1 2 366 49 6 7 766 2 11 41 763 30 18 3 "'iso' 2 '"'i' 32 1 ♦ , Croatian 13 53 170 12 (i .Dalmatian.. . 3 1'' ■ V iDanish 1 2 5 1 36 3 1 3 14 3 26 698 11 3 292 626 21 3 335 5 Dutch 9 135 5 4 87 1 ■■■92- 1 English 128 llnnish 1 Flemish ; French 3 16 1 25 74 S 19 58 4 1 67 215 17 2 95 684 631 12 277 10 22 181 18 3 2 95 451 627 6 61 220 832 39 1 ■68 354 2 6 97 1 19 German 87 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian 1 Irish Italian, North Itafen, South .Man (not speol- ' Mfi6.) 9 30 9 17 142 79 24 103 178 8 22 1 272 2,127 1,219 18 669 2 209 1,702 743 16 405 85 729 380 9 247 3 15 131 80 1 61 20 142 63 Lithuanian 10 61 1 74 Macedonian * This table show* wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In Jhe various tables in this report showing «™uai eamings allowance is made for time lost during the year. » Not computed, owing to small nimiber involved. 302 The Immigration Commission. Table 11. — Number of male employees 18 yean of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — ijontinued. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number eaminp each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der $1. Jl and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 a^d under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. »2 and under $2.50. $2.60 and under $3. $3 and under $3.60. $3.50 and under S4. S4or over. Foreign-bom, by race— Continued. 4,171 100 127 13 6,793 7 145 1,763 290 1,053 23 124 10,575 1,783 6 '293 20 356 1 8 829 360 21 $2.00 2.44 2.13 2.19 1.99 a- 2.26 1.98 2.48 2.60 2.04 2.03 2.18 C) 2.41 1.90 2.41 C) C) 2.53 2.28 2.52 30 71 222 615 3 43 1 1,075 1 30 152 48 57 1 31 1,738 183 524 1 5 "824' ■"■33' 137 52 36 2 .10 1,906 110 1,994 24 38 8 2,906 3 47 716 112 338 6 50 4,275 739 2 128 7 113 S4S 68 16 4 880 2 IS 432 34 367 8 22 1,365 524 4 78 3 119 1 1 361 165 7 138 8 19 10 1 4 19 Montenegrin 1 Polish 115 328 290 292 1 43 40 Portuguese Koumanlan 2 3 1 2 3 28 12 17 12 66 23 7 Kussian. ........ 146 7 166 6 6 335 118 29 "'26' 65 Sootoli 53 Scotcli-Irisli. ........ '42' 18 2 281 31 2 448 38 1 63 13 122 Slovenian. g Swedislx. ....... . . 2 3 2 4 17 2 28 9 6 13 29 8 19 Syrian....... Welsli 1 6 60 7 West Indian Australian (race not specified) 1 37 33 1 15 5 1 5 209 113 5 1 132 23 S 25 2 Austrian (race not 1 8 9 1 3 4 39 Befgi^ (race not 5 Rwiss (race not specified) 1 Total foreign-bom. 50,654 2.16 320 1,313 1,760 6,733 5,560 19,046 10,246 3,950 763 964 Grand total 79,576 2.19 457 1,980 2,771 10,255 8,180 28,391 17,642 6,772 1,417 1,710 ■ Not computed, owing to small number Involved. General TablesJ General Survey. 303 Table 12, — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci- fied amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) jer re- port- ing com- plete data. A.ver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each specified amovmt per day. General nativity and race. Un- der $1. and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.60. $1.60 and inder $1.76. $1.76 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.60 or over. Kative-born of native father: White 1,239 315 11.61 1.24 81 86 392 55 147 47 213 70 145 23 156 28 105 Negro '.... 6 Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary '. 308 20 222 25 189 90 . 82 2 1 1 67 121 17 4 43 1.44 1.74 1.64 1.73 1.60 1.45 1.60 (a) 1.43 1.75 1.62 (a) 1.59 21 ...... ■ "h' 6 4 HI 6 61 9 62 35 32 43 ■■'is' 2 12 12 3 48 3 40 3 40 15 10 21 1 17 ""ii' 6 4 60 6 46 5 34 9 1« 14 4 England. 27 6 21 8 Italy 13 2 1 1 Russia 1 3 ...... 35 31 7 1 14 6 9 "'i' 8 17 3 1 14 1 7 ...... 12 27 6 2 6 4 "' Scotland 27 2 Switzerland Wales 5 \ Total 1,192 1.67 47 404 113 202 74 218 134 2,746 1.51 214 851 307 486 242 402 245 18 4 2 27 1 7 36 19 33 1 1 1 135 108 2 6 1 92 3 7 82 5 17 S 26 3 184 26 2 1 3 15 10 1.64 1.47 C) («) 1.66 1.72 1.65 W 'A 1.91 1.62 (") v. 1.63 t^ 1.45 1% la) 1.60 /.^7 1.68 C) (a) (0) 2.23 1.99 10 ...... 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 2 ...... 1 8 6 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 Danish ■"'i' 2 16 6 10 3 1 1 9 ...... 1 1 9 5 7 1 English 6 4 German. S Greek 1 1 49 24 ...... 20 22 8 9 1 3 1 9 18 21 8 18 32 Italian, South 9 1 2 1 Magyar ^ 2 22 1 18 4 31 6 2 6 23 4 1 2 1 1 14 4 4 1 2 1 30' 4 1 6 23 10 2 RhiiTnnnlfl.n S ...... 3 3 ...... 3 1 1 14 1 11 6 Servian 1 Slovak 39 8 1 1 1 21 2 60 7 11 19 Slovenian , . . 4 Syriau 2 2 . . ... 1 1 7 4 5 1 1 3 883 1.65 32 210 92 168 69 210 112 3,629 1.64 246 1,061 399 663 1 301 612 357 *This table shows wages or earnings tor the period Indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In tUs report showing Minual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. "Not computed, owing to small number involved. 304 The Immigration Commission. Table 13. — Numhci ufmale heads of families eaminp each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individiial. (STUDY OF HOOSBHOLDS.) (This table Includes only male heads of selected &niUies. For selection of families, see p. 284.] CuO a h 1 1 Number earning— General nativity and race of individual. 1 1 § 1 1. gi 1 gs 3 . •00 gSS 1 gss 1 1 h •08 I- Native-horn of na- tive father: White 83 24 $607 ■ 384 6 2 16 14 11 7 8 1 15 IS 2 4 ■7 Negro Native-bom of for- eign father, by race of father: English 11 13 708 758 3 1 2 3 ....„ 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 Irish Total 24 735 4 5 2 3 2 2 1 5 Total natlve- 131 590 7 34 23 11 18 17 4 5 12 roreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 13 117 22 11 39 270 169 165 216 38 298 9 38 39 9 409 11 32 413 401 570 380 613 498 426 448 425 416 391 450 («) 376 441 C) 446 384 686 1 1 •■■•j- 3 14 3 1 2 40 3 4 6 6 73 41 35 66 20 92 2 34 2 3 6 7 65 67 42 47 10 73 3 11 2 2 9 10 42 24 36 29 3 60 3 2 7 4 69 ...... 1 i 1 7 S Croatian English 1 1 French 1 7 9 24 9 13 18 1 26 5 2 7 '"46 1 3 7 1 9 9 5 8 2 ""2 2 1 1 2 1 2 Irish ""5 1 2 16 3 10 11 6 37 13 17 31 4 23 2 Italian, North. Italian, South . Lithuanian ■ -j Magyar Mexican 3 2 Polish 1 6 8 1 5 2 2 Roumanian.... Russian 2 1 ...... 5 9 1 48 ■■3' 16 3 3 110 6 8 11 10 "so" 3 2 Ruthenian 1 "is Scotch 1 2 Slovak .... Slovenian 2 20 1 2 3 1 Welsh 3 2 4 Total for- eign-born.. 1,949 442 14 - 80 218 634 472 321 174 90 17 16 14 Grand total. 2,080 451 14 80 225 S68 495 332 192 107 21 20 26 a Not computed owing to small number involved. General Tables: General SurVey. 305 TXble 14. — Yedrly earnings (aj^jf^roxirhate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDX OF 'HoOsiiHOLDS.) P III ill 2i 1 Number earning— General nativltv and race ot individual. 8 1 1 § 1* 1 § . li s ■a as ■as 1. li 1 §8 1 g . li a 1 P . -OS 0» 1 -OS t Native-born of native father: White 140 30 2 23 2 14 44 5 3 7 6 3 6 16 10 $549 377 '^ (a) 475 632 373 466 1 4 6 1 3 3 1 S 17 1 3 25 8 19 1 19 21 21 8 8 NativB^b'orn of foreign father, by race of father: Boheinian and Moravian 1 .... 1 4 S 1 4 9 1 2 1 1 6 1 3 2 1 2 I^noh "i' 1 5 5 2 1 8 1 3 1 1 ... Irish 3 ,3 1 2 3 Italian, North *'" Magyar 3 4 2 3 3 6 3 2 .... 3 1 '■ Polish " Kuthenian 1 Scotch 2 3 1 " Slovak 1 3 2 .... 1 2 ' Welsh ■■ Total .141 311 471 497 2 3 1 6 12 1 8 14 12 37 29 17 13 8 4 5 Total native-born 34 70 49 36 34 29 12 13 Eoreign-bom: 22 1 194 36 16 ■64 58 43S 435 266 386 57 574 37 04 94 16 609 16 2 40 -413 C) 378 592/ 341 S62 617 427 434 437 413 • 379 432 538 397 448 485 436 363 (o) 566 1 3 1 23 1 1 "2 15 15 11 16 3 21 2 4 5 5 1 1 Croatian 8 4 10 11 2 2 4 35 25 13 35 63 5 6 'I 144 119 71 126 31 173 42 5 4 14 9 112 163 64 111 12 148 13 27 31 2 145 3 "2' 16 2 2 12 13 64 55 ^53 46 4 107 14 6 20 4 99 \ 6 6 10 11 6 English 4 ^ 1 1 1 1 2 12 6 8 15 11 12 31 26 13 27 2 40 9 5 13 1 52 1 9 3 10 19 12 11 3 1 8 6 "5' ir Irish 11 3 "e' 1 6 2 8 1 1 2 3 Italian, North 1 Italian, South Xithuanian...; ? Mexican Polish 12 1 2 1 32 10 3 Bussian 4 1 "i' 2 S 4 3 6 8 2 53 36 11 5 162 9 1 9 1 1 Scotch 2 5 Slovak 3 2 9 21 27 t Spanish Welsh .... 1 2 2 3 3 5 3 4 Total foreign-born 3,455 438 40 37 102 148 230 993 912 530 233 135 47 IS Grand total 3,766 443 43 42 114 162 264 1,063 961 566 297 164 59 31 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 306 The Immigration Commission. Table 15. — Amount of family incxyme per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (sinoz or households.) Number of selected familles.a Average family income. Number of families haying a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. Under 1300. S300 and under 1500. $500 and under $760. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $1,600 or over. Native-bom of native father: White 83 24 1707 470 5 1 19 17 29 4 17 1 11 1 2 Natlve-bom of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 13 767 929 5 2 1 S 1 3 4 1 Iridi 2 Total 24 859 7 6 4 6 131 691 6 43 39 22 17 4 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian '13 119 22 12 41 44 275 169 165 216 39 299 10 39 39 9 411 11 36 SS4 528 85S 563 798 803 559 547 566 565 472 674 599 468 525 m 540 440 737 2 20 1 2 2 30 ■ 12 22 26 3 18 1 4 6 S 60 2 6 6 6 111 77 60 84 ■ 24 117 2i" 9 2 37 5 2 20 21 91 64 63 61 9 113 7 12 24 * 136 1 13 4 6 8 9" 5 24 18 IS 27 2 31 2 2 1 1 47 Croatian. 2 5 1 3 4 14 8 9 17 1 18 4 1 1 4 6 5 English French Irish ItaUan, North Italian, South T.ithnanian 3 1 Mexican ,..,,..... . Polish 2 ■R.nnnif^TiiaTi Eusslan K uthenian , . . . . . Scotch 4 18 Slovak 46 4' 161 10 6 3 Slovenian Welsh 2 »■ 2 Total foreign-bom 1,969 569 198 744 67S 207 113 32 2,100 577 204 787 714 229 130 36 « For selection of families, see p. 284. > Not computed, owing to smau number involved. General Tables: General Survey. 307 Table 16.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 yean of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individiuil. (STUDY OF HOUSICHOLDS.) f Number working for wages and reporting amount. Average earnings. Number earning— General nativity and race of Individual. Un- der $100. tioo and under $150. siso and under S200. }200 and under 1250. 1250 and under taoo. »300 and under $400. $400 or over. Native-born oJ native ^ tether: 4 White 6 6 S 1 2 1 1 i" 2 1 2 H Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Mora- 1 1 2 3 9 1 3 3 1 (o) (aS (a) (a) H 1 English 1 2 flemnHn 2 4 1 Irish 1 1 3 i Magyar. 1 Scotch 3 1 1 Slovak 1 1 Welsh Totol 24 272 1 2 2 3 12 4 Total nattvft-bom . . . 35 256 4 2 3 5 3 12 6 Foieign-bom: 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 (a (a) (ol (a) (OJ 1 6 2 "■"i" 1 1 Italian, South... Polish. . ' L Scotch 1 f Slovak 1 1 Welsh 1 : . Total foreign-bom . . . 17 98 10 3 2 1 1 ''^ Qrandtotal S2 204 14 S 5 5 3 13 7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 308 The Immigration Commission. Table 17. — Number of families having an income vnthin the year from' huihmd, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected familles.o Number of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head ottaxailj. Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. sources. Native-born of native father: White 83 24 83 24 1 3 18 3 3 1 4 14 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English H 13 11 13 2 5 3 iTl^ Total 24 24 7 3 131 131 4 28 7 Foreign-born: 13 119 22 12 41 44 275 169 166 216 39 299 10 39 39 9 411 11 36 13 117 22 11 39 44 27(i 169 165 216 38 298 9 38 39 9 409 11 32 6 7 11 5 14 21 23 IS 13 22 4 33 1 71 2 1 Croatian English 2 French 1 1 5 6 2 114 89 92 103 7 149 4 24 25 3 169 4 1 i Irish 7 Italian, North 33 Italian, South 4 14 Lithuanian 40 1 18 Mexican........... 32 Polish 3 28 Russian 3 3 6 45 1 16 2 2 Scotch 1 Slovak 3 47 Slovenian Welsh 8 1,969 1,949 13 247 861 247 2,100 2,080 17 275 868 267 a For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: General Survey. 309 Table 18.— Source of family income, in Retail, by general nativity and race of head of familyi (STDDT OF HOnSEHOLDS.) , ii: a S S3 •3 □ Number of families having entire income from Qeneral naUvltr and race of head of fiunlly. 03 3 H 1 i 1 1 ii 1 ll Is m ^ 1 :§ g ^ 81 2 1 ■a S> ! 11 OQ Natlve-tx>m of native father: White 83 24 60 6 "3 15 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 14 .... ' ^= ^= — Native-horn of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 13 7 7 Irish ' .... 2 ' .... ***• .... . Total 24 14 .... 5 .... 2 3 Total native-born ' . . .. -. . - 131 79 3 21 5 1 5 22 • .. . . Porelgn-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 13 119 22 12 41 44 275 169 165 216 39 299 10 39 39 9 411 11 36 6 44 8 3 21 19 126 68 52 85 4 110 6 13 10 2 186 6 14 1 64 2 1 1 1 9 Englisli. .... ■4" .... 10 2 9 16 14 7 5 9 .... French 1 1 5 1 4 1 93 81 63 94 2 131 3 21 24 1 141 4 Msh. g Italian, North 1 1 ' 3 37 I Italian, South 19 Lithuanian 45 Magyar. 27 Mexican 1 1 32 Polish 2 20 .... 35 1 ■^ Russian .... 1 3 4 27 1 10 .... 1 3 2 1 1 Scotch 2 Slovak. .... 1 1 54 Welsh 3 1 8 Total forelgn-bom 1,969 773 9 143 1 730 1 .... 9 9 5 5 4 294 Grand total 2,100 852 12 164 2 735 .... 1 .... 316 a For selection of families, see p. 284. 310 The Immigration Commission. Table 19. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. fi 5 ir Number working full time months specified General nativity and race of individual. 3 is h 1 ■a s 00 CD I-' 8 1 so «5 1 ra 1 Native-born of native fatlier: White 151 32 30 9 19 14 16 6 2 29 16 26 14 2 Negro. Native-bom of foreign lather, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 4 25 2 16 47 8 4 4 11 12 3 7 32 13 1 1 1 ...... 2 ""2 1 2 2 4 English 9 "■■■4" 7 ...... ""2 S ...... 11 2 2 1 2 French Gprman 2 3 1 5 2 1 6 1 ...... 1 1 Italian, North Italian, South :.... 1 Lithuanian 2 1 1 1 2 6 5 1 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 Polidi 6 1 Euthenian Scotch 1 7 ...... 1 1 4 1 : 5 7 1 3 2 Slovak ... i Welsh Total 188 36 3 42 13 14 22 34 22 2 Total native-bom ........... 371 66 12 61 27 30 30 79 62 4 Foreign-bora: Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian............. 22 1 205 37 16 65 60 451 448 269 403 68 579 37 96 96 16 635 18 2 43 5 1 4 1 3 3 4 1 1 32 3 2 1 11 103 28 15 34 20 33 25 9 14 7 37 101 30 63 4 ...... ...... 6 15 ....„ 49 2 1 15 IS 64 46 50 30 39 3 3 5 4 76 46 18 40 1 68 5 8 8 3 72 4 23 13 1 17 11 41 79 25 112 6 91 2 10 2 2 76 2 1 7 9 5 2 S 6 33 68 79 58 5 69 1 39 5 2 75 1 ..... 22 2 5 8 4 90 65 39 59 25 86 2 1 Irish 1 1 Italian, North Italian, South T.lthiij^TiiaTi 13 3 1 g Magyar Mexican Polish 85 27 12 57 1 111 S ...... ...... 13 146 2 10 9 1 178 8 Boumanlan 4 3 6 57 ..... 10 7 12 2 Rnthpninn Scotch 49 1 4 2 Slovenian Sjpanish Welsh 8 3 3 10 1 Total foreign-bom 3,557 592 P& 633 397 524 466 490 363 37 Qrand total 3,928 658 67 694 424 554 496 569 425 41 General Tables: General Survey. 311 Tkfe& 19. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex ana by general nativity and race of individtud — Continued. FEMALE. |a Number working full time months specified. General nativity and race of individual. ^ 1 u i a s •to 00 1 1 1 CO 1 1 CO 1 Native-born of native father: Whltp ......... 7 2 3. 1 1 2 1 1 Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 4 1 3 6 8 3 i 1 1 1 3 5 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 Trltsh 1 1 1 1 Welsh Total 30 20 1 1 1 4 2 1 Total native-born 39 24 1 2 1 6 2 2 1 Fordgn-bom: Magyar 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Polish ...... 1 Slovak ...... ...... Total forelgn-bom 12 5 1 2 2 2 61 29 1 2" 2 8 2 2 4 1 312 The- Immigratioii Commission. Table 20. — Number ap4 class of , households, by general nfitivity and- race of hetufof household. ["With boarders or lodgers" includes only households keeping hoarders or lodgers at the time schedule was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] 1 "3 1 "Familj " households. General nativity and race of head of household. With neither hoarders nor lodgers. With board lodgera er^or J, 3 1 1 s 03 . It Consisting of two or more families liv- ing together. 3 S 1 t Native-born of nattve father: White .'^. 101 23 4 1 105 24 2 i; 1 3 1 '' 108 ; 25 Negro. 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of, English '• 11 15 8 13 8 14 3 3; 11 11, Si^r?.:;"::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1 Total 26 21 1 22 3 3 ■ 25 ' 1 161 145 6 151 6 1 7 158' foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 16 132 27 11 61 50 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 13 92 22 10 41 46 177 82 80 112 29 154 6 17 16 7 276 7 37 1 14 52 23 11 43 46 180 83 80 112 32 1S7 ■ 6 18 16 8 278 7 38 1' 11 4 1 66 2 77 4 16 129, 27 11 50 49 If^ '1' 39 330 10 42 43 11 462 12 39 1 English 1 1 2 (xPlTnp.Ti 6 3 47 21 47 70 7 82 ...... 6 3 43 1 1 1 ■■■72' 82 61 59 "'si' 4 21 22 ■'isi' i 7 3 119 103 7 173 4 24 27 3 174 S 1 1 Irish 3 1 17 Lithuanian^......... 1 Magyar. ..'.. 3 3 1 Polish 4 Roumanian Russian ., ... 1 Ruthenian .... Scotch 1 2 Slovak 'i 1 ' 2,210 1,184 20 1,204 355 605 960 2,164 in Grand total 2,371 1,329 26 1,355 361 606 967 2,322 49 General Tables: General Survey. 318 Table 21.— Numb^ of households paying each specified rent per month by general natimty and race of head of household. per apanmeni, (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS ) Oeneral nativity and race ol bead of household. 1 Number of i households Average Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. ' paying rent and reporting amount. rent per apart-' ment. Un- der S9. S5 and under J7.50. 17.90 and under 110. no and under 112.60 W2.50 and under $15. $15 and under 820. $20 or overj Native-bom of native father: White 61 21 S8.43 9.17 3 9 23 12 17 11 4 1 Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: English Irish 5 9 n ...... 3' 2 1 3 Total 14 8.84 1 3 3 7 Total native-bom 96 7.78 13 38 20 18 4 1 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 9 115 21 9 35 17 215 167 134 225 36 269 10 40 38 7 390 10 ,15 (") 7.21 7.60 (") 7.10 6.59 6.42 6.25 6.90 6.96 4.58 6.27 6.70 5.30 7.01 ^6^0 6.20 7.73 ...... 1 2 6 1 28 32 • 14 21 27 40 1 13 1 "'si' 1 2 7 84 10 5 18 12 137 84 71 136 9 174 9 29 22 2 289 8 4 2 8 3 1 4 3 40 31 38 43 Croatian 18 7 ...... 1 7 10 11 17 1 1 English French 1 2 German Irish Italian, North 3 Italian, South Lithuanian ■Magyar 5 3 Mexican Polish 49 2 4 Eoumanian 1 11 1 48 1 7 1 4 1 , 3 Ettthenian 1 2 Slovak Slovenian Welsh 1 1 ...... 1,792 6 4!i 246 1,102 291 89 17 6 1 1,848 6.54 259 1,140 311 107 21 7 3 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 48296°— VOL 7—11 21 314 The Immigration Commission. Tabi,e 22. — Number of households paying each speafied rent per monih per room, by general nativity ard race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Number of households paying each speoifled rent per mouth per room. General nativity and race of head of household. 1 1. •gsj 8 1 H i l» s >- o o » Native-born of native father: White 61 21 (2.10 1.60 .... 3 9 19 3 20 9 IS 2 2 Negro Native-born of forpign father, by race of father; English 5 9 (•) .... ...... ...... 3 5 2 Irish Total 14 1.96 3 1 8 2 96 1.99 15 23 37 17 2 2 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 9 115 21 9 35 17 21S 157- 134 225 36 269 10 40 38 7 390 10 IS W 1.79 1.77 C) 1.78 1.93 1.79. 1.67 1.91 1.87 1.63 1.72 1.31 1.67 1.80 ^•l!65 1.68 1.73 .... ■j- .... .... 2 14 7 1 4 3 22 34 19 16 7 .32 7 8 3 "si' 1 6 5 66 8 1 20 3 97 69 38 HI 19 169 3 25 .21 3 259 7 1 2 23 1 1 6 10 77 45 49 72 7 54 6 3 2 4 "'io' 4 22 15 3 9 6 2 f 1 8 2 3 10 English 1 Irish Italian, North 1 1 1 1 Italian, South Lithuanian ■■■■;, Mexican , Polish ; 3 1 " Koumanian .. 5 8 1 66 2 3 2 6 2 5 Ruthenian Scotch 1 2 Slovenian 3 9 Welsh 5 Total foreign-born 1,762 1.75 s 5 237 252 925 948 431 468 98 42 8 6 1,848 1.77 115 44 8 • Not computed, owing to small ntunber involved. General Tables; General Survey. 315 Table 23.— Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. General nativity and race of head oJ household. S as 55 ■§ •• •0 Si s i. Native-born ol native father: White 61 21 J1.95 1.18 ..„ 3 8 12 4 13 3 10 2 6 8 2 1 il Negro.. Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: English S 9 t^] 1 4 1 1 ""2 2 1 (1 Iri& — 1 .... Total ! 14 1.63 1 6 2 2 3 a Total native-born 96 1.73 1 ■■9' .... 3 1 4 1 6 "2 12 2 . 43 2 3 9 2 75 73 36 76 19 118 1 19 15 21 i 26 8 ■"i2' 7 65 44 63 72 S 92 5 10 13 2 127 1 2 IS 2 13 S 3 5 4 31 17 29 32 2 25 1 5 6 3 54 1 2 14 2 15 2 2 4 1 23 13 6 21 5 20 3 1 3 9 10 1 10 foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian. . . 9 115 21 9 35 17 216 167 134 225 36 269 10 40 38 7 390 10 15 .96 1.49 C) 1.26 1.47 l.OS .92 1.16 1.10 .97 .97 1.31 .85 1.05 (•) dl 1.57 — i« 2 2 .... "i' 4 4 6 1 4 4 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 9 1 1 2 French 3 Irish Italian, North 1 "'3' 3 2 s I 1 Italian, Sobth T iith!'H"'fVTi Mexican Polish 3 1 RouTnaTiian Russian. 1 1 2 Buthenian Scotch 2 7 1 13 160 3 4 18 3 3 6 1 1 4 Rlnvpnl^n Welsh 3 Total foreign-born 1,752 1.03 40 660 551 2-10 145 39 45 17 15 Grand total 1,848 1.06 41 672 572 258 159 48 65 IS 2i ■ Not computed, owing to small number involved. 316 The Immigration Commission, Table 24. — Number of hmiseholds keeping hoarders and lodgers, and ■ number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schednle and iiotthe entire year. Boarders are persons wtio receive both board and lodging.) General nativity and race of liead of Number of house- holds. Number of households keeping- Number of— household. Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Boarders . Lodgers. Total. Native-bom of native father: ' White 108 27 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Enelish 11 15 3 1 3 1 3 1 Irish Total 26 4 4 4 •" Total native-bom IBl 7 1 8 7 2 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian.... -. 16 132 27 11 61 50 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 1 11 4 1 69 2 80 4 2 67 11 2 381 44S English 11 French 00 1 i ; iHt-H ; tHC^W^CO con 'CdrH O s 5 t^ r~ieo -^ ^ lO |i-H r-\ Noto^oo caoo : ;" WrHrH s 00 » NPJ ■* ^rtiH • W^f^HOt— N (D rH • rH<0 iCM g U3 (N(N ■* ^(D CO (N'lfOO'^'* lOO ■CO S ;- ■* ^ COCO Oi CO C4 cojpuaequ} ioa>rHC4tOtDtD .-(Oi rHiH ■*rHrH rH r^ - :^ -^ • ■ ; - 03Sg,g g3S lO U5 ^ ««^«o jogggg gSI^-^S ^'I^S ii 1 li ■a g f aiooi JOOT ^ : rH rH d - N CO CO <» r-l CO -* ■* t-: rH -H»-t rH»-l rH s I^ If- to tH CO jrHrH j rH (N ■ 00 r- t- ■d -« : -^ N : eO^T}4 . CT-H ^^ lO eo CO ■> ^ : -' rH CO THTfNlOtO N t- Q^ o> iM IcO ce N^ CO cd IN I»-too !•* eooo (M en s CT ■*cq to CO iHcoweoco u3- 1-4 iH rH CO CO CO NMrH ; rH to - ei ^ r-Cr-1 N t> - r4 \ : ; COlO'^rH CO T* f- ^ Grand total num- ber of apart- ments. OM rHu: s to SS3S3S3 gS8S5l gSSSS 332 rH eONi-HW to ■n< OS CO CO Hid II I! go O t4 o 1 I li z i g IS '1 (1 •3 I 1 1 £ C 1 n r 1 s o 1 >1 i 1 O S s c a 'c ■5 X 13 1 !■ 1 Q Pi i 1 E 3 o g c 1 a J c : 1 % 1 \ 318 The Immigration Commission. Q 1 t •9B is o*ss ■Mota JOQT •H i-i-«OC4^ i-HMiM •■* 09iHC4 •» iHco^iieo N C409iHlQ«0 «■*«<-( i-( 511? s a r •HCO 00^eQ i-i -ua e^usuaooeo ihiq •oi<4> ujuaooeo ^^if? iHa .iHO 1-tNWcjffl 'tr'^'^w C404C4;O If I- i-Hi-H iH 1^ B^^rt ■^^'^Sf* -"gg t»eo -^ i-HM't*'*'0 eor» ■* TCt^oor-t^ >Hfi •Heo -oii-iw 2 Is iHU3 weo .« iM 'COlOfO^-l »HO»»-(FHrH If. s s r*jHi-i(N« w^cooo t-'««es NNt*« s giiteg,§ *5£3Et!^'i Qsooos'-t N'j'ocgeo .n-^efla »-(«Mi-(io fTST-tSt^Tt* -^Mi-f^^ t-iio»-ie' M CO' •o I 10 sa Ml n ■< 6h ■9^ B-2 i'Sg oga H &< 'sasll sSlal ^£Sll III! i 1 ^ General Tables: General Survey. 319 8 •3 S ■s ^ i MOT \ J i ; ; 1- N : IN ^ N • " ■* to OD C4 ; (N ; rH rH C4 ■<«• bi i-t • tH ^ N ^ -■ iHi-l ^ CO a 09 ; iHiH « W> : U5 ■a 1-1 rH iH • M ', CO N - rH -• -J j ; illll 1-1 ■ ^« M 3 '^ N WeOM 1-t ^ Neo eo 8 ^ 1 ^ an *9ioia JOOT 1 1 C4 (N r-ICOT-l eo CO t-i ^ i 8 s Ok ^ I rH • 1 ■3 1° if >g i 1 ■3 i 1 r 5 i O 1 1 '3 1 1 1 1 1 k 1 1 1 i i i c . 1 1 C ( 1 E 1 0: S 1 < 1 a < 1 i a i • 1 1 ■t I c i 320 The Immigration Commission. Table 26. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. head of household. 1 room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 rooms ormore. Native-born of native father: White 108 27 4.41 3.26 _ 8 3 23 16 39 6 16 2 11 11 Negro _ Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 15 4.73 4.73 6 1 3 6 1 1 1 2 IriSi 5 Total 26 4.73 5 7 9 2 3 Total native-born 161 4.27 11 44 52 27 13 14 Foreign-bom; Bohemian and Moravian . . 16 132 27 11 SI SO 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 4S4 12 39 3.63 3.99 4.88 2.91 4.31 4 32 2 6 5 19 4 2 10 IS 95 58 66 76 22 108 1 9 12 2 104 4 10 7 81 11 2 25 12 134 78 70 115 7 145 3 20 20 2 232 7 12 1 23 8 i' 11 30 24 11 24 1 3 3 1 9 7 16 12 14 9 English 1 French 6 1 2 35 20 14 15 13 36 Irish 3 S 3 Italian, North 3.68 3 .3.74 5 3.63 , 4 3.73 1 1 2.86 Italian, South . Lithuanian Mexican Polish 3.60 6.10 3.21 3.91 S.OO 3.66 3.75 4.54 3 28 i" 6 3 34 1 9 13 6 Koumanian ......... Russian.- 1 11 2 3 2 15 Scotch ' 2 Slovak 66 Slovenian Welsh 1 4 Total foreign-born 2,210 3.73 17 230 622 983 218 118 22 2,371 3.77 17 241 666 1,035 245 131 36 General Tables: General Survey. 321 Table -27. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.; Number of tiouseholds and number ot of persons In apartments of each speclfled number ot rooms. General nativity and race of bead ot household. S2 is 1 room. 2 rooms. e 63 1^ 3 rooms. h B ^5 6 rooms. Iz;^ o O ^8 :z;fl 7 or more rooms. ■9 v. Total. II !?« Native-born of native bther: "White Negro 174 33 58 Native-born of for- eten father, by race Mfather: English 25 13 Total . 19 34 58 Total native-born . . . Foreign-born; Bohemian and Moravian Croatian , English French Qerman 11 185 52 241 148 13 Irish Italian, North. ■Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar |J '-""-"llexican ItftPoiish...... fe '■ 'iRoumanian . il.JBussian r Euthenian . . Scotch.... Slovak Slovenian . Welsh Total foreign- bom Grand total.. 06 230 28 97 18 8 47 75 477 297 348 424 116 576 4 48 81 601 30 48 918 622 3,332 948 ,666 3,517 7 81 11 2 25 12 134 78 70 115 7 145 3 20 20 55 13 142 74 867 575 427 763 36 1,0.19 20 170 143 10 198 47 183 221 73 172 10 232 1,634 7 29 12 47 983 1,035 6,584 6,825 200 26 224 11 48 27 108 27 499 120 54 143 762 16 132 27 11 51 60 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 .39 95 942 147 51 292 1,803 1,289 1,021 1,512 196 2,087 61 265 ... 293 71 2,798 70 1S4 218 1,544 lis 857 183 2,210 13,467 245 1,692 131 36 270 |2,371 14,229 322 The Immigration Commissicm. Table 28. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativitg and race of head of hotisehold. (STUDY or EOnSBHOLDS.) <]eneral miHvJty and race Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Nomber of households of each specified number of person^. of head of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8.: 9. 10 or more. Kative-bom of native father: White 108 27 4.62 4.44 ..... 16 6 28 4 17 3 8 4 16 4 1 2 12 3 7 5 2 Native-born of foreign Either, by race of father: English 11 15 4.91 6.93 1 2 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 Irish 3 1 Total 26 6.50 1 6 4 3 3 3 2 3 1 Total native-born 161 4.73 1 23 38 24 15 22 18 9 10 1 forelgn-bom: Bohemian and &f oraviao 16 132 27 11 51 SO 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 6.94 7.14 &44 464 5.88 5.84 6.71 6l45 5.70 &27 4.67 &25 5.10 6.31 6.81 6.45 6.16 5.83 4.72 1 13 5 2 3 3 45 29 13 26 7 36 3 6 1 1 38 4 5 3 15 2 3 8 9 52 19 28 39 8 39 2 4 3 "n 6 15 6 ..... 6 41 22 38 36 10 50 2 3 10 3 58 1 19 5 4 1 10 41 25 31 20 3 44 .... 6 2 72 1 7 1 12 3 1 12 5 24 22 17 28 3 41 2 4 8 1 62 1 3 1 9 4 1 9 1 2 Croatian. "z 10 1 1 5 4 29 16 14 16 6 18 30 English French................. ■(r^ripan 7 6 30 24 16 31 4 42 3 4 16 14 12 8 ■'28' 3 •Irish 3 Italian, North 35 Italian) South 29 Ijithuanlan 10 38 'MpTfioan . . . . 1 Polish 3( Honmanlan 1 7(fisslan 7 1 4 5 3 48 ...... 3 3 1 2 7 6 -Scotch 1 eiovak 28 2 7 48 3 Welsh 7 6 Total forelgn-bmi 2,210 6.09 3 165 241 313 320 296 250 236 133 253 Grand total 2,371 6.00 4 188 279 337 3.35 318 268 245 143 254 General Tables: General Survey. 323 Table 29.— Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDZ OF HODSBEOLDS. ) Total num- berof house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. General nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per room. Less than 1. land un- der 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 or more. Kative-bom of native father: White 108 27 499 120 4.62 4.44 1.05 1.36 41 6 58 14 8 6 1 1 Nativ6-bom of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 16 64 89 4.91 6.93 1.04 1.25 6 3 4 9 1 3 liMi Total 26 143 5.60 1.16 9 13 4 161 762 4.73 1.11 56 85 18 2 Fonign-born: 16 132 27 11 51 SO 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 ^\ 12 39 95 942 147 51 300 292 1,803 1,289 1,021 1,612 196 2,087 61 265 293 71 2,798 70 184 5.94 7.14 6.44 4.64 6.88 6.84 5.71 6.45 6.70 6.27 4.67 6.25 6.10 6.31 6.81 6.45 6.16 6.83 472 1.64 1.79 1.21 1.59 1.36 1.35 1.55 1.73 1.57 1.68 1.63 1.73 1.00 1.96 1.74 1.29 2.29 1.66 1.04 2 19 6 1 8 7 42 20 19 26 2 26 6 4 5 1 45 6 13 8 66 17 5 33 32 176 94 95 124 26 172 3 17 21 8 227 1 22 6 29 4 4 8 10 82 69 54 73 12 113 1 13 12 2 132 3 4 16 English French-. 1 2 1 15 14 8 16 2 21 Oerman ttah ItaUan,North 1 3 Massvai a PoUgh 2 6 4 2 1 Slorak 40 2 10 Slovenian. WcMl Total foteien-bom............. 2,210 13,467 6.09 1.63 258 1,147 631 146 28 Grand total. ................... 2,371 14,229 6.00 1.69 314 1,232 649 148 28 324 The Immigration Commission. Table 30. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY 01' HOUSBHOLDS.) ^ Total num- ber of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. Oeneral nativity and race of head o{ household. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per sleep- ing room. Less than 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 and un- der 6. 5 and un- der 6 6 or more Native-born of native lather: White 108 27 499 120 4.62 444 2.24 2.45 28 S 39 13 28 8 10 1 2 1 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 16 54 89 4.91 6.93 2.16 2.78 3 2 6 3 1 8 1 2 ■iiiSx Total 26 143 5.50 2.61 6 9 9 3 Total native-born ...... 161 762 4.73 2.32 38 61 45 14 2 1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 16 132 27 11 51 50 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 95 942 147 61 300 292 1,803 1,289 1,021 1,512 196 2,087 51 265 293 71 2,798 70 184 5.94 7.14 6.44 4.64 6.88 5.84 5.71 6.45 6.70 6.27 4.67 6.25 5.10 6.31 6.81 6.45 6.16 6.83 4.72 3.17 3.14 2.58 2.68 2.83 2.47 2.77 3.08 2.67 3.05 3.27 3.21 2.83 3.08 3.22 2.37 3.29 3.50 2.39 2 14 6 2 3 9 47 22 20 22 1 24 2 5 3 3 29 2 11 5 45 11 1 25 24 110 68 81 95 16 91 2 14 16 5 122 2 10 ■1 36 7 5 14 11 94 66 48 57 8 104 4 10 11 2 128 4 10 3 18 2 3 7 4 42 35 17 41 7 71 2 8 6 1 92 ...... 5 10 9 1 English Fisnoh German 1 1 16 12 10 21 6 26 1 1 7 7 \ 4 18 Irish T4tiinft"ian. . .. Polish 1 6 4 3 Scotch 38 2 2 46 2 2 Welsh Total foreign-born 2,210 13,467 14.229 6.09 3.02 227 732 620 362 157 112 2,371 6.00 2.97 265 793 666 376 169 113 General Tables: General Survey. 325 Table 31. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified num- ber of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STDDY OV HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head ol Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds sleeping in all rooms. Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— ■ household. 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. NatlTe-born of native father: White 108 27 25 18 38 6 33 3 12 Negro Natlve-bom of foreign father, by race of bther: English 11 15 6 8 6 4 Irist 1 Total 26 1 14 9 Total natlve-bom 161 44 58 46 Foielgn-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 16 132 27 11 81 50 316 200 179 241 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 8 67 1 6 7 18 165 90 99 112 22 152 2 31 18 2 189 3 6 6 48 16 2 27 18 107 80 52 96 19 122 1 9 16 4 173 5 15 1 23 9 1 IS 12 33 18 17 28 3 English 1 'French 2 German 2 Irish 2 Italian, North 3 6 8 2 1 11 s Italian, South T/lthnaTilan . . g Mexican 40 2 9 ■RoM^ftn.lnn.., . „ 5 2 Rutherla" 9 6 62 4 14 Scotch Slovak 10 20 Welsh 4 2,210 48 988 816 293 65 2,371 48 1,032 874 338 79 326 The Immigration Commission. Table 32, — Idteracy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF BMFLOTBBS.) * Number report- ing com- plete data. Number who- General nativity and race. Bead. Bead and write. Native-born of native father: White 18,097 6,479 2 17,527 4,877 2' 17,384 473? 2 Negro .. Indian. Native-born, of foreign father, ,by couhtrt of birth of father: Australii, i . l 4 813 SO 47 10 1,775 168 2,184 1 1,340 182 8 18 5 1 171 906 . 64 28 462 3 4 784 49 47 10 1,749 164 2,165 1 1,317 171 4 18 5 1 164 902 64 28 455 2 4 Austriar&unearv 779 49 Gaiuhda 47 T>fliimarlr r 10 1,742 164 France , 2,160 Greece. Ireland '111 Italy Mexico ^ 4 Nethefflauda^ 18 5 KoniTiATtia k 1 161 Scotland...... 902 Sweden 64 27 Wales 446 2 Total 8,240 8,104 8,067 32,818 30,510 30,185 Armenian , 2 737 1 170 25 30 2,404 1 6 20 104 2,478 70 3 765 2,659 113 6 6 924 6,584 4,197 112 1,878 18 4,515 107 134 14 2 697 1 138 22 28 1,608 1 4 17 102 2,430 67 3 696 2,574 74 5 4 864 5,780 2,757 100 1,493 12 4,026 87 93 14 2 690 Bosnian „ , 1 135 Canadian, Other 28' 1,558 Cuban 1 4 17 Dutch.? 101 2,407 Finnish 64 3 CSS 2,555 Greek '71 Hebrew (other than Russian) 5 4 843 Italian, North 5,700 Italian, South...., 2631 Italian (not'^specfified) '98 1,394 If ajliedbjiiaii. 1 . , 12 i^ar 3,975 80 92 Norwegian 14 General Tables: General Survey. 327 Table 32. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race — Continued. Qeneral nativity and race. Foreign-bom, by race— Continued. Polish Portuguese Boumanian — Busalan Buthenlan Scotch Scotch-Irish. Servian,..!... Slovak: Slovenian... Spanish., Swedish. Syrian... Turkish. Welsh... West Indian (other than Cuban). Australian (race not speolfied) Austin (race not speci&ed) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom . Qrand total Number who— Number report- ing corn- Read data. Bead. and write. 7,293 6 164 6,636 6 116 6,404 6. 112 1,826 1,292 1,226 303 180 174. 1,148 1,138 1,131 27 27 27 130 -101 98 11,238 9,259 9,026 1,8?7 1,569 1,632 6 4 4 305 305 301 20 18 16 4 3 3 396 376 367 1 1 1 8 8 8. 864 779 768 371 314 312- 24 24 24 S4,090 44,843 43,735 86,908 76,363 73,920 328 The Immigration Commission. Table 33. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativUy and race of individual. (STUDY or HODSEHOLDS.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Male. Female. Total. Oeneral nativity and race of Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Katlve-bom of native lather: White 4S2 81 3 222 41 218 36 216 36 230 40 3 221 36 3 220 35 3 452 81 3 439 72 3 436 71 3 Xpdf an Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian. Canadian (other than French) 20 2 12 52 14 79 142 102 41 40 81 14 126 3 18 21 221 2 51 10 10 10 10 2 8 15 8 46 58 49 IS 17 39 10 69 1 12 8 116 1 23 10 2 6 15 8 45 58 48 15 17 38 5 68 1 12 8 HI 1 23 10 2 6 15 8 45 57 48 IS 17 38 5 68 1 12 8 111 1 23 20 2 12 52 14 79 142 102 41 40 81 14 126 3 18 21 221 2 51 20 3 10 52 14 78 142 101 36 39 78 6 123 3 18 21 211 2 50 20 2 4 37 6 33 84 53 22 23 42 4 57 2 6 13 105 1 28 4 37 6 33 84 53 21 22 40 1 55 2 6 13 100 1 27 4 37 6 33 84 53 21 22 40 1 55 2 6 13 100 1 27 10 English French 14 Irish 141 Italian, North Italian', Soutli 36 Lithuanian...... 39 MeScan g Polish Russian 3 Scotch 21 Slovak 211 Alnvenfati 2 Welsh . , 50 Total 1,041 530 515 515 511 491 490 1,041 1,006 Total native-bom 1,577 793 769 767 784 751 748 1,577 1,520 1.515 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian. Rn^nlnn, 42 1 1 358 1 74 28 128 94 843 707 467 706 102 1,012 52 143 152 39 1,185 33 3 86 23 1 23 1 23 1 19 18 18 42 1 1 358 1 74 28 128 94 843 70? 467 706 102 1,012 52 143 152 39 1,185 33 3 86 41 1 1 193 1 72 23 118 91 691 360 320 637 52 745 40 73 100 39 951 29 3 79 41 1 Canadian (other than French) 1 140 1 30 12 55 33 . 326 202 180 255 . 38 358 13 44 46 19 478 15 1 70 1 29 9 51 32 241 71 117 217 9 251 8 12 24 19 367 12 1 63 1 29 9 51 32 237 71 84 214 9 229 8 11 23 18 340 12 1 218 123 120 1 English 44 16 73 61 517 505 287 451 64 654 39 99 106 20 707 18. 3 48 43 14 67 59 450 289 203 420 43 494 32 61 76 20 584 17 3 47 43 13 66 57 445 284 181 413 42 473 32 61 76 20 574 16 3 46 72 22 fl<»r"ian , , , 117 Irish 89 Ttallan, Worth 682 ItnHfiTi; floi'th , 355 215 Magyar................ 627 MeHcan..... 51 Poll^ 702 Ronffianlan . . , , 4D 72 Rnthpnlan , 99 Scotch 38 Slovak 914 Slovenian 28 Spanish 3 Welsh 38 32 31 77 Total forelgn-bom 6,257 3,954 3,069 2,989 2,303 1,591 1,491 6,257 4,660 4,480 Grand total 7,834 4 747 3 itaa 3,756 3,087 2,342 2,239 7,834 6,180 5,995 General Tables; General Survey. 329 Table -SA. — lAUracy of foTeign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individtial. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.) MALE. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Years In United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race of Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian 23 1 218 44 16 73 61 517 505 287 451 64 654 39 99 106 20 707 18 3 48 10 1 79 20 3 27 5 187 281 71 210 5 315 27 57 50 4 22t 6 3 7 10 1 46 20 2 23 5 162 152 47 196 3 238 24 36 35 4 183 6 3 7 10 1 46 20 2 22 5 161 147 45 194 3 230 24 36 35 4 177 6 3 7 4 4 4 9 9 9 Croatian 81 5 3 10 3 175 151 96 123 14 167 12 6 175 7 50 5 3 10 3 168 88 66 112 12 119 8 16 20 6 149 6 48 5 3 10 3 165 88 59 108 12 113 8 16 20 6 149 6 68 ' 19 10 36 53 1.55 73 120 118 45 172 27 18 9 34 61 130 49 90 112 28 137 26 English 18 R German 34 Irish 49 Italian. North 129 Italian, South 49 77 Maevar.. in 27 Polish 130 11 29 10 311 5 9 21 10 252 5 9 Ruthenlan 21 « 10 Slovak 248 p^ovnlan 4 Welsh 5 5 5 36 35 34 ■ Total 3,954 1,589 1,203 1,178 1,095 840 818 1,270 1,026 993 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) Gioatlan 19 1 140 1 30 12 65 33 326 202 180 255 38 358 13 44 46 19 478 15 38 10 9 9 2 2 2 , 7 1 23 1 • 14 8 30 27 70 32 55 78 26 102 7 1 13 1 14 5 30 26 62 13 40 66 7 72 7 1 71 38 33 46 i9 19 11 Danish. ... 1 Englteh 11 1 22 6 143 108 47 112 4 163 9 33 17 4 137 6 10 10 1 )9 6 110 36 23 94 1 103 S 6 8 4 117 5 9 10 1 19 6 109 36 17 94 1 96 5 6 7 4 110 5 9 5 3 3 5 3 2 5 3 2 14 French 6 German .TO Irish. 26 IWlan.North 113 62 78 1 103 4 5 15 4 157 5 3 79 22 54 57 1 76 3 2 9 4 126 4 3 77 22 36 ■ 56 1 68 3 2 9 4 123 4 3 51 Italian, South 13 Lithuanian . . 31 MaRvar 64 Mexican 7 Polish 65 Russian. ..!!;!!!!;;!!;!;!;;! 6 14 11 184 4 25 4 7 11 124 3 20 3 Ruthenlan 7 Scotch 10 Slovak.. 107 Slovenian 3 Welsh -. 19 Total 2,303 904 604 577 681 471 439 718 516 475 48296°— VOL 7—11 22 330 The Immigration Commission. Tabls 34. — Literaaf of foreign-bom persoru 10 years of age or over, 6y sex, years in the United States, and race of indiiiiduaJ— Continued. TOTAL. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Years In United Stales. Under S. Sto9. V 10 or over. Race of Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Ntmi- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Nmn- ber who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian,... 42 1 1 358 1 74 28 128 94 843 707 467 706 102 1,012 52 143 152 39 1,185 33 3 86 20 1 19 1 19 1 6 6 6 16 16 1( Canadian (other than French) 1 81 1 33 18 66 80 225 105 175 196 71 274 1 40 1 32 14 64 77 182 62 130 178 35 209 1 37 1 32 13 M 75 180 62 108 176 34 199 Croatian 150 84 79 127 69 67 Panlftb English 31 4 49 11 330 389 118 322 9 468 36 90 67 , 8 358 12 3 17 30 3 42 11 272 188 70 290 4 341 29 42 43 8 300 11 3 16 30 3 41 11 270 183 62 288 4 326 29 42 42 8 287 11 10 6 13 3 288 213 174 188 22 270 16 36 42 10 332 12 10 6 12 3 237 110 120 169 13 195 11 18 29 10 275 10 10 6 12 3 232 110 95 164 13 181 11 18 29 10 272 10 German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian. ... Mexican.. PoUsh Boumanlan Russian 17 43 21 495 9 13 28 21 376 8 12 28 2(1 355 7 Scotch Slovak Slovenian Spanish Welsh 8 8 8 61 55 53 Total 6,257 2,493 1,807 1,755 1,776 1,311 1,257 1,988 1,542 1,«8 General Tables: General Survey. 331 Table 35.— LiterMsy of foreign-iom persona 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDZ OF HOCSBEOLDS.) MALE. Number report- ing complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Race oflndlTldual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. • 23 1 218 44 16 73 61 S17 605 287 451 64 654 39 m 106 20 707 18 3 48 I 1 1 22 1 201 31 12 59 43 458 466 262 407 60 589 38 95 94 13 631 16 3 30 22 1 110 31 10 63 41 394 262 183 377 35 437 31 57 66 13 612 15 3 29 22 1 . 107 31 10 52 40 389 258 161 17 13 4 14 18 S9 39 25 44 14 65 1 4 12 7 76 2 13 12 4 14 18 56 27 20 43 8 57 1 4 11 7 72 2 13 12 3 14 17 66 26 20 42 7 66 1 4 11 7 71 2 EnBllsh Oermftn Irish Italian, North .■ Italian, South Matrvar Mexican 35 Polish RollTTlftnlflTX 31 Russian 57 65 Scotch 13 Slovak 603 14 3 Welsh . 18 18 18 28 Total 3,9S4 433 388 381 3,521 2,681 2,608 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French).. 19 1 140 1 30 12 55 33 326 202 180 265 38 368 13 44 46 19 478 15 38 3 1 16 3 1 13 3 1 11 16 16 IS 126 1 22 8 43 26 279 170 163 223 27 292 11 42 40 9 407 12 24 67 1 21 5 39 25 198 60 103 189 5 194 6 11 20 9 303 10 18 62 Banish 1 English 8 4 12 7 47 32 17 32 U 66 2 2 6 10 71 3 14 8 4 12 7 43 . 21 14 28 4 57 2 1 4 10 64 2 14 8 4 12 7 42 21 13. 28 4 67 2 1 4 9 64 2 14 ^ 6 German 38 Irish 26 Italian, North 19S Italian, South 60 Lithuanian 71 Magyar 186 S Polish 172 Roumanian 6 Russian... 10 Euthenlan 19 Scotch 9 Slovak 276 Sloven^n 10 Welsh 17 A Total 2,303 363 312 307 1,940 1,279 1,1&( 332 The Immigration Commission. Table 36. — Literacy of formgn-hofn persona 10 years of age or over, hy sex,-age at tint of coming to the United States, and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Number .report- iUR complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian . 42 358 74 28 128 94 843 707 467 70(> 102 1,012 52 143 162 39 1,185 83 3 86 4 i 4 38 1 37 1 37 1 Canadian (other than French).. 