^K^/-Mi\ >^^'^5C 'mim^'^'^^'ss^ ^m^A-^ 'J"^i'^ ■MyS.f'j.- : ■ „■: Mf THE MARTIN P. CATHERWOOD LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924054583020 52dCongrbss) QT?Kr4Ty departments 352-359 Table V. — Avj/^Sgeiiad classified amounts earned during week in ^ach sex and age group, by departments 360-367 Table VI.— ^Averageand classified hours worked during week in each /sex and age group, by departments 368-371 Cotton mills: &^ , , , ^ • i. j _. Table I.— Avlrage and classified hourly rates of wages m each depart- ment, by occupation, sex, and age group 372-405 2492 4 CONTENTS. Chapter VI. — General tables — Continued. Cotton mills — Continued. Page. Table II. — Averse and clasaified amounts earned during week in each department, by occupation, sex, and age group 406-437 Table III.— Average and classified hours worked during week in each department, by occupation, sex, and age group 438-457 Table IV. — Average and classified hourly rates of wages in each sex and age group, by departments 458-465 Table V. — ^Average and classified amounts earned during week in each sex and age group, by departments ' 466-473 Table VI. — ^Average and classified hours worked during week in each sex and age group, by departments 474-476 Table A. — Number of persons in household, number of rooms occupied, and rent paid per week, by race of head of household 477-485 Table B. — Detailed expenditure for food of two families and of three lodgers, by race, August and October, 1911 486-491 Appendix I. — ^Massachusetts law limiting hours of labor of women and minors. 495, 496 Appendix II. — Proclamations issued by the strike committee 496-505 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. Depaktmemt of Commerce and Labor, Washington, June 25, 1912. Sir: In conformity with the resolution of the Senate of May 7, 2912, I transmit herewith the report of the investigation of the recent strike at Lawrence, Mass., which, by direction of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, was undertaken last March by the Bureau of Labor of this Department. Respectfully, Charles Nagel, Secretary. Hon. James S. Sherman, President of the Seriate, Washington, D. 0. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Labor, Washington, June 25, 1912. Sir: I transmit herewith the report of the Bureau on the recent strike in Lawrence, Mass. The investigation, the results of which are embodied in this report, was undertaken by your direction in the early part of March. The work of preparing the report has been under way since that time, and the report is now being transmitted at the earliest moment it wa& practical to complete it. The investigation was carried on under the direction of Mr. Fred C. Croxton, who was personally in charge of the field work and who has prepared most of the text of the report. I am, very respectfully, Chas. p. Neill, G om/missioner. The Secretaey of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. G. 6 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. In Lawrence, Mass., fully one-half of the population 14 years of age or over is employed in the woolen and worsted mills and cotton mills, and approximately 60,000 (including employees and niembers of their families) of the 85,892 people living in Lawrence are directly dependent upon earnings in these textile mills. The textile strike in Lawrence and the conditions which followed were not primarily due to any condition peculiar to Lawrence. The general conditions of the industry in Lawrence are more or less typical of the textile industry in all of the large distinctly textile towns, and the strike in Lawrence and the conditions attending it might just as easily have occurred in any other of these towns. The strike involved all of the textile mills in Lawrence and oc- curred in the early part of 1912, beginning January 11 and continu- ing with little abatement until it was declared off, as far as it affected the greater part of the mills and employees, on Thursday afternoon, March 14, and the strikers voted to return to work in the mills in which a settlement had been effected on the morning of March 18. During the first few days of the strike approximately 14,000 em- ployees withdrew from their work, later accessions increased the number on strike to approximately 23,000, and at the time of the set- tlement of the strike there were still about 17,000 employees out. The immediate cause of the strike was a reduction in earnings, growing out of the State law which became effective January 1, 1912, and which reduced the hours of employment for women and for children under 18 years of age from 56 to 54 hours per week. In January, 1910, through an enactment of the legislature, the hours of this class of employees had been reduced from 58 to 56 hours a week, and at that time the rates of pay for both time workers and pieceworkers were readjusted so that the earnings under the 56-hour week remained the same as under the 58-hour week. The law provided that notice should be posted in all mills showing the exact number of hours and fractions of an hour that were to be worked each day after January 1, in order to bring about the 54-hour week. The necessary notices concerning hours required by law were posted in all the mills, but no notices were posted concerning any change in the rates for time or piece workers. In the minds of the employees there was unquestionably much uncertainty as to what their earnings were to be under the new schedule of hours. 10 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBEKCE, MASS. In tlie textile mills of Lawrence a large proportion of workers are pieceworkers. In the principal mills the employees not on piece rates are practically paid by the hour. One of the complaints of the strikers was that no notice was given as to the reduction of earnings that they suffered after January 1.' The representatives of the mills contended that as the workers who were not paid on the piece basis were practically paid by the hour, the posting of a notice of a reduc- tion of hours with no notice of change in their piece or time rates was in itself notice that the earnings of time workers would neces- sarily suffer a reduction of two hours' pay a week, and that the earnings of pieceworkers would suffer a similar reduction, unless the workers found themselves able to accomplish the same amount of work in 54 hours that they had previously accomplished in 56. The representatives of the mills further pointed out that when in 1910 the hours were reduced from 58 to 56 notices were posted giving the new scale of time and piece rates that became effective, in order that there might be no reduction of earnings through the reduction of hours; and that the absence of notices readjusting time and piece rates was in itself notice that the reduction of hours would auto- matically work a reduction of earnings. An overwhelming proportion of the employees of the Lawrence mills were, however, foreign-speaking men and women who required something more definite and specific than this to understand precisely the effect upon their earnings of the reduction of hours, and there can be no question that up to the time of the first payment for work done after January 1 there was a good deal of uncertainty in the minds of a majority of the employees as to what their earnings were to be after the reduction in hours. In at least one of the mills a delegation from the more skilled English-speaking employees called, in December, upon the superintendent of the mill and was told that there would be no change in the rates for either time or piece workers and that both classes would therefore suffer a reduction in earnings. In the same mill instructions were given to the foremen to pass this word around among the unskilled employees, and this information did, as a matter of fact, circulate to a considerable extent both among the English-speaking and the non-English-speaking employees. However, up to January 1 no official and direct statement had been made public on the subject, and at a regular meeting of the Lawrence English branch of the Industrial Workers of the World on January 2, 1912, a committee was appointed to see the mill officials in Lawrence and to ask for a definite statement as to the effect of the change of hours upon the earnings of the employees. The officials of some of the mills refused to confer with the committee. The officials at one mill sent back to find out the purpose of the call of the committee, and upon learning what it was they returned word to the conmiittee DfTBODUCTION AND SUMMABT. / 11 ( "> that it would have to take up the matter with the main office oJTEe corporation in Boston. Although dissatisfaction over the possibility of a reduction in earnings on account of the shortened hours had really begun before the 1st of January, it is evident that the mill officials did not appre- ciate the extent of this dissatisfaction or the possibilities latent in it. Late in December one of the principal mill officials in Boston wrote to a representative of another mill in Lawrence suggesting that the reduction in pay would precipitate trouble, but the agent of the mill in Lawrence replied that he doubted if there would be any trouble, and at the worst it would probably be confined to a stril^ in a single mill. ^^ '' After the 1st of January the feeling on the part of the employees that they were to suffer a reduction of earnings grew steadily, and with it a correspondingly increasing feeling of unrest and a deter- mination to resist any such reduction. \ Up to the beginnin g of the strike there was little or no effective A reanization am ong the employees, taken as a whole. A few of the jarilled crafts, composed principally of English-speaking workers, nad their own separate organizations, but the 10 crafts thus organ- ized had at the time of the strike only approximately 2,500 members. iThe Industrial Workers of the World had also some years before this established an organization in Lawrence. At the beginning of the strike they claimed a membership of approximately 1,000. They had I at different times names on their rolls in excess of this nimiber, but it is estimated by active members of the organization that at the be- ginning of January, 1912, there were not more than 300 paid-up members on the rolls of the Industrial Workers. The Industrial Workers were organized along nationality or racial lines, and of the 300 paid-up members about 200 were in the Franco- Belgian branch, which was largely made unjj^f French of Belgian weavers, with some few English operatives. YThus, at the beginning of 1912 there were only about 2,800 definitely enrolled in the labor organizations out of a total of 30,000 to 35,000 textile-mill em- ployees, in Lawrence.7 The increasing di^atisfaction over the prospect of reduced earn- ings began to make itself more manifest among the low-paid non- English-speaking employees. In the absence of any e ffective form of organizat ion among this class of employees, it wa-q difficn H- tn fnTTn^- .Jl^te anarRSlllaLu expresijluir of oppositiontojlip rpdurtinn in-eam;:__ ■ifiga.^r_toDring il prupwly befWfe lheTimll_Qfficials4_but-as-the first pay day jfor tune worked in 1912'approached, meetings began to be held which indicated clearly the possibilities of trouble that lay in the situation. 12 STEIKE OF TBXTIO! WOEKEES IN LAWEENCB, MASS. The employees of the mills, particularly those at that time belong- ing to the Industrial Workers of the World and those later afliliated with that organization, had been holding meetings and discussing the situation prior to the strike, and some races — Polish and Italian — had voted to strike in case their envelopes on January 12 showed a reduction in pay by reason of the change in hours. The English- speaking members of the Industrial Workers of the World had ad- ,-yised employees not to strike until better organized. Some of the meetings were given marked publicity in the Lawrence daily papers. The Lawrence Sun of Thursday, January 11, carried the following news item with large head lines across two columns: Italian Mill Woekebs Vote to Go Out on Stbike Feitat. in noisy meeting 900 men voice dissatisfaction over reduced pat because of 64-HOUB LAW. A mass meeting of almost all the Italian mill workers of this city was held Wednesday evening in Ford's Hall. The object of the meeting was to discuss the new 54-hour law and to hear the reports of the different committees which had interviewed their respective mill agents. The reports were unfavorable to the 900 people who jammed the hall. It was decided that aU Italians of all the mills strike on next Friday evening. They claim that the wages which they now receive because of the 54-hour law are not sufficient for them to live on, and that they want their pay raised to the amount which they formerly re- ceived. The meeting was presided over by AngeSline Eocco. The Lawrence Eagle of Friday, January 12, carried a news item which contained the following paragraph: Will Walk Out., / Voting unanimously to walk out if their pay for 54 hours is less than that received for 56 hours, several hundred Italians, Poles, and Lithuanians, who are employed in the local mills, met last evening in Ford's Hall. A majority of those who attended the meeting will receive their pay to-day. A mass meeting will be held Saturday afternoon at 2 o'clock in the city hall, at which speakers in English, Italian, Polish, and French will be present. In view of the large number of non-English-speaking operatives involved, and of the excitable nature of these operatives and the possibilities of damage and serious disorder if they became thor- oughly aroused under the feeling of unjust or oppressive treat- ment, it seems strange that this matter should have been allowed to drift up to the first pay day without any effort being made to reach some agreement that would prevent an outbreak. Up to this time, in fact up to the time of the Strike itself and for a short period after the actual beginning of the strike, the only subject of unrest among the employees and the only matter discussed by them was the con- tinuance of the same pay for 54 hours' work as they had formerly received for 56 hours. In spite of the lack of any effective organiza- INTEODirCTIOlir AND STJMMABT. 13 tion among the unskilled non-English-speaking operatives, a definite determination to strike in the event that their pay envelopes con- tained less than under the 56-hour schedule had evidently been arranged. As has already been stated, in the meetings of employees held before the strike, in the inquiries made of employers by employees before the strike, and even in the discussions of the situation by the strikers just after the beginning of the strike, the employees sug- gested nothing more than the same pay for 54 hours' work as had been received for 56 hours' work before January 1, 1912. I Shortly after the strike began a " strike committee," representing a [large majority of the strikers and presided over by a member of the general executive board of the Industrial Workers of the World, for- mulated demands which included: 1. Fifteen per cent increase in wages on the 54-hour basis. I 2. Double time for overtime work. [ 3. The abolition of all bonus and premimn systems. \ 4. No discrimination against the strikers for activity during the strike. ^^ The " strike committee " did not change its demands throughout , the strike except that after the arrest of Ettor and Giovannitti the ' demand for their release from jail on bail was added. The demands of the organizations affiliated with the Central Labor Union, made just before the middle of February, differed from the demands made by the " strike committee " in that advances were demanded for spe- cific occupations or crafts; the increase demanded for most of the occupations was 15 per cent, although in a few occupations 20 per cent increase was asked, and in the case of some of the more skilled crafts as low as 4 per cent was asked. On January 11, the date of the beginning of the strike, there was no violence, but on the next day, when several thousand employees quit work, they marched in a body and forced their way into two of the miUs. Pro perty was destr pyed-i B the - m iUs, mill windows were broken by pieces of ice thrown by the strikers, and also there was a collision between the striker s and police. On the following Monday morning there was more marching; also, property was de- stroyed in other mills, and again there was a collision between the strikers and the police. This topic is discussed more in detail on pages 37 and 38. — To assist in maintaining order in Lawrence during the strike the regular police force was augmented by the appointment of special police and by the addition of metropolitan park police from other sections of the State and also through the calling out of a number of companies of militia. The militia remained on duty in Lawrence throughout the strike. Two deaths resulted from collisions between 14 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. strikers and the authorities; one, a young Syrian, was stabbed with a bayonet, and the other, an Italian woman, was shot and killed during a riot. Efforts to settle the strike were made by the Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, by a legislative committee, and also by city officials of Lawrence and by members of a com- mittee appointed by the business men of Lawrence. At the beginning of the strike some 2,500 textile mill employees were members of unions organized along craft lines. Some of these unions were affiliated with the United Textile Workers of America, while others were independent organizations. The great mass of the unskilled, non-English-speaking employees who left the mills were not organized at all, with the exception of a few hundred who were organized under the Industrial Workers of the World. The em- ployees who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World, practically all of the unskilled workers, and some of the skilled crafts united for the purpose of the strike and selected a " strike com- mittee," and this committee handled the strike. The " strike com- mittee " was not a committee of the Industrial Workers of the World and a number of its members were not, to the close of the strike, affiliated with that organization. The chairmen of the " strike com- mittee," however, and several of the dominant figures in the conduct of the strike were members of the Industrial Workers at the time the ytrikeJjegajQ,, . From the beginning of the strike there was no cooperation between the crafts organized on trade-union lines and represented by the Cen- traJ Labor Union and the " strike committee," but there was, on the contrary, considerable hostility, which continued with increasing bitterness up to the conclusion of the strike. The strikers represented by the " strike committee " had, as already indicated, formulated their demands and made them public within a few days after the beginning of the strike. -' It had been believed by the mill representatives during the early /part of the strike that the skilled operatives affiliated with the Central ' Labor Union were not on strike, but had left the mill either on account of lack of work or through fear of violence. In the early part , of February, however, these organizations definitely joined the strike \ind, in a series of meetings, they drew up a list of grievances to be submitted to the mills. y^ Thus what, in the beginning, had been a disorganized and more or less inarticulate protest against a reduction equivalent to two hours' earnings per week, and which had been started by a com- ' paratively few unskilled, non-English-speaking employees, devel- <^ped into an organized strike of over 20,000 employees, who de- manded a considerable increase in wages and radical changes in working conditions affecting more than 30,000 textile workers in Lawrence. INTEODUCTION AND STJMMAET. 15 The strikers secured the following settlement from the American Woolen Co. and much the same settlement from other mills : Time and one-quarter for overtime. All people on job work, 5 per cent increase flat. All those receiving less than 9^ cents per hour, an increase of 2 cents per hour. All those receiving between 9^ and 10 cents an hour, an increase of If cents per hour. All those receiving between 10 and 11 cents per hour, an increase of IJ cents per hour. All those receiving between 11 and 12 cents per hour, an increase of IJ cents per hour. All those receiving between 12 and 20 cents per hour, an increase of 1 cent per hour. No discrimination to be shown to anyone. Premiums to be given out every two weeks instead of every four, as heretofore. [This applied only to a few occupations in the miUs in which a premium plan was in force.] As a result of the strike some 30,000 t^:tile-mill employees in Lawrence secured an increase in wages of from 5 to 20 per cent; increased compensation for overtime; and the reduction of the premium period in certain occupations from four weeks to two weeks. Also, as an indirect result of the Lawrence strike, material increases in wages were granted to thousands of employees in other textile mills throughout New England. ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE STRIKE. Considering the fact that in Lawrence there were as many as 23,000 persons out of employment at times during the strike the number of arrests was not large. The number of arrests growing out of the strike during the period from January 12 to March 13, inclusive, was 296. More than 296 arrests were made in Lawrence during the period indicated, but only 296 arrests were of strikers, or persons connected with the strike, or in any way grew out of the strike. Three hundred and fifty-five cases in the police court at Lawrence grew out of the 296 arrests, and the cases were disposed of as follows : Fined 220 Sentenced to imprisonment 54 Discharged, dismissed, or continued 60 Bound over 4 Held without bail 2 Otherwise disposed of 15 Total 355 The charges most generally placed against those arrested were disturbance, assault, intimidation, or rioting. After the first few days there were but few serious clashes between the police and the strikers which approached the nature of a riot. 16 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. The statement of arrests and of the charges against those arrested do not, however, give an adequate expression of the conditions in Law- rence during the 10 weeks of the existence of the strike. While, on the one hand, it may be stated that few strikes involving so large a number of employees, unorganized, undisciplined, and many of them unfamiliar with our language and methods of government, have con- tinued as long as the Lawrence strike with so little actual violence or riot, it must also be said that during almost the entire period the situation was a tense and threatening one, and there was hardly a time that a slight cause might not have produced the gravest dis- order culminating in riot and bloodshed. ORGANIZATION OF EMPLOYEES. Two distinct types of antagonistic employees' organizations were represented among the textile-mill employees of Lawrence. First. The United Textile Workers of America and other labor uniohs affiliated with the Central Labor Union are organized upon distinctly trade lines, each organization having in its membership only such persons as are engaged in a given occupation. While these organizations are carrying on a struggle for higher wages, shorter hours, and a general betterment of conditions of labor, as viewed from the wage-earners' standpoint, they still accept the existing social order and the continuance of the wage system. . flwSecond. The Industrial Workers of the World, a union of workers without regard to crafts. In opposition to the basis of organization adopted in the unions above referred to, the Industrial Workers pfrkfH^"^ tn bring together in a single union all wage earners, irre- ^ective- of trade "r """iipTitjon al lines. In many places, on account of the heterogeneous character of its members and the lack of a com- mon language, the organization is broken up into sections formed upon racial or nationality lines. The Industrial Workers, while hav- ing the same economic aim — the betterment of the conditions of the wage earners — as the unions organized along craft or occupational lines, have an entirely diHerent program for the attainment of this end, adopting a different social philosophy and being opposed to the continuance of the present industrial order based upon the wage system. One of the mottoes or maxims of this organization claims that " Labor is entitled to all it produces," and another demands the "Abolition of the wage system." The preamble of the constitution of the Industrial Workers of the World states : The working class and the employing class have nothing In common. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of work- ing people, and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. INTBODUOTION AND SUMMARY. 17 Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, and abolish the wage system. We find that the centering of the management of industries Into fewer Und fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the ever-growing power of the employing class. The trade unions foster a state of afCairs which allows one set of workers to be pitted against another set of workers in the same indus- try, thereby helping defeat one another In wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the working class has interests in common with their employers. These conditions can be changed and the interest of the working class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all its members in any one industry, or in all industries, if necessary, cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department thereof, thus making an injury to one an injury to aU. Instead of the conservative motto, "A fair day's wages for a fair day's work," we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, "Abolition of the wage system." It is the historic mission ojC the working class to do away with capitalism. The army of production must ,be organized, not only for the everyday struggle with capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old. The Lawrence strike represented the first serious industrial clash in New England conducted under the auspices of the Industrial Workers. It became, therefore, more than an industrial strike, an?^ within the territory of its activities, took on some of the aspects of what might be termed a social revolution. — — No adequate conception of the meaning and the permanent social consequences of the doctrines promulgated during the period of the bitter struggle can be had without some comprehension of the spirit and sentiment that animated the leaders and a part of the strikers. In Appendix B of this report are given copies of circulars and posters which were widely distributed during the period of the strike, and some of these indicate the temper and the spirit that lay behind the struggle. *^ In considering this aspect of the strike it must be borne in miiid that the great majority of the strikers were non-English-speaking immigrants who had been without any effective organization or any method of collective. bargaining through which they might have been able throtigh orderly processes to conduct negotiations with their employers as to their wages, hours, and conditions of employment. . While there was opposition on the part of the employers to the organization of this great ma^ of unskilled non-English-speaking mnployee s, it j & oqunilly tmo tha t the existing forms of unions bnUt up on traSe lines do not readily make provision for the organization of this class of employees. The net result was that such employees were left unorganized, with no ready means of formulating any protest against the conditions under which they felt tiiemselves to 512#0°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 2 18 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWEBNCE, MASS. be suffering; and it may be added that their attempt immediately before the strike to express their opposition to the reduction of wages was given neither encouragement nor consideration by the employers. It naturally followed that when they broke out in a hastily planned and more or less violent protest against a reduction of their earnings they were ready to follow any leadership that gave them effective direction and furnished them financial resources for their struggle, and they were accordingly in a frame of mind to give sympathetic ear and in many cases ready acceptance to the doctrines and social theories promulgated by the representatives of the Industrial Work- ers of the World. RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS. When the strike was at its height some 50,000 out of the total popu- lation of Lawrence, of approximately 85,000, were without employ- ment or any source of income. Included in the 50,000 are the 23,000 strikers and also the members of their families dependent upon them. Without income, any savings which might have been accumulated from their earnings would soon have been exhausted and the direst suffering would have followed quickly without the prompt establish- ment of relief work. The trade-unions could quickly organize to furnish relief, but only some 2,800 of the 23,000 strikers were members of any union. The remaining 20,000 were simply out of employment, without any in- come, and without any financial assistance in view. The fact that an organization for furnishing relief to all strikers was immediately established, and successfully operated throughout the strike, was undoubtedly the all-important factor in enabling the strikers to enforce their demands to the extent they did. The relief problem was a comparatively simple one for the older organizations composed of skilled employees and affliated with the Central Labor Union. These organizations represented the better- paid employees, and they also had an established system of giving relief during strikes. The Women's Trade Union League of Boston offered to cooperate with the Central Labor Union in furnishing relief to textile workers, and joint headquarters were opened for the i^istribution of supplies. The " strike committee " which represented the unorganized strikers, those who were affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World, and a few of the unions organized along craft lines, promptly organ- , ized a relief committee and sent out an appeal for funds throughout !\the country. A ready response was received and contributions con- ijtinued all during the strike. The relief funds came from all sections ; of the country and were from trade-unions, individual unions, social- fist organizations, and private individuals. The amount contributed INTRODUCTION AND SUMMAEY. 19 averaged about $1,000 per day, but on some days the amount received exceeded $3,000. In addition to the relief furnished by organizations of the strikers^ a relief station was maintained by social workers, and a great amount of relief was distributed by the religious and civic charitable organ- izations of the city and also by private individuals. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR AND CONDITIONS OF WORK IN THE TEXTILE MILLS. The immediate cause of the strike in La,wrence was a reduction in earnings growing out of the Massachusetts law that became effective January 1, 1912, which reduced the hours of employment for women and for children under 18 years of age from 56 to 54 hours per week. A former act of the legislature, effective January 1, 1910, had re- duced the hours from 58 to 56, and at that time the Lawrence mills had increased both piece and day rates so that the reduction in hours per week from 58 to 56 had meant no reduction in weekly earnings. With the reduction in hours from 56 to 54 on January 1, 1912, the time and piece rates were not readjusted, and this reduction in hours meant, therefore, a reduction in weekly earnings of 3^ per cent. This reduction appears slight, but it was really a very serious matter to the low-paid textile-mill employees. The law of the State does not permit the employment of persons under 14 years of age. Approximately one-half of the persons in Lawrence 14 years of age and over — ^men, women, and young per- sons — are employed in the textile mills. In studying the Lawrence strike, wage data were secured from pay rolls for 21,922 textile-mill employees, or one-third of the total number of people in Lawrence 14 years of age and over. The average rate of wages for the 21,922 textile-mill employees was 16 cents per hour. Approximately one- fourth (23.3 per cent) of the total number earned less than 12 cents per hour, and about one-fifth (20.4 per cent) earned 20 cents and over per hour. The average amount actually received by the 21,922 employees during a week late in 1911, in which the mills were running full time, was $8.76. Almost one-third (33.2 per cent) of the total number received less than $7 during the week, and approximately one-half as many (17.5 per cent) received $12 and over during the week. The earnings are, of course, materially affected by the amount of work available, and while it was not possible to get an exact measure of the slack time in the textile mills of Lawrence, sufficient data were secured to confirm the complaints of the mill employees as to the serious curtailment of their earnings by reason of lost time, particu- larly during the past two or three years. 20 STBIKE OF TEXTILJi WOBKEES IS LAWBENOE, MASS. The hours of work for women and for minors under 18 were lim- ited to 56 before the strike; no limit was placed by law upon the hours of work of men. During the week for which pay-roll data were secured 57.2 per cent of the 21,922 employees worked 56 hours, 22.9 per cent worked less than 56 hours, and about an equal pro- portion (19.9 per cent) worked more than 56 hours. The average hours worked during the week were 54.4. The distribution of the 21,922 employees for which wage data were secured into sex and age groups was as follows : ^ Number. Per cent. Males, IS years of age and over 11, 075 50. 5 Males, under 18 years of age 1, 075 4. 9 Total males 12,150 55.4 Females, 18 years of age and over 8, 320 38. Females, under 18 years of age ■. 1, 452 6. 6 Total females 9, 772 44. 6 Grand total 21, 922 100. The actual economic condition of the families of the workers in the textile mills in Lawrence can not be easily pictured by a mere statement of individual earnings. It is obvious from the figures of earnings that the full-time earnings of a large number of adult em- ployees are entirely inadequate to maintain a family. Thus the full-time earnings of 7,275 employees, or about one-third of the total covered in this investigation, are less than $7 a week. Of the 7,275 earning less than $7 a week, 5,294 were 18 years of age or over, and 36.5 per cent of the 5,294 were males. These wages, however, are not peculiar to Lawrence. The wages of textile workers in that city are not lower than in most other textile towns. The plain fact is that the textile industry, as far as earnings are concerned, is in large part a " family industry." It gives employment to men, women, and children. The normal family of five, unless the father is employed in one of the comparatively few better-paying occupations, is com- pelled to supply two wage earners in order to secure the necessaries of life. From a study of the table showing earnings it is very apparent that in many occupations, .if the father of the family has not at least one child old enough to go to work, it becomes necessary for the wife to enter the mill to supplement the earnings of the husband in order to maintain a family. T^Tiere, as is often the case, the father, the mother, and three or more sons or daughters are at work and con- tribute their earnings to a common family fund, the family can live in comfort and lay a tidy sum aside weekly in the way of savings. But, on the other hand, the economic condition of the head of the family in one of the poorer-paid occupations, with two or three chil- INTKODXTCTION- AND SUMltABY. 21 dren so young as to necessitate the mother remaining at home to care for them, is one of extreme hardship. Necessity forces a large number of wives with small children to enter the mills, and in these cases, where no older children or other members of the family remain at home throughout the day, the small children are left in charge of other families, in which the mother or some grown female member of the family looks after those left in her charge. In some instances the children are taken out on Simday afternoons to the country and left there imtil the following Satur- day, then during the Saturday afternoon holiday the patents go out and bring the children back home and keep them until the afternoon of the following day. The usual practice is, however, for the father and mother to take the children, before going to work at 6.50 a. m., to a neighboring family, in whose charge they are left during the day. In the evening, after the close of the day's work, the children are again brought home. In families where there are older children who are still at school the father and mother go to work and leave the older children to take the younger brothers and sisters to the family in whose charge they are to be left. In the Italian quarter there is also, in connection with one of the churches, a day nursery, where a number of parents take their children on the way to work and leave them until they return in the evening. The rate usually charged for the board and care of a child ranges from $1 to $2 per week. THE PREMIUM SYSTEM. One of the demands of the Lawrence strikers was the " abolition of all bonus and premium systems." This demand was not conceded by the employers, but they did agree to allow premiums on earnings for a two-week period in all occupations in which the premium had previously been allowed on the earnings of a four-week period. The premium system is in use in only two of the woolen and worsted mills in Lawrence for which the Bureau secured wage data. The principal occupations in which the premium plan is used are — ■ Weavers. Loom fixers. Second hands ^ in weave room. Warp dressers. Slashers. Menders. The premium system, as actually worked out in the mills in which it is used, is somewhat complicated, and is explained in detail else- where in the report. The purpose of the system is to induce the largest possible output by each employee. The method of securing 1 " Second hand " is a term used In the textile Industry to denote an assistant overseer. 2& STRIKE OF TEXMLE WOEKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MaSS. this varies. In some occupations a premium or a bonus in the shape of an amount of money in excess of the regular time or piece earnings is paid to each employee whose output exceeds some fixed standard. In some other occupations the premium or bonus is paid not directly on output, but for attendance — that is, it is paid any employee who has not missed more than one day during the four-week period. In some instances the operative simply receives a specified bonus per unit on each unit turned out in excess of the minimum fixed for the attainment of the premium. In other instances the sys- tem is more complicated, a graduated premium being paid, increasing in rate as the earnings of the employee exceed the earnings fixed for the minimum premium. In the case of two occupations the premium is paid not upon the earnings of the occupation itself but upon the earnings of another occupation. Thus, the loom-fixer's premium is based upon the earnings of the weavers whose looms are in the charge of the, loom fixer; and the premium of the assistant overseer of the room is based upon the earnings of all the loom fixers who are working under his direction. The premium system is obviously intended, and frankly admitted by the employer to be designed, to increase the efficiency of the indi- vidual worker by offering a reward to encourage regular attendance and to induce an increase in output through steady and rapid work. It is believed by the employer that the system attracts the steady and most efficient workers; and it is argued that since the full standard rates are paid for work in the occupation in which premiums are paid, there is no unfairness to the employees in these occupations, but merely an additional reward for regularity in attendance and efficiency in work. On the other hand, the opposition of the employees to the system is based upon a conviction that it is a plan devised primarily for the purpose of speeding up the employees in the occupations in which premiums are paid. This tendency toward speeding up, they hold, is further accentuated in the case of the weave room by the fact that the premiums paid both to loom fixers and to assistant overseers is determined by the earnings of the weavers. Thus in the case of the weaver the premium not only appeals to his own self-interest to induce intensity of work on his part to secure the increased earnings, but the payment to the loom fixer and to the assistant overseer of a premium based upon the earnings of the weaver tends to induce these two classes of employees to " drive " the weaver even beyond the point to which his self-interest would urge him. In answer to the contention of the employer that the regular rate per unit of output is paid to the weaver, that he therefore loses noth- ing by the adding of ihe premium system, and that he is free to earn INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. 23 it or not as he chooses, the employee argues that weavers who do not earn the premium, and thereby fail to add to the income of the loom fixer and of the assistant overseer, can not long remain in the weave room. A further objection to the system — and one that was partly met by the concession of paying premiums on two weeks' instead of four weeks' earnings — ^is that an employee might for a period of, say, three weeks, or even more, work at high pressure and then, through illness or absence from other unavoidable causes, lose the benefit of his extra output during that period. Thus, in some occupations, it might easily happen that an employee by close application and energetic work for a period of 18 or 20 days could turn out, say, 10 per cent more than the amount necessary to be turned out each day to earn the premium if he worked the full month. If, however, he should be unable to work the remaining days and his earnings while at work did not total the minimum earnings fixed as the premium basis, he would secure no premium at all. He would, it is true, receive his regular rate for his additional output; but possibly the employee working next to him, whose earnings might exceed his own by only a few cents and who reached the minimum earnings required for a premium by working a few days longer^ would receive his full premium. It is impossible to convince most employees that there is not injustice in such a system. The employees were very emphatic in their claim that the premium system produces a tremendous nervous strain on the employee to- ward the close of the premium period through the fear that illness or trouble with his machine may prevent his reaching the earnings re- quired to earn the premium, and that unexpected bad luck of this kind in the latter part of the period may thus entirely lose him the benefit of his close application in the earlier period. The employees also argue as a matter of equity that if the employer can afford to pay an advanced price for the increased output he can also afford to pay at the same advanced rate for a slightly lower out- put. The employers' countercontention is that the capital invested in machinery creates a fixed charge ; that every idle day of a machine requires a proportion of the fixed charge represented by that machine for that day to be assessed on the product of the other machines, and that in the same way reduced output on any machine increases the fixed charge against the product of that machine. HOUSING AND RENTS. Practically all the textile mill employees in Lawrence live in wooden tenement houses. The most usual types of these are either three or four story buildings and, in the more thickly settled portions 24 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBS llT LAWBElTCE, MASS. of the city, tenements occupy both the front and rear of the lots. These rear tenement houses can usually be reached from an alley, but the principal entrance, and in some cases the only entrance, is through a narrow passageway between the front buildings. During 1911 only 11 of the 135 permits issued for dwellings pro- vided for the erection of one-family cottages, and during the five years from 1907 to 1911 only slightly more than one dwelling permit out of seven provided for the erection of one-family cottages. During the four years from 1907 to 1910 permits were issued for 903 dwellings containing 2,654 apartments. Approximately one-third of the 2,654 apartments were in buildings containing four or more apartments each, and more than three- fourths were in buildings containing three or more apartments each. The following paragraphs are extracts from the manuscript of the Keport of the Lawrence Survey : ^ There is a striking contrast between the insurance map of Lawrence and the maps of other New England cities in the number and size of rear houses. The maps of all important cities were examined. In those for Manchester, Ix)well, Salem, Fall River, and New Bedford certain streets have front houses as close together and In some blocks as large as front houses in Lawrence, but the rear houses were not as numerous and not as large. Cambridge and Manchester have some badly grouped blocks, but the houses were smaller. Lowell and Salem have sections of blocks, groups of 4 to 18 houses each, equaling the worst congestion in Lawrence, but the pages in their maps do not display the conditions on the Lawrence map. The center of Lawrence has the largest number of large frame houses and the largest number of rear houses. With Boston's brick center excepted, the map of Lawrence center is the worst in New England. * • * The two half blocks on the east end of Common Street adjoin each other on the south side of the street and with one-half of the surrounding streets con- tain 3.2 acres. All the houses but three are wooden. This is the greatest con- centration of population in wooden houses In any 3 acres in the State of Massachusetts. No 3 acres in the State exceed it except at the infamous centers of Boston, where the houses are predominantly brick. The present building regulations of Lawrence are inadequate, as is indicated by the following extract from the report of the inspector of buildings of Lawrence for the year 1910 : Bach year I have recommended that the city council take up the matter of revising the building ordinances. That suggestion is not out of place at this time. Last year and the year previous I recommended that the building ordi- nance be revised along the lines laid down by the National Board of Fire Under- writers. This year I make the same sn^estion. Under the present ordinance there is no provision for foundations, thickness of brick walls, size of floor timbers or columns, floor loads, lighting or ventilation of building, protection against fire, or any of the Important matters which a building ordinance should restrict. Of course, in a general way, some provision has been made in the ordinance to cover some of the matters above mentioned. The law should be specific and accurate In order to be effective. 1 Report of the Lawrence Survey prepared by Mr. Robert B. Todd under the direction of the trustees of the " White Fund." INTKODTJOTION AND SUMMABY. 25 With the compactly built squares, the large percentage of wooden structures, the crowding within the apartments in the central sections of Lawtence, and in many tenements very poorly lighted stairways, the fire risk both to life and property is very great. The apart- ments, practically without exception, are supplied with city water, and in every case the apartments are provided with water-closets. In a few of the older houses the water-closets have been placed in the hallway and one closet must be used by the occupants of two apartments, but in a number of the older houses and in all of the newer houses every apartment is supplied with a separate water-closet. In studying conditions in Lawrence, agents of the Bureau of Labor visited 188 households, the greater part of them being of the races representing the unskilled workers in the textile mills. Of the 188 households visited, 109, or 58 per cent, kept lodgers or boarders. The total number of persons in the 188 households was 1,309, more than one-fourth of them being lodgers or boarders. The average num- ber of persons per apartment was a little less than 7, and the aver- age number of persons per room was one and one-half. One hun- dred of the 188 households occupied apartments of 5 rooms and 65 occupied apartments of 4 rooms each. In one case 17 persons occu- pied a 5-room apartment; another household of 16 persons occupied a 5-room apartment, and in another case a household of 15 persons occupied a 5-room apartment. The rent per week varied from $1 to $6, but the amount most com- monly paid was $2 to $3 for a 4-room apartment and $3 to $3.50 for a 5-room apartment. One of the most crowded sections of Lawrence is occupied by South Italians and the rent they pay per room, while somewhat less than was paid by families of that race in the most congested sections of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, is higher than that paid by households of that race in the most crowded sections of Chicago, Cleve- land, Buffalo, and Milwaukee. This comparison is based on the Bureau's study in Lawrence and on the Immigration Commission's studies of immigrants in cities in 1907 to 1909, as published in volume 26 of the commission's reports. Among the 188 households there were 20 families where the hus- band was the sole wage earner and where there were no lodgers or boarders. The lowest earnings for these 20 families was $5.10 per full week, and the family consisted of husband, wife, and three chil- dren. The largest family among the 20 consisted of husband, wife, and five children, and the husband earned $11.09 per full week. Among the families studied there were 176 with both husband and wife; the wife as weU as the husband was employed in 58 of the 176 families. 26 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBENOE^ MASS. PRICES IN LAWRENCE. No data are available which enables a comparison to be made of prices in Lawrence with prices in other cities of the country. The Bureau, however, secured quotations from Lawrence for the purpose of showing prices which were paid by textile employees in that city. Among some of the races from southern and eastern Europe there is a great demand for stew beef, costing at the time of the strike from 10 to 14 cents per pound. There is also a large call for fresh pork, at about 16 cents a pound. Comparatively little butter is consumed by these races, but considerable butterine is used, and leaf lard and beef suet are purchased and rendered for use as a substitute for butter. Macaroni and spaghetti are important articles in the diet of the Italians. A considerable portion of the milk consumed by textile operatives is measured from cans, and this loose milk is generally sold at 7 cents and the bottled at 8 cents per quart, but even with fresh milk at 7 cents a quart many families in Lawrence are unable to afford fresh milk and depend entirely upon condensed or evapo- rated milk. Owing largely, no doubt, to the fact that so many of the women are wage earners and, therefore, have no time for sewing, the propor- tion of women's clothing sold ready-made is very considerable. The usual dress sold to mill workers is a jacket suit, or odd skirt with a shirt waist, or a wash dress of some cotton material such as gingham or percale. For a suit $10 to ^2 is usually paid, for a skirt from $2 to $5, and for a cotton dress about $3. The hats most commonly bought by the women cost from 50 cents to $3. Italian women, how- ever, wear scarfs instead of hats and for these they pay from 25 cents to $1. The men ordinarily pay about $15 for a suit of clothes and buy an additional pair of trousers for about $2 before the rest of the suit is worn out. Instead of overcoats, sweaters are worn under the ordinary suit coat, and for these from $1 to $7 is paid. Fuel is of necessity bought in small quantities by a large propor- tion of Lawrence households because there is, as a rule, in the older tenements very limited space for storing coal or wood. In some cases a corner of a hallway at the head of the stairway is roughly boarded up for a foot or two, but more commonly both coal and kindling are bought in small quantities and used from the container. In many of the newer tenement houses provision has been made for the storage of coal and wood. The purchasing of fuel in small quantities adds very materially to the cost ; thus for anthracite coal a consiuner pays from 10 to 13 cents for a 20-pound bag, which is at the rate of $10 to $13 for a ton of 2,000 pounds, or an increase of from 40 to 80 per cent over the price if purchased by the ton. lUTBOOUCWON AND SUMMARY. 2*7 Furniture is usually purchased on the installment plan with a small cash payment down and payment of from $1 to $1.50 per week. GENERAL STATISTICS. The total population of Lawrence, according to the United States census of 1910, was 85,892, and of that number, 73,928, or 86 per cent, were either of foreign birth or of foreign parentage and 11,964, or 14 per cent, were of native parentage.^ Of the total population, 51.8 per cent were native born and 48.2 per cent were foreign born. Of the 41,375 foreign-born persons, 7,696 were born in Canada (French) ; 6,693 in Italy; 5,943 in Ireland; 5,659 in England; and 4,352 in Russia. The general death rate in Lawrence per 1,000 population of all ages in 1910 was 17.7. From the reports of the United States Census Office it is possible to compare Lawrence with 34 other cities. The death rate in Lawrence was lower than the death rate in 6 of the 34 cities, exactly the same as in 2 other cities, and higher than in 26 other cities included in the comparison. The cities which had a higher general death rate than Lawrence were Lowell, Mass., 19.7 ; Washington, D. C, 19.6; Portland, Me., 18.8; New Bedford, Mass., 18.6; Fall River, Mass., 18.4; and Pittsburgh, Pa., 17.9. Three of these six cities which had a higher death rate are distinctly textile cities, and one of the six is Washington with a large Negro population. The infant mortality in Lawrence, as in other textile cities, is very high. This high infant mortality is a marked characteristic of most of the large, distinctly textile cities, both in the United States and in England. In 1909, the last year for which final figures are avail- able, the reports of the United States Census Office show that for every 1,000 births in Lawrence there were 172 deaths of infants under 1 year of age. It is possible to compare Lawrence in this re- spect with 34 other cities. The infant death rate in Lawrence was lower than in 6 other cities and higher than in 28 other cities in- cluded in the comparison. The cities which showed a higher infant death rate than Lawrence were Manchester, N. H., 263; Holyoke, Mass., 231; Fall River, Mass., 186; Lowell, Mass., 185; Detroit, Mich., 176; and Pawtucket, R. I., 173. All of these, with the exception of Holyoke, Mass., and Detroit, Mich., are distinctly textile cities. It must be remembered, however, that a comparison of infant death rates between cities of the United States can not much more than suggest the true situation. This results from the admittedly imper- fect registration, especially of births, but probably to a less degree of iThe census does not report birthplace of parents of Negroes and the 265 native-born Negroes In Lawrence bare In this statement been Included with the 11,964 of native parentage. 28 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES JN LAWEENCE, MASS. deaths also, even in the registration cities of the United States in- cluded in this table. Under the Massachusetts law no chijd under the age of 14 years and no child who is over 14 and under 16 years of age, who does not have a certificate certifying to the child's ability to read at sight and to write legibly simple sentences in the English language, shall be employed in any factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment. Approximately one-half of all persons in Lawrence 14 and under 18 years of age are employed in the textile mills. During 1911, 400 pupils withdrew from the grammar grades of the Lawrence public schools; 70 per cent of these 400 pupils left school for the purpose of going to work. Of the 400 withdrawing from school, 149 left the sixth grade, 153 the seventh grade, and 89 the eighth grade. CHAPTER L THE STRIKE. 29 / CHAPTER I. THE STRIKE. The Lawrence strike occurred following the fiigtjga y for tim e worked-4flr-jFaBttft Fy, 1912 , ui tder~tiiB~new"Taw reducing the hours of einploymehnor woraen^aDS^forcEldren^Tun^r TS^ears of_age) from 56 to 54" per week.^ The^ strik e seriously aff f.o.tpA q,1] of _thg^ tgYt.ilft mills and alio to some extent^the papec mills- in. Lasccence^ In_the meetings of employees held before the strike, in the inquiries made of employers by employees before the strike, and even in the dis- cussions of the situation by the strikers just after the beginning of the strike, th e employ ees suggested nothing more t han the same pay for 54 hours' work as had been received for 56 hours befor e ■"JanjiaryT^gPTIT^" The general strike, las t^ 57 working days.,_aiid_the totaLnumber of employees out_of _work:vari^ from li^QQILtQ^^flOO. ^Th e Ita lians and Poles (largely unskill ed emp loyees) wer e appa r- ently the most active strikers and participated in the picketiag to a greater extent than did those of other races; but the most active leaders and directors of the strike were English-speaking people (American, English, and Irish) and Franco-Belgians. ~~ After the notice of the change of hours from 56 to 54 per week was posted in the mills and more than a week before the beginning of the strike, committees of employees waited on the officials of at least some of the mills and endeavored to confer with reference to the adjustment of earnings. The officials of one of the mills were waited on by a delegation from the loom fixers7sonieIWg7weeS"' ~B3ore the strike and were asked whether the plan ofjwo years previous, when the hours were changed from 58 to 56 per week, would be foUowed,.mth Jie_£issent j;ha^ of hours. The plan followed at that time is indicated by the following notice posted in one of the Lawrence mills before that change took place: Beginning Monday, January 17, 1910, the price per hour, or piece, will be so changed that employees will receive practically the same pay for 56 hours' work that they ^ceived for 58 hours. At the regular meeting of the Lawrence English bran,ch_Ql-the. In- dustrial Workers of the World on January 2, 1912, a. committee was 1 For the text of tMs law, see Appendix A. 31 32 STRIKE OP TEXTILE ■WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. appointed to see the mill officials in Lawrence with regard to the effect of the change in hours upon their earnings. The officials of some of the mill s refused to confer with the committee, anJofficTals of one mill referred the committee to the main office in Boston. Almost a week before the strike a letter was addressed, by the committee to one of the mill officials in Boston, setting forth the demands of the strikers. The employees of the mills, particularly those at that tiine belong- ing to the Industrial Workers of the World and those later affihated with that organization, had been holding meetings and discussing the situation prior to the strike, and the Polish and ItaUan races had voted to strike in case their envelopes on January 12 showed a reduc- tion in pay by reason of the change in hours. The English-speaking members of the Industrial Workers of the World had advised employ- ees not to strike until better organized. Some of the meetings were given marked pubhcity in the Lawrence daily papers. The Law- rence Sun of Thursday, January 11, carried the following news item with large headlines across two columns : Italian Mill Workers Vote to go Out on Strike Friday. IN noisy meeting 900 MEN VOICE DISSATISFACTION OVER REDUCED PAY BECAUSE OF 64-HOUE LAW. A mass meeting of almost all the Italian mill workerg of this city was held Wednesday evening in Ford's Hall. The object of the meeting was to discuss the new 54-hour law and to hear the reports of the different committees which had interviewed their respective mill agents. The reports were unfavorable to the 900 people who jammed the hall. It was decided that all Italians of aU the milla strike on next Friday evening. They claim that the wages which they now receive because of the 54-hour law are not sufficient for them to live on and that they want their pay raised to the amount which they formerly received. The meeting was presided over by Angeline Rocco. The Lawrence Eagle, of Friday, January 12, carried a news item which contained the following paragraph: Will Walk Out. Voting unanimously to walk out if their pay for 54 hotira is less than that received for 56 hours, several hundred Italians, Poles, and Lithuanians, who aje employed in the local mills, met last evening in Ford's HaU. A majority of those who attended the meeting will receive their pay to-day. A mass meeting wiU be held Saturday afternoon at 2 o'clock in the City Hall at which speakers in English, Italian, Polish, and French will be present. Comparatively smaU strikes of weavers in the Lawrence cotton duck mill and of mule spinners-and back boys in the Wood worsted miU began during the ffi-st 10 days of January, 1912, but the general strike or walkout in Lawrence did not begin until Thursday afternoon, January 11, 1912. The general strike was declared off, as far as it affected the greater part of the mills and employees, on Thvirsday afternoon, March 14, 1912, and the strikers voted to return to work CHAPTER I. THE STRIKE. 33 in the American Woolen Co.'s plants (Ayer, Prospect, Washington, and Wood miUs), Atlantic mill, Kuhnhardt miU, and Pemberton mill on Monday morning, March 18. The number of employees on the pay rolls of 11 of the largest textile mills during each week of the strike indicates the extent of the gen- eral strike. The maximum number of employees for which the 11 mills are equipped is approximately 34,000, and the number on the pay roll during the week just before the strike was 28,118. The num- ber of employees on the pay roUs in the 11 mills during each week of the strike, and the per cent which each number is of the number on the pay roU during the week ending January 13, is shown in the following table: Pay roll for week ending— Number of employees. Per cent the num- ber on each pav roll is of number on pay roll of Jan. 13. Pay roll for week ending— Number of employees. Per cent the num- ber on each pay roll is of number on pay roll of Jan. 13. Jan. 13 ... . . .. 28,118 16,402 10,204 8,136 9,396 100.0 58.3 36.3 28.9 33.4 Feb. 17 10,886 11,804 12,298 13,450 38.7 Jan. 20 Feb. 24 42.0 Jan. 27 Mar. 2 43.7 Feb.3 Mar.9 47.8 Feb. 10 The general strike, therefore, lasted 57 working days, or 9^ weeks, and the total number of employees out of work (estimates based on reports from 11 mills) varied from 14,000 to 23,000. The genera] strike began in the weaving department of the Everett cotton mill and in the spianing department of the Arlington mill during the afternoon of January 11. In the Arlington mill about 100 employees in the spinning department struck because of the reduction in weekly earnings by reason of the change in hours from 56 to 54 per week. In the Everett mill about 80 per cent of the weavers are Poles, and just after the weavers were paid off on Thursday afternoon, Jan- uary 11, .the Polish weavers (almost all women) in one of the weave rooms stopped their looms. They created no immediate disturbance but remained for a time by their looms. Officials of the mill, through an employee who acted as interpreter, questioned, some of the Pohsh women as to the cause of the trouble; the reply of one of the weavers was "Not enough pay " ; the official explained that the new law relating to the employment of women and children allowed only 54 hours' work per week whereas they had previously worked 56, but the oper- ative replied "Not enough pay." The weavers would not resume their work, and the mill officials requested them to go out quietly; they then became noisy and undertook to persuade other employees, in sections of the mill into which they could gain entrance, to leave their work. They met with but Httle success and withia a short time 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 3 34 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. the striking weavers left the mill. The total number of looms stopped by the strikers that afternoon was 1,752. On Friday, the striking employees prevailed upon others to remain away from the Everett mill, and on Saturday forenoon the mOl was running -only 612 of its 4,680 looms. After a consultation of the null officials, the Everett mill was closed on Saturday noon, January 13, and re- mained closed throughout the strike. The strike rapidly spread to other mills during the several succeeding days and was accompanied by a degree of violence and disorder that was not exhibited at the Everett miU. At the Washington mill, which had 5,078 employees on its pay roll for the week ending January 13, the pay days were Friday and Saturday. On the Friday morning succeeding the strike at the Everett mill it was evident that the employees expected their pay envelopes to show reduced earnings and that they determined upon resistance to a reduction in earnirgs. In one of the large depart- ,ments the non-English-speakirg employees by 9 o'clock had begun I to leave their work, to congregate in groups, and to show signs of 'excitement. Word to this effect reached the pay department, and fearing an outbreak the distribution of the pay envelopes was delayed. \ A s^prt time afterwards word came from the mill that rioting had cfeSgun in some departments and that employees were stopping Ijoa^hinery and driving other employees from their work. A call was sent to the mill office for police, and a small number of police responded. They failed to get the employees creating the dis- turbance out of the mill, and a call was sent in for more policemen. Shortly after the arrival of the second group, the strikers — a small number at a time — began to come out of the mill and congegate just outside the mill o-at.<.a ^ ThngA taking pa^-t in_t}iiH demonstration and ~;s$ ho formed the crow d outside the mill gates~ were pnncipaHy ItaliaiL , workers. As the crowd at the gate was mcreased by accessions from tEose~Within the mill, some of the leaders began to make speeches, "artrl-a&ftr a. shnrt time_th ejenti re crowd, ca rrying an Italian flag anda ^arge nui pbfir of Unite d 1^tfit i e g: flatfi. -g t arteTon a march toward the~ Wood'mill of the American Woolen Co. The Wood mill is several squares below the Washington mill, and the striking Italians reached there in a short time, and rushed the gates and secured entrance to the mills, the gatekeepers and watchmen being unable to stop the inrush. The strikers then rushed into the different rooms of the Wood mill, shutting off the power from the machines and calling upon the workers of the Wood mUl to join with them in the strike. After about one-half hour of disorder in the Wood m ill the strikers withdrew, accompanied by a considerable number of the employees I'of the Wood mill in the departments which the strikers had been able to reach. In connection with the morning of disorder the OHAPTEE I. THE STRIKE. 35 strikers in marcliing past one of the smaller mills destroyed a number of windows by throwing ice through them. Shortly afterwards a collision occurred between the strikers and the police, in which the pohce brought their clubs into use. After visiting the mills named the strikers dispersed and called a meeting for that afternoon at the Franco-Belgian Hall, where strike headquarters were maintained throughout the labor disturbance. At the meeting on Friday afternoon delegates were present from several nationalities, including Enghsh, French, Belgian, PoUsh, and Itaha^^>-«nd"SrPPoai mttee was appoin ted to telegraph Joseph J. Ett or^ of New York, a niember ot the general executive board of the Indiistrial Workers of the World, to come to Lawrence to assist in conducting the strike. The same committee was also directed to telegraph Gov. Foss, protesting against the newspaper articles about sending dynamite to Lawrence and threats to dynamite the mills. Conferences of city officials were held on Friday night, and at a special meeting of the mayor and the city council at 5.45 Saturday morning the poUce force was increased to 135 by the appointment of 25 permanent firemen as special police officers. Saturday the textile mills of Lawrence were operated only during the forenoon, and comparatively few employees reported for work in the mill where the strike originated or in those mills which had been visited. The strikers held various mass meetings in the city hall throughout the day. Several himdred strikers attended the first meeting held at 9 o'clock, and the various speakers urged peaceful methods and advised the striking employees who had not been paid to go singly or in small groups to collect the money due them and to leave the vicinity of the mills as soon as they received their pa}'. The next mass meeting, held during the afternoon, was addressed by the mayor of Lawrence, who advised against violence and intimida- tion and also against congregating in streets and public places, and suggested that a committee be appointed to take up their grievances with mill officials. He also stated that the city coimcU had appointed a committee to confer with the mill managements and the employees, if that was desired, in the hope of reaching some agreement and avoid- ing further trouble. Also, at the afternoon meeting an address was made by Joseph J. Ettor, who had come to Lawrence from New York in response to the telegraphic request of the strikers. At the mass meeting held Saturday evening, addressed by Mr. Ettor and others, a "strike committee" was elected, consisting of three from ea:cfe- nationahty. From the beginning of the strike there was a sharp division among the employees who were out of the mills. A number of the skilled employees were members of the United Textile Workers of America, an organization affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. 36 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. In addition to this, the wool sorters and loom fixers were also organ- ized in separate trade-unions representing these respective classes, but were not affiliated with either the United Textile Workers or with the American Federation of Labor. The great mass of the imskilled non-English-speaking employees who had left the miUs was not organized at all, except the comparatively small number who were organized under the Industrial Workers of the World. All of these unskilled workers and a mmiber of the skilled crafts united for the purposes of the strike under the direction of the "strike comjnittee." A considerable number of the strikers represented by this committee more or less definitely allied themselves with the Industrial Workers of the World, and representatives of this organization acted as the chairmen of the "strike committee" and were probably the dominant figures in the conduct of the strike. The "strike committee," how- ever, was not a committee of the Industrial Workers of the World, and a number of its members were not to the close of the strike in any way aflBliated with that organization. From the beginning of the stnkeN^here was not only no cooperation between the unions organized oh craft lines and represented by the Central Labor Union and the "strike Bpmmittee," but there was on the contrary a certain hostility Vhich, continued with increasing bitterness up to the conclugien' of the strike. At a meeting of the strikers at the Franco-Belgian Hall on Sunday afternoon (January 14) delegates were present from English, French, Belgian, Italian, Polish, Lithuanian, and Syrian strikers. At this meeting Joseph J. Ettor was elected chairman of the "strike com- mittee," Gilbert Smith, of Lawrence, was elected secretary, and Joseph Bedard was elected financial secretary. Mr. Smith continued as secretary and Mr. Bedard as financial secretary throughout the strike; and Mr. Ettor continued as chairman until his arrest on January 29. After Mr. Ettor's arrest (on charges shown on p. 44), WiUiam D. Haywood, prominently identified with the Industrial Workers of the World, was called to Lawrence by the "strike com- mittee" and became chairman of that committee. No specific demands were made by the striking employees during the first day or two after they came out of the mills, although they had time and again given expression to the opinion that they should have the same pay for the 54-hour week they had received for the 56-hour week. On Sunday (January 14), however, the "strike committee," representing the great majority of the strikers, formulated their demands, which, briefly stated, were as follows : 1. Fifteen per cent increase in wages on the 54-hour basis. 2. Double pay for overtime work. 3. The abolition of all bonus or premium systems. 4. No discrimination against the strikers for activity during the strike. CHAPTER I. THE STBIKE. 37 These demands remained practically mi changed throughout the strike, except that after the arrest of^ttor and Giovannitti (on charges shown on p. 44) the demand for Iheir release from jail on bail was added. These demands were jiot submitted direct to the mill officials, but were promulgated by printed circulars and through the press. Sunday evening (January 14) the mayor of Lawrence issued the following statemen t : ^^ The militia is for use only in cases of extreme necessity and can be called out only upon the issuance of a precept by the mayor, sheriff, or governor addressed to the officers of the militia companies, calling upon them for assistance. I have issued no such precept and do not intend to issue one unless something un- foreseen occurs. I am firmly of the conviction that nothing will arise to necessitate any such drastic action. I anticipate no trouble whatever, and if there should be any, I am satisfied that the police force is well able to care for it; but as a matter of precaution and for no other purpose, it has been deemed expedient to notify the officers in command of the local militia companies to have their men where they can be readily called upon. It was evident, however, that a tense situation existed in Law- rence and that there were possibihties of trouble when the mills opened on Monday morning. During Sunday evening, therefore, one of the local militia companies was ordered to report at the armory and spend the night there and another company of the militia and a bat- tery were ordered to report at the armory Monday morning. Large crowds of strikers gathered at the gates of the mills where the strikes had occurred on Friday, and which were opened for the resiimption of work on Monday. They endeavored to persuade other operatives from going to work in the mills and secured many acces- sions to their ranks. They remained around these mills untU after starting time, and when no more operatives were expected several thousand of the strikers marched in a body to the upper and lower Pacific mills and to the Atlantic mills, which face the canal a short distance above the Washington mill. The management of these mills had been warned of the strikers' approach and when they attempted to cross the bridges spanning the canal and leading to the gates of the miUs, streams of water from several lines of hose were brought into play upon the advancing crowd. While the water held the main body of the strikers back, a small number succeeded in making their way to the mills and forcing an entrance. Others across the canal hurled pieces of ice at the windows. Within the mills a condition of panic and disorder arose, especially among the women employees. In the meantime the police and the local mihtia had been summoned and upon their arrival dispersed the strikers. A total of 36 strikers were arrested on Monday. The charge against 23 was "rioting," against 6 "carrying dangerous weapon and rioting," 38 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. against 3 "carrying dangerous weapon," against 1 "disturbance," against 1 "disturbance and intimidation,'^ against 1 "drunk, assault on officer, and violation of city ordinance," and against 1 "assault to kill and carrying dangerous weapon." On Monday the mayor of Lawrence requested additional troops, and four companies from Lowell and one from HaverhiU were ordered to Lawrence, making a total of eight companies on duty on Tuesday morning. Militiamen were on duty throughout the mill district. Peaceful picketing was allowed at the mill gates. During Monday a conference was held between a committee from the city council and a committee from the strikers. At this con- ference the strikers' demands were set forth by Mr. Ettor, but nothing looking toward a settlement of the strike was accomplished, "^'^n Tuesday two conferences were held by the leader of the strikers and the secretary to the governor of the State. The secretary to the governor suggested that the State board of conciliation and arbitration be called into the matter, but Mr. Ettor would not con- sent further than to agree to talk over matters with the State board if the members came to Lawrence. The strikers, through Mr. Ettor, refused to submit to arbitration, but were willing to discuss their grievances with the manufacturers, '.with the State board of concihation and arbitration present as mediators. 'During Tuesday the secretarj'- to the governor of the State also held a conference with the secretary of the State board, city officials of Lawrence, and the members of a committee appointed by the busi- ness men of Lawrence. The object of the conference was to devise some means of bringing about a settlement of the strike. On Tuesday afternoon the mayor of Lawrence gave out the follow- ing statement : So far the city council has been unable to arrange a conference with the mill officials. President William M. Wood, of the American Woolen Co., says that the American Woolen Co. is not responsible for the condition here. He declares that there is no strike here, but just mob rule, and that they would be only dealing with men who destroy property and who are in no frame of mind to discuss conditions. On Wednesday. (January 17) the strikers were marching through the mill district when an attempt was made by the militia to divert them from their course. The strikers were forced back with drawn revolvers and clubs of the militiamen. Some pieces of ice were thrown by the strikers. Several persons were slightly injured, but none seriously. During the week the State police were sent to Lawrence, and on Saturday morning four more companies of miUtia reached the city. The general headquarters of the militia were in the armory, but the companies were quartered in the offices of the various textile mills. CHAPTEH I. THE STKIKil. 39 As already stated, the strikers at their first mass meeting on Friday afternoon (January 12) appointed a committee and instructed it to send the governor of the State a telegram of protest against the news- paper articles with regard to sending dynamite to Lawreuce and threats to dynamite the miUs. Just after noon on Saturday (January 20) d3Tiamite was discovered by police and detectives in a tenement house on Oak Street in the Syrian quarter of the city. Five men and two women living in the tenement were arrested. Later dynamite was found in a cobbler shop on Lawrence Street and in a sand bank off Barker Street; the cobbler was arrested. In the three places a total of 28 sticks of dynamite were found. Immediately following the finding of the dynamite Canal Street, which passes near a number of the mills, was closed and miUtiamcn kept aU strikers from approaching the mills. The strikers emphat- ically declared the innocence of those who were arrested and claimed that the dynamite had been "planted" by some one who wanted to discredit the strikers and to make them lose public sympathy. When the cases of those arrested in connection with the finding of the dynamite came to trial in the Lawrence police court, all the cases arising directly from the finding of the dynamite were dismissed except that when arrested one person was carrjdng a revolver and another a pair of "knuckles"; in each of these cases a fine of $50 was imposed. On January 29 a business man of Lawrence, who had no connection with the strikers, was arrested for "conspiracy" and charged with having planted the dynamite found nine days before. Upon a hearing he was bound over to the grand jury and released under a bond of $2,000. Following his indictment by the grand jury the case came to trial, and on May 16 he was convicted of conspiracy to injure by the planting of dynamite and was fined $500. Throughout the week beginning January 14 meetings of strikers were held, and more and more of the unskilled employees joined the strike, and skilled operatives, such as perchers and warp dressers, voted to strike. After the weavers stopped work there remained nothing for the loom fixers to do, and they stopped work. The mule spinners also stopped work but claimed that they were not on strike. Many operatives who had no desire to strike remained away from the mUls through fear. On January 19 the president of the American Woolen Co. issued a statement to the employees of that company as follows: American Woolen Co., Lawrence, Mass., January 19, 1912. To our employees: Last Friday many of you left our mills and have since remained away. This action was wholly a surprise to me. You sent no notice of what you were intending to do and you stated no grievance and made no demand. I learn from the newspapers that the reason for your staying away is tha,t the company paid you for only 54 hours' 40 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWKENCE, MASS. work; but you know your wages are paid by the hour or by the piece, and as you work only 54 hours you could be paid only for 54 hours' work. Ever since you left I have heard no word from you or any of you as to what you desire, but I have read in the newspapers that among other things you want your wages raised so that you will receive as much for 54 hours' work as you did tor 56. Your thus leaving the mUla without notice and without any attempt at a confer- ence is unfortunate all around. Both the company and employees are bound to lose a good deal of money as a result, which neither of us can afford. I am not blaming you, because I realize you were greatly disappointed and that some of you acted hastily and the rest followed; but I want you to see how hard you have made my own position. I am an employee of the company as you are. As its president I am bound, on the one hand, to take proper care of the interests of 13,000 stockholders. Quite a number of them are employees, and most of them are not rich. Many of them necessarily depend on their dividends for their living just as you depend on your wages for yours. On the other hand I am bound to look out for the interests of some 25,000 employees. It is my duty to see that each side has a square deal, and I try my best to perform that duty fairly and honestly. I want every man and woman working for the American Woolen Co. to get the best wages that the company can afford. You work beat for the interests of the com- pany when you are contented, but you must realize that I must also care reasonably for the stockholders' interests and see that the business is properly managed. You know we have very sharp competition, and if we do not do our work economically our competitors will drive us out. The last two years have been very discouraging years for us and for all manufac- turers in our line. The present year being a presidential year is also bad for business. You realize, too, that the hours of labor are shorter here than in other States. If we should pay as much for 54 hours' labor as our competitors in other States pay for 56, or even 60, we should soon have to quit. I am not criticising our Massachusetts law, but for the present, you see, it puts us under a handicap. I have gone over the whole situation with a desire to do my conscientious duty to you and every one interested in the company. I have consulted long and anxiously with the directors and those associated with me in the management. Reluctantly and regretfully we have come to the conclusion that it is impossible, with a proper regard for the interests of the company, to grant at this time any increase in wages. Trade conditions do not justify an increase. I ask you to have confidence in this statement and to return to your work. As long as I have managed the affairs of this company it has never yet reduced your wages, but on the contrary, four times this company has increased your wages without your asking. I say further to you that when the conditions of our business are again such I as warrant raising your wages, I shall again, without even a request, recommend I such an advance as circumstances warrant. This proves that I have looked after V your interests pretty well in the past. Why should I not have your confidence for tiie future? /'You are being advised (so I am informed) by men who are not and never have been / employees of the company, and who do not live in this State and are strangers to you. (^hey are strangers to me also, and I know of them only by report. They do not know the history of your relations as employees with this company. But you and I, on the other hand, are members of the organization. We all of us have been getting our living from the company. When the company, is prosperous we are prosperous. Your advisers have nothing to lose in the disasters of an unfortunate strike or lockout. You and I have everything to lose. I therefore as the head of this organization of which we are all members, appeal to you to return to your work and faithfully discharge your duties. I will try con- CHAPTEE I. THE STBIKE. 