dT /oi HriR3 V.I Lowell ll«ivti;0itg Jihatg THE GIFT OF "^ . X),^m..ct-J,v.dL. A- "L V ^S $3 \ uh /c7 7673-1 The date ahQW5 when this vblume was taken. HOME USE RULE'S. »«.f2> •■ DEC 3- 1908 MAR ;30 1909 : iAB *1909 r MAY 2^1914 AH Boiks subject to Recall. Books not used for -instruction or research are returnable -wit-biii Volumtes of periodi- cals and of" pamphlets ^afe held in the library as ipuch as possibles V For special purposes ; they are given put for 'a limited time. Borrowers shpuld' V not use tbeir library i ■ privileges for thje bene- fit of other peryiwis, ' ^ Books not needed X ' . during recess periods ' , should be returned to '. the library , or 'arjr^nge- ments madd for their return 'duriag Sorrow-^ / ( er'sabsenee, if ,W?(nteQ.' Books peeded'by more than oi}e persoii are held on the reserve lis^,' ': 1-^ • 'i Books of spedikl value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. B^eaders are asked to report all cases of books marked or muti- lated: with pardonable exaggeration, "the most important book that ever was written," the "Wealth of Na- tions," has, in the following remarks on universities, evidently incorporated his anything but loving recol- lections of the seven years ■which he spent at Balliol College. " In the University of Oxford the greater part of the professors have for these many years given up even the pretence of teaching. The discipline is in general contrived not for the benefit of students, but for the interest, or, more properly speaking, for the ease of the masters. In England the public schools are less corrupted than the universities; the youth there are, or at least may be taught Greek and Latin, which is everything the masters pretend to teach. In the university the youth neither are, nor can be taught the sciences which it is the business of those incor- porated bodies to teach." It is the last statement to which attention is here directed. It is not that the university drew up a bad program, not even that this scheme was badly carried out. That might be the case also; but the radical vice of the system was not that it was essentially incomplete in theory or faulty in 11 GREAT RE FO R ME RS — Wesley practice, but that it was false. Its worst result was not poor scholars, but insincere and venal men. I believe Europe cannot produce parallels to Oxford and Cambridge in opulence, buildings, libraries, pro- fessorships, scholarships, and all the external dignity and mechanical apparatus of learning. If there is an inferiority, it is in the persons, not in the places or their constitution. And here I cannot help confessing that a desire to please the great, and bring them to the universities, causes a compliance with fashionable manners, a relaxation of discipline, and a connivance at ignorance and folly, which errors he confesses oc- casioned the English universities to be in less repute than they were formerly S^ The fashion of sending young men thither was even in some degree abated among that class who at the present day would be the most reluctant to omit it — the nobility. The useless and frivolous exercises required for the attainment of academic honors, and the relaxation of discipline, had by this time created a wide-spread and deeply-felt contempt for the whole system of which they formed a part ; and the indulgent but candid observer, who tries to dilute his censure with the truism that he could not have been placed anywhere in this sublu- nary world without discovering many evils, informs us that in his seven years' residence at the university he saw immorality, habitual drunkenness, idleness, ig- norance and vanity openly and boastfully obtruding themselves on public view, and triumphing without control over the timidity of modest merit. It is under such conditions that the strong man of right intent rebukes the sloth and hypocrisy of his time. Very seldom, if ever, does he faintly guess the 12 GREAT R E F O R M E R S — Wesley result of his protest. Jesus rebuked the iniquities and follies of Jerusalem, pleading for simple honesty, di- rectness of speech and love of neighbor. In wrath the Pharisees made the usual double charge against Him — heresy and treason — and He was crucified. Heresy and treason are invoked together; one is an offense against the Church, the other against the State. "The man is a traitor to God and a traitor to his country," that settles it — off with his head! The of- fenses of Socrates, Jesus, Savonarola, Huss, Wyclif, Tyndale, Luther and John W^esley were all identical. Reformers are always guilty — guilty of telling un- pleasant truths. The difference in treatment of the man is merely the result of a difference in time and local environment. Oxford was professedly a religious institution ; it was a part of the State. John Wesley, the undergraduate, perceived it was in great degree a place of idleness and dissipation. John wrote to his mother describing the conditions. She wrote back, pleading that he keep his life free from the follies that surrounded him, and band those who felt as he did into a company and meet together for prayer and meditation in order that they might mutually sustain each other. Susanna Wesley was the true founder of Methodism, a fact stated by John Wesley many a time. As early as 1709, she wrote to her son, Samuel, who was then at Oxford, and who was never converted from 13 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley Oxford influences, " My son, you must remember that life is our divine gift — it is the talent given us by Our Father in Heaven. I request that you throw the busi- ness of your life into a certain method, and thus save the friction of making each day anew. Arise early, go to bed at a certain hour, eat at stated times, pray, read and study by a method, and so get the most out of the moments as they swiftly pass, never to return. Allow yourself so much time for sleep, so much for private devotion, so much for recreation. Above all my son, act on principle, and do not live like the rest of mankind, who float thru the world like straws upon a river." C[In hundreds of her letters to John and Charles at Oxford their mother repeats this advice in varying phrase : " "We are creatures of habit; we must cultivate good habits, for they soon master us, and we must be controlled by that which is good. Life is very precious — we must give it back to God some day, so let us get the most from it. Let us methodize the hours, so we may best improve them." John 'Wesley was a leader by nature, and before he was twenty he had gathered about him at Oxford a little group of young men, poor in purse, but intent in purpose, who held themselves aloof from the foibles and follies of the place, and planned their lives after that of the Christ. In ridicule they were called Method- ists. The name stuck. Q In this year of grace, 1907, there are over thirty million Methodists, and about 14 GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley seven million in America. The denomination owns property to the value of over three hundred million dollars in the United States; and has over one hun- dred thousand paid preachers. FTER Wesley's graduation he was importuned by the author- ities to remain and act as tutor and teacher at Christchurch College Sfr He was a diligent student and his example was needed to hold in check the , hilarious propensities of the •^ftt sons of nobility. & In due time John was ordained ^SS^i5»S^^' to preach, and often he would —fc.^ ^ 1 i nKT T . -M read prayers at neighboring chapels. His brother Charles was his devoted echo and shadow. Then there was an enthusiastic youth by the name of George Whitefield, and a sober, serious young man, James Hervy, who stood by the Oxford Method- ists and endured without resentment the sarcastic smiles of the many. These young men organized committees to visit the sick; to search out poor and despondent students and give them aid and encouragement; to visit the jails and workhouses. The intent was to pattern their lives GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley after that of the apostles. They were all very poor, but their wants were few, and when John 'Wesley's in- come was thirty pounds a year he gave two pounds for charity. When it was sixty pounds a year he gave away thirty pounds; and here seems a good place to say that although he made over a hundred thousand pounds during his life from his books, he died penni- less, just as he had w^ished and intended. Thus matters stood in the year 1735, when James Oglethorpe was attracted to that Oxford group of ascetic enthusiasts. The life of Oglethorpe reads like a novel by James Fenimore Cooper. He was of aristocratic birth, born of an Irish mother, with a small bar sinister on his 'scutcheon that pushed him out and set him apart. He was a graduate of Oxford and it was on a visit to his Alma Mater that he heard some sarcastic remarks flung off about the Wesleys that seemed to commend them. People hotly denounced usually have a deal of good in them. Oglethorpe was an officer in the army, a philanthropist, a patron of art, and a soldier of fortune. He had been a member of Parliament, and at this particular time was Colonial Governor of Georgia, home on a visit. He had investigated Newgate and other prisons and had brought charges against the keepers and suc- ceeded in bringing their inhumanities before the public. Hogarth has a picture of Oglethorpe visiting a prison, 16 GREAT RE FO RMERS — Wesley with the poor wretches flocking around him telling their woes. In a good many instances prisoners were given their liberty on the promise of Oglethorpe that he would take them to his colony. The heart of Ogle- thorpe was with the troubled and distressed; and while his philanthropy was more on the order of that of Jack Cade than it was Christian, yet he at once saw the excellence in the 'Wesleys, and strong man that he was, wished to make their virtue his own. He proposed that the Wesleys should go back with him to America and evolve an ideal commonwealth. Oglethorpe had with him several Indians that he had brought over from America. They were proud, silent and had the reserve of their kind. Moreover they were six feet high and ■when presented at court wore no clothes to speak of. King George II. when presented to these sons of the forest appeared like a pigmy. Oglethorpe knew how^ to march his forces on an angle. London society went mad trying to get a glimpse of his savages. He declared that the North American Indians were the finest specimens, intellectually, physically and morally of any people the world had ever seen. They needed only one thing to make them perfect — Christianity. C^The Wesleys, discouraged by the small impress they had made on Oxford, listened to Oglethorpe's argu- ments and accepted his terms. Charles was engaged as secretary to the governor and John Wesley was to 17 GREAT REFO RM ERS— Wesley go as a missionary. QAnd so they sailed away to America. On board ship they methodized the day — had prayers, sang hymns and studied, read, exhorted and wrote as if it were their last day on earth. This method excited the mirth of several scions of nobility who were on board and Oglethorpe opened out on the scoffers thus, " Here, you damned pirates, you do not know these people. They forget more in an hour than you ever knew. You take them for tithe-pig parsons, when they are gentlemen of learning and like myself, graduates of Oxford. I am one of them, I ■would have you know. I am a religious man and a Methodist, too, and I '11 knock hell out of anybody who, after this, smiles at either my friends or my religion! " Long years after Wesley told this story to illustrate the fact that a man might give an intellectual assent to a religion and yet not have much of it in his heart. Q Oglethorpe looked upon Methodism as a good thing — cheaper than a police system — and sure to bring good results. If John Wesley and George W^hitefield could convert his colony and all of the Indians round about, his work of governing would be much reduced. Si ^^'^ *^^ Indians, because he could not find them, they be- ing away on wars with the other tribes. Besides that he ^SBSSI^^BpOt^^ could not speak their language 3»^P^^^|Ibi^9 ^^'^ ^^^ wholly unused to ^^V^p^^^P^ their ways. The Indian does ^«'^^^SP|^8^ '^^S not unbosom himself to those tC^SSa^^Bl'y^m'^ who do not know him, and '8j5?5^i^^5j6' the few Indians W^esley saw were stubbornly set in the idea that they had quite as good a religion as his. And Wesley was persuaded that probably they had. In the city of Savannah there were just five hundred and eighteen people when John Wesley was there. About half of these were degenerate sons of aristo- crats, ex-convicts, soldiers of fortune and religious enthusiasts — the rest were plain, every-day folk S«» Pioneer people are too intent on maintaining life to go into the abstrusities of either ethics or theology. Wesley soon saw^ that his powers demanded a wider field d^ d<^ The experience, tho, had done him much good, especi- ally in two ways. He had gotten a glimpse of chattel slavery and made a remark about it that is forever fixed in literature, " Human slavery is the sum of all villainies." Then he had met on shipboard a party of 19 GREAT REFORM ERS — Wesley Moravians, and was so impressed by them that he straightway began to study German. In six weeks' time he could carry on an acceptable conversation in that language. At the end of the two years which he spent in Georgia, through attending the services of the Moravians, he could read, write and preach in the German language. The Moravians seemed to him the only genuine Chris- tians he had ever seen, and their example of simple faith, industry, directness of speech and purity of life made such an impress upon him that thereafter Meth- odism and Moravianism were closely akin. At Savannah there were some people too poor to afford shoes and when these people appeared at church in bare feet they were smiled at by the alleged nobility. Seeing this, on the following Sunday, John ^A^esley appeared barefoot in the pulpit, and this was his habit as long as he was in Georgia. This gave much offence to the aristocrats; and Wesley also made himself obnoxious by preaching salvation to the slaves. Indeed this was the main cause of his misunderstanding with the governor. Oglethorpe considered any discussion or criticism of slavery " an interference with property rights." Sfr S<^ And so Wesley sailed back to England, sobered by a sense of failure, but encouraged by the example of the Moravians, who accepted whatever Providence sent, and counted it gain. 29 GREAT RE FO RM ERS — Wesley The overseers of Oxford, like Oglethorpe, had no special personal sympathy with the peculiar ideas of Wesley, but as a matter of policy they recognized that his influence in the great educational center was needed for moral ballast. And so his services were secured as Greek Professor and occasional preacher. Concerning the moral status of Oxford at this time Miss Wedgwood further says: The condition of Oxford at the time of the rise of Methodism has been too little noted among those who have studied the great Evangelical Revival. Contem- plating this important movement in its latter stage, they have forgotten that it took its rise in the attempt made by an Oxford tutor to bring back to the national institution for education something of that method which was at this time so disgracefully neglected. To surround a young man with illustrations of one kind of error is the inevitable preparation for making him a vehement partisan of its opposite, and in education the influence on which we can reckon most certainly is that of reaction. The hard external code and need- less restrictions of Methodism should be regarded with reference to what Wesley saw in the years he spent in that abode of talent undirected and folly un- restrained. It was to the Oxford here described — the Oxford where Gibbon and Adam Smith wasted the best years of their lives, and many of their unremembered contemporaries following in their steps with issues not less disastrous to themselves, however unimportant to others, — to the Oxford where young men swore to observe laws they never read, and renewed a solemn promise when 21 GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley they had discovered the impossibility of keeping it, — that Wesley, about a score of years after his entrance to the University, poured forth from the pulpit of St. Mary's such burning words as must have reached many a conscience in the congregation. " Let me ask you," he said in his university sermon for 1744, " in tender love and in the spirit of meekness, is this a Christian city? Are we, considered as a com- munity of men, so filled with the Holy Ghost as to enjoy in our hearts, and show forth in our lives, the genuine fruits of that Spirit? I entreat you to observe that here are no peculiar notions now under considera- tion: that the question is not concerning doubtful opinions, but concerning the undoubted fundamental branches (if there be any such) of our common Chris- tianity. And for the decision thereof I appeal unto your own consciences. In the presence of the great God, before whom both you and I shall shortly appear, I pray you that are in authority over us, whom I reverence for the sake of your office, to consider (and that not after the manner of dissemblers with God), are you living portraitures of Him whom ye are ap- pointed to represent among men? Do you put forth all your strength in the vast work you have undertaken? Let it not be said that I speak here as if all under your care were intended to be clergymen. Not so: I speak only as if they were intended to be Christians. But what example is set us by those who enjoy the benefi- cence of our forefathers, by Fellows, Students, Schol- ars, and more especially those who are of some rank and eminence? Do ye, who are of some rank and eminence — do ye, brethren, abound in the fruits of the Spirit, in holiness of mind, in self-denial and mortification, in seriousness and composure of spirit, 22 GREAT REFO RM ERS — Wesley in patience, meekness, sobriety, temperance; and in unwearied, restless endeavors to do good to all men? Is this the general character of Fellows of Colleges? I fear it is not. Rather have not pride and haughtiness, impatience and peevishness, sloth and indolence, gluttony and sensuality been objected to us, perhaps not always by our enemies, nor wholly without ground ? Many of us are more immediately consecrated to God, called to minister in holy things. Are we then patterns to the rest in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity? Did we indeed enter on this office with a single eye to serve God, trusting that we were inwardly moved by the Holy Ghost to take upon us this ministration, for the promoting of His glory, and the edifiying of His people? ^Vhe^e are the seals of our apostleship? Who that were dead in trespasses and sins have been quickened by our word? Have we a burning zeal to save souls from death? Are we dead to the -world and the things of the world? 'When we are smitten on one cheek, do we not resent it, or do we turn the other also, not resisting evil, but overcoming evil with good? Have we a bitter zeal, inciting us to strive sharply and passionately with those that are out of the way? Or is our zeal the flame of love, so as to direct all our words with sweetness, lowliness and meekness of wisdom? C^Once more: what shall we say of the youth of this place? Have you either the form or the power of Christian godliness? Are you diligent in your business, pursuing your studies with all your strength? Do you redeem the time, crowding as much work into every day as it can contain? Rather, are ye not conscious that you waste day after day either in reading that which has no tendency to Christianity, or in gaming, or in — you know not what? Are you better managers of 23 GREAT R E FO R M ERS — Wesley your fortune than of your time? Do you take care to owe no man anything? Do you know how to possess your bodies in sanctification and honour? Are no drunkenness and uncleanness found among you? Yea, are there not many of you who glory in your shame? Are there not a multitude of you that are foresworn? I fear, a swiftly increasing multitude. Be not surprised, brethren — before God and this congregation I own my- self to have been of the number solemnly swearing to observe all those customs which I then knew nothing of, and all those statutes which I did not so much as read over, either then, or for a long time afterwards. What is perjury, if this is not? But if it be, oh what a weight of sin, yea, sin of no common dye lieth upon us! And doth not the Most High regard it? May it not be a consequence of this that so many of you are a generation of triflers with God, with one another, and your own souls? Who of you is, in any degree, acquainted with the work of the Spirit, His supernatural work in the souls of men? Can you bear, unless now and then in a church, any talk of the Holy Ghost? Would you not take it for granted if any one began such a conversation, that it was hypocrisy or enthusiasm? In the name of the Lord God Almighty I ask, What religion are ye of?" We may hope that, even in that cold and worldly age, there was more than one in St. Mary's church whose conscience was awakened so to re-echo that question that he joined with his \whole soul in the prayer w^ith which the sermon concluded: " Lord, save or we per- ish! Take us out of the mire that we sink not. Unto Thee all things are possible. According to the great- ness of Thy power, preserve Thou them that are appointed to die!" 24 GREAT REFORME R S — Wesley HE fervor of Wesley's zeal i^^ gave offense to the prim and precise parsons w^ho recited their prayers by aid of a T- square Sfr Sfr To them religion was a matter of form, but to Wesley it was an experience of the heart. ^^ From the Moravians he had Jj4, acquired the habit of inter- flj^^Jf jecting prayers into his ser- mons — from speaking to the people, he would suddenly change, raise his eyes aloft and speak directly to Deity. This to many devout Churchmen was blasphemous. Of course the trouble was that it was simply new — we always resent an innovation. "Did you ever see anything like that?" And the fact that we have not is proof that it is absurd, preposterous, bad. 'Wesley went one day to hold evening prayers at a village church near Oxford. His fame had preceded him : the worthy warden securely locked the doors and deposited the key in the capacious depths of his breeches pocket and went a-fishing. Several old women were waiting to attend the service, and rather than send them away, Wesley, standing on the church steps, read prayers and spoke. It was rather an un- usual scene, and the unusual attracts. Loafers from 25 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley the tavern across the way came over, children gathered in little groups, people who never entered a place of worship stopped and listened. Some laughed, others looked serious, and most of them remained to the close of the meeting. Thus does everything work together for good for every- body. The warden and his astute vestrymen thought to block the work of ^A^esley, and Wesley did the only thing he could — spoke outside of the church, and thus did he speak to the hearts of people who had never been inside the church and who would not go inside the building. Street preaching was not the invention of John Wesley, but up to his time no clergyman in the Church of England had attempted so undignified a thing. "Wesley was doing what his mother had done the very year he was born. She had preached to the people ot the village of Epworth in the churchyard, because forsooth, the chancel was a sacred place and would suffer if any one but a man, duly anointed, spoke there. The woman had a message and did the only thing she could — spoke outside, and spoke to two hundred and fifty people while the regular attendance to hear her husband was twenty-five. And so John Wesley had made a discovery, and that was that to reach the submerged three-quarters, you must make your appeal to them on the street, in the market places — from church steps. His experience on 26 GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley shipboard and in America had done him good. They had taught him that form and ritual, set time and place, were things not necessary — that \vhenever two or three were gathered together in His name, He was in their midst. And it was in preaching to the outcasts that W^esley found himself, and was "converted." He says, "My work in America failed because I had not then given my heart to my Savior." Now he got the "power," and whether this word means to his followers what it meant to him is a question we need not analyze. Power comes by aban- donment — the orator who flings convention to the winds and gives himself to the theme finds power. The opposition and the ridicule were all very necessary factors in allowing W^esley to find his true self. He wrote to his mother telling what he was doing and she wrote back giving him her blessing, writing words of encouragement. " Son John must speak the words of love on any and every occasion when the spirit moves," she said. John Wesley was attracting too much attention to himself at Oxford: there came words of warning from those in authority. To these admonitions he replied that he was a duly ordained clergyman of the Church of England and there was nothing in the canons that forbade his holding services when and where he de- sired. And then he adds, "To show simple men and 27 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley women the way of life and tell them of Him who died that we might live, surely cannot be regarded as an offense. I must continue in my course." That settled it — Oxford the cultured was not for him. He was a preacher without a pulpit — a teacher with- out a school. He saddled his horse and with all his earthly posses- sions in his saddle-bags, traveled toward London — following that storied road over which almost every great and powerful man of England had traversed. He was penniless but he owned his horse. He was a horse lover — he delighted in the companionship of a horse, and where the way was rough he w^ould walk and lead the patient animal. It comes to us with a slight shock that the Rev. John Wesley anticipated Col. Budd Doble by saying, " God's best gift to man — a horse!" So John Wesley rode not knowing ■where he was going or why, only that Oxford no longer needed him. ^A^hen he started he was depressed, but after passing the confines of the town, and once out upon the highway with the green fields on either side he lifted up his voice and sang one of his brother's hymns. Exile from Oxford meant liberty. Arriving at a village he would stand on the church steps, on the street corner, often from a tavern ver- anda and speak. In his saddle-bags he carried his black robe and white tippet. He could put these on over his 28 GREAT REFORM ERS — Wesley traveled-stained clothes and look presentable. His hair was worn long and parted in the middle; his face was cleanly shaved and revealed comely features of remarkable strength. The man was a commanding figure. People felt the honesty of his presence. The crowd might jeer and cat- call, but those who stood near offered no violence. Indeed, more than once the roughs protected him. He preached of righteousness and judgment to come. He plead for a better life — here and now. And so he traveled, preaching three or four times a day, and riding from twenty to iifty miles 5^ At London he preached on the "heaths " and thousands upon thou- sands who never entered a church heard him. That phrase, "they came to scoff and remained to pray," is his Sfr &©► Wesley's oratory was not what is known to us as "the Methodist style." He was quiet, moderate, con- versational, but so earnest that his words carried conviction. The man was honest — he wanted nothing — he gave himself. Such a man today, preaching in the same way, would command marked attention and achieve success. The impassioned preaching of Whitefield was what gave the "Methodist color." Charles Wesley was much like ^A^hitefield, and was regarded as a greater preacher than his brother because he indulged in more gymnastics, but John was far the greater man. 29 GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley And so the Great Awakening began; other preachers followed the example of the Wesleys and were preach- ing in the fields and by the roadside and were organiz- ing " Methodist Societies." But John 'Wesley was their leader and exemplar. Neither of the Wesleys nor did 'Whitefield have any idea at this time of organizing a separate denomina- tion or of running opposition to the Established Church. They belonged to the Church and these "societies" were merely for keeping alive the spiritual flame which had been kindled. The distinguishing feature of John Wesley's work seemed to be the •' class" which he organized wher- ever possible. This was a school-teacher's idea. There was a leader appointed, and this class of not over ten persons was to meet at least once a week for prayer and praise and to study the Scriptures. Each person present was to take part — to stand on his feet and say something. In this \A^esley was certainly practical — "All must take part, for by so doing the individual grows to feel he is a necessary part of the whole. Even the humblest must read, or pray, or sing, or give testimony to the goodness of God." And so we get the circuit-rider and see the evolution of the itineracy. And then comes the "local preacher" who was simply a "class leader," "who had gotten the power." 30 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley Wesley saw ■with a clear and steady vision that the paid preacher, the priest with the "living" was an anomaly. To make a business of religion was to miss its essence; just as to make a business of love evolves a degenerate. Our religion should be a part of our daily lives. The circuit-rider was an apostle — he had no home; drew no salary; owned no property; but gave his life without stint to the cause of humanity. It was Wesley's habit to enter a house — any house — and say, " Peace be unto this house." He would hold then and there a short religious service. People were always honored by his presence — even the great and purse-proud, as well as the lowly welcomed him. All he wanted was accommodations for himself and his horse, and these were freely given. He looked after the care of his horse himself, and always the last thing at night he would see that his horse was properly fed and bedded. One horse he rode for ten years, and when it grew old and lame his grief at having to leave it behind found vent in a flood of tears as he stood with his arms about its neck. W^as ever mortal horse so honored? To have carried an honest man a hundred thousand miles, and been an important factor in the Great Awakening. Is there a Horse Heaven? In the state of Washington they say "yes." Perhaps they are right. Often before break of day, before the family was astir, Wesley would be on his way. 31 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley S an argument against absolute innocency in matters of love, the unfortunate marriage ot Wesley, at the discreet age of forty-eight has been expressed at length by Bernard Shaw. It ■Wesley had roamed the world seeking for a vixen for a wife, he could not have chosen bet- ter. Mrs. Vazeille was a widow of about W^esley's age — rich, comely, well upholstered. In London he had accepted her offers of hospitality and for ten years had occasionally stopped at her house, so haste cannot be offered as an excuse. The fatal rock ^was propinquity, and this ■was evidently not on the good man's chart; neither did he realize the ease and joy with which certain bereaved ladies can operate their lachrymal glands. On the way down The Foundry steps at night, Wes- ley slipped and sprained his ankle. He hobbled to the near-by residence of Mrs. Vazeille. On sight of him, the lady burst into tears, and then for the next w^eek proceeded to nurse him. He was due on the circuit and anxious to get away ; he could not ride on horseback, and therefore if he went at all, he must go in a carriage. Mrs. Vazeille had a carriage, but she could not go with him, of 32 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley course, unless they were married. Q So they were married, and were miserable ever afterward. Mrs. Wesley was glib, shallow, fussy, and never knew that her husband belonged to the world, and to her only incidentally. She took sole charge of him and his affairs; ordered people away who wanted to see him if she did not like their looks ; opened his mail; rifled his pockets; insisted that he should not go to the homes of poor people; timed his hours of work, and religiously read his private journal and de- manded that it should be explained. This woman should have married a man who kept no journal, and one for whom no one cared. As it was, no doubt she suffered up to her capacity, which perhaps was not great, for God puts a quick limit on the sensibilities of the stupid. She even pulled him about by the hair before they had been married a year; and made faces at him as he preached, saying sottovoce, " I've heard that so often that I'm sick of it." In company, she would sometimes explain to the assembled guests what a great and splendid man her first husband was. But worst of all, she took Wesley's faithful saddle horse "Timothy," and hitched him alongside of a horse of her own to a chaise, with a postboy in a red suit on his back, tooting a horn. Poor Wesley groaned, and inwardly said, ",It is a trial sent by God — I must bear it all." 33 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley Finally the woman renounced him and left for Scot- land. He then stole his own horse from her stable, and rode away as in the good old days. But alas ! in a month she was on his trail. She caught up with him at Birmingham and fell on his neck, after the service, explaining that she ^was Mrs. John ^Vesley. The poor man could neither deny it nor run away, without making a scene, and so she accompanied him to his lodgings. Q Her protests of reformation vanished in a ■week and the marks of her nails were again on his fine face. This program was kept up for thirty-one years with all the variations possible to a jealous woman, who had an income sufficient to allo^w her to indulge her vagaries and move in good society. On October 14, 1781, Wesley wrote in his journal, "I am told my wife died Monday and was buried on this evening." ^A^esley once wrote to Asbury, "She has cut short my life full t-wenty years." If this were true, one can see how Wesley would otherwise have made the cen- tury run. Ho^wever, "Wesley was right — it was not all bad ; the law of compensation never sleeps, and as a result of his unfortunate marriage, Wesley knew things which men happily meirried never know. John Wesley did not blame anybody for anything. Once when he saw a drunken man reeling through the street, he turned to a friend and said, " But for the grace of God, there goes John Wesley!" All his bio- 34 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley graphics agree that after his fiftieth year his power as a preacher increased constantly until he was seventy- five. He grew more gentle, more tender and there was about him an aura of love and veneration, so that even his enemies removed their hats and stood silent in his presence. And we might here paraphrase his own words and truly say of him, as he said of Josiah Wedgwood, "He loved flowers and horses and child- ren — and his soul -was near to God! " The actual reason for breaking away or " coming out" is a personal antipathy for the leader. Like children playing a game, theologians reach a point where they say, "I'll not play in your back yard." And not liking a man, we dislike his music, his art, his creed S«» So they divide on free grace, foreordination, baptism, re- generation, freedom of the will, endless punishment, endless consequences, conversion, transubstantiation, sanctification, infant baptism, or any one of a dozen reasons which do not represent truth, but are all merely a point of view and can honestly be believed before breakfast and rejected afterward. Q However, the protest of Wesley had a basic reason, for at his time the State Religion was a galvanized and gild- ed thing, possessing everything but the breath of life. 35 GREAT REFORMERS— Wesley ND so John ^Vesley went rid- ing the circuit from Land's End to John O'Groat's, from Cork to Londonderry, eight thousand miles, and eight hun- dred sermons every year. In London he spoke to the limit of his voice — ten thousand people. Yet when chance sent him but fifty auditors he spoke ■with just as much feeling. His sermons were full of wit, often honiely but never coarse. He knew how to interest tired men; how to keep the children awake. He inter- spersed anecdote with injunction and precept with homely happenings. He yearned to better this life, and to evolve souls that were w^orth saving. \A^esley grew with the years, and fully realized that preaching is for the preacher. "Always in my saddle- bags beside my Bible and hymnal I carried one good book." He knew history, science as far as it had been carried, and all philosophy was to him familiar. The itineracy he believed was a necessity for the preacher as w^ell as the people. A preacher should not remain so long in a place as to become cheap or common- place. New faces keep one alive and alert. And the circuit-rider can give the same address over and over and perfect it by repetition until it is most effective. 