1 32 1 26 1 24 Croatian 326 1 53 20 102 69 737 636 425 630 77 - 881 49 137 134 22 1,038 28 3 54 167 1 52 15 92 66 592 312 286 566 40 631 37 68 85 22 815 25 3 47 159 Englisb 21 8 26 25 106 71 42 76 25 131 3 6 18 17 147 5 20 8 26 26 99 48 34 71 12 114 3 5 15 17 136 4 20 7 26 24 98 47 33 70 U 113 3 5 15 16 135 4 52 15 Irish 65 Italian, North 584 Italian, South Lithuanian 23'' Mexican 40 Polish Roumanian 37 Ruthenian 84 Scotch Slovak Slovenian 24 Welsh 32 32 32 45 Total 6,257 796 700 688 5,461 3,960 3 792 General Tables: General Survey. 333 ^ e M ■V eor-cio ooo .-< ■^Oh-« IQ ^ CD US CM CO 2S2 COOC Cir- iH Uit^ I0CM c in r- CO 1-1 ^00 •I«10i 00 to i-T IN II . s'-g 1 to ^ r-t 1 •pajttopiAi . ^ "^ OSOOW MMt^OJN tQCO^i-H OCO^US •* Oir- >OC4 H t;;^ rH CO ^t^cn «sc^ ^lO ^•H •paijjBpj - CO I •aiSnjs p:^ OS-HC . CO ■"91 E «3iO C4 00Q0i-<«C £gg • T-HOCMX t-in ■«o> Ma> t^ i-li-t ■ EJCO TjHcn CO 15 •1«}0J, ffioT CM CS OC . ^ CO •paMopiM ss 1 ! ! 1 1 Tjirti- 1 CO • • • I-v II COL'S •Hixoooe^ eocM^ CCOiHr- Tp-fl .-HOI OOi 00 oococ • COCM o •paujBH TO O CM e^ '. *"" CM ec^" 00 C4 i-Hi-HCMM-W i-HOii^ . oor-r-ir^ ^ cot- cot* oe*> Oi-H S^P • i-eo CO"* p* ■aiSniS OCO • C4 (N ecr-T ^i" r- 'S'OOMCJ sss 1 r-us'^'^ rHCOO- ?3«» ■Ti- CCCM . t-o oc: 2 O •lEJOX CO Tp ^CS •p3M0p!Ai -^ : t-o ■V CO 4 V ^ : to •pauiun ■^.H iH <0 ^H oooeocs OC := ■-' COiO-fl*^ -HC-O- --H(0 Cv -£> CO CM ej"vr • r^o c r: e4 •aiiJms CO C' "CS ^ ■*«)^-o^c: o ;C c — -^or^K lO^OW o»o •BjBp aiaid •^^■^r- CO -^ ;: CM t^ .- lOI-^ <£>?« 0*0 r- -HOC -moo Suiqjodojjgqtiin^ <»«5 w c^ '^" 'u. ^■"S cu C' ^ g > a>o t^ 03 ^ rt E>» ■1^ 03 a 1^ bO C s "C i 1 1 1 o s 0& «w„ •1 j 1 11 > c 1 a £ ! P E 1 g 1 o3 'afS H^O o Asa^ -IZiMMra CQOQ t. 55 ^ 334 The Immigratoin Commission. ■IKIOX •pa.viopiAi ■pajjjBH ■ai3nis S 5|-" S 00 U30> ■imoi ■pajiopjAV •paiJjBjl ■aiSnig s s N ^»^ rt ^iHCOO •."S'' moij ■psAlOpijii •paiJjBK •oiSnis '^ r^ -e* ■■ .a •■ rHOrHrH 00 CO >0 U3 00 00 COCOCQ MOO CO r^pHOe •moi 'psjttopiAi. ■paiuBH •9l3nig 00 a s s »H Ar-USrHO 1^ ^kOOSirjiH O-VM •mox 'P9M0PIAV ■pai-UBK •oiSuis 5S« -laoa Snj; joddj jaqnxn^i i mi as it 1 1 iiiit ill if irtii li^rif si' § ^ i,l€if iii'Sl sfs'll gsg|«| d C 9 » n w HiafS General Tables: General Survey. 335 St*S!'-'« is's " " S :'^S?3 •H V «0m wcookOrt "-"SJfiao eseofotj ocsiHiMt- S" S3 s r- oo^iAtoua 'S'—g rt w ^\a Hi iirs 3S° 5;ss A O CD m o S^: U3U3 oOKi-t ^> CO CO i-H »ow*220 eo.-iiH -o OOOacDC* cQ uses ^ '~< 1-1 C^ 00 ■*!' C4 noo WcoeoNN '^cgeo UJWN.-Hl-t ooeo'<*"02 at cQcoo •«ceo ^C4e9^0> e^OlCSrHC ua iH oi^'^cDm nu3cq r-ico "5S02:?; S^SniS ecco-vc>9 ^4 00 r* n-^ .8 5oog § « * « 5 mmHi-) la- .|ii-3 s a I 3 I ^ 1 g CQCQCQ 336 The Immigration Commission. 4 d 1 1 1 i o 3 iooc-ir-o •viO'^.-H.- fflMO-* W 9 (S POt-i ^ .-( lO ll ,-1 ifS .-'iM ;::j to s Is ^'^ iCiOCiOO 'tf'iO-*.-!!-* (OMCS^kO l.l 1 S* (N -( to B S ^ 1 S" '^S'^SS '^ .-«■* « CCOt^ i rl "-• •^ CM CO lO 00 s? jH,-i Ml^^OJt-^ CN •-*"* M «o t^ CO CO s s S 1 tjco Moo--(i>o(i NusecorH «eo(D"<*«oo s 'i ^1 - 1 ; s r^co ccoowt-tN (N>occt*.-« eowo-fx CC c^ 1 h 1 ii 1 g 1 f "A 1 1 III 1 1 X E 1 1 o i e O .2 \ % "c 1 1 1 3 i J 1 1 ■3 1 General Tables: General Survey. 337 s S ss o s Is R^^i ""gs |S"5S CO MtH r-INt*N O^'* '-' fl 40 '-' S es-sa" S5S5| ssss ssss es-s o U3 SS" 2Sgg EoSSS 2Sg°= g^^S ! s t* SS" sags? gSSSS N^S" g« c3 00 U3 iH-H (N « «^g^« ""gS gg°<=3 °°S2 .-1 CO ■* S e«3 CO S"" °°"£S SI«SS§ •"•SS" §"='"* i CO '^ WN- com*g SS''« •*««« J, »o g CO '^ »o 1^ J 1 ■J 1 1 g 1 1 CO 1 CO 1 P ■5 1 J 1 1 J s 1 §■ 338 The Immigration Commission. CI o O I 15> ^ ■* S I 6 w n I ■OT) — 01 a-c a » 3^ II 2 o ^1 &=! a-B 3a 2;mm » 1^- MiHOk^ eSS*^® GDoato^ Nt-eon C4ph«>ih i-iiHeoeo '«nu30> « • •»» tycoon e^ua -to e^raoio ■*« coc^eod -vMNr-. m.-i oowmcfl ^wwr* •HC4C1 aCQO'^ ClcS<-ttO C4<~rU3oo • C4C4 onoeo (MU3 ,ia n 'oooo t- n ^i m ^■s^. n fff *^'§iis'i iifi iS'SI lis? 3 1 o o General Tables: General Survey. 839 a"!'" sass |SSgs gssiss sjaa §111 r-t .(4 i-fr^fH • •■«« -XS g- SS"98 SBIg" s"'^ ^i"^ ooNS'^ SB» O^UStDM a<-i rH r^r^ N ^H ^H N N d^rH e4w^ 0CIDC4-« on CQ^OOO •*«t*« o>eo"fl5;t^ i5"'2S '"'fe"**^ l>H rH *H I-H t*iH00aU3 ODCOCQC oeomtDM aoi-' II %tm III! iiii 9 III ^M !S !S I ^ I g 340 The Immigration Commission. 1 i ■s 1 1 a 5 1 1 1 SS" — « !5 " g or-1- sg«=g "sssa i QO ^1 (0« '"' '*' « M 1^ |S" Csii-Ht^,-! i-ir-COCO ^CO»OOi l^-^CO 1-1 i^CH » N 5 ^ ■^ EoS ^ a-" ?3ss;" ""s-s "hss W S 1 > o 5 o g" (M ^QO "^ M s ^1 ec NM CStH cq S 2 2^ ^1 .Hi-t 1 a-c S" o WN Ni-H (N ?5 ^i r-^ rt ^ O i gt^« COM I— 1 pj eo T-t "?SS OS ■ si (N t-t '"' (N V a-c « O^ OOOOeON -^NOI^ ^1 T-l 2 O s'" 00 ^OM (OiOWOi »OCONCn «»t*g® ^ IN ^1 ll «!-« fH ^ ^'-'^ i-lt- CO N CI -0 tD'^ ■* i-l«N eO^N»H.-H ^N £2E?3£2r! :*«, Co O 3 3 •g > t 03020 o _ .2f ^ Giaieral Tables: General Survey. 343 Table 38. — Location of vAoet of fordgn-bom employees, by race of husband, (STI7DY OF EUFLOTEBS.) Race of husband. Number reporting complete data. Number reporting wUe— In United States. Abroad. Bohemian and Moravian 636 1 109 17 20 1,268 16 66 1,754 43 1 498 1,864 68 • 2 2 697 3,361 2,237 53 882 11 2,818 48 44 10 4,367 3 97 1,025 204 787 21 68 7,862 992 1 201 12 3 266 1 6 16 496 1 26 17 19 652 4 13 64 1,702 32 1 468 1,777 43 2 2 586 2,353 1,371 32 710 1 1,636 45 10 10 3,167 3 19 570 115 763 21 42 5,389 723 1 198 12 1 1 262, 1 6 354 246 16 40 Bosnian Bulgarian 8a Canadian, French ].;;. Canadian, Other 1 Croatian Dahnatlon Danish 2 12 Dutch English Si Finnish Flemish French 30 German 87 Greek , Hebrew (other than Russian) Hereegovlnlan Irish n Italian, North , 1,008 866 Italian (not specified) 21 172 Macedonian 10 HE^yar 1,282 Montenegrin 34 Polish 1,200 Portuguese 78 Russian 455 89 Scotch 24 20 Slovak 2,473 269 Spanish Swedish 3 2 4 West Indian.. . ? 94 Beleian (race not sneci&ed) . 11 32,966 23,772 9,194 344 TTie Immigration Gommission. > •a p a s 15:3 «g. tz5:s 00 ■ -04 00 eo.-iQ.-tN ^ CO l> CO o CO cc ooeoi-io o 0)0 rH «00 CO?4 CO lo r- 00 »(Ni-HGOfH 0 I-" 00 CO TjtOJ COC4 03 ^ C4 C4CO i-Hi-tOiHiH CO rt •■«* i-HCO Oii-f lOi-li-l CO^-4<01C4 COi-Ht^ U3CiI03i-KC O «M05N 05N t* mo fH Cfl ,-Hi-t OltH .-H 83 CO t^eo <0 ao) -TOO 5o to 4U3 U3 C4 com Ttg «=»28S " S s ■ S5" B ■*■ SSE5°>§ '' SSSS "BSS" goo-^OiH ^^SS*^ i iH ro ^^ s; isa-i " §sSi " |2'g" -gSS s ef re tM s 8" ; Irt liCi-C^ C4>0 £4 U3 CO ii-i s; §*- is ;a.«05 S^ '^ «> 1--10 1 s* i ^§ is°"| " 'gS ^ CI SS" R •* r^ I-- o m t-lf^r-l or- i**^ cD««ce « s (NCJ ft — CO ffiS'^^S ■* ■«oo— wmna>^ osr- r^i-i cCA(0<-i r* S'S 1-1 ^ 3 ** '. ' :^ :oi^(M s^ S s i-^ or- ^ ^ M S.^ ^r-.-F^m er ^^a,g3 -5S N CO f5S s i-t .-t lu- ^SS «» :^ ; — '^ CO T-HOS^ ^O Ol .-HPOOCq ^ «o» s -H '^ s •* 1 ; lis fHi-li-H j 3- ^ 5 OXN • 1-H )o -^ •« t^ IN § ;iH is 1H--1- CO s~ s 1-1 i-ri isgss 8||- CMus-ViO iis i " - o Ot?A< |il> 48296°— VOL 7—11 2S Oj ^ O M 3 S S 3 3; Slovak 19 8a Slovenian a i Total.. J 2,314 957 151 717 285 640 382- 360 The Immigration Commission. Table 48. — Ability U) speak English of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Number report- ing com- plete data. Years In United States. Bace of Individual. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who. speak English. Number. Numbffl who speak English. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian SO 1 373 1 30 140 889 743 48S 737 103 1,059 52 149 136 1,231 35 3 27 1 160 8 1 34 7 4 16 16 Croatian. 132 68 81 1 18 66 225 105 175 196 71 274 53 Danish 1 5 59 362 409 129 345 10 499 36 94 70 385 12 3 2 28 97 75 37 89 7 15 302 229 181 196 22 286 16 38 43 351 14 4 13 165 123 102 107 3 121 2 11 14 148 9 15 German. . .' . 64 Italian, North } 191 Italian, South 80 Tjithtmninn 149 Magyar 163 Mexican 17 Polish 80 1 8 204 17 43 495 9 12 ^ ntbpnian 21 Slovak 56 303 Rlnvpninn . , 6 Total 6,237 2,606 516 1,839 894 1,792 1,295 General Tables: General Survey. 361 rABLG 49. — Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by age at time of coming to the united States and race. (STUDY OF DMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only non-Engllsh-speakIng races.] Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Age at time of coming to United States. RacA. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 1 735 1 172 24 2,394 6 20 101 70 3 760 2,639 111 6 6 6,528 4,188 103 1,870 18 4,470 107 136 14 7,190 7 151 1,810 300 127 11,137 1,864 6 306 20 4 I 8 847 371 24 1 531 1 52 22 1,384 3 17 85 52 3 539 2,387 74 4 2 4,059 2,548 62 1,411 6 2,322 80 49 14 3,746 3 72 1,093 133 78 6,522 1,136 3 295 18 3 1 8 660 272 24 1 588 1 170 18 2,363 6 19 75 64 1 Bohemian and Moravian 147 145 386 1 Bulgarian 2 6 31 2 6 23 SO 16 1,361 Dalmatian 3 1 26 6 3 167 672 3 2 1 25 6 3 162 671 3 2 16 Dutch 60 46 Flemish. ...... French...... 593 1,967 108 4 6 6,239 3,980 99 1,794 18 4,332 91 133 13 6,871 151 1,771 291 123 10,614 1,782 5 256 18 4 377 1,716 Greek 71 Hebrew (other than Kussian) 2 Herzeeo vinian . 2 Italian, North 289 208 4 76 272 182 4 73 3,787 Italian, South 2,366 Italian (not specified) 58 Lithuanian '. . 1,338 6 tiiaevar 138 16 3 1 319 123 14 3 1 304 2,199 fX^ipjm 66 46 t^nrvr^igjnn , . 13 Polish 3,442 3 72 Russian 39 9 4 523 82 1 50 2 33 7 3 485 78 1 60 2 1,060 1E6 76 6,037 1,058 2 Svedish 246 ..Sjffian 16 3 1 1 38 90 10 1 1 37 89 10 ^ AuBtralian fraee not sttecified^ 7 809 281 14 7 623 183 Pwfss (race not specified) 14 48,656 29,775 2,970 2,822 45,686 26,963 48296°— VOL 7—11 ^24 362 The Immigration Commission. Tab^b 50. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in thi United States and race. (STUDY or EMFLOYBES.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Num- ber who speak English. Years in United States. Under S. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Ntim- ber. Num- ber who speak English. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak EngUsh. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak English. 1 735 1 172 24 2,394 6 20 101 70 3 7G0 2,639 111 6 6 6,528 4,188 103 1,870 18 4,470 107 136 14 7,190 151 1,810 300 127 11,137 1,864 6 306 20 4 1 8 847 371 24 1 531 1 52 22 1,384 3 17 85 52 3 539 2,387 74 4 2 4,059 2,548 62 1,411 6 2,322 80 49 14 3,746 3 72 1,093 133 78 6,522 1,136 3 295 18 3 1 8 660 272 24 1 332 1 302 Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian \. 217 94 186 1 18 6 850 3 11 19 25 135 1 17 6 579 3 9 IS 20 146 2 1,302 3 3 30 16 23 1 614 8 16 242 7 15 191 Canadian, French Croatian..... Danish 2 20 8 6 62 29 3 369 1,868 23 5 Dutch 50 Finnish 24 Flemish French '. 174 415 57 2 5 2,683 1,885 52' 478 16 2,262 28 117 1 3,086 64 265 30 1 1 1,082 815 21 229 4 779 19 35 1 941 217 350 31 4 143 303 23 3' 332 1,819 21 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian). .. 1 1,499 733 20 684 I Italian, North 2.346 1,570 31 708 2 1,434 27 14 2 2,296 3 15 502 69 49 3,518 684 1,678 1,107 24 571 2 932 22 9 2 1,380 1 10 371 38 37 2,224 493 1,299 626 Italian, South ItaUan (not specified) » . . 17 611 Macedonian Magyar.. 774 52 6 11 1,808 4 4 390 73 20 3,538 353 1 247 8 611 Mexican 39 5 Norwegian 11 Polish 1,425 2 Portuguese RnnTnfinlfin , 132 918 158 58 4,081 827 S 23 6 4 58 381 33 25 1,442 349 2 14 5 3 4 341 62' Servian 16. 2,856 Slovenian 294 Spanish. 1 Swedish 36 6 34 5 247 Syrian........ . 8 Turkish West Indian 1 7 157 212 22 1 Australian (race not specified)... 1 343 84 2 1 304 SO 2 7 Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) 347 75 206 32 ISO 190 22 Total 48,656 29,775 19,614 7,604 15,469 . 10,564 13,573 11,617 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 363 n.— PENNSYLVANIA. Table 61. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOOSBHOLDS.) Qeneral batlvlty and race of head of household. Total number of households, Total number of persons Innouse- holds. Persons for whom detailed information was secured. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father, White. Foreign-born; Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian English German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar PoSsh Roumanian., Bussian Suthenian... Slovak Slovenian.... Total Grand total.. 16 111 16 144 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 1,307 1,340 858 92 191 994 626 522 943 1,358 51 230 293 2,404 70 214 204 367 687 34 76 155 1,076 30 8,687 3,648 8,871 3,747 83 43 196 38 94 28 337 158 149 307 503 - 17 64 109 914 26 2,983 3,066 182 91 484 92 191 75 372 353 664 1,090 51 140 264 1,990 56 6,631 6,813 364 Tlie Immigration Commission. Table 52. — Numher of pergoru for whom detailed information was secured, by sex t general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSBHOLDS.) General natiTity and race of indlvlduaL U»1e. Female. Total NatlTe-bom of native father. White - 103 96 199 NatlTe-bom of foreign lather, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian ,. 24 85 35 60 18 161 85 80 130 228 4 28 44 19 77 19 68 21 152 77 60 138 256 4 17 57 2 475 10 43 162 54 128 39 313 162 140 268 484 8 45 101 2 Croatiui German......... Irish Italian. North pS.:::::":::i:;";:!:::;;"::::":":::":;:":":;;:::::::":::! Bussian... Scotch Slovak 487 12 932 22 SlOTcnisn...... Total 1,451 1,452 2,903 1,554 1,548 3,102 Foreign-born: 'BobPTTTlii^Tl ftlfl MO^RVifVT , , , 28 1 202 18 . 23 51 1 318 33 116 15 1 27 6 180 80 87 169 243 13 47 51 1 441 17 1 English - J 34 14 235 129 124 220 366 36 43 108 Irish 20 Italian, South 209 211 380 Poflsh 609 49 90 Buthenian 159 ^A Slovak 617 18 35 Welsh 1 Total foreign-lwrn 2,193 1,518 3,711 Grand total 3,747 3,066 6;813 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 365 Table 53. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STDDY OF BUPLOYEKS.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. Native-bom of native (atlier: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark...... England.. France Germany., Ireland Italy Netherlands.. Roumania.... Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland. Total Total native-bom . Forelgri-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian. Bosnian Bulgarian Canadian, French i Canadian, Other Croatian. . . Dalmatian. Danish..... Dutch English. . Finnish.. Flemish.. French... 6,448 913 592 31 24 3 964 66 1,220 13 1 91 426 37 15 210 4,560 11,921 457 1 31 11 19 1,971 6 10 56 1,312 39 3 Foreign-born, by race— Continued. German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian). Herzegovinlan Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (nijt specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Turkish Welsh Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified). . Belgian (race not specified).... Swiss (race not specified) Total fbrelgn-bom Grand total 1,538 75 3 3 3,379 2,239 99 640 5 3,528 12 5 6,025 7 105 1,283 284 562 26 86 9,998 1,560 1 216 a 4 191 5 247 153 14 37,216 49,137 366 The Immigration Commission. Table 64. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDT OF BMFLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is made ' for time spent abroad.] Number reporting complete data. Number In United States each specified number o{ years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Mora- 45S 1 30 10 18 1,963 6 10 56 1,283 39 3 334 1,528 75 3 3 656 3,365 2,224 96 637 5 3,520 12 5 6,990 7 105 1,279 283 555 23 85 9,962 1,653 1 216 5 4 191 5 247 152 14 2 20 48 2*. 25 110 1 4 1 1 674 3 5 12 90 12 10 67 159 Bosnian Bulgarian 15 5 1 2 1 1 2 88 1 3 5 67 1 6 IB Croatian 26 1 2 7 1 190 1 1 2 21 ...'!'. 323 1 199 i' 2 36 2 Dalmatian. Danish 3 16 887 6 2 Dutch 5 S3 , 2 44 4 4 54 5 11 93 9 1 74 355 8 Flemish French 4 6 1 17 23 10 19 62 7 13 46 4 2 1 g 441 283 10 49 14 47 6 96 210 28 1 5 82 6 92 Greek 5 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 9 652 315 18 71 1 18 290 187 7 76 Irish '"'63' 60 ....... 1 107 6 266 190 9 28 4 370 7 284 197 10 45 16 1,127 767 30 235 46 238 143 7 86 Italian, North 104 Italian, South 82 Italian (not specified).. 5 36 Magyar.... .. 608 2 1 951 422 347 1 1,080 5 1 1,857 3 6 325 67 56 2 29 3,167 569 256 222 Montenegrin Norwegian. '"'529' 3 1 102 35 15 1 11 1,122 129 1 S43 1 2 77 21 3 953 94 2 Polish 85 457 613 552 5 37 4 9 44 169 26 10 32 289 63 20 1 18 1,199 256 11 149 23 18 Y 928 170 1 3 2 1 4 3 90 29 25 1 11 911 148 Russian. , 51 Ruthenian IS Scotch... 367 17 Scotch-Irish Se»vian ^ Slovak '"iss" 41 59? 103 1 954 Slovenian. 43 Spanish Swedish 2 i' 1 4 1 4 3 i' 6 5 1 1 4 23 12 1 49 115 Syrian < Turkish Welsh 6 1 99 29 12 3 12 3 14 18 45 Australian (race not specified) ,;^ Austrian (race not spec- ified)... . 2 4 19 1 39 1 24 2 21 8 Belgian (race not spec- 69. Swiss (race not spec- ified) 14 Total 37,016 621 2,595 6,029 3,634 3,035 10,748 3,084 3,283 4,987 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 367 Table 55. — Number of foreign-bom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOTTSEHOLDS.) (By years to the United States Is meant years stoce first arrival In the United States. No deduction li made tor time spent abroad.] i MALE. Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Number In United States each specified nimiber of years. Under 1. 6 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Mora- vian Bosnian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Huthenlan Slovak Slovenian , Total 28 1 202 18 34 14 235 129 124 220 366 36 43 108 617 18 2,193 59 22 27 146 7 270 2 17 25 12 23 8 12 16 32 2 7 90 251 FEMALE. Bohemian and Mora- 23 116 15 1 27 6 180 80 87 169 243 13 47 61. 1 441 17 1 2 5 2 9 1 18 3 13 1 S 13 2 3 40 io' 3 7 1 4 1 Enelish 11 1 4 1 2 4 16 Irish 6 Italian, North..!!.!.... 1 2 2 2 3' 9 4 4 11 13 2 7 4 35 15 8 20 26 3 7 3 17 8 11 20 29 2 8 5 16 9 6 18 21 2 9 8 60 23 38 45 68 4 7 17 17 10 14 36 35 20 7 4 14 30 5 Italian, South 2 Lithuanian 2 Magyar 3 PoUsh 19 Russian.. 6 7 6' Ruthenian Slovak 6 21 1 44 2 32 3 43 141 7 60 2 59 1 36 Slovenian Welsh Total 1,518 22 87 186 153 152 453 198 156 111 368 The Immigration Commission. Table 65. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specked nurwbet of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Number reporting complete data. Nimiber in United States each specified number of years. Kam of Individual. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sto9. 10 to 14. IS to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Morar 61 1 318 33 1 61 20 415 209 211 389 609 49 90 1S9 1 1,058 35 1 4 S 5 6 10 1 29 3 6 1 6 » Bosnian 11 17 42 40 1 109 40 27 1 3 28 1 41 18 28 10 14 U English 8 1 4 7 Irish 2 125 60 81 106 164 16 29 44 Italian, North 2 7 14 1. 3 1 17 9 8 18 31 8 8 19 63 31 15 43 67 10 8 14 41 24 24 38 67 5 12 19 34 19 16 45 56 9 14 19 54 29 35 80 77 51 20 18 35 82 Lithuanian Polish... 51 10 18 3 17 Hnt.hpnij^n g Scotch 1 28 44 2 102 4 75 4 99 2 287 14 143 3 154 5 126 plnvpninn 1 Welsh 1 Total 3,711 77 186 412 356 356 1,042 494 426 362 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 369 Table 66. — Occupation before coming to the United States offoreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) • Number reportfng complete data. Num- ber with- out occu- tion. Working for wages. Working with- out wages. Working tor profit. Race of Individual. 1 1^ 1 i i C 'S 1 S3 1 i s 1 u a 3 t 1^ I. a 3 1:^ Pi 1 Eh Bohemian and Mora- vian 17 1 168 11 5 1 5 5 16 1 1 62 "i' 1 1 63 Eoanian 22 3 3 8 7 2 3 37 11 68 68: 23 7 164 101 105 170 309 33 1 1 1 2 ■■■'4' 5 3 1 47 33 33 44 86 12 4 6 1 1 4 22 5 6 18 34 2 15 5 106 54 52 ' 92 173 14 2 4 6 1 1 45 20 31 27 48 14 "3 2 2 7 1 Irish 1 Italian, North 19 5 "3' 30 2 1 1 9 6 16 10 12 18 17 9 23 20 40 82 5 .... 9 23 20 40 83 5 48' 22- 33. 34 Polish 48. 14 Russian 38 90 488 16 ...... S 43 159 3 2 3 37 1 5 43 3 8 62 284 9 21 15 146 6 2 21 16 148 , 6 9 22 52 "2 1 » 1 24 2 ■21' 1 22: 64 1 Total 1,741 16 496 92 63 123 154 928 433 9 442 338 17 35a 370 The Immigration Commission. Table 57. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-'bom femaktviho were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STDDY OF HODSEHOLDS.) Number reporting complete data. Num- ber wirh- out occu- tFon. Working for wages. Working with- out wages. Working for profit. Eaoe of individual. 1 P4 i s > •a s 1. Si .2 r a 3 J a i 1 3 Bohemian and Moravian 14 9S 10 17 5 126 60 70 116 161 • 10 34 37 333 11 7 54 9 ■ 12 S 71 44 25 75 78 5 13 15 187 4 "e" 6 2 .... 1 6 9 1 4 1 35 1 35 Croatian English ■•"■ German 2 2 1 1 -•■■ Irish .... Italian, North 16 5 12 6 14 8 2 5 10 16 4 1 1 2 2 28 8 ,18 18 32 18 8 24 22 49 5 18 13 68 5 1 .... 19 8 24 22 50 5 18 13 58 6 7 8 Italian, South 3 .... 3 1 1 Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian 2 1 30 1 8 47 1 "9' 1 3 9 86 2 ... Ruthtenian ... Slovak 1 2 Slovenian .... .... Total 1,102 604 94 108 22 224 257 2 259 12 3 16 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 371 Table 58. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Number reporting complete data. Number who were engaged In- Race. Min- ing. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Busi- ness for self. Other occu- tlons. Bohemian and Moravian. . . 188 1 22 4 S 804 S 33 525 37 181 663 35 169 2,083 1,131 3 398 1,47? 9 2 2,578 6 52 890 130 187 4 26 4,237 1,013 71 4 4 61 5 99 105 1 77 i' 27 3 15 412 1 103 331 1 91 111 54 is" 135 43 1 8 2 3 683 4 9 13 26 17 127 30 41 1,291 723 3 318 969 8 13 2 48 2 3 12 2 1 1 38 f^ndian Other 1 35 8 13 1 1 25 2 33 55 1 20 284 193 1 13 2 S 43 1 4 41 14 6 21 4 8 79 2 6 252 100 , 1 6 1 7 29 1 15 4 2 22 nrppV Irish 5 1 8 2 6 Italian North 91 45 Italian (not specified) IS 204 9 15 2S 112 1 2 5 37 2 282 j»oliah 186 2 65 18 158 3 369 ■146 11 i' 49 1 16 79 1,766 5 42 701 80 3 2i" 2,870 622 44 2 3 2 3* 60 1 1 88 203 4S 1 4 76 13 4 1 2 616 60 7 1 16 4 1 2 23 2 10 1 2 1 6 2 Scotcli 1 1 9 flmbih-Trinh 1 53 31 2 1 234 123 5 1 2 2 Slovak 93 fflovffiilap ■. . . 29 4 Turkish 3 3 1 fi 6 4 fied) fled).... 8 8 4 6 1 E Swiss (race not specified) . . S Total 17,246 2,484 10,563 1,985 365 1,332 24 27 476 372 The Immigration Commission. Table 69. — Numhir of males 16 years of age or oy&r in each specified industry, 5y general nativity and race of individual. (STDDY OP HODSEHOLDS.) [The main headings used in this table follow the classifloations of the United States Census with these modifloations: General I,abor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor- tation are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. 1 t < 11 1 n li II la CO U) g-a a 3 5 o 1 1 a < Native-born of native father: White - 59 1 6 47 1 • 1 S Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 5 13 16 8 8 5 2 1 14 3 39 3 7 8 1 7 4 I 10 2 33 ""'z ...... 1 1 English 3 6 1 1 1 3 Irisli 1 1 1 Italian South 1 Pohsh 1 1 2 i 1 2 1 2 Total lU 3 13 78 6 5 3 6 Total native-bom 173 1 3 19 125 7 5 4 » Foreign-born: 22 1 190 17 32 13 0189 112 115 191 3«9 35 40 99 563 ■18 •22 1 184 17 30 10 178 110 112 190 330 35 40 98 560 17 Croatian 4 -' Enfflish 2 Irish 1 2 Italian, North 6 4 1 1 1 5 Italian, South ■ 1 Lithuanian .... 1 1 ^ Polish 1 1 f Koumanian...... Kuthenian..... 1 Slovak 2 1 1 ol,976 1 14 1,934 1 2 18 A a2,149 1 4 33 2,059 8 7 22 14 a Including 1 pot reporting complete data. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 373 Table 60.~Number of femaUs 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOnSEHOLDS.) '«!S:''??4^Sirbo^n^l'l\PTe*&^oS-l§iS^^^^^^^^^^^ ttsfeZre^cro^S^'™"" ^Sanulacturm^and MechanlfarPruf,irTr1;dr»r^'?rU?S General nativity and race of individual. Total number. Domestic and personal service. Manu- facturing and mechan- ical pursuits. Bitumi- nous coal mining. Trade. At home. At school. Native-born of native father: White 60 1 1 4 54 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian. . . Croatian 6 1 4 25 8 6 S 1 4 8 2 2 32 3 1 2 1 2 16 6 4 4 German Irish 5 .1 1 i' 3 Italian, North 2 1 1 1 Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 3 5 2 2 25 ' Polish 1 2 ,., Kuthenian •; Scotch t Slovak * 2 1 '^U Total 104 15 5 3 72 9 Total native-born 164 16 5 7 126 10 Vbrelgn-bom: Bohemian and Moravian . . . 16 107 13 1 25 6 1«B 62 79 150 201 11 38 42 1 378 13 1 16 106 13 1 23 6 142 61 78 148 196 10 38 42 1 375 13 1 ' Croatian 1 English ,,* French German 2 Irish ;.... Italian, North 1 3 R," Italian, South 1 K. Lithuanian li. Magyar 2 1 1 a' Polish 2 2 1?^ Boumanian ". Russian -. Sfeotch , Slavak 2 1 Welsh Total foreign-bom 1,290 9 3 3 1 1,270 4 Grand total 1,454 25 8 3 8 1,396 14 374 The Immigration Commission. Table 61. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each spe&fied amount per day, by^general nativity and race* (SIDDl OF EMFLOTEES.) ■ Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der tl. SI and under $1.25. 11.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and tinder $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. $4 or over. Native-born of native father: White 5,686 865 12.18 2.02 23 2 69 31 134 23 666 136 810 164 2,395 364 1,152 123 352 23 41 2 44 7 Native-bom of for- eign father,by coun- try of birth of father: Australia 3 340 15 23 3 782 53 1,063 695 27 12 54 343 24 10 180 (-) 2.01 2.09 2.28 (") 2.28 2.20 2.17 2.18 1.92 2.33 1.93 2.30 2.24 2.10 2.43 2 122 7 10 1 300 20 404 289 7 8 13 144 16 3 67 1 55 6 5 Austria-Hungary Belgium 2 14 16 52 3 1 1 60 5 130 76 6 71 '"'2' 1 60 6 144 94 7 7 1 Canada 1 ( 4 Denmark 1 ...... 4 19 2 18 7 1 8 "'is' 13 2 256 15 252 167 3 2 14 116 6 3 64 68 5 77 43 1 2 27 3 France Germany 7 9 Italy Netherlands Russia 7 4 2 4 11 20 1 1 5 6 24 1 1 11 1 Scotland Sweden Switzerland 1 2 ...... 1 27 Wales 1 Total 3,627 2.20 16 76 59 372 428 1,413 964 262 13 24 Total native- 10,178 2.17 41 176 216 1,174 1,392 4,172 2,239 637 56 71 Foreign-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian 433 2^ 10 16 1,849 5 10 52 1,223 ' 39 3 313 1,454 74 3 2 618 3,153 2,090 69 615 4 3,306 12 6 2.18 (<■) 1.92 2.46 2.24 1.90 (a) 2.13 2,16 2.32 2.30 («) 2.09 2.09 2.01 (") (.") 2.14 2.11 1.97 2.06 2.17 (") 1.98 2.00 (") 2 9 27 38 42 179 92 1 3 4 S 191 39 4 1 Bulgarian 1 5 2 3 405 9 ""2 323 9 3 3 656 2 8 30 545 23 Canadian, French 1 Canadian, Other. Croatian 13 50 169 34 3 * I Dalmatian ,1 Danish 1 7 3 69 283 12 1 2 Dutch 1 22 1 12 4 01 4 4 66 1 English 19 1 11 Finnish 1 Flemish French 2 12 14 60 4 12 52 ,4 39 169 12 19 168 15 2 135 615 25 1 19 75 1 1 8 1 3 German 12 Greek Hebrew (other thanEussian).. Herzegovinian . . . 1 83 373 407 12 68 2 439 1 1 Irish 5 21 9 13 58 31 21 84 129 8 14 1 197 91 372 368 « 26 231 1,401 752 17 277 100 651 315 8 110 66 248 69 8 60 3 35 8 5 Italian, North.... Italian, South.... Italian (not speci- fied) 10 2 Lithuanian Macedonian 7 ■"if 30 1 39 9 14 Magyar 486 E 1,668 4 3 367 • 2 2 81 ..... 8 Montenegrin Norwegian *Thls table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntaiy lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showins annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. « ■.•ua ^i- a Not computed, owing to unall number involyed. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 375 Table 61. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. AveraM earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der tl. *1. and under $1.26. $1.25 and under $1.60. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.60. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. $4 or over. Foreign- born, by- race— Continued. 6,639 7 98 1,230 271 515 22 82 9,380 1,470 1 209 4 178 S 228 147 12 1.95 («) 1.86 2.11 1.96 2.36 2.55 1.91 1.99 2.14 («) 2.33 • («) 2.27 W 2.34 ■ 2.18 2.27 112 302 276 862 1 17 126 48 32 793 "lo' 130 52 26 2 9 1,876 106 2,487 3 42 562 96 221 6 30 3,924 671 1 101 1 74 4 94 65 5 627 2 9 265 32 144 8 8 1,001 363 136 1 28 17 Portuguese 1 Boumanian 2 3 1 3 21 12 6 5 49 23 5 66 6 74 6 2 206 77 4 3 5 1 4 Kuthenian Scotch-Irish Servian "'33' 16 2 249 24 2 434 36 29 1,610. 163 Slovak 26 10 21 4 Slovenian Spanish Swedish, Syrian Welsh 2 1 2 1 14 1 20 1 19 13 8 ""s 6 1 1 46 22 3 9 . 3 44 26 2 Australian (race not specified) . . Austrian (race not specified).. 66 54 4 31 7 1 7 1 8 Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) 4 1 2 Total foreign- bom. 34,874 2.04 258 961 1,567 6,114 5,042 14,977 5,097 1,532 ISO 148 Grand total.... 45,052 2.07 299 1,137 1,783 6,288 6,434 19,149 7,336 2,169 236 221 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 376 TTie Immigration Commission. Table 62.' — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (STUDY 07 EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Average eamings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der »1. SI and under S1.25. S1.2S and under S1.50. S1.50 and mder S1.7S. S1.75 and under «2. $2 and under $2.60. J2.50 or over. Native-bom of native father: White 498 26 SI. 46 1.53 24 1 151 4 73 7 113 5 53 2 68 6 16 1 Native-born of foreign father, by coun- try of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 240 16 154 11 129 71 34 1 1 34 63 13 3 22 1.40 1.67 1.52 1.44 1.51 1.42 1.47 1.39 1.56 1.56 (») 1.42 19 ...... ...... -4 84 6 46 6 42 28 15 39 "'2i' 2 9 10 2 38 2 31 18 1 13 35 4 35 2 26 7 9 1 7 3 England 5 > France .<. — , . 1 32 14 6 9 3 2 6 Ireland •fl Italy "* 1 1 ...... 17 19 5 1 6 4 6 5 14 3 1 12 6 ...... 5 17 5 1 1 2 1 Sweden Wales Total 792 1.46 33 275 93 158 54 148 31 Total native-born 1,316 1.47 58 430 173 276 109 222 48 Poreign-bom, by race: 10 3 1 23 4 14 11 23 1 1 72 43 1 3 1 71 68 4 14 5 20 1 155 19 2 1 2 4 6 1.36 (») C) 1.50 («) 1.61 1.55 1.58 1.83 1.56 (") (o) (o) 1.65 1.48 (») 1.67 («) 1.58 («) 1.55 1.60 ("-) (■>) ("■ 5" (•>) 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 S Bulgarian 1 5 1 5 4 6 6 2 ...... 7 4 1 2 2 2 1 I English 7 3 6 1 1 32 10 French 1 German 2 Greek ...... 10 6 4 6 1 2 1 8 8 13 12 5 7 8 Italian, South 1 1 ■■5' 16 17 14 21 4 2 24 13 4 4 1 1 1 29 4 1 a 2 Roumanian Russian 5 ...... 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 9 5 Slovak 9 32 5 1 1 1 19 2 46 6 10 10 Slovenian 2 Swedish Welsh 1 1 Austrian (race not specified) 3 . 2 1 1 2 Total foreign-bom 583 1.60 17 131 73 131 35 156 41 1,899 1.61 75 561 246 407 144 377 89 * This table shows wages or eamings for the period Indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing BDnaal eamings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not cominited, owtfag' to small number Involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 377 Table 63. — Numiber of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STODT OP HOnSBHOLDS.) [This table Includes only male beads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] Ogneral nativity and race of indlYlaual. Number working for Average earnings. Number earning — 38 — 13 2 > o o Native-born of native father, White Forelgn-bom; Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian English German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Poflsh >, Koumanlan. - Bosslan ^ Buthenlan.. Slovak Slovenian... 136 59 76 143 181 34 39 345 11 1586 413 403 476 S73 (■>) 374 462 458 C), 363 441 384 Total Qrand total. 1,188 15 1,214 429 15 110 10 324 257 119 60 10 <• Not computed, owing to small number Involved. 48296°— VOL 7—11 25 378 The Immigration Commission. Table 64. — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STnDX or HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. •5 Number earning— General nativity and race of In- dividual. i 1 ^8 1' 3d ll Q a) OT3 i! 1 ll is Si Native-born of native father, White 48 1560 1 2 1 3 2 8 8 13 6 3 \ Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 2 11 13 6 i 2 6 3 14 ^3^9 475 (0) (a) (a) 1 1 3 English — .... 1 1 fi 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Irish 1 1 :::; " Italian, North Polish 3 2 2 2 "3' 1 1 Slovak 1 3 3 .... 1 Total 60 399 1 1 2 6 7 17 12 8 3 2 1 108 471 2 1 4 7 10 19 20 16 16 8 4 1 Foreign-bom: 21 1 171 17 29 12 167 99 113 171 305 31 40 94 499 16 463 (») 372 493 545 458 389 450 365 391 422 538 368 448 446 363 1 3 1 23 1 1 4 5 « 1 1 Bosnian .... 8 4 10 10 2 51 4 8 2 51 29 30 46 90 37 3 6 3 21 27 17 37 71 12 14 31 125 3 12 2 3 4 22 18 10 22 52 12 2 20 88 1 6 2 5 2 16 5 7 11 23 9 1 13 45 1 10 2 3 English 1 2 German 1 1 Irish 11 2 4 1 5 1 8 "2 10 4 8 15 14 8 3 10 12, 15 29 3 4 18 23 2 6 8 6 6 1 2 4 1 Italian, South . . . Magyar 2 4 Polish 1 Boumanian 2 1 3 2 4 3 19 1 8 40 16 11 121 9 Buthenian 1 8 5 18 1 27 Slovak 5 Slovenian 1,789 420 34 36 30 31 85 89 102 109 139 472 412 273 147 72 80 20 24 1 1,897 423 149 491 432 289 163 4 » Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 379 Table 65.— Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected families.!! Average family Income. Number of families having a total income— General natlyitv and race of bead of family. Under 1300. (300 and under »500. (500 and under $760. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,600. $1,500 or over. Native-bom of native father. White 26 $774 2 2 12 7 2 Foieign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 13 98 14 24 9 137 59 76 143 182 10 35 39 347 11 554 550 803 785 m 559 556 515 481 568 599 452 525 542 440 2 19 1 25 5 19 26 12 1 4 5 37 6 34 2 6 3 49 24 25 61 69 26" 9 134 10 2 34 3 9 4 39 19 20 43 74 7 9 24 119 1 4 6 4 6 12 8 9 10 17 2 2 1 43 2 4 2 1 7 3 1 2 8 4 English German 2 1 6 Irish Italian, North Italian, South 2 1 2 Magyar P^Eh Konmftnlan i Russian i Euthenian >■ Slovak 12 2 Slovenian Total 1,197 546 156 450 407 123 42 19 Grand total 1,223 651 158 452 419 130 44 20 a For selection of families, see p. 284. l> Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 66. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and reporting amount. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning— Qeneial patlvity and race of indivlaual. Tinder $100. $100 and under $160. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $260. $260 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 or over. Native-bom of native father. White 3 (») 1 3 Native-born of foreign father, hy race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 3 2 3 (a) (a) (a) , 1 English 1 2 2 1 German 1 Irish. .. Slovak 1 1 Total 10 S317. 1 2 6 1 Total native-bom 13 346.00 2 2 6 3 Forelgn-bom: 1 1 1 2 2 (a) (a) (a) (0) 1 Italian South 1 1 i" PoHsh 2 Slovak 1 Total foreign-born 7 (-) 3 2 2 Grand total 20 264.05 3 2 2 2 2 6 3 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 380 The Immigration Commission. Table 67. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, iinfe children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STCDY OF HODSGHOLDS.) Number of selected famiUes.o Number of families having an Income from— Qeneral nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. menfB of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Native-born of native father, White 26 26 1 10 1 Foreign-bom: 13 98 14 24 9 137 59 76 143 182 10 35 39 347 11 13 97 14 22 9 136 59 76 143 181 9 34 39 345 11 S 6 10 10 4 16 6 6 6 26 1 71 1 3 2 3 1 13 3 8 5 9 Croatian German 2 Irish 81 41 SS 68 95 4 21 25 144 4 Italian, South Magyar i 3 PoSsh Roumanian Russian 2 3 39 1 2 2 33 Slovak 2 Total 1,197 1,188 6 140 612 90 Grand total 1,223 1,214 7 150 613 90 • For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 381 Table •68. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected Jamilies.o Number of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. 13 ■s S 1 •a s J. i Id s w ^ • n W 09 H B a a 1 1 1 n i 1° HE S . 1 o III I. m ca a o «3 MaUve-bom of native ISther, White 26 15 9 1 1 Bohemian and Mo- ravian 13 98 14 24 9 137 59 76 143 182 10 35 39 347 11 6 25 3 10 5 38 13 14 68 63 6 12 10 150 6 S 1 64 1 Croatian 1 8 English 'i' 2 9 S 3 9 3 4 3 15 2 German 2 1 3 Irish. 1 Italian, North 72 39 48 64 85 3 19 24 127 4 1 17 4 Iilthnanian 10 Mapyar 7 B& 1 16 Boiunanian. .... 1 "i" 1 3 22 1 1 2 Ruthenian 2 Slovak 1 1 45 * ■ ** Total 1,197 429 4 86 552 1 2 4 1 118 Grand total 1,223 444 4 95 1 653 1 1 2 4 1 118 • For selection of families, see p. 28^ 382 The Immigration G^mmission. Table 69. — Months worJced during the past year by persons 16 years of a^e or everem- ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of inamdual, (STCDI OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months ipeclfled. General nativity and race ol individual. 12. 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and cin dur 7 find under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Cn- to 3. Native-born of native fether, White. 63 17 4 14 4 3 4 4 3 Native-bom ol ftreign fether, by race of father: Bohemlfln and Moravian . 4 12 15 6 6 4 2 1 11 3 27 1 ...... 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 ...... 6 7 1 1 Irish ...... 2 1 Italian, North i 2 1 Italian South . ... 1 1 Lithuanian 2 1 1 2 4 PoHsh 6 1 ...... 5 2 1 Slovak 7 2 2 4 3 Total ^... 91 16 2 28 6 6 12 11 8 2 144 33 6 42 10 9 ^ 16 11 2 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian.. 21 1 182 17 30 13 177 102 113 178 308 34 40 96 620 18 4 1 4 1 3 3 4 1 X 31 2 24 2 9 2 21 23 22 24 63 27 1 67 101 4 ...... 6 6 "z 6 3 "is' 49 2 13 1 35 25 18 24 94 2 2 9 176 8 32 3 4 1 11 16 9 18 36 6 ""'s,' 67 4 20 6 ...„. 27 13 4 45 56 9 1 2 "'i?' 9 8 18 14 11 2 2 2 13 8 25 22 19 2 Engliah Irish 2 47 4 16 23 18 Italian, North 1 Italian, South Lithuanian U Magyar..... 1 PoKsh i P.nnTnanIan 1 2 47 2 30 6 46 1 1 3 33 2 12 33 1 Slovak 4 ! 1,850 380 40 462 213 228 163 146 192 J7 1,994 413 46 604 223 237 179 160 203 ID General Tables: Pennsylvania. 383 Table 69. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em- ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual — Cont'd. FEMALE. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. General nativity and race ol individual. 12. 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and under 9. 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Un- der 3. Native-bom of native father, WUte. i 3 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian i 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 English Gennan 1 Irish Slovak 1 Total 16 20 11 1 1 2 1 Total native-bom 14 1 1 2 1 1 Foreign-bora: 2 4 2 1 Poflsh 2 Slovak 1 8 2 1 1 28 18 I 1 4 ( ' 2 1 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 385 Table 70. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) ["Wltli boarders or loflgers" Includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] • 1 3 o ja o a 1 o Eh " Family " households. s With neither board- ers nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. 4 1 ,4 >. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. 1 If i o 'J 8"" 3 S 1 1 Naflve-born of native lather. White 33 31 31 2 2 33 rorelgn-bom: 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 13 •31 15 27 9 60 17 22 74 86 6 15 16 224 7 1 i' 1 i' 3' i' 2' 14 31 16 28 9 60 18 22 74 89 6 16 16 226 7 1 11 1 66 2 77 16 108 16 30 10 144 64 81 162 197 10 36 43 384 12 Croatian 3 2 1 27 4 12 30 26 ...... 5 31 1 57 42 47 48 83 4 18 22 127 4 2 1 84 46 69 78 108 4 20 27 168 5 Ttalinn North Voask............... 1 Slovak Slovenian Total 1,307 622 10 632 152 154 619 671 1,303 1,336 4 Grand total 1,340 663 10 663 519 673 1 1 1 1 _ 386 The Immigration Commission. Table 71. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment by general nativity and race of head of household. (STDDI OF HOnSBHOLDS.) Number of households paying rent and report- mg amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. General nativity and race of head of household. Under $5. S5and under $7.50. $7.60 and under $10. $10 and under $12.60. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and under $20. S20or over. Native-bom of native father, White 18 89.81 S S 4 3 I Foreign-born: 9 107 10 14 3 128 56 74 U6 ' 177 10 34 38 361 10 (") 7.33 9.45 9.07 (<■) 6.88 6.68 7.10 6.70 6.49 6.70- 5.29 7.01 6.08 6.20 i' 1 7 80 s" 2 6 2 3 2 30 15 22 27 39 18 7 4 1 7 3 11 12 1 1 English 2 Irish Italian, North 9 7 11 18 22 1 13 1 48 1 79 31 30 88 116 9 19 22 270 8 3 Lithuanian 1 PoUsh Houmanian. 1 11 42 1 1 4 1 Ruthenian Slovak... 1 Slovenian Total foreign-bom I 1, 177 6.60 133 764 203 69 7 1 1,195 6; 65 133 769 208 73 10 1 1 a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Table 72. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOOSEHOLDS.) Number of house- holds pay- ing rent and report- ing amount. Average rent per room. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. General nativity and race of head of household. Un- der $1. $1 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $2. $2 and under 52.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under S3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Native-born of native father. White 18 $2.21 8 3 S 1 1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian. . 9 107 10 14 3 128 56 74 146 177 10 34 38 361 10 (") 1.78 2.15 2.02 (a) 1.77 1.64 1.92 1.81 1.66 1.31 1.66 1.80 1.64 1.68 2 14 2 1 5 63 2 5 2 18 1 4 2 39 16 21 45 28 Croatian 6 3 3 6 6 2 1 1 3 German Irish ...... 15 16 9 13 26 7 8 3 47 1 64 24 25 76 121 3 20 21 249 7 1 Italian, South Lithuanian. 15 8 2 3 2 ...... 2 Magyar Polish Roumanian. 4 8 52 2 2 6 4 Ruthenian Slovak 2 3 3 Slovenian Total 1,177 1.72 1 164 685 242 S3 22 5 a Grand total 1,195 1.73 1 164 693 245 58 23 6 6 ■ Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 387 Table 73. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Aver- age rent per per- son. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. General nativity and race of bead of household. Un- der 10.60. $0.50 and under Jl. $1 and under S1.50. SI .50 and under S2 and under S2.50. $2.60 and under $3. $3 and under $3.60. $3.60 and under $4. $4 or over. Native-bom of native father, White 18 J1.92 6 3 5 2 1 2 Foreign-bom: 9 107 10 14 3 128 56 74 146 177 ' 10 34 38 361 10 .93 1.82 1.44 (») 1.00 .78 1.09 1.07 .93 1.31 .84 1.05 .97 1.29 ...... 2 43 3 2.5 3 2 1 36 13 ,26 51 53 5 8 13 114 1 2 12 2 5 16 2 12 21 17 1 5 6 62 1 2 13 2 3 1 10 4 5 14 11 3 1 3 18 3 Croatian. . . ...... 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 X English 3 Irisli Italian, Nortli 1 3 1 2 6 ...... "'ii' 69 34 26 47 87 1 16 •15 149 3 1 Italian. South. . . . . Lithuanian 2 6 2 "■■■4" ,1 1 2 1 Polish ...... 4 1 2 7 1 4 1 Total 1,177 .99 36 485 354 153 93 17 26 10 3 Grand total. .....J... 1,195 1.00 36 485 359 156 98 17 28 11 1 5 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 74:.