41 scientiously to discharge mine, and together we will try and create a prosperity for the company which will help us all. We shall thus end a situation perilous to your interests, perilous to the interests of the company, perilous to the interests of the city — a situation from which nothing but ill feeling and disaster can result. Very sincerely, (Signed) Wit.t.tam M. Wood, President. The following reply to the statement of the president of the American Woolen Co. was issued by the "strike committee" on January 22 : Lawkencb, Mass., Janvary 22, 1912. Strike committee of the striking textile workers of the American Woolen Co. to President William M. Wood: Sib: We, a committee of the strikers, take this means of answering a statement pub- lished in the papers of this city and elsewhere with your name attached. It is our intention to be as brief as possible in dealing with your open letter. Thursday morning, January 3, 1912, a committee called upon the agents of the Ayer, Wood, and Washington mills and endeavored to hold a conference with those gentlemen, and so come to a peaceful undertanding concerning the demands of the workers. Two of the agents refused to have dealings with the committee, while the other advised the committee to write to or consult with you at yoiu- Boston office. As a result of the above advice, the committee sent a letter to your address contain- . ing the demands of the workers, but for some reason or other the letter was not an- swered. Previous to the strike the Italian workers held several meetings which were largely attended, and they were very clear in their demands. We are of the opinion that you have had ample time to consider the demands of the men, women, and children who have made the American Woolen Co. what it is to-day. In view of the fact that machinery has been improved and as a result the workers turn off more and more work, but they are not paid accordingly, even though the price of food, clothing, and shelter has in many cases increased 50 and even 100 per cent within the last few years. We, the committee, are willing to meet the offi- cials of the company at any time and submit the grievances of the strikers. So, if you believe in a square deal you will not refuse to meet with vis but will come for- ward at once and try to bring the trouble to a final conclusion. You must bear in mind the fact that these men, women, and children have not gone on strike for light or transient causes, but because they could no longer bear up under the burdens laid upon their shoulders. It seems to us and to the strikers that the American Woolen Co. has within the last few years built several mills, which are paid for ac- cording to your own figures, and the company has even in the worst of times man- aged to pay dividends to its stockholders. So it has come to this: The workers are of the opinion that the only competition left is the struggle among themselves for a miserable job at $6, $7, or $8 a week, and they feel fortunate when they manage to hold down such a low-paid set of jobs. You speak of men from out of town who know nothing of the textile industry. We, the committee, would like to know if the militia, the special policemen, and the Pinkerton detectives, recently brought into this city, know anything about the tex- tile industry except to bayonet and club honest workingmen into submission? Yoiir attention is called to the fact that all the mills of this city are more or less affected. So the committee desires the news to be spread broadcast that there is a general strike on in Lawrence against the slavery of the textile workers and a united opposition against the starvation wages of the past. 42 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. These are the demands of the strikers: 1. Fifteen per cent increase in wages. 2. The abolition of all bonus or premium systems. 3. Double pay for all overtime work. 4. No discrimination against the strikers for activity during the strike. Strike Committee. Efforts to bring together the millmen and the strikers were being continually made by the city officials of Lawrence, by the State board of conciliation and arbitration, and by the Lawrence citizens' com- mittee. A conference of the members of the city council, of the citi- zens' committee, and of the strikers was held on Sunday afternoon, Jan- uary 21. The secretary of the State board of conciliation and arbi- tration, the adjutant general of the State, and the commanding officer of the militia were also present. It was announced that the millmen were willing to confer with committees from their own employees. The representatives of the lower paid and heretofore unorganized strikers took the position that they did not care to negotiate with the mills separately, but that a meeting of a committee of repre- sentatives of all miUs with the officials of all mills would tend to give better results for the strikers. At the request of disinterested parties, the American Woolen Co. officials at the general office in Boston agreed to meet a committee of the strikers. A subcommittee, consisting of Mr. Ettor and five other members of the "strike committee," went to Boston on January 23 for the first meeting; a second was held on the following Friday evening. The demands of the strikers were presented and discussed, but the president of the woolen company, after a conference with his attorney, told the committee that the company could not grant the demands. The State board of conciliation and arbitration and the city officials of Lawrence undertook to bring together in the city hall represent- atives of the strikers and the millmen. The strikers were repre- sented by Joseph J. Ettor, William D. Haywood (who was in Law- rence temporarily in connection with the strike) , and the entire "strike committee," consisting at that time of 48 members. Officials from eight mills were present. The chairman of the State board of con- ciliation and arbitration acted as chairman of the meeting. The representatives of the strikers remained in one room and the mill officials in another until the meeting adjourned. The chairman stated to the strikers that he was advised that the mill officials desired to meet separate committees of employees of their own mill and that they considered it advisable for a committee of employees to be selected from the different kinds of employees or trades. He also stated that the mill officials present did not feel that they had suffi- cient authority to conduct a conference along lines other than those CHAPTER I. THE STRIKE. 48 just stated. The strikers insisted that this was not a question of trades, but it was simply a big union of 22,000 members, and that they preferred to discuss the matter with the employers direct. Mr. Ettor also stated that the "strike committee" there present was as purely representative as could be possible; that on that committee were represented the various nationalities as well as the various industries involved in the present strike. The meeting accomplished nothing, and, as far as the "strike committee" was concerned, adjourned at the end of an hour upon the motion of Mr. Ettor. On January 25 the governor of Massachusetts sent a message to the legislature calling attention to the serious condition existing in Lawrence and recommending that immediate action be taken to pro- vide for a full investigation by a special legislative committee or by a commission appointed by the governor. The legislative committee reached Lawrence on January 26 and began its investigation of the strike situation. The message of the governor is as follows: To the honorable senate and house of representatives: I call your attention to the serious condition existing in the city of Lawrence, where an extensive strike of factory operatives has occurred. Disturbances of the peace having arisen, I have been compelled to order 12 companies of militia to that city to safeguard public and private property and the public (including the unemployed operatives themselves) from outbreaks of disorder and lawlessness. Not the slightest approach to anarchy can be tolerated in this Commonwealth, and I shall not hesitate to employ every means at my command to maintain law and order; but the duty of the State does not end here, and I should perform but the smaller part of my duty if I failed at this juncture to recommend a searching investigation of all the facts relating to the strike, including the condition of the striking operatives. The immediate cause of the strike is reported to be a reduction of wages consequent upon the operation of a law enacted last year by which the hours of labor of certain classes of factory employees were reduced from 56 to 54 per week. Investigation may show that some reduction of wages was necessary. When the law in question was under consideration, it waa fully understood that such a reduction might occur — at least temporarily. But it further appears that the striking employees believe that they have other grievances than the recent reduction of wages. It is alleged that for years the em- ployers have pursued the policy of bringing into their mills the cheapest grade of labor obtainable in this or in foreign countries, and by fines and other methods have reduced (vages far below that decent standard which American citizens should enjoy. If these things are true, their truth should be established by public investigation, and the facts should be given the widest publicity. If not true, their effective denial is equally important. In view of the character of the question in dispute, it seems plain that the manu- facturers should at least be willing to discuss the matter in a spirit of compromise. The importance of some immediate action on the part of the legislature is manifest by the failure of the representatives of the manufacturers to join last night in a con- ference after an understanding to do so had been reached. A further pertinent and important consideration is that the industry in which the strike originated is one that has been especially favored by tariff laws, designed and only justified on the ground that they protect and elevate American labor. One pur- pose of the investigation should be to determine how far the advantages conferred by 44 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBENOE, MASS. national law upon the immediate beneficiaries of the protective system have been and are to-day shared with the laborers who are supposed to be the ultimate beneficiaries. It is a fact that the protection now afforded by the schedule of the tariff applicable to the industry concerned has been declared by the President of the United States to be excessive and indefensible. It therefore seems to be especially appropriate for the State, which has been called upon to intervene, to determine how far the beneficiaries of Government favors have complied with the terms under which those favors were granted. I therefore recommend that immediate action be taken by the general court to provide for a full investigation by special legislative committees or by a commission appointed by the governor of the cause of the present strike in the city of Lawrence. Such an investigating committee or commission should have full power to summon persons with books and papers and to ascerta,in all the facts bearing upon the strike. (Signed) Eugene N. Foss. Also, the governor sent an open letter to the mill operatives and mill owners at Lawrence, which reads as follows: The situation at Lawrence has become so serious that every possible effort should be made by all parties concerned to adjust matters, and I therefore request all workers to go back and resume their places in the mills for a period of 30 days, pending the efforts which I shall make to get all the differences adjusted; and, in view of the fact that no notice was given the mill operatives of a proposed reduction in wages when the change of hoiurs went into effect, on January 1, I request all mill operators to give 56 hours' pay for 54 hours' work dining that period without discrimination. I believe the differences are such as to be easily adjusted if carefully discussed during the next 30 days, and I promise to use my best efforts to bring all questions in dispute to a settlement satisfactory to all parties. (Signed) Eugene N. Poss. Januakt 29, 1912. During a clash between strikers and the pohce on Monday eve- ning, January 29, Anna Lo Pezzi, an Italian woman, was shot and killed. As a result of the disturbance of the day, the city council decided to give the control of the city to the officer in command of the militia. Parading and assembling in the streets or on the common was ordered discontinued. The mayor also requested additional pro- tection, and the governor ordered 12 companies of infantry, 2 troops of cavalry, and 50 pohce officers from the metropolitan park force to report at once in Lawrence. Following the death of Anna Lo Pezzi, Joseph J. Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti, two of the strike leaders, were arrested as accessories to the murder. The text of the complaint in their cases is as follows': Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Essex, ss: To the justice of the police court of Lawrence, in the county of Essex and Com- monwealth of Massachusetts, William H. Proctor, in behalf of the Commqnwealth of Massachusetts, on oath complains that certain person whose name ia not known to the complainant, of Lawrence, in said county, on the 29th day of January, 1912, did assault and beat one Anna Lo Pezzi with a loaded revolver, with intent to kill and murder her the said Anna Lo Pezzi, and by such assault did murder her, and so the com- plainant says that the said person whose name is not known as aforesaid is guilty of murder in the first degree. OHAPTEB I. THE STRIKE. 45 And the complainant further says that before said murder was committed, as afore- said, Joseph J- Ettor and Antonio Giovannitti did incite, procure, and counsel or command the said person whose name is not known, as aforesaid, to coromit the said murder in manner and form as aforesaid, against the peace of the Commonwealth and contrary to the form of the statutes in such cases made and provided. He therefore prays said defendant may be arrested and brought before the police court of Lawrence, in said county, and held to answer to this complaint and further dealt with relative to the same according to law. Received and sworn to this 30th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1912, before said court. Upon a hearing in the poUce court, these cases were continued until February 9, and on the further hearing both Ettor and Giovan- nitti were held vsdthout bail. On February 6 a petition for a writ of habeas corpus for Ettor and Giovannitti was dismissed without prejudice by one of the justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Court. The two men still remained in jail at the close of the strike in Lawrence. On Tuesday, January 30, during a clash between strikers and the mihtia, John Ramy, a young Syrian, received a bayonet thrust, from which he died. ~ The number of employees working in the textile mills decreased until the lowest number at any time during the strike was reached during the week ending February 3, when in the 11 textile mills from which the Bureau received reports there were only 8,136 employees on the pay roll, as compared with 28,118 on the pay roll for the week ending January 13. " , During the early part of February the Massachusetts legislative committee made an unsuccessful -attempt to bring together the null officials and the representatives of both the United Textile Workers of America and other craft organizations affiliated with the Central Labor Union, and representatives of the strikers organized under the "strike committee." The "strike committee" claimed that the Central Labor Union did not in any way represent the strikers, and that practically none of the textile mill employees, excepting a very few skilled operatives, were members of the unions affiliated with the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union was willing to have a committee from each mill meet the mill officials of that mill. The "strike committee" insisted on a general committee of strikers meeting a committee of the null officials. — _0— The attitude of the null officials i§ indicated by the following telegram from George H. Ellis, of the State legislative committee which visited Lawrence. This telegram was received by Mr. Hay- wood on February 10: W. D. Hatwood, Hotel Needham, Lawrence, Mass.: Our committee met the niill owners this afternoon and we find their attitude to be that the agents of Lawrence have now and have had ever since the beginning 46 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. of the trouble full authority to meet and discuss the grievances or complaints with the employees of the several mills. Because of the diversity of the products and the varying conditions it seems impossible to them to deal with the matter at a gen- eral conference, at least until it appears that a fair effort has been made by the employees to deal separately with the several mills. (Signed) George H. Ellis. -The "strike committee" claimed that the mill officials refused to see the committee of employees who called on them several days before the strike and that when after the strike began a committee went to see the president of the American Woolen Co. he refused to give a satisfactory answer. The strikers represented by the "strike committee" had, as already indicated, formulated their demands and had made them public within a few days after the beginning of the strike. During the early part of the strike it had been believed by the mill repre- sentatives that the skilled operatives affiliated with the Central Labor Union had either left the mdls on account of the lack of work result- ing from the strike of other employees or through fear of violence and were not actually out on strike. In the early part of February these organizations had definitely decided to join the strike, and in a series of meetings they drew up a list of grievances to be submit- ted to the mills. The demands of these different classes of opera- tives were specffically formulated, and on February 12 the treasurer of the Central Labor Union mailed the following letter to each of the mill agents: Lawkenoe, Mass., February 12, 19H. Dear Sir: Your employees have appointed a committee to confer with you at your earliest convenience, to try to arrange for amicable adjustment of the grievances now in existence between employer and employees. A message to James R. Menzie, box 685, will be delivered to the committee at once. Cordially, yours, J. R. Menzie, For the Committee. The officials of each of the mills in their replies to Mr. Menzie's letter signified their willingness to confer with a committee of their own employees. Copies of two of the replies follow. The first is typical of the replies sent by practically all of the other mills; the second differs in effect only in containing a reference to the law reducing the working hours of women and of minors (under 18 years of age) from 56 to 54 per week. Mills, Lawrence, Mass., February IS, 1912 Mr. J. R. Menzie, Box 685, Lawrence, Mass. Dear Sir: Your communication of the 12th instant received. It is quite in accord- ance with our uniform custom, and I should be glad to confer with any such com- mittee or committees of our employees at any time duriflg mill hours. Cordially, yours, (Signed) ■ , Agent. CHAPTEK 1. THE STRIKE. 47 Company, Lawrence, Mass., February IS, 1912. J. R. Menzib, Esq., Lawrence, Mass. My Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of the 12th instant, advise you that I shall be at my office at any time on Wednesday afternoon after 2 o'clock, and shall be pleased to meet a committee of our own employees to consider the conditions arising from the exceedingly unfortunate and ill-advised 54-hour law, which falls as a heavy burden upon both the employer and employees throughout the State of Massachusetts. Yours, very truly, (Signed) , Treasurer. The oflB.cials of each mill were then visited by a committee of their own employees and presented with a list of grievances setting forth the dernands of the employees. Copies of the lists left with ofl5.cials of several mills follow: Ablinqton Mills, Lawrence, Mass. LIST OF grievances. Wool sorters. — ^Demand an advance of 15 per cent on price list, the wages to be $16. Mule spinners. — Four per cent increase in price list, back boys 4 per cent advance. Carders and combers. — Fifteen per cent advance in wages, and abolish premium system and overtime. Spinners. — -Fifteen per cent advance and a girl cleaner be given back to them. Twisters. — Fifteen per cent advance, and that no girl will be obliged to run a side and a half without extra pay. Loom fixers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Dyers and finishers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and one-quarter for overtime after 5.30 o'clock; time and half for Saturday after 12 o'clock; double time for Sundays and holidays. Weavers. — First, 15 per cent increase in wages; second, payment to be made the weaver for stoppage of looms over which weaver has no control; third, abolition of double-cut system, length of piece to be 65 yards; fourth, to be paid by the pick. Web drawers andwarp tmsters.— Fifteen per cent increase, time and half for overtime for twisters. Jack spoolers. — Fifteen per cent increase on the 56-hour basis and abolition of premium system. Perchers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and half for overtime. Drawing-room help. — Fifteen per cent increase. Shippers and packers. — Time and half for overtime and 15 per cent increase. Cotton card-room workers. — Fifteen per cent increase. Slasher dressers and helpers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and half for overtime. Cards and pickers. — Seven and one-half per cent increase. Grinders. — No demands. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase and the law regarding employment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. Warp dressers, beamers, and Scotch warpers. — Ten per cent increase in wages, time and quarter for overtime. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. 48 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. Atlantic Mills, Lawrence, Mass. list o; osievances. Loomflxers. — Demand 15 per cent Increase in wages. Stationary fireman, — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and the law regarding em- ployment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. All other crafts ask for 15 per cent. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. EvEEETT Mills, Lawrence, Mass. LIST OF grievances. Weavers. — First, to be paid by the yard, every yard to be paid tor; second, 15 per cent increase in wages. Zoom ^Kers.— Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Slasher dressers and helpers. — Ten per cent increase and time and half for overtime. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and the law regarding em- ployment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. Spinners. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Shippers and packers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and time and half for over- time. All other crafts a general 15 per cent. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. Lawrence Duck Mill, Lawrence, Mass. LIST OF grievances. iSfafo'onan/^rcmen.^Fitteen per cent increase in wages and the law regarding em- ployment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. Loom fixers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. Monomac Spinning Co., Lawrence, Mass. LIST OF grievances. Mule spinners. — Demand an increase of 4 per cent on price list; demand an inci'ease of 4 per cent for piecera and back boys. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and the law regarding em- ployment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass. LIST OF grievances. Wool sorters. — ^Fifteen per cent increase in price list, wages to be $16. Mule spinners. — Four per cent increase in price list, piecera and back boys 4 per cent advance. Carders and combers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Spinning department. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Loom fixers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Dyers and finishers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and quarter for overtime after 5.30 o'clock, time and half for Saturday after 12 o'clock, double time for Sundays and holidays. Weavers. — Weavers on draper looms 20 per cent increase and only to run 14 looms. CHAPTER I. THE STEIKE. 49 Warpers and twisters. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Jack spoolers. — Fifteen per cent increase and to have system of driving help abol- ished. Drawing room help. — Fifteen per cent increase. Hand folders of cotton print worJes — Winding and doubling. — Fifteen per cent increase on the 56-hour basis. Shippers and packers. — Time and half for overtime and 15 per cent increase. Pacific print works helpers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and half for overtime. Web drawing and machine knot tiers and warp twisters. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase and the law regarding employment of licensed fireinen to be lived up to. Cotton weavers. — Fifteen per cent increase. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. Pbmbbeton Mills, Laweence, Mass. list op grievances. Weavers. — Fifteen per cent increase, the present system of taking single cuts on Saturday to continue. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and the law regarding em- ployment of licensed firemen to be lived up to. All other crafts demand an increase of 15 per cent. No discrimination to be made against any employee for activity during the strike. American Woolen Co. (Wood Mill), Lawrence, Mass. list of grievances. Wool sorters. — Fifteen per cent increase in price list, wages to be $16. Mule spinners. — Pour per cent increase in price list; pieceri, $8.15 per week; back boys, $6.55 per week. Carders and combers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages and abolish overtime. Spinning department. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Loom fixers. — Fifteen per cent increase in wages. Dyers and finishers. — Fifteen per cent increase, time and quarter for overtime after 5.30 o'clock, time and half for Saturday after 12 o'clock, double time for Sundays and hoUdays. Weavers. — First, 20 per cent increase in wages and the premium system to be abol- ished; second, payment to be made to the weaver for stoppage of looms over which the weaver has no control. Web drawers and warp twisters. — ¥oxa per cent increase. Jack spoolers. — Fifteen per cent increase and to have the system of driving help aboUshed. Drawing-room help. — Fifteen per cent increase. Hand folders. — Fifteen per cent on the 56-hour basis. Shippers and packers. — ^Time and a half for overtime and 15 per cent increase. Slasher tenders and helpers. — Twenty per cent increase. Stationary firemen. — Fifteen per cent increase and the law regarding employment ol licensed firemen to be lived up to. Menders, burlers, and speckers. — ^First, 15 per cent increase on the Wood mill price list for all menders of the American Woolen Co.; second, abolition of the premium system; third, day pay (by the hour) on bad work; fourth, price list to be the same in the Washington, Wood, and Ayer mills. No discrimination to be ma<^f(|^ptEWT¥Pte8F^fcrB?'iA*R^F^*^S ^^^ strike. 51240-S. DOC 870, 62-2^ ypp^ ^^^^^ ,jjj,jjm_ 2492 50 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. The mill officials promised the committee from each of the several mills to take up the grievances submitted and to notify them later of their decision in the matter. No reply having been received within a reasonable length of time, the United Textile Workers of America issued a statement from their headquarters in Fall River. The state- ment follows: Unttbd Textilb Workbes of America, Fall River, Mass. A general strike of all skilled operatives employed in the mills of this city is inevi- table if the mill agents do not immediately change their tactics. We have exhausted every peaceful means to avoid further trouble, but our efforts have been rendered useless by the dilatory tactics of the mill agents themselves. Instead of living up to their own promise to deal fairly with their employees, the mill agents keep evading the question, not the slightest consideration to date havii^ been given the workers who submitted their various bills of grievances when so requested. When the Lawrence Central Labor Union used its good offices to bring about joint meetings between the agents and the operatives, at the behest of the agents, the only result that followed was a flat refusal by the agents to make the slightest concession to the workers. Despite the promise of the mill agents to consider these numerous bills of grievances carefuUy, no such action is apparent even at this late day. It now appears to us as trade-unionists that the mill agents were not acting in good faith when making their original offer. Further prolongation of a general strike that shall include every skilled, operative in the mills will not only end in the absolute defeat of those on strike to-day, but also must end in the still greater exploitation of those who are at work. We have now arrived at a serious crisis in the present dispute. There is no longer any doubt in Our minds that the mill agents are trying to defeat the workers as a whole by keeping them divided. To remain silent at this time would be a grievous wrong. In submitting the foregoing facts to the American public we trust that when called upon they will respond generously and quickly to the support of the textile strikers of Lawrence, who have exhausted all conservative means to bring the unhappy dis- pute to an honorable end. Beginning about February 12, the strikers followed a new picket plan, and that was simply to throw an endless chain of strikers along the streets which must be crossed by the workers on their way to the mills. These pickets were kept moving all of the time in order to avoid interference from the police and mihtia. The picketing was practically all done by strikers organized under the "strike com- mittee," and the most of the strikers wore either a white card bear- ing the inscription "Don't be a scab" or a white ribbon. This method of picketing was followed until the close of the strike. On some mornings early in March as many as from 7,000 to 10,000 people were on the picket lines and practically surrounded the mill districts. On February 10 the strikers sent the first company of children to New York. These children were sent to the homes of sympathizers in that city. This is probably the first time that this procedure has been followed to any considerable extent in a strike in the United CHAPTEK I. THE STEIKB. 51 States. It is said, however, that it is not an unusual custom when a strike occurs in some of the southern European countries for the children in the strike district to be sent to other localities. As a matter of fact, the children who left Lawrence were sent to the homes of strike sympathizers, many of whom were Socialists, who oflfered to care for the children and in that way assist the strikers. During the strike a great many children were sent to the smaller Massachusetts and Vermont towns, as well as to the cities of New York and Phila- delphia. The children sent in small groups attracted but Uttle atten- tion, but when they were sent in the larger groups so much attention was attracted to the incident that it doubtless proved an excellent method of attracting pubhc attention throughout the country to the strike. The records of the " strike committee " show that the homes in New York and Philadelphia to which the children of strikers were sent had been visited by members of a committee appointed in each of those cities, and a report made to the "strike committee" as to their fitness. On February 17, following the sending away of about 100 children to New York, Barre (Vt.) , and other cities, the following letter was sent to the "strike committee" by the commanding officer of the militia: Februaky 17, 1912. Mr, Wm. Yates, Lawrence, Mass. Sir: I herewith notify you, and through you the strike committee, that hereafter, while I am in command of the troops in Lawrence, I will not permit the shipping oft of little children away from theii- parents to other cities unless 1 am satisfied that this is done with the consent of the parents of said children. Respectfully, Col. E. Lb Rot Swebtser, Commanding Troops at Lawrerux. As indicated by the letter, it was believed by the authorities in Lawrence that the children were being exploited by the "strike com- mittee " and that in some cases, at least, the consent of the parents had not been secured, or if consent had been secured that it was given under pressure. On February 22, following the sending away of a few children to Bridgeport, Conn., the marshal of Lawrence issued a statement that no more children would be allowed to leave Lawrence. On February 24 the strikers undertook to send away another crowd of children, but this was prevented by the police and some 30 arrests resulted. The greater number of arrests were simply for "violation of city ordi- nances," which, in this case, meant "congregating." In addition to these arrests, five women were held on the charge of "neglect of chil- dren," but these women were never technically placed under arrest, and therefore there was no case to come to trial. In most of the other cases a fine of $1 was imposed. A number of the children were 52 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. detained, but after the police Judge had heard two of the cases the whole matter, as far as parents and children were concerned, was referred to a committee appointed by the presiding judge. Upon recommendation of this committee, on March 12, all the cases except- ing two were dismissed, and on March 26 the cases of these two were continued indefinitely, which amounted to a dismissal. The strikers felt that the refusal of the authorities to allow the children to leave Lawrence was a serious interference with their rights. They had undertaken in all cases to secure the consent of the parents to have their children leave the city. The identification card and consent form which they used was as follows : STBIKE COMMITTEE. Lawrence Textile Workers. 9 Mason Street. IDENTIFICATION CARD. It is imperative that the parents of a child, or of children, who wish to go on a vacation during the strike of mill workers at Lawrence, Mass., give their consent in writing, and to facilitate matters they are requested to sign this identification card. No chil- dren will be accepted except the parents, father and mother, sign such a card. Name of child Age of child Residence in Lawrence Postal address of parents Nationality We, the undersigned, parents or custodians of the child above described, hereby agree that it be allowed to go on a vacation to 'people in in care of the "Lawrence Strikers' Children's Commit- tee," and we agree to allow the child to stay with the friends of the strikers in that city as long as the strike will last, except that unforeseen circumstances may make the return of the child necessary before that designated time. , Father. , Mother. , Custodian. Approved by the Children's Committee. No more crowds of children were sent away from Lawrence by the strikers until on March 8, when between 40 and 50 were sent to Phil- adelphia. On that occasion there was absolutely no interference on OHAPTBE I. — THE STRIKE. 53 the part of the police, excepting that they required a list of the names and addresses of all children sent away. The identification card used by the "strike committee" on that occasion differed only slightly from the one previously used. A copy of this card follows: IDENTIFICATION CARD. It is imperative that the parents of a child, or of chil- dren, who wish to go on a vacation during the strike of mill workers at Lawrence, Mass., give their consent in writing, and to facilitate matters they are requested to sign this identification card. No children will be ac- cepted except the parents, father and mother, or guar- dian, sign such a card. Name of chUd, Age of child , Residence in Lawrence, Mass., Postal address of parents, Nationality, We, the undersigned, parents or custodians of the child above described hereby agree that it be allowed to go on a vacation to people in in care of the "Lawrence Strikers' Children Commit- tee," and we agree to allow the child to stay with the friends of the strikers in that city as long as the strike lasts, except unforeseen circumstances may make the return of the child necessary before that designated time. , Father. , Mother. , Custodian. Witnessed by — Approved by the Children's Committee. Throughout February there were only about 40 per cent of the textile-mill employees in Lawrence at work. The gain over the last of January had been largely in the skilled occupations. ISIany of these men had never really gone on strike, but had simply quit work through fear or by reason of the fact that there was no work for th«m to do after work in other occupations had ceased. On March 1 the American Woolen Co. issued a statement offering 5 per cent increase in wages. On the same day, through arrange- ments made by the State board of conciliation and arbitration, a committee of nine from the Lawrence "strike committee" conferred 54 SIELKE 01' TEXTILE WOBKEBS IM LAWBEKCE, MASS. vfith the president of the American Woolen Co. Nothing was accom- plished at this conference. The woolen company officials simply- explained the offer and urged the strikers to return to work. The subcommittee reported back to the "strike committee," and in the opinion of that committee the offer was entirely too indefinite to even be submitted to the strikers for action. The notice posted by the American Woolen Co. on March 1 follows: In all the mills of this company a new schedule of wages will be put into effect March 4, 1912, involving increases in the rates now paid by the hour and the piece. The wages will be readjusted according to classes and occupations, but in every case the increase will at least amount to 5 per cent. On Friday, March 1, the Pacific mill posted the following notice: A new schedule of wages involving an increase in rates, whether paid by the hour or piece, will be put into effect in this mill March 4. On the same day the United States Worsted Co. issued the follow- ing notice: In keeping with our promise, made you early in January, that we would do as well by our employees as any other mill, and having been advised that the other mills have made an increase in wages, we hereby advise our employees that, commencing Monday, March 4, the wages of our operatives, whose usual wages are over $7 a week, will be advanced 5 per cent. Those whose wages amount to $7 or under will be ad- vanced 7i per cent. The Pemberton Co. posted the following notice on March 2 : A new schedule of wages involving an increase in rate whether paid by the hour or piece will be put into effect in this mill March 4, averaging about 5 per cent. The following is a statement posted by the Arlington mUl: Diudng the past two years our business has yielded no profit. Less than one-half of our machinery has been operated. This was caused by conditions beyond our con- trol. During this period of depression wages were not reduced. The smaller earn- ings of om: workpeople were caused by lack of continuous and full employment, which we were unable to furnish, very much to our regret and greatly to our loss. The effect of the law prohibiting the employment of women and minors in Massa- chusetts more than 54 hours weekly was to change the running time of our mills, where so many women and minors find employment, from 56 to 54 hours per week. This reduction in the hours of labor increased the fixed charges of our mills, consequent upon diminished output, at least 3.7 per cent, and also reduced the earning power of our work people in the same proportion. Massachusetts mills are handicapped by the fact that longer hours of labor are per- mitted in other and adjoining States. In addition to this, according to the report of the United States Tariff Board, it is also a fact that higher wages are now paid in the worsted mills in Lawrence than in those of any other manufacturing center in the United States. The demand for our products has recently increased, but markets are still unsettled. The selling values of our products in proportion to their costs are abnormally low and may be further affected by adverse tariff legislation. We believe, therefore, that actual business conditions do not warrant an increase in wages at the present time. Notwithstanding these facts, we recognize that labor conditions in Lawrence have not been normal, and that the ultimate welfare of the city, its citizens, its mills and OHAPTEE I. THE STKIKB. 56 their operatives, and of the whole Commonwealth are in a great measure dependent upon tie restoration of former contented labor conditions in this city. A special committee of the legislature and many representatives of labor, church, city, and State have conferred with the mill managers of Lawrence to help them, restore such conditions, and we appreciate the efforts all these agencies have~made for the common good. We especially appreciate the faithfulness and loyalty of our employees, of whom more than 70 per cent voluntarily have returned to work and thus enabled us to maintain our organization and, to a great extent, to operate our mills and retain our contracts. In view of all the above, which in substance has already been placed before com- mittees of our employees, we have decided to make to them the following specific statement without waiting for further developments: A readjustment of wages will be made upon a comparative basis as to occupations, involving increases in the rates now paid by the hour and by the piece. Such ad- vances are to be equitably adjusted according to the classes of workers and their earnings, and in no case to be less than 5 per cent. The new schedule of wages will go into effect Monday, March 4, 1912. We hope to fiunish our people steady employment, and shall welcome back and give work, as rapidly as possible, to any of our old employees, without discrimination, who apply for work on or before Wednesday, March 6, 1912. On Saturday, March 2, the Kunhardt mill posted the foUo'wing notice: ^ A new wage schedule giving an increase in the rates will go into effect in this mill Monday, March 4. The Kunhardt mill posted a further notice of increase for the weavers on Tuesday, March 5, to the effect that there would be a 5 per cent advance in wages on "three-cut" warps and over, running from 135 to 165 yards; a 10 per cent advance in wages on "two-cut" warps, running from 90 to 110 yards; and a 15 per cent advance in wages on "one-cut" warps, running from 45 to 55 yards. On Saturday, March 2, the Atlantic mill issued the following notice : A new schedule in wages involving an increase in the rates, whether paid by the hour or the piece, wUl be in effect in this mill Monday, March 4. On the same day the Lawrence duck miU posted the following notice : There will be a readjustment of the wages in many departments of the Lawrence Duck Co. mill on Monday, March 4, in line with the general change in the miUs of Lawrence. Some skilled workers affiliated with the Central Labor Union voted to return to their work on March 4. .While the increase offered was not entirely satisfactory to them, they retiu-ned to work with the understanding that their grievances would be adjusted later. On March 6 the "strike committee" was again notified by the State board of conciliation and arbitration to send a subcommittee to confer with the officials of the American Woolen Co. The meet- 56 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. ing was set for March 7, and the "strike committee" sent the same subcommittee of nine which conferred with the president of the American Woolen Co. on March 1. The members of this subcom- mittee were Edward RUey, Joseph Bedard, Thomas HoUiday, Gil- bert Smith, William Bohn, Archie Adamson, William Benkowski, Ettor Ginnini, and Mrs. Annie A. Welzenbach. The woolen com- pany's offer was as follows: A readjustment of wages will be made upon a comparative basis as to occupations involving increases in the rates now paid by the hour and by the day. Such advances are to be equitably adjusted according to the classes of workers and their earnings, and in no case to be less than 5 per cent, the average increase to bs not less than 7 per cent over the schedule in effect March 1, 1912. This is a statement more in detail under which our employees are now working in accordance with notices posted March 1, 1912. This conference was more promising than any conference hereto- fore held, but the offer still lacked deliniteness. The mill officials stated that it would take several days to adjust the increase in detail and requested the subconunittee to urge the strikers to return to work in the meantime. The subcommittee stated that the strikers would remain out until such time as the schedule could be completed. The mill officials then agreed to have the schedule ready within two or three days and to notify the strikers through the board of conciliation and arbitration when the next conference could be held. The report of the subcommittee was submitted to the strikers on the night of March 7, and at their meeting on the morning of the 8th the following statement was printed and circulated by the strikers: Textile workers, men and womeni Nobody bach to work until all go back togetherl After many weeks of a fierce struggle for better life conditions the mill owners are yielding. Concessions have been offered and an early termination of the hard-fought struggle seems to be in sight. But the employers are thinking that these concessions will break the ranks of the workers and that thousands will return to work before a final agreement is reached satisfactory to the large body of workers. If the mill owners succeed in their plans, the larger part of the textile workers will gain little or nothing, and in a few weeks all the achievements of your efforts will be wrung from you again. Now is the time to test your mettle; now is the time to show that empty promises can not deceive you, can not break your ranks' strength, can not betray you or lose the fruits of your great efforts. You fought and suffered for so many weeks; why not show your increased strength now, when a few days more will bring you a crowning victory, the means for better and happier days? Stand together! Think of the days before you I The more determined you are, the stronger you hold together on the fighting line, so much more will you get in the final settlement of the conflict. There will be no settlement until all workers return to their places of employment, all together, back to the mills in the same strength as when they left to fight out the issue which has now aroused the whole world. CHAPTEK I.- — THE STBIKB. 57 Don't be deceived and led astray by the reports of the press, destined to lure thousands back before all go back together. Don't listen to the sweet talks of business men from other cities now flooding the city as agents of the employers who try to separate the workers again, so that the employers can defeat the workers one after another. Don't be bribed by the scab-herding agency, the Central Labor Union, which does the work which even professional strike-breaking agencies refused to do; don't brand yourselves with the eternal infamy of being defeated in your struggle so that the professional labor skates may get the reward for the betrayal of your cause. Those who have returned to work will share in the results of this conflict. They no longer should help the employers to delay the day for a complete and'satisfactory adjustment of the controversies. All out on strike again! All in a solid mass, joined together to win! Keep out of the mills, all the mills; join hands together; close the ranks still stronger and tighter! All will return to work together; but only after all are satisfied, after all will get the means to live in a better and happier life! Pack the halls in all the meetings. Let the message of industrial solidarity ring loud and inspiring through the land! The world is with you; they will help you to win! Nobody back to work until all go together! Don't break ranks; don't scab! On the same day the "strike committee" made public the fol- lowing open letter: Lawrence, Mass., Mar A 8, 1912. ToCfov. Eugene N. Foss, of Massachusetts, and Son. M. F. Scanlon, Mayor, andtfie Most Honorable City Fathers of Lawrence, Mass. Gentlemen: The striking mill workers of Lawrence, Mass., do not expect you or any of your subordinates to do them justice. You have all done the bidding of the textile manufacturers and we are becoming accustomed to all the ghastly brutalities, the beating of women, the clubbing of children, and all the infamies that your puppets and service tools have heaped on peaceful people in this community. We have despaired that there was to be ever justice done to the outraged workers until recently; at last the whole Nation, aroused by the infamies of which you were the instigators and abettors, has forced the United States Congress and Senate to inves- tigate whether Lawrence was still located in the United States of America. We know now that any complaint that we may launch wiU reach the ear of millions aroused by the infamies enacted by brutal thugs, police, and militia. If this letter does not receive your consideration we know that others are now ready to expose the outrages of recent date. But we feel confident that you would now restore to the citizens of this State the assurance that the right to walk on the streets unmo- lested has been restored in limited degree, and therefore we address this communi- cation to you through the public press and by mail. Since the Federal investigation is on women thought they were secure in walking on the streets and that their constitutional rights were guaranteed. Peaceful women went to a meeting on March 1, on a Friday. Returning home, about 15 of them were suddenly surrounded by 50 or more Metropolitan police officers. There had been no provocations, no shouting, even, or any noise. These women were assaulted and clubbed, and an officer in blue, leaning out of a window of the city hall, instructed and commanded the Metropolitan police officers and urged them on in their fiendish, savage attacks. Breaking into two divisions, they would not allow the women to escape. The clubbing they received was shameful and atrocious. Not until one of the women. Bertha F. Crouse, 151 Elm Street, was beaten into insensibility did the thugs in uniform desist. The beaten woman was carried unconscious to a hospital, and pregnant with new life, this was blown into eternity by the fiendish beating 58 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWEENCB, MASS. and was born dead, murdered in a motier's womb by the clubs of hired murderers d the law that you have so recklessly overridden and abridged. Does this not make you an accessory to murder before the fact? Complaints w«re immediately made at police headquarters, but the complainants were told to go to the city hall where they received still less satisfaction. This occurred at 9.20 p. m., immediately after a meeting in Chabis Hall. The assaulted woman is laid up, but the murdered life can not be brought back to life. We lay these facts before you so that you may not dispute these things away when all the gruesome incidents of this industrial struggle are compiled for future reference and future remembrance. We have suffered, we have borne in patience all these atroci- ties against ourselves and our kin, but we will remember, we will never foi^et, and never forgive. By instructions. The Steikees' Committeb. The "strike committee" was asked to participate in another con- ference in. Boston on Saturday afternoon, March 9. At this confer- ence the officials of the American Woolen Co. presented a schedule of increases arranged according to null departments, as follows : Department. . '^^,^1 Up to drawing average, about 10 Drawing and spinning average, about 8J Twisting and winding average, about 8J Beaming average, about 11 Spooling average, about 11 Reeling average, about 11 Dressing and weaving average, about 5 Burling and mending average, about 5 Dyeing and finishing average, about 9 Mechanical average, about 6 Making an advance averaging about ". 7J This proved unsatisfactory to the " strike committee " for the reason that they wanted to know how much of an increase was to be given employees in each wage class. On Saturday, March 12, a final conference of the subcommittee of strikers and the officials of the American Woolen Co. was held. At this meeting the following offer was made: Time and one-quarter for overtime. All people on job work, 5 per cent increase flat. All those receiving less than 9^ cents an hour, an increase of 2 cents per hour. All those receiving between 9^ and 10 cents an hour, an increase of If cents per hour. All those receiving between 10 and 11 cents per hoiur, an increase of IJ cents per hour. All those receiving between 11 and 12 cents per hour, an increase of IJ cents per hour. All those receiving between 12 and 20 cents per hour, an increase of 1 cent per hour. No discrimination will be shown to anyone. The premium being already adjusted to the 54-hour basis, it will be readily seen that an increase of 5 per cent in the wage list is that much to the advantage of the weaver In more easily acquiring the premium. Premiums will be given out every two weeks instead of every four, as heretofore. CHAPTER I, THE 8TBIKE. 59 This offer was accepted by the "strike committee," and a mass meeting was called for the purpose of accepting or rejecting the o3er. Increases were offered by the Atlantic mill and the Kunhardt mill amoimting to practically the same as the increase offered by the American Woolen Co. At a meeting of several thousand strikers held on the Common (the city park) by permission of the city authorities on Thursday after- noon, March 14, it was voted to adopt the recommendations of the "strike committee," which were that the strike be declared off at the four mills of the American Woolen Co., the Atlantic miU, and the Kunhardt mill. The strike was declared still in force so far as it affected the Pacific mill, the Arlington null, the Uswoco mill , the Lawrence duck mill, the Pemberton textile mill, and the International paper mUl. ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE STRIKE. During the period from January 12 to March 13, inclusive, the number of arrests arising from the Lawrence strike was 296. This number includes the 5 detained for "neglect of children" on Feb- ruary 24; these persons were never technically under arrest. More than 296 arrests were made during the period indicated above, but only 296 arrests were of strikers, or persons connected with the strike, or in any way grew out of the strike. In many instances when a person was arrested more than one charge was placed against him, and when the matter came before the court the charges were disposed of separately; thus one of the persons arrested on January 15 was charged with rioting and also with carrying a dangerous weapon; on the first charge he was sentenced to one year's imprisonment and on the second charge to six months' imprisonment. Three hundred and fifty-five cases grew out of the 296 arrests, and they were disposed of as follows: DISPOSITION OF CASES OF ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH LAWRENCE STRIKE. Disposition. Number. Disposition. Number. Fined 220 64 3 19 38 4 2 2 Defaulted . .... 5 2 Total. Held without bail 355 • Amounting practically to a dismissal. Detained for neglect of children and never teclmically under arrest. The summary which follows shows the number of cases which came to trial on each specified charge, and it also shows in detail the disposition of the cases. Violation of city ordinance in most cases meant congregating or assembling on streets or in public places. 60 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBENCE, MASS. CHARGE AND DISPOSITION OF [Each charge was considered a sepa 1 Eined! Charge. w S3 S5 o s m ss i § 1 2 69 6 18 8 183 2 2 25 1 1 1 1 5 1 40 3 5 5 32 1 2 33 Accessory to murder 10 3 19 1 3 1 3 1 1 Assault on oT'cer Assault to kiU 1 A saault with dangerous weapon 1 1 Assault with knife Attpmpt tji noTnTTiit mnrHfir " i ' Carrying dangerous weapon 2 3 Carrying dangerous weapon and rioting Carrying knife t 2 2 Conspiracy and dynamite Disturbance 33 9 2 5 1 Disturbance and inciting riot Disorderly conduct Drunk 16 1 Drunk and assault Drunk and assault on oTicer 1 Drunk and molesting soldier 1 1 1 Inciting riot Interfering with o'^'cer 2 1 8 Interfering with soldier Intimidation 3 1 2 4 6 6 Malicious mischief Molesting soldier 1 Neglect of children 1 Stubborn Threatening 2 5 Violation of city ordinance 16 2 1 4 3 • *• ' Total '353 34 3 29 61 60 3 5 16 7 12 ■ Not including 2 cases; disposition not reported. CHAPTEE I. THE STEIKE. 61 GASES ARISING FHOM ARRESTS, rate case in preparing this table.] Sentenced to imprisonment. 1 ■s .a 1 3 a 1 i 3 1 2 1 o 5 3 •d 30 days. 1 month. § a CO 1 o a i a o 03 (M 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 9 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 2 6 1 2 7 I 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 24 3 3 1 j j 1 1 12 1 2 4 4 1 27 3 3 19 33 4 2 2 1 5 5 (12 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKBKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. On the charge of carrying dangerous weapons, in 2 cases the defendant was fined $50, and in 3 cases $100; in 11 cases the defend- ants were sentenced to imprisonment varying from 2 months to 2 years. Of the 40 cases in which intimidation was charged, the defendants were sentenced to imprisonment in 2 cases; the highest fine imposed was $100 and the lowest was $3. From the table which follows it is seen that of the 220 cases in which a fine was imposed the fine Was paid in 87 cases, the defendants were committed in 84 cases, 5 cases were continued, and 44 were appealed. Appeals were taken in 4 cases in which the fine was only $5, and in 13 cases in which the fine was $10. Of the 54 cases in which the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment the defendant was committed in 10 cases, an appeal was taken in 43 cases, and 1 case was continued. DISPOSITION OF CASES IN WHICH FINES OR IMPRISONMENT WERE IMPOSED. Fined. Sentenced to imprisonment. Number of cases. Term. Number of cases. Amount. Total. Paid. Com- mitted. pealed. Con- tinued. Total. Com- mitted. pealed. Con- tinued. 11 .. 34 3 29 61 SO 3 5 16 7 12 21 3 6 33 16 1 1 5 1 12 1 30 days.... 1 montli... 2 months.. 3 months.. 6 months.. 9 months.. 1 year 2 years 12 1 2 4 4 1 27 3 8 i" 1 4 1 1 2 4 1 27 3 82 J3 23 23 20 2 i 1 1 (5 . 4 13 1 1 1 JIO 115 J20 4 8 4 11 i' 1 $25 150. $100 . . Total 220 87 84 44 6 Total... 54 10 43 1 ORGANIZATIONS OF EMPLOYEES. The principal organizations of textile employees organized along craft lines, and the approximate number of members before the strike was as follows: MEMBERSHIP OF PRINCIPAL ORGANIZATIONS OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE. Organization. Approxi- mate number of members. Organization. Approxi- mate number of members. Mule spinners 200 520 300 150 160 Dyers and finisher.S. 160 c Loom fixers Slashers Cotton and woolen yarn workers Printers 25 16 The perchers also maintained a benefit or fraternal organization. While those unions organized along trade lines are carrying on a CHAPTEK I. THE STRIKE. / 68] struggle for higher wages, shorter hours, and a general betterment^ conditions of labor, as viewed from the wage-earners' standpoint, they still accept the existing social order and the continuance of the wage system. In addition to these craft organizations there was also the Industrial Workers of the World, organized along nationaUty or racial Hnes. The total membership of the Industrial Workers of the World in Lawrence at the beginning of the strike was approximately 1,000, and of that number it is estimated by active members of that organ- ization that not more than 300 were paid-up members. About 200 of the 300 paid-up members were in the Franco-Belgian branch, which was largely made up of French or Belgian weavers, with some Eng- lish operatives. The Franco-Belgian branch of the Industrial Workers of the World was organized in Lawrence in 1905 and has been in existence ever since that date. A Portuguese branch was organized in April, 1908, but did not remain in active existence more than a few weeks. A Polish branch was also organized in April, 1908, with about 200 members. This branch maintained an active existence for a few months. - ^ j. Itahan branch was organized in the early summer of ^^l-Ll some 300 members were carried by that branch immediately prior to the strike, but the paid-up membership was very small within a few weeks after organization. In opposition to the basis of organization adopted in the unions organized along craft lines, the Industrial Workers of the World endeavor to bring together in a single union all wage earners', irre- spective of trade or occupational lines. In many places, on account of the heterogeneous character of its members and the lack of a common language, the organization is broken up into sections formed upon racial or nationahty lines. The Industrial Workers have the same economic aim- — the betterment of the conditions of the wage earners — as the unions organized along craft or occupational Unes, but have an entirely different program for the attainment of this end, adopting a different social philosophy and being opposed to the con- tinuance of the present industrial order based upon the wage system. One of the mottoes or maxims of this organization claims that "Labor is entitled to all it produces" and another demands the "Abolition of the wage system." The preamble of the constitution of the Industrial Workers of the World states : The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people, and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world organ- ize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production and abolish the wage system. 64 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. We find that the centering of the management of industries into fewer and fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the ever-growing power of the employing class. The trade unions foster a state of affairs which allows one set of workers to be pitted against another set of workers in the same industry, thereby help- ing defeat one another in wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the working class has interests in common with their employers. These conditions can be changed and the interest of the working class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all its members in any one industry, or in all industries, if necessary, cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department thereof, thus making an injury to one an injury to all. Instead of the conservative motto, "A fair day's wages for a fair day's work," we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, "Abolition of the wage system." It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for the everyday struggle with capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old. RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS ASSISTING STRIKERS. In all protracted strikes, and particularly in those of low-paid employees, destitution and suffering arfe inevitable accompaniments. Where a strike is conducted under the auspices of an organization well established and experienced in the conduct of strikes, and with ready facilities for furnishing strike benefits, the suffering and desti- tution may be reduced to a minimum, but the problem presented in Lawrence in the beginning seemed an appalling one. Some 23,000 employees had gone out on strike, and of these not over 2,800 belonged to organizations and were thus in position to be supported financially. The remaining 20,000 had simply thrown up their employment with- out having in view any organized method of securing financial assists ance. It is probably a conservative estimate to say that the number of nonwage earners in the families of those on strike added to the number who had left their employment comprised a total of some 50,000, out of a total population in Lawrence of approximately 85,000, who were without employment or any source of income. Such a condition might well be expected to overwhelm the reUef- giviag facilities of any community and justify a prediction that such a strike could not possibly continue more than a few days. The continuance of the strike and its ultimate success was unquestionably due to the rapidity and the success with which those in chaise of the strike of the unorganized employees devised and maintained a relief system. The relief problem facing the older organizations, composed of skilled employees and affiliated with the Central Labor Union, was comparatively simple. These organizations represented the better- paid class of employees to begin with, and had regular established systems for furnishing relief during strikes. The Women's Trade Union OHAPTBE I. THE STRIKE. 65 League of Boston offered to cooperate with the Central Labor Union in fumisMng reUef to textile workers in need of reUef because of the strike, and the Central Labor Union of Lawrence, at its regular meet- ing on January 28, voted to open headquarters there in cooperation with the Women's Trade Union League, and a committee was ap- pointed to take this matter up. Under its auspices, a relief station was established at the head- quarters of the Central Labor Union, Milk and bread, and also shoes and other articles of clothing, were distributed directly to appli- cants from this relief station. A record was made of each applicant and the membership of the family wherever assistance (other than milk) was requested. A sufficient investigation was made to deter- mine the need of such applicants for aid, and the information gathered was assembled on a card containing the following items: Name Date Number of union Church Address Floor Front or rear Rent Benefit or savings Husband's name Occupation Wage Past Present MiU Wife's name Occupation Wage Past Present MiU Children Age Occupation or sctiool Wage Mill Lodgers Room rent Aid given Date Total income Past Present Regular days were fixed for the distribution of relief, separate days being assigned to the English and non-English speakiag applicants. As each applicant presented himself his card was looked up and such relief was granted as the conditions indicated by the card suggested. For supphes other than bread and milk and shoes and some articles of clothing, applicants were furnished with orders on certain stores, with which arrangements had been made to furnish supplies on the presentation of properly executed orders. In addition to furnishingv food and other supplies, the Woman's Trade Union League main-/ tained a trained nurse, whose time was given to assisting families irl which there was sickness. V. Although in the beginning the great majority of the strikers were unorganized, and comparatively few of them were affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World, an official of that organization was 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 5 66 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. requested by wire to come to Lawrence, and arrived there the second day of the strike. Within 48 hours after his arrival a committee had been organized known as the "strike committee," of which he was the chairman. This committee was placed in charge of the strike as far as it concerned some twenty thousand of the striking employees, both those who were unorganized and those aflBliated with the Indus- trial Workers of the World. Although the chairman of the strike committee from the beginning to the end of the strike was an official of the Industrial Workers of the World, only a part of the member- ship of the committee was affiliated with that organization. This "strike committee" promptly sent out an appeal for funds to labor organizations throughout the country, and from the beginning to the end of the strike contributions were received from regular trades-unions, from industrial unions, from socialistic organizations other than labor organizations, and from private sources. These relief funds came from all sections of the country, and averaged about $1,000 a day throughout the strike. On a few days the amount re- ceived by the strike committee exceeded $3,000. The "strike com- mittee" promptly organized an elaborate relief system, placing it under the control of a relief committee of 24 members; 6 of these formed the central committee and 18 conducted the investigations necessary to determine whether the applicants for relief were strikers in need of assistance. Eleven races or nationahties were represented on this committee of 24, as follows: Armenian, English, French, Franco-Belgian, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Italian, Lettish, Polish, and Syrian. In addition to this general relief committee each of the principal nationalities had its own relief committee working in connection with this general committee. The relief committee provided soup kitchens for men without families, and in some cases these soup kitchens were also patronized by women, but almost without exception families and women were supplied with food in their homes or furnished orders for groceries on some one of a number of stores. The Industrial Workers of the World provided a weekly allowance for food based on the number in each family. The allowance was as follows : ALLOWANCE FOE FOOD PROVIDED BY THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD. Size of family. Allowance per week. Size of family. Allowance per week. 1 person. 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons $2.00 2.50 3.00 3.60 3.75 6 persons. . 7 persons. 8 persons. 9 persons. lOpersons. S4.00 4.50 4.75 fi.OO 5. SO CHAPTEK I. THE STRIKE. 67 In addition to the food, each family was allowed one dollar's worth of coal and fifty cents' worth of wood every second week, and in specially needy cases this amount was increased. Orders for shoes were also given, and two doctors gave medical assistance upon orders from the Industrial Workers of the World. In a few cases where peculiar hardship would result rent was paid by the relief committee, but in practically every case the rent was simply allowed to remain unpaid, and in the very few cases where tenants were compelled to vacate property, some landlord was found who would allow a tene- ment to be used rent free until the strike was over. The relief committee investigated the cases of applicants for help to determine whether or not they were strikers, although the investiga- tion was largely omitted in the case of the Italians, of which race practically every ojne employed in the textile mills was on strike. A book record was kept of all "scabs" (persons working during the strike), and any one working on another man's job was designated as "double scab." No assistance of any kind would be given to a "scab." Different methods of recording applicants for help were used by the various nationalities. The one used at the Franco-Belgian HaJl showed the name, address, number in family, and opposite each date on which help was given the kind and amount of assistance given. From that haU relief was furnished some 1,200 families. Some of the races numerically important had one or more stores from which supplies were distributed, while others secured their help through general headquarters at the Franco-Belgian HaU. The Italians maintained four distributing stations, each furnishing relief to a more or less distinct district. Somewhat difiPerent methods of distributing supplies and checking the families were followed in the different stations. From "one of these stations over 1,000 families were assisted. On March 8 the number of families given food from that station was 552. The records in that store were simple but com- prehensive. Each family applying for aid was given a niimber. One book, which they called the "record book," was ruled in columns; the first column was for the book or family number, the second for the name of the family, the third for the number of persons in the family, and at the top of the several remaining columns was written the name of the streets in that vicinity or district. When a family applied for aid the record was entered on a line in the "record book," first the number assigned to the family, the name of the family, the number of persons in the family, and in the appropriate street column the num- ber of the house. The second book used was simply a day book ruled with columns. At the top of the first column was the family number, and at the top of the others was entered the articles of food usually distributed. On 68 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKBBS IN LAWEENOE, MASS. each day as assistance was given, the famUy number was entered, and on the same line was entered in the appropriate column the quantity of each article furnished the family. For instance, the day book showed that family No. 52 was supplied with 2 pork, 2 bread, 1 tomato sauce, 3 rice, and 3 potatoes ; this means 2 pounds of pork, 2 loaves of bread (each loaf weighing about 2^ pounds), 1 can of tomato sauce, 3 pounds of rice, and 3 pounds of potatoes. Family No. 1021 was fiu-nished 2 pork, 2 tomato sauce, 3 rice, 4 potatoes, and 1 sugar. A reference to the "record book" shows that family No. 52 consisted of two persons, and family No. 1021 of seven persons. Two soup kitchens were maintained by the Italians, one by the Syrians, one by the Polish, one by the Armenians, and one at the Franco-Belgian HaU for aU nationalities not provided for elsewhere. Various plans were foUowed in checking up those who patronized the soup houses in order to exclude "scabs" and to serve only strikers or members of their families. The Franco-Belgian soup kitchen fed about 1,300 persons twice a day during the strike. Meals for two typical days were as follows: On the first day the morning meal consisted of bread, pressed ham, and tea; the afternoon meal was bread, beef, potatoes, peas, and tea. On the second day the morning meal was bread, potted meat, and tea, and the afternoon meal was bread, beef, potatoes, carrots, turnips, and tea. Evei^one was served in abundance, and milk and sugar were provided for the tea. Women of the families of the strikers prepared the food in the soup kitchen and the men assisted in serving at the long tables. In the other soup houses food desired by the particular, nationahty was served in abundance. In the Syrian soup kitchen women of the strikers' families assisted in preparing the food, while in the Italian soup kitchen such work was done by the men. The Syrian soup kitchen fed from 140 to 150 twice a day. On a typical day one of the meals consisted of bread, lamb, crushed wheat, specially prepared sour milk, and coffee; another meal of bread, rice, lima beans, and coffee. One of the Italian soup kitchens fed about 300 twice a day and the other ItaUan kitchen a larger number. In addition to the rehef furnished by organizations of the strikers, a rehef station was maintained by social workers from outside of Lawrence out of funds contributed largely by outside sources, which supphed a few hundred children three times a day with cocoa and sandwiches and on some occasions with soup. In spite of the large amounts received from outside sources and dis- tributed through the relief system of the labor organizations, there was a heavy burden laid upon all the reUgious and civic charitable organizations of the city and upon private sources of charity during the entire period of the strike, and these organizations exerted every effort to meet the situation and furnished a large amount of rehef. CHAPTER II. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR AND CONDITIONS OF WORK IN THE TEXTILE MILLS. CHAPTER II. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR AND CONDITIONS OF WORK IN THE TEXTILE MILLS. SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. Data relative to wages and hours of labor were secured from the pay rolls of four woolen and worsted mills and three cotton miUs in Lawrence. The period for which information was taken was the week ending nearest November 25, 1911. For weavers and a few other occupations information was secured for two or four weeks. Two of the four woolen and worsted mUls allow a premium in some occupa- tions, and in all cases where a premium was earned the amount of the earnings during the whole premium period and the amount of the premium were added to produce the total earnings. Overseers and clerks are not included in the tabulation. The total munber of textile employees for whom wages and hours were secured was 21,922, which was approximately two-thirds of the total number employed in the textile mills of Lawrence immediately preceding the strike. Of the 21,922 employees for whom data were secured, 12,150, or 55.4 per cent, were males, and 9,772, or 44.6 per cent, were females. The distribution of employees into sex and age groups was as follows: Sex and age groups. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 11,075 1,075 50.5 4.9 Total 12, 150 SS.4 Females 18 vears of aee and over. 8,320 1,452 38.0 6.6 Total 9,772 44.6 21,922 100.0 Eleven and one-half per cent of the total number of employees were under 18 years of age. The males under 18 formed 8.8 per cent of the total number of males and the females imder 18 formed 14.9 per cent of the total number of females. 71 72 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWKENOB, MASS. Approximately one-fourth (23.3 per cent) of the 21,922 textile-mill employees earned less than 12 cents per hour, and about one-fifth (20.4 per cent) earned 20 cents and over per hour. The average rate of earnings per hour was 16 cents. Almost one-third (33.2 per cent) of the 21,922 employees earned less than $7, and approximately one-half as many, 17.5 per cent of the total, earned $12 and over during the week for which pay-roU data were secured. The average amount earned during the week was $8.76. During the week for which pay-roll data were secured 19.9 per cent of the 21,922 employees worked more than 56 hours, 57.2 per cent worked 56 hours, and 22.9 per cent worked less than 56 hours. The average number of hours worked during the week was 54.4. The table which follows shows in summary form for the employees of each sex and within each age group data relative to rate of wages per hour and amount earned and hours worked during the week for which information was secured : AVEEAGE RATE OF WAGES AND AVEEAGE AMOTTNT EAENED AND HOtTES WOEKED DUEING WEEK FOE WHICH DATA WEEE SECUEED, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS- WOOLEN AND WOESTED MILLS AND COTTON MILLS. (The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this table are based, respectively, on the houriy rates of time workers combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, the amoimts earned during the week for which data were secured, regardless of hours worked, and the hours actually worked dur- ing the same week. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Total num- ber of em- ployees. Eate of wages per hour. Amount earned dur- ing week. Hours worked during week. Sex and age groups. Aver- age. Per cent of employees earning— Aver- age. Per cent of employees earning — Aver- age. Per cent of em- ployees working— Un- der 12 cents. 20 cents and over. Un- der J7. $12 and over. Un- der 66. 66. Over 56. Males, 18 years and over Males, under 18 years 11,076 1,075 $0,179 .114 10.9 72.8 32.4 .4 110.20 6.02 17.6 80.2 30.2 .3 56.5 52.6 19.8 20.8 41.3 76.7 38.9 2.4 Total 12,160 .173 16.4 29.5 9.83 23.0 27.5 56.1 19.9 44.4 35.7 Females, 18 years and over. Females, imder 18 years 8,320 1,452 .147 .117 25.9 66.3 10.4 1.7 7.67 6.02 40.4 77.1 5.7 .3 52.2 51.5 26.1 29.8 73.6 69.7 .2 .6 Total 9,772 .143 31.9 9.1 7.42 45.8 4.9 52.1 26.7 73.0 .3 21,922 .160 23.3 20.4 8.76 33.2 17.5 54.4 22.9 67.2 19.9 The summary table which follows shows for the employees of each sex and within each age group the average rate of wages and the per cent earning each classified rate per hour. The table also shows the per cent of employees working less than 56 hours during the week. The classified rates are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. CHAPTER n. ^WAGBS, HOUES, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 73 PEE CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS AND COTTON MILLS. [The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classified rate ol wages per hour. Sex and age groups. Total. Percent working less than 56 hours during week. Under 12 cents. Under 16 cents. Under 20 cents. 20 cents and over. MaI(W^ IS yfiars (inii nvfif 11,075 1,076 19.8 20.8 to. 179 .114 10.9 72.8 44.3 97.3 67.6 99.6 32.4 MftiesJ iiTiftpr TR years .4 Total 12,150 19.9 .173 16.4 49.0 70.5 29.5 8,320 1,452 26.1 29.8 .147 .117 25.9 66.3 65.1 92.3 89.6 98.3 10.4 1.7 Total 9,772 21,922 26.7 .143 31.9 69.1 90.9 9.1 Grand total 22.9 .160 23.3 68.0 79.6 20.4 Less than 12 cents per hour was earned by 10.9 per cent of the finales 18 years of age and over, 25.9 per cent of the females 18 and over, 72.8 per cent of the males under 18, and 66.3 per cent of the females under 18. Twenty cents and over per hour was earned by 32.4 per cent of the males 18 and over, 10.4 per cent of the females 18 and over, 0.4 per cent of the males under 18, and 1.7 per cent of the females under 18. Forty-nine per cent of the males and 69.1 per cent of the females earned less than 15 cents per hour. The average rate earned by the 11,075 males 18 years of age and over was $0,179 per hour, which was $0,032 per hour above the aver- age for the females 18 years of age and over. The average rate of earnings per hour of the 1,075 males under 18 years of age was $0,114, and of the 1,452 females under 18 years of age $0,117. The summary table which follows shows for the employees of each sex and within each age group the average amount earned and the per cent earning each classified amount during the week for which data were secured. The classified amounts are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. Y4 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEEKCE, MASS. PEB CENT OF EMPLOYEES EABNINQ EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DUEING WEEK, BY SEX AND AGE GEOUPS— WOOLEN AND WOESTED MILLS AND COTTON MILLS. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings during the week for which data were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the hours actually worked. See pages 75 to 78 as to ajRouat of work available.] Employees. Average amount earned during week. Per cent of employees earning each classified amount during week. Sex and age groups. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Un- der $5. Un- der $7. Un- der $10. Un- der $12 $12 and over. 11,075 1,075 19.8 20.8 110.20 6.02 5.0 12.3 17.5 80.2 66.4 98.8 69.8 99.7 30.2 Males, under 18 years .3 Total 12,150 19.9 9.83 5.6 23.0 60.2 72.5 27.6 Females, 18 years and over 8,320 1,452 26.1 29.8 7.67 6.02 8.7 17.6 40.4 77.1 86.5 98.3 94.3 99.7 5.7 .3 Total 9,772 26.7 7.42 10.0 45.8 88.2 95.1 4.9 21,922 22.9 8.76 7.6 33.2 72.7 82.5 17.5 During the week for which pay-roll data were secured less than $5 was earned by 7.6 per cent of the 21,922 employees, less than $7 by 33.2 per cent, less than $10 by 72.7 per cent, less than S12 by 82.5 per cent, and $12 and over by 17.5 per cent. Less than $5 was earned by 5 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over, 8.7 per cent of the females 18 and over, 12.3 per cent of the males under 18, and 17.6 per cent of the females under 18. Twelve dollars and over was earned by 30.2 per cent of the males 18 and over, 5.7 per cent of the females 18 and over, 0.3 per cent of the males under 18, and 0.3 per cent of the females under 18. The next summary table shows for the employees of each sex and within each age group the average number of hours worked and the per cent working each classified number of hours during the week for which data were secured. .The usual division of the 56-hour week in the textile mills of Lawrence was lOJ^ hours on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, and 5| hours on Saturday. The classified hours are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. CHAPTEE n.— WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 15 PEE CENT or EMPLOYEES WORKING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS DURING WEEK FOE WHICH DATA WERE SECURED, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS AND COTTON MILLS. [The houis shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Sex and age groups. Number of em- ployees. Average hours worked per week. Per cent of employees working each claa- sifled nimiber ol hours during week. Under 308. Under 40S. Under SOf. Under 56. 