36 GREAT RE FORM ERS — Wesley QThe circuit-rider, the local preacher or class-leader, the classes, the "love- feast" or a general meeting — these were quite enough in way of religious machinery. Q Finally, however, Wesley became convinced that in large cities an indoor meeting place was necessary in order to keep the people banded together. Often the weather was bad and then it was too much to expect women and children to stand in the rain and cold to hear the circuit-rider. So London supplied an abandoned warehouse called "The Foundry," and here the Wesleyans met in avast body for a service of song and praise. Methodism is largely a matter of temperament — it fits the needs of a certain type. The growing mind is not content to have everything done for it. The Catholics and Epis- copalians were doing too much for their people, and not letting the people do enough for themselves. The Methodist class-meeting allowed the lowliest member to lift up his voice and make his own appeal to the throne of grace. Prayer is for the person who prays, and only very dull people doubt its efficacy. The God in your own heart always hearkens to your prayer and if it is reasonable and right always answers it. " Methodism raised the standard of intellect in England to a degree no man can compute," says Lecky the free-thinking historian. Drunkenness, gambling, dog- fighting, bear-baiting in whole communities was re- placed by the singing of hymns, prayers and " testi- 37 GREAT REFORMERS — Wesley monies," in which every one had a part. W^esley loved flowers and often carried garden seeds to give away, and then on his next trip would remember to ask about results. He encouraged his people to be tidy in their dress and housekeeping, and gentle in their manners. Thousands learned to read that they might read the Bible; thousands sang who had never tried to sing before, and although the singing may have been of a very crude quality and the public speaking below par, yet it was human expression and therefore education, evolution, growth. That Wesley thought Methodism a finality need not be allowed to score against him. His faith and zeal had to be more or less blind, other- wise he would not have been John Wesley; philoso- phers with the brain of Newton, Spencer, Hegel, Schopenhauer could never have done the w^ork of Wesley. Had Wesley known more, he would have done less. He was a God-intoxicated man — his heart ■was aflame -with divine love. He carried the standard far to the front, and planted the flowing pennant on rocky ramparts where all the world could see. To carry the flag further was the work of others yet to come. It was only in the year 1784, when Wesley was eighty- one years old, that he formally broke loose from the mother-church and Methodism was given a charter from the State. At this time John Wesley announced himself as a " Scriptural Episcopus," or a bishop by 38 GREAT REFORM E R S — Wesley divine right, greatly to the consternation of his brother Charles. But the morning stars still sang together, even after he had ordained his comrade, Asbury, " Bishop of America," and conferred the title of bishop on a dozen others It was always, however, carefully explained that they were merely Methodist Episcopal bishops and not Episcopal bishops. A year before his death Wesley issued an order that no Methodist ser- vices should be held at the hours of the regular church service, and that no Methodist bishop should wear a peculiar robe, have either a fixed salary, residence or estate, nor should he on any account allow any one to address him as "My Lord." It was a very happy life he led — so full of work that there w^as no time for complaint. The constant horse- back riding kept his system in perfect health. At eighty-five he said, "I never have had more than a half-hour's depression in my life. My controlling mood has been one of happiness, thankfulness and joy." 'Wesley endeavored not to make direct war upon the Established Church — he hoped it would reform itself. He did not know that men with fixed and fat incomes seldom die and never resign, and his innocence in thinking he could continue on his course of organizing "Methodist Societies," and still keep his place within the Church reveals his lack of logic. Moreover, he never had enough imagination to see that the Metho- dist Church would itself become great and strong and 39 GREAT R E F O R M E R S— Wesley powerful and rich, and be an institution very much like the one from which in his eighty-fourth year he at last broke away. Charles Wesley and White- field died members of the Church of England, and were buried in consecrated ground, but John Wesley passed peacefully out in his eighty- eighth year, requesting that his body be buried in City Road Chapel, in the plot of ground that he by his life, love and work had consecrated. And it •was so done. ¥k\t, ""-—>•! SRi^lpS^^^^ ^ w 40 DO PRINTING For their friends. Folders, witli or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat ^ ^ ^ Our ornaments are not stock. We have artists to make special cover designs, if desired, for Booklets and Catalogs. The man who gets business is the man w^ho has a catalog that is not thrown away. Write us, telling what printing you are in the market for, and we will send you samples. Address the Printing Dept. of THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. BERE is A LIST OF BOOKS that The Roycrofters have on hand for sale (of some there are but a few copies). These are rather interesting books, either for the reader or the collector, or for presents. Many people always have a few extra ROYCROFT BOOKS on hand in readiness for some sudden occasion when a present is the proper thing J- J- J- The Man of Sorrows $2.00 Rip Van Winkle 2.00 Thomas Jefferson 2.00 The Rubaiyat 2.00 Compensation 2.00 A Christmas Carol 2.00 Respectability 2.00 A Dog of Flanders 2.00 The Law of Love 2.00 The Ballad of Reading Gaol 2.00 Nature 2.00 Self-Reliance 2.00 Justinian and Theodora 2.00 Crimes Against Criminals 2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NE^A/■ YORK MM Choi c e Books ^■^HE following books are rare and peculiar in %^v binding, distindtly Roycroftie — nothing to be had at the book stores like them. Flexible velvet calf finished with turned edge ^ ^ Jt- Ji> The Last Ride, Browning - - - - $5.00 A Lodging for the Night, Stmen^on - - - 5.00 WaXty^hiiuiaLii, Huhhard and Stevenson - - 5.00 Will O' the Mill, Stevenson - - - - 5.00 Full Leather, Modeled : a Revival of Medieval Maimer of Binding Rip Van Winkle, Irving - - _ J 7 50 Respectability, Hubbard - - - - _ 7 50 A Dog of Flanders, OmJ(?o - - - - 7.50 Law of Love, Reedy - - _ _ _ 7 59 Nature, Emerson - - - - - 7.50 Ballad of Reading Gaol, Wilde - - - . 7.50 The Man of Sorrows, Hubbard - - $7. .50 and 15.00 Full Levant, Hand Tooled by our Mr. Louis H. Kinder Thoreau's Friendship, Tall copy on genuine Vellum, forty free-hand drawings - - - $250.00 Thoreau's Friendship — Japan Vellum, Illumined - 60.00 Contemplations, Hubbard - - - - 150.00 Song of Myself, Whitman - - - - 35,00 Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - - . 40.00 Self-Reliance, Emerson - - - - 25.00 The Man of Sorrows, Hubbard - - - 50.00 Last Ride, Browning — Classic Vellum, specially illumined 100.00 Law of Ijove, Reedy - - - - - 50.00 The Roycrofters, East Aurora, New York e FECIAL DEPARTMENT FOR BIBLIOPEGY OUR MR. KINDER now devotes all his time to our Bookbinding Department for fine bindings and special Jobs J^ Our edition ^rork is entirely separate. Thus all bookbinding we do for our friends receives the direct attention of one of the most artistic binders & keen- est critics of bookbinding in America. Mr. Kinder is also in touch with all bookbinding centers of Europe, and any- thing new^ that has merit is immediately added to our stock. Every fine job is given an individual biudins ^ ^ Jt ji J^ PRICES FOR BOOKBINDING THE PHILISTINES Plain boards, leather backs, per volume - $ .75 LITTLE JOURNEYS Plain boards, leather backs, per volume - - 1.00 Ooze Sheep, Silk Lined, per volume - - 1.50 Boards, ooze calf back and corners, per volume 2.50 BOOKS IN SIZE UP TO OCTAVO Ooze Sheep, Silk Lined - - - 1.50 up Ooze caU, Silk Lined, Turned Edges - - 3.00 up Plain boards, leather backs - • 1.00 up Boards, ooze or plain calf back and corners - 3.00 up Three-Fourths Levant, or Antique Pig Skin 5.00 up Full Levant, Antique Pig Skin, or Modeled CaU 15.00 up Full Parchment, Boards .... 10.00 up Mending, Cleaning, Plate Inserting and Jobs requiring more work than usual, extra charges are made. THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, New York, U. S. A. We found a quantity of small pieces of oak and mahogany chucked away in the loft, (too small for anything else) so made them up into foot-stools sfr> s^ s^ s^^ No. 048 (like above) and tabourets No. 050 1-2. FOOT-STOOLS Oak, $5.00 Mahogany $6.00 TABOURETS " $5.00 " $6.25 Now we have done our part in making them (as w^ell as Ave could) and to induce you to do your part in ordering (as quick as you can) we will crate in with each stool or tabouret one of our weathered oak book-racks, No. 0116, gratis— regular price One Dollar and Fifty Cents. This holds good until they are gone! THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. Roycroft Neckties ^ ART IS A MATTER OF HAIR CUT AND NECKTIES. -A I, / BAB A E AN ARTIST You furnish the hair cut and we will furnish the tie— guaranteed full Fra Elbertus size— best black crepe-de-chine, both ends hemstitched by hand. Price, $1.50 postpaid THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK ROYCROFT Waste Basket Velvet Leather, very solid, with wood bottom covered with leather, twelve inches high, twelve inches in di- ameter. Price S«» S^ se» Sfr THREE AND ONE HALF DOLLARS THE ROYCROFTERS, EAST AURORA, N.Y. LBERT HUBBARD will give his Lecture, The Spirit of The Times, in the fol- lowing cities on the Dates Mentioned : '^'■^'^'^'^ BOSTON At Chickering Hall Thursday Evening, February 21 Seats on sale at Box Office ten days in advance. Order now. CHICAGO Studebaker Theatre Sunday Evening, March 3 Seats on sale at Box Office ten days in advance. Order now. PHILADELPHIA Horticultural Hall Thursday Evening, March 7 Advance seat sale at John Wanamaker's Book Dept. NEW YORK Carnegie Hall Sunday Evening, March 17 Seats on sale at Box Office ten days in advance. Order now. SOME PAPERS OF SPECIAL INTEREST THAT ARE APPEARING IN THE ARENA MAGAZINE The RaUways By Alfred Ruuel Wallace, D. C. L., LL. D. A notable for contribution by the eminent scientist and social philos- The Nation opher dealing with how the people can gain possession of the railways in America in accordance with Herbert Spencer's law of social justice. This paper, which is one of the features of the January, 1907, issue, should be read by all thinking Americans, because of the radical manner in which he advocates the people taking possession of the natural utilities. Secretary Root By David Graham Phillip*. Mr. Phillips is everywhere and His Plea recognized as one of the most fearless and incisive for Centralization champions of Fundamental Democracy, and this paper — which will appear in the February issue — by this strong and brilliant journalist will doubtless occasion much discussion. Other Features of the January and February Issues Are : The Truth at the Heart of Capitalism and of Socialism. By Prof. Frank Par- Bons, ph. T>. Recent attacks on Christian Science, with a Survey of the Christian Science Movement, Its Ideals and Achievements nunstrated.) By the Editor of " The Arena." Our Insult to Japan and the Serious Questions it Involves. ByC.VeyHol- man. Municipal Art of Springfield, Maes. (111- ustratedo By Geo. Wharton James. Paying Cmlarento Attend School. By Prof. Oscar Chrisman. Spoils and the Civil Service. By Frank vrooman. Child Slavery; Democracy's Present Battle with the Moloch of Greed. By the Editor. The Eailways of Germany. By Prof. Frank Parsons, Ph.D. Coiistltuliunal Changes Demanded to Bulwark Democratic ncorclance OF VOLUMES I TO XX Compiled by Julia Ditto Young. Bound solidly in Boards to match The Philistine THE PRICE WILL BE ONE DOLLAR THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK Entered at the postoffice at East Aurora, New York, for transmission as second-class mail matter. Copyright, igoy, by Elbert Hubbard t ■ This Then Is To Announce A William Morris Book t Being a Little Journey by Elbert Hubbard, and some Letters, heretofore unpublished, written to his friend and fellow worker, William Thomson, all throwing a side-light more or less, on the man and his times Printed on hand made paper, in red and black with Morris Ini- tials, fac-simile reproduction of MS., and two portraits on Japan Vellum So. Bound in limp leather, silk lined, with silk marker, $2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, New York AS A MAN THINKETH By JAMES ALLEN A MOST remarkable little volume on Thought Mastery and Man Building together with Three issues of The BUSI- NESS PHILOSOPHER, that gem among magazines, edited by A. F. Sheldon (founder of the Sheldon School) and devoted to the Science of Business and the Principles Determining the Evolution of Success ; all for FIFTEEN CENTS. Order to-day. SCIENCE PRESS, 1700 Republic Building, Chicago, lUinois IS it not a curious fact that of all the illusions that beset mankind, none is quite so curious as that tendency to suppose that we are mentally and morally superior to those who differ from us in opinion. — ELBERT HUBBARD. We want to send you a sample copy Caxton Procl)ure« A series of Little Masterpieces beautifully made, in the highest type of the printer's art. Large clear type, rubricated initials, colonial paper. Published by the Caxton Society, a band of booklovers and book- makers, who take pride in their work. Sample for nine one-cent stamps. The Caxton. Society, South Framingham, Mass. >OU MAY THINK you know all about ABRAHAM LINCOLN, but you don't if you have not intelli- gently studied his own writings. Just to start you in the right direction we will send you his AUTOBI- OGRAPHY for 10c, We will also send you a cir- cular describing the Biographical Edition of his COMPLETE WORKS, edited by Nicolay and Hay, containing all new material discovered to date and many other interesting features. FRANCIS D. TANDY CO., 38 E. 21st St., New York THE METAPHYSICAL MAGAZINE Is the pioneer of Occult and Metaphysical publications — established in 1895. In every part of the civilized world it is recognized as the leader in Metaphysical Thought and an authority on Occult subjects. Its teaching is uplifting and help- ful beyond any other literary influence and it continually paves the way to higher knowledge in all parts of life. It was originally founded by Mr. Whipple for this purpose and is continuously fulfilling its mission. The highest encomiums possi- ble to bestow have repeatedly been written by editors, authors, and readers in general throughout the world and'are continually being received by the editors and publishers of this magazine. It is the one Live Issue on all Advanced-tbou^bt subjects and is of Incalculable Value. To be ^vithout it is to be Behind the Age. Subscribe and see for yourself. ^Monthly. $2.00 a Year, 25 Ceots a Number. THE METAPHYSICAL PUB. CO., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Is Your Health Good? Do you f eei that vigor that makes life a pleasure and your work a success ? Read A STUFFED CLUB a. magazine that teaches health thru rational, common- sense ways of living ; no fads, isms nor fancies. SAMPLE COPY TEN CENTS A STUFFED CLUB, Denver, Colorado BERE is A LIST OF BOOKS that The Roycrofters have on hand for sale (of some there are but a few copies). These are rather interesting books, either for the reader or the collector, or for presents. Many people always have a few extra ROYCROFT BOOKS on hand in readiness for some sudden occasion when a present is the proper thing Jt ^ j- The Man of Sorrows $2.00 Thomas Jefferson 2.00 The Rubaiyat 2.00 Compensation 2.00 A Christmas Carol 2.00 Respectability 2.00 A Dog of Flanders 2.00 The Law of Love 2.00 The Ballad of Reading Gaol 2.00 Nature 2.00 Self-Reliance 2.00 Justinian and Theodora 2.00 Crimes Against Criminals 2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK The Roycroft Inn (THE PHALANSTERIE) Conducted by The Roycrofters in Connec- 1 tion with the Work of the Roycroft Shop /^^ " HERE are Out-of-Door Sleeping Rooms ^^ with In-Door Dressing-Rooms attached. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, Turkish Baths, Run- ning Water, Art Gallery, Chapel, Camp in the Woods, Library, Music Room, Ballroom, Garden and Wood Pile. There are Classes and Lectures covering the fol- lowing subjects: Art, Music, Literature, Physiol- ogy, Nature-Study, History and Right-Living, Daily walks and talks afield — trips to the woods, lake, Roycroft Camp, etc., etc. The New Booklet, descriptive of the Inn, with Ulastrations, will he mailed to you for Ten Cents THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK SPECIAL BOOKLETS To Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Department Stores, Banks, Railroads, Trust Companies, Private Schools, Colleges and Institutions. We can supply Booklets and Preachments by Elbert Hubbard, by the thousand — your ad. on the cover and a four- or eight-page insert, all in De Luxe Form. These pamphlets are real contributions to industrial literature. One railroad used several million flfr One department store used five hundred thousand. Thomas Jefferson once said, " To gain leisure; wealth must first be secured ; but once leisure is gained, more people use it in the pursuit of pleasure than employ it in acquiring knowledge." A study of these pamphlets will not only help you to gain the wealth that brings leisure, but better yet, they" make for the acquirement of knowledge instead of the pursuit of pleasure. There has been nothing better written teaching the solid habits of thrift since Ben- jamin Franklin wrote his maxims, than these pam- phlets. They appeal to all classes of people and are read, preserved and passed along. These are the titles : A MESSAGE TO GARCIA jt THE BOY FROM MISSOURI VALLEY ^ THE CLOSED OR OPEN SHOP— WHICH.' jt CHICAGO TONGUE ^ GET OUT OR GET IN LINE ^ THE CIGARETTIST jt PASTEBOARD PROCLIVITIES J« THE PARCEL POST Jt WATCH WISDOM jt FROM A BUSINESS COLLEGE TO THE WHITE HOUSE Jt HOW TO GET OTHERS TO DO YOUR WORK jtjfjtjtjtjtjt^jt Send ONE DOLLAR for the whole set THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. OOKS One and Two of Great Lovers, being Vols. XVIII and XIX of Little Journeys, are now ready. They are printed on Ital- ian hand-made, Roycroft water- marked paper, with portraits. The title-pages initials and tail-pieces are illumined. Bound in limp green velvet leather, silk lined, inlaid calf title stamped in gold on back and cover, silk marker. The subjects are as follows: BOOK I JOSIAH AND SARAH WEDG>VOOD WILLIAM GODWIN AND MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT DANTE AND BEATRICE JOHN STUART MILL AND HARRIET TAYLOR PARNELL AND KITTY O'SHEA PETRARCH AND LAURA BOOK II DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI AND ELIZABETH SIDDAL BALZAC AND MADAME HANSKA FENELON AND MADAME GUYON FERDINAND LASSALLE AND HELEN E VON DONNIGES LORD NELSON AND LADY HAMILTON ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AND FANNY OSBOURNE We think there are classes of people who will find these to be -just what they are looking for for presents. The price is $3.00 each, or $6.00 for the set of 2 volumes. VERY SUMPT- UOUS EXAMPLES OF BOOKMAKING THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, IN ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK WHITE BREAD Makes Trouble For People With Weak Intestinal Digestion. A lady in a Wis. town employed a physician who instructed het not to eat white bread for two years. She tells the details of her sick- ness and she certainly was a sick woman. " In the year 1887 I gave out from overwork, and until 1901 I remained an invalid in bed a great part of the time. Had different doctors but nothing seemed to help. I suffered from cerebro-spinal congestion, female trouble and serious stomach and bowel trouble. My husband called a new doctor and after having gone without any food for 10 days the doctor ordered Grape-Nuts for me. I could eat the new food from the very first mouthful. The doctor kept me on Grape-Nuts and the only medicine was a little glycerine to heal the alimentary canal. " When I was up again Doctor told me to eat Grape-Nuts twice a day and no white bread for two years. I got well in good time and have gained in strength so I can do my own work again. " My brain has been helped so much, and I know that the Grape- Nuts food did this, too. I found I had been made ill because I was not fed right, that is I did not properly digest white bread and some other food I tried to live on. " I have never been without Grape-Nuts food since and eat it every day. You may publish this letter If you like so it will help someone else." Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. Get the little book, " The Road to Wellville," ip pkgs. j-t ^Ki^^^ ^1 ■ ^^W\ 'm^y\u" 1 i Henry G <^ '' ' S ^ ^ HENRY GEORGE THE more you study this question the more you will see that the true law of social life is the law of love, and law of liberty, the law of each for all and all for each ; that the golden rule of morals is also the golden rule of the science of wealth ; that the highest expres- sions of religious truth include the widest generalizations of political economy. —HENRY GEORGE GREAT REFORMERS 1 4A.V/J ENRY GEORGE died in 1897. ^^'"^bS^ I ^Mr^^*^ ^^" y^^""^ ^^^® passed since \jtilk!^94n^tfiKk3 i^sti have heard his voice, looked upon his strong, lithe form, saw the gleam of his ^■gKpKS^VAB^k honest eyes, and felt the pres- 9S(Bf^W^lmm^ ence of a man — a man who '^■"-^" te^^>*_ wanted nothing and gave everything — a man who gave himself. Ten years ! And in those ten years the world has experienced, and is now passing through, a peaceful revolution such as men have never before seen Jt Ten years have given us a new science of religion ; a new education ; a new penology ; a new healing art ; a new^ method in commerce. The wisdom of honesty as a business asset is nowhere questioned, and the clergy has ceased to call upon men to prepare for death. ^Ve are preparing to live, and the way we are preparing to live is by living. The remedy Henry George prescribed for economic ills was as simple as it was new, and new things and simple things are always looked upon as objectionable — dangerous. The universality of conservatism proves that it must have its use and purpose in the eternal order. It keeps us from going too fast ; it prevents us from bringing about changes for which mankind are 41 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George not prepared. Nature's methods are evolutionary, not revolutionary. Slaves cannot be made free by edict jH Moses led his people out of only one kind of captivity, and in the wilderness they wandered in bondage still. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation did not free the colored race, because it is the law of God that he ■who would be free must free himself. A servile people are slaves by habit, and habit is the only fetter ^ Freedom, like happiness, is a condition of mind. A whining, com- plaining, pinching, pilfering class that listens for the whistle, watches the clock, that works only when under the menacing eye of the boss and stands in eternal fear of the blue envelope here, and perdition hereafter, can never be made free by legislative enact- ment ^ Freedom cannot be granted any more than education can be imparted, both must be achieved, or we yammer forever without the pale Jt A simple, strong and honest people are free. People enslaved by superstition and ruled by the dead have work at filing fetters ahead of them which only they themselves can do ^ ^ Henry George did not realize this, and his strength lay in the fact that he did not. He did not know that when men get the crook out of their backs, the hinges out of their knees, and the cringe out of their souls, that then they are free. Slaves place in the hands of tyrants all the po'wer that tyrants possess. 42 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George Fortunate it was for Henry George, and for the world, that he did not know that any man who labors to help the working man, will be mobbed by the proletariat for his pains a little later on ^ Monarchies may be ungrateful, but their attitude is a sweet perfume com- pared to the ingratitude of the laborer. He can only be helped by stealth, and his freedom must come from within J^ Ji The moral weakness of man is the one thing that makes tyranny possible. Tyranny is a condition in the heart of serfs. Tyrants tyrannize only over people of a certain cast of mind. Tyrants are men who have stolen power — convicts who have wrested guns from their guards Ji \A/atch them, and in a little while they will again shift places. Q Henry George was a very great man — great in his economic, prophetic insight ; great in his faith, his hope, his love. He gave his message to the world and passed on, scourged, depressed, undone, because the world did not accept the truths he voiced. Yet all for which he strived and struggled will yet come true — his prayer will be answered. And the political parties and the men who in his life opposed him, are now adopting his opinions, quoting his reasons and in time will bripg about the changes he advocated. Q Of all modern prophets and reformers Henry George is the only one whose arguments a^e absolutely unanswerableajid whosefor^cast vvas surg, 43 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George ENRY GEORGE was that r^^sd^ I IBh»^^ rare, peculiar and strange t* Its argument has never been answered, and those who have sought to combat it, have rested their _,i case on the assertion that J^^S^f Henry George was a theorist and a dreamer, and so far as practical affairs were concerned was a failure. With equal logic we might brand the Christian religion as a failure because its founder was not a personal success, either in his social status or as a political leader. Gradually the thinking men of the world, the states- men and the doers, are beholding the fact that man- kind is an organism, and that a country is only as rich as its poorest citizen; that an athlete with Bright's 68 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George disease is not worth as much to humanity as a small, lively and healthy boy of ten with cheek of tan and freckles to spare. Health comes from right living, and living without useful effort is only existence. People living on the pavement or in sky-scrapers soon degenerate. Man cannot thrive apart from land. Abject poverty is only found in great cities, where population is huddled like w^orms in a knot. The highest average of intelligence, happiness and prosperity is found in villages, where each family owns its home, and the renter is the rare exception. QThe word " renter " we used out West as a term of contempt. The ownership of an acre of land gives a sense of security which religion cannot bestow. God's acre with vegetables, fruits, flowers, a cow & poultry, place a family beyond the reach of famine, even if not of avarice. Moreover, this single acre means sound sleep, good digestion and resultant good thoughts, all from digging in the dirt and mixing with the elements. " All wealth comes from the soil," says Adam Smith, and he might have added, man himself comes from the soil and is brother to the trees and flowers. Men can no more live apart from land than can the grass. The ownership of a very small plot of ground steadies life, lends ballast to existence, and is a bond given to society for good behavior. " I am no longer an anarchist — I have bought a lot 69 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George and am building a house," advised a Russian refugee, to his restless colleagues at home when they wrote asking him for quotations on dynamite. It is obvious and easy to say that the people who make city slums possible do not want to own houses and would not live upon land and improve it, if they could. The worst about this statement is that it is true. They are so sunken in fear, superstition and indifference that they lack the squirrel's thrift in providing a home and laying in a stock of provisions ; they are even without the ground-hog's ambition to burrow. They are too sodden to know what they are missing and are lacking in the imagination which pictures a better condition. They are like those pigmy bondsmen who work in the cotton mills of the south, yellow, gaunt, too dead to weep, too hopeless to laugh, too pained to feel. From these creatures and creators of slums it is absurd to talk of gratitude for the offer of betterment. People who expect gratitude do not deserve it. Neither can the slumsters by force be placed on land and be expected to till it. A generation, at least, will be re.