^Numier of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (Infomiatlon relating to boarders or lodgers covers only Immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging,] General nativity and race of head of household. Native-born of nativefather, White. Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian English German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian. Bussian Ruthenian. . Slovak Slovenian... Total Grand total. Total nuipber of house- holds. 33 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 162 198 10 36 43 384 12 Number of households keeping — " Board- ers. 162 154 Lodgers only. 57 42 47 48 84 4 18 22 127 4 623 Total. 2 1 84 46 59 78 109 4 20 27 158 5 675 677 Number of— Board- 604 606 Lodg- ers. 2 381 205 181 163 214 323 20 80 78 480 18 2,145 2,145 Total. 4 448 191 197 313 401 20 674 19 2,649 2.651 388 The Immigration Commission. ^ 3?> 9> a, W A. I ■as ■°a -a 3 "&^ P 03 !z; m a "3 E2 1j^ s g'S w flS s t>^ s ^a •o s 2^ "1 M feg- ea »4 "So I "Son ■ lag ^ lU t o a.(Q d « Pi •aPi gia^gg 2-S3Sg,S •do It e| e»i-*r-im-v iH -rHiHCfl WMMmco ^.-lOeoM t* r-( »0 r-i Tj* ■V WCOt^N n a ■*iM 3 00 I 1 ; i. Cfl IO« -^ i-lrH . N^ • '.HIN ■* (O ^ 1 t* rH »OW '•!-* N« CS(N ■ ■«■* (N 11 to 1 «3 N •3 • • •« • OS o t? CO ■ lO s « J3 ^ a rH 00 -"S^ lO-^PCO -^ WM ooro i-^^S .-H lO S5 .-4 "o fe £ US o S s Sg t-l«D • . ■ Cft'^'VlOOO ■ cq.- (>. Z ■a i-(C C-l . . i-lfH ^ M ■« tH "So h 03 S gsl&a -feocot^co oeoAkncq o 'Com +e a fc- e8 © 0-" rtj= sa .qxl .93--SO 53BOO 6h Ci General Tables: Pennsylvania. 391 Table 76. — Number of households occupying apamhents of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Qeneral nativity and race Total number of house- holds. Average number ot rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. of head of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. fi. 6. 7 or more. Native-bom of native father, White 33 5.27 1 2 8 8 8 6 F*eign-borH: Bohemian and Mo- ravian 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 162 198 10 36 43 384 12 3.63 4.14 4.69 4.77 4.90 3.97 4.13 3.69 3.73 3.95 5.10 3.22 3.91 3.74 3.75 2 3 6 7 3 ) 7 76 4 16 4 76 34 39 77 119 3 19 20 220 7 1 22 6 4 3 14 15 2 18 23 i' 6 30 1 1 3 3 7 3 10 3 9 5 12 6 English 1 Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian. . 3' 1 1 8 1 8 16 . 15 34 11 2C 36 27 1 4 12 61 4 3 Magyar Polish 1 RonTTlHT^lRTl Russian 1 11 2 56 3 15 Slovak 2 Total 1,307 3.89 6 121 226 720 145 80 g Grand total...' 1,340 3.92 6 122 228 728 163 88 15 Table 77. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity arCd race of head of household. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) Qeneral nativity and rare of head of house- hold. Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1 room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. I5 1^ 21.3 J3 O l5 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 6i2 Sj3 a* SOT B ■c 9 •S'S a* 7 or more rooms. Total. s;.a Native-bom of native &ther, White 46 foreign-bom: Bohemian and Mo- ■ ravian Croatian English German Irish , '1 Italian, North. ' ,',, Italian, South. (, ' Iilthuanlan !;i'- Magyar , i«',(TPolish. IS" .Roumanian. ■ Kusslan Euthmian.. Slovak Slovenian Total Grand total . 197 63 195 168 81 377 30 43 577 16 99 20 519 297 268 605 852 20 161 143 1,452 29 10 194 34 22 16 102 146 14 134 160 5 36 194 11 17 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 122 1,357 1,369 5,031 5,072 1,078 1, 122 80 635 16 1,307 1,340 95 S58 92 191 60 994 626 622 943 1,358 61 23U 293 2,404 70 8,687 8,871 392 The Immigration Commission. Table 78. — Number of households of each specified number of ■persons, and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of bead of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per nouse- hold. Number of households of each spedfled number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Native-born of native father, White 33 5.58 .... 2 7 1 12 2 ..... 7 4 3 18 19 3 6 1 30 4 3 3 11 1 5 2 18 4 9 24 20 2 2 3 59 2 7 4 6 3 Forei^-born: Bohemian and Mora- 16 111 16 30 10 144 . 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 6.94 7.73 5.75 6.37 6.00 6.90 8.22 6.44 6.20 6.86 5.10 6.39 6.81 6.26 5.83 6 10 1 6 16 6 11 22 23 2 3 10 51 1 16 5 1 4 25 7 17 9 27 ...... 6 59 1 1 12 3 9 1 12 5 10 16 30 2 4 8 53 1 1 8 3 ,5 1 19 13 10 24 28 1 g 2 30 3 1 1 English 1 13 6 9 6 20 Irish Italian, North.. :::: 7 1 6 12 2 27 Maavar 21 Polish 29 1 Russian 6 1 22 2 4 S 45 2 3 22 1 g fi Slovak 43 3 Total 1,307 6.65 .... 63 111 163 166 181 167 166 93 197 1,340 6.62 --'■■ 65 118 166 168 188 t 171 171 96 197 Table 79. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. General nativity and race of head of house- ^ hold. Total num- ber. Average per house- hold. Average per room. Less thanl. land under 2. 2 and under 3. Sand under 4. 4 or more. Native-bom of native father, White 33 184 5.58 1.06 15 14 4 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 1«8 10 36 43 384 12 95 858 92 191 60 994 526 522 943 1,358 51 230 293 2,404 70 5.94 7.73 5.75 6.37 6.00 6.90 8.22 6.44 6.20 6.86 5.10 6.39 6.81 6.26 5.83 1.64 1.87 1.23 1.34 1.22 1.74 1.99 1.75 1.66 1.74 1.00 1.98 1.74 1.67 1.56 2 13 4 3 1 14 4 6 18 14 6 3 5 39 6 S 54 10 23 9 66 23 34 78 107 3 15 21 194 1 6 26 2 4 15 3 English Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 54 28 32 46 60 1 11 12 107 3 10 8 8 8 15 i 1 2 PoUsh 2 5 4 35 2 2 Kuthenian 1 Slovak g ^ Slovenian Total 1,307 8,687 6.65 1.71 138 646 392 110 21 Grand total 1,340 8,871 6.62 1.69 153 660 396 110 21 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 393 Table 80.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS. ) Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. General nativity and race ol head of household. Total num- ber. Average per house- hold. Average per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 and un- der 5. Sand un- der 6. 6 or more. Native - bom of native father White 33 184 5.58 2.27 12 10 7 3 1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 95 858 92 191 60 994 526 622 943 1,358 61 230 293 2,404 70 5.94 7.73 6.75 6.37 6.00 6.90 8.22 6.44 6.20 6.86 5.10 6.39 6.81 6.26 5; 83 3.17 3.29 2.63 2.65 2.50 3! 63 2.78 3.00 3.46 2.83 3.06 3.22 3.36 3.50 2 10 3 3 2 10 13 9 2 5 3 19 2 5 31 6 16 4 44 14 29 63 39 2 12 15 ■ 103 2 1 34 6 9 4 47 18 24 30 70' 4 8 11 106 i 3 17 6 10 Croatian 9 1 English German 2 Irish Italian, North ■ 22 ■ 18 11 32 46 • 2 7 5 81 11 6 6 12 19 6 3 2 Italian, South Lithuanian Poflsh 16 ■RonmftTilan Russian ...... 33 2 4 3 'Slovak 42 , , 2 ^ Total 1,307 8,687 6.65 3.21 .100 385 376. 246 108 92 Grand total 1,340 8,871 6.62 3.18 112 395 383 249 108 93 ; Tabib 81. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds sleeping in all rooms. Number of households sleeping In all rooms except— hold. 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. Native-bom of native father, White 33 3 8 15 7 loreign-bora: 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 8 42 1 2 6 43 7 17 5 67 34 14 63 95 1 7 16 168 5 1 22 7 9 6 11 6 8 17 36 2 1 Croatian 3 1 English . ... 1 2 IriBh Italian North 70 21 60 68 64 2 27 18 138 3 6 Italian, South 3 7 2 4 2 2 Poiiih ::::::::::::::::: 9 6 2 Ruthpnian 9 69 4 Slovak.. 9 20 Slovenian f ITotal 1,307 27 604 628 196 62 (jrand total 1,340 27 507 636 211 69 394 The Immigration Commission. Table 82. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who— Eead. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Penmark England France Germany , Ireland Italy A Netherlands : Roumania Russia , Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales . Total Total native-bom Foreign-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Dalmatian Danish Dutch English Finnish Flemish French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish 6,406 900 i,224 791 3 584 31 23 i 9S4 62 1,188 802 13 1 87 423 36 15 210 61 1,177 787 15 207 4,497 4,409 11,803 11,424 451 1 30 10 19 1,957 6 10 So 1,310 3 334 1,522 75 3 3 660 3,346 2,219 3,508 11 5 5,991 6 102 1,271 281 561 26 420 1 13 9 17 1,281 4 7 54 1,272 36 3 297 1,451 43 2 1 614 2,886 1,491 87 475 3,104 8 5 4,610 71 877 163 554 26 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 395 Table 82. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity andrace — Continued. General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who— Bead. Bead and write. Forelgn-bom, by race— Continued. Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish. Syrian... Turkish. Welsh... Australian (race not specified) . Austrian (race not specified). . . Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total forelgn-bom . Grand total 85 9,945 1,539 1 2U 6 i 189 5 238 149 14 36,944 48,747 64 8,138 1,279 1 214 5 3 178 5 218 124 14 30, 131 41,555 62 7,951 1,245 214 5 3 174 5 215 123 14 29, 408 40,727 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 397 Table 83. -Uteracy of persons 10 years of ageor over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number reportlnf complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of Indl- vldaal. Num ber. Num ber who read. Num ber who read and write Num ber. Num ber who read. Num - ber who read and write Num ber. Num ber who read. Num- - ber who read and write. Native-born of native father: White HS 77 76 74 71 70 70 148 146 144 Itotlve-bornof foreign father, by race offether: ■' Bohemian and Moravian , Croatian 20 10 34 69 22 .57 33 15 37 lOS 3 18 2 173 2 10 4 24 30 11 33 17 12 18 S3 2 6 10 4 24 30 11 33 17 11 18 51 2 6 10 4 24 30 11 33 17 11 18 51 2 6 10 6 10 39 11 24 16 3 19 62 1 12 2 87 1 10 4 10 38 11 23 13 3 18 61 1 12 2 82 I 10 4 10 38 11 23 13 3 18 51 1 12 2 82 1 20 10 34 69 22 67 33 16 37 105 3 18 2 173 2 20 8 34 68 22 66 30 14 36 102 3 18 2 164 2 20 English 8 34 Irish 68 Italian, North 22 Italian, South 66 Lithuanian 30 Magyar 14 PoUsh ■■" 36 Russian 102 Euthenian 3 Scotch 2 164 Slovalc ;. 86 1 82 1 82 1 , Slovenian Total 600 748 307 300 300 293 279 279 600 579 679 Total native-born 384 376 374 364 349 349 748 1 725 732 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian 40 1 306 32 1 59 20 375 190 200 368 572 49 79 152 1 990 33 1 22 1 193 18 22 1 101 17 22 1 98 17 18 17 17 40 1 306 32 1 59 20 375 190 200 368 572 49 79 162 1 990 33 1 39 1 150 31 1 67 20 276 89 117 335 412 37 34 100 1 806 29 1 39 1 140 31 1 67 20 274 89 106 328 390 37 33 99 1 Croatian 113' 14 1 26 6 161 70 81 161 220 13 38 46 1 406 15 1 ' 49- 14 1 26 6 100 20 39 142 154 8 9 24 1 322 12 1 42 14 1 26 6 99 20 32 140 142 8 8 23 1 298 12 1 French German 33 14 214 120 119 207 352 36 41 106 31 14 176 69 78 193 258 29 25 76 31 14 175 69 74 188 248 29 25 76 Irish : Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar f Roumanian Ruthenian Scotch 584 18 484 17 478 16 ', Slovenian 28 Welsh " Total forelgn-bom 3,469 J.078 1,591 1,561 1,391 945 890 i,469 2,536 2 461 Grand total 4,217 !,462 ,967 l-B.'i.'i 1 ,755 ,294 L,239 1,217 '3-261 3,174 ' 1 1 398 The Immigration Commission. Table Si.—LiUraq/ of foreign-horn persona 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in tiie United States, and race of individual. (STUDY 01" HOnSBHOLDS.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] MALE. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Years In United States. Under 6. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Eace ol Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 22 • 1 193 18 33 U 214 120 119 207 362 36 41 106 £84 18 10 1 74 1 3 10 1 42 1 3 10 1 42 1 3 3 3 3 9 9 g Bosnian 67 37 35 62 17 30 12 91 40 47 81 126 22 16 28 12 72 24 32 76 99 21 Engllsli 16 28 Irish 2 60 35 41 68 94 12 22 27 139 7 2 •66 17 26 54 02 8 12 20 120 6 2 56 17 24 61 61 8 , 12 20 120 6 12 Italian, North 03 4S 31 68 132 24 9 60 177 G 48 28 20 63 97 21 5 35 146 6 48 28 20 62 93 21 6 35 142 6 71 Italian, South 24 30 ' 76 Polish 91 Boumanlan 10 29 208 5 S 21 218 6 8 Buthenlan 21 216 Slovenian , 4 Total 2,078 es4 626 617 667 423 415 817 642 629 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian 18 113 14 1 26 6 161 70 81 161 220 13 38 46 1 406 15 1 9 57 2 8 27 2 8 22 2 2 38 2 13 2 13 7 18 12 1 22 6 42 19 20 63 84 7 9 12 1 22 6 29 6 12 46 68 7 Croatian .... 7 English 12 ... 1 . . . 1 German 4 4 4 1 22 Irish e Italian, North 62 31 26 63 75 9 27 17 41 8 6 56 64 6 3 8 40 8 6 66 62 6 3 7 67 20 35 46 61 4 6 16 30 6 22 40 42 3 2 9 30 6 16 39 37 3 2 9 29 Italian, South 6 Lithuanian 11 Mavear 45 Polish 63 ■R.nnTTianlj^n 6 14 1 165 4 1 4 7 1 110 3 1 3 Ruthenlan 7 Scotch 1 Slovak 120 6 103 5 98 6 131 6 109 4 107 4 »» Slovenian 3 Welsh 1 Total 1,391 508 329 315 418 282 268 465 334 307 Gene):al Tables: Pennsylvania. 399 Table 84.- -Literam of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the Umted States, and race of individiial— Continued. TOTAL. , Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Years in United States. Under S. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Eace of Individual. Nimi- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 40 1 306 32 1 59 20 375 190 200 368 672 49 79 152 1 990 33 1 19 1 131 3 18 1 69 3 18 1 64 3 6 6 6 16 16 16 Bosnian 105 SO 48 70 29 1 52 18 133 59 67 134 210 31 28 1 50 18 101 30 44 122 157 28 28 1 ■ 60 18 100 30 41 120 147 English Frfiioh. German. 7 7 7 Irish 2 117 55 76 103 155 16 27 42 2 86 23 48 94 104 11 14 29 2 86 23 40 90 98 11 14 29 Italian, North 125 76 67 131 207 33 36 67 89 36 25 119 151 26 8 43 88 36 25 118 145 26 8 42 Italian, South Magyar Ra : Eonmanian Russian 16 43 1 423 9 1 12 28 1 328 8 1 11 28 Buthenlan Scotch Slovak 297 12 249 11 240 11 270 12 229 10 227 10 309 7 Slovenian Welsh Total 3,469 1,202 855 832 985 705 683 1,282 976 936 Table 85. -Literaq/ of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race (^individual. (STUDY OP HODSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Race of individual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write.. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian 22 1 193 18 33 14 214 120 119 207 352 36 41 106 584 18 1 1 1 21 1 • 180 11 23 .7 171 110 109 180 318 35 39 94 619 16 21 1 92 11 21 7 136 62 69 166 224 28 23 65 421 15 21 1 Croatian 13 7 10 7 43 10 10- 27 34 1 2 12 65 2 9 6 10 J> 7 9 27 34 1 2 11 63 2 9 6 10 7 40 7 9 26 34 1 2 11 63 2 89 English 11 German 21 Irish ....■■;■■.: :: 7 Italian, North 135 Italian, South. . ' .. 62 65 Mwyar 162 P& 214 Roumanian 28 Russian 23 Ruthenian. 65 Slovak 415 Slovenian 14 Total 2,078 244 229 228 1,834 1,362 1,333 400 The Immigration Commission. Table 85. — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at tiTne of coming to the United States, and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Bace of Individual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number Trtio read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 18 113 14 1 26 6 161 70 81 161 220 13 38 46 1 406 15 1 3 9 4 1 5 3 7 4 1 S 3 5 4 1 5 IS 104 10 14 42 10 14 37 10 English. Frencli German.... 21 6 134 61 75 136 176 11 36 40 21 6 75 14 33 120 117 6 8 20 21 6 74 14 26 118 106 6 7 19 Irish Italian, North 27 9 6 25 44 2 2 6 1 59 3 1 25 6 6 22 37 2 1 4 1 66 2 1 25 6 6 22 37 2 1 4 1 56 2 1 ItaliaiL, South Magyar Polish Kussian Scotch Slovak 347 12 266 10 242 10 Welsh Total 1,391 207 183 181 1,184 762 709 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 40 1 306 32 1 59 20 375 190 200 368 572 49 79 152 1 990 33 1 4 4 4 36 1 284 21 35 1 134 21 35 22 11 1 15 7 70 19 16 52 78 3 4 18 1 124 5 1 16 10 1 15 7 65 13 15 49 71 3 3 15 1 119 "4 1 14 10 1 15 7 65 13 15 48 71 3 3 15 1 119 4 1 French German 44 13 305 171 184 316 494 46 75 134 42 13 211 76 102 286 341 34 31 85 42 Irish Italian, North 209 Italian, South 1 iitbilAni^Ti 91 Magyar. 280 P^h 30 Rutheuian 84 Scotch Slovak 866 28 687 25 657 Welsh J Total 3,469 451 412 409 3,018 2,124 2,042 General Tables: Pennsylvania, 401 1 3 !> (& & Sft u H .a o g 1:1 S s Iz: s>> H ■moi •paiiopiM. •psujBjv ■3l3niS •TOOJ, ■paMopjAV •papjBj^ ■3l2ms •I«}Oi •p9Aopij\4^ ■paixi^K •aiSnig ■TOOi •paMopiAV •papjBH •8[3nig •I«?oi •pajiopij^i ■paijjBji •aiamg Oi-H "3 0> i-lt» 3CO1H M eoeoeOi-* i^ss CO ■ C4 O iCOO i • CM • CO omoiT-i lOf-teo W3 c9 Mc5 '«^^-^S^ i-H « 0S1-I I I s Ill ^1 III ■?-&'S|3§i ■aiel ^g| ^iB-a .>3-s|« ~ «iH •* t-w eo N tC OC0U3 '*« ^3 S SEsrf™ cDcoeoo* •IBJOJ, •paiiopijVt •paiJjBjI •siSajg eCNC4 tOr-liO'*^; GO t» .rHrHrH CONW iOtHiJ^NO S5 SS " ■moj. ■pajiiopiM. ■pauiBK ■aiSmg ■TOOj, •pajiopijii ■pajjrajV ■ai3njg •mojj •paAiopijii •p3|JIBJ5 •ai3n!s W COOO N 00 00)0 'CO Hr-IU) OlOI>OtH OO •OOCQ CO tT.- ■ft 3 1 So t)Aoa ^ 'S "S W' ggSBa .SS£ m l§°s§ u QRQam Fm^FnC! onUA SSSSa aa^ziF^h 3 1^.^? O O O O f* General Tables: Pennsylvania. 403 3g§SS' USOCOi- ;S 00 • • lO tCQlO^ •-eOOJOJW ^ t»H r-( 1-1 00 Dcoeooj -^gooiH 52; ^w^ wgooeg t^«D 00 T- I— CO -tr- '-^saeQN N^OONO E- i-msQto SS" 00 l> CO T-tOl rtairHQOrl <0 t-J ■ X « 1 H a 'W s ■S s 8 1 pq 1 ! i ■TOOi S (omtoaoooua c^rH-^i^eQa 3 ■p9iiOpij(4. CI •paiJJBW s ■ iH •"' S ■oiSuis ^ uawor-ooo l^^^^■*cog s C3> O ■moi, Ol •P8.110PIJ4. »H 00 ■pajireK oo ■atSois 3 5 S •l^oi C4 •poAiopiAl. '-' i-( •p8I"«H oo' CO •aianiS CO CO s ■inoi CD Mt^Oi-^r-l rH « O CO s ■pajiopiM. ; ■psjiiBH t* •^ '"' 00 •aiSniS a> « t-e»coiH '^ C4 o s? ■m»i CI eo 1 c 1 1 3 i i li ■s : ■3 >. .a i| II ^^ B - III r 1 e ,= 1 CQ J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i j General Tables: Pennsylvania. 405 .H r-l 1 ; ; i-tco ; "* ! a)-HU3U3 OOCOO iOO.-(CO OOOOc S ■«>''-* COr-tiOOO OOb-iOCS CO <0 M r- ^ •iflT-l r^COCOC^ OOiOC^ CtOiOitn 1^. .lOO >rtiOCTii-i co"!POi(N i-nOeOM too ^"5sSr^ «:3;t;=^ ^S^'^ =?ss s^ »« looec tD»0(0»o ooinr-eo oto-^a ■^a ootod K S CO U3 (MM (N CM rHr-tO^ 0O00«O'^ -ii-iO^ 0000:0"* uo o S A ■bmwoh !g g r^- 00 ■* "* ^4 s a p K(4ra g s EH O 406 The Immigration Commission. o e •i 13 i 1 ^ 2 H S t- 00 i C 1 i inoi, g o ■^ «« -iot>i-i lo'*.— c^ '^eqi-ica s s •paiiopfAV ■paujEH M " -■ '^ ^-o c -aiSnis 00 »3 (Nt»^ OCQI-IC4 -^Ol r^ ' 1= 1 C c a c £ > C 1 s c i s 1 1 1 o i-T |l i 1 O B c i o 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 3 S i P3 ; 3 g 1 1 § General Tables: Pennsylvania 407 SfeS-" S rt r-l i .- ?s 53 00 CO w ! 5 n ; iHiH CO "•mr- 00 W*l>«30S to iH ^CJC.^ 3 |>Meo 3 "SSSS £""8 I" ; 1-1 i~* tH CO CO HW« 3 "SSSS3 S""a o U3 CO ^ "•egco^N SS55S S""SS OOWS ' u3 3 fH ■wgw^N SS^g g'^SS g" I 00 CO IH ^ fH (N >o s rH(0 -< a> 01 tUcCi- ^NO ?10C>1 •« ^ r— CD "*■- -g"=- rsujio CQiOi-H'^jico Ni-H-ros oOi cDwt- .-I ^«DWCO OS"' ■SKtC ■ ■W4J J « « 3 '^'^ ??^ lis ^"j 1-3 5 3 3 8s B O 1 ^ - "5 4f 03 O V 48296°— VOL 7—11- -27 General Tables: Pennsylvania. 411 Table 88. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband. (STUDY or HMPLOYEBS.) Kace of husband. Number reporting complete data. Number reporting wife — In United States. Abroad, Bobemlon and Moravian Bosnian Bulgarian Canadian, French Oanadian, Other Croatian Dalmatian Danish Dutch English linnish Flemish IVench German Greek _ Hebrew (other than Russian). Herzegovinian Irish. Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Montenegrin Norwegian Polish. Portuguese Roumanian Bussian Buthenian Scotch. Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian Turkish Welsh; 'Australian (race not specified) SAustrian (race not specified). . 'Belgian (race not specified) . . . , Bwfe (race not specified) Total 1 20 6 13 1,021 942 26 1 220 1,126 S4 2 1 442 1,701 1,199 44 307 2 2,230 9 2 3,674 3 71 743 193 387 20 47 3 136 4 136 116 11 304 1 29 9 6 H 13 439 4 £82 7 34 917 19 1 2 5 25 7 201 1,072 36 2 19 54 18 1 434 1,076 726 26 245 1,186 S 2 2,641 3 12 393 111 379 20 34 144 3 1 132 4 90 116 11 625 473 18 62 2 1,044 4 1,033 350 82 8 13 2,299 238 16,108 412 Tlie Immigration Commission. s CO 1 ? iS s OQ i 1 •s P i 1 a. H I I .5, Z. ■e.. ca J> 1 "S •a § & 1 •§ g B^ h ^^ ^ ^ 1 a OD H i:) m ■< H •a a S CD •s a >Bf 5 . ^1 "S| OS "3 1> OS "Sl oS iz;3 S H ^ UCl-S^ a ® o fl g ffl-s « N ■ -O 1-i iOfH 'S3S "5S U3r^f.cq^ 300 OOOCOi-tOO nsi eOiOOC4M 1HU3.-I ^ COU30Q OC^INr- 00 WOOrH g-*4<00^C1 '«iHiHCOt« •OiOarH i-l : :S SOO^F- oomi-Hoo noo^niAc m«ONC3 i-l»0.-t v "Si ;feO , 3 ill! I ili § ;iaa : : : : ; : ■ : -S- f izSS | jg. ||a|| mtf isgii gilll ^gjfel nnnSu onnHi^ i^^aoM n.£$ai:iS hjSaiziP< General Tables: Pennsylvania. 413 HOOlO • it^Ok CO "SSSE; "SS?? R"*?; "ffiS' h. C4 - rHCO «H h-rHO.-l.-t OOOO-^Q 00 •* ^ CO OOrHd rH OS ■ !>■* 1-1 ' '^ . .toeom ccNWQ O • -m WCO • N *^gS| "'^gl w"^ :« S"S3 S - ;s *ss WrHrHt-t^ :S' c>st>iH 0OCO-* a» ss tw^HOi— IrH 00 00 'J* O 00 ^ ^ CO oca v'-s fftSsS ft o o " •3.3 3-=- f^ mil llll sis^ ^^«^ 414 The Immigtatioii Commisskn. Tahle 90. — Number of penoru wiHtin eadi age gnmp, 6y tez and bg genaid natim^ and race of head cJhoutmoM. (8IUDT en HOUgKWOIJB) General nativity and laee of bead at taaa^nM. If nmber wiiliiu eadi specified age groapu Under 6l 6tal3. 14 and IS. UtDl9. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 43 orovH. «.. NatiT&twni (tf native fBtber, Wbite . . 14 24 5 u 14 12 19 n Fmign-lioai: Bobendan and Moianan. 9 71 5 18 5 108 62 55 »7 132 4 23 29 aa 7 13 23 14 23 S 79 29 29 65 99 1 7 20 181 4 3 3 4 6 1 12 7 3 6 10 i" 1 26 1 3 14 6 9 5 18 9 9 10 28 3 '"'a' so 8 87 U 10 6 61 48 27 33 123 12 23 32 222 10 7 75 4 16 S 90 47 68 92 1S3 12 21 38 261 6 S 13 10 15 S 28 12 U 24 40 2 1 12 72 2 4R 381 IZngKdi 34 K Imh - 31 Italian, North. 3K Italian; SooUi. 34 THthnanian . . . ax ^^:\:::::::::::::::::;::::: £7 31 Pimnn 7( TliTtbmtan IS Slovak 1,R« '« Total 876 395 ^ 187 733 897 256 3.68 <}i9iu1 tntnl a» 619 89 198 767 909 223 3,747 rEMAI,E. 2«atiTe4}oni of nadre &U]er, White. -^ BidieiDian and MnaTJan. Ooatian bsh. Italian, Vnrrh Italian, Soatii- . Tjttfcianian Magjar Fcriish Skrrak Slovonan. Total Grsn'l total. 13 9 , 64 , 44 i 43 ! 1D2 139 : 4i i?i 37 [ 256 S93 908 19 ' 10 19| 9 74 m 21 46 U4 1 U 8f U- 1 3 I 43 le , 78 17 . 93 3 I 3 3 25 a I 20 % I 179 1 S 396! 86 127 •■ 61S 801 IS 3 9 20 139 4 327 4 3 I 10 4 13 8 5 8 17 121 337 lit 1« as D H w 2.« General Tables: Pennsylvaniai 415 Table 90. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued. TOTAL. Qeneial nativity and race of head of household. Number within each specifledsage group. Under 6- 6 to 13. Hand 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Native-born of foreign father, White. . 27 43 8 19 27 27 31 182 rorelgn-bom: 18 135 12 35 9 205 106 98 189 291 8 38 66 547 14 23 42 23 45 13 153 69 50 111 213 2 18 42 376 11 4 5 6 12 2 21 13 6 11 27 1 1 • 6 54 1 9 21 8 18 7 • 32 13 12 26 45 6 3 28 85 1 15 151 17 22 12 119 76 70 161 218 17 48 52 401 15 13 110 9 34 8 160 75 99 144 239 15 30 58 420 ,10 9 20 17 25 9 43 20 18 32 57 2 2 12 107 4 91 484 English 92 191 Irish 60 Italian. North 733 Italian, South 372 ■JilthnaViiRP 353 664 Prtffqh 1,090 61 KnEffltan 140 264 -glovak 1,990 56 Total 1,771 1,191 170 314 1,384 1,424 377 6,631 1,798 1,234 178 333 1,411 1,451 408 6,813 TAbLE 91. -Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STDDY OJ EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. General nativity and race. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64 65 or over. Native-born of native father: White 6,401 908 6 1 32 1 69 3 196 11 210 11 221 13 237 10 1,086 101 965 130 866 139 1,316 270 806 134 339 53 . S3 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of : birth of father: 3 590 31 24 1 164 8 3 1 214 9 267 139 11 4 "'36 3 6 1 6 1 6 1 13 1 46 3 107 8 79 4 71 1 60 3 1 Austria-Hungary ^ Canada 5 8 i 1 Denmark 3 962 65 "5 'i4 '23 2 20 6 7 "58 5 43 33 12 "63 4 60 28 13 1 1 17 19 6 1 12 56 5 64 49 S 1 61 1 57 30 5 143 14 182 110 2 2 HI 10 129 96 1 1 139 3 210 155 51 140 119 23 5 43 23 1 2 7 1,215 799 62 13 1 91 423 37 15 208 1 .... 7 4 2 Ireland Italy 1 2 1 Netherlands Roumania .... 1 "h 4 1 "3 20 3 2 4 "io 21 3 "s 14 30 1 1 9 8 30 4 2 9 .24 109 13 4 23 4 66 6 1 41 1 48 2 49 "'22 2 3 i Scotland....^ Sweden 1 26 ""46 2 17 "is 1 Wales 1 2 Total 4,542 11,861 11 18 53 "86 139 211 305 512 308 529 311 545 271 518 984 616 436 620 361 114 13 Total native-bom... 2,171 1,731 1,441 2,205 1,301 506 77 416 Tlie Immigration Commission. Table 91 . — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race — Continued. Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. Oeneral nativity and ' race. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 26 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 64. 66 to 64. 65 or over. Foreign-bom, by race: Bobemian and Mo- 4S4 1 31 10 19 1,968 6 10 50 1,300 39 3 335 1,628 76 3 3 050 3,355 2,224 94 036 5 3,511 12 5 5,974 7 103 1,274 281 661 26 86 9,925 1,660 216 6 4 191 6 246 153 14 1 5 7 6 66 86 89 1 4 ..... 313 1 2 6 199 9 123 49 27 2 3 10 2 4 562 1 8 2 1 416 2 1 15 166 6 3 3 8 349 1 2 13 314 , 13 3 Canadian, French 1 2 1 "iie 1 4 13 309 7 ■■'2 9 6 19 62 106 1 Dalmatian Danish 1 "153 1 Dutch "e 3 3 ..... 1 7 3 100 3 3 27 120 11 1 1 English 2 Finnish Flemish 2 ... 4 6 6 18 1 11 22 2 3 19 1 48 187 21 1 1 56 767 619 21 184 3 744 3 1 1,397 3 26 320 71 50 3 25 2,059 371 65 213 13 1 '"57 650 399 12 118 1 671 1 1 1,088 2 16 240 46 85 5 13 1,656 275 1 33 102 390 18 54 189 19 339 2 4 19 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegavinian 1 1 153 097 420 19 150 Irish 1 69 65 1 3 i2i 85 1 3 31 760 504 32 120 213 190 168 7 49 119 30 28 24 Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified). 2 1 3 3 12 2 20 16 37 24 1 .... 41 3 Lithuanian 3 6 Macedonian Magyar 1 5 27 89 124 666 1 1 1,132 836 5 1 1,435 2 39 276 71 123 6 11 2,636 292 270 2 "506 34 4 Montenegrin 1 83 Polish 2 10 16 41 104 147 Portuguese Roumanian 4 7 4 7 3 22 10 8 3 44 16 4 1 4 311 69 10 264 44 40 2 24 1,909 356 11 82 16 151 10 3 865 114 1 11 1 61 Russian .... 2 2 3 1 11 1 Scotch.- :... 2 13 Scotch-Irish Servian 1 104 12 3 267 42 1 151 18 Slovak 5 12 1 42 7 IS Slovenian 3 Spanish Swedish 1 1 3 1 17 1 1 16 ■' 16 2 1 12 68 60 23 4 Syrian .... 1 Turkish 1 23 2 49 15 1 49 2 62 60 7 Welsh 1 1 2 1 45 12 30 3 29 1 3 9 2 13 Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) 4 1 6 3 4 3 43 13 62 23 1 Belgian (race not specified) 2 3 1 Swiss (race not speci- fied) 1 " ' * ' ' ' '* " Total loreign-bom. . 30,966 4 22 108 67 26i 174 lie 348 877 807 1,081 6,883 7,090 6,369 8,646 3;538 1,166 171 48,806 1,362 1,599 9,064 10,851 248 ■'"" General Tables: Pennsylvania. 417 Table 92. — Number of families owning home, renting, hoarding, etc., by general natiid^ and race of head of family. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) Npmber of famUlea— Oeneittl nativity and race of head of family. Owning home. Renting home. Board- ing. Lodging. In other condi- tions. Total. Native-born of native father, White 14 19 33 Foreign-born: 7 3 6 15 7 15 7 6 5 17 10 105 10 16 3 129 67 75 147 184 10 38 38 370 10 17 108 j^pglish 1 17 2 1 33 Irisli . 11 Italian. North 144 Ttfllian South 1 i 66 81 Ma^vbt 1 1 163 pSIJ" ::::::.::::::::::: i 203 10 38 S 16 2 43 2 1 389 Slovenian 12 Total 111 1,202 3 4 s 1,325 125 1,221 3 4 £ 1,368 418 The Immigration Commission. Table 93. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups and by general nativity and race of individual. ' (STUDY OP HODSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each spedfled age group. General nativity and race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. < 1 .§ < < i S < +3 < < 3 % <1 1 < ^ Native-born of native father, White 15 15 1 23 24 4 1 5 16 27 1 ^4 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 6 69 5 17 5 97 54 53 82 124 4 22 28 246 7 6 69 5 17 .: 56 53 83 124 4 22 28 246 7 2 5 .... 5 6 5 6 14 8 9 13 20 4 41 14 18 37 68 "i 10 14 13 21 4 46 20 24 43 82 '.'.'. 3 1 2 5 1 5 2 .... 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 4 6 1 8 4 1 3 8 8 74 "5 18 5 102 60 58 88 138 4 22 32 266 9 11 10 15 25 5 48 18 18 40 73 .... 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 19 16 German . 44 Irish 10 Italian, North 2 2 153 Italian, South 80 Tiithiianian 78 Magyar 1 '■'■'■ 2 S 129 PoUsh 214 4 Rn<^«iiaTi "i 20 2 S 9 128 2 "i 5 13 149 4 1 1 5 9 143 2 1 ""9 1 28 41 Slovak 15 8 1 23 1 418 12 .... Total 819 5 824 70 71 376 2 448 ... 41 24 65 889 905 422 449 26 1,337 Total native-bom 834 5 839 399 2 472 ... 45 25 70 27 1,381 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 3 2 ... 3 2 '"2 3 7 1 2 1 28 7 4 19 12 1 1 6 28 ... 3 9 1 2 1 33 9 5 22 17 1 2 7 35 3 4 3 7 1 2 1 29 8 4 22 13 1 1 7 29 .... 2 1 2 .... .... 6 Croatian 1 1 12 English 1 German 2 Irish 1 Italian, Nortlu 9 5 2 4 8 9 5 2 4 8 I 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 .... 4 3 2 3 2 15 8 i 7 13 46 Italian, South 17 Lithuanian 9 Magyar ... 3 1 29 poffih...:::;::;::::::::" 27 Roumanian 3 > Russian 1 1 16 ... 1 1 16 1 1 7 2 2 24 »Ruthenian "i 1 1 .... 1 3 g Slovak , 54 Total foreign-bom 51 51 27 120 147 3 8 8 19 81 128 8 m* Grand total 885 5 890 98 519 ~' 619 3 63 33 89 986 577 35 1,598 _ General Tables: Pennsylvania, 419 Table 93. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, hy sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General natlvlt; and race of Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and IS years. Total. < < < 1 E-i 1 1 1 1 ^ < 3 ^ •3 o i 1 Native-born of native father, wWMte 14 14 1 18 19 3 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 4 2 1 2 16 15 21 1 "2 36 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 8 63 5 10 4 90 42 4,'i 97 148 4 11 35 266 7 8 03 6 16 4 90 42 43 98 149 4 11 35 269 7 1 5 "i 9 4 3 7 18 3 7 8 22 7 43 24 12 27 66 4 12 8 22 8 52 28 16 34 84 9 69 6 17 5 100 47 47 104 167 4 12 37 308 3 7 10 26 8 46 25 12 30 79 13 1 "i 1 1 1 "i 76 English 1 "3 1 4 1 3 1 15 43 Irish 13 Italian, North 146 Italian, South 72 Tdtbnanian .59 2 12 "2 134 Polish 248 4 Bussian 1 2 32 1 5 15 120 2 '■'■'■ 6 17 159 6 18 130 2 "5 17 Knthflnian "io 3 7 "h 3 22 65 Slovak 443 3 10 Total 839 6 846 84 361 ... 445 16 34 8 68 939 401 8 1,348 Total native-bom 853 6 = 859 1 1 85 .... 379 6 6 1 = 464 6 7 1 16 37 8 01 9J4 1 2 2 422 8 1,384 Foreign-born: 1 1 6 7 2 7 Croatian "i 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 2 Irish Italian, North 6 2 1 7 2 7 6 4 4 11 15 7 2 8 19 1 4 3 33 4 ... 22 12 6 12 30 1 5 5 40 4 "i "i 1 1 5 2 2 2 1 5 4 2 3 2 1 13 9 4 9 22 1 5 6 26 21 9 4 10 20 1 4 3 37 4 34 Italian, South 18 8 4 10 4 10 19 Polish 42 1lnniiinTiifl.Ti 2 4 2 17 4 2 17 1 2 7 9 2 2 2 6 9 fltovak 4 63 Slovenian 4 ; Total foreignrbom 48 901 1 ~1 = 49 908 42 127 109 488 ~ 151 615 10 18 65 8 28 ~89 100 128 8 228 Grand total 1,054 660 1,612 420 The Immigration Commission. Table 93. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups and by general nativity and race of indimdiuit— Continued. ' TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. 29 1 1 < 1 i .a -; <' i § ? 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 § Native-bom of native father, White 29 2 41 11 16 21 42 11 84 38 30 64 134 43 14 26 21 43 12 98 48 39 77 166 "i "i 1 1 1 "i 7 3 1 3 9 2 8 3 "4 17 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 S 8 4 3 5 11 6 2 5 23 31 17 143 10 35 10 202 107 105 192 305 8 34 69 674 17 48 14 17 25 61 13 94 43 30 70 152 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 6 80 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 14 132 10 33 9 187 96 96 179 272 g "i 2 2 2 1 '.'.'. 14 132 11 33 9 189 98 96 181 273 8 33 63 515 14 3 10 "i 1 14 10 8 13 32 32 161 87 Irish Italian, North 299 Italian South 152 263 Polish. 462 33' . 63' - 1 6 52 3 10 24 248 4 "i 11 30 301 7 1 "is 1 1 3 45 1 10 27 273 4 1 "14 1 45 Ruthenian "io 3 22 96 512 14 3 861 Slovenian 22 Total 1,658 11 1,669 154 737 2 893 16 75 32 123 1,828 823 34 2,685 Total native-bom 1,687 11 1,698 166 778 2 936 16 82 33 131 1,859 871 35 2,765 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 4 3 ... 4 3 "i g 13 2 2 1 43 14 6 27 31 2 6 9 61 4 9 16 2 2 1 66 21 11 34 47 2 7 12 75 4 4 6 2 9 14 3 2 1 50 17 8 32 33 2 5 10 66 4 "i 2 1 2 "i 13 Croatian .... . . . . "i 1 1 1 2 1 1 21 3 1 1 .... 4 Irish 1 Italian, North 16 7 2 8 18 1 16 7 2 8 18 12 7 6 7 10 1 3 "i 1 1 6 3 2 5 2 2 1 2 .... 9 7 4 6 4 1 28 17 7 16 35 1 7 8 50 80 Italian, South 35 Lithuanian 17 48 Polish 69 Koumanlan 3 5 3 33 ... 5 3 33 2 3 14 IS Huthenian 2 3 1 5 .... 3 9 18 117 Slovenian 4 * Total foreign-born Grand total 99 1,786 1 = 100 1,798 69 225 229 l,b07 ~2 298 1,234 13 26 108 8 41 47 178 181 2,040 256 1,127 8 3,210 General Tables: Pennsyl vania. 421 '^''^iffhiiuJ'^tl^tjf*^'^^ '=°'"^if^o^°fMer who speak Eng- lish. Num- ber. Num- )er who speak Eng- lish. 451 1 30 10 1,945 6 10 56 39 3 328 1,511 75 3 3 3,323 2,197 90 630 5 3,489 12 5 5,900 7 " 100 1,265 280 84 9,853 1,534 1 216 5 4 8 235 151 14 313 1 9 10 1,054 3 7 47 26 3 235 1,375 49 1 1 1,953 i,32i 54 448 1,774 8 5 2,968 3 45 720 126 61 5,628 914 1 210 4 3 5 202 117 14 117 38 109 1 4 1 666 3 5 12 12 75 1 4 1 425 3 3 9 8 226 200 23 2 3 9 176 3 9 1,103 3 2 13 7 494 i' 8 3 135 3 31 20 3 170 1,121 19 3 30 15 3 63 181 28 2 2 1,685 1,034 46 203 5 1,837 3 1 2,620 18 117 10 1 95 209 28 1 64 174 22 153 1,084 17 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 624 407 17 194 I ^jltallan. North 649 439 18 79 1,114 756 27 233 778 542 22 194 526 "tfelian' South 343 14 175 M^yar 626 2 1 781 1,068 5 1 1,835 3 5 320 66 29 3,137 666 694 2 1 1,058 1 3 231 36 22 1,938 403 584 4 3 1,445 3 227 71 14 2,999 262 454 4 3 Polish 1,129 2 Rounianian 92 718 143 41 3,717 706 1 17 4 4 39 297 29 19 1,291 295 1 11 3 3 3 192 61 10 Slovak 2,399 Slovenian 216 Swedish 23 23 176 1 176 , 1 I'vAustrallan (rape not specified) 1 Austrian (race not specified) 1 97 29 1 86 18 4 40 106 14 4 98 16 77 6 39 93 14 33,876 19,711 14,435 5,358 10,461 6,842 8,980 7,511 428 "The Immigration Commission. m.— THE MIDDLE WEST. Table 101. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUD! or HO0SBHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Total number of per- sons in house- holds. Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father, White 22 79 43 36 79 Foreign-born: Italian, North 51 26 50 23 213 121 234 111 106 61 111 52 107 65 101 44 213 Italian, South 116 212 Polish 96 Total ■ 149 679 330 307 637 Grand total *... 171 758 373 343 716 Table 102. — Number of persons for whom, detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Male. Female. Total. 43 39 82 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: ItaUan, North 48 20 69 22 64 21 46 21 102 41 Lithuanian 105 PoUsh '. 43 Total 149 142 291 Total native-born 192 181 373 Foreign-born: Italian, North 58 41 52 30 50 34 55 22 1 108 Italian, South 75 T'itbUftni^n 107 1 Polish 62 ' 1 181 162 343 373 343 716 General Tables: Middle West. 429 Table 103. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, , general nativity and race. (STUDY Off BMPLOIEBS.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. Native-born of native father: White 6,003 684 Foreien-born, by race— Continued. 29 Negro French . , ' 194 German , Native-born of foreign father, by country 1 174 10 18 5 590 67 883 322 56 2 4 57 286 20 10 212 864 of birth of father: Greek 12 Hebrew (other than Russian) 128 Italian, North . 1,716 422 I Denmark Italian, South 4 England Lithuanian 1,086 648 Germany '. Mexican 1 33 Italy 7 Polish .•. 823 •11 Hussian 377 Scotland Ruthenian 20 350 Scotch-Irish 1 24 Total 2,717 796 99 9,304 67 8 Foreign-bom, by race: 263 17 11 8 183 7 22 812 Welsh 160 AustraUan (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) 1 127 102 Swiss (race not specified) 8 Total foreign-born Danish 9,433 Dutch Grand total 18,737 430 The Immigration Commission. Table 104. — Numher of fordgn-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY or BMPLOYEBa.) int years since flist arrival in made for time spent abroad.] {Bjr years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deducUon li ~ade '-- " ^ "' " ' Number report- mg complete data. Number InUnited States each specified number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. ■VlHTl . . . 2S2 17 10 8 181 7 22 796 29 192 856 11 2 125 1,699 419 4 1,086 632 1 33 7 810 11 372 20 346 1 24 793 96 67 8 159 1 124 102 8 6 5 30 4 1 1 7 3D 4 19 1 71 5 4 3 90 4 S 96 12 68 106 3 2 10 687 206 1 426 244 8 29 54 Bulgarian . .. 3 3 4 8 3 4 46S 2 Canadian, Other Croatian. ••• 2 15 15 28 16 PaTiIsh 1 28 2 29 3 50 1 12 35 1 2 47 2 12 36 3 4^ 5 9 35 1 io' 5 12 26 1 4 V 22 ^ 2 22 151 English 2 20 8 20 Greek 2 Hebrew (other than Russian) Irish 2 16 2 2 •39 8 6 104 39 1 178 SO 2 158 45 2 108 64 3 178 37 ■■■■264' ~ 47 6 197 14 1 160 55 Italian, North Italian, South . 18 Italian (not specified) . . Lithuanian 4 14 6 20 37 68 83 85 S8 Mexican 1 Montenegrin 9 7 8 9 1 305 3 130 4 44 1 86 48 6' 2 92 1 49 1 23 Polish 22 5 14 1 8 70 1 45 4 14 77 3 33 3 17 65 2 31 7 8 RoUTTiftTiian . • Kussian . 23 1 Scotch 13 15 206 Scotch-Irish 1 Servian 8 1 2 10 1 1 28 8 1 44 10 4 I 53 10 13 217 39 9 4 4 4 111 8 3 2 5 1 125 10 10 1 8 2 Slovak 197 g Swedish 40 Syrian 1 J Welsh 3 2 2 1 3 131 Australian (race not specified) i 1 Austrian (race not specified) , Belgian (race not speci- fied) .. 7 3 5 8 4 11 3 9 10 53 24 2 11 8 1 16 19 13 22 Swiss (race not speci- fied) ,,4 Total 9,331 154 202 593 761 721 2,904 851 1,039 2,106 General Tables: Middle West, 431 Table 105.— Number offordgn-hom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of iiidividual. (study of households.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival In the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Number report- ing complete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Race of individual. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sto9. 10 to 14. 16 to 19. 20 or over. Italian, North 58 41 52 30 2 1 6. 3 22 21 11 9 G 8 18 4 14 3 12 3 g Italian, South 3 2 i" 7 2 2 Lltiiuanian 6 Polish 1 3 Total 181 5 8 4 4 12 63 36 32 FEMALE. Italian, North 50 34 65 22 1 2' 6 3 1 2 2 1 9 3 7 2 1 3 5 1 1 7 23 16 25 7 2 1 11 8 2 4 2 X Lithuanian 3 Polish 1 Scotch 1 Total 162 7 8 13 13 14 71 14 16, 6 TOTAL. Itahan, North 108 76 107 52 1 5' 7 3 1 3 9 1 11 5 9 3 1 4 11 4 1 10 46 37 36 16 8 9 29 4 22 5 16 6 9 Italian, South Llthuajilan 9 Polish 4 Scotch 1 Total 343 12 16 17 17 26 134 60 43 23 Table 106. — Occupation before coming to the. United States of fordgn-bam males who ^were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of Individual. Italian, North Italian, South. Lithuanian.... Polish Total.... i g.'O £5 47 23 46 19 135 Number worUug for wages. gSJ s . O n J?? 12 17 Number working without NumbCT working for profit. o A 4 7 11 7 432 The Immigration Commission. Table 107. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females who ■were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) h la Number working for wages. Number work- ing without wages. Number work- ing for profit. Race of Individual. 1 > 1.S 3 5 i g ft s 3 o i si il i Italian, North 42 21 43 14 14 19 34 11 3 23 1 26 1 7 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 Italian, South ' 6 1 1 • I'olish Total 120 78 7 4 24 35 7 7 Table 108. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (STCDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Number report- ing complete data. Number who were engaged in— • Race. Mta- hig. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Other occupa- tions. 196 16 9 2 155 17 647 28 576 7 1 72 1,561 301 4 1,023 SSI 32 . 6 741 17 237 1 24 684 86 66 6 92 108 79 4 142 10 6 1 11 12' 480 2 343 2 1 46 363 84 2 37 103 6 i 185; ' 4 : ^^ 6 219 1 2 103 30 10 3 84 31 73 1 21 5 11 2 17 1 2 3 1 1 Croatian " 126 2 2 8 17 101 7 i' 11 3 31 3 5 1 ¥ 11 1 2 2 2 3 Dutch . ".' 1 17 4 67 1 3' 1 5 1 English , 21 Finnish . . .'. 27 Hebrew (other than Russiiin) TrisK' 18 806 . 226 ■■■'815' 406 i 25 ■ 3 •625 4 ■299 7 3 2 92 24 2 99 18 1 2 64 3 140 20 14 1 1 Italian, North 82 Italian, South 16 8 40 37 1 i 2 Magyar 2 roiish. :....•.....■ 31 16 47 2 16 Uusslan 3' 3 7 i' 13 1 3 Scotph ■... 1 7 Scotch-Irish 21 515 39 28 2 1 67 2' 1 27 11 9 Slovak.. ' ; 16 4 5 13 1 2 ■4 i^ 1 6 Swedish 1 Welsh 3 6 1 4 Austrian (race not speeded) Beltrian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) 3' 1 12 2 2 [ 203 Total , 7,676 2.338 4,083 ■384 153 472 38 General Tables: Middle West. 433 Table 109.— Number of males 16 years of age or over in each spedfied industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [The main headings used In this table follow the classinoatlons of the United States Census, with these moaideatlons: General Labor is hero separate from Domestic and Personal Service: iFlshlng Mining and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and TransDorta- tion are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Total number. Bitumi- nous coal mining. At home. At school. Native-born of native father, White 25 23 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 3 3 Italian, So uth Lithuanian 1 1 1 1 Polish Total 5 - 2 3 Total native-bom 30 2,5 5 Foieign-born: Italian, North 63 30 61 23 53 27 51 23 Italian, South 2 1 Lithuanian Polish : Scotch 167 154 2 187 179 2 6 Table HO. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each spedjied industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census, with these modillcations: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transporta- tion are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Total number. At home. At school 26 • 25 OJative-born of foreign father, by race of father: W Italian North 4 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 3 i Total I 11 8 3 Total native-bom :)0 33 3 Foreign-born: 47 24 49 19 1 47 24 49 19 1 ■ • '.. . ^■iJ ' ■ See tch . 5 Total foreign-born 140 140 176 173 3 434 The Immigration Commission. Table 111. — Numhcr of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race." (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Number rfeporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der SI. »1 and un- der tl.25. tl.25 and un- der tl.60. $1.50 and un- der $1.75. n.75 and un- der $2. $2 and un- der $2.60. $2.50 and un- der $3. $3 and un- der $3.60. t3.S0 and un- der $4. $4 or Bver. Native-bom of native father: "White 4,868 533 $2.46 2.43 51 4 155 21 49 5 209 53 160 3 1,300 118 1,724 166 783 141 255 26 W. Negro n Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia , A ustrisr Hungary 1 126 8 17 5 479 57 784 254 33 2 3 33 227 18 9 165 "la 'U (•) 2.67 2.57 2.73 2.56 2.67 2.09 2.74 2.39 ^2^.54 1 33 2 7 2 90 16 172 43 10 1 "2 5 ■■■3' 6 4 1 1 2 7 1 1 2 45 2 6 1 176 20 257 114 12 19 1 1 3 1 1 11 Canada 10 3 14 5 4 ""3 1 13 1 21 10 2 1 15 1 11 11 90 5 168 32 1 27 8 84 13 3 49 France. ............ 