56 and over. Males 18 years and over. 11,075 1,075 56.5 52.5 4.1 5.4 6.5 8.1 12.1 13.8 19.8 20.8 80.2 79.2 Total 12, 150 56.1 4.2 6.6 12.3 19.9 80.1 8,320 1,452 52.2 51.5 5.3 7.9 8.9 11.4 15.6 18.4 26.1 29.8 73.9 70.2 Total 9,772 52.1 5.6 9.3 16.0 26.7 73.3 21,922 54.4 4.8 7.8 13.9 22.9 77.1 During the week for wMcli pay-roll data were secured 56 hours and over were worked by 77.1 per cent of the 21,922 employees, under 56 hours by 22.9 per cent, under 50f hours by 13.9 per cent, under 40f hours by 7.8 per cent, and under 30| hours by 4.8 per cent. Less than 56 hours were worked by 19.8 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over, 26.1 per cent of the females 18 and over, 20.8 per cent of the males under 18, and 29.8 per cent of the females under 18. Fifty-six hours and over were worked by 80.2 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over, 73.9 per cent of the females 18 and over, 79.2 per cent of the males under 18, and 70.2 per cent of the females under 18. AMOUNT OF WORK AVAILABLE. All the figures for earnings given in this report show the earnings for a pay-roll period during which the mills were ui operation fuU time. It is, of course, obvious that the earnings per day or per week of an employee are of less importance to him than the earnings for a year; that is, high earnings for a week have little significance if there are many idle weeks in a year. Thus, a loss of one month in a year is tantamount to a reduction in the rate of earnings of 8J per cent. The only method, therefore, that will give an accurate and significant view of earnings is one that shows earnings by the year; but it would be impossible, of course, to show this in any industry involving a large number of employees, both because of the enormous work in- volved in going over the pay rolls and the further difficulty due to the changes in the personnel of the working force. Any statement of weekly earnings, therefore, should be supplemented by a statement showing fully the opportunity for employment offered in each occupation. The rate of wages and the opportunity for employment 76 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCB, MASS. are both essential to any correct understanding of the condition of any industry so far as concerns the earnings of employees. One cause of bitter complaint on the part of textile-mill em- ployees at Lawrence was slackness of work, particularly during the past two years. In worsted manufacturing in Lawrence more work was available in 1909 than in any other year of the past five. In cotton manufacturing in Lawrence the greatest amount of work was available in 1907, but only a slightly less amount was available in 1909. A study of the pay checks for the past year or more of sober and steady workers and the uniform testimony of storekeepers and others Hving in the vicinity of some of the mills confirm the com- plaints of the workers as to the serious curtailment of earnings suffered through lack of employment offered, but, as explained above, in spite of earnest effort to secure accurate figures, it is not possible to give any satisfactory estimate of the actual amount of unemployment or the extent to which figures of earnings shown in the table of earnings must be reduced in order to indicate fairly the actual earnings of textile operatives for the entire period of the year. It can only be said that the figures given may be called the maximum earnings. On first consideration it might seem an easy matter to secure figures showing the opportunity for employment in any given in- dustry. As a matter of fact, it is extremely difficult, and in the case of the textile mills of Lawrence it was found impossible to secure any satisfactory data on this subject covering all the mUls. A careful study was made of the data available in the different miUs, in the hope of being able to give some fairly satisfactory showing of the opportunities of employment, but without success. The operations of the weave room might ordinarily be taken as a fair indication of the operation of a given mill as a whole since all the processes pre- ceding weaving are regulated by the amount of work done iu the weave room, and the processes foUowing the operations of this room would ordinarily be regulated by the product turned out by the looms, provided that the null is complete in itself and what is ordi- narily termed well balanced; but as a matter of fact, some of the milla of Lawrence do commercial spinning and sell a part of the product of the spioning rooms to other mills instead of using it in their own weave rooms. In such miUs the amount of employment offered in the weave rooms would not be a fair index for the miU as a whole, since the occupations leading up to and including the spinning would furnish employment in excess of the requirements of the weave room. On the other hand, the operations of the spinning room, while they would indicate the opportunity of employment in that room and in the processes leading up to it would show a larger amount of employ- CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 77 ment than was offered in the weave room and in the processes depend- ing upon the output of that room. But even in the mills in which the entire product of the spinning room and of the earlier processes was used in the weaving room the records were in most cases not sufficiently complete to furnish an accurate basis for showing oppor- tunities of employment. The records for practically all the mills show the number of hours the weave room was in operation, and it would also have been possible to secure from each mill the number of looms in operation during each pay-roll period, but several vital defects were found in using these figures as an expression for the opportunity for employment. In the cotton textile mills the number of looms attended by a single weaver varies considerably, ranging approximately from 8 looms to 24 looms per weaver. In these cases, therefore, the number of looms shut down would not indicate even approximately the number of weavers thrown out of employ- ment. Thus, 72 looms shut down might indicate only three weavers thrown out of employment, or it might indicate three times that num- ber. The variation here, therefore, is so great as to make it impossible even to gain an approximate idea of the amount of employment offered at any two periods respectively, although for each period the number of hours the weave room worked and the number of looms in operation at each time were given. The same discrepancies would occiu- — possibly in a less degree — in the amount of employment offered in the various processes leading up to the weave room. Although in the woolen and worsted mills there is less variation in the number of looms tended by a single weaver, there is still sufficient to affect the validity of figures based on the operations of the weave room. Many of the difficulties in the way of securing satisfactory data as to opportunity of employment are multiplied when the effort is made to secure these data for a number of mills each with a different system of keeping records bearing on this topic. Another difficulty presents itself on account of the different methods adopted in differ- ent plants in slack time. Some establishments run a shorter number of hours and continue to give employment to the entire force, each employee thus suffering approximately the same percentage of reduction in earnings. Other plants run fuU time, but reduce the number of employees; in an instance of this kind a given per cent of the employees continue to make full earnings, while the others suffer an entire lack of employment so far as that plant of the industry is concerned. The dispersed employees who apparently suffer complete loss of earning power during this period of curtailed production in a given mill may, as a matter of fact, find similar employment in a neighboring mill. If the records of the mills were uniform and all were combined, the actual facts would be indicated, but where these 78 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKBBS IN LAWBENOE, MASS. records are not uniform this moving from mill to mill might com- pletely destroy the validity of the figures. Moreover, so far as statistics are concerned, they would show the same proportion of unemployment in the case of two mills, one of which employed its fuU force half time and the other of which em- ployed half its force fuU time; and this showing would be accurate as far as the given industry was concerned. But so far as reflecting the conditions which vitaUy affect the wage earner the statistical showing would be entirely misleading. It is a very different matter to a wage earner whether he works half time each day or each week for a period of several months in a given industry or whether he works full time in that industry for half the period. In the first case his earn- ings suffer a reduction approximately proportionate to the amount of his unemployment. In the second case he may have oppor- tunities for employment in other industries and not suffer a reduction of earnings at all proportionate to the amount of unemployment in the industry under investigation. On the whole the employees do not hold the employers primarily responsible for this condition of slack employment which grows out of the nature of the industry, but they do complain of it bitterly and suffer from it to the same extent, regardless of where the responsibility lies. It might be added here that it is a fact that the tendency in many lines of industry, including textiles, is to become more and more seasonal and to build to meet maximum demands and competitive trade conditions most effectively. This necessarily brings it about that a large number of employees are required for the industry during its period of maximum activity who are accordingly of necessity left idle during the periods of slackness. THE PREMIUM SYSTEM. One of the demands of the Lawrence strikers was the " abolition of all bonus and premium systems." This demand was not conceded by the employers, but they did agree to allow premiums on earnings for a two-week period in all occupations in which the premium had previously been allowed on the earnings of a four-week period. The premium system is in use in only two of the woolen and worsted mills in Lawrence for which the Bureau secured wage data. The principal occupations in which the premium plan is used are Weavers. Loom fixers. Second hands in weave rooms. * Warp dressers. Slashers. Menders. 1 " Second hand " ia a term used In the textile industry to denote an assistant overseer- CHAPTER II.-^WAGES, HOtJKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 79 The premium system, as actually worked out in the mills in which it is used, is somewhat complicated and is explained in detail for each occupation later in this chapter. The purpose of the system is to induce the largest possible output by each employee. The method of securing this varies. In some occupations a premium or a bonus in the shape of an amount of money in excess of the regular time or piece earnings is paid to each employee whose output exceeds some fixed standard. In some other occupations the premium or bonus is paid not directly on output, but for attendance — that is, it is paid any employee who has not missed more than one day during the four-week period. In some instances the premium is invariable, the operative receiv- ing a given bonus per unit on each unit turned out in excess of the minimum fixed for the attainment of the premium. In other instances the system is more complicated, a graduated premium being paid, increasing in rate as the earnings of the employee exceed the earn- ings fixed for the minimum premium. In the case of two occupa- tions the premium is paid not upon the earnings of the occupation itself, but upon the earnings of another occupation. Thus, the loom- fixer's premium is based upon the earnings of the weavers whose looms are in the charge of the loom fixer; and the premium of the assistant overseer of the room is based upon the earnings of all the loom fixers who are working under his direction As frankly admitted by the employer, the premium system is intended to increase the efficiency of the individual worker by offering a reward to encourage regular attendance and to induce an increase in output through steady and rapid work. It is also beheved by the employer that the system attracts the steady and most efficient workers; and it is further argued that since full standard rates are paid for work in the occupation in which premiums are paid, there is no unfairness to the employees in these occupations, but merely an additional reward for regularity in attendance and efficiency in work. On the other hand, the opposition of the employees to the system is based upon a conviction that it is a plan devised primarily for the purpose of speediQg up the employees in the occupations in which premiums are paid. This tendency toward speeding up, they hold, is further accentuated in the case of the weave room by the fact that the premiums paid both to loom fixers and to assistant overseers is determined by the earnings of the weavers. Thus, although the premium paid to the weaver appeals to his own self-interest to induce intensity of work on his part to secure the increased earnings, the payment to the loom fixer and to the assistant overseer of a premium based upon the earnings of the weaver tends to induce these two 80 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. classes of employees to "drive" the weaver even beyond tlie point to whicli his self-interest would urge him. In answer to the contention of the employer that the regular rate per unit of output is paid to the weaver, that he therefore loses nothing by the adding of the premium system, and that he is free to earn it or not, as he chooses, the employee argues that weavers who do not earn the premium and thereby fail to add to the income of the loom fixer and the assistant overseer can; not long remain in the weave room. A further objection to the system — and one that was partly met by the concession of paying premiums on two weeks' instead of four weeks' earnings — is that an employee might for a period of, say, three weeks or even more, work at high pressure and then, through illness or absence from other unavoidable causes, lose the benefit of his extra output during that period. Thus, in some occupations, it might easily happen that an employee by close application and energetic work for a period of 18 or 20 days could turn out, say, 10 per cent more than the amount necessary to be turned out each day to earn the premium if he worked the full month. If, however, he should be unable to work the remaining days and his earnings while at work did not total the minimum earnings jSxed as the premium basis, he would secure no premium at all. He would, it is true, receive his regular rate for his additional output; but possibly the employee working next to him, whose earnings might exceed his own by only a few cents, and who reached the minimum earnings required for a premium by working a few days longer, would receive his full premium. It is impossible to convince most employees that there is not injus- tice in such a system. The employees were very emphatic in their claim that the premium system produces a tremendous nervous strain on the employee toward the close of the premium period through the fear that illness or trouble with his machine may prevent his reaching the earnings required to entitle him to the premium, and that unexpected bad luck of this kind in the latter part of the period may thus cause him to lose the benefit of his close application in the earlier period. The employees also argue as a matter of equity that if the employer can afford to pay an advanced price for the increased output, he can also afford to pay at the same advanced rate for a slightly lower output. The employer's countercontention is that the capital invested in his machinery creates a fixed charge; that every idle day of a machine requires a proportion of the fixed charge represented by that machine for that day to be assessed on the product of the other machines, and that in the same way reduced output on any machine increases the fixed charge against the product of that machine. CHAPTEK n. WAGES, H0X7ES, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 81 The weavers in one of the large mills in Lawrence (MiU X) received premiums based on earnings for four weeks as follows: Earnings for 4-week period (224 hours). Premium. $39 to $43.49 5 per cent of earnings. $43.50 to $47.99 10 per cent of earnings. $48.00 to $48.99 10 and 5 per cent of earnings. $49.00 to $49.99 10 and 6 per cent of earnings. For each additional dollar earned 1 added to second per cent. In illustration of the above plan, a weaver who earned 139 during a 4-week period of 224 hours was allowed in addition a premium of 5 per cent of $39, or SI. 95, which made the total amount paid him $40.95 ($39 plus $1.95); a weaver who earned $49 during a 4-week period of 224 hours was allowed in addition a first premium of 10 per cent of $49, or $4.90, and a second premium of 6 per cent on $53.90 ($49 plus $4.90), or $3.23, which made the total amount paid him $57.13 ($49 plus $4.90 plus $3.23). If the null or department was closed during any premium period, the earnings necessary to secure each of the premiums indicated above bore the same ratio to the earnings entered above as the hours the mill was in operation bore to 224 (f uU-time hours) . If an employee was absent one day or more when the mill was in operation, the earn- ings required to secure each of the premiums indicated above was ~ ^ of the amounts entered above. The premium rule for weavers in that mill was as follows: If a weaver is out not over lOJ hours in any one month (four-week period), his pre- mium shall be figured on a basis of the number of hours worked. If out exceeding 10^ hours, no premium will be paid unless in time worked weaver earns ° amount required either for regular or extra premium. Above amounts are to be used for a month's (four weeks) work, consisting of 224 hours. If the mill should not run 224 hours, the premium shall be computed on the number of hours run. Ten cents are allowed to weavers short for the regular and the 5 per cent extra premium. The premium plan is much the same in another of the large mills (Mill Y), excepting that several types of looms are used and the amount of earnings necessary to secure a premium varies according to the type of loom used, as follows : TYPE A LOOM. Earnings for 4-weeIc period (224 hours). Premium. $34 to $39.99 5 per cent of earnings. $40 to $42.99 10 per cent of earnings. $43 to $43.99 10 and 5 per cent of earnings. $44 to $44.99 10 and 6 per cent of earnings. For each additional dollar earned 1 added to second per cent. 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 6 82 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. TYPE B LOOM. $35 to $40.99 5 per cent of earnings. $41 to $45.99 10 per cent of earnings. $46 to $46.99 10 and 5 per cent of earnings. $47 to $47. 99 10 and 6 per cent of earnings. For each additional dollar earned 1 added to second per cent. TYPE C LOOM. $39 to $43.49 5 per cent of earnings. $43.50 to $47. 99 10 per cent of earnings. $48 to $48.99 10 and 5 per cent of earnings. $49 to $49.99 10 and 6 per cent of earnings. For each additional dollar earned 1 added to second per cent. TYPE D LOOM. $44 to $49.99 5 per cent of earnings. $50 to $50.99 10 and 5 per cent of earnings. For each additional dollar earned 1 added to second per cent. In a four-week premium period ending in November, 1911, the two worsted mills (Mill X and Mill Y) had on their pay rolls 1,241 weavers (not including spare weavers), and of that number 1,099, or 88.6 per cent, received a premium. The total amount received as wages and premiums during the four-week period was 164,579.27, and of that amount $8,367.71, or 13 per cent, was premium money. The table which follows shows the proportion of weavers of each sex receiving a premium and also the total and average amount of wages and the total and average amount of premiums received. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF WEAVERS RECEIVING A PREMfuM AND AVERAGE ■AMOUNT OF EARNINGS AND OF PREMIUM, BY SEX. Males. Females. Total. Number of weavers Number receiving a premium Per cent receiving a premium Total amount received as wages (not including premium) Average amount received as wages Total amount received as premium Average amoimt received as premium: Based on total number of weavers Based on number of weavers receiving a premium 836 742 88 8 837,943.73 $45.39 $5,585.32 $6.68 $7.53 405 367 88.1 $18,267.83 $45.11 $2,782.39 $6.87 $7.79 1,241 1,099 88.6 $56,211.56 $45.30 $8,367.71 $6.74 $7.61 The female weavers had slightly lower average earnings than did the male weavers, but the average amount of premium received by the females was greater than that received by the males. As has already been stated, the premium is based on the earnings of the weavers, and the per cent allowed is from 5 up. The next table shows the number and per cent of weavers receiving each specified premium. A premium of 10 and 6 per cent or more was received by 54.3 per cent of the males who got a premium, by 62.7 per cent of the females who got a premium, and by 57.1 per cent of those of both sexes who got a premium. The table followB : CHAPTEB n. WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOKK. 83 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WEAVERS RECEIVING EACH SPECIFIED PREMIUM, BY SEX. Premium. Males. Number. Per cent. Females. Number. Per cent. Total. Number. Per cent. Spercent 8 per crot 1 lOper^ent 10 and 5 percent. 10 and 6 per cent . 10 and 7 per cent . 10 and 8 per cent - 10 and 9 per cent . 10 and 10 per cent 10 and 11 per cent 10 and 12 per cent 10 and 13 per cent 10 and 14 per cent 10 and 15 per cent 10 and 16 per cent 10 and 17 per cent 10 and 18 per cent Total 1 173 82 11.2 .1 23.3 11.1 10.8 11.1 7.8 8.4 7.3 3.2 2.0 1.1 1.6 .4 .1 .1 .4 7.8 .3 17.4 11.8 11.8 14.3. 11.8 11.2 6.3 4.2 1.4 2.2 111 2 239 124 122 133 100 102 73 39 20 16 13 4 1 1 10.1 .2 21.4 11.3 11.1 12.1 9.1 9.3 6.G 3.5 1.8 1.5 1.2 .4 .1 .1 .3 100.0 100.0 ' Irregular premium due to working on two different types of looms. Nine hundred and ninety- five, or 90.5 per cent of the weavers who received a premium worked full time (224 hours) during the four-week premium period; 42, or 3.8 per cent, lost not more than one day of 10^ hours; and 62, or 5.6 per cent, worked 168 hours (three-quarters full time) and less than 213| hours (full time less one day of 10^ hours). The following, table shows the classified number of hours worked •by weavers receiving each specified premium: NUMBER OF WEAVERS RECEIVING A PREMIUM AND NUMBER AND PER CENT WORKING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS. Premium. Number receiving apre- mmm. Number working — Full time (224 bours). 213| and less than 224 hours. 168 and less than 2131 hours. Per cent working- Full time (224 hours). 2131 and less than 224 hours. 168 and less than 213J hours.. Spercent Spercent^ 10 per cent 10 and 5 per cent.. 10 and 6 per cent.. 10 and 7 per cent.. 10 and 8 per cent. . 10 and 9 per cent. . 10 and 10 per cent 10 and 11 per cent 10 and 12 per cent 10 and 13 per cent 10 and 14 per cent. 10 and 15 per cent. 10 and 16 per cent. 10 and 17 per cent. 10 and 18 per cent. Total Ill 2 235 124 122 133 100 102 73 39 20 16 13 4 1 1 76 2 201 118 114 128 94 98 72 36 20 16 12 3 1 1 3 68. 100. 85. 95. 93. 96. 94. 92. 100. 100. 92. 75. 100. 100. 100. 90.5 6.3 6.0 2.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.4 7.7 8.5 2.4 3.3 .8 3.0 2.0 i Irregular premium due to working on two diflerent types of looms. 84 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. The number of weavers working each classified number of hours and receiving each specified prenaium is shown by sex in the table which follows. Ninety-one per cent of the male weavers who received a premium, and 89.6 per cent of the female weavers who received a premium, worked full time, or 224 hours during the four weeks of 56 hours each. More than one day (10| hours) was lost by 5.7 per cent of the male weavers and by 5.6 per cent of the female weavers who recced a premium. NUMBER OF WEAVERS RECEIVING A PREMIUM AND NUMBER WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS, BY SEX. — /v. Total.- Males. Num- ber re- ceiv- ing a pre- mium. Number working- Full time (224 hours). 2131 and less than 224 hours. 168 and less than 2138 hours. Females. Num- ber re- ceiv- ing a pre- mium. Number working — Full time (224 hours). 2135 and less than 224 hours. and less than 2131 hours. Num- ber re- ceiv- ing a pre- mium. Full time (224 hcurs). Number work^— 213| and less than 224 hours. 168 and less than 213| hours. Spercent 8 per cent i 10 per cent 10 and 5 per cent.. 10 and 6 per cent.. 10 and 7 per cent.. 10 and 8 per cent.. 10 and 9 per cent.. 10 and 10 per cent. 10 and 11 percent. 10 and 12 per cent. 10 and 13 percent. 10 and 14 per cent. 10 and 15 percent. 10 and 16 per cent. 10 and 17 per cent. 10 and 18 per cent. Total 83 63 1 1 73 149 X2 78 8(1 74 82 79 ,W 55 62 59 .M 53 24 23 Ifl 15 X 8 12 11 3 2 1 1 1 1 12 111 2 235 124 122 133 100 102 73 39 20 16 13 4 1 1 76 2 201 118 114 128 94 98 72 36 20 16 12 3 1 1 3 20 3 4 1 742 675 357 320 20 1,099 ' Irregular premium due to working on two different types of looms. Of the 1,241 regular weavers in the two mills, 142, or 11.4 per cent, failed to receive a premium during the four-week premium period under consideration. The time worked by the weavers who failed to receive a premium is shown in the table which follows : NUMBER OF WEAVERS NOT RECEIVING A PREMIUM AND NUMBER WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS, BY SEX. Number working- Males. Females. Total. Full time (224 hours) 9 14 39 32 3 11 18 16 12 168 and less than 208* hours 25 112 and less than 168 hours 57 Less than 112 hours 48 Total 94 48 142 Of the 142 who did not receive a premium, 8.5 per cent worked full time, 17.6 per cent worked 168 and less than 208f hours, 40.1 per cent CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOKK. 85 worked one-half and less than three-fourths full time, and 33.8 per cent worked less than one-half time. In MiU X the loom fixers were allowed a premium of 16 per cent on the earnings of the looms in their charge in excess of $21 per loom during the premium period of four weeks. Thus, if a loom fixer looked after 25 looms, he was allowed 16 per cent on the amount earned by the 25 looms above $525. The premium rule for loom fixers in that null was as follows: Loom fixers will be paid a premium on a basis of 16 per cent of the amount earned in excess of $21 per loom in a month of 224 hours. A fixer can be absent lOj hours in any one month (four weeks) without affecting his premium. If absent more than IO5 hours, he will receive a part of the premium earned on his section in proportion to the actual time he has worked. Fixers working on the sections of a fixer who is absent will receive the balance of the premium earned in that section divided in proportion as each worked on said section. The same general premium plan was followed for loom fixers in Mill Y, except that the earnings required per loom varied with the type of loom. Loom fixers in charge of type A looms were allowed a premium of 16 per cent on the earnings of the looms in their chaise in excess of $20.50 per loom; in charge of type B looms, a premium of 16 per cent on the earnings of the looms in their charge in excess of $21.50 per loom; in charge of type C looms, a premium of 16 per cent on the earnings of the looms in their charge in excess of $21 per loom; and in charge of type D looms, a premium of 16 per cent on the earnings of the looms in their charge in excess of $25 per loom. In the two nulls 167 loom fixers were employed during the four- week period under consideration, and of that number 93, or 55.7 per cent, received a premium. The premiums amounted to 9.3 per cent of the total amount (wages plus premium) received. The second hands (assistant overseers) in the weave room of both Mill X and Mill Y received as a premium an amount equal to 10 per cent of the premiums of the loom fixers under their supervision. The premium was paid to a second hand even though he was absent several days during the premium period. Warp dressers in Mill X received each week a premium of 1 cent per cut, for every cut above 250 rurming cuts of yarn up to 2/20's, for every cut above 300 running cuts of yarn from 2/20's to 2/30's, and for every cut above 350 running cuts of yam 2/30's and finer. In Mall Y the warp dressers received each week a premium of 1 cent per cut for every cut above 350 running cuts. If absent one 45f day the warp dresser was allowed the premium if he dressed -^ of the 350 running cuts, but if absent more than one day he must dress the full 350 cuts in order to secure the premium. In the two mills 32 of the 39 warp dressers received a premium during the week ending November 25, 1911. Nine and eight-tenths 86 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOB, MASS. per cent of the total amount received (wages and premium) was premium money. In Mill X the slasher and his helper each received a premium of 1 cent per cut for all cuts in excess of 200 cuts in a one-week period. In Mill Y the slasher and his helper received a premium of 1 cent per cut on the total number of cuts. This premium was divided evenly between the slasher and his helper. In order to be entitled to the premium they must be at work every day during the week if the mill was in operation. Two slashers of the eight in Mill X failed to receive a premium during the week ending November 25, 1911. Both MiU X and Mill Y had the same premium plan for menders. If a mender working on piecework earned $36 to $40.99 in a four- week period, she received a premium of 5 per cent; if she earned $41 or over in the four-week period, she received a premium of 10 per cent. The menders were not required to be present every day during the four weeks, but must earn the full amount in order to secure the premium. "Finish" menders (time workers) received a premium of 10 per cent on earnings for the four-week period, but must not be absent more than one day during the four weeks. "Bad" menders (time workers) received a premium of 10 per cent on earn- ings for the four- week period, but must not be absent more than one day during the four weeks. In the four-week period for which data were secured 276 of the 562 menders on piecework (aU females) in the two mills received a premium. The total amount of premiums equaled 5.2 per cent of the total amount (wages plus premium) received. Data as to working time of the menders can not be combined for the two mdls for the reason that the running time in the two nulls differed during the pay-roll period covered. In MiU X, 60.3 per cent of the 156 menders on piecework who received a premium worked fuU running time (213^ hours) of the mill, 17.9 per cent lost less than one day, and 3.2 per cent worked less than 168 hours during the pre- mium period. In Mill Y, 9.2 per cent of the 120 who received a premium worked full running time (209 1 hours), 74.2 per cent lost less than one day, and 2.5 per cent worked less than 168 hours during the premium period. Of the 286 piecework menders who did not receive a premium, 174 were in Mill X and 112 were in Mill Y. In MiU X 44.3 per cent of those who did not receive a premium worked full running time, 12.6 per cent lost less than one day, and 20.1 per cent worked less than 168 hours during the premium period. In MUl Y all of the piecework menders who did not receive a premium worked less than 168 hours during the premium period. CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 87 SPEED OF LOOMS. Considerable difference of opinion existed as to whether there was a speeding up of machinery in connection with the reduction of hours on January 1, 1912, in order to increase the production per hour and thus to offset the effect of reduced running time on the output. Some employees claimed that the machinery was speeded up directly, while others claimed that beginning several weeks before the close of the year 1911 the machinery was put into better condition and thus the output increased. The employees also claimed that with the reduced hours the pieceworkers made every effort to increase their output in order to maintain their earnings, and that whde the piece- workers got the financial benefit of any increase in their output, the time workers in many occupations would be required to handle the same amount of material or do the same work in 54 hours as formerly in 56 hours, although their pay was reduced. The employers state that the speed of the looms has not been increased for a number of years and that the speed (number of picks per minute) in January, 1912, was the same as in 1911. The record of five mills shows no change in speed of looms during the past two years. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. Data relative to wages and hours of labor were secured from four woolen and worsted mills in Lawrence. The period for which infor- mation was secured was a week ending about November 25, 1911. For weavers and some other occupations for which one week's pay would not fairly represent earnings, data were secured for either two weeks or four weeks. Two of the four mills allow a premium in some occupations based on the earnings for four weeks. In aU cases where a premium was earned, the amount of the premium and the amount of earnings during the whole premium period were added to produce the total earnings. Overseers and clerks are not included in the tabu- lations. The total number of woolen and worsted mill employees for which wages and hours were secured was 16,578, and of that number 9,351, or 56.4 per cent, were males and 7,227, or 43.6 per cent, were females. The distribution of the employees iato sex and age groups was as follows: Per cent. Males, 18 years of age and over 51. 3 Males, under 18 years of age 5. 1 Total 56.4 Females, 18 years of age and over 36. 4 Females, under 18 years of age 7. 2 Total 43.6 88 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Two thousand and thirty-three, or 12.3 per cent of the total number of employees, were under 18 years of age. The proportion under 18 years of age was considerably greater among females than among males, the females under 18 forming 16.5 per cent of the tota females, and the males under 18 forming only 9 per cent of the total males. The table which follows presents in summary form, by sex and age groups, certain important data relative to rate of wages per hour and amount earned and hours worked during the week for which informa- tion was secured : A.VEBAGE HOURLY BATE OF WAGES AND AVERAGE AMOUNT EARNED AND HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The rates, eamiBgs, and hours worked shown in this table are based, respectively, on the hourly rates of time workers combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, the amounts earned during the week for which data were secured regardless of hours worked, and the hours actually worked during the same week. See pages 76 to 78 as to amount of work available.l Total em- ployees. Rate of wages per hoiu-. Amount earned during week. Houra worked during week. Sex and age groups. Aver- age. Per cent of employees earning— Aver- age. Per cent of employees earning— Aver- age. Per cent of em- ployees working— Un- der 12 cents. 20 cents and over. Un- der $7. $12 and over. Un- der 56. 66. Over 56. Males, 18 years and over Males, under 18 years 8,507 844 $0,180 .112 12.4 78.4 34.6 .4 110. 20 5.89 18.8 83.3 32.2 .3 56.1 52.2 22.3 20.5 40.6 77.0 37.2 2.5 Total 9,351 .174 18.4 31.5 9.81 24.5 29.3 55.7 22.2 43.8 341 Females, 18 years and over . Females, under 18 years 6,038 1,189 .147 .116 30.1 69.1 12.9 1.9 7.66 5.95 43.3 78.8 7.7 .5 62.2 51.2 27.2 30.0 72.5 69.3 .3 .7 Total 7,227 .142 36.5 11.1 7.38 49.2 6.3 52.0 27.6 72.0 .4 16,578 .160 26.3 22.6 8.75 35.3 19.4 64 2 24 6 56.1 19.4 CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOtTES, AND CONDITIONS OP WOKK. 89 The above table shows that in the four woolen and worsted mills data were secured for 16,578 employees. For the total number of employees the average rate of wages per hour was 16 cents, with 26.3 per cent of the employees earning under 12 cents per hour, and 22.6 per cent earning 20 cents and over per hour. The average amount earned during the week for which data were secured was $8.75, with 35.3 per cent of the employees earning under $7 and 19.4 per cent earning $12 and over. The average hours worked during the week for which data were secured was 54.2, with 24.6 per cent of the employees working under 56 hours, 56.1 per cent working 56 hours, and 19.4 per cent working over 56 hours. The table shows similar data for each of the sex and age groups. The next table summarizes briefly by mill departments data rela- tive to sex and age of employees, rate of wages per hour, and amount earned and hours worked during the week for which information was secured. 90 STRIKE or TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. SEX AND AGE DISTEIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES, BATE OF WAGES PEE HOUR, AND WOOLEN AND [The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this table are based, respectively, on the hourly rates of week tor which data were secured regardless of hours worked, and the number of hours Departments. Employees. Total. Per cent. Males. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. Females. 18 years and over. Under 18 years Total. Beaming .,.. Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total 397 781 9 261 920 246 681 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 624 57 397 876 35 66 282 253 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,055 4.8 17.8 100.0 98.6 84.3 64.2 98.5 34.2 97.8 38.9 93.9 60.0 47.7 5.3 11.1 15.2 91.4 9.2 77.7 11.1 13.2 66.6 56.5 92.5 1.0 .1 1.7 2.0 1.4 7.6 2.0 17.3 17.4 7.0 .8 .5 8.6 3.1 4.6 .8 5.2 2.7 9.3 1.0 1.2 6.8 17.9 100.0 99.2 86.1 66.3 99.8 41.8 99.7 56.3 93.9 50.0 66.1 12.3 11.8 16.6 100.0 12.3 82.3 11.9 18.4 69.4 66.7 93.5 83.6 66.4 10.6 16.6 94.2 82.1 .4 13.3 26.0 .2 48.8 .3 31.0 6.1 60.0 32.8 71.9 76.8 69.4 .4 .7 7.7 9.4 "i2."7 2.1 16.8 11.3 15.0 13.9 33.7 .2 68.2 .3 43.7 6.1 50.0 34.9 87.7 88.2 84.4 69.2 16.3 63.6 66.6 38.0 25.0 5.9 18.5 1.4 24.6 16.0 2.6 9.3 87.7 17.7 88.1 81.6 40.6 34.3 6.6 16,578 51.3 5.1 56.4 36.4 7.2 43.6 The above summary shows that the rate of wages per hour was lowest in the beaming department, in which there were 397 employees. In that department 4.8 per cent of the employees were males 18 years of age and over, 1 per cent were males under 18 years of age, 83.6 per cent were females 18 and over, and 10.6 per cent were females under 18. For the 397 employees the average rate of wages was 11.1 cents per hour, with 92.5 per cent earning under 12 cents and 1.1 per cent earning 20 cents and over. The average amount earned during the week was 15.92, with 95 per cent earning under $7 and 0.8 per cent earning $12 and over. The average hours worked during the week was 53.4, with 21.7 per cent of the employees working under 56 hours, 75.1 per cent working 56 hours, and 3.3 per cent working over 56 hours. CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOUES, AND CONDITION'S OP WOEK. 91 AMOUNT EARNED AND HOUES WORKED DURING WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS- WORSTED MILLS. time workers combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, be amounts earned during the actually worked during the same week. Seepages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Rate wages per hour. Amount earned during week. Hours worked during week. Per cent of em- Per cent of em- Per cent of employees work- Average. ployees earning— Average. ployees earning — Average. ing— - Under 12 20 cents Under $12 and Under 66 Over cents. and over. J7. over. 56. 56. $0,111 92.5 1.1 S5.92 95.0 0.8 53.4 21.7 75.1 3.3 .140 40.6 12.4 7.60 51.8 6.3 53.9 26.5 65.4 8.1 .166 .148 22.2 29.5 11.1 8.3 9.05 8.95 22.2 13.7 11.1 9.9 54.2 60.5 33.3 10.0 66.7 21.1 68.'9 .136 27.4 4.1 7.79 37.6 6.2 57.1 12.6 46.1 41.4 .186 18.3 39.9 10.79 24.7 36.1 67.2 10.6 56.6 32.9 .146 .6 1.9 9.67 9.3 12.3 65.5 12.0 2.9 85.0 .127 44.5 3.3 6.88 57.6 3.1 63.7 17.5 75.9 6.6 .167 .8 21.8 9.30 11.5 15.6 56.0 35.9 16.4 47.7 .131 42.4 4.6 6.95 50.3 4.6 52.6 20.6 68.1 11.3 .138 6.1 4.1 7.47 26.5 4.0 63.7 22.4 16.3 61.2 .143 2.9 2.9 7.08 29.5 2.9 49.1 35.3 50.0 14.7 .156 20.2 17.4 8.41 29.4 16.1 53.8 18.9 63.4 17.7 .133 .115 79.0 79.2 5.3 .8 7.11 6.09 86.1 86.3 6.3 .6 63.4 63.1 26.3 26.3 73.7 67.0 e'l .178 12.2 34.3 8.81 30.1 17.2 48.2 80.0 14.4 5.6 .204 17.1 54.3 11.13 20.1 61.4 66.0 14.3 40.0 45.7 .122 .161 67.6 25.9 1.5 20.3 6.64 8.77 72.4 27.3 53.5 54.9 18.5 28.7 81.5 37.6 ii.'4' 33.7 .119 63.3 .8 6.34 69.5 1.2 53.0 22.1 71.1 6.7 .130 39.7 2.7 6.90 48.3 2.2 53.2 18.5 74.9 6.6 .213 6.4 57.2 11.13 17.7 45.3 51.5 23.0 71.7 5.3 .180 17.7 37.9 9.46 21.3 30.6 53.5 31.5 66.7 1.9 .192 4.8 61.6 11.20 10.2 43.9 53.4 50.1 40.7 9.3 .195 1.9 43.5 12.10 6.5 54.6 61.9 10.3 28.7 60.9 .160 26.3 22.6 8.75 ^ 35.3 19.4 54.2 24.6 56.1 19.4 The rate of earnings was highest in the weaving department, in which there were 3,138 employees. In that department 56.6 per cent of the employees were males 18 years of age and over, 2.7 per cent were males under 18, 38 per cent were females 18 and over, and 2.6 per cent were females under 18. For the 3,138 employees the average rate of wages was 21.3 cents per hour, with 6.4 per cent earn- ing under 12 cents and 57.2 per cent earning 20 cents and over. The average amount earned during the week was $11.13, with 17.7 per cent earning under $7 and 45.3 per cent earning $12 and over. The average hours worked during the week was 51.5, with 23 per cent of the employees working under 56 hours, 71.7 per cent working 56 hours, and 5.3 per cent working over 56 hours. The next table summarizes for each mill department, by sex and age groups, average rate of wages per hour and average amount earned and hours worked during the week for which data were secured. 92 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. AVERAGE BATE OF WAGES, AMOUNT EARNED, AND HOURS WORKED IN EACH [The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this table are based, re^ectively, on the hourly rates the week for which data were secured regardless of hours worked, and the number of hours Departments. Employees. 18 yrs. and over. Per cent. Males. Un- der 18 yrs. Females. yrs. and Un- der 18 yrs. Average rate of wages per hour. 18 years and over. Un- der 18 years, Females. 10 years and over. Un- der 18 years. Total. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Fioishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. . Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs 397 781 246 681 ,662 757 1,072 49 34 624 57 397 876 35 66 282 253 ,338 1,138 108 681 ,055 4.8 17.8 100.0 98.6 84.3 64.2 98.6 34.2 97. 38.9 93, 50.0 47.7 5.3 11.1 16.2 91.4 9.2 77.7 11.1 13.2 56.6 56.5 92.6 1.0 .1 1.7 2.0 1.4 7, 2.0 17.3 17.4 7.0 .8 .6 8.6 3.1 4.6 .8 6.2 2.7 9.3 1.0 1.2 83.6 65.4 10.6 16.6 .4 13, 26.0 .2 48.8 .3 31.0 6.1 50.0 32.8 71.9 76.8 69.4 .4 .7 7.7 9.4 i2."7 2.1 15.8 11.3 15.0 99.8 69.2 16.3 63.6 66.6 38.0 26.0 6.9 .2 18.5 1.4 24.6 16.0 2.6 9.3 1.161 .207 .166 .148 .138 .217 .146 .140 .168 .147 .139 .144 .186 .361 .117 .227 .213 .139 .173 .143 .142 .230 .217 .194 .196 10. 10. .122 .116 .102 .127 .111 .130 .106 .124 .117 .113 .143 .110 .148 .115 .135 .105 .118 .130 .169 .120 144 206 166 148 .138 .213 .146 .136 .167 .134 .139 .144 .169 .217 .117 .225 .204 .141 .170 .142 .131 .226 .206 .194 .195 $0. $0. 108 111 SO. 109 126 .108 .108 .108 .121 .124 .121 .134 .128 .13,1 .162 .1,52 .124 .ii2 .122 .108 .108 .135 .111 .128 .122 .122 .142 .148 .131 .130 .131 .122 .117 .121 .114 .113 .114 .177 .136 .170 .121 .119 .119 .132 .201 .144 .172 .160 .113 .108 .108 .118 .125 .099 .147 .119 .118 .116 .129 .196 .132 .170 .150 Total 16,678 51.3 6.1 56.4 36.4 7.2 43.6 .180 .112 .174 .142 CHAPTEE n. WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OP WOBK. 93 DEPARTMENT, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. of time workers combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, the amounts earned during actually worked during the same week. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Average amount earned during week. Average hours worked during week. Males. Females. Males. Females. 18 Under 18 Under 18 Under 18 Under and 18 Total. and 18 Total. and 18 Total. and 18 Total over. over. over. over. $8.94 $5.05 $8.26 $5.79 $5.65 $5.77 62.6 44.5 59.5 63.1 62.3 63.0 11.42 7.6C 11.36 7.01 5.88 6.78 65.2 56. C 55.2 63. S 52.8 53.6 9.06 8.99 9.06 8.97 54.2 60.6 ""m.b 54.2 60.6 6.83 6.05 6.05 6.05 66.0 66.0 56.0 8.02 6.3S 7.99 8.6S 6.94 6.60 57.5 55. S 57.5 54.2 56.0 54.3 12. 8S 5.71 12.63 7.3C 6.78 7.18 58.8 66. C 58.7 54.6 62.8 54.2 9.61 7.13 9.5S 8.6C 8.50 66.6 55.9 65.5 56. C 56.0 7.66 5.8S 7.34 6.65 6.03 6.56 54.4 62.6 54.1 53.5 63.1 53.4 9.35 7.24 9.31 6.06 6.06 56.1 55.5 56.1 66.0 56.0 7.93 5.16 7.08 7.19 6.81 6.79 63.5 50.4 62.5 53.0 61.8 . 52.7 7.52 7.91 7.62 7.91 6.81 6.26 6.81 6.25 53.6 56.1 53.6 66.1 66.0 43.1 66.0 43.1 10.13 6.53 9.17 6.98 7.30 7.00 63.9 62.8 63.6 53.3 66.0 53.5 19.66 6.73 11. 7S 6.51 6.31 6.47 56.0 49.1 62.1 53.5 64.0 53.6 6.84 6.34 6.81 6.9S 6.11 6.00 58.4 56.0 68.2 62.2 54.0 62.4 12.92 7.96 12.78 8.63 6.4S 8.07 56.8 66. S 55.8 48.3 39.4 46.7 11.70 7.63 6.01 8.55 11.13 7.86 57.0 54.3 45.6 56.0 56.0 64.7 6.38 6.27 6.36 52.8 55.6 53.4 9.45 6.46 9.28 6.43 6.02 6.40 55.0 66. S 56.0 54.1 56.0 64.3 7.78 7.4S 7.76 6.37 5.5S 6.16 54.0 55.4 64.1 53.3 61.8 52.9 8.03 5.76 7.38 6.96 6.04 6.79 56.2 54.6 56.7 62.9 61.4 52.6 12.08 6.51 11.82 10.36 6.63 10.12 61.6 54.1 61.6 61.0 66.4 81.3 11.22 7.25 10.66 7.82 5.37 7.16 62.7 66. C 63.2 54.2 54.4 64.3 11.37 8.59 11.34 9. 28 7.8S 9.16 53.5 50. C 53.5 53.9 53.6 53.9 12.19 6.65 12.12 3.45 3.45 62.0 66.2 61.9 23.0 23.0 10.20 6.89 9.81 7.66 5.95 7.38 56.1 52.2 55.7 52.2 61.2 52.0 94 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. The above table sbows that tbe frame-spinning department employed 2,072 persons. In that department 38.9 per cent of the employees were males 18 years of age and over, 17.3 per cent were males under 18, 31 per cent were females 18 and over, and 12.7 per cent were females under 18. The average rate of wages per hour was 14.7 cents for males 18 and over, 10.6 cents for males under 18, 13.5 cents for females 18 and over, and 11.1 cents for females under 18. The average amount earned during the week was 17.93 for males 18 and over, $5.16 for males under 18, $7.19 for females 18 and over, and $5.81 for females under 18. The average hours worked during the week were 53.5 for males 18 and over, 50.4 for males under 18, 53 for females 18 and over, and 51.8 for females under 18. The table shows similar data for each of the 25 mill departments. RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR. Almost three-fifths (59.8 per cent) of the 16,578 woolen and worsted mill employees darned less than 15 cents per hour, and more than one- fourth (26.3 per cent) of the total number of employees earned less than 12 cents per hour. The proportion earning 20 cents and over per hour was shghtly less than the number earning under 12 cents per hour, the percentages being 22.6 and 26.3, respectively. The table which follows shows for the employees of each sex and within each age group the average rate of wages and the per cent earning each classified rate of wages per hour. The classified rates are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PEE HOUR, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The rates shown In this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week tor which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classifledrateofwages per hour. Bex and age groups. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Under 12 cents. Under 15 cents. Under 20 cents. 20 cents and over. Males 18 years and over 8,607 844 22.3 20.5 to. 180 .112 12.4 78.4 449 97.9 65.6 99.6 34.6 Total 9,351 22.2 .174 18.4 49.8 68.7 31.6 Females, 18 years and over 6,038 1,189 27.2 30.0 ;i47 .116 30.1 69.1 69.0 92.8 87.1 98.2 12.9 1.9 Total 7,227 27.6 .142 36.5 ■ 73.0 89.1 11.1 16,578 24.6 .160 26.3 59.8 77.4 22.6 CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOTJES, AND CONDITIONS OP WOEK. 95 From the above table it is seen that twice as large a proportion of the females as of the males earned less than 12 cents per hour. Seventy-three per cent of the females and 49.8 per cent of the males earned less than 15 cents per hour. Eleven and one-tenth per cent of the females and 31.5 per cent of the males earned 20 cents and over per hour. The average rate of earnings of the 8,507 males 18 years of age and over was 18 cents per hour, which was 3.3 cents per hour above the average for the 6,038 females 18 years of age and over. The average rate earned by the 844 males under 18 years of age was 11.2 cents per hour, which was 0.4 cent per hour less than the average earnings of females under 18. The next table shows the number and per cent of woolen and worsted miU employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. The data are presented by sex and age groups. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 96 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES FOR ALL [The rates shown in this table are based on the horaly rates of time workers and on the earnings and as to amount Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Sex and age groups. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Males 18 years and over Number. Number. 8,607 844 Number. 1,901 173 JO. 180 .112 Total . . 9,361 2,074 .174 6,038 1,189 1,641 357 .147 .116 Total 7,227 1,998 .142 16,578 4,072 .160 8,507 844 Per cent. 22.3 20.5 .180 .112 Total 9,351 22.2 .174 6,038 1,189 27.2 30.0 .147 .116 Females, under 18 years Total 7,227 27.6 .142 Grand total 16,678 24.6 .160 1 Less than one-tentti of 1 per cent. OHAPTEE n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 97 DEPARTMENTS, BY SEX AND AOE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. actual hoars worked, during tbs week tor which data were secured, ol pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 of work available.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and un- der 6 cts. 6 and im- der7 cts. 7 and un- derS cts. 8 and un- derO cts. 9 and under 10 cents. 10 and under 11 cents. 11 and under 12 cents. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 16 and under 18 cents. 18 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 22 cents. 22 and under 24 cents. 24 cts. and over. 7 No. 2 5 No. 34 67 No. 121 179 No. 297 162 No. 587 254 No. 384 42 Wo. 1,130 54 No. 1,249 68 No. 448 1 No. 754 9 No. 549 4 No. 521 2 No. 667 No. 1,852 2 7 2 5 101 299 460 841 426 1,184 1,317 449 763 553 523 567 1,854 11 7 IS 12 17 13 29 107 173 200 633 198 938 284 610 76 1,000 124 739 83 370 24 391 26 334 14 261 12 205 7 312 3 18 27 30 136 373 831 1,222 685 1,124 822 394 417 348 273 212 315 25 29 35 237 673 1,290 2,063 1,111 2,308 2,139 843 1,180 901 796 779 2,169 P.ct. 0.1 P.ct. P.ct. 0.1 P.ct. 0.4 7.9 P.ct. 1.4 21.2 P.ct. 3.5 19.2 P. a. 6.9 30.1 P.ct. 4.5 5.0 P.ct. 13.3 6.4 P.ct. 14.7 8.1 P.ct. 5.3 .1 P'.CL 8.9 1.1 P. a. 6.5 .5 P.ct. 6.1 .2 P.ct. 6.7 P.et. 21.8 .2 .1 (') .1 1.1 3.2 4.9 9.0 4.6 12.7 14.1 4.8 8.2 5.9 5.6 6.1 19.8 .2 .6 0.2 1.0 .3 1.1 .5 9.0 2.9 16.8 10.5 16.7 15.5 23.9 10.1 6.3 16.6 10.4 12.2 7.0 6.1 2.0 6.5 2.2 5.5 1.2 4.3 1.0 3.4 .6 5.2 .3 .2 .4 .4 1.9 5.2 11.5 16.9 9.5 15.6 11.4 5.5 5.8 4.8 3.8 2.9 4.4 .2 .2 .2 1.4 4.1 7.8 12.4 6.7 13.9 12.9 5.1 7.1 5.4 4.8 4.7 13.1 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 98 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBS IN LAWEENCE. MASS. The above table shows that the earnings of more than one-half, 53.7 per cent, of the total number of employees was 10 and under 15 cents per hour. The earnings of 42.9 per cent of the males 18 years of age and OTer and of 64.9 per cent of the females 18 years of age and over were 10 and under 15 cents per hour. The earnings of 70.5 per cent of the males under 18 years of age and of 57.4 per cent of the females under 18 years of age were 9 and under 12 cents per hour. The next table shows average and classified rates of wages per hour, by mill departments, without regard to sex or age of employees. The classified rates are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSirfED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY DEPARTMENTS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Departments. Employees. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Average rate of per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Under 12 Under 15 cents. Under 20 cents and over. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted.. Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing. . Finishing Frame spinning... French combing. . French drawing. . . French spinning. . Jack spooling Low spooling Mending... Mule spu Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding . Weaving Web drawing Woolpreparmg Yard and repairs «■ 397 781 9 261 920 246 681 ,662 757 !,072 49 34 524 67 397 876 35 66 282 263 ,338 1,138 108 681 ,055 21.7 26.5 33.3 10.0 12.5 10.6 12.0 17.5 35.9 20.6 22.4 35.3 18.9 26.3 26.3 80.0 14.3 18.5 28.7 22.1 18.5 23.0 31.5 60.1 10.3 $0,111 .140 .166 .148 .136 .186 .146 .127 .167 .131 .138 .143 .156 .133 .115 .178 .204 .122 .161 .119 .130 .213 .180 .192 .195 92.5 40.6 22.2 29.6 27.4 18.3 .6 44.6 .8 42.4 6.1 2.9 20.2 79.0 79.2 12.2 17.1 67.6 25.9 63.3 39.7 6.4 17.7 4.8 1.9 98.5 71.9 44.4 72.0 82.6 42.6 75.6 94.6 56.5 86.7 89.8 73.5 72.5 94.9 94.0 30.7 28.5 79.9 51.7 93.8 92.6 13.1 40.9 25.7 19.5 99.0 88.0 88.8 91.6 95.8 GO.l 98.0 96.8 78.2 95.4 95.8 97.0 82.6 94.9 99.3 65.8 45.7 98.3 79.7 99.4 97.3 42.7 62.2 48.5 56.6 1.1 12.4 11.1 8.3 4.1 39.9 1.9 3.3 21.8 4.6 4.1 2.9 17.4 6.3 .8 34.3 54.3 1.6 20.3 .8 2.7 57.2 37.9 51.6 43.5 Total 16,578 24.6 .160 26.3 77.4 22.6 CHAPTBB n. WAGES, HOtTES, AND CONDITIONS OF WOEK. 99 The wages are the lowest in the beaming department, with 92.5 per cent of the employees earning under 12 cents per hour and an average for the 397 employees of 11.1 cents per hour. The rate of wages of the 397 employees in the low-spooling department averaged 11.5 cents per hour, and 79.2 per cent of the employees earned under 12 cents per hour. The wages were highest in the weaving department, which is the largest department in the woolen and worsted mills ; the average earnings for the 3,138 employees in that department was 21.3 cents per hour, with 42.7 per cent of the number earning under 20 cents per hour. The second largest department is the frames spinning department, with 2,072 employees; the average wage in that department was 13.1 cents per hour, and 42.4 per cent of the em- ployees earned under 12 cents. The next table shows average rates of wages per hour and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified rate per hour in each mill department, without regard to sex or age of employ- ees. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 100 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IM" LAWEENCE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES OF ALL [The rates shown in this table are based od the hourly rates of time workers ajid on the eaniliigs and as to amount of Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than S6 hours during week. Average rate of wages per hour. Beaming. ... Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mendmg Mule spuming Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg...„.. Yard ana repairs Total Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted , Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning. .^.. Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spuming Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool prepanng , Yard and repaus Total Number. 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 Number. 397 781 9 261 920 246 681 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 S24 57 397 876 35 65 282 253 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,055 Number. 86 207 3 26 116 28 70 291 272 426 11 12 99 15 104 701 S 12 81 56 248 722 34 341 109 16,578 4,072 397 781 9 261 920 246 581 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 524 57 397 876 35 65 282 253 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,055 Per cent. 21.7 26.5 33.3 10.0 12.5 10.6 12.0 17.5 35.9 20.6 22.4 35.3 18.9 26.3 26.3 80.0 14.3 18.5 28.7 22.1 18.5 23.0 31.5 60.1 10.3 16,578 24.6 ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In the weaving department (the largest department in the mills) the earnings of the employees cover a considerable range, fairly even pro- portions being found in each of the four 2-cent-range groups, from 16 to 24 cents per hour, and 33.7 per cent of the total number in the OHAPTEB n. WAGES, HOUES, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 101 EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS-WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. actual hours worked, during the week, for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78, work available.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour 5 and un- der 6 cts. 6 and un- der 7 cts. 7 and un- derS cts. 8 and im- der 9 ots. 9 and under 10 cents. 10 and under 11 cents. 11 and under 12 cents. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 16 and under 18 cents. 18 and under 20 cents. • 20 and under 22 cents. 22 and under 24 cents. 24 cts. and over. JVi>. No. No. No. No. 1 17 No. 355 36 No. 11 216 2 69 ■102 28 2 557 "'261' 2 1 89 42 142 39 6 2 61 7 .320 64 6 30 4 No. 20 113 No. 4 66 No. No. No. 2 52 3 45 40 27 64 20 77 42 1 8 10 No. No. No. 3 34 No. 9 10 9 19 65 2 66 95 31 259 98 167 613 4 21 i 57 11 60 10 54 135 1 52 1 5 25 5 7 7 33 4 1 35 27 1 16 31 72 2 36 79 76 2 8 150 15 2 104 4 203 1 5 254 6 4 360 36 77 14 2" 1 24 36 i" 3 10 64 48 7 10 11 40 159 23 172 374 218 228 23 24 205 5 21 64 2 5 26 49 350 67 11 55 117 3 3 13 6 13 42 8 4 4 13 4 5 45 10 2 74 4 2 412 1 2 17 2 39 21 67 3 14 62 2 2 39 18 293 97 7 77 58 7 36 16 22 53 1 118 10 1 6 3 9 4 7 7 15 12 132 5 6 13 7 27 171 10 17 86 8 75 1 6 43 6 33 338 9 95 175 1 100 ■■23' 1 3 420 4 43 130 "■"96' 1 1 27 ...... 376 4 31 119 1 73 6 2 131 12 1 1 5 1 66 22 8 40 7 149 81 39 2 3 12 7 2 20 360 16 9 141 23 ■""i4 1,058 21 1 1 6 ■3" 2 1 2 4 7 2 63 1 3 198 25 29 35 237 673 1.290 2,063 1,111 2,308 2,139 843 1,180 901 796 779 2,169 P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 0.3 2.2 P.ct. 89.4 4.6 P.ct. 2.8 27.7 22.2 26.4 11.1 11.4 .3 33.6 "i2."6" 4.1 2.9 17.0 73.7 35.8 4.5 17.1 3.1 21.6 2.8 23.9 2.0 5.6 4.4 .4 P.ct. 5.0 14.5 P.ct. 1.0 8.5 P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 0.6 6.7 33.3 17.2 4.3 11.0 11.0 1.2 10.2 2.0 2.0 23.5 L9 P.O. P.ct. P.ct. 0.8 4.4 P.ct. 1.2 1.3 1.2 2.4 8.3 22.2 25.3 10.3. 12.6 44.6 5.9 22.1 29.6 8.2 2.7 ----- 6.2 4.5 10.3 .6 7.1 6.5 2.0 6.7 11.1 1.9 2.7 2.0 1.2 .4 4.4 .2 2.0 4.5 3.5 11 1 3.1 16.3 6.1 .3 6.3 .5 9.8 2.0 1.9 27.6 2.4 .7 21.7 4.8 3.7 28.6 '"".'4 1.8 6.0 4.1 '"i.'5' 2.8 4.0 4.8 1.5 6.5 1.5 1.0 15.3 17.3 9.3 29.6 22.5 28.8 11.0 46.9 70.6 39.1 8.8 5.3 7.3 5.7 7.7 9.2 19.4 26.2 2.1 10.2 8.1 11.1 1.1 .3 5.3 .9 .8 5.6 .4 L5 .4 5.3 .7 .3 5.9 .5 5 7 3 4 .8 4.5 .2 .3 19.9 2 2 10 4 (') .1 3.7 4.1 2 9 3.2 3.5 9.8 2.4 12.8 5.3 3.5 7.1 5.7 3.1 13.8 7.1 21.9 3.1 6.5 11.3 5.5 1.3 6.9 3.1 4.2 10 1 1.8 29.7 1.1 5.3 .3 .7 .8 1.0 1.0 .8 1.8 1.7 3.0 15.1 14.3 9.2 4.6 2.8 2.0 6.4 9.3 2.5 8.2 2.0 8.6 2.9 9.2 15.2 2.4 2.5 10.8 8.3 14.0 16.6 .3 11.4 "8.'2' .4 .2 13.4 3.7 6.3 12.3 "ii'6" 2.9 1.5 9.6 "".2 12.0 3.7 4.6 U.3 .3 8.3 17.1 .6 16.0 34.3 1.5 1.5 1.8 .4 4.9 .7 7.4 61.5 2.5 58.9 6.1 1.2 L9 .4 1.1 2.5 .8 1.5 11.5 14.8 1.3 13.4 8.2 .4 .1 .2 "'.2 .1 .9 .8 .3 .2 L9 '4.'2" 2.0 "i.o 33.7 19.4 46.7 .1 .3 18.8 .2 .2 .2 1.4 4.1 7.8 12.4 6.7 13.9 12.9 5.1 7.1 6.4 4.8 4.7 13.1 group of 24 cents and over. In the frame-spinning department, two l-cent-range groups include practically half of the employees ; the two groups are 14 and under 15 cents, with 29.6 per cent, and 9 and under 10 cents, with 19.9 per cent of the total number of employees. In 102 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKBBS IN LAWBENOB, MASS. the English-drawing department 77.7 per cent of the 1,662 employees earned 11 and under 14 cents per hour. In the twisting and wind- ing department 48.1 per cent of the 1,338 employees earned 13 and under 15 cents, and 23.9 per cent earned 11 and under 12 cents per hour. In several of the departments the earnings of a large proportion of the employees fall within ranges varying not more than one cent; thus in the beaming department 89.4 per cent of the 397 employees earned 10 and under 11 cents per hour; in the dyeing department 44.6 per cent of the 581 employees earned 14 and under 15 cents; in the AVEEAaE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY KATES OF WAGES IN [The rates shown In this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual amount of Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Occupations. Total. Working 56 hours during week. Number. Number. 523 232 183 937 279 7ie 619 Nuvdier. 116 20 27 196 42 628 112 JO. 131 .142 .142 .139 .293 .171 .136 Dyers Twisters Weavers: Male 1,048 1,009 191 198 .233 .207 Total 2,057 387 389 233 .220 .210 Wool sorters Burlers 623 232 183 937 279 719 619 Percent. 22.2 8.6 14.8 20.9 15.1 87.3 18.1 .131 .142 .142 .139 .293 .171 .136 Frame spinners Twisters Weavers: Male 1,048 1,009 18.2 19.6 .233 .207 Female Total 2,057 387 18.9 60.2 .220 .210 Wool sorters 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The four mills employed 523 burlers. The average rate of earnings in that occupation was 13.1 cents per hour. More than one-third (34.8 per cent) of the burlers earned 11 and under 12 cents and 17.6 per cent earned 12 and under 13 cents. The average rate of wages was 23.3 cents for the 1,048 male weavers and 20.7 cents for the 1,009 female weavers. Forty-six per cent of the male weavers and 24.8 per cent of the female weavers earned 24 cents and over per hour. Almost CHAPTEB n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OP WOEK. 103 French-spinning department 39.1 per cent of the 524 employees earned 13 and under 14 cents; and in the spooling department 58.9 per cent of the 253 employees earned 10 and under 11 cents. The next table shows for nine of the most important mill occupa- tions the average rate of wages and the number and per cent of em- ployees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. No separation according to sex has been made for any occupation excepting weavers. The occupations here shown include 5,936 employees, or 35.8 per cent of the total number. NINE SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, oJ pieceworkers, work availabie.] See pages 75 to 78 as to Empioyees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. S and un- der 6 cts. 6 and un- der? cts. 7 and un- der 8 cts. 8 and un- der 9 cts. 9 and under 10 cents. 10 and under 11 cents. 11 and under 12 cents. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 16 and under 18 cents. 18 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 22 cents. 22 and under 24 cents. 24 cts. and over. No. 5 No. 6 No. 3 No. 19 iVo. 15 No. 35 No. 132 No. 92 18 No. 29 90 76 172 No. 35 65 75 462 No. 21 31 22 129 No. 38 27 10 16 1 72 1 No. 34 1 No. 9 No. JVb. 3 113 42 "84" 1 3 91 1 65 274 S 8 5 12 3 10 1 18 3 39 « 34 35 49 278 48 255 130 1 49 2 1 1 6 3 10 7 11 4 20 13 35 30 60 75 162 109 167 131 160 191 134 482 1 1 1 250 1 1 1 3 7 ) 13 1 18 24 2 48 11 90 237 52 276 33 281 19 325 9 732 259 P.ct. 1.0 P.ct. 1.1 P.ct. 0.6 P.ct. 3.6 P.ct. 2.9 P.ct. 6.7 P.ct. 34.8 P.ct. 17.6 7.8 P.ct. 6.5 38.8 41.5 18.4 P.ct. 6.7 28.0 41.0 49.3 P.ct. 4.0 13.4 12.0 13.8 P.ct. 7.3 11.6 6.5 1.7 .4 10.0 .2 P.ct. 6.5 .4 P.ct. 1.7 P.ct. P.ct. .3 12.1 4.5 U.Y .2 1.1 12.7 .4 9.0 98.2 .7 1.1 .7 X.7 .5 1.4 .2 2.5 .5 5.4 6.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 44.9 6.7 41.2 18.1 .2 6.8 .2 .1 .1 .6 .3 1.0 .7 1.1 .4 2.0 1.2 3.5 2.9 6.9 7.2 16.1 10.4 16.6 12.5 14.9 18.2 13.3 4fi.O .1 .1 .1 24.8 (') (') 0) .1 .3 .3 .6 .3 .9 1.2 .5 2.3 2.8 4.4 11.5 13.4 13.4 8.5 13.7 4.9 15.8 2.3 35.6 66. » one-fourth (23 4 per cent) of the male weavers and almost one-half (47.2 per cent) of the female weavers earned under 20 cents per hour. In the woolen and worsted mills 168 males 18 years of age and over worked at a rate of wages of less than 10 cents per hour. These 168 persons were found in 16 occupations. The table which follows shows for each of these occupations, in which extremely low-paid males were found, the total number of employees, the number of each sex and age 104 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IN" LAWEENCE, MASS. group, and the classified rate of wages of the males 18 years of age and over who earned less than 10 cents per hour: NUMBER OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EARNING UNDER 10 CENTS PER HOUR— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worjced, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers.] Employees. Males 18 years and over earning each Departments and occupations. Total. Males. Females. cents per hour. 18 years and over. Un- der 18 years. 18 years and over. Un- der 18 years. 5 and un- der 6 cents 6 and un- der? cents. 7 and im- derS cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- derlO cents. Total. 176 8 120 380 63 41 380 3 27 S4 619 73 18 2,057 299 43 56 6 59 42 22 18 35 2 13 1 U 42 8 1,040 184 43 27 "ss' 138 30 23 1 1 14 1 1 30 10 8 1 23 2 3 55 2 70 15 1 16 Frame spinning: 1 1 Bobbin setters 21 30 3 10 21 2 '"23" 21 Uoffera 145 9 30 3 Oilers 10 Low spooling: Low spoolers 299 45 1 1 1 24 2 Twisting and windiug: Bobbin setters.. 11 1 1 13 Doffers 18 632 34 75 1 1 1 23 Weaving: 2 3 Weavers 998 114 11 2 3 2 3 Weavers, spare .... 5 1 3 4 1 16 Yard and repairs: Machinists' 3 Total 4,361 1,582 343 2,046 390 7 2 5 34 120 168 The table shows that of the 176 doffers in the English doffing depart- ment 56 were males 18 years of age and over; 27 were males under 18; 23 were females 18 and over; and 70 were females under 18. Of the 56 males 18 years of age and over, 15 earned 8 and under 9 cents per hour, and one earned 9 and under 10 cents per hour. Almost 40 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over who earned less than 10 cents per hour were in the frame spinning department. For detailed tables showing rates of wages per hour, see pages 217 to 271. AMOUNT OF EAENINGS. The series of tables which follow show data relative to amounts earned by employees during the pay-roll period covered by the inves- tigation. The pay-roll period for almost all of the occupations, as has already been explained, was the week ending November 25, 1911. For reasons already explained data for weavers and a few other occupations were secured for a period of two weeks, or for a period of four weeks if premiums were paid on the earnings for that length of time. In all cases where two or more weeks' earnings were secured, CHAPTER n. — WAGES, HOtTES, AND CONDITIONS OF WOEK. 105 the individual earnings have been divided by the number of weeks in order to reduce them to a weekly basis for ready comparison. In presenting these tables, showing the amount earned during a week, emphasis is placed upon the fact that while the normal working time in most occupations is 56 hours per week, for one reason or another 24.6 per cent of the employees included worked less than 56 hours and 19.4 per cent worked more than 56 hours during the week, and that the tables do not show full-time earnings, but do show the amounts actually earned during a representative week. Of the 16,578 employees included, 8.2 per cent earned under $5; 35.3 per cent earned under $7; 71.2 per cent earned under $10; 80.5 per cent earned under $12; and 19.4 per cent earned $12 and over. The average amount earned was $8.75. Summary data relative to amounts earned are shown in the form of cumulative percentages, by sex and age groups, in the table which follows: PEE CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DURING WEEK, BY SEX AND AGE GBOUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings during the week for which data were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless ol the hours actually worked. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work arailable.] Emploj'ces. Average amount earned during week. Per cent of employees earning each classi- fied amount during week. Sex and age groups. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Under S5. Under Under tio. Under J12. tl2and over. Males, 18 years and over 8,507 844 22.3 20.5 J10.20 5.89 5.6 13.5 18.8 83.3 55.6 98.9 67.8 99.6 32.2 .3 Total 9,351 22.2 9.81 6.2 24.5 59.4 70.6 29.3 Females, 18 years and over Females, under 18 years 6, 038 1,189 27.2 30.0 .7.66 5.95 9.0 19.4 43.3 78.8 84.3 97.8 92.2 99.5 7.7 .5 Total 7,227 27.6 7.38 10.8 49.2 86.7 93.5 6.3 Grand total 16,578 24.6 8.75 8.2 35.3 71.2 80.5 19.4 The table above shows that less than $7 was earned by 18.8 per cent of the 8,507 males 18 years of age and over; 43.Si,.per cent of the 6,038 females 18 years of age and over; 83.3 per cent of the 844 males under 18; and 78.8 per cent of the 1,189 females under 18. Twelve dollars and over was earned by 32.2 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over; 7.7 per cent of the females 18 and over; and less than 1 per cent of both males and females under 18. The next table shows for each sex and by age groups the average amount earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 106 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. AVEEAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING WEEK FOR ALL [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, durmg the week for which data were pages 75 to 73 as to amount, Estab- Ush- ments. Employees. Average earnings diiring week. Sex and age groups. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Number. Number. 8,507 844 Number. 1,901 173 110.20 5.89 Mfllps', nnlipp IS ypf^rs .... Total 9,351 2,074 9.81 Females, 18 years and over 6,038 1,189 1,641 357 7.66 5.95 Total 7,227 1,998 7.38 Orftirl t^t^i 16,578 4,072 8.78 Malp-*5, IS ypftTR anfl ftvpr ,,. , 8,507 844 Per cent. 23.2 20.5 10.20 5.89 Mf^tpj), nndpr 1R yAF^rp ,. Total 9,351 22.2 9.81 6,038 1,189 27.2 30.0 7.66 5.95 Total 7,227 27.6 7.38 16,578 24.6 8.75 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. OHAPTEE n. — WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 107 DEPARTMENTS. BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS-WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. aecured, of both time workers and pleceworkera, regardless of the niuaber of hours Eictaally worked. See of work available.) Employees earning each classified amount during week. TTnder S3. K and under 14. S4 and under ts. K and under $6. S6 and under »7. $7 and under 18. K and under »9. S9 and under tio. $10 and under 111. Jll and under »12. tl2 and under tl4. S14 and under $16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. No. 240 54 m. 100 23 No. 135 37 No. 325 315 No. 798 274 No. 1,147 86 No. 1,266 40 No. 715 6 No. 538 6 No. 503 No. 1,064 1 No. 1,011 2 JVb. 391 JVb. 274 294 123 172 640 1,072 1,233 1,306 721 544 503 1,065 1,013 391 274 -. - . 172 72 152 73 226 86 436 318 1,638 389 1,306 131 805 67 366 28 245 8 230 12 246 3 173 2 40 3 244 225 312 754 2,027 1,437 872 394 253 242 249 175 40 3 538 348 484 1,394 3,099 2,670 2,178 1,115 797 745 1,314 1,188 431 277 PercU 2.8 6.4 Perct. 1.2 2.7 Perct. 1.6 4.4 Perct. 3.8 37.3 Perct. 9.4 32.5 Perct. 13.5 10.2 Perct. 14.9 4.7 Perct. 8.4 .7 Perct. 6.3 .7 Perct. 5.9 Perct. 12.5 .1 Perct. 11.9 .2 Perct. 4.6 Perct. 3.2 3.1 1.3 1.8 6.8 11.5 13.2 14.0 7.7 6.8 5.4 11.4 10.8 4.2 2.9 2.8 6.1 2.5 6.1 3.7 7.2 7.2 26.7 27.1 32.7 21.6 11.0 13.3 5.6 6.1 2.4 4.1 .7 3.8 1.0 4.1 .3 2.9 .2 .7 (') 3.4 3.1 4.3 10.4 28.0 19.9 12.1 6.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 2.4 .5 G) 3.2 2.1 2.9 8.4 18.7 16.1 13.1 6.7 4.8 4.5 7.9 7.2 2.6 1.7 108 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Approximately one-lialf (47.9 per cent) of the 16,578 employees earned $6 and under $9, and the earnings of 18.7 per cent were within the range of a single group — $6 and under $7. Six dollars and under $9 was earned by three out of eight (37.8 per cent) of the 8,507 males 18 years of age and over, and by five out of eight (62 per cent) of the 6,038 females 18 and over. Five dollars and under $7 was earned by 69.8 per cent of the males under 18 years of age and by 59.4 per cent of the females under 18. The average amount earned by males 18 and over was $10.20, which was $2.54 above the average earned by females 18 and over. The females under 18 earned $5.95, or 6 cents more than the males under 18. The next table shows average and classified amounts earned during the week by mill departments without regard to sex or age of em- ployees. The classified amounts are shown in the form of cumula- tive percentages. PEE CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DURING WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week for which data were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the hours aotuailj worked. See pp. 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Departments. Employees. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Average amount earned during week. Per cent of employees earning each classified amount during week. Under 15. Under tl. Under 110. Under tl2. $12 and over. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning ... Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool prepanng Yard and' repairs Total 397 781 9 261 920 246 681 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 624 67 397 876 36 66 282 263 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,056 21.7 26.5 33.3 10.0 12.5 10.6 12.0 17.6 35.9 20.6 22.4 35.3 18.9 26.3 26.3 80.0 14.3 18.5 28.7 22.1 18.5 23.0 31.5 50.1 10.3 $5.92 7.60 9.05 8.96 7.79 10.79 9.67 6.88 9.30 6.95 7.47 7.08 8.41 7.11 6.09 8.81 11.13 6.54 8.77 6.34 6.90 11.13 9.46 11.20 12.10 12.6 9.6 4.6 6.8 2.8 2.8 7.6 2.4 11.7 16.3 17.7 5.8 7.1 14.3 18.9 8.6 10.8 2.2 12.2 10.0 8.8 3.7 1.9 2.9 96.0 51.8 22.2 13.7 37.5 24.7 9.3 67.6 11.5 60.3 26.5 29.5 29.4 86.1 86.3 30.1 20.1 72.4 27.3 69.5 48.3 17.7 21.3 10.2 6.5 99.1 84.3 77.7 78.8 89.9 64.7 63.9 95.3 72.8 94.6 93.8 97.2 78.0 94.9 98.7 64.7 48.7 98.6 76.5 98.0 97.3 36.4 59.2 41.9 31.0 99.4 93.8 88.8 89.9 93.7 63.7 87.8 96.8 84.6 95.4 95.8 97.2 84.6 94.9 99.5 82.9 48.7 100.0 88.6 98.8 97.8 64.6 69.4 66.1 46.4 0.8 6.3 11.1 9.9 6.2 36.1 12.3 3.1 16.6 4.5 4.0 2.9 15.1 5.3 .6 17.2 61.4 11.4 L2 2.2 45.3 30.6 43.9 64.6 16,678 24.6 8.76 8.2 36.3 71.2 80.5 19.4 CHAPTBB n. — WAGES, HOTJBS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 109 The amount earned per employee was lowest in the beaming de- partment, with 95 per cent of the employees earning under $7 and an average for the 397 employees of $5.92 during the week. The average amount earned by the 397 employees in the low-spooling department was $6.09, and 85.3 per cent of the employees earned under $7. The earnings were highest in the yard and repairs department, with an average for the 1,055 employees of $12.10; the per cent of employees in that department working less than 56 hours was lower than in any other department except one, and this would account in part at least for the higher amount earned. The average earnings of the 3,138 employees in the weaving department was $11.13 and 35.4 per cent earned under $10. The next table shows average amounts earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week, by mill departments, without regard to sex or age of employees. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second per- centages. 110 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWBENCE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING WEEK BY KVL [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings during the week tor which data were See pages 75 to 78 as to Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than S6 hours during week. Eanitags during week. Beaming ... Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted . Combing Dressing. English drawing. . ..... Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Reeling Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving...^ Web drawing Woolpr^aring Yard ^id repairs Total. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted. Combing Dressing. English drawing. . Finishing Frame spinning. . French combing. . French drawing. . French spinning. . Jack spooling Low spooling Mendmg Mulespmning Reeling. Shipping... Spooling. lasting and winding . Weaving Web drawing Wool prn>aring Yard and repairs Nmnbet. 2 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 NunAer. 397 781 9 261 920 246 S81 1,662 787 2,072 49 31 S24 S7 397 876 35 65 282 253 1,338 3,138 103 681 1,055 Total. . Number. 86 207 3 26 115 26 70 291 272 426 11 12 99 16 104 701 5 12 81 722 34 341 109 16,578 4,072 397 781 9 261 920 246 581 1,662 767 2,072 49 34 524 57 397 876 35 65 282 253 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,065 16,678 Per cent, 21.7 26.6 33.3 10.0 12.6 10.6 12.0 17.6 36.9 20.6 22. i 35.3 18.9 26.3 26.3 80.0 14.3 18.5 28.7 22.1 18.6 23.0 31.6 60.1 10.3 24.6 OHAPTEB n. WAGES, HOTJBS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. Ill EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of ttie number of bours actually worked, amount of work available.] Employees earning each classified amount during week. $3 S4 t6 t6 17 S8 $9 SIO $11 S12 114 116 $18 and Under and and and and and and and and and and and and 13. under under under under under under under imder under under under imder 14. 15. $6. J7. 18. S9. tio. »11. 112. »14. J16. $18. JVo. No. No. No. No. No. No. JVo. No. JVo. JVo. No. No. JVo. 13 20 11 14 26 40 35 60 292 270 6 121 5 69 6 64 1 60 ""it 3 14 21 12 2 1 8 1 - 16 "■"eo" 4 64 1 46 1 21 1 3 6 3 3 8 9 8 6 23 10 20 36 256 252 174 66 21 14 17 22 14 5 3 1 3 6 48 22 32 20 11 11 22 29 22 16 5 3 8 13 25 33 148 139 86 63 62 12 2 5 45 30 50 189 644 562 47 19 17 8 16 17 11 7 5 7 6 18 60 128 216 120 68 31 71 25 18 4 115 55 71 450 351 329 648 42 13 5 18 60 20 5 3 1 4 2 3 16 17 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 14 2 7 1 17 6 8 28 96 224 19 12 17 18 33 14 23 9 1 3 6 40 5 2 1 22 14 21 97 186 36 11 7 3 1 1 39 80 46 37 61 79 114 110 63 96 92 23 14 22 i' 5 1 2 2 4 1 1 4 19 3 36 52 3 7 43 2 6 60 6 4 33 6 5 6 1 ■"'i?' 1 20 19 6 6 3 11 44 6 23 14 67 25 172 120 340 46 359 22 4 25 2 6 2' 3 17 11 2 136 62 77 164 126 127 186 246 273 331 634 679 195 113 3 1 9 10 21 11 9 7 4 28 2 3 6 4 3 9 48 95 63 67 49 48 81 194 21 3 16 8 6 14 24 84 91 83 81 71 279 169 65 74 638 348 484 1,394 3,099 2,670 2,178 1,116 797 745 1,314 1,188 431 277 Pact. Pact. Pact. Pact. Pact. Pact. Fact. Pact. Fact. Fact. Pad. Fact. Pact. Pact. 3.3 2.6 2.8 1.8 6.5 5.1 73.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.8 7.7 34.6 16.6 8.8 8.2 6.4 3.1 1.8 2.7 1.6 0.3 11.1 3.1 11.1 6.1 "23. 6' 44.4 24.6 11.1 17.6 U.l 8.0 U.l 1.1 2.3 1.1 LI 3.1 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.5 1.1 2.2 3.9 27.8 27.4 18.9 6.1 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.4 1.5 .6 1.2 .4 1.2 2.4 19.6 8.9 13.0 8.1 4.6 4.5 8.9 11.8 8.9 6.5 .9 .5 1.4 2.2 4.3 6.7 25.0 23.9 14.8 9.1 9.0 2.1 .3 .9 2.7 1.8 3.0 11.4 38.7 33.8 2.8 1.1 1.0 .5 1.0 1.0 .7 .4 .7 .9 .8 2.4 6.7 16.9 a. 5 15.9 7.7 4.1 g.4 3.3 2.4 .5 5.6 2.7 3.4 21.7 16.9 15.9 26.4 2.0 .6 .2 .9 2.4 1.0 .2 6.1 5 9 2.0 11.8 8.2 4 1 6.1 30.6 34.7 20!?" 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.9 6.9 41.2 6.9 2.9 3.2 1.1 1.5 6.3 18.3 42.7 3.6 2.3 3.2 3.4 6.3 2.7 4.4 1.7 1.8 5.3 8.8 70.2 8.8 3.6 l.S 6.5 4.5 3.5 9.1 5.3 5.3 24 4 46.6 8.8 2.8 1.8 .8 .3 .3 4.2 7.0 9.0 13.0 12.6 7.2 11.0 10.5 2.6 L6 2.5 2.9 5.7 2.9 8.6 8.6 5.7 14.3 17.1 14.3 17.1 2.9 1.5 3.1 6.2 6.2 65.4 10.8 9.2 6.2 1.5 1.8 .4 6.7 18.4 15.2 21.3 11.7 6.0 7.1 6.7 1.8 L8 1.1 4.3 2.4 5.6 9.9 47.4 18.2 8.7 1.6 .8 1.2 3.3 1.7 5.0 12.9 26.4 26.8 20.3 1.9 .4 .1 1.3 .8 .1 4.3 2.0 2.5 4.9 4.0 4.0 6.9 7.8 8.7 10.6 17.0 18.6 6.2 3.6 2.8 .9 8.3 9.3 19.4 10.2 8.3 6.6 3.7 26.9 1.9 2.8 .9 .6 .4 1.3 7.0 14.0 9.3 8.4 7.2 7.0 11.9 28.6 3.1 .4 1.5 .8 .6 L3 2.3 8.0 8.6 7.9 7.7 6.7 26.4 16.0 6.2 7.0 3.2 2.1 2.9 8.4 18.7 16.1 13.1 6.7 4.8 ■4.6 7.9 7.2 2.6 L7 112 STKIKE OP TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. From the above table it is seen that ia the weaving department 35.5 per cent of the 3,138 employees earned $12 and under $16 and that 27 per cent earned $9 and under $12. In the frame-spinning department 80.9 per cent of the 2,072 employees earned $5 and under $9. In the English drawing department 72.5 per cent of the 1,662 employees earned $6 and under $8. In the twisting and winding department 52.2 per cent of the 1,338 employees earned $6 and under $8. In the yard and repairs department 42.4 per cent of the 1,055 employees earned $12 and under $16. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING WEEK IN {The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, duiing the week lor which data were See pages 75 to 78, as to Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Average earnings during week. 'V:'.! J >' ' Occupations. Total. Working less than 56 hours dining week. Burlers Nuv^er. i 4 4 4 4 4 4 Number. 523 232 183 937 279 719 619 Nvmher. 116 20 27 196 42 628 112 S6.81 8.42 9.66 7.35 16.30 8.U 7.17 Combers Dyers . .. . .. XiOOTTi fixftrfl .,. Menders Weavers: Male 4 4 1,048 1,009 191 198 12.47 10.97 Total 4 4 2,067 387 389 233 11.73 12.71 Wool sorters Burlers...... 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 523 232 183 937 279 719 619 Per cent. 22.2 8.6 14.8 20.9 15.1 87.3 18.1 6.81 8.42 9.55 7.35 16.30 8.11 7.17 Combers......... Frame splnnprs liOom fixers ^ .-. Weavers: MniA 4 4 1,048 1,009 18.2 19.6 12.47 10.97 Total 4 4 2,067 387 18.9 60.2 11.73 12.71 CHAPTEE n. — WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 113 The next table shows for mne of the most important tnill occupa- tions the average amount earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the weels for which data were secured. No separation according to sex has been made except for weavers. The occupations here shown include 35.8 per cent of the 16,578 employees for which information was secured. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second per- centages. NINE SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLa. flecuied, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the number of hours actually worked, amount of work available.] Employees earning each classified amount during week. S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 SIO SU S12 S14 S16 S18 and Under and and and and and and and and and and and and S3. under under under under under under under under under under under under S4. S5. S6. S7. S8. S9. SIO. SU. S12. S14. S16. S18. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 16 1 3 30 7 3 2 20 3 31 1 6 24 1 53 4 S 42 1 226 3 5 132 1 74 85 11 247 1 47 99 31 418 36 12 38 23 4 22 1 36 1 2 11 U 27 7 14 5 5 5 7 113 63 78 30 79 46 36 58 62 100 108 47 88 60 9 5 1 18 7 23 23 70 263 215 13 10 21 19 26 18 37 47 81 94 283 294 89 16 16 17 21 25 19 42 82 141 143 125 182 163 32 1 29 27 42 44 45 60 119 188 224 219 466 457 121 17 2 1 2 2 5 6 13 37 36 36 70 176 1 Peret. Perct. Per ct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Per ct. Ptret. Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Perct. Perct- 3.1 .4 1.6 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 2.1 1.1 5.9 .4 3.3 2.6 .4 10.1 1.7 2.7 4.5 .4 43.2 1.3 2.7 14.1 .4 14.1 36.6 6.0 26.4 .4 9.0 42.7 16.9 44.6 6.9 5.2 20.8 2.5 1.4 4.2 .4 19.7 .1 .7 2.1 4.7 14.8 3.0 7.7 2.2 2.7 1.8 2.5 40.5 22.6 28.0 4.2 11.0 6.4 6.0 8.1 8.6 13.9 15.0 6.5 12.2 7.0 L3 .7 .1 2.9 1.1 3.7 3.7 11.3 42.5 34.7 1.2 1.0 2.0 1.8 2.5 1.7 3.5 4.5 7.7 9.0 27.0 28.1 8.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.5 1.9 4.2 8.1 14.0 14.2 12.4 18.0 16.2 3.2 .1 1.4 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.9 6.8 9.1 10.9 10.6 22.6 22.2 5.9 .8 .5 .3 .5 .5 1.3 1.6 3.4 9.6 9.3 9.3 18.1 45.5 .3 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 8 114 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. The average amount earned by the 523 burlers employed in the 4 mills was S6.81; 43.2 per cent of the total in that occupation earned $6 and under 17, and 14.1 per cent earned $7 and under $8. The average amount earned by the 1,048 male weavers was 112.47 and by the 1,009 female weavers $10.97. Eighteen and two-tenths per cent of the male weavers and almost exactly twice that proportion (36.1 per cent) of the female weavers earned under $10 during the week. Thirty-eight and one-tenth per cent of the male weavers and 19.5 per cent of the female weavers earned $14 and over. For detailed tables showing amount earned during the week for which pay-roll data were secured, see pages 272 to 321. HOURS WOBEED. At the date for which data for wages and hours of labor were secured the full-time hours per week for women and for minors (under 18 years of age) were 56. The working hours of males 18 years of age and over were not limited by statute, but in occupations and departments in which females were important numerically the organization of the mills necessarily hmited the full-time working hours of males to 56. The usual division of time for the 56-hour week was lOJ hours on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, and 5^ houia on Satvu-day. The tables here presented show the actual hours worked during the week in November, 1911, for which data were secured. Explanation has already been made of the fact that in a few occupations data were secured for two or four weeks; in all such cases the hours worked were divided by the number of weeks for which data were secured. Of the 16,578 employees in the 4 woolen and worsted mills for which data were secured 19.4 per cent worked more than 56 hours during the week, 56.1 per cent worked 56 hours, 9.8 per cent worked 50 1 and under 56 hours, 6.4 per cent worked 40| and under 50f hours, 3.1 per cent worked 30f and under 40^ hours, and 5.3 per cent worked under 30| hours. The average number of hoiu-s worked was 54.2. The table which follows shows the number and per cent of employ- ees working each classified number of hours. The data are presented by sex and age groups. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. CHAPTEB n. — WAGES, HOUBS, AND CONDITIONS OP WOKK. 115 AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN ALL DEPARTMENTS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. {The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. See pages 7S to 78 as to amount of work available.] Estab- lish- ments. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Sex and age groups. Under 30i. 303 and under 40|. 