- quired to work a change, and this change will come through educating the children — through the kinder- garten and the kindergarten methods, and most of all through school gardens ^ The so-called "back dis- tricts" are fast being annihilated, for quick transpof- 70 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George tation is bringing city and country close together. The time is coming, and shortly, too, when a fare of one cent a mile will be the universal rule, and a mile a minute will not be regarded as an unusual speed. Now here is something which Henry George did not say, and if he knew was too diplomatic to mention : The reason the people have not had possession of the land is because they did not want it J- The ownership of the land you need to use comes in answer to prayer — and prayer is the soul's desire, uttered or unex- pressed. The will of the people is supreme. If fraud and rascality exist in high places it is because we elect rascals to office. The will of the people is supreme J- When we cease toadying to brainless nabobs and quit imitating them as soon as we get the money, we will be on the road to reformation. As it is, most poor people are just itching to live as the rich do. The average servant girl who gets married quits work then and there, and is quite content to live the rest of her life as a slave, asking her husband for a quarter at a time and cajoling the money out of him by hook and crook, or else ex- plorating his trousers for free coinage when oppor- tunity offers. Fresh air is free but the average individual does not know it; and neither would this same person use land if it were given him. Freedom is a condition of mind. QYet apart from the " submerged tenth " is a very 71 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George large class of people to whom land and a home would be a positive paradise, and who are simply forced into flats and tenements on account of present eco- nomic conditions — the land is monopolized, and held by men who neither improve it themselves, nor will they allow others to jt They hold it awaiting a rise in value. This increase in value is not on account of anything the owner may do — in fact he is usually an absentee and does nothing. The increase comes from the enter- prise and thrift of people for whom the owner has no interest, beyond contempt. If these enterprising people who do the work of the world — making the things the world needs — want more land for their business or for homes, they have to pay the absentee for the increased value which they themselves have brought about jt When you beautify and enrich the value of your own lot by im- proving it, you are making it impossible to buy the vacant lot next to you without bankruptcy. Q Moreover you are taxed by the state for any im- provement you make on your land, and this taxation on improvements must of necessity tend toward dis- couragement of improvement. It is really a surer way to make money to hang on to land and do nothing, than to improve it. The remedy proposed by Henry George is simply the Single Tax, and this tax to be on land values and not 72 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George on improvements. QThat is to say, with the Single Tax, the man who owns the vacant lot covered with briars and brambles would pay the same tax that you pay on your lot next door upon which you have built a house, barn and conservatory and planted trees and flowers. The immediate tendency of this policy would be to cause the gentleman who owned the vacant lot de- voted to cockle-burrs to put up on it a sign, " For Sale Cheap." Even the opponents of the Single Tax agree that its inauguration would at once throw on the market a vast acreage of unimproved land, and that is just the one reason why they oppose it. All those thous- ands of acres held by estates, trustees and idle heirs in the vicinity of Boston, Philadelphia and up the Hudson, would be for sale. The single tax would give the land back to the people, at least make it possible for people who want it to get what they could use. Those who have the desire to improve land, and improve themselves by improving it w^ould no longer be blocked. The fresh blood of the country which makes the enterprise of cities possible comes from the boys and girls who warmed their feet on October mornings where the cows laid down ; who have been brought up to work on land, to plant and hoe and harvest and look after live stock. This is all education and very 73 GREAT R E F O R M E R S— Henry George necessary education. " A sand-pile and dirt in which to dig is the divine right of every child," says Judge Lindsey ^ ^ And if it is the divine right of a child to dig in the dirt, why is n't it the divine right of the grown-up ? It is, and would be so recognized were it not for the fact that we have been obsessed by a fallacy called " the divine right of property." This idea has come down to us from the Reign of the Barons, when a dozen men owned all of England, and plain and un- lettered people could not legally own a foot of land. All paid tribute to the Barons, who were actually and literally robbers. "We will grant of course that what a man produces and creates is his, but the land to which he may be legal heir and which probably he has never seen, and which certainly he does not use or improve, is his only through a legal fiction jt When the matter of legal fiction was explained to Col. Bumble and he was told that legally a husband knew the whereabouts of his wife, because the law regarded a man and wife as one, Col. Bumble replied with acerbity, " The law is a hass." Comparatively few people have the courage of Col. Bumble, so they do not express themselves ; but the commonsense of the world is now coming to believe that the law was made for man and not man for the law ^ ^ 74 GREAT REFORMERS— Henry George The only people who oppose the single tax are the holders of land ■who are hanging on to it expecting to grow rich through inertia. The problem of civilization is to eliminate the para- site. The idle person is no better than a dead one and takes up more room. The man who lives on the labor of others is a menace to himself and to society. The taxes necessary to support the government should be paid by those who have the funds wherewith to be idle; no longer should the chief burden fall on the home-maker. QTax the land and the man who owns it will have to make it productive by labor, or else get out and allow some one else to have a chance. Do not drive the landlords out — tax them out. Let the land gravitate to the people who have the disposition and the ability to improve it — and that is just what the Single Tax will do. SO THIS THEN IS THE PHILOSOPHY OF HENRY GEORGE. 75 The Roycrofters DO P R I N 1 I N G For their friends. Folders, with or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat ^ ^ ^{» Our ornaments are not stock. We have artists to make special cover designs, if desired, for Booklets and Catalogs. The man who gets business is the man who has a catalog that is not thrown away. Write us, teUing what printing you are in the market for, and we will send you samples. Address the Printing Dept. of THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N.Y. Balance A Dollar Shooting an apple from a boy's head is a steady job. If an engine shakes under a lieavy load, it is a matter of time only, until some- thing lets go. Q We are now speaking especially of high speed engines, although the same holds good with all ^ ^ A perfect engine would be one without noise or vibration absolutely. We have never built a perfect engine in all these eighteen years. But Ideal Engines (all high speed) border so closely onto perfection that a silver dollar will stand upon the cylinder and one can scarcely hear a sound under test. They run in oil, using their lubricants over and over. Ideal Engines are built for general power purposes ^ They are built in all sizes and many styles. The Ideal Compound direct connected are extremely popular for electrical purposes on account of fuel saving, simplicity and regulation ^,^^,^,^,^J^<^ Ideal agents in all principal cities of the world. Prices and information by mail. Drop a line to A. L. IDE & SONS 222 Lincoln Avenue, Springfield, Illinois We found a quantity of small pieces of oak and mahogany chucked away in the loft, (too small for anything else) so made them up into foot-stools ^^ s^ s^ ^^ No. 048 (like above) and tabourets No. 050 1-2. FOOT-STOOLS Oak, $5.00 Mahogany $6.00 TABOURETS *' $5.00 " $6.25 Now we have done our part in making them (as well as w^e could) and to induce you to do your part in ordering (as quick as you can) we will crate in w^ith each stool or tabouret one of our weathered oak book-racks. No. 0116, gratis — regular price One Dollar and Fifty Cents. This holds good until they are gone! THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. Roycroft Neckties ART IS A MATTER OF HAIR CUT 1 1 AND NECKTIES. -ALI BABA jaE AN ARTIST /^ You furnish the hair cut and we wUl furnish the tie— guaranteed full Fra Elbertus size— best black crepe ;-de-chine, both ends hemstitched by hand. Price, $1.50 postpaid THE ROYCROFTERS EASJ AURORA, ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK ROYCROFT Waste Basket Velvet Leather, very solid, "with wood bottom covered with leather, twelve inches high, twelve inches in di- ameter. Price S^ Sfr Sfr^ Sfr THREE AND ONE HALF DOLLARS THE ROYCROFTERS, EAST AURORA, N.Y. SOR SALE! THE FOLLOWING LITTLE JOURNEYS BY ELBERT HUBBARD in BOOK- LET FORM, WITH FRONTISPIECE PORTRAIT OF EACH SUBJECT Hancock Handel Aurelius Meissonier Verdi Spinoza Titian Brahms Kant Van Dyck Raphael Comte Millet Gainsborough Voltaire Ary Scheffer Corot Spencer Fortuny Correggio Schopenhauer Joshua Reynolds Bellini Thoreau Landseer Abbey Copernicus Gustave Dore Whistler Hunjboldt Chopin Pericles Darwin Paganini Mark Antony HKckel Mozart Savonarola Huxley Bach Luther Tyndall Liszt Burke Wallace Beethoven Aristotle Fiske The Price is TEN CENTS Each, or One Dollar for Ten — as long as they last. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. For The Illuminati Only! HE ROYCROFT REMINDER or CALEN- DAR is very Roycroftie. It con- tains for every day in the year an Orphic by Fra Elbertus; a blank space for tickler, or a Friendship's Garland ^ If you do not like the Orphic, just write a better one yourself in the blank space pro- vided. Ideas make the world go 'round. The One Dollar we ask for this Calendar is simply to cover expenses for salt for putting on the tails of the Ideas. Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Ideas for One Dollar — one-quarter of a cent each ! Some of these Ideas will cash you in a thousand dollars or more, otherwise you are a has-wasser, ^whichthe same you aren't. THE REMINDER looked upon daily, at your desk, on the wall, or library table is warranted to bring you health, success, and the friendship of all Good People. The boards and iron are blessed by the Pastor. DO NOT REMIT byDraft,Post-0£fice or Express Order or by Registered Letter— such methods are dangerous, cumbersome, objectionable and unbusinesslike. All remittances are at our risk — we havefaithinthe honesty of Uncle Samuel and his boys who handle the mail. REMITthe One Dollar now, while you think of it, facing the East, putting the dollar in the envelope and mak- ing a wish, which the sanie we guarantee to come true. Orders Received Now secure the Leaves from April 1st 1907, to April 1st, 1908. On March 1st the price will be advanced to TWO DOLLARS J« GET BUSY! THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, New York ELLA WHEELER WILCOX'S Very Latest Poems are now published in a dainty little volume "New Thought Fastels." Lovely for a present, and for every- day inspiration. Price, 50 cents, postpaid. Most of these poems were written for The Nautilds, the New Life Magazine ^vhich Mrs. Wilcox sends to her friends and those who need a word of help or cheer. TK** Nstiifiliie i'* published and edited by ElizaVjeth and William iiic i-iauLiiUd E. Towne, aided by an unequalled corps of splendid writers, including: EDWIN MARKHAM, FLORENCE MORSE KINGSLEY. PROF. EDGAR L. LARKIN, SALVARONA, GRACE MACGOWAN COOKE, and many others. It is the belief of its readers that The Nautilus is the top notch magazine, and growing with every number. They say it is Bright, Breezy, Pure and Practical, Redolent of Hope and Good Cheer. The Power of Good that has set tifiousands of lives in happier, more useful liil^s. The Nautilus, snbacription price per year $1.00\ n- ♦ i o, =« New Thouffht PasteU, Mrs. Wilcox, .60/ iOtai Sl.&y Our price if you order now, just Si. 00 for the two and a free copy of "Little Journeys lo the Home of Elbert Hubbard" if you ask it. Or THREE MONTHS TRIAL for TEN CENTS. ET.TZARETII TOWIVE, DEPT. 88, IIOLYOKE, MASS. progress ilaga?ine •'The Magazine With A Purpose." ERNEST CHARLES HOUSE, Editor-in-Chief. ASSOCIATE EDITOBS Eev. Eobert Watson, Ph.D. Merrick Whltcomb, Ph.D. G«orge A. Hubbell, Ph.D. Rev. Hepry B. Hostetter, A. Emllie W. MoVea, A. M. H. Shindle Wtngert, M.D. C. S. Mlnter W. T. Kodgers, D.D. Charles WiliiamB, A. B. A. B. Wegener .T. S.Ford Samuel J. Levineon, B. H. L., Two Great Series Now Running: I. The Red Lights in a Corner. By Ernest Charles House. II. The Religions of the World. By the Best Writers of the World. Sample Copy Free if you Mention "Little Journeys." TEN CENTS PER COPY. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. THE PROGRESS MAGAZINE COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS. IND. CINCINNATI. OHIO ® HE PHILISTINE ELBERT HUBBARD, Editor, East Aurora, New York Subscription, One Dollar a Year, Ten Cents a Copy Folks who do not know how to take THE PHILISTINE had better not.— All Baba. tfjT Each number of the magazine contains articles on ^ subjects having the attention of the Pubhc. Some of the Preachments are of a poUtical nature, some ethical and sociological, some are humorous. These last are especially important. Many articles from THE PHILISTINE have been reprinted and sold by the hundred thousand. By subscribing you get the articles at first hand — Today is a good time to subscribe. Mail us a Two Dollar check and we will send you The Philistine and the Little Journeys for Nineteen Hundred Seven, and in addition a De Luxe Roycroft Book j)i^^^^^^^^^^ TO BE GIVEN AWAY FREE. 50,000 LOVELY GIFTS (The Ancient Symbol or Fortime) BEAUTIFUL SOLTD SILVER SWASTIKA PIN FKEE to each Yearly Subscriber to THE SWASTIKA "A Magazine of Triumph" (Published Monthly) Edited by DR. ALEXANDER J. MCIVOR-TYNDALL New Thought Editor of the Denver Sunday Post. Circulation 80,000. Devoted to tlie Mes- sage of Truth and Individuality. SPECIAL featui-e§ are Health flints. Personal rrobiems. Psychical Experiences, Metapljysi- cal Healing, Ke\y Thought, Psychic Science, and some well-lcnowu writers, among whom are: Yono .Simada, .Japanese Philosopher; Grant Wallace, Grace M. Brow'n, Dr. George W. Carey, (leorge Edwin Bnrneli. Margaret Mclvor Tyndall, Baba Bharati, the, Hindu Sage, and others. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. -TEN CENTS A COPY. Trial Subscription Four Months, 25 Cents. SEND YOUR ORDER N-O-W. Address: THE SWASTIKA, Dept. WAHLGREEN PUBLISHING COMPANY 17U-48iStout St, Deover.lColo. LBERT HUBBARD will give his Lecture, The Spirit of The Times, in the fol- lowing cities on the Dates Mentioned : ^ ^ ^ CHICAGO Studebaker Theatre Sunday Evening, March 3 Seats on sale at Box Office ten days in advance. Order bow. PHILADELPHIA Horticultural Hall Thursday Evening, March 7 Advance seat sale at John Wanamaker's Book DepL SYRACUSE At University Hall Thursday Evening, March 14 NEW YORK Carnegie Hall Sunday Evening, March 17 Seats on sale at Box Office ten days in advance. Order now. THE BEST SELLING BOOK EVER PUBLISHED BY THE ROYCROFTERS THE MAN OF SORROWS BY ELBERT HUBBARD © ,EING a Little Journey to the Home of Jesus of Nazareth. A sincere attempt to depict the life, times and teachings, & with truth limn the personality of the Man of Sorrows. Printed on hand-made paper, from a new font of Roman type. Special initials and ornaments. One hundred & twenty pages. A very beautiful book, bound solidly, yet simply in limp leather, silk-lined. It was time this book was issued — it is sure to dispel much theolog- ical fog. — Philadelphia " Inquirer." Don't be afraid of Elbert Hubbard's "Man of Sorrows." The work is reverent and thoughtful, and gives us the man Jesus as though he lived to-day. — Washington " Star." We would all believe in Jesus of Nazareth if we knew him. " The Man of Sorrows " reveals the man with no attempt to make him any- thing else. — New Orleans " Picayune." It marks an Epoch. — Chicago "Inter Ocean." Read it, otherwise you can never know Elbert Hubbard. New York "Tribune." The price per volume $2.00 Fifty copies in Modeled Leather 7.50 A few copies on Japan Vellum, bound in Three- Fourths Levant, hand-tooled 10.00 Address THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, New York, U. S. A. EMS: The test for every social, economic and educational innovation should be this : Will it give the world an increase of happiness? Vol. XX MARCH, MCMVII No. 3 To Momes>^of Reformers HUBBARD GARIBALDI Single Copies 10 Cents By the Year .$ 1.00 H ■^TUB SBfliaia I .-, ' j n . Little Journeys for 1907 I B y >E L P E R T H U B B A R D Will be io the Homes of Great Reformers The Subjects are as , Follows: John Wesley John Bright Henry George Bradlaugh Garibaldi ^ Theodore Parker Richard Cobden Oliver Cromwell Thomas Paine ^ Anne Hutchinson John Knox J. JrRoiis^eaii TEN YEARS OF^ tHE PHILISTINE An Index ant Concordance OF VOLUMES I TO XX Compiled by Julia Ditto Young. Bound solidly in Boards to match The Philistine THE PRICE WILL BE ONE DOLLAR THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK Entered at the postoffice at East Aurora, New York, for transmission as second-class mail matter. Copyright, 1907, by Elbert Hubbard ^ This Then Is To Announce A William Morris Book Being a Little Journey by Elbert Hubbard, and some Letters, heretofore unpublished, written to his friend and fellow worker, Robert Thomson, all throwing a side-light more or less, on the man and his times Printed on hand made paper, in red and black with Morris Ini- tials, facsimile reproduction of MS., and two portraits on Japan Vellum s«- Bound in limp leather, silk lined, with silk marker, $2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, New York • \ ■ , - , \ \ The Roycrofters DO PRINTING For their friends. Folders, with or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat ^J* >}* ^ Our ornaments are not stock. We have artists to make special cover designs, if desired, for Booklets and Catalogs. The man who gets business is the man who has a catalog that is not throAvn away. Write us, telling what printing you are in the market for, and we will send you samples. Address the Printing Dept. of THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. The New Library Edition of the Complete WORKS OF HENRY GEORGE AND LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE By Henry George, Jr. RECENTLY PUBLISHED in ten volumes, handsomely bound in buckram, gilt tops, trimmed or untrimmed edges, etc. It contains a full set of portraits, and is in all respects equal to the well-known MEMORIAL EDITION, which sold for $25.00 per set, but is now out of print. ^■■^HE day is not far distant when the professional or busi- /l ness man who does not understand the philosophy of ^"^ Henry George will stand discredited in any intelligent community. A knowledge of this philosophy will broaden and strengthen any man, morally and intellectually; will make him a more public-spirited citizen, and better equip him for the activities of business and professional life. It will give him a clearer comprehension of his duties to his fellowmao, to the State, and to the Great Ruler of the Universe ; lifting Mm immeasurably above the plane of vanity, sordidness, and selfishness which now seems to be the chief end of man. — Tom L. Johnson, LIST OF THE VOLUMES Volume L Progress and. Poverty Volume II. Social Problems Volume III. The Land Question, Property in Land, and The Con- dition of Labor Volume IV. Protection or Free Trade Volume V. A Perplexed Philosopher Volumes VI and VII. The Science of Political Economy I Volume VIII. Our Land and Land Policy, & Miscellaneous Addresses and Essays Volumes IX and X. The Life of Henry George, byHenryGeorge,Jr. ACDrr*! A I DDIPC THIS handsome set of books, of nniform size, and boxed, OlE.l.'lALi riVldL will be delivered free of all further cost toanyaddress in the United States (vnth customs duties added to Canada and Mexico, and to other foreign countricB at the extra expense of foreign expressage and cuetoms), for $15.00, cash with order. The set can be paid for in installments at a slightly higher price. Write for particulars. Send for descriptive circular and list of the books by Henry George sold separately. THE PUBLIC PUBLISHING COMPANY FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING, CHICAGO KERB is A LIST OF BOOKS that The Roycrofters have on hand for sale (of some there are but a few copies). These are rather interesting books, either for the reader or the collector, or for presents. Many people always have a few extra ROYCROFT BOOKS on hand in readiness for some sudden occasion when a present is the proper thing ^ ^ j- The Man of Sorrows $2.00 Thomas Jefferson 2.00 Compensation 2.00 A Christmas Carol 2.00 Respectability 2.00 A Dog of Flanders 2.00 The Law of Love 2.00 The Ballad of Reading Gaol 2.00 Nature 2.00 Self-ReHance 2.00 Justinian and Theodora 2.00 Crimes Against Criminals 2.00 \A/^illiam Morris Book 2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK The Roycroft Inn (THE PHALANSTERIE) Conducted by The Roycrofters in Connec- tion with the Work of the Roycroft Shop i-'/^HERE are Out-of-Door Sleeping Rooms 1^>/ with In-Door Dressing-Rooms attached, Electric Lights, Steam Heat, Turkish Baths, Run- ning Water, Art Gallery, Chapel, Camp in the Woods, Library, Music Room, Ballroom, Garden and Wood Pile. There are Classes and Lectures covering the fol- lowing subjects: Art, Music, Literature, Physiol- ogy, Nature-Study, History and Right-Living, Daily walks and talks cifield — trips to the woods, lake, Roycroft Camp, etc., etc. The New Booklet, descriptive of the Inn, with illustrations, will be mailed to you for Ten Cents THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK SPECIAL BOOKLETS To Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Department Stores, Banks, Railroads, Trust Companies, Private Schools, Colleges and Institutions. We can supply Booklets and Preachments by Elbert Hubbard, by the thousand — your ad. on the cover and a four- or eight-page insert, all in De Luxe Form. These pamphlets are real contributions to industrial literature. One railroad used several million 5^ One department store used five hundred thousand- Thomas Jefferson once said, " To gain leisure; wealth must first be secured ; but once leisure is gained, more people use it in the pursuit of pleasure than employ it in acquiring knowledge." A study of these pamphlets will not only help you to gain the wealth that brings leisure, but better yet, they make for the acquirement of knowledge instead of the pursuit of pleasure. There has been nothing better written teaching the solid habits of thrift since Ben- jamin Franklin wrote his maxims, than these pam- phlets. They appeal to all classes of people and are read, preserved and passed along. These are the titles : A MESSAGE TO GARCIA ^ THE BOY FROM MISSOURI VALLEY ^ THE CLOSED OR OPEN SHOP— WHICH ? ^ CHICAGO TONGUE ^ GET OUT OR GET IN LINE ^ THE CIGARETTIST ^ PASTEBOARD PROCLIVITIES ^ THE PARCEL POST Jt WATCH WISDOM ^ FROM A BUSINESS COLLEGE TO THE WHITE HOUSE Jt HOW TO GET OTHERS TO DO YOUR WORK JtJtJtJt^^^JtJt Send ONE DOLLAR for the whole set THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. lOOKS One and Two of Great Lovers, being Vpls. XVIII and XIX of Little Journeys, are now ready. They are printed on Ital- ian hand-made, Roycroft water- marked paper, with portraits. The title-pages initials and tail-pieces are illumined. Bound in limp green velvet leather, silk lined, inlaid calf title stamped in gold on back and cover, silk marker. The subjects are as follows: BOOK I JOSIAH AND SARAH WEDGWOOD WILLIAM GODWIN AND MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT DANTE AND BEATRICE JOHN STUART MILL AND HARRIET TAYLOR PARNELL AND KITTY O'SHEA PETRARCH AND LAURA BOOK II DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI AND RT,IZABBTH SIDDAL BALZAC AND MADAME HANSKA FENELON AND MADAME GUYON FERDINAND LASSALLE AND HELENE VON DONNIGES LORD NELSON AND LADY HAMILTON ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AND FANNY OSBOUKNE We think there are classes of people who will find these to be just what they are looking for for presents. The price is $3.00 each, or $6.00 for the set of 2 volumes. VERY SUMPT- UOUS EXAMPLES OF BOOKMAKING THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, IN ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK, NO MISTAKE HERE Discovery of a Proof-Reader Even a proof-reader may make mistakes unless careful reading is maintained all the time. It makes a lot of difference sometimes, just how a thing is read. This is the tale: " ' No tea and not one drop of coffee,' ordered the doctor — and I rebelled. But alas, with nerves that saw, felt and heard things that were not, rebellion was useless. " \A^ith the greatest reluctance I gave up these life- long companions, and drank milk, milk — until the very step of the milkman grew hateful. " My nerves were some better, but breakfast with- out some warm beverage grew wearisome, and bid fair to be entirely slighted. And with a brain that for nine hours daily must work hard, ever demanding nourishment, the failing appetite was a serious prop- osition. " Then in despair, Postum was tried. I had tasted it once and heartily disliked the pale watery compound, but now, literally starving for a hot drink, I read and re-read the directions on the package with the critical eye of the proof-reader, following them out to the letter and lo! the rich brown liquid of the advertisements. " Not one but three cups disappeared & since then Postum has been my sole warm beverage, unfailingly refreshing and helpful ; both body and nerves testify- ing to its helpfulness by new strength and vigor.". Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. Read the little book, "The Road to Wellville," in pkgs. "There's a Reason." LITTLE -^ JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF Great Reformers (garibalbi Written by Elbert Hubbard and done into a Printed Book by The Roycrofters at their Shop which is in East Aurora, Erie Co., New York MARCH, MCMVII »S^ msi^m ^Sii ¥ kw I ■ 'II y Garibaldi GARIBALDI PRIESTS look backward, not forward. They think that there wer& once men better and wiser than those who now live, therefore priests distrust the living and insist that we shall be governed by the dead. I believe this is an error, and hence I set myself against the church and insist that men shall have the right to work out their lives in their own way, always allowing to others the right to work out their lives in their own way, too. GARIBALDI in his Autobiography- GREAT REFORMERS HE writer who tells the simple facts in the life of Garibaldi lays himself open to the Sfr ^ charge of evolving melodrama, wild and riotous. Garibaldi's personal friends and admirers always referred to him in such words as these: patriot, savior, father — noble, y.^^a. generous, pure-hearted, un- ^g^Of selfish, devoted, philanthropic. " <^ They transferred the infal- libility of Pope Pius IX. to his enemy, Garibaldi. The Pope was not much given to rhetorical lyddite, so when the name of Garibaldi was mentioned he simply stopped his ears and hissed. He acknowledged that in all the bright lexicon of words there was not a symbol strong enough to express his contempt for Joseph Garibaldi. The actual fact was that Pio Nono, for whom Gari- baldi named his favorite donkey, had very much in common w^ith Garibaldi jt'Had they met as strangers on sea or plain, they would have delighted in each other's society. They were both kind, courteous, con- siderate, highly intelligent men. They were lovers of their kind. Garibaldi's passion was to benefit men by giving them freedom. The pope's prayer %was to benefit men by 77 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi giving them religion. C^ But freedom without respon- sibility leads to license, and license unrestrained means slavery, and religion not safe-guarded by fre«- dom is superstition; and vi^hat is superstition but slavery ? Before Garibaldi vi^as tw/enty he began to read Mazzini, whom Margaret Fuller called the Emerson of Italy — and Margaret Fuller knew both Emerson and Mazzini intimately and well. She lived for one and died for the other. Mazzini the delicate, the esthetic, the spiritual, the subtle, was a candle whose beams burned bright for all Italy ^ His dream of a free and united Italy caught Garibaldi, the rugged, daring son of the sea and fired his heart. Mazzini was a thinker; Garibaldi a fighter. Q Italy had twice been queen of the world jH First, when Julius Caesar ushered in an age of light jt And second when Columbus, child of Genoa, the same city that mothered Mazzini, sailed the seas jt The first Italian Renaissance we call the age of Augustus; the second, the age of Michael Angelo. The third great tidal wave of reason, Garibaldi said would live as the age of Mazzini. But there be those in Italy now, wise and influential, who call it the age of Garibaldi. Without Mazzini, there would have been no Garibaldi. Italy would probably be to-day where she was when •these young men conceived their patriotic dream: the 78 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi pope supreme temporal ruler of Rome, and the rest of Italy divided up into a dozen cringing provinces, each presided over by a princeling, who on favor of some patron, Austria, Germany or France, the favor duly vised by the Pope, was allow^ed to call himself a king. The final authority of the pope was undisputed in things both temporal and spiritual, and he who questioned or expressed his doubts was guilty of two crimes: heresy and treason, the two artificial papier mache offenses which made the dark ages very dark. Mazzini and Garibaldi were organizing secret bands of "Young Italy." The arrangement was to secure and hold a certain point on the Swiss frontier as headquarters, and from there make open war upon Austria and the pope. Like John Brown, these zealous revolutionaries felt sure that at the call to arms, the subjugated prov- inces would cast off their shackles and join hands Twith the liberators. They did not realize that slavery is a condition of mind, and that as a class slaves are quite happy in their serfdom, being as unaware of their 85 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi true condition as are those caught in the coils of superstition. No one sees the coils but the free mem on the outside. The beauty of freedom's fight is that it frees the fighter. The secret societies known as "Young Italy" failed in their secrecy. No secrets can be kept excepting for a day. Spies w^ere duly initiated, and the report of the daily doings ^was handed in to the pope and his council. To capture Garibaldi and Mazzini and hang them would have been easy; but to do this might bring about the very storm so much feared j^ So the word was passed that the conspirators were to be arrested; a price was placed upon their heads, and an opportunity was given them to escape. Mazzini traveled leisurely through France, that offered him safe passage to London J. Garibaldi remained on the border and with a little band engaged in joyous guerilla warfare, hoping for a general revolt. The time was not yet ripe, and nothing he could then do would gather up the scattered forces of freedom and crystal- lize them. Fighting was on in South America — they are always fighting in South America — and Garibaldi thought he saw an opportunity to strike a bloTV for freedom, and so he sailed away for the equator, filled with a pas- sion for freedom, desiring only to give himself for the benefit of humanity. Yet his heart was with " Young Italy," and that the time would come when he would 86 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi return and break the fetters that the pope had forged for the minds of men, he always knew and prophesied. Such was the firm purpose and unwavering faith of Jcweph Garibaldi. RRIVING in South America, Garibaldi took time to inves- tigate conditions J> Then he offered his services to Don Gonzales, who had set up a. Republic on a side street, and was fighting the power of the Emperor of Brazil. Don Gonzales was delighted with Garibaldi — Garibaldi won lAvSKT every one he desired to win. He had the rare quality which ■we call "personal charm." Garibaldi was fitted out w^ith a ship which he manned ■with sixteen of his countrymen — fighters of his own selection, men of his own intrepid spirit. This crew constituted the navy of the new republic, and Gari- baldi was given the title, " Secretary of the Navy." He called his ship the " Mazzini," writing to the prophet and patriot in London for his blessing ; but without \vaiting for it sailed away to victory. The first bout with the enemy secured them a prize in the way of a 87 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi ship four times the size of their own, well provisioned and carrying one hundred men jt Garibaldi at once scuttled his own craft, ran up his flag on board the prize, and calling all hands on deck solemnly chris- tened her the "Mazzini," in loving token of the ship just sent to Davy Jones' locker ^ Then the question arose, what should be done with the prisoners ? Garibaldi gave them their choice of being sent to shore in safety, with a week's provisions and their side- arms, or re-enlisting under his own glorious banner. The men without parley, one and all cried, "V/e are yours to do with as you will!" Emerson says, "The work of eloquence is to change the opinions of a life- time in twenty minutes." This being true, Garibaldi must have been eloquent, and eloquence is person- ality. The Corsican, in his little corporal's uniform, walked out before the legions sent to capture him, and before he had uttered a word, they cried, "Command us!" and threw down their arms. The power of Garibaldi overmen was superb. He won through the devotion of his soldiers. When he struck he hit quick and hard, and then he made his victory secure by magnanimity toward the defeated jt It was his policy never to put prisoners in irons, or disgrace or humiliate them. He banished hate from their hearts by saying, " You are brave fighters ! You are after my own heart. I need you ! " Julius Csesar had a deal of this same temperament, 88 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi and if the sober, serious, spiritual and priestly quality of Mazzini could have been fused with the fighting spirit of Garibaldi we would have had the Julian soul once more with us. Possibly Rome is not yet dead, Shakespeare to the contrary notwithstanding. ARIBALDI and his gallant t crew on board the "Mazzini" ?