3 .11 Ireland . ........... 19 Italy 5 1 9 81 7 6 64 " ■■4 36 3 2 4 3 6 ..... 6 9 2 4 11 36 4 1 32 24 V 1 Switzerland - . . s Wales 3 8. 5 3 34 1 IS Total 2,221 2.65 23 55 11 79 47 461 801 394 167 1S3 Total native-bom . . 7,622 2.52 78 231 65 341 210 1,879 2,681 1,318 448 371 loreign-bom, by race: Bohemian and Mora- vian 237 11 10 5 176 7 18 715 16 177 803 9 1 96 1,538 382 2 994 609 2.65 1.87 2.03 («) 2.89 (») 2.10 2.78 2.09 2.30 2.75 C) ^2^.51 2.42 2.53 ^2^.27 1.98 3 1 5 2 1 3 13 3 2 2 ..... 58 1 3 3 15 3 2 133 6 53 143 3 48 2 1 1 28 1 8 227 3 54 227 4 63 1 2 ■■■96' 2 2 133 3 25 239 23 1 19 1 28 Croatian 3 1 1 1 "4 2 5 2 5 2 3 1 4 1 ""a 3 5 13 1 3 28 1 24 33 ..... ..... 9 English 69 96 French 5 79 5 !i4 Greek Hebrew (other tlian 1 1 16 4 Irish 4 9 3 59 6 6 138 22 2 21 3 18 534 94 1 267 190 32 270 81 12 321 165 11 76 14 1 35 5 7 Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) 94 3 3 13 30 31 5 21 205 117 17 2 254 85 148 37 30 Magyar H * This table shows wage .'or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken ol volantsry lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. ' General Tables: Middle West. 435 Table 111. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Number reporting complete da^a. Average earnings per day. Number earning eacb speCifled amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der »1. SI and un- der H.25. n.25 and un- der il.50. $1.60 and un- der tl.75. 11.75 and un- der »2. S2 and un- der t2.50. {2.50 and un- der »3. and un- der $3.50. 13.50 and un- der $4. $4 or over. aEorelgn-bom, by race- Continued. 1 33 7 682 9 359 15 312 1 21 721 84 62 8 135 1 118 97 7 $2.97 (<■) 2.73 2.35 2.68 (") 2.51 2.41 2.13 2.52 ("„' „ 2.53 («) 2.58 2.01 1 1 1 134 3 13 "k' 1 6 5 286 110 12 67 2 1 114 4 95 2 106 18 4 2 Polish 1 21 10 1 2 90 11 7 3 67 1 62 23 56 2 11 2 13 1 6 15 38 1 4 1 1 5 5 3 204 29 22 2 36 1 55 38 13 186 12 20 4 87 16 3 Slovak 8 2 30 7 9 1 2 91 13 3 1 7 28 2 3 74 Slovenian 1 S ffelsb 1 3 2 44 19 6 13 Australian (race not Austrian' (race not 4 20 1 4 23 20 2 15 6 4 8 447 12 Belgian (race not s-necified^ 1 5 2 1 Swiss (race not speci- fied) 1 ' Total Joreign-bom.. 8,379 2.45 59 250 91 906 114 2,'393 1,970 1,615 534 Grand total 16,001 2.49 137 481 156 1,247 324 4,272 4,651 2,933 895 905 • Not computed, owing to small number Involved. 436 The Immigration Commission. Table 112. — Number of male employees .14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. * (STDDY OP EMPLOYEES.) Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der SI. $1 and under S1.25. SI. 25 and under Sl.SO. S1.50 and under S1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. S2.50 or over. Native-born of native father: Wliitje 304 13 $1.63 1.37 7 2 140 5 14 28 4 15 48 1 52 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary . 42 2 41 5 42 8 20 22 23 2 1 15 1.63 (") 1.86 (") 1.80 (") 1.79 1.44 1.97 C) (") 1.67 ' 17 3 6 12 2 6 1 8 1 7 6 5 4 2 ...... 1 12 2 17 5 5 11 5 2 2 "'i' 1 2 2 6 2 7 2 ""2 11 France 8 Italy 2 3 3 4 Russia 8 Sweden Switzerland 1 4 Wales 7 1 1 2 Total 223 1.72 4 83' 1 12 30 4 53 37 540 1.66 13 228 26 62 19 102 90 Foreiga-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 7 1 2 14 3 8 1 23 8 2 16 7 1 3 1 16 1 3 2 C) (.") 1.73 (<•) 2.03 ("■) (») 1.55 («) C") !" (») 1.66 (°) (°) (") 4 1 2 8 2 3 1 2 Canadian (other than French) English 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 5 3 11 3 7 Italian, South 2 Lithuanian 1 1 1 1 2 1 Magyar ' 1 6 4 6 1 1 Polish Russian Scotch : 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3 1 1 4 Slovenian 3 1 B elgian (race not specified) 1 119 1.76 2 44 7 10 31 M 659 1.68 IS 272 33 72 19 133 11.') *This table shows wages or earnings lor the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Middle West. 437 Table 113. — Number of male headi nffamiUes Darning each s-penfied amaunt per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table inoludes only male heads ot selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number working for wages. A verage earnings. Number earning- Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Italian, North Kalian, South Lithuanian " Toiish Total Grand total 18 $C90 2 .... 542 309 422 324 470 35- Table 114. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general ■nativity and race of individual. (STHDI OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Native-bom of native father, -White Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father, Polish t Total native-born. Foreign-bora: ' Italian, North.. ; Kalian, South.. ' Lithuanian .- Polish Total foreign-bom.. Grand total Number working for wages and reporting amount. 20 Average earnings. S696 m 539 4U4 423 330 Number earning- § i •gS ■eg 34 SO) "Not computed, owing to small number involved. 438 The Immigration Commission. Table 115. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of headof family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected families." Average family income. Number of families having a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. Under $300. t300 and under tsoo. (500 and under $750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $1,500 or over. Native-bom of native father, White 18 $711 1 2 8 6 1 Foreign-bom: Italian, North 50 24 49 22 569 443 504 473 1 4 3 2 15 16 20 12 29 3 21 6 4 4' 1 1 1 2 Lithuanian Polish Total 145 509 10 63 59 8 5 Grand total 163 532 11 65 67 14 6 o I'or selection of families, see p. 284. Table 116. — Number of families having an income within the year from hviband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and oOier sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected families.o Number of families having an income irom— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contri- butions of children. Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Native-bom of native father. White 18 18 1 2 Foreign-bora: Italian, North 50 24 49 22 50 24 49 22 1 1 1 2 1 4 Italian, South 3 10 5 1 Lithuanian 1 Polish 1 Total 145 145 5 18 7 Grand total 163 163 6 18 9 a For selerctlOD of families, see p. 281. General Tables: Middle West. 439 fABLB 117. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STODT or HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of selected families." Number of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. 1 1 W 1 1 •a f ■a So r S ^ •a S 1 i li II it III ill Native-bom of native father, \yhite 18 15 1 2 Fotelgn-bom: Italian, North 50 24 49 22 45 20 37 15 — 1 4 Italian, South 3 9 5 1 Lithuanian .... 1 1 2 Polish 1 Total 145 117 .... 3 17 8 163 132 4 17 10 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Table 118. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed ailay from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. General nativity and race of Individual. 12 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and under 9. 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Un- der 3. Native-born of native father, White. . Native-bom of foreign father, by race ol father; 20 1 1 4 1 2 1 7 2 4 1 Polish 1 Total 2 22 52 27 51 23 1 1 Total native-born 4 1 3 7 i" 5 :Forelgn-bom: t Italian, North ""2 1 19 1 32 1 20 4 11 8 4 4 '"'i' 2 10 9 18 2 3 " , Italian, South _, Lithuanian Total foreign-bom , . . . . 153 2 1 53 20 27 c 39 5 Grand total 175 6 2 66 27 27 8 44 5 440 The Immigration Commission, Table 119. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. ♦ (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [" With boarders or lodgers " includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] Total num- ber of house- holds. "Family" households. General nativity and race of head of household. With neither boarders nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. Total family house-' holds. Con- sisting of a single family. Consist- ing of two or more families living together. Total. With boarders. With lodgers only. - Total. Native-born of native father, White 22 22 22 22 Forelgn-bom: Italian, North 51 25 60 23 51 22 40 17 51 22 40 17 1 10 6 2 3 10 6 25 50 23 Lithuanian .. . . Polish Total 149 130 130 17 2 19 149 Grand total 171 162 162 17 2 19 171 Table 120. — Number of households paying each specified rent per mbnth per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. . , (STDDT OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of house- holds paying rent and report- mg amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Number of households paying each spedfled rent per month per apartment. General nativity and race of head of household. Under J5. $5 and under S7.50. S7.60 and under tio. $10 and under S12.60. S12.50 and under 515. MS and under J20. - Native-bom of native father, Wlfite 14 S9.43 1 7 4 1 1 Foreign-born: Italian, North 15 15 32 3 5.97 6.23 7.16 (a) 7 1 3 10 23 3 5 3 9 Italian, South 1 Lithuanian Polish Total 65 6.63 8 39 17 1 , ' ■■-..- ........4 79 7.13 8 40 24 5 1 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Middle West. 441 Table 121. — Number of households paying eoA specified rent per month per room, general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) Number of house- holds paying rent and report- ing amount. Average rent per room. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. Oeneral nativity and race of head ol household. Un- der tl. SI and under $1.50. S1.60 and under J2. 12 and under S2.60. 12.60 and under $3. and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Natlye-born of native father, ■^hite 14 S2.24 2 4 7 1 Forelgn-bom: Ttalian North 15 15 32 3 1.05 1.95 2.14 W 7 8 6 1 7 3 20 2 ...... 4 1 ItaUan. South 1 1 1 Polish. Total 66 2.05 1 22 32 7 1 2 Grand total 79 2.09 1 24 36 14 2 2 a Not^computed, owing to small number involved. Table 122. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HODSEHOLDS.) Number of (lonse- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. General nativity and race of bead of household. Un- der $0.60. $0.50 and under $1. $1 and under $1.60. $1.60 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.60 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Native -bom of native father, White 14 $2.81 1 1 1 4 3 4 Foreign-bom: Italian, North Italian, South LithuEuiian 15 15 32 3 1.90 1.63 1.44 («) 5 4 15 1 3 4 11 3 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 Polish Total 65 1.56 4 25 18 6 8 1 1 2 79 1.74 4 26 19 7 12 4 1 S o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 48296°— VOL 7—11 29 442 The Immigration Commission. Table 123. — Number of lioTiseholds Tceeping hoarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (SinDT OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [Inlormatlon relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General natlvltv and race of bead of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Number of households keeping- Number of— Board- ers. Lodg- ers only. Total. Board- ers. Lodg- ers. Total. Native-born of native father, White 22 Foreign-born: Italian, North 61 25 £0 23 == Italian, South 1 10 6 2 3 10 6 1 22 15 4 6 22 15 Lithuanian. Polish Total 149 17 2 19 38 4 42 171 17 2 19 38 4 42 General Tables: Middle West. 443 i OS 1 o §•3 o 2 1 1 i •s 43 si S |! ^ CD n S2 Si A 1 -r^ « j 1 g Tli CO "3 WMW3 1 2 s «o .H •^ M « WiH CO U3 M i-i '. ', ', ; ; rA M4i S SflEi'' S ^ H°4 N (N 1 li !§• So P II 15 "■ ; 3 1 1 O 5 o ■ i P §1 ^1 2 i a -H ^ ^ d o3 rS W eo « 00 fH rH rH t^ i-t WH '^ '^t i^ : o N^iH r* (^ <0 - ^ •d dOOCD «D s uj -c4f-40Q r^ c •moj, ■p9i\0pij\i •paiijBjt •9I3dis rH.-lOO -■a 'IB^OX ■paAvopiAV. ■paiJjBK ■eiScis CO 00 oor- o» w iH f£N -O ■moj, •p9M0pi .\i •paiuBjl •9l3ais rHtrNWeiS N sgg S-'-'S HO «U3N3j moi •paJiopiAi •pajireH •aiSnjs e C U c -^ » Ph I O 3» w ;3 fl d ^ i i& -S^as^i T^M 'T'waaS'SR Macs -a *3 fe a o S "C « t^i itllw^l ilC1 C4 -co •■« t^codcara W ' ■ -i-C C4 04 ■t n n • iH 'n (O ootouBCiiti fHtecoe*^ r?*^ 04^ r<*- 'S s (O ao 14 u: ■« a^-^-fe ^ngffloj gM s ais CO aot> 'Oi-H r-liHNS«^ C4 O-H iCOR ■« >ao>C4cgr- Of-i egci i-i ooo r«oi O «"* t^ CON -i-H^ 'rHOie^r* ^CINDI •paiiopiM. •paiJjBw •aiSois S & 9 bS ;S« C4 ^H da *H oo ^4 lo^ o^ «"i= h Co ell IS I'mnuuu aoHi±i£ 3 :^ Sons Hii a .is nil I II III General Tables: Middle West. 453 CQ CO t* »-< '-''- « :8 : ; a 00 ^riiS'* SSS'S -^ saa -as" gi,grt» sjgg'i'g MWM CO „ 8S«-S CO M^COrHt* '» «o?ieo« f-t not • -N -* g° llll i 5 •9 isJa-P.s » o 3'35 ^ islffl^ -i-iWoQ ■3-g P O 454 The Immigration Commission. Table 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativi^ and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. ' General nativity and 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 3D to 44. 45 or over. Total. race of Individual. 1 i 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 o i 1 4 CO \ o i 3 6 i 1 Native-born of native fether, White 3 ... 3 ... 8 ... 8 ... 12 ... 12 2 ... 2 3 22 % Katlve-bom of foreign fether, by race of lather: Italian. North 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 ... ] Polish 1 1 1 Total 4 ... ... 4 1 1 5 5 Total native-born. 7 ... 7 1 8 ... 9 12 ... 12 ... 2 ... 2 8 22 ... 30 Forelgn-bom: Italian,, North ... Itallan'?South . 2 3 2 3 'i' 1 14 9 11 9 14 10 12 9 31 14 i 36 12 :;: 31 14 36 12 7" 5 3 3 2 1 6 3 3 2 2 4 1 50 26 c 50 23 1 53 ifO 51 Polish Vi Total foreign-bom. 5 ... ... 5 2 43 45 93 93 ... 13 1 14 . 7 149 1 IS! Grand total 12 " ■ 12 3 £1 ... 54 ... 105 ... 105 ... 15 1 16 15 171 1 187 FEMALE. Native-bom of native l&ther, White 4 4 10 10 9 9 2 2 25 29 Native-born of foreign lather, by race of father: Italian, North 3 3 1 1 1 2 ... 1 1 1 2 3 .... 1 1 1 3 ;■; 4 ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 1 1 1 1 2 ... 2 Polish 1 ... 4 Total 5 1 ... 6 ... 5 5 5 6 11 ... ' Total native-bom. 5 5 ... 10 15 15 9 9 2 ... 2 5 31 ... 36 Foreign-bora: ItaUan, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 1 2 1 2 '.'.'. 2 2 1 2 ■■- 28 10 26 10 28 10 26 10 16 11 21 6 •■• 16 11 21 6 ... 1 1 1 1 1 ... 1 46 24 49 19 1 ... 47 24 49 19 Scotch 1 Total foreign-bora. 6 ... 7 ... 74 ... 74 ... 54 54 ... 5 5 1 139 1« Grand total 6 IT 17 ... 89 ... 89 ... 63 ... 63 ... 7 ... 7 6 170 176 General Tables: Middle West. 455 Table 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and hy general nativity and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of Individual. 16 to 19. 20to29.v 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. m 1 1 3 CO s i i 3 i CQ 1 1 1 i CO s 1 1 09 1 i 3 1 Native-born of native father, White 3 4 7 18 18 21 21 4 4 3 47 £0 Native-born of foreign lather, by race of fother: ItaUan, North 6 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 6 1 1 1 3 ... 7 Italian, South X ■2 1 2 2 i' 2 2 il Polish 1 ... 5 * .... Total 9 1 ... 10 1 5 6 10 6 1A Total native-born. 12 5 ... 17 1 23 ... 24 21 21 ... 4 4 13 53 66 Foreign-born: Itali»0,|NoEth ItaUan,'south 3 3 1 2 1 2 ... 4 5 1 2 'i' 1 37 19 '.'.'. 42 20 38 19 ;;; 47 25 57 18 '.'.', 47 25 67 IS ... 6 4 4 3 1 1 7 4 4 3 1 3 4 1 96 50 99 42 1 1 100 54 ino Polish 42 Scotch 1 Total foreign- bom. 6 6 ... 12 2 117 119 147 147 18 1 19 8 288 1 297 Grand total 18 11 ... 29 3 140 ... 143 ... 168 168 ... 22 1 23 21 341 1 363 General Tables: Middle West. 457 Table 137. — Location of wives of foreign-bom employees, by race of husband. (STUDY OP BMPLOIBES.) Eace of husband. Number reporting Number reporting wife— complete data. imJnlted States. Abroad. Bohemian and Moravian 176 11 8 6 105 4 11 544 17 129 563 S 73 905 219 3 514 354 1 7 6 422 4 186 10 227 1 11 683 66 43 4 102 60 67 4 170 9 8 4 60 4 7 520 13 123 545 4 71 715 140 1 410 226 1 2 6 334 3 118 4 213 1 516 44 43 4 102 33 59 4 6 2 Bulgarian . . .- Canadian, French Canadian, Other 1 45 Croatian Pftni«!>i Dutch 4 24 4 6 18 English . . Finnish German Greek Irish 2 Italian, North 190 Italian, South ■ _ Italian (not specified) 2 Magyar 128 Montenegrin 5 Polish 88 68 14 Servian 4 67 12 Syrian . . ... . Welsh 7 8 6,440 4, .'144 8S6 48296°— VOL 7—11 30 458 The Immigration Commission. •o S a I feSa "^T^ s « - s*- • eo«o k "S^ ; s C4l-lfH •HCO CO »Or-« EC t*eo ■ « "1 *L t^WiHiHrt iH04-4<74U: ■* o eoGOMOto ■a s i-t|0 s - 1- 1 (>■ »i gjgioMg -sgse ooo» MOO iQcqweoeo , §3 1* •H H ggS • f-ll- a w -*. s-^ «ou» g 1 CO Q-^ g «"a N |rt. § cs »o*-* » g« 00 £ _jj 1 1 ^1 If gC«Ng eoiOt^cOjH g*^ S Bg :SS S OOCO^-^G eom-wosb- S |S-g2 P 1^ 5S « ta ■9 1* bS^ €4 *H »H« ® ca 1 ^ "ef s • ^ l-H CO ^ <«Q0 -* «3 o> ^ s a m 1 -l ^1 g""-g wcogoog g8« C9(0 COCOO „ go5« -S«-B<» SSSS-^S SSS'-S -^ O C4 CO t« rH 3 8" Mi Si OS a> ^ ^9. .•a :a gi SlzidiM p^PiSSca n so 460 TTie Immigration Commission. Table 139. — Nurriber of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. General nativity and race of head ol household. Number within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Native-born of native father, White . . / 11 7 3 8 12 2 43 Foreign-born: Italian, North 29 18 37 19 17 12 21 9 4 1 1 S 3 1 14 10 13 10 31 14 36 12 6 3 3 2 106 Italian, South 61 Tflthiianifin 111 Polish 52 Total 103 S9 6 9 46 93 14 330 Grand total 114 66 6 12 54 105 16 373 FEMALE. Native-bom of native father, White . . 6 7 1 3 9 7 f 3 36 Forelgn-bom: Italian, North...., 28 14 33 11 22 13 16 8 3 3 1 1 6 2 2 4 30 10 23 12 17 12 20 7 1 1 1 1 107 Itailian, South 55 Lithuanian 101 Polish 44 Total 86 59 8 14 SO 66 4 307 92 66 9 17 89 63 7 343 TOTAL. Native-bom of native father, White . . 17 14 1 6 17 19 5 79 Eoreign-bom: Italian, North 57 32 70 30 39 25 37 17 7 4 2 1 11 5 3 4 44 20 40 22 48 26 56 19 7 4 4 3 213 Italian^ South 116 212 Polish 96 Total 189 118 14 23 126 149 18 637 Grand total.. . 206 132 IS 29 143 168 23 716 General Tables: Middle West. 461 Table 140. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, hy general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPIOYEES.) Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group General nativity and race. Un- der 14. 14. 15. « 16. 17.> 18. 19. 20 to 24 26 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 65 to 64. 66 or over. Native-born of native father: White 6,993 584 1 6 33 2 126 6 216 6 237 15 223 15 1,118 60 1,109 89 851 98 1,180 - 160 620 85 249 29 26 10 Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia 1 174 10 18 5 585 06 882 321 56 2 4 57 285 20 10 211 1 48 1 1 2 124 12 196 62 12 Austria-Hungary 2 12 31 2 33 4 1 14 19 1 1 1 101 13 151 34 7 1 1 2 65 4 1 41 4 1 6 1 86 9 101 63 2 10 \ Belgium Canada 4 1 113 8 180 77 1 3 » Denmark 2 6 12 2 26 3 11 27 3 24 9 9 26 6 41 5 7 1 32 47 48 7 go 60 3 23 18 .... Germany 1 3 Italy Netherlands 2 1 31 3 1 28 1 6 1 8 9 2 1 9 9 18 13 17 1 8 10 2 1 9 11 88 7 1 38 Scotland 36 1 4 4G 14 4 2 Switzerland ""\i 1 8 Wales 1 2 5 7 Total.-*. , 2,707 4 IP .94 137 ,161 .W2 694 4^3 329 482 239 66 11 Total native-born 9,284 1 10 51 226 359 413 380 1,781 1,631 1,278 1,822 944 343 46 Foreign-bom, by race: 251 17 11 8 182 7 20 809 29 193 858 12 2 128 1,711 422 4 1,084 639 1 33 7 814 11 376 18 345 1 22 788 99 67 8 167 1 125 102 8 4 3 3 4 2 21 2 42 2 3 2 47 3 6 99 6 35 84 2 48 7 3 ■■'a ..... 135 7 36 131 1 83 1 3 3 41 1 4 195 9 44 221 25 1 2 2 14 1 1 164 1 34 180 2 10 2 2 Canadian, French 1 2 Croatian ......... 6 6 43 1 1 68 2 21 62 4 2 ■■"2 106 1 16 119 1 I Dutch 1 7 1 "i2 2 English 4 1 1 1 10 8 24 Finnish . 1 French.. 2 8 4 11 29 Greek Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) 1 1 Irish 2 30 16 6 286 96 9 413 92 1 284 118 11 368 80 1 223 129 28 411 81 2 287 180 30 124 32 31 27 12 11 Italian, North 6 2 20 6 26 4 1 Italian §oufch . . .. } Italian (not specified) 1 10 1 7 7 17 8 23 190 88 73 63 1 1 2 70 1 33 2 83 8 13 2 1 1 11 9 2 160 2 104 7 64 4 "iso 2 66 1 60 7 3 205 1 96 6 72 • \ 215 23 22 1 28 ^ Polish 1 7 13 16 1 2 1'67 4 68 1 24 15 6 1 4 3 1 44 1 4 2 2 10 1 6 1 6 116 8 4 1 8 7 131 24 11 3 13 3 132 18 8 3 25 "iu 11 13 1 16 6 8 Slovak 11 1 19 1 18 6 1 1 Welsh . . . • ... 2 .... 41 32 1 4 3 2 8 Australian (race not speo- Austrian (race not specl- ged) 1 1 2 1 .... 1 3 24 16 1 26 12 2 18 17 28 32 2 20 17 1 1 Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified). Total foreign-bora 9,370 ... 42 87 128 163 1,338 1,820 1,703 2,340 1,159 490 100 18,654 1 "in "61 "267 ~m 641 643 3,119 3,461 2,981 4,162 2,103 833 14« 462 The Immigration Commission. Table 141. — Number of families ovming home, renting, boarding, etc.; by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDZ OF HOUSEHOLDS.) • Number of families— General nativity and race of head of family. Owning home. •Renting home. Board- tag. Lodging. In other condi- tions. Total 8 14 X Forelgn-t)Oin: l&llan, North 36 10 18 20 is 16 32 3 51 Itellan South 25 50 Polish 23 Total 84 65 149 92 79 171 Table 142. — General occupation of persona under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. 1 - Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of Individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and IS years. Total. t .4 i < 1 1 ^ 1 ■3 .1 5 O 1 i 1 1 ■3 c 1 3 Native-bom of native father, White 11 11 1 6 7 12 6 13 Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 29 17 37 17 ... 29 17 37 17 "6 1 12 3 14 3 ... 12 3 20 4 4 4 29 17 43 18 16 3 15 3 :::; 45 Italian, South. ?n Lithuanian .... 1 ... 1 58 Polish.. V Total 100 ... 100 7 32 39 6 ... 6 107 37 .... 144 Total native-bom. ..... 111 111 8 38 46 .... £ ... S 119 43 .... m Forelgn-bom: Italian, North 5 9 1 6 :'.: £ 9 1 5 6 10 1 6 :;:: 5 Italian, South........ 1 1 .... .... ... 1 11 1 Polish 2 2 .... 2 7 ■'■' .... .... Total foreign-bom 3 ... 3 20 ... 20 .... ... 3 21 ,... 24 Grand total 114 ... 114 8 68 ... 66 .... 6 ... 6 122 64 185 General Tables: Middle West. 463 Tablk 142. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sexand age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Con tinned. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of indiviaual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. Hand 16 years. Total. 1 < 1 1 i ^ :? I 1 •3 p •2 1 1 1 1 1 Native-born of native father. White ■ 6 6 28 13 30 10 .... 7 7 1 1 6 8 14 Native-horn of foreign father, by race of father: 28 13 30 10 ... ... 2 "5' 2 17 7 8 4 19 7 13 6 3 3 30 13 35 12 20 7 9 50 20 T^ithnanian 1 1 _> _ 1 1 44 Polish Total 81 81 9 36 45 — 5 ... « 90 41 111 - Total native-bom 87 87 9 43 52 6 6 96 49 145 Foreign-bom: Italian, North 3 5 3 2 '.'.'. 3 6 3 2 3 7 3 2 '.'.'.'. 3 Italian, South e Lithuanian 1 3 1 ... ... 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 10 1\ • Polish 1 ... . Total foreign-bom 5 ... ... 5 1 13 14 1 2 3 7 15 22 92 ... 92 10 56 ... 66 1 8 9 103 64 ••-« 167 TOTAL. Native-bora of native father:, White 17 17 1 13 14 1 1 18 14 32 Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 57 30 67 27 ... ... S7 30 87 27 2 'ii' 3 29 10 22 7 ••; 31 10 33 10 7 7 59 30 78 30 36 10 24 8 9fi Italian' South 40 ... 2 1 ... 2 1 102 Polish 38 Total 181 181 16 68 ... 84 10 10 197 78 275 Total' native-bom Foreign-bom: " ' Italian North 198 = = 198 17 81 8 14 4 7 = 98 8 IS 4 7 ^^ 11 = 11 215 92 8 17 4 7 ^= 307 8 Italian, South. .■ 2 3 3 ... ... i 3 1 ' 1 3 ••- 4 4 3 3 21 .-. Lithuanian Polish 7 10 Total foreign-bom Grand total . ......... 8 206 = = 8 206 1 18 33 114 = 34 m 1 3 14 ^ 4 IS 10 225 36 128 .... 46 35.1 464 The Immigration Commission. Table .143. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in :Oie United States five years or over and who were Zl years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY or EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrivai In the United States.] a § In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Kace. 1 < If a « II OS rt as 1 ^ ll II i| ll i 1 to >. a {0 aa, II 11 i Bohemian and Moravian ■Rnlgarlftn . 84 5 4 1 80 1 5 270 IS 82 352 3 47 739 161 2 418 238 5 4 309 1 140 2 120 6 285 35 33 2 58 45 46 3 20 1 1 "'35' ...... 28 30 22 1 5 236 93 35 2 1 1 3 1 1 39 5 14 43. 3 ■4' "6 4 4 18 58 3 2 1 42 1 4 73 9 48 83 1 7 445 124 1 216 161 5 1 1 24 2 1 26 2 2 21 1 2 36 2 1 1 10 1 1 48 8 23 57 i 7 Ibl 17 ii' 52 1 27 2 1 "w ...... 186 7 27 268 '34' 307 39 2 186 48 62 5U 84 5 OftnaHif^n^ French 1 .... 4 Canadian^ Other 1 Croatian.'. 15 7 16 38 50 80 1 Dutch 1 ISO 3 23 250 "■■33" ?11 22 1 133 35 1 197 6 34 269 2 40 294 37 1 202 77 3 36 32 27 2 6 271 105 "m 138 4 5 English 8 2 5 1 1 35 12 9 3 9 14 1 6 48 3 m Finnish 15 French 82 German....... 352 Greek Irish Italian, North 1 113 14 1 99 i7 1 53 13 47 Italian, South 161 Italian (not specified) Lithuanian 2 141 112 4 22 36 1 50 26 19 16 418 Magjrar ■a>i Montenegrin i Norwegian 4 57 39 ■ 4 144 1 72 1 86 3 186 15 28 4 Polish.. 136 24 5 165 58 29 1 13 194 72 2 18 4 95 18 ...... 3 18 18 2 53 1 18 m llnnrnf^nian .... , 1 Eussian.., Ruthenlan 52 1 16 3 60 15 ...... 1 14 13 1 5 11 68 1 34 3 99 20 5 2 2 27 20 1 20 1 2 1 35 3 140 2 Scotch 17 1 16 1 34 1 4 117 11 24 33 1 59 5 8 ,1 6 15 13 69 1 25 49 . 12 15, 1 12U Servian 6 Slovak 25 4 4 1 1 10 7 14 1 1 "'3' 285 35 33 Syrian 2 Welsh 2 4 5 1 5 5 6 49 9 15 1 56 18 26 2 58 Austrian (race not specified). Belgiaa (race not specified).. Swiss (race not specified) .... 45 46 3 Total 3,601 1,045 430 256 1,731 289 SI i,m 1,870 1,334 681 1,586 3,601 General Tables: Middle West. 4G5 Table 14:4. — Present political condition of foreign-bom males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were SI years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years ta the United State,s Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] In United States 6 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Eaoe of individual. is r 1 < .22 a bo Pi i ^ .5 2 ■a bx)pi a OS OS n 1 Italian, North 29 16 28 10 S 6 4 3 11 3 1 3 19 7 7 5 10 5 9 3 10 9 21 5 5 10 11 5 11 ""'s' 2 13 6 12 3 m 4 7 2 ....„ 1<> ?s Polish '. in Total 83 18 13 7 38 13 s 27 45 31 18 34 83 Table 146. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STnOT or HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only non-English-speaking races.] Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. Oenaral nativity and race ot Individual. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number Vho spoak EngUsh. Number. Number who speak English. Native-bom of foreign lather, by race of father: Italian, North 45 11 38 16 19 3 22 6 19 3 22 5 26 8 16 11 26 7 16 11 45 11 38 16 44 Italian South 10 TilthiifvnlATi. . . . r . . - - 38 Polish 16 Total native-born 110 49 49 61 59 110 lOS Forelgn-bom: Italian, North 107 73 104 49 58 40 52 28 51 21 52 28 49 33 52 21 14 16 46 17 107 73 104 49 65 Italian, South 37 9S Polish 45 Total forelgn-bom. 333 178 152 155 93 333 245 Qrand total. .••....■--.■. 443 227 201 216 152 443 353 466 The Immigration Commission. Table 1^6.— Ability to speah English of foreign-bom persons 6 years o/(we or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the tjnited States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (Tbla table Includes only non-EngUsh-speaklng races.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Race of Indlvldufll Under 14. 14 or over.' Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number = who • speslc EngUalL Italian, North SS 40 S2 28 8 14 3 7 8 10 3 7 50 26 49 21 43 Italian) South , u 49 Polish 21 Total 178 32 28 146 124 FEMALE. Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Polish Total. 1S5 25 21 72 -J TOTAL. Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian.... Eolish Total., 107 73 104 12 67 95 47 96 38 276 «1 "I 90 196 1 -J General Tables: Middle West. 467 Table 147. — AMlity to speah English of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of indimdual. (STUDT or HOnSBHOLDS.) (By years In tho United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table Includes only non-English-spealdng races.] MALE. Sace of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Years In United States. Under S. Number. Number who speak English. fito9. Number. Number who speak English. 10 or over. Number. Number who - speak English. 178 30 85 28 8 36 10 FEMALE. 1S5 SO 20 I 22 16 25 7 70 46 6 2 17 3 27 TOTAL. Kin Worth.. 107 73 104 49 24 22 14 20 9 7 9 18 44 37 36 16 23 20 36 14 39 14 54 13 33 ■pgi, Rnnth , . . 10 53 Wrrf, 13 Total 333 80 43 133 93 120 109 4GS Tbe Immigration Commissicm. Table 148. — Ability to speak EngliA oj faragnrham, male empbttfea, by age at tine of coming to the Vmted Statet and race. (STUDY OP BXFLOTEES.) [Tills table indndes onl j iM>iv-"giigiigh-«p »«ving races.) Kaml)er reporting complete data. Namber wbo El^iBil. Age at time trfonming to Cnited Ststes. Baee. Under U. 14 at OVff. Knznba. Number wbo speak Kngifeh. Nnmber. Nnmbs Tbs spok KngHL 2«7 17 10 180 7 ao 29 190 8U 11 2 1,685 416 4 1.060 S96 1 33 7 787 U 371 16 21 778 94 67 8 1 121 102 8 191 10 8 Iffi 7 16 24 130 752 5 3 820 298 I 18 7 451 8 2S2 6 17 68 63 8 1 104 65 8 38 2 3 12 1 4 3 33 221 1 2 69 26 38 2 2 10 1 4 3 33 221 1 2 67 22 309 15 8 6 16 26 157 620 10 Bnlgaiiaii. Oumdlaii, Fremdi ( CrmtiAn ' niinish IHitch. : 13 nnnKh n FiendL •. <7^fTimii sa Greek. 4 HdsevrofiiertbanRiisEJaii) Ttalbn li^ptt. 1.616 390 4 l.OM 569 1 33 « 11 an 20 707 87 54 7 1.0iS 18f TtaKui; SWt>>. . TtslionVnntaiin^luv]) > J 46 27 44 24 7X Mtunsir ,.., ^74 "ITiAnnin 1 Wontenegrin u i 43 1 40 6 t^^. ....:...;:..:..:::::;;:; 411 Roimianlaii S 'Bn»»n 10 1 1 71 7 13 1 1 7 a 3 8 1 1 68 7 13 1 1 7 21 2 Ml Rffthpnliin 5 K Eknak 9M RbnaPiiisn . , e Swedisb. • Syrvui 7 Anstnan (race not spKified) U4 81 « m Belgiaii (race not specified) M Bwfis (race not specified)..' « Total 7,761 5,410 666 645 7,095 ^IB General Tables: Middle West. 469 Table 149. — Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STDDY OF EUPLOXBIES.) [B; 7cais In the United States Is meant yeais since flist arrlvul In the United States. This table inclades only non-EngUsh-speaking races.] Baca. N lim- ber report- ing com- plete data. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. Years in United States. Under 5. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. 5 to 9. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. 10 or over. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. ' (other than Bussian) . North. i; South. (not specified) Hugyar...... Mexican Ibntenegrin. !$orwegi&... (race not specified)., (race not specified) . . . (race not specified) (race not specified) 247 17 10 180 7 20 29 190 841 11 2 1,685 416 4 l.OSO £96 1 33 7 7S7 11 371 16 21 778 94 67 8 1 121 102 8 7,761 191 10 8 142 7 16 24 130 752 5 2 1,145 209 3 820 298 1 18 7 451 8 252 6 17 572 68 1 104 65 8 S,410 88 51 9 3 1 .18 22 8 8 43 144 5 493 143 2 237 234 203 47 2 120 A 4 90 4 5 12 fie, 102 3 2 680 204 1 423 232 24 7 122 12 3 137 2,091 856 1 295 3 129 2 12 213 37 51 24 2 2,693 2 491 104 330 133 7 1 187 100 2 10 154 28 7 4 45 14 2 1,913 90 3 5 52 3 7 9 81 59.'i 3 512 09 6 253 1 120 2 428 27 53 4 1 40 2,977 87 2 4 46 3 72 451 58 1 370 103 1 6 193 1 109 1 357 22 53 4 1 39 43 6 2,6U 470 The Immigration Commission. IV.— THE SOTTTHWEST. Table 160. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general noHvUy and race of head of nousekold. (BTDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head oflioiiseliold. Total number of house- holds. Total numl)erof persons In house- holds Number of persons for whom > detailed information was se- emed. Male. Female. Total Native-born of native fother: White Negro Foifllgn-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Uagyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Total Grand total 236 120 117 54 119 21 84 226 473 167 185 72 196 170 2S0 126 41 125 265 99 HI 112 89 124 43 101 174 63 65 34 84 76 126 396 1,949 1,070 824 476 2,305 1,241 1,009 120 84 226 176 70 196 165 250 126 1,894 2,2S0 General Tables: Southwest. 471 Table 151. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY or SOUSDHOLDS.) General nativity and race of Individual. Male. Female. Total. Native-bom of native father: Wiite IW 54 121 66 3 245 Indian 3 N«tive-bom of foreign Ifether, by race of fatiier: ' Canadian (otter than Frencli) 1 15 3 1 65 64 21 24 20 39 30 1 70 22 1 Croatian 11 26 English flefman . r , 1 Irish 75 66 29 32 14 ■ 45 27 140 Itsdian, North 130 Italian, South Tdtbnanian 56 Mexican . .*■■ 84 Polish 57 Scotch 1 Slovak , 57 32 127 54 388 376 764 566 566 1,132 |0ieIgii-boni: 1 1 28 1 2 2 29 109 40 41 15 40 45 1 56 1 Canadian (other than French) , 1 30 58 Danish ..'. 1 2 German - 2 49 197 68 80 21 64 61 78 Italian. North 306 108 121 36 104 - Polish «.. fe' Scotch 106 1 67 3 35 122 Spanish 3 33 6S 675 443 1,118 1,241 1,009 2,250 472 The Immigration Commission. Table 152. — Total number of male employeea for whom information was secured, 1 general natimty and race. (STUDY of' EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. Native-born of native father: White Negro Indian Native-born ol foreign father, by country of birth ol father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Deiunarlc :.... England France Germany. Ireland... Italy Mexico Netherlands . Bussia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) . Total. Total native-born. Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian.. Bulgarian Canadian, French , Canadian, Other Croatian Danish. Dutch.. 1,675 396 2 26 9 4 2 180 36 104 141 64 4 20 147 6 1 795 2,868 Foreign-bom, by race- Continued. English... Finnish French German ,. Greelc Irish Italian, North Italian, South. Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Norwegian Polish Koumanian :... Ru.«ian. Scotch » Servian ■.. Slovak Slovenian Spanish Sweillsh Syrian Welsh West Indian Australian (race not specified). Austrian (race not specified) . . . Belgian (race not specified) . . . . Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom ,... Grand total 254 2 215 185 3 429 10 125 49 114 2 221 4 107 148 1 133 190 5 37 1 2 455 115 1 General Tables: Southwest. 473 Table 153. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) int years since first arrival Id made for time spent abroad.] [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is — ade'*^ " ■ " Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian 29 6 4 1 14 1 9 246 2 212 181 3 92 1,160 427 9 121 48 109 2 216 4 106 137 1 128 195 4 18 3 36 1 2 447 114 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 ...... 6 1 1 1 4 1 8 ^Canadian, French 2 Canadian, Other 1 rCroatian 1 7 1 25' 1 60 24 • 6 1 Danish... ^utch 3' 6 4 1 3 1 6 6 2 10 1 10 1 15 4 4 7 169 French 16 9 1 6 86 31 ■■■■3" 2 8 15 8 1 2 136 49 2 12 7 8 14 9 14 7 1 3 113 57 1 21 3 24 1 30 30 31 62 83 (jreek Irish 1 57 16 1 1 2 61 20 1 3 3 5 3 106 S9 ""io" 7 6 7 426 161 3 42 19 26 6 92 21 ii' 3 21 i9' 64 Italian, North 83 Italian, South 24 Italian (not specified) TiithnfrTitf*-Ti 1 12 4 9 iNorwegian 1 Polish 7 i' 7 1 1 1 30 1 9 2 27 1 10 6 15 1 9 4 1 13 19 67 14 40 13 14 3 7 6 15 102 (.Slovak 8 7 1 4 12 2 13 19 1 17 21 35 65 8 19 21 19 9 Slovenian 14 •^Swedish .. 2 2 6 1 2 11 1 1 1 31 1 Australian (race not speci- 1 19 2 34' 20 1 ilusMan (race not specified) . Swiss (race not specified).. . . 29 10 1 69 8 43 8 66 12 181 29 16 34 1 Total 4,089 144 153 315 384 358 1,222 360 377 778 48296°— VOL 7—11- -31 474 The Immigration Commission. Table IBi. — Number of foreign-born persona in the United States each spedfled number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OF HODSBHOLD^.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. No deduction Is made lor time spent abroad.] MALE. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number In United States each specified number of years. Eace of individual. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 30 49 197 ' 68 80 21 64 61 67 3 35 3 1 1 27 8 6 1 "'h' 14 9 6 2 2 3 3 6 1 19 11 3 1 1 3 1 14 1 82 25 36 8 14 16 19 2 1 14 5 15 16 10 9 14 3 ■18 2 9 Irish 39 Italian North 13 6 2 2 2 4 i' 2 8 1 3 5 2 5 4 11 Polish 7 9 ii 7 2 s 10 Welsh 2 3 2 7 19 Total 675 32 31 64 44 48 218 74 63 101 FEMALE. TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 28 1 2 2 29 109- 40 41 15 40 45 1 65 33 1 Canadian (other than 1 3 1 1 10 8 2 3 1 1 1 2 Irish ........ 1 4 1 2 8 3 4 ""ie' 10 4 ...... 9 6 11 5 4 2 4 1 IS 20 Italian North 32 13 15 1 8 9 9 4 10 1 8 6 5 2 1 3 13 2 , 2 2 5 Polish 7 5 2 1 Slovak 1 6 6 9 1 ...... 16 2 6 1 8 4 6 17 Total 443 31 32 60 35 40 101 49 40 62 1 ,1 58 1 2 2 78 31)6 108 121 36 104 106 1 122 3 68 1 Canadian (other" than 1 6 2 1 16 22 4 7 1 English 1 1 2 Irish 24' 7 6 3 2 11 2 16 4 3 4 ■■'ij' 1 43 18 10 1 1 20 11 25 14 10 4 6 4 2 34 15 4 o 2 7 1 114 38 51 9 22 25 ..... 23 9 25 1 24 16 1 19 1 6 6 31 4 59 Italian, North 8 Italian, South 2 7 Magyar 6 Mexican 16 Polish 7 Scotch ..................... 1 Slovalc 1 1 8 15 16 2 4 1 35 17 17 16 Welsh 5 5 3 11 39 Total 1,118 63 63 114 79 83 322 123 103 163 General Tables: Southwest. 475 Table 155. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STDDY Off HOUSEHOLDS.) a 'is as 2; a Number working lor wages. Number work- ing without wages. Number work- ing^or profit. Eace bl Individual. ai ft a fc.2 O g- 3 i. U If 3 f^ i.0 te.2 2 20 28 166 52 65 18 45 43 52 3 18 9 14 9 1 1 6 16 16 69 26 24 16 41 21 27 2 16 4 3 33 12 4 ..... 1 1 4 Irish 1 ..... ..... 2 1 25 19 16 11 13 4 7 2 10 7 62- 13 35 2 1 16 23 1 i ..... s 63 13 35 2 1 18 23 n Italian, North 16 3 5 1 ..... 1 9 2 3 1 2 3 1 14 Italian, South 11 Lithuanian , n 1 22 9 16 2 4 2 1 s Polish 4 ? Welsh 15 1 Total 510 5 98 21 96 32 27 274 159 4 163 64 4 68 Table 156. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STDDy OF HOUSEHOLDS.) fl it 3 Number working for wages. Number working without wages. Number working tor profit. Eace of Individual. OO. 3 i . J u te.2 3 o Eh i •a 1 Bohemian and Moravian. . . 1 21 1 1 14 86 28 29 13 26 30 1 36 17 1 21 1 1 12 64 17 22 4 21 22 IrMi 2 8 2 14 9 7 7 4 4 1 4 2 6 9 4 1 1 7 2 1 8 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 ...... 2 ...... 2 1 4 2 1 4 31 15 1 1 1 Welsh 304 232 2S 12 14 54 17 1 18 476 The Immigration Commissicm. TABI.B 157. — Occupation of foreiffiv-hom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (8TV0T or EMPLOTEES.) Nmn- ber re- porting com- plete data. Race. Min- tag. Farro- iDgor lann la!/or. Gen- et^ labor. Uanu- tactat- tag. Band trades. Trade. Bosi- nesslor seiT. Otba oocups- tloniT 18 i 11 1 7 129 144 114 3 S8 853 319 S 109 48 98 2 178 4 88 90 1 122 99 5 13 21 2 408 81 1 18 i 4 113 130 75 42 184 30 3 12 9 70 58' 1 12 79 1 £6 53 4 1 20 "237' 63 2 3 1 Canadian, Frraich ,., . 1 7' 5 17 1 13 399 128 1 71 34 17 1 78 2 89 3 2 T>fiiiish Datch - 2 3' 8 2 3 166 141 1 12 1 8 1 1 2 1 Engli^ 1 10 3 'BTench. .. 1 1 2 Of*l7n!Ul 2 Greek Iridi Italian, NorUi io 2 69 9 1 2 24 7 Italian'(not spceififid) 1 12 2 8 1 14 2 1 Mptitsui . . 1 PoUsh" 9 1 6 3 3 1 i - 11 BoKiaD 6 3 4 2 Scotch , 1 ff^rriaa SOavak 42 33 1 B 7 6 i 4 2 2 Blo^miaii 3 8panf^ eWedisb 2 1 i '::::::t::::::: 1 fled) .77?;.. 1 106 8 1 Anstnan (race not q«dfied). Bdgiaii (laoe not specified). . Bwts (race not qxidfied} 4 v 1 22 2 ( TotaL 3,036 1,306 !,<») 401 36 U6 • 1 70 General Tables: Southwest. 477 Table 158. — Number of wales 16 years of age or over in each ppeafied industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (ST0DY or HOVSEHOLDS ) (The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census, with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Qaarryingareeachseparatefrom Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race o individual. Total num- ber. Agri- cul- tural pur- suits. Domes- tic and per- sonal service. Manu- factur- ing and me- chanic- al pur- suits. Bitu- minous coal min- ing. Trade. Trans- porta- tion. At home. At school. NaUve-bom of native father: White 74 32 1 70 31 2 1 Negro 1 Natlve-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 27 2 1 3 1 1 5 11 22 1 1 3 1 2 1 Italian, North 1 Lithuanian Mftxicai , Polish 1 Slovak 6 9 Welsh 1 1 Total 51 42 2 1 1 5 Total native-born 1S7 1 1 143 2 3 1 6 Forelgn-bom: 22 47 175 53 72 20 62 51 55 3 33 22 47 172 52 71 19 60 50 55 3 31 Irish Italian, North 2 1 1 Italian', South 1 Magyar ......... 1 Mexican 2 1 Polish Slovak Rpnnhh Welsh. . ... 1 1 Total forelgn-bom 593 1 582 1 7 2 750 1 1 1 725 3 3 1 8 8 i 478 The Immigration Commission. Table 159,— Number of females 16 years of age or over in ecuA specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) FThe main headings used In this table follow the classifleatlons ol the United States Census with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing,Mining,and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct from each other .1 General nativity and race of individual. Total num- ber. Agri- cul- tural pur- suits. Domes- tic and per- sonal service. Manu- factur- ing and me- chanic- al pur- suits. Profes- sional service. Trade. Trans- porta- tion. At home. At school. Native-born of native father: ■^hite 67 32 3 3 4 1 i' 1 61 26 3 1 2 Indian Natlv&^born ol foreign father, by race of father: Canadian (other than 1 3 1 23 2 3 4 5 1 1 11 9 1 3 1 10 2 3 4 5 1 1 9 8 Irish 1 6 2 4 TtnTian Nnrth 1 1 Vfelsh 1 Total 64 1 1 6 2 48 6 Total native-born 160 1 7 2 7 3 137 9 Forelgn-bprn: 1 1 23 1 2 2 24 93 36 37 14 36 36 1 45 25 1 1 21 1 2 2 23 92 36 37 14 36 35 1 45 23 Canadian (other than 2 English Irish 1 Italian, North 1 Italian , South Lithuanian Polish Slovak Welsh 1 1 Total foreign-bom . .• 376 1 1 1 1 370 2 642 1 8 2 8 4 1 607 11 General Tables: Southwest. 479 .BLE 160.- -Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber reourt- mg com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. sneral nativity and race. Un- der $1. $1 and under »1.26. $1.26 and under S1.50. S1.50 and under $1.76. $1.76 and under $2. $2 and under $2.60. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.60. $3.50 and under $4. $4. or over. iHve-born of native ither; White l',631 370 2 S2,60 2. 