40} and imder 601. 50|and under 56. 66. Over 56. Males, 18 years and over Males, under 18 years No. 4 No. 8,507 844 No. 56.1 52.2 No. 395 53 JVb. 234 28 Ao. 541 43 No. 731 49 No. 3,444 650 No. 3,162 21 Total 9,351 55.7 448 262 584 780 4,094 3,183 Females, 18 years and over . . Females, under 18 years 6,038 1,189 52.2 61.2 325 109 211 38 399 79 706 131 4,379 824 18 8 Total 7,227 52.0 434 249 478 837 6,203 26 Grand trOtal 16,578 64.2 882 511 1,062 1,617 9,297 3,209 Males, 18 years and over M«Jes, under 18 years 8, 607 844 56.1 62.2 Perct. 4.6 6.3 Perct. 2.8 3.3 Perct. 6.4 6.0 Perct. 8.6 6.8 Perct. 40.5 77.0 Perct. 37.2 2.5 Total 9,351 55.7 4.8 2.8 6.2 8.3 43.8 34.1 Females, 18 years and over . . Females, under 18 years 6,038 1,189 52.2 51.2 6.4 9.2 3.6 3.2 6.6 6.6 11.7 11.0 72.6 69.3 .3 .7 Total .• 7,227 62.0 6.0 3.4 6.6 11.6 72.0 .4 16,578 64.2 5.3 3.1 6.4 9.8 56.1 19.4 The above table shows that of the 8,507 males 18 years of age and over, 37.2 per cent worked over 56 hours and 40.5 per cent worked 56 hours; of the 6,038 females 18 years of age and over, 72.5 per cent worked 56 hours; of the 844 males under 18, 77 per cent worked 56 hours; and of the 1,189 females under 18, 69.3 per cent worked 56 hours. The average hours worked during the week by males 18 years of age and over was 56.1 ; by males under 18, 52.2; by females 18 and over, 52.2; and by females under 18, 51.2. The next table shows average hours worked and number and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours. The data are presented by mill departments without regard to sex or age of the operatives. The fiirst section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 116 STKIKB OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN" LAWRENCE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, BY AI/L EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week Jor which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Em- ployees Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under SOJand under 40|and under 608. SOfand under 56. 66. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spuming Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg Yard ana repairs , Total Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finisliing Frame spinning , French combing , French drawing , French spinning Jack spooling , Low spooling , Mending Mule spuming , Reeling , Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving , Web drawing Wool preparing , Yard and repairs , Total No. 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 No. 397 781 9 261 920 246 681 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 524 57 397 876 36 65 282 253 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,055 No. 53.4 53.9 64.2 60.6 57.1 67.2 66.6 53.7 66.0 52.6 53.7 49.1 63.6 53.4 63.1 48.2 66.0 53.5 54.9 53.0 53.2 51.5 63.5 53.4 61.9 No. 13 16 No. 13 16 7 32 4 11 60 13 125 4 6 24 1 21 129 1 1 5 14 53 297 16 1 12 45 1 3 7 4 58 100 1 15 10 No. 30 79 1 7 31 95 71 108 1 2 38 6 34 111 2 4 31 18 67 159 18 85 27 No. 30 96 2 fi 39 8 16 94 146 113 4 21 8 37 416 1 20 70 166 15 227 41 No. 298 511 6 55 424 139 17 1,262 124 1,412 8 17 332 42 266 126 14 53 106 180 1,002 2,251 72 277 303 16,578 54.2 1,617 9,297 397 781 9 261 920 246 581 1,662 757 2,072 49 34 624 57 397 876 35 65 282 263 1,338 3,138 108 681 1,055 53.4 63.9 54.2 60.6 57.1 67.2 66.6 63.7 56.0 62.6 53.7 49.1 53.6 63.4 53.1 48.2 56.0 53.5 54.9 63.0 53.2 51.5 63.5 63.4 61.9 Para. 3.3 2.0 Perct. 3.3 2.0 2.7 3.5 1.6 1.9 3.6 1.7 6.0 8.2 17.6 4.6 1.8 6.3 14.7 2.9 1.5 1.8 6.5 4.0 2.7 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.5 5.5 3.9 12.2 2.1 2.9 3.1 1.8 3.0 5.1 2.9 4.6 2.5 1.6 4.3 3.2 .9 2.2 .9 Ptrct. 7.6 10.1 11.1 2.7 3.4 3.7 5.0 5.7 9.4 5.2 2.0 5.9 7.3 8.8 8.6 12.7 5.7 6.2 11.0 7.1 6.0 5.1 16.7 12.6 2.6 Perct. 7.6 12.3 22.2 1.9 4.2 3.3 2.8 5.7 19.3 5.6 11.8 4.0 14.0 9.3 47.5 2.9 6.2 13.5 7.9 5.2 6.3 13.9 33.3 Perct. 75.1 65.4 66.7 21.1 46.1 56.5 2.9 75.9 16.4 68.1 16.3 50.0 63.4 73.7 67.0 14.4 40.0 81.6 37.6 71.1 74.9 71.7 66.7 40.7 28.7 16,578 54.2 6.3 3.1 6.4 9.8 56.1 From the above table it is seen that more than 56 hours were worked during the week by 85 per cent of the 581 employees ia the dyeing department, 68.9 per cent of the 261 employees in the worsted card- ing department, 61.2 per cent of the 49 employees in the French combing department, and 60.9 per cent of the 1,055 employees in the yard and repairs department. In all of those departments prac- tically all of the employees were men. OHAPTEB n. — WAGES, HOUBS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 117 In the largest department of the mill — the weaving department — where 40.6 per cent of the employees were females, 5.3 per cent of the total number worked over 56 hours, 71.7 per cent worked 56 hours, 5.3 per cent worked 50| and under 56 hours, 5.1 per cent worked 40f and under 50f hours, 3.2 per cent worked 30f and under 40f hours, and 9.5 per cent worked under 30f hours. The next table shows for nine of the most important mill occupations the average hours worked and the number and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours during the week for which data were secured. No separation according to sex has been made for any occupation except weavers. The occupations here shown include 5,936 employees, or 35.8 per cent of the total number. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN NINE SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Estab- lish- ments. Em- ploy- ees. Aver- se hours worked during week. Employees working each classifled number of Occupations. Under 308. 30g and under 401. 40} and under 50f. 60S and under 66. 66. Over 66. No. i 4 4 4 4 4 4 No. 523 232 183 279 719 937 619 No. 63.8 68.2 67.4 55.7 46.9 52.7 52.7 No. 8 4 7 7 118 46 23 No. 13 4 S 6 42 42 30 No. 32 6 9 8 103 60 36 No. 63 7 6 21 365 68 24 407 96 4 181 91 637 498 No. Combers 116 162 66 104 Twisteri 9 Weavers: Male. 4 4 1,048 1,009 53.1 52.8 56 59 30 26 57 68 48 66 831 811 26 Female Total 4 4 2,057 387 62.9 63.0 115 8 56 6 115 37 103 182 1,642 151 26 Wool sorters. 3 Bnrlers: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 523 232 183 279 719 937 619 63.8 58.2 67.4 65.7 46.9 52.7 62.7 Per a. L6 1.7 3.8 2.6 16.4 4.9 3.7 Pact. 2.6 1.7 3.3 2.2 6.8 4.6 4.8 Perct. 6.1 2.2 4.9 2.9 14.3 6.3 6.7 PercL 12.0 3.0 2.7 7.6 60.8 6.2 3.9 Perct. 77.8 41.4 2.2 64.9 12.7 68.0 80.6 Perct. 50.6 83.1 liOom fixers... 20.1 Menders ii.i Twisters. L5 Weavers: 1,048 1,009 63.1 62.8 6.3 6.8 2.9 2.6 6.4 6.7 4.6 6.6 79.3 80.4 2.6 Female Total 4 4 2,057 387 62.9 63.0 6.6 2.1 2.7 1.6 6.6 9.6 6.0 47.0 79.8 39.0 1.3 .8 Of the 523 burlers in the four mills 77.8 per cent worked 56 hours, 12 per cent worked 50| and under 56 hours, 6.1 per cent worked 40f and under 50|, 2.5 per cent worked 30f and under 40^ hours, and 1.5 per cent worked under 30f hours. Eighty-one and eight-tenths per cent of the 1,048 male weavers worked 56 hours or over, and 80.4 per cent of the 1,009 female weavers worked 56 hours. Thirteen and 118 STEIKB OF TEXTOJE WOBKEES IH" LAWEBNCB, MASS. six-tenths per cent of the male weavers and 14.1 per cent of the female weavers worked less than 50f hours. For detailed tables showing hours worked during the week for which pay-roll data were secured, see pages 322 to 351. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN COTTON MILLS. In connection with the study of the Lawrence strike, data relative to wages and hours of labor were secured from three cotton mills. The data are for a week ending about November 25, 1911, except that for weavers and a few other occupations the period covered is two weeks. For weavers a period of two weeks was covered in order to minimize the effect on earnings which arises from the unfinished cuts of cloth on the looms at the end of each pay period. Overseers and clerks are not included in the tabulations presented in this report. The total number of employees on the pay rolls of the three cotton mills was 5,344, and of that number 2,799, or 52.4 per cent, were males and 2,545, or 47.6 per cent, were females. The distribution of the employees into sex and age groups was as follows : Per cent. Males, 18 years of age and over 48. 1 Males, under 18 years of age 4. 3 Total, males 52. 4 Females, 18 years of age and over 42. 7 Females, under 18 years of age 4. 9 Total, females 47. 6 Four hundred and ninety-four, or 9.2 per cent of the total number, were under 18 years of age. The proportion of employees under 18 years of age was slightly greater among females than among males; the females under 18 forming 10.3 per cent of the total females, and the males under 18 forming 8.3 per cent of the total males. The table which follows summarizes by sex and age groups certain data relative to rate of wages per hour and amount earned and houra worked during the week for which information was secured. CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 119 AVERAGE HOURLY RATE OF WAGES AND AVERAGE AMOUNT EARNED AND HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. {The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this table are based, respectively, on the hourly rates of time workers combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, the amounts earned during the week for which data were secured regardless of hours worked, and the hours actually worked dur- ing the same week. See pages 75 to 7S as to amoaut of work available.] Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Rate of wages per hour. Amount earned during week. Hours worked during week. Sex and age groups. Aver- age. Per cent of em- ployees earning— Aver- age. Per cent of em- ployees earning— Aver- a.ge. Per cent of em- ployees workmg — Un- der 12 cents. 20 cents and over. Un- der $7. tl2 and over. Un- der 66. S6. Over 56. Males, 18 years and over Males, under 18 years 2,568 231 10.176 .121 6.0 52.3 25.1 110.21 6.48 13.1 68.9 23.4 57.8 53.8 11.5 22.1 43.9 75.8 44.6 2.2 Total 2,799 .171 9.7 23.1 9.90 17.6 21.6 57.4 12.4 46.5 41.1 Females, 18 years and over.. Females, under 18 years 2,282 263 .147 .121 14.7 54.0 3.8 L2 7.68 6.35 32.3 68.9 .6 52.3 52.7 23.4 28.5 76.5 71.5 .1 Total 2,. 545 .144 18.9 3.6 7.54 36.0 .6 52.3 23.9 76.0 .1 5,344 .158 14.0 13.8 8.78 26.3 11.5 55.0 17.9 60.6 2L6 The above summary shows that the average rate of wages of the 5,344 employees was 15.8 cents per hour, with 14 per cent of the employees earning under 12 cents per hour, and almost an equal pro- portion, 13.8 per cent, earning 20 cents and over. The average anaount earned during the week for which data were secured was $8.78, with 26.3 per cent earning under $7 and approximately one- half as large a proportion, 11.5 per cent, earning S12 and over. The average hours worked during the week for which data were secured was 55, with 17.9 per cent working under 56 hours, 60.6 per cent working 56 hours, and 21.6 per cent working over 56 hours. The table shows similar data for each of the sex and age groups. The next table summarizes briefly by mill departments data rela- tive to sex and age of employees, rate of wages per hour, and amount earned and hours worked during the week for which information was secured. 120 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, ]VIASS, SEX AND AGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES, RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR. AND COTTON [The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this table are based, respectlvelv, on the hourly rates the week for which data were secured regardless oi hours worked, and the number of hours Departments. Employees. Total. Per cent. Males. 18 years and over, Under 18 years. Total. Females. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. Beaming Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeliiig Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total 78 40 778 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 12S 258 455 125 163 1,157 422 98.7 90.0 67.2 83.3 97.7 63.0 88.2 99.6 67.8 73.8 22.1 90.4 11.2 34.9 21.6 26.1 33.9 100.0 1.3 10.0 2.1 2.3 1.0 11.8 .4 15.9 9.6 9.6 5.4 2.6 12.0 1.3 1.3 100.0 100.0 59.3 83.3 100.0 64.0 100.0 100.0 67.8 89.7 31.7 100.0 16.7 37.6 33.6 27.6 35.2 100.0 39.0 16.7 1.7 40.7 18.7 36.0 10.0 46.0 26.7 8.9 60.6 6.6 1.4 7.7 32.2 10.3 68.3 72.1 46.6 66.8 55.6 63.4 11.2 15.8 9.6 17.0 1.4 83.3 62.4 66.4 72.5 64.8 6,344 62.4 42.7 47 6 The above summary shows that the rate of wages per hour was lowest in the shipping department in which 455 persons were employed. In that department 34.9 per cent of the employees were males 18 years of age and over, 2.6 per cent were males imder 18, 46.6 per cent were females 18 and over, and 15.8 per cent were females under 18. For the 455 employees the average rate of wages per hour was 13.6 cents, with 40.9 per cent earning under 12 cents and 4.6 per cent earning 20 cents and over. The average amount earned during the week was $7.47, with 55.3 per cent earning under $7 and 4.2 per cent earning $12 and over. The average hours worked during the week was 55, with 14.1 per cent working under 56 hours, 77.6 per cent working 56 hours, and 8.4 per cent working over 56 hours. The rate of wages in the weaving department was exceeded in five other departments ; the weaving department, how- ever, with 1,157 is the largest in the nulls. In that department CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OP WORK. 121 J^OUNT EAENBD AND HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS- MILLS. oJ time workers combined with the computed hoiu-ly rates of pieceworkers, the amounts earned during actually worked during the same week. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Rate of wages per hour. Amount earned during week. Hours worked during week. Per cent of em- Per cent of em- Per cent of employees work- ployees earning— ployees eammg — ing- ' Average. Average, Average. Under 12 cents. 20 cents and over. Under J7. 112 and over. Under 56. 66. Over 66. 10.217 2.6 66.6 $11.92 7.7 69.0 64.8 7.7 86.9 6.4 .140 12.5 8.62 20.0 2.5 61.3 22.5 15.0 62.6 .14S IS.O 6.0 8.10 23.4 3.5 65.4 12.0 63.1 24.9 .198 .156 8.3 41.7 4 6 11.11 9 76 8.3 2 3 33.3 4 6 66.0 62 7 100.0 4 7 4 7 90 7 .164 12.0 24.0 9.01 21.0 21.0 66.0 10.0 78.0 12.0 .143 11.8 2.0 8.78 11.8 2.0 61.1 2.0 29.4 68.6 .183 .8 6.8 9.43 6.0 7.9 61.6 13.8 4.6 81.6 .262 16.6 45.6 14.66 18.9 44.4 66.1 10.0 66.7 23.3 .144 15.0 6.1 8.21 27.0 3.3 56.2 15.4 63.7 30.8 .137 21.9 2.3 7.28 41.1 2.2 53.2 18.4 76.6 5.0 .213 12.0 20.8 13.67 12.8 21.6 62.1 1.6 12.0 86.4 .168 5.5 22.6 7.73 42.3 2.0 46.8 61.6 36.0 2.3 .136 40.9 4.6 7.47 65.3 4.2 55.0 14.1 77.6 8.4 .155 8.0 5.6 7.79 28.8 1.6 60.2 94.4 3.2 2.4 .140 22.9 4.0 7.61 37.3 3.4 54.0 15.0 79.7 5.2 .169 7.1 19.4 9.07 16.8 14.0 63.0 13.8 83.8 2.4 .194 .2 42.7 11.98 6.7 49.6 61.8 11.4 12.6 76.1 .158 14.0 13.8 8.78 26.3 11.5 6.5.0 17.9 60.6 21.6 33.9 per cent of the employees were males 18 years of age and over, 1.3 per cent were males under 18, 63.4 per cent were females 18 and over, and 1.4 per cent were females mider 18. The average rate of wages for the 1,157 employees was 16.9 cents per hour, with 7.1 per cent earning under 12 cents and 19.4 per cent earning 20 cents and over. The average amount earned during the week was $9.07, with 16.8 per cent earning under $7 and almost an equal proportion, 14 per cent, earning $12 and over. The average hours worked during the week was 53, with 13.8 per cent working under 56, 83.8 per cent working 56, and 2.4 per cent working over 56. The next table summarizes for each mill department, by sex and age groups, average rate of wages per hour and average amount earned and hours worked during the week for which data were secured. 122 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LA WHENCE, MASS. AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES, AMOUNT EARNED, AND HOURS WORKED, [The rates, earnings, and hours worked shown in this tahle are based, respectively, on the hourly rates of the week for which data were secured regardless of hours worked, ana the number of houxB Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Total. Per cent. Males. Females. Departments. Males. Females. 18 years and over. Un- der 18 years. Total. 18 years and over. Un- der IS years. Total 18 yrs. and over. Un- der 18 yrs. To- tal. 18 and over. Un- der 18 yrs. To- tal. 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 465 125 163 1,157 422 98.7 90.0 67.2 83.3 97.7 63.0 88.2 99.6 67.8 73.8 22.1 90.4 11.2 34.9 21.6 26.1 33.9 100.0 1.3 10.0 2.1 '"2.3 1.0 11.8 .4 "is'i 9.6 9.6 5.4 2.6 12.0 1.3 1.3 100.0 100.0 69.3 83.3 100.0 64.0 100.0 lOD.O 67.8 89.7 .31.7 100.0 16.7 37.6 ,33.6 27.5 35.2 100.0 $0,219 .143 .148 .200 .156 .187 .147 .153 .331 .163 .143 .223 .193 .164 .179 .149 .194 .194 $0. 116 .118 .115 ".'i25 .145 .118 .100 ■■.'i28 .118 .116 .132 .123 .127 .112 .129 $0,217 .140 .147 .200 .165 .186 .143 .163 .331 .149 .1.35 .213 .173 .161 .160 .147 .192 .194 Carding 39.0 16.7 1.7 40.7 16.7 $0,145 .190 $0,099 $6. 143 .190 Chemical Dressing 36.0 10.0 46.0 .145 .116 .139 Dyeing "26.'7 8.9 60. 6 "s.'e 1.4 7.7 '32.'2 10.3 68.3 Engraving .120 .113 .139 .109 .100 .125 .118 .111 .137 Einishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling 72.1 46.6 11.2 15. s 83.3 62.4 66.4 72.5 64.8 .169 .123 .155 .142 ■ .168 .152 .109 .134 .122 .121 .i67 .119 .152 .137 .157 Twisting and winding Warping 56.8 9.6 56.6 17.0 Weaving 63.4 1.4 Total 6,344 48.1 4.3 52.4 42.7 4.9 47.6 .176 .121 .171 .147 .121 .144 In the frame spinning department there were 1,006 employees, and of that number 22.1 per cent were males 18 years of age and over, 9.6 per cent were males under 18, 60.6 per cent were females 18 and over, and 7.7 per cent were females under 18. The average rate of wages per hour was 14.3 cents for males 18 years of age and over, 11.6 cents for males under 18, 13.9 cents for females 18 and over, and 12.5 cents for females under 18. The average amount earned during the week was $7.95 for males 18 years of age and over, $6.11 for males under 18, $7.32 for females 18 and over, and $6.52 for females under 18. The average hours worked during the week were 54.2 for males 18 and over, 52.9 for males under 18, 53.1 for females 18 and over, and 51.8 for females under 18. The table shows similar data for each of the 18 mill departments. BATE or WAGES PEB HOTJB. More than one-half (52.3 per cent) of the 5,344 cotton mill em- ployees earned less than 15 cents per hour, and 14 per cent of the total number of employees earned less than 12 cents per hour. The average earnings were 15.8 cents per hour. Forty-six and eight- tenths per cent of the males and 58.5 per cent of the females earned less than 15 cents per hour. The average earnings of the 2,568 msiles 18 years of age and over was 17.6 cents per hour, which was 2.9 cents per hour above the average for the 2,282 females 18 years of age and over. The average earnings of males under 18 years of age and of CHAPTBB n. — WAGES, HOXJES, AND CONDITIONS OF WOEK. 123 IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. , time workere combined with the computed hourly rates of pieceworkers, the amounts earned during actually worked during the same week. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Average amount earned during week. Average hours worked during week. - Males. Females. Males. Females. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Total. S11.99 8.85 8.44 11.20 9.82 10.50 9.07 9.44 18.56 8.82 7.96 14.30 9.96 9.25 9.48 8.05 10.70 11.98 16.44 6.54 6.42 $11.92 8.62 8.37 11.20 9.76 10.43 8.78 9.43 18.56 8.47 7.39 13.57 9.10 9.06 8.35 7.97 10.57 11.98 54.8 62.0 56.7 56.0 62.9 55.7 61.8 61.6 66.8 57.2 54.2 62.6 52.2 66.1 52.9 52.9 54.8 61.8 .56.0 65.0 66.0 ""hh'.b 47.7 66.0 66.0 """53!6 62.9 57.1 65.3 63.9 49.6 56.0 56.0 64.8 61.3 56.7 56.0 62.7 55.6 61.1 61.6 56.8 56.6 53.8 62.1 63.2 65.9 51.7 53.0 54.8 61.8 $7.81 10.64 $5.28 $7.71 10.64 63.7 56.0 53.1 63.7 56.0 7.66 6.91 6.61 6.60 7.86 6.33 7.62 54.1 65.0 54.3 6.61 6.01 7.32 6.71 5.60 6.62 6.45 5.95 7.23 5.6.2 53.1 53.1 52.4 66.0 61.8 54.7 6.87 6.11 6.65 7.31 6.61 6.32 6.27 7.18 53.6 63.0 7.49 6.69 7.66 7.76 8.30 7.26 5.98 6.60 6.53 6.37 7.46 6.51 7.51 7.47 8.26 45.0 54.3 49.5 54.6 52.0 48.8 56.1 49.3 63.4 61.9 45.5 54.5 49.5 64.3 62.0 10.21 6.48 9.90 7.68 6.35 7.54 67.8 53.8 67.4 52.3 52.7 52.3 females under 18 years of age was exactly the same — 12.1 cents per hour. The table which follows shows for the employees of each sex and within each age group the average rate of wages and the per cent eamrag each classified rate of wages per hour. The classified rates are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. IThe rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, dtuing the week for wfflch data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Employees. Average rate of wages per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Sex and age groaps. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Under 12 cents. Under 15 cents. Under 20 cents. 20 cents and over. 2,568 231 11.5 22.1 $0,176 .121 6.0 52.3 42.6 95.2 75.0 100.0 25.1 Males, under 18 years Total 2,799 12.4 .171 9.7 46.8 77.0 23.1 2,282 263 23.4 28.5 .147 .121 14.7 64.0 54.7 90.1 96.1 98.8 3.8 Females, under 18 years L2 Total 2,545 23.9 .144 18.9 68.5 96.4 3.6 5,344 17.9 .158 14.0 52.3 86.1 13.8 124 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. From the above table it is seen that 20 cents and over per hour was earned by 13.8 per cent of the total number of employees, by 25.1 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over, and by only 3.8 per cent of the females 18 years of age and over. More than twice as large a proportion of the females as of the males 18 years of age and over earned under 12 cents per hour. Among the employees AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES FOR ALL [The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and as to amount of Estab- Ush- ments. Employees. ATerage rate of wages per hour. Sex and age groups. Total. Working less than 66 hours during week. Number. 3 3 Number. 2,568 231 Number. 295 51 10.176 .121 Total 3 2,799 346 .171 3 3 2,282 263 634 75 .147 .121 Total - 3 2,S45 609 .144 3 6,344 955 .158 3 3 2,568 231 Perceta. 11.5 22.1 .176 .121 Total 3 2,799 12.4 .171 Females^ 18 years and over 3 3 2,282 283 23.4 28.5 .147 .121 Total 3 2,545 23.9 .144 Grand total..... 3 5,344 17.9 .168 CHAPTEE n. — WAGES, HOXJKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 125 under 18 years of age slightly more than, one-half earned less than 12 cents per hour, ihe percentage being 52.3 for the males and 54 for the females. The n«xt table shows the number and per cent of cotton mill employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. The data are presented by sex and age groups. DEPARTMENTS, BY SEX AND AGE GBOUPS— COTTON MILLS. actual boars worked, during the week (or which data were seeured, of pleceworkera. See pages 76 to 78 work available.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Sand under 6 cents. 6 and under 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- dsr 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. No. m. No. No. 4 7 JVb. 30 10 No. 46 41 No. 72 63 No. 217 39 JVb. 370 24 No. 362 36 No. 268 3 No. 369 5 No. 195 3 No. 171 JVb. 142 No. 332 n 40 87 135 256 394 388 271 374 198 171 142 332 3 1 16 8 39 14 128 56 164 61 214 20 278 46 421 29 319 13 449 7 175 3 76 2 9 1 3 2 2 4 24 53 182 216 234 324 450 332 456 178 78 10 3 . 2 i 35 ! 93 269 350 490 718 838 1 603 830 376 249 152 335 P.ct. P. a. P.ct. P.ct. 0.2 3.0 P.ct. 1.2 4.3 P.ct. 1.8 17.7 P.ct. 2.8 27.3 P.ct. 8.5 16.9 P.ct. 14.4 10.4 P.ct. 13.7 16.6 P.ct. 10.4 1.3 P. a. 14.4 2.2 P.ct. 7.6 1.3 P.ct. 6.7 P.ct. 5.6 P.ct. 12.9 ■*"**'" .4 1.4 3.1 4.8 9.1 14.1 13.9 9.7 13.4 7.1 6.1 6.1 11.9 "o.'s' 0.1 .4 .7 3.0 1.7 6.3 5.6 21.3 6.7 23.2 9.4 7.6 12.2 17.5 18.4 11.0 14.0 4.9 19.7 2.7 7.7 1.1 3.3 .8 .4 .4 .1 .1 .2 .9 2.1 7.2 8.4 9.2 12.7 17.7 13.0 17.9 7.0 3.1 .4 .1 (') .1 .7 1.7 6.0 6.5 9.2 13.4 16.7 11.3 15.5 7.0 4.7 2.8 6.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 126 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. The above table shows that the earnings of approximately one- half, 49.6 ] er cent, of the total number of employees were 12 and under 16 cents per hour. The earnings of 47 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over and of 54 per cent of the females 18 years and over fall within the same group — 12 and under 16 cents per hour. The largest number whose earnings are within a single group was 370 earning 13 and under 14 cents per hour among the 2,568 males 18 years of age and over, and 421 earning 14 and under 15 cents per hour among the 2,282 females 18 years of age and over. The earnings of 45 per cent of the males under 18 years of age and of 44.5 per cent of the females under 18 were 10 and under 12 cents per hour. The next table shows average and classified rates of wages per hour, by mill departments, without regard to sex or age of employees. The classified rates are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY DEPARTMENTS— COTTON MILLS. [Tlie rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week for wlilch data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to amoimt of work available.] Departments. Employees. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Average rated per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classifled rate of wages per hour. Under 12 cents. Under 15 cents. Under 20 cents. 20 cents and over. Beaming Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weavtag Yard and repairs Total 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 455 125 153 1,157 422 7.7 22.6 12.0 4.7 10.0 2.0 13.8 10.0 15.4 18.4 1.6 61.6 14.1 94.4 15.0 13.8 11.4 10.217 .140 .145 .198 .155 .164 .143 .153 .262 .144 .137 .213 .168 .136 ..155 .140 .169 .194 2.6 12.5 15.0 8.3 0.0 12.0 1L8 .8 16.6 15.0 21.9 12.0 5.5 40.9 8.0 22.9 7.1 .2 10.3 57.5 65.4 16.6 55.9 45.0 66.7 51.4 42.2 64.5 8L1 53.6 35.7 76.1 52.8 67.4 31.7 18.7 100.0 95.0 68.3 95.5 76.0 98.1 94.2 64.4 93.9 97.9 79.2 77.6 95.5 94.4 96.2 80.7 67.4 5.0 41.7 4.6 24.0 2.0 6.8 45.5 6.1 2.3 20.8 22.5 4.6 5.6 4.0 19.4 42.7 5,344 17.9 .158 14.0 52.3 a.i 13.8 CHAPTEE n. WAGES, HOUES, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 127 The wages are the lowest in the shipping department, with 40.9 per cent of the employees earning less than 12 cents per hour and an average for the 455 employees of 13.6 cents per hour. The rate of wages for the 1,006 employees in the frame-spinning department averaged only 13.7 cents per hour and 21.9 per cent of the employees earned less than 12 cents per hour. The rate of wages for the 1,157 employees in the weaving department averaged 16.9 cents per hour, 7.1 per cent of the employees earned less than 12 cents, 31.7 per cent earned less than 15 cents, and 80.7 per cent earned less than 20 cents per hour. The wages were highest in the engraving department with an average for the 90 employees of 26.2 cents per hour. The next table shows average rates of wages per hour and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified rate per hour in each mill department, without regard to sex or age of employees. The first section of the table shows numbers, the second percentages. 128 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCEj MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES |The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual amount of Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 honrs during week. Average rate of per hour. Beaming Bleaching Carding , Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving F inishin g Frame spinning , Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding. Warping Weaving Yard and repairs , Total Beaming Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spiiming Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total Number, 2 i 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 Nuviba. 78 40 776 12 43 100 61 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 465 125 163 1,167 422 Niitttber. 93 2 10 1 33 9 33 1S5 2 169 64 118 23 160 48 6,344 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 126 258 456 125 153 1,167 422 Percent. 7.7 22.6 12.0 4.7 10.0 2.0 13.8 10.0 15.4 18.4 1.6 61.6 14.1 94.4 15.0 13.3 11.4 to. 217 .140 .145 .198 .155 .164 .143 .153 .262 .144 .137 .213 .168 .136 .166 .140 .169 .194 .168 6,344 17.9 .217 .140 .146 .198 .155 .164 .143 .163 .262 .144 .137 .213 .168 .136 .155 .140 .169 .194 .168 In the larger departments a considerable proportion of the em- ployees are grouped within an earning range of a few cents; thus in the weaving department, 47.1 per cent of the 1,157 employees earned 14 and under 18 cents per hour; in the frame-spinning department, 48.3 per cent of the 1,006 employees earned 13 and under 15 cents per hour; in the carding department, 51.8 per cent of the 776 employees earned 13 and under 16 cents per hour; and in the shipping department, 54.5 per cent of the 455 employees earned 10 and under 13 cents per hour. CHAPTER n. WAGES, HOURS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 129 OF ALL EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS— COTTON MILLS hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 75 to 78 as to work available.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and under 6 cents. 6 and under 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and im- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 15 cents. 15 and un- der 16 CCDtS. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and. un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. No. No. No. iVo. No. No. 2 4 61 1 No. 2 12 77 No. ...... 136 No. 4 5 101 1 22 18 23 52 6 26 290 6 22 60 33 24 114 31 No. ...... 165 2 2 11 2 30 "'ie' 61 10 13 23 18 29 151 61 No. 3 6 103 2 14 13 13 63 10 33 61 18 67 40 16 10 279 79 No. 15 2 39 1 1 7 1 9 1 14 46 4 28 25 18 5 137 23 No. 9 No. 17 No. 26 1 12 'in' 16 20 1 1 7 1 4 2 9 9 1 46 6 5 3 77 48 5 2 14 2 2 9 ■"24" 17 36 110 2 11 65 2 18 101 2 ....„ 5 45 """44" 196 44 45 35 21 26 69 45 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 4 15 75 3 12 62 6 20 35 1 4 3 ...... 10 82 12 2 121 3 13 21 10 2 2 ""2 ""g 7 ''2 36 61 8 37 1 7 6 51 4 1 3 12 25 3 3 1 2 15 8 2 1 1 10 111 71 1 2 4 36 93 269 350 490 718 838 603 830 376 249 152 335 i P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.U. P.ct. 2.6 10.0 7.9 8.3 P.ct. 2.6 30.0 9.9 P.ct. 17.5 P.ct. 5.1 12.5 13.0 8.3 51.2 18.0 45.1 21.8 6.7 12.1 28.8 4.8 8.5 13.2 26.4 15.7 9.9 7.3 P.ct. ■22.'5' 21.3 16.7 4.7 11.0 3.9 12.6 "■7.'5' 6.1 8.0 5.0 5.1 14.4 19.0 13.1 14.5 P.ct. 3.8 15.0 13.3 16.7 32.6 13.0 25.5 26.4 11.1 15.4 6.1 14.4 26.0 8.8 12.8 6.5 24.1 18.7 P.ct. 19.2 5.0 5.0 8.3 2.3 7.0 2.0 3.S 1.1 6.6 4.6 3.2 10.9 5.5 14.4 3.3 11.8 5.6 P.ct. 11.5 P.ct. 21.8 P.ct. 33.3 2.5 l.S "3.6 2.1 2.6 8.3 2.3 7.0 2.0 1.7 2.2 4.2 .9 .8 17.8 1.3 4.0 2.0 6.7 11.4 .6 16.7 "7.'6' 1.8 16.7 4.7 9.0 'i6."6' 18.9 16.8 10.9 1.6 4.3 14.3 1.6 11.8 8.7 .5 ""6."6" 9.8 18.8 19.5 35.2 17.4 7.7 16.8 17.0 6.0 10.7 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.9 .8 4.4 7.0 7.5 2.4 4.7 13.6 4.8 13.1 3.0 .2 4.0 5.9 'i2.'2' 4.7 8.2 9.6 .8 26.6 2.4 8.5 1.8 10.0 .8 2.2 ".2 "s.'s' 1.6 "i's' 3.1 14.5 3.3 41.1 .5 .7 2.8 5.1 1.9 .1 0.3 1.2 20.0 1.2 .7 .8 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.6 .7 .1 .9 9.6 16.8 0) .1 .7 1.7 5.0 6.5 9.2 13.4 15.7 11.3 15.5 7.0 4.7 2.8 6.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The next table shows for six of the most important cotton-mill occu- pations the average rate of wages and the number and per cent of em- ployees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. No separation according to sex has been made for any occupation except weavers. The occupations here shown include 1,504 employees, or 28.1 per cent of the total number. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 51240°— S. Doc. 8T0, 62-2 9 130 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBENOE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF IThe rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual amount of Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Occupations. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average rate of wages per hour. Drawing tenders , Number. 3 2 3 3 2 Number. 77 126 71 420 97 NUTiiber. 9 12 5 86 5 SO. 124 .162 .137 .136 .264 Frame spinners Weavers: Male 2 2 146 667 16 84 .196 .166 Total 2 713 100 .172 Drawing tenders 3 2 3 3 2 77 126 71 420 97 Percent. 11.7 9.5 7.0 20. S 5.2 .124 .152 .137 .136 .254 FraTTie sp'""«rs Loom fixers Weavers: Male 2 2 146 667 11.0 14.8 .196 .166 2 713 14.0 .172 The above table shows that the average earnings of the 146 male weavers was 19.6 cents per hour and of the 567 female weavers 16.6 cents per hour. Forty-eight and seven-tenths per cent of the male weavers and 6.9 per cent of the female weavers earned 20 cents and over per hour. Of the male weavers, more than one-fourth (28.8 per cent) earned 20 and under 22 cents, and almost one-fourth (24 OHAPTEE n. WAGES, HOUfiS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 131 WAGES IN SIX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— COTTON MILLS. houis worked, duiiog the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. See pages 78 to 78 as to work available.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and under 6 cents. 6 and under 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der IS cents. 15 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 26 8 1 9 No. 34 11 ■"22" No. 8 13 S2 141 No. 1 25 2 208 No. 5 15 16 12 JVo. 3 38 No. No. No. No. 1 1 14 1 1 1 7 13 2 2 1 2 1 94 3 6 2 22 1 24 1 43 5 94 28 230 35 97 42 30 26 8 3 1 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 9 24 2S 44 99 258 132 72 34 4 P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.U. 33.8 6.3 1.4 2.1 P.ct. 44.2 8.7 "h'.2 P.ct. 10.4 10.3 73.2 33.6 P.ct. 1.3 19.8 2.8 49.5 P.ct. 6.5 11.9 22.5 2.9 P.ct. 3.9 30.2 P.U. p.ct. p.ct. P.ct. 0.8 0.8 U.l 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.7 3.1 .5 .5 "2.'i' "i.'o' 6.2 96 9 2.1 1.1 1.4 3.9 .7 4.2 .7 7.6 3.4 16.6 19.2 40.6 24.0 17.1 28.8 5.3 17.8 1.4 2 1 .2 .2 .5 1.2 2 .1 .1 .4 1.0 1.3 3.4 3.5 6.2 13.9 36.2 18.6 10.1 4.8 .6 per cent) earned 18 and under 20 cents; of the female weavers, 40.6 per cent earned 16 and under 18 cents, 17.1 per cent earned 18 and under 20 cents, and 16.6 per cent earned 15 and under 16 cents. Nearly one-lialf (49.5 percent) of the frame spinners earned 14 and under 15 cents per hour, and about one- third (33.6 per cent) earned 13 and under 14 cents. 132 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. In the cotton mills 34 males 18 years of age and over worked at a rate of wages of less than 10 cents per hour. These 34 persons were found in 12 occupations. The table which follows shows for each of the occupations in which these very low-paid males were found the total number of employees, the number of each sex and age group, and the classified rate of wages of the males 18 years of age and over who earned less than 10 cents per hour: MALES IS YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EARNING UNDER 10 CENTS PER HOUR— COTTON MILLS. [The rates shown in this table are based on the hovaly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers.] Employees. Males 18 years and over earnm g each der 10 Departments and Total. Male. Female. cents per hour. occupations. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. 18 years and over. Under 18 years. Sand under 6 cents. Band under 7 cents. 7 and under 8 cents. Sand under 9 cents. 9 and under 10 cents. To- tal. Carding: Can boys 1 6 6 20 56 li)8 S 16 4 2 41 3 1 2 4 15 19 58 1 13 3 2 41 2 1 1 ...... 12 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 28 49 4 1 1 2 1 1 RnnHlR hnys 1 Plaiters Frame spinning; Cleaners 6 28 2 3 12 Doflers 3 Dofiers, learners 1 Sweepers 2 5 Shipping: Markers 1 Warping: Oilers and sweepers 2 Weaving: Oilers and cleaners. . 1 Weavers, learners. . . 1 2 Total 297 161 92 39 5 4 30 Twenty-one of the 34 males- 18 years of age and over who earned less than 10 cents per hour were in tBe frame-spinning department. Fifty-five cleaners were employed in the frame-spinning department, and of that number 19 were males 18 and over, 28 were males under 18, 6 were females 18 and over, and 2 were females under 18. Twelve of the 19 males 18 and over in that occupation earned 9 and under 10 cents per hour. For detailed tables showing rates of wages per- hour, see pages 372 to 405. AMOUNT OF EAKNINGS. Data relative to the amount earned by employees during the pay- roll period covered by the investigation are shown in the series of tables which follow. The pay-roll period for almost all of the occupations is the week ending approximately November 25j 1911. Data for weavers and a few other occupations were secured for a period of two weeks, for rea- CHAPTEE n. — WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOSK. 133 sons already explained, but in all occupations where two weeks' earnings were secured the individual earnings have been divided by the number of weeks in order to reduce them to a weekly basis for ready comparison. In presenting these tables, showing the amount earned during a week, emphasis is placed upon the fact that while the normal working time in most occupations is 56 hours per week, for one reason or an- other 17.9 per cent of the employees included worked less than 56 hours and 21.6 per cent worked more than 56 hours during the week, and that the tables do not show full-time earnings but do show the amounts actually earned during a representative week. Of the 5,344 employees included, 5.5 per cent earned under $5; 26.3 per cent earned under $7; 76.7 per cent earned under $10; 88.3 per cent earned under $12; and 11.5 per cent earned $12 and over. ^he3veragfi amount ^rned was $8.78. Summary data relative to amount earned are shown in the form of cumulative percentages, by sex and age groups, in the table which follows: PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DURING WEEK, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings during the week for which data were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the hours actually worked. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Employees. Average amount earned. Per cent of employees earning each clas- sUied amount during week. Sex and age groups. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours din-ing week. Under 15. Under $7. Under JIO. Under $12. $12 and over. Males, 18 years and over 2,668 231 11.5 22.1 $10. 21 6.48 3.1 7.8 13.1 68.9 59.4 98.3 76.6 100.0 23.4 Total 2,799 i2.4 9.90 3.4 17.6 62.5 78.4 21,6 Females, 18 years and over Females, under 18 years 2,282 263 23.4 28.5 7.68 6.35 7.7 9.5 32.3 68.9 91.8 100.0 99.3 100.0 .6 Total 2,545 23.9 7.54 7.8 36.0 92.6 99.4 .6 5,344 17.9 8.78 5.5 26.3 76.7 88.3 11.5 Less than $7 was earned by 13.1 per cent of the 2,568 males 18 years of age and over, by 32.3 per cent of the 2,282 females 18 years of age and over, and by 68.9 per cent of the 231 males and 263 females under 18 years of age. Twelve doUars and over was earned by 23.4 per cent of the males 18 years of age and over, by 0.6 per cent of the females 18 years of age and over, and by none of the employees under 18 years of age. The next table shows for each sex and by age groups the average amount earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 134 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. AVEBAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING WEEK, TOR IThe amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week for which data See pages 7S to 78 as to Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Average earnings during week. Sex and age groups. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Males, 18 years and over Number. 3 3 Number. 2,568 231 Number. 296 51 S10.21 6.48 M'hIPi''^ ui^er 18 yAftrs . . . . ,t Total 3 2,799 346 9.90 3 3 2,282 263 634 75 7.68 6.35 Total 3 2,545 609 7.54 GrfVTid t^tftl 3 6,344 955 8.78 Mn.lp.«!, 1R yAstrs fi.TiH nvp.r ,, .„. ....... 3 3 2,668 231 Per cent. 11.6 22.1 10.21 6.48 Total 3 2,799 12.4 9.90 3 3 2,282 263 23.4 28.6 7.68 6.35 Total 3 2,545 23.9 7.54 3 5,344 17.9 8.78 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The average amount earned during the week by the 5,344 employees was $8.78; 63.6 per cent of the total employees earned $6 and under 110, and the earnings of 20.8 per cent were within the range of a single group — $8 and under $9. Seven and under $9 was earned by 35 per cent of the 2,568 males 18 years of age and over and by 43.2 per cent of the females 1 8 years of age and over. The average amount earned by females 18 years of age and over was 17.68, and by males in the same age group $10.21. The per cent of females 18 years of age and over working less than 56 hours was twice as great as the per cent of males of that age losing time, and this lost time of course tends to lower the amount earned by the females. The average amount earned by males under 18 years of age was $6.48, and by females in that age group only 13 cents per week less. The next table shows average and classified amounts earned during the week by mill departments without regard to sex or age of em- CHAPTEE n. WAGES, HOTJES, AND COHTDITIONS OF WOEK. 135 ALL DEPARTMENTS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the number of hours actually worked, amount of work available.] Employees earning each classified amount during week. Under S3. $3 and under t4. 14 and under 16. $5 and under $6. and under $7. a^d under S8. 18 and under J9 and under SIO. 110- and under $11. Ml and under S12. $12 and under $14. S14 and under $16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. No. 36 6 No. 18 No. 26 12 No. 81 64 No. 175 87 No. 388 63 No. 611 12 No. 289 3 No. 262 4 No. 179 JVb. 247 No. 199 No. 60 No. 108 42 18 37 136 262 441 623 292 266 179 247 199 60 108 65 6 47 6 73 14 194 78 368 78 417 65 668 22 373 5 139 33 14 1 61 52 87 272 446 472 690 378 139 33 14 1 103 70 124 407 708 913 1,113 670 405 212 261 200 60 108 Ferct. 1.4 2.6 Perct. 0.7 Ferct. 1.0 6.2 Ferct. 3.2 23.4 Ferct. 6.8 37.7 Ferct. 15.1 22.9 Perct. 19.9 6.2 Perct. 11.3 1.3 Perct. 10.2 1.7 Perct. 7.0 Perct. 9.6 Ferct. 7.7 Perct. 1.9 Ferct. 4.2 1.5 .6 1.3 4.8 9.4 15.8 18.7 10.4 9.5 6.4 8.8 - 7.1 1.8 3.9 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.0 3.2 6.3 8.6 29.7 16.1 29.7 18.3 20.9 24.9 8.4 16.3 1.9 6.1 L4 .6 (') 2.4 2.0 3.4 10.7 17.5 18.6 23.2 14.9 5.6 1.3 .6 (') 1.9 1.3 2.3 7.6 13.2 17.1 20.8 12.6 7.6 4.0 4.9 3.7 .9 2.0 ployees. The classified amounts are shown in the form of cumulative percentages. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES RECEIVING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DURING WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS— COTTON MILLS. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week for which data were secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the hours actually worked. See pages 76 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Employees. Average amount earned. Per cent of employees eamiag each classified amount during week. Departmenta. Total. Per cent working less than 56 hours during week. Under $5. Under $7. Under $10. Under $12. $12 and over. 78 40 776 12 43 100 61 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 455 125 153 1,157 422 7.7 22.5 12.0 $11.92 8.62 8.10 U.ll 9.76 9.01 8.78 9.43 14.66 8.21 7.28 13.57 7.73 7.47 7.79 7.61 9.07 11.98 1.3 ""'e'.i' '"'i'.i' 6.0 2.0 1.2 ""s.y 7.8 .8 4.7 3.6 3.2 7.2 8.1 3.3 7.7 20.0 23.4 8.3 2.3 21.0 1L8 6.0 18.9 27.0 41.1 12.8 42.3 66.3 28.8 37.3 16.8 6.7 19.3 77.6 88.2 49.9 68.1 66.0 82.6 70.3 ^ 47.9 V76.5 92.9 63.2 93.9 89.6 91.2 92.2 69.2 36.4 41.1 97.6 96.6 66.5 95.3 79.0 98.2 92.1 66.6 96.5 97.9 78.4 98.2 96.0 98.4 96.8 86.0 60.6 69.0 2.5 3.6 33.3 Coloring 4.7 10.0 2.0 13.8 10.0 15.4 18.4 1.6 61.6 14.1 94.4 16.0 13.8 11.4 4.6 Dressing 21.0 2.0 7.9 Engraving 44.4 FiTiiBhing . 3.3 2.2 Printing 21.6 2.0 4.2 1.6 Warping 3.4 14.0 49.6 Total 6,344 17.9 8.78 6.5 26.3 76.7 88.3 11. S 136 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. The amount earned per employee was lowest in the frame-spinning department, with 41.1 per cent of the employees earning less than |7 during the week and an average for the 1,006 employees of $7.28. The average earnings for the 455 employees in the shipping depart- ment was $7.47, and 55.3 per cent of the employees earned less than $7 during the week. The average earnings for the 1,157 employees in the weaving department was $9.07, and 16,8 per cent of the employees AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING WEEK [Tlie amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week ior which data were pages 75 to 78 as to amount Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average earnings during week. Beaming , Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding. Warping Weaving Yard and repairs , Total Beaming Bleaciiing Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total Nwmber. 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 Number. 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 455 125 153 1,157 422 Number. 6 185 2 169 64 118 23 160 48 til. 92 8.62 8.10 11.11 9.76 9.01 8.78 9.43 14.66 8.21 7.28 13.57 7.73 7.47 7.79 7.61 9.07 11.98 5,344 955 8.78 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 455 125 153 1,157 422 5,344 Per cent. 7.7 22.5 12.0 4.7 10 2.0 13.8 10.0 15.4 18.4 1.6 61.6 14.1 94.4 15.0 13.8 11.4 17.9 tU. 92 8.62 8.10 11.11 9.76 9.01 8.78 9.43 14.66 8.21 7.28 13.57 7.73 7.47 7.79 7.61 9.07 11.98 8.78 From the above table it is seen that in the weaving department 40.7 per cent of the 1,157 employees earned $8 and under $10 during the week. In the frame-spinning department 66 per cent of the 1,006 employees are found in the three groups representing earnings of $6 and under $9. In the carding department 50.6 per cent of the 776 employees earned $7 and under $9. In the shipping department 51.7 per cent of the 455 employees earned $5 and under $7 per week. CHAPTEB n. — WAGES, HOUKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WOBK. 137 earned less than $7 during the week. The earnings were highest in the engraving department, with an average for the 90 employees of $14.66 during the week. The next table shows average amounts earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week, by mUl departments, without regard to sex or age of employees. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. BY ALL EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS— COTTON MILLS. secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the number of hours actually worked. See of work available.] Employees earning each classified amount during week. Under S3. »3, and under $4. $4 and under 15. »5 and under S6. $6 and under »7. »7 and under 18. 18 and under $9. S9 and under $10. »0 and under »11. JU and under $12. S12 and under J14. S14 and under »16. (16 and under tl8. S18 and over. No. No. No. 1 No. 3' 32 No. 5 5 102 1 No. 2 4 172 3' 14 11 29 15 60 268 1 51 SO 48 26 135 24 No. 2 15 220 4 9 21 11 91 6 30 205 48 34 73 14 48 240 42 No. 6 4 110 1 12 10 14 36 5 14 48 14 48 33 16 10 231 59 No. 10 6 44 1 12 9 3 37 3 17 8 25 6 4 130 27 No. 7 2 21 1 4 4 5 15 4 18 14 2 3 4 3 3 65 37 No. 29 1 11 2 1 17 1 6 2 4 12 1 3 11 3" 67 100 No. 17 No. No. 17 10 21 9 2 1 5 1 1 1 i" 1 2 i' 2 1 1 9 3 6 8 24 144 2 25 74 9 16 46 7 7 2 4 9 26 191 13 72 161 23 30 54 3 3 1 8 1 4 1 3' 2 1 98 53 1 2 1 3 i' 4 4 35 3 26 2 19 3 33 1 12 10 2 3 30 5 2 3 25 1 3 2 4 41 4 3 i 23 5 1 1 6 27 i 29 103 70 124 407 708 913 1,113 670 406 212 261 200 50 108 Per a. Perct. Pet a. 1.3 Perct. 4.1 Perct. 6.4 12.5 13.1 8.3 Perct. 2.6 10.0 22.2 '7.0' 14.0 21.6 12.1 16.7 28.0 26.6 .8 19.8 ILO 38.4 17.0 11.7 5.7 Perct. 2.6 37.5 28.4 33.3 20.9 21.0 21.6 38.1 6.7 14.0 20.4 38.4 13.2 16.0 11.2 31.4 20.7 10.0 Per ct. 6.4 10.0 14.2 8.3 27.9 10.0 27.5 15.1 5.6 6.5 4.8 11.2 18.6 7.3 12.8 6.5 20.0 14.0 Perct. 12.8 16.0 6.7 8.3 27.9 9.0 5.9 15.5 3.3 12.6 3.6 13.6 3.1 5.5 4.8 2.6 11.2 6.4 Perct. 9.0 5.0 2.7 8.3 9.3 4.0 9.8 6.3 4.4 8.4 1.4 1.6 1.2 .9 2.4 2.0 5.6 8.8 Perct. 37.2 2.5 1.4 16.7 2.3 17.0 2.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.2 .8 1.2 2.4 ' '2.0' 4.9 23.7 Perct, 21.8 Perct. Perct. 2.2 1.3 2.7 1.2 0.3 8.3 0.6 8.3 2.3 1.0 2.3 2.0 ....... 2.0 2.0 .4 9.0 5.9 2.1 8.9 11.2 14.3 1.6 9.7 16.3 7.2 10.5 4.0 1.7 7.0 3.9 1.7 10.0 12.1 19.0 10.4 27.9 35.4 18.4 19.6 4.7 .7 3.0 1.0 3.3 1.1 " ".'i .8 ....... 1.6 .7 8.5 12.6 .4 2.2 .5 .3 ■"."4" .9 1.7 38.9 1.4 2.6 .9 1.9 1.4 3.3 .8 4.7 2.2 1.6 2.0 2.6 1.2 .9 .3 iO.O .4 .7 1.6 2.6 3.5 .9 .7 ■ •"2!6' 2.0 1.2 .2 .7 .5 6.4 ."i 6.9 1.9 1.3 2.3 7.6 13.2 17.1 20.8 12.5 7.6 4.0 4.9 3.7 .9 2.0 The next table shows for six of the most important cotton-null occupations the average amount earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week for which data were secured. No separation according to sex has been made except for weavers. The occupations here shown include 1,504 employees, or 28.1 per cent of the total number. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 138 STRIKE Of TBXMLE WOEKEKS IK LAWEENCB, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING (The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week for which data were pages 75 to 78 as to amount Estab- liati- menta. Employees. Average earnings during week. Occupations. Total. Working less than 66 hours during week. Drawing tenders Number. 3 1 3 2 Number. 77 126 71 420 97 NuTnber. 9 12 5 86 5 16.86 8.22 7.73 7.14 14.12 Fine speeders Loom fixers Weavers: Male 2 2 146 567 16 84 10.64 8.83 Female . Total 2 713 100 9.20 3 2 3 3 2 77 126 71 420 97 Per cent. 11.7 9.5 7.0 20.5 6.2 t6.86 8.22 7.73 7.14 14.12 Fine speeders .... . . . Loom fixers Weavers: Male 2 2 146 667 11.0 14.8 10.64 8.83 Total 2 713 14.0 9.20 The average amount earned during the week by the 146 male weavers was $10.64, with 26.7 per cent earning $12 and vmder $14, 21.9 per cent earning $11 and under $12, and 21.2 per cent earning $10 and under $11. The earnings of the 567 female weavers averaged $8.83, with 34.9 per cent earning $9 and under $10, and 20.6 per cent earning $8 and under $9. Seven per cent of the male weavers and 20.6 per cent of the female weavers earned under $8 during the week. Forty-two and four-tenths of the 420 frame spinners earned $7 and under $8, and the average for the occupation was $7.14. For detailed tables showing amounts earned during the week for which pay-roll data were secured, see pages 406 to 437. HOURS WORKED. The full-time hours per week for women and for minors (under 18 years of age) at the date for which pay-roll data were secured was 56 per week. The statutes placed no limit upon the working hours of men 18 years of age and over, but in departments where the females form a considerable part of the force the machinery is operated, or the work is carried on, only 56 hours, which limits the working time for the men. In a number of departments, such as bleaching, color- CHAPTES n. — WAGES, aOTTaS, AND CONDlTIOJfS OF WORK. 13d WEEK IN SIX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— COTTON MILLS. secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the number of hours actually worked. See of work available.] Employees earning each classified amount during week. Under S3 and under t*. U and under t5. $5 and under S6. 16 and under »7. J7 and under 18. S8 and under t9. $9 and under JIO. $10 and under »11. Jll and under $12. S12 and under «4. (14 and under J16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. No. 2 2 2 10 No. 2 1 1 8 No. 1 3 No. 3 3 No. 28 14 JVo. 33 21 30 178 1 JVo. 5 34 37 116 No. 3 36 1 2 JVo. No. JVo. JVo. JVo. JVo. 13 10 42 62 1 1 3 4 89 3 15 1 11 ....... 2 11 3 14 1 47 9 117 24 198 31 93 32 27 39 14 1 1 18 12 19 13 17 48 126 222 124 59 53 2 Perct. 2.6 1.6 2.S 2.4 Perct. 2.6 .8 1.4 1.9 Perct. 1.3 2.4 Perct. 3.9 2.4 Perct. 36.4 11.1 Perct. 42.9 16.7 42.3 42.4 1.0 Perct. 6.5 27.0 62.1 27.6 Perct. 3.9 27.8 1.4 .6 Perct. Perct. Perct. Peru. Perct. Perct. 10.3 2.4 10.0 12.4 .2 0.2 3.1 4.1 91.8 2.1 2.6 .7 1.9 "i.'i 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.5 .7 8.3 6.2 20.6 16.4 34.9 21.2 16.4 21.9 4.8 26.7 2.5 .7 .2 2.5 1.7 2.7 1.8 2.4 6.7 17.7 31.1 17.4 8.3 7.4 .3 ing, drying, dyeing, printing, and yard and repairs, where all, or prac- tically all, of the employees are men, the hours per week are more than 56. The usual division of time for the 56-hour week was 10 J^ hours on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, and 5^ hours on Saturday. The tables here presented show the actual hours worked during the week in November, 1911, for which data were secured. Explana- tion has already been made of the fact that in a few occupations data were secured for two weeks; in all such cases the hours worked were divided by the number of weeks for which data were secured. Of the 5,344 employees in the three cotton mills for which data were secured, 21.6 per cent worked more than 56 hours during the week, 60.-6 per cent worked 56 hours, 6.6 per cent worked 50| and under 56 hours, 5.2 per cent worked 40f and under 50|^ hours, 2.6 per cent worked 30| and under 40^ hours, and 3.3 per cent worked under 30| hours. The average number of hours worked was 55. The table which follows shows the number and per cent of em- ployees working each classified number of hours. The data are presented by sex and age groups. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. 140 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWfiENCE, MASS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WOBEED DURING WEEK IN ALL DEPARTMENTS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS— COTTON MILLS. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week tor which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Estab- lish- ments. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Sex and age groups. Under 30i. and under 40J. and under SOf. and under 56. 56. Over 56. Males, 18 years and over No. 3 3 No. 2,568 231 57.8 53.8 No. 66 6 No. 33 1 No. 82 18 No. 124 27 JVo. 1,127 176 JVo. 1,146 Males, under 18 years 6 Total 3 2,799 57.4 61 34 100 151 1,302 1,151 Females, 18 years and over 3 3 2,282 263 52.3 52.7 113 5 93 14 168 22 170 34 1,746 188 2 Total .,. 3 2,545 52.3 118 107 180 204 1,934 2 3 6,344 66.0 179 141 280 355 3,236 1,153 3 3 2,568 231 67.8 53.8 Perct. 2.2 2.2 Perct. 1.3 .4 Perct. 3.2 7.8 Perct. 4.8 11.7 Perct. 43.9 76.8 Perct. 44.6 2.2 Total 3 2,799 57.4 2.2 1.2 3.6 6.4 46.6 411 Females, 18 years and over FeTnalAS, und^r 18 ypars 3 3 2,282 263 52.3 62.7 5.0 1.9 4.1 6.3 6.9 8.4 7.4 12.9 76.6 71.6 .1 Total 3 2,645 62.3 4.6 4.2 7.1 8.0 76.0 .1 3 6,344 65.0 3.3 2.6 6.2 6.6 60.6 21.6 The above table shows that of the males 18 years of age and over, 44.6 per cent worked over 56 hours and 43.9 per cent worked 56 hours; of the females 18 years of age and over, 76.5 per cent worked 56 hours; of the males under 18, 75.8 per cent worked 56 hours; and of the females under 18, 71.5 per cent worked 56 hours. The average hours worked during the week by males 18 years of age and over was 57.8; by males under 18, 53.8; by females 18 and over, 52.3; and by females under 18, 52.7. The next table shows average hours worked and number and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours. The data are presented by mill departments without regard to sex or age of the operatives. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. CHAPTEK n. WAGES, HOXTKS, AND CONDITIONS OF WORK. 141 AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK BY ALL EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS— COTTON MILLS. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of worlc available.] Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under 30|. 30j and under 40J. m and under 50|. 50S and under 56. Over 56. Beaming Bleaching Carding Chem ical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing , Frame spinning , Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winling Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total aing Bleaching.. Carding CSiemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total No. No. 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 455 125 153 1,157 422 54.8 61.3 55.4 56.0 62.7 55.0 61.1 61.6 56.1 66.2 53.2 62.1 46.8 55.0 50.2 54.0 53.0 61.8 No. No. 4 '"if No. 1 7 27 40 33 104 9 35 19 No. 67 6 490 12 2 78 15 11 60 115 771 15 93 353 4 122 No. 5 26 193 39 12 35 195 21 66 50 108 6 38 3 8 28 321 5.344 55.0 78 40 776 12 43 100 51 239 90 214 1,006 125 258 456 126 163 1,157 422 54.8 61.3 55.4 56.0 62.7 55.0 61.1 61.6 56.1 56.2 63.2 62.1 46.8 56.0 50.2 64.0 53.0 61.8 Ferct. Perct. 5.1 Perct. 1.3 6.0 3.7 Perct. 1.3 17.5 3.6 2.3 3.0 2.0 .4 1.0 "i'i' 4.0 2.3 2.0 1.9 3.4 1.4 2.5 3.1 1.1 .8 3.3 7.0 3.6 18.6 1.8 1.6 3.3 1.5 1.4 2.6 5.6 5.1 8.3 1.6 24.4 4.0 8.8 2.6 2.3 1.9 8.8 4.4 7.0 3,7 15.5 7.3 83.2 5.9 3.0 4.5 Perct. 85.9 15.0 63.1 100.0 4.7 78.0 29.4 4.6 66.7 63.7 76.6 12.0 36.0 77.6 3.2 79.7 83.8 12.6 Perct. 6.4 62.6 24.9 90.7 12.0 68.6 81.6 23.3 30.8 5.0 86.4 2.3 8.4 2.4 5.2 2.4 76.1 5,344 66.0 3.3 2.6 5.2 6.6 60.6 21.6 From the above table it is seen that more than 56 hours were worked during the week by 90.7 per cent of the 43 employees in the coloring department, 86.4 per cent of the 125 employees in the print- ing department, 81.6 per cent of the 239 employees in the dyeing department, and 76.1 per cent of the 422 employees in the yard and repairs department. In those departments all of the employees were men. In the weaving department, where approximately 65 per cent of the employees were females, 2.4 per cent of the total number worked over 56 hours, 83.8 per cent worked 56 hours, 3 per cent worked 50f and under 56 hours, 2.3 per cent worked 40f and under 50|^ hours, 1.5 per cent worked 30f and under 40^ hours, and 7 per cent worked less than 30| hours. In the twisting and winding depart- 142 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWEENOE, MASS. ment 11.2 per cent of the employees worked less than 50f hours and 94.4 per cent worked less than 56 hours. In the reeling department 46.1 per cent worked less than 501 hours and 61.6 per cent worked less than 56 hours. The next table shows for six of the most important cotton-mill occupations the average hours worked and the number and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours during the week for which data were secured. No separation according to sex has been made for any occupation except weavers. The occupa- tions here shown include 1,504 employees, or 28.1 per cent of the total number. The first section of the table shows numbers and the second percentages. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN SIX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS— COTTON MILLS. * [The hours shown In this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. See pages 75 to 78 as to amount of work available.] Estab- lish- ments. Em- ployees. Aver- ^age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupations. Under 30?. and under 40J. and under SOi. and under 66. 66. Over 66. Drawing tenders No. 3 2 3 3 2 No. 77 126 420 71 97 55.4 54.0 52.7 56.3 55.5 No 2 3 14 3 No. 2 4 12 i' JVb. 3 2 50 1 1 No. 2 3 10 1 3 No. 42 113 333 32 91 No. 26 Fine speeders 1 1 34 1 Weavers: Male 2 2 146 567 54.1 52.8 4 43 2 10 3 15 7 16 130 483 Female Total 2 713 106.1 47 12 18 23 613 3 2 3 3 2 77 126 420 71 97 55.4 54.0 52.7 56.3 65.5 Perct. 2.6 2.4 3.3 4.2 Perct. 2.6 3.2 2.9 '""i."6" Perct. 3.9 1.6 11.9 1.4 1.0 Perct. 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.4 3.1 Perct. 64.5 89.7 79.3 46.1 93.8 PfTCi, Fine speeders g FrftTTifi spjnnfirs 2 47.9 Weavers: Male 2 2 146 567 54.1 52.8 2.7 7.6 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 4.8 2.8 89.0 86.2 Total 2 713 106.1 6.6 1.7 2.5 3.2 86.0 From the above table it is seen that during the week 89 per cent of the 146 male weavers and 85.2 per cent of the 567 female weavers worked 56 hours, 4.8 per cent of the males and 2.8 per cent of the females worked 50|- and under 56 hours, and 6.2 per cent of the males and 12 per cent of the females worked less than 50| hours. For detailed tables showiiig hours worked during the week for which pay-roll data were secured, see pages 438 to 457. CHAPTER III. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EARNINGS. 143 CHAPTER III. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EARNINGS. Practically all of the textile-mill employees in Lawrence live in wooden tenement houses. Almost the only brick houses occupied by mill employees are those formerly owned by one of the mill com- panies, and a very few now owned by another mill company. The most usual types of houses are three and four story tenement build- ings; and in the more thickly settled portions of the city not only the front but also the rear of the lots are occupied by buildings. These rear houses can usually be reached from an alley, but the principal entrance, and in some cases the only entrance, is through a passageway between the front buildings. These passageways vary in width, and in many places in the older sections of the city they are only from 3^ to 5 feet in width. The trustees of the "White fund'" engaged Robert E. Todd to make a study of the housing situation in Lawrence during 1911. This Report of the Lawrence Survey is now in the hands of the printer, and through the courtesy of one of the trustees of the White fund agents of the Bureau were permitted to examine the manuscript and also to make extracts for this report. The survey appears to be an unusually thorough piece of work, and this report quotes from it freely with reference to housing conditions. In every case the quo- tations are noted and credit is given. Relative to tenements, the Report of the Lawrence Survey says : The most common definition of tenement house includes every house which has three apartments or more. At the present time Lawrence has 17,988 apartments in 8,202 houses; 8,599 apartments in houses for one and two families and 9,389 apart- ments in houses with three or more families. Forty-eight per cent of the families in Lawrence are living in one and two family houses, and the remaining 52 per cent are living in houses of three apartments or more. * * * In every 100 apartments of the city 19 are located in South Lawrence and 8l\in North Lawrence. In a central district bounded on the south by Essex Street, on the east by Union and Gordon Streets and the Spicket River, on the north by Maple Auburn, Cross, Broadway, and Acton Streets, and on the west by West Street, Brad-\ ford Place, and the railroad there are 300 acres, and the congestion within this central | district relative to the city's area and population is most remarkable. For every 100 1 acres in the district named there are in the central district 2,036 apartments; ' Founded by Daniel A. White, 51240— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 10 145 146 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEBNCE, MASS. in the rest of North Lawrence, 443 apartments; and in South Lawrence, 152 apart- ments. * * * As a matter of fact two or three houses occupy so fully the lots on which they stand that there is not room to place a garbage can on the same lot with the house. * * *• From the table which follows, which is from the Report of the Law- rence Survey, it is seen that of the 8,202 houses in Lawrence 2,138, or one out of four of the houses, are three or more stories in height and that 293 of the houses are four stories in height. In another section the Report of the Lawrence Survey states that 97 per cent of the houses in Lawrence are wooden. NUMBER OF FRONT AND REAR HOUSES OF EACH SPECIFIED HEIGHT IN STORIES. [Compiled from manuscript of the Report of the Lawrence Surrey.) North Lawrence. South Lawrence. Total. Height of houses by stories. Front building. Rear building. Front building. Rear building. Front building. Rear building. 10 1,230 706 2,058 1,434 232 1 6 267 102 148 129 61 4 565 194 671 266 10 3 59 14 27 16 14 1,795 900 2,729 1,699 242 1 9 326 Two stories . 116 175 145 61 Total 6,671 703 1,709 119 7,380 822 From two tables published in the Report of the Lawrence Survey the following summary has been prepared: NUMBER OF FRONT AND REAR HOUSES AND NUMBER OF APARTMENTS IN THE HOUSES. [Compiled from manuscript of the Report of the Lawrence Survey.] North Lawrence. South Lawrence. Total. HOUSES. Front 5,671 703 1,709 119 7,380 822 Total 6,374 1,828 8,202 APARTMENTS. Front 12,962 1,632 3,205 189 16,167 1,821 Rear ." Total 14,594 3,394 17,988 This table shows that slightly more than 10 per cent of the houses and also slightly more than 10 per cent of the apartments included in the houses are on rear lots. The Report of the Lawrence Survey shows that every rear house with the exception of three is constructed of wood. The number and location of the houses, classified according to material of which con- structed, was reported by the Survey as follows. CHAPTEE in. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EARNINGS. 147 NUMBER OF FRONT AND REAR HOUSES, BY MATERIAL USED IN CONSTHUCTION. (C!oinpUed from manuscript of the Report of the Lawrence Survey.) Material of vbich constructed. North Lawrence. South Lawrence. Total. WOOD. 5,487 700 1,662 119 7,149 819 Rear Total 6,187 1,781 7,968 BKICC. 179 47 226 Rear Total 179 47 226 MISCELLANEOUS. Front 5 3 5 Rear 3 Total 8 8 The Report of the Survey also shows the apartments classified according to number of apartments per house, as follows: NUMBER or APARTMENTS IN HOUSES. [Compiled from manuscript of the Report of the Lawrence Survey.] Number of apartments in houses of— Location. One and two apart- ments. Three apart- ments. More than three apart- ments. Total. 6,528 2,071 3,360 696 4,706 627 14, 694 3,394 Total J 8,599 4,056 5,333 17,988 The Survey shows that 48~per cent of the apartments are in houses of one and two apartments, 22 per cent in houses of three apartments, and 30 per cent in houses of more than three apartments. The tenement houses are found at their worst in the older sections of the city, but even the newer buildings are practically all tenement houses rather than one-family cottages. This is indicated by the number of permits issued for dwellings during the past five years, as shown in the table which follows : NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED FOR DWELLINGS, 1907 TO 1911. [Compiled from reports of the inspector of buildings of Lawrence.] Kind of building. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 Total. 8 152 22 22 105 11 63 232 51 50 163 24 11 103 21 164 755 129 Total 182 138 346 237 135 1,038 148 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWBENCB, MASS. During 1911 only 11 of the 135 permits issued for dwellings pro- vided for the erection of one-family cottages, and during the five years from 1907 to 1911 slightly more than one dwelling permit out of seven provided for the erection of one-family cottages. The next table gives an even better idea of the present-day con- struction than does the preceding one : NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED FOR DWELLINGS, BY NUMBER OF APARTMENTS PER HOUSE, 1907 TO 1910. [Compiled from reports of the Inspector of buildings of Lawrence.] 1907 1908 1909 1910 Total. Houses of— Build- ings. Apart- ments. Build- ings. Apart- ments. Build- ings. Apart- ments. BuUd- ings. Apart- ments. Build- ings. Apart- ments. 1 tenement 13 34 87 10 13 68 261 40 22 41 61 8 1 4 22 82 183 32 5 24 66 95 126 21 2 20 1 9 1 66 190 378 84 10 120 7 72 9 SO 62 103 3 50 124 309 12 151 232 377 42 3 55 12 15 2 161 2 tenements 464 1,131 168 4t^Lements 6 tftTi'*m'*"tfS 16 19 10 4 1 114 70 32 9 12, 1 2 72 7 16 330 Ttenements 84 120 18 3 1 33 12 1 2 11 24 4 8 44 12 tenements 13 t^TTTP'^Tit-'' 1 12 4 48 96 16 tenements ^ . 1ft t*TlPTT"*Tlt-*' 1 16 1 1 16 1 17 17 Total 182 662 138 360 346 1,001 237 641 903 2,654 During the four years from 1907 to 1910 permits were issued for 903 dwellings, containing 2,654 apartments. Of the 2,654 apart- ments, approximately one-third were in buildings containing 4 or more apartments each and sHghtly more than three-fourths were in buildings containing 3 or more apartments each. Only 1 apartment out of every 18 was built for the use of a single family. One of the most striking things observed in Lawrence is the large number of rear houses. These houses are found not only in the older sections of the city, but also in the newer sections, where ground is worth not more than 20 to 25 cents per square foot. As before stated, these rear houses are generally reached through passageways between the front buildings. These passageways in the older sections of the city are in many cases very narrow. A court separates the front and rear buildings. In a few cases the court is less than 4 feet in width, and in many other cases where it is 10 to 15 feet in width the entrance of light and air is seriously interfered with by porches and ash chutes and by clothes hung out to dry. In the newer sections of the city much more space has been left between houses. CHAPTER m. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EARNINGS. 149 Relative to rear houses the Report of the Lawrence Survey says : The houses that are moved back on the lots are usually small houses, but the new houses that are being built at the rear are large houses. Seventy such built in the last four and one-half years contain 255 apartments. There are in the central 300 acres 360; in a district bounded by the rivers, Park, May, and Margin Streets, 500; in North Lawrence, 703; in all Lawrence, 822. There is a striking contrast between the insur- ance map of Lawrence and the maps of other New England cities in the number and size of rear houses. The maps of all important cities were examined. In those for Manchester, Lowell, Salem, Fall River, and New Bedford certain streets have front houses as close together and in some blocks as large as front houses in Lawrence, but the rear houses were not as numerous and not aa large. Cambridge and Manchester have some badly grouped blocks, but the houses were smaller. Lowell and Salem have sections of blocks, groups of 4 to 18 houses each, equaling the worst congestion in Lawrence, but the pages in their maps do not display the conditions on the Lawrence map. The center of Lawrence has the largest number of large frame houses and the largest number of rear houses. With Boston's brick center excepted, the map of Lawrence's center is the worst in New England. From the table shown on a preceding page, it will be seen that of the total number of 822 rear houses in Lawrence, 145 of them are three stories in height and 51 are four stories in height. The existence of the front and rear houses and the compactness of the buildings seriously interfere with light and air in many of the apartments. In the older sections of the city the light is very poor in many of the lower apartments, and the rooms are damp. The stairways in the older houses, particularly in the rear houses, are dark. The spaces between front and rear houses are poorly cared for and in many cases littered with rubbish. In a few apartments visited by agents of the Bureau the light was so poor in the kitchen, which is also the living room, that even on the brightest days it was absolutely necessary to have artificial light. Lamps are used in the older houses, while the newer buildings are supplied with gas. Some of the rooms supposed to be used for bedrooms were too dark and damp for any use. Prac- tically all the rooms had outside windows, but an outside window which opens into a space only 15 to 20 inches in width between three-story houses is of very little practical use so far as the admis- sion of light is concerned. The Report of the Lawrence Survey says: The rooms which were examined in the matter of light are grouped below according to the location of the window, which is the chief source of light tor each room. Number of Source of light. rooms. Street 497 Alley 386 Yard 574 Side court 720 Outer court : 85 In giving to each room that was visited a grade according to the amount of light in it, a definite meanii^ was assigned to each grade, and that method is the basis for the 150 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. following aummary. There are 342 rooms in which it is not possible to read except within a foot or two of the window. There are 561 other rooms where it is diJEcult to read on the side of the room opposite the window, and where also protracted work in any part of the room is dangerous for the majority of persons. There is a satisfactory amount of l^ht in only about 59 per cent of the rooms. There are 31 apartments in which no room has a satisfactory amount of light. * * * In two districts there were found 57 living rooms where the source of light and air is from 10 light wells. Their areas and the number of living rooms opening from them are as follows: Area of Living In— each shaft. rooms. 2 shafts 20 square feet 11 3 shafts 25 to 27 square feet..., 18 5 shafts 32 to 36 square feet 28 Six of these shafts serve besides 34 living rooms, 30 sinkrooms, and 32 water-closets, or bathrooms iucluding water-closets. Most of these shafts occur in buildings that are relatively not old buildings. The practice with the architects in trying to secure light in this manner is current. The spaces on the. plans are usually marked "light wells — skylight over." All the shafts seen were covered with skylights. There were ventilators in most of them. In some of them at the bottom there is an opening to the cellar, but in no case a sufficient air duct, and the ventilation is quite inade- quate. * * * The rooms which were lighted from other spaces than side courts are described elsewhere. The following is a statement of the spaces at the side of the houses, and it has to do solely with rooms for which the chief source of light is a window with the location described. Number of Window — rooms. On the lot line 58 Less than 1 foot from the lot line 70 1 to 2 feet from the lot line 163 2 to 2.7 feet from the lot line 145 2.7 to 4 feet from the lot line 131 Total 567 Among the 58 rooms with light from window on the lot line 35 were in rear houses, and in such houses the best light in any room is from the alley. * * * There were 59 rooms examined which have no window to the outside air. * » * The report of the inspector of buildings of Lawrence for the year 1910 contains the following: Each year I have recommended that the city council take up the matter of revising the buildiug ordinances. That suggestion is not out of place at this time. Last year and the year previous I recommended that the building ordinance be revised along the lines laid down by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. This year I make the same suggestion. Under the present ordinance therS b no provision for founda- tions, thickness of brick walls, size of floor timbers or columns, floor loads, lighting or ventilation of building, protection against fire, or any of the important matters which a building ordinance should restrict. Of covuBe, in a general way, some provision has been made in the ordinance to cover some of the matters above mentioned. The law should be specific and accurate in order to be effective. The present regulations are evidently inadequate. Among other things they provide that "no tenement house shall be erected within 3 feet of the side line of a lot, unless the walls be of brick, at least 12 CHAPTEB m.— HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EABNINGS. 151 inches thick, of stone, of reenforced concrete or concrete blocks; where concrete is used, the walls shall not be less than 10 inches thick above the foundation walls to the roof." A lot, however, has no definite dimensions. If a person owns suflBcient width to erect two or more buildings side by side, the distance between them may be regulated as the owner desires. The compactly built squares, the large percentage of wooden structures, and the crowding within the apartments in the sections of Lawrence occupied by textile mill employees make the fire risk both to life and property very great. The Report of the Lawrence Survey says: The report on the city of Lawrence made in July, 1908, by the commission on fire prevention of the National Board of Fire Underwriters says concerning the Valley Street and Lowell Street district: "The potential hazard of this considerable area of large compactly grouped frames is high. A fire once beyond the control of the fire department would become a most serious conflagration. The prevailing direction of high winds being from the west or northwest under ordinary conditions the principal mercantile district would become involved and the whole district threatened. Even with the eflBcient fire department and abundant water supply at moderate pressures and the good accessibility the probability of a large fire is great, due to the character of the population and the extremely hazardous construction. * » * The life risk from fires that originate inside of houses is excessively high in Lawrence, judging from the conditions which exist in the six half blocks ' examined, for they are typical of about 30 half blocks at the center of the city. There is second egress from 13 third-floor and 2 fourth-floor apartments only over the roof. In 6 half blocks there are a total of 66 third and fourth floor apartments which have insuflicient egress. Under 9 of them there axe 7 bakeshops. In Lawrence in the 212 four-story frame houses of the 300 central acres ^ between 1,800 and 2,000 persons are living on fourth floors. * » * The apartments practically without exception are supplied with city water, and in every case the houses are provided with water- closets. In a few of the older houses the water-closets have been placed in the hallway and one closet must be used by the occupants of two apartments, but in most of the older buildings and in all of the newer tenements every apartment is supplied with a separate water- closet. In many cases in the older apartments the water-closet has been made by partitioning off a corner of the kitchen, the most com- mon method being simply to partition off with boards the section from a side of the kitchen chimney to the wall. While every apartment is provided with water-closet facilities, the closets in several of the apartments visited by agents of the Bureau were out of repair and could be flushed only by carrying water from the kitchen sink; the tenants claimed that this condition had existed for several weeks, and, as has just been stated, in many cases in the i See page 163. > See page 1«. 152 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. older buildings the water-closet was badly located. In many of the newer buildings bathtubs were provided, but usually they have no hot-water connection. The Report of the Lawrence Survey says with reference to water- closet facilities : All the houses have water-closets inside the houses, and 12 out of the 13 of these closets were located within the apartment. All the closets not located within the apart- ment are in public halls adjoining the apartments, there being no basement or cellar closets in these 6 half blocks. Among 132 houses there are only 4 where two families are using one closet. This is a remarkably good showing. There are probably few cities where the houses are better equipped in the number of water-closets. ♦ * * , # * * # The supply of water in 9 water-closets was cut off by frozen pipes. Most of these were in houses owned by one man. ******* Though there were 5 sanitary inspectors in the employ of the city for most of the year 1911, Lawrence has not had the right kind of inspection. The right inspection would assist owners very materially, and they need such assistance. * * * The apartments are usually constructed in such a way that the kitchen is the largest room in the house, although in the older build- ings it generally receives less light than the other rooms. The for- eigners from southern and eastern Europe customarily make the kitchen the living room. The bedrooms open from the kitchen, and almost without exception among the immigrant mill workers from southern and eastern Europe every room except the kitchen is used as a bedroom. The finest piece of furniture in the house is usually the kitchen stove, which furnishes the only heat provided in the apartment. Out of some 80 apartments occupied by Italians, Syrians, French Cana- dians, Franco-Belgians, and Germans visited by one of the agents of the Bureau, in only 4 was there found a stove or heating apparatus other than the kitchen stove. In the Polish, Italian, and Lithuanian households lodgers are gen- erally found. These lodgers usually pay a stated amount per month (commonly $3 to $3.50) for lodging and the use of the kitchen stove. In some cases their food is also cooked for them, and their washing is done. The lodger either purchases his or her own food or arranges for the wife of the head of the house to purchase it. Among the Itahans two to four families often live together as one household, and share theexpensesof the apartment. The Syrians seldom keep board-" ers or lodgers, but two or more families of brothers or other relatives sometimes share an apartment. Not only are the buildings crowded close together, but in many households crowding within the home is also found. In the inves- tigations in 1911 for the Report of the Lawrence Survey, 6 half blocks CHAPTER rrr. — housing conditions and family earnings. 153 were canvassed apartment by apartment, and for these sections the report shows the density of population per acre as follows: Half blocks canvassed. Number of persons per acre. 1. Common Street, south side, east from Newbmy 556 2. Common Street, south side, west from Newbury 439 3. Valley Street, south side, east from Franklin 327 4. Valley Street, south side, west from Franklin 322 5. Oak Street, north side, west from White 287 6. Oxford Street, west side, north from Essex 243 • •****• 33,700 PERSONS ON 300 acres. This is the population in the central district elsewhere described.* There are probably very few cities in the country where the population is less than 100,000 and there is so large an area as 300 acres with an average density of 112 to the acre. The density, if the 17 acres in the common is excluded, is 119 per acre. There is one section of 14.9 acres where the density is 216, and another of 17.3 acres where the density is 214. The densities in the 6 half blocks, as previously stated, ranged between 243 and 556. » « * The proportion of apartments which contain more than one family is as follows: Per cent of apartments occu- pied by- Locality. Two families. More than two families. More than one family. 40 14 22 21 1 61 Valley Street 15 Oak Street 22 Oxford Street The average number of persons in each apartment on Common Street is 8, while in Valley and Oak Street half blocks this average is 6 and in Oxford Street half block less than 5. The foUowing statements apply to the Common Street half blocks: In 21 per cent (42 apartments), where there were more than 2 families in each apartment, there were 460 persons hving, an average of II persons per apartment. In 41 apart- ments there is an average of more than 3 persons in each room, excluding the kitchen. Each of 6 apartments is a home for 14 persons, 1 for 15 and 1 for 18, all the apart- ments having 4 rooms besides the kitchen. The rate of 4 persons per room is reached in the apartment where 18 live, and also in another apartment where 8 persons live in 2 rooms and kitchen. * * » The average number of persons per apartment was as follows: In the two half blocks at the east end of Common Street the average was 8; in one of the Valley Street half blocks 6.5; and in the other 6; in the Oak Street half block 5.9; and in the Oxford Street 4.6. * « * In these two half blocks at the east end of Common Street, in 3 of every 5 tene- ments there was more than 1 family. In 1 tenement of every 5 there were more > See page 14S. 154 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. than 2 families. Six apartments of 5 rooms each had 14 persons each, and in one apartment of 5 rooms there were 18. Fifteen apartments had 3 or more families, and also an average of 3 or more persons per room, excluding the kitchen. * # ti * * -^ * The two half blocks on the east end of Common Street adjoin each other on the south side of the street, and with one-half the surrounding streets contain 3.2 acres. All the houses but 3 are wooden. This is the greatest concentration of population in wooden houses in any 3 acres in the State of Massachusetts. No 3 acres in the State exceed it except at the infamous centers of Boston, where the houses are predominantly brick. The only tenements owned by the mill companies in Lawrence are the model tenements built within the past few years by the Wood mill of the American Woolen Co., and a few buildings on ground pur- chased by the Wood mill for other purposes. The total number of houses owned by the Wood mill include about 200 apartments. Several types of houses are represented: Forty-two 1-family brick houses have 4 rooms, bath, and cellar each, excepting the 2 end houses in each row of 7 houses, which have 5 rooms, bath, and cellar each. The 4-room apartments rent for $2.50, and the 5-room apartments rent for $2.75 per week. The tenant pays for the gas, but the com- pany pays the water rent. These houses are built in solid blocks, but have attractive patches of lawn and shrubbery in front, and have also rear yards. The company owns 36 apartments in 3 and 6 apartment 3-story wooden houses. The 3-apartment houses have 5 rooms on a floor, and the 6-apartment houses have 10 rooms (two apartments) on a floor. The apartments located in the front buildings rent for $3.15 per week, and those in the rear buildings rent for $2.85 per week, including water. The company also owns 52 detached cottages, each cottage being provided with about 5,500 square feet of ground. These cottages are of varying types in style. Each has 3 rooms and pantry downstairs and 3 rooms and bath upstairs. The cottages are heated with hot- air furnaces, and in each a hot-water tank is provided. The houses rent for $4.15 per week, the tenant paying the water rent. The company owns 12 houses which are occupied by overseers. These houses vary in construction, but have 4 rooms and pantry downstairs and 4 rooms and bath upstairs. They also have a storage attic. The houses are heated by steam and have an open fireplace. Each lot is approximately 50 feet in width; the rent is $25 per cal- endar month. The remainder of the houses owned by the company are older buildings on ground purchased for other purposes, and the rent for these varies from $1 to $3 per week per apartment. In studying present conditions ia Lawrence, agents of the Bureau of Labor visited 188 households, the greater part of them being of the races rejpresenting the unskilled workers in the textile mills. Of the 188 households visited, 109, or 58 per cent, kept lodgers or CHAPTER III. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EAENINGS. 155 boarders. The table which follows shows by race of head of house- hold the number of households visited and the number keeping lodgers or boarders: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS KEEPDJG BOARDERS AND LODGERS, OTHER THAN CHIL- DREN, BY RACE or HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. Households. Race of head of household. Households. Race of head of household. Number. Keeping boarders or lodgers (other than chil- dren). Number. Keeping boarders or lodgers (other than chil- dren). raTisui!>7i, French . 5 1 4 3 9 1 123 1 T,it:>illliniftT) 12 13 4 1 12 9 Fngli'sh Polish 10 French 3 1 Hebrew 6 Syrian 2 Irish Total ItaUan 77 188 109 In the 188 households visited there were a total of 1,309 persons, more than one-fourth of them being lodgers or boarders. These data are shown for each race visited in the table which follows: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS INCLUDED, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. House- holds. Persons. Race of head of household. Members of family. Boarders or lodgers. Total. Rooms. S 1 4 3 9 123 12 13 4 1 12 30 4 21 19 56 7 — .SSL 3 33 4 21 19 65 7 834 96 117 26 7 80 21 F.pglicll . . . 4 20 14 Hebrew 9 4S Trifsli 4 563 60 80 21 a 77 36 37 5 1 3 58 Polish 58 Portuguese 20 4 52 Total 188 941 368 1,309 863 Among the Itahans and Poles it is seen that practically one-third of the members of the households were lodgers or boarders, and among the Lithuanians shghtly more than one-third were lodgers or boarders. The average number of persons per apartment (apartment through- out this report describes the rooms occupied by a household) was slightly under seven, and the average number of persons per room was 1.52. The most crowded condition was found among the Poles. These data are shown in the table following. 156 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. AVERAGE NUMBEE OF PERSONS PER APARTMENT AND PEE ROOM, BY RACE OP HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. Race of head of household. House- holds. Average number of iwrsons per— Apart;- ment. Room. S 1 4 3 9 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 6.60 4.00 6.25 6.33 7.22 7.00 6.78 8.00 9.00 6.50 7.00 6.67 1.S7 EngUsh 1.00, ^ 1.05 German........ - 1.36 Hebrew...... .. 1.44 Irish 1.75 Italian 1.48 Lithuanian 1.66 Polish 2.02 1.30 1.7S Syrian 1.54 Total . 188 6.96 1.52 The table which follows shows for each race the average number of persons per room and the number of households having two or more persons per room: AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS PER ROOM AND NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING TWO OR MORE PERSONS PER ROOM, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. • Race of head of household. House- holds. Average number of persons per room. House- holds having two or more persons per room. 5 1 4 3 9 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 1.57 1.00 1.05 1.36 1.44 1.75 1.48 1.66 2.02 1.30 1.76 1.64 2 English..' Frfflich . 2 Irish ItaUan 26 T.ithiJftTiiaTi 3 9 Russian Syrian I Total 188 ,1.52 In 43 of the apartments, or practically one-fourth of the total, there were two or more persons per room, counting the kitchen, as a room. The number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms is shown for each of the races in the table which follows: CHAPTER in. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EAENINGS. 157 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING APARTMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF ROOMS, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. House- holds. Number of households occupying apartments of— Race of head of household. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. S rooms. 6 rooms. 7 rooms. 10 rooms. 5 1 4 3 9 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 1 3 1 1 1 1 English French 2 2 9 1 Oerman , . . . H«brew..: Irish. „ 1 44 k' 1 1 4 Italian 1 7 1 67 11 4 2 2 1 1 Lithuanian PoUsh 1 1 Syrian _ 3 3 2 Total 188 1 12 65 100 8 1 1 In the preceding table it is shown that 100 of the 188 households occupied five-room apartments, 65 occupied four-room apartments, and 12 occupied three-room apartments. The next table brings together, without regard* to race, the number of persons in the households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms: HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING APARTMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF ROOMS, BY NUMBER OF PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD. House- holds. Number of households occupying apartments of— Number of persons in household. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 rooms. 10 rooms. 6 7 26 22 31 26 24 17 9 5 7 1 2 2 2 1 1 3" 4 4 4 1 9 9 17 10 8 6 1 3 11 9 13 13 15 11 9 4 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3' 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 188 1 12 65 100 8 1 1 The largest household visited consisted of 17 persons, and that household occupied five rooms; two households of 16 persons each were visited, one occupying a five-room apartment and the other a six-room apartment. 158 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. The size of the households is shown for each race in the table which follows : HOUSEHOLDS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF PERSONS, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. House- holds. Aver- age num- ber of persons per house- hold. Households of each speciQed number of persons. Race of head of household. 2 3 4 S -6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Canadian, French Enelish 5 1 4 3 9 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 6.60 4.00 6.25 6.33 7.22 7.00 6.78 8.00 9.00 6.60 7.00 6.67 3 1 1 1 "i" 1 1 1 1 1 "i' 1 15 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Irish 4 6 18 14 1 1 1 25 .... 1 12 4 3 1 9 1 2 8 1 2 5 1 2 1 1 1 Polish 1 2 1 1 Portuguese RyHan 3 1 2 2 ' Total 188 6.96 6 7 26 22 31 26 24 17 9 5 7 1 2 2 2 1 The next table shows the rent per week paid by the households visited. The average and the classified rent per apartment are shown: AVERAGE AND SPECIFIED RENT PER WEEK PER APARTMENT, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. 1 o W 1 Households paying each specified amount per week. Race of head of household. s <• 8 si 1 si 8 si si si si 8 S a Z 5 1 4 3 9 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 $2.35 2.50 2.63 2.67 2.56 1.96 3.17 2.69 2.16 2.38 2.26 2.27 1 2 1 1 1 English 2 2 2 1 Hebrew 5 1 1 Irish 1 Italian 2 1 3 17 6 2 8 1 1 2 4 i' 28 5 17 2 10 T.ithnaTiian Polish Portuguese.' PyriaTT . . . 1 1 2 1 3 1 Total 188 2.91 1 3 2 8 1 23 27 s 12 38 13 1 2 19 2 11 6 8 1 2 The table which follows shows the size of apartments in connec- tion with the rent paid per week. Thirty-eight of the 188 apart- ments rent for $3 per week; 27 for $2.25; 23 for $2; and 19 for $3.50. Of the 38 apartments renting for $3, 1 contained two rooms, 1 three rooms, 14 four rooms, 21 five rooms, and 1 six rooms. CHAPTEB ni. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EABNINGS. 159 HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYINO APARTMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF ROOMS, BY RENT PAID PER WEEK. House- holds. Number of households occupying apartments of— Rent 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 rooms. 10 rooms. 11 per week..; 1 3 2 8 1 23 27 8 12 38 13 1 2 19 2 11 6 8 1 2 1 2 1 4 tl.26per week i' 4 1 20 14 S 4 14 1 $1.50 per week IL75 per week $1.95 per week $2 per week 2 1 10 3 7 21 12 1 2 15 2 11 6 8 $2.25 per week 3 $2.50perweek $2.75 per week 1 1 1 $3 per week 1 1 $3.25 per week $3.27pcrweek ,. . $3.35 per week $3.50perweek 1 2 : $3.97 per week $4 per week $4.25 per week $4.50 per week..-. 1 $6perwe^ 1 1 Total 188 1 12 65 100 8 1 1 The table which follows shows the average rent paid per apart- ment, per room, and per person. Several of the races are repre- sented by too few households for the average figures to be of significance. The data for the Italian race, however, is thoroughly* representative for all households of that race living in the older sec- tions of Lawrence. AVERAGE RENT PER WEEK PER APARTMENT, PER ROOM, AND PER PERSON, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. Race of head of household. House- holds. Average rent per week per — Apart- ment. Room. Canadian, French ►English , Firaich German Hebrew Irish Italian Lithuanian Polish Portuguese Russian * Syrian Total 1 123 12 13 4 1 12 $2.35 2.60 2.63 2.67 2.56 L95 3.17 2.69 2.15 2.38 2.25 2.27 188 2.91 The next table brings together for purposes of comparison certain data relative to the Italian (all included are South Italian) house- holds studied in Lawrence by agents of the Bureau of Labor, and similar data for South Italian households studied by the Immigration Commission in the most congested sections of New York, Chicago, 160 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Milwaukee. The study made by the Immigration Commission was commenced in the summer of 1907 and completed early in 1909. In order that the comparisons may be readily made, rent in Lawrence was changed for this table from the weekly to the monthly basis. COMPARISON OF HOUSING OF SOUTH ITALIANS IN LAWEENCE, MASS., WITH HOUSING OF SOUTH ITALIANS IN CONGESTED DISTRICTS OF CERTAIN LARGE CITIES. [Figures for cities other than Lawrence, compiled from report of Immigration Commission, Vol. 26.] City. Total house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Average number of persons per— House- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per month per— Apart- ment. Room. Apart- ment. Room. Person. 123 421 364 366 326 143 212 148 4.68 3.12 3.43 3.28 3.03 3.62 2.88 4.03 6.78 5.76 4.93 5.36 5.52 S.63 6.43 5.89 1.48 1.85 1.42 1.63 1.81 1.67 1.88 1.46 123 407 317 '297 301 125 177 122 1 $13.74 13.51 8.25 9.76 11.52 9.00 7.15 9.96 '$2.99 4.39 "2.42 3.32 3.84 2.57 2.61 2.64 '$2.04 New York 2.37 1.68 1.89 Boston 2.07 1.62 1.30 MilwA^^Vp^ 1.71 ' Total rent per week multiplied by 4^, to obtain total rent per month. The apartments averaged somewhat larger in Lawrence than in any of the other cities included in the comparison. The average number of persons per room was lower in Lawrence than in any of the other cities except Chicago and Milwaukee. The average rent per apartment was higher in Lawrence than in any of the other cities. The average rent per room was higher in Lawrence than in four of the seven other cities, and the average rent per person was higher in Lawrence than in five of the seven other cities. Among the 188 households visited there were 20 families where the husband was the sole wage earner and where there were no boarders or lodgers. In aU of these cases except one the husband was employed in the textile mills; in the single exception he was employed as a hod carrier. The lowest earnings for the time workers were $5.10 per week, and the family consisted of husband, wife, and three children. The next lowest earnings were $6.05 per week, and the family con- sisted of husband, wife, and two children. The largest family in- cluded in the table which follows consisted of husband, wife, and ' five children, and the husband's earnings were $11.09 per week. CHAPTEB in. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND FAMILY EAENINGS. 161 FAMILIES IN WHICH THERE WEHE NO BOARDERS OR LODGERS AND THE HUSBAND WAS THE SOLE WAGE EARNER. Number of families consisting of— Hijsband's earnings. Husband and wife. Husband, wife, and 1 child. Husband, wife, and 2 children. Husband, wife, and 3 children. Husband, wife, and 4 children. Husband, wife, and 5 children- TIME WORKERS. J5.10 per week 1 16.05 per week i 1 t6.50 per week 1 J6.70 per week 1 $7 per week 1 $7.30 per week 1 $7.70 per week 1 1 1 $8 per week $8.40 per week 1 $9 per week 1 $10 per week 1 $11.09 per week 1 $13.50 per week 11 1 1 PIBCEWOEKER.'! $5 to $8 per week 1 1 1 Total 2 2 6 6 3 1 » Hod carrier. The next table shows weekly earnings of 46 families. This table inoludes only faniiUes where there were no boarders or lodgers, and it does not include pieceworkers where the earnings vary. The persons included are textile-mill workers, with the exception of two hod carriers and two tailors. WEEELY EARNINGS OF FAMILIES WITHOUT BOARDERS OR LODGERS, BY NUM- BER OF WAGE EARNERS PER FAMILY. 1 FamiUes earning per week— Members of families working. 1 $8 and un- der $9. $9 and un- der $10. s •• 1^ I* 16 6 3 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 4 Husband, wife, and 1 child 1 "2 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 Husband and 2 children 2 1 1 1 child 1 1 4children 1 Total 46 5 3 3 2 4 10 2 2 3 6 3 1 1 Of the 46 families included in the above table, the total family earnings were less than $10 in 14 families, $10 and under $18 in 18 families, and $18 and over in 14 famiUea. 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 ^11 162 STBIKB OP TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWEBNOE, MASS. The next table includes exactly tlie same families shown in the previous table, but gives a description of the family in connection with the family earnings : WEEKLY EARNINGS OF FAMILIES WITHOUT BOAEDEES OE LODGERS, BY NUMBBE OF PERSONS PER FAMILY. ■^3- f !? Number of families earning — Description of family. ■a" S li S3 -caw OS si Jl I' HnsbaTid ftTid wif*? 3 4 10 9 1 .... 2 2 . 1 Husband, wife, and 1 otaild 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 "2' 2 3 Husband j wifej and 4 children. , . Husband, wife, and 5 children Husband, wife, and 6 children Husband, wife, and 7 children — 1 1 .... 1 Widow and 1 child 1 1 Total 46 1 5 3 3 2 4 10 2 2 3 6 3 1 1 General Table A (pages 477 to 485) shows in detaD data relative to each of the 188 households visited by agents of the Bureau of Labor. CHAPTER IV. RETAIL PRICES AND COST OF LIVING. 163 CHAPTER IV. EETAII PRICES AND COST OF LIVING. RETAIL PRICES. In studying the strike in Lawrence data were secured relative to prices of articles of food, clothing, dry goods, shoes, furniture, and fuel and lighting. These price quotations from Lawrence were secured for the purpose of showing prices which were paid by textUe employees in that city. No quotations were secured from other cities for comparison. Prices of food were secured from eight stores located in such a way that it is believed that the prices fairly repre- sent those paid by textile mill employees. As has been stated in other portions of this report, many nationalities are represented among the Lawrence textile mill employees. This diversity of race results in a demand for a great variety of food. The articles for which prices are quoted are of the description purchased by the textile mill employees. MEATS AND GBOCEBIES. Ketail prices of meats and groceries used by immigrant textile mill employees, as reported by eight firms, are shown in detail iu the table which follows. These prices were secured from two large general markets which are patronized by mill people of all races and living in all parts of the city, and from six smaller stores with local trade, each one of which is patronized by some race or group of races which is of numerical importance in the Lawrence mills. The large general markets carry extensive stocks of American articles of the cheaper grades, and on account of the volume of business transacted are able to buy some of the staple articles to better advantage and to sell cheaper than the smaller grocery firms can do. The grocery firms, on the other hand, have the advantage of catering to a group of customers much more uniform in tastes because much more nearly homogeneous racially. Each grocer can therefore limit his stock to accord with the tastes of his customers and can carry those imported articles which are in high favor with his trade. Each dealer was asked to report prices for those articles and grades of food only which were in general use among his customers employed in the textile mUls. November prices were secured from the accounts of the several firms. Among some of the ra^es from southern and eastern Europe there is a great demand for stew beef, costing from 10 to 14 cents per pound ; 165 166 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. there is also a large call for such meats as neck of fresh pork,, at about 16 cents per pound; oxtails, at 7 to 10 cents each; pigs' feet, at 6 to 12 cents per pound; pigs' plucks (a pluck consists of lungs, liver, and heart) and lambs' plucks. Comparatively little butter is consumed by these races. Among the Italians olive oil is in general RETAIL PBICES OF MEATS AND GROCER [The following prices were reported by representative retail dealers in meats and groceries as being the prices weights of the various articles at the time of the agent's visit. For all package and canned goods the were obtained for a date preceding the strike in addition to current prices. November prices were taken Articles. Unit of sale. Finn No. 1: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; p a t- ronlzed by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. March, 1912. No- vem- ber,' 1911. Firm No. 2: Market and grocery, cen- t r a 1 1 y lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill operar tives of all nationaUties from all parts of the city. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. Fresh beef: Chuck roast Top roll Under cut Flank fat 2 Hamburg steak Oxtails (10 ounces to 16 ounces) Oxtails (12 ounces to 16 ounces) Elb roast, bone in Round steak, top Round steak, cut through, boned Round steak, bottom Stew meat, neck Stew meat, rump stew meat, shoulder Staw meat, trimmings Corned beef: Brisket Shin Thick rib Thin rib Fresh pork: Butts Loin chops Loin roast Loin roast, boned Neck Pigs' feet Pigs' feet, eastern Pigs' feet, west«m Pigs' plucks (2 to 2i pounds) Pigs' plucks Shoulder Young pork, hind quarter : Bacon: Bay State, piece (4 pounds) „ Bay State, sliced Cudahy, strip (4 to 6 pounds) Cudahy, sliced Cunningham's Blue Ribbon, piece (6 to 8 pounds) . Cunningham's Bl\ie Ribbon, sliced Fumeaux, sliced North's, strip (5 pounds) North's, sliced Squire's, piece (6 to 8 pounds) Squire's, sliced Pound. - ..do-... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... Each.... ..do.... Poimd.. ..do.... ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... .do. .do. .do. .do. Cents. 10-12 12 16 7 10 7 Cents. 11-14 12 16 7 8 10 Centt. 8-14 IS 20 10-14 12-18 24 18 16 11-14 24 20 18 15-18 27 18 ..do.... ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do ..do.... Bach.... Pound . . ..do.... ..do.... IS 8-10 12 <14 12 IS 8-10 12 <16 14 10 6 14 10 13 18 13-15 10 .do.... .do .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do .do.... .do Cents. 8-14 15-18 27 20 18 0) W 13 C) Q) 17 10-12 8. > Not reported. » Rendered and used as substitute for butter. CHAPTEB IV. RETAIL PBICES AND COST OP LIVING. 167 use, and among other recent immigrants considerable butterine is used and leaf lard and beef suet are purchased and rendered to be used in place of butter. Macaroni and spaghetti are important articles in the diet of the Italians. Condensed milk rather than fresh milk is used in many households. lES: MARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911. charged for the kinds and grades of food bought by teztile-mill operatives. The weights entered are the wei^t Includes the container. Owing to the unusual conditions prevailing at the time of the strike, prices from the accounts with customers kept by the several firms.] Firm No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington Mills; patron- ized by mill p e r atives of Engliah-speak- mg races. Firm No. 4: Market and grocery, cen- trally located; patronized by French, French Canadian, :French Bel- gian, Irish, Polish, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. 5: Grocery, at some dis- tance from mills and from center of the city; patronized by German mill opera- tives. Firm No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua- nian and Polish mill operatives from all parts of the city. Ffcm No. 7: Market and grocery, lo- c a t e d in South Ital- ian quarter; patronized by South Italian mill operatives. Firm No. 8- Grocery, lo- cated in French set- tlemen t ; patronized by French Belgian and French Cana- dian mill operatives. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- ' vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No. vem- ber, 1911. Cents. 14 14 15 Cents. 12 14 15 Cents. 10-15 Cents. 10-15 Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 16 Cents. 16 Cents. Cents. 12 15 •13 •13 10 15-18 24 10 16-18 24 16 24 22 20 10-12 15 24 22 20 10-12 25 25 16 16 20 12 20 12 16 12 16 12 12 10 15 15 14 12 10 18 16 14 15 7-12 14 14 14 15 7-12 13 14 14 16 14 18 16 16 20 18 20 16 9 16 8 12 10 10 10 7 7 4 (') i2 14 13 14 18 20 20 20 20 20 16 18 18 20 20 22 20 22 20 20 ' 2 pounds tor 25 cents. < Middle cuts only. 168 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. RETAIL PRICES OF MEATS AND GEOOEEIES: Articles. Ham, cured: Cudahy— Whole (12 to 25 pounds) Shank end (6 to 8 pounds) SUoed North's family hams- Whole (6 to 12 pounds) Sliced Squire's— Whole (18 to 22 pounds) Half (8 to 9 pounds) Sliced Brand not specified — Whole (18 to 20 pounds) Half, f^e end (9 to 10 pounds) Sliced Dry or pickled pork: Bean Brisket Fat back Fat jowls Pigs' feet Bologna sausage Belgian, imported German, imported Frankfurters Lamb, plucks (average weight 1} to 1 J pounds) . Lamb, fores Lamb, leg Mutton, fores (yearling or older) Mutton, leg (y^arUng or older) Sausage, fresn Sausage, smoked Sausage, smoked, Italian, imported Tripe: Fresh Pickled, honeycomb Pickled, plain Lard: Compound Pure Bawleaf' Poultry: ' Hens, fresh, native, not drawn Hens, fresh, western, not drawn Roosters, fresh, western, not drawn Fresh flsh: Cod Haddock Herring, per dozen (about 7 pounds) Salt fish: Cod Cod (12 ounces) Cod (16 ounces) Cod, Columbia (13 ounces) Finnan haddie Herring, small Herring, large (4 ounces) Batter: Creamery, extra, print.-, Creamery, extra, print, unsalted Creamery, extra, tub Creamery, first tub Unit of Pound . ...do.. ...do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do... .do... .do.., .do.. -do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. .do... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do., .do., .do... do... .do .do Firm No. 1: Market and f:ocery, oen- rally lo- cated; p a t - ronized by mill opera- tives 01 all nationalities from all parts of the city. March, 1912. Cents. .do., .do., .do.. .do., .do., .do.. ...do.. Package. ...do... ...do... Pound Dozen. Each.. Pound. ...do.... ...do.... ...do 10 10-15 12 No- vem- ber, 1911. Cents. 10-15 Firm No. 2: Market and grocery, oen - t r a 1 1 y lo- cated; p a t - ronized by mill opera- tives 01 all nationalities from all {larta of the city. March, 1912. Cents. 7 5 10 12 12i 42 32 10 10-14 ' Not reported. CHAPTER IV. EETAIL PBICES AND COST OF LIVING. 169 UARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911— Continued. Firm No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington ized by mill p e r atives of English-speak- ing races. Firm No. 4: Market and grooery, cen- frally located; patronized by French, French Canadian, French Bel- nan, Irish, PoUsh, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. 6: Grocery, at some dis- tance from mills and from center of the city: patronized by German mill opera- tives. Firm No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua- nian and Polish mill operatives from all parts of the city. Firm No. 7: Market and grocery, lo- c a t e d in South Ital- ian quarter; pat ronized by South Italian mill operatives. Firm No. 8: Grocery, lo- ca t e d in French set- tl emen t ; patronized by French Belgian and French Cana- diau mill operatives. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No. vem- ber, 1911. Cents. Cents. Cents. 17 10 25 Cents. 17 10 25 Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. IS 16 25 15 16 25 18 18 22 22 15 12 18 14 14 14 14 IS 12 12 8 8 12 12 15 15 13 13 30 20 30 12 12 20 ' 15 15 12 18 8 12 15 12 15 9 12 15 16 20 14 17 15 17 [J] 12 15 12 15 14 16 8 10 12 15-20 15-20 15 IS 20-32 20-32 10 10 7 7 10 12 14 15 22 10 12 14 14 • 22 13 14 10 14 12 13 12J 12i 12 (') 22 18 10 10 10 15 10 15 10 10 10 0) 30 7 30 7 ■* 42 40 O 44 41 43 42 44 40 38 40 36 38 34 'Bendered and used as substitute for batter. 170 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. RETAIL PRICES OF MEATS AND GROCERIES: Artidea. Unit of sale. Firm No. 1: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. Firm No. 2: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationaUties from all parts of the city. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. Butter— Condu ded. Creamery, storage, tub Pound . Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. flraamftrv. wAictam Ti-rint do . ...do Buttedne: ...do 18 16 18 16 ...do KKtfft, nncolon^d ...do MlBttlftfM, T*Tiooior'*-'1 do.... 25 25 do .. ...do 18 23 18 19 Cheese- ...do 22 18 ...do TTnllaTid, fTnpnrt*^d ...do Koman, ^inportfld ..do ■RoqiTflffjrt, ITXipnrtPd do ... ...do ...do Dozen... ...do 38 55 45 60 ji'Tfts^, ^ffwt*)m ..do.... 25 W 35 (') TVpsh, ^^^fjrtfitji, s^1fv>|pd do ...do (') 23 39 3 27 3 Bread: ■WiiOftt (11 onn'y\s) Loaf Wheat ( 12i ounces) ...do 3 3 ...do . do.... ...do 5 5 TVheat (1 pound) do Whflnt (l pnnTKi 1 nnnpft) . do ...do ■Whfiat (1 pnnnd 19minpp.«:) .. do .. Wheat h pnnnd 13 nnnop.*;) do VVrte^t (1 pnnnd 14 nnnnpp) do 10 10 ...do ... . do .. Rye (1 pound 2 ounces) do ...do ■Mi-rpd wheat and rye (? pounds 10 nnnnfls) ..do . Flour: Jthfcar rel. do .. Daniel WehatRT ...do Gold Medal do .. 8S 85 90 90 TTinp Arf.hnr do . Pasfty- White Rose ..do 65 65 80 90 80 90 Pillsbmy do ... Do President Jth bai^ rel. Pound Do Wise TTinj; Jth bar- rel. Pnnnd ^ Do Com meal: White ...do 4 4 4 4 Yellow . do .. 4 4 Yellow (2 pounds) Package. ...do.. .J Yellow (3 pounds) 1 Not reported. CHAPl^EE IV. ^llElAtL PEtCES AiSTD COST OP LrVING. MARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911— Continued. 171 Firm No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington Mills; patron- ized by mill operatives of English-speak- ing races. Finn No. 4: Market and grocery, cen- trally located; patronized by French.Frendi Canadian, French Bel- gian, Irish, Polish, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. 5: Grocery, at some dis- tance ^om mills ftTifl from center of the city; patronized by German mill opera- tives. Firm No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua- nian and Polish mill p eratives from all parts of the city. Firm No. 7: Market and grocery, lo- c a t e d in South Ital- ian quarter; patronized by South Italian mill operatives. Firm No. 8: Grocery, lo- cate d in French set tl em en t : pat ronized by French Belgian and French Cana- dlan mill operatives. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No. vem- ber, 1911. Cents. as Cents. 35 Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 38 36 "36 25 W 25 (') . . 25 22 20 20 22 20 25 40 22 40 40 38 48 45 40 40 24 22 36 35 o 30 36 "35 P) 40 40 33 (') 35 (') 32 (') 30 « 40 40 (■) 29 « 32 o 30 P) 26 G) 28 30 5 5 5 5 S 5 s 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 ,10 10 27 10 5 9 5 9 15 12 15 12 90 90 100 90 100 90 100 95 75 68 90 85 4 4 85 4 80 4 89 4 85 4 4 4 6 6 12 12 io io ' Bnys and sells at same price since strike; previously bought at 8 cents and sold at 10 cents. 172 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWBENOE, MASS. RETAIL PEICES OF MEATS AND GBOCEBIES: Artlolea Unit of sale. Firm No. 1: Market and grocery, cen- Irally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. Firm No. 2: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. Tea: Ceylon Pound Cents. CerOs. Cem. 35 44 Cents. 35 44 do 25 25 Gunpowder do ... Japan do . Ralada (?i oitt^r"::) do . .. Salada (S'bunces) do Tudor Coffee: Package. 30 30 do .. do La Touraine (1 pound) do 40 40 Can Moclia Pound.. 35 35 Mrs. Borer's (1 pound) Own blend Do do Rio do ... 25 25 White House (1 pound) Package Can ... Cocoa: Van HnntflTi'a (i pnimH ) , , Van Hon*^ATi's (4 nnnnM) do Sugar: Granulated (2, 5, and 10 pound packages) ...do Granulated (2 pounds) Package Can Pound., do Sirups: Karo (2 pounds 4 ounces) 10 6 8 10 6 8 10 S 10 10 5 9 Rice: Full head do Fresh and dry vegetables: do do do Beansi pea Quart... 10 8 10 10 i>6r. Beans, pea, Italian, imported ...do Beets Pound., do 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 do.. . Garlic do Onions do 5 5 3 4 7 4 f do Feas, dry Quart Potatoes, white Peck.... ...do 40 35 2 30 2S 2 37 35 2 15 28 «2 15 FotAtneSi imported Turnips Pound.. :..do Fruit: Prunes, 60s to GOs Package. Pound FnineSj 7^ to ROf? , . . 12 13 Frrnnes^ ROs t" 90s do = 9 7 12 10 Prunes^ 100s to 120s ...do 7 12 Evaporated apples, Lily (1 pound) Package. FoundT. . Evaporated apricots, large ■ 3 pounds for 10 cents. ' Not reported. OHAPTEB rV. ^BETAIL PBIOES AND COST OF LIVING, 173 UABCH, 1913, AND NOVBHBER, 1911— Continusd. Finn No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington Mills: patron- iMd by mill operatives of English-speak- ing races. Firm No. 4: Market and grocery, cen- trally located; Canadian, French Bel- rian, Irish, Polish, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. S: Grocery, at som e dis- tance from mills and from center of the city; patron i z ed by German mill opera- tives. Finn No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua- nian and Polish mm p eratives from all parts of the city. Finn No. 7; Market and grocery, lo- c a t e d in South Ital- ian quarter; pat ronized by South Italian mill operatives. Film No. 8: Grooery,Io- c a t e d in French set- t lem en t; pat ronized by French Belgian and French Cana- dian mill operatives. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No. vem- ber, 1911. Cmla. CetUa. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. CenU. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 40 40 40 45 40 45 5 10 5 10 30 30 30 30 25 2S 38 38 10 10 25 25 40 40 30 25 30 35 30 35 35 35 80 23 80 23 7 9 7 8 7i 8 6i 7 15 10 15 10 5 8 10 5 8 10 6 9 10 6 9 10 S 9 10 5 9 10 6 8 9 5 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 l\ 8 8 12 12 10 10 10 10 6i 6i 5 5 8 7 12 12 4 6 4 2 2 2 2i 2i 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 12 5 12 7 4 S 4 7 4 6 3 6 H 6 4 6 6 12 12 5 40 5 35 40 30 40 30 35 25 35 25 40 30 2 2 4 2 2 2 25 25 10 10 15 26 15 25 3 3 pounds for 25 cents. 174 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWBENOB, MASS. RETAIL PRICES OF MEATS AND GROCERIES: Articles. Unit of sale. Firm No. 1: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; p a t - ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. Firm No. 2: Market and trally lo- cated; p a t - ronized by mill opera- ttves of aU nationaUties if r om all parts of the city. ' March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- 1911. Fruit— Concluded. Pound.. OSTjtS. Cents. Cents. Caus. ...do.... rSSiV ...do Cereals: Break&ist Food, Ralston (2 pounds) Package ...do ...do 10 10 3 pack- ages. Package . . .do 25 25 12 12 2 pack- ages. Pound.. Hulled coiUj yellow Package ...do Rolled Oats. . .' '. Pound.. 6 pounds Package . . .do 3i 3 Rolled Oata 25 10 12 10 (') 10 12 10 12 12 0) 12 12 ...do Toasted Rice Flakes,' Kellogg's ". . ' ...do Can Canned PeacJies: ...do 25 25 ...do California yellow freestone (2 pounds 1 ounce) ...do ...do.... ...do Hatchet (2 pounds 2 ounces) ...' ', ...do 25 15 25 15 ...do.... ...do "N'il't T/P'mon, cliTig (J? jw^nTifl-'' S'niiPP'w) ...do Pass, yellow, freestone (1 pound 10 ounces). . ...do 18 18 ...do.... ...do Canned Raspberries, w ebster (l poiuid 8 ounces) ....... . ...do Canned Mil£: ...do.... 11 10 5 10 S 11 10 5 10 5 11 88 10 10 Evaporated, Borden's Peerless (1 pound 3 ounces) Evaxwrated, Borden's Peerless (7i ounces) . ...do.... ...do ...do Evaporated^ Van Camp's (7J*ounces) '. ...do Canned Sardines: ...do BfllpaUj frniokA^, iTniKtrtr^d (8 oiiUT'Pfl) , , ...do "DoffiPflticr (4 "unops) " ! '. ...do ...do liidian'CMef (5* ounces) ...do Union (5 ounces) ...do... Canned salmon: Alftska, choiro, rod (1 iM>und 4 onir^PR) ...do AlftRlfRr] frflsh, pinTc (l pound 4 oii"<^p|-**') . . , . . do. 2 cans... Can 25 25 Argo, red (1 pound 4 ounces) 20 14 18 14 HflfTTlAt (1 "pOUTi fi OliTinP-s) do. . ...do ...do PalmJ steak (if^ounoes) ...do Prize medal ^3 nound ^ outicw?) . , do .. R«d Rook (1. ounces) ...do > Not reported. ' Two packages for 25 cents. CHAPTEB IV. EETAIL PEICES AND COST OF LIVING. ttiJRCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911— Continued. 175 Finn No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington Mills; patron- ized by mill operatives of English-speak- ing races. Firm No. 4: Market and grocery, cen- bally located; patronized by French,French Canadian, French Bel- gian, Irish, PoUah, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. 6: Grocery, at some dis- tance irom mills and of the city; patron i z ed by German mill opera- tives. Firm No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua- nia n and Polish mill p eratives from all parts of the city Firm No. 7: Market and grocery, lo- Gated in South Ital- ian quarter; pat ronized by South ItaUan mill operatives. Firm No. 8: Grocery, lo- ca t e d in French set- 1 1 e m en t; pat ronized by French Belgian and French Cana- dian mill operatives. Mandi, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No. vem- 19lf. Cmta. Cents. Cents. CetOs. Cents. 16 Cents. 16 Cents. CcBfa. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 10 12 10 12 15 10 15 10 10 10 25 25 10 10 15 10 5 15 10 5 S 6 10 213 10 10 10 813 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 13 13 15 15 25 25 14 14 22 20 20 20 15 15 12 15 12 i2 15 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 10 5 10 5 10 6 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 5 10 ■ 10 5 5 10 30 5 s 6 5 20 20 20 15 20 15 19 15 19 15 20 20 12 12 24 14 24 14 15 13 14 12 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .......J > Special price. 176 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKBES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. RETAIL PEICES OF MEATS AND GROCERIES: Aitloles. Unit of sale. Fhm No. 1: Market and grocery, oen- trally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. Firm No. 2: Market and grocery, cen- trally lo- cated; pat- ronized by mill opera- tives of all nationalities from all parts of the city. March. 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. Canned vegetables: Artichokes, Italian , Imported (1 pound 8 ounces) Cents. Centa. Cents. Cents. ...do.. .. 10 10 10 10 Baked beans CamDbell's (1 uound 9 ounces) .... . do 10 10 do ...do . .do.. . Bs^ed beans Heinz's (2 pounds 8 ounces) do . do 10 10 ...do .. do Canned Com: Alifift RoRft n Donnd R oiincfls^ do 12 12 ...do .do ... Nectar (1 nound 9 ounces) do Pine Btatfl (1 DOTind 8 oii'n''-'Vt) do 8 8 ...do .. do... . 8 10 do Canned peas: Bftlpian imported (1 pound 4 nnr^rp.^) do ...do 12 10 ..do .. 13 10 Hemiit'Cl pound 8 ounces) do Livingston* (1 pound 9 ounces) do ...do Pawb"^**^ T,nVft n pmiTiH S nnnpw?) .do.. ...do ...do Canned tomatoes: Baltimore (2 pounds 8 ounces) ...do.. Hatchet (2 pounds 10 nnncA'?) .do.. 15 16 ...do ...do Tndiftn'TTilT (9. pmlTlffs S oUTiCe^) . . , , '. , , . . .do... Meadow V'^W "(^ pn^inHs 4 oTiTif'P-'!) , . , do.. ...do ...do Pridft (if Virginia (9, pounds fi nnnnpi?) ...do... 14 10 ROUthern (9- poimf^s 4 oTinnp.q) , , . ', . . , do 12 10 ...do Olive Oil: Lucca, imported....... Gallon Do Quart Vmegar: Cider Massachusetts, standard Gallon. . ...do.... 18 18 Ciderl , 22 22 White wine (1 quart) Bottle... Other food: Package. ..;do Macaroni^ Italian, Imported .'. Pnnnd Package. ...do 12 12 Macaroni, PriT^^^ft^^ (i pound) ... Macaroni, Vesuvius Own Brand (1 pound) ...do . 7 7 - ...do Noodles Pound .. ...do.... Olives, ripe ". ...do Spaghetti, MiT^lIer'R (1 pound) Package. ...do 12 12 Spaghetti, Vesuvius Own Brand (1 pound) ...do 7 7 ' Two for 13 cents. CHAPTER rV. RETAIL PRICES AKD COST OF LIVING. 177 MARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911— Concluded. Firm No. 3: Market and grocery, lo- cated near Arlington Mills; patron- ized by mill operatives of English-speak- ing races. Firm No. 4: Market and grocery, cen- trally located; patronized by French, French Canadian, French Bel- dan, Irish, Polish, Portu- guese, and Black Portu- guese mill operatives. Firm No. S: Grocery, at some dis- tance from mills and from canter of the city; patron ized by German mill opera- tives. Firm No. 6: Market and grocery, so located as to get custom of Lithua^ nian and Polish mill opera Hves from all parts of the city. Firm No. 7: Market and grocery, lo- eated in South Ital- ian quarter; patronized by South Italian mill operatives. Firm No. 8: Grocery, lo- cated in French set- 1 1 e men t ; p a t r n ized by French Belgian and French Cana- dian mill operatives. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. No- vem- ber, 1911. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. CenU. Cents. Cents. 15 Cents. 14 Cents. Cents. 10 10 10 10 12 12 15 16 20 15 15 20 15 15 10 20 10 20 16 15 10 10 10 10 12 12 10 10 17 6 16 (') 10 10 10 9 13 13 16 15 15 14 12 14 15 10 15 15 10 10 10 15 9 16 12 12 13 12 15 16 14 10 12 12 225 66 225 65 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 10 10 10 10 15 16 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 " 14 16 14 16 10 10 10 10 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 2 Not reported. -12 178 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WORKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. MILK. A considerable proportion of the milk consumed by textile oper- atives in Lawrence is measured from cans as sold, both from wagons and m grocery stores. In general, the loose milk is sold at 7 cents and the bottled at 8 cents per quart. Although it is possible to buy fresh milk at only 7 cents a quart either from wagons or at grocery stores or milk depots, still many families in Lawrence are unable to afford fresh milk and depend entirely upon condensed or evaporated milk. The prices of the latter are quoted on pages 174 and 175. The first nine -firms quoted in the following table are milk dealers and the remaining five are grocers. One large fitrm quoted handles pasteurized milk; all others quoted handle only raw milk. RETAIL PRICES PER QUART OF MILK, FRESH, tTNSKIMMBD: NOVEMBER, 1911. MARCH, 1912, AND Firm No. How sold. March, 1912. Novem- ber, 1911. Firm No. How sold. March, 1912. Novem- ber, 1911. 1 Bottled or loose, delivered. Bottled, delivered. do $0.08 .08 .08 .08 .08 ;.08 .07 .07 JO. 08 ,ns 9 10 Loose, delivered. . Loose, not deliv- ered. do to. 07 .08 .07 .07 .08 .08 to .07 .08 2 11 3 08 08 08 08 07 07 .08 4 do 12 do .07 5 Loose, delivered... Bottled, delivered. Loose, delivered... ... do 13 Bottled, delivered. Loose, not deliv- ered. .08 6 U .08 7 8 1 Pasteurized; sells at 7 cents, not delivered. CLOTHING, DRY GOODS, AND SHOES. The prices of clothing, dry goods, and shoes, which appear in the following table, are quotations secured from proprietors of depart- ment stores, from dealers in men's furnishings, and from dealers in shoes. Firms 1, 3, and 5 carry, in addition to the grade of goods quoted, a distinctly better line and are patronized by Americans as well as by foreigners, while firms 2, 4, and 6 cater especially to the cheaper trade of the city. Owing largely no doubt to the fact that so many of the women are wage earners, and therefore have no time for sewing, the proportion of women's ready-made clothing sold is considerable. The usual dress sold to mill workers is a jacket suit or odd skirt with a shirt waist, or a wash dress of some cotton material, such as gingham or percale. For a suit, $10 or $12 is usually paid; for a skirt, from $2 to $5; and for a cotton dress, about $3. The hats most commonly bought by the women cost from 50 cents to $3. Italian women, however, wear scarfs instead of hats, and for these they pay from 25 cents to $1. Cheap shoes are worn by the women. The price most usually paid is about $2. The men ordinarily pay about $15 for a suit of clothes and buy an additional pair of trousers at about $2 before the rest of the suit is worn out. Few overcoats are bought. Instead of overcoats sweaters CHAPTEB IV. — RETAIL PEICES AND COST OF LIYISTG, 179 are worn under the ordinary suit coat, and for these from $1 to $7 is paid. More caps than hats are sold. The price paid for caps is, as a rule, 50 cents. The men sometimes pay as low as $1.50 and as high as $5 for shoes, but ordinarily the prices paid range between $2 and $3. RETAIL PRICES OF CLOTHING, DRY GOODS, AND SHOES: MARCH, 1912. Articles. Firm No. 1: Depart- ment store. Firm No. 2; Depart- ment store. Firm No. 3: Men's furnishing store. Firm No. 4: Men's furnishing store. Firm No. 5: Shoe store. Firm No. 6: Shoe store. Dress goods: Cotton cloth I0.08-S0.12 .07- .12J .07- .12i .26 .25- .30 .05- .12i Gingham Percale Woolen and worsted Embroidery, Hamburg.... Men's furnishings: Caps 10.50 $0.60 CoUars, linen 1.15 Collars, celluloid .15 51.00- 2.50 '.16 Hats 1.50 $1.00- 1.50 1.15 Hats, straw Hosiery .10- .12i .25 Neckties Overalls .50 .50- 1.00 15.00 3.00 1.00- 1.50 Shirts .50 Suits io. 66^25. 66 21.00- 7.00 Sweaters Sweaters, Jersey, summer weight 1.60- 6.00 ■Underwear, drawers or shirts .50 Underwear, drawers or .50-1.00 .60- 1.00 .25 .50 Underwear, drawers or shirts, winter Women's ready-made cloth- Gingham and percale »$0.9R-«4.98 4.98-9.98 Woolen dresses Separate skirts 2.00- 5.00 '9.00-15.00 .98 .49 1.00- 1.98 Suits '8.98-12.98 .98 Waists, white Waists, colored Underwear: .49- .98 .49- .98 .25 .12i- .25 .25 1.49 Black sateen petticoats .25 .12J- .25 .25- .50 .50-1.00 .50- .75 1.00- 2.98 Pants or vests, knit, sum- mer Petticoats, muslin... men's: _ .49- .98 .25- .98 .12J Scarfs for head .1^ .25 Shoes: Men's S2.00-$3.00 2.00 1.00 $2 00-$4 00 Women's "1.69- 2.98 7 1 50- 2 sn Youths' sizes 1-2 9 1 00- 1 25 B07S' and girls' sizes 10-2. 1.00 .75- 1.25 .50 l» .98- 2.50 Infants' sizes 60 > Two for 26 cents. ! More sold at $5 and $6 than at $2. < Best seller $2.98. » Popular price $10. > Pest seller $12.98, < Sweaters take place of overcoats. "Bestseller, $1.98. 7 Only a tew are sold at $1 .50. ' Popular price, $2. ' Popular price, $1. "Best seller, $1.2«, 180 STRIKE 0¥ TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. FUEL AND LIGHTING. It is quite customary for grocery stores patronized by tenement dwellers to deal in coal, coke, and kindling wood, which they buy for their trade already put up in bags or baskets. One such grocery firm is included with one regular fuel dealer in the table which follows. The prices for November, 1911, were obtained from records. Both of the firms included in the table are located within two blocks Z' of Essex Street. The trade of the grocery store is local, but the fuel store is patronized by people from all parts of the city. Both firms deliver to purchasers. Fuel is of necessity bought in small quantities by a large proportion of Lawrence households, because there is, as a rule, in the older tene- ments very limited space for storing coal or wood. In some cases a corner of the little hallway at the head of the stairway is roughly boarded up for a foot or two and a small quantity of coal kept there, but more commonly both coal and kindling are bought in small quan- tities and used from the containers. In many of the newer tenement houses provision has been made for the storage of coal and wood. Kindling and other wood are sold by the bushel. Kindling may be obtained by practically all dealers at the rate of 10 cents a bushel, whether sold in bushel or half-bushel lots. Hardwood is quoted at 20 cents a bushel. Anthracite coal in small quantities is sold at the rate of 10 to 13 cents per 20-pound bag. In quarter-ton quantities the rate is somewhat lower. EETAIL PEICES OF FUEL, DELIVERED: MARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911. Articles. Unit of sale. Firm No. 1: Fuel store centrally located, patron- ized by mill peo- ple of all na- tionalities. Firm No. 2: Mar- centrally located, patronized b y French, Fremi Belgian, French Canadian, Irish, Polish, Portu- guese, and Black Portuguese mill operatives. March, 1912. Novem- ber, 1911. March, 1912. Novem- ber, 1911; Coal, anthracite: to. 50 2.10 SO. 60 Do J ton ..". 1.95 '$2.05 12.10 .13 .10 1 Nut . ...do Do 20-pound bag ....... Pea .10 .10 .20 .15 .10 .05 .10 Coke J-busbel bag .10 Wood: Hard ».20 m .20 Slabs do .15 Kindling do . .. .10 « .10 Do J-bushel basket .05 1 Five cents is added to prices per J ton for each flight of stairs up which coal must be carried in delivering. 2 Price not reported. > SU baslrots for U. CHAPTER IV. — BETAIL PBIOES AND COST OF LIVING. 181 As has been stated elsewhere in this report, a great many of the houses occupied by mill workers are not supplied with gas. Most of the grocery stores visited are patronized by people who use kerosene for lighting. The prices quoted on this article are as follows : KEROSENE, PER GALLON: MARCH, 1912, AND NOVEMBER, 1911. Firm No. March, 1912. Novem- Iwr.mi. Finn No. March, 1912. Novem- ber, 1911. 1 SO. 10 .10 .10 JO. 10 .10 .08 4 $0.10 .U .10 $0.09 2 5 .10 3 6 .10 HOUSE FURNISHINGS. The indispensable pieces of household furniture found universally are the kitchen stove, kitchen table, kitchen chairs, and beds. Of these articles only the kitchen stove is necessarily expensive. It is purchased by the family usually on the installment plan. The cost of a stove varies from |20 to S50; but the usual price paid for a new stove is about $35. In many households only one table is found. This may be either a kitchen or a dining table, which serves the purpose of both. In the poorer houses the drop-leaf table is in demand not only on account of its low price, but also because it is convenient ia crowded quarters. According to the dealers visited, the only bedstead in demand among the immigrants of most races is the iron, painted with cheap white enamel. Italians, however, in many instances buy good brass beds, which are fitted with mattress and bed clothuig of correspond- ing grade. Anaong the Syrians, as weU as the Italians, the beds are usually well clothed if the occupants of the house have sufficient earnings to provide anything more than food and rooms. Two furniture dealers on Essex Street quoted prices on articles of household furniture of the grade commonly bought by famihes of the races from southern and eastern Europe. The first firm caters to this line of trade and does a large credit business in goods of medium and low grades. The prices as tabulated for this firm are for credit purchases, and in all cases the cash price is 90 per cent of the corresponding credit price. When goods are purchased on credit, the terms, even on small purchases, are one-fourth cash and the rest in payments of $1 per week on a biU not exceeding $100, $1.50 per week on a bill not exceeding $150, etc. The second store represented in the table is an old firm which has in addition to its trade among the immigrants a well-established trade among the more prosperous people of the city. Although this store carries a large stock of low-priced goods, it does not attempt to 182 STElKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. attract the immigrant trade of the community and sells to such customers only on cash terms. RETAIL PRICES OF HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE: MARCH, 1912. |The prices reported by firm No. 1 are credit prices; cash prices are the credit prices with 10 per cent dis. count. The prices reported by firm No. 2 are cash prices.] Articles. Firm No. 1. Firm No. 2. Beds, iron; Enamel, with springs Enamel, springs and mattress. . Mattress , Bed springs BCitchen chairs, bard-bottom Rocking chairs Oilcloth, per yard Pillows, hen-feather, per pair Kitchen stoves, cast-iron, 6 lids Heating stoves Dining tables: Extension, hardwood Extension, square, golden oak.. Kitchen tables: Drop-leaf. Pine top with drawer (10. 00-112. 00 00- 6.00 00- 4.00 66- 1.00 OO- 4.00 . 23 25- 3!00 00- 60. 00 00- 16.00 2. 1. 30. 4. 6.00- 8.00 $6. 50-$10. 50 "2.06- '3.06 .60- 1.00 2.00- 4.00 .26- .35 20.00- 35.00 6.00- 7.00 3.00 2.26 It should be stated in connection with the study of retail prices that people in need of the articles of furniture and clothing quoted do not always buy these things from the class of stores visited. In a shifting population like that of Lawrence secondhand articles of furniture are not hard to procure, and a person who has need of a kitchen stove, but can not afford a new one, may find one which will serve his purpose at a secondhand store. Secondhand dealers with large stocks are numerous, but prices from such firms can not, of course, be quoted, since the prices charged depend largely upon the state of preservation of the goods. BUDGETS SHOWING EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD. Among certain races it is very common for families to buy their groceries on -credit, having all purchases entered in an individual account book which they keep in their possession. The same prac- tice is followed in the case of so-called "lodgers," or persons who for a specified sum are given lodging, coffee, and soup, and the services of the housewife as cook and laundress. Among the Litjiuanians and Poles the method of purchasing on credit is very general. Among the South Italians some account books are to be found, but the Italians are bargain hunters and do not make a practice of trading exclu- sively with the firm with which they have an account. In a search for account books which represented the entire expenditures of the family for food, no Italian families could be found who traded entirely in this way. Owing to the fact that account books are almost invari- ably destroyed when the account is settled, few were found covering any considerable period preceding the strike. Accounts only for two CHAPTEK IV. EETAiL PRICES AND COST OF LlVlNG. 183 families and for four lodgers could be secured, and data concerning these accounts are here presented. These accounts show conditions just as they existed in those cases, but, of course, the number repre- sented is not sufficient for any conclusion as to whether or not they represent conditions generally among mill employees. Books of a Lithuanian family, consisting of husband, wife, and four children all under working age, and of a Portuguese family, consisting of hus- band, wife, and three young children, were secured, as were also books representing the food expenditure of three lodgers, of whom one was Lithuanian, one Russian Polish, and one Russian. ^/^&T(^^^^^ The head of the Lithuanian family worked in a worsted null, where he never made more than $7.25 per week. The wife was not a wage earner during the period covered by this schedule, for she had the care of a year-old child as well as of three other young children. She added to the fanuly income, however, by keeping four lodgers for whom she did aU necessary cooking and laundry work. The family from their own funds furnished each of these lodgers coffee or soup both morning and evening. Each lodger paid $1 per week, the customary rate among Lawrence Ijthuanians and Poles for the accommodations just named. This household occupied an apartment of five rooms, for which they paid $2.25 a week. The account of thi^ family begins August 1 and terminates November 14, 1911, on which'! date the grocer refused further credit because the fanuly had become too heavily indebted to him. The head of the Portuguese family worked in a cotton mill, where his pay never exceeded $6 per week. His wages did not serve to provide suflBcient clothing in addition to rent and food, so in August his wife entered the miUs in an effort to make money to buy winter clothing. Earlier i n the su mmer she had boarded two chil dren of a neighbor woman who worked^ For the care of the two chJdren and for their meals she receive3~l2.50 a week of six days. Workiin the mills was slack, and she being slow could make only $2 to $5.60 a week. After five weeks' work she had to stop on account of iUness. On the 1st of October this family received a present of $5 from relatives in another part of the United States, who heard of the wife's illness, and this money was given to the grocer in part payment of the account with him. This family paid $2 a week for an apartment of three rooms, one of which was too dark to read in at midday on a clear day. There was an eighth-barrel bag of flour in the house at the time this account began (Aug. 23), and the wife baked a considerable propor- tion of the bread used by the family, sometimes baking at night, while employed at the miUs. Lodger No. 1 is a Lithuanian mill operative who earned $9. for a full week's work. He lived with a Lithuanian family, and paid $1 184 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IK tAWEENOE, MASS. a week for lodging, coflfee, soup, and the usual services of cooking and wasliing. He was unmarried. TLnrlg^ r TSTa 9 is a_R ussian Poli sh mill operative who lived with an Austrian Polish family, and paid $1 a week for the customary accommodations. His maximum weekly earnings were $8, and he was unmarried. Lodger No. 3 is a Russian mill operative. He lodged with a Lithuanian family, and paid at the usual rate for the usual accom- modations. His earnings on the basis of full time were $8.90 per week. He had a wife and two small children in Europe dependent SUMMARY OF MONTHLY FOOD EXPENDITUEES OF MILL EMPLOYEES (TWO AUGUST TO {These accounts show conditions just as they existed in these cases, but the number represented is not AMOUNT. Oioup of articles. Family No. 1: Race, Lithuaman; rent, S2.25. Family— H usband, wife, daughter 12, son 10, daughter 5, daughter 1. Earnings per week, full time — Husband, S7.2S; other Income, tl from eacji of 4 male lodgers. Aug. 1 to 31, 1911. Sept. 1 to 30, 1911. Oct. 1 to 31, Nov. 1 to 14, 1911. Family No. 2: Race, Portuguese; rent, S2. Family— H usband, wife, daughter 12, dau^ter 9, daughter 4. Earnings per week, full time — Husband, t6; wife, $2 to ts.60. Aug. 23 to 31, 1911. Sept. 1 to 30, 1911. Oct. 1 to 31, 1911. Nov. 1 to 30, 1911. Bread and breadstuSs. . . Meats and fish Vc.t^etables and fruits Milk, butter, and cheese. Groceries, etc Total t4.74 7.70 1.00 2.U $2.68 8.68 2.63 .96 1.68 SI. OS 10.47 2.27 .86 1.29 SO. 55 4.72 1.08 .59 SO. 33 2.13 .70 .48 1.55 S2.79 3.17 1.65 1.03 4.83 SI. 80 5.42 2.25 1.23 S.50 S3. 55 4.17 2.09 1.88 6.01 17.83 16.63 15.94 7.87 '5.39 213.95 "18.23 217.18 PEK CENT. Bread and breadstuffs 26.6 43.2 12.8 5.6 11.8 16.1 52.2 15.8 5.8 10.1 6.-6 66.7 14.2 5.4 8.1 7.0 60.0 11.8 13.7 7.5 6.4 41.0 13.5 9.2 29.9 20.7 23.6 12.2 7.6 36.9 11.1 33.5 13.9 7.6 34.0 21.3 25.0 12.6 11.3 30.0 MftAts nnc] f^fih . MiDc, butter, and cheese Groceries, etc ' Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 noo.o '100.0 noo.o '100.0 ' Including purchases amounting to 20 cents; 2 articles not specified. 2 Including purchases amounting to 48 cents; 5 articles not specified. > Including purchases amounting to S2.03; 19 articles not specified. * Lodger was absent from Lawrence from Sept. 23 to 28, inclusivs. CHAPTEB IV. — RETAIL PRICES AND COST OF LIVINa. 185 upon him for their support. General Table B (pp. 486 to 491) shows the expenditures in detail of these mill employees for August and for October. The table which follows shows for each of the two families and also for each of the three lodgers a summary of their total expenditures for food as taken from book records for a period of several months in the latter half of 1911. The first section of the table shows the amounts spent for each group of articles, and the second section shows the per cent which each amount forms of the total expendi- ture. FAMILIES AND THREE LODGERS) BY GROUP OF ARTICLES BOUGHTl NOVEMBER, 1911 sufficient for any conclusion astowliettier or not tlieyrepresentconditions generally amongmill employees.! AMOUNT. Lodger No. 1: Race, Lithuanian. Earnings per week, full time, $9. morning, soup in evening, cooking, andwaSiing. Lodger No. 2: Race, Russian Pole. Lodger No. 3: Race, Russian. Earnings per week, full time, S8. Pays tl per week for room, coffee in morning, soup in evening, cooking, and wash- ing. • Earnings per week, full time, S8.90. Pays SI per week for room, coffee in morning, soup in evening, cooking, and washing. Aug. 1 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Aug. 1 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Aug. 1 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 to 31, to 30, to 31, to 30, toll. to 30 to 31, to 30, to 31, to 30, to 31, to 30, 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. 1911. $1.00 50.60 SO. 30 JO. 25 SO. 90 SI. 26 SI. 25 SO. 87 SI. 12 SO. 70 SO. 70 SO. 40 5.40 5.59 4.41 3.30 4.03 5.61 4.00 4.59 6.13 4.29 9.91 4.84 .30 .69 .97 .14 .41 .99 .20 .54 .73 .99 1.06 .42 .40 .25 .19 .46 .41 .60 .52 .10 .17 .04 .46 .29 .98 .69 1.06 .75 .24 1.20 .28 .38 .31 .68 .40 7.39 8.01 6.46 6.20 6.60 8.65 7.17 6.38 8.53 •6.33 12.81 '6.06 FEB CENT. 13.5 6.2 4.6 4.8 13.8 14.6 17.4 13.6 13.1 11.1 5.5 6.6 73.1 69.8 68.3 63.5 62.0 64.9 55.8 71.9 71.9 67.8 77.4 79.9 4.1 8.6 15.0 2.7 6.3 11.4 2.8 8.5 8.6 15.6 8.3 6.9 6.4 3.1 2.9 8.8 6.3 6.5 7.3 1.6 2.0 .6 3.6 3.9 12.2 9.1 20.2 11.6 2.8 16.7 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.3 6.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 « 100.0 100.0 s 100.0 * Lodger was absent firom Lawrence from Nov. 11 to 19, inclusive. 6 Per cent distribution is based on total monthly expenditures minus M cents for 2 articles not specified. ' Per cent distribution is based on total monthly expenditures minus 48 cents for 5 articles not specified. 8 Per cent distribution is based on total monthly expenditures minus S2.03 lor 19 articles not specified. 186 STRIKE OP TEXTILE ■WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. The food expenditures of the Lithuanian family for the full months recorded in the table were $17.83, $16.63, and $15.94. It should be recalled that this represents the entire food expenditure for a family of six, besides coffee or soup twice a day for four men. The highest expenditure of the Portuguese family for any full month was $18.23 and the lowest was $13.95. The lowest food expenditure of any lodger for any month was $5.20, the amount spent by the Lithuanian in November, while the highest amount, $12.81, was spent by the Russian in October. This, of course, does not include the cost of the coffee and soup which each man got with his lodging. The account of the Portuguese family presents a contrast to all the other accounts in respect to the proportion expended for "meats and fish," for the proportion did not in any month exceed over 41 per cent, while, with the single exception of the August account of the Lithuanian family, the proportion in other accounts was more than half of the total food expenditures. The Russian lodger during October and November spent more than three-fourths of his food money for "meats and fish," and it will be seen by reference to pages 486 to 491 that this "meats and fish" was largely pork. The heavy consumption of pork and the light con- sumption of breadstuffs is noticeable in each of the Lithuanian and Slavic accoijints. In answer to the inquiry made in each of these cases as to whetjier there were other expenditures for bread not included in the account book, it was stated that all bread was bought at the grocer's and entered on the accoujit. Inquiry was made as to whether any fresh milk was bought from wagons, and it was found that practically no fresh milk was used, the occasional demand being met by the grocer. The Portuguese family stated that they were unable to afford fresh milk even occasionally. CHAPTER V. GENERAL STATISTICS. 187 CHAPTER V. GENERAI STATISTICS. POPULATION. The total population of Lawrence, according to the United States Census of 1910, was 85,892, and of that number 73,928, or 86 per cent, were either of foreign birth or of foreign parentage, and 11,964, or 14 per cent, were of native parentage.' Of the total population, 51.8 per cent were native born and 48.2 per cent were foreign bom. The population in 1910, by general nativity and color, was as follows: POPULATION OF LAWEENCE, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND COLOK, 1910. [Compiled from data furnished by the Bureau of the Census.] • Number. Per cent of total population. 11,699 7,081 25,472 Native white^ one [lareiit foreign bom 8 2 NatlTe whitei both parents foreign born 29 7 Totftl n^tiv« whitfl. 44,252 265 61 5 Native Negro TT. ...... >. 3 Total native 44,517 "Foreign x^hit* 41,319 56 48 1 Torfiign OhinPRfl 1 Total foreign 41,375 Grand total 85,892 100 The table which follows shows for the native born the country of birth of parents, and for the foreign born the country of birth. Of the 25,472 native born with both parents foreign born, the parents of 8,279, or approximately one-third, were born in Ireland, the parents of 4,996, or one-fifth, were classed as Canadian (French), and the parents of 2,455, or one-tenth, were bom in England. Of the 41,375 foreign-born persons, 7,696 were born in Canada (French), 6,693 in Italy, 5,943 in Ireland, 5,659 in England, and 4,352 in Russia. > The Census OfSce does not report birthplace of parents of Negroes, and the 265 native-born Negroes in Lawrence have in this statement been included with the 11,961 of native parentage. 189 190 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWBENCB, MASS. POPULATION OF LAWRENCE, MASS., EST 1910, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND COLOR AND BY BIRTHPLACE OF FOREIGN BORN AND BIRTHPLACE OF PARENTS OF NATIVE BORN. [Compiled from data furnished by the Bureau of the Census.] NATIVE BORN. Color and country of birth of parents. Male. Female. White, native parents . Black Mulatto One parent foreign bom Both parents foreign bom: Austria Denmark England France Germany Greece Holland Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Canada (French) Canada (other) Other countries, not specified. . Difflerent foreign countries Total Grand total. 5,890 110 S3 3,416 12,279 21,748 3,665 247 261 2 1,188 1,267 35 33 959 1,036 2 1 2 S 5 3,961 4,318 HSH 834 1 837 796 309 321 36 39 1 1 5 ■2,-m 2,648 208 246 334 310 982 1,072 13,193 22,769 FOKEIGN BOBN. Color, and country of birth. Male. Female. Total. WHITE. 1 748 142 3 4 2 6 2,804 17 365 ljl65 21 1 13 3,422 2,796 1 4 180 14 1,926 677 1 4 1 65 2 783 m t 1 Austria 702 172 1 450 '314 3 Bullaria. Central America .. 2 1 6 2,795 19 423 1,136 160 3 16 2,621 3,898 g Cuba Denmark XI England 6,669 36 France 7SS Germany ^ 2,301 171 2S Ireland , 5,943 6,693 4 Italy Montenegro Newfoundland 4 4 209 20 2,426 -669 5 Norway g Portugal 389 ■RoiiniftTiia . 34 Russia 4,352 1,336 Scotland Servia South America 1 3 66 6 1,203 60 17 5 Spain Rwit,7.prlaTiH 7 Turkey (Asia) 91 W»les 28 CHAPTER V. GENERAL STATISTICS. 191 POPULATION OF LAWEENCE.MASS., IN 1010, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND COLOR AND BY BIRTHPLACE OF FOREIGN BORN AND BIRTHPLACE OF PARENTS OF NATIVE BORN— Concluded. FOREIGN BORN— Concluded. Color, and country of bUth. Male. Female. Total. ■WHITE— concluded. Canada (French) 3,789 724 2 31 3,907 1,068 3 15 7,696 1 792 Canada (other) Bom at sea. . .' Other countries not specified 46 Total 21,055 55 20,264 1 41,319 66 COLORED. Chinese Total 21,110 20,205 41,375 Grand total 42, MS 43,034 85,892 MORTALITY. The death rate in Lawrence, Mass., as published in the reports of the board of health of that city, was as follows m. each of the past 22 years: DEATH RATE (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) PER 1,000 POPULATION IN LAWRENCE, MASS., 1889 TO 1910. [Compiled from reports of the Lawrence Board of Health.] Year. Death rate per 1,000 population. Year. Death rate per 1,000 population. 25.80 26.67 24.62 25.42 ■23.03 17.72 19.00 18.83 18.92 18.07 20.89 1900 19.98 1901 .- 17.02 1891 1902 17.00 1892 1903 17.20 1893 1904 16.53 1905 19.58 1906 17.60 1896 1907 18.80 1897 1908 16.86 1909 17.80 1910 17.74 1 The reports carry the following note to this figure: " Filtered water available September, 1893." The next tables present for comparative purposes certain data rel- ative to mortality for Lawrence and for all registration cities in the United States having a population in 1910 of 50,000 or over. The number of cities included is 35, counting the various boroughs of New York as one city. It was not possible to combine in one table the infant mortality, mortality under 5 years, and total mortality, because the standard method of expressing the infant death rate is the rate per 1,000 births, whUe the standard method of stating the death rate of all persons over 1 year of age is the rate per 1,000 living population in each age group. 192 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. The table immediately following shows for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910, respectiyely — 1. Number of births. 2. Number of deaths (exclusive of stillbirths) of infants under 1 year of age. 3. Infant mortality rate per 1,000 births. Lawrence is entered first and the other cities foUow in alphabetical order. INFANT MORTALITY (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) IN EEGISTEATION CITIES OF 60,000 POPULATION OR OVER, 1908, 1909, AND 1910. [Compiled from reports of the Bureau of the Census. Concerning the accuracy of birth registration in the Umted States and its relation to the infant mortality rate, the following statement is made by the Bureau of the Census: " * * * Owing to the very defective character of birth registration in the United States, reliable ratios of infantile mortality are not available for the country as a whole, for the registra- tion area, or even for a single State or large city of the country. Even on the assumption, which is not always correct, that all deaths of infants are recorded, rates of infantile mortality computed on the basis of the incomplete birth returns would be somewhat higher than the actual rates." ' "Although the birth returns are so incomplete that no thoroughly reliable rates of ini^t mortality can be computed for any portion of -the United States, nevertheless the data fbr certain areas in which the birth registra- tion is believed to be conducted most efficiently may be of some service." '] City and State. Births. Deaths of infants under 1 year of Number. Per 1,000 births. Lawrence, Mass Allentown, Pa Altoona, Pa Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn. . . Brockton, Mass Cambridge, Mass Detroit, Mloh Erie, Pa FallBlTer, Mass Qrand Rapids, Mloh Harrisborg, Pa HBTtfoid, Conn Holyoke, Mass 1908 1909 1910 190S 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 2,760 2,746 «3,165 1,221 1,292 « 1,406 1,384 1,292 "1,392 18,347 17,720 » 17, 760 2,665 2,640 •2,976 1,4S6 1,392 '1,359 2,887 2,642 •2,462 9,795 10,245 •11,960 1,630 1,679 "1,713 4,835 4,691 ■4,591 2,656 2,627 "2,693 1,332 1,208 "1,308 2,374 2,196 •2,411 1,716 1,595 •1,702 428 471 629 200 182 202 162 150 166 2,730 2,123 2,246 341 364 367 141 166 134 341 269 293 1,716 1,800 2,138 202 246 197 859 872 854 270 266 329 166 156 169 262 235 286 312 165 172 n67 164 141 <144 117 116 «119 149 120 n26 128 138 <123 97 119 «99 118 102 <119 175 176 ♦ 179 124 165 ni5 178 186 •186 102 101 '122 116 129 '129 110 107 <119 132 231 •213 > Bnieau of the Census, Bulletin 109, p. 14. > Idem, p. 17. • Provisional figure. * Based on provisional figure for births. OHAPTBB V. GBNEBAL STATISTICS. 193 INFANT MORTALITY (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) IN REGISTRATION CITIES OF 50,000 POPULATION OR OVER, 1908, 1909, AND 1910— Continued. City uid State. Deaths of infants under 1 year of age. Number. Johnstown, Pa Lowell, Mass Lynn, Mass Manchester, N. H New Bedford, Mass New Haven, Conn New York, N. Y Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough. . Manhattan Boroagh. Queens Borough Richmond Borough. Pawtucket, R.I Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Me Providence, R.I Reading, Pa Saginaw, Mich Scranton, Pa Somervllle, Mass Springfield, Mass 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 190S 1909 1910 1908 1909 19f0 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1908 1909 1910 1,446 1,454 '1,628 2,744 2,663 '2,630 2,142 2,037 '2,218 1,631 1,633 '1,939 3, .580 3,8.15 '3,873 3,532 3,457 ' 3, 772 125,533 122,283 •129,316 9,486 9,401 '10,926 41,547 41,239 '43,128 66,140 63,335 '66,112 6,312 6,316 '7,095 2,048 1,992 '2,055 1,025 1,032 (') 36,164 37,020 '38,666 14,426 13,675 '15,069 1,163 1,220 '1,163 5,833 5,603 m 2,286 2,291 '2,370 1,001 968 '897 3,120 3,583 '3,512 1,807 1,756 '1,728 2,181 2,260 '2,438 175 235 268 653 493 607 238 202 216 346 429 376 614 549 685 391 414 406 16, 146 15,920 16, 159 1,018 988 1,047 4,995 4,028 6,063 8,993 8,848 8,900 793 863 865 347 303 284 154 179 191 5,386 4,992 5,334 2,195 1,930 2,259 159 166 167 776 755 827 318 263 336 134 121 130 660 522 520 177 148 174 210 258 ' Provisional figure. 2 Based on provisional figure for births. ' Returns of births not received from the State board of health in time for inclusion. 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2—13 194 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBB IN LAWBBNOE, MASS. ESTFANT MOBTALITY (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) IN REGISTRATION CITIES OF 60,000 POPULATION OR OVER, 1908, 1909, AND 1910— Concluded. City and State. Year. Births. Deaths of infants under 1 year of Number. Per 1.000 birttis. Washington, D. C White , Colored Waterbury, Conn. Wilkes-Barre, Fa. Worcester, Mass.. 1908 6,988 1909 7,000 1910 17, CIS 1908 4,815 1909 4,783 1910 14,636 1908 2,173 1909 2,217 1910 '2,380 1908 2,100 1909 2,169 1910 12,160 1908 1,726 1909 1,793 1910 11,840 1908 3,979 1909 3,645 1910 13,918 1,099 1,039 1,068 531 501 487 668 638 581 278 319 320 248 216 269 466 442 636 157 148 2162 110 105 no5 261 243 2244 132 147 2149 144 120 2146 114 121 2137 t Provisional figure. 2 Based on provisional figure for births. In the following table the cities are arranged for each of the three years, 1908, 1909, and 1910, in descending order according to death rate of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 births. The table includes 35 cities in 1908 and 1909 and 33 in 1910. In Lawrence the deathrate of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 births was 155 in 1908, 172 in 1909, and 167 in 1910. In 1908 the infant death rate in Lawrence was lower than in 8 other cities and higher than in 26 other cities included in the comparison. Of the cities which showed a higher rate than Law- rencein 1908 three were distinctly textile towns, and one city (Washing- ton) had a large colored population. In 1909 the infant death rate in Lawrence was lower than in 6 other cities, and higher than in 28 other cities included in the comparison. Four of the cities which showed a higher rate than Lawrence in 1909 were distinctly textile towns. In 1910 the infant death rate in Lawrence was lower than in 6 other cities and higher than in 26 other cities included in the comparison; four of the cities which showed a higher rate were distinctly textile towns. CHAPTER V. GENERAL STATISTICS. 195 DEATH RATE (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) OF INFANTS UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE, PER 1,000 BIRTHS, IN REGISTRATION CITIES OF 50,000 POPULATION OR OVER, DSr DESCENDING ORDER, 1908, 1909, 1910. [Compiled from reports of the Bureau ot the Census. Concerning the accuracy of birth registration in the United States and its relation to the infant mortality rate, the following statement is made by the Bureau of the Census: " * * ♦ Owing to the very detective character ot birth registration in the United States, reliable ratios of infantile mortaUty are not available for the country as a whole, for the registration area, or even for a single State or large city of the country. Even on the assumption, which is not always correct, that all deaths of infants are recorded, rates of infantile mortality computed on the basis of the incomplete birth returns would be somewhat higher than the actual rates." ' "Although the birth returns are so incomplete that no thoroughly reliable rates of infant mortaUty can be computed for any portion of the United States nevertheless the data tor certain areas in which the birth registration is believed to be conducted most efficiently may be of some service." 2] 1908 1909 1910 City and State. Death rate of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 births. City and State. Death rate ot infants under! year of To&" births. City and State. Death rate of infants under! year ot births." 212 202 182 178 176 175 164 167 110 261 156 152 160 149 149 144 144 139 137 134 133 132 129 107 120 136 126 169 ■ 128 124 121 118 117 116 114 111 111 110 102 9S 97 96 Manchester, N. H Holyoke, Mass Fall River, Mass Lowell, Mass 263 231 186 185 176 173 178 162 166 148 105 243 147 146 143 141 141 138 136 135 135 130 105 119 140 135 152 129 125 121 120 120 120 119 116 114 110 107 102 101 99 84 231 Lowell, Mass Holyoke, Mass Manchester, N. H Fall River, Mass Detroit, Mich 213 Holyoke, Mass Fall River, Mass 193 186 Detroit, Mich 179 Detroit, Mi'^h Pawtucket, R. I Lawrence, Uass Johnstown, Pa Erie, Pa New Bedford, Mass. . . Lawrence, Mass Johnstown, Pa Washington, D. C White 177 Allentown, Pa Washington, D. C White 167 165 162 Washington, D.'C White 105 Lawrence, Mass Pittsburgh, Pa Pawtucket,R. I 244 Colored . Pittsburgh, Pa Waterbury, Conn 150 Waterbinry, Conn 149 148 Philadelphia, Pa New Bedford, Mass . . . Wilkes-Barre, Pa New Bediord, Mass . . . Allentown, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa Bridgeport, Conn Wilkes-Barre, Pa Saginaw, Mich Allentown, Pa Portland, Me 146 145 144 144 142 Saginaw, Mich Providence, R.I Waterbury, Conn New York, N.Y Bronx Borough... Brooklyn Borough Manhattan Borough Queens Borough . . Richmond Borough Bridgeport, Coim Erie, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Providence, R. I NewYork, N. Y Bronx Borough- . . Brooklyn Borough Manhattan Borough Queens Borough . . Richmond Borough Harrisburg, Pa Saginaw, Mich Worcester, Mass Philadelphia, Pa Worcester, Mlass Harrisburg, Pa 138 137 129 126 New York, N.Y Bronx Borough... Brooklyn Borough M anhattan Borough Queens Borough . . Richmond Borough Springfield, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Grand Kapids, Mich.. Altoona, Pa 125 96 117 136 122 138 124 Johnstown, Pa Cambridge, Mass 123 New Haven, Conn — Wilkes-Barre, Pa Brockton, Mass Altoona, Pa 122 119 Harrisburg, Pa Worcester, Mass Cambridge, Mass Hartford, Conn Erie, Pa 119 119 Springfield, Mass 115 New Haven, Conn Hartford, Conn Grand Rapids, Mich . . SomervUle.Mass Brockton, Mass Springfield, Mass New Haven, Corm Somerville, Mass Brockton, Mass T/ypn, Mfl. Estimated by the Bureau of the Census as ot July 1, 1910. CHAPTEB V, — GENSSSAL STATISTICS. ^01 KATE PER 100,000 POPULATION BY CEBTAIN CAUSES, IN REGISTRATION CITIES OVER, 1910. the Buieaa of the Census.] Death rate per 100,000 population. Mea- Scarlet Whoop- Diph- theria Influ- sipelas. Tuber- culosis Tuber- culous Other forms of Rheu- Can- Dia- sles. fever. ing cough. and croup. enza. of the lungs.' menin- gitis. tuber- culosis. ma- tism. cer.' betes. 20.8 8.1 18.5 39.3 2.3 3.5 108.6 23.1 12.7 10.4 78.6 4.6 26.8 19.2 15.3 42.1 5.7 1.9 124.5 9.6 9.6 13.4 99.6 28.7 5.7 26.8 32.5 13.4 63.1 3.8 7.6 9.6 42.0 17.2 14.2 " "9;2' 7.6 23.9 7.6 ""'i.'z 171.7 21.5 11.4 6.4 104.5 20.8 5.8 19.5 26.3 27.3 6.8 4.9 178.2 10.7 9.7 6.8 72.0 23.4 1.7 3.8 15.7 2.9 8.7 22.8 26.2 7.6 1.7 1.0 87.3 245.4 22.7 14.3 17.5 9.5 3.5 3.8 76.8 80.8 27.9 S.'i 15.2 6.6 16.2 23.0 33.8 5.3 5.3 98.9 4.9 11.9 6.2 68.9 14.5 6.0 15.0 4.5 16.5 12.0 4.5 125.7 4.5 6.0 4.5 76.3 16.5 17.5 2.5 15.9 19.2 5.8 1.7 141.8 5.8 8.3 4.2 80.9 10.0 17.7 5.3 10.6 5.3 3.5 101.6 4.4 17.7 7.1 91.0 12.4 ""i.V 7.8 9.3 68.3 14.0 3.1 125.7 3.1 9.3 14.0 59.0 16.5 16.1 7.0 4.0 34.2 17.1 12.1 154.1 6.0 10.1 11.1 94.6 32.2 18.9 12.1 18.9 12.1 8.6 129.2 8.6 8.6 5.2 68.9 22.4 17.9 " ■■i6."7' 1.8 41.2 5.4 109.2 8.9 10.7 6.4 51.9 7.2 28.1 41.2 5.6 20.6 "■■7.'5" 1.9 112.4 19.7 12.2 11.2 84.3 16.9 4.5 5.6 8.9 21.1 16.7 4.5 112.4 11.1 14.5 5.6 66.8 21.1 2.8 10.0 37.0 10.0 4.3 116.6 29.9 18.5 4.3 61.1 17.1 41.0 ""'s.'i" 8.2 25.6 3.1 4.1 112.7 15.4 11.3 6.1 58.4 14.3 4.5 8.2 9.7 12.7 14.2 8.2 146.9 15.7 12.7 6.0 95.4 18.6 14.4 20.0 6.9 35.6 6.1 6.2 185.0 17.0 9.0 8.1 78.0 18.6 12.3 17.6 5.9 30.4 5.3 3.4 410.2 19.6 6.2 6.2 76.6 18.3 21.2 23.3 5.0 34.1 7.0 4.9 151.2 12.3 9.2 11.2 74.0 15.9 10.9 19.3 6.4 38.2 5.4 8.2 174.5 20.9 9.7 6.2 82.4 21.1 9.7 11.1 7.0 35.1 7.0 2.4 124.4 8.7 7.0 8.3 66.7 13.2 6.9 16.0 4.6 23.1 11.6 1.2 175.7 11.6 9.2 9.2 86.7 25.4 23.1 5.8 13.5 13.5 3.8 138.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 71.2 21.2 10.6 '"'g.'s' 20.5 30.8 10.2 5.1 193.5 11.8 11.6 7.8 85.0 16.1 33.1 22.2 14.4 25.4 14.2 4.1 104.2 12.5 13.1 7.7 65.6 8.6 8.5 3.4 3.4 15.3 13.6 3.4 108.9 8.5 11.9 8.5 129.4 18.7 31.9 6.7 11.1 21.7 16.4 2.2 153.5 18.6 13.3 4.0 101.1 19.1 14.5 13.5 9.3 30.1 20.7 1.0 107.8 6.2 8.3 4.1 79.8 17.6 5.9 13.8 7.9 7.9 5.9 84.9 3.9 11.8 15.8 94.8 16.8 8.4 "Y.V 12.3 28.4 8.4 5.4 90.5 9.2 5.4 6.9 65.9 16.1 5.2 6.4 1.3 27.1 10.3 6.4 98.0 14.2 5.2 2.6 86.4 20.6 14.5 22.3 23.4 41.3 20.1 2.2 81.5 3.3 16.7 6.7 92.7 16.7 1.2 4.2 10.5 9.3 23.8 3.9 233.6 8.1 11.1 11.4 90.8 16.6 8.2 6.4 24.5 44.8 13.6 4.1 127.7 10.9 17.7 10.9 55.7 20.4 7.4 8.9 8.9 32.6 10.4 4.4 71.2 3.0 11.9 8.9 60.8 10.4 16.7 3.4 21.8 34.8 4.8 6.8 103.6 17.0 10.9 5.5 95.4 21.1 a Includiag "acute miliary tuberculosis." s« Cancer aud other malignant tumors.' 202 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEftS US' tAWEBlTdE, MASS. POPULATION, NUMBER OF DEATHS (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS), AND DEATH OF 60,000 OB City and State. Death rate per 100,000 population. Menin- gitis. Cerebral hemor- rhage and softening. Organic diseases of the heart. Bron- chitis. Pneumo- nia (all forms). Other respira- tory dis- Lawrence, Mass AUentowH, Pa Altoona, Pa Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Brockton, Mass Cambridge^ Mass Detroit, Mich Erie, Pa Fall River, Mass.. Grand Rapids, Mich Harrisburg, Pa Hartford, Coim Holyoke, Mass Johnstown, Pa Lowell, Mass Lyim, Mass Manchester, N. H New Bedford, Mass New Haven, Conn NewYork, N. Y Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough . Manhattan Borough Queens Borough Richmond Borough . Pawtuoket, R. I Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Me Providence, R.I Reading, Pa Saginaw, Mich Scranton Pa Somerville, Mass Springfield, Mass Washington, D. C Waterbury, Conn • Wilkes-Barre, Pa Worcester, Mass 28.9 15.3 21.0 15.6 22.4 29.7 9.5 27.0 4.5 23.4 16.0 4.7 18.1 48.2 8.9 23.4 22.3 66.4 41.0 16.7 11.4 11.0 8.8 13.7 10.1 6.9 9.6 7.7 13.6 17.0 13.3 12.4 17.8 10.7 7.7 20.1 12.9 9.6 14.8 16.7 69.3 141.7 66.9 91.6 63.6 83.8 S7.5 54.2 100.3 76.8 70.7 125.7 106.7 67.2 37.6 96.5 65.7 82.5 72.8 84.2 54.9 67.2 68.8 47.7 69.5 64.7 103.9 76.0 65.2 139.6 98.5 93.3 88.8 91.2 128.2 76.1 66.4 92.7 116.6 132.2 97.6 201.1 114.9 122.2 153.1 109.5 176.1 126.8 168.8 149.0 170.2 103.4 89.5 172.3 149.1 116.2 153.7 178.2 137.4 126.8 161.2 123.9 127.9 136.4 148.2 173.1 126.9 200.9 179.2 122.4 159.9 86.6 219.2 128.4 212.2 108.7 97.9 196.3 38.1 9.6 13.4 24.6 16.6 12.2 27.6 30.4 18.0 78.4 26.5 15.5 24.2 20.7 10.7 84.3 14.6 51.2 46.1 32.8 28.9 16.7 42.4 22.7 22.9 18.5 40.4 33.6 62.7 30.6 28.8 32.1 33.6 46.8 19.3 2L2 36.4 3L2 28.2 27.3 235.7 153.2 114.7 213.0 167.5 106.5 182.6 166.6 131.7 196.0 82.2 114.8 207.4 232.6 218.3 196.7 155.8 167.8 186.5 208.0 222.9 167.0 225.4 238.0 176.6 205.7 178.9 167.1 323.7 161.7 1947 127.6 86.9 2W.8 168.6 184.2 174.0 191.6 142.4 190.1 18.5 19.2 22.9 11.9 19.6 22.7 15.2 23.2 19.6 16.7 24.7 9.3 16.1 18.9 16.1 18.7 13.4 16.6 23.6 17.1 14.1 11.0 13.6 15.3 12.2 16.2 11. S 23.1 26.0 47.7 14.6 33.2 17.8 26.8 11.6 12.3 28.6 17.7 36.6 10.9 CHAPTER V. — GENERAL STATISTICS. 203 EATE PEE 100,000 POPDLATION, BY CEETAIN CAUSES, IN EEGISTEATION CITIES OVEE, 1910— Concluded. Death rate per 100,000 population. Diar- rhea and enteritis (under 2 years). dicitis. Hernia, intesti- nal ob- struc- tion. Cirrho- sis ol the liver. Nephrl- (Bright's disease). Puer- peral fever. Other puer- peral affec- tions. Congeni- tal de- bility and mal- forma- tions. Violent deaths (exclud- mg sui- cide). Suicide. lU de- fined and un- known. AU other causes. 305.0 16.2 9.2 4.6 68.2 9.2 9.2 105.1 82.0 9.2 49.7 246.1 105.3 11.5 15.3 7.7 86.2 15.3 13.4 97.7 130.2 13.4 67.5 226.0 49.7 13.4 7.6 15.3 841 9.6 9.6- 116.6 93.8 15.3 26.8 219.8 100.6 16.3 13.8 14.4 89.5 6.6 8.3 89.6 95.9 15.3 17.2 273.2 123.7 7.8 9.7 11.7 1149 5.8 8.8 101.3 73.0 32.1 20.4 220.0 41.9 14.0 15.7 5.2 68.1 140 8.7 85.6 541 12.2 19.2 213.1 94.2 11.4 15.2 7.6 78.0 1.9 2.9 846 58.0 8.6 8.6 232.0 123.6 16.0 20.6 16.6 67.0 10.2 10.4 140.8 85.1 26.0 48.9 291.0 127.2 13.5 16.5 21.0 85.3 16.5 13.5 88.3 85.3 15.0 1.5 209.5 373.8 7.5 15.0 6.7 94 3 5.0 7.5 135.2 47.6 15.9 40.9 239.4 95.4 21.2 14.1 4.4 83.1 44 13.3 1043 68.3 11.5 36.3 318.1 59.0 6.2 12.4 9.3 93.1 47 7.8 79.1 108.6 140 37.2 242.1 75.5 18.1 22.2 23.2 115.8 10.1 6.0 96.7 88.6 16.1 18.1 310.1 270.4 12.1 15.5 18.9 112.0 5.2 5.2 174 68.9 6.9 27.8 232.5 198.7 17.9 26.8 14.3 841 16.1 21.5 107.4 180.8 7.2 48.3 220.1 252.0 15.0 17.8 15.0 104 .9 6.6 146.1 69.3 15.9 22.5 327.8 81.2 11.1 18.9 2.2 81.2 3.3 6.7 61.2 55.6 7.8 145 237.1 149.3 11.4 12.8 1.4 85.3 43 156.4 39.8 43 540 314 2 324 8 10.2 13.3 7.2 62.5 ""i'i' 7.2 130.1 69.7 8.2 49.2 321.8 86.5 13.4 15.7 11.9 126.7 7.5 6.7 75.3 88.7 11.9 37.3 261.7 123.1 13.1 12.1 20.4 142.6 7.8 8.9 81.0 78.3 16.9 15.1 194 6 74.0 10.1 9.8 19.2 132.5 7.8 7.3 67.6 64.9 16.3 12.1 160.4 132.7 13.3 12.2 22.3 135.8 7.2 10.0 64.4 66.5 149 2.6 186.1 126.0 14.0 13.0 19.2 150.6 8.7 8.5 98.5 87.7 18.8 22.9 208.6 119.2 8.0 8.3 19.1 120.3 5.9 6.6 74 4 83.8 142 19.1 164.0 122.5 15.0 9.2 26.6 179.1 3.5 16.2 67.0 97.1 18.6 46.1 256.6 132.8 1.9 11.5 13.5 132.8 6.8 9.6 94 3 75.0 11.6 26.9 2640 150.3 11.9 14.2 18.1 171.9 9.1 9.5 74 5 83.6 19.8 17.5 249.0 177.3 11.2 13.6 18.1 74 7 13.3 9.2 94 3 1343 22.8 19.6 245.1 73.2 28.9 32.3 8.5 136.2 8.5 5.1 749 97.0 8.5 23.8 401.7 123.8 20.4 16.9 18.2 143.3 8.0 12.4 82.5 94 16.9 240 258.2 106.8 9.3 13.5 11.4 98.5 10.4 11.4 94 4 70.6 22.8 69.1 265.1 51.3 21.7 17.8 15.8 65.3 11.8 2.0 92.8 84.9 9.9 35.5 313.9 230.8 19.2 20.7 21.5 95.1 46 17.6 56.0 167.1 10.7 10.0 235.4 67.0 14.2 6.4 9.0 61.9 5.2 142 55.4 49.0 8.4 7.7 235.9 109.4 20.1 12.3 4.5 171.9 6.7 2.2 98.2 107.2 23.4 13.4 281.3 92.4 11.1 17.5 10.5 161.7 12.0 9.0 106.9 78.6 24.1 29.5 364 3 160.3 23.1 5.4 8.2 78.8 5.4 13.6 111.4 69.3 23.1 19.0 232.3 135.0 25.2 22.2 23.7 949 16.3 14 8 118.6 225.4 44 59.3 264.0 134.3 12.9 16.4 9.5 73.6 8.2 5.5 95.4 87.9 7.5 16.4 330.5 204 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWEEWCE, MASS. The preceding tables relative to mortality statistics do not include stillbirths. The number of stillbirths in Lawrence in each of the years 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910, as shown by the reports of the board oi health of that city, was as follows: 1906 114 1907 127 1908 125 1909 139 1910 133 The next table shows the number of stillbirths and also the number of births and the population in 1910 of Lawrence and of seven other cities in Massachusetts. Taking into consideration the number of births, there were a smaller number of stillbirths in Lawrence than in LoweU, Lynn, Holyoke, and Brockton. POPULATION, BIETHS, AND STILLBIRTHS IN EIGHT CITIES IN MASSACHUSETTS, 1910. (Compiled from reports of the Bureau of the Census and of the Massachusetts Board of Health.] City. Popula- tion.! Births.2 StiU- births. StiU- births per i.OOO births. Lawrence Boston Brockton Fall River Holyoke Lowell Lynn New Bedford . 85,892 670,585 66,878 119,295 57,730 106,294 89,336 96,652 3,165 17,760 1,359 4,591 1,702 2,630 2,218 3,873 133 675 60 191 79 136 108 137 44 42 46 52 49 35 ■ Enumerated by the Bureau of the Census, Apr. 15, 1910. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ' Provisional figures. The labor law of Massachusetts (chap. 514, sec. 56, Acts of 1909) states that "No child under the age of 14 years, and no child who is over 14 and under 16 years of age who does not have a certificate as required by the four following sections [sees. 57, 58, 59, and 60] certifying to the child's ability to read at sight and to write legibly simple sentences in the English language shall be employed in any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment." The age and schooling certificates must be approved by the superintendent of schools, or by a person authorized by him in writing, or if there is no superintendent of schools, by a person authorized by the school committee. The person issuing the certificate certifies that the appli- cant "can read at sight and can write legibly simple sentences m the English language." The provisions of the labor law as to compulsory attendance at day or evening school extend to minors until 21 years of age, in so far as they are unable to read and write according to the test prescribed by the statute, i. e., such ability as is required for admission to the fourth grade of the schools of the city or town in which such minor CHAPTEE V. GENERAL STATISTICS. 