^S& kept the enemy speculating. f^m^ On one occasion 'when pur- iMg? sued, Garibaldi ran his ship up a narrow bay, one of the winding mouths of the Ama- < zon. The two ships in pursuit <&»/' were sure they had him in a Wi would be held fast on the rocks, and then they could land a force, as they had five times as many men as he, and shoot his ship full of holes at their leisure from the shore ji But Garibaldi was a sailor, and he had the true pilot's intuition for finding the channel. Suddenly as the pursuing ships rounded a bend, from the height of a commanding precipice a deadly stream of shot and shell was poured down through the de- fenseless decks. And the gunners on the ships could 89 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi not elevate their cannon to get the range. Garibaldi had taken his best cannon from his ship and masked this battery on shore. For two months he had worked to lure the enemy to their ruin. The scheme worked. /jKfi^^i^|i^ baldi, although a sailor bom, I^^ i^B^S^ ^S-*^ ^^^ ^°^ ^^^^ ^ horse with face tW^^^^Styf^i^ toward the horse's tail as \^9iS^^ ./J^^J sailor men are said to do in *-«i^ one of Kipling's merry tales. However, he might have done so, for he was a most daring rider, and in South America filled in the time by many excursions ashore, where he chose his com- panions from the ship by lot, there always being a great desire of the men to follow close to their beloved leader Jt He insisted that all of his men should be horsemen as well as soldiers, for no one could tell when they might have to abandon their ships and take to the land. These wild, free excursions into the sparsely settled interior were not fraught with much danger, for the plainsmen were mostly with the republic, and Gari- baldi took great pains to treat with the citizen's family. For instance, although cattle were plentiful and of little value, when he wanted fresh meat he always asked for it ^ The same with horses. "Treat citizens as 92 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi friends, informing them that you come to protect, not to destroy," was his injunction. One valuable possession Garibaldi secured in Brazil, however, was taken without legal permission jt It seems Garibaldi on one of his journeys inland had halted w^ith six of his band for dinner at the house of a planter and ranchman j^ The place was fair to look upon, the house situated in a clump of trees that lined the bank of a stream ^ Near at hand were orange groves and great banks of azaleas in full bloom. On the hillside were grapes that grew in purple clusters, which made poor Garibaldi think of his far-off Italy, the home from which he was exiled, and to which return meant death. Garibaldi reined into the yard and sat hatless on his horse looking at this scene of peace, prosperity and gentle, smiling beauty Jt A sense of loneliness swept over him. He thought of himself as a homeless out- cast, without love, friendless, fighting an eternal fight for people whom he did not know, and very few of whom indeed knew him even by name. A barking of the dogs brought several servants to the door. On seeing the red-shirted soldiers, their rifles across the pommels of their saddles, the servants hastily ran back and proceeded to bar the doors and windows. Garibaldi smiled wearily and was inwardly debating whether he would try to show the inmates of the house that he was a friend or ride away. 93 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi Just then the door opened and a woman came out on the veranda jt She was a young woman, not over twenty ; dark, slight, handsome and intelligent. She looked at Garibaldi, and her self-possession made the invincible fighter blush to the roots of his long yellow hair and tawny beard. She was not afraid. She walked dow^n the steps, and in a pleasant voice said, "You are Garibaldi." And Garibaldi was on the point of denying it, for he had not heard a woman's voice in four months, and was all unnerved. His tongue refused to do its bidding, and he only bowed, and then tried to apologize for his intrusion. "You are Garibaldi, and if you insist on remaining to dinner, I will prepare the meal for you — I can do nothing else." She spoke in Spanish, and as Garibaldi replied, he was mindful that his Castilian was terribly broken J- Then he spoke in Italian, and when she answered in very broken Latin they both smiled. They were even. When he learned that her husband was not at home he re- fused to enter the house, but sat on the veranda, and there the lady served him and his companions with her own fair hands, as the servants stood by and looked on perplexed. Garibaldi did not eat much — his appetite had vanished .^ He followed the frail and beautiful young woman furtively with his eyes as she moved back and forth heaping the plates of his hungry troopers. He thought she looked sad and preoccupied. 94 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi Q, Garibaldi tried to speak, but his Spanish had sud- denly taken wing. But when the lady entered the house and returned with one of Mazzini's little pamphlets on liberty, he started and then almost sobbed as he read the ■well remembered ■words, " Do that which is right, and fear no man, for man was made to be free." He saw that the pamphlet was one of the master's earliest productions, and how it should have preceded him four thousand miles he could only guess, and the lady's command of Italian was not sufficient to explain. But in his joy he held out his hand to her, and she responded to his grasp Jt There was an understanding j/t They were both lovers of liberty ^ Ji Garibaldi felt that he must not remain — he must hasten a'way ere he said or did something foolish. *' You must not come back, my husband is a royalist," said the lady, "and he will be greatly displeased when he knows you have been here. But you were hungry and I have fed you, now good-by." She held out her hand and then hastily broke away before the soldier could take it. Garibaldi mounted his horse, and followed by the troopers, rode slowly down the bed of the stream, and as they disappeared into the thicket of azaleas, Garibaldi looked back. The lady was standing on the veranda leaning against a pillar ^ She held up the Mazzini pamphlet j» Garibaldi removed his hat Sfr 95 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi ARIBALDI was on a tour of ji^ inspection, getting a good idea yF^^-^«,|^^^^* of the coast line, and patriot- '^mfXSAj^nn^^^' ^^"^ ^^^ duty should have kept "^^ '^ ' him steadily on the march jt But something else was tug- ging at his heart. He rode ten miles, halted & pitched camp. Early the next morning he rode back alone, leaving his rifle behind but keeping his pistols in his belt. He wanted to see the husband of the beautiful young lady. The man must be a pretty good kind of a man — a royalist by birth probably, but if he could be rightly informed might become a friend of the cause. When Garibaldi reached the house the lady was on the veranda — she seemed to be expecting him .jt She was sad, pale, serious, and dressed in blue. She called her husband out and introduced him and he and Garibaldi shook hands. Garibaldi tried to talk with him about Mazzini, but as near as Garibaldi could guess the rancher had never heard the name. The man was fully twenty years older than his wife, and Garibaldi guessed from his looks, that his wealth was an inheritance, not an accumulation ^ A little further talk and the facts developed as Garibaldi had suspected — the man was a degenerate scion of Spanish 96 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi aristocracy. He seemed too stupid or too indifferent to know who his visitor was, or what he stood for. He brought out strong drink and then suggested cards as a diversion. Garibaldi did not like the looks of the man and cour- teously declined his pasteboard suggestions > All the time the young woman stood a little way off and looked wistfully at the red-shirted soldier J- Her lips moved in pantomime — she was trying to say some- thing to him. Garibaldi talked about nothing, laughed aloud and requested his host to mix him a drink. While the man was busy at the sideboard Garibaldi moved carelessly tO'ward the w/oman and caught her whispered words, " Do not drink — go at once — he has sent for help — the place w^ill be surrounded in half an hour — go, I implore you!" C![And all the time Garibaldi talked garrulously and sauntered around the room. He took up the glass the man handed him, and raising it to his lips, did not drink — but tossed the contents full into the face of the person who had prepared the mixture ^ The man coughed, sputtered, swore, and Garibaldi backed to the door, one hand on a pistol at his belt. He reached the veranda and looked for his horse. The horse was gone! Garibaldi sprang back into the house, covering the royalist with his pistol. " My horse, or you die — order my horse brought to the door!" The man pro- tested, begged, swore he knew nothing about the horse. 97 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi " I '11 fetch your horse !" called the woman, and run- ning around the house brought the horse from a thicket where it had evidently been led by some servant. Again Garibaldi backed out of the house, requesting the man to follow, which he obediently did at a dis- tance of five paces, his hands high in the air, as if in blessing. With pistol still in hand Garibaldi mounted the horse, and as he did so the little lady moaned — " He may kill me for this — but I would do it again — for you!" Garibaldi kicked his right foot out of the stirrup, and held out his hand. The lady without the slightest hesitation placed her foot in the empty stirrup and leaped lightly up behind. As she did so Garibaldi fired two shots well over the head of the paralyzed husband of his late wife, and gave his horse the spurs. In a minute horse and riders, two, were more than a quarter of a mile away over the plain, the lady seated safely behind, her arms gently but surely enfolding the red shirt. As they passed over a ridge they looked back, and there stood the degenerate scion of royalty, his hands high above his head. He had forgotten to take them down. 98 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi UT should any prosaic reader imagine that this little story ^^^^'^BTA I H^^M^^I is too melodramatic to be true, '^^A%1^^^^^K^^ I refer him to the monograph "^^ " " Garibaldi the Patriot," by Alexander Dumas, who got his data from the record writ- ten by Garibaldi, himself .'5©> Moreover, Anita, for it was U she, told the tale to Madame Brabante who in turn gave the facts to Margaret Fuller Ossoli. C[ We do not know Anita's last name ^ When she placed her foot in the stirrup of Garibaldi's saddle she gave herself to him, body, mind and spirit, for better, for worse, in sickness and in health, through evil and good report, forever. By that act she left the past behind; even the name "Anita" was a name that Garibaldi gave her, and if he ever knew the story of her life before they met, he never thought it worth while to mention it. Probably he did not care — life for both of them really dated from the day they met. He YT^s thirty-one, she was twenty-two. When Garibaldi rode into camp, with the lady on the (Tapper, the six red-shirted ones in waiting were not surprised jt They were never surprised at anything their master did. They believed in him as they be- lieved in God — only more so ^ And so they asked no 99 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi questions — for Garibaldi was one of the men that common men never interrogated. " Break camp !" was the order, and in ten minutes they were on the march, t\wo men trailing a mile be- hind as a rear-guard. At midnight they •were safely aboard the good ship " Mazzini." Anita proved herself a worthy mate for Garibaldi. She was the first vk^oman to wear a Garibaldi waist, although for the most part she wore men's clothes, with two pistols in her belt and a rifle in her hands, and wherever Joseph went, there went Anita jt She was his servant, his slave, his comrade, his wife. Read his autobiography and you will find how lasting, loyal and tender his devotion was toward her J> He was a fatalist — a man without fear — and many times when surrounded by an overwhelming foe, he simply bided his time and fought his way through to safety. "When Other men are ready to surrender, I hold fast," he said. When once cut off by four soldiers of the enemy, and they approached w^ith loaded rifles and bayonets fixed, he drew his sword and shouted, " I am Garibaldi — you are my prisoners !" and down went the rifles. At another time he and Anita were caught by a band of forty troopers in a log cabin in a clearing j* They flung open the door, and standing, one on each side, showed only the long glittering point of a spear across the doorway ^ The enemy demanded a parley, but finally not knowing the number of persons inside and 100 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi realizing positively that a charge meant death for two of the company, they withdrew. Silence and the unknown are the only things really terrible. And so Joseph and Anita lived and loved and fought, and incidentally studied the few books which they possessed, and at odd times wrote poetry jt A year after that first ride on the back of the horse that carried double, a son was born to them. A contem- porary tells of seeing Anita riding horseback, the chubby babe carried like a papoose, looking out wonderingly at the world, which for him was just six months old. In three years this baby boy was riding behind his mother on the crupper and another baby had come to do the papoose act. So passed eight years of adventure by land and sea, in wood and vale, on mountain and plain jt Garibaldi had given Brazil all the freedom she deserved — all she knew how to use. He was crowned as " The Hero of Montevideo," and could have taken a place high in the councils of the state. But across the sea he heard the rumble of battle going on in his beloved fatherland, and the dream of a United Italy was still vivid in his mind, and of course, vivid too, in the mind of Anita. So they sailed away, taking with them a hundred ot their loyal, loving men in the red shirts who refused to be left behind. Arriving in Italy, Garibaldi went at once to the home of his mother, who had mourned him as lost and now received him as one risen from 101 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi the dead. Anita and the children appealed to the good woman and her heart went out to them, as if, indeed,^ they w^ere all her own, loved into life. When all at once, remembering her son's indifference for the Church, she asked when and where they were married. Joseph looked at Anita, and Anita looked at Joseph, and then they acknowledged that they had only been married by a sailor, •who had said the cere- mony as he remembered it, adding, " And may God have mercy on your souls." Hastily the mother packed them off to a priest who administered the right of extreme marital unction, and charged them double fee on account of their carelessness Jt They paid the fee, laughing inwardly, but glad to relieve the mother of her qualms. Q The children were left in the care of the grandmother, and Joseph and Anita went forth to enlist under the banner of Charles Albert of Pied- mont and make war on superstition and the pope. 102 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi «^^ ^^M HARLES ALBERT had been a staunch supporter of the very conditions against which the striplings, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph Garibaldi, had made war upon twenty years previous ^ But nations, like men, sometimes have experi- ences that make them grow by throes and throbs, by leaps and bounds. The writings of Mazzini had been constantly distributed and circulated, and the fact that they were tabooed by the government added to the joys of the illicit. A well defined wave of republicanism swept the land. Those sensitive to ideas awoke, like lilacs sensitive to the breath of May. King Charles Albert, of all the Italian kinglets, alone guessed the temper of his people, and issued to them a constitution with the right of franchise. This meant war upon the Austrian protectorate and the pope S^ Volunteers from the other provinces flocked to the standard of Piedmont jH And about this time it was that Garibaldi and Anita offered their services to the insurgent army. Charles Albert feared his old time foe — Garibaldi was of a nature that hated compromise and the Piedmontese could not understand how he was willing to fight under the banner of a king, even a king 103 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi who had foresworn tyranny and reform ^ But other provinces were seceding and ere long Joseph Garibaldi found himself at the head of a thousand Neapolitans, all clad in red shirts, well armed, carrying banners, upon which were sentiments like these: " Man was made to be free !" " Down with priest and pope !" and " Let us own ourselves!" The reformer paints things with a broom; exaggeration is a necessary part of his equipment. Garibaldi could not understand that Italy was not ripe for a simple religion of love for wife, child and neighbor, paying one's debts and earning one's daily bread by honest toil. He could not appreciate that the many really did not care for either political or mental freedom, much preferring mendicancy to work, and quite willing to delegate their thinking to a college of cardinals. And so he waged his earnest fight, with a faith as full and complete as the faith that actuated Old John Brown, whose soul goes marching on. In 1849, some of the provinces had capitulated and joined forces with France and Austria, the insurgent leaders having been promised places in the excise: the compromise no doubt hastened by cold and hunger. Garibaldi's own force was much reduced and he took to the mountains, abandoning his cavalry equipment. Orders were out that he, or any of his band, caught should be shot without trial, by fours in presence of their companions and the army. Thirty of his men and 104 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi four of his best officers had been so executed. Q He and Anita were surrounded and had taken refuge in a cornfield. Anita -was wounded and delirious with thirst and fever jt A Garibaldian had volunteered to go for water across an open field. Garibaldi watched the man and saw him shot down by French soldiers in ambush. He remained, knowing the enemy -would soon come out of hiding to rob the dead. Garibaldi waited close beside the body of his dead companion, and killed with his own hands the man who had done the deed. He got the ■water and carried it back to Anita in the cornfield. But she now had no need of it — she was dead. Garibaldi remained by the body until nightfall, and then carried it to the house of a peasant nearby. He made the peasant woman understand that the dead was a woman, a mother, like herself, and must be given decent burial — the woman understood. The torches of the enemy could be seen near at hand trailing Garibaldi from the cornfield to the house. He covered the beloved form with his scarf, and giving the peasant woman his purse, hurried forth barely in time to elude the pursuers. He made his way alone to the seashore and found refuge in Venice. There was a price upon his head, but still there were many throughout Italy from Milan to Sicily who spoke of him as patriot and savior. As a diplomatic move Rome relented and Garibaldi was allowed to move to Caprera, a rocky island ten 105 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi miles from the coast. Here he lived with his mother and children, writing, studying, farming, lived as Victor Hugo lived at Guernsey, only without the wealth, but in touch with Mazzini, exiled in London. Qln 1853 Garibaldi came to New York and remained nearly two years jt He went into business under an assumed name and accumulated tvfo thousand dollars, so the little business must have prospered. So» In 1854 Naples was again in revolt, and Garibaldi heard the trumpets of battle from afar jt He returned to Italy and with his two thousand dollars bought the Island of Caprera, that his children might be insured a home, and also, possibly, to convince the govern- ment at Rome that he had come to stay. Twice he left his beloved Caprera to work out his great dream of a United Italy. He fought with troops that had no commissary; battled with superstition; and saw his name belittled by those he sought to serve. Finally he entered Naples at the head of an army and was proclaimed Dictator. But statesmanship is business; and business is to organize, and discipline and use the forces of monotonous peace ji Garibaldi expected too much, he wanted to see the Church uprooted, the princes sent on their way, and the people supreme. This was not to be. He did, however, live to see the pope relinquish his temporal power, and a United Italy, but ■with Victor Emmanuel, son of Charles Albert, as king. The people still wanted a 106 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi king, and they wanted their Churchy even though an emasculated one. In 1870, Garibaldi and his son, the firstborn of Anita, offered their services to Gambetta and enlisted with France to fight against Germany Jt- And yet Garibaldi had nothing against Germany, and had fought France in many a tedious campaign, but he thought that France now stood opposed to papal power, while Germany sympathized with it. After the war Garibaldi was elected to the Italian Parliament and performed, at least, one good piece of work; he succeeded in getting an appropriation to erect a statue of Bruno upon the exact spot where this lover of truth and right was burned alive by order of the pope for teaching that the earth revolved. In September, 1904, the World's Free Thought Con- vention was held in Rome, and a committee was appointed to decorate the statue of Bruno and hold at its base a memorial meeting jt The principal address was by Ernst Haeckel. In the course of his remarks Haeckel said : We meet in the Eternal City in the cause of liberty and the cause of truth. We need to express, each in his own way, unfettered and unvexed by coercion and fear of suppression, the things we believe are right emd just and beautiful, and should be said. We know but little, but in this we are agreed that there is no final, arbitrary and dogmatic truth ^ Truth is a point of view; as we know more and comprehend more, we 107 GREAT REFORMERS— Garibaldi will express more. Man has to-day freedom to breathe, freedom to study, freedom to grow, such as he never before had since time began J- Man has to-day more faith than he ever had before — more faith in himself, more faith in his fellows. Thinking like the physical act of walking is a matter of faith. For the privilege of being here to-day, in this place, expressing what we think, we are under special obligations to one man, and the entire world of progress is under obligation to this man — and that man is Garibaldi. Garibaldi passed peacefully away at his beloved Caprera in 1882, aged 75, gently ministered to by his children and grandchildren. The insurance company that might have insured his life when he was twenty would have made money on the transaction regardless of rate. Yet he was the hero of sixty-seven battles on land and sea, and engaged in over two hundred personal encounters where rifles, pistols, stilettos, swords or cudgels played their part. Behold the irony of fate ! No man was ever more detested, hated, feared — no man was ever better loved. That he was a sternly, honest, sincere man, singularly pure in motive and abstemious in habit, even his bitterest enemies do not dispute ^ If Savonarola was God-intoxicated, Garibaldi -was freedom-mad. He refused bribes, declined honors, put aside titles, and died as penniless as he was born, and as he had lived. His life was consecrated to one thing — LIBERTY ! 108 Balance A Dollar Shooting an apple from a boy's head is a steady job. If an engine shakes under a heavy load, it is a matter ot time only, until some- thing lets go. Q We are now speaking especially of high speed engines, although the same holds good with all ^ ^ A perfect engine would be one without noise or vibration absolutely. We have never built a perfect engine in all these eighteen years. But IDEAL ENGINES 'border so closely onto perfection that a silver dollar will stand upon the cylinder and one can scarcely hear a sound under test. They run in oil, using their lubricants over and over. Ideal Engines are built for general power purposes >M They are built in all sizes and many styles. The Ideal Compound direct connected are extremely popular for electrical purposes on account of fuel saving, simplicity and regulation ^^^^^^^^ IDEAL agents in all principal cities of the world. Prices and information by mail. Drop a line to A. L. IDE & SONS 222 Lincoln Avenue, Springfield, Illinois MOUNT CLEMENS, MICHIGAN Mount Clemens is famous throughout America as an all-the-year-round health resort, and thousands of people bear testimony to the benefits derived from its mineral waters in cases of rheumatism and kindred diseases. For bilious and liver troubles, digestive troubles, nervous dis- orders, general debility, etc., the efficacy of its waters is wonderful. Seventy-five per cent of rheumatics are cured and ninety per cent bene- fitted. Write R. Bushby, General Agent Passenger Dept., Grand Trunk Railway System, Cortland, N. Y., for handsome descriptive booklet telling you all about it. ,OU MAY THINK YOU KNOW ALL ABOUT ^ ABRAHAM LINCOLN but you don't if you have not intelligently studied his own writings. Just to start you in the right direction, we will send you HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY FOR TEN CENTS. We will also send you a circular describing the Biogropfdcal Edition of his COMPLETE WORKS, edited by Nicolay and Hay, containing all new material discovered to date and many other interesting features. FRANCIS D. TANDY COMPANY, 38 East 21st Street, NEW YORK HE PHILISTINE ELBERT HUBBARD, Editor, East Aurora, New York Subscription, One Dollar a Year, Ten Cents a Copy Folks who do not know how to take THE PHILISTINE had better not.— Ali Baba. JT[ Each number of the magazine contains articles on . ^ subjects having the attention of the Pubhc. Some of the Preachments are of a political nature, some' ethical and sociological, some are humorous. These^ last are especially important. Many articles from THE' PHILISTINE have been reprinted and sold by the hundred thousand. By subscribing you get the articles' at first hand — Today is a good time to subscribe. Mail us a Two Dollar check and we will send you The Philistine and^ the Little Journeys for Nineteen Hundred Seven, and in addition a De Luxe Roycroft Book ^^^^^jjtJt^jXjt^^ Roycroft Neckties ART IS A MATTER OF HAIR CUT 1 1 AND NECKTIES. -ALI BABA ja^ AN ARTIST /^ You furnish the hair cut and we wUl furnish the tie— guaranteed full Fra Elbertus size— best black crepe -de-chine, both ends hemstitched by hand. Price, f 1.50 postpaid THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK ROYCROFT aste Basket Velvet Leather, very solid, with wood bottom covered with leather, twelve inches high, twelve inches in di- ameter. Price Sfr S^ Sfr S^ THREE AND ONE HALF DOLLARS THE ROYCROFTERS, EAST AURORA, N.Y. For The Illuminati Only! pHE ROYCROFT REMINDER or CALEN- DAR is very Roycroftie. It con- tains for every day in the year an Orphic by Fra Elbertus ; a blank space for tickler, or a Friendship's Garland ^ If you do not like the orphic, just write a better one yourself in the blank space pro- vided. Ideas make the world go 'round.The Two Dollars we askfor this Calendar is simply to cover expenses for salt for putting on the tails of the Ideas. Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Ideas for Two Dollars — one-half of a cent each ! Some of these Ideas will cash you in a thousand dollars or more, otherwise you are a has-wasser, which the same you are n't. THE REMINDER looked upon daily, at your desk, on the wall, or library table is warranted to bring you health, success, and the friendship of all Good People. The boards and iron are blessed by the Pastor. DO NOT REMITbyDraft,Post-OfficeorExpress Order or by Registered Letter — such methods are dangerous, cumbersome, objectionable and unbusinesslike. All remittances are at our risk — we have faith in the honesty of Uncle Samuel and his boys who handle the mail. REMITthe Two Dollars now, while you think of it, fac- ing the East, putting the money in the envelope & mak- ing a wish, which the same we guarantee to come true. Orders Received Now secure the Leaves from April 1st, 1907, to April 1st, 1908. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, New York ELLA WHEELER WILCOX'S Very Latest Poems are now published in a dainty little volume *' New Thought Pastels." Lovely for a present, and for every- day inspiration. Price, 50 cents, postpaid. Most of these poems were written for The Nautilus, the New Life Mafrazine which Mrs. Wilcox sends to her friends and those who need a word of help or cheer. The Nautili! « '* published and edited by Elizabeth and William V. xmuuius E. Towne. aided by an unequalled corps of splendid writers, including: EDWIN MARKHAM, FLORKNCR MORSE KTNGST.EY. PROF. EDGAR L. LARKIN. SALVARONA, GRACE MACGOWAN COOKE, :ind many others. It is the belief of its readers that The Nautilus is the top notch magazine, and growing with every number. They sav it is Bright, Breezy, Pure and Practical, Redolent of Hope and Good Cheer. The Power of Good that has set thousands of lives in happier, more useful lines. TheKautlliis, eubBcriptlon price per year $1.00"\ m ^ , », ^., TVcn- Thouicht I'astelj, Mrs. Wilcox, .60/ Total S1.50 Our price if you order now, just $1.00 for the two and a free copy of " Little JouKMivs TO THK Home of Elbert HuBnARo" if you ask it. Or THREE MONTHS TRIAL for TEN CENTS. EMZABETII TOWXE, DEPT. 88, IIOLTOKE, MASS. DO YOU THINK? IF you don't, you should. The Stellar Ray, successor to Sug- gestion, is a magazine for thinkers. It upholds no creed, dogma, fad or ism. It presents the best of higher thought in will power, astral science, occultism, psychological and physiological prin- ciples Jt jZ It has only one hobby: — What modern science daily teaches. This is not as dry as it sounds. On the contra;'y it is intensely interesting. It furnishes food for serious thought along all-import- ant lines. You need The Stellar Ray. It is a necessity for the thoughtful man or woman. Three Months Free: To any one referring to this advertisement and sending one dollar (foreign $1.50) before March 31st, we will credit them with being paid up in full on the magazine for the succeeding fifteen months. Now is the time to begin reading something worth while. THE STELLAR RAY, HODGES BUILDING, The Magazine For Thinkers DETROIT, MICHIGAN A Binding For Bibliophiles DIFFERENT INPIVIDUAL PECULIAR BEAUTIFUL ■^OR several years we have been experimenting- ^1 in making fine bindings with a view to get tJr something that was simple, solid and service- able, and at the same time unique and artistic. Such a binding is not difficult to produce, provided the book-lover is willing to pay ten dollars, or more for it. But to get the quality and style at moderate price has been the problem. But now we have it! The ALICIA ART BINDING is a style peculiarly our own. It is solid boards with selected calf back, brown, bliud-tooled by hand. The sides, inside and first fly-leaves are a French charcoal paper, especially made for the Roycrofters. A very artistic, satisfying and permanent proposition in way of bibliopegistic skiU ^ ^ The price of the "Alicia Binding" is simply an advance of Two Dollars over our regular "limp" or "plain boards." That is to say, a regular two-dollar book, costs four dollars when done "Alicia." If you supply the book the price of the binding then is from three dollars up, according to size of volume. You better order a sample-book — any book — in our list, and say "Alicia," and you will get a volume that will delight your soul for many moons, and last a hfetime ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, • Erie County, New York lOR SALE! THE FOLLOWING LITTLE JOURNEYS BY ELBERJ HUBBARD in BOOK- LET FORM, WITH FRONTISPIECE PORTRAIT OF EACH SUBJECT Hancock Handel Aurelius Meissonier Verdi Spinoza Titian Brahms Kant Van Dyck Raphael Comte Millet Gainsborough Voltaire Ary Scheffer Corot Spencer Fortuny Correggio Schopenhauer Joshua Reynolds Bellini Thoreau Landseer Abbey Copernicus Gustave Dore Whistler Humboldt Chopin Pericles DEirwin Paganini Mark Antony Hffickel Mozart Savonarola Huxley Bach Luther Tyndall Liszt Burke Wallace Beethoven Aristotle Fiske The Price is TEN CENTS Each, or One Dollar for Ten — as long as they last. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. Si3^W7^ a BY- ELBERT- hUBBARD S TME BEf>T 3ELLING BOOI\ EVER I33UED BY THE ROYCROFTER5 SOME THINt\ mS A VERY ORE AT BOOK OTHERS NOT Vol. XX APRIL, MCMVII No. 4 RICHARD COBDEN SingleCopies lOCents By the Year, $ 1.00' waammt Little Journeys for 1907 ByELBERT HUBBARD Will be to the Homes of Great Reformers The Subjects are as Follows: John Wesley John Bright Henry George Bradlaugh Garibaldi Theodore Parker Richard Cobden Oliver Cromwell Thomas Paine Anne Hutchinson John Knox J. J. Rousseau TEN YEARS OF THE PHILISTINE An Index and Concordance OF VOLUMES I TO XX Compiled by Julia Ditto Young. Bound solidly in Boards to match The Philistine THE PRICE WILL BE ONE DOLLAR THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK Entered at the postoffice at East Aurwa, New York, for transmissioa as second-class mail matter, CopjrriKht, igo7, by Egbert Hubbard • Ihis Then Is To Announce A William Morris Book Being a Little Journey by Elbert Hubbard, and some letters, heretofore unpublished, written to his friend and fellow worker, Robert Thomson, all throwing a side-light more or less, on the man and his times Printed on hand made paper, in red and black with Morris Ini- tials, facsimile reproduction of MS., and two portraits on Japan Vellum sfr Bound in limp leather, silk lined, with silk marker, $2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, Ne>y York / ■ The Roycrofters DO PRINTING For their friends. Folders, with or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat >!* ^ ^ Our ornaments are not stock. We have artists to make special cover designs, if desired, for Booklets and Catalogs. The man Tvho gets business is the man who has a catalog that is not thrown away. We do embossing, engraving and die cut- ting for special & distinctive stationery. Write us, telling what printing you are in the market for, and we w^ill send you samples. Address the Printing Dept. of THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N.Y. GOAT SKINS Velvet finish ; stamped discreetly in corner with Roycroft trade-mark. Suitable for spreads, ^ pillows or other uses that miladi may elect. Qj Colors, brown, gray, red, ecru and green. Sizes : S^ Between seven and nine square feet J- J- J- ^ The Price is $2.00 Each by Mail LOUNGE PILLOWS ? c •i together with Roycroft mark in corner. Some ^ with the edges cut square and laced over and j over, others with flaps still on and edges un- trimmed Ji All very decorative and artistic. S Colors : brown, gray, red, ecru and green. Size : Q Twenty by twenty inches J> ^ J- Ji J- J^ ^ The Prices are $5.00 and $6.00 Each ^ (According to Size and Quality) THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK *^:^ERE is A LIST OF BOOKS that W '\ The Roycrofters have on hand for 1 -^ ■% sale (of some there are but a few copies). These are rather interesting books, either for the reader or the collector, or for presents. Many people always have a few extra ROYCROFT BOOKS on hand in readiness for some sudden occasion when a present is the proper thing Jt jt jt The Man of Sorrows $2.00 Thomas Jefferson 2.00 Compensation 2.00 A Christmas Carol 2.00 Respectability 2.00 A Dog of Flanders 2.00 The Law of Love 2.00 The Ballad of Reading Gaol 2.00 Nature 2.00 Self-Reliance 2.00 Justinian and Theodora 2.00 Crimes Against Criminals 2.00 William Morris Book 2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE GO., NEW YORK The Roycroft Inn (PHALANSTERIE) Conducted by The Roy crofters in Connec> I "1 ^ tion with the Work of the Roycroft Shop I Q) ^-^•^HERE are Out-of-Door Sleeping ^ ^. ^ Rooms with In-Door-Dressing Rooms || ^ attached, Electric Lights, Steam Heat, Turk- ish Baths, Running Water, Art Gallery, I L* Chapel, Camp in the Woods, Library, Music I J^ Room, Ballroom, Garden and Wood Pile ^^ I ^ There are Classes and Lectures covering the I ^ following subjects: Art, Music, Literature, I ^ Physiology, Nature-Study, History and Right I ^ Living, Daily walks and talks a-field — trips I *0 to the Woods, Lake, Roycroft Camp, etc. ^ The New Booklet, descriptive of the Inn, with ^v illustrations, will be mailed to you for Ten Cents THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK SPECIAL BOOKLETS To Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Department Stores, Banks, Railroads, Trust Companies, Private Schools, Colleges and Institutions. We can supply Booklets and Preachments by Elbert Hubbard, by the thousand — your ad. on the cover and a four- or eight-page insert, all in De Luxe Form. These pamphlets are real contributions to industrial literature. One railroad used several million 0^ One department store used five hundred thousand. Thomas Jefferson once said, " To gain leisure; wealth must first be secured; but once leisure is gained, more people use it in the pursuit of pleasure than employ it in acquiring knowledge." A study of these pamphlets Avill not only help you to gain the wealth that brings leisure, but better yet, they make for the acquirement of kno^vledge instead of the pursuit of pleasure. There has been nothing better written teaching the solid habits of thrift since Ben- jamin Franklin wrote his maxims, than these pam- phlets. They appeal to all classes of people and are read, preserved and passed along. These are the titles : A MESSAGE TO GARCIA j« THE BOY FROM MISSOURI VALLEY jt THE CLOSED OR OPEN SHOP— WHICH? j* CHICAGO TONGUE ^ GET OUT OR GET IN LINE ^ THE CIGARETTIST ^ PASTEBOARD PROCLIVITIES ^ THE PARCEL POST Jt WATCH WISDOM jt FROM A BUSINESS COLLEGE TO THE WHITE HOUSE Jt HOW TO GET OTHERS TO DO YOUR WORK Jtjijt^^^^^^ Send ONE DOLLAR for the whole set THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. The Roycrof t Hand Bag ^ ^ Velvet Leather with laced edges and draw strings, nine inches UlgU (^W i^m ,^m f^m f^m ,^m (^* j^6 ^^m Price One Dollar THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie Co. New York /m^^O Handy yj^ Things from the Leather De- partment ^ ^ ^ Roycroft Collar and Cuff Box Velvet L eather with draw strings, stiff bottom, seven inches in diameter Price - $1.50 GOOD NATURED AGAIN Good Humor Returns vvith Change to Proper Food. "For many years I was a constant sufferer from in- digestion, and nervousness amounting almost to prostration," writes a Montana man. " My blood was impoverished, the vision was blurred and weak, with moving spots before my eyes. This was a steady daily condition. I grew ill-tempered, and eventually got so nervous I could not keep my books posted, nor handle accounts satisfactorily. I can't describe my sufferings. "Nothing I ate agreed with me, till one day, I hap- pened to notice Grape-Nuts in a grocery store and bought a package, out of curiosity to know what it was. " I liked the food from the very first, eating it with cream, and now I buy it by the case and use it daily. I soon found that Grape-Nuts food was supplying brain and nerve force as nothing in the drug line ever had done or could do. " It wasn't long before I was restored to health, 'comfort and happiness. Through the use of Grape- Nuts food my digestion has been restored, my nerves are steady once more, my eye-sight is good again, my mental faculties are clear and acute, and I have be- come so good-natured that my friends are truly astonished at the change. I feel younger and better than I have for 20 years. No amount of money would induce me to surrender what I have gained through the use of Grape-Nuts food." Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. "There's a reason." Read the little book, "The Road to Wellville," in pkgs. Richard Cobden RICHARD COBDEN WHAT I contend is that England is to-day so situated in every particular of her domestic and foreign circumstances, that by leaving other governments to settle their own business and fight out their own quarrels, and by attending to the vast and difficult affairs of her own enormous realm, and the condition of her people, she will not only be setting the world an example of noble morality, which no other nation is so happily free to set, but she will be following the very course which the maintenance of her own greatness most imperatively demands. It is precisely because Great Britain is so strong in resources, in courage, in institutions, in geographical posi- tion, that she can, before all other European powers, afford to be moral, and to set the example of a mighty nation walking in the paths of justice and peace. COBDEN— Speech in Parliament GREAT REFORMERS ICHARD COBDEN never had any chance in life ^ He was born in an obscure hamlet of 'West Sussex, England, in 1804 Ji His father was a poor farmer, who lost his freehold and died at the top, -whipped out, discouraged when the lad was ten years old. Richard Cobden became a porter, a clerk, a traveling salesman, a mill-owner, a member of par- liament, an economist, a humanitarian, a statesman, a reformer. Up to his thirteenth year he was chiefly interested in the laudable task of making a living — getting on in the world. During that year, and seem- ingly all at once and nothing first, just as bubbles do when they burst, he beheld the problem of business from the broad vantage ground of humanitarianism. But he did not burst, for his dreams were spun out of life's realities, and to-day are coming true; in fact many of them came true in his own time J^ Richard Cobden ceased to be provincial and became universaL Q He saw that commerce instead of being merely a clutch for personal gain was the chief factor in civili- zation. He realized that we are educated through our efforts to get food and clothing ; and therefore the man who ministers to the material wants of humanity is 109 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden really the true priest jt The development of every animal has come about through its love emotions and its struggle to exist. A factory in a town changes every person in the town, mentally and physically. This being true, does not the management of this factory call for men of heart and soul; broad-minded, generous, firm in the right? Then every factory is influenced by the laws of the land, and each country is influenced by the laws of other countries, since most countries that are engaged in manufacturing find a market abroad. Cobden set himself to inquire into the causes of dis- content and failure, of progress and prosperity. And not content to merely philosophize, he carried his theories into his ow^n enterprises. Many of our modern business betterments seem to have had their rise in the restless, prophetic brain of Richard Cobden. He of all men sought to make com- merce a science, and business a fine art. The world moves slowly. It was only about ten years ago that we in America thought to have in our president's cabinet a Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Listen to what Cobden wrote in 1843: " In the close council of every king, or president, or prince, should be a man of affairs whose life is devoted to commerce and labor, and the needs and requirements of peace. His work is of far greater moment than that of men of war. Battle-ships ever form a suggestion for their 110 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden use, and as long as we have armies, men will kill, fight and destroy. Soldiers who do not want to fight are not of this earth. Prepare for war and war will come. When government gives to the arts of peace the same thought and attention that it gives to the arts of war, we will have peace on earth and good will among men. But so long as the soldier takes prece- dence of the business man in the political courts of the world; famine, death, disease and want will crouch at our doors. Commerce is production, war is destruc- tion J- The laws of production and distribution must and will be made a science ; and then and not until then will happiness come to mankind and this earth serve as a pattern for the paradise of another life, instead of being a pandemonium." It is good to see that President Roosevelt has recently- appointed to the position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor, one of the best and strongest men in America — a man of the true Richard Cobden type. At this time when a few^ over-zealous individuals are calling for a stronger army and an irresistible navy, it is surely well for the president to have near him a man who believes with Ernest Crosby that, " Satan still finds mischief for idle ships to do," and with Richard Cobden that, "The temptations in business are so great that it demands the highest type of conscience ; the clearest brain and the most genuine manhood that can be enlisted." Ill GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden ALPH WALDO EMERSON defines commerce as carrying things from where they are plentiful to where they are needed. Business is that field of endeavor which undertakes to supply the materials to humanity that life demands. ^m^i Q The clergy are our spiritual ^^^ >C^y advisors, preparing us for a ^aS^Ztf^t^! pleasant and easy place in *^ T ■ I i fc . » another world. The lawyers advise us on legal themes — showing us how to obey the law, or else evade it, and they protect us from lawyers jH The doctors look after us when disease attacks our bodies — or when we think it does. ■We used to talk about " The Three Learned Pro- fessions " — if we use the phrase now, it is only in a Pickwickian sense — for we realize that there are at present fifty-seven varieties of learned men. The greatest and most important of all the professions is that of Commerce or Business. Medicine and law have their specialties — a dozen each — but business has ten thousand specialties or divisions. So important do we now recognize business, or this ministering to the material wants of humanity that theology has shifted its ground, and within a few years has declared that to eat rightly, dress rightly 112 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden and work rightly are the fittest preparation for a life to come Jt Jt The best lawyers now are business men, and their work is to keep the commercial craft in a safe channel ■where it will not split on the rocks of litigation nor founder in the shallo'ws of misunderstanding^ Every lawyer will tell you this, " To make money you must satisfy your customers." The greatest change in business came with the one- price system. The old idea was for the seller to get as much as he possibly could for everything he sold. Short weight, short count and inferiority in quality were considered quite proper and right, and when you bought a dressed turkey from a farmer, if you did not discover the stone inside the turkey when you weighed it and paid for it, there was no redress. The laugh was on you jk And moreover a legal maxim — caveat emptor — " let the buyer beware," made cheating legally safe. Dealers in clothing guaranteed neither fit nor quality, and anything you paid for, once wrapped up and in your hands, was yours beyond recall — " Business is business," was a maxim that covered many sins. A few hundred years ago business was transacted mostly through fairs, ships, and by peddlers jt Your merchant of that time was a peripatetic rogue who reduced prevarication to a system. The booth gradually evolved into a store, with the 113 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden methods and customs of the irresponsible keeper intact, the men cheated their neighbors and chuckled in glee until their neighbors cheated them, which of course, they did. Then they cursed each other, began again and did it all over. John Quincy Adams tells of a certain deacon who kept a store near Boston, and always added in the year 1775, at top of the column, as seventeen dollars and seventy-five cents. The amount of misery, grief, disappointment, shame, distress, woe, suspicion and hate caused by a system which wrapped up one thing when the buyer expected another, and took advantage of his innocence and ignorance as to quality and value, cannot be computed in figures. Suffice it to say that duplicity in trade has had to go. The self-preservation of the race demanded honesty, square dealing, one price to all. The change only came after a struggle, and we are not quite sure of the one-price yet. But we have gotten thus far, that the man who cheats in trade is tabu. Honesty as a business asset is fully recognized. If you would succeed in business you can not afford to sell a man something he does not want ; neither can you afford to disappoint him in quality any more than in count ^ Other things being equal, the merchant who has the most friends, will make the most money. Our enemies will not deal with us ^ To make a sale and acquire an enemy is poor policy. To a peddler or a man who ran a booth at a 114 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden bazaar or fair, it was " get your money now or never." Buyer and seller were at war ^ One transaction and they never met again. The air w^as full of hate and suspicion, and the savage propensity of physical destruction was refined to a point where hypocrisy and untruth took the place of violence — the buyer was as bad as the seller — if he could buy below cost he boasted of it. To catch a merchant who had to have money, was glorious — we smote him hip and thigh ! Later we discover that being strangers he took us in. Q The one-price system has come as a necessity, since it reduces the friction of life and protects the child or simple person in the selection of things needed, just the same as if the buyer w^ere an expert in values and a person who could strike back if imposed upon. Safety, peace and decency demanded the one-price system. And so we have it — with possibly a discount to the clergy, to school teachers, and relatives as close as second cousins j^ But when we reach the point where we see that all men are brothers, we will have absolute honesty and one price to all. And this change in the methods of business, and in our mental attitude towards trade have all grown out of dimly-perceived but deeply-felt belief in the brother- hood of man, of the solidarity of the race. Also in the further belief that life in all of its manifestations is Divine ^ jt Therefore he who ministers to the happiness and 115 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden well-being of the life of another is a priest and is doing God's work. Men must eat, they must be clothed, they must be housed jt It is quite as necessary that you should eat good food, as that you should read good books, hear good music, hear good sermons, or look upon beautiful pictures. The necessary is the sacred. ^5 There are no menial tasks. " He that is greatest among you shall be your servant." The physical reacts on the spiritual and the spiritual on the physical, and rightly understood, are one and the same thing. We live in a world of spirit and our bodies are the physical manifestation of a spiritual thing, which for lack of a better word we call "God." jt 'We change men by changing their environment. Commerce changes the environment and gives us a better society. To supply good water, better sanitary appliances, better heating apparatus, better food, served in a more dainty way — these are all tasks Tvorthy of the highest intelligence and devotion that can be brought to bear upon them, and every Christian preacher in the world to-day so recognizes, believes and preaches. 'We have ceased to separate the secular from the sacred. That is sacred which serves. Once a business man was a person who not only thrived by taking advantage of the necessities of people, but who banked on their ignorance of values. But all wise men now know that the way to help yourself is to help humanity. We benefit ourselves only as we 116 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden benefit others. And the recognition of these truths is what has to-day placed the business man at the head of the learned professions — he ministers to the neces- sities of humanity. W UT of blunder and bitterness comes wisdom S<^ Men are taught through reaction, and all experience that does not kill you is good. When the father of Richard Cobden gave up hope and ac.-- knowledged defeat, the family of a full dozen were farmed. out among relatives. The kindi kinsman vi^ho volunteered to look after the frail and sensi- tive Richard, evaded responsibility by placing the lad in a boy's boarding school ^ Here he remained from his tenth until his sixteenth year. Once a year he was allowed to write a letter home to his mother, but during the five years he saw her but once. Hunger and heartache have their uses. Richard Cob- den lived to strike the boarding school fallacy many a jolting blow, but it required Charles Dickens to com- plete the work by ridicule, just as Robert Ingersoll laughed the devil out of church. ^Ve fight for every- 117 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden thing, until the world regards it as ridiculous, then we abandon it. As long as war is regarded as heroic we will fight for it; when it becomes absurd it will die. 0[Said Richard Cobden in a speech in the House of Commons: " Of all the pathetic fallacies perpetuated none seems to me more cruelly absurd than the Eng- lish Boarding School for boys. The plan of taking the child of seven, eight or ten years, away from his parents, and giving him into the keeping of persons who have only a commercial interest in him, and cornpellinghim to fight for his life among little savages as unhappy as himself, or sink into miserable submis- sion, seems too horrible to contemplate." Yet this plan of so-called education continued up to about fifty years ago and was upheld and supported by the best society of England, including the clergy, who were usually directly particeps criminis in the business. Logic and reason failed to dislodge the folly, and finally it was left to a stripling reporter, turned novelist, to give us Squeers and Dothe-boys Hall. This fierce ridicule was the only thing which finally punctured the rhinocerous hide of the pedagogic blunder. There is one test for all of our educational experiments „ Will it bring increased love? That which breeds hate and fosters misery is bad in every star. Compare the boarding school idea with the gentle philosophy ot Friedrich Froebel, and note how Froebel always insists that the education of the mother and her child should 118 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden go forward hand in hand Ji Motherhood is for the mother, and she who shifts the care of her growing child to a Squeers, not only immerses her child in misery but loses the opportunity of her life. When Richard was sixteen he was transferred from the boarding school to his uncle's warehouse in London. His position was that of a poor relation, and his work in the warehouse was to carry bundles and manipulate a broom Jt- His shy and sensitive ways caught the attention of a burly and gruff superinten- dent, whose gruffness was only on the outside. This man said to the boy, before he had been sweeping a week, "Young 'un, I obsarve with my hown hies that you sweeps in the corners. For this I raises your pay a shilling a week, and makes you monkey to the shipping clerk." In a year the shipping clerk was needed as a salesman and Richard took his place. In another year Richard was a salesman, and canvassing London for orders. Very shortly after he became convinced that to work for relations was a mistake. Twenty years later the thought crystallized in his mind thus: Young man, you had better neither hire relatives, nor work for them. It means servility or tyranny or both. You do not want to be patronized nor placed under obligations, nor have other helpers imagine you are a favorite. To grow you must be free — let merit count and nothing else. Probably this was what caused a wise man to 119 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden say, " The devil sent us our relatives, but thank heaven Nve can choose our friends for ourselves." Relatives often assume a fussy patronizing manage- ment, which outsiders never do. And so at twenty we find Cobden cutting loose from relatives. He went to ■work as a commercial traveler selling cotton prints. That English custom of the " commercial dinner," •where all the " bagmen" that happened to be in the hotel dine at a common table, as a family, and take up a penny collection for the waiter, had its rise in the brain of Cobden. He thought the traveling sales- man should have friendly companionship, and the commercial dinner with its frank discussions and good fellowship would in degree compensate for the lack of home j» This idea of brotherhood was very strong in Richard Cobden's heart. And always at these dinners he turned the conversation into high and w^orthy channels, bringing up questions of interest to the "boys," and trying to show them that the more they studied the laws of travel the more they knew about commerce, the greater their power as salesmen. His journal about this time shows, " Expense five shillings for Benjamin Franklin's 'Essays,'" and the same for "Plutarch's Lives." And from these books he read aloud at the bagmen's dinners. Cobden anticipated in many ways that excellent man, Arthur F. Sheldon, and endeavored to make sales- manship a fine art. 120 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden From a salesman on a salary, he evolved into a sales- man on a salary and commission J> Next he made a bold stand with two fellow^-travelers and asked for the exclusive London agency of a Manchester print mill. A year later he was carrying a line of goods worth forty thousand pounds on unsecured credit. " Why do you entrust me with all these goods when you know I am not w^orth a thousand pounds in my own name?" QAnd the senior member of the great house of Fort, Sons & Company answered, " Mr. Cobden, we con- sider the moral risk more than we do the financial one. Our business has been built up by trusting young, active men of good habits. With us character counts." And Cobden went up to London and ordered the words, "Character Counts!" cut deep in a two-inch oak plank which he fastened to the wall in his office. QAt twenty-seven his London brokerage business was netting him an income of twelve hundred pounds a year. It seems at this time that Fort & Sons had a mill at Sabden, which on account of mismanagement on the part of superintendents had fallen into decay. The company was thinking of abandoning the prop- erty, and the matter was under actual discussion when in walked Cobden. " Sell it to Cobden," said one of the directors, smiling. q " For how much ? ' ' asked Cobden. " A hundred thousand pounds," was the answer. "I'll take it," said Cobden, "on twenty years' time 121 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden with the privilege of paying for it sooner if I can." Cobden had three valuable assets in his composition — health, enthusiasm and right intent Jt Let a banker once feel that the man knows what he is doing, and is honest, and money is always forthcoming. And so Cobden took possession of the mill at Sabden. Six hundred ^workers were employed, and there •was not a school nor a church in the village. The workers worked w^hen they wanted, and when they did not, they quit. Every pay-day they tramped off to neigh- boring towns, and did not come back until they had spent their last penny. In an endeavor to discipline them, the former manager had gotten their ill-will and they had mobbed the mill and broken every window. Cobden's task was not commercial, it was a problem in diplomacy and education. To tell of how he intro- duced schools, stopped child labor, planted flower beds and vegetable gardens, built houses and model tenements, and disciplined the workers without their knowing it, would require a book. Let the simple fact stand that he made the mill pay by manufacturing a better grade of goods than had been made, and he also raised the social status of the people. In three years his income had increased to ten thousand pounds a year ^ o* " At thirty," says John Morley, " Cobden passed at a single step from the natural egotism of youth to the broad and generous public spirit of a great citizen." 122 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden Very early in his manhood Cobden discovered that he who would do an extraordinary work must throw de- tails on others, and scheme for leisure. Cobden never did anything he could hire any one else to do. He saved himself to do work that to others was impossible. That is to say, he picked his men, and he chose men of his own type, healthy, restless, eager, enthusiastic, honest men ^ The criticism of Disraeli that " Cobden succeeded in business simply because he got other people to do his work," is sternly true. It proves the greatness of Cobden. ND so we find Richard Cob- den, the man who never had yz^^ "^^Wi XXK^^mS^ ^"y chance in life, thirty years ^S^^VS^^JSOh^'^ o^d, -with an income equal to "" " thirty-five thousand dollars a year, and at the head of a con- stantly growing business. He had acquired the study habit ten years before, so really w^e need shed no tears on account of his lack of college training. He knew political history — knew humanity — and he knew his Adam Smith. And lo! cosmic consciousness came to him in a day jt His personal business took second place, and world- 123 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden problems filled his waking dreams. Q These second births in men can usually be traced to a book, a death, a person, a catastrophe — a -woman. If there was any great love event in the life of Cobden I would make no effort to conceal it — goodness me! But the sublime passion was never his, otherwise there would have been more art and less economics in his nature. Yet for -women he al-ways had a high and chivalrous regard, and his strong sense of justice caused him to speak out plainly on the subject of equal rights at a time -when to do so was to invite laughter. And so let X, Miss X — symbol the cause of Richard Cobden's re-birth J> He placed his business in the charge of picked men, and began his world-career by going across to Paris and spending three months in studying the language and the political situation. He then moved on to Belgium and Holland, passed down through Germany to S-witzerland, across to Italy, up to Russia, back to Rome, and finally took ship at Naples for England by way of Gibraltar. On arriving at Sabden he found that while the busi- ness was going fairly well it had failed to keep the pace that his personality had set. \Vhen the man is away the mice will play — a little. Things drop down. Eternal vigilance is not only the price of liberty, but of everything else, and success in business most of all. Q Cobden kne-w the truth — that by applying himself to business he could become immensely rich. But if he 124 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden left things to others, at the best, he could only expect a moderate income on the capital he had already acquired. Everything is bought with a price — make your choice ! Richard Cobden chose knowledge, ser- vice to mankind, and an all 'round education rather than money. He spent six months at his print mill, and again fared forth upon his journeyings. He visited Spain, Turkey, Greece and Egypt, spend- ing several months in each country, studying the history of the place on the spot. What interested him most was the economic reasons which led to the advance and fall of nations jt In 1835 he started for America on a sailing vessel, making the passage in just five weeks. One letter to his brother from America contains the following : I am thus far on my way back again to New York, which city I expect to reach on the 8th inst., after completing a tour through Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Pittsburg, Lake Erie to Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Albany (via Auburn, Utica, Schenectady) and the Connecticut Valley to Boston and Lowell. On my return to New York, I propose giving two days to the Hudson River, going up to Albany one day, and re- turning the next ; after which I shall have two or three days for the purpose of taking leave of my good friends in New York, previous to going on board the Britannia on the 16th. My journey may be called a pleasure trip, for without an exception or interruption of any kind, I have enjoyed every minute of the too short time allowed me for seeing this truly magnificent 125 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden country. No writer has yet done justice to America. Her lakes, rivers, forests and cataracts are peculiarly her own, and when I think of their superiority to all that we have in the Old World, and still more, when I recollect that by a mysterious ordinance of their Creator, these were hid from ' learned ken ' till modern times, I fell into the fanciful belief that the Western continent was brought forth at a second birth, and in- tended by nature as a more perfect specimen of her handiwork. But how in the name of breeding must we account for the degeneracy of the human form in this otherwise mammoth-producing soil ? The men are but sorry descendants from the noble race that begot their ancestors ; and as for the women ! My eyes have not found one that deserves to be called a whole- some, blooming, pretty woman since I have been here. One-fourth part of the women look as if they had just recovered from a fit of jaundice, another quarter would in England be termed in a state of decided consump- tion, and the remainder are fitly likened to our fash- ionable women, haggard and jaded w^ith the dissipation of a London season. There, haven't I out-troUoped Mrs. Trollope ! But leaving the physical for the moral, my estimate of American character has improved, contrary to my expectations, by this visit jt Great as was my previous esteem for the qualities of this people, I find myself in love with their intelligence, their sincerity, and the decorous self-respect that actuates all classes. The very genius of activity seems to have found its fit abode in the souls of this restless and energetic race. Among other interesting items which Cobden made note of in America was that everywhere wood was 126 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden used for fuel, " excepting at Brownsville, Va., where beds of coal jut out of the hillside, and all the people have to do is to help themselves." Pittsburg interested him and he spent a week there ; went to a theatre and heard England hissed and Columbia exalted. Pittsburg burned only wood for fuel, the wood being brought down on flat-boats. At Youngstown, Ohio, were three hundred horses used on the many stage coaches that centered there. There was a steamboat that ran from Cleveland to Buffalo in two days and a night, stopping seven times on the way to take on passengers and goods and wood for fuel. At Buffalo you could hear the roar of Niagara Falls and see the mist J- Arriving at the Canada side of the Falls he was shaved by a negro w^ho was a runaway slave, all negroes in Canada being free. Cobden says, "the States are not especially adapted for agricultural products, the land being hilly and heavily wooded ^American exports are cotton, wool, hides and lumber." It will thus be seen that in 1836 America had not been discovered. Arriving back in England, Cobden began to write out his ideas and issue them in pamphlet form at his own expense. For literature as such, he seemed to have had little thought, literature being purely a secondary love-product. 