48 1 15 3 1 1 22 22 1 21 10 311 . 70 1 871 210 171 37 46 12 Indian i 1 1 V e - born of foreign itlier, by country of lirtli of father: Austria-Hungary 16 7 4 2 15S 27 90 126 43 7 3 11 119 4 1 33 2 2.47 (a) a 2.66 2.60 2.64 2.47 2.08 2.61 \^] 2.59 (a) 1 1 3 2 2 10 6 ""2 90 19 64 96 33 5 1 6 84 2 1 26 1 Belgium Canada 1 1 Denmark 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 1 7 1 2 23 2 12 7 2 1 2 1 13 12 1 3 9 1 1 ...... 6 14 2 3 4 2 Germany 1 4 1 Italy Mexico Netherlands Eusaia .... 2 2 1 Scotland 3 1 10 1 1 7 Sweden Switzerland Wales 1 3 1 2 1 specified) 1 Total 653 2.57 .... 10 3 23 15 74 444 40 10 34 Total native-born.. 2,662 2.57 1 28 6 68 46 450 1,625 248 67 118 relgnTborn, by race: Bohemian and Mora- vian 28 5 3 1 14 ) 8 236 2 205 174 3 85 1,087 389 9 118 48 104 1 208 4 102 2.36 (<■) (.") 2.62 2.65 C) 2.55 2.80 (0) 2.68 2.63 2.91 (a) 3.02 2.62 2.40 (") 2.48 («) 2.64 6 3 19 3 2 1 13 1 6 160 1 166 90 3 70 832 203 8 31 39 08 1 80 4 58 1 Bulgarian 2 1 Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian 1 Danish Dutch 2 23 English 4 6 23 1 11 18 4 16 Finnish French 6 3 1 1 2 1 2 11 27 "■'io' 6 German 18 Greek Irish .... 1 15 8 2 16 7 2 2 6 44 20 3 124 40 1 31 6 8 17 49 4 Italian, North 37 Italian, South 64 Italian (not specified). Lithuanian .... 1 2 1 2 6 12 3 24 7 29 Magyar Mexican 1 1 Polish 2 6 1 33 2 22 43 3 11 2 3 1 16 18 2 3 This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in tills refort showing ual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Not computed, owing to small number involved. 480 The Immigration Commission. Table 160. — Number of male employees 18 yean of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der SI. tl and under J1.26. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 api under $2.60. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.60 and under $4. $4 or over. Foreign-bom, by race— Con. 132 1 123 181 >4 18 3 32 1 2 433 110 1 t2.70 (.") 2.63 2.59 C) 2.87 2^.U (a) 2.66 2.62 («) 1 1 12 90 1 94 131 4 12 1 26 1 1 270 90 1 16 2 10 Servian .... 2 ...... 8 4 1 8 16 2 24 5 1 3 Biovenian 4 Spanish Swedish 3 1 2 2 Welsh 5 1 West Indian Australian (race not specified) 1 79 8 Austrian (race not 8 1 7 5 32 8 10 21 Be&lan (race not speci- fied) 4 Swiss (race not speci- fied) Total foreign-bom.. 3,876 2.66 2 52 7 100 22 280 2,593 483 112 226 Qrand total 6,438 2.62 3 80 12 168 68 736 4,118 731 179 343 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Southwest. 481 Table IGl.— Number of male employees U and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General natlTity and race. Un- der $1. »1 and under J1.2S. $1.25 and under S1.50. $1.50 and under S1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.60. $2.50 or over. Natlve-bom of native father: White 86 13 10 2 17 9 10 5 19 2 8 24 2 6 SI. 91 1.69 1.68 C) 2.22 C) 2.17 (<■) l.SS (») (») 2.25 (») (°) 1 21 5 5 2 3 3 1 1 15 1 11 2 33 3 3 1 Negro Native-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Belgium England 3 1 1 1 S 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 7 Germany Ireland 1 2 Itaiy ^ Mexico • Kossia. 6 3 1 4 Scotland 1 16 Sweden 2 Wales 1 1 1 3 Total 114 213 2.05 1.97 1 29 55" 1 3 5 IT 7 22 9 22 63 Total native-bom 99 foieign-bom, by race: Dutch 1 5 S 2 17 8 1 1 3 1 2 1 5 4 1 6 1 (") C) (-) C) 2.59 [^ (-) (°) (<■) (°) (») ^:] 1 3 English 2 1 ' i OeT"ifti , 1 1 Italian, North 1 16 Italian, South 5 1 2 Italian (not specified) 1 UthiiATiian 1 1 1 Mexican 2 Pnlteh, Knssian 1 > Eootch. 1 1 2 Slovak 4 2 Wplsh 1 1 5 1 64 2.14 17 4 3 40 K-" Grand total . . 277 2. 01 1 72 3 11 26 25 13» •This table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual sunings allowance is made for time lost during the year. ' Not computed, owing to small number involved. 482 The Immigration Commission. Table 162 , — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. . (STnDy OP HODSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.) General nativity and race of Individual. Number earning- §■0 ^8 5g ■0 9. Native-born of native father: White.: Negro Foreign-bom: Croatian , Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian , Magyar Mexican , Polish , Slovak , •Welsh , Total , Grand total , $683 384 397 613 422 446 668 387 391 432 380 656 346 29 112 50 408 460 139 108 85 3D Table 163. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDI OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. ^i"i Number earning — o« 25 X) St! IS Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish Lithuanian Magyar ! Slovak Welsh $496 377 17 404 Total Total native-bom . iForelgn-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 127 20 13 Magyar.. Mexican. Polish.... Slovak... Spanish. . Welsh.... Total forelgn-bom., Grand total 22 .40 103 46 07 17 67 48 62 2 _29^ _648_ 676 53 79 JO • Not computed, owing to small number Involved. General Tables: Southwest. 483 iBLE 164. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDT OS HODSBHOLDS.) Number of sel Kited tamilles.o Average family income. Number of f amlUes having a total income— eneral nativity and race of head of family. Under S300. S300 and under $500. $500 and under $750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $1,500, or over. itive-bora of native father: White 39 24 $679 470 2 1 15 17 9 4 4 1 8 1 1 Negro irelgn-bora: (^atlan 21 35 75 32 32 15 39 35 45 26 427 827 537 548 764 557 472 S12 434 818 1 2 4 1 3' 4 8 3 16 3 43 16 4 9 24 15 25 2 3 17 17 10 16 5 9 10 9 9 1 5 7 4 4 2 6 1 2 Irish 3 4 1 7 1 1 5 Italian, North Lithuanian 1 Magyar Polish Slovak 2 8 Welsh 2 Total 355 579 26 157 105 32 27 8 418 582 29 189 118 37 36 9 p For selection of families, see p. 284. 4BLE 165. — Yearly earnings (approximute) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDT OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning — General nativity and race of individual. Under $100. $100 and under $150. $150 and under $200. $200 aid under $250. $250 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 or over. aUve-bom of native father: White 2 5 S 1 2 1 1 Negro i 1 ative-bom of foreign father, by lace of father: Irish 7 C) 1 1 2 3 Total 7 (») 1 1 2 3 Total native-born 14 $229 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 orelgn-bom: Welsh 2 C) 1 1 Total foreign-bom 2 C") 1 1 Grand total 16 235 4 3 r 1 1 2 4 a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. 484 The Immigration Commissi(Hi. Table 166. — Number of families having an income within the ytfO' from kialumd, mfe, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, hy general nativUy and race of head of family. (STDDY OP HOUSBSOLDS.) N amber of selected fanulles.<> Number of fomilles having an income from— G eneral nativity andraceofbeadof lamily . Earnings uf— Contri- butions of children. mentsof boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Native-born of native father: White 39 24 39 24 7 3 2 1 2 Negro : 3 14 Foreign-bom: 21 35 75 32 32 15 39 35 45 26 20 35 71 32 32 IS 3S 35 45 22 1 17 6 3 3 4 4 2 5 13 1 Irish 2 23 7 20 3 7 U 2 1 ( Italian, North 16 ItaliaQ South .., . 10 30 Magyar ...., 12 32 Polish 15 Slovak 1 9 Welsh. 8 Total 355 345 1 58 76 13» 418 408 4 68 79 155 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Table 167. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity an^ race of head of family. Number of families having entire income torn— -63 ■25 o sit o>oT CD Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian Irish .* Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh , Total Grand total 24 3 14 355 33 182 1 7 16 11 15 9 8 141 15 a For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: Southwest. 485 Table 168.— Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) UALE. Is It is Number working full time months specified. General naUvity and race of Individual. N 1 o 1 1. s 1, 1 § . CO f CO* Native-born of native father: Wliite 69 32 8 2 3 2 11 ...... 18 16 23 14 2 Negro Nattve-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 22 1 1 3 S 9 1 6 1 1 1 2 3 8 ■ ' -: ItaUan, North i Lithuanian 1 1 1 . Jfagyar 1 1 5 1 Slovak 1 2 Welsh 2 2 Total 41 3 7 2 3 5 10 11 142 11 2 10 4 14 7 44 48 2 Foreign-bom: t Croatian 22 47 160 47 68 18 58 48 65 2 31 7 3 30 3 7 2 3 3 1 6 3 18 1 4 ...... 4 12 59 4 5 14 8 ...... 11 2 71 23 4 9 25 21 16 1 3 1 9 52 9 Irish 5 14 1 1 1 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian . 1 1 1 2 20 8 10 Mexican 1 1 3 1 Polish 1 ■ -eiovak Rpnnish ) , • . '" H rH ffip. .(NirjpHM i-lN ■« b i §■3 ; ; »- «» • cq (N (N -4* -<»« rH i-KM-iiCDC 01 c s s u5 WN ■*MOCOCO i-tU5i-iW I c 4 to ■gs ^ Oeo (Neor-rH-* UiU5U5t-C^ j; 3 S p •NC4U3C^ (Nmr-l»0 e 1 o 5 f . c< e4 r-10» CONWWJN rtr-KN-^r- c- 4 Mi 1 c 3 (N iz; 1^ |iH • ! ! ! ! "-I t:^ 3 00 .d ■3J0TH • • 1 •10 01 : : : ; o> ■iH 1- ■4 i-t si 00 : : ; ; O M g Of r* •rH • ^ J as «o : : . :^^ c 1 N "i iO •H Ir^^^<^ NCOt-H c 3 iH s* h «rf rH ^^(^^ \ (MCOCO ;= r-l g s§ M WrH ■ to-* WMrH « OS (A S "^ ■ ■^ N cq(M eOr-100 ! : ? ; : A 1 % III li :S ii 3 O 1 ^ g 1 ■^ J 1 1 1 5 S3 1^1 •i'SflSsa SSPkES? s s O 1 ^ pn 1 48296"— VOL 7—11 32 490 The Immigration Commission. -2 d 1 g 1 a 1 & li "o S t: .& p. i a g .H rH »H ■* ■* O) iH vH «HrH ■V '^ 00 .H -^ M w \ ti »H ; »H rH 04 eo (d W J fH u5 F-t ■ N eo »o CO ** e« : .-HW ^^ "3 t^ eo ' -^ M W eo M .-1 r-(.-l C4 eo - Total number of apart- ments. ION i-ICOi-tCIO WNO CO CO g a a s ti la '• i-ICO.-l.-t 3 « "*N «-t.H-« eo .-HCCtNM r- s u5 ^N rH weo C4 eo^t-itH 2 ^" ^ : N 2 CO 10 : '-' rH^ F-tW FH.-t r- « cl Mr-l iH •^ CO W3 OS -i Total niunber of apart- ments. S"° uit-oou30 ect^»o»oas s g Grand total number of apart- ments. ss SSSSSSg S9SSS i g ■* g| p ■30 . feg2 a 2: iS ll c 1 1- c 'c 1 1^ t j 1 .in S •5 i 1 1 General Tables: Southwest. 491 i ■s 1 a o . 2i o o ■s s o 1 9 o S a •^ CJ N eo 00 1^ (d •^ ^ to ^ C4 (M « c4 ^ ^ N ^ i-i 1-1 - Total number of apart- ments. CQ ec M lO X - f E S & 1 1 1 1 °« ■oS5 1* O o. ' & s o 1 15 Si M Ci) N oi ^ '^ N d 00 ^^ « N t^ ^ ^ ^ o « fH CO eo u5 ^ r-( « « ^ f-H ^ CO ci rA ■ Total number of apart- ments. " ! ■* CO.H ■* N CO Grand Jtotal number ol apart- ments. SR ssgss? SSSSSS CD CD II US o la a "3 hi 2 2; Si as £" o f4 1 s 1 1 te i 1 ^ S ^ 1 S 492 The Immigration Commission. Table 175. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STVDT OF HOUSEHOLOa.) Total num- ber of house- holds. Aver- age num- ber of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. General nativity and race of head of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Native-bom of native father: White 1.... 63 27 3.85 3.26 7 3 17 16 20 6 5 2 1 3 Negro Foreign-bom: 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 3.19 4.18 3.09 3.11 3.60 3.20 2.86 2.78 3.00 4.41 i' 3 2 18 8 4 12 15 55 19 16 12 22 15 33 6 5 li^ 6 10 3 7 5 5 9 1 2 6 Irish 4 3 1 3 Italian, North Italian, South Mexican 13 16 9 1 Polish 1 2 5 Welsh 4 2 Total 396 3.27 1 73 205 74 26 12 5 Grand total 476 3.34 1 83 23S 100 33 13 8 Table 176. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. General nativity and race of head of household. 1 room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 or more rooms. Total. o . 1^ o4 11 is. o l§ IS II If "S'S |2 h is ll ■3 . Org II 0.3 ^1 11 o5 id o ■3 . 1 Native-bom of native father: White 7 3. 21 7 17 16 70 75 20 6 97 33 6 2 26 5 1 4 3 18 63 27 930 120 Foreign-bom: 3 2 18 8 4 48 28 14 12 15 65 19 16 12 22 15 33 6 54 75 257 88 76 57 116 72 166 30 5 7 18 5 10 3 7 6 1 20 48 123 31 57 IS 36 32 29 34 1 8 1 2 6 4 52 12 11 38 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 84 Irish 4 3 1 25 30 9 3 20 m Italian, North 1 3 473 Italian South 167 Lithuanian IW Magyar. 72 13 15 9 1 44 66 44 2 196 Polish 1 2 6 10 11 25 170 250 Welsh 4 27 2 8 126 Total 1 3 73 248 205 991 74 425 26 163 194 12 91 5 28 396 1,949 Grand total 1 3 83 276 238 1,130 100 665 33 13 95 8 48 476 ?, 3or> General Tables: Southwest. 493 Table 177. — Number of households of each svedfied number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Total num- ber of house- holds. Aver- age num- ber of persons per house- hold. Number of households of each specified number of persons. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Native-born of native father: White 63 27 4.45 4.44 "i" 7 6 14 4 11 3 \ 6 4 7 3 1 2 2 Foreign-bom: Croatian 21 39 96 36 36 16 42 36 49 27 4.00 6.79 4.93 4.77 6.14 4.80 4.67 4.72 5.10 4.67 ...... 7 4 11 5 6 1 6 7 6 6 1 2 20 10 2 3 7 3 7 3 4 7 20 3 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 14 4 10 1 10 5 5 2 3 6 8 4 4 1 3 8 9 5 ....„ 8 4 >• 4 1 3 1 4 1 1 6 6 2 3 1 4 2 3 2 Irish... 4 2 3 1 ...... 4 2 2 Italian, North Italian, South 7 1. 1 1 Slovak. 1 Welsh Total 396 4.92 1 68 58 78 62 50 30 28 17 u Grand total 476 4.84 2 71 76 92 71 60 40 29 21 14 Table 178. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Total num- ber of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. General nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 or more. Native-born of native father: White 63 27 236 120 4.46 4 44 1.16 1.36 15 6 33 14 4 6 1 1 Negro Foreign-bom: 21 39 96 35 36 16 42 36 49 27 84 226 473 167 185 72 196 170 260 126 4 00 5.79 4.93 4 77 5.14 4 80 4.67 4 72 6.10 4.67 1.25 1.39 1.69 1.53 1.47 1.60 1.63 1.70 1.70 1.06 6 6 6 6 4 2 2 2 6 11 12 22 66 19 22 9 26 18 21 13 3 10 21 9 10 3 12 14 17 3 Irish 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 4 Mexican ..-- Polish Slovak i Welsh Total 396 1,949 4.92 1.60 49 228 102 16 2 476 2.306 4.84 1.45 70 275 112 17 2 494 The Immigration Commission. Table 179. — Persona per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDX OF HOUSBHOLDS.) Total Dum- ber of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room . Ceneral nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 and Sand under under 5. B. 6 or more. Native-born of native father: White 53 27 236 120 4.45 4.44 2.25 2.45 10 5 20 13 16 8 S 1 2 Foreign-bom: Croatian ■ 21 39 96 35 36 IS 42 36 49 27 84 226 473 167 185 72 196 170 250 126 4.00 5.79 4.93 4.77 5. 14 4.80 4.67 4.72 5.10 4.67 2.15 2.48 2.52 2.42 2.53 2.67 3.27 2.66 2.87 2.33 4 7 16 11 7 2 1 6. 9 8 14 19 44 9 IS 7 16 14 12 8 2 7 22 10 8 3 8 S 12 6 1 4 9 3 2 2 7 5 10 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 ,4 Italian, North 1 Italian, South 1 Mexican 4 Slovak 2 Welsh Total 396 1,949 4.92 2.59 71 158 83 47 25 12 Grand total 476 2,305 4.84 2.54 86 191 107 53 27 12 Table 180. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HODSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds . sleeping in all rooms. Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— household. L 2. 3. 4 or more. Native-bom of native father: White 53 27 21 18 21 6 9 3 2 Foreign-born: 21 39 96 35 36 15 42 36 49 27 15 17 82 31 20 10 22 33 38 6 5 13 12 3 15 4 19 1 7 1 1 1 1 Irish 2 Italian, North 1 Italian, South Mexican 1 2 1 Polish 1 2 11 Slovak 8 7 Welsh 3 Total 306 5 274 86 26 5 Grand total 476 S 313 113 38 7 General Tables: Southwest. 495 Table 181. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who— Bead. Bead and write. Native-born ol native lather: White Negro , Indian Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium . i ' Canada • !' Denmark England France Germany. Ireland... Italy Mexico Netherlands. Bussia Scotland Siteden Siritzerland Wales , Africa (country not specified).. Total Total native-born. Forelgn-bom, by race: Bohemian and MoraWan. Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish.. Dutch... EngUsh.. Finnish. , French. . German. Greek... Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified)., Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Norwegian. . PoUsh Boumanlan. Bussian Scotch r-Servlaa Slovak Slovenian. Spanish. . Swedish Syrian Welsh West Indian., Australian (race not specified) . Austrian (race not speafled)... Belgian (race not specified).... Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom Grand total 1,616 374 2 4 2 174 34 100 135 53 20 138 6 1 38 2 75;j 2,746 248 2 205 179 3 94 1,149 412 10 120 49 105 2 208 4 106 141 1 129 185 4 2 446 114 1 4,040 6,785 1,576 337 2 25 9 4 2 173 31 100 135 61 20 138 741 2,656 247 2 193 177 2 92 1,045 336 9 112 40 85 2 178 4 81 141 1 118 177 2 19 2 2 424 104 1 3,693 6,349 496 TTie Immigration Commission. Table 182, — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, hy sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STWBY OP HOnSBHOLDS.) 1 Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of In- dividual. Num- ber- Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Native-born of native father: White 174 81 3 92 41 90 36 90 36 82 40 3 78 36 3 77 35 3 174 81 3 168 72 3 167 71 3 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Canadian (other than French) 1 2 3 1 94 15 1 9 13 14 11 1 43 36 1 2 3 1 44 8 1 7 9 10 9 1 26 16 1 2 3 1 44 8 1 7 9 5 9 1 26 16 1 2 3 1 44 8 1 7 9 5 9 1 26 16 1 e 3 1 94 15 1 9 13 14 11 1 43 36 1 2 3 1 94 15 1 e. 13 e 11 1 42 35 1 English 3 Irish 50 7 50 7 60 7 94 15 Italian, North Italian, South I Lithuanian 2 4 4 2 2 4 1 2 2 4 1 2 ^ Mexican Q Polish 11 Scotch Slovak . 17 20 16 19 16 19 42 Welsh Total 244 106 101 101 138 133 133 244 234 Total native-bom 602 239 227 227 203 :50 248 502 477 475 Foreign-bom: 1 1 51 1 2 2 73 280 98 115 34 102 93 1 107 3 64 1 1 27 1 2 2 26 100 39 38 14 38 38 1 48 1 1 21 1 2 2 26 77 20 25 14 9 23 1 28 1 1 21 1 2 2 26 74 20 18 13 9 19 I 26 1 1 51 1 2 2 73 280 98 115 34 102 93 1 107 3 64 1 1 42 1 2 2 71 233 62 83 33 52 67 1 75 3 58 1 Canadian (other than French) 1 24 21 21 42 Danish 1 i 2 Irish 47 ISO 59 77 20 64 55 45 156 42 58 19 43 44 43 163 40 56 19 42 41 69 227 Italian, South 60 Lithuanian ., 74 32 Mexican 51 Polish 60 Scotch 1 Slovak 69 3 34 47 3 33 44 3 32 70 Spanish „ 3 Welsh 30 25 24 56 1,028 622 511 494 406 276 258 1,028 787 752 1,630 861 738 7.21 '669 S26 506 1,530 1,264 1,227 General Tables: Southwest. 497 Table 183.- -Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years ■ United States, and race of individual. ', the (STDDI OP HOUSEHOLDS.) IBy years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Years In United States. Under 6. 6 to 9. 10 or over. Bace of Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Croatian 24 47 ISO 69 77 20 64 65 69 3 34 S 6 67 29 18 5 5 22 13 3 3 4 e 61 21 14 5 3 17 11 3 3 4 6 61 19 14 5 3 15 10 3 3 13 1 79 22 35 8 14 16 18 12 1 67 14 26 8 12 11 14 12 1 64 14 25 8 12 10 14 6 41 34 8 24 7 45 17 28 6 39 28 7 18 6 28 16 22 5 Irish 87 Italian, North 28 Itellan, South 7 17 Hagyar. 6 Mexican 27 Polish 16 Slovak 20 Welsh 3 3 3 28 27 26 Total 622 175 147 142 209 168 163 238 196 189 FEMALE. 1 1 27 1 2 2 26 100 39 38 14 38 ' 38 1 48 30 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French) — 1 5 1 2 2 20 16 4 13 6 26 10 1 22 22 1 4 1 2 2 20 11 3 7 6 7 7 1 10 17 1 14 11 11 8 6 6 4 1 2 2 &Mi 6 64 22 11 7 4 19- 6 43 13 9 7 1 9 6 43 13 7 7 1 7 20 30 13 14 1 8 9 23 4 9 1 1 7 21 4 5 1 1 6 10 Italian South 3 Lithuanian 6 5 7 Polish 6 Scotch 1 Slovak .r 11 6 11 6 9 6 15 2 7 2 7 2 10 Welsh 16 Total 406 156 117 111 100 60 63 151 gg 91 498 The Immigration Commission. Table 183.— Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individwal — Continued. TOTAL. Number reporting comnlete data. Years In United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Bace of Individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber wlio read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Nnni- ber who read and write. 1 ' A 1 2 2 73 280 98 115 34 102 93 1 107 3 64 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French) 1 11 1 2 2 61 50 12 37 13 71 27 1 60 1 9 1 2 2 59 39 10 25 12 35 23 1 32 1 19 IS 15 21 18 18 i) 1 2 2 Irish 11 121 61 29 12 9 41 11 104 34 23 12 4 26 11 104 32 21 12 4 22 1 109 35 49 9 22 25 1 90 18 35 9 13 18 1 85 18 30 9 13 16 57 Italian, North '. .18 Italian, South 10 23 Magyar 11 MfiTrinnn 34 Palish 22 Scotch 1 Slovak 24 3 9 22 3 9 19 3 9 33 21 21 30 Welsh 5 S 5 60 44 42 Total 1,028 330 264 253 309 238 216 389 295 283 Table 184. -Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) UALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Bace ol individual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Numfcer. Number who read. Number who read and write. 24 47 180 59 77 20 64 65 69 3 34 4 11 11 7 9 1 14 9 7 4 11 11 5 8 1 8 7 6 4 10 11 4 8 1 7 7 6 20 36 169 62 68 19 60 46 62 3 19 17 34 145 37 50 18 36 37 41 3 18 17 Irish „,. 33 Italian, North 142 Italian, South 36 48 18 Mexican 36 Polish 34 38 Spanish 3 Welsh 16 15 IS 17 Total 622 88 76 73 634 436 421 General Tables: Southwest. 499 Table 184. — Literacy of foreign-bom persona 10 years of age or over, by sex time of coming to the United States, and race of individual— Continned. age or over, by sex, age at FEMALE. • Number reporting complete data. Age at time oJ coming to United States. Eace of individual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 27 1 2 2 26 100 39 33 14 33 33 1 48 30 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French) . . i 6 1 6 1 6 Croatian 21 1 1 15 1 1 16 1 1 Danish English 1 2 7 14 8 6 1 11 6 1 2 7 12 5 4 1 4 4 1 2 7 11 6 4 1 4 4 German Irish 19 86 31 32 13 27 32 1 39 18 19 65 15 21 13 5 19 1 22 13 19 63 IS Italian, North Italian, South Magyar 12 5 15 Polish Scotch Slovak 9 12 6 12 6 12 20 Welsh 12 Total 406 84 65 64 322 211 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 51 1 2 2 73 230 98 115 34 102 93 1 107 3 64 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French).. Croatian 1 10 1 10 1 10 41 1 1 32 1 1 32 Danish 1 English 1 2 18 25 15 15 2 25 15 1 2 18 23 10 12 2 12 11 1 2 17 22 9 12 2 11 11 1 Irish 55 265 83 100 32 77 78 1 91 3 37 53 210 62 71 31 40 56 1 63 3 31 62 Italian, North 205 Italian, South , 51 Lithuanian 62 30 Mexican 40 Polish 49 Scotch . 1 Slovak 16 12 12 58 Spanish 3 Welsh , 27 27 27 29 Total 1,028 172 141 137 856 646 615 500 The Immigration Commission. 1 IZi ■moi C5C»*C.g «g|g t.m»g OrHOON g M* ■pa^opijtt lO ^.H« |iH o fe •paiJjBH OOOON MrHCOi-HUg ^2&^ ^ ■^S -^-^g" i th" •aiSajs ssi 8'»-'^s a«?s "="ss: « \(0 ', 1 2 o O o •moi SS 1 ^ tH lO C4e«3QO e» leocN s So •p9JiopiA\ rHrH • N rnrH^ '~* a o 1* 1 IZ i m B°i 111 |S 1 1 1 1 C i T 1 1 1 1 1 1 at 1 QQ 8 1 1 n o a is i H 1 General Tables: Southwest. 501 S"' !-(■* rtO>QM ^OOCO© 3§°'S5i |"|"'o S3-^?5S^ SC55^ «oocg^ n^ gg 1 ■Vwt iH CO »- iiH •IN ■ 'i-i . (OUS t* S" r-t j CO U3 iH 10 ■ ■ CO ; '^ CO I it»u5 : s i 55.0 co^o. rt«g • COM <0 gS'^SS S'^S'^S g-'SS ; gco^ -H «g^^ ^ s CN ri- CO tH • CO .^o> ■^ feS^S g|"!5S S lOCS).-i m-* ; I'^Tj* I »o it^co 1 a s rH IN w • rtN .-^■^ : SS ^ SS-^tiS s-^ss tH moo WtH :* fc: CO' ^c^ -< M- t"^ : i"^ '• Ico 1 .-*(N |co 3" : ^ CO CO 1 :^ • wseo J 3: So : Tf^io ^ NNM^ s CO S -H (M : ■ ■ loeo :«D"* 00 !co I-^ so CO'O (M tH •CO ■:;^t: ' 5j t^ 00 CO ■" 4 l gfs^^"' ;^ ■ CO ■ l>- s C^t-tr-t ; :S33 ; s CO N jr H IcO - gS^" cots IcDCO 00 • COrH r-1 5S!S (N iN^M . M oa ■ i lO CO Irt-* r-i .r CO s s' OCO ,-i 5 CSlT-l .- S5 ;i; rH w J W S- — — ' ^11 . 'C--^ ■ ' (p (BT3 fl : : -gsit ■ 1^ ^; ill- III i i '^ 1 1 §1 ll i u 1 13 P: si CQC/ ■ ; c ' , c - t> t: :* C 5555 ra OQ 11 1^ "West Indian Austrjdian (race no Austrian (race not- Belgian (race not s Swiss (race not spe Total foreign-bor 502 The Immigration Commission. 8 I 'I e <3i Sn 13 S o •0* I- S o S ■g 1 6 «0 oo n ■< o H B * D Hi O <» 6, 1 1 1 i 1 SS S; NrHO- WIOiH s; 3 a »H 1-1 II SS iH 1-1 S s» gN^rt i-ti-4lOiH g s o 1 M-* t- ^1 2" 2 00 M ^ 1 s o 1 S8 1 to ,-i ; '^ M ss 51 i-H i-l 3 3 o «■" iH -* CO 9 la-E f-H-* 1-1 1-1 to Or-t o 1-1 ■* s § 3 osm 1 •s 1 Sf a CS 1 o 1 1 ;? I" a o III IS 1 1 i 1- 1 , 1 1 ^ • 1 5 1 e 1 1 General Tables: Southwest. 503 s sssss 8 S 3S eo SI i g enoiH "^ I-* 1-t i-t « sssug ssss-^s 5» i "'^S^S "SS""" 3 1 «g555t-« «-^3 »o N 1 NCOiH iH iH 1-1 o> o> P3^iOCO-*< iOOi-*M 3 ^ s tHCO '^ ^ CO t~ £;3gg3g "SSS'^" 00 irn hmh N CO KSSSS -SSS-^ S 1 lOOOWCO iHO« fHrH 05 o -"SS3 ''2S"-'° s i «-X>iO— ( «Q0O» s s t-4.H»ntOM THOr-NrHiJH 1 S rtN-V^m «*CMCO ■* g K riw^-^m »-j*cico ■^ g h is ■ i s 1 5 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 c i 1 1 1 504 The Immigration Commission. ^v iHCOiHga oieo'^ws i-if-ttHOi jg lo iHeoi-i"3 i-ieoo»>o i-iiHWCfl 00 1-1 'N ,3 ?l ^ ^1 ,2 « pi S ^^,~,t^ p-teoc4C^ ai M o 1 SSf' 1^ 8 J^'gJ ^ B 6< H General Tables: Southwest. 505 rt^gj- "'^aSS S3S!3 '^SS CO i irH • n ^ eo rtw 3 00 ^.Hg-. NC^oggj oj;«.j5^ ^goo i 1 JN jeaeo cc «i-t NN t- s •r HCaiH • j-JOOr-t -qiMOON ^"^^ g s: I*"" '.^ ; "^ eo N 00 o HOJrt ; ^-jt^r-i eoeomw i-itOjH s '^ I^- ' (Ni-HOOt- M»OOW S5^ s S .(N rtW U3 lO -' !i- g-" s i^H "•SS ;2^^S^ 3 O eg *"■ '~* eo :;:1 (MM 3 s ■ ; -H r^ (N ■^ ■* |« : !»ooo lo 'u3i-< I'*}! : U s 1 Imcd CO ]eo ■ N . t^ s |(M : !(N(M W !m.-i ; /; eo h i 1 si O • s : ii § I 'i 1 i 1 1 48296°— VOL 7—11 33 506 The Immigration Commission. 1 a> 1 1 is 1 3 2S" 11 .-«eoi--<^'H i-l 22 = 1 1 1 o 1 1 G3 a 2 i 1 o k 1 J o 1 |i a 1 1 C 1 1 c ! 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 General Tables: Southwest. 507 l-< i-t Ig rH e>] CQ K s SSSS -8"3 i r-l' NOOrt rt TT* C4 to s S ^^5-C. «gg^ «gjH^ ^g^^ g !5 ■* ""SS S«?S3 t>.(NTH S S rHtO-H a s i i-t cq-TPw f-» ■* -• CO ^ Oi i-IUSi-l CO W r-( i-t s 3 s * iHCO r-l iH to t^ ■ iH ^ =^ '^SSSi 53S3 33^2 i -^ 1-1 N t* 00 iH (N ■^ -'SE5S S2g5! s-^a i i lOOOCM eO.-l«}lM T-tW s o CO -^""gS 3iSSS s-^s S 1 -H '-' PO 1-i -^"SS S^'SSS 00 •*!' lO s ^ ^loto "*wor- «f-t(0 s S CO C40)(M OOMOieO t> TP s .-H coco M CO S J. CO NsDeO ' »OM "St: o;S ■SB'S f ^& ^§1 S p5 W3 OiH rH -* 'MNt- ■JJOO '-'oosg'-' c*lcoS3 ss'-a HOr-i cdqonqo^ c^SC^S?^ oiMt^wt^ •*oo-*Nao i»->** COrHM MBOi-lioO WOiOCOT}* M f- t^ ' rH TJ-CO I^"* (NrHrH.. §3 C4 OOOUS O -S m 1 Irish Italian, North Italian, South... 83 18 1 13 7 13 5 146 63 1 21 14 6 250 95 1 22 11 14 66 15 19 66 21 16 212 78 20 87 35 36 408 139 1 Lithuanian Magyar 5 a 4 1 1 6 1 25 6 1 13 7 3 2 7 6 23 18 18 3 1 11 1 23 15 25 8 29 2 . 36 16 42 29 31 6 1 13 1 37 23 11 3 1 17 8 4 2 9 8 23 22 22 4 1 11 1 46 16 47 19 ? Polish 30 21 4 9 6 11 3 8 14 36 1 2 2 4 4 1 43 26 12 27 45 2 21 3 4 1 3 1 8 7 15 10 10 2 51 24 8 10 8 1 19 10 23 24 46 3 79 Russian 42 54 ,16 Slovenian 76 8 Syrian 1 Welsh 1 1 2 3 14 Australian (race not specified) . . . A ustrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) 1 24 4 94 17 23 1 141 22 1 13 8 25 4 107 25 178 4S Total 1,513 253 449 ■ 90 792 108 1 2.12 381 721 361 681 471 1 513 General Tables: Southwest. 515 Table 194. — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United Stales 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS. ) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.) J. 8 «i In United States 5 In United States 10 « 4^ to 9 years. years or over. -u ■O .„ Vi 4J ■d Bace of individual. II ^t St Is a g 1^ .1 II la 0) 1 1 11 Ma, 1^ % 1 oO ffl 1 &H ■< MM. w H < »^ a 5 < M"" M H Croatian 17 3 f> A 13 ■?. •>, 4 3 7 7 17 Irish 18 82 1 3 1 57 1 7 1 7 15 11 17 25 1 47 1 21 16 14 18 Italian, North 40 14 82 Italian, South 18 10 4 1 15 1 2 3 11 6 1 IS Lithuanian .. 27 9 4 1 14 5 5 3 13 14 9 4 27 Magyar 9 2 3 ,1 1 3 4 3 3 3 q 30 13 29 13 8 8 6 2 8 9 10 2 22 1 7 1 22 4 19 11 30 9 13 3 30 1 3 ..... 2 7 2 1 5 a 3 10 2 1 6 8 13 Slovak 29 Welsh 13 Total 256 88 34 12 134 46 28 48 122 134 62 60 256 Table 195. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY op HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only non-English-speaking races.] sex and Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of individual. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak ■ English. Number. Number who speak English. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 5 1 32 8 19 21 36 20 66 1 1 4 1 16 3 H 14 17 16 36 4 1 16 2 11 13 8 14 35 S 1 32 8 19 21 36 20 66 S 1 Italian, North 16 5 8 7 19 4 30 16 3 8 7 1 4 27 32 Italian) South 5 19 Magyar 20 9 Polish 18 Slovak 62 Total native-bom 208 1 57 1 2 295 105 121 35 103 98 116 3 90 67 118 104 208 171 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian . . . Croatian 1 28 2 105 40 41 16 39 41 63 26' 1 2 25 11 9 S 6 9 22 1 67 1 2 295 105 121 35 103 98 116 3 29 23 43 1 2 Italian, North 190 65 80 20 64 57 63 3 97 31 53 12 14 22 38 122 42 ' Lithuanian Maevar 62 17 20 Polish *- 31 Slovak 60 Total foreign-born 937 571 290 366 HO 937 400 Grand total 1,145 661 357 484 214 1,145 671 516 The Immigration Commission. Table 196. — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the ITnited States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.f MALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 29 190 65 80 20 64 57 63 3 i 13 12 1 14 11 11 6 19 8 11 1 6 7 6 20 169 52 68 19 50 46 52 3 17 Italian, North 78 Italian, South 23 42 11 s Polish . 15 32 Total '. 671 92 64 479 ia FEMALE. TinhPTTiian anri Moravian .... 1 28 . 1 2 105 40 41 15 39 41 S3 1 21 1 7 7 13 Danish. . 1 2 19 9 9 2 12 9 14 2 15 7 7 1 5 5 10 Italian, North.. 86 31 32 13 27 32 39 10 Italiani South 4 Lithnanian 2 4 Mexican *, 1 Polish 4 12 Total 366 83 59 283 51 TOTAL. RnhpTTiiaii and "Mnrkviari , , , 1 57 1 2 295 105 121 35 103 98 116 3 1 41 1 Croatian : 16 13 m Danish. I 2 40 22 21 3 26 20 25 2 34 15 18 2 11 12 16 Italian, North 255 83 100 32 77 78 91 3 88 Italian, South 27 Lithuanian 44 15 Mexican , 9 Polish J . 19 Slovak 1 44 finariiah Total 937 175 123 762 277 General Tables: Southwest. 517 Table 197.— ^6i7% to speak English of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age by sex, years m the United States, and race of individual. or over. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant yearsjsince first arrival in the United States. This table Includes only non-English-speaking races.] MALE. Number reporting complete data. Years In United States. Eaoe of indiridual. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 29 190 65 80 20 64 57 63 3 9 74 32 20 5 5 24 16 3 5 21 13 8 14 82 25 36 8 14 16 19 12 46 12 23 5 3 4 9 6 34 8 24 7 46 17 28 Italian, North Italian, South 6 22 7 11 16 26 Magyar Mexican Polish 2 3 Slovak Spanish Total 571 188 52 214 114 169 124 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian 1 28 1 2 105 40 41 15 39 41 53 1 15 Croatian 8 8 7 S 1 2 16 4 13 6 26 10 22 5 1 2 Banish German Italian, North 57 23 13 8 5 22 15 6 6 32 13 15 1 8 9 16 U 3 3 8 2 5 Italian, South Lithuanian 5 Mexican Polish 1 2 2 6 Slovak 14 Total 366 159 23 102 32 105 55 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 1 57 1 2 295 105 121 35 103 98 116 3 1 24 Croatian 13 22 19 11 1 2 60 12 37 13 71 27 60 H Danish 1 German., 2 Italian, North 131 65 33 13 10 46 31 3 27 19 8 114 38 51 g 22 25 35 67 15 26 5 3 6 15 38 ItaIlan,'South 8 Lithu^an 28 Magyar. 12 Mexican 17 Polish 3 5 22 Slovak 40 Spanish Total 937 347 75 316 146 274 179 518 The Immigration Commission. Table 198. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EHFLOTBBS.) [This table includes only non-English-speai^ing races.] Number reporting conir 'eie daia. Number who speak English. Age at time of coming to United States, Race. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Nmnber who speak EngUsh. 29 6 4 14 1 9 2 206 177 3 1^129 418 9 119 48 105 2 209 4 101 1 124 185 4 18 2 1 2 437 112 1 19 3 4 7 1 8 2 153 161 1 705 276 5 105 36 78 2 136 6 6 23 6 3 13 1 7 1 161 139 3 1,079 392 8 115 46 89 2 198 4 99 1 120 172 4 15 2 13 3 Canadian, Frencli 1 1 1 1 3 6 1 Dutch 2 1 55 38 2 1 52 37 6 Finnish 1 French 101 124 1 Italian, North 50 26 1 4 2 16 49 24 1 4 2 14 656 252 4 101 34 64 2 Polish . . ., 11 10 126 71 2 2 69 Slovalr 81 126 1 18 2 1 2 316 85 1 4 13 4 13 77 113 1 3 3 15 2 1 1 2 421 87 1 2 Austrian Crace not soecifiedl 16 25 15 24 301 61 1 3,482 2,406 278 266 3,204 2,140 General Tables: Southwest, 519 Table 19%— Ability to speah English of foreigti-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. ^ » > w » (ST0DT OF EMPLOYEES.) py.ears.nthet;n.tedStateslsme^^.^.s.no^^^^^^^^^ Num- ber re- porting complute data. Num- ber who speak English Years In United States. Eace. Under 6. B to 9. 10 or over. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak English Num- ber. Num- ber who speak English Num- ber. Num- ber who speak English. Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian 29 6 4 14 1 9 2 206 177 3 1,129 418 9 119 48 105 2 209 4 101 1 124 185 4 18 2 1 2 437 112 . 1 19 3 4 7 1 8 2 153 161 1 705 276 5 105 36 78 2 136 11 4 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 4 1 1 3 1 13 1 2 6 11 Clanadlan, French 1 Broatlan 2 Banish 4 Dutch 3 1 54 35 2 434 172 4 29 19 28 < 2 1 28 22 6 B 1 48 23 1 32 20 104 119 1 282 97 2 48 10 61 2 68 93 Greet 119 ItaUan, North 152 75 1 23 13 19 413 149 3 42 19 26 305 112 2 38 13 21 Italian, South 248 Italian (not spcclllccl) T.lthnaniftTi . 89 2 44 10 Norwegian 38 Folish 86 4 26 1 54 74 4 30 66 53 Koumanian 53 Russian 71 8 39 29 36 Servian 34 Slovak 81 126 1 IS 2 1 2 316 86 1 19 33 1 34 61 29 48 36 50 Slovenian Spanish 45 Swedish 2 2 16 2 1 2 68 65 1 16 2 1 2 Syrian Westlndian Australian (raoenotspeoilied. Austrian (race not specified) . Belgian (race not specified). . . Swiss (race not specified) 192 28 95 16 177 29 160 17 65 52 1 3,482 2,400 1,200 644 1,147 8S8 1,069 974 520 The Immigration Commission. v.— THE SOUTH. Table 200. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (SIUDX OF EOUSOHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of households. Total persons in number of households. Persons for whom detailed ^ infonnation was secured. Uale. Female. Total. Foreign-hom: 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 S5 109 123 475 80 497 410 144 37 64 86 343 56 334 271 90 18 45 29 98 22 137 121 49 German Italian, North..., Italian, South , Lithuanian.. „. ... Magyar ., Polish , SloTak 109 115 441 78 471 • 392 139 Total 309 1,893 1,281 519 1,800 Table 201.— Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HODSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Male. Female. Total. 5 6 11 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 7 12 12 41 13 64 47 13 1 13 11 23 9 43 26 25 g German 25 23 Italian, South 64 Lithuanian.. . .. 22 lOT Polish 73 Slovak 38 Total 209 151 360 214 157 371 Foreign-born: 1 1 29 1 47 73 305 39 240 222 3 37 2 67 1 Croatian .■ 1 English 17. 34' 18 72 11 93 92 46 French 1 81 Italian, North 91 Italian, South 377 SO Magyar 333 Polish 314 Roumanian 3 37 Scotch 2 Slovak 25 92 Total foreign-bom 1,067 362 1,429 Grand total 1,281 619 1,800 General Tables: South.^ 521 Table 202. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general natimty and race. (STUDY OP IMPLOYEHS.) General nativity and race. Native-born of natlye father: White Negro Nativ&-l)om of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary , Belgium , Canada. , England France Germany.. Greece Ireland Italy Norway. . Bussia. . . Scotland. Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) . Total Total native-bom . Forelgn-bom, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French)., Croatian Cuban.., Danish.. Dutch... Total num- ber. 4,389 4,809 9,541 2 8 123 2 2SS 1 2 19 General nativity and race. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. English French German Greek. . . .' Hebrew (other than Russian) . , Herzegovinian Irish... Italian, North.. Italian, South., Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar , Mexican Montenegrin. Polish Koumanian.. Bussian Buthenian. Scotch Servian Bio vale Slovenian. Spanish. . . Swedish... Syrian Welsh Austrian (race not specified) . Belgian (race not specified)... Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom.. Grand total Total num- ber. 119 112 23 1 3 46 402 1,182 41 13 346 1 91 301 37 4 102 21 391 57 1 5 5 11 56 7 1 48296°— TOL 7—11 34 522 The limmigration Commission. Table 203. — Number of foreigrirbom male employees in tJie United States each spedfled number c^ years, by race. (STUDY OF DMPLOTEBS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in tlie United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.] Number reporting complete data. Ntunber in the United States each spedfled number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 1 8 120 2 258 1 1 50 ■la- ...... S 8 2 1 Bulgarian 2 is' 44 1 12 Canadian (other tlian 1 52 ss 33 87 7 1 Cuban 2 16 117 37 112 22 1 3 43 398 1,169 41 13 343 1 91 300 36 74 4 101 21 389 55 1 S 6 11 56 7 1 1 1 5 8 18 10 1 2 18 9 23 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 7 4 2 5 S 19 4 1 2 1 9 3 4' 1 5 2 8 5 11 6 Enclisli ."■ 72 8 Gennan 17 Greek Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) 1 3 Irish 4 142 466 10 2 117 1 4 53 95 9 2 20 46 8 33 Italian. North 30 69 2 27' 11 29 44 164 SO 151 4 1 49 38 129 S 1 23 10 20 Lithuanian s 5 19 4 58 25 16 g 18 2 2 1 41 13 8 13 40 56 9 16 8 41 7 15 2 1 5 49 2 1 15 3 8 ■ '2' 1 37 5 1 17 Polish 104 7 14 1 2 8 138 22 22 14 Russian 3 2 2 3 6 50 8 4 8 81 1 20 2 "ig" 2 Slovat 38 8 21 2 17 4 1 1 2 2 i' 1 3 1 1 1 2 Welsh 1 12 1 4 9 Austrian (race not speci- fied) 2 9 3 1 3 18 2 2 Swiss (race not specified).. 2 1 Total 3,864 197 242 620 490 321 1,214 287 76 317 General Tables: South. 523 Table 204:.— Number of foreign-bom persons in the United States each spedfied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is made for time spent alDroad.] MALE. Number reporting complete data. Num ber in the United States each spoeifled number of years. Kace of individual. ' Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian. . 1 1 28 1 47 73 •305 39 240 222 3 37 2 67 1 1 5 Croatian Knglish 1 4 8 1 7 8 62 8 35 S3 7 1 1 1 French Grerman 5 7 14 2 10 13 i' 2 1 3 17 60 3 36 47 3 17 1 7 51 1 35 26 14 16 36 4 33 19 11 16 78 9 61 46 1 7 7 11 10 2 1 3 3 13 6 4 Italian, North Italian, South 4 2 6 2 Lithuanian Polish Russian 11 5 2 1 Scotch 4 13 11 6 18 11 1 3 Total 1,066 56 184 206 144 128 248 48 29 FEMALE. English German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar ' Polish Slovak Total ' Bohemian and Moravian. • Croatian ; English i; French German I Italian, North f. Italian, South I Lithuanian • Magyar ;. Polish \ Roumanian • Russian ' Scotch ; Slovak Total 362 43 20 13 TOTAL. 1 1 45 1 81 91 377 60 333 314 3 37 264 258 181 171 29 342 16 6 2 11 2 1 "3 32 524 The Immigration Commission. Table 205. — Occupation before coming^ to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by r;ace of individual. (STUDY OP HOnSEHOLDa.) Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Num- ber with- out occu- pa- tion. Number working for wages. Number work- ing without wages. Number work- ing for profit. Bace of individual. i. 1. r 1 a ■a a 3 1 1^ ll §f 1 "J fa 1 Bohemian and Moravian. 1 1 16 1 34 •64 261 32 198 184 3 3S 2 60 1 1 Croatian 1 Enelish 2 14 16 Frencb 1 4 1 1 S 2 1 18 85 10 S4 35 5 7 34 3 14 17 11 1 6 3 5 30 2 16 15 "26' 27 4 14 1 13 3 23 46 154. 17 106 112 10 10 84 12 60 58 3 20 ..... 1 10 10 84 12 61 59 3 20 1 4 22 2 26 11 1 A Italian, Soutb. ■>■> Litbuanian 1 ?fi Pollsb 11 4 2 ...„ 3 5 14 2 24 1 1 Scotcb Slovak 16 3 4 1 31 31 5 5 Total 892 IS 223 87 72 87 45 514 289 2 291 72 7? Table 206. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born femaks who _ were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STtTDT OF HOUSEHOLbS.) ' Num- ber re- portmg com- plete data. Num- ber with- out oc- oupa^ tion. Numb« working for wages. Number working without wages. Number working for profit. Race of individual. Farm labor- ers. In do- mes- tic serv- ice. In pther occm- tions. Total. Farm labor- ers. In other oocu- tions. Total. Farm- ers. In other occu- tions. Total. Enfflish 10 20 56 8 71 59 8 19 56 .8 64 51 2 1 2 1 German Lithuanian 2 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 2 2 2 2 PoUsh . .. Total 224 206 ! 3 3 8 14 4 4 General Tables: South. 525 Table 207. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the Unitep States, by race. (STUDI Off EMPLOYEES.) Number reporting complete data. Number wlio were engaged in- Race. Mining. Farm- ing or farm labor. General labor. Manu- faotur- ingT Hand trades. Trade. Busi- ness for self. Other occupa- tions. 6 lis 1 242 2 11 76 27 71 22 1 2 22 353 1,072 40 13 322 77 277 33 67 4 47 18 335 50 2 5 4 43 6 1 1 3 6' 1 103 1 208 1 2 5 1 3 1 ilanadlan (other than 13 2 7 2 3 3 2 SO 21 33 4 S 6 2 20 9 1 2 1 4 2 English 5 1 11 8 1 1 8 3 [Jennan 1 1 3 1 1 1 Grieek Hebrew (other than Rus- HewegoTinian , Erish ii' 13 55 ie' 26' 6 39" 1 35 21 3 8 2 2 11 274 840 39 1 262 75 228 32 50 4 1 16 253 23 1 S 21 57 6' 1 12 1 3 5 36 77 9 2 2 27 Uacedonian 4 37 4 1 1 1 S 1 11 4 12 . 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 6 Q -.^ ■ 1 1 Slovak 11 1 10 1 17 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 Austrian (race not speci- 25 1 6 1 1 1 1 Belglan (race not specified) . i 1 3,367 350 2,488 135 53 236- 14 13 ^ 526 The Immigration Commission. Table 208. — Number of males 16 yearsofage or over in each specified industry, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDI OF HOnSBHOLDS.) [The main headings used in this table follow the classiflcations of the United States Census with these modlQcations: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor- tation are distmct from each other.] General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Total number. Mining. General labor (not otherwise entered) Trade. Coal (bitu- minous). Iron ore. At home. Native-bom of native father: White 3 3 Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father; English 2 1 I 7 2 1 1 4 German Italian, North 3 Total H 8 3 Total native-bom 14 11 3 Foreign-born: 1 1 22 1 38 69 286 37 215 198 3 37 2 61 1 1 22 1 38 66 276 35 211 1S7 3 31 2 59 English German. .... Italian, North 1 Italian, South , 4 1 1 5 3 Ijithuanian 1 Magyar . . i Polish Russian 1 971 903 12 4 1 1 Grand total 985 914 12 4 4 1 1 I General Tables: South. 527 Table 209. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each spemfied industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STDDY OF HOUSBHOLDS.) [The main headings used In this table follow the olasslflcatlons of the United States Census with these modlfloations: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Serrice; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor- tation are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of hidlvldual. Total number. Domestic and per- sonal serv- ice. Trade. At home. Native-born of native father: White 5 2 1 1 1 6 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: German. . 1 1 Italian, North 1 1 PoUsh i Total S 1 1 3 Total native-born 10 1 1 g Foreign-bom: English 11 25 15 60 10 77 63 21 11 25 Italian, North 16 Italian, South 1 59 Lithuanian ..... 10 Magyar 1 76 Poush . . 63 Slovak 1 20 282 3 279 292 4 1 287 528 The Immigration Commission. Table 210. — Number of male employees 18 yean of age or over earning eacA specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF BMPLOYEBSO Num- ber report- mg com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each speoifled amount per day. General nativltj and race. Un- der $1. Jl and under 11.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.78 $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.60. $2.60 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Native-born of native lather White 3,887 4,405 J2.16 1.87 3 13 41 190 168 S51 604" 1,300 616 410 1,504 1,230 560 362 346 248 46 33 110 68 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgiimi 14 1 3 61 5 40 1 76 4 1 4 SS 3 2 6 1 2.20 2^ i2^0 2.09 (a) (aS (a) C) 3 2 £ 2 1 1 10 2 7 1 1 < 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 1 6 1 7 21 1 16 1 33 2 3 TTrannp 1 6 1 1 2 8 14 7 8 1 Italy 1 1 9 Kussia 3 12 1 ...... 1 19 2 1 3 8 6 Sweden Switzerland 1 Wales 2 Africa (country not specified) 1 Total 267 2.16 1 1 6 35 47 104 40 25 4 4 Total native-born 8,559 2.01 17 232 725 1,939 972 2,838 952 619 83 182 Foreign-born, by race: Armenian 1 7 118 2 239 1 15 109 36 109 22 1 3 42 363 1,048 40 13 308 1 82 264 34 72 4 94 20 351 48 1 (") 2% 2.28 2.38 2.26 1.95 2.42 2.07 2.04 2.31 1.92 2.11 ^k 2.15 1.68 2.07 2^"^9 2.06 2.37 2.17 1 2 29 Bohemian and Mora- vian 1 4 39 1 94 8 26 1 30 1 2 25 3 20 2 15 1 Canadian (other than French) ' Croatian 1 64 41 6 1 2 T>ftni.sh . Dutch 1 1 ...... 2 10 3 11 6 "4 1 2 3 1 2 2 66 154 3 ""'36' 1 ' "2i' 12 a 9 62 21 66 11 i English :::: 2 ..... 12 13 1 3 6 3 Greek Hebrevir (other than Russian) Herzegovinian ' 1 4 57 195 2 8 68 Irish 2 3 45 3 18 148 353 13 2 133 7 49 144 10 4 36 110 8 3 15 1 3 9 4 Italian, North Italian, South.. 10 34 1 4 Lithuanian 1 Magyar 1 4 1 3 Mexican 1 4 6 5 41 46 10 10 28 111 5 29 4 48 17 13B iSl 1 11 63 1 14 1 23 Polish 1 6 Roumanian..... Russian ., .... 2 6 1 Scotch n 2 29 3 3 17 14 ...... 4 1 Servian Slovak 1 6 84 1« 40 1 24 Spanish (») * This table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no account Is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual earnings allowance is made lor time lost during thB year. a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. General Tables: South. 529 Table 210. — Numher of male employees 18 years of age at over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings day. Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. Un- der $1. SI and under J1.25. 11.25 and under »1.50. Sl.SO and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.60. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Foreign-born, by raoe— Con. 4 fi 11 50 6 1 $2.38 2.08 W («) 2 2 3 28 2 ""'i 6 2 1 1 1 Syrian... Welsh...: 1 4 1 2 1 7 1 Austrian (raoe not 7 2 Be^ian (race not speci- fied) 1 Swiss (race not speci- fied). 1 Total loreigu-bom 3,825 2.12 1 SO 95 613 382 1,396 586 320 24 59 Grand total 12,084 2.04 18 282 820 2,552 1,354 4,234 1,637 939 107 24T a Not computed, owing to smallWmber involved. Table 211. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-bom of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of fether: Austria-Hungary England Germany Ireland Italy Russia Scotland Total Total native-born . Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Uoravian. Bulgarian Croatian Danish Dutch English Italian, North. Italian, South. Magyar Uontenegrin... Polish Eoumanian., Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian .•-•-;:- Austrian (raoe not apecined). Belgian (race not specified) . . Total foreign-born Number r^ortlng complete data. 351 263 63 49 5 7 6 1 2 1 8 2 2 1 117 794 Average earnings per day. $1.39 1.22 1.39 1.60 1.34 1.41 1.31 1.53 1.34 Number earning each specified amount per day Under $1. $1 and under $1.25. 155 $1.25 and under $1.50. 17 138 18 156 $1.50 and under $1.75. 7 lo5 12 117 $1.75 and under $2. 9 136 27 $2 and under $2.50. 21 92 112 77 $2.50 or over. 530 The Immigration Commission. Table 212. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOnSBEOLDS.) Num- ber work- ing for wages. Aver- age earn- ings. iJumber earning— General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Un- der $100. 1100 and under $200. $200 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 and under $500. $500 and under $600. $600 and under $700. $700 and under $800. $800 and under $900. $900 and under $1,000 $1,000 or over. Foreign-born: English 8 17 13 54 8 68 53 19 $663 544 466 '^ 483 477 3 4 1 4 1 8 4 1 3 4 ...... 1 1 ...... 1 1 6 23 3 IS 19 3 6 3 6 2 10 9 6 1 Italian, North.. 1 12 2 20 14 4 4 Lithuanian. 2 3 1 1 2 2 Polish 1 3 1 Slovak 1 Total 230 600 8 53 70 42 26 18 6 4 4 a Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Table 213. — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, i nativity and race of individual. (STUDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Mi*! ill .1 < Number earning— General nativity and race of individual. s 1 id II i'S id II si li li §■3 Pd P w 11 id 1! 01 a* ll u Native-bom ol native father: "White 1 C) 1 Native-born of foreign father.by race of father: Enfflish 1 1 1 4 (a) fa) (0) 1 1 1 2 Italian North 1 1 Total 7 (.<•) 1 4 1 1 8 w 1 5 1 1 , Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- 1 1 18 1 35 56 264 '35 198 186 3 35 58 $695 576 486 431 475 432 451 389 407 1 1 4 1 1 2 11 74 11 72 49 1 8 3 1 2 8 21 99 11 69 64 1 10 11 9 10 28 4 23 36 2 2 6 6 6 18 6 15 12 6 "14' 3 S 5 1 6 1 1 Italian, North Italian, South 1 1 ..... 2 9 1 2 4 6 6 7 3 5 Polish 1 2 2 1 ..... 3 6 13 18 2 7 1 Slovak 1 1 Total foreign-bom.. 891 449 S 2 4 27 44 252 295 120 79 39 19 5 Grand total 899 449 6 2 4 27 44 253 300 121 8» 39 19 6 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: South. 531 Table 214. — Amount of family incmne per year, by general nativity and race of head offamily. (STHDY OF HOUSHHOLDS.) Number of se- lected families." Average family income. Number of families having a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. Under S300. $300 and under 1500. SSOO and under J750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $1,500 or over. fqreign-bom: English 8 17 13 94 8 58 S3 19 ^818 637 582 C) 774 663 769 2 11 6 22 6 13 19 8 4 3 1 6 1 'I 3 1 1 2 3 I German 2 Italian, North 2 i' 4 21 1 14 20 2 Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 14 7 4 Polish Slovaf^. I Total 230 699 3 62 87 42 32 4 " For selection of families, see p. 284. !> Not computed, owing to small mmiber involved. Table 215. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. ■ (STUDY OP HODSBHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning— General nativity and race of individual. Under $100. $100 and under $150. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $250. $250 and under $300. $300 and under . $400. $400 or over. Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father, Magyar 1 («) 1 [;irForeign-bom: 1 4 1 (a) (") (a) 1 4 1 1' ■ Italian, South Total 8 m 6 , Grand total 7 (.") 6 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 532 The Immigration Commission. Dablb 216. — Number of families fiaving an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) Total number of selected famiiies.a Number of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Forelgn-bom: English 8 17 13 M 8 S8 53 19 8' 17 13 S4 8 58 53 19 1 2 4 10 38 7 37 36 13 1 Italian, North Italian, South i 5 2 12 3 1 1 Magyar 1 PoUsh 1 Slovak Total 230 230 5 28 147 3 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Table 217. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 1 Number of families having entfre income from- - S 1 1 i . s i •t § Ih General nativity and race ^ ►i ? •a H ■° i u 1^ h o of head of family. ni i 1 H s gf s !!i« 1 1 3 r w 11 1 n g i 1 ill Forelgn-bom: English 8 5 1 2 17 13 64 8 58 11 3 10 1 Ifi 1 1 2 10 35 4 30 ?, Italian North Italian, South 4 2 3 a 4 s PoUsh 63 19 14 5 2 1 36 13 1 Slovak ' Total 230 65 4 11 1 132 17 \ > For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: South. 533 Table 218. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indiviimal. (STUDI OF HOCSSHOLDS.) Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number worldng full time months specified. General nativity and race of indi- vidual. 12. Hand under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. Sand under 9. 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Under 3. Native-born of na- tive lather, Whits . 2 2 Native-born ol for- eign father, by race of father: Enfflish 2 1 1 ■ 7 2 1 Ttalian North 1 Magyar i 3 Total 11 6 1 4 Total native- born 13 6 1 2 4 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 1 1 19 1 35 62 272 36 207 187 3 37 60 1 1 7 8 1 17 8 52 10 66 28 2 8 11 4 S 16 76 6 38 22 io' 2 9 20 1 15 31 8 22 14 3 8 47 10 36 41 1 6 21 6 4 24 1 28 27 1 2 12 9' 7 Italian, North... Italian, South... Lithuanian Maevar i 1 6 47 1 Polish 1 Roumanian 1 10 1 6 2 5 2 3 8 5 6 2 ,s, Slovak Total foreign- born 921 183 12 92 98 211 177 101 42 S Grand total... 934 189 12 92 99 213 177 105 42 S 534 The Immigration Commission.. Table 219. — Number and class of hoifseholds, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) ■s only households keeping bdai was taken. Boarders are persons who recme both board and lodging.] ["With boarders or lodgers" tacludes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule Total number of house- holds. "Family" households. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. With neither boarders nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. Total family house- holds. "Group" house- holds. Con- sisting of a single family. Consist- ing of two or more families living together. Total. With board- ers. With lodgers only. TotaL Foreign-born: English 11 21. 25 76 12 74 69 21 7 14 2 17 2 26 20 6 7 IS 2 17 2 26 20 6 4 4 5 9 7 38 38 11 i' 6 36 2 10 8 3 4 6 11 45 9 48 46 14 11 20 13 62 11 74 66 20 1 ItaUan, North 12 Italian, South 14 Lithuanian 1 Polish 3 Slovak 1 Total ... . 309 94 1 95 116 66 182 277 32 Table 220 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSBHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households paying rent and report- ing amount. Average rent per apartment. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. Under ts. SSand under »7.50. $7.50 and under $10. $10 and under $12.50. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and under $20. $20 01 over. Foreign-bom: English 11 21 25 74 12 .72 69 21 tS.91 6.79 5.80 6.10 6.21 7.67 6.02 6.93 s' 4 20 2 ¥ 1 10 13 18 as s 44 49 12 1 1 3 13 5 16 6 6 2 Italian, North. 6 S 2 2 4 4 3 PoDsh Slovak Total 305 6.46 40 186 SI 17 8 3 General Tables: South. 535 Table 221. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by , general nativity and race of head of household. (SinOT OP HOnSBHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. Under SI. SI and under S1.50. S1.50 and under S2. $2 and under S2.50. S2.50 and under S3. S3 and under S3.50. S3.60 N and under S4. $4 or over. Foreign-bom: English 11 21 25 74 12 72 69 21 $1.41 1.68 1.58 1.62 1.43 2.02 1.83 1.89 i' 2 i' 5 3 7 16 8 3 6 2 6 IS 13 33 1 28 40 7 German 1 4 20 2 27 14 11 1 Italian, North 1 2 Italian, South Lithuanian 7 1 Polish . . 1 Slovak Total 305 1.75 4 49 143 79 18 11 1 Table 222. — Number of households paying each spedjied rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STDDY OP HOnSBHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. Under S0.50. S0.50 and under $1. $1 and under $1.50. $1.60 and 6nder S2. $2 and under S2.60. $2.60 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.60 and under $4. S4or over. »«rorelgn-bom: 11 21 25 74 12 72 69 21 $1.18 1.11 1.18 .97 .93 1.14 1.01 1.01 i' 2 6 6 34 3 29 27 7 6 10 13 22 9 18 29 11 3 ...... 9 ...... 3 • 6 1 1 1 ^. German 3 »!' ItaUan, North K" Italian, South 2 2 1 Magyar 9 6 2 7 5 1 6 1 1 2 Polish » Total 305 1.05 1 113 117 30 22 5 7 5 5 536 The Immigration Commission. Table 223. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDX OS' HOUSBEOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taldng schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Number of households keeping- Total number o^ Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Foreign-bom: 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 4 4 5 9 .7 38 38 12 4 S 11 45 9 48 46 15 11 11 13 18 17 ISO HI 41 Gpr^pftTi 1 6 36 2 10 8 3 1 19 165 6 38 27 10 12 Italian, South 32 183 188 PcSsh Slovak Total 309 117 66 183 372 266 638 General Tables: South. 537 "s. ■s. i "« ^ 1 s « o .3 e & o I SI b3 li i| •9jom JO 01 I frt O « CO •ga So 'H ID •^ a ^ o ■eiOTU JO 01 r-IN ■■* ■^lON O U3(C>(N r- 3^[N g^ --* :S -^S^S 73 c! ot^-S ■Oft O ^ m g O. 03 ^ °^ ® "1 o ■ejotu JO 9 £ O 3 (U pjOJ "■S les • Vi*ii (H iC^ 11 ■■63 :>ScQ ■a,: : : ^ S Spa > S III .■:!^,i^ 48296°— VOL 7—11 '< 35 588 The Immigration Commission. S2 |N .rHiHiH lO Ss • M .rt ..-H IQ -s o 1 SB I 1 o 1 sa ; ; 3 ■ .W^ N '.','.'. : rt o> s oi , , 1 I 1 rt a o IpH -o ■ ! ! 1 t V cS 00 00 III,' J J 1' -^ IrHFH I C4 . *s ■ ; 1 1 111! 1 Ir-t ■«-, S 2 1 1 o si CD 1 U9 CI |tH uj ^ -1" i «.! f-l * • ' • »H 5 .M ■3, C<9 ' ' ' d3 u m g * • • p« .... *~* g o III I o s "S^ ^ tH C iH . • lO f? 1 00 00 I ; S ; ; IN CO »0 WCO 00 W :-i iH d ^11-* «*^ ■s t^ fg b- o' li o 2 s a i s t- rf t . I 1-t R s c« S! ci I I I ■s .o I I I 3 • ■ ■^ . § :a ^ 15 '"' ; i : i : § '-"SS " S3t;^ g jd^QO « ^-^ i 53 i llllll ssss a ass s s ?:ss 1 1 • M r « 2 Ml MM r ; : • : £■! II' I B-^ ¥■■31 1 ^1 s : 2 5 w ' Cm « 1 lii General Tables: South. 539 Table 22S. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of room^, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) General nativity and race Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number oirooms. of h^ad of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Forelgn-bom: English 11 21 25 76 • 12 74 69 21 4.18 3.67 3.68 3.78 4. ,33 3.85 3.29 3.67 1 9 19 1 28 41 10 7 9 20 28 4 36 17 7 3 5' 6' 4 2 2' S 1 1 2 8 1 2 1 8 5 4 1 Italian, North ItaUan, South 3 1 PoUsh 2 4 1 Slovak 1 Total 309 3.70 10 17 109 127 20 21 5 Table 226. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and rac£ of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Forelgn-bom: English ^ German f Italian, North.. 1; Italian, South.. Lithuanian.. Magyar PoHsh Slovak Total- Number of households and number of persons In apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1 room. o <» o 3 P. 10 Zfl 2 rooms a _ a p. O m ■a 3 rooms. 109 Zfl 620 4 rooms. O K t| teg 820 20 5 rooms. p< 13 s _ 3 P< 149 21 148 Z^a 7 or more rooms. !z;a Total. 55 109 123 475 80 497 410 144 540 The Immigration Commission. Table 227. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of headof household. (STUDY OF HOnSBHOLDS.) General nativity Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Number of households of each speclQed number of persons. and race of head of household. 1. 2. 3. 4. S. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Foreign-born: English German Italian, North.. Italian, South.. Lithuanian. . 11 21 23 76 12 74 eg 21 S.OO 5.19 4.92 6. 25 6.67 6.72 5.94 6.86 3 3 4 11 1 3 3 5 3 1 9 4 12 14 2 1 2 3 7 2 6 9 1 2 ...... 1 2 5 2 "'i' 4 3 6 ....„ 9 2 10 7 4 3 2 11 1 11 .8 5 1 1 10 1 Magyar Polish 3 4 5 9 1 16 6 Slovak 4 Total 309 6.13 2 20 36 37 50 37 41 30 17 39 Table 228. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOCSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. General nativity and race of head of household. Total number. Average per house- hold. Average per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 or more. Foreign-bom: English 11 21 25 76 12 74 69 21 65 109 123 475 SO 497 410 144 5.00 5.19 4.92 6.25 6.67 6.72 5.94 6.86 1.20 1.42 1.34 1.66 1.54 1.74 1.81 1.87 2 5 5 7 6' 5 7 10 15 36 8 37 31 12 2 4 3 27 2 24 30 8 2 2 4 6" 3 1 Italian, North... Italian, South... Lithuanian Magyar 2 2 1 Polish Slovak Total 309 1,893 6.13 1.66 30 156 100 18 ■ 5 General Tables: South. 541 Table 229.— Persons per sleeping room, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOC SBHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number. Average per house- hold. Average per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 and un- der 6. 6 and un- der 6. 6 or more. Forelgn-hom: English 11 21 25 7fi 12 . 74 69 21 65 109 123 475 80 497 410 144 6.00 6.19 4.92 6.25 6.67 6.72 5.94 6.86 2.50 3.21 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.13 2.95 3.06 3 ....„ 6 ■■■-j- 6 1 fi 9 5 27 7 25 23 7 1 5 9 29 1 24 22 10 2 6 6 9 2 7 16 1 German 1 1 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 6 1 8 2 1 1 3 Polish 1 Slovak 1 Total 309 1,893 6.13 3.00 27 IDS 101 47 19 7 Table 230. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STnOT OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds sleeping in all rooms. Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— 4 or more. - Foreign-born: English German Italian, North Italian, South. ' Lithuanian... ■!'■ Uagyai t Polish !j Slovak Total , 5 2 6 1 3 31 2 34 4 45 13 119 39 542 The Immigration Commission. Table 231. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OE EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who— Bead. Read and write. Native-bom ol native latber: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada J England France^.. Germany. Greece Ireland... Italy Norway.. Bussia... Scotland. Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) . Total. Total native-bom. Foreign-bom, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) . Croatian Cuban. . . Danish.. Dutch... English. French.. German .0. Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) . Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North. Italian, South.' Lithuanian Macedonian. . . Magyar Mexican Montenegrin. Polish • Roumanian. . Russian Buthenian. Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian. Spanish... Swedish... Syrian. . . . Welsh Austrian (race not specified). Belgian (race not specified) . . Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom. Grand total 4,242 4,639 341 2 8 123 19 117 36 109 23 1 3 44 1,149 39 13 341 1 91 296 37 77 4 100 21 380 57 1 5 S 11 56 6 1 3,821 13,043 4,043 3,233 329 2 7 108 2 185 1 2 18 113 34 109 20 1 3 41 268 667 37 12 303 1 67 3 100 20 329 35 1 5 5 8 36 4 1 2,865 10,470 General Tables: South. 543 Table 232. — lAteraey of persons 10 years of age m over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who' read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Matlve-born of native father, White 10 4 3 3 6 3 3 10 6 6 Native-born of foreign father, bv race of father : English 2 9 4 4 31 1 5 2 3 1 4 20 2 3 1 3 18 2 3 1 3 18 2 9 4 4 31 1 5 2 9 4 3 29 1 S German 6 3 6 3 6 g 4 Italian, North Italian, South 11 1 3 11 I 11 1 3 29 1 5 Polish Slovak 2 2 2 Total i.. 56 32 29 29 24 24 24 56 S3 63 Total native-born 66 36 32 32 30 27 27 66 59 59 Forelgn-bom: Bohemian and Mora- vian 1 1 40 1 66 85 356 49 304 278 3 37 2 88 1 1 26 1 40 69 291 39 224 .207 3 37 2 64 1 1 26 1 1 26 1 1 40 1 66 85 356 49 304 278- 3 37 2 88 1 1 39 Croatian... I EngUsh 14 13 13 39 French 36 64 156 17 208 158 3 26 2 53 35 63 153 15 206 156 3 26 2 52 26 16 65 10 80 71 22 15 17 6 61 49 22 15 17 3 61 48 58 79 173 23 269 207 3 26 2 70 57 78 170 18 267 204 Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian 26 Scotch Slovak 24 17 16 Total foreign-bom 1,311 1,005 751 739 306 200 195 1,311 951 934 Grand total.. 1,377 1,041 783 771 336 227 222 1,377 1,010 993 544 The Immigration Commissipn. Table 233. — Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by set, years in the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY 01 HOUSEHOtDS.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In tlie United States.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Years In United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race of individual. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 2G 1 40 69 291 39 224 207 3 37 2 64 1 1 6 1 1 5 1 1 S English 19 1 24 61 202 18 137 145 3 34 2 31 19 19 2 2 2 20 47 99 9 128 112 3 23 2 26 19 46 96 8 127 110 3 23 2 25 10 16 75 9 57 44 10 15 44 4 50 35 10 IS 44 4 49 35 6 2 14 12 30 18 6 2 13 4 30 11 6 Italian, North 2 Italian, South n 3 30 poflSi.;:;::::::;:::::::::: 11 2 2 2 1 1 1 18 15 is 15 12 12 Total 1,005 667 488 478 238 182 181 100 81 80 FEMALE. English 14 26 16 65 10 80 71 24 9 18 11 44 2 42 42 6 8 15 10 . 9 1 31 27 3 S IS 10 9 ■■"si' 27 3 5 3 4 15 4 19 24 11 5 2 4 6 2 16 18 10 S 2 4 6 1 10 17 9 German S 1 6 4 19 5 7 5 1 2 3 14 4 4 5 Italian, North 1 2 2 Magvar 14 Polish 4 Slovak 4 Total 306 174 104 103 85 63 60 47 33 32 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 40 1 66 85 356 49 304 278 3 37 2 88 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 10 28 1 42 62 246 20 179 187 3 34 2 37 .27 27 2 2 2 German. 35 57 108 10 159 139 3 23 2 29 34 56 105 8 158 137 3 23 2 28 13 20 90 13 76 68 12 19 60 6 66 63 12 19 SO 5 65 52 11 3 20 16 49 23 11 3 15 7 44 16 U Italian, North 3 19 5 Magyar 44 Polish 15 2 2 2 1 1 1 Scotch. ..... Slovak 29 2i 24 22 16 10 Total 1,311 841 692 681 323 245 241 147 114 112 General Tables: South. 545 Table 234. — Literacy offordm-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Kace of Individual. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 26 1 40 69 291 39 224 207 3 37 2 64 1 1 20 1 36 C8 278 35 208 192 3 36 2 60 1 1 20 1 Croatian 1 Engiish 6 6 6 20 French German 4 1 13 4 16 15 4 1 7 1 IS 11 4 1 7 1 IS 11 32 63 149 16 193 147 3 25 2 60 31 Italian, NorthJ 62 Italian, South 146 14 Magyar 191 p^..::::::::::::::::;::;:: 145 3 Russian 1 1 1 2S Scotch 2 Slovak 4 3 2 60 Total 1,005 64 49 48 941 702 691 FEMALE. English 14 26 16 65 10 80 71 24 3 4 2 8 1 6 11 3 3 4 2 3 1 5 11 2 3 4 2 3 1 S 11 2 11 22 14 67 • 9 74 GO 21 10 18 13 14 5, 56 38 IS 10 18 Italian, North 13 Italian, South 14 2 Magyar 56 PoHsh 37 Slovak 14 Total 306 38 31 31 268 169 164 Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mreyar Poflsh Roumanian Russian Scotch Slovak Total TOTAL. 1 1 40 1 66 85 356 49 304 278 3 37 2 88 1 1 31 1 58 82 335 44 282 252 3 36 2 81 1 1 30 1 ■ " ■' ^ 1 9 9 9 30 8 3 21 5 22 26 8 3 10 2 20 22 8 3 10 2 20 22 50 76 163 21 249 185 3 25 2 66 49 76 160 16 247 182 3 1 1 1 25 2 7 5 4 64 1,311 102 80 79 1,209 871 8SS 546 The tmrnigration Commission. t- »o 00 tOttiHU" i-«eoNO th r- <» ■^■^ (33 H '«'S ss U3 w (C 1^ ^ H § II ss ^N^« cS-^S iH ?3 rHCO rH ^ -1 cf« ffl , lO(N ?5 r-t-l o CD 00 tHiH iH ^ 1 Sii gs eo li 2g ^ lO CO •s, at ^. ggg C^^ iOi-HO C4<-l 00 1 CM - v s n ^ 2 ^1 gg CO S S p . (N« s-s -< CO « s CO 1 cfll , ^ 00 ^ ■ ^ ss- iS . CSiH coeq C4 o»co "N ^(NrHlM 1^ to a 5 ss CO a &H ^t- ■rtTJ i-HC o O ^S s S'S ^ cow fH »o 00 o CO ■1! »«i hi ■ ih" , ^ t-r- ■* s iH a e< II 73-0 ,-, -II OS 5 ?l 1 ll .-H^ ^1 c oo 1] ES'a ■ver UJ| slf t-"" «r-tMeo»f OOrHCOOSt-t IT i-HOONsO H t' oa S as s ft oT d zSs 1 . 1 > a o g& JJ. 1 1 5d o'Stt ■» 1 : o 1 s 1.^ ^ ve-born country Austria- Belgium Canada. England § > ll 1^ Scotland Sweden Switzerl Wales.. Africa(c J 1 o I 1- General Tables: South. 547 -(^LOt^iO *« ^i-H 40in jrHC^ Si^'^s ■ (NMi-HCO g"l S-"- • )p4 c^ i-t r-f>a< C4 lOrH M i ^«g s :'-°S3 w-^ :^oo r-lOO»»OC :SS28 ""3 S-^-"^ ^ jiO in ow 8 "* t^Cft>-ieic iSfe-S iH S r^ N ; ^ r-cicc S5 'i-HTf iS^'^S -^SS^I? eotousa 00 rH-* • 'd eo ^ •^ i •' 5! WMCN OOT • (N eg--s iss'^s: .H^^Cg s Ol CO a - uit^fC S= IrHCS $|3"S -SS3"S (NOj^O 00 rHN \ ItO f- a ' IrHCiOr- ■V • i-Hr- gs s • r-OSiOC*- • rHrH ^OJ S V '"' : : : -^ i-t iH« '■ '"' I ! ',rHC4 Oi- ." jr^r- s^ s :j-j«oc. rH(M s V C4 »0 rHi-HCO I— id rH M w r-1 COi-H CO N rl 548 The Immigration Commission. a o a o I- o a S I »0 (M pq < ^ s 00 eo CO Eh ■o'g rH ft ■^ S ^^ eo ' » S " g t^ , iH ' o tn Si, _; ec «> CO ^ S ^ « s ■2 1-1 wr 1 s •O'g N ■y g S'S CO « M ■* o a S-r- "O g is aai CO s? s? m M "^s,!-. s CO eo* !z;as i 1 t ji. 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 i 1 a s PEI 1 General Tables: South. 549 I "a I t» ,^ ^ § s s. ^ D m ►4 o> a itt(0 WiOi-lCO r-4«-lCOi-HN MOCJIQ'^ rH in r-1 00 i-H T-H LO i-l 00 r-l'^CCICCCO C^ Oi-t tJH CD i-H S S d ^ « C0«3(M(O<» 'tM -W gig.! I 3 5 a 3 aa a ! is B tH a-SgagS s'sSa'-S 5 3 fMowfio SSdSPH MM 8S cQca i .a .1 « a o M a a 550 The Immigration Commission. d a o & i & a 1 § 1 »o cs W O 1 SK2S SPSS a a ^1 '- ' iH <-< U5 rH '^ CD SSI3S5 SffSS S a .9^ NrHrH "* -* >-tCi iH TftH I =, 55 i 3 o fHIO •^ i-IOrH 1 cj cj ^1 iH I-l ^ a-c i-t^ ■^ i-IOS^ ; S S S3 bi ■ J o W N t^eotDoo ■*S£SC^ 2 N i-H .-< ^1 N a-B N f.„„2 "sssa S i-t g : i tH *-• ^ M C^OOJ; ««j;0. a § si ^1 II ^ '^ rt O i 1 a "S 1 o III 1 1 i 1 & 1 i a fl O o 1 1 i i a o OQ 3 ^ s a General Tables: South. 551 "1 MMMW •-1 »' U5 rHr-lOirt as -^ ftSSS "§"^2 g 1 - 1-i i* is 'S"S°° i' :■" So Is 1-t ■^ '. ; ..H iH II^I ll'II ml'* > > "3"g'° :" i" g S I I jiH iH j 1 JN ;*;:'*'* ■00 -C^ ^ g.oo«g c;^^.^ ^ ^ ; ^ XI : : : c a : : : : 1 «§ ' ■ ' g J s ; : : : 3 : : : : iiiii iiii | g a • i : ■9 ' 3 : : : : ■s 1 1 : is •2 : :g o ; ;?; IJll 1 I. a' H in ■ ■ '^ .-=3 • : : I : I I "> "3 iiinijiiii lilli till i 1 ■ 1 r & 1 552 The Immigration Commission. ;00gm ; S o g S o s a i g 13 e o 00 W n < Eh S,2iS - ^ 1 a 3 "B? s ^ « T «-s __• g- > ^ ' 1 > «o ^ 0-2 ®g«s > 1^- " ■A S S5 g£4S f^ - ■ 1 1 to coll s ■ ?. ^ *> g '^ B a ■s ' ?; S5a eOi-c^« > S ij "^ -fl-w^r^ a f-C a-° feSiS 1 ^ "S~ CB :i i 1-1 04 s g ""ot ? > ^^ ^ s 00 S 5 »;3 «■* 3 n > u g>.- raoo S3 3 9 Z-° S si.^ - S Jo "i| U5 ^ «» ■§ s- > 3 frJ '"' C3 > CQ T 5^ O CO > t> -g-S a 1" 1 e>oe> _, ^ IN 1 t1 ■ S ' « Is • i 1 s 11 . ? 1 : 3 • c 1 Ills 1 I a General Tables: South. 553 ^ 1. ' tHC4 Nt^ C S|SS ""rS'-ig 55'^'^"' '^&5<^'" coo CO gSS 'S3| Tpw^iO oodoeOFH .-too . iN SS" M -hIoii-) "* ■<»<.Hi-H.-< e>i>A^^ M -^^ca^ r- ^^^^^'« l-lc«^-^-oJ ■^ t^OOllMCO ■I.Hb-0> N el-4 Including 1 not reporting complete data. i Including 2 not reporting complete data. General Tables: South. 555 Table 240. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STDDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specined age group. General nativity and race. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 36 to 44. 45 to 54. 65 to 04. 66 or over. Native-born of native lather: White 4,305 4,778 6 26 26 40 75 58 121 79 131 89 125 83 130 120 853 964 721 1,022 666 688 836 782 507 644 144 151 25 Negro 32 * Native-born of foreign » ' father, by country of ,', birth of father: '' Austria-Hungary.. 30 1 3 66 5 49 1 86 14 1 8 66 3 2 6 1 2 6 2 6 3 3 6 2 1 1 4 1 2 2 10 England . . 3 3 4 5 1 1 is 1 9 11 1 3 5 4 1 10 2 Germany 1 5 3 1 9 12 1 Ireland 6 1 2 1 "i" 10 3 9 27 19 4 Italy- .... 2 3 1 3 3 2 10 1 4 2 11 2 1 1 Scotland 2 2 10 7 1 5 5 3 Switzerland Wales 1 1 1 3 Africa (country not specified) 1 Total 342 6 19 14 24 26 16 61 36 27 61 41 11 306 Total natlve- j,. bom 9,485 32 72 152 214 244 234 266 1,878 1,779 1,381 1,678 1,192 57 feForelgn-born, by race: 2 8 122 2 257 1 2 19 119 36 112 23 1 3 44 401 1,176 41 13 344 1 91 296 37 85 4 101 21 387 55 1 5 5 11 56 7 1 ^2 3 21 Bohemian and Mo- 1 1 27 3 4 1 14 1 2 3 1 5 50 12 2 Canadian (other than French) " -1 2 11 74 1 60 44 54 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 20 6 34 2 Dutch 1 5 7 3 9 15 2 12 5 12 3 4 22 9 31 3 3 34 10 18 1 12 2 3 Enelish 2 1 2 "i 5 i Hebrew (other than Kusslan) . . . Hersegovinlan Irish 1 .... 1 .... 26 59 1 2 93 292 11 4 63 1 30 57 6 19 1 ' 6 10 72 3 1 9 68 199 12 2 100 2 77 261 8 2 79 3 62 185 8 5 44 20 30 63 2 • 7 1 10 ItaUan, North ItaUan, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar 1 1 2 8 6 14 10 26 19 57 .... 1 .... 2 3 10 13 24 5 Montenegrin Polish .... .. 2 4 5 1 1 4 S 2 1 1 "9' 2 2 18 62 5 20 2 9 6 76 15 19 69 6 13 7^ 9 23 6 17 6 7 "2 i Roumanian Russian :::: Ruthenlan Scotch .... "i' 14 1 69 16 22 2 96 12 1 1 30 1 40 4 16 3 Servian Slovak "2 "2 3 14 1 11 3 Spanish Swedish .... .... . . .. :::: "'i' 2 ...... 1 11 "'i'i' 1 1 7 1 Welsh Austrian (race not specified) -- ■Belgian (race not .... 2 1 4 14 2 2 10 3 5 6 1 i 1 i 1 ' specified) -• Swiss (race not specified) Totalforeign- 1 3,890 1 7 21 34 248 59 132 145 832 790 635 806 360 1,542 64 370" 14 Grand total 13,375 33 79 173 303 366 411 2,710 2,569 2,016 2,484 71 556 The Immigration Commission. Table 24:1. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OP HOCSBHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of families- Owning home. Renting home. Boarding. Lodging. In other conditions. Total. Fordgn-bora: English . 11 21 14 O60 11 72 66 20 1 12 21 1 15 Italian, South m (•) (-) 62 11 2 74 poflsh ;;:::::;:::""■■ 66 Slovak 20 Total ■ "3 <>275 al ol C) 281 o Not including 1 family not reporting complete data. Table 242. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex andage groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number witliin each specified age group. General nativity and race of Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. individual. 6 < 1 i i 6 1 1 ,§ ^ -J 1 < 3 o < t < < ■i Eh Native-born of native father, White 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father: Enelish . . 4 5 10 31 11 36 42 10 4 5 10 31 11 36 43 10 1 "i" 2 2 2 1 9 1 9 2 16 4 3 5 5 10 35 13 38 44 10 5 German S 1 s :::: 1 1 5 1 5 1 .... 11 Italian North 11 Italian South 1 1 41 13 13 2 3 1 .... 3 2 5 16 . 3 3 3 57 Polish 1 47 Slovak 13 Total 149 1 150 11 29 1 41 3 4 7 160 33 5 198 Total nativ&*born 149 1 150 12 29 1 42 * 9 8 161 33 6 20O Foreign-born: Enelish 1 2 2 10 1 2 2 10 3 .... 3 2 7 1 4 1 12 9 3 '.'.'.'. 5 7 2 7 1 18 13 4 1 1 4 2 3 13 io' 12 2 2 7 1 4 1 13 11 3 1 "i' 1 2 1 1 7 9 Italian, North 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 19 Lithuanian 2 Magyar 4 8 1 4 10 1 6 4 1 ■Ji> Polish 2 24 Slovak .... 6 Total foreign-born . 28 2 30 18 39 57 8 9 46 42 8 96 177 3 180 30 68 1 99 .... 13 17 207 75 14 296 ..—.. General Tables: South. 557 Table 24:2 .—Gmeral occui and by general >ation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of Individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 16 years. Total. 1 1 < 1. ? < < 1 ! < 1 i 1 < < 1 ■a 5 H Native-born of native father, White 1 1 1 1 5 7 21 8 28 21 17 1 6 7 23 9 29 24 19 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 1 5 7 21 8 27 21 17 1 German "2 1 1 3 2 5 2 6 2 2 1 9 4 8 1 1 1 6 3 Ij Italian, North 1 10 ItaUan, South Lithuanian g 1 .... 8 1 6 1 4 5 13 1 6 Polish Slovak 25 ■ "' ' Total 107 1 108 9 22 31 2 5 7 118 28 107 1 108 9 23 32 2 5 7 118 29 Forelgn-bom: English 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 "2 "Y 1 6 4 1 3 S 2 '.'.'.. 3 7 2 7 1 8 12 3 2 2 3 4 1 12 1 14 19 2 3 5 2 6 q Italian, North 3 Italian, South 1 1 1? 'Lithuanian 1 8 13 1 8 13 1 2 8 2 2 10 2 in Po& .. 2 2 ,... 4 oq 4 30 30 21 22 43 5 2 ■7 56 24 SO 137 1 138 30 45 75 7 7 14 174 53 .... ?27 TOTAL. Native-bom of native father, White 1 1 = 2 1 10 3 11 3 25 8 11 1 1 1 11 17 68 22 67 68 29, 1 1 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 5 10 17 52 19 63 63 27 5 10 17 62 19 64 64 27 1 "e' 3 3 6 2 6 10 3 5 1 .... 1 "'i' 2 1 1 10 4 5 1 .... 22 Italian North 21 Italian Ronth m n 1 1 .... 21 3 9 1 1 7 2 10 1 9 3 99 72 Slovak 38 Total •■ 256 25() 2 2 258 258 20 ~2l 51 52 1 1 72 74 2 2 8 8 4 5 14 15 278 279 61 5 344 Total native-bom 6 347 #breign-bom: 2 4 3 14 2 4 3 14 3 2 1 10 1 12 8 2 6 12 3 4 1 14 17 5 8 14 4 14 2 26 25 7 2 1 3 7 6 4 25 1 24 31 4 5 12 3 4 1 16 21 6 1 "2 1 2 1 I 13 IS 7 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 5 1 31 i) 12 21 2 12 23 2 "2 i 2 41 1 "off :::::;:;:;::;: 2 bi 1 Slovak 10 68 2 60 318 39 60 61 113 "T 100 174 6 7 3 11 8 13 16 31 102 381 66 128 8 14 176 314 4 623 658 The Immigration Commission. Table 243. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY Ot EMPLOYEES.) • [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in tiie United States.] g • t.'O li P In United States 6 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. " Race. < 1^ § P a h M r H o 1 u a o n •0 fa ■3 3 § 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian 3 7 66 1 6 4S 12 29 1 21 111 315 15 2 110 95 3 16 38 5 125 16 2 2 3 14 3 1 "'h' 62 ..... 6 5 5 1 1 53 203 4 2 76 64 3 13 1 5 75 6 ..... 1 1 6 62 1 2 14 5 12 1 2 61 223 5 2 80 66 3 13 2 5 83 11 1 1 2 2 1 4 ..... 66 1 2 3 1 4 7 HA 1 1 8 1 1 13 2 3 "z 25 4 17 1 1 1 1 4 5 2 3 25 4 13 4 31 7 17 2 7 6 9 1 2 75 260 9 2 96 85 3 15 1 5 100 10 ..... 1 6 2 6 English. 45 1? German 3 4 29 Hebrew (other than Russian). . Irish 1 1 2 14 1 6 6 1 22 57 S 1 12 10 4 17 16 25 1 19 50 92 10 2 14 24 5 17 22 31 1 21 Italian, North 111 315 Lithuanian 15 2 4 2 20 21 6 2 4 6 30 29 10 4 4 6 iin Polish 95 3 Russian 2 ■■■5" 1 31 3 36 " 5' 1 32 ifi 1 38 5 Slovak 7 5 1 1 25 4 4 1 13 ..... 42 5 1 1 3 7 2 1 11 6 1 14 ..... 125 16 Swedish 2 Syrian 1 1 2 1 2 Welsh 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 Austrian (race not specified). . . Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) 4 1 3 7 1 14 3 1 Total. 1,067 598 54 18 670 174 55 168 397 772 109 ISO 1,067 General Tables: South. 559 Table 244. — Present political condition of foreign-bom males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were il years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) Race. §■« In United States S to 9 years. S'S' In United States 10 years or over. li. y2 s. Total. ib ME SfS' Bohemian and Moravian . English German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian. Magyar Poffih Russian Slovak Total. 3S 19 S6 186 14 21 1 4 11 12 S2 1 24 Table 24:5.— Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individtial. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.) Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of individual. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 15 12 3 43 9 11 7 2 10 2 28 4 3 7 1 10 2 28 4 3 8 4 2 1 15 5 8 8 4 1 1 15 5 7 IS > 6 12 3 43 9 11 15 Italian North 5 Italian South 11 3 43 Polish 9 Slovak 10 Total native-born 99 56 55 43 41 99 96 Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian. . Croatian 1 1 1 77 88 363 50 321 291 3 37 90 1 1 1 4S 71 295 39- 236 212 3 37 66 1 1 1 77 88 363 50 321 291 3 37 90 i 1 29 25 89 24 91 59 1 1 44 French 32 17 68 11 85 79 15 7 12 5 23 22 Italian North 32 29 1 Polish 81 Ir Bussian * Slovak "• 5 25 24' s' 5 30 ' Total foreign-born 1,323 1,007 349 316 89 1,323 438 1,422 1,063 404 359 130 1,422 534 560 The Immigration Commission. Tabl;^ 246.— Tjl6iM(j/^. to speak English of foreign-hom 'persons 6 years of age or over, 6^ sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indimdual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes oiily non-English-speaking races.] . , MALE. 1 Number reporting complete data. Age at time ol coming to United States. ' R^e of individual. Under 14. "i 14 or over. ? ' Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 1 45 71 293 39 236 212 3 37 66 ' 1 1 1 36 68 278 35 208 192 3 36 61 Croatian ' 1 French.' .'. 1 9 3 17 4 28 20 6 1 16 4 21 19 23 Italian, North. ' . . 24 Italian, South 73 20 Mlagyar............ Polish. 70 40 Russian - ' 1 S 1 5 4 20 ■ .Total.;.:.,.... 1,007 87 73 920 27« FEMALE. German 32 17 68 11 85 79 24 10 3 11 2 11 18 3 7 3 7 1 1 22 14 57 9 74 61 21 f Italian, TJortK.'; 1 ...:...... Italian, Sftvttl^; 5 4 Magyar 16 PoUsh, '6 Slovak..!' 4 Total 316 68 42 258 47 TOTAL. 1 1 1 77 88 363 60 321 291' 3 37 90 1 1 1 58 82- 335 44 282 253 3 36, 82 Croatian 1: .^ 1 ■ 1 O'etman .' .....' is' 6 28 6 39 38 13 4 23 5 28 35 31 28 Italian, South 78 24 86 Polish 46 Roumanian Rhssiftn , . . . . , . . 1 8 1 6 4 '24 Total.... .1 1,323 145 115 1,178 323 1 . ' General Tables: South, 561 Table 247.— Ability to speak English of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (SXCDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival In the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] MALE. Number reporting complete data. Years In United States. Race of Individual Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over ' Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 1 1 1 45 71 295 39 236 212 3 37 66 1 1 1 1 28 63 204 18 145 148 3 34 33 1 12 11 30 7 35 14 11 16 77 9 61 46 11 12 45 6 32 28 6 2 14 12 30 18 6 Italian, North 2 Italian. South . .... 14 11 24 ToUsh 17 4 4 2 18 1 15 1 Slovak 9 12 Total 1,007 667 118 242 144 98 87 FEMALE. German . 32 17 68 ! 11 85 79 24 23 12 45 3 45 47 6 8 2 2 17 21 27 11 2 4 5 1 S 11 3 • 6 1 6 4 19 6 7 6 1 an South 6 4 6 7 12 4 ak 2 Total 310 181 25 88 31 47 33 TOTAL. emlan and Moravian itian 1 1 1 77 88 363 50 321 291 3 37 90 1 1 1 1 ich 51 65 249 21 190 195 3 34 39 20 13 32 7 41 21 is" 20 94 13 82 73 is' 16 50 7 37 39 11 3 20 16 49 23 11 3 15 36 sh 21 sian ak 4 4 2 29 'i2' i 22 i 14 1,323 848 143 330 175 146 120 562 The Immigration Commission. Table 248. — Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-Euglish-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. Number. Number who speak English. 14 or over. Number. Number who English. Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Croatian Danish Dutch French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian ; Ruthenlan Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian _ Austrian (race not specified). Belgian (race not specified). . Swiss (race not specified) Total 119 255 2 16 36 110 3 391 1,157 41 13 337 1 91 294 73 4 21 382 61 1 5 30 181 2 14 21 99 19 1 1 256 739 38 214 1 23 191 19 60 1 10 241 28 1 5 4 38 5 1 1 1 2 1 4 6 12 3 6 12 29 61 4 27 49 4 12 10 1 16 a 1 1 1 7 119 203 12 30 98 22 1 3 362 1,096 37 13 325 1 90 279 36 72 4 20 371 46 1 7 30 180 U 16 87 19 1 204 1 23 177 , 19 49 1 9 230 24 4 36 4 1 3,637 2,248 171 161 3,366 2,097 General Tables: South. 563 Table 24;9. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by^yearsin the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In tlie United States. This table Includes only non-Engllsh-speakIng races.] Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Num- ber. Number who speak English. Num- ber. Number who speak English. Num- ber. Number who speak English. 1 8 119 255 2 16 36 -110 22 1 3 391 1,157 41 13 337 1 91 294 36 73 4 21 382 51 1 6 5 54 6 1 1 8 30 181 2 14 21 99 19 1 1 256 739 38 6 214 1 23 191 19 50 1 10 241 28 1 6 4 38 5 1 1 4 1 8 Bohemian and Moravian . . . Bulgarian 1 110 160 1 6 14 55 22 1 22 98 1 S 5 45 19 3 8 87 1 2 8 22 3 7 77 1 2 2 21 4 1 Croatian 6 Danish 8 14 33 7 French 14 Gflmnan 33 Greek Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) 1 1 3 171 536 9 11 172 1 78 254 7 4 78 Italian, North 139 461 10 2 115 1 104 349 9 2 92 1 81 160 22 74 Italian, South Lithuanian 130 22 Uagyar 50 44 90 142 29 52 3 13 173 17 22 59 15 33 1 5 71 3 1 52 1 Polish 100 7 14 1 8 134 20 82 4 11 SO 7 6 Kuthenian 5 103 14 Slovak 75 14 1 2 1 9 2 1 67 Slovenian 11 1 Swedish 1 2 27 2 1 2 14 2 2 2 18 2 2 1 17 1 2 Syrian 1 Austrlan(race not specified ) Belgian (race not specified) . Swiss (race not specified)... 7 2 1 Total >. 3,537 2,248 1,822 846 1,168 911 547 491 LIST OF TEXT TABLES. VOLUME I. PART I -GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. — Introduction:- Paga Table 1.— Bituminous coal production in the United States, 1860 to 1908 . . 3 Table 2. — Bituminous coal production in States specified ^ 4 Table 3. — Per cent distribution of bituminous coal production in States specified 4 Table 4. — Bituminous coal production in States specified 5 Table 5. — Average number of wage-earners in biturninous coal mining, 1870 to 1907 5 Table 6. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of' household. (Study of households) 6 Table 7. — Persons in households studied, and persons for whom detailed, information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 7 Table 8. — Numoer of households and number of families studied. (Study , of households) ■ 8 Table 9. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 9 Table 10. — Per cent of males among persons canvassed, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 10 Table 11. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households).... 11 Table 12. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ,, 13 Table 13. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) : . . . 16, 17 Table 14. — Comparative scope of investigation of employees 18 Table 15. — Scope of investigation of households 18 HAPTER II. — Racial displacements: Table 16. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race. (Study of emplbyees) ,. 1 . 24 Table 17.— Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) ........ 26 Table 18.— Per cent of foreign-bom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) . 28 Table 19.— Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the Dnited States each specified number of years, by locality and by race. (Study of em- ployees) ;■■••■■.■■■■••■■■ . 29, 30 Table 20. — Per cent of Eoreign-bom persons m the United States each specified number of years, by locality and by race of individual. (Study of households) • - - - 32, 33 Table 21.— Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ; 34 Table 22. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 35, 36 HAPTER III. — Economic status: Table 23.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 39 Table 24. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) - 40 565 566 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 25. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-boin males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 42 Table 26. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 42 Table 27. — Per cent of foreign-bom males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were employed abroad in mining, by locality and by race of individual. (Study of households) 43 Table 28. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 44 Table 29. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) , 45 Table 30. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of housholds) 46 Table 31. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 47, 48 Table 32.— Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coal mining, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual. (Study of households) 49 Table 33. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 50 Table 34. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $2 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 54 Table 35. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $3 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 55, 56 Table 36. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 57 Table 37. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 59,60 Table 38. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 60, 61 Table 39. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 63 Table 40. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 65 Table 41. — ^Average yearly earnings of male heads of families, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 66 Table 42.— Per cent of male heads of families earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of . households) 67 " Table 43. — ^Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, . by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 68,69 " Table 44. — Average yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age J or over working for wages, by locality and by general nativity and race • " of individual. (Study of households) 71 ' Table 45. — ^Per cent of males 18 years of age or over working for wages '' and earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity ' and race of individual. (Study of households) 72 "' Table 46. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 73,74 Ti Table 47. — Average family income per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 76 Table 48. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income under $500, T by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) ,,.,..,..,,..., , . . , ,,.,,.,,., 77 an List of Text Tables. 567 Chawer hi.— Economic status— Continued. Page. Table 49. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 79 Table 50. — ^Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 80 Table 51. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 81 Table 52. — Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 82 Table 53. — Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 83 Tax)le 54. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of hou.seholds) 84 Table 55.— Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 86 Table 56. — Per cent of families having entire income from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 87 Table 57. — Per cent of total familj' income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 89 Table 58. — Per cent of t«tal family income within the year from earnings of husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 91 Chapter IV. — ^Working conditions: Table 59. ;— Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 97 Table 60. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 9 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 98 Table 61. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 6 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 99 Table 62.— Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) ,-:••-/ c ^^^ Table 63.— Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, who are affiliated with trade unions, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 103 Table 64.— Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-bom males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 104 [AFTER v.— Housing and living conditions: _ _ ,, , Table 65.— Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). l-C',' "i"-! V V " ^^^ Table 66.— Average rent per month per Wtment by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . 107 Table 67 —Average rent per month per room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 108 Table 68 —Average rent per month per person, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 109 Table 69 —Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - ^ ■"■"•« 'i : :C ^^^ Table 70 —Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of Tab*le^71 —Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of houeetolds) ,..,,,.., ,„ U2 568 The Immigration Commission. Chaptkr V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued.' Page. Table 72. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 113 Table 73. — Per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 114 Table 74. — ^Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 115 Table 75. — ^Average number of boarders or lodgers, based on total number of households, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 116 Table 76. — ^Average number of boarders or lodgers^ based on number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general na- tivity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 117 Table 77. — Per cent of households occupyLog apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 118 Table 78. — Per cent or households occupying apartments of less than 4 rooms, by locality ajid by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 119 Table 79. — ^Average number of rooms per household, by locality and by general nativity and race of" head of household. (Study of households). 120 Table 80. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 121 Table 81. — Per cent of households of 6 or more persons each, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ; . : 122 Table 82.^ — ^Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 123 Table 83. — ^Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 124 Table 84. — ^Average number of persons per apartment, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds)... 125 Table 85. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 126 Table 86. — Per cent of households having 2 or more persons per room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 128 Table 87. — ^Average number of persons per room, by locality and by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . . 128,129 Table 88. — Rooms per apartment, persons per apartment, and persons per room, by locality. (Study of households) 129 Table 89. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 130 Table 90. — Per cent of households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room, by locality and by geneial nativity and race of head oi household. (Study of households) 132 Table 91. — ^Average number of persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 133 Table 92. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 134 Table 93. — Per cent of households regularly sleeping in all rooms, or all except 1 room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 135 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 94, — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 137 Table 95. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 140 List of Text Tables. 569 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 96. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read, by local- ity, by sex. and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 141 Table 97. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 142 Table 98. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 143 Table 99. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of emplojrees) . 144,145 Table 100. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 148, 149 Table 101. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and raceof individual. (Study of house- holds) 152-154 Table 102. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over who are married, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of em- ployees) 156 Tsible 103. — Percent of males 20 years of age or over who are married, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) -_---; 157 Table 104. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife in the United States, and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 158 Table 105. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by locality and by race of husband . (Study of employees) 160 Table 106. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) 162 Table 107.— Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 165 Table 108.— Per cent of foreign-bom male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 169 Table 109.— Per cent of persons withm each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . 170, 171 T^le 110.— Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity of head of household. (Study of households) 171. Table 111.— Per cent of male employees within each age group, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 173 APTBE VII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 112.— Number and per cent of families owmng home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households). 177 Table 113 —Per cent of families owning home, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households). 179 Table 114 —Per cent of children 6 and under 16 yeara of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of mdividual. (Study of households) ,-•.,■;■-■ V " V • 'J " "iV V" Table 115.— Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) - - 18J Table 116 —Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race, (Study of employees) . 183 Table 117.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the Umted States, bv years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) . 185 Table 118 —Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in' the United States 5 years or oyer and who were 2lTears of a„e or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households^. 188 Table 119 —Present political condition of foreign^born male employees who have been in the United States each specified number of years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 48296°— VOL T— 11 37 570 The Immigration Commission. Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 120. — ^Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race of individual. 193 (Study of households) Table 121. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 195 Table 122. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 196 Table 123. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by locality and by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 199 Table 124. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 201 Table 125. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who spe^k English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 202 Table 126. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 203 Table 127. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) 204 Table 128. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 206 Chapter VIII. — Recent immigration in its relation to accidents in coal mines: Table 129. — Number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed and per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced, in the coal mines of the United States, 1895 to 1908 209 Table 130. — Number of fatalities in the coal mines of the United States and number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed, by States and Terri- tories, 1907 and 1908 212 Table 131. — Number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed in the coal mines of Prance, Belgium, Great Britain, Prussia, and the United States, in recent years 213 Table 132. — Terms of experience of persons killed and injured at the West Virginia coal mines, 1901 to 1908 217 Table 133. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 219 Table 134. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 219, 220 Table 135. — Nationality or race of employees. in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, 1907 222 Table 136. — Nationality of employees of Illinois mines, 1899 223 Table 137. — Nationality of employees in the bituminous coal mines of West Vii-ginia, June 30, 1908 223 Table 138. — Classification of employees by general nativity and race and by groups. (Study of employees) 225 Table 139. — Classification of Pennsylvania employees by nationality or race and by groups. (State reports) -.•-.-• ^25 Table 140. — ClaBsification of Pennsylvania employees by general nativity and race and by groups. (Study of employees) 226 Table 141. — Classification of Illinois employees by nationality or race and by groups 227 Table 142.-^Classification of employees in the Middle West by general nativity and race and by groups 227 Table 143. — Classification of West Virginia employees by nationality or race and by groups - - 228 Table 144. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 229 Table 145. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 230 List of Text Tables. 571 Chapter VIII. — Recent immigration in its relation to accidents in coalmines — Page. Continued. Table 146. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 230 Table 147. — Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia, by race or nationality of individual, 1904 to 1908 234 Table 148. — Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution 234 Table 149. — Number of fatalities in the biturhinous coal mines of Penn- sylvania, 1904 to 1908, by nationality or race of individual 235 Table 150. — Number of fatalities in,the bituminous coal mines of Pennsyl- vania, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution 236 Table 151. — Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by nationality or race of individual 236 Table 152. — Number of fatalities in the coal mines of Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution 236 PART 11 —THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYL- VANIA. GENERAL SURVEY. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 153. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 245 Table 154. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 246 Table 155. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 247 Table 156. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 248 Table 157 . — ^Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race . (Study of employees) 249 Chapter II.— Racial displacements: . , o , t. Table 158. — Number of miners 10 years of age or over m the State of Penn- sylvania in 1889 ■ -.---•- 252 Table 159. — Number of miners and quarrymen 10 years of age or over in the State of Pennsylvania in 1899 ; •■-.-'•aAo ^^^ Table 160. Nationality of bituminous coal miners in Pennsylvania, 1903 to 1907 : : • ^^^ Table 161 —Number of coke ovens and number of tons of coke shipped in Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1907 .-... -.-.- .--.-■ ■- - - - ----- - - - - - - 256 Table 162 —Production of bituminous coal m Fayette and Westmoreland counties, Pennsylvania, 1890 to 1907 . .-..-- - - - 256 Table 163 —Racial composition of Plant B, by occupation, 1908 258 Table 164— Racial composition of Plant C, by occupation, 1908. ....... - . . 259 Table 165 —Per cent of foreign-bom male employees m the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees). 262 Table 166.— Per cent of foreign-born persons m the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) 265 Table 167 —Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 266 Ihapter III.— Economic status: . . .i. tt •* j o* * > < Tahlp 168 —Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreiKn-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of commg, by race of individual. (Study of households) , . ... - . . 269 TnWp 169 —Occupation before coming to the United fetates of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households). _- ----- - - - - - - -.-■••■• •-■■■-,■; " ' TpKIp 170 —Industrial condition before coming to ihe United States of for- Pim-born males who were 16 years of age or over at i,me of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) *.. 271 572 The Immigration Commission. CHAPrFB III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 171. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 272 Table 172. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race . (Study of employees) . 273 Table 173.^ — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over,'by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) .*. . 274 Table 174. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 275 Table 175. — Number of employees of each race in the bituminous coal mines and coke plants, by occupation 278-287 Table 176 . — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of em- ployees) 288 Table 177. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 290 Table 178. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the TTnited States. (Study of employees) 292 Table 179. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 293 Table 180. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 296 Table 181. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 298 Table 182. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 299 Table 1 83. — Actual annual earnings for 1908 of employees of selected repre- sentative races, by occupation 301 Table 184. — Per cent of families having total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households). '. 302 Table 185. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) ' 303 Table 186. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 304 Table 187. — Number of families in which wife ha* employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 305 Table 188. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 306 Table 189. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 307 Table 190. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 309 Table 191. — Percent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 310 Table 192. — Means of support of family, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 312 Chaptee IV. — Working conditions: Table 193. — Deductions from earnings of employees of 7 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1906 317 Table 194. — Deductions from earnings of employees of 12 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1907 317 Table 195. — ^Deductions from earnings of employees of 12 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1908 317 Table 196. — Deductions from earnings of selected employees, by race and by individual, April, May, and June, 1909 318-320 Table 197. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- > vidual. (Study of households) 321 List of Text Tables. 573 Chapter IV. — Working conditions— Continued. Pago. Table 198. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 330 Table 199.— Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 331 Table 200. — Active and idle ovens in Connellsville coke district, May 1 to September 1, 1894 .' 333 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Table 201. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 341 Table 202. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per rnonth per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of hovisehold. (Study of households) 342 Table 203. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month ger room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of ouseholds) :^#- '^^^ Table 204. — Per cent of households paying each specifiedi^Pc per month per Eerson, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of ouseholds) 343 Table 205. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 344 Table 206. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 345 tAIc 207. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 346 Table 208. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 347 Table 209. — ^Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 347 Table 210.— Average number of persons per apartment, per room and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - 348 Table 211. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 349 Table 212. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 350 Table 213.— Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 351 Chapter VI.— General cost and standard of hvmg: Table 214. — Summary statement of families whose budgets were studied, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 .... . . . . 354 Table 215 —Expenditures for food and general livmg m selected families, by race'of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 ............ . . 355, 356 Table 216 —Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 357-413 Chapter VII.— Industrial progress and efficiency: ^ . ^, „ , . Table 217.— Quantity of beer and whisky ordered m three Pennsylvania coal and coke towns during one week ;■-■;-.■ t; ; " ' ' • " '*^^ Table 218 —Quantity of beer and whisky ordered in one Pennsylvania mining town during a period of ten weeks, by race of consumer ...... 420 Table 219.— Quantity of beer and whisky per man ordered m one Penn- sylvania mining town, by race - 420 Chapter VIII.— Industrial effects of immigration: -ion.* Table 220.— Bituminous coal mined by machines in Pennsylvania, 1904 to ■1 QAQ 4ii4 Table 221 —Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coal mining, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) .- ■ : ^25 Chapter IX.— Salient characteristics: , ■■ , ^ u j Tflhlp 222 —Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race . (Study of employees) 429, 430 574 The Immigration Commission. Chapter IX. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 223. — Per cent of peraons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 431 Table 224. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 433 Table 225. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 434 Table 226. — Per .cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each • conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employ- ees) 435 Table 227. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 437 Table 228. — Per cent of peraons ip each conjugal condition,, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 439 Table 229. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study of employees) 442 Table 230.^ — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) 442 Table 231. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 444 Table 232. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by "eneral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 446 Table 233. — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 447, 448 Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation: ' Table 234. — Number and per cent of faiAilies owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) . .* 452 Table 235. — Number of pupils in selected public schools, by sex and age and by general nativity and race of father of pupil 453-455 Table 236.— Per cent distribution of children m the parochial schools by race , 456 Table 237. — Number of pupils of each sex in the parochial schools, by general nativity and race of father of pupil 457 Table 238. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 458 Table 239. — Per. cent of males 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other occupations, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 458 Table 240. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other occupations,^ by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 459 Table 241. — Number of persons naturalized in Westmoreland County, Pa., by country of birth, 1802 to 1908 460, 461 Table 242. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) . . 462 Table 243. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 463 Table 244. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 464 Table 245. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 465 Table 246. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 466 Table 247. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 467 List of Text Tables. 575 Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 248. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) . . ^ 468 Table 249. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) 469 Table 250. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) '470 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A. Chapter XII. — History of immigration: Table 251. — Distribution of races in the urban center, by sections 479 Table 252. — Races found in each subcommunity 480 Table 253. — Races found in each mine location 481 Table 254. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 482 Chapter XIII. — Economic status: Table 255. — Occupation of coal-mining employees, by race 486 Table 256. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 487 Table 257. — Number of male employees l4 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 488 Table 258.- — Per cent oi male employees earning each specified amount per day, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 489 Chapter XIV. — Working conditions: Table 259. — Number of fatal accidents in the coal mines in Community A, by race, 1900 to 1907 491 Table 260. — Number of nonfatal accidents in the coal mines in Community A, by race, 1900 to 1907 492 Table 261. — Deductions from earnings of employees of the mining company in Community A, August, 1908 r 496 Table 262. — Earnings and deductions from earnings of families representa- tive of races employed 497,498 Chapter XVI. — Salient characteristics: Table 263.— Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 504 Table 264.— Per cent of male employees 16 years of age or over in each con- •jugal condition, by general nativity 505 Table 265.— Location of wives of foreign-bom employees, by race of hus- band . (Study of employees) - ; - - .- 506 Tatle 266.— Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race 507 Chapter XVII.— Industrial and other effects of immigration: Table 267.— Hospital record in the urban center of Community A, by race of patient '■;••■, '■":C""C '/ " Table 268 —Number of arrests of foreign-bom persons m the urban center of Community A during a period of two months in the year 1908 513 Chapter XVIII.— General progress of immigrants in the community: Table 269.— Immigrant property holdings in the urban center of Commu- nity A, by race .----: ;•:• °'-^ Table 270.— Average monthly deposits of immigrants on open accounts in the banks of the urban center of Community A, by race •.••:/• °^° Table 271.— Postal money orders issued during a period of two years m the urban center of Community A ," V •■:,_■" "oVVi: 'T"" Table 272.— Express money orders issued per week by the blovak bank in the urban center of Community A -.-■■:•■/ j ■ i i ^^"^ Table 273.— Immigrants in business in Community A, by race ana class ol Tab^e^27?— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by a"-e at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- r pToyees) ^^^ 576 The Immigration Commission. Chaptee XVIII. — General progress of immigrants in the community — Cont'd. Page. Table 275. — ^Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees^ 519 Table 276. — School attendance in public, parochial, and night schools in Community A, by race 521 Table 277. — Number of pupils in each grade of the public schools of the urban center of Community A, by sex and by general nativity and race of father of pupil 521, 522 Table 278. — Sex of teachers in the public schools of Community A, by gen- eral nativity and race 523 Table 279. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 523, 524 Table 280. — Illiteracy among representative foreign races 525 Table 281. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 525 Table 282. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees). 526 Table 283. — ^Vote at a recent election in Community A, by race 527 Table 284. — ^Vote in the urban center in Community A at a recent elec- tion, by race ; 527 Table 285. — Immigrant churches in -the urban center of Community A . . . 527 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B. Chapter XIX. — Introduction: Table 286. — Growth of coal industry in Community B 532 Chapter XX. — Population and racial displacements: Table 287. — Foreign population of Community B, by race, 1908 533 Table 288. — Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 535 Table 289. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by Tade. (Study of employees) 536 Chapter XXI. — Economic status: Table 290. — Occupation, by race, in representative mines in Commu- nity B 538, 539 Table 291. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 540 Table 292. — Number of male employees 14 and imder 18 years of age earn- ' ing each specified amount per day, by general nati\'ity and race. (Study of employees) 541 Table 293. — International post-office money orders issued at Community B, from August 20, 1907, to August 19, 1908 542 Chapter XXIII. — Industrial progress and efficiency: Table 294. — Races preferred by mining operators for specified occupations. 550 Chapter XXVI. — Salient characteristics: Table 295. — Conjngal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 558 Table 296. — Per cent of male employees 16 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity. (Study of employees) 559 Table 297. — Location of wives of foreign-bom employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 560 Table 298.— Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study of employees) 560 Table 299. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . .' 561 Table 300. — Illiteracy among representative foreign races 561 Table 301. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 562 Chapter XXVII. — Effects of immigration : Table 302. — Accidents in selected mines in Community B, 1900 to 1907. 564 List of Text Tables. 577 Chapter XXVIII. — General progress of immigrants in the community: Page. Table 303.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployeeB) 567 Table 304. — ^Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 568 Table 305. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 570 PART III— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. Chapter I.^ — Introduction: Page. Table 306: — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 575 Table 307. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was sectired, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) ., 576 Table 308. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 576 Table 309. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) .' . 577 Table 310. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 578 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 311. — Number of miners 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by country of birth, 1890 582 Table 312. — Coal-mine employees in Illinois, by nationality, 1899. 583 Table 313. — Nationality of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 583, 584 Table 314. — ^Number of miners and quarrymen 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by nativity, 1900 , . . . 585 Table 315.— Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1899 and 1907 586 Table 316. — Number of coal-mine employees in Indiana, by county, 1899 and 1907 586 Table 317.— Number of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 and 1907 : 586, 587 Table 318. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 587 Table 319. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons in th» United States each specified number of years, by race of individual . (Study of households) . 589 Table 320.— Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 590 Table 321.— Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1908 615 Jhapter III. — Economic status; , tt -.l j o... ^ t Table 322 —Industrial condition before coming to the United btates of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) .:-.--- ^.. ......... 619 Table 323.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) :■■■;■ VC " "tt ■■;" j "q; '; ' ' ' i ^^ Table 324 —Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-ijorn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households). . . ■■--■■• - ■ -..--.- ... ..... - 620 Table 325 —Occupation before coming to the United btates of foreign- bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) - :■■---■ .■„■■: ^^1 Table 326 —Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specihed occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em- ployees) 5*78 The Immigration Commission. Chaptbb III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 327. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 624 Table 328. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 624 Table 329. — Present occupation of males under 18 years of age, by age and general nativity and race 626-633 Table 330. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 635 Table 331. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) —. 638 Table 332. — Per cent of foreign- Jjom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of resi- dence in the United States. (Study of employees) 637, 638 Table 333 .^Comparative earnings per day of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 638 Table 334. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 640 Table 335. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 640 Table 336. — ^Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by geiieral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 641 Table 337. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci- fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 642 Table 338. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 644 Table 339. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 644 Table 340. — Per cent of families having income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 645 Table 341. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 646 Table 342. — Per cent of total family income within the year from hus- band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 647 Chapter IV. — ^Working conditions: Table 343.— TMonths worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed awav from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 649 Table 344. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 654 Chapter V. — Industrial effects of immigration: Table 345. — ^Average daily earnings. Establishment X, Macoupin County, 111., by occupation 662 Table 346. — ^Average daily earnings. Establishment XI, Madison County, 111., by occupation 662 Table 347. — ^Average daily earnings in Establishments IV, VI, and V, La- salle County, 111., by occupation..; 663 Table 348. — Earnings of Illinois coal miners before and after organization, by district 664 Table 349. — Increase in wages of coal miners in Illinois as result of strikes of 1897, by city 664 Table 350. — Increase in wa§;es of coal miners in Illinois as result of the strike of 1897 in each specified coal field 665 Table 351. — Comparative prices for pick and machine mining (per ton), 1900 and 1901 665 Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions: Table 352. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) j 671 List of Text Tables. 579 Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page Table 353. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 672 Table 354. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 673 Table 355. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . . 674 Table 356. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 674 Table 357. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 676 Table 358. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 677 Table 359. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 678 Table 360. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of nouseholds) 679 Table 361. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of houseuold. (Study of households) 680 Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics: Table 362. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 683 Table 363. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 684 Table 364. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 685 Table 365. — Percent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 686 Table 366.— Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . . 687 Table 367.— Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 688 Table 368.— Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- golds) -. - - - 690 Table 369 .-^Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study of employees) - - rv-yi : ' "V ' ' u' ' ' j' V ' ^^^ Table 370. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) ;-■•.•■-,- -, ,• ; ^^^ Table 371 —Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 693 Table 372 —Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ... 694 Table 373 —Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 696 Chapter VIII.— General progress and assimilation: . , , , Table 374 —Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 699 Table 375 —Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 701 Table 376 —Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 701 580 The Immigration Commission. Chapter VIII. — General process and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 377.— Present political condition of toreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households). . 703 Table 378. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 704 Table 379. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 705 Table 380. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 705 Table 381. — -Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the Umted States and race of individual. (Study of households) 706 Table 382. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by age at time of comii^ to the United States and race. (Study of 707 employees). , Table 383. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 708 VOIITME II. PAET IV.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. Page. Chapter I. — Introduction: Table 384. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 3 Table 385. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 4 Table 386. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 4 Table 387. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households).. 5 Table 388. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 6 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 389. — Number of miners and quarrymen in Kansas and Oklahoma (Indian Territory), by nativity, 1900 10 Table 390. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 11 Table 391 . — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) 12 Table 392. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 13 Table 393. — ^Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in the Oklahoma coal fields, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 23 Table 394. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in tbe Oklahoma coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees.) 24 Table 395. — Total number of male employees for whom information was seciu-ed in the Kansas coal fields, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 30 Table 396. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the Kansas coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 31 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 397. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for- eign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 33 List of Text Tables. 581 Chapter III.— Economic status— Continued. Page Table 398.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) „... 34 Table 399.— Industrial condition before coming to the ifniVed States' of foV- eign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 35 Table 400.— Occupation before coming to tihe United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 36 Table 401.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em- ployees) / 37 Table 402.— General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 38 Table 403. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 39 Table 404.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 41 42 Table 405. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 43 Table 406. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of resi- dence m the United States. (Study of employees) 44 Table 407. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 44, 45 Table 408. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 46 Table 409. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativ- ity and race of individual. (Study of households) 47 Table 410. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 48 Table 4^1. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci- fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 50 Table 412. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 51 Table 413. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 52 Table 414. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 53 Table 415. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 53 Table 416. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 55 Table 417. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 56 Table 418. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 58 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 419. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 62 Table 420. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 66 Table 421. — Fatal and nonfatal accidents in Kansas and Oklahoma coal mines, 1908 69 582 The Immigration Commission. Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Page. Table 422. — ^Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 73 Table 423. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. fStudy of household^ 75 Table 424. — ^Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general na,tivity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 76 Table 425. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 76 Table 426. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race ©f head of household. (Study of house- holds) 77 Table 427. — ^Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 78 Table 428. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 79 Table 429. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Studv of house- holds) - 80 Table 430. — ^Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 81 Table 431. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) : 83 Table 432. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 84 Table 433. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 86 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 434. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees)... 89 Table 435. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 90 Table 436. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 91 Table 437. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) .'..:.. 92 Table 438. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 93 Table 439. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 95 Table 440. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 97 Table 441. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. 98 (Study of employees) Table 442. — Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 99 Table 443. — Percent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 101, 102 Table 444. — Per cent of male employees witJiin each age group, by general nativltyand race. (Study of employees) 103 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation; Table 445. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 110 Table 446. — Children of immigrants in 9 public schools of Oklahoma, by race of father 112 List of Text Tables. 583 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 447. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 114 Table 448. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees in Oklahoma who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 117 Table 449. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in Kansas who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of em- ployees) 118 Table 450. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees). 119 Table 451. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of commg to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 120 Table 452.^Pre&ent political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 120 Table 453. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) .- 121 Table 454. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 122 Table 455. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over who apeak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 123 Table 456. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study ofnouseholds) ,' " V.' "I'-'i.' ^^^ Table 457. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of le 458.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, ^ ^^ 124 Table 458^— ^er cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 125 ^IIT V -THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. HAPTEK I.— Introduction: , ,. ., j * v. j t ^*^^ Table 459 —Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ----■-■--• ; " ' ' "v • " • "i V "i" " J Table 460 —Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold (Study of households) ......... -- J-du Table 461 —Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, byVeneral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- ^^^ TawilL'— PersonV for whom detaYled information was secured, by sex Si general nSy Ind race of individual. (Study of households). . . 131 Table 463 -Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employeep) 132 iniPTiTR II — Racial displacements: • , . . . Table 464 -Number of persons 10 years of age or over engaged in mining in each specified State, by nativity, 1889 --.-■■-:■:-- '■^^ Tabir465.-Number of persons 10 years of age or over engaged m mining an quarry^'^g ^° each specified State by nativity, 1899-.-. - - - ... - - - 136 Tnbl ' 466.-Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) .... 137 T«ble467.-Percent of foreign-born persons m the United States each snecified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 584 The Immigration Commission. Chaitek II. — Racial displacements — Continued. Page. Table 468. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 139 Table 469. — Development of bituminous coal mining in the State of Ala- bama, by county, 1902 141 Table 470. — Number of male employees in Alabama for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 142 Table 471. — Number of foreign-born male employees in Alabama who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 143, 144 Table 472. — Number of inside and outside employees in Community No. 1, by race, 1907 150 Table 473. — Number of employees in Community No. 1, by race, July 1, 1908, and May 1, 1909 150 Table 474. — Estimated population of Community No. 1, by race, 1909 150 Table 475. — Number of employees in each specified county, by race, 1908. 156 Table 476. — ^Approximate number of employees in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race 159 Table 477. — ^Approximate number of employees in each specified county in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race 159 Table 478. — Nationalities employed in the West Virginia mines June 30, 1908 161 Table 479. — Number of male employees in West Virginia for whom infor- mation was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 162 Table 480. — Number of foreign-born male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 163 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 481. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of com- ing,, by race of individual. (Study of households) 167 Table 482. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign- born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 168 Table 483. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 169 Table 484. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 170 Table 485. — Per cent of foreign-bom -male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) , 171 Table 486. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 172 Table 487.— General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 173 Table 488. — Number of coal-mine employees in Mine No. 1 in West Vir- ginia, by race and occupation 174 Table 489. — Number of coal-mine employees in Mine No. 2 in West Vir- ginia, by race and occupation 175 Table 490. — Number of employees in Mine No. 3 (coal mining and coke manufacturing) in West Virginia, by race and occupation 175 Table 491. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ^ 177 Table 492. — Per cent of male employees 14 and imder 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 178 Table 493. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over in West Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) < 180 Table 494. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age in West Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ...,.,,,., 181 List of Text Tables. 585 CHAPTER III.— Economic status — Continued. Page. lable 495. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal ^,™® ^^ southern West Virginia, by occupation and race 182 Table 496. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal ^P® ™ southern West Virginia, by conjugal condition and race 182 Table 497.— -Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over earning each ^ecified amount per day, by race and length of resi- dence in the United States. (Study of employees) 183 Table 498. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 183, 184 Table 499. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 185 Table 500. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 186 Table 501. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- iolds) 187 Table 502. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity an4.iace of head of family. (Study of households) 188 Table 503. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 189 Table 504.--- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity ana race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 190 Table 505. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 190 Table 506. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 191 Table 507. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) ' 192 TMe 508. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 192 Table 509. — Per cent of total faniily income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 193 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 510.— Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 195 Table 511. — ^Affliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 196 Table 512. — Monthly earnings of employees in southern West Virginia, , deductions from earnings, and amount received, by race and occupation. 203 Table 513. Average monthly earnings and amount deducted from earn- ings of mine employees of a representative mine and coke plant in south- ern West Virginia, by race and conjugal condition 203 Table 514. Radial distribution of employees in a union and in a non- union mine - -. - ; - - ; 208 Ihapteb VII.— Housing and living conditions: Table 515. Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 232 Table 516. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 233 Table 517.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and: race of head of household. (Study of households) 234 Table 518.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 235 48296°— VOL 7—11 38 586 The Immigration Commission. Chapter VII. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page. Table 519. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 236 Table 520. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by feneral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- lolds) 237 Table 521. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 238 Table 522. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 239 Table 523. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 240 Table 524. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 240 Table 525. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of nouseholds) 241 Table 526. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity ana race of head of household. (Study of households.) 242 Table 527. — Average number of rooms per apartment and average num- ber of persons per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) I 243 Table 528. — ^Average number of rooms per apartment and average number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 243 Table 529. — Average number of sleeping rooms per apartment and average number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 244 Chaptek VIII. — Salient characteristics: Table 530. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. ■ (Study of employees) 247 Table 531. — Per cent of male employees in West Virginia who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race (Study of employees) 249 Table 532. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 250 Table 533. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) '. 251 Table 534. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 252 Table 535. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . 253 Table 536. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age CTOups and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees).. 254 Table 637. — Per cent of persons ineach conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- olds) . . . . ; 255, 256 Table 538. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 257 Table 539. — Per cent of foreign-bom husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) 257 Table 540. — ^Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 258 Table 541. — Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees in West Virginia, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees). 260 Table 542. — Per cent of foreign-bom mine employees in West Virginia mak- ing visits abroad, by yeai's in the United States. (Study of employees). • 262 List of Text Tables. 587 Chapter VIII. — Salient characteristics— Continued. Page. Table 543.— Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 263 Table 544. — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 264 Chapter IX. — General progress and assimilation: Table 545. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 267 Table 546. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 268 Table 547. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) . . 269 Table 648. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by- years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 270 Table 549. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) . . 271 Table 550.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 272 Table 551. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 273 Table 552. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 274 Table 553. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 274 Table 554.— Per cent of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and .race of individual. (Study of households) --.•-- 275 Table 555. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) - ••-■-*--.-■- ^76 Table 556.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years m the United States and race. (Study of employees) 277 LIST OF GENERAL TABLES. VOLUME II. PART 1— GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. — Introduction:- Page. Table 1. — ^Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 291 Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, , by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 292 Table 3. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 293 Chapter II. — liacial displacements: Table 4. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 294 Table 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 295, 296 Table 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 296 Table 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 297 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 8. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 298 Table 9. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) .---... 299 Table 10. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified indus- try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 300 Table 11. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of em- ;^oyees) 301, 302 Table 12. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity-and race. (Study of employees) -. 303 Table 13. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 304 Table 14. — ^Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 305 Table 15.— Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 306 Table 16.— Yearly eamings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 307 Table 17. — Number of families having an income within the year from hus- band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 308 Table 18.— Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 309 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 19.— Months worked dmiag the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, oy sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 310, 311 589 590 The Immigration Commission. Ch.\.pter V. — Housiug and living conditions: Page. Table 20. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) 312 Table 21. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 313 Table 22. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) , 314 Table 23. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ; 315 Table 24. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num- ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 316 Table 25. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci- fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 317-319 Table 26. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (■Study of households) 320 Taole 27. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 321 Table 28. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 322 Table 29.- — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 323 Table 30. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of nouseholds) 324 Table 31. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of nead of household. (Study of households) 325 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 32. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 326, 327 Taole 33. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of mdividual. (Study of households) 328 Table 34. — Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 329,330 Table 35. — Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 331, 332 Table 36. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 333-335 Table 37. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 336-341 Table 38. — Location of wives of foreign-bom employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees). 343 Table 39. — Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 344, 345 Table 40. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 346, 347 Table 41. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 348, 349 Chapter VIL — General progress and assimilation: Table 42. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity, and race of head of family. (Study of households) 351 Table 43. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. i(Study of households) 352-354 Table 44. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study 01 employees) 355 List of General Tables. 591 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 45. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over, at time, of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 356 Table 46. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 357 Table 47. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 358 Table 48.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 359, 360 Table 49. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) 361 Table 50.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States ana race. (Study of employees) 362 PART II.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. Chapter I. — Introduction: ^^se. Table 51. — ^Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 363 Table 52. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was se- cured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) , 364 Table 53. — ^Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 365 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 54. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) . . ; 366 Table 55. — Number of foreign-bom persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of households) 367, 368 Chapter III.— Economic status: , ^., . , „ .... Table 56.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or, over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 369 Table 57.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) -. 370 Table 58. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) •le 79.- -Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. . (Study of householcfi) 392 Table 80. —Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 393 Table 81. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, bv general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households)". 393 Chapter IX.— Salient characteristics: Table 82. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 394,395 Table 83. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 397 Table 84.'— -Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the Umted States, and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 398,399 Table 85.— Literacy of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age or oyer, by 8ex,.age at time of coining to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 399,400 Table 86. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race . (Study of employees) 401-403 Table 87. — Conjugal condition] by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of nouseholds) 404-409 Table 88. — Location of wives of foreign-bom employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 411 Table 89. — ^Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 412, 413 List of General Tables. 593 Chapter IX.— Salient characteriatics— Continued. Pase- Table 90. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by genera^ nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 414, 415 Table 91. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 415, 416 Table 92. — Number of famiUes owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of lamily. (Study of households) 417 Tal)le 93. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Studv of households) 418-420 Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation: Table 94. — ^Present political condition of foreign-born male employees ' who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 421 Table 95. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race ofindividual and length of residence. (Study of households) 422 Table 96. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by , sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 423 Table 97.^ — ^Ability to speak EngUsh of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race ofindividual. (Study of households) 424 Table 98. — ^Ability to speak EngUsh of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 425 Table 99. — Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by age at time of coming to me United States and race. (Study of employees) 426 Table 100.— Abihty to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 427 PART III— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. Chapter I. — Introduction: . P*s«- Table 101.— Total number of households and persons studied by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 428 Table 102. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) -- ..-.-.....--•---- 428 Table 103. — Total number of male employees for whom information was se- cured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 429 Chapter II.— -Racial displacements: . ., tt •.. j d^ -. Table 104.— Number of foreign-born male employees in the United btates each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) . . . 430 Table 105 —Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 431 Chapter III.— Economic status: , tt •. j o^ .. * * • u Table 106.— Occupation before coming to the United States ot toreign-bqm males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) , ............ 431 Table 107.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- . dividual. (Study of households) - -. 432 Table 108. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) - 432 Table 109.— Number of males 16 years of age or over i.t each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 433 594 The Immigration Commission. / Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Pigs. Table 110. — Number of females 16 years of age or over iu each specified in- dustry, by general lAtivity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 433 Table 111. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 434, 435 Table 112. — Number of male employees 14 and imder 18 years of age earning each specified amoimt per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 436 Table 113. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 437 Table 114. — Yearljj earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 437 Table 115. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 438 Table 116. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households).. 438 Table 117. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of hoxiseholds) 439 Chapter IV. — ^Working conditions: Table 118. — ^Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 439 Chapter VI. — ^Housing and living conditions: Table 119. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race ' of head of household. (Study of households) 440 Table 120.— Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 440 Table 121. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 441 Table 122. — ^Number of households pajdne each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 441 Table 123. — Nvunber of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of hoarder^ and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of hous3iolds) 442 Table 124. — ^Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 443 Table 125. — Number of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 444 Table 126. — Number of households and number of persons in apart- ments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of housenold. (Study of households) 444 Table 127. — Number of households of each specified number of per- sons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 445 Table 128.— Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) 445 Table 129. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study_ of households) 446 Table 130. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified niunber of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of housenold . (Study of households) 446 Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics: Table 131. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ". 447 Table 132. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 448 List of General Tables. 595 Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics— Continued. Page. Table 133. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) < 449 Table 134. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 450 Table 135. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 451-453 Table 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households)..., 454-455 Table 137. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 457 Table 138. — Visits abroad" made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 458, 459 Table 139. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 460 Table 140. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 461 Table Ml.^Jumber of families owning home, rentmg, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family . (Study of households) . . 462 Table 142. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 462, 463 Chapter VIII.— JGeneral progress and assimilation: Table 143. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence, (study of employees) 464 Table 144. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 465 Table 145.— Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 465 Table 146.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race qf individual. (Study of households) 466 Table 147. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex. years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) - 467 Table 148.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) ■ - ■ ^^^ Table 149.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 469 PART lY— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. Chapter I.— Introduction: ^ j- j v i ^*^*' Table 150 —Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 470 Table 151 Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race ofindividual. (Study of households) . 471 Table 152 —Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 472 Chapter II.— Bacial displacements: • .^v tt •* j o* * Table 153 —Number of foreign-born male employees m the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 473 Table 154.— Number of foreign-born persons m the United btates each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of households) •-- ^'^ )96 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status: Tage. Table 155. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) A 475 Table 156. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 475 Table 157. — Occupation of fore^-bom male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 476 Table 158. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 477 Table 159. — Number of females 16 years of ag«oroverin each specified in- dustry, by general nativity and race of individua,!. (Study of house- holds) 478 Table 160. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 479,480 Table 161. — ^Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amoimt per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 481 Table 162. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) ' 482 Table 163. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 482 Table 164. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 483 Table 165. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . v483 Table 166. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 484 Table 167. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) ; 484 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 168. — ^Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 485 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Table 169. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 486 Table 170. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) 486 Table 171. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 487 Table 172. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 487 Table 173. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 488 Table 174. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci- fied size, by general nativity and race of head ol household. (Study of households) 489 ■491 Table 175. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 492 Table 176. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) •. 492 Table 177. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 493 Table 178. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of houBenolds) 493 List of General Tables. 597 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. ^*8e- Table 179. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 494 Table 180. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 494 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 181. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) , 495 Table 182. — Literacy of persona 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 496 Table 183.— Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) .497, 498 Table 184. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 498, 499 Table 185. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race . (Study of employees) 500, 501 Table 186. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 502-507 Table 187. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 508 Table 188.^ — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 509 Table 189. — Numberof persons within each age group, by sexand by general ' nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 510 Table 190. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 511 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 191.— Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 512 Table 192. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) ^ 512, 513 Table 193.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 514 Table 194. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 515 Table 195.— Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . Table 196.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of 515 age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race 0? individual. (Study of households) - - 516 Table 197.— Ability to speak English of foreign-bom persona 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) - - 517 Table 198.— Ability to speak English of foreign-bom male employees, by age at time of coining to the United States and race. (Study of enjployees). . 518 Table 199.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 519 pj^jiT v.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. Ohaptbr I.— Introduction: ,: , , , ^***' Table 200.— Total number of households and persona studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 520 Table 201. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) .--- .- 520 Table 202. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 521 598 The Immigration Commission. Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Page. • Table 20.3. — Number of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 522 Table 204. — Number of foreigii-bom persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 523 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 205. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over, at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 524 Table 206. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 524 Table 207. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming ^ , to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 525 Table 208. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 526 Table 209. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 527 Table 210. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) .'. .528, 529 Table 211. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 529 Table 212. — Number of male heads of famiUes earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) .". . . 530 Table 213 .^-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 530 Table 214. — ^Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 531 Table 215. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house holds) 531 Table 216. — Number of famihes having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 532 Table 217. — -Source of* family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 532 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 218. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 533 Chapter VII. — Housing and Uving conditions: Table 219. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 534 Table 220. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) .' 534 Table 221. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 535 Table 222. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 535 Table 223.— Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers,, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 536 Table 224.— Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 537, 538 Table 225.— -Number of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 539 List of General Tables. 599 Chapter VII. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page. Table 226. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 539 Table 227. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study Of households). . 540 Table 228. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 540 Table 229. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 541 Table 230. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 541 Chapter VIII. — Salient characteristics: Table 231. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 542 Table 232. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 543 Table 238. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 544 Table 234. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 545 Table 235. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 546-548 Table 236. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 549-551 Table 237. — Location of wives of foreign-born husbands, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 552 Table 238.— Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years ^ in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 552, 553 Table 239. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 554 Tw)le 240. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 655 Chapter IX. — General progress and assimilation: Table 241.— Number of families oryning home, renting, boardmg, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) . . 556 Table 242.— General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) - •--- 556,557 Table 243.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been m the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) ......... . 558 Table 244.— Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) -, ^^^ Table 245.— Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race ol individual. (Study of house- holds) V--.---; V i ^°^ Table 246.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) - - 560 Table 247.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of mdividual. (Study of households) ,•■■'••; V • °°^ Ta,ble 248.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at tune of coming to the United States and race. (Study of era- ployeesl _--.. - • - 562 TaDle 249.— Ability to speak English of foreign-bbrn male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 563 LIST OF CHARTS. VOLUME I. Number of male employees for whom detailed information was secured, by ^^^^' general nativity and race (General survey of the industry) 14 Number of employees of each general nativity for whom detailed' infonnation was secured -^c Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States "each 'specified number of years, by race 25 Per cent of males 16 years of age or over at the time of coming' to 'iii'e'Un'ited States who were in each specified industrial condition abroad. 41 Average earnings in dollars per day of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race _ 51 Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning less than $2'per'day and per cent earning $2 and under $2.50 per day, by general natiiaty and race 53 Per cent of foreign-bom male employees 18 years of age or over eaming $2 .'50 or over per day, by race and years in the United States 62 Average yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual 70 Average yearly income of family, by general nativity and race of head of family! 75 Per cent which earnings of husband form of total yearly income of family, by general nativity and race of head of family 90 Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages who are affiliated with trade unions, by general nativity and race of individual 102, Per cent of households having 2 or more persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 127 Per cent of households having 4 or more persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 131 Per cent of male employees who read and write, by general nativity and race. . 138 Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over \rtio are single, married, and widowed, by general nativity and race 146 Per cent of foreign-bom employees who report wife abroad, by race of husband. 159 Per cent of foreign-bom employees who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. 163 Per cent of foreign-bom male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by years in the United States and race 166 Per cent of foreign-born male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by race 168 Per cent of male employees 14 to 19 years of age, by general nativity and race 174 Per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. 178 Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race _. 184 Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in tiie United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race. •. . 188 Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 10 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race 18T Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race 197 Number of lives lost per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced in the anthracite and bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1895-1908 21* Number of lives lost per 1,000 employees in the anthracite and bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1895-1908 211 ' Number of lives lost per 1,000 employees in coal mines of lie United States, t Prussia, Great Britain, Belgium, and France, 1901-1906 214 48296°— VOL 7— 11 39 ' 601 602 The Immigration Commission, Page, Number of foreign-bom employees and total number of employees for whom detailed information was secured, by locality 221 Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in mining and in farming or farm labor before coming to the United States, by race 231 Number of male employees for whom information was seciu-ed, by general nativity and race (Pennsylvania) , 250 Bituminous coal production of mining company in Community A, Pennsyl- vania, 1898-1907 474 Number of wage-earners of mining company in Community A, Pennsylvania, 1898-1907 475 Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (flie Middle West) 579 VOLUME II. Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (me Southwest) 7 Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (the South) 133 LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. VOLTJME I. Page., Scope of the investigation facing 3 Community A, Pennsylvania 472 Mine location C, Community A, Pennsylvania 494 Plan of standard double house, mining company in Community A, Pennsylvania 495 Community B, Pennsylvania facing 531 o