205 lives. (Sees. 17, 66.) While a public evening school is maintained no illiterate over 16 and under 21 years of age may be employed unless he furnishes a weekly record showing his school attendance each week of the term; provided, however, that on presentation of a cer- tificate signed by a registered practicing physician and satisfactory to the superintendent of schools, if there be one, or if not, to the school committee, showing that the physical condition of the holder is such that attendance on an evening school, in addition to his daily labor, would be prejudicial to his health, any such illiterate minor shall receive from the superintendent or school committee a permit authorizing his employment for a fixed period of time. According to figures furnished by the superintendent of the Law- rence public schools, labor certificates were issued during the calendar year 1911 to 1,401 persons 14 and under 16 years of age, and to 4,425 persons 16 and under 21 years of age. Of the 4,425 persons 16 and under 21 years of age to whom labor certificates were issued 3,371 were literate and 1,054 were illiterate. During 1911, 400 pupils withdrew from the grammar grades of the Lawrence public schools. Seventy per cent of these pupils left school for the purpose of going to work. The causes assigned for withdrawal were: Going to work 282 Left city 80 Personal illness _. 29 Illness at home 5 To help at home 2 Delinquent 1 Essex County Training School 1 Total 400 Of those withdrawing from school, 149, or 37.3 per cent, left the sixth grade; 153, or 38.3 per cent, left the seventh grade; and 89, or 22.3 per cent, left the eighth grade. The report of the Lawrence school committee for 1909 includes a table showing the parentage of public-school pupils, as foUows: PARENTAGE OF PUPILS OF LAWRENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Parentage. American . Armenian. Austrian.. Belgian... English... Canadian. French German. . . Irish Pupils. Number. 2,700 19 57 26 990 563 67 737 920 Per cent of total. 32.6 .2 .7 .3 U.9 6.8 .7 8.9 11.1 Parentage. Italian Portuguese Russian Scotch Syrian Other Total Pupils. Number. 762 69 872 280 152 84 8,288 Per cent of total. 9.2 .8 10.5 3.4 1.8 1.0 100.0 206 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEBS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Thirty-two and six-tenths per cent of the pupils were of American parentage and 67.4 per cent were of foreign parentage. The same report shows that one pupU out of five was bom outside the United States and that three pupUs out of five were born in Lawrence. The birthplace of the pupils was as follows: Place of birth. Number of pupils. Percent of total. Lawrence Massachusetts, outside of Lawrence United States, outside of Massachusetts Foreign countries Total 5,284 810 63.8 9.8 7.0 19.4 100.0 The nationahty of those attending the evening elementary public schools in December, 1911, as reported by the superintendent of schools, was as follows: Eace or nationality. Niunber attend- ing. Percent distribu- tion. Nan-English speaking: Italian 450 161 140 138 112 42 32 26 14 18 French 12 9 Polish 12.0 1 i^tlilifl.nia.n 9 6 3.6 2.7 Rii.qRi^in 2 2 Greek 1.2 1.5 Total 1,123 47 96 4.0 1,170 Of the 1,170 attending the elementary evening schools, 38.5 per cent were Italians, and a total of 96 per cent were of non-English- speaking races. A report recently submitted to the Lawrence superintendent of schools by the head master gives the nationality of high-school graduates, as determined by birthplace of parents, as follows: United States, 54 per cent; Ireland, 17 per cent; England, 9 per cent; Canada, 5 per cent; Germany, 5 per cent; Russia, 4 per cent; Scotland, 3 per cent; Italy, Austria, Syria, Armenia, and Egypt, each less than 1 per cent. CHAPTER V. GENERAL STATISTICS. 207 The next table shows the enrollment and attendance in the Law- rence public schools during each of the last seven years. ENEOLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE IN THE LAWRENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, CALENDAR YEARS 1905 TO 1911. [Compiled from reports of the school committee of the city of Lawrence.] Year. Total en- rollment. Average member- ship. Average attend- ance. Per cent of attend- ance. 1905 9,762 10,387 10,461 10,183 10,711 10,754 10,688 7,951 8,074 8,129 8,065 8,232 8,383 8,416 7,442 7,447 7,631 7,665 7,679 7,806 7,876 94 1906 92 1907 93 1908 94 1909 93 1910 93 1911 93 The next table shows the age of the pupUs in the pubhc-school grades on December 1, 1911. AGE or PUPILS IN THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL GRADES ON DECEMBER 1, 1911. [Compiled from reports of the school committee of the city of Lawrence.] Age. Grade— Total gracJes 1 to8. 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 1 399 625 314 120 30 16 12 4 2 1 5 years 4 273 441 280 138 60 30 11 8 1 1 1 6 229 430 266 117 76 31 28 9 404 904 6 196 333 241 135 69 44 12 3 1 1 990 4 152 302 252 169 90 16 7 1 1 6 144 270 193 152 24 5 2 1,030 939 20 43 191 208 143 66 12 3 5 25 50 157 160 109 29 7 10 years 938 1,015 842 627 226 15 years 57 14 1 Total 1,523 1,237 1,181 1,040 993 797 675 542 7,988 208 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. ALIENS LEAVING THE UNITED STATES. The records of the United States Bureau of Immigration show that during the months of January, February, and March, 1912, 106 aliens departing from the port of Boston and 127 aUens departing from the port of New York reported Lawrence, Mass., as their last residence. The number of such aliens of each race was as follows : ALIEN EMIGEANTS DEPARTING FBOM THE POETS OF NEW YOEK AND BOSTON, EEPOBTED AS FEOM LAWEENCE, MASS., DURING THEEE MONTHS IN 1910. [Compiled from data fumislied by the United States Bureau of Immigration.] Port ^d nationality. Janu- ary. Febru- ary March. Port and nationality. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. NEW YORK. 1 ID 5 11 i 2 6 1 1 2 1 BOSTON. English 5 4 Irish 1 Englisli 1 Scotch 1 60 1 21 German Armenian Greek Portuguese 7 1 4 9 1 5 34 24 6 Total Polish .... 1 66 39 Ruthenian ■ 3 4 Syrian Total 16 93 18 POSTAL SAVINGS BANK DEPOSITS AND WITHDRAWALS. The United States Postal Savings Bank in Lawrence was opened October 14, 1911, and on March 12, 1912, there were 238 open accounts with $15,349.80 on deposit. The statement which foUows shows the business of the bank by calendar weeks, commencing with October 16, 1911. NUMBEE AND AMOUNT OF POSTAL SAVINGS BANK DEPOSITS AND WITHDEAWALS IN LAWRENCE,. OCTOBER 16, 1911, TO MARCH 9, 1912. [Compiled from data furnished by the postmaster at Lawrence.] Deposits. Withdrawals. Week. Deposits. Withdrawals. Week. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount 1911 Oct. 16-21 26 26 35 34 35 31 24 22 18 13 30 $486 818 764 840 394 778 568 623 708 556 498 1918 24 24 15 24 27 19 17 34 34 37 S805 273 328 1,338 1,245 634 539 1,814 1,673 1,316 1, 1- 11 14 15 16 11 10 6 S60 Oct. 23-28 Oct. 30-Nov. 4.... Nov. fr-U 1 6 $20 84 Jan. 8-13...:.... Jan. 15-20 Jan. 22-27 Jan. 29-Feb. 3... Feb. 5-10 Feb. 12-17 Feb. 19-24 Feb. 2ft-Mar. 2... Mar. 4-9 57 35 292 Nov. 13-18 Nov. 20-25 Nov. 27-Deo. 2.... Dec. 4-9 3 5 3 3 3 8 3 9 51 30 4 16 57 21 331 344 286 183 Deo. 11-16 Dec. 18-23 176 161 Deo. 25-30 Total 649 1 16,788 126 2,263 s CHAPTEK V. GENEEAL STATISTICS. 209 SAVINGS BANKS DEPOSITS AND WITHDRAWALS. - During the eight weeks of the strike the amount withdrawn from three savings banks in Lawrence eqvialed 192 per cent of the amount deposited. During the corresponding period in 1911 the amount withdrawn equaled 81 per cent of the amount deposited. The table which follows shows for the three savings banks the deposits and withdrawals each week for the eight weeks of the strike in 1912 and for the corresponding weeks in 1911: DEPOSITS AND WITHDRAWALS IN THREE SAVINGS BANKS IN LAWRENCE DURINO EIGHT WEEKS OF 19U AND EIGHT WEEKS OF 1912. [Compiled from data furnislied by officials of the savings banl^s.] 1911 1912 Week of the year. Deposits. Withdrawals. Deposits. Withdrawals. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amoimt Third 2,335 1,342 1,286 1,578 1,547 1,481 1,699 1,681 $143,759.27 64,663.41 64, 132. 61 65,631.73 61,206.97 68,191.24 71,066.81 82,290.13 795 669 628 646 609 519 567 600 $95,964.39 68,816.36 76,221.18 60,457.26 47,251.28 46,562.29 47,933.04 59,911.78 1,490 692 740 667 876 786 793 864 $110,021.36 39,282.20 32,428.38 34,876.68 63,854.54 38,772.80 36,588.09 39,399.98 898 1,005 1,456 1,266 1,193 1,212 1,091 891 $92,093.37 89,072.63 Fourth Fifth 116, 602. 17 Sixth.. .. . 90,370.90 84,093.97 113,752.56 84,541.92 65,714.83 Seventh. . . . Eighth Ninth Tenth Total 12,849 620,841.17 5,022 502,117.58 6,898 384,224.03 9,012 736,242.35 The withdrawals during the eight weeks of the strike (third to tenth weeks of the year, inclusive) were $234,124.77 greater than during the corresponding period in 1911, and the amount withdrawn during the eight weeks of 1912 equaled 147 per cent of the amount withdrawn during the corresponding period in 1911. The deposits during the eight weeks of 1912 were $236,617.14 less than during the corresponding period in 1911, and the amount deposited during the eight weeks of 1912 equaled 62 per cent of the amount deposited during the corresponding period in 1911. In the above table "transfers" are included both in withdrawals and in deposits. 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 14 210 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEBS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS ISSUED AND PAID. The foreign money orders issued and also the foreign money orders paid by the Lawrence post office during the period from July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1911, are shown in the following statement: NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS ISSUED AND NUMBER AND AMOUNT PAID DURING FISCAL YEARS 1907 TO 1911. [Compiled from data furnislied by the postmaster at Lawrence.) Fiscal year. Foreign money orders issued. Foreign money orders paid Number. Amount. Number. Amount. 1907 9,549 9,389 9,443 10,567 8,960 1153, 192. 15 146,766.08 136,716.34 161,926.90 128,430.88 580 887 706 726 639 $14,544.19 22, 696. 60 1908 1909 17,633.08 18,615.97 18,742.36 1910 1911 Hl^O^ CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 211 CHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. DESCRIPTION ANP EXPLANATION OF TABLES. This chapter of the report includes three detailed tables and three sumnaary tables, relative to rates of wages and amount earned and hours worked during the week for which pay-roll data were secured, for four woolen and worsted mills and corresponding tables for three cotton mills. In the three detailed tables the primary classification is by occupation and in the three summary tables the primary classi- fication is by mill department. This chapter also includes a table giving detailed information concerning each of 188 households visited by agents of the Bureau of Labor and a table showing expenditures day by day for food of two families and of three lodgers during August and October, 1911. Table I. — Average and classified hourly rates of wages in each depart- ment, by occupation, sex, and agegroup {pp. 21 7 to 271 and 372 to Jfi5) . — ■ In this table the mill departments are arranged alphabetically and within each department the occupations are also in alphabetical order. Under each occupation the data are shown separately for males 18 years of age and over, males under 18, females 18 and over, and females under 18. Under each sex and age classification the employees are further divided into time workers and pieceworkers. At the end of each department is a summary by sex and age group. The rates shown in Table I are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earnings and actual hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers. The first department shown in the table for woolen and worsted mills is the beaming department, and the first occupation entered under that department is beamers. Two of the mills employed 2 males 18 years of age and over, 2 mills employed 201 females 18 years of age and over, and one mill employed 15 females under 18 years of age. Forty-one of the 201 females 18 and over, and 3 of the females under 18, worked less than 56 hours during the week for which pay-roll data were secured. All of the 218 beamers were time workers and the rate per hour for 217 was 10 and under 11 cents and for 1 was 9 and under 10 cents. Table II. — Average and classified amounts earned during weelc, in each department, by occupation, sex, and age group {pp. 272 to 321 and 213 214 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Ji.06 to 437). — In this table, as in Table I, the data are arranged by mill departments, under departments by occupations, and under occupations by sex and age group. No distinction is made between time workers and pieceworkers. The table shows average amount earned during the week for which pay-roll data were secured and number of employees receiving each classified amount during week. The amounts shown for both time workers and pieceworkers are based on the actual earnings during the week for which data were secured, regardless of the number of hours actually worked; each sex and age classification, however, shows the number of employees working less than 56 hours during the week. In two mills a premium is allowed in certain occupations, and in every case where a premium was received the amount entered is the earnings for the whole premium period plus the premium. In weav- ing and some other occupations the premium is based on the earnings of four weeks. For weavers even in nonpremium mills data were taken for a two-week period in order to minimize the effect on earn- ings of unfinished cuts of cloth remaining on the looms. In all cases in which pay-roll data cover more than one week Table II carries the earnings for the period covered, the boxheads showing whether for two or four weeks. Where two weeks are shown the amounts are twice as great, and where four weeks are shown four times as great, as where the data are for a weekly period. In the summary at the end of each department all earnings are shown on a weekly basis. Table III. — Average and classified hours worked during week, in each department, by occupation, sex, and age group {pp. 322 to 361 and Jj.38 to 4-57). — In this table, as in Table I and Table II, the data are arranged by mill departments, under departments by occupation, and under occupation by sex and age group. No distinction is made between time workers and pieceworkers. The table shows average number of hours worked during the week for which pay-roll data were secured and number of employees work- ing each classified number of hours. The hours shown in the table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured. In the few cases, as explained under the description of Table II, where it was necessary to secure data for two or four weeks instead of one week, the hours shown in this table are for the whole period covered, the boxheads showing whether for two or four weeks. Where hours for two weeks are shown the numbers are twice as great, and where hours for four weeks are shown four times as great, as where the data are for a weekly period. In the summary at the end of each department the hours are shown on a weekly basis. CHAPTEK VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 215 Table IV. — Average and classified Jiourly rates of wages in each sex and age group, hy departments {pp. 352 to 359 and 458 to 4.65). — This table summarizes, by departments, Table I, and it shows for each sex and age group, within each mill department, the average rate of wages per hour and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified hourly rate. A table showing similar information, by departments, without regard to sex and age group, is shown in con- nection with the text discussion. The table is divided into two sections; the first section shows the number and the second section the per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Table V. — Average and classified amounts earned during weelc in each sex and age group, hy departments (pp. 360 to 367 and 466 to 473). — This table summarizes, by departments, Table II, and it shows for each sex and age group, within each mill department, the average amount earned and the number and per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week for which pay-roll data were secured. A table showing similar information, by depart- ments, without regard to sex and age group, is shown in connection with the text discussion. For this summary, data for all occupa- tions were reduced to a weekly basis for ready comparison. _ The reduction was made by dividing the amount earned, in the few occupations in which pay-roll data were secured for two or four weeks, by the number of weeks covered. The table is divided into two sections; the first section shows the number and the second section the per cent of employees earning each classified amount during the week for which pay-roll data were secured. Table VI. — Average and classified Tiours worTced during weelc in each sex and age group, hy departments {pp. 368 to 371 and 474 to 476). — This table summarizes, by departments. Table III, and it shows for each sex and age group, within each mill department, the average number of hours worked and the number and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours during the week for which pay-roll data were secured. A table showing similar infor- mation, by departments, without regard to sex and age group, is shown in connection with the text discussion. For this summary, as in Table V, data for all occupations were reduced to a weekly basis for ready comparison. The reduction was made by dividing the number of hours worked, in the few occupations for which pay-roll data were secured for two or four weeks, by the number of weeks covered. The table is divided into two sections; the first section shows the number and the second section the per cent of employees working each classified number of hours during the week for which pay-roll data were secured. 216 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Table A. — Number of persons in household, number of rooms occu- pied, and rent paid per week, by race of head of household {pp. ^77 to 485). — ^This table shows in detail data relative to the 18S house- holds visited by agents of the Bureau of Labor. The table shows for each household the members of the family, with the ages of children, the relationship to head of family of all the membsrs of the house- hold, and full-time wages per week for those employed; lodgers and boarders and their payments per month, the number of persons in the household, the number of rooms occupied, and rent per week. The data are shown by race of head of household. Table B. — Detailed expenditures for food of two families and of three lodgers, by race, August and October, 1911 {pp. 486 to 491). — In this table are shown in detail the expenditures day by day for food of two famihes and of three lodgers during the months of August and Octo- ber, 1911. Summary tables covering the period from August 1 to November 30 are shown in connection with the text discussion. Account books are usually destroyed following the settlement of accounts, and diligent search disclosed but very few account books for a period before the strike. These accounts show conditions just as they existed in the limited number of cases included, but the num- ber included is not sufficient for any conclusions as to whether they represent conditions generally among mill employees. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 217 218 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. « iz; <1 M w M ^ O 1— ( H «) PM t3 o CJ o !« cq H ^ s TJ H C W P <^ -M Ph c W 6 Q 1 W C/) o I-; ■< 1-1 W^ m'iS H :^ 1 r/) >p^ « fet= °n1 ^ w^ HH M «^ h^l K tf w ti t-i O w p ^ w t^ HH m 02 ■< ^A O ft ^ -a* •J 03 is "o 1 s ■a g g 1. O ft "S D ;2; 24 cents and over. ""^ -Isl^l CO m CO sl§l?3^ Ol CO Oa Sg^ISS CO CO CO CO CO S S N slg|s| cq (N (N CO s w slg|s| t^ ■* 'J' 3|§|S^ ■ s s I- r- CO "a CI fe3 a 'T t< ' s S5 M « cq o s S ss ■* ooo CO |>-Si 3 s cooo S S"- CO 1 rt " S^ CO CO COifl S3 -^S a s? ^ '^ '^ ■* tf ^ ^ 3 T3 ' tJ r/i «D (O ^ s s IN (N ^ '^ CO "l^l-l ■* M* -HCq CO ss a g E5S 8 moo S3 to 1 E-i OS-* S3 |9 CO CO ss i ?3S § i Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Ni-H (N (NO i f « a 1 « i "a -; is PS SS : 1 Id 03 m" i I o BEAMING DEPARTMENT- concluded. All occupations: Malft- IS vfiars and nvpr o Eh a 1 a It ii ii « 1 1 > a s E a "n i 3 s 1 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 219 - T ?; OS' s o OSaT •lis 2B S. a tar\ s 220 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Q ^ ^ ^ p5 H P hI O M O ^ w fe m m < h-; o Q !2; -t! H o <1 1 H H h.; n ■ O) ^ 2|^|ss 3 "* S5- ?S s -^ -^ C3 P'O'^ o lO lO 5" 5: s CO CO eq r--* (N OJ 30 "i «2i3 g s S=^ lO «3 (N ca ■* CC.-1 ■* s-^ S CD S?3 « CO 03 S-O^ o 1^ «3 O S wrt N JSS S ^ ■#C0 t^ ^ occ s OS t-H - -lil-l (Nt- o. OJ -l^l-l ■W5D O o t*(M a> en Aver- age rate of wages per hour. IS i s3 a o SSflgg s lO If Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. s 55 S" s o T^ (M CO 3 O Si s E rt r-( W r-l CO l-H Oi to Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Tf tH •^^ rp'^ ■^ "* ^ CI Time work- ers or piece- work- ers. c c C c 0) a Occupation, sex, and age group. HURLING DEPARTMENT— concluded. All occupations: Malp_ IS vpars and nvsr % cr t- a 1 1 E G Eh a c 1 > 1 C g i "e -a OS ci a 1 o O o \\ i ^ < a E I 1 \ I •MX. \ "c c i t .« a 1 > c i 1 OC E i .-= -c P c 1 > c 1 Q. •> OC ■1 E t C P i 1 c i it i g ■a § > a a "5 S a j f ' CARDING DEPARTMENT, WORSTED. Ball carriers, male, 18 years and over CHAPTER VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 221 X C-l CO i-imc'so-^w-occ^'ni (N t ..-t i-H-3'^rtir-0=D0i- rj o i-i --< -i --I T-H t* 1-1 -I (M CO M ■*"*«"* 1- COCOi-(rtTj(W.-«WF- D3 CS oS m S? sS 2 ES « 7J * iiS fS S ^ >o s fe ° a '='-'^ ° ° S 5 - ■ - " " .„-8SS « 01 '='-'^ o o D o'O ^ Goo ® ®2 S„ aBsaoB-aUa -32 3 -a .o.o.o a a E« as &»» o a £ so 03 00 3 n I « S a O •3 " a is §1 mil III § i ifiif fill r " EH e^ 222 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. Q :zi -«J >^ m H Z; w s -o H -1 rt c •< 'XI fU s w o « 1 W o 1-1 < 1-1 w^ H -1 P hH H Oo tf §1 i? i^ ft HW <1 1 •< 3 S is & o 1 1 J o .9 '3 o p. ■3 1 1 24 cents and over. -I^ISI -: s|il?3f sl^|s| -^ '. - - -f S|^|S| s j s CO '• CO o> ' a> 2" a Sw a g : s - -^ g ; s '^ 03 a> C4 • M a|g|s| "3 M 00 CO oo TjHrHlOm CO ga ^ -^ Sl^|2| PO U3 • 2 ooroco 1 CO ?3 ; i3 a i CO a ; s o 6^ g"" S -f 00 " a's" ^ ss 1 W-H Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. "*rt>-l ■*< -t : o : a o o s So OS ^ i s So |0 a" tH CJ ■safe Z^O 00 ■osa d o o Q O O at V ai CQQQEQ It CQ ki >.■« ■gaa ° °1 SE £ 03 03 ^ -■^a 03 (B *^ a a 2 's'Ej o o o cqEh6-i '2 * ..oo S SoTo; ■"Sa ■d OJ d OJ OJ laa 224 STKIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEBNCE, MASS. Q :z; 1 M a >^ n - O Oi CD o a> (O O »0 t~- t- O ^ lO (D ^ T-( (N CM r^ .-I PQ N iH II years ando "l^S i'Si.^s^ p-aaSa ale, 18 Ipers, male, male, male, llfll ers .ers iers iers Sin pnoow & 51240°— S. Doc. 870, In 62-2 -HCQCQQQQQCQCQ |a la j*^ -2 a 1 cT '9 Si 226 STEIKE OF TEXTILE "WOEKEES IN LAWEBNOE, MASS. a OQ o I— I H o o o 1^ E-i -^ H O Sal ft Hg 5 O W 9 « 1-:; o g' ^ s; Hag S3|i|Si m'2 a a^S 2|§|S| 1 a 0^242 ooSaSaS 3 PT3 o <1 ^ ^ rc; ^ boa o g p 3 o wa -^^ OJOi-h ihO c4 n m I 00 o OHAPTBB VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 227 eo lo M 'a* b- lo ^ m tji Tt* us 9S Oi lOi-Hrt MrtC4oowoi-." « -■-„ , — "a a^if^iPfl S a s s c 228 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWEBNOB, MASS. Q ^ <1 « W CO 13 O hH H H ;?; 1-^ p3 (»; t3 >- O H P ^ W pc. h-i VI m < h) O p ^ -hO IQ g'^ S ; i "1§I3I - ■ I(M S (N S" S • g '^ a 313'-' u '- rHCC "* i ■* id's %'^n (N ocio-*Oinu30t^osfH,-(ooi-H 2B 33 S '3 g Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. 1-1 WrH IiOM OJ s-^ ° • g 1 (N(N ■* (McoF-tTHmiHi-HfoowooNm >0 r-« C^ g" r S Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. i-trt w i-leO.-lr-t.-li-t.-li:OM.-i< ^i-IC4 i-H 230 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IK lAWBENCE, MASS. fl ^ ^ ^ >A [xj l-l o tn p ^ )— 1 fe t-H 02 ^ 1^ o o iz; <1 n .§ fe 1 ! o s a ■% 1 >. o 1 o fe 24 cents and over. ^ ss S|g|S| 10 U9 s|il8| CO CO s|§|s| r- ^- c3 PX) o CO to ^ N d 3li|2| CO i-l S" s s|i|2s ■^T-*!^ OI<£) 00 _ - gGO 2a afesi g^ jO «« «D "S ss s (N ^ i-t s" S S|^|S| moo IN IN g .-IIN CO 1 oo'SAfeo.jS 2S g 1 -|il"i -: - "lil-l -1^1"! Aver- age rate of wages per hour. s ss g Sss S2 g 3 3S s o ^ ll Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. C^tH 00 CON iO U3 NrH CO |?3 s 1 S«' K MM •£) *-ss t-CO 10 (N - IS i Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. l-Hr-t rH i-Hi-l ^ T-H^"^*< CO-* •* ^ -^Tl* ■* Time work- ers or piece- work- ers. Sod .S-o-o ^ : : c 1 1 1 P4 i 1 ill CQ ! i -a i t- i 1 s ^ §■ 1 i ' i g ■a s a 1 1 X i 1 00 1 1 i i oc Ij ! c 'a 1 1 ;> oc i c c j > i '.POC 1 ■( i J CHAPTEK VI. GENEEAL TABLES, 233 S' S3 I !>. (O (D "* ■^ ■' ■•S3 ««S HMiHM^ ^r- ■^ iH T-f tH fH i-l iH M r^ at a gS) ■a OS « e H fi If mm m 00 s a H ^- ° « g I S ^ ag 0) g *^ o > |i:-iiP la^n^s^ - ■i||s'g|l ..00 UJiH O P 5' fA fA I 234 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IK LAWEEKOE, MASS. o ^ ^ fq H ^ w 1^ 73 H rt p <1 -^ Ph N w a tt 1 w s l-l ■< 1-1 Mti M PI 02 -g H OO H << ^P3 ^ hw fl 5<5 ^ Pi< o l-H t^Tt< r; ^ eq THr-t rH l>eg 3 -^ 3 O -HOJ o i-H 0>'* CO "* CO ■* iH l-H 1-1 iH d CD»0 S -" Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. rHC4 (N .-H .-l.-t e^ ,H e^ C4 <-H i-H w iH t-t coesi CO -H Time work- ers or piece- work- ers.. .i.a ; s c o c ci £ § o §' 1 t 1 ! j FTNI3HING DEPABTMENI— Continued. Folders: Male. 18 vears and over a & 1 i E 1 j oc s 1 oc i o 1 3 o 1 oc 1 o 1 O i! OD |2 1^ O 1 1 « 1 f 1 00 CHAPTER VI. — GENEBAI. TABLES. 235 e^cOf-teoi-i P4 ss 3 "O 'O 'O'O "C 0) V as a ooo _2>^ o jf^ P4 OS'S £2 a E ■ t, s -op (B a " E •rt n rt g .. oD - g.2 gi 0059 "Si aa §1 ■a o as So s a »-o -g. 62 Eh] 236 STRIKE 0¥ TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. p a o jx[ p^ OQ is o 1— 1 H < ^ Q o o >^ w E-1 ;2i w a V E-i f^ ri <:^ +3 Ph a W o O 1 W i/j O I-; ^ H^ W^ H l-l PI m'-S A pgH ^ Oo r/1 Si « gg ^ i^ HH W H h^l ^ rt H P l-l o W o ^ pt( f—i QQ CQ <1 h^l o o ^ -«1 H o 1 n 'III si§5?3| iiaiss C3 D'O o 33 oBaa 2 3 PI ""a BO'S -I t)' -I'S; ' go's -IB OS'S clfe^-i e3 rJ-a o tH rt, 03 © tj ^ ll fcl M03 O 3 S? ■a Eh as •9SgSSS _. , (DCCi-H ■* iHi-HONi-HfHi-lT-lcS WOCCWi-H irH C<)NCll>< ' H DQ o ■< Ph P O o o i» m Iz; . S § s •a ^ 9 H S "el fl H g O o§ ^ i^ iz; «"=^ p o W P H M m m « *' tH tH • ^ s lO « M CO l>^ s N ; N 2|§|=| b- S S" S3 C^ 9 ■* OJ ■ o> "llisi s-^ S S3 8 S s-^ g "lil"! -Isl"! -Ill-I «l§l"l Aver- age rate of wages per hour. 1 1! i ta i t-t^ t^ ss II i If Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. ci s s s Pi g rHCS CO i 2 '• • to •3 1 s- S S" g CO § t^-^ s ■^■^ SJ*"* 53 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. «1- CO -^r- ■( ■* •^ ■*(« iHi- 4 tH rHi-H eOrH ■* Time work- ers or piece- work- ers. 11 i PS : 1 I Eh ^ S : 1 i 1 o FRAME-spraHiNG DEPARTMENT— Continued. Bobbm setters: Male, 18 years and over 3 "o :* 1 ! 00 if ^ 1 1 i 1^ ■a 1 1 is 5 : i \ i i 1 j c £ c J ! 1 'i p ; i t i 3 ! 1 ° SI f1 f ! i ° 1 1 3 1 C 1 ' > I a I CHAPTEE VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 239 3! ;S8 as 5S gs ■a y - 'S SjS 1 aTfl ■a 1^ o s 240 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOB, MASS. Q !?; o! >< w 03 12; o HH H «! Pm t) o o o >^ m H ^2; w S V H ^ rt u ■< Ph w o P 1 W «! o hJ A W^ 1-1 3 DCl'-S Q Wi=^ ^9 7) ^pI p; ^ mo HW Q • (Ni-H l-l ■* o S8 g- a 3-c « |1 1! ^.SS'O'O i* 1 r-1- S? • S OCT s « s >-• s-^ s TtfOS ■^ s ■*i- 4 "^C 3 "* INt- H eq frH '^C > ■* COi : 1^ > ■ => : : 2 ■a s'^ Is" y s '< ;' " 1 n • ''^ " ? t S t-. : |n n i ja_ >• ' '•'^ ^ ^ lal ^ Px 00 1^ 'ill 1 ^1 '• ..2 o oooo > •3 •if 9 0,3 ■o 9 S d ° 2 StSB a u u V v a> mcQcQ So as a oS S E-" t) ? 03 H S rt 03 « '~''^!^ oT^loo l-sa lis g 0] oi ■a «3^ SB""" 2 » of In 'S Pi'o,-, II lis s i!l tf . t»S D 1 ters ,18 ale, ale, 1 l^l§ p gSf^fe tM >< 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2- -16 242 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWKENCE, MASS. Q 13- ^ cq H 12; <1 CM W Si Pk ° Oo "^ I !§ go p o w « ^— ( CO « Is -(>-lt-t M "* ■* • a) S ■I f ■ :-S ■la — as :.3 ga o o (2 (-Joo-o O O g Q3T3 „ CO 0} (A rj .i, O .ts >>ii Baa tH h (SO ■30 fl O O 03 O S^-tS ag° is ^ w> o a> a ■2«§ gafH .a ^ "3 |I i I §g §• s g.S S2g-S «§■ 2°S3 " o o jg 3 CO 03 goort.^ '^2 03 s« Ei Is.! s 3 >"-' p. 5 3 50-^3 _g3 H M +J QJ ro jj S CQCQ DQ Eh S'-fa lag 244 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWKENCE, MASS. fi ^z; -»l 1^ Kl CQ ^ O H <) P-( P O o o tH M H ^; w , ^ -o ^ "i « C! < -M Ph H W o o 1 w Uti o Hi < Hi »^ H 15 Si f^ -' a CO '43 Q bJ g III Or", H <) 1 !/) tSfi W E^t? °^. i^ i^ n HW H ^ [£ t3 H o W p ^ ta h-H QQ 02 <^ ?SBg^as S|§|S| 2 H S2S id g S242 3 nO S2j2 2a a &;i!i3 OS 3*3 o ii^M 1^ « ao,Q JL-B .2 o Eg 2 ® J CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. IS :5W I r- 3 I CO ^TOO "50 ss; 50 o ■O.S Eh :Bh Bo o .„va o > c a g a og a " j"t3 ° S E S aw » a ga a P*i(D >!«, 03 ■3 « "S 00 t*» s a .^ . B S.§ ^aj '3 g m^^ moo goo .2'=" =-1 .a ROi^f^P^ -ra ■23" t> !3 -* ■3 5s 00 Fl C1.S S o oS Q QQQQCQGQ H2§ S - - m « « If- I ■■gsl ■a -a 246 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKiEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. O < W O < p o o o . S 2 pel fi ^ 5 Ph C H 6 « I w CO O J W ■ % "S &hP OO hO t) O W o I— I O o »T-( ■5,2 § ■gafH 00" -d -^ .2 3 oTii S - T) ^ Si ■■ ■ 1^ a gaa 00 ^ V 248 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. .o iz; ^ ffl H ^ W S H ^ P5 n -i el rn-fl fl wS N eo H ^ 1 fT (Sfi « §s ^ hw M 5o Iz; p;«t! ^ (z; t4 H P i-i O W P ^ W Pn t— ( CIS CO <: hJ o P 8 ■< w o <1 M ^ <1 1 2a f! "'SS 2 a a Ssi 30 a ^2* 00 9s=»-!2 t-gaSoo4S C8 3^ U ■"93 §■5 5S o W "loS (S 1° £-0 ■2 '2m„- 00 S S s2 §-3 r CQ CQ • -Si-! I I si e gsa -Sou u o o a CQCQCO -^ 3 '^'3 a gs. -1 cd o3 "eSTS Eh 250 STKIKE 01'' TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. o g^ H cq R ^ w a ■o H 3 rt a -t! -*j Ph o P 1 W lyj Q h4 < hJ M.^ H S5§ wH M Oo H rr -^ 1 tf si ^ fi HH H ^ h-l P5 » P Hi O w Q ^ I— 1 fe w 02 -^ 1-5 O fl ^2; ■a^ e5 :9; fl fl ® 2 a a 8=2 "S -' SS'O"* 000 S.S°=-S I 11^ III 59 A 03 fe- SfS 2 3 S .5 o ?3 S o fcj ^ .-I «5 i5riffiri! CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 251 &hEh §!■ 11 ^1 es i'i'i SHH mm h^ 23 -j oToT '-* ft 03 « 00 .-H I a ll gs a as. •|2§ o J3 nl I- 2§ » ft <£ ts 5 o &73'a 252 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. smsB CHAPTER VI. QENBKAL TABLES. 253 .ec ; '~* - cq (N w -' ; i*^ ON t^ C» ^ I 'm - ;=: (N (M '- : :^ s ^ - -• (N ^ '^ CO CO rH.-IM - -^ ^ :^ ■^ Tj' '-.-^ ': -• O - - o o CJCq - -^ CO M '- coc^ lO O-i— 1 oc " 00 - -< CO l-lT-H '"' (Mi-H c^ ,-1 r-< i-H .H (N i-H .-H rH cfi A cd •3 _ -aaS'^^ 1^73 rt fl fl gi-SiB gsiala§i2 254 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. T3 (P 3 .g a o o 1 oc M Q Z < CO ^" O H < P o o o eq H < Ph o o w o <^ o w o I ill «§§|S| 'im iga^s^ igg^s o=c BOSS s. MS o a g 2 tii o iij . SS" a-3 §§ & a o o ^1 o on 2a a^ u ffi ® 3 o ssa £ CHAPTER VT. GENERAL TABLES. 255 aa CD (U 256 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Q ag«SS w a 3^o>-^ S- c] Qi * t^ t^ gl A w«c bo , ■g S'22ait CSOO QOOJ oo ^ en I c^ X OHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 257 SiS SSI S2 iS a ■a.g §8 as £ -g I! «> C S' K • >• fc f* a • o o o S : aS9sfs SSSg|^ 3 3 * S "3 CO -,- o «£ -■« © 2 C3 O fe'O S ^ "on ii ^ I eg S g< ,.|3.o3 H ,0^ §■8 i5sa |Q a § SO a S* £ 258 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKBKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. O iz; H ^ M t= i-l o W Q fc- W h- 1 In ►-( 02 CQ iz; 1 n CJ " O 3 S"^^ o 3 3'0" c ■2 '2 a S32{ ""§ i d H <>i 1J2 3o o «: 03 SX) « Jgi-S 5 «§§•§! 3 o CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 259 s 1^ !S > ^Ja !2a„- .2 ->• ia^ aaig OS d-S V « O OS ■OS 5 o 03 OJ oT© "o aa so 5e .. * t! a - - 3 ? 0} C O .saa 260 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. CHAPTEB VI. — GENEBAL TABLES. 261 OOOS^HCS CC Cq NiHtH^H a« .§■§ .5 ■a S : : ; : S £8 t>. ?, «) 9 rt? S a s .la P CO Sig .2i a Sio- Si? SH Aa ^!B (..■a r^ a^^ aa saa |la Is t>.T3 ■3 .a -#4 3 t< >■ « . ^ ° £ * g MOO o s e^sasl ■Sa.q'H P>. S o o H-3 -1 2 5 --a o A saa V OJ 0) ■glillil QJ O) _?■ el m ^H P ^.9.3 a E 11^ ga 262 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. n -I. ^ > ° afO CO " o ® +3 ti 3> ..S«> ^ OS g n 03 ■■S& ..J>>T3 " ® © o aoi 01 CHAPTER VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 263 i iriis I "IIS 3SS 33 ,-IU .2 1 o c3 o o R a> E PS o o :E -00 ©'- 29 2 «- « w - ^ >,a a g S ,^ -O ffl J3 S s a E? -a a a oj B g 3 •?■£ I III oTO 3 ! ^ O a" a 5 P4 p< sa s o a"^ a 1^ s I i 6h a fe ^ 264 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWKENCE, MASS. Q '1 n 3ag5SS •oagSt-B |l^|l| It .Mgusga^ 5 — • a a C D 5 o g^s=g o MOO IOCS i-t o y-* WD W S3 6h as; aj a 1^ U 0} O (» V I* gSb '3 ii^a 1^ o o oog a oTaT -3 - ■3-3 S a fl o 52 "5 O) tn 0) 0} o OHAPTEB VI. GENEHAL TABLES. 265 m to S3 n IB .§■§ Eh ■ I! ■ToTO i ¥A fH a fls (fl c« CS CQ H ^1 Bo S aa 2^ 'S ■a a Sop-i S"' n c» V O C B a a «S s^ ^ MM H n a|a. Ill ■g 013 .S3 d B g s 266 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOEEEES IN LAWBENCE, MASS. O ■< I? O t-H H Pi P O O o m 2 p5 •S Pm I 9 6 « I M 03 2 J w . o °9 P5 O w « t— I PR I—* 02 02 -l^M.-i^(Di>Tt"iO - -i,-i,-icqesM.-ii-ieoc-lc>li-ii-iM.-i.-ic>* ■ ■ inONMT-C*i-H00i- H-^rH'^P.-ICOe'ai-lC^Wi-IC'lr- 'oj ma Q ^ ®"•• _ n "^ _ CO M (D 3 ^H _;* alaaSelss ., ^"^ jo CO 3 ||||ai5||^4"lta|a|lL- iilllllilllliill^ll 268 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Q !zi «! X W SQ ^ o h-t B <1 ftl t3 B o >H m H iz; ^ TJ Ch ^ ?s a -< Ph a W 6 ft \ M t) O h:; < H? M^ % W-S ft m V) u Ph fe^^ °n^ i^ go HH M H ;?; H P hJ O M ft ^ |i( HH CO a a ^ . S •73 H •3 Ph I M S -I oo odK BW p o W Q t-H ■< >-; o Q ■< P5 > n 3 ci S« 3 g^ss c3 P^ O 1i i, n lO »fS« HO) PO "-I CM CS >-l •-< i~< CM £ Mffl o 9 £ 3o«; I O H C» i-H rH N ^ r-4 1 i'5U5 QOO COCO taU3 s GO 00 i i gfeS igi g '•"iaS^l -8 igaja ■isslsg'oal^-oriai lis ; •||-p|gsii|l||iiii| fsa ^ OHAPTEB VI. GENERAL TABLES. 271 »-INNt-M«0« I-, . ^ . M l5f IS r gee t^ O «D "-I U5 comomoom CT <-i m o ■-• iH ^ •-Hf4C40)P4C4C4eoi-HeMT-ii-i.-i^.-(.-i(?4^ra.-i^>-i.-i.-ii-i WrHiO -O ■ • -N -i-H "(NfH ■•■«•■«» Hi-li-HC^i-lt-.-icoeOiHC«l(NeQNeOt- co-vNcaTfc^-^Mcoi- HrtrtMCO-*.H^O)(N-*r- 1i3a2 -^>> l|l|bg i^ .2^ S !;4 H S S E>> - * ^ P S1.-3 ad o © © o S a a v'o o o gaa Q 2T2 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKBBS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. o »— I E-i o o o eq w i-H ss HN CO I I CHAPTER VI. GBNEBAL TABLES. 273 t>-CO U3U3 00 t^ as 3U3 UiUi H CD IOC4 3LO ood s-^ „00 T* « S^ ■« ^ -3 a -<" a aa ■a £ a o o H Eh 1?. Eh S2 a' aa « IS 900 00 0* £ 9 d CO §■§ OS 13 S 1^ oo a ^ ® OS ^ H OS c» r»7 M ^f. 9 ^O ^ ^ OT-< t n SI I ••a 3'oS "SB'S is ^ r] O Qua sslil^ 5 Sco I! fa. Uflfi O r3 g CO o •n CO 00(0 000 i-t iH CJ 1-H CO T- o!2 ;-'3'3 gas 1! §00 ^^ ^ "S a •3 ^2 3 ■« 44 -s ^ Was o §1 s ^ „ ■■OS? a a) y'^ 01 oo -3 \.,2 a ■S 3 ^■a OS - 111 its fe fe fL| oQ OQ tt OHAPTBB VI. GENERAL TABLES. 275 ^ 00 00 00 "* en (M(N - -' .-KM 00 00 00 ^ - "#.-1 "" cs ■a a |i I?- is «> 9 • '-a a « f'S mo3g^nmeSM■ tf*^ l> Sg M 02 ■ 1 . t* . t- a i > ^ ; ',-1 H ! iH en • • • e4 N :^ ; s|i|s '•m c t Sft g .-1 ? iS" s S i o sills «^ JC " : § p 5 • m s ^jg i s g" ssllls I 1 m W I Tf c S.H "* C4 ItJ* 1 «D CO ^ ^ ^l§ls *"* ' * \ ""* ■^ ■ tH . lO m J2; ts ± l~t ' c 1 . eo • eo • M iH 8g§.§S ; ; ; ^ p-Ow p'o y.i er l^lO 1^ OJ: (c oe ® ®«!t^ «3 t^CD o w 151 TtH I «3 r-t J i> a '- g o is : ^ s S ^^ g icco 2 Tf s s rt s ■*jHeo g s^ 3 & " ", i°'§i| tH -*iN •* iHi~4 -^t 'i* r-t -fl* iH ■* rtTfir-t TT ^c lll^^ P. &b e' rr! g : 1 §> i 1 i 1| i ife i ^° i 1 1 n 1 OC 00--, »rt If i If = ill -a > 1 i s" : 1 i S 1 1 1 1 ..^ * ® d i ^eS : S|S : m a CJ sg ..^ ll ^ f S'cO "3 g ■ -< nm n H (!<• o CHAPTER VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 277 278 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. o H CM 1= O o « E-T 12; n -"I H 1 bo .9 -a 1 1 .g i _o P* 1 s 2 SSI 00 .-1 CO S|§IS CO CO'-t "3 s-oS w CO ■* ■* wrt . « •H ^g 1-1 rH r-t^ ^ : ■* ^T-l '^ CO^ ^I^IS c» -irt »1ils rt CO '^ ^ ^ « N ^ s:|§ls8 T-H ^ (Mi-< OJ 01 «1il£ Oil -• OlM N ^ TTl slils ^.-H s a E 1 i > a 2 S 1 j « a 1 > -a 00 1 i 1 s a 1 1 1 1 a i 1 1 > 1 -1 c ■s > E s a 1 1 1 f s Q E $ QE -d a 1 1 1 T 1 g T 1 1 s s 1 CHAPTER VI. GBNEEAL TABLES, 279 CQ • • CO «o ' ta 00 ^- Si © fflao d) s s S o "3 00 a-: OS I- £ w C0,_| • UO).^ Ill mSs •! ^ a ^ •§^•3 1^3 ■a ^"s -a -5 *»■*' SSa ^ So ri t- .2 Q S o >. Sel a 3 o •Eh ■ag- N .3 © a) a o I a . 280 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o H <5 o o o !« I 2 o w a <1 g ^ s ^ I H . Ooa P pi; o o OQ tu e n 1 i 5 n -E g E i i > a ■; .E S c n 1 o i s 'I E § n g i 1 1 > i g s f > a •n i ' > 0( •a 1 1 s i cc ■a E Q at ,£ 1 1 i 1 oc a J s J Ql a 1 1 i 1 E i u ■a 1 o •d s ■I 'oc q 5 is > O -a I I j s i ".a 1-5 -1 ■0! a a -5 E 1 _0 o § 1 5 a E 1 1 •0 i 1 g o a •; E 5 \ p. 1 c -i 1 1 > K a "c ^E J o 1 "i ! 1 CHAPTBE VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 281 N OCO ecoooooocDOooaaoaocor- ( a>t- Oi O iOio(0(Dt^ • i-t iiHiH -cDCO -O) M GO rH 1-1 CO iH tH 09 a> CI 00 CI CO O rH .H i^ r-« ^ ©3 « i-t eo ^ ^ i&iaa s! i.a.as| 133 282 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBS IN lAWEElTCE, MASS. iz; O I— I Eh ^'0 ^Si^m feSg ^ t>,S si s 5 .'3 ■a £ .-^aa E^ sa§§ jjais CHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 283 fe o ■a s s-a-a s R t>irH S a g? ;95 3 t'l.'O '-■a -a as a a % « -1 ■a rfa to « o g M O be ..aa EH o « as o a -1 0) o i -- 284 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o ■< m 2 fl (i «23 ■•a o^S ••aSTs; -l^lsj 15 ci fl S(d s|ils >1 « CO gjfS Bis g "S §' o "sg S51gS5 CO CD t-^ •93 S ■SSfH OHAPTBK ^a. GEITERAL TABLES. 285 ■* 1 CQ -a o3 u5c w -w a-* QCt^t* t t^t- \\ss W clitD 3S IS ^a-,e,-.o.-.^j5 a- .«! I OS'S Sao "3 <" -S Sag; ?5 --r l-H « ® ee o w Ph S " '^ " S 03 0) 9 3 cS a a -J ■a ■♦a o e u OS 03 §sa O M 5 0) lll^ '3 IS a, B ■3 « I a S 3 o o Eh Eh g.|gja||g,|| saajlavsa^ s2 illfllalp « nmnnuuouuo u 286 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. !z; o hH H OP P^ pl M PI ^W ^ «<. ft «g ? s Q ^ g I cs pel M M §11 »a S'OS. 5|gl§ «1il^ «3 rt H St^ »1lls s|ils C^ M C S '« iS«» Psfo a ss It o o OWrH .(N C^l-HrH .« t-l-l ■ W M I-H ■*'0 r- ooweoNOa CSl . i-i t^ »0 T-H ^ .-< -N •t-ti-t •1-HCOi-it* ,-1 »0 rn (N 1-1 1-1 -t^«.-l"*^W(NC^»HNrHNC4.-».-l.-(^,-tMWC»»C^ OHAPTEE VI. GENEKAL TABLES. 287 o a> o> CO t^ 00 coco 06 t^ «DO>t^Oa5eDOOCiOOM30100S» -l01C'l(NC^t-tO £ o o a CO 00 aa •as a.2 • t3 S 2§ e2 2§ {S cS 00 a°°SiSi !> a> & c3 ® cl r o >■ ° ® S S i Son's => - '^Ea^'-'oo CmSS j|egaaa5»aa|aflii| aril's S See s e s -e E °'°.„- P C« 10 aa 288 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LA.WBENOE, MASS. iz; o h- 1 H <1 PM t3 O o o >H pq H ;z; w S H « a 5 R'5 It ; m3 o 3 £ §■ S o 10 ■* CON sa O 00 bS as 5t» 23 hi" I a S rt M a ill ■5aa Is g 5 CHAPTEK VI. GENBBAL TABLES. 289 _ i -* i J. 4 -: '"' ^ (N C4 ^ ^ -^ - '^ '"' M ^ ^ "^ ^ ^ C4 « '-' (N ef _ CO ^ ^ - W3 00 S t^N a M t»0(0 P WCflW* § ^ >o ^ ^ ^^ ? SfeSlg 1 3S-"= s? "3CCN c i-H tH « N M cceo ■e ^ '-' MttXNOO 01 rtrt (N C4 N oo 8 ^ ^ ooecoeo c n CO id s s s SSSSK usididuj »d to ■ rt CC 533*^ « ■HN »- S OiO ^ M NiO t^ (ON 00 '"' @S« 1 t^TjH ?sggs i SS''" s -^M 01 ""* '"' «"«tH FP H 125 W S H tf <) Pi W o w o S3 >, i-l ■< O o w 1— 1 fi- ta M CQ oa << ■< H "3 3-osi ••3 aT3¥t sgilss "gs'oU sigg^si a aiaw pra' Hhst 5- e 3.i aB ^ "-S a ^.SS coco W3'*' 1-1 N COlOl>CD 5 a) o2 is ai CHAPTEB VI. GBWBBAL TABLES. 291 H f-ICO 10 00(0 ES e9-«n ^ '-' *1-l U3 rt t^.H OC a ■s 1 1 u 1 c o: i oc a ■» rt iaS "-a O 03 S 294 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKBES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. O H <1 Ph P O o o >^ CQ « FL, P^ P -«■ s i ^ .a H o >-< . I Wg Ho § ^9 ^ iz; I go Pp3 ,23 O' OKI << Q H ^E CQ to o p O 00 O O CO CO 00 "^.-H t-^I> 00 OHAPTEB VI. — GENBKAL TABLES, 295 OJoO " ,. „-'3'a ■s a -5 . rip .a3-§oo g 296 8TBIKB OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. ^ o M H -^ n H !z W S H rt PQ e1 S1I SlilS Sl^ls Sl^l^ §1^12 sl^ii ►Sa-ew »|^ls al§^s ag^ls II -£3-6 ^ ^11 ;zSs •a 1 U3CO SS9S S3S!: CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 297 0OI>C^O0 00 ^ S 5 OS'S? SSsas §,■3 ■a 11 So few e Si S3 . -I B •alll 9 S «> •O^ a oofl a aa s .s !»■§ ySi 1 y gSS M ^ H Ph 298 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. z o )— 1 H H eq H IS W S H rt <) Ah M O . w o 3 -< .2 w l-H 1 M"^ or N 3 ^ M o S ^ 1 fl se^ H ph H w« M n^ p:| WH ^o ^ a ' '15 z -< % t=H O02 H :?! hI £.S "3 ill § ill H VfLifL, I^Fh s s 1 300 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. z o JH H <1 PM (3 O O O P« eq H ^; H S H tf < PM W o . w iii o h H 3 h5 H.H hi ^« M o % CSV P3p M t=n h tttf lz;0 pcl<1 ^ oai P! P4 ^ ij n < "3 9'OS ••3 SfS slils • §§'S^ 2 fl d ©«5 la. fl B^"* 5 »5=2 1 dts U) . I! O " 3 !^ H S t> tuora o d P 1N«D OSO> odooeicc S!2 -00 i^ i gs : ■§ I III - » © ffl o dd o o K"^H'S illl ¥ OHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 301 3 O CCQO CO 9S 1 ;^ d M °3 o 0) g:^:^ I"" u 33 iaa s'a n "2 ® CD ffi 's'a m S » li *" aJ t*> S OS «« a 3 a iS's »i ;&:^^&:^ 304 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. o l-H H <1 Ph u O >^ pq H iz; H S H tf <^ Pli w Q i, o 3 HJ>i 5l t m to „ W) . b- MS o 3 5 |z.oS-g 5< CHAPTER VI. GENBBAL TABLES. 305 to t^t^ -3 a •oga .. S) Son Anas ml 9 V WO gO goo s s .."a '3 :ii o 9< s s 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2- fc°£ _'d o 111 &*# -20 •g - - 5 gsi s SS3 ■a s:^a s I §00 Eh ■gaa 306 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o l-H H ; ;?; ^^ Pa a < « o W ^ l-H l-H CO OQ ^ 1-1 O P Is Ol w O < M e1 S9 fe "antes «3 »8 3'SS Slated San So s|§-§s "*3 3'«» 2 a a ® ■* a Sen li S * a 3 'C * K^ M03 O rj OJ ^.gfl-a'O ^ |te|:iS (NOO a a aa " i .9 .a o o mm .g'aa CHAPTEE VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 307 ■*\ 1*^ e_. O ?** I = g ™ " ^^ H a U =3 U O (:! 5 V 0} 0] S O P* mCQQQCQGQQQ WO -,3 ffl ■ggs t^ ^ n Ph Q •a W ,1 w-g ^ b P-i tf gg ^ ^^ oS <« Q H- ( [^ H-t 02 -«! U a O O O o >H cq Eh" ^ W g H tf <1 Ph M « Tl W \ H < i)^ h-t l> fe f— 1 DQ JO 1 *. 312 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. o I— I H h-t (!► Pt h- ( CO OJ 3 S.9~-M £ WJ o P C f^ « Is iJ'S ^ A a 3 i llag S.ca'cs s g OHAPTEB VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 513 U9i si ill II ill ilili is ill ilili ilili ilils Slili 31 i^^ (Dm «0 iiH 83 a o « § S .9 « 1-^ o'^ Sw sd^^ at 314 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. ?5 o M H <^ P^ P O o o l>H pq H ^ W s H « <1 Ph H P Tl W -hPh P5p W H QPh (/) ,-,'^'' M O I^O ^ P5-H 02 013 *o lis -ess" ^^1 ill ops 2f^f^ a C3 o a> MHH n 00 p d a s !». lll ..si 3i-)n la wo i-aa t>vd 00 g , OT3 a) -1"S ►*■ £3 « o3 'O !>ioo „ » ~2p, s|i| §^ I S 6 S^£f B 5.S.S A a » 3 52 la's 316 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. &; o HH H <^ Ph t) U O t» ffl H ^2; w S H tf tuD oocDoa^oit^ lOtOC^ Ni-I'* -I « .-I iH ,H r-« If. III S .3 ■2 fe ■S II a t, S ^'■a S S '1 1 11 II alkali CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 317 cooocoiH»ocac^t»-!Scoco«oo«(oooo3»nooo .-ll>I>iHt^lNt-«0(NC^m.-lPJTH.-f(DINT-l«->4< i-i,H-^^"4 a; ta 00 fl>i3 .2-,-" a 0) « pa & oJ t> tl bS-rj il||lliil^§§aa5l^4|s o2 gSSS ossga « 03 CQ S S w ^1 ^ *^ o t> o t> 318 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKBRS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. iz; o 1— 1 H <^ Ph P O O o (H CO en" !?; M S H « (i- Ec< HH 02 02 <1 ►J o Q ^ < W o .'0 s © © Sat a^l - •3 n CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 319 ,-1 .THi-iio eoi- OUSOQCSO 00 en ■"rc6»oobC'^C400Ccor- ocooio-^o;'Oi-<(N(Moo-'t< r— -HeoiOTjir r^.-li-Ht^iMi-CiOTjiMi-teOia'- g ts S _3 3 t^i-O * PfCS ailig- I" I 3 d fl <*2 C^S " c8 ca 13 ® Fh c8 '" ■" ''^ --, ■_, 03 •-< ® f e8 2 *^ © yO > c ' s g o oT " ' SE m'3'3 e joS^" OT S a C3 S <3'7? t^ § o £ S « o„ o S^ l>.g,j5 Q- "- ill o3 O O tj ^ ■ O E> "^ c3 ej (d 29 g *^g5.a » £ § g '^Ss-SSS s g» g k^ '^ la s dS ■» s,-^ >>» a ajs „- - - -S a ■isg g 2 = as^-i I a g-| s s Ss I s ls-aSlalsa|i%2i§gg»"' g iS^J a e a S "'^.f ■§■« sm git rt OT^ m (GOT j^,yma)Qad5S -.--- ,;:ri o a i s i S 1 2 3 glllt^M a e i2 E 1 1= lllf I a a| g|:§|ls § ml ^J I e-e-e'eff is § g § s £ llli'il £ 9 ^ ^ Moo o „-> '3 a *" B £ a E 1, .safe l&|feg^iS S ° « ,-, g o) !£"£■ as i.l-S ?a.3 > w M j xS s '- Si SI lu a .■a.&.H a SSSsn "a^a ;/ o 12 aafl's'og, „„ cl a* "^J c3+=*™j^ S y (-■ *" £g.'a|a§s^- iliE-fiif ,„„ a -a .a p fa t3 fe -a "3 a y 320 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBS IN LAWBENOB, MASS. O r— I H ■< Ph \=> O o o >l m E-T w^tO N 1 --gs-""— ■=■'" rHi-l Dl ggN^gB^^t-^rfrt Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. iHiH '"' eO'*NN"*W'*C<)cOrt«-I.H 1 1 i 1 1 - f I i 1 (4 c § 1 li 1 a IS I 1 1 J 1 i £ 1 IE o 1 1 c 1 a 1 1 O 1 > .| 1 1 1 O O •a 'S 1 i 1 t: a E o O ..00 O O II 1 1 o « a £ C i i O g o ■a 0( £ 1 i 1 £ 1 1 1 S 1 c i > 9 -E 1 9- 1 5 ,! « p. i I 1 i \ 1 CHAPTER VI. — GENBBAL TABLES. 821 N «C1 >A 0>U3 CO (MN ^ U3W CO . > CO (D mC4ooaeoo>09t^cSi-HeOi-it« I C4u N .^ .Nrt ?-)i-(r-.-iM«i— iCTMmciTOj*. <-lr-t«M'«»*f-twNCl'*WT-H'* IllisliPllll i^l ill.il sills 51240°— S. Doc. g-3-a 870, 62-2—21 322 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual houis worked during the week for which data were secured.] Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours durlngweek. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30?. 30| and un- der 40S. and un- der 50S. 50| and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. BEAMING DEPARTMENT. B earners: 2 2 1 2 201 15 68.0 52.7 51.1 2 Female, 18 years and over 7 1 9 13 2 12 160 12 Total 2 218 52.7 8 9 15 12 172 ?, 2 13 4 1 5 54.3 67.3 31.5 56.0 1 12 1 5 Spoolers: 111 27 63.4 63.0 3 1 1 1 11 3 13 4 83 18 Total 138 63.3 4 2 14 17 101 7 1 66.9 67.0 1 6 1 Yarn hands: 6 4 67.6 44.5 6 1 1 2 Total 1 10 58.3 1 1 2 6 All occupations: 2 1 19 4 62.6 44.5 ..... 1 5 2 13 1 2 23 59.4 1 1 1 7 13 Female, 18 years and over \ 332 42 53.1 52.3 10 2 11 1 24 5 26 4 261 30 Female, unaer 18 years 2 374 53.0 12 12 29 30 291 Total male and female 2 397 53.4 13 13 30 30 298 13 BUEUNG DEPARTMENT. 428 95 54.0 ■52.7 5 3 11 2 21 11 56 7 335 72 Female, under 18 years Total 623 63.8 8 13 32 63 407 Burlers, learners: Female 18 years and over 2 15 15.3 51.1 2 1 2 5 7 Total 17 46.9 3 2 5 7 2 2 55.0 56.5 1 1 1 Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over . 1 Floor men: 3 1 25 1 57.9 56.0 1 16 1 8 Male, under 18 years Total 3 2 26 67.9 1 17 8 Givers-out of work, male, 18 years and over 3 57.7 1 2 1 1 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. 323 Table IH.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30J. 303 and un- der 40i 404 and un- der 501. 505 and un- der 50. 5(i. Jvcr ■5(>. BURLING DEPARTMENT— concluded. Inspectors: Male, 18 years and over 2 2 102 40 54.2 53.5 3 2 2 37 2 9 4 "32 51 Total 4 142 54.0 5 2 39 13 32 Scrubbers, female, 18 years and over 1 3 1 3 56.0 59.0 1 2 1 Section bands: Mftl** 18 ypftrs and nyfir 1 1 2 1 60.0 56.0 1 1 1 Female, 18 years and over Total 1 3 58.7 2 1 Speckers: 2 2 39 20 59 53.3 54.5 1 5 1 8 5 25 14 Female, under 18 years Total 2 53.7 1 6 13 39 All occupations: 4 1 139 1 55.2 56.0 3 2 37 11 23 1 Total male . . - 4 140 55.2 3 2 37 11 24 63 4 4 511 130 53.8 52.8 9 4 12 2 28 14 68 17 394 93 Total female .... 4 641 53.6 13 14 42 85 487 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 781 53.9 16 16 79 96 511 CARDING DEPARTMENT, WOOL. Feeders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 3 1 45.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 54.0 56.0 1 1 2 1 1 1 Pickers, male, 18 years and over Second hands, male, 18 years and over Strippers, male, 18 years and over 2 All occupations, male, 18 years and over 1 9 54.2 1 2 6 CARDING DEPARTMENT, WORSTED. Ball carriers, male, 18 years and over 2 6 76.3 Q Bailers: Male 18 years and over 4 1 39 2 60.1 56.0 3 3 1 I) 2 26 Male, under 18 years Total ' 41 .59.9 3 1 3 1 8 26 1 2 3 3 t 4 2 4 1 1 1 4 44 4 17 60 6 10 1 1 1 44.0 68.5 61.7 60.8 61.1 60.0 03.2 58.7 56.0 56.0 66.0 j 1 2 1 4 ■2 1 2 1 Dusters, male, 18 years and over Feeders, male, 18 years and over Fixers male, 18 years and over "i' 1 1 U II. Grinders male 18 years and over 1 6 1 1 1 1 Grinders' helpers, male, 18 years and over Laborers male, 18 years and over Oilers and cleaBers, male, 18 years and over 324 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classifiea number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 303 and un- der 40t. and un- der 60|. and un- der 66. 66. Over 66. CAEDmo DEPARTMENT, WORSTED — Concluded. Scrubbers: IWalA, 1 H yfiars anii nyftr 1 1 1 1 1 1 66.0 56.0 66.0 1 1 1 Female, under 18 years Total 3 3 66.0 3 3 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 9 10 1 1 31 1 1 7 1 63.4 54.8 63.5 64.2 59.0 66.0 63.7 68.1 66.0 1 8 Section hands, male, 18 years and over 1 I 1 Shrink men, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 14 1 16 1 Truckers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 1 4 Waste men, male, 18 years and over All occupations: 4 1 257 2 60.6 66.0 7 7 7 6 61 2 Male, under 18 years Tntal main 4 259 60.6 7 7 7 6 53 Female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 66.0 56.0 1 1 Female, under 18 years Total female 1 2 66 2 Total male and female 4 261 60.5 7 7 7 6 55 180 COMBING DEPARTMENT. Apron cleaners, male, 18 years and over 1 4 2 1 24 4 66.0 54.6 58.7 1 15 1 29 4 3 Backwashers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 5 Ballcarriers, male, 18 years and over 3 3 2 1 Bailers: 4 1 1 56 5 3 57.2 .'56.2 66.0 1 Male, under 18 years Female, 18 years and over Total 4 64 214 18 67.0 68.4 65.4 3 4 4 1 4 1 3 7 36 79 17 21 Combers: 4 1 Female, 18 years and over Total 4 232 68.2 4 4 6 7 96 116 Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 58.0 1 Finishers: Male, 18 years and over 4 1 4 1 113 4 71 3 65.4 66.0 63.9 66.0 11 3 3 2 29 4 59 3 66 Male, under 18 years 2 2 2 6 Female, under 18 years Total 4 191 64.8 13 5 6 8 95 66 Qlll-box tenders: 4 1 2 100, 3 26 3 68.1 66.0 53.8 66.0 6 1 4 7 38 3 22 3 Male, under IS years Female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 Female, under 18 years Total 4 131 67.2 7 2 4 8 66 44 OHAPTEB VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 325 WOOLEN AND "WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table HI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der aoj. 30t and un- der 40J. md un- der 608. 50| and im- der 56. 66. Over 56. COMBING DEPARTMENT— concluded. 3 1 1 IS 1 1 59.6 56.0 56.0 1 4 1 1 13 Noil testers, male, uader 18 years Oilers, male, 18 years and over 1 Scrubbers: 1 2 2 6 50.3 56.0 1 1 6 Female, 18 years and over Total 3 7 54.4 1 1 6 2 4 2 3 65 27 61.9 62.2 59.9 3 Section hands, male, 18 years and over 1 1 16 16 39 Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over. . . 10 Slabbers: 100 55.4 56.0 1 1 11 9 40 1 3S Total ... 101 55.4 1 1 11 9 1 41 38 1 45 61.0 66.1 56.0 1 .J 1 2 2 2 Zi 16 1 Top testers; 56.0 56.0 1 1 Total . . 2 66.0 2 Waste men: 9 1 67.5 56.0 3 1 a Total 10 ^7. 4 4 6 All occupations: 776 16 57.5 55.8 29 10 28 31 1 297 15 381 792 57.5 ?<) 10 28 32 312 381 122 6 54.2 56.0 3 3 3 7 106 6 128 54.3 3 3 3 7 1 112 920 67.1 32 13 31 39 424 381 DRESSING DEPARTMENT. 1 3 1 a 2 1 56 1 2 3 2 1 - 61.0 56.0 61.0 62.6 50.8 61.3 68.4 61.0 66.0 60.6 S6.0 68.5 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 19 30 1 Dressers', hand, helpers, male, 18 years and over.. 2 2 2 1 Dressers, learners, male, 18 years and over 1 1 326 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30J. 303 and un- der and un- der 50i 50| and un- der 56. 56. Over 50 DRESSING DEPARTMENT— concluded. Examiners: 32 3 54.9 52.6 1 1 1 1 29 2 TTftTrif^le, llTidpr 18 yPflTS Total 35 64.7 1 2 1 31 Examiners' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 I 1 1 4 6 1 5 25 66.0 66.0 55.8 66.0 76.0 56.0 62.8 66.0 63.3 57.4 2 1 3 Long chain beamers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 Sample men, male, 18 years and over 1 1 Scrubbers, femaie, 18 years and over 4 2 Second hands, male, 18 years and over 4 1 Slashers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 8 14 Slashers' helpers; 22 1 65.4 56.0 2 1 10 1 9 Female, 18 years and over . . Total. 23 56.4 1 2 1 11 9 Splitter boys, male, under 18 years 1 2 66.0 2 Spoolers: Female, 18 years and over 2 2 15 15 52.2 62.6 ..... 1 3 1 1 10 Female, under 18 years ... ... 13 Total 3 30 62.4 1 1 3 2 23 Spoolers' helpers, male, 18 years and over . . . 1 1 2 3 66.0 56.0 2 3 llers-over, female, 18 years and over. . i Warpers: 1 1 1 3 9 1 86.8 66.0 66.0 3 Female, la yeftrs fi.Tid nvor 9 1 Total 1 13 63.1 1 10 .1 ' Warpers' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 3 2 3 3 58.5 66.0 59.3 1 3 2 1 Wfl. 1 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 S 1 64.5 56.0 2 1 3 3 6 63.1 3| 3 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 56.0 38.2 56.0 56.0 3 2 2 . .. 1 1 2 9 48.] 2 -■ 1 3 54.3 1 2 4 3 1 49 47 2 52.6 51.7 56.0 3 4 2 2 5 1 2 3 27 37 2 10 4 98 62.2 7 4 6 5 66 10 2 3 54.3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 56.0 56.6 56.0 1 2 ::::: 1 ' .... 2 4 56.0 4 i 4 807 359 53.5 50.4 ■54 33 22 21 38 21 37 23 455 246 201 4 1,166 52.0 87 43 59 60 701 216 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 335 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTiMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classiflednumberofhours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30^. and im- der and un- der 601. and un- der 56. 56. Over -50. FRAME-sPDfNiSG DEPARTMENT- Concluded. All occupations— Concluded. Female, 18 years and over 4 4 642 264 53.0 .51.8 22 16 26 11 32 17 41 12 511 200 10 8 Female, under 18 years Total female 4 906 62.7 38 37 49 53 711 18 4 2,072 52.6 125 80 108 113 1,412 234 FRENCH-COMBING DEPARTMENT. Assemblers; Male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 62.5 56.0 1 Total 2 3 60.3 1 2 Backwashers, male, 18 years and over 2 2 5 12 59.2 52.1 1 Combers, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 g Finishers: 1 1 4 1 55.6 56.0 1 1 Total 2 5 56.7 1 1 3 First operators (preparation for combing), male. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 61.0 49.9 56.0 61.1 66.0 62.5 56.0 57.7 54.2 39.0 First and second operators (preparation for comb- ing), male, 18 years and over 1 1 5 Gill-box tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 Oilers, male, 18 years and over 1 Second hands, male, 18 years and over I Second operators (preparation tor combing) , male , 18 y«ars j^nd nver 1 Second and third operators (preparation for combing), male, 18 years and over 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 Third operators (preparation tor combing), male, 18 yp.Hrp ftnd.nvp.r All occupations: 2 2 46 3 53.6 56.0 4 6 1 .\... 5 3 30 Female, 18 years and over Total male and female 2 49 53.7 4 6 1 8 30 PBENCH-DEAWING DEPARTMENT. First operators (preparation for drawing): MEde, 18 years and over 12 4 55.5 22.5 1 1 7 3 4 Total 18 47.2 4 1 1 7 3 Second operators (preparation for drawing): Male, 18 years and over 2 2 54.4 55.5 1 1 ' ' i' 1 FATnf\lfi, 18 years and over Total 4 56.0 2 1 1 Section hands, male, 18 years and over 1 6 6 56.0 56.3 38.7 1 5 2 Seventh operators (preparation for drawing), fe- male, 18 years and over 1 Sixth and tenth operators (preparation for draw- hig), female, 18 years and over 2 1 336 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND "WORSTED MIIiLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERA.GE AND CIASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GRaUP— Coatinued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees worMng each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 304. 301 and un- der 40J. and un- der 608. 60S and un- der 56. 56. Over 66. FRENCH-DEATTING DEPARTMENT— Concluded. Third operators (preparation for drawing), male, 1 2 53.5 1 1 All occupations: 2 2 17 17 55.1 43.1 1 1 3 1 9 8 4 6 1 Total male and female . . 2 34 49.1 6 2 4 17 5 FBENCil-SPINNTNG DEPARTMENT. Back boys, or piecers: 3 2 47 77 61.3 52.7 3 5 2 1 5 4 2 3 34 63 1 1 Total 3 124 52.2 8 3 9 5 97 2 2 1 1 7 2 1 59.1 57.0 56.0 , 2 1 1 6 1 Doflers: 3 2 19 11 52.9 52.7 1 1 2 1 2 12 9 S Male, under 18 years... Total 3 30 52.8 2 3 2 21 2 Drawers; Male, 18 years and over 2 3 1 5 169 11 59.0 63.2 56.0 ^ 1 136 11 4 6 4 12 10 1 Total 3 185 53.5 6 4 12 10 148 5 Finishers, heavy, female, 18 years and over Gill-box tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 80 1 1 66.0 56.0 52.5 62.3 46.8 2 3 .16 Joiners (spinners) male, 18 years and over 5 6 9 44 1 1 Scrubbers: 2 1 7 1 55.8 56.0 1 5 1 1 FpTTlftle, 1** y«ars fiTlri nvp.r Total 3 8 55.9 1 6 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 17 42 61.6 66.0 60.9 55.2 1 1 3 18 1 Second hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over . . . Section hands, male, 18 years and over 1 1 f! Spinners male, 18 years and over.- .- 2 4 2 15 Waste men: 2 1 9 2 54.2 66.0 1 7 2 1 Male, under 18 years Total 2 11 54.6 1 9 1 Yarn hands: Male, IS years ft^id over , , . , 1 1 e 1 60.1 54.5 1 3 2 1 Total 1 7 50.7 1 1 3 2 CHAPTEE VI.- 3ENEKAL TABLES. 337 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- weeK. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occopation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30$. 308 and un- der 40J. and un- der 60|. and un- der 66. 56. Over 56. FRENCH-SPINNmG DEPARTMENT— concluded. All occupations: 3 2 250 91 63.9 52.8 12 6 11 1 21 5 7 4 108 74 91 MalA, updf^r 18 yoarp , . 1 3 341 53.6 18 12 26 11 182 92 Female, 18 years and over Female, under 18 years 3 1 172 11 63.3 66.0 6 4 12 10 139 11 1 Total female. 3 183 53.4 6 4 12 10 160 1 3 524 63.6 24 16 38 21 332 9.^ JACK-SPOOUNQ DEPARTMENT. 2 1 1 49.8 56.0 66.0 1 1 1 1 Second hands, male, 18 years and over Section hands, male, 18 years and over Spoolers: Femalfl, 1H y*^ftrs htI •r^'^r. ... 41 9 63.5 54.0 1 1 1 2 1 6 2 31 6 Total 50 53.6 1 1 3 8 37 Third hands, male, 18 years and over 1 2 56.0 48.4 1 1 1 All occupations: 3 4 56.0 49.1 3 2 2 7 62.1 2 5 Female 18 years and over 41 9 63.5 54.0 1 1 2 1 6 2 31 6 50 53.6 1 1 3 8 37 57 53.4 1 1 5 8 42 LOW-SPOOLrNG DEPARTMENT. Fixers: 3 1 53.1 56.0 1 2 1 Total 4 S3. 8 1 3 1 56.0 1 Low spoolers: 2 1 3 3 35 1 299 45 58.0 56.0 62.2 54.0 4 1 4 1 1 1 216 37 24 15 1 10 27 2 31 6 1 Total 3 380 53.0 20 11 33 37 254 26 ecrabbers: 1 2 1 3 78.0 49.2 1 : 2 Total 2 4 66.4 1 2 1 61240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 ^22 338 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWKEKCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classifled number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 331. 30i and un- der 40i. and un- der and un- der S6. 56. Over 56. LOW-SPOOLING DEPAETMENT— concluded. 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 52.6 62.7 56.0 56.0 1 2 2 1 I Section hands, male, 18 years and over 1 Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over. . . Waste hands, male, under 18 years AJl occupations: Male, 18 years and over 3 2 44 3 58. 4 56.0 6 1 4 1 7 3 26 Male, under 18 years 3 47 68.2 5 1 4 1 10 26 3 3 305 45 52.2 54.0 15 1 11 28 2 31 6 219 37 I Total female 3 350 52.4 16 11 • 30 36 256 1 3 397 53.1 21 12 34 37 26-j 27 MENDING DEPAETMENT. Examiners, female, 18 years and over. . 1 6 60.0 1 1 1 3 Floor men: 3 1 25 1 65.2 55.0 2 5 1 6 12 Male, nndpr 18 yparq ,.,. Total 3 26 65.2 2 6 6 12 GiveiB-out of work, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 3 56.0 66.0 2 3 Measuring-machine tenders: Male, under IS years 1 1 3 1 56.0 66.0 3 1 Total 1 4 56.0 4 Menders: 2 2 106 7 53.5 55.3 4 1 10 6 1 85 6 FpnmlR, Tinder IS ypars Total 2 113 53.6 4 1 10 7 91 2 4 3 3 84 3 61.9 55.9 66.0 2 4 1 1 1 43 8 3 27 Scrttbbers, female, 18 years and over Second hands: Male, 18 years and over 3 1 4 2 62.9 60.4 1 3 ^PTPalP, IS ypara ^nH ovpr 1 1 Total 3 6 62.1 1 1 4 1 2 2 5 3 4 54.0 S3.1 69.5 1 4 Stockmen, male, 18 years and over 1 2 Stockmen's helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 3 CHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 339 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments. Numi- berof em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing 4 weeks. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during 4 weeks. Occupation, sex. and age group Un- der 122. 122 and un- der 162|. 1624 and un- der 203|. 203| and un- der 224. 224. Over 224. MEiroiNG DEPAKTMENT— concluded. Menders: 2 2 490 116 188.6 156.2 59 55 37 4 85 8 309 49 2 606 182.4 114 41 93 358 Menders, learners: 1 1 1 7 108.0 106.5 1 7 1 8 106.7 8 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Un- der 30J. and un- der 40J, and un- der 50|. 506 and un- der 56. 66. Over 56. All occupations:! 133 4 65.8 56.8 3 2 7 48 1 26 3 48 Total male '. 137 55.8 3 2 7 49 28 48 608 131 48.3 39.4 64 62 39 ! 96 317 50 91 7 1 Female under 18 vears ,. 4 8 Total female 739 46.8 126 43 104 367 98 1 876 48.2 129 45 111 416 126 49 MXTLE-SPINMTNG DEPAKTMENT. Back boys, or piecers, male, 18 years and over — 7 1 1 68.9 61.0 50.0 3 4 1 1 Roll cleaners: 2 3 55.2 45.6 1 1 1 1 1 5 49.4 1 1 1 2 Scrubbers and truckers, male, 18 years and over. . 2 1 2 1 4 13 1 56.0 56.0 62.1 64.8 66.0 2 1 4 1 1 \ 4 7 1 1 All occupations: 2 1 32 3 57.0 46.6 1 'r 1 1 1 13 1 16 Total male 2 35 66.0 1 1 2 1 14 10 1 In this summary of all occupations in the mending department the data relating to those employees whose hours are shown above for 4 weeks have been reduced to a weekly basis. 340 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30i. 30| and un- der 40S. and un- der 50i. 501 and un- der 56. 66. Over 66. EEEIING DEPABTMENT. 1 1 1 1 56.0 46.8 1 Bundlers'Jielpers, male, 18 years and over 1 Laborers: 1 1 2 2 56.0 56.0 2 2 MalR^ UTine^ IS yearsf Total 1 4 56.0 4 Heelers: Female, 18 years and over . . . 2 1 17 1 62.3 56.0 2 1 2 12 1 Total 2 18 52.5 2 1 2 13 Scrubbers, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 66.0 66.0 1 1 Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over. . . Spoolers: Female, 18 years and over 1 1 26 11 62.8 65.5 1 1 2 1 1 21 10 Total 1 37 63.6 1 1 2 2 31 Spoolers, boss, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 56.0 56.0 1 1 Spoolers' helpers, male, 18 years and over , All occupations: 2 1 6 2 64.3 66.0 1 5 2 Male, under 18 years Total male 2 8 54.7 1 7 2 2 45 12 62.8 65.6 1 3 3 3 1 35 11 Female, under 18 years Total female 2 57 63.3 1 3 3 4 46 2 65 53.-5 1 3 4 4 63 SHIPPING DEPARTMENT. Bag repairers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 56.0 66.0 1 1 Male, under 18 years Total 1 2 66.0 2 Banders, female, 18 years and over 2 1 2 2 2 12 2 3 63.4 63.9 57.8 54.3 1 1 1 10 Banders and folders, female, 18 years and over .... Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over Errand boys, male, under 18 years 1 ""i 1 2 Male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 18 8 1 60.1 56.0 66.0 6 8 1 12 Female, 18 years and over Female, under 18 years Total 2 27 58.7 15 12 Foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 2 1 56.0 53.4 56.0 1 1 1 Foremen, assistant, male, 18 years and over Inspectors, male, 18 years and over 1 Invoicers: Male, IS years and over 2 1 18 1 65.8 64.0 6 1 4 8 Male, under 18 years Total 2 » 65.7 7 4 g ' CHAPTER VI. GENEaAL TABLES. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. 341 Table IH.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Nmn- berof em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30J. 309 and un- der 40*. 40» and un- der 50f. 608 and un- der 56. 50. Over 6f.. SHIPPING BEPABTMENT— concluded. ITTinttprs, female, imdep IR years 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 11 1 21 3 4 11 66.0 64.8 66.0 44.1 66.3 1 1 Machine measurers and wmders, male, IS years 2 6 Machine packers, male, 18 years and over Measurers, male, 18 years and over . 4 ii 3 1 "i ... . "■ 2 3 8 62. 2 67.9 1 Packers, male, 18 years and over 2 Paperers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 66.0 66.0 1 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 2 2 61.0 1 Pasters: 1 1 2 1 66.0 66.0 2 1 Total 1 3 56.0 3 Pattern-card makers: Female, 18 years and over 2 1 20 2 63.1 56.0 1 7 12 2 Total 2 22 53.4 1 7 14 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 3 S 66 66.0 51.0 63.0 61.7 53.0 2 Scrubbers and helpers, male, 18 vcars and over 1 Second hands, male, 18 years and over 1 ■ 2 6 3 2 9 10 17 25 Shippers' helpers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 9 2 55.4 59.3 1 1 7 Male, under 18 years 2 Total 1 11 56.1 1 1 9 Sorters: Male, 18 vears and over 2 1 9 I 63.3 56.0 2 1 7 Total 2 10 62. 6 3 7 Stampers and ticketers, female, 18 years and over. . 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 11 1 3 10 56.0 59.5 68.2 56.0 65.9 66.0 66.0 60.4 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 Stenrilers,male, 18 years and over 2 Waste-machine packers, male, 18 years and over. . 2 Winders, male, 18 years and over 10 All occupations: 4 4 219 • 13 55.0 55.8 4 6 31 26 3 59 8 2 Total male 4 232 65.1 4 6 31 29 67 96 3 1 46 4 54.1 56.0 1 1 9 36 4 Female, under 18 years 3 50 64.2 1 1 9 39 4 282 54.9 6 7 31 38 106 95 342 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and ago group. Un- der 30|. 30f and un- der 40J. and un- der 50|. and un- der 56. 56. Over 6b. SPOOLING DEPAKTMENT. Beam men, male, 18 years and over S 1 58.2 60.8 1 Inspectors: Fpmalfi, IS ypiirs ^Tid nypr 4 2 53.5 35.7 1 3 Female^ nniiftr IR ypj^rs 2 Total 6 47.5 2 1 3 Scrubbers: Male, 18 years and over 1 3 61.0 56.0 FpTTif^lfi, IR years and over 3 Total 2 4 57.3 3 Second hands, male, 18 years and over 2 2 57.8 ., " Section hands: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 6 1 1 61.1 56.0 56.0 2 1 1 Male, under 18 years Female, 18 years and over Total 2 8 59.8 Spoolers: Female, IS years and over 2 2 143 60 53.0 52.3 8 3 2 5 11 9 7 119 39 FenialP, nndpr IR ypars ... , Total 2 203 52.8 11 2 16 16 168 Sweepers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 . 2 57.8 55.8 1 Female, 18 years and over 1 Total 2 4 66.8 1 2 1 Warpers, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 8 1 1 66.7 45.8 62.0 1 Waste men, male, 18 years and over 1 Weighers, male, 18 years and over Yam hands: Male, 18 years and over 2 1 9 1 46.0 64.8 3 3 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 2 10 48.0 3 1 3 All occupations: Male, 18 years and over 2 2 28 2 64.0 55.4 3 1 1 1 6 1 17 Male, under 18 years Total male 2 30 64.1 3 1 2 7 17 Female, IS years and over 2 2 161 62 53.3 51.8 8 3 2 2 6 11 11 7 134 39 Female, under 18 years Total female 2 223 52.9 11 4 17 IS 173 Total male and female 2 253 53.0 14 4 IS 20 180 17 TWISTING AND WINDING DEPARTMENT. Banders: Male, 18 years and over 4 2 8 4 62.8 47.3 1 1 2 2 5 Male, under 18 years 1 Total ■4 12 50.8 2 1 4 5 OHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 343 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. dum- ber ot em- ploy- ees. Aver- ^age hour.'! work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 308. 308 and un- der 40J. and un- der 60|. and un- der 56. 50. Over 66. TWISTING AND WINDING DEPARTMENT— Cont'd. 1 1 2 1 56.0 56.0 2 1 Bobbin setters: 2 2 13 14 66.5 53.5 1 "l 4 12 S 1 Total 2 27 55.0 1 1 1 16 8 1 9 53.2 1 1 7 DofEeis: 1 1 1 2 1 1 18 34 57.0 51.8 61.2 50.5 1 1 ..... 1 2 2 2 1 3 14 21 Total 2 54 50.9 3 4 4 7 35 1 1 2 2 6 65.0 64.3 1 1 1 1 4 OUers: 1 1 2 4 63.3 56.0 2 4 Total 2 6 58.4 t 4 2 Scrubbers: 3 3 5 7 57.6 55.7 5 1 6 Total 4 12 57.3 1 6 6 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 43 1 1 3 56.0 56.0 66.3 56.0 56.0 66.0 2 1 24 1 1 3 1 1 2 15 Section hands* helpers, male, 18 years and o v er Sweepers: 1 2 1 1 3 3 56.0 56.0 56.0 1 3 3 Total 3 7 56.0 7 1 1 2 ■ 2 64.0 56.0 2 ' 2 Twisters: 2 1 4 3 11 1 532 75 52.7 56.0 63.0 50.6 2 1 2 1 441 54 6 17 6 22 6 29 5 20 4 3 Total 4 619 52.7 23 30 35 24 498 9 Waste men: 2 1 5 1 63.9 56.0 1 1 4 Total 3 6 62.6 2 4 344 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILIiS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments Num berol em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 308 and un- der 40J. and un- der 50i. and un- der 66. 56. Over 66. TWISTINQ AND WINDINQ DEPAETMENT— COncl'd. Weighers: Male, 18 years and over 1 9 1 56.0 56.0 56. 1 8 1 i 1 Fftinftlfij IS ypars and over Total 11 66.0 1 10 Winders: 15 325 88 60.4 52.6 52.2 6 259 71 ■Female, 18 years and over 13 4 16 7 16 2 21 4 Feinale, under IS years Total 428 52.8 17 23 IS 26 336 9 Yam examiners, female, 18 years and over 1 61.0 1 Yam hands: 42 30 1 63.7 65.1 66.0 6 5 3 4 3 27 1 24 Male, nnripr IS ypjirs Total 73 64.3 6 8 4 31 24 Yam inspectors: Male, 18 years and over 6 1 56.0 66.0 6 1 Male, nnder 18 ypars Total 7 56.0 7 All occnpations: Male, 18 years and over 176 70 56.2 54.6 8 2 3 8 3 8 4 64 61 85 Male^ pnHnr 18 ypars, , , , Total male 246 65.8 10 3 11 12 125 86 Female, 18 years and over 891 201 62.9 61.4 31 12 40 16 46 10 44 14 727 150 3 Female, under 18 years Total female. 1,092 52.6 43 56 66 68 877 3 1,338 63.2 63 58 67 70 1,002 88 ■WEAVINQ DEPABTMENT. Beam carriers, male, 18 years and over 2 1 13 66.0 67.0 55.3 2 Beam men, male, 18 years and over 1 Bobbin boys, male, under 18 years 1 12 Box-chain markers: Male, 18 years and over 2 1 56.0 66.0 2 1 Male, under 18 years Total 3 56.0 3 Card cutters, male, 18 years and over == 1 5 3 4 56.0 61.9 56.9 66.0 1 4 2 4 Cellar hands, male, 18 years and over 1 Chain builders: Male, 18 years and over 1 = Male, under 18 years Total .2 7 66.0 1 6 Cloth carriers, male, under 18 years 1 4 48.4 -^ 1 3 CHAPTEK VI. GKNERAL TAB1.ES. 345 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued Table IH.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30g. 30| and un- der 40J. 40i and un- der 50S, and un- der 56. 66. Over 56. WEAVINQ DEPABTMENT— continued. Cloth inspectors: 1 1 2 1 56.0 56.0 2 1 Total 1 3 56.0 3 Drawers-in: 2 3 3 5 52 21 56. 54.8 55.8 5 40 19 2 10 2 Pemale under 18 vears Total 3 78 65.1 2 12 64 Drawers-in, maclilne, male, 18 years and over 1 1 49.4 1 . .. Drop-wire boys: 1 1 8 10 49.8 51.9 1 1 3 4 9 Total 1 18 51.0 2 3 13 2 1 3 21 57.3 66.0 1 1 '""is' 2 Fuiing carriers male 18 years and over ' 2 1 Filling hands: 3 1 32 18 57.2 64.9 1 2 2 24 16 Total 3 50 56.3 3 2 40 f, Filling hands, head, male, 18 years and over Filling hands' helpers, male, imder 18 years 1 1 2 1 56.0 66.0 2 1 Floor men: 1 1 4 2 56.1 66.0 1 2 2 1 1 6 56.1 1 4 1 General help: 1 1 4 1 66.0 66.0 4 1 Main under 18 vears Total 1 5 56.0 5 Handers-in: 1 3 2 47 66.0 55.1 2 42 1 4 Total 3 49 64.0 1 4 44 Harness cleaners male 18 years and over 2 2 1 1 1 8 39 1 2 3 60.2 56.6 56. 68.6 66.0 1 4 29 1 1 3 3 Harness inspectors, male, 18 years and over Harness inspectors, head, male, 18 years and over. 1 9 1 Lease pickers: 1 1 1 3 1 56.0 66.0 3 1 Total 1 4 56.0 4 3 1 1 1 172 3 3 1 66.6 56.0 69.4 84.2 6 4 6 1 120 3 2 37 Loom fixers' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 346 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- we&. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 301 and un- der 40S. and un- der 505. and un- der 66. 56. Over £6 WEAVING DEPARTMENT— continued. 2 2 39 2 87.5 66.0 1 15 2 23 Reed men, male 18 years and over • Scrubbers: 1 3 8 16 55.6 55.4 1 1 4 16 3 Female 18 years and over Total. 4 24 55.4 2 19 3 4 1 1 11 9 7 63.0 56.0 56.0 4 9 7 7 Shop hny 1 1 7 Twisters-in, machine, male, 18 years and over Warp carriers, male, 18 years and over Waste men, male 18 years and over 1 1 1 5 2 3 2 1 Weavers, pattern, male, 18 years and over 1 Weighers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 6 3 59.0 56.0 6 3 Total 2 9 58.0 3 6 1 Winders: Male, 18 years and over. . . . 2 1 13 1 37.4 56.0 6 3 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 2 14 38.8 5 .I .1 1 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing 2 weeks. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during 2 weeks. Un- der 61. 61 and un- der 811. 811 and un- der lOlJ. 1014 and un- der 112. 112. Over 112. Weavers: 2 2 I 209 3 699 108.7 101.4 105.4 112.0 8 ■'36' 6 1 15 12 9 148 2 485 5 26 Female, 18 years and over 34 29 Total 2 iK 106.3 44 22 46 38 640 26 Weavers, spare: 2 1 2 4S 1 59 77.7 112.0 82.2 18 3 1 3 16 1 27 5 Male, under 18 years 22 1 3 6 Total 2 105 80.6 40 4 4 9 43 5 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABr.ES. 347 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILiLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed diu:- ing4 weeks. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during 4 weeks. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 122. 122 and un- der 162J. 1624 and un- der 2038. 2038 and un- der 224. 224. Over 224. ■WEAVING DEPARTMENT— concluded. 2 1 107 4 217.2 2 2 3 20 1 61 2 19 1 Weavers: 2 2 2 2 831 5 399 6 211.5 1S9.4 211.0 224.0 47 1 23 23 45 38 1 26 678 3 316 6 11 24 2 1,241 211.3 71 34 69 65 1,0C2 Weavers, spare: 2 2 139 55 101.9 96.7 87 38 19 8 14 6 2 17 3 Total 2 194 100.5 125 27 20 2 20 Num- ber of estah- lish- ments Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Un- der 308. and un- der 40J. and un- der 50|. and un- der 56. 56, Over 56. All occupations:* 1,777 86 51.5 54.1 174 3 62 1 88 3 88 1 1,200 78 165 1,863 51.7 177 63 91 89 1,278 165 1,194 81 51.0 65.4 119 1 37 68 71 6 899 74 1,275 61.3 120 37 68 77 973 3,138 61.5 297 100 159 166 2,251 165 WEB-DRAWING DEPAETMENT. Beamers: 25 1 48.4 56.0 1 16 8 1 1 26 48.7 1 16 9 ^'i 56.0 2 H^*ness cleaners: 1 2 56.0 56.0 1 2 3 56.0 3 1 1 66.0 66.0 1 1 Total 1 2 56.0 2 1 In this summary of all occupations in the weaving department the data relating to those employees whose hours are shown above for 2 or 4 weeks have been reduced to a weekly basis. 348 STRIKE OF TEXT1L,E WOEKEKS IN LAWBENOE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III,— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOUES WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. — ■ — ' Num- ber of estab- lish- ments . Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eaoh classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 308 and un- der 401. ana. un- der 508. and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. ■WEB-DEA-WINQ DEPAKTMENT— concluded. Harness menders, male, 18 years and over 1 2 1 1 55.3 56.0 66.0 1 1 1 1 Harness menders and web.drawers, female, imder Heddle stringers: 2 5 53.5 55.9 1 1 1 4 ■pfiTTiftlp, nndfir IS ypjirs Total 7 55.2 2 5 2 2 2 56.0 66.0 63.0 2 2 1 Eeed men, male, 18 years and over 1 Scrubbers: ' 1 1 57.0 56.0 1 Mf^lfl, nndfir IS years 1 Total 2 56.5 1 1 4 66.9 3 1 Splitters; Male, 18 years and over 2 4 56.0 56.0 2 4 Mai**, TITidfti* IS years ,,, .. , Total =L 6 56. 6 Twisters, male, 18 years and over 5 54.0 1 4 Warp men: Male, 18 years and over 6 1 56.0 56.0 6 1 Male, under 18 years Total 7 56.0 7 Warp operators, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 1 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 2 1 1 1 Warp operators' helpers, male, 18 years and over. Warp-tying-machine men, male, 18 years and over. Waip-tymg-machine men's helpers, male, 18 years and over Web drawers: Female, 18 years and over 25 3 .54.3 52.6 9 2 16 1 Female, under IS years ... Total 28 64.1 11 17 Web drawers and heddle stringers, female, under 18 years tB^- ■ All occupations: Male, 18 years and over 1. 61 10 60.8 62.7 56.0 1 1 1 18 39 10 2 Male, under 1 S yefl.rs Total male 71 63.1 1 18 1 49 2 Female, IS years and over 27 10 64.2 54.4 10 4 17 Female, under 18 years Total female 37 64.3 14 1 23 Total male and female 108 53 6 1 1 18 2 "• CHAPTEE VI. GENERAL TABLES. 349 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber oJ em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 30S and un- der 40J. 404 ana un- der 505. and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. WOOIrPREPARING DEP.\RTMENT. 1 2 6 6 2 2 1 4 1 8 1 56.0 67.9 62.8 56.0 56.0 66.0 61.0 66.9 62.5 5 Blowers male, 18 vears and over 1 g Bridgemeii male 18 years and over 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 Elevator tenders male 18 years and over 1 « 2 1 -i= Floor bands: 4 1 91 1 53.3 56.0 32 4 1 53 1 ^ 1 Total - 4 92 53.3 32 4 64 •>. 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 37 1 37 2 7 36 2 I 1 2 1 1 6 2 1 3 4 62.8 66.9 50.6 12.5 55.0 50.9 53.8 63.5 56.0 63.4 60.7 66.0 60.0 30.5 50.8 61.9 66.0 66.0 58.5 67.0 1 6 12 2 3 1 5 4 3 Machine tenders' helpers, male, 18 years and over. ..'!. 14 1 1 11 2 1 1 2 Overlookers, assistant, male, 18 years and over... i 1 1 5 3 7 2 12 1 2 Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over... 1 1 1 Soap men's helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 6 2 1 2 Weighers male 18 years and over Wool overlookers, male, 18 years and over i 4 Wool sorters: 4 1 1 1 339 6 38 4 52.9 49.1 53.8 53.6 5 1 2 6 36 180 no 6 33 3 3 ... . 1 1 2 Total 4 387 53.0 8 6 37 182 151 3 Wool sorters, apprentices, second year, male, IS 1 2 2 14 66.2 62.2 2 11 Wool sorters, apprentices, third year, male, 18 3 All occupations: 630 7 53.6 50.0 11 1 15 83 225 233 6 63 Total male 637 53.4 12 15 83 226 239 63 40 4 53.9 63.6 2 1 1 2 35 3 44 63.9 2 2 2 38 681 53.4 14 15 85 227 277 63 350 STEIKB OF TEXTILE WORKEBS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees workin? each classified number of hours duritig week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der SOf. and un- der 40J. and un- der 50|. and un- der 56. 56. Over 66. YARD AND REPAIRS DEPARTMENT. 1 2 72.0 Belt men: 27 8 62.9 56.0 1 9 8 17 Total 35 61.3 1 17 17 Belt men's helpers: S 1 56.8 45.8 1 4 1 Total 6 54.1 1 1 4 Blacksmiths, male, 18 years and over Blacksmiths, foremen, male, 18 years and over. . . . Blacksmiths' helpers, male, 18 years and over Bobbin and spool repairers, male, 18 years and 10 1 7 4 1 54.0 57.0 57.5 56.5 56.0 1 1 5 3 1 4 3 1 3 1 Brakemen, male, 18 years and over . . . Brush makers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 56.0 56.0 1 1 Male, under 18 years - . Total 2 56.0 2 Cabinetmakers, male, 18 years and over ■J 1 135 1 1 7 2 1 5 24 42 1 6 25 1 1 15 1 1 2 1 1 94 5 1 3 3 1 31 1 1 122 56.0 60.4 72 56. 64.8 41.3 13.0 56.1 58.3 66.7 75.0 66.1 60.3 91.5 61.5 74.8 56.0 66.0 62.0 56.0 56.0 73.9 76.7 60.0 75.8 75.3 66.0 64.0 66.0 •■iS.O 58.5 1 47 4 4 10 70 Carpenters, foremen, male, 18 years and over Carpenters, foremen, assistant, male, 18 years and over .... 1 1 1 Carpenters' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 5 2 Chalk makers' helpers, male, 18 years and over Chaufieurs, male, 18 years and over 1 4 1 6 1 1 17 F.lRrtrlnif^nSj mnle, IS yp.n.rs and nyftr 1 3 37 Electricians', foremen, "male, 18 years and Over Electricians' helpers, male, 18 years and over Elevator tenders, male, 18 jears and over. 1 1 1 5 19 Elevator tenders and watchmen, male, 18 years 1 Engineers, locomotive, male, 18 years and over. . . Engineers, stationary, male, 18 years and over 1 4 1 1 11 Engineers, stationary, assistant, male, 18 yeare Engineers, stationary, foremen, male, 18 years and over. 2 Fllp.rs, male, IS years and over 1 1 1 1 Firemen, stationary, male, 18 years and over 1 1 91 Firemen, stationary, foremen, assistant, male, 18 years and over 5 1 Heating-system men, male, 18 years and over. . . 3 Heating and ventilating men, male, 18 years and over . 3 1 18 1 Tjflhor«r,S, Tn^le, 18 yenrq fl.nd oyp-r 2 1 1 3 6 Laborers, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 Machinists, male, 18 years and over 3 1 4 7 48 59 CHAPTEE VI. GKNERAL TABLES. 351 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Concluded. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30J. 30S and un- der 40i. 40| and un- der 501. and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. TAED AND BEPAIUS DEPARTMENT— COncludcd. Machinists, apprentices: 2 1 2 1 58.0 56.0 1 1 1 Total 2 3 57.3 2 1 *^achiiusts, foremen, male, 18 years and over Machinists, foremen, assistant, male, 18 years and 1 1 4 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 43 11 1 8 1 1 6 4 5 62.0 56.0 69.1 64.2 73.8 62.6 69.8 66.0 61.8 .56.6 66.0 1 1 15 Machinists* helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 2 24 11 Masons, foremen, assistant, male, IS years and 1 1 8 Master mecnamcs, assistant, male, 18 years and 1 1 1 2 3 Moistening-system men, male, 18 years and over. . 4 2 Motor men's helpers, male, 18 years and over 2 Office boys: 1 1 1 1 56.0 66.0 1 1 2 Total 1 2 56.0 ! 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 4 36 35 2 3 38 6 26 2 17 11 13 3 1 2 2 63 2 3 87 74.3 56.5 62.8 56.0 57.1 64.8 59.4 74.0 60.5 63.5 64.0 61.8 23.0 75.0 53.3 59.5 57.7 54.3 61.0 66.0 58.0 71.8 72.3 72.3 55.0 3ft 1 1 3 1 11 18 Painters', foremen, male, 18 years and over 2 3 24 3 5 Pin setters (combing), male, 18 years and over... . 1 "i' 13 1 . 1 2 1 IB Pipe fitters, Joremcn, male, 18 years and over Pipe fitters' helpers, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 4 11 1 Plumbers' lielpers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 4 2 1 10 2 1 7 Tinners, apprentices, male, 18 yeara and over Tinners, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 2 1 2 1 3 5S Watchmen, foremen, assistant, male, 18 years and 2 3 6 2 6 6 34 34 All occupations: 4 3 1,040 13 62.0 55.2 29 10 26 1 41 291 12 643 4 1 1,053 2 62.0 23.0 29 2 10 27 41 303 643 4 1,055 61.9 31 10 27 41 303 643 352 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENOE, MASS; WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Contmued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF MALES: 18 years and ovei. NUMBER. [The rates shown in this table are based on the hourly rates of time workers and on the earn Departments. Estab- . lish- ments. Employees. Average rate of Working Total. less than 66 hours wages per hour. during week. 2 19 1 $0,151 4 139 53 .207 1 9 3 .166 4 257 26 .148 4 776 98 .138 4 168 15 .217 4 572 69 .146 4 568 106 .140 4 740 267 .168 4" 807 161 .147 2 46 11 .139 2 17 4 .144 3 250 61 .186 1 3 3 44 .361 .117 11 4 133 60 .227 2 32 3 .213 2 6 1 .139 4 219 •67 .173 2 28 6 .143 4 176 27 .142 4 1,777 412 .230 1 61 20 .217 4 630 334 .194 4 1,040 106 .196 4 8,607 1,901 .180 Beaming , Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing EngUsn drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Lowsj)ooling Mending Male spinning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total , PER CENT. Beaming , Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mulespmning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool repairing Yard and repairs Total 6.3 38.1 33.3 10.1 12.6 9.5 12.1 18.7 36.1 18.7 23.9 23.5 20.4 25.' 6" 45.1 9.4 16.7 30.6 17.9 16.3 23.2 32.8 53.0 10.2 22.3 CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 353 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. WAGES IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS. MALES: 18 years and ovei. NUMBEB. ings and actual hours worked, during the week for which data were secured, of pieceworkers.] Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and un- der 6 cents. 6 and un- der 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 15 cents. 16 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 1 1 7 4 13 2 5 3 45 40 14 64 16 76 35 1 2 9 3 34 1 20 2 65 96 21 268 84 166 258 4 """i" 67 9 59 10 54 47 1 14 1 5 25 5 7 7 33 4 1 26 27 2 69 56 1 "i89 "ioi' 2 1 26 1 5 144 2 2 23 2 66 5 162 "'i' 69 33 39 13 40 169 8 170 100 210 95 22 13 25 3 3 13 6 13 42 8 4 4 13 4 5 45 10 31 72 2 15 1 36 79 1 64 76 2 1 15 41 7 36 16 22 S3 3 1 1 1 21 5 4 "i' 3 13 2 2 22 10 21 25 3 53 117 i 11 2 """"37" 5 9 42 4 68 56 1 2 5 1 11 74 6 17 84 2 3 1 1 10 '" 6 1 1 26 ■"2" 208 3 27 119 1 8 6 2 80 3 12 2 2 33 6 39 22 1 30 3 2 3 4 29 4 10 9 43 2 11 132 3 71 174 23 1 2 210 1 33 130 7 2 19 214 16 9 141 23 13 4 25 5 17 6 11 5 1 5 795 21 1 6 311 1 2 198 7 2 5 34 121 297 587 384 1,130 1,249 448 764 649 521 667 1,852 PEE CENT. 5.3 • 5.3 36.8 21.1 9.4 10.5 3.6 33.3 17.5 5.2 8.9 11.2 2.8 10.3 4.3 2.2 11.8 3.6 16.8 24.5 "lie" .5 8.2 .7 .9 6.1 1.2 5.3 14.4 22.2 25.3 12.2 13.3 46.1 14.8 22.4 32.0 8.7 0.4 7.3 5.7 10.3 1.8 7.3 5.8 2.2 10.1 11.1 1.9 3.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 4.5 .5 2.2 18.7 "i.2' .4 8.2 .9 2.3 5.7 1.0 19.4 22.2 26.8 7.2 .6 "33.3 ii'g' 4.3 5.9 10.4 11.1 1.9 18.6 1.3 .3 4.0 .3 8.2 1.9 20.9 "".'2 12.1 4.6 4.8 28.3 15.6 20.5 5.1 29.7 17.6 28.4 11.8 47.8 76.5 10.0 5.8 4.0 45.6 .3 2.6 .2 6.3 10.7 0.1 7.9 9.4 4.3 5.9 6.0 16.4 2.8 14.4 6.4 8.8 21.2 100.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 47.7 11.4 9.1 "".% 6.8 9.8 6.3 33.3 10.0 35.7 11.9 1.4 4.9 8.4 11.3 2.3 8.3 6.3 17.9 5.1 2.4 6.6 10.8 5.4 2.3 1.5 15.6 16.7 5.0 "'i.'i 4.2 8.2 2.7 8.1 4.6 2.3 3.1 2.3 7.5 "i.'i 3.1 16.7 11.9 "\.\ 11.7 4,9 4.3 11.4 2.3 6.0 18.8 4.6 60.2 9.4 37.6 33.3 .9 10.5 17.9 22.2 1.2 1.6 4.8 .3 .9 10.7 2.3 1.6 6.6 1.6 .9 19.6 7.1 6.3 7.4 4.9 11.3 16.7 10.6 3.6 1.1 11.8 1.6 5.2 12.6 3.2 7.1 10.8 12.0 26.2 1.4 13.6 10.5 7.4 .2 14.2 .3 9.7 .3 6.3 .3 .1 0.3 44.7 34.4 .2 .6 49.4 .1 .2 19.0 .1 C) .1 .4 1.4 3.6 6.9 4.6 13.3 14.7 5.3 8.9 6.5 6.1 6.7 21.8 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 23 354 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES, MALES: Under 18 years. NUMBER. Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average rato of wages per hour. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing.: English drawing finishing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooliig Low spooling Mending Mule spianiQg Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total 4 1 2 16 5 8 126 15 359 844 91 16 4 2 H 4 1 3 2 '? 13 3 2 1 70 9 S6 8 11) 173 $0,113 .136 .122 .115 .102 .127 .111 .130 .106 .124 .117 .113 .143 .110 .148 .115 .135 .105 .118 .130 .160 .120 PER CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dre.ssing Dyeing English drawing Finistiing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Keeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and windi.ig. Weaving Web drawing Wool prepanng Yard and repairs 50.0 12.5 17.6 33.3 27.3 17.6 50.0 25.0 66.7 Total. 23.1 60.0 12.9 14.3 7.7 20.5 CHABTEE VI. GENERAL TABLES 355 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. MALES : Under 18 yeais. Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and un- der 6 cents. 6 and un- der 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 15 cents. 15 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 1 4 1 1 3 1 10 3 2 1 2 48 3 1 7 2 2 8 8 8 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 21 2 2S 1 .» l-.i7 W j 75 1 1 03 22 23 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 3' 9 5 1 1 2 5 1 2 1 ....„ 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 1 15 29 8 4 21 2 1 22 24 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 6 1 2 67 179 162 254 42 54 68 1 9 4 2 ■> PER CENT. I 100.0 1 1 1 100.0 i 60.0 18.8 60.0 50.0 1 62.5 18.7 1 40.0 25.0 38.1 37.5 12.7 20.0 1.9 2.2 25.0 6.3 63.3 2.2 2.2 60.0 33.4 25.0 12.5 2.4 6.7 6.1 25.3 ■■ ■,■ ••■ ■ 1 i 16.7 1.6 13.3 43.7 22.2 1 ! 1 1 (i.7 1. ' _ . ' 1 .6 24.5 1.1 50.0 33.3 20.9 69.2 • 1 j j 33 3 76.0 r 100.0 50.0 16.4 "i's 10.5 50.0 14.3 50.0 15.4 38.4 7.7 15.4 60.0 ■2.3" 10.0 7.7 50.0 1.4 8.2 10.0 14.3 15.4 21.4 33.7 11.4 4.7 30.0 2.3 10.0 31.5 27.9 10.0 1.2 2.3 10.0 42.8 7.7 2.3 2.3 28.6 7.7 46.2 7.7 15.4 1 7.9 21.2 19.2 30.1 6.0 6.4 8.1 .1 1.1 .6 .2 1 356 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEBS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES FEMALES: 18 yeais and ovei. NUMBER. Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Average rate of "Working Total. less than 56 hom-s during week. wages per hour. 2 332 71 i0.109 4 511 117 .130 1 4 1 122 .108 .121 16 3 64 8 .134 1 4 1 811 .152 .124 136 1 4 2 642 .108 .135 121 2 2 3 17 .122 .142 8 3 172 32 .131 1 41 10 .122 3 305 85 .114 4 608 516 .177 2 45 10 .121 3 46 11 .119 2 161 27 .119 4 891 161 .132 4 1,194 295 .201 1 27 10 .144 1 40 5 .172 1 2 2 .160 4 6,038 1,641 .147 Beaming Burling Carding, worsted CJombing Dressing Dyeing : English drawing Finishing \ Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending E eeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repans Total PER CENT. Beaming Btirling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg Yard and repairs 21.4 22.9 13.1 12.5 Total. 18.1 47.1 18.6 24.4 27.9 84.9 22.2 23.9 16.8 18.1 24.7 37.0 12,5 100.0 :7.2 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. FEMALES: 18 years and over. NUMBER. 357 Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and un- der 6 cents. 6 and un- der 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der 11 cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 15 cents. 15 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and un- der 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 312 24 1 3 6 "169' 20 91 7 4 2 6 14 60 37 17 44 37 9 35 19 84 5 14 9 2 1 9 1 2 1 35 2 21 1 254 264 240 11 4 i 54 46 24 1 115 1 11 167 3 17 32 2 2 37 278 27 3 1 290 86 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 3- 12 36 2 1 12 271 46 2 4 34 113 21 2 34 1 193 14 3 1 19 26 1 4 6 46 16 2 ...... 2 4 1 3 5 4 8 89 3 1 29 15 27 2 91 35 25 1 2 11 121 5 2 7 23 89 4 ""2 6 61 4 82 83 60 50 1 1 1 1 ""2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 6 2 2 4 19 201 5 21 "264' 3 8 1 162 1 4 1 144 3 269 1 11 I 15 17 29 173 633 938 610 1,000 739 370 391 334 261 205 312 PER CENT. 94.0 4.7 100.0 2.5 9.4 '33." i' 6.0 17.8 1.4 0.8 0.4 1.2 2.7 9.7 7.2 3.3 8.6 7.2 i.8 __ 28.7 29.7 68.9 7.8 .... 21.9 14.1 3.1 100.0 .5 14.1 .2 .1 4.3 100.0 3.3 33.3 31.3 32.6 29.6 1.4 1 8.4 7.2 3.7 33.3 17.9 33.3 64.7 97.1 7.3 5.6 5.3 4.4 4.3 23.0 31.2 2.3 11.1 2.5 45.2 13.4 .9 35.3 .6 .6 1.7 7.3 3.9 5.9 4.4 2.2 7.5 30.4 3.9 7.4 10.0 82.9 37.1 3.5 4.4 73.9 .6 21.7 1.2 11.1 2.4 6.2 4.3 2.2 8.7 3.7 5.2 1.3 7.4 ...... .7 .7 2.2 1.0 .8 1.3 1.3 29.2 .5 2.2 9.5 2.5 60.0 4.3 56.5 3.9 2.1 3.7 5.0 3.6 19.9 11.1 4.3 4.3 2.6 7.6 14.8 ioo.'o' 2.0 10.0 8.9 13.6 13.7 9.9 8.2 2.2 .6 .1 .1 "".2 .1 3.7 .6 .4 .2 .1 .6 .7 .2 7.4 2.5 2.1 16.8 18.5 52.6 ii'.i 11.1 20.0 .1 13.6 3.7 10.0 .1 12.1 .3 21.7 .2 .2 .3 .6 2.9 10.5 16.6 10.1 16.6 12.2 6.1 6.8 6.6 4.3 3.4 6.2 358 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE/ MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES FEMALES: Under 18 years. NUMBEB. Departmenta. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average rate of per hour. Beaming Burling ^ Carding, worsted Combing Dressing English drawing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooUng Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting Mid winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Total 42 12 IM) 37 1 n 19 3 IS? 27 2f)4 56 11 9 3 45 8 IHl 124 12 1 4 201 81 10 4 1,189 357 to. 108 .111 .108 .124 .128 .112 .111 .130 .117 .113 .136 .113 .108 .108 .118 .125 .099 .147 .116 PEK CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing English drawing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Keeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding . Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Total. 28.6 28.5 15.8 17.2 21.2 33.3 17.8 94.7 8.3 37.1 25.4 40.0 25.0 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 359 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Concluded. FEMALES: TTnder 18 years. NCMBEB. Employees earning eacli classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and un- der 6 cents. 6 and un- der 7 cents. 7 and un- der 8 cents. 8 and un- der 9 cents. 9 and un- der 10 cents. 10 and un- der U cents. 11 and un- der 12 cents. 12 and un- der 13 cents. 13 and un- der 14 cents. 14 and un- der 15 cents. 15 and un- der 16 cents. 16 and un- der 18 cents. 18 and im- dcr 20 cents. 20 and un- der 22 cents. 22 and un- der 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 42 12 1 2 6 7 13 3 47 22 2 8 4 3 1 1 8 66 36 5 1 11 7 1 4 18 28 1 26 10 11 1 4 36 "is?" 43 2 1 ^ 1 7 7 6 11 ""'68' 8 6 8 26 18 1 2 2 7 6 9 "is 1 12 S 5 9 ii 1 8 8 5 1 1 3 1 66 4 1 1 "u 1 2 48 6 1 20 29 27 11 6 12 2 1 7 1 3 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 4 7 12 13 107 200 198 284 75 124 83 24 20 14 12 7 3 PEK CENT. • 100.0 9.2 100.0 1.5 4.6 5.4 10.0 2.3 36.2 16.9 1.5 6.2 3.1 2.3 0.8 - 16.7 42.1 42.0 13.6 83.3 5.3 7.0 2.7 — ^- - - 21.1 n .1 5.3 16.6 3.8 100.0 5.3 21.1 22.9 51 9 ! tn fi 16.3 .8 .4 11.1 15.6 6.3 8.9 4.6 91.7 '93.5' 4.0 7.4 88.9 55.6 13.7 2.2 1.5 4.4 S.3 11.1 6.9 ■'is.'?' 2.2 9.2 3.8 3.8 6.9 8.4 8.3 6.1 6.1 3.8 25.0 75.0 1.6 32.8 4.9 10.0 1.6 "i'.a 1.2 3.2 23.9 7.4 .5 10.0 35.8 i3.4 13.6 60.0 6.0 2.5 •S, 8.6 10.0 1.5 3.7 .6 4.9 4.9 2.5 2.5 20.0 ioo.o .6 1.0 1.1 9.0 16.8 16.7 23.9 6.3 10.4 7.0 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.0 .6 .3 360 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table V.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DUR MALES : 18 years and over. NUMBER. [The amounts shown in this table are based on the actual earnings, during the week for which data were Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing Englisn drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spuming Keeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total 19 139 9 257 776 158 672 668 740 807 46 17 260 3 44 133 32 6 219 28 176 .,777 61 106 267 161 11 4 61 11 60 3 1 67 5 27 412 20 334 106 1,901 PER CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English- drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Mule spinning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total. 10.: 12.1 9. 12. 18. 36. IS. 23. 23, 20. 22. .t CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 361 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS (V.ntinued. ING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS. MALES: 18 years and over. NUMBER. secured, of both time workers and pieceworkers, regardless of the number of hours actually worked.) Employees earning each classifled amoimt during week $3 S4 S5 S6 87 S8 $9 $10 $11 $12 $14 $16 $18 and Under and and and and and and and and and and and and S3. under under under under under under under under under under under under $4. IS. S6. $7 S8. 19. $10. $11. $12. $14. $16. $18. 2 2 1 14 4 11 '"'59' 4 17 4 64 5 21 1 46 1 24 1 21 ■■"is" 3 14 1 1 1 7 21 12 1 3 2 6 3 3 8 9 8 6 23 6 18 29 173 204 174 56 21 14 17 22 14 6 2 1 1 1 5 7 22 8 11 a 22 29 22 16 5 3 8 12 22 30 144 138 86 63 52 12 2 5 U 13 17 49 186 166 34 16 17 8 IG 17 11 7 5 7 6 15 45 123 213 119 58 31 71 2.3 18 4 46 16 18 96 117 128 236 39 l:s 5 18 ,50 20 5 3 1 4 2 1 8 2 2 37 13 10 65 17 2 12 1 1 9 1 I i i 1 8 1 6 17 18 33 14 9 1 7 1 1 4 14 8 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 12 3 37 14 3 2 36 7 30 10 2 1 58 8 15 2 5 12 . 8 42 6 14 5 8 20 1 1 1 B 2 28 1 1 19 4 3 7 33 ""'"12" 17 2 5 19 3 17 5 6 3 3 7 11 2 89 34 30 39 63 57 73 70 109 19.5 338 411 161 112 3 45 6 92 8 67 5 43 3 36 3 4'; 28 77 2 194 3 21 4 4 2 9 3 16 6 6 12 19 82 89 83 80 71 279 169 55 74 240 100 135 325 798 1,147 1,266 715 538 503 1.064 1,011 391 274 PER CENT. 10.5 L4 11.1 6.4 21.1 7.9 "23.'o' 21.1 12.2 44.4 24.9 26.3 15.1 11.1 17.9 5.3 17.3 11.1 8.2 "■"9.'4' 15.8 10.1 0.7 0.7 11.1 2.7 is.i 8.6 11.1 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.2 1.2 3.1 3.5 3.1 2.3 3.0 .8 2.3 3.7 22.3 26.3 22.4 7.2 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.8 1.8 .6 1.3 .6 .6 .6 3.2 4.4 13.9 5.1 7.0 7.0 13.9 18.4 13.9 10.1 .9 .6 1.4 2.1 3.8 5.2 25.2 24.1 15.0 9.3 9.1 2.1 .3 .9 1.9 2.3 3.0 8.6 32.7 29.2 6.0 2.8 3.0 1.4 2.8 3.0 1.9 1.2 .7 .9 .8 2.0 6.1 16.6 23.8 16.1 7.8 4.2 9.6 3.4 2.4 .5 6.7 2.0 2.2 11.9 14.5 15.9 21.2 4.8 1.6 .0 2.2 6.2 2.5 .6 6.6 2.2 8.7 4.3 4.3 28.3 37.0 2 2 2.2 2.2 2.2 5.9 3.2 11.8 14.8 58.8 22.0 11.8 4.8 5.9 3.6 5.9 9.2 3.2 (') 2.4 6.8 7.2 13.2 5.6 3.6 66.7 2.3 33.3 15.9 .8 2.3 .8 18.2 ■4.5 4,5 1.6 15.6 6.8 2.3 .8 6.3 16.7 6.5 10.7 21.0 10.6 9.4 31.3 n.4 25.0 17.0 7.5 6.3 16.7 26.6 28.6 8.6 9.0 6.0 31.6 18.8 10.6 16.6 (i.O 18.8 15.0 3.1 16.7 3.1 ■■"3.'7' 7.1 16.9 3.1 16.7 8.7 ....... 1.8 10.7 4.0 16.1 "i'.S 7.8 7.1 2.8 8.7 10.7 9.7 2.3 2.3 1.4 1.7 4.0 6.2 1.1 6.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.0 3.2 4.1 3.9 6.1 11.0 19.0 23.1 9.1 6.3 4.9 7.1 9.8 14.6 13.1 9.0 8.2 6.8 4.9 6.7 4.9 6.8 46.9 12.2 3.3 30.8 4.9 3.3 .6 .0 .3 1.4 5 1.6 .6 .6 1.2 1.8 7.9 8.6 8.0 7.7 6.8 26.8 16.3 5.3 7.1 2.8 1.2 1.0 3.8 9.4 13.6 14.9 8.4 6.3 6.0 12.6 11.9 4.6 3.2 f Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 362 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWREKCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table V.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING MALES: Under 18 years. NUMBER. Departments. Estab- lisl- menta. Employees. Average Working earnings less than 56 hours dm-ing week. dm-ing week. Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mendmg Mulespmnlng Reeling Shippmg Spooling Twisting and windii Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg Yard and repass Total 4 1 2 16 6 8 126 15 359 91 4 S5.05 7.60 6.83 6.39 5.71 7.13 5.88 7,24 5.16 6.53 5.73 6.34 7.96 5.01 8.55 6.46 7.48 5.75 6.51 7.25 8.59 6.65 844 PEK CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted . Combing Dressing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French spinning ]ack spooling Low spooling Mendmg Mule spmning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs 6.3 12.6 17.5 33.3 27.3 17.6 50.0 26.0 66.7 Total. 23.1 50.0 12.9 9.3 14.3 7.7 20.6 CHAPTER VI. OENERA-L TABLES. 363 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. MALES: TTndei IS years. NUMBER. Employeea earning each classifled amount during week Under $3. S3 and under $4. S4 and under »5. J5 and under 56. 16 and under $7 $7 and under $8. 18 and under $9. S9 and under $10. WO and under til. JU and under »12. S12 and under 114 S14 and under $16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 40 3 176 7 2 2 ....... 3 3 46 3 91 54 3 21 5 9 17 1 1 1 2 3 10 6 1 7 3 7 i 1 ""1 ' 36 18 19 2 1 ' 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 6 3 2 3 9 6 1 2 2 2 i" 4 1 37 36 1 23 22 1 1 9 1 2' 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 5 54 23 37 315 274 86 40 6 6 1 2 PER CENT. 25.0 25.0 60.0 100.0 60.0 93.8 60.0 37.5 16.7 33.3 2.5 18.7 25.0 33.3 25.0 60.0 6.3 40.0 12.5 31.7 20.0 49.0 7.7 50.0 66.7 "'37.'5' 36.5 20.0 25.3 59.3 1.6 20.0 2.8 6.6 12.5 5.6 2.4 5.6 6.7 i 10.0 5.5 6.0 6.3 2.2 25.0 75.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 100.0 7.7 30.8 38.5 23.1 100.0 4.3 10.5 60.0 14.3 15.4 2.9 2.3 .....^. 5.7 1.2 52.9 41.9 10.0 32.9 25.6 10.0 1.4 10.5 10.0 2.3 10.0 14.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 14.3 57.1 7.7 7.7 15.4 38.5 6.4 2.7 4.4 37.3 32.5 10.2 4.7 .7 .7 .1 .2 364 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WOKSTBD MILLS— Continued. Table v.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING FEMALES: 18 years and over. IVUMBER, Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Beaming BurUug Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg Yard and repairs Total 611 1 122 64 1 811 2 042 3 17 172 41 305 008 45 46 101 891 1,194 27 40 2 71 117 16 121 "'s' 32 10 85 616 10 11 27 161 295 10 5 2 6,0 1,641 PER CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing Englidi drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding . Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg Yard and repairs 21.4 22.9 13.1 12.5 Total. 16.8 'ii's' 47.1 18.6 24.4 27.9 84.9 22.2 23.9 16.8 18.1 24.7 37.0 12.5 100.0 27.2 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 365 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. FEMALES: 18 yeais and ovei. NUMBER. Employees earning each classified amount during week. Under J3. S3 and under $4. S4 and under $5. $5 and under J6. 16 and under 17. $7 and under S8. S8 and under $9. S9 and under 110. 110 and under $11. $11 and under $12. $12 and under $14. $14 and under $16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. 10 12 10 7 22 21 29 38 258 214 1 65 30 2 98 1 44 40 26 11 4 2 2 6 2 45 12 9 1 11 9 21 11 19 53 344 2 88 1 s" 33 141 51 25 32 78 218 45 5 2 350 2 17 9 21 61 176 2 i 25 58 5 4 37 279 54 8 2 267 3 2 4 1 14 16 1 1 5 23 44 i" 4 5 ■"■"is' 38 2 6" 14 27 1 2" i" 18 33 3 1 6 39 37 1 1 1 13 2 80 29 3 6 13 60 38 2 i" 6 3 9 98 3 1 14 246 95 2 3 5 92 3 47 80 49 9 6 2 1 4 12 171 3 13 159 4 9 132 1 5 193 164 .34 1 4 ■" 172 152 226 436 1 1.638 1,306 805 366 245 230 246 173 j 40 3 FEB CENT. 3.0 2.3 3.0 1.4 6.6 4.1 8.7 7.4 77.7 41.9 100.0 63.3 46.9 0.6 19.2 0.3 8.6 7.8 5.1 2.2 3.3 1.6 3.1 4.9 3.1 36.9 18.8 14.1 100.0 1.4 14.1 2.6 1.4 2.3 6.5 42.4 100.0 13.7 33.3 '"i'.g S). 5 43.2 8.4 55.6 69.6 48.4 24.5 3.8 18.5 5.0 43.2 .2 2.6 1.4 3.3 9.5 27.4 66.7 23.5 82.0 9.8 8.2 9.5 11.1 8.7 23.0 31.3 4.5 29.6 5.0 41.6 .5 11.8 2.3 2.4 4.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 3.1 2.6 3.7 """2"5" 23.5 2.9 ""'4."3' 6.3 4.4 """3."i' 1.6 2.3 3.7 ioo'o^ 5.9 5.4 6.7 2.2 3.1 4.4 3.1 3.7 2.5 5.9 7.6 4.9 26.2 4.8 6.7 13.0 8.1 6.7 3.2 7.4 ....... 35.3 1.7 3.0 16.1 6.7 2.2 8.7 27.6 8.0 7.4 7.5 1.6 15.1 6.7 7.7 13.2 8.1 1.5 1.0 0.3 2.2 2.5 1.3 14.3 11.1 32.5 13.3 14.8 22.5 11.1 3.7 12.5 . 16.2 13.7 2.8 .1 10.0 2.8 2.5 3.7 7.2 27.1 21.6 13.3 6.1 4.1 3.8 4.1 2.9 .7 0) > Les9 than one-tenth of 1 per oent. 366 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKERS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Concluded. Table V.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS EARNED DURING FEMALES: Under 18 years. NUMBER. Departments. Estab- lish- ments. Employees. Total. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average earnings during week. Beaming Burling , Carding, worsted Combing Dressing English drawing Erame spiiming French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Total, 42 130 1 6 19 157 264 11 9 45 131 12 4 62 201 81 10 4 1,1S9 124 1 357 tS G5 5. 88 6.05 6.94 6.78 6.03 6.81 7.30 6.31 6.11 5.48 6.27 6.02 5.59 6.04 6.63 5.37 7.88 5.95 PER CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing English drawing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Total. 28.6 28.5 15.8 17.2 21.2 33.3 17.8 94.7 8.3 37.1 25.4 40.0 25.0 30.0 CHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 367 "WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Concluded. FEMALES : Undei 18 yeais. NUMBER. Employees earning each classified amount during week. Under S3. $3 and under S4. $4 and under $5. 15 and under 16 and under S7. $7 and under S8. $8 and under $9. S9 and under SIO. »10 and under 111. 111 and under 112. $12 and under $14. $14 and under $16. $16 and under $18. $18 and over. 2 8 1 7 3 18 6 21 30 54 1 3 10 68 55 11 8 3 3 3 25 16 11 - 1 6 16 1 47 117 1 ■"35' 3 1 3 • 12 7 13 1 2 13 1 11 8 1 1 10 47 41 6 7 30 9 10 3 39 62 6 1 1 1 22 ""ii 1 6 3 16 1 4 8 1 3 12 1 1 6 2' 9 17 3 47 7 1 9 8 1 3 4 4 2 2 3 72 73 86 318 389 131 67 28 8 12 3 2 PER CENT. 4.8 6.2 2.4 5.4 7.1 143 71.4 41.5 100.0 50.0 62.6 43.3 20.8 13.8 16-1 8.5 6.2 2.3 50.0 15.8 15.9 6.1 100.0 5.3 3.8 6.1 5.3 30.0 44.3 5.2 "i3.3' 15.8 .6 1.9 4.5 4.5 4.9 11.1 4.4 9.9 11.1 24.5 6.1 8.3 25.0 16.2 23.4 50.6 60.0 77.8 66.7 6.9 83.4 75.0 62.9 30.8 7.4 10.0 25.0 2.2 16.8 'si's" 2.2 4.6 2.3 12.2 8.3 3.0 6.1 0.8 v^ 4.8 6.0 1.3 i.6 3.0 "26.6" 14.5 8.5 3.7 23.3 8.6 10.0 4.5 9.9 .5 3.7 ' 4.9 4.9 2.6 2.5 75.0 6.1 6.1 7.2 26.7 32.7 11.0 5.6 2.4 .7 1.0 .3 .2 368 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOUBS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS. MALES : 18 years and over. [The hours shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured.] MCMBEB. Departments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ployees. Aver- age hoiurs worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under 303, and under 40| and under 50g.. SOJ and under 56. Bering Buning Carding, wool Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooliQg Low spooling Mendmg Mule spmning Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparmg. Yard and repairs Total 19 139 9 257 776 158 572 56S 740 807 46 17 260 3 44 133 32 6 219 28 176 1,777 61 630 1,040 62.6 55.2 54.2 60.6 57.5 58.8 65.6 54.4 56.1 53.5 53.6 55.1 53.9 56.0 58.4 55.8 57.0 54.3 55.0 54.0 56.2 51.5 52.7 53.5 62.0 11 2 5 31 5 16 32 142 37 1 22S 41 51 297 62 10 354 114 455 5 7 25 13 S 59 6 64 ,200 39 233 291 8,507 56.1 395 3,444 PER CENT. Beaming 5.3 1.4 26.3 16.5 66.7 19.8 38.3 39.2 1.7 62.3 16.4 56.4 10.9 62.9 43.2 100.0 15.9 18.8 40.6 83.3 26.9 21.4 36.4 67.6 63.9 37.0 28.0 68.4 45.3 Burling 2.2 26.6 11.1 2.7 3.6 2.6 4.9 6.5 9.5 4.7 2.2 6.9 8.4 7.9 22.2 1.9 4.0 3.2 2.8 5.6 19.2 4.6 "r/'.h' 2.8 Carding, wool 2.7 3.7 1.9 1.9 3.7 1.8 6.7 S.7 2.7 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.8 5.7 2.7 13.0 70.0 49.1 51.3 86.2 19.0 48.5 24.9 65.2 23.5 36.4 Combing Dressing English drawing Frame spinning ' French combing. French drawing ! French spinning. . . 4.8 4.4 Jack spooling ' I ■ Low spooling 11.4 2.3 3.1 2.3 1,5 9.1 5.3 3.1 16.7 14.2 3.6 4.5 5.0 29.5 . 13.2 2.5 2.3 36.1 3.1 "ii.'g' 3.6 4.5 5.0 1.6 35.7 3.9 59.1 36.1 50.0 Mule spinning Keeling Shipping 1.8 10.7 4.5 9.8 2.7 ■""i.'?' 3.5 1.6 2.4 1.0 42.6 Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving 9.3 3.3 10.0 61.8 Web drawing ■. . . , 1.7 2.8 Yard and repairs Total 4.6 2.8 6.4 8.6 40.6 37.2 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. 369 Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. MALES: TJndei 18 yeais. NUMBER. Departments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under 308. 309 and under 40J. 40* and under 505. and under 56. 56. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing iJressing. Dyeing En^lisn drawing Finishing Frame spiiming French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Meudmg Mule spmning Keeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and wlndiig Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total 4 1 2 16 5 8 126 15 359 91 4 3 4 3 2 13 2 70 86 10 7 13 44.5 56.0 56.0 55.8 56.0 55.9 52.5 55.6 50.4 52.8 49.1 56.0 55.8 45.6 56.0 55.8 55.4 54.6 54.1 56.0 50.0 55.2 844 52,2 53 246 74 2 3 3 1 2 8 1 61 78 10 6 12 PEB CENT. ■RPRTniTlg^ . , 25.0 25.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 100.0 75.0 82.5 53.3 68.5 81.3 60.0 100.0 76.0 33.3 100.0 61.5 50.0 87.1 90.7 100.0 86.7 92.3 ceding, worsted 6.3 12.5 3.2 6.7 5.8 5.5 50.0 "'s.'e' 26.7 6.4 4.4 12.5 5.6 3.2 13.3 Frame spinning 9.2 6.6 5.8 1.1 4.2 ■pfATi(?h (?piTim'ng 1.1 Mending 25.0 33.3 33.3 Shipping . . 23.1 50.0 5.7 1.2 15.4 2.9 3.5 ""i.2" 4.3 3.5 14.3 7.7 Total 6.3 3.3 5.0 5.8 77.0 2 5 51240°- S. Doc. 870, 62-2 24 370 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Continued. Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. FEMALES : 18 yeais and ovei. NITMBEB. Departments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under 30| and under and under SOf. 50? and under 56. Beaming BurUng Carding, worsted Combing Dressing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Keeling Shipping Spooling Twistirjg and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repau-s Total 332 511 1 122 64 1 811 2 642 3 17 172 41 -305 608 45 46 161 891 1,194 27 40 6,038 63.1 53.8 56.0 54.2 54.6 66.0 53.5 56.0 63.0 56.0 43.1 63.3 53.6 62.2 48.3 52.8 64.1 63.3 62.9 51.0 64.2 63.9 23.0 52.2 1 15 64 1 1 8 31 119 325 211 68 1 10 6 31 317 261 394 1 106 66 1 674 2 511 3 8 139 31 219 91 35 35 134 727 899 17 35 PER CENT. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted . Combing Dyeing English drawing Finishing Frame spinning French combing French drawing French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mendmg Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding. Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Yard and repairs Total. 3.0 1.8 2.6 "3."i' 3.4 36.3 3.5 2.4 4.9 10.6 2.2 2.2 5.0 3.6 10.0 6.0 100.0 3.3 2.3 2.5 3.1 2.3 2.4 3.6 6.4 6.7 2.2 1.2 4.5 3.1 3.5 7.2 6.6 2.5 6.3 5.0 6.9 7.0 4.9 9.2 15.8 6.7 3.7 5.2 5.7 7.8 13.3 5.7 3.1 5.8 6.4 5.9 5.S 14.6 10.2 62.1 6.7 19.6 6.8 4.9 5.9 37.0 6.0 1.6 11.7 78.6 77.1 100.0 86.7 87.5 100.0 83.1 100.0 79.6 100.0 47.1 80.8 75.6 71.8 15.0 77.8 76.1 83.2 81.6 76.3 63.0 87.6 72.5 CHAPTE?. VI. GENERAL TABLES. 371 WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS— Concluded. Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Concluded. FEMALES: Under 18 years. NUMBER. Departmeals. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Num- ber of em- ployees Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. 303 and under 40J. m and under SOS. 60| and under 56. Over 66. Beaming Burling Carding, worsted Combing Dressing English drawing Frame spinning French spinning Jack spooling Low spooling Mending Reeling Shipping Spooling Twisting and winding Weaving Web drawing Wool preparing Total 42 130 1 6 19 157 45 131 12 4 62 201 81 10 4 52.3 52.8 56.0 56.0 52.8 53.1 61.8 56.0 54.0 54.0 39.4 55.6 56.0 61.8 51.4 55.4 54.4 63.6 61.2 1 6 16 130 200 11 11 4 39 150 74 6 3 824 PER CENT. 4.8 3.1 2.4 1.6 11.9 10. S 9.5 13.1 71.4 71.6 100.0 100.0 84.2 82.8 75.8 100.0 66.7 82.2 5.3 91.7 100.0 62.9 74.6 91.4 60.0 75.0 6.3 4.5 6.1 4.2 5.3 5.7 6.4 5.3 6.1 4.5 3.0 11.1 4.4 6.1 22.2 11.1 38.2 8.3 2.2 47.3 "s.'i 4.8 6.0 1.2 3.2 7.6 17.7 5.0 1L3 7.0 7.4 40.0 25.6 9.2 3.2 6.6 11.0 69.3 .7 372 STBIKE OP TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. R o ;z; < ^ s M M w 00 ^ ^ ^ O T3 ^ <) ,£1 Ph ^ 1=) ^^ Q a o % !« fQ 5 „ CuD H q is tt H TS S H sii Pi? !=; ^ ij *^ p:i t3 S O 2 W Q ^ ft( m (ON 00 N g' § M^.-H N>-1 CO OJiHrt SS ^ "^ ^« ft f-ifi ^ r-l T-H^ w '"' -l "^ T-^T-tl-t ^(M (N '-'—I CCi-H « CH O O .grow isa III J a E-i & s r I I III ls§ tf eS tt o noQ 03 V booTO II 374 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. ■< )£ O I— I H < Ph P O o o >H cq ;? <=! Ph P o < I n 1 1 •g 1 i o & o a 3 24 CtS. and over. 1 §s|g|jsf 1 sl§l?^l sl^lsf Tf ■* s|i|s| CO ■ s gs Sg ^ »SJ2 '- -• lO CO 10 1— 1 IC s|^l--e - - i-( (N s -^ r-l 10 10 00 tH THrH (Ni-I m a1§|s^ "'" (N CO . = "lil^l ■^ -«< m^^ TtH IN '• 00 X sl^l^l ■-' - 5 p-d"^ (y -' ^ -4- -Isl^i -lll-l - f "l§l-^ Aver- age rate of wages per hour. 3s t- |S .-1 1 2 w 3 o •*T-t »o S" ?5 ■^ r- CO 1-1 iH IN-* CO Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. •a I %z G ■0 § CO 00 i ■a CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 375 -, : ^ »0 ^ Olf 376 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. to O I— 1 H O o o >^ m H H - " ^lOl-H C^-HN S 1H(N c3 S-C t> 3|i|a| iH -< rHrt !N =l^|a| -^ - s|§l=l 1 - °1^|s| 3 3'a u 1-1 g.S<»-f3 -l^l-l "l^l-l Aver- age rate of wages per hour. OO 82 1 K|S|Sg|gS3 |g S s3 O W It Si Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. ■"I '"* (N (N r-H . 1 0(N N o s i I 1 C K 1 _2 i = i - 1 C E 1 "Si .2 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 379 OCO O lO lO 380 s 02 ^' O I— I <1 Ph o o o m s- H < "S O .S f^ • ^1 P3<1 >^ ►J P5 t) O w Q I— ( OQ 02 O O <^ P5 I n S|il?3| "lllSf 3|i|2S m\ (3 td'd" o »|^|S| "lll^-g -1^1"! "I^l'-I '1ii-l ^ SI'S Is S 6 P. o Sfi tin « » Q] ^ III ^ fill ill ^ CHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 381 CO i-l IC tl i-l i-H ^ f-4iom« 10.-1 '• ■ rtMw ; ^ 00 '^H • '.-H,-! lO ' i-t ^ '^ : : MTH'*iOi-HNeqi-Ht^3;-*rH»neoc<)'*ci»NoOi-cci'«t.r- i-(.-lWrHf-CrHN,-lOCONf 00 9 — .a &^ SeS Eh gaa ] S £ O'S :SSg l>>n 9 ^J cj 231 |a i |i:-s ill ""-ri-^i i»^2:J Ii is |l -I ■H ffl pel «J fM H a CD '^ 3 < I ^§ ^ ^^ ^ §1 coo H Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. m^ CC Time work- ers or piece- work- ers. ^60666666666 .3 -a X3 T3 -d T) -O -Uj '0 T) Ti TJ 3 X X i% c •§ A 1 1 1 § 1 L •< t w 2 '' 1 - 1 I I *■ c 15 if 1 I'" ■* « 1 li t C •c i: e I 2 ■* li ■ k i 1- t: c a a "c i E- > c •t: g E 1 J y c C c ct a a ■ „ I"? . > > c 'h ill \ 1 « 1 > S -I 1 c T C a a \ t 5 E \ t 1 % i a i- > c X i < } It J is il k 1 c X c a 1 P i- % Z X C 1 J F I "S ,1 iE n y 3^ t -I c ; 1 X z > li ij i .s ll CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 383 p o o W I Tf M ^ > -J P m m 0) r- S CO '^ S t^t^ c3 2 oT II > Mo tj 0) OJ t^ ■g-S 2 a a^l g^S.a-3&<„-2 pSu ^ A r1 rl 2.2 a Spcs s tllgaa|§ ^ll I &| ll P4 P^ pH P^ OQ D3 CQ Oa N "^l B- |S§ 4^ ^ CO ca 384 STRIKE OP TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o < OQ 13 O I— I H |3 O o >^ cq P3 <^ Ph o 3 < oo >^ P o M P I— I < o O <) o P5 ^lll Sl§«?i-8 j s™i2 --s. Pi^r^i 5l ; tooa o 3 P Pii| t^^fe'B,^' lo i-H CO iH r- w I- t>»>« 2 S •^ 00 aJ- « oo o2 ■OS •O g - . ^ ° ^ o fc eO ^_i ^t3 el'rf S'3'a cs a CO A fee's" I §SE^ 9««sa ^ § rt . I g|fe 39 I 5 cd cs ^ g 390 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. P o Ph P O o o !z; ;^ H P3 -=■1 n 1 o 1 s O Q _a o 1 01 o & B 24 CtS. and over. s« : ■^MH slil-i -H I "l^lss (N -^ -H -|^|2| o>^ j ^ -^ !3|i|S| 00 ^ s1§|s| -' '- -^ ; S|A|S| CO ■ - iH COi-l -^ ^ OJ ■ -^ " s|^|s^ CO . =l§l^l »ot^ W s|il^^ ... -- - ^ "lils| ; ■"lil"! ■ ; Sa-a o ; ; Aver- age rate of wages per hour. SS2 o .117 .141 .135 .150 .135 .145 .135 .165 .136 .165 ^S II So, Work- ing less than 56 hours during week. •^ ^ § OlOJ^ iO>-i «D r- ^ ^ rH ^ -* ^ o ,-. T-trH (M S"-^ Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. i-Hrtt-l ^T-l tHtH ^ ^^^ Time work- ers or piece- work- ers. Br ■§ o c c •x. c o c z o -a c t: c Eh 4 i 1 1 s 1 B — c t: i i i 'I 1 i J .i ( ; ; ; : C T e a E a a P 3 2 S J 3 1 c c s « a £ p c 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 ■•E 1 s I si i ■» i 6 a 1 'I s c i "1: 1 J I .« S "a -E ,1. < 1 i 1 2 -E 1 JT 11 ; : : o -i if 1 13 1 S 1 -.a o a o II ■ 1 3 o 1 a a '5 E 4- P I i: > oc E 5 t ■ 1 1 if 1 CHAPTER VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 391 S : S SS c:i COO Oi ^ CO 1-H ua tH w i-i M "* -I ro t^ I) i-H w m lOi-H P* fe" « £ M o a> H o M Fl^ >»S ^£ > i2-a-?»2'3-3 st»« a ilillll III I ooog» ^B a IS o a S a 2 S -2 ■2 I i § © o u. . CO d (33 t4 ;- £) a> "J oTaT -0! CO ti 00 c" -' ■3 t- > E> 0) o o 0-0-2 eg| g.2S 00 » x (H a> acojs bI oo9 d tA c3 'Is a J 0-4J '=! f-l O O fi u w V ~4 .2 73 oTtt)" -3 S &H 6^ ti (B QJ £-1 fe'3 "3 ■o i 392 ^'■ O h- * ) P3 > n 3 o Pi o g CD "3 a o 24 cts. and over. -I^l^l -^ ^l§l?5| '^ -^ "lilsi N .'^ -^ : -^ - S|i|2| « 3|^|S| '|^|S| S|^|3| ^ p3 P o W CO OQ o iz: I ^li|S!i Sli^53| igl^sl sll^ss -§§■§ = s|lls| "l^^Si -lil"l ^^-■s =1il'°l ^ « s ° I p.^ ■S5 t: M« o a £ tH r-t iH CO ■* U3 □ C9 c3 O O O O S O O O O O O m CHAPTEB VI. GENERAL TABLES. 395 1^ Eh as a^ &E gs gS (2^ « o '3'a H |aa !5g 5as «f 9^ as t, §2i ^ C 03 »aa tftatD .as 9 ■a H P4 o a 2S g. o s §•0 23 >:> "to £ ° 2^ alE _-co n 01 ^ -a 1^ 1^ aS * >3 p., H (3 T3 Poo a 0)0) — £• " ""Sof oras £ ~S S§B gs >,O0 00 ., o>n a ^ o « Ot-I l-H o « 396 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. o O CM o o o >^ m H iz; w o ■< ".a 03 ii ^pI ceo Pi P o M fl CQ 03 « !zi <) P5 > m Sill 55l§l?5S S|g|S| Sl^l^l 3ggS3i 3gg|S| 'a§-§=»-g It .9 O CO 2 o ri § O ■ ® • ■ageS Jid ^ * »- II & & goo 1^ ft ■«§ (.,00 £S - ■«a a« flu Boo g • go '°'d-«- ^ 22 sis »52 OHAPTEE VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 397 H (N iHMf- m ooeD eD<0-*U3ro PJ COM coeococow o cq-« « o o e< ■ ■ i- » 5£ a- as ^a "tI'S^S "■■2S ,^ M fl 02 OT « . - 3J ,- OO a 9 I'd 0) ca ~ ■aa GQCQm c3 M as fi a ■2 ■i ■d s s9 aa ■a H s 398 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o 12; < o h-H H <1 CM U> O o o !>| ffl E-T \^ H P3 n 51 CHAPTER VI.- — GENERAL TABLES. 399 sg to O) as t- (D ITS EDO lOOOcO lO I-H i-l N >-" .-■ - rHC^i-Hi-HCOCOtNN 400 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Q I? H 1^ P5 t3 o W o K I— i H- ( CQ OQ p <*. o > I m ^ CJ ea ^ > a ■ V I £. a e 3 S S ,. „-^ 2 n aj cs S-2.9-3'S'S §^ ;§ s Si 5 Si^'2 S1240°— S. Doc. 870, 62- ^ ^ ^. gaa 0} o a'cS as n 402 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. P m O I— t H < U o o o >* H tf <^ Ph H Q a o (4 e1 ^|||S!i s|il8i 03 St3''^ cj :l§«si 3a ^ ^3-f2 -|^|s| s|i|ss ■"lil-l -l§l"« °l^l'-g ■"lil-"^ \a/a ^ 'g XO CDOOQ u 3 9 "J 3 I J4 galil o o o o^ CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 403 ro OlO QOM>'g W"00 9 Mom aaa h) >^ is ►50 ° -a ga 0) sLbi >■ (^ o . , lali^iis .s5 gi3 a -■as ■" S - 9 2 n ° a Sell » § oT oT ©"rt ffl g g ^ffgg'a-ali^ g ill 404 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. Q Is •< o H < Ph O o o m 12; H <^ Ph « w o <1 St) oq'o ^ I f^g °§ tac5 1-5 Ph O W Q I— I M CQ OQ <1 Q O is < O -«1 Pi3 E£l l> H I H Ei-I I Slip's "L^, •Sag laglB-s^ei ""^ liillllii CHAPTKE VI. GENERAL TABLES. tOi-t ■ NN • ■ N 405 l-l,-^r^ «3 "tf (M CO 00^ Ht-l.-ICOUS«00 MiOMOiCOCDONOb-ypCOiOOOiOOO-^fOO r^ O 00 r-( O © (D tC lO ^ Tfi i-l Oi lO fO i-H (O W "V t- lO »H t* in ffi cD ^ "V^ h- lO t~- <0 lO ^ '"' CO yH « ■^ OOM i-H iH CO ^ »-l^ »H •"^ H ^ C^ N-t H ,-( i-H i-( .-H O i-H CO lO O rH N "* N C« CO ■* 1-* N W O r- ,^,o |t3 cS fe ! ' 0) O ( • " 1^ S*-" ,„ «' § s g i^-^ s I a -■a s a . - S'S H -oTB -I 2 S o sa§-s"sssg»sss J 03 >. I'oSS ■ 8^ s> I- ta > ^ h g-s 00 o jS «J S 3 rt -< c t .■rt . I S <» t-> ?> 00 o S b? ,TJ O .i:;>.!x-s -SPEC'S "9-9 '.ssi.s .dffiiiliiiiiil so g g- S5is^ sssit hmi ri^^^-t^a ^ cdScd " « S « liii2lP«'Saaaag-|-s| 406 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. 12; o t-H <1 Ph O o o >^ H o 1 9 a s e I M o I o w I tScb " So s I— f ►rj ■y P30 5, Pc5 P^ W« ^^ <^ . W \=> o ■«3 ^9 ■a 5 ■9 3 0013 g »3 o'OS •»3 P'OS sisis s§ °'Ss 00 a A Sra »|ils§ sgg^s alils »|^|; ;5ls ilili.^l 2 o EH ^ r- ^ CHAPTEE VI. GENEKAL TABLES, 407 s-° 00 lO □ocd (si CD CD (O 1^ « C A 03 i2 S I gp. •§S3 g-3-a gas i I ■3° « S" S5; ||a S d o o 3*0 © 00 K " el -■a ■Sa .go-, - „ nou o B 2 o« 408 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MAS3. o M H 1= Q O u w o ^^ ^ o ^ I .OoQ « CO o Q a6 ®£2 ©*■ -a d s o .,00 9 00 o 5 fl lis "■a $( is si 111 5 o E-i I II g s-Sa £ 9aPH laa gia I CHAPTEK Vt GENERAL TABLES. 40d ; I- OS fl t>,T3 12 § y ^ ■i as •a |i .. V Son S o 00 00 00 aa S o £■2 (b n 0$ f IS. gsSoT J ^.2o J la s^ § ^ 00 oT ■a a Is 5 a i'ii as gafH is I ^1 I CO 410 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. O ►-I < Ph P O o o pq !2; W H P5 <; O w o P4 MT3 ■o CO O Pi n s^ggte §§ls 'sg^s^ Sl§l£i »gg.|is sg^ls s|^|s |iiti.9| 00 00 00 C^ \\ OidO 3^ 00 . 6h 3-3 a g< oT «r B § a I 1 « a CHAPTEE VI. — GEKEKAL TABLES. 411 10« lO as moo C0«O o>i'a 2§ eaa 0) V « 412 STEIKE OF tEXTlLE WOKKBSS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. 12; O o o o a W o <1 si I »i 3'§» mmi "a CI » = «1^lss ^l^ls s|^|s •3° h tS Wrt o g £ £ as t^. S3 03 O 06 u? toe « £ 03 o a) it ft IxS'gcS 2'3Soo ..s2 agaa *< . . 3 §l.aJ 1 CQQQCQCQ CQ "2 . -it>Ttf^r- CO S e" 03 ^ P^ eSrH ® - II <» 9 _■ §s^ So o 1> 5 ca OT S O ■gaa g -S . . " - +£ a. ->" -r -S .a ffl gj 9 03 a 3 L •lisllsS-Saa-^i as|.s.a3MM¥Eggg 414 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS, !2; o l-H H ■< Ph 1= o m H tf n e5 00 ■§ fe »3 P'oS iilS JO'S a So; ^m «|^lsl ™^'0 i> hi i§l-s mm 12;^ s- a H ^ ^ '^ CO lO o> o> 00 o) oD 00 00 00 r> CO 00 00 ff4 A 03 00 CO a> o CO o 00 CO C4 00 LO to 03 00 a 00 ^ rH.-lin ■"* ^ ^ • ""• ^ «M^NC^C0i-Ht»O»C0"*t^i- H -^ o) iH M o ^ CO »-( M ^ c>( t- CO r- CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 415 Iosco Nc3 O ■* pqt-ooio w r- M I-H I-H d -.Jf tH « 1- Sag feS a CO o8 f-i J rt w aT ''^ ■agS,2s°ai3 SS>g°22S feo-Si a°feg>feg^^ i^'^ t>»oa CO 03 s jliji 416 STEIKE OP TEXTILE WORKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. O <") Pi O o O >^ PQ E-T Q W o 6h 00 •a g ••a s-aSS 0*0 A ferH 00 g g So; 2 a g ^<= "§§5SS g See 5«g ISP'S 11 fcT OjDW O H i" [s;^ §l|| p. g U3 r- l-HOS :-Hr 8SS§ oioJo>- 1 ; : O) iH .-I rt ,-1 rl i-H CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 417 ^ iiilr jgooo ^ n240«— B. Dee. 876, 62-2 27 418 STKIKE OP TEXTILE WOBKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. iz; o f-( H ^ a H p? 'H ■ s a ■gSH i 5g ° ■§ a .s>. ^■3 ■2* a (-■g . SB'S* oi i>>'S a ; sal 3 flSSg- ■§ag» _i all ^ e|fE »33i &^ 420 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. O l-H Ph t= O o o >^ m H Eel O W o <1 m •I ^1 g o3 9 !Z! I -H r- Igixaoie -I Era^|-ieSf>^" 130 jH o>sg,aM|| • saefsaiS.I'i S SJS'S b t)^ a ft .Q.a.9^ss s s ? OHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 423 coco "* to 8SSS OCCCD^ a -^sl I ill u > t>lrH 3 00 * - E f S t>,ogS 00 _ " iH qToJ ■saa a - - s <^ -■a'S 5 ESS a-S-3 S U V W r^ DQCQDQ '" O 2 o3 Id oTaT la's jo S i SeII ■oSa SS.E2 00 9 5|[ CQ wi'i 3 §,ii ^ dPHpEf S 424 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEHS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. o I— I <) Ah t3 O O o iz; H Pi P w o ■I h i-hPL| 3 op5 P5-^ Hg 02 mm Is 1^ bcrt O n P !>. M-^ CO I (NN ^^ •■Sa ^si 3 ^■•f §■^1 ^ |aa 1'*'^ OHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 425 ■^ ■^ CO ""^ ■^11 Tj< ii5 ■* coed CO CO coo toed CD CD CD CC CD O CO t— Oi (M t^ CD CO 00 O CO ■i^^r-iCOftn 8 ^ 73 (O a ..si n m If II mm ^^ t^'O ss .. s * 9 « JD m •a g ^al||l 1^ bSSe22 ail I asisss I mmmmmm n 426 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWBENCE, MASS. o ■ i ■4 i 5 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 427 00 o 00 00 oieo ^ c3 t4 .g=qg CQ P P fH t^ at at t-i ia Is 15 s'-i •S«| sa S aToT j3fl ess ^^ Sf^f» o a> 1>>S fl5 ^^ = °2 ■a S rH C3 aft a«- 2? s- ^ H 12; I « W -■I g o5 o PS Q CO O Q O > -=1 n OO'Ofe ••33'aa "•3 S'OS "Ills •a s-ow If flop iS a t, «»'S fl l>OOoioia6o6cd Nccwcocceoeocn * - - - - > - Pig S • • o »-B s a I. Mil If agssaa2„-rf5 •S.2.g .§.§•§ la Ph Ph PHPkPHpHP^PnPn OHAPTEE VI. GENERAL TABLES. 429 g5 tQcd MCO CO .-t OSN ^1^ 1 31 S si Eh ill £ 1 1^ s9 -J ..1 . 3 III ^ n 0) o o Pl "^ 1(3 00 H 430 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. 12; O AtO coco s a ee IS aa li no (•.■O ■ii pgoo 22 S S S S I'S s -iig3t>.>.iF. a K J^SS S 0! r» ilififli : CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 431 00 u? 00 00 00(DcDr-0>N H i-l CC tH i-l 1 n ■< ••a s'oS tn'gdfeS 2 a S^«= ""S d Sri; ;§SSI it 5— d d C S 3 fe i o M 00 — ( i~< f-H 00 N ,-1 r-l rn W rt l/lCSCiQCQE-< CHAPTEB VI. GENEKAL TABLES. 433 ^ t-. "§■02 gS m <3 ® M « doo'' aT -S ©^ 0) Is lil^_, "I i iim PA i m & tarn III ^ S o o o o ^ H I?; H o iz; O »— ( H ^ n iz; < pi) o H o ■< ^§ 12: I P HP CO.- Hi n «S 3'o3 2a o St~ "3 ^■aoo ^ c! a (» in sgils ■§•2 i P. p. 3 o a, ?3S ""I'lOOO 't-i -OOt^iOH.-(rHt-lrH lis C^ CO td M © ■/: s o iJ ff " 3 |as-a|l5|l|igi CHAPTEK VI.- JENEKAL TABLES. 435 sal eiiii nm a 3 ^im mm 3TJ -L feci SI ill t t-H d H ® ij ^gg^s .9 3 •3 fe »1- S - W £P tn p|3S-9„| 5^1-1^ (NCO a' *3xi J, -2 l|sl « « dJ d H EaapHfH ^ 436 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEBS IN LAWEENCB, MASS. o O O o- PQ Q H Q ■< 73 • Mm 2 f^ S 1=1 S Si J PO «oco«e2iNi>i-«»^coMsDrH.H^oo NNCsiCHeOi- ! I II °goofl'a">.S°'8.aOoi jjiQ^ '2saSoo«i^oa'0»SBa g 2 B-a os-^S I g « §^ a g,a " i- -fe 002 e „-„,-» 9506 >>„- OHAPTEE VI. GENERAL TABLES. 437 fH *H fH to C4 iH 1H « *"" M •^ '"' s ^^rH -.f-M '-' eo ^ s M lO '^ I-H ^ (NtH '-I .-4?4 -' ES o i-HCN '^ S (N CO ^ (NOOW 8 '-' CD ..1* CN ^ 00 -^ ,-(i-lC i 1^ I ■« 1 i c a, E c 1? 1 1 oc a i a 1 1 1 1 1 1 i oc a 1 1 > % C (S 1 oe -E c ~.c E 0. C 1 1 i OC E C 1 is a 1 1 1 ■ a 1 1 i oe I E 1 1 1 6 1 s a 9. E 1 a a 'E 1 i 1 "5 'E i i 1 1 ,E i 1- c t: ce a ■5 ,E c c i OC j 1 1 1 ■1 t 1 E I a t E> c 1 > "■oc 1 c > -a •« E 1 t 1 I oe a ■E E 1 ■ c i i; 1 « t C c 1 E c < I4 .4 a's ri 438 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWKENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP. [The hours shown in this table are baaed on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured.] Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of einployees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 304 and un- der 40J. and un- der 50J. 50| and un- der 66. 56. Over 66. BEAMING DEPAETMENT. Beamers, male, 18 yeara and over 2 1 1 70 1 1 64.9 56.5 56.5 3 1 1 65 Scrubbers, male, 18 years and over 1 Second hands, male," 18 years and over 1 ' Splitters: 1 1 1 1 56.0 56.0 1 1 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 2 2 56.0 1 1 2 Truckers, male, 18 years and over 1 4 51.3 1 3 All occupations: 2 1 77 1 54.8 56.0 *N 1 1 66 1 Male, under 18 years Total male 2 2 78 54.8 4 1 1 67 5 BLEACHING DEPAETMENT. Bleachers, male, 18 years and over 18 7 2 67.4 1 17 Bleaching-machine men; Male, 18 years and over 1 1 67.1 66.9 2 1 1 4 Male, under 18 years Total 1 9 66.9 3 1 Kier tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 3 59.6 1 2 PlalfBis: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 6 2 64.6 66.0 1 1 1 3 1 Male, under 18 years Total 1 8 64.7 1 2 1 Squeezers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 55.0 1 All occupations: Male, 18 years and over 2 1 36 4 62.0 65.0 2 5 2 Male, imder 18 years Total male 2 40 61.3 2 7 6 CABDINO DEPARTMENT. Back tenders, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 3 1 1 66.0 66.0 56.0 3 Bale openers, male, 18 years and over 1 Bellmen, male, 18 years and over 1 Male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 63.5 66.0 1 1 1 Male, under 18 years Total 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 54.3 66.0 20.3 56.0 1 2 2 Bobbin pickers, male, 18 years and over Can boys, male, 18 years and over 1 Clothiers and repairers, male, 18 years and over .... 1 ^__ OHAPTEK VI. GENERAL TABLES. 439 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. - Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eachclassified number ofhours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 303 and un- der 40J. 40| and un- der 50|. and un- der 56. 66. Over 56. CAEDINQ DEPARTMENT— continued. Comb tenders: 1 2 16 22 62.2 54.0 1 2 IS 1 1 18 Total 2 38 57.5 1 3 1 18 16 1 1 3 1 56.0 56.0 3 1 DoffflrSj fflmalfl, 18 y«?iTf? f^ixA nyfir Drawing tenders: IVTalftj 18 yftftrs and ovflr 3 2 2 1 47 5 23 2 66.2 56.0 63.6 66.0 2 2 1 16 5 19 2 26 Malnj nnfifir 18 yfiars 2 1 1 Total 3 77 65.4 2 2 3 2 42 26 Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over 3 6 60.3 2 4 Fine speeders: 2 2 2 124 66.0 54.0 2 111 Femfvifi^ 18 ypars and oypit 3 4 2 3 1 Total 2 126 64.0 3 4 2 3 113 1 Fine speeders, learners: Female, 18 years and over 1 1 7 6 54.5 60.9 1 6 4 FfimalPj nnJipr IS yftar"; 1 Total 1 12 53.0 1 1 10 Fine speeders, spare, female, 18 years and over 1 3 6 18 48.9 67.4 1 4 5 2 2 9 Intermediates: • Malcij 18 yftftrc an*! nyAf 3 3 33 60 64.4 64.1 1 1 "i' 3 4 2 3 24 51 3 3 93 54.2 2 1 7 5 75 3 Jack doffers: 1 1 7 5 66.0 63.6 7 1 Fp'Tiftle, nnder 18 ypars 4 Total 1 12 55.0 4 8 Jack tenders: 2 1 42 1 52.0 66.0 2 3 4 3 30 1 Total 2 1 43 1 62.1 66.0 2 3 4 3 31 1 Needle-room hands: 1 1 3 1 56.0 56.0 3 1 Total 1 4 66.0 4 3 3 1 1 16 57 1 8 57.0 57.9 66.0 67.3 1 2 1 8 34 1 4 fi 1 1 19 Bibbon-macblne tenders, male, 18 years and over.. 4 440 STEtKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eachclassified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. and un- der ■m- and un- der 60|. 50f and un- der 56. 66. Over 66. CABDma DKPARTMENT— concluded. Roving Iiands: Male, 18 years and over 3 2 1 39 5 1 54.8 66.0 56.0 1 1 3 1 21 6 1 12 Male, under 18 years Total 3 45 65.0 1 1 3 1 27 12 Scrubbers: Male^ 18 years and over 3 2 4 4 67.3 55.4 3 3 1 Female, 18 years and over 1 Total 3 8 56.3 1 1 Second bands, male, 18 years and over 3 2 11 15 58.9 58.1 6 8 6 7 Slubbers: 3 1 35 1 55.0 56.0 3 16 1 16 Total .. . 3 36 65.0 3 J7 16 1 1 66.0 1 Strippers: 3 1 70 1 66.3 56.0 3 1 1 31 1 34 Total 3 71 66.3 3 1 1 32 34 Sweepers: Male, 18 years and over 2 2 1 2 2 2 43.3 66.0 56.0 1 1 2 2 Male, under 18 years . . " Total 2 6 61.8 1 6 1 9 62.9 Waste men: Male, 18 years and over 3 1 36 1 56.8 66.0 1 1 1 16 1 18 Total 3 37 66.7 1 1 1 16 18 "Waste pickers, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 3 36.7 65.9 1 Weighers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 All occupations: 3 2 444 16 56.7 56.0 13 4 16 11 209 16 192 Male, under 18 years 3 460 66.6 13 4 15 11 225 192 Female, 18 years and over 3 3 303 13 53.7 53.1 7 12 1 14 12 4 257 8 1 KpT^iftlft, nnHfir IR yoftrs 3 316 63.7 7 13 14 16 265 3 776 S6.4 20 17 29 27 490 OHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 441 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed diu- tag week. Number of employees worldng each classified number of hours durtag week. Oooapation, sex, and age group. Un- der 308. 303 and un- der 40J. 40| and un- der 60|. 60t and \ya- der 66. 56. Over 56. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. Chemists, assistant: 1 1 7 2 56.0 66.0 7 2 Female, 18 years and over Total 1 9 56.0 9 Laborers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 56.0 66.0 2 1 Repair bands, male, 18 years and over All occupations: 1 1 10 2 66.0 66.0 10 2 Female, 18 years and over Tob^l Tnf\lA ^TiH fpTTifvle 1 12 56.0 12 COLOEINQ DEPARTMENT. Color boilers, male, 18 years and oyer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12 5 1 1 1 14 3 2 60.4 62.8 62.3 61.0 67.0 58.0 61.0 62.9 66.9 67.0 2 1 1 1 11 Kettle emptiers, male, 18 years and over 5 Laborers, male, 18 years and over 1 Pat.nh hnys, malfi, nndftr IS ypars 1 1 1 13 Truckers, male, 18 years and over 3 Tub wasfiers, malej^ 18 years and over 2 All occupations: 1 1 42 1 02.9 56.0 1 1 1 1 39 Total male 1 43 62.7 I 1 2 39 DEESSINa DEPARTMENT. Beam carriers, male^ 18 years and over 1 2 1 3 26.5 56.0 1 3 Drawer&*in: 1 1 30 9 53.9 54.9 1 1 '"i" 1 27 8 Fp-inftlp, nnrtAr 18 yftftrp Total 1 39 64.1 1 1 1 1 35 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 66.0 56.0 66.0 56.0 64.7 2 2 1 1 2 Harness menders and cleaners, female, 18 years and KnottBrs, machine, male, 18 years and over 1 Scrubbers: Male, 18 years and over 1 2 1 2 49.8 63.2 • 1 1 1 Total 2 3 52.1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 24 61.0 66.0 62.0 67.3 1 Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 PiVats^ Tn^lp 1« yAj^rs RTid nvpr 1 PlftiShftrR, male, is years and over 18 6 442 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- llsh- raents. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- week. Number of employees working each classified number of hooia during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30J. 30j and un- der 40|. and un- der 605. and un- der 50. 66. Over 56. DRESSING DEPARTMENT — Concluded. Slashers' helpers: 2 1 12 1 57.7 47.7 8 MaIp, nnder IS jpum 1 Total 2 13 56.9 1 8 1 Spoolers: Female, 18 years and over 2 1 56.0 56.0 2 1 Total 3 56.0 3 Truckers, male, IS years and over 1 1 22.3 66.0 1 Yam hands, male, 18 years and over 1 All occupations: MaIr, is years f^nd nvPr 2 1 53 1 55.7 47.7 2 1 1 37 12 MaIr^ niifier 1R ypars 1 2 54 55.8 2 2 1 37 12 2 2 36 10 54.1 65.0 1 1 1 1 1 32 9 2 46 54.3 1 1 2| 1 41 Total male and female 2 100 55.0 3 1 4| 2 78 12 DETCNG DEPARTMENT. Dryers: Hale, 18 years and over 9 1 63.9 56.0 2 1 Male, under 18 years Total 10 63.1 1 3 Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 59.0 71.0 58.8 58.0 General help, male, 18 years and over Laborers, male, 18 years and over liDx preparers, male, 18 years and over Openers: Male, 18 years and over 7 2 59.4 56.0 1 2 2 Main, nniiPT 18 years Total 9 58.6 1 4 Sewers, male, 18 years and over 3 61.0 2 Truckers: Male, 18 years and over 11 1 60.0 56.0 3 1 g Male, uTiner 18 years . Total 12 59.7 4 g Winders: Male, 18 years and over 10 2 64.3 56.0 10 Male, under 18 years 2 Total 12 62.9 2 10 All occupations: Male, 18 years anddver 45 6 61.8 56.0 1 9 6 Male, under 18 years Total male 1 61 61.1 1 1 16 36 OHAPTEK VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 443 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees'. Aver- ^age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eacb classified number ofhouis during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30S. 308 and un- der 40J. 40| and un- der 50|. 50i and un- der 56. 86. Over 56. DYEING DEPARTMENT. 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 1 2 2 1 7 44 4 1 5 3 2 14 2 2 8 1 7 9 6 4 7 1 11 1 11 14 9 1 2 10 1 S 1 2 1 2 7 3 7 65.0 59.3 71.3 54.4 65.0 61.0 66.8 63.5 65.2 62.6 60.5 56.0 70.1 52.9 60.5 57.5 72.5 63.0 .65.7 63.5 57.2 68.4 54.6 57 3 2 4 4 Boiling-box tenders, male, 18 years and over Boiiing-box tenders, assistant, male, 18 years and 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 "i' 6 2 41 3 5 1 2 2 1' 7 « ?, Inspectors and cleaners, male, IS years and over. . . 1 1 8 1 1 B 1 4 "i 8 1 1 Long-steamer tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 67.2 79.7 59.6 64.5 59.3 62.0 61.0 61.0 59.8 67.8 62.0 63.1 68.0 66.0 63.0 38.1 61.8 55.6 61.0 1 6 Manglers and oilers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 10 1 Padding-machine tenders, male, 18 years and over. Pressure-box tenders, male, 18 years and over Pressure-steamer tenders, male, 18 years and over. . 1 3 7 14 2 7 I 2 in 1 2 6 Splitters and dyers, assistant, male, 18 years and 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 2 7 All occupations: 3 1 238 1 61.6 66.0 1 S 6 21 10 1 195 Total male 3 239 61.6 1 6 6 21 11 195 ENGRAVING DEPARTMENT. 2 7 8 5 i 1 7 1 18 56.0 65.3 56.6 54.0 66.0 67.0 58.7 67.3 66.0 66.0 2 6 3 4 2 1 S Engravers, machine, male, 18 years and over Engravers', machine, helpers, male, 18 years and 1 1 1 1 1 18 fl Pantographers: TQta] , 1 19 66.0 1 19 1 1 ' -— 444 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKBKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. COTTON MILIiS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 301. 30} and un- der 40i. 404 and un- der 50f. and un- der 66. 56. Over 66. ENGRAVING DEPAKTMENT— Concluded. Pantograph setters, male, 18 years and over 1 1 3 9 66.0 54.8 3 8 1 Roller painters: 1 1 5 4 51.9 51.5 2 1 ■3' 3 Total 1 9 51.8 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 61.7 66.0 56.0 60.0 56.0 56.0 62.3 63.0 3 1 1 Roller turners* helpers, male, 18 years and over 2 4 1 Sketch makers, apprentices, male 18 years and over. 2 1 Zmlate painters: Female, 18 years and over . . 1 1 1 • 1 56.0 56.0 1 1 Total 1 2 56.0 2 All occupations: 1 61 56. 8 2 1 37 21 Female, 18 years and over . . 1 1 24 S 56.2 52.4 2 1 "3 22 1 1 29 54.7 3 3 23 Total Tnftlp. and fp.mfilp. 1 90 56.1 6 4 60 21 FDnsHma depaetment. 1 2 61.0 2 Bundle boys: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 4 2 47.1 33.1 1 1 1 2 1 Total 1 6 42.4 2 1 3 Calenders, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 8 1 7 2 1 69.2 61.0 56.0 56.0 66.0 66.4 56.0 1 Dyers, male, 18 years and over 1 rolding-maoliine tenders, male, 18 years and over.. 8 1 7 "i' Foremen, male, 18 years and over Inspectors, female, 18 years and over Kier tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 Laborers, male, 18 years and over Manglers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 2 1 61.0 66.0 2 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 1 3 59.3 1 2 Nappers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 - 4 2 1 1 53.4 67.9 70.0 51.0 1 1 1 Oilers, male, 18 years and over 2 Oilers and stretchers, male, 18 years and over Openers and soapers, male, under 18 years 1 1 __^ OHAPTEB VI. GENERAL TABLES. 445 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age boars work- ed dar- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 30g and un- der 40J. and un- der 50S. and un- der 56. 56. Over S6. FINISHING DEPARTMENT— continued. Plaiters: 15 5 49.2 62.8 1 1 6 2 1 6 3 2 Male^ un&er 18 years Total 20 60. 1 1 1 1 7 1 S 2 Roll men, male, 18 years and over 1 5 1 1 56.0 59.0 66.0 1 "i" 1 Second hands, niale', 18 years and over 1 4 Selvage mar^rs, male, under 18 years Sewmg-machine operators: Mnip 18 ypars an'i nypr 2 2 9 7 56.0 55.3 1 9 6 1 1 Total 2 ifl 65.7 1 1 15 Shearing-macliine operators: 2 2 11 10 56.8 55.0 2 2 8 8 1 Mftlftj un&er 18 years Total 2 21 55.4 4 16 1 SingeTs: Male, 18 vears and over 1 1 15 1 53.8 56.0 1 1 2 11 1 Total - 1 16 1 64.0 1 1 •> 1 12 ' 1 6 64.2 6 1 2 Soapers and dyers: 1 1 9 2 61.6 56.0 8 Mais) iTH^er 18 years Total 1 11 60.5 3 8 Soapers, dyers, and openers, male, 18 years and over. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 1 21 1 66.0 58.1 ■ 63.4 61.1 56.0 58.5 56.0 1 1 1 4 Starcih dvers Tiialfl 18 veara and over 1 ..... 12 1 6 Steam-box tenders, male, 18 years and over Stretchers and dyers, male, 18 years and over 1 8 2 1 6 1 56.3 66.0 1 4 1 1 Total 2 7 66.3 1 6 1 Trimmers: 1 1 11 3 50.9 66.0 1 9 3 1 14 , 52.0 1 1 12 Trimmers and inspectors, female, 18 years and over. 1 1 66.0 1 Truckers: 1 1 3 1 59.3 56.0 1 1 2 Total 1 4 68.6 2 3 — = = 446 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber ot estab- lish- ments. Num- ber ot em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eachclassified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, end age group. Un- der 308. 30| and un- der and un- der 60S. and un- der 66. 56. Over 56. FINISHING DEPARTMENT— concluded. All occupations: 3 3 158 34 57.2 63.6 2 1 2 9 2 11 4 68 27 66 TotP-l malft. 3 192 56.6 3 2 11 15 95 66 1 1 19 3 63.1 66.0 1 1 17 3 Total female. 1 22 53.5 1 1 20 TotAl Tnalfi and ffiTTialR. 3 214 56.2 4 3 11 15 116 66 FEAME-SPINUING DEPARTMENT. Bonders: 3 2 18 3 51.2 52.8 1 1 2 1 13 1 1 Male, inider 18 years 1 Total 3 21 51.4 1 1 3 14 2 Bobbin sorters, male, 18 years and over 1 1 56.0 1 Cleaners: 2 2 1 1 19 28 6 2 46.6 66.6 54.3 46.8 3 4 1 1 2 10 27 6 1 Male, under 18 years Female, 18 years and over . 1 Total 3 65 62.0 3 1 6 2 43 Doflers: Male, 18 years and over 3 1 2 2 68 49 28 3 54.2 53.6 60.9 37.3 2 5 10 1 1 3 3 48 36 23 1 Female, 18 years and over. . 2 1 2 3 138 62.9 3 4 17 6 108 Doffers, learners: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 4 56.0 27.8 1 Male, under IS years 3 1 Total 1 5 33.5 3 1 1 Doflers and twisters, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 56.0 68.0 68.0 56.0 1 Elevator tenders, male, 18 yeara and over 1 End plecers, lemale, 18 years and over 3 Filling bands: 3 2 1 41 2 2 54.1 51.1 60.9 2 2 1 1 1 26 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 3 45 53.8 2 4 1 28 Frame spinners: Male, 18 years and over 1 3 3 4 354 62 63.6 62.7 62.6 1 40 9 4 3 284 46 12 2 11 1 Total 3 420 52.7 14 12 50 10 333 1 CHAPTER VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 447 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed diir- week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 308. 30j and un- der 40J. and un- der 50|. and un- der 56. 56. Over 66. rRAira-spnraiNs department— concluded. Frame spiimers and doSers: Mftlff, IR y^rftrs a"d ovpr 1 1 2 1 6 S 9 2 48.4 56.0 52.6 45.3 1 6 5 8 1 Malfl] nurlftr 18 ypars 1 "FpTTialij^ t"!^"?*" 1 8 yAftiT? 1 Total 2 22 51.6 2 1 19 Inspectors, spooling, female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 1 4 56.0 56.0 57.0 1 1 3 1 Oilers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 3 2 56.0 56.0 3 2 Malfi^ pTlder IS yPAm Total 2 5 56.0 6 Boll pickers, female, 18 years and over 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 8 11 25 2 2 50.8 55.4 57.3 60.9 66.0 66.0 1 1 Pcml^bers, fPTnalR^ 1'8 yf^r^ and nvfir. 7 5 4 2 2 6 21 .^pinfllfi pptt^rs Tns^lP 1 S ypars and nyPr Spoolers: "'''flmalp, ^8 yparp fvnd nyi^r , 3 2 182 5 53.8 S6.0 4 6 6 15 152 5 Total 3 187 53.9 4 6 6 15 167 Spoolers, learners, female, 18 years and over Spoolers and warpers, female, 18 years and over 1 1 4 1 54.7 56.0 1 3 1 Sweepers: 2 1 1 13 1 2 52.9 15.3 33.1 ..... 1 1 2 10 yemaip, 1 8 years ftiid ovei* 1 Total 2 16 48.1 2 1 2 11 Third hands, ma'p, 18 ypars and nvpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 56.0 56.0 56.0 58.0 1 1 8 Twistprs,'fPTnafp, 18 ypars and nvpr Wei^iers, male, 18 years and over 1 Yarn hands: 2 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 56.2 56.0 56.0 56.0 4 1 2 1 3 Male, under 18 years Total 2 11 66.1 8 3 1 2 66.0 2 ' All occupations: Male, 18 years and over 3 2 222 97 64.2 62.9 7 4 4 16 14 6 3 142 74 47 2 3 319 53.8 11 4 30 9 216 49 Female, 18 years and over 3 3 610 77 63.1 51.8 20 3 18 3 48 11 24 4 499 66 1 Female' under 18 years Total female. 3 687 62.9 23 21 69 28 555 1 3 1,006 63.2 34 25 89 37 771 .W 448 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IS LAWRENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees workmg each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30%. 301 and un- der 40J. 40* and un- der 50{. and un- der 66. 66. Over 66. pmnhnq depabtment. 19 19 1 61.5 63.3 61.6 1 19 Color boys: S 11 54.0 66.7 1 4 10 Male, unaer 18 years 1 Total 16 66.9 1 14 1 7 1 1 1 1 4 1 10 1 62.6 62.6 61.0 64.6 66.0 63.1 61.0 63.5 61.0 Conveyor men's helpers, male, 18 years and over. . . 1 1 Elevator tenders' helpers, male, 18 years and over . . 1 Fillers, male, 18 years and over 1 4 10 Office boys: 1 1 61.0 61.0 1 Male^ un^er 18 years , 1 Total 2 61.0 2 Printers, male, 18 years and over 21 4 1 1 S 1 1 1 2 4 64.6 65.4 71.0 61.5 61.0 66.0 71.6 45.8 62.6 63.1 21 Printers, apprentices, male, 1 8 years and over Printers' helpers, male, 18 years and over Roller men's helpers, male, 18 years and over Steaming-table men, male, 18 years and over 1 Truckers, male, 18 years and over AU occupations: Male, 18 years and over 113 12 62.6 67.1 2 6 10 106 Total 125 62.1 2 16 108 REELING DEPABTMENT. 2 61.0 2 Eeelers: 3 77 9 34.1 36.1 38.4 1 7 "37' 6 2 33 3 Female, i8 years and over Total 89 1 3 7 36.2 56.0 56.0 66.9 8 43 38 Scrubbers, female, 18 years and over 1 3 Second bands, male, 18 years and over 4 3 Skein winders: Female, 18 years and over 11 2 39.7 40.7 1 10 2 Female, under 18 years Total 13 39.9 1 12 Sorters: 36 1 61.2 66.0 1 2 26 6 1 Female, under 18 years Total 1 36 61.4 1 2 26 7 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 449 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. dum- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Vd- der 301. 30t and un- der 40J. 40* and un- der 50|. 501 and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. REELING DEPARTMENT— concluded. Splitters: 4 4 1 3 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 4 4 1 3 Total 12 66.0 12 Stampers: 1 2 56.0 66.0 1 2 . ...1 1 Total . . 3 66.0 1. .. 3 Tiers: 1 1 2 1 1 40.7 40.8 1 ""i' 1 Total l| 3 40.7 1 1 1 1| 3 44.1 1 3 Twisters' helpers: 1 4 50.8 53.4 1 2 2 Total 1| 52.9 1 3| 2' Winders: 58 53.6 11 55.5 2 7 1 1 48 10 Total 69 53.9 1 2 7 2 58 Yam hands: 6 6 53.7 56.0 4 1 6 1 Total 12 54.9 4 7 1 All occupations: 29 14 52.2 55.3 1 5 9 2 8 12 6 Total malf 43 53.2 1 5 11 20 1 6 186 29 45.0 48.8 7 42 6 52 6 28 1 57 i 16 Total female 215 45.5 7 48 58 29 73 1 258 1 1 6 2 46.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 66.0 8 48 N 63 40 93 1 6 SHIPPING DEPARTMENT. Back lappers: 1 1 6 2 Total 10 56.0 10 Back lappers and ticketers, female, under 18 years. 1 66.0 1 450 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified num ber of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and ago group. Un- der SOJ. and un- der 40*. 40| and un- der 50S. 50| and un- der 5B. 56. Over 5li. SHIPPING DEPARTMENT — Continued. Back tenders: 9 1 55.4 56.0 1 8 1 Total 10 55.5 1 9 Back tenders and inspectors, female, 18 years and 1 1 56.0 56.0 1 1 Banders: i 5 56.0 56.0 4 6 Female under IS years Total 9 56.0 1 9 Banders and general lielp, female, 18 years and over. 1 1 1 3 4 5 56.0 56.0 66.0 56.0 43.3 56.0 1 1 1 3 2 6 Board-end stampers, female, under 18 years Bookers, male, 18 years and over Bookfold cutters, female, 18 years and over 1 1 Bookfold paperers, female, 18 years and over Bookfold taperers; 2 2 56.0 63.5 2 1 fATTiaiPj under ^s yp^rs! 1 Total 1 4 54.8 1 3 Bundlers, male, 18 years and over 2 3 35.4 2 I Callers-off: 2 1 5 1 56.0 56.0 6 1 Male, under 18 years Total 2 6 66.0 6 Carders and counters, female, under 18 years. . . 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 35.7 50.9 60.4 56.0 1 rhfipVp.rSj Tnale, IS years and pvpr* 1 1 1 2 3 Doublers: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 6 1 56.0 66.0 6 1 Total 1 7 56.0 7 Doubling-machine operators: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 3 2 45.8 56.0 1 2 2 Malfij iiTider IS years Total 1 5 49.9 1 4 2 4 66.0 4 Folders for doubling: 1 1 2 1 56.0 45.8 2 1- Total 1 3 62.6 1 2 Folders for winding: Female, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 50.8 66.0 1 Female, under 18 years 1 Total _ 1 2 53.4 1 1 CHAPTEK VI. — GENEKAL TABLES. 451 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVEEAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOUES WOEKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dnr- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 308. 30t aad un- der 40|. 40J and un- der 50|. 60| and iin- der 56. 56. Over 56. SHIPFING DEFAETMENT — continued. 2 1 24 2 56.0 56.0 1 1 14 2 8 1 8 Folders, hand, and inspectors, male, 18 years and 1 2 2 Folders, macihme: 1 1 13 1 52.3 66.0 Total 1 14 52.5 1 2 2 9 1 1 8 4 56.9 57.6 6 3 2 1 Inspectors and trimmers; 1 1 3 26 56.0 66.0 3 25 1 1 29 56.0 1 28 2 1 7 2 56.9 56.0 1 6 2 2 1 Markers: 2 1 3 1 58.7 61.0 1 1 Total 2 4 56.8 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 16 2 20 1 60.0 61.0 55.8 56.0 8 1 8 2 Paperera: ■ 1 19 1 Total 1 1 1 1 21 1 2 1 55.8 62.5 60.9 56.0 1 20 Paperers and back lappers: 1 1 1 1 Total 1 4 55.1 1 2 1 Paperera and banders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 2 56.0 56.0 1 2 Pattern-card makera: 2 2 60 34 54.0 55.3 1 7 8 7 44 27 Total 2 94 54.4 1 7 16 71 Pattern-card makere, forewomen, female, 18 years 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 6 3 2 56.0 66.0 66.2 62.0 56.0 60.0 56.3 66.0 48.1 1 2 Pattem-car'd makers, forewomen, assistant, female. Pattern-piece cutters, male, 18 years and over Pattern-piece cutters, assistant, male, 18 years and 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 Pattem-pieoe men, assistant, male, 18 years and 2 1 Pxessera and fliaders, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 — . — 1 452 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III,— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued . Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 30|. 301 and un- der 40J. and un- der 50J. and un- der 56. 56. Over 56. SHIPPING DEPARTMENT— concluded. Kemnant hands: 1 2 1 13 2 60.8 56.0 56.0 1 13 2 Total . . 2 16 65.7 1 15 ■ 1 2 8 3 56.0 48.3 58.0 66.0 1 1 5 3 " 1 Second hands, male, IS years and over 3 Stampers and banders: Female, 18 years and over 7 4 60.6 56.0 1 1 1 4 4 Total 11 52.5 1 1 1 8 Stockmen, male, 18 years and over 1 6 1 1 61.9 56.0 66.0 1 4 1 1 Supply-room help, male, 18 years and over Sweepers, male, 18 years and over Tackers: 8 7 62.8 56.0 1 7 7 Female, unaer 18 years Total 16 54.3 1 14 Ticketers, female, 18 years and over 10 55.0 2 8 Tiers: 2 4 66.0 54.7 2 3 1 Total 6 66.1 1 5 . Tiers and banders: Female, 18 years and over 6 2 52.6 56.0 1 6 2 Total 8 53.5 1 7 6 1 Traokera: 10 1 66.1 66.0 1 2 Male, under 18 years Total 11 66.1 1 2 7 1 Winders: Male, 18 years and over 2 4 56.0 52.2 2 3 Male, under 18 years 1 Total 6 53.4 1 6 "Winding-machine operators, male, 18 years and over , 1 2 56.0 1 2 Male, 18 years and over 3 2 169 12 66.1 63.9 3 3 4 1 4 2 107 9 38 Male, under 18 years Total male 3 171 56.9 3 3 5 6 116 38 2 2 212 72 64.3 56.1 2 4 1 12 1 18 9 176 61 "FAthpIa, imrlflr 18 yp.nrfi , , Total female 2 284 64.5 2 5 13 27 237 Tnt^\ mft(« and fATTiAlA , . =L 465 65 ' '^ 8 18 38 ^ |J3_ "' CHAPTER VI. GENEBAL TABLES. 453 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- menl«. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 308. and un- der 40J. 401 and un- der 60|. and un- der 50. 66. Over 56. TWISTING ANT) WINDING DEPARTMENT. 2 6 50.8 47.8 2 5 1 Doffers: 6 4 50.8 50.8 1 6 4 1 1 Total 10 50.8 10 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 66.7 50.8 65.8 50.8 54.3 55.6 51.6 50.8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Twisters: 33 11 49.7 49.2 1 "l 2 28 10 i Total 44 49.6 1 1 2 38 2 1 52.8 1 1 1 Winders: 37 1 49.3 60.8 9 28 1 Total 38 49.4 9 29 Yamliands: 8 1 61.6 50.8 8 1 Total 9 51.5 9 All occupations: 27 15 52.9 49.6 22 14 2 .s 1 42 61.7 1 36 2 3 71 12 49.5 49.3 1 ..... 11 57 11 2 Total female 83 49.5 1 1 11 68 2 125 50.2 1 2 11 104 4 .S WABFING DEPARTMENT. Bailers; 6 1 15 6 63.4 56.0 66.0 56.0 1 5 1 15 6 28 65.5 1 27 Beam fixers and oilers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 67.0 56.0 42.4 66.0 57.0 56.0 28.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Inspectors, warping, female, 18 years and over Oilers and sweepers, male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 454 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working eachclassifiednumberof hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der and un- der 40J. and un- der 50*. 501 and tra- der 66. 66. Over 56. ■WARPING DEPARTMENT— concluded. Scrubbers: Male, 18 years and over 2 2 3 3 56.7 56.0 2 3 1 Female, 18 years and over Total 3 6 56.3 5 Second hands, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 58.8 56.0 62.7 56.0 60.3 57.0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 Section hands, male, 18 years and over Section hands' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 Spool boys, male, 18 years and over Third hands, male, 18 years and over 1 Truckers, male, 18 years and over 1 Warpers: . Female, 18 years and over 3 2 66 20 64.2 62.6 1 2 2 1 2 6 1 55 15 Female, imder 18 years Total 3 85 53.9 1 4 3 7 70 Warpers and spoolers, lemale, 18 years and over .. . 1 1 50.8 1 Yam hands: Male, 18 years and over 3 1 10 1 49.7 56.0 2 1 7 .1 Male, under 18 years Total 3 11 50.3 2 1 8 All occupations; Male, 18 years and over 3 2 40 2 52.9 56.0 4 1 1 1 25 2 8 Male, under 18 years • Total male 3 42 53.1 4 1 1 1 27 8 Female, 18 years and over 3 2 85 26 54.6 .53.4 1 2 2 1 2 7 1 74 21 Female, under 18 years Total female 3 111 54.3 1 4 3 s 96 Total male and female 3 153 54.0 5 5 4 9 122 8 WEAVING DEPARTMENT. Battery fillers: Female, IS years and over 1 1 62 11 55.0 56.0 1 1 1 59 11 Female, under 18 years Total 1 73 10 8 65.2 54.0 56.0 1 1 2 1 70 8 8 Bobbin boys: Male, 18 years and over 2 1 Male, under 18 years Total 2 1 18 2 54.9 58.2 2 16 Bookers, male, 18 years and over 2 Cleaners: Male, 18 years and over 1 1 1 1 66.0 56.0 1 1 Female, 18 years and over Total 1 2 56.0 2 Cloth counters, male, 18 years and over. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 67.5 56.0 56.0 66.0 50.9 1 1 1 1 1 Clothing and filling men, male, 18 years and over. . Cloth weighers, male, 18 years and over Eievator tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 OHAPTEE VI. — GENERAL TABLES. 455 COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employees working each classified numberof hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 3D|. 308 and un- der 40S. 40t and un- der 50§. 508 and im- der 56. 50. Over 56. "WEAVING DEPARTMENT — COntiuUed. Filling carriers: Male, IS years and over 17 2 66.6 56.0 1 2 16 Total 19 56.5 3 16 Fining mpn mqlp 1R yp^rs and "Vr 1 1 1 1 4 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 1 1 1 1 4 Filling men, foremen, male, 18 years and over Foremen, supply shop, male, 18 years and over Foremen, supply shop, assistant, male, under 18 years Loom cleaners: 20 2 52.9 56.0 1 1 t — 18 2 Total 1 22 53.1 1 1 20 TyOnm fiirfirs, malp, IS ypars and ovpr 2 1 97 55.5 1 1 3 91 1 Loom fixers, learners: 1 1 10 1 56.3 56.0 1 6 1 3 Total 1 11 56.3 1 7 3 Loom oilers and filling men, male, 18 years and over . 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 41 18 2 16 11 3 2 2 4 1 1 61.0 54.7 55.5 56.0 56.0 54.1 56.9 56.0 56.0 66.0 56.0 56.0 66.0 1 Oi|f>rf?, mqio 18 ypars and '^ypf 1 2 6 39 18 2 13 8 3 2 2 4 1 1 1 Oilers and cleaners, male, 18 years and over Sargent-machine tenders, male, 18 years and over. . 1 2 Second hands, male, 18 years and over 3 Shaft oilers male. 18 years and over Third hands "lale iS ypar' a^d ovt- • Window v(ashers male, IS years and over 456 STKIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWBENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. i.ABLE III.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE (J ROUP— Continued. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing 2 weeks Number of employees working each classified number of hours during 2 weeks. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 61. 61 and un- der 818. 818 and un- der mi lois and un- der 112. 112. Over 112. WEAVING DEPAETMENl^COncluded. Weavers: Male, 18 years and over 2 1 2 1 145 1 566 1 108.2 112.0 105.5 112.0 4 2 3 7 129 1 482 1 43 10 16 16 Female, under 18 years . . . Total.. f. 2 713 106.1 47 12 18 23 013 V." eavers, learners: 1 1 2 1 84.0 35.7 1 1 1 Total 1 3 67.9 2 1 v.eavers, spare:\ 2 1 70 4 83.3 78.9 28 2 1 2 4 1 35 1 Total 2 74 83.1 30 1 2 5 36 Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. t^ um- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- tag week. Number of employees working each classified number of hours during week. Un- der 301 and un- der 40i and un- der 50S. and un- der 56. 56. Over 66. All occupations: > Male 18 years and over 2 2 392 15 54.8 56.0 6 4 10 11 333 15 28 Total male 2 407 64.8 6 4 10 11 348 28 2 2 734 16 62.0 51.9 73 2 13 17 23 1 608 13 Total female. 2 750 62.0 75 13 17 24 621 2 il,157 53.0 81 17 27 35 969 YARD AND REPAIRS DEPARTMENT. 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 3 42 2 7 1 7 13 2 6 68.9 58.8 50.7 61.3 60.1 57.1 66.1 61.0 70.6 61.7 58.5 61.2 3 Blacksmiths, male, 18 years and over 2 3 Tilacksmlths' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 2 Brakemen, male, 18 years and over a Carpenters, male, 18 years and over 1 2 1 9 "'i' 30 Carpenters helpers, male, 18 years and over 2 1 1 ""i' (Moth men, male, 18 years and over Coal men, male, 18 years and over ; > In this summary of all occupation? In the weaving department the data relating to those employees Abose hours are shown above for 2 week^ have been reduced to a weekly basis. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. COTTON MILiLS—Continued. 457 Table III.— AVERAtSK AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUP— Concluded. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Aver- age hours work- ed dur- ing week. Number of employee? working each classified num ber of hours during week. Occupation, sex, and age group. Un- der 301. m and un- der 40^. 40» and un- der 50? and un- der 66. p6. Over 56. YARD AND REPAIRS DEPARTMENT — Concluded. Coal weighers, male, IS years and over 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 8 1 6 2 2 13 1 1 32 3 2 1 1 1 1 81 10 1 3 6 50 1 12 4 8 3 14 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 4 3 5 24 6 66.6 69.5 55. S 69.1 Ii2 3 G4. 6 75.5 66.6 04.0 57.0 66.0 711. X 80.0 1 Cotton samplers, male, 18 years and over Draftsmen, male, 18 years and over 1 3 Electricians, male, IS years and over g Electricians, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 Elevator tenders, male, 18 years and over 1 Engineers," dynamo, male, 18 years and over .- Engineers, locomotive, male, 18 years and over Engineers, stationary, malp, 18 years and over ! 1 1 ■ 10 Engineers', stationary, helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 Errand boys, male, 18 years and over 1 Firemen, stationary, male, 18 years and over ' 1 29 Firemen, stationary, boss, male, 18 years and over. 3 Foremen, male, 18 vears and over 01. S 1 i Foremen, yard, assistant, male, IS years and over. . 01.0 (-.3 .:,r 2 811 !, j.S (1 ji;. .5 70 1 General help, male, 18 years and over Inspectors, building, male, 18 years and over . i 1 1 1 ...^. .......... Laborers, automobile, male, 18 years and over 1 . a Laborers, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 Lighting and heating men, male, 18 years and over . , 7S.1 ( 3 Lighting and heating men's helpers, male, 18 years and ov«r 69.1 69.4 02.0 53.0 00.8 68.5 69.0 03.3 50.0 53.0 68. 6 07.4 69.2 64.5 58.8 64.0 62.6 60.6 65.4 74.2 61.2 1 4 Ufachinists, male, 18 years and over •i 19 3U Machinists, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 Machinist.-!' helpers, main, 18 years and over 2 1 3 Masons, male, 18 years and over 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 Oilers, male, 18 years and over 1 3 Painter-j, male, 18 ypnrt: qnd nvPr 1 1 ..... 8 5 1 1 Pipe fitters, male, 18 years and over 2 .......... •■> SeennH hand.'? male, 18 year^ nnH over 1 1 3 Steam fitters, foremen, male, 18 years and over 1 Steam fitters' helpers, male, 18 years and over 1 3 Sweepers, male, 18 yenrq and nvp.r 1 2 Teamsters, male, 18 years and over 5 1 23 1 All occupations, male, 18 years and over 3 422 61.8 16 6 8 19 63 321 458 STEIKE OF TEXTILE 'WOBKEEg IN LAWftENCE, MAS3, COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OP [Tlie rates sliown in this table are based on the hourly rates ot time workers and on the earnings MALES: 18 years and over. NUMBER. Departments. Number of es- tablish- ments. Employees. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average rate of per hour. Beaming Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total 444 10 42 63 45 238 61 158 222 113 29 159 27 40 392 422 $0,219 .143 .148 .200 .156 .187 .147 .153 .331 .153 .143 .223 .195 .164 .179 .149 .194 .194 295 .176 PER CENT. Beaming Bleaciiing Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding . Warping Weaving Yard and repairs Total 19.4 9.7 7.5 2.2 13,9 4.9 15.2 H.9 1.8 61.7 8.8 81.5 17.5 7.9 11.4 11.5 CHAPTER Vt. GENERAL TABLES. COTTON MILLS— Continued. WAGES, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS, and actual liours worked, during the week lor which data were secured, of pieceworkers.] MALES : 18 years and ovei. NUMBER. 459 Empioyees earning each classiiied rate of wages per hour. 5 and under 6 cents. 6 and under cents. 7 and under g cents. 8 and under 9 cents. 9 and under 10 cents. 10 and under 11 cents. 11 and under 12 cents. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 16 and under 16 cents. 16 and under 18 cents. 18 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 22 cents. 22 and under 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 1 3 19 1 2 11 57 ...... 115 4 4 65 1 22 13 22 52 6 22 20 6 3 36 2 3 40 31 ■" "9' 63 2 2 6 2 30 "'ie' 14 10 2 21 9 9 12 61 3 6 43 2 14 3 13 63 10 30 9 18 4 25 5 3 39 79 15 2 22 9 17 26 1 2 18 20 5 2 ...... 14 2 1 2 '""24' 2 19 51 ""i" 3 45 ■■■32" 20 43 2 23 1 3 1 9 1 13 26 4 4 23 6 3 40 23 1 7 1 4 2 9 8 1 4 6 3 1 47 48 1 3' i 9 18 5 10 1 2 2 ""2 ....„ 7 ""2 28 61 8 37 1 3 21 "23 1 1 4 11 25 ■> i 4 5 8 2 2 1 "" 'i' 5 3 6 35 2 5 35 45 1 2 110 71 4 30 46 72 217 370 352 268 369 195 171 142 332 PEB CENT. 1.3 8.3 4.3 10.0 2.6 30.6 12.8 "i's' 25.9 5.2 11.1 14.6 10.0 52.4 24.5 48.9 21.8 9.8 13.9 9.0 6.3 10.3 22.6 7.4 7.6 10.2 7.3 25.0 14.2 20.0 4.8 11.3 4.4 12.6 "io.i" 6.3 8.8 6.9 13.2 33.3 22.5 3.1 14.5 3.9 16.7 9.7 20.0 33.3 5.7 28.9 26.6 16.4 19.0 4.1 15.9 13.8 15.7 18.5 7.5 9.9 18.7 19.5 5.6 6.0 11.7 22.1 33.8 0.2 0.5 4.1 4.5 1.1 20.0 'i3.'2" 3.2 20.0 2.4 3.8 "io.i" 3.3 12.0 23.0 "i.'g" 6.7 18.9 26.3' 9.0 38.1 6.9 14.5 2.4 5.7 2.2 3.8 1.0 8.2 11.3 3.6 13.8 14.6 22.2 7.5 10.2 6.5 2.4 13.2 2.2 1.7 3.3 6.7 3.6 .9 13.8 3.8 11.1 2.6 12.0 11.4 2.4 1.9 '"'6.7" ""i.'e' 5.7 8.1 4.4 18.9 .4 .8 3.3 "".'9' ■24."i' 4.4 "5.0 7.1 14.6 3.4 60.7 .6 1.9 9.5 'io.'i' .9 3.4 2.5 5.0 22.1 6.9 .6 2.5 3.1 5.0 7.4 5.0 .3 .2 12.5 .8 15.0 8.9 .5 12.5 8.9 10.7 2.6 .5 28.1 16.8 .2 1.2 1.8 2.8 8.5 14.4 13.7 10.4 14.4 7.6 6.7 6.6 12.9 460 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKERS IN LAWREN^OE, MASS. COTTON MILLLS— Continued. Table IV,— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES, MALES: Tinder 18 years. Departments. Number of es- tablish- ments. Employees. Working less than 56 hours during week. Average rate of wages per hour. Beaming Bleaching Cardiag Coloring Dressing Drying ; Dyeing FlnishiQg Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Total y 4 2 l(i 1 1 1 K 1 34 7 97 21 V> 14 2 12 3 IS 15 •' IS 231 SO. .lis .118 .115 .126 .145 .118 .100 .128 .116 .116 .132 .123 .127 .112 .129 PER CENT. Beaming Bleaching Carding Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Finishing Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding . Warping Weaving Total. 20. (i 21,0 14.3 25.0 100.0 OHAPTEB VI.— GENERAL TABLES. COTTON MILLS— Continued. [N EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. MALES: Under 18 years. NUMBER. 461 Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. 5 and under 6 cents. 6 and under 7 cents. 7 and under 8 cents. 1 8 and under 9 cents. 9 and under 10 cents. 10 and under 11 cents. 11 and under 12 cents. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 16 and under 18 cents. 18 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 22 cents. 22 and under 24 cents. 24 cents and over. 1 1 4 1 2 '"2 1 3 1 ""z 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 21 2 5 "■'s' 1 2 3 3 1 40 7 3' 3 3" 17 2' 1 4 1 1 8 4 7 1 2 3 2 4 20 3 1 6 4 1 2 1 i 1 1 1 2 1 i 7 10 41 63 39 24 36 3 6 3 PER CENT. 100.0 25.0 25.0 26.0 12.5 "12. b 25.0 18.8 100.0 "is.' 8' 25.0 6.3 6.3 100.0 16.7 50.0 100.0 2.9 21.6 16.7 33.3 8.8 3.1 2.9 41.2 58.3 '"26.'6' 20.0 ""26.'6' 50.0 "k.Y 7.1 33.3 6.7 50.0 53.3 11.8 7.2 8.3 14.3 25.0 13.3 11.8 20.6 8.8 2.9 6.2 28.6 8.3 13.3 7.1 7.1 8.3 ■33.' 3' 50.0 6.7 6.7 13.3 6.7 6.7 3.0 4.3 17.7 27.3 16.-9 10.4 15.6 1.3 2.2 1.3 462 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEKS IN LAWHENGE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table IV.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURLY RATES OF WAGES, FEMALES: 18 yeais and over. NUMBER. Departments. Number of es- tablish- ments. Employees. Working less than 66 hours during Average rate of wages per hour. Carding Chemical Dressing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Reeling Shipping Twisting and windijg Warping Weaving Total 303 2 36 24 19 610 186 212 71 85 734 2,282 4 2 2 110 129 11 126 534 SO. 145 .190 .145 .120 .113 .139 .169 .123 .155 .142 .158 .147 PER CENT. Carding 14.9 11.1 8.3 10.5 18.0 69.4 17.0 97.2 12.9 17.2 Engraving T?jni 1 1 3.9 2.6 5.2 3.4 "'i6.7 7.7 13.0 41.4 54.2 50.0 15.4 12.5 33.8 27.0 1.4 33.3 16.4 43.8 15.6 6.9 1.3 13.8 1.4 1 1 ""'ii.'s' 3.8 19.2 12.5 ' j 2.3 1.9 5.3 29.7 29.7 20.9 8.4 1.9 1 474 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Continued. Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS. MALES: 18 years and over. [The Iiouis shown in this table are based on the actual hours worked during the week for which data were secured.] * NTJMBEB. Departments. Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. Nimi- ber of em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees worldng each classified nimiber of hours during week. Under 30i. 301 and under 40|. 40S and under 501. 50# and under 66. 56. Over 56. Beaming Bleaching Carding Chemical Coloring Dressing Drying Dyeing Engraving Finishing frame spinning Printing Beeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving....' Yard and repairs Total 77 36 444 10 42 53 45 238 61 158 222 113 29 169 27 40 392 422 54.3 62.0 56.7 56.0 62.9 65.7 61.8 61.6 56.8 57.2 64.2 62.6 52.2 66.1 52.9 62.9 54.8 61.8 66 5 209 10 1 37 9 10 37 68 142 S 8 107 2 25 333 53 2,568 57.8 66 82 124 1, 127 5 24 192 39 12 35 195 21 66 47 106 8 28 321 PER CEIVT. 6.2 1.3 5.6 3.4 1.3 13.9 2.5 86.7 13.9 47.1 100.0 2.4 69 8 20.0 4.2 60.7 43.0 64.0 4.4 27.6 67.3 7.4 62.6 84.9 12.6 6.5 Carding 2.9 .9 43 2 2.4 3.8 2.2 .4 2.4 1.9 92.9 1.9 Drying 77 8 2.1 2.5 3.3 5.7 7.2 1.8 17.2 2.5 8.8 1.6 7.0 2.7 "'si. 6' 2.5 81.5 ■ 2.5 2.8 4.8 81.9 PiTiiRhing 1.3 3.2 1.3 1.8 41 8 21.2 Printing 93.8 Keeling 3.4 1.9 ■■'i.'g' 20 7 Shipping 23 9 11.1 Warping.'. 10.0 1.5 3.6 2.6 1.0 1.4 2.5 2.6 1.9 20 Weaving 7 1 Total 2.2 1.3 3.2 4.8 43.9 44 6 CHAPTEE VI.— GENEBAL TABLES. COTTON MILLS— Continued. 475 Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. MALES : TTndei 18 yeais. NUMBEE. Departments. Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. Num- ber of em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week . Under 30|. under 40|. m and under 505. 50J and under 56. Over 56. Beaming Bleaching Carding Coloring Dressing. Drying Dyeing Finishmg Frame spinning Printing Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Total 66.0 65.0 56.0 66.0 47.7 66.0 66.0 63.6 52.9 67.1 66.3 53.9 49.8 66.0 66.0 231 63.8 PER CENT. 100.0 25.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 26.0 rfirr^iTig .... Coloring Dressing 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 76.3 83.3 86.7 76.0 2.9 4.1 5.9 14.4 11.8 3.1 ■prHTT* spinning , 2.1 Printing. 16.7 14.3 16.7 93.3 8.3 6.7 100.0 100.0 Total 2.2 .4 7.8 11.7 75.8 2.2 476 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. COTTON MILLS— Concluded. Table VI.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS WORKED DURING WEEK, IN EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP, BY DEPARTMENTS— Continued. FEMALES: 18 years and over. NUMBER. Departments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of em- ployees. Aver- age hours worked during week. Employees working each classified number of hours during week. Under and under 40S. 40J and imder 50S. 50| and under 56. 56. Cardiag Chemical Dressing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Total 36 24 19 610 186 212 71 85 734 53.7 56.0 54.1 56.2 53.1 53.1 45.0 54.3 49.6 54.6 52.0 1 1 20 18 7 42 2 4 1 257 2 32 22 17 499 57 176 2 74 52.3 1,746 PEK CENT. Carding 2.3 4.0 4.6 4.0 84.8 100.0 88.9 91.7 89.5 81.8 30.6 83.0 2.8 87.1 82.8 0.3 r.hpminal 2.8 2.8 2.8 8.3 2.8 FinishiTig 5.3 3.3 3.8 .9 1.4 1.2 9.9 5.3 3.0 22.6 1.9 1.8 7.9 28.0 5.7 15.5 1.2 2.3 3.9 15.1 8.5 80.3 8.2 3.1 .2 Total 5.0 4.1 6.9 7.4 76.5 ,1 FEMALES: Tinder 18 years. NVMBEB. Carding Dressing Engraving Finishing Frame spiiming Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding Warping Weaving Total 53.1 55.0 52.4 56.0 61.8 48.8 65.1 49.3 53.4 5L9 52.7 188 PES CENT. Carding Dressing Engraving Finishing Frame spinning Reeling Shipping Twisting and winding. Warping Weaving Total 12.5 7.7 3.9 20.7 1.4 8.3 7.7 S.3 10.0 20.0 14.3 20.7 1.4 "t7 30.8 60.0 5.2 3.4 12.5 91.7 3.8 e.3 12.9 61.5 90.0 20.0 100.0 72.7 65.2 84.7 hb'.k 81.3 71.6 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 477 Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN nOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD. [This table shows in detail data relative to the 188 households visited by agents of the Bureau ol Labor.] CANADIAN, FRENCH. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children, and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per week. 1 2 Head', S12; wife, at home; daughter, 26 years, $6 to $7; sons, 23 years; daughter, 21 years, $7 to $9; son, 16 years, S4; daughter, 14 years, S5; daughter, 12 years, at school; son, 9 years, at school. Head, $12; wife, $10 to $11; child, 2i years, and child, 7 months, board on farm, $4.25 per week for the two. ■Widow, at home; son, 36 years, $6 to S6.60; son, 25 years, $7 to $8; son, 22 years, $14 to $15. Mother, $9 to $10; daughter $7; child, 5 years; child, 3 months; pay hired girl $1.50 per week for care of children. Head, $7; wife, at home; son^, 20 years, $12 to $15; sons, 18 years, $9.16; son, 17 years, $5.50; daughter, 16 years, $4; child, 13 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school: child, 9 years, at school. 3 females 2, $10 each. 12 4 4 4 9 6 3 4 4 4 $3.60 1.75 3 4 2.50 2.00 6 2.00 ENGLISH. Head, $8.50; wife, at home; son, 17 years, $6.60; daughter, 15 years, $5.49. Head, $10; wife, at home; child, 10 years; child, 7 years. Head, $9 to $10 s; wife, at home; son, 19 years, $11; 6 younger children. Head, $10 to $11; wife, at home; son, 19 years^ $9; daughter, 15 years, $6; 2 young- er children. Head, $10 to $11; wife, SIO to $11 $2.25 3.00 3.00 2.25 11 12 13 Head, shoemaker; wife, at home; son, 18 years, $10; son, 15 years, $5; daughter, 14 years, $5; 3 younger children. Head, $9 to $10; wife, at hon*; child, 13 years, at school; child, 11 years, at school; child, 6 years; child, 3 years. Head, $9; wife', at home; child, 4 years; child, 2 years; child, 6 weeks. 8 6 5 6 6 4 $3.00 3.00 2.00 1 Janitor in school. ' Boarders and lodgers. 5 Motor man on street car, 22 cents an hour, but did not have steady run. < Pays $4 per week board. » Pays $3.60 per week board. »In addition to earnings in textile mill earned $12 in three months as a musician. ' Does washing for one other family, at 60 cents per week. 478 STEIKK OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IK LAWRENCE, MASS. Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued. HEBREW. House- Number of lodgers Number House- rent per week. hold Members of family, age of children, and full- and amount re- of persons inhouse- Number num- time wages per week for those employed. ceived from lodg- of rooms. ber. ers per month. hold. 14 Head, $6; wife, at home; daughter, 22 years, $8.60; son, 19 years, 17.60; son, 16 years, 11 S $3.60 »6; son, 14 years, S6.10; child, 12 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 8 years, at school; child, 6 years. at school; child, 3 years. 16 Head, $9 to $10; wife, at home; child, 6 years; child, 5 years; child, 3 years. 6 6 2.25 16 Head, $8 to $9; wife, at home; child, 10 years, at school; child, 9 years, at school; 2 males, $3 each 8 S 2.26 child, 7 years, at school; child, 4 years. Head, $8 to $9; wife, at home; child, 6 years, ^ 17 2 males', $14 each... 6 6 2.26 at school; 1 younger child. 18 Head, 89; wife, at home; 1 child 12, $14 4 3 6 6 2.26 19 Head, $5 to $8; wife, at home; child, 1 J years. 2.60 20 Head,$9toS10; wife.athome; son », 22 years, $6.60 to $7; son a, 20 years, $6.50 to $7; son, IS years, $5.49; daughter, 16 years, $6.49; child, 14 years, at school; child, 12 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 4 years. 2males, $3 each 12 5 3.00 21 Head, $8.12; wife, at home; daughter, 20 Males $14 7 5 2.75 years, S8.12; daughter, 18 years, $6.60; child, 13 years, at school; chUd, 9 years. at school. 22 Head, $8.12; wife, at home; child, 13 years, at school; child, 12 years at school; child 10 years, at school; child, 5 years; child, Females $12 9 6 2.25 3 years; child, 17 months. IRISH. Head, $11.09; wife, at home; child, 9 years, at school; child, 6 years, at school; child, 4 years; child, 2 years, child, 9 months. ITALIAN. Head, $8 to $9; wife, $6.56; son, 17 years, $8; child 3 years, boarded out, $1 per week. Head, pharmacist; wife, at home; son, 19 years,- $8; daughter, 18 years, $6. 5; son, 12 years, at school; cousm, male, 39 years, $8; sister-in-law, at home; cousin, widow, at home; cousin's daughter, 21 years, $10; female 5, 15 years, at home. Head, $6.60; wife, at home; child, 4 years; child, 2 years; child, 2 months. Widow, at home; son, $6.60; daughter, 22 years, $7.30; daughter, 18 years, $7.66; son, 57.84. Head, $6; wife at home; daughter, 19 years, $6.65 to $7.70; daughter, 17 years, sick at home; daughter, 12 years, at school; son, 9 years, at school; daughter, 7 years, at school; child, 2 years, at home. Head, $8.25; wife.athome; child, 12 years, at school; chUd, 10 years, at school; child, 5 years at home. Head, organ grinder; wife, at home; son, 18 years, $6.20; son, 13 years, at school. ' Boarders and lodgers. 2 Boarder and lodger; sex not reported. ' Pays $3 per week board, Husband and wife, $7; 2males, $3eaoh. Husband and wife, $6.25; husband and wife, $7.26. Husband and wife, $6; husband and wife, $6. Husband and wife, $6.60; husband, wife, and child, $5. 8 5 10 6 9 5 5 6 12 6 6 5 9 6 * Boarder and lodger. <^ Relationship not reporto<]. OHAPTEB VI. GENERAL TABLES. 479 Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued. ITALIAN— Continued. Members of family, ape of children, and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- csived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per week. Head, $6; wife, at home; child, 6 years, at school; child, 1 year. Widow, at home; son, $5.60; daughter, 19 years, J6.50; son, 16 years, $7.70. Head, $7.30; wife, $6.05; daughter, 18 years, $7.70; son, 11 years, at school. Head, $7.70; wife, at home; daughter, 16 years, $5.50; child, 9 years; child, 5 years. Head, $7.56; wife, at home Wife (deserted by husband), $8.55 Head, $5.10; wife, at home; son, 23 years, $6.35; brother-m-law, carpenter, $17; brother-in-law's wife, at home. Head, $6.50; wife, $6.50; child, 12 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 3 years, left alone. Head, $7.30; wife,athome; child, 6i years; child, 7 months. Widow, at home; daughter, $6.05; son, 20 years, $6.55. Family A.— Head, $5.60'; wife, at home; child, 5 years; child, 6 months. Family B. — Head, $7.30; wife, at home; child, 9 years, at school; child, 2J years. Widow, at home; child, 18 years, $7.85; chM, 11 years, at school. Head, baker, $12; wife, at home 4 males, $3 each Husband, wile, and 4children,$7;hus- band and wife, $6.50. 3 males, $3 each 4 males, $3 each Husband, vnie, and 2 children, $6; hus- band, wife, and chUd, $6. Husband and wife, $5.50. Husband and wife, $5; female, $2. Head, $8; wife, $6.50; child, 8 mouths, left at home. Head, $5; wife, $6.05; child, 14 years, cares for younger children; child, 13 years, at school; child, 7 years, at school; child, 6years, at school; child, 5 years, at home; child, 3 years, at home; child, 1 year, at home. Head, $5; wife, $6.55; child, 3 years; child, 17 months. Widow, $6.65; son, 17 years, $6. Male, $3. Head, $7; wife at home; child, 4 years; child, 6 months. Head, $6.66; wife, $6.05; child, 9 years, at school; child, 7 years; chUd, 5 years; child, 3 years, taken care of by Italian church. Head, $7 to $11; wife, at home; son, 15 years, $5.10; chUd, 11 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 7 years, at school; child, 6 years; child, 3 years; child, IJ years. Head, $7.30; wife, at home; child, 13 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 6 years; chUd, 3 years. 1 Earns $3.50 per day during summer months as stonemason, * ATTtnnnt, of payments not reported, 4 males, $3 each Husband, wife, and child, $6; hus- band and wife, $6; husband and wife, $6. Husband, wife, and 2 children "; hus- band, wife, and child.! Widower and 2 chil- dren, $8. Husband, wife, and 1 child, $5; male, $3; male, $3; fe- male, ?3. Husband and wife, $0; male, $3. 10 480 STBIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWKENCE, MASS. Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OP ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued. ITALIAJN"— Continued. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children, and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. 72 Widow, S4 to S5; child, 14 years, at school; child, 11 years, at school; child, 6 years, at school; son, $6.55; daughter-in-law, $6.05. Head, $7.30; wife, $4 to $4.50; child, 6 months, boards out, $2.50 per week; sister-in-law, $6.05; sister-in-law, $5.10. Head, $8.40; wife, at home; child, 2 years; child, 1 month. Head, $7.30; wife, $6; 4 children, 10 years and younger, cared for by grandmother. Head i, $13.50; wife, at home; son, 18 years, $8; child, 11 years, at school; child, 7 years, at school; child, 5 years; child, 3 years; child, 9 months. Head ', $13.60; wife, at home Family A.