127 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobdea OBDEN'S work was statisti- ^^fe cal, economic, political and fc? philosophic. From writing he read his pamphlets before various societies and lyceums. Debates naturally followed and soon Cobden was forced to defend his theories. He was nominated for a seat in Parliament and ^vas de- feated. Next year ran again and was elected. The political canvass had given freedom to his wings ; he had learned to think on his feet, to meet interruption, to parry in debate £<► The air became luminous with reasons Ji Jk England then had a tax on everything including bread. On grains and meat brought into England there was an import tax which was positively prohibitive. This tax was for the dual purpose of raising revenue for the government, and to protect the English farmer. Of course the farmer believed in this tax that pre- vented any other country from coming in competition w^ith himself. Cobden thought that food products should pass un- obstructed to where they were needed, and that any other plan was mistaken and vicious. The question came up in the House of Commons and Cobden arose 128 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden to speak. Anyone ^vho then spoke of "free trade" was considered disloyal to his country. Cobden used the \vord and was hissed. He waited and continued to speak. " Famine is only possible where trade is re- stricted," and he proved his proposition by appeals to history, and a wealth of economic information that hushed the House into respectful silence S^ As an economist he showed he was the peer of any man present. The majority disagreed with him, but his courteous manner won respect, and his resourceful knoTvledge made the opposition cautious. Soon after he brought up a public school measure, and this was voted do'wn on the assumption that education was a luxury, and parents who wanted their children educated should look after it themselves, just as they did the clothing and food of the child. At best education should be left to the local parish, village or city government, Cobden was in the minority ; but he went back to Manchester and formed the Anti-Corn-Law League, demanding that ^vheat and maize should be admitted in the United Kingdom free of duty; and no tax of any kind should be placed on breadstuffs Ji The farmers raised a howl — incited by politicians, and Cobden was challenged to go back into farming communities and debate the question. The enemy hoped, and sincerely believed he would be mobbed. But he accepted the challenge, the debate took place, he was for the most 129 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden part treated with respect, since he convinced his hearers that agriculture was something he kne'w more about than did the landlords. He showed farmers how to diversify crops and raise vegetables and fruits, and if grains would flow in cheaper than they could raise them, why then take the money they received from vegetables and buy grain ! It was an uphill fight, but Cobden threw^ his soul into it, and knew^ that some day it would win. Cobden's contention was that all money necessary to run the government should be raised by direct taxa- tion on land, property and incomes, and not on food any more than on air, since both are necessary to actual existence. To place a tariff on necessities, keeping these things out of the country and out of the reach of the plain and poor people who needed them, was an inhumanity. A tariff should be placed on nothing but articles of actual luxury — things people can do without — but all necessities of life should flow by natural channels, unobstructed S^ An indirect tax is always an invitation to extravagance on the part of government, and also, it is a temptation to favor cer- tain lines of trade at the expense of others, and so is class legislation. Government must exist for all the people, never for the few, and the strong and powerful must consider the lowly and the weak. The landed gentry upheld the Corn Laws and used the word " commercial " as an epithet. Very naturally 130 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden they made their tenants believe that if free trade were allowed, the farmers would be worse than bankrupt, and commercialism rampant Jt Cobden stood for the manufacturing public and the cities. The landlords tried to disparage Cobden by declaring that smoky, dirty Birmingham was his ideal. Cobden's task was to make England see that the less men tampered with the natural laws of trade the better, and that no special class of citizens should suffer that others might be prosperous, and that business and manufacturing must and could be rescued from their low estate and be made honorable. And so the fight went on. From a curiosity to hear what Cobden might say, interest in the theme subsided, and the opposition adopted the cheerful habit of trooping out to the cloak room when- ever Cobden arose to speak. Cobden had at least one very great quality which few reformers have, he was patient with the fools. Against stupidity he never burst forth in wrath jk Impatience with stupidity is a fine mark of stupidity. He knew the righteousness of his cause, and repeated and kept repeating his arguments in varied form. His platform manner w^as conversational and friendly. He often would use the phrase, " Come, let us just talk this matter over together." And so he quickly established close, friendly terms with his hearers, which, while lacking the thrill of oratory, made its impress upon a few who grew to love the man. John Bright tells of 131 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden " the mild, honest look of love and genuineness that beamed from his eyes," and which told the story even better than his words. ND so the Anti-Corn-Law agi- tation continued. Sir Robert Peel, as head of the Ministry, sought in every possible w^ay to silence Cobden and bring him into contempt, even to denouncing him as " a danger- ous agitator who would, if he could, do for London what Robespierre did for Paris." But time went on as time does, and Cobden had been before the country as the upholder of unpopular causes for more than ten years. There was famine in Ireland. By the roadside famishing mothers held to their with- ered breasts dying children, and called for help upon the passers-by. Cobden described the situation in a way that pierced the rhinoceros hides of the landlords, and they offered concessions of this and that. Cobden said, " Future generations will stand aghast with amazement when they look back upon this year and see children starving for bread in Ireland, and we for- bidding the entry of corn into the country with a pro- 132 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden hibitive tariff, backing up this law with armed guns." QThe common people began to a\vake S<^ If famine could occur in Cork and Dublin, why not in Manches- ter and London ? The question came close, now. The Anti-Corn-Law Leag[ue sa\w its opportunity. Mass meetings were held in all cities and to-wns. In Man- chester, Cobden asked for funds to carry on the agita- tion. He himself headed the list w^ith a thousand pounds. Twenty-three manufacturers follo'wed his lead in three minutes. Windsor and 'Westminster now sat up and rubbed their sleepy eyes, and Sir Robert Peel sent word to Cobden asking for a conference. Cobden replied, " All we desire is an immediate re- peal of the Corn La-ws — no conference is necessary." Q Sir Robert Peel sent in his resignation as Prime Minister, saying he could not in conscience comply with the demands of the mob, and while compliance seemed necessary to avoid revolution, others must make the compromise. The Queen then appointed Lord John Russell, Prime Minister and ordered him to form a new Cabinet and give an office to Cobden. Lord Russell tried for four days to meet the issue, and endeavored to placate the people with platitude and promise. Cobden refused all office, and informed Lord Russell that he preferred to help the crown by re- maining an outside advocate. Every Government, at the last, is of the people, by the people, but whether for the people depends upon 133 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden whether the people are awake. And now England did not care for a radical change of rulers, all the citizens wanted w^as that those in pow^er recede from their position and grant the relief demanded Sfr The Queen now reconsidered the resignation of Sir Robert Peel and refused to accept it, and he again assumed the reins. An extraordinary session of the House of Com- mons was called and the Corn Laws were repealed. The House of Lords concurred. The nobility abso- lutely routed, and Cobden, " the sooty manufacturer," had -won. Strangely enough, panic did not follow, nor did the yeomanry go into bankruptcy. The breadstuffs flowed in, and the manufacturing population being better fed, at a less outlay than formerly, had more money to spend Sfr Great general prosperity folio-wed, and the gentry, who had threatened to abandon their estates if the Corn Laws were repealed, simply raised their rents a trifle and increased the gaming limit. Sir Robert Peel publicly acknowledged his obligation to Cobden, and Lord Palmerston, who had fought him tooth and nail, did the same, explaining, "A new epoch has arisen, and England is a manufacturing country, and as such the repeal of the Corn Laws be- came desirable." As though he would say, " To have had free trade before this new epoch arose, ■would have been a calamity." A large sum had been sub- scribed but not used in the agitation. And now by 134 GREAT REFORMERS— Richard Cobden popular acclaim it was decided that this money should go to Cobden personally as a thank-offering jt When the proposition was made, new subscriptions began to flow in until the sum of eighty thousand pounds was realized. Cobden's business had been neglected. In his fight for the good of the nation his own fortune had taken wing. He announced his intention of retir- ing from politics and devoting himself to trade, and this was that -which, probably, caused the tide to turn his way. He hesitated about accepting the gift, which amounted to nearly half a million dollars, but finally he concluded that only by accepting could he be free to serve the state, and so he acceded to the wishes of his friends S The Man of Sorrows $2.00 Thomas Jefferson 2.00 Compensation 2.00 A Christmas Carol 2.00 Respectability 2.00 A Dog of Flanders 2.00 The Law of Love 2.00 The Ballad of Reading Gaol 2.00 Nature 2.00 Self-Reliance 2.00 Justinian and Theodora 2.00 Crimes Against Criminals 2.00 William Morris Book 2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK \ 1 ' For The Illuminati Only! '^'^■^^— ^~^— ^— ^■^^■^ ^HE ROYCROFT REMINDER or CALEN- DAR is very Roycroftie. It con- tains for every day in the year an Orphic by Fra Elbertus; a blank space for tickler, or a Friendship's Garland jt If you do not like the Orphic, just write a better one yourself in the blank space pro- vided. Ideas make the world go 'round. The Two Dollars we askfor this Calendar is simply to cover expenses for salt for putting on the tails of the Ideas. Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Ideas for Two Dollars — one-half of a cent each ! Some of these Ideas will cash you in a thousand dollars or more, otherwise you are a has-wasser, which the same you aren't. THE REMINDER looked upon daily, at your desk, on the wall, or library table is warranted to bring you health, success, and the friendship of all Good People. The boards and iron are blessed by the Pastor. DO NOT REMITbyDraft,Post-Officeor Express Order or by Registered Letter — such methods are dangerous, cumbersome, objectionable and unbusinesslike. All remittances are atourrisk — we havefaith in the honesty of Uncle Samuel and his boys who handle the mail. REMITthe Two Dollars now, while you think of it, fac- ing the East, putting the money in the envelope & mak- ing a wish, which the same we guarantee to come true, ' Orders Received Now secure the Leaves from April 1st, 1907, to April 1st, 1908. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, New York - N This Then Is To Announce A William Morris Book Being a Little Journey by Elbert Hubbard, and some Letters, heretofore unpublished, written to his friend and fellow worker, Robert Thomson, all throwing a side-Ught more or less, on the man and his times Printed on hand made paper, in red and black with Morris Ini- tials, facsimile reproduction of MS., and two portraits on Japan Vellum s«. Bound in hmp leather, silk lined, with silk marker, $2.00 THE ROYCROFTERS East Aurora, Erie County, New York 1. * We found a quantity of small pieces of oak, mahogany & black walnut chucked away in the loft, (too small for anything else) so made them up into foot-stools. No. 048 dike above) and tabourets No. 050 1-2. FOOT-STOOLS Oak, $5.00 Mahogany, $6.00 Black Walnut, $6.75 TABOURETS Oak, $5.00 Mahogany, $6.25 Black Wahiut, $7.00 Now we have done our part in making them (as well as we could) and to induce you to do your part in ordering (as quick as you can) we w^ill crate in w^ith each stool or tabouret one of our weathered oak book-racks, No. 0116, gratis — regular price One Dollar and Fifty Cents. This holds good until they are gone! THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. The Roycrofters DO PRINTING For their friends. Folders, with or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat ^ ^ ^ Our ornaments are not stock. We have artists to make special cover designs, if desired, for Booklets and Catalogs. The man who gets business is the man who has a catalog that is not thrown away. We do embossing, engraving and die cut- ting for special & distinctive stationery. Write us, telling what printing you are in the market for, and yve w^ill send you samples. Address the Printing Dept. of THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N.Y. SPECIAL BOOKLETS To Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Department Stores, Banks, Railroads, Trust Companies, Private Schools, Colleges and Institutions. We can supply Booklets and Preachments by Elbert Hubbard, by the thousand — your ad. on the cover and a four- or eight-page insert, all in De Luxe Form. These pamphlets are real contributions to industrial literature. One railroad used several million 6^ One department store used five hundred thousand. Thomas Jefferson once said, " To gain leisure; wealth must first be secured; but once leisure is gained, more people use it in the pursuit of pleasure than employ it in acquiring knowledge." A study of these pamphlets will not only help you to gain the wealth that brings leisure, but better yet, they make for the acquirement of kno'wledge instead of the pursuit of pleasure. There has been nothing better written teaching the solid habits of thrift since' Ben- jamin Franklin w^rote his maxims, than these pam- phlets. They appeal to all classes of people and are read, preserved and passed along. These are the titles : A MESSAGE TO GARCIA jt THE BOY FROM MISSOURI VALLEY vJt THE CLOSED OR OPEN SHOP— WHICH ? ^ CHICAGO TONGUE Jt GET OUT OR GET IN LINE Jt THE CIGARETTIST ^ PASTEBOARD PROCLIVITIES ^ THE PARCEL POST ^ WATCH WISDOM ^ FROM A BUSINESS COLLEGE TO THE WHITE HOUSE jt HOW TO GET OTHERS TO DO YOUR WORK ^^jtjtjtjtj/tjtjt Send ONE DOLLAR for the whole set THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. CLAIM YOUR KINSMANSHIP To do these things in the right way you should wear a Roycroft Neck-tie and a Roycroft Pin. 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Mail us a Two Dollar check and we will send you The Philistine and the Little Journeys for Nineteen Hundred Seven, and in addition a De Luxe Roycroft Book jlt^jtjtjtjtjtjtjtjltjt lOOKS One and Two of Great Lovers, being Vols. XVIII and XIX of Little Journeys, are now ready. They are printed on Ital- ian hand-made, Roycroft water- marked paper, with portraits. The title-pages initials and tail-pieces are illumined. Bound in limp green velvet leather, silk lined, inlaid calf title stamped in gold on back and cover, silk marker. 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Gibbon says : "The reign of Justinian and Theodora supplies the one gleam of light during the Dark Ages. At that time the Roman Law^ w^as contained in five thousand books which no fortune could buy, and no intellect could comprehend." The Law then was about where our Law is to-day. To meet the difficulty Justinian, on the suggestion of Theodora, carried the Roman Law Books into the street and made a bonfire of them. With the help of his wife he then compiled the book known to us as the "Justinian Code," upon which the Common Law of England is built. This drama gives the reasons which actuated the man and woman in their work. Quite a bookish book, done w^ith much joy in three colors, on Byzantine hand-made paper, with special initials, title-page and portraits. The price in limp leather, silli: lined $ 2.00 Solid boards, leather back 2.00 A few on Japan Vellum, in three-fourths levant 10.00 Three copies in full levant, hand-tooled by our Mr. Kinder, each 100.00 THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. Is Your Health Good? Do you feel that vigor that makes life a pleasure and your work a success ? Read A STUFFED CLUB a magazine that teaches health thru national common- sense ways of living; no fads, isms nor fancies. SAMPLE COPY TEN CENTS. A STUFFED CLUB, Denver, Colorado ELLA WHEELER WILCOX'S Very Latest Poems are now published in a dainty little volume " New Thought Pastels." Lovely for a present, and for every- day inspiration. Price, 50 cents, postpaid. Most of these poems were written for The Nautildb, the New Life Ma^zine which Mrs. Wilcox sends to her friends and those who need a "word of help or cheer. TL— Nautilus ^^ published and edited by Elizabeth and William 1 lie i^auiuus E. Towne, aided by an unequalled corps of splendid writers, including: EDWIN MARKHAM, FLORENCE MORSE KINGSLEY, PROF. EDGAR L. LARKIN,SAt.VARONA,GRACF, MACGOWAN COOKE, and many others. It is the belief of its readers that The Nautilus is the top notch magazine, and growing with every number. They say it is Brisht, Breezy, Pure and Practical, Redolent of Hope and Good Cheer. The Power of Good that has set thousands of lives in happier, more useful lines. The NautUns, Bubecription price per year S1.00\ m i i m^ m Mew Thoneht Pastels, Mrs. Wilcox, .60/ ^"™' *^"* Our price if you order now, just $1.00 for the two and a free copy of " Little Journeys to the Home op Elbert Hubbard" if you ask it. Or THREE MONTHS TRIAL for TEN CENTS. EI.IZABETU TOWNE, DEPT. 88, HOIiTOKE, MASS. DR. TALKS OF FOOD Pres. of Board of Health. "What shall I eat?" is the daily inquiry the physician is met with. I do not hesitate to say that in my judgment, a large percentage of disease is caused by poorly selected and improperly prepared food. My personal experience with the fully-cooked food, known as Grape-Nuts, enables me to speak freely of its merits. "From overwork, I suffered several years with malnutrition, palpitation of the heart, and loss of sleep. Last summer I was led to experiment person- ally w^ith the new^ food, w^hich I used in conjunction with good rich cow's milk. In a short time after I commenced its use, the disagreeable symptoms dis- appeared, my heart's action became steady and normal, the functions of the stomach were properly carried out and I again slept as soundly and as well as in my youth. " I look upon Grape-Nuts as a perfect food, and no one can gainsay but that it has a most prominent place in a rational, scientific system of feeding. Any one who uses this food will soon be convinced of the soundness of the principle upon \vhjch it is manufactured and may thereby know^ the facts as to its true worth." Read, "The Road to Wellville," in pkgs. "There's a Reason." ¥ LITTLE -sa^** ^. JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF Great Reformers Written by Elbert Hubbard and done into a Printed Book by The Roycrofters at their Shop which is in East Aurora, Erie Co., New York MAY, MCMVII .■^ 1j h o m a s 'Paine THOMAS PAINE THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis shrink from the ser- vice of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily con- quered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; 'tis dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed, if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. —THE CRISIS GREAT REFORMERS Jf HOMAS PAINE was an Eng- .^ lish mechanic, of Quaker ori- "^ gin, born in the year 1737. He ^ was the author of four books !Q^ that have influenced mankind -JilSK S^^yQiBB^ profoundly. These books are, '^^" "^*^ ■k.-^E ,, Common Sense," "The Age WAwm of Reason," "The Crisis," and "The Rights of Man." In 1774, when he was thirty- Jg^ijf seven years old he came to ^^h <^&8& •'^ "'^^^ Rights of Man "^i In 1774, when he was thirty America bearing letters of in- troduction from Benjamin Franklin. On arriving at Philadelphia he soon found work as editor of " The Pennsylvania Magazine." In 1775, in the magazine just named, he openly advo- cated, and prophesied a speedy separation of the American Colonies from England ^ He also threw a purple shadow over his popularity by declaring his abhorrence of chattel slavery. His writings, from the first, commanded a profound attention, and on the advice and suggestion of Dr. Ben- jamin Rush, an eminent citizen of Philadelphia, the scattered editorials and paragraphs on human rights, covering a year, were gathered, condensed, revised, made into a book. This "pamphlet," or paper-bound book, was called " Common Sense." 137 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine In France, John Adams was accused of writing "Com- mon Sense." He stoutly denied it, there being several allusions in it stronger than he cared to stand sponsor for ^ jH In England, Franklin was accused of being the author, and he neither denied nor admitted it. But when a lady reproached him for having used the fine alliterative phrase, applied to the king, "That Royal British Brute," he smiled and said blandly, " Madame, I would never havebeen as disrespectful to the brute creation as that." Q" Common Sense" struck the keynote of popular feeling, and the accusation of "treason," hurled at it from many sources, only served to advertise it jt It supplied the common people with reasons, and gave statesmen arguments. The legislature of Pennsylvania voted Paine an honorarium of five hundred pounds, and the University of Pennsylvania a'warded him the degree of " Master of Arts," in recognition of eminent services to literature and human rights. John Quincy Adams said, "Paine's pamphlet, 'Common Sense,' crystallized public opinion and was the first factor in bringing about the Revolution." Rev. Theodore Parker once said, " Every living man in America in 1776, who could read, read ' Common Sense,' by Thomas Paine. If he were a Tory, he read it, at least a little, just to find out for himself how atro- cious it was ; and if he was a 'Whig, he read it all to find the reasons why he was one. This book was the 138 GREAT REFORMERS— Thomas Paine arsenal to which colonists went for their mental weapons." As "Common Sense" was published anonymously and without copyright, and was circulated at bare cost, Paine never received anything for the work, save the twenty-five hundred dollars voted to him by the legislature. When independence was declared, Paine enlisted as a private, but w^as soon made aide-de-camp to General Greene. He was an intrepid and effective soldier and took an active part in various battles. In December 1776 he published his second book, "The Crisis," the first words of which have gone into the electrotype of human speech, "These are the times that try men's souls." The intent of the letters w^hich make up "The Crisis" was to infuse courage into the sinking spirits of the soldiers ^ ^A^ashington ordered the letters to be read at the head of every regiment, and it was so done. In 1781 Paine was sent to France with Col. Laurens to negotiate a loan ^ The errand was successful, and Paine then made influential acquaintances, which were later to be renewed. He organized the Bank of North America to raise money to feed and clothe the army, and performed sundry and various services for the Colonies. In 1791 he published his third book, "The Rights of Man," with a complimentary preface by Thomas Jef- 139 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine ferson Jt- The book had an immense circulation in America and England. By way of left-handed recog- nition of the work, the author was indicted by the British Government for "sedition." A day was set for the trial but as Paine did not appear, — those were hanging days — and could not be found, he was out- lawed and " banished forever." He became a member of the French Assembly, or "Chamber of Deputies," and for voting against the death of the king, came under suspicion, and was im- prisoned for one year, lacking a few weeks. His life was saved by James Monroe, America's minister to France, and for eighteen months he was a member of Monroe's household. In 1794 while in France, there was published simul- taneously in England, America and France, Paine's fourth book, " The Age of Reason." In 1802 Thomas Jefferson, then president of the United States, offered Paine passage to America on board the man-of-war "Maryland," in order that he might be safe from capture by the English who had him under constant surveillance, and were intent on his arrest, regarding him as the chief instigator in the American Rebellion. Arriving in America, Paine was the guest for several months of the president at Monticello. His admirers in Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia and New York gave banquets in his honor, and he was tendered grateful recognition on account of his services 140 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine to humanity and his varied talents. He was presented by the State of New York "in token of heroic work for the Union," a farm at New Rochelle, eighteen miles from New York, and here he lived in compara- tive ease, writing and farming. He passed peacefully away, aged seventy-two in 1809, and his body was buried on his farm, near the house where he lived, and a modest monument erected mark- ing the spot Ji He had no Christian burial, although unlike Mr. Zangwill, he had a Christian name. Nine years after the death of Paine, William Cobbett, the eminent English reformer, stung by the obloquy vis- ited upon the memory of Paine in America, had the grave opened and the bones of the man who wrote the first draft of our Declaration of Independence, were removed to England, and buried near the spot where he was born. Death having silenced both the tongue and pen of the Thetford weaver, no violent interfer- ence was offered by the British government. So now the dead man slept where the presence of the living one was barred and forbidden ^ A modest monument marks the spot J- Beneath the name are these words, "The world is my country, mankind are my friends, to do good is my religion." In 1839 a monument was erected at New Rochelle, New York, on the site of the empty grave where the body of Paine was first buried, by the lovers and ad- mirers of the man. And while only one land claims his 141 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine birthplace, three countries dispute for the privilege of honoring his dust, for in France there is now a strong movement demanding that the remains of Thomas Paine be removed from England to France, and be placed in the Pantheon, that resting place of so many of the illustrious dead who gave their lives to the cause of Freedom, close by the graves of Voltaire, Rousseau and Victor Hugo. And the reason the bones were not removed to Paris, was because only an empty coffin rests in the grave at Thetford, as at New Rochelle. Rumor says that Paine's skull is in a London museum, but if so, the head that produced "The Age of Reason" cannot be identified. And the end is not yet ! "^ HE genius of Paine was a -&* flower that blossomed slowly, ■te.^ But life is a sequence and the V^g' man who does great wrork has been in training for it. There is nothing like keeping in con- dition, one does notknowwhen he is going to be called upon. Prepared people do not have "^d to hunt for a position — the po- 4*^ &\r*^^?J^jfe*^f sition hunts for them ^ Paine iTj ifflri 1 knew no more about what he r-'«vi was getting ready for 142 than did Benjamin Franklin, GREAT REFORMERS— Thomas Paine when at twenty he studied French, evenings, and dived deep into history. The humble origin of Paine and his Quaker ancestry were most helpful factors in his career. Only a work- ing man who had tasted hardship could sympathize with the over-taxed and oppressed. And Quakerdom made him a rebel by pre-natal tendency. Paine's school- ing was slight but his parents, though poor, were thinking people, for nothing sharpens the wits of men, preventing fatty degeneration of the cerebrum, like persecution ^ In this respect the Jews and Quakers have been greatly blessed and benefited — let us con- gratulate them. Very early in life Paine acquired the study habit Ji And for the youth who has the study habit no pedagogic tears need be shed. There were de- bating clubs at coffee-houses where great themes were discussed; and our young weaver began his career by defending the Quakers. He acquired considerable local reputation as a weaver of thoughts upon the warp and woof of words. Occasionally he occupied the pulpit in dissenting chapels. These were great times in England — the air was all a-throb with thought and feeling. A great tidal wave of unrest swept the land. It was an epoch of growth, second only in history to the Italian Renaissance. The two Wesleys were attacking the church and calling upon men to methodize their lives and eliminate folly; Gibbon was writing his "Decline and Fall;" Burke, 143 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine in the House of Commons, was polishing his brogue; Boswell was busy blithering about a book concerning a man; Captain Cook was sailing the seas finding con- tinents; the two Pitts and Charles Fox were giving the king unpalatable advice; Horace Walpole w^as set- ting up his private press at Strawberry Hill; the Her- schels — brother and sister — were sweeping the heavens for comets; Reynolds, West, Lawrence, Romney and Gainsborough were founding the first school of British Art; and Hume, the Scotchman, was putting forth arguments irrefutable. And into this seething discon- tent came Thomas Paine, the weaver, reading, study- ing, thinking, talking, with nothing to lose but his reputation. He was twenty-seven years of age when he met Ben Franklin, at a coffee-house in London. Paine got his first real mental impetus from Franklin. Both were working men. Paine sat and watched and listened to Franklin one whole evening, and then said, "What he is I can at least in part become" jt Paine thought Franklin quite the greatest man of his time, an opinion he never relinquished, and which also, among various others held by Paine, the world has now finally accepted. 144 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine AINE at t-wenty-four, from a simple weaver, had been called into the office of his employer to help straighten out the ac- counts. He tried store-keeping but with indifferent success. Then it seems he was em- ployed by the Board of Excise on a similar task. Finally he w^as given a position in th^e Excise. This position he might have held indefinitely, and been promoted in the -work, for he had clerical talents which made his services valuable jt But there -was another theme that interested him quite as much as collecting taxes for the government, and that was the philosophy of taxation ^ This ■was very foolish in Thomas Paine — a tax collector should collect taxes, and not concern himself ■with the righteousness of the business, nor about what becomes of the money. Paine had made note of the fact that England collected taxes from Jews but that Je^ws ■were not allo^wed to vote, because they were not "Christians," it being assumed that Je^ws were neither as fit intellectually or morally to pass on questions of state as members of the " Church " ^ In 1771 in a letter to a local paper he used the phrase, "The iniquity of taxation without representation," referring to England's treatment of 145 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine the Quakers. About the same time he called attention to the fact that the Christian religion was built on the Judaic, and that the reputed founder of the established religion was a Jew and his mother a Jewess, and to deprive Jews of the right of full citizenship, simply because they did not take the same vie-w of Jesus that others did was a perversion of the natural rights of man. This expression, "The natural rights of man" gave offense to a certain clergyman of Thetford who replied that man had no natural rights, only privileges, all the rights he had were those granted by the crown. Then followed a debate at the coffee-house followed by a rebuke from Paine' s superior officer in the Ex- cise, ordering him to cease all political and religious controversy on penalty. Paine felt the smart of the rebuke ; he thought it was unjustified, in view of the fact that the excellence of his work for the government had never been ques- tioned J> So he made a speech in a dissenting chapel explaining the situation. But explanations never ex- plain, and his assertion that the honesty of his service had never been questioned was put out of commission the following week by the charge of smuggling J< His name was dropped from the official pay-roll until his case could be tried, and a little later he was peremp- torily discharged ^ The charge against him was not pressed — he was simply not wanted, and the state- ment by the head exciseman that a man working for 146 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine the government should not criticise the government was pretty good logic, anyway. Paine, however, con- tended that all governments exist for the governed, and with the consent of the governed, and it is the duty of all good citizens to take an interest in their government and if possible show where it can be strengthened and bettered. It will thus be seen that Paine was forging reasons — his active brain was at work, and his sensitive spirit was writhing under a sense of personal injustice ^ One of his critics — a clergyman — said that if Thomas Paine wished to preach sedition there was plenty of room to do it outside of England. Paine followed the suggestion, and straightway sought out Franklin to ask him about going to America. jt Every idea that Paine had expressed was held by Franklin and had been thought out at length. Franklin was thirty-one years older than Paine, and time had tempered his zeal, and beside that, his tongue was al- ways well under control and when he expressed heresy he seasoned it with a smile and a dash of wit that took the bitterness out of it jt Not so Paine — he was an earnest soul, a little lacking in humor, without the adi- pose which is required for a diplomat. Franklin's letters of introduction show how he admired the man — what faith he had in him — and it is now be- lieved that Franklin advanced him money, that he might come to America. 