— Head, $5.10; wile, at home; daughter, 19 years, $6.55; child, 14 years, at school; child, 10 years, at school; child, 7 years, at school; child, 3^ years. Fam- ily B.— Head, $7.30; wife, $4.50 to $5.50; child, 2 years; child, 8 months. Family C— Widow, $6.20; child, 10 years, at school. Family D.— Head, S13.50; wile, $4 to $6; child, 3 years. Family A.— Head, S7.20; wife, $5; child, 16 years, $6.50; child, 14 years, at school- Family B.— Head ', Son-in-law, $9; wile, $7.30; child, IJ years; child, 4 months, boarded out, $2.25 per week for two. Family C— Head, $8; wife, $5.50; nephew, $7.20. Head, $7.30; wife, $6.05 Head, $6.20; wife, at home; daughter, 17 years, $8.40; daughter, 16 years, $7.45; son, 15 years, at school. Head, $6; wife, $6; son, 17 years, $6 Head, S6; wife, $6.05; niece, 14 years, at school; niece, 13 years, at school. Head, baker shop, $8; sister, $6; grand- mother, at home. Head, $7.70; wife, at home; son, 19 years, $7.70; daughter, 17 years, $6.05; son, 14 years, at school; son, 6 years, at school. Heads, $10.50; wife, $6.05 Head, grocer; wife, at home; son*, 18 years, son*, 16 years. Head, $6.05; wife, $6.55; daughter, 13 years; daughter, 8 years; daughter, 6 years. Wife », at home; child, under 1 year Male, $2; female, $2. 2 males, $3 each. 6'; $12 for all.... Head, $5 to $15'; wife, at home; son, 13 years; daughter, 10 years; daughter, 5 years; son, 3 years; son, 1^ years. Head, $7. 17; wife, at home; son, 25 years, $6. 10; son, 22 years, $6. 65 to $7. 70; son, 21 years, $6; son, 17 years, $5. 60; daugh- ter, 15 years, at school; son, 6 years; son, 1 year. Head, $5; wife, at home; son, 22 years, $7. 70; daughter, 16 years, $5. 32. Head, $6. 50; wife, $6; child under 1 year.^ Head, $6; wife, $6 to $7; daughter ',16 years,' $2; son, 7 years, and son, 4 years, board out at 50 cents each per week. Husband and wife, $6; male, $3; fe- male, $2.50. Husband, wife, and son, 4 years, $6. 3 males, $3 each Husband, wife, and 1 child, $6. Female, $2.60 Husband and wife, $6. 1 Hod carrier. > Pick and shovel worker, outside of mUl. 8 Laborer, outside of mill. * Working, earnings not reported. 'Sex not reported. 'Husband in Italy. 'Just came over from Italy; worked only two days. CHAPTEE VI. GENEEAL TABLES. 481 Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued. ITAMAN— Continued. Members of family, age of children, and full- time wages per week for tliose employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per week. Head, $7; wife, at home; daughter, 20 years, 16.06; son, 19 years, $7.64; daughter, 18 years, $6.55; daughter, 3 years, son 1 year. Widow, at home; son, 17 years, $6.35; daughter, 14 years, $6. 10. Head, $8; wife, at home; daughter, 2 years; daugjiter, 1 year. Head', $12; wife, at home; 3 small children. Head, $6. 50; wife, at home; 1 child Male, $2.50 2 males, S3 each. Widow, $6. 55; 4 small children— 1 sick in hospital; boarder looks after children. Head, S6; wife, at home; child, $6.55; 8 other children. Head, $7. 17; wife, $9. 60; 2 small children, cared for by neighbors. Head ', $10 to $12; wife, $6.20; 2 small chil- dren, cared for by neighbors. Head',$7; wife, at home; 2 small children.. Head, $6.70; wife, at home; 4 small chil- dren. Widow, at home; child, $6.05 Head, $5.60; wife, $6.20; 1 small child, cared for by neighbors. Head*; wife, at home; child, $6.20; child, $5.10. Head, $6; wife, $6 to $6. 50; 2 children, oared for by neighbors. Head, $5; wife, $4 to $5; child, $6; child, $6.55. Head, $4. 90; wife, $5.50; child, $6. 50; child at school. Head, $6. 50; wife, $5 to $6; child, $8; child, $8. Head, storekeeper; wife, at home; 4 small dren. Head, storekeeper; wife, at home; 4 small children. Head, $6. 92; wife, $6. 82; child, $6. 10; child, $6.56. Head'; wife, at home; 2 small children Head, $5; wife, $5 to $6; 2 small children... Widow, at home; child, $6.75; child, $8.40; child, at home. Head, $6.05; wife, at home; 2 small children. Head, $7.17; wife, at home; 3 small children Head, $7; wife, at home Widow, $6.55; child, $6.55 Head, $10; wife, at home; child, $7.17; child, at home. Head, $5; wife, $6.65; child, $5.10; child, at home, old enough to care for self. Head, $5; wife, at home; 1 small child Head, $9; wife, $4 to $5 Husband and wife, $6; male, $3. 2 2, $6 for 2; 32, $6 for 3. 18, $6 42, $3 each. 22, $3 each. Family of 6, $6; fam- ily of 4, $6. 32, $5. 50 for 3 . 2 2, $3 each . Husband and wife, $5. 42, $7. 50 for 4; 4«. 22,$6for 2 Husband and wif e,$6 3S Husband and wife, $6. Husband and wife, $6. 2", $3 each 32,$6for3 Husband and wife, $6. do Family of 2, $6; family of 2, $6. 1 Barkeeper — $2 per day. 2 Sex not reported. • Boarder and lodger; sex not reported. « Works outside of mill. I Shoemaker. « Relatives, sex not reported; do not pay regular amount. 'Earnings unknown. 51240°— S. Doc. 87a 62-2 31 482 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN .LAWRENCE, MASS. Tablk a.— number of PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued. ITAIilAN— Continued. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children, andf ull- time wages per weef of those employed. Number oJ lodgers acLd amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. 10 12 5 4 4 5 S 5 5 5 3 9 5 5 5 5 9 5 11 4 5 4 4 5 8 4 6 4 8 4 6 3 7 4 3 4 7 5 10 5 7 5 4 5 4 6' 6 5 8 5 14 6 6 6 8 S 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 128 126 128 129 130 131 134 Head, 15.83; wife, at home; 3 small children. Head, S6; wife, S6.55; 2 small children, cared for by lodgers. Head, $9; wife, $6 Head, S6; wife, at home; 1 small child Head, t7.17; wife, t6.05 Widow, 15.50 Head, 16.65; wife, at home; 3 small children. Head, 17.30; wife, $5.50 to $6; child, at home, able to care for self. Head, grocer; wife^, at home; son, 6 years; daughter, 4 years; son, 1 year. Head, $7; wife* , at home; daughter, 2 years; son, 10 months. Head, S5.10; wife, at home; son, 6 years; son, 4 years; daughter, 16 months. Head, 14.97; wife, at home, daughter, 17 years, $6.50; daughter, 11 years, at school. Head, $6.15; wile, $6.0S; son 22 years, $6.10; son, 15 years, at school; daughter, 12 years, at school; son, 11 years, at school; daughter, married, at home; daughter, 2 years, at home. Head, $6; wife, at home; son, 11 years, at school; son, 6 years, at home. Head, $7; wife', at home; daughter, 7 years; son, 8 months. Head, $7; wife, $6.55; son, 6 years; daughter, 3 years; son, 10 months; pay mother-in- law $1.50 per week for care of children. Head, $6.31; wife, $5.86; son, 4 years; pay 50 cents per week for care of child. Head, $5.06; wife, $6.55; daughter,8 months; pay 50 cents per week for care of child. Head,$6.06; wife, $5. 56; son,$6.10; daughter, $6.30. Motber*,$8; son,23 years, $6; son, 18 years, $8; son, 16 years, $5.10; daughter, 10 years, at school. Head, $5.60; wife, at home; daughter, 25 years, 86.55; daughter, 17 years, $6.65; daughter, 8 years, at school: son 4 yeari, at home; son, 3 years, at home. Head, $6.35; wife, $4.18 Head, $7; wife, at home Head, $6.44; wife at home; son, 20 years, $7.50; son, 8 years, at school; son, 7 years, at school; son, 10 months, at home. Head, $6; wife, at home; daughter, 14 years; son, 1 year. Head, $7.15; wife, at home; son, 14 years; daughter, 13 years; son, 6 years; son, 4 years; son, 2 years. Head, $5; wife, $6.50; daughter, 18 months; pay 50 cents per week for care of child. Head, $5; wife, at home; daughter, 16 years, $8; son, 14 years, at school. 6i,$12 81, $12 2 2, $6 for 2 2 2, $3 each Husband and wife, $6; husband and wife, $6; husband and wife, $6. 22,$3eaoh Husband and wife, $6; husband and wife, $6. 22,$3each , Husband, wife, and 2 children, $7. Husband, wife, and 6 children, $3. Husband and wife, $6. Husband, wife, and 2 children, $6. Husband and wifp, $6; 1 child, male, $3. Husband, wife, and child, $7. Husband, wife, and 3 children, $12. Husband and wife, $4. 2 males, $3.50 each . . Husband and wife, $7; husband and wife, $6. 7',$20 Husband, wife, and child, $7.60. Husband and wife, $3; 2 males, $3. ' Two families; $6 per month for each family. ' Sex not reported. 8 Beceives $2 per week for care of lodgers' children. « Receives $1.60 per week for care of lodgers' children. ' Receives $1 per week tor care of lodgers' children. « Husband in Italy. ' Sex not reported; pay total of $20 per month for 3 rooms. CHAPTER VI. GKNEKAL TABLES. 483 Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OP HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued . ITALIAN— Concluded. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children, and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per weeK. 136 137 139 140 146 146 Head, $5.25; wife, at home; son, 16 years, $6.55; son, 14 years, 14.92; daughter, 13 years, at school; daughter, 9 years, at school; daughter, 7 years, at school. Head, $10; wife, at home; daughter, IS years, $6.55. Head, $6; wife, $6.05; son, 15 years, at school; son, 11 years, at school; son, 10 years, at school. Head, $7; wife, at home; son, 18 years, $7.16; daughter, 13 years, at school; daughter, 11 years, at school; daughter, 9 years, at school; daughter, 8 years, at school; daughter, 6J years, at school; daughter, li years, at home. Head, $13.54; wife, at home; daughter, 9 months. Head, $7.70; wife, at home Head', $10; wife.athome; soni,22 years, $8; son, 20 years, $6; son, 17 years, $6.55; son, 14 years, $5; daughter, 12 years, at school. Head, $7; wife, $7; daughter, 6 years; pay $1.50 per week for care of child. Head, $6.55; wife, $5.50; son, 10 years, at school; son, 3 years, at home; daughter, 8 months; pay $1 per week for care of children. Head, $10.10; wife, $5 to $6 Head, $9; wife, at home; daughter, 2i years, at home; son, 1 year, at home. Head, $7.70; wife, at home; daughter, 4 years, at home; daughter, 2i years, at home; son, 1 year, at home. Husband, wife, and child, $6. Female, $7.50.. 2 females, $5.20; 3 males, $7.80. Husband, wife, and child, $6.50. Husband and wife, $6. Husband, wife, and child, $7.70. 2 females, $6 LITHUANIAN. 148 149 160 161 162 153 154 Mother, $6.06; child, 16 years. School of Correction; child, 12 years, at school; child, 6 years. Head, $5 to S8; wife, at home; daughter, 4 years; son, 2 years. Head, $8; wife, at home; son, 9 years; son, 4 years; daughter, 1 year. Head, $7.25; wife, at home; daughter, 12 years; son, 10 years; daughter, 5 years; daughter, 1 year. Head, $6.05; wife, $6.05 Head, $7.50; wife, at home; son, 9 years; daughter, 8years; daughter, 5 years; son, 3 years; daughter, under 1 year. Head, $4 to $9; wife, $6.05; daughter, 12 years; son, 10 years; daughter, 5 years. Head, $7.80; wife, at home; stepson', 21 years, $6.30; stepson^, 23 years, $6.30;' stepdaughter,' 14 years, $S; stepson, 11 Sears, at home; stepdaughter, 4 years, at ome. Head,$6.05; wife,$6.20; daughter, 14 years; 4 younger children. 4females2 2 males, $4 each; 1 female, $1. 4 males, $4 each — 5 males, $4 each — 2 males, $4 each Husband and wife, $7; husband, wife, and child, $7; hus- band, wife, and 1 child, $7. 8 3 4 5 8 10 5 7 5 9 .D 5 5 7 6 16 5 1 Tailor. > Amount of payments not reporteu. » Pays $4 for lodging and has own grocery book. 484 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWKBITCE, MASS. Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OP ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OP HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Continued . liirHCANIAN— Concluded. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children , and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons inhouse- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per week. 156 157 158 Widow, at home; son, 4 years; son, 2 years. Head, 17.30; wife, at home; son, 8 years; daughter, 6 years; son, 4 years; daugh- ter, 2 years. Head, $7.50; wife, at home; son, 4 years; daughter, under. 1 year. Husband and wife, $8; 2 males, $4 each. Female, it; male, $4. Female, $4; 3', $4 each. 7 8 8 5 5 5 t2.75 3.00 3.00 POLISH. 159 160 161 162 163 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 Head, $8.10; wife, at home; son, 16 ^ears, $6.55; child, 13 years, at school; child, 11 years, at school; child, 8 years, at school. Family A. — Head, $7.25; wife, at home; 1 child. Family B.— Head, S7.90; wife, $5.50 to $6; child, 9 years; child, 8 years. Family C— Widow, $7.30; widow's child, 3 years. Family A.— Head, $6.12; daughter (de- serted by husband); child, 8 years; child, 7 years; child, 4 years; child, 2 years; child, 5 months. Family B.— Head, $7.70; wife, $6.60 to $7; child, 5 years; child, 4 years. Family C. — Head, $9 to $10; wife, $7. Head, $6.38; wife, at home; child, under 1 year. Head, $9; wile, at home Head, $8; wife^, $1.60; son, 9 years; son, 7 years; son, 2 ^ears; son, 1 year. Head, $10.50; wife, at home; child, 1 year. . Head*, $15; wife, at home; 6 children, eld- est one Is 10 years. Family A.— Widow, $7.28; daughter, 16 years, $7.28; son, 16 years, $6.44; daugh- ter, 13 years; daughter, 12 years; daugh- ter, 10 years; son, 9 years. Family B.— Head^ $9; wife", at home; son, 1 year; dau^ter. Head, $7.60; wife, at home; son, 2 years; son, under 1 year. Head, $8; wife, at home; 3 children, eldest one 11 years. Head, $8; wife, at home; son, 4 years; daughter, 2 years; son, under 1 year. Head, $8; wife,athome; 3 small children... 2 males'. 4 females ' . 2 males, $4 each . 2 males, $4 each . 3 females, $3.50 each; male, $3.75. Husband and wife, $7.75; 5 females, $3.26 each; male, $4.50. 2 females, $3.50 each; husband,wife, and son, $7. 41; $3.50 each Male, $3.50; 2i,$3.60 each. 3 females, $3each 6 4 11 6 17 6 5 4 2 8 4 4 7 5 16 6 11 5 9 4 9 4 8 4 8 4 $1.75 2.75 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.25 1.75 1.75 2.25 2.26 1 Sex not reported. 2 Amount of payments not reported. * Sews at home. * Bartender. * Works in stable. ■ Does the housekeeping to pay their share of rent. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 485 Table A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, AND RENT PAID PER WEEK, BY RACE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD— Concluded. PORTUGUESE. House- hold num- ber. Members of family, age of children, and full- time wages per week for those employed. Number of lodgers and amount re- ceived from lodg- ers per month. Number of persons in house- hold. Number of rooms. House rent per week. 172 Head, tS.ST; wife, at home; son, 5 years; daughter, 3 years; daughter, 1 year. Head, t8.S0; wile, $8.50; daughter, 12 years; daughter, 10 years; daughter, 7 yeara; daughter, 1 year, boarded out, $1 per week. Head, $6.96; wife, at home; son, 16 years, $5.50; son, 13 years, at school; daughter, 10 years, at school. Head, $6; wife, $2 to $5.60; daughter, 12 years; daughter, 9 years; daughter, 4 years, boards out, $1 per week. Male, $2 6 8 7 5 4 5 6 5 $2.00 173 2' $2each 2.25 174 2', $2 each 2.76 175 2.50 Head, 18.40; wife, $7.56; son, 9 years; son, 6 years; son, 4 years; son, 2 years. Female, $4. Head, $7.30; wife, at home; child, 13 years, at school; child, 5 years; child, 2J years. Head, $6.50; wife, at home; child, 10 years, at school; child, 4 years; child, lyear. Head, $6.50; wile, at home; child, lA years; child, 4 months. Head, $6.05; wife, at home; child, 16 jrears, $5.95; child, 9 years, at school; child, 5 years. Head, $7.05; wife, at home; 1 child; brother-in-law, $8 to $10; sister, at home; mother, at home. Head, $5.74; wife, at home; son, 20 years, $7.25; child, 12 years; child, 9 years; child, 7 years; child, IJ years; son, at home2; daughter-in-law, at homes. Family A.— Widow, at home; daughter, 17 years, $6.50; 2 younger children. Family B.— Head, $7; wile, at home; 1 child. Head, $8; wile, at home; child, 4 years; child, 2J years; child, 8 months. Family A.— Head, $7.30; wile, at home; 1 small child; brother, $7.30; brother, $7.30. Family B. — Head, $7.30; wife, at home; 1 small child. Head, $7.30; wife, at home; son, 18 years, $6.50; son, 16 years, $5; daughter, 19 years,$6.50; child, 10 years; child, 6 years. Head, $9; wife, at home; child, 8 years, at school; child, 6 years; child, 4 years; child, 4 months; brother, $9; sister, at home; sister, at home. Head, $8.50; wife, at home; daughter, 17 years, $6.55; child, 3 years; child, 2 years; mother-in-law, at home; brother-in-law, $9.50. Female, $2; female, $1.50. Males.. 7 6 6 3 4 3 6 3 6 4 9 4 7 4 5 4 8 5 % 7 6 9 5 8 S » Sex not reported. « Came to Lawrence week before the strike. • Amount of payment not reported. 486 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEKS IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Table B.— DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD OF TWO FAMILIES AND OF THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, AUGUST AND OCTOBER, 1911. IThesB accounts show conditions just as they existed in these cases, but the number represented is not suffi- cient for any conclusion as to whether or not they represent conditions generally among mill employees.] FAMHiT No. 1: lilthuanlan.— This family consisted of husband, wife, and 4 children— 3 daughters, 12, 5, and 1 years of age, and 1 son, 10 years of age. The husband only was employed. He worked in a worsted mill and receiyed 17.25 per lull week. Four lodgers paid {1 each per week for room, coSee, soup, cookiag, and washing. Date. Articles Smoked shoulder . . Bread Salt herring Cheese Bread Fresh shoulder — Tomato (can) Plums (can) , Flour Eggs Potatoes Pork neck Sugar Butter Apples Bread do Pork neck Cucumbers Cream Bread Cream Salt herring Potatoes Bread Flour Bacon Smoked shoulder - Onions Cream Sugar Polish sausage Cream Bread Beets.-.. Pork neck Crackers Tomatoes Beans Bread Pork neck Crackers Butter Tomatoes Sardines Crackers Bread Tomatoes ,. Flour. - Shoulder, smoked Bread Tomatoes Preparation for making root beer Sugar Cheese Beans Bread Sugar Tomatoes Pork butts Pigs' feet Tomatoes (can) Tomatoes (raw) Bread Pork butts Flour Coffee Condensed milk Bread 110.65 .15 .05 .10 .30 .66 .10 .15 .15 .11 .17 .12 .10 .10 .15 .15 .05 .12 .05 .05 .12 .05 .05 .05 .15 .30 .07 .60 .05 .10 .18 .11 .12 .18 .05 .10 .15 .24 .10 .12 .24 .15 .18 .10 .10 .05 .05 .10 .15 .05 .05 .57 .05 .16 .10 .06 .05 .24 .05 .18 .12 .12 .11 .12 .08 .05 .24 .15 .10 .10 .10 Aug. 20 27 Pork butts Butter Salt herring Beets Bread Salt herring Cucumbers Flour Bread .' Cocoa Sugar Salt pork, brisket. . Fresh pork, butts.. Flom Bread Onions Bread ....do Fresh pork, butts. . Veal Bread Cucumbers Salt pork Pork neck Mustard Sugar Bread ....do Crackers Butter Beef Bacon Pressed ham Bread ....do Pork neck Sausage Potatoes Bread ....do Cocoa Flour Pressed ham Bread do Pork shoulder Ham Sauerkraut Coffee Bread Sugar Beef Cocoa MUk Pork butts Total. Butter Potatoes Fish Sauerkraut Smoked shoulder. Potatoes Butter Veal Pork Milk Cupcakes Pressed ham Beef Cakes OHAPTEB VI.- — GENERAL TABLES. 487 TABtE B.— DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR POOD OF TWO FAMILIES AND OF THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, AUGUST AND OCTOBER, 1911— Continued. FAMILT No. 1: Lithuanian— Concluded. Date. Articles. Cost. Date. Articles. Cost. Salt beef. 50.21 .39 .10 .10 .05 .13 .14 .10 .10 .13 .05 .03 .10 .24 .12 .15 .21 .05 .66 .17 .10 .13 .10 .21 .05 .05 .20 .12 .25 .16 .13 .10 .24 .12 .05 .05 .59 .02 .10 .23 .24 .05 .05 .10 .13 .25 .17 Oct. 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 .30 $0.12 Pork . . . Bread 05 Bread Meat .16 .20 Beef .24 7 Potatoes Bread , , .... .05 Sausage . . . . Milk .04 .10 Cakes Bread .05 g Potatoes .05 Cheese .07 Salt .05 9 .15 Beef Smoked shoulder .78 Veal .26 .05 Pork do .15 do .10 11 Potatoes .12 Beef .13 Meat .16 12 Beef .24 Pork shoulder .eo Pork .05 13 .05 Bread Cakes .05 Condensed milk .10 Beef .05 14 .06 Beef Flour .10 Meat .26 .05 15 Com Corn .10 Veal Potatoes .05 Salt herring .05 Potatoes .12 16 .05 Salt Rait herring .05 Tomatoes .12 Beef .15 .20 .26 .32 .25 Total 15.94 FAMILY No. 3: Portuguese. — This family consisted of husband, wife, and 3 daughters, 12, 9, and 4 years of age. The husband worked in a cotton mill and received 16 per full week. The wife worked in a mill 5 weeks beginning August 21, earning from 12 to $5.60 per week. Illness was cause of stoppmg work. The records prior to August 23 had been destroyed. Aug. 23 Meat Beans Eggs Tea Butter Macaroni C.heese Coffee Potatoes Cabbage Pork chops Milk, condensed Cake Molasses Bread Sugar feologna Crackers Bread Eggs Article not specified do 10. Aug. 28 29 Bread Turnips Sugar Bread Bologna Beef (fresh) Potatoes Tomatoes Sugar Rice Shoulder Potatoes, sweet.. . Frankfurters Eggs Oatmeal Cheese Fish — smelts, fresh Fish (fresh) Bread Total SO. 488 STEIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEBS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Table B DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR POOD OF TWO FAMILIES AND OP THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, AUGUST AND OCTOBER, 1911— Continued. FAMILY No. 3: Portuguesfr-Concluded. Date. Articles. Cost. Date. Articles. Oct. 1 Bread Squash Potatoes Flour Fish Butter Bread do do Potatoes Beans Sugar Coffee Salt pork Eggs Article not specified do Article not specified do do Butter Cakes Bologna Bread do do Eggs Sugar Lard Rice Potatoes Eggs Article not specified Tea Bread do do Beans Salt pork Potatoes Beef Eggs Kioe Boast pork Beefsteak Turnips Meat Blood pudding Sugar Coffee Cabbage Crackers Article not specified do do Macaroni Meat Beans Fish nice Potatoes Salt fish Turnips Vegetables Arncle not specified . Sugar Article not specified. Potatoes Eice Sugar to. OS .08 .09 .08 .30 .18 Oct. 18 23 25 Pork chops Pork roast Codfish Bologna Beans Cakes Rice Coffee Potatoes Eggs Blood pudding Milk Vegetables Lard Butter Article not specified. do do Meat Milk Tomatoes Cupcakes Sugar Article not specified . Crackers Fish, salt Potatoes Karo sirup Fish Eice Meat Salt pork. Beans Sugar Beef Milk . condensed Fresh fish Oatmeal Vegetables Cabbage Potatoes Coftee Pork chops Bologna Tea Butter Bread ....do Potatoes Sugar Frankfurters Butter Article not specified. Vegetables Meat. Bread ....do Sugar Article not specified , do ....do Broad ....do Total. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 489 Table B — DETAILED EXPENDITURES AND OF THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, Continued. FOR FOOD OF TWO FAMILIES AUGUST AND OCTOBER, 1911— LODGER No. l! Lithuanian. — Unmarried male mill operative and earned $9 for a full weefc's work. Lived with Lithuanian family and paid $1 per week lor lodgmg, coSee, soup, and usual services of cooking and washing. Date. Articles. Cost. Date. Articles. Cost. Aug. 1 $0.16 .16 .05 .32 .15 .13 .10 .10 .15 .45 .04 .10 .18 .15 .05 .16 .16 .16 .05 .10 .13 .10 .24 .15 .18 .10 .05 .24 .15 .16 .13 .48 .16 .05 .15 .06 .05 .10 .51 .19 .16 .19 .05 .07 .19 .10 .13 .10 .06 Aug. 31 Oct. 1 3 6 7 9 10 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 28 30 Beef $0.07 do Total . ... 2 Bread 7.39 Beef 3 Bread .07 Pork neck .05 .32 4 Beef .19 Bread Lard .10 5 Veal .13 Lard Tomatoes .10 Ham Cucumber .03 7 Pork . . Pork neck .16 .32 .05 .24 8 do .24 9 do Eegs .05 Cheese Bread . .15 Butter Peas - - .10 10 Pork .05 .10 12 p^":::::::::::::::::::;::: .10 .44 Beef .32 Potatoes Peas .10 13 Bread Barley .12 Pork neck Butter .05 16 Pigs' feet Smoked shoulder. .11 17 .06 .13 19 .10 21 Pork neck Pork neck .16 23 Beans... Veal .46 24 Bread Pork neck .32 25 Cheese Bread .05 Butter .... Meat .14 Cabbage .07 26 Pork Milk (fresh) .04 28 Beef .10 29 .10 Pork Eggs .13 .05 30 Veal .50 Pork Pork neck .32 Bread .06 Total Butter 6.46 31 490 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEES IN LAWEENCE, MASS. Table B,— DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD OF TWO FAMILIES AND OF THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, AUGUST AND OCTOBER, 1911— Continued. iODGEB. No. 2: Russian Pole.— Unmarried male mill operative and earned $8 for full week's work. Lived with Austrian-Polish family and paid SI per week for lodging, coffee, soup, and usual services of cooking and washing. Date. Articles. Cost. Date. Articles. Cost. Aug. 1 .SO. 15 .06 .04 .16 .04 .16 .05 .37 .16 .16 .06 .16 .12 .05 .16 .15 .06 .04 .16 .06 .16 .06 .32 .05 .16 .04 .48 .02 .06 .10 .04 .04 .10 .16 .04 .05 .07 .19 .12 .04 .05 .07 .07 .05 .10 .07 .05 .05 .10 .06 .13 .17 .17 .05 .10 .17 .17 .10 .04 .04 .05 Oct. 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 26 27 28 30 31 $0.10 Loin of pork . Pork neck . 16 3 .05 4 Pickles Bread 10 .16 5 Bread Butter . ... .10 Pork shoulder . Cheese 09 6 .16 7 do Bread .10 Fggs Cheese 13 8 .09 .10 Onions Oatmeal 09 9 Pork .08 .10 10 Sauerkraut Pork neck . .16 Pickles . ... do 16 .10 Eggs Bread .15 11 Pork neck Pork neck . . . 16 .10 12 .08 Bread Pork neck 16 14 .15 Pickles .10 15 13 Pickles Pork shoulder 27 Bread do .30 do .15 17 Pickles Apples 06 Annies Pork neck 16 ...do .16 18 .15 Pickles Pork neck . . . 32 19 Cheese do 16 Butter .05 Pork 10 Cakes do 21 Farina 10 22 16 23 07 Milk Fanna - . . 10 24 Butter Pork neck 16 .10 Milk Pigs' feet 07 25 Potatoes Pork neck . 16 Flour do 16 26 Cheese .do 32 10 Sauerkraut ■ 10 28 Cake .05 29 do .06 Potatoes Potatoes 05 Bread Lard .09 30 Pigs' feet .09 31 ....do Onions 05 Bread Pigs' feet 05 Total.. 7.17 Apples Total 6.50 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL TABLES. 491 Table B.— DETAILED EXPENDITURES AND OF THREE LODGERS, BY RACE, Concluded . FDR FOOD OF TWO FAMILIES AUGUST AND 0( TOBBR, 1911— LODGER NO. 3: Russian — Wife and two small children In Europe dependent upon him. Mill operative and earned S8.90 per full week. Lived with Lithuanian family and paid .'1 for lodging, coffee, soup, and usual services of cooldng and washing. Date. .\rlicles. Cost. Date. .\r(ifles. Cost. Aug 1 Pork neck $0.15- .13 .15 .06 .12 .45 .12 .07 .10 .20 .32 .06 .26 .06 .19 .10 .14 .12 .07 .15 .16 .15 .24 .08 .96 .03 .26 .10 .24 .20 .15 .24 .05 .13 .38 .30 .10 .30 .06 .16 .15 .10 .15 .10 .06 .30 .05 .10 .n . C.i .01 Oct. 7 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 19 •20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 Kibs $0 15 2 .. do Sausage 15 40 Potatoes Meat 30 3 43 5 Pork neck Smoked shoulder .50 Bean.s Veal 16 Cheese Butter .14 7 Bread .15 Flour .13 8 Pork neck Bread 05 Potatoes . . Pork neck 10 9 Beef Pork chops 16 Potatoes Peas .16 10 .17 Bread Pressed bam . .16 11 -.10 Rpans Sausage .15 Smoked meat . Pork neck 08 12 Bread Com .08 Meat Potatoes .05 .16 14 Beef • Butter .08 Pressed ham Beef .12 "Vnn-np pork Sausage 18 Pickle .15 15 Bread .15 Bread Tomatoes .10 Meat Beef .13 Sausage Pigs' feet .12 19 Pickles Cafes . .10 Pickles I .08 .16 Steak .20 Vnnng pork Sausage .20 Pressed'ham Pork neck .16 Bread Barley .12 23 Veal .05 .08 24 Pork ribs .16 Bread Tomatoes Pressed ham Tomatoes .10 Sausage .19 25 Beef .19 26 .15 Bread .15 29 Pork .17 Potatoes Pork neck .16 30 Bread Rice .08 31 Beef Sauerkraut .13 Potatoes Onions 05 Pickles Beef .15 8.53 .15 Potatoes Oct 2 .12 .15 .17 .14 .25 .25 .25 .16 .25 .33 .27 .55 Pressed ham .15 .15 Veal . . . Veal .18 3 Cheese Beef .18 Flour Porkneck .32 Veal Suet .03 Bread .10 Pork .39 do Beef .13 6 Tomatoes .10 Total 12.81 APPENDIXES. 493 APPENDIXES. APPENDIX A.— MASSACHUSETTS LAW LIMITING THE HOURS OF EM- PLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND MINORS. The conditions of employment in manufacturing and mechanical establishments in Massachusetts have been regulated by various statutes, the legislature of 1909 bringing together most of these enactments into a single code in chapter 514, acts of 1909. Section 48 of this chapter relates to the hours of labor of women and minors (imder 18 years of age), and was amended May 27, 1911, the amend- ment to take effect January 1, 1912. Sections 48 and 49 were printed and posted by the manufacturers in connection with the schedule of hours of labor required to be posted in all workrooms. Section 48. No child under 18 years of age and no woman shall be employed in laboring in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment more than 10 hours in any one day, except as hereinafter provided in this section, unless a different apportion- ment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day's work for one day of the week; andfm no case shall the hours of labor exceed 54 in a week, excepOThat in any such establishment where the employment is by seasons, the num- ber ^such hours in any week may exceed 54, but not 58, provided that the total number of such hours in any year shall not exceed an average of 54 hours a week for the whole year, excluding Sundays and holidays. Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room in which such persons are employed a printed notice stating the number of hours' work required of them on each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and the hours when the time allowed for meals begins and ends or, in the case of establishments exempted from the provisions of sections 36 and 37, the time, if any, allowed for meals. The printed forms of such notices shall be provided by the chief of the district police, after approval by the attorney general. The employment of such person at any time other than as stated in said printed notice shall be deemed a violation of the provisions of this section unless it appears that such employment was to make up time lost on a previous day of the same week in consequence of the stopping of machinery upon which he was em- ployed or dependent for employment; but no stopping of machinery for less than 30 consecutive minutes shall justify such overtime employment, nor shall such over- time employment be authorized until a written report of the day and hour of its oc- currence and its duration is sent to the chief of the district police or to an inspector of factories and public buildings. Sec. 49. A parent or guardian who permits a minor under his control to be em- ployed in violation of either of the two preceding sections, and any person who, either for himself or as superintendent, overseer, or agent for another, employs any person in violation of the- provisions of either of said sections, or fails to post the notice re- quired by either of the preceding sections, or makes a false report of the stopping of machinery under the provisions of the preceding section, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $100. A certificate of the age of a minor made 495 496 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOEKEKS IN LAWEENOE, MASS. and sworn to by him and by his parent or guardian at the time of his employment in a mercantile, manufacturing, or mechanical establishment shall be prima facie evidence of his age in any prosecution under the provisions of this section. APPENDIX B.— PROCLAMATIONS ISSUED BY THE " STRIKE COMMITTEE." During the progress of the Lawrence strike various proclamations and statements were issued by the "strike committee." Copies of a few of these proclamations are here shown. The "strike committee" represented the large majority of strikers. Its chairman and some but not all of its members were members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The Military Ideal. Young Man: The lowest aim in your life is to be a good soldier. The "good soldier " never tried to distinguish right from wrong. He never thinks, never reasons; he only obeys. If he is ordered to fire on his fellow citizens, on his friends, on his neighbors, on his relatives, he obeys without hestitation. If he is ordered to fire down a crowded street when the poor are clamoring for bread, he obeys, and sees the gray hairs of age stained with red and the life tide gushing from the breast of women; feels neither remorse nor sympathy. If he is ordered oft as one of a firing squad to execute a hero or benefactor, he fires without hesitation, although he knows the bullet will pierce the noblest heart that ever beat in human breast. A good soldier is a blind, heartless, soulless, murderous machine. He is not a man, he is not even a brute, for brutes only kill in self-defense. All that is human in him, all that is divine in him, all that constitutes a man, has been sworn away when he took the enlistment oath. His mind, his conscience, and his very soul are in the keeping of his officer. No man can fall lower than a soldier — it is a depth below which we can not go. Young man, don't be a soldier — be a man. Soldiers, MilitiambnI Most of you are workingmen! Yesterday you were slaving in the mills yourselves; to-day you wear arms to help crush us and to-morrow, perhaps, you again return to the mills and factories, slaving for a master for wages barely enough to keep body and soul together. The strikers of Lawrence are fighting for their rights and for those of the workers in general. They are fighting your fight, so that when you return to the mills you will also enjoy the results of the struggle. You will profit by our victory, why should you now help to crush us? Be not brutes, be not murderers, don't heap infamy on your struggling fellow workers. Cease all brutalities; stop all provocations. Be humani Help Yotjk Fellow Workers Who Need Bread and Yotra Sitppoht. Twenty-five thousand men, women, and children employed in the textile mills of Lawrence, mostly employees of the American Woolen Co., are out' on strike against a reduction in wages that at best was only an average of $5 to $6 a week. The textile industry, especially the wool portion that receives the highest protec- tion, pays the lowest wage scale of any industry in America. APPENDIXES. 497 Workers have dared to rebel against conditions that were unbearable. Because they have dared to assert their manhood and womanhood and determinedly insisted for an opportimity to live by their labor, hired military Hessians have been sent to Lawrence to terrorize the workers into going back to work. We workers, who have done our utmost share to clothe the world, are now asking the world of labor and all those who sympathize with the cause of the workers for bread. Contribute liberally. It is our fight to-day; who knows, it may be you to-morrow who will need support. Issued by authority of the Textile Workers' Strike Committee. Joseph Bedabd, Secretary, 9 Mason Street, Lawrence, Mass. To All the Working Men and Women of MASSACHtrsBTTS and Elsewhere. Fellow Workers: We, textile workers of Lawrence, are on strike. We are strik- ing against unbearable conditions. It is not sufficient that our wages are low, but the masters, taking advantage of the 54-hour law that was passed to reduce the admittedly too long working hours of women and children, have cut our pay to an average of 50 cents a week, which to us means 10 loaves of bread. According to the figures furnished by the other side the manufacturers paid out in wages on January 13 for one week's work on the 54-hour basis, to a total number of 25,000 operatives, the sum of $150,000, or an average of $6 per week, and in making up the average it must be considered that the high weekly wages of the overseers, etc., of the mill figure in the total wages paid. It is considered and admitted that this is the busy season, and if $6 a week is the average, wage in the busy season, then, fellow workers, consider what must be our miserable lot in the slack periods. For years past it was not sufficient that the employers had forced conditions upon us that gradually but surely broke up our homes and what was left was but an excuse ; they have forced our wives to the mills to work alongside of us, not that their wages be leveled up to the men, but that the men's be reduced and they be forced to compete with women. They have taken away our wives from the home, our children have been driven from the playground, stolen out of the schools and driven into the mills, where they were strapped to the machines, not only to force the fathers to compete but that their young lives may be coined into dollars for a parasite class, that their very nerves, their laughter and joy denied, may be woven into cloth. For all these past years the operators have gradually reduced our wages, and at the same time have speeded up the machines so that we turn out in some cases three times the amount of work and receive about one-third of the old rate. All this is admitted, although unwillingly, by the opposition. The secretary of the Wool Manufacturers' Association, Mr. Marvin, admits that the wages paid in the textile industry are the lowest in any industry in America. It is not sufficient that we had drunk all the bitterness that the cup of misery con- tained; the masters proposed that we must drink it to the very dregs. Taking advantage of the 54-hour law, they have, it is true, cut the wages, and are now making it their war cry: "Fifty-four hours' pay for fifty-four hours' work;" but we submit to a candid world the fact that the hours have only been reduced "offi- cially," and in ordel: to comply with the law, but some of the mills are stealing suffi- cient time around the hours of starting and quitting each day in the week to make up the two hours "reduced." 51240°— S. Doc. 870, 62-2 32 498 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKERS IN LAWRENCE, MASS. If the cut in wages is allowed to stand, then the weavers and loom fixers, because of the insufficiency of their wages and because of the lure of the premium or bonus at the end of the week, will speed up the looms and weave 56 hours into 54; thus all the other workers who are week-day workers and who feed up to the looms, will have to work that much faster in order to keep it up. It requires little imagination to see that a condition of that nature will have a tendency to make our lot more precarious; it will mean a saving for the companies, the driving of the workers at a speed that more surely than now will soon wreck their nerves and lives and fill the cemeteries with overworked slaves; it will drive the old, our fathers and mothers, who in the past have given of their lives all that is best in weaving cloth for the operators, to compete with their sons and daughters; in competing with younger men and women they will gradually be driven out of the mills and the responsibility and burden on the sons and daughters will be greater, and by that the masters figure to turn matters that much more to their advantage. Because we dared to rebel, militiamen have been sent to drive us back to work, and already the bayonets of hired Hessians have wetted in the blood of our fellow workers. Fellow workers! Men and women! Take heed! We are waging a battle that means much to us, but we are equally fighting the battle of the wageworkers through- out this State who have been affected as we have. If we can, by our devotion and your support, win, it will mean a victory for all the workers of this State and all the workers in the wool and cotton industry. If lack of support on your part drives us back into the mills, then not only we but you may prepare yourselves for the lash that the masters will lay on with that much more force. We must win this fight! Our lot is beyond resignation. We must resist now or all hopes in the future are lost. So we appeal to all the workers, men, women, and children^ whose lot may be what ours was or may be better; we appeal to you and all those whose sympathies are with the aspirations of the working class to support this strike, not merely morally, but financially. Remember that many of our fellow workers have but one week's wages between themselves and starvation. Financial aid is needed and needed quickly. He who gives quickly gives doubly. We propose to establish a commissary for the needy and we ask for clothes, provi- sions, and money. Get among your shopmates, make collections in the mills and factories, hold meetings to raise funds, and protest against tbe way political and military agents of the masters have treated us. Send for subscription lists to use among your fellow workers. Send committees to business houses in your cities to secure and send provisions of all sorts. Address all communications and make out all money orders to Textile Workers' Strike Committee, Joseph Bedard, secretary, 9 Mason Street, Lawrence, Mass. To the aid of your fellow workers who are battling against worse misery than the past. An injury to one is an injury to all. It is we who are in need to-day; who knows, it may be your turn to ask us after our victory. Sincerely, yours, for the cause of 25,000 men, women, and children. Strike Committbb. Joseph Bbdaed, Secretary. P. S. — Our demands on the operators: Fifteen per cent increase in wages and prices on the 54-hour basis. Abolition of the premium system. Double time and pay for all overtime. All strikers must be taken back to their positions occupied before the strike. APPENDIXES. 499 A Call for Action. To all workers of Lawrence, Mass.: Fellow Workers, Comhades: The hour has arrived that wordB no longer are enough to show that you are heart and soul in this struggle of the thousands. As long as the fight was confined to the mills of Lawrence and appeared not to extend any further we deemed it unnecessary to apply to other classes of workers; but now that the combination of capitalists have shown the unity of all ova adver- saries, we call on you as brothers and comrades to join hands with us in this great movement. Our cause ia just. All means possible have been employed to cause division of our ranks in vain. Now, our ranks must be enlarged and you are appealed to get in and be ready. Close ranks together. Let us get strong. Workers, quit your hammers, throw down your files, let the dynamos stop, the power cease to t\irn the wheels and the looms, leave the machinery, bank the fires, shut the steam off, stop the engines on the tracks, tie up the plants, tie up the town. Great is the provocation, greater must be the answer of the workers to the employing class. Tie up the plants, tie up the town, tie up everything. The time has come, has come now. On to the general strike of all workers, of all professions, of women, men, and children. Tie up everything. On to actioni Don't Show Weakness! Be Men! Be Strong! To Victory! To TriumphI A few words to all workers who have returned to work: Promises have been made to you, perhaps also threats, by the tools and agents of the mill owners that you never would get a job. Many of you have been induced to return to work. Now, we know that we are winning; we will win. We want you with us. If you ignore our friendly appeal now, you would brand yourselves eter- nally with the stigma of a traitor. We don't want you to be a traitor. Think for a moment! By continuing work in the mills you are working against your own interests! If we obtain an increase in wages, you will profit by it also. You must therefore stand with us together, so that nobody may later accuse you that you have robbed us, yourselves, your wives, and your children of the wages that now can be secured by all standing together. If you were not working in the mills, all these arrests, these brutalities, these appalling infamies would not take place. Martial law would not help the mill owners, because if all were out violence would disappear. Have you nothing to complain of, fellow workers of the mills, about the increase in the number of looms you have to operate without an increase in wages? Are you workers of the spinning room, of the carding room, dyehouses and finishing rooms, and of all the rooms in general; is it not true that your wages are not sufficient? We strikers are generous. We know that many of you will see this and will repent. Your persistence, though, to do the treacherous work for the mill owners may be the cause of a defeat, and you, you alone, may in some days reproach yourselves for your acts as long as you live. You should rejoin the strikers! Your coiurage and willingness to do so, in spite of the ill advice and shallow promises of those who are interested in seeing the work- ers defeated shall assure to all of us, to you included, a full victory, a sweeping vic- tory, a glorious triumph. You have still time to think over your b^d actions. You have still time to repent and make good. Don't let it be said against you, your wife, your children, that you marked your name with a black cross of lifelong infamy and disgrace. 500 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WORKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. Out victory, expected every hour, will make us all forget your temporary weak- ness, if you wake up, if you are determined to be men, to be strong. Eise up I Get back into the ranks I On to victory! The Strike Committee. (Many of the parents of the children.) Shall Wool and Cotton Kings Rule the Nation? Revolting against a long train of appalling wrongs, 25,000 textile workors are on strike in Lawrence, Mass. Men' and women, children even, are rebelling against a system of industrial slavery unequaled in its horrors in any part of the world. The inhuman treatment and oppressive toil brought American, English, Irish, German, French, Polish, Belgian, Bohemian, Lithuanian, Jewish, Spanish, Portu- guese, Syrian, Abyssinian, and Turkish workers together into one big army of toilers, who have joined hands and hearts for a fight against a brutal system of exploitation introduced in all the mills of Lawrence, a system which the manufacturers of cotton and woolen textiles thought of introducing in the mills everywhere. We have used the peaceful methods of suspension of work to find redress against the many wrongs under which we suffered, and we have been answered with the bul- lets and bayonets of the minions of law, laws that our masters have made, laws that we never have infringed upon in spite of all the atrocious crimes committed against us by the oppressors and their agents. We lay the facts before a world of workers so they may judge for themselves. In years and years of excessive toil we produced millions for a class of idle para- sites. They enjoyed all the luxuries of life while our wives had to leave the fire- side and our children the schools to help in hard toil to eke out a miserable existence. Our little innocents, blood of our blood, were torn from the mother's breast and placed in day nurseries, while father, mother, and children had to go to the mills to eke out the scant means for a living, a pitiful living, that was forced below the standard established by workers in other industries of this country. They speeded up the work, and our monotonous toil became more exacting. Short as our lite was, made by such grinding work, it was thus rendered more mis- erable and conditions more despairing. They introduced a system, and workers were brought from other countries under •fraudulent allurements, whereby the profits of the parasites on society were increased and the standard of living of textile workers was reduced. The law that our oppressors made to reduce the hours of grinding toil was the law by which they thought to increase their profits by cutting down the wages, so that even the barest necessities of life were to be denied to us and all depending upon us for their subsistence. We could not be drags^cd down deeper to a beastly existence without a revolt, without a protest that would ring loud throughout the world. The outcries of protests by the aroused toilers everywhere tell us that the whole' working class is feeling the insults that the oppressors added to the long train of injury and abuse. Now we see what they are. They ground out our lifeblood by hard, exacting toil in the shops; they killed and murdered our kin and blood when we rebelled BO as to assert our human rights. The tears of hungry, starving children they stilled with the salve of brutal force, applied by all the powers at their command — police, troops, and the courts. The law they made to be obeyed by us they abused by arresting, by imprisoning men who stood with us in these hours when toilers found redress against the woeful wrongs only in the sympathetic aid and support of the working class everywhere. APPENDIXES. 501 ^ Feeling the fire of revolt that they, the brutal tyrants, started spreading to other cities, these oppressors used all the agencies of suppression and misrepresentation to kill the spirit that brought workers closer to workers in this battle array against their tyrannic rule. Dynamite they planted to discredit our cause. Riots and bloodshed! They started them with their pliant tools. With murder in their hearts they would commit other and more atrocious crimes to gain their ends and drive the thousands back to more exacting, more oppressive, toil. But they will earn the reward for their ghastly deeds only in uniting the work- ing class for concerted action all over the land. They have reached the point that only by a series of crimes can they hope to win their case. But we are on the alert. Where coercion, brutal force, and offer of bribes failed to produce the results for them, the appeals to organized scabs of the John Golden type will equally bear no fruit. The workers everywhere know that we are fighting, struggling, so that hundreds of thousands of others, yes, millions, may share in the benefits of this fierce revolt. But you should, you will, furnish the ammunition. The hungry must be fed, the little innocents be kept alive. It is your duty to help. Our duty will be done; a duty we owe to ourselves and to the working class of the whole country. Big in; dig up. Enough is said. It should be sufficient to all the toilers of this land. Address all communications and make all money orders to Textile Workers' Strike Committee, Joseph Bedard, secretary, 9 Mason Street, Lawrence, Mass. Sincerely, yours, for the cause of 25,000 men, women, and children. Strike Committee, Joseph Bedard, Secretary. No. 9 Mason Street, Lawrence, Mass. Lawrence, Mass., February, 1912. To all contributors to the fighting fund. Fellow Workers: We received your contribution for the relief and fighting fund for the striking mill workers of Lawrence, Mass. Accept, in the name of the 25,000 children, women, and men, who are on the firing line, the heartfelt thanks and appreciation for your generous response. It is a fierce and stubbornly fought struggle; but the marvelous solidarity displayed by the workers of 16 nationalities, now cemented together into one inseparable fighting body, will lead them to victory, a victory which will ultimately benefit millions of wage- workers in this country. We all know that the world is looking toward the workers of Lawrence to be true to the trust and reliance that millions have placed in them; and if starvation does not drive the workers back, all the brutal forces of the capi- talists and their minions of law and disorder, the bayonets of the troopers, the insults of the scums of the earth massed together in Lawrence to start riots for the masters of the industries, and all other agencies will not be able to destroy the magnificent spirit developed during this strike. We know, fellow workers, that you will continue your efforts and help to -raise the sinews of war needed for all the workers on the firing line. Yours, for the solidarity of the working class, The Strike Committee, 9 Mason Street. 502 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOBKEES IN LAWEENOE, MASS. An Injuht to One is an Injubt to All. Headquarters of Strike Committee of Lawrence Textile Mill Workers, Jos. Bedard, Secretary, 9 Mason Street, Fehrxmry £6, 1912. Fellow Workers: We received youi contribution to the strike relief and fighting fund of the Lawrence mill strikers. In the name of the tens of thousands who are making such a great fight for better life conditions, we wish to express our heartfelt appreciation and thanks. Inclosed find also receipt. In this connection we wish to convey to all contributors the information that, sub- ject to the approval of the contributors which we have in all but two or three cases, the money is not only being used to provide for immediate relief of the men and women and children on strike, but children are being sent away also to friends and comrades in other cities so that they are provided with good homes during the vacation and removed from the scene of this struggle. This we know has caused much displeasure among the ^capitalists and their pliant tools in city halls and courts, and the beating up of pregnant women and innocent children was the best manifestation of this displeasure. The outrages committed under the authority of law may result in lawsuits for indemnity against the officials and the brutes in police uniform, and we believe that all contributors will agree that at least a partial redemption of the victimized children and their parents for the appalling injuries sustained should be tried. It is self-evident that the other victims of the capitalists' foul and outrageous crimes, Ettor and Giovanitti, held in jail on charges of a crime which, according to testimony submitted to the court, was perpetrated by one of the policemen to discredit the strikers, should not be left unprotected to the murderous schemes of the oppressors. Legal advice must be obtained, and the capitalist conspiracy exposed in all its shock- ing details. We know that it is the desire of all the contributors that both should be given the best legal defense, far more so as quite an amount of contributions were sent in for that purpose and turned over by Ettor to the relief fund. The fact is that four-fifths of all contributions received are due to the efforts of revo- lutionary working-class organizations, among them the Socialist Party, Socialist Labor Party, and the Industrial Workers of the World, and the other one-fifth are contribu- tions from people who fully sympathize with the efforts of the striking mill workers to establish the power and means whereby they will permanently enjoy the results of this hard fought battle. We expect and court no aid from any quarters that are inimical to working-class interests, and if their contributions, if there are any, are given for the sole purpose of having a say in the management of affairs which concern the striking workers alone, we would prefer they would ask their contributions to be returned, as we do not desire to allow them to have any control or managing functions in matters which can far better be handled by the workers themselves and by the management of the strike composed of strikers, a management which the workers have so wonderfully and in such a short time constructed and perfected. As a last desperate effort some of the tools of the employers, in their efforts to defeat the workers, may try to stop the contributions and the use of the money for purposes outlined above, and the frantic appeals of the Central Labor Union which exploits the solidarity of the workers for a fraudulent game, are otaly one of the indications of how reckless the employing class and their agencies are in their methods to distract attention from their own dastardly, outrageous, and criminal actions in this strike. For the Strikers' Committee. APPENDIXES. 503 Phoclamation of the Striking Textile Workers op Lawrence. We, the 20,000 textile workers of Lawrence, are out on strike for the right to live free from slavery and starvation; free from overwork and underpay; free from a state of affairs that had become so unbearable and beyond our control, that we were com- pelled to march out of the slave pens of Lawrence in united resistance against the wrongs and injustice of years and years of wage slavery. In our fight we have suffered and borne patiently the abuse and caluitmies of the mill owners, the city government, police, militia, State government, legislature, and the local police court judge. We feel that in justice to our fellow workers we should at this time make known the causes which compelled us to strike against the mill owners of Lawrence. We hold that as useful members of society and as wealth pro- ducers we have the right to lead decent and honorable lives; that we ought to have homes and not shacks; that we ought to have clean food and not adulterated food at high prices; that we ought to have clothes suited to the weather and not shoddy garments. That to secure sufficient food, clothing and shelter in a society made up of a robber class on the one hand and a working class on the other hand, it is absolutely necessary for the toilers to band themselves together and form a union, organizing its powers in such form as to them seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that conditions long established should not be changed for light or transient causes, and accordingly all experience has shown that the workers are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right them- selves, by striking against the misery to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and illtreatment, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them to a state of beggary, it is their duty to resist such tactics and provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these textile workers, and such is now the necessity which compels them to fight the mill-owning class. The history of the present mill owners is a history of repeated injuries, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these textile workers. To prove this let facts be submitted to all right-thinking men and women of the civilized world. These mill owners have refused to meet the committees of the strikers. They have refused to consider their demands in any way that is reasonable or just. They have, in the security of their sumptuous offices, behind stout mill gates and serried rows of bayonets and policemen's clubs, defied the State, city, and public. In fact, the city of Lawrence and the government of Massachusetts have become the creatures of the mill owners. They have declared that they will not treat with the strikers tiU they return to the slavery against which they are in rebellion. They have starved the workers and driven them to such an extent that their homes are homes no longer, inasmuch as the mothers and children are driven by the low wages to work side by side with the father in the factory for a wage that spells bare existence and untimely death. To prove this to the world the large death rate of children under one year of age in Lawrence proves that most of these children perish because they were starved before birth. And those who survive the starving process grow up the victims of malnutrition. These mill owners have charged the strikers with violence and then in the best of times they have paid the workers a starvation wage. They have built large mills within the last 10 years, and paid annual dividends, and they ask the workers to submit to a wage that even a coolie would despise. They have pitted the women and children against the men and so brought wages down to a level where an honest living is beyond the average textile worker. They have introduced improved machinery into the factories and thrown the workers out on the streets to starve, or used the surplus labor created by labor-saving machinery to grind the Uvea out of those who were fortunate enough to have a job. 504 STRIKE OF TEXTILE WOKKEES IN LAWRENCE, MASS. These mill owners not only have the corrupting force of dollars on their side, but the powers of city and State government are being used by them to oppress and sweep aside all opposition on the part of these overworked and underpaid textile workers. The very courts, where justice is supposed to be impartial, are being used by the millionaire mill owners. And so serious has this become that the workers have lost all faith in the local presiding judge. Without any attempt at a trial, men have been lined or jailed from six months to a year on trumped-up charges, -that would be a disgrace even in Russia. This judge is prejudiced and imfair in dealing with the strikers. He has placed all the strikers brought before him under excessive bail. He has dealt out lengthy sentences to the strikers as if they were hardened criminals, or old-time offenders. He has refused to release on bail two of the leaders of the strike, while he released a prisoner charged with conspiracy and planting dynamite, on a thousand dollars' bail. He sentenced, at one morning's session of court, 23 strikers to one year in jail on the fake charge of inciting to riot. Thi? judge has de- clared he is opposed to the union that is conducting the strike. The brutality of the police in dealing with the strikers has aroused them to a state of rebellious opposition to all such methods of maintaining order. The crimes of the police during this trouble are almost beyond human imagination. They have dragged young girls from their beds at midnight. They have clubbed the strikers at every opportunity. They have dragged little children from their mothers' arms and with their clubs they have struck women who are in a state of pregnancy. They have placed people under arrest for no reason whatsoever. They have prevented mothers from sending their children out of the city and have laid hold of the children and the mothers violently and threw the children into waiting patrol wagons like so much rubbish. They caused the death of a striker by clubbing the strikers into a state of violence. They have arrested and clubbed young boys and placed under arrest innocent girls for no offense at all. The militia has used all kinds of methods to defeat the strikers. They have bayo- neted a young boy. They have beaten up the strikers. They have been ordered to shoot to kill. They have murdered one young man, who died as a result of being bayoneted in the back. They have threatened one striker with death if he did not close the window of his home. They have threatened to stay in this city until the strike is over. They have bayoneted one citizen because he would not move along fast enough. And they have held up at the point of the bayonet hundreds of citizens and Civil War veterans. The city government has denied the strikers the right to parade through the streets. They have abridged public assemblage by refusing the strikers the use of the city hall and public grounds for public meetings. They have turned the public buildings of the city into so many lodging houses for an army of hirelings and butchers. They have denied the strikers the right to use the Common for mass meetings, and they have ordered the police to take little children away from their parents, and they are responsible for all the violence and brutality on the part of the police. The Massachusetts Legislature haa refused to use any of the money of the State to help the strikers. They have voted $150,000 to maintain an army of 1,500 militiamen to be ready to shoot down innocent men, women, and children who are out on strike for a living wage. They have refused to use the powers of the State for the workers. They have appointed investigation committees, who declare, after perceiving the signs of suffering on the part of the strikers on every side, that there is no trouble with these people. All the nations of the world are represented in this fight of the workers for more bread. The flaxen-haired son of the North marches side by side with his dark-haired brother of the South. They have toiled together in the factory for one boss. And now they have joined together in a great cause, and they have cast aside all racial and religious prejudice for the common good, determined to win a victory over the greed APPENDIXES. 505 of the corrupt, unfeeling mill owners, who have ruled these people so long with the whip of hunger and the lash of the unemployed. Outlawed, with their children taken away from them, denied their rights before the law, surrounded by the bayonets of the militia, and driven up and down the streets of the city by an overfed and arrogant body of police, these textile workers, sons and daughters of the working class, call upon the entire civilized world to witness what they have suffered at the hands of the hirelings of the mill-owning class. These men and women can not suffer much longer; they will be compelled to rise in armed revolt against their oppressors if the present state of affairs is allowed to continue in Lawrence. Stand Firm! Stand Firm! Win Everything! Win All! Now is the Time to Stick! The textile manufacturers are yielding! The strike is nearly won; it will be won! The brutality of the agents of the employers, police, militia, courts, and thugs has aroused the whole Nation! The world is with us! We will, we must win! All was silent when we suffered! But now, now, the echo of the industrial struggle for more bread has aroused the citizens of the United States, and all the workers of the world! The Senate of the United States has voiced the cries of protest of the maltreated* textUe workers! They are investigating! Congress, aroused by the fiendish, savage treatment of pregnant women, of innocent babes, responds to the thunderous voice of an aroused Nation. They are investiga- ting; they are acting, and the sores and wounds of our suffering and brutalized wives and children has laid bare the outrages of capitalist tyranny run mad and amuck! President Taft, though little affected when we pleaded for redress against the wrongs, has heard the rumblings of a coming revolt, and he has acted only now as the servant of all the people! Federal investigation by the Department of Justice, the Department of Commerce and Labor, the Department of Interstate Commerce, and by others, in response to our outcries against wrongs, shows that the Nation will no longer stand idly by and let cotton and woolen kings preserve a slavery worse than when the chattel slave was sold at the auction block! We are winning; we have won! Gov. Fo3s, frightened lest he may lose even the little respect that fair-minded people might have had for him, is backing down. The bloodhound of war, Col. Sweetser, is to be removed, and the reign by sword and bayonet in Lawrence is to cease! We are winning; we have won! A judge, servile tool of corporate interests, can no longer with immunity prostitute hia office of trust to do the bidding for the tyrants and oppressors! We are winning; we have won! Forced by the unshaken solidarity of tens of thousands, backed by millions of workers, the manufacturers offer bribes, in small rations, to get their employees back to work; to end the reign of terror that they have inaugurated! They are beaten; we are winning! Everything is won except your claim for more pay and more rights as producers! You will win that, too, but you must stand together as in the past! Don't return to work until complete surrender by the oppressors and industrial czars is assured! Don't break ranis, else the employers will break your necks and manhood later on! All together! Let us win! Win all, win everything! Everybody on the fighting line! Everyone a fighter in this industrial war! Nobody goes back to work until all go back together! Win! Win! Win! INDEX. A. Age and sex of mill employees. (See Employees in specified sex and age groups.) Page. Age, enrollment and attendance, and parentage of public school children, Lawrence, Mass 205, 207 Aliens reported as from Lawrence leaving United States 208 American Woolen Co. (Wood Mill); List of grievances submitted to 49 Statements issued by, during strike, and replies 39-42 Apju^ments. {See Housing conditions in Lawrence.) Arbitration and conciliation, Massachusetts State board of, and strike committee 14, 55 Arlington Mills, list of grievances submitted to 47 Arrests in connection with strike 15, 16, 69-62 Atlantic Mills, list of grievances submitted to ^ B. Beginning and ending of strike, dates of 32 Bonus. XSee Premium system.) Budgets showing expenditure for food 182-186 Building regulations in Lawrence, deficiency of 150, 161 C. Central Labor Union and strike committee, antagonism between 36,46 Children of strikers, companies of, sent to other tc^vns 50, 51 Children, public school. (See Public school statistics, Lawrence, Mass.) Circular issued by strikers near end of strike, text of 56 Clothing, dry goods, and shoes, retail prices of, in Lawrence 178,179 Cost of living and retail prices 143-162 Cotton mills: Earnings, average weekly amount of, and employees receiving each classified weekly amount — by departments 135-137 by departments, each sex and age group (Table V) 466-473 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table II) 406-437 by occupations, 6 selected 138, 139 by sex and age groups 119, 133, 135 by sex and age groups, each department (Table V) 466-473 Eammgs, average weekly amount of, by departments, each sex and age group 123 Employees in specified sex and age ^oups, number and per cent of 118, 120, 122 Hours of labor, average weekly number of, and employees working each classified weekly number — by departments 141 by departments, each sex and age group (Table VI) 474-476 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table III) 438-467 by occupations, 6 selected 142 by sex and age groups 119, 140 by sex and age groups, each department (Table VI) 474-476 Hours of labor per week, average number of, by departments, each sex and age group 123 Males 18 years of age and over earning under 10 cents per hour, number of, by occupations and departments 132 Waees. average rate per hour, and employees earning each classified hourly rate — T)y departments.^ - .-.- 120,121,126,128,129 by departments, each sex and age group (Table IV) 468-465 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table I) 372-405 by occupations, 6 selected -- 130, 131 by sex and age groups 119, 123-125 by sex and age groups, each department (Table IV) 468-465 Wages, average rate per hoxn-, by departments, each sex and age group 122 D. Death rate. (fl<& Mortality statistics, Lawrence and other towns.) Demands of strikers 36, 37 Demands. (Bee also Grievances.) Density per acre of housing conditions In Lawrence , . . . 153 Deposits and withdrawals, three savings banks and Postal Savmgs Bank, Lawrence, Mass 208, 209 Drygoods clothing, and shoes, retail prices of, in Lawrence 178, 179 Dwellings.' (See Housing conditions m Lawrence.) DvnamSe finding of, by poUee, and strikers' charge of "plantmg" 39 Dynamite! newspaper articles intimating intent of strikers to use 36,39 507 508 INDEX. E. Earnings: _ Average amount per week, and employees receiving each classified weekly amount — -rage. cotton mills, by departments 121, 126, 135-137, 466-473 cotton mills, by occupation, sex and age groups, each department (Table II) 408-437 cotton mills, by occupations, selected 138, 139 cotton mills, by sex and age groups 119, 133-135 cotton mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table V) 466-473 textile mills, by sex and age groups 73-75 woolen and worsted mills, by departments 91, 108, 110, 11 1, 360-367 woolen and worsted mills, by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table II). 272-321 woolen and worsted mills, by occupations, selected 112, 113 woolen and worsted mills, by sex and age groups 88, 105-107 woolen and worsted mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table V) 360-367 Average amount per week, by departments, each sex and age group- cotton mills 123 woolen and worsted mill!! 93 Families without boarders and lodgers, classified weekly amounts of 161 , 162 Housing conditions and, of families 143--162 Weavers, with and without premium, average amount of , by sex 82 Employees in specified sex and age groups, number and per cent of: Cotton mills 118, 120, 122 Textile mills 20,71 Woolen and worsted mills 87,88,90,92 Employees, organization of 16-18, 62-64 Employees thrown out of work during strike, total number of 31, 33 Ending and beginning of strike, dates of. 32 Emollment and attendance, age, and parentage, of public school children, Lawrence, Mass 205, 207 Everett Mills, list of grievances submitted to .- 48 Expenditure for food, budget showing 182-186 Expenditure for food, in detail, of 2 families and of 3 lodgers, in 2 months, 1911 486-491 Explanation and description of general tables 213-216 F. Family earnings and housing conditions 143-162 Food, budgets showing expenditure for 182-189 Food, detailed expenditure for, of 2 families and of 3 lodgers, in 2 months, 1911 486-491 Foreign-born and native-bom population of Lawrence, 1910, by sex and country of birth 190, 191 Fuel and lighting, retail prices of, in Lawrence 180,181 • G. Governor of Massachusetts, special message of, to legislature, on strike situation 43, 44 Grievances, list of, submitted to mill officials by committees of employees: American Woolen Co. (Wood Mill) 49 Arlington Mills 47 Atlantic Mills 48 Everett Mills 48 Lawrence Duck Mill 48 Monomac Spinning Co 48 PaoiflcMiUs 48 Pemberton Mills 49 Groceries and meats, retail prices of, Lawrence, Mass 165-177 H. Homicides resulting from clashes between strikers, militia, and police^ 44, 45 Hours of labor: Average weekly number of, and employees working each classified number of — cotton mills, by departments 121,141, 474-476 cotton mills; by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table III) 438-457 cotton mills, by occupations, selected 142 cotton mills, by sex and age groups 119, 1 40 cotton mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table VI) 474-476 textile mills, by sex and age groups 72, 73 woolen and worsted mills, by departments 91, 116, 368-371 woolen and worsted mills, by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table HI) 322-351 woolen and worsted mills, by occupations, selected 117 woolen and worsted, mills, by sex and age groups 88,115 woolen and worsted mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table VI) 368-371 Average weekly number of, by departments, each sex and age groui>— cotton mills 123 woolen and worsted mills 93 Massachusetts law limiting, for women smd minors, text of 495, 496 Wages and, in cotton mills 118-142 Wages and, in textile mills 71-87 Wages and, in textile mills, and condition of work 19-21, 69-142 Wages and, in woolen and worsted mills 87-118 House furnishings, retail prices of, in Lawrence 181, 182^ Housing and rents of mill employees, Lawrence, Mass 23-26, 145-158 Housing conditions and family earnings 143-162 Housing conditions in Lawrence: Bmlding regulations, deficiency of 150,151 Density per acre 163 Dwellings, number of permits issued for, 1907 to 1911 147, 148 Households of each specified number of persons, rooms per apartment occupied, etc 157 Households visited (188), detail data relative to 477-485 Households with boarders and lodgers, number ol, and of persons included 1£S INDEX. 509 Hollaing conditions in Lawrence— Conolnded. Paso. Households without boarders and lodgers, number of, earning each classified amount per week . 161, 162 Houses, number of, by material of construction and by apartments to each house 147 Houses, number of, of each specified height in stories 146 Permits, number of, issued for dwellings, 1907 to 1911 147,148 Persons per room and per apartment, average number of 166 Rent per week, average, per apartment and per person 159 Rent per week per apartment, average, and households paying each specified amount 158, 169 Rent per week per household, number of rooms, of lodgers, etc., of 188 households visited 477-485 Rooms, numbef of, examined and graded as to source of light 149, 160 South Italians, housing conditions of, in Lawrence, compared with those in each of 7 other large cities 160 I. Industrial Workers of the World: Allowance of food per week provide^..fey^m'ing strike 66 Committees of, appointed dTiring-strikcr^Trrrr. 31,32 Members of, dominant figures of strike committee 36 Membership of, at begiouing of strike 11, 13 Open letter of, to governor of Massachusetts and mayor of Lawrence 57, 58 Preamble of constitution of, and nature of the organization 16, 17, 63, 64 Italians, South, housing conditions of, in Lawrence, compared with those in each of 7 other large cities 160 L. Law limiting hours of labor of women and minors, Massachusetts, text of 495, 496 Lawrence Duck Mill, list of grievances submitted to 48 Lawrence, Mass., general statistics. (See Statistics, general, Lawrence, Mass.) Lawrence Survey, citations from Report of 145, 14S, 149-154 Lighting and fuel, retail prices of, in Lawrence 180, isi Loom, type of, variation in earnings of weavers according to 81 . n2 Looms, speed of. S7 M. Males 18 years of age and over, earning under 10 cents per hour, number of: Cotton mills 132 Woolen and worsted mills 104 Massachusetts law limiting hours of labor of women and minors, text of 495, 496 Massachusetts State board of arbitration and conciliation, and strike committf c 14, 55 Meats and groceries, retail prices of, in Lawrence 165-177 Militia: Calling out of, statement of mayor of Lawrence in regard to 37 Commanding olficer, letter of, to strike committee, prohibiting the sending away of children 51 Commanding officer of, given control of city 44 Companies on duty , number of 38, 44 Strikers and, clashes between, resulting in homicide 45 Milk, retail prices of, in Lawrence 178 Mill ofScials' attitude toward strike committees, text of telegram indicating 45, 46 Mill owners and mill operatives, open letter to, of governor of Mas,sachusetts 44 Minors and women, text of Massachusetts law limiting hours of labor of 495, 496 Money orders, foreign, issued and paid at Lawrence, Mass. , 1907-1911 210 Monomac Spinning Co., list of grievances submitted to 48 Mortality statistics of Lawrence and other towns 191-204 Death rate of infants under 1 year of age 192-195, 198 Death rate per 100,000 population, by causes 200-203 Death rate under 5 years of age per 1 ,000 population under 5 years of age 197, 198 Stillbirths, births, and population in 8 cities in Massachusetts, 1910 204 N. Nationality or race of active strikers and of strike directors 31 Native-bom and fereign-bom population of Lawrence, Mass., 1910, by sex and country of birth 190, 191 Newspaper articles mtimating intent of strikers to use dynamite, protest against, by strikers 35, 39 Newspaper publicity given meetings of mill workers previous to strike 12, 32 O. Occupation, principal, having premium plan 21,78 Occupations, selected, cotton mills: Earnings of employees In each of, average and classified weekly amounts 138, 139 Hours of labor of employees in each of, averageaad-classified number per week 142 Wages of employees in each of, average and cliissifled hourly rates 130, 131 Occupations, selected, woolen and worsted mills/ Earnings of employees in each of, average anjd classified weekly amounts 112,113 Hours of labor of employees in each of, avers^ge and classified number per week 117 Wages of employees m each of, average and classified hourly rates 102, 103 Occupations, specified, cotton mfils: Earnings of employees in each of, average and classified weekly amounts (Table U) 406-437 Hours of labor of employees in each of, average and classified number per week (Table III). . . 438-457 Males 18 years of age and over in each of, earning under 10 cents per hour 132 Wages of employees in each of, average and classified hourly rates (Table I) 372-405 Occupations, specified, woolen and worsted mills: Earnings of employees in each of, average and classified weekly amounts (Table II) 272-321 Hoiu-s of labor of employees in each of, average and classified number per week (Table III). . . 322-351 Males 18 years of age and over in each of, earning under 10 cents per hour 104 Wages of employees in each of, average and classified hourly rates (Table I) 217-271 510 INDEX. Page. Organizations of employees 16-18,62-64 Approximate membership of, by principal crafts 62 Industrial Workers of tlie World, nature of organization and preamble of constitution 16, 17, 63, 64 United Textile Workers of America, nature of organization 16 Organizations, relief, assisting strikers 18, 19, 64-68 P. Pacific Mills, list of grievances submitted to 48, 49 Pay rolls of 11 largest mills, number of employees on, during each week of strike 33 Pemberton MillSrlist of grievances submitted to 49 Picketing, new plan of, adopted 50 Police and strikers, clashes between, resulting in homicide 44 PoUce, special, appointed during strike, number of 35 Population statistics, Lawrence, Mass 189-191 Postal savings bank deposi jacfl withdrawals, Lawrence, Mass 208 Premium or bonus system 21-23, 78-86 Explanation of, and contention^ for and against 22, 23, 79, 80 Weavers working under, hoiu-i- of labor, wages, and premium amounts of, by sex 82-84 Prices, retail, in Lawrence 26, 27, 166-182 Proclamations issued by strike committee, text of 496-505 Public-school statistics, Lawrence, Mass 204-207 Age of pupils in public-school grades, Dec. 1, 1911 207 Enrollment, total, and per cent attendance of public-school children 207 Parentage, number and per cent of children of specified 205 Race or nationality of active strikers and of strike directors 31 Kaces or nationalities composing population of Lawrence, Mass. (See Population statistics, Iaw- rence, Mass.) Hates of wages: Average per hour, and employees earning each classified hourly rate — » cotton mills, by departments 121, 126, 128, 129, 458-465 cotton mills, by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table I) 372-405 cotton mills, by occupations, selected 130,131 cotton mills, by sex and age groups 119, 124, 125 cotton mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table IV) 458-465 textile mills, by sex and age groups 72, 73 woolen and worsted mills, by departments 91, 98, 100. 101, 352-359 woolen and worsted mills, by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table I). . . 217-271 woolen and worsted mills, by occupations, selected 102,103 woolen and worsted mills, by sex and age groups 88,94,96,97 woolen and worsted mills, by sex and age groups, each department (Table IV) 352-359 Average rate per hour, by departments, each sex and age group- cotton mills 122 woolen and worsted mills 92 Males IS years of age and over earning under 10 cents per hour- cotton mills 132 woolen and worsted mills 104 Eelief organizations assisting strikers 18, 19, 64-68 Ilent per week, average, paid by mill employees 158, 159 Rent per week per household, nimiber of rooms, of lodgers, etc., of 188 households visited 477-485 Rents and housmg of mill employees, Lawrence, Mass 23-26, 145-168 Retail prices and cost of living 163-186 Clothing, dry goods, and shoes 178, 179 Fuel and lighting ISO, 181 House furnishings 181, 182 Meats and groceries 165-177 Milk 178 Savings banks deposits and withdrawals, Lawrence, Mass 209 " Scabs," book record kept of 67 School children. (See Public-school statistics, I-awrence, Mass.) Settlement of strike, basis of, and concessions obtained 15 Sex and age of mill employees. (See Employees in specified sex and age groups.) Shoes, clothing, and dry goods, retail prices of, Lawrence, Mass 178, 179 Slack work, slack time. (See Work available, amount of.) Soup kitchens maintained for relief of strikers 66, 68 Speed of looms 87 Statistics, general, Lawrence, Mass 187-210 Aliens reported as from Lawrence leaving the United States 208 Porelgn money orders issued and paid, 1907-1911 210 Mortality 191-204 Population 189-191 Postal savings bank deposits and withdrawals 208 Public sobools 204-207 Savings banks deposits and withdrawals 209 Summary of 27, 28 Strike: Accoimt and analysis of 31-68 Beginning and ending of, dates of 32 Settlement of, basis of, and concessions obtained '. 15 Strike committee: Appeals sent out by, for funds 18il9, 66 Central Labor Union and, antagonism between 38 Circular issued by, near end of strike 66 57 INDEX. 511 Strike oommltteo— Condudad. Fage. Demands of strikers fonnulated and promulgated by 38,37 Identiflcation card for children sent away, form of, used by S2, 63 Letter to, from commanding officer of militia 61 Mill officials' attitude toward, text of telegram indicating 46,46 Open letter of, to governor and mayor and council of Lawrence 57, 68 Personnel of 36,66 Proclamations issued by 496,605 T. Tenements. (See Housing conditions in Lawrence.) Textile mills: Earnings, average and weekly amount of, and employees receiving each classified weekly amount. 72, 74 Employees in specified sex and age groups, number and per cent of 20, 71 Hours of labor per week, average, and employees working each classified number of 72, 75 Wages, average hourly rates of, and employees earning eEich classified hourly rate 72, 73 Wages, homs of labor, and conditions of work in 19-21, 69-142 Troops. (See Militia.) U. United Tertile Workers of America: Nature of the organization 16 Statement issued by, during strike 60 V. Violence, cases of, during strike 13, 37, 38 Violence. (See also Militia; Police.) W. Wages and hours of labor in — Cotton mUls : 118-142 Textle mills, and conditions of work 19-21, 69-142 Woolen and worsted mills 87-118 Wages. (See aiso Rates of wages.) Weavers receiving each specified rate of premium and working each classified number of hours 82-84 Women and minors, text of Massachusetts law limiting hours of labor of 496, 496 Women's Trade Union League of Boston, relief work of, during strike ._. 18 Wood mill. (See American Woolen Co.) Woolen and worsted mills: Earnings, average weekly amount of, and employees receiving each classified weekly amount — by departments 91,93,108,110,111 by departments, each sex and age group (Table V) 360-367 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table II) 272-321 by occupations, 9 selected 112, 113 by sex and age groups 88, 93, 105-107 by sex and age groups, each department (Table V) 360-367 Employees in specified sex and age groups, number and per cent of 87, 88, 90, 92 Hours of labor, average weekly number of, and employees working each classified weekly num- ber- by departments 91,93,116 by departments, each sex and age group (Table VI) 368-371 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table III) 322-351 by occupations, 9 selected 117 by sex and age groups 88, 93, 115 by sex and age groups, each department (Table VI) 368-371 Males 18 years of age and over, number of, earning under 10 cents per hour 104 Wages, average hourly rate of, and employees earning each classified hourly rate— V departments.. 91,92,98,100,101 by departments, each sex and age group (Table IV) 352-369 by occupation, sex, and age groups, each department (Table I) 217-271 by occupations, 9 selected 102, 103 by sex and age groups :• 88, 92, 94, 96, 97 by sex and age groups, each department (Table IV) 352-359 Wages, average rates per hour, by departments, each sex and age group 91 Work available, amount of 7&-78 o CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 054 583 020 Hd 535,5 Tf c.