147 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine William Cobbett says : As my Lord Grenville intro- duced the name of Burke, suffer me, my Lord, to introduce that of a man who put this Burke to shame, who drove him off the public stage to seek shelter in the pension list, and -who is now^ named fifty million times where the name of the pensioned Burke is mentioned once jt The cause of the American Colonies w^as the cause of the English Constitution, which says that no man shall be taxed without his own consent. A little cause sometimes produces a great effect ; an insult offered to a man of great talent and unconquerable perseverance has in many instances produced, in the long run, most tremendous effects; and it appears to me very clear that the inexcusable insults, offered to Mr. Paine while he was in the Excise in England, was the real cause of the Revolution in America; for, though the nature of the cause of America was such as I have before described it ; though the principles -were firm in the minds of the people of that country; still, it was Mr. Paine, and Mr. Paine alone, who brought those principles into action. Paine's part in the Revolutionary War was most worthy and honorable. He shouldered a musket with the men at Valley Forge, carried messages by night through the enemy's country, acted as rear guard for ■Washington's retreating army, and helped at break of day to capture Trenton, and proved his courage in various ways ^ As clerk, secretary, accountant and financier he did excellent service. Of course, there had been the usual harmonious dis- cord that will occur among men hard-pressed, over- 148 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine worked, where nerve-tension finds vent at times in acrimony. But through all the nine weary years before the British had enough, Paine had never been cen- sured with the same bitterness which had fallen upon the heads of Washington and Jefferson. Even Franklin came in for his share of blame, and it was shown that he expended an even hundred thousand pounds in Europe, with no explanation of what he had done with the money Ji> When called upon to give an accounting for the " yellow dog fund," Franklin simply ^Arrote back, " Thou Shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn." And on the suggestion of Thomas Paine the matter was officially dropped. Paine was a writing man — the very first American writing man — and I am humiliated when I have to acknowledge that we had to get him from England. He was the first man who ever used these words, "The American Nation," and also these, "The United States of America." Paine is the first American writer who had a literary style, and we have not had so many since but that you may count them on the fingers of one hand. Note this sample of antithesis : "There are but two natural sources of wealth — the earth and the ocean, — and to lose the right to either, in our situa- tion, is to put the other up for sale." Here is a little tribute from Paine's pen to America which some of our boomers of boom towns might do well to use : 149 GREAT REFORMERS— Thomas Paine America has now outgrown the state of infancy. Her strength and commerce make large advances to man- hood ; and science in all its branches has not only blossomed, but even ripened upon the soil jfi The cot- tages as it were of yesterday have grown into villages, and the villages to cities ; and while proud antiquity, like a skeleton in rags, parades the streets of other nations, their genius as if sickened and disgusted with the phantom, comes hither for recovery. America yet inherits a large portion of her first-imported virtue. Degeneracy is here almost a useless word. Those who are conversant with Europe would be tempted to be- lieve that even the air of the Atlantic disagrees with the constitution of foreign vices ; if they survive the voyage they either expire on their arrival, or linger away with an incurable consumption. There is a happy something in the climate of America which disarms them of all their power both of infection and attraction. QEase, fluidity, grace, imagination, energy, earnest- ness, mark his work Ji No wonder is it that Franklin said, " Others can rule, many can fight, but only Paine can write for us the English tongue." And Jefferson, himself a great writer, was constantly, for many years, sending to Paine manuscript for criticism and correc- tion. In one letter to Paine, Jefferson adds this post- script, " You must not be too much elated and set up when I tell you my belief that you are the only writer in America who can write better than your obliged and obedient servant — Thomas Jefferson." 150 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine AINE was living in peace at Bordentown in the year 1787. The war was ended — the last hostile Britisher had departed, and the country was awaken- ing to prosperity. Paine rode his mettlesome old vrar-horse " Button," back and forth from Philadelphia, often stopping and seating himself by the 4^N5m roadway to write out a thought ■ III * whilethehorsethathadknown the smell of powder quietly nibbled the grass ^ The success of Benjamin Franklin as an inventor had fired the heart of Paine. He devised a plan to utilize small explosions of gunpowder to run an engine, thus antic- ipating our gas and gasoline engines by near a hundred years J^ He had also planned a bridge to span the Schuylkill. Capitalists were ready to build the bridge, provided Paine could get French engineers, then the greatest in the world, to endorse his plans J- So he sailed away to France, intending also to visit his par- ents in England, instructing his friends in Borden- town, with whom he boarded, to take care of his horse, his room and books with all his papers, for he would be back in less than a year J- He was fifty years old. It was thirteen years since he had left England, and he felt that his transplantation to a new soil had not 151 GREAT REFORMERS— Thomas Paine been in vain. England had practically exiled him, but still the land of his birth called, and unseen tendrils tugged at his heart. He must again see England, even for a brief visit, and then back to America, the land that he loved and which he had helped to free. And destiny devised that it was to be fifteen years before he was again to see his beloved " United States of America." Arriving in France, Paine was received with great honors ^ There was much political unrest and the fuse was then being lighted that was to cause the ex- plosion of 1789. However, of all this Paine knew little. He met Danton, a freemason, like himself, and various other radicals. "Common Sense" and "The Crisis" had been translated into French, printed and widely distributed, and inasmuch as Paine had been a party in bringing about one revolution, and had helped carry it through to success, his counsel and advice were sought. A few short weeks in France, and Paine hav- ing secured the endorsement of the Academy for his bridge, went over to England preparatory to sailing for America. Arriving in England, Paine found that his father had died but a short time before ^ His mother was living, aged ninety-one, and in full possession of her faculties. The meeting of mother and son was full of tender memories ^ And the mother, while not being able to follow her gifted son in all of his reasoning yet fully 152 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine sympathized -with him in his efforts to increase human rights. The Quakers, while in favor of peace, are yet revolutionaries, for their policy is one of protest. Paine visited the old Quaker church at Stratford, and there seated in the silence, wrote these words: QWhen we consider, for the feelings of nature cannot be dismissed, the calamities of w^ar and the miseries it inflicts upon the human species, the thousands and tens of thousands, of every age and sex who are ren- dered wretched by the event, surely there is some- thing in the heart of man that calls upon him to think ! Surely there is some tender chord, tuned by the hand of the Creator, that still struggles to emit in the hear- ing of the soul a note of sorrowing sympathy ^ Let it then be heard, and let man learn to feel that the true greatness of a nation is founded on principles of hu- manity, and not on conquest ^ War involves in its progress such a train of unforeseen and unsupposed circumstances, such a combination of foreign matters, that no human wisdom can calculate the end. It has but one thing certain, and that is to increase taxes J- I defend the cause of the poor, of the manufacturer, of the tradesman, of the farmer, and of all those on whom the real burthen of taxes fall — but above all, I defend the cause of women and children — of all humanity ^ Edmund Burke hearing of Paine's presence in Eng- land, sent for him to come to his house. Paine accepted the invitation, and Burke doubtless got a few inter- esting chapters of history at first hand. " It was equal to meeting Washington and perhaps better, for Paine 153 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine is more of a philosopher than his chief," wrote Burke to the elder Pitt. Paine saw that political unrest was not confined to France — that England was in a state of evolution, and was making painful efforts to adapt herself to the progress of the times ^ Paine could remember a time when in England women and children were hanged for poaching ; when the insane ^we^e publicly whipped, and when, if publicly expressed, a doubt concerning the truth of scripture meant exile or to have your ears cut off jt ^ Now he saw^ the old custom reversed and the nobles w^ere bowing to the will of the people. It came to him that if the many in England could be educated, the Crown having so recently received its rebuke at the hands of the American Colonies, that a great stride to the front could be made ^ Englishmen were talking about their rights. What are the natural rights of a man ? He began to set down his thoughts on the sub- ject. These soon extended themselves into chapters. The chapters grew into a book — a book which he hoped would peacefully do for England what "Common Sense " had done for America. This book, " The Rights of Man," was written at the same time that Mary \A^ollstonecraft was vi^riting her book, " The Rights ot ^A^omen " ^ j* In London, Paine made his home at the house of Thomas Rickman, a publisher. Rickman has given us 154 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine an intimate glimpse into the life of the patriot, and told us among other things that Paine was five feet ten inches high, of an athletic build, and very fond of taking long walks. Among the visitors at Rickman's house who came to see Paine were Dr. Priestly, Home Tooke, Romney, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, the Duke of Portland and Mary WoUstonecraft. It seems very probable that Mrs. WoUstonecraft read to Paine parts of her book, for very much in his volume paral- lels hers, not only in the thought but in actual wording. Whether he got more ideas from her than she got from him, will have to be left to the higher critics jt Certain it is that they were in mutual accord, and that Mrs. WoUstonecraft had read " Common Sense" and "The Rights of Man" to a purpose. It was too much to expect that a native born English- man could go across the sea to British Colonies and rebel against British rule and then come back to Eng- land and escape censure. The very popularity of Paine in certain high circles centered attention on him. And Pitt, who certainly admired Paine's talents, referred to his stay in England as " indelicate." England is the freest country on earth. It is her rule to let her orators unmuzzle their ignorance and find relief in venting grievances upon the empty air. In Hyde Park any Sunday one can hear the same senti- ments for the suppression of which Chicago paid in her Haymarket massacre J- Grievances expressed are 155 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine half cured, but England did not think so then J> The change came about through a thirty years' fight, which Paine precipitated. The patience of England in dealing with Paine w^as extraordinary. Paine -was right, but at the same time he was as guilty as Theodore Parker •was when in- dicted by the State of Virginia along with Ol' John Brown J- J> "The Rights of Man" sold from the very start, and in a year fifty thousand copies had been called for ^ Unlike his other books this one w^as bringing Paine a financial return. Newspaper controversies followed, and Burke the radical, found himself unable to go the lengths to which Paine was logically trying to force him ^ ^ Paine was in Paris, on a visit, on that memorable day which sa'w the fall of the Bastille. Jefferson and Adams had left France and Paine was regarded as the author- ized representative of America, and in fact he had been doing business in France for Washington. La- fayette in a moment of exultant enthusiasm gave the key of the Bastille to Paine to present to Washington, and as every American schoolboy knows, this famous key to a sad situation now hangs on its carefully guarded peg at Mt. Vernon jt Lafayette thought that without the example of America, France would never have found strength to thro'w off the rule of kings, and so America must have the key to the detested door 156 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine that was now unhinged forever. "And to me," said Lafayette, "America without her Thomas Paine is unthinkable" jH The words were carried to England and there did Paine no especial good ^ But England was now giving Paine a living — there was a market for the product of his pen — and he was being adver- tised both by his loving friends and his rabid enemies. Q Paine had many admirers in France, and in some ways he felt more at home there than in England. He spoke and wrote French. However, no man ever wrote well in more than one language although he might speak intelligently in several; and the orator using a foreign tongue never reaches fluidity. "Where liberty is there is my home," said Franklin. And Paine an- swered, "\A^here liberty is not, there is my home." The newspaper attacks had shown Paine that he had not made himself clear on all points, and like every worthy orator who considers, when too late, all the great things he intended to say, he was stung with the thought of all the brilliant things he might have said, but had not. And so straightway he began to prepare Part II. of "The Rights of Man." The book was printed in cheap form similar to " Common Sense," and was beginning to be widely read by working men. "Philosophy is all right," said Pitt, but it should be taught to philosophical people. If this thing is kept up London will re-enact the scenes of Paris." 157 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine Many Englishman thought the same. The official order was given, and all of Paine's books that could be found were seized and publicly used for a bonfire by the official hangman. Paine was burned in effigy in many cities, the charge being made that he was one of the men who had brought about the French Revolution. With better truth it could have been stated that he was the man, with the help of George III., who brought about the American Revolution. The terms of peace made between England and the Colonies granted amnesty to Paine and his colleagues in rebellion, but his acts could not be forgotten, even though they were nominally forgiven. This new iirebrand of a book was really too much, and the author got a left-handed compliment from the Premier on his literary style — books to burn! Three French provinces nominated him to represent them in the Chamber of Deputies ^ He accepted the solicitations of Calais, and took his seat for that province. He knew Danton, Mirabeau, Marat and Robespierre. Danton and Robespierre respected him and often ad- vised with him ^ Mirabeau and Marat v/ere in turn suspicious and afraid of him. The times were feverish, and Paine, a radical at heart, here was regarded as a conservative. In America the enemy stood out to be counted; the division was clear and sharp, but here the danger was in the hearts of the French themselves. 158 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine Q Paine argued that of all things we must conquer our own spirits, and in this new birth of freedom not imi- tate the cruelty and harshness of royalty against which we protest. " We will kill the king, but not the man," were his words. But ^with all of his tact and logic he could not make his colleagues see that to abolish the kingly office, not to kill the individual, was the thing desired. So Louis, who helped free the American colonies, went to the block, and his enemy, Danton, a little later, did the same. Mirabeau, the boaster, had died peacefully in his bed ; Robespierre, who signed the death warrant of Paine, "to save his own head," died the death he had reserved for Paine; Marat, "the terrible dwarf," horribly honest, fearfully sincere, jealous and afraid of Paine, hinting that he was the secret emissary of England, was stabbed to his death by a vi^oman's hand. And amid the din, escape being impossible, and also undesirable, Thomas Paine wrote the first part of the "Age of Reason." The second part was written in the Luxembourg prison, under the shadow of the guillotine. But life is only a sentence of death, with an indefinite reprieve. Prison, to Paine, w^as not all gloom. The jailer, Benoit, was good-natured and cherished his unwilling guests as his children Ji When they left for freedom or for death, he kissed them, and gave 159 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine each a little ring in which was engraved the single word, " Mizpah." But finally Benoit, himself, was led away, and there was none to kiss his cheek, nor to give him a ring and cry cheerily, " Good luck. Citizen Comrade! Until we meet again ! " GREAT deal has been said by the admirers of Thomas Paine about the abuse and injustice heaped upon his name, and the prevarications concerning his life, by press and pulpit and those who profess a life of love, meekness and humil- ity. But we should remember that all this vilification was really the tribute that medi- ocrity pays genius. To escape censure one only has to move with the mob, think with the mob, do nothing that the mob does not do — then you are safe Jt The saviors of the world have usually been crucified between thieves, despised, for- saken, spit upon, rejected of men. In their lives they seldom had a place \where they could safely lay their weary heads, and dying their bodies were either hid- den in another man's tomb or else subjected to the indignities which the living man failed to survive : 160 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine torn limb from limb, eyeless, headless, armless, burned and the ashes scattered or sunk in the sea. And the peculiar thing is that most of this frightful inhumanity was the work of so-called good men, the pillars of society, the respectable element, what we are pleased to call "our first citizens," instigated by the Church that happened to be power. Socrates pois- oned, Aristides ostracized, Aristotle fleeing for his life, Jesus crucified, Paul beheaded, Peter crucified head downward, Savonarola martryred, Spinoza hunted, tracked and cursed, and an order issued that no man should speak to him nor supply him food or shelter, Bruno burned, Galileo imprisoned, Huss, Wyclif, Latimer and Tyndale used for kindling — all this in the name of religion, institutional religion, the one thing that has caused more misery, heartaches, bloodshed, war, than all other causes combined. Leo Tolstoy says, " Love, truth, compassion, service, sympathy, tenderness exist in the hearts of men, and are the essence of religion, but try to encompass these things in an institution and you get a church — and the Church stands for and has always stood for coercion, intolerance, injustice and cruelty." No man ever lifted up his voice or pen in a criticism against love, truth, compassion, service, sympathy and tenderness J- And if he had, do you think that love, truth, compassion, service, sympathy, tenderness would feel it necessary to go after him with stocks, 161 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine chains, thumbscrews and torches? QYou cannot imagine it. Then what is it goes after men who criticize the pre- vailing religion and show where it can be improved upon ? Why, it is hate, malice, vengeance, jealousy, injustice, intolerance, cruelty, fear. The reason the church does not visit upon its critics today the same cruelties that it did three hundred years ago is simply because it has not the power jt Incorporate a beautiful sentiment and hire a man to preach and defend it, and then buy property and build costly buildings in which to preach your beautiful sen- timent, and if the gentleman who preaches your beau- tiful sentiment is criticized he will fight and suppress his critics if he can. And the reason he fights his critics is not because he believes the beautiful sentiment will suffer, but because he fears losing his position which carries with it ease, honors and food, and a parsonage and a church, taxes free. Just as soon as the gentleman employed to defend and preach the beautiful sentiment grows fearful about the permanency of his position, and begins to have goose- flesh when a critic's name is mentioned, the beautiful sentiment evaporates out of the window, and exists only in that place forever as a name J- The church is ever a menace to all beautiful sentiments, because it is an economic institution, and the chief distributor of degrees, titles and honors. 162 GREAT REFORMERS — Thomas Paine Anything that threatens to curtail its power it is bound to oppose and suppress, if it can. Men who cease use- ful work in order to devote themselves to religion, are right in the same class w^ith women who quit work to make a business of love. Men who know history and humanity and have reasonably open minds are not surprised at the treatment visited upon Paine by the country he had so much benefited ^ Superstition and hallucination are really one thing, and fanaticism, which is mental obsession, easily becomes acute and the whirling dervish runs amuck at sight of a man whose religious opinions are different from his own ^ (| Paine got off very easy; he lived his life, and ex- pressed himself freely to the last. Men who discover continents are destined to die in chains. That is the price they pay for the privilege of sailing on, and on, and on, and on. Said Paine: The moral duty of a man consists in imi- tating the moral goodness and beneficence of God mani- fested in the creation towards all creatures. That seeing as we daily do, the goodness of God to all men, it is an example calling upon all men to practice towards each other, and consequently that everything of persecution and revenge between man and man, and everything of cruelty to animals is a violation of moral duty. GREAT REFORMERS— Thomas Paine ^ 1^ %■ j\ f HE pen of Paine made the g^^' ^wBm I iOSft^^^N sword of AA^ashington possi- **~ ' 1^^ ble jt And as Paine's book, E&' " Common Sense," broke the power of Great Britain in America, and the " Rights of Man" gave free speech and a free press to England, so did the "Age of Reason" give cg^^^^_^^^j^-~ ^« pause to the juggernaut of ^^$\^^^£s^^ orthodoxy Jt. Thomas Paine was the legitimate ancestor of Hosea Ballou who founded the Universalist church, and also of Theodore Parker who made Unitarianism in America an intellectual torch. Channing, Ripley, Bartol, Martineau, Frothingham, Hale, Curtis, Collyer, Swing, Thomas, Conway, Leon- ard, Savage, Crapsey, yes — even Emerson and Thor- eau, w^ere spiritual children, all, of Thomas Paine. He blazed the -way and made it possible for men to preach the sweet reasonableness of reason. He was the pioneer in a jungle of superstition. Thomas Paine was the real founder of the so-called Liberal Denomi- nations and the business of the liberal denominations has not been to become great, powerful and popular, but to make all other denominations more liberal. So today in all so-called orthodox pulpits one can hear the ideas of Paine, Henry Frank & B. Fay Mills expounded. 164 Two Rogues in Buckram Relieve their Minds Number 1. — Ed. Howe in " Atchison ( Kansas ) Daily Globe " of March 4, 1907. SECOND-RATE GENIUS. Elbert Hubbard, editor of " The Philistine," at East Aurora, New York, is a second- rate genius, which is high praise, for there never was a first-rate genius, excepting a dead one. Only death can grant the superior degree, for to live is to most people more or less of an offense. Hubbard writes a great deal, and naturally he cannot always write well, but if the good things he has written could be collected, the result would be a book a hundred times larger than the good writing Charles Lamb has handed down to posterity. And the "Atlantic Monthly" never appears without a reference to Charles Lamb. We suppose that it must be admitted that Dickens and Shake- speare werefirst-classgeniuses,but in originality and force, Hubbard is entitled to a place among the second raters below them. There is so much envy and meanness among the living that Hubbard will not be fairly rated until he has been dead fifty years. Hubbard is original in what he says and does ; his Roycroft Shop may be an old idea, but his writings suggest no one. Hubbard does not pretend to be a saint ; he is perfectly natural, as any really sensible man mu^ be, and those who do not like a natural, sensible man are at liberty to hate him, which a good many do, with extreme cordiality. But all those who hate him are unfair, if they deny he is a genius ^ Being only a second rater, of course Hubbard makes mistakes. For example, we notice, in the list of books issued at his shop, one listed at two hundred and fifty dollars per copy: "Thoreau's Friendship;" a tall copy on genuine vellum, with forty free-hand drawings." Think of the absurdity of issuing a book which sells for two hundred and fifty dollars per copy! Now that Hubbard has won his battles, and attracted the world's attention in spite of unfair opposition, he should print books at ten cents each, instead of two hundred and fifty dollars each ; books of real value to the common people, and which can be understood by them. Hubbard's own booklet, " A Message to Garcia," was printed in this manner, and did much to encourage the good i workman, the simple, honest, capable man. Millions of copies of this booklet have been sold, and because of its wide circulation, the race has been benefited; the people are hungry for common sense, for information told in a simple and convincing way. i^* ^S ^6 Number 2. — By Leigh Mitchell Hodges. From the Philadelphia "North American" of April 10, 1907. >OMES once a year to Philadelphia, to speak his mind on many matters, the greatest of modern epigrammists — Elbert Hubbard. He is a philosopher from Philistia, who wages a wordy war against the ruts into which the chariot of civilization has slid on the road to Progress. He jests at the frailties of the law, makes merry with medicine, and rains ridicule upon orthodox religion, etherizing his every shaft with a smile. With a deftness as delightful as rare, he plays on the high chords of history the variant tunes of time and change. Unlike most image-breakers that have come and gone, he has some- thing to offer for what he would take away. He does n't remove the roof and then seek to convince men that rain is good for the furniture ! With choice-told tales of fact and fancy he leads his listeners through lanes of logic and love to the home of his prime ideal — a simple state wherein men and women will get by giving ; just doing the best they can and being kind. ^% (^% l^* lis " MESSAGE TO GARCIA." He is revered and hated. He is easily the prince of present-day thought-provokers. His classic "Message to Garcia" has, in nine years, found its way into more than a score of languages and reached a circulation of twenty-five million copies. His point of view, penned sometimes on trains, more often on an old flat-topped desk in the Roycroft Shop in East Aurora, penetrates to the remotest corners of the earth, giving birth to a strange chorus of mingled praise and denunciation. His " Little Journeys " are used as textbooks in many schools, while copies of his frank monthly magazine, bound in butcher's paper, have been removed from more than one center table with the aid of fire-tongs. {( Comes this man, gentle as Wordsworth and caustic as Whistler; a Johnson in retort and the Boswell of human- nature; a sworn foe to pretense in its every guise and above all, a coiner of pithy truthlets, to say JUST what he thinks in spite of what any one else thinks, and to give us a close view of a really great personality, curious as it is in some of its myriad phases. t£^ J" ^* fILL GO DOWN TO FAME. For Elbert Hubbard is a big man, though some of him will die, enough will be left to secure him a lower berth on the Fame Limited, which left the valley of the Euphrates some time ago and slows up every little while to take on a through passenger. And free passes don't go on this train ! Yes, Hubbard is a great man — hundreds of persons were turned away from Horticultural Hall when he lectured there last Thursday evening — and there 's hardly a business office of any sort in all the length and breadth of this land in which one or more of his striking sayings is not to be found pasted on a desk drawer, or stuck in a picture frame, or given a frame all its own and hung where you can't help seeing it. And it is the " folly of precepts " mentioned above that furnishes the Fra most of his food for thought and cflroment. The mere sight of some one doing something because some one else did something — this produces a brainstorm of protest behind that hirsute fringe of his, and pretty soon thereafter the world catches an echo or two of the thunder ^ ^ ^ It is this attitude that fathers his constant attacks on the foolish forms and conventions of what is miscalled "eminently respectable" society; his vitriolic dashes at the ossified parts of orthodoxy, which he chooses to call a "Juggernaut, spinning down through the centuries, crushing, mingling, smashing everything before it." If heresy were a lay-crime, the Day of Judgment would have to be postponed to provide time for his trial. r^ !i?* tS^ ^UBBARD'S CREED. But, as I said in the beginning, he has something definite to offer for what he would obliterate. He rails at creeds, and then comes out with his own, which is this : iii "I believe that no one can harm us but ourselves; that sin is mis- directed energy ; that there is no devil but fear, and that the Universe is planned for good, I believe that work is a blessing ; that winter is as necessary as summer; that night is as useful as day; that Death is a manifestation of Life, and just as good. I believe in the Now and Here. I believe in You, and I believe in a Power that is in Ourselves that makes for Righteousness." In this is crystallized what may be regarded as the modern spirit of revolutionary religion, yet curiously enough it is the sincere declara- tion of a man who said last Thursday evening that he believed the world was really getting ready to do what it should — to practice the religion of Jesus Christ. He has written a life of Christ, " The Man of Sorrows," he calls it, and it has been so well advertised by his enemies that next to "The Message," it is probably the best-selling of his many books. There is scarcely a man or woman in history of whom he has not written uniquely and interestingly. His "Little Journeys " will last as long and as well as "Plutarch's Lives," and they will be off the book- shelf more of the time. ^* i^* ei9* T^ERE IS HIS FAREWELL TO THE LATE ERNEST ?^ HOWARD CROSBY. He calls it a love letter, and unless I miss my guess, he graved it on the granite of time with his Falcon, No. 2: ^ ^ ^ Dear Ernest: You and I were born the same year. When we climbed a mountain a short time ago, with Ol' John Burroughs, you in playful mood told Ol' John that you expected to preach his funeral sermon. And Ol' John, in love, replied that he hoped and expected to do as much for both of us. And now men say that you are dead. But you are not dead to me, nor to Ol' John, nor to all of the many men and women and children who knew and loved you well ; for those who knew you loved you, and those who did not love you did not know you. I think of you now, as I thought of you while you were with us, as quite the manliest man I ever saw. Your scorned military experience saved you from the scholar's stoop ; and yours was ever a skyey gravitation. Your towering form & martial ways caused the Egyptian fellahs at Cairo to turn and say : " There goes the King of America ! " Q Yet you were not a king, save of your own spirit, for you loved men too well to wish to rule them. Your prophetic soul foresaw a time when humanity would be free free from the mesh of entanglement woven by centuries of selfishness, serfdom and misrule — and you, of all men, knew that freedom comes through giving freedom. You have left the world better than you found it, and made your impress on the times. Yet you never really had a chance in life, being born into the con- ventions, of a family eminently respectable, in a great city, and heir to wealth, position and educational advantages. Disadvantages, poverty, disappointment and grief might have made you a Messiah — a man whom men confuse with Deity incarnate. Your unswerving honesty, your purity of motive, your cleanly, abstemious life — eating no meat, drinking neither tea nor coffee, never touching tobacco nor strong drink, yet never censuring those whose lives differed from your own — made you as one set apart. However, you were never prudish, for nothing that was human was alien to you. In great degree you overcame the handicap of birth, breaking many of your fetters, and never wearing your chains as jewelry. Your name will live with that trinity of prophets and seers — your own Tolstoy, Walt Whitman and Henry Thoreau — as one who blessed and benefited the world, exercising fear, banishing doubt and filling our day-dreams with hope, faith, courage and love. You were a sample of the twenty-fifth century, sent by the Supreme Intelligence for the encouragement of this. And now, as you fare forth into the Unknown, I salute you and write this line, trying to tell you how very precious to me is the memory of your friendship, and that, though dead, you still live in minds made better. So farewell and farewell ! ^V ^^ t^* jaOU AND I DO NOT HAVE TO DECIDE whether this man C? Hubbard is right or wrong. Time is kind enough to relieve us of that task, and Time has hitherto had a way of reversing the judgment of the lower courts of contemporaniety. He is a natural product of the times and nature produces nothing without cause or reason. That he is overcoming some part of the proverbial burden of the prophet is evidenced right here in this most conventional and orthodox of communities. Three winters ago the best he could do was to hire St. James' Hall at fifteen per, and even then he had to ask his audience to move down front so that his words would n't trip on vacant seats. Next year he '11 rent the Academy. v So it is all over the country. And in April he goes to England to talk in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Edinburgh, and if he has time he '11 cross the Channel to file a few Philistinic protests in Paree. Wherever he goes, he is feasted and feted. ' Yet all this attention has n't turned his head half a degree. He wears the same simplicity of speech and habit that he wore when he was superintendent of the Larkin soap factory, and he is as much at home in a sack suit at the Clover Club as in dark-blue overalls at Ali Baba's cow barn. His place in literature is riveted with cold-forged Harveyized bolts. If the man who produces a thought where was only idle, gray matter before, is a benefactor, he beats Carnegie, and IF we are wrong in even half the ways he says we are, he '11 get the blue ribbon some day. O, But Time will take care of all that, and we might as well make the most of him while we have him, for, outside of ^nance and politics, we are a little short on great men. ®iie Caxton ^ocietp Have made a beautiful copy of Charles Lamb's essay, A Dissertation Upon Roast Fig." It is a special limited edition, printed from large clear type, rubricated initials, colonial paper, portrait frontis. In fact, it is a little masterpiece in edition de luxe <^ To introduce The Caxton Brochures, you may have a copy for nine one-cent stamps. The Caxton Society, South Framingham, Mass. gLL MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF IMMORTALS ARE entitled to Avear the Badge of the Order. We have the mystic symbol in button, clasp or ^ stick-pin style, solid gold and white enameled at © $3.50; bronze, 50c. The ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. >j^OU MAY THINK YOU KNOW ALL ABOUT ^ l^ABRAMAM LINCOLN N^* but you don't if you have not intelligently studied his own writings. Just to start you in the right direction, we will send you HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY FOR TEN CENTS. ^Ve will also send you a circular describing the Biographical Edition of his C0MP;LETE works, edited by Nicolay and Hay, containing all new material discovered to date and many other interesting features. FRANCIS D. TANDY COMPANY, 3S East 21st Street, NEW YORK •^ GOAT SKINS Velvet finish; stamped discreetly in corner with Roycroft trade-mark. Suitable for spreads, pillows or other uses that miladi may elect. j Colors, brown, gray, red, ecru and green. Sizes : Between seven and nine square feet J- J- ^ J- \ The Price is $2.00 Each by Mail ' LOUNGE PILLOWS We have pillows of two whole goat skifis laced , together with Roycroft mark in corner. Some with the edges cut square and laced over and over, others with flaps still on and edges un- trimmed J- All very decorative and artistic. Colors : brown, gray, red, ecru and green. Size : Twenty by twenty inches ^ ^ Ji Ji Ji J- The Prices are $5.00 and $6.00 Each (According fo Size and Quality) THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK ■^ The Roycroft Hand Bag 'vS*» *^ c«^i;^c^ C^ C^ G^ C^l E^C^C^ Velvet Leather with laced edges and draw strings, nine inches high jt jt jt Jt ^ ^ jt ^ ^ Price One Dollar THE ROYCROPTERS East Aurora, Erie Co. New York .M^WO Handy \l^ Things from the Leather De- partment ^ jt ji Roycroft Collar and Cuff Box Velvet Leather with draw strings, stiff bottom, seven inches in diameter Price $1.50 ROYCROFT Waste Basket Velvet Leather, very solid, with wood bottom covered with leather, twelve inches high, twelve inches in di- ameter. Prices S^ S<^ S<^ $3.50 and $4.00 THE ROYCROFTERS, EAST AURORA, N.Y. Each day's work is a preparation for the next S^ S^ IN ADDITION TO THE FOREGOING ARTICLES IN OOZE LEATHER WE HAVE ^ Jt ^ ^ ^ PURSES— Red, brass-framed, with Roy- croft mark, 50 cents. HAND BAG— Framed, with handles, silk lined, several compartments, $10 & $15. WORK BASKET— $1.50. COVER for Philistine Magazine, $1.00. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. 'i- -It Mill o' trije Jttill BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON ^^^NE of the universal stories of all literature. V^ Some of the deepest and most fundamental questions that can confront humanity are here presented. We have five copies on imported English Boxmbor paper, illumined, frontispiece portrait of Stevenson, bound in ooze calf, turned edges, silk lining and marker. Price Five Dollars THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, . NEW YORK THEPMILISTINE CONVENTION will occur at East Aurora, July First to Ninth, Nineteen Hundred Seven Jt There will be daily Lectures by men of National reputation, followed by debates and discussions, also Musical Events, walks afield, and much good fellowship among people who think, feel, and try to tell the truth. ANINUAL DINNER WILL OCCUR JULY FOURTH '.':'.' ^ ■'' ' lOR SALE! THE FOLLOWING LITTLE JOURNEYS BY ELBERT HUBBARD in BOOK- LET FORM, WITH FRONTISPIECE PORTRAIT OF EACH SUBJECT Eliot Browning Bellini Thoreau Meissonier Tennyson Abbey Copernicus Titian Burns Whistler Galileo Fortuny Milton Pericles Newton Scheffer Addison Antony Humboldt Landseer Coleridge Savonarola Herschel Dore Disraeli Luther Haeckel Bryant Paganini Burke Linnaeus Prescott Chopin Marat Tyndall Lowell Mozart Phillips Wallace Simms Bach Seneca Fiske Hawthorne Mendelssohn Aristotle Godwin & Audubon Verdi Aurelius Wollstonecraft Irving Schumann Spinoza Petrarch & Laura Longfellow Brahms Kant Rossetti & Siddal Everett Raphael Comte Balzac & Hanska Bancroft Gainsborough Voltaire Fenelon & Guyon Hancock Corot Spencer Lassalle & Swift Correggio Schopenhauer Von Donniges The Price is TEN CENTS Each, or One Dollar for Ten — as long as they last. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. ^m ^BE NGALnTLE.-JQJRNEY3 k TO -THE HOME -OF S ft BY- ELBERT- hUBBARDift TME BEST 3ELLING BOOK EVER I33UED BY THE ROYCROFTER5 SOME THINK IT 13 A VERY ORE AT BOOK OTHERS NOT ^i^^M I^R ^^\ELIGIONS are ..V^ many and diverse, jffiSi ^aB but reason and goodness ^^n are one. It is the business IB^ of the prophet and seer to ^jfl sound this truth again and ^SH yet again, lest religion m degenerate completely into fetich, and the dervish take the place of the doer ,# ^ tol. XX JUNE, MCMVII No. 6 tiil^ ^^^^B OUFtt^PS JOHN KNOX SingleCopies lOCents By ihtYar. $ IM- ■■V little Journeys for 1907 By ELBERT HU BB ARD Will be to the Homes of Great Reformers The Subjects are as Follows: John Wesley John Bright Henry George Bradlaugh Garibaldi Theodore Parker Richard Cobden Oliver Cromwell Thomas Paine Anne Hutchinson John Knox J. J. Rousseau TEN YEARS OF THE PHILISTINE An Index and Concordance OF VOLUMES I TO XX Compiled by Julia Ditto Young. Bound solidly in Boards to match The Philistine THE PRICE WILL BE ONE DOLLAR THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, ERIE CO., NEW YORK Entered at the postofiice at East Aurora, New York, for transmission as second-class mail matter. Copjrright, 1907, by Elbert Hubbard ' \ The Roycroft Inn American Plait TWO DOLLARS A DAY TAX ALL CHURCH PROPERTY |> OOMS with Private Bath and Out-of-Door ■■^ Sleeping Room, three dollars a day for each person. C. Specially Furiiished DeLuxe Rooms with private bath, namely, "Ruskin," "Morris" and "Emerson," four dollars a day for each person. CBy the week a discount of ten per cent is allowed from these prices. Luther's father was a miner — Bv/ a day laborer — and the lad's childhood was grim and cheer- less. He sang on the streets, S'^^'^ and held out a ragged cap for pennies. His fine, sweet voice a priest, and the boy's services were The lad was alert, active, intelligent, GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox ambitious. Very naturally he was educated for the priesthood. He became a monk, and evolved into a preacher of worth and power. A prosperous and successful church always produces a class of dignitaries given over to sloth and sensu- ality. From a sublime idea, -with a desire to benefit and bless, the church degenerates into an institution for the distribution of honors and an engine for pun- ishment for all who oppose it S^ To Martin Luther religion was a matter of the heart, and his soul was filled with the thought of service. At the same time he had ability in the matter of definition. He began calling upon the church to reform, and demanding that priests repent. Very naturally the priests thought it absurd for Luther to try to bring the righteous to repentance. They laughed. Later they scowled. Then they called on Dr. Luther to mend his manners, and not make the church and himself ridiculous in the eyes of the world. Had Luther had an eye on the main chance he would at this time have pulled in his horns, and chosen other texts, and been promoted in due course to a bishopric, for although the man was small in stature yet he carried the crown of his head high and his chin in. What he had before simply stated he now began to prove. The strong hand of authority, gloved in imitation velvet here lifted Luther out of a position of power and honor as "District Vicar," a place that 173 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox spelled promotion, and put him back as a grade school teacher. Had the Pope been really infallible and the church authorities all-wise, they would have killed Luther, and that would a' been an end o' it. Leniency just then was an error in judgment. Luther set about bolstering his mental position. The more he thought about it the more firmly convinced, was he, that his cause was just. ■Where thinkers are, there is thought. Thinkers think anywhere, in country, village, town — in prison. Wit- tenberg was obscure, over half of the students were charity boys, the professors were thin, dyspeptic and glum, or fat and opinionated — all repeated the things they had been taught, save Martin Luther alone. QAnd on the thirty-first day of October, 1517, Luther tacked upon the church door his theses of ninety-five propositions, and offered to debate them 'gainst all the church fathers that could be mustered. Trite, indeed, are the propositions now. Rome has really accepted them all, even to that one which hints that we, too, are divine in degree, just like our Elder Brother. Challenges on the church doors of colleges •were common, but when coming from a semi-silenced priest, and directed at the Pope's emissary, ahl that was different. Even at that, the whole affair would have been lost in local oblivion, had not the few zeal- ous boys ■who loved Luther started their two printing presses in the cellar of the church, and worked night 174 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox and day pulling proofs. The printing presses did it! Without the type-setter, the make-ready man, and the sturdy lads who pulled the lever, Luther's voice would not have reached across the campus. But lo! Luther was talking to the world, not to sleepy ■Wittenberg. Luther was requested to appear at the Vatican — more properly the Castle Angelo. He ignored the invitation. Another summons followed o» Luther went into hiding. He was arrested, tried and con- demned, and sentence suspended. Again tried, this time by the Emperor and the Electors, and again con- demned. The formal sentence of death only awaited, and then for him the faggots would flare and the flames crackle. His friends captured him, they of the printing presses, helped by others, and bore him away to a prison where his enemies could not follow. Many a man has been thrown into prison by his enemies, but who be- sides Luther was so treated by his friends! Public sentiment was with him — Germany stood by him — but best of all the printers pulled the proofs, and four- page folders edited by Martin Luther went fluttering all over the world, protesting man's right to think. QSo lived out his days, did Martin Luther, on parole, under sentence of death, working, thinking, writing, printing. And over in France a serious, sober young man — keen, mentally hungry, translated one of Lu- ther's pamphlets into French and printed it for his 175 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox school-fellows. Having printed it, he had to explain it, and next to defend it — and also his action in having printed it. The young man's name was Jean Chauvain. He spelled it "Caulvain" or " Calvain." The world knows him as John Calvin. ^^^§@)^ OHN CALVIN was a French- a'i^ man, but it is well to remember ^' that the typical Frenchman, ^^ like the typical Irishman and his brother the Jew, exist only in the comic papers, and on the vaudeville stage J> The frivolous and the mercurial were not in Calvin's make-up. Z4 GThe parents of Calvin were Mw^ of that same sturdy, seafar- ing type that produced Millet, Auguste Rodin, Jules Breton, and other simple, earnest and great souls who have done great deeds J- Calvin was the true Huguenot type. Peasant ancestry and a nearness to the soil are neces- sary conditions in the formation of characters who are to re-map continents, artistic or theological S> The Puritan is a necessary product of his time. However Calvin had the advantage of one remove from actual hardship, and this evidently refined his 176 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox intellect, and relieved him of world stage-fright. His father was a notary or steward in the employ of the De Mommor family. Very naturally the boy mixed with the scions of royalty on an equal footing, for pom-pom-pull-away knows no caste, and a boy 's a boy for a' that. At twelve years of age, he felt himself quite as noble as those of noble blood, and so expressed him- self to his playmates. Probably they found it convenient to agree with him. Their nickname for him was, "The Accusative." The world accepts a man at the estimate he places upon himself. There was a De Mommor lad the same age of John Calvin, and one three years older. In his studies he set them both a pace, and so correct and diligent was he that when the De Mommor lads were sent down to Paris, the tutor insisted that John Calvin should go to, and a benefice was at once made out for him providing that he should be educated for the priesthood. Legend has it that at this time, being then fifteen years old, he admonished his parents in the way of life, and instructed them how to conduct them- selves during his absence. At eighteen he was preaching, and soon after was given a living and placed in charge of a country parish. It was about this time, when he was between nineteen and twenty years of age, that a copy of one of Luther's pamphlets fell into his hands. It was a pivotal point. Thrones were to totter, families be rent in twain, 177 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox millions of minds receive a bias! This serious, sober young priest, freshly tonsured, took the pamphlet to his garret and read it. Then he set about to refute it. Luther's arguments did not so much interest Calvin as did the man himself, the man who had defied authority J^ J- And really Calvin did not like the man — Luther's rollicking, coarse and blunt ways repelled this studious and ascetic youth. The one thing that Calvin admired in Luther was his self-reliance. Suddenly it came over Calvin that life should be religion and religion should be life, and that in the claims of the priesthood there was a deal of pretence. In refuting Luther he grew to admire him. He resolved to eliminate the tonsure and dress in citizen's clothes. His resolution stuck, and as soon as his hair was grown out, he went home and told his father and patron that he had abandoned theology and wished to study law. And so he was sent to Orleans and placed in the office of the eminent judge, Peter de Stella. But theology is a matter of temperament, and instead of writing briefs, Calvin began translating Luther's Bible into French. He was requested to relinquish this pastime long enough to draw up a legal opinion con- cerning the divorce of our old friend Henry the Eighth. <5 Calvin was never wrung by days of doubt nor nights of pain. He parted from the church without a struggle, and adopted as his motto, " If God be for us, who can 178 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox be against us." QHe again began to preach. He was a duly ordained priest in, technically, good standing in the Catholic Church. He had all the confidence of a sophomore — age did not wither him, nor could custom stale his infinite variety. He questioned and contra- dicted everybody, young or old, regardless of position. But so cleanly was the man's mode of life, so intel- lectual, so personally unselfish and sincere was he, that although heretics were being burned in France by twos and sevens, yet for several years no hand was laid upon him. Finally, in spite of the De Mommers, a legal notice was served upon Calvin, signed by King Francis in person, asking him to desist, and giving him three months to get back in the theological traces, making peace with his superiors. Calvin always had a taste for printing, and now at his own expense he translated the " De Clementia" of Seneca into French and had the book printed, dedica- ting it to the king. This was his brief for clemency and at the same time an argument for free speech. Seneca's father had a college of oratory, and Seneca said, " Let the people talk, if they be right the king cannot be harmed, but if they be wrong they will merely hurt themselves: kings can afford to exercise clemency." QThe book was really an insult to the king, since it assumed that Francis had never read Seneca. This doubtless was a fact, but Francis instead of studying 179 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox up on the old Roman, simply issued an order for the arrest of Calvin. Calvin quit Paris in hot haste, and no doubt thereby saved his head. Dr. Servetus, a physician and learned monk from Spain was then in Paris giving popular lectures "against Lutherism and such other similar forms of grievous error." Servetus was a "Papal Delegate," what we would call " a revivalist." Calvin thought Servetus had him especially in mind. So he issued a challenge at long distance to publicly debate the issues. Servetus accepted the challenge, but the arrangements fell through. Calvin found refuge in Strasburg, then at Basle, being politely sent along from each place, finally reaching Geneva. He was then twenty-four years old. QAt Geneva he at once made his presence felt by attempting to organize a reformed or independent Catholic Church j* For this he was asked to leave and then was expelled, living in retirement in the mountains. Two of the syndics who had brought about his expulsion died, as even syndics do, and Calvin returned, informing the populace that the death of the syndics was a punishment upon them for their lack of welcome to a good man and true. From this time Calvin turned Geneva into a theocracy, and the city was sacred to prayer, praise and Bible study. Students flocked from all over Christendom to hear the new gospel expounded ^ They came from Germany, France, England and Scotland. The air was 180 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox full of unrest ^ And among others who came out of curiosity, to study or perhaps because they were not needed at home, was a man from Edinburgh. He was six years younger than Calvin, but very much like him in temperament. His name was John Knox. Servetus-was a rhetorician, controversialist, and diplo- mat — gentle, considerate, gracious. He belonged to that suave and cultured type of Catholic that wins to the Church princes and people of education and wealth Jti He has been likened by John Morley to Cardinal Newman. After Calvin reached Geneva he entered into a long correspondence with Dr. Servetus, and the debate which had been planned was carried on by corres- pondence J* Servetus proposed to Calvin that the postponed debate should take place in Geneva. Calvin replied that if Servetus came to Geneva he would burn him alive. Now there were really many more Catholics in Switzerland than dissenters or "Protestants," and Servetus knowing Calvin's weakness for exaggeration did not take his threat seriously. So Servetus journeyed by leisurely stages southward, on his way to Naples, but he never reached there. He stopped at Geneva, like other pilgrims, "to study the new religion." Geneva was the home of free speech, and this being so, Servetus had just as good a right there as Calvin. 181 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox But Calvin looked upon the coming of Servetus as a menace, and honestly thought, no doubt, that Servetus was in the personal employ of the Vatican, w^ith intent to collect evidence against "the new faith." Calvin aroused the community into a belief that their rights were being jeopardized. Servetus was arrested and thrown into prison. The charge was heresy — a charge that at this safe distance, makes us smile. But the humor of heretics charging heretics with heresy and demanding that they should be punished, did not dawn upon John Calvin. Heresy is a matter of longitude and time. The trial lasted from August until September. Calvin supplied the proof of guilt by bringing forward the many letters ^written him by Servetus Ji> The prisoner did not deny the proof, but instead sought to defend his position. Calvin replied at length, and thus did the long postponed debate take place. The judges decided in favor of Calvin. The next day Servetus was burned alive in the public square. "I interceded for him," said John Calvin, "I inter- ceded for him — I wanted him beheaded, not burned." 182 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox mm S^iM m ■ «^ ,1 f HE encyclopedia records that jg^v^^jKk U|jQ^j^a\ John Knox was born at Had- ^^^^Kq TJ^mK^^^ dington, Scotland, in the year 1505. As to the place there is no doubt, but as for the time, Andrew Lang, after much re- search, places the date 1515. QUsually men, eke women, bring the date of their birth forward, but Knox with much care set his back. He justified himself in this, because when he was twenty, he was explaining the difference be- tween truth and error with great precision, and to give the words weight he added ten years to his age, explaining to a finnicky friend that at twenty he knew more than any man of thirty that could be produced. And this was doubtless true. John Knox came of a respectable family of the middle class. He was independent, blunt, bold, coarse, with an underground village vocabulary acquired in his childhood that he never quite forgot. At the grammar school he was the star scholar, and at St. Andrews quickly took front rank and set his teachers prophesying. And the peculiar part is that all of their prophecies came true, which proves for us that infant prodigies sometimes train on. John Knox became a priest, and a preacher of power 183 GREA T REFORMERS— John Knox before he was twenty-five. In temperament he was very much such a man as Luther, save that Luther was considerable of a joker. Luther had more common- sense than Knox, but what Knox lacked in humor he made up in learning. In fact, his love of learning was his chief weakness. He was as self-reliant as a black Angus. At twenty-six Knox made a vow that he would no longer kneel. This led to a rebuke from Cardinal Beaton, followed by the retort courteous. About this time he met George Wishart, and the men became fast friends. Four years passed and a chapter in history was played that wrenched the stern nature of John Knox, and for once broke up the icy fastness of his heart and caused his tears to flow. That was the burning at the stake of Wishart on the campus in front of St. Andrews. That his alma mater should lend itself to such a horrible crime in the name of justice caused Knox to break forth in curses that reached the ears of those in power, and had he not fled, the fate that overtook ■Wishart would have been his. George Wishart was of Scottish birth, but had spent some time in Germany, and had caught the spirit of Luther. All accounts agree that he was a gentle and worthy character, and very moderate in his expressions. He was a teacher at Cambridge, and his first offence seems to have been that he translated the New^ Testa- ment from Greek into English, without permission. 184 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox QHe came to St. Andrews and gave a course of lectures, it being the custom then for colleges to "exchange pulpits." Knox attended these lectures and heard Wishart for the first time. The Catholics making a demonstration against Wishart, Knox became one of a volunteer body-guard. \Vishart being on familiar terms with the great men of Edinburgh, was chosen by Henry the Eighth for the very delicate errand of going to Scotland and interceding for the hand in marriage of Mary Stuart, the infant "Queen of Scots," with Edward the infant son of our old friend. Wishart seemed to have been an unwilling tool in this matter, and his action set Catholic Scotland violently against him. Persecution pushed him on into unseemly speech, and Cardinal Beaton set the sure machinery in motion that ended in the death of this strong, earnest and simple man who had not yet reached the height of his powers. The fires that consumed the body of George ^Vishart fired the heart of John Knox, and from that hour he was the avowed foe of the papacy. Two years later Cardinal Beaton was assassinated by "parties unknown." But Knox, having often cheer- fully referred to Beaton as " a son of Beelzebub," was accused of hatching the plot, even though he did not personally take a hand in executing it. Shortly after the death of Beaton, Knox believing the 185 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox atmosphere had cleared, came back to Edinburgh and preached at the Castle. Soon he had quite a following, but of people whom he himself says in his "History of the Reformation," were "gluttons, wantons and licentious revelers, but who yet regularly and meekly partook of the sacrament." Knox saw plainly this peculiar paradox, that every reformer is followed and professed by law-breakers who consider themselves just like him. These rogues ■who took the sacrament regularly were the cause of much annoyance to Knox, and gave excuse for many accusations against him. Knox preached a sermon entitled " Killing no Murder," attempting to show how when men used their power to subjugate other men, that their death becomes a blessing to every one. The Castle was stormed by Catholics, in which a bri- gade of French took part. Knox and various others were taken to France, and there set to work as galley slaves. Escaping through connivance he made his way to Geneva, attracted by the fame of Calvin. But his heart was in Scotland and in a year he was back once more on the heather calling upon the papal heathen to repent. John Knox was in Geneva three different times. He was a heretic, too, and his heresy was of the same kind as that of Calvin jt And as two negatives make an affirmative so do two heretics, if they are strong enough, transform heresy into orthodoxy. To be a 186 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox heretic you have to be in the minority and stand alone. Q Calvin had a high regard for Knox, but they were too much alike to work together in peace. Calvin was never in England, and in fact never learned to speak English, but Knox spoke French like a native, having improved the time while in prison in France by study- ing the language. There ■were several hundred English refugees in Geneva, and Calvin appointed Knox pastor of the English church. This was in 1554, the year following the death of Servetus. Knox deprecated the death of "The Papal Delegate," but looked upon it lightly, a mere necessity of the times, and " a due and just warning to the pope and the followers of the Babylonish harlot." HEN Luther was forty-two he married " Catherine the Nun," a most noble and excellent woman of about his own age who encouraged him in his very trying position and sustained i^9» him in time of peril. [l^^ jt Calvin married Idalette de Bures, the widow of an Ana- 'y baptist whom he converted j» fjSSSi' Calvin was not a lover by nature, and explained to the 187 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox world that his marriage was simply a harmless neces- sary defi to Rome. Happily the venture proved a better scheme than he wist, and after some years, he wrote, " I would have died without the helpmeet God sent me, my wife, who never opposed me in anything." John Knox was married when thirty-eight to the win- some Marjorie Bowes, aged seventeen, the fifth child of Mary Bowes whom he had ardently wooed in his youth. His boast to the mother that "Providence planned that you should reject me in order that I might do better," was an indelicate slant by the right oblique. Q Marjorie withered in the cold, keen atmosphere of theological definition, and died in a few years. And then fate sent a close call for the Reformer in the daring, dashing person of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's mother was Mary of Guise, a French woman discreetly married to King James of Scotland. Knox always bore a terrible hatred toward Mary of Guise, and all French people for that matter, for his little term in the galleys. His book, "The Monstrous Regi- ment of 'Women," had Mary Tudor, Mary of Guise, and Mary Queen of Scots in mind. Queen Elizabeth paid a compliment to the worth of the author by out- lawing him for "his insult to virtuous ■womanhood." QMen who hate women are simply suffering from an overdose. Knox w/as a \voman-hater who always had one especially attractive woman upon his list, with intent to make of her a Presbyterian. In this he was 188 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox as steadfast as the leader of a colored camp meeting. QMary Queen of Scots, had no more landed on Scottish soil from Catholic France than Knox fled, fearing for his head. Ere long he came back and sought a personal interview with the young queen, just turned twenty, "with intent to bring her heart to Jesus." They seemed to have talked of other themes for "she was exceeding French and frivolous and stroked my beard when I sought to explain to her the wickedness of profane dancing." Then Mary tried her hand at converting Knox to the "Mother Church." And as a last inducement legend has it that she offered to marry him if he would be- come a Catholic. Here John Knox coughed and hesi- tated — she was getting near his price. He said he saw the devil's tail behind her chair. He rushed from her presence, quaking with fear. Stormy interviews followed, backed up by handy epi- thets in which they both proved expert. It was a piv- otal point. Had John Knox married Mary Queen of Scots there would have been no Presbyterian Church, no Princeton, no Dr. McCosh, no Grover Cleveland. QOn March 20th, 1563, the banns were read between John Knox and Margaret "Stewart," or Stuart, daugh- ter of Lord Ochiltree, and a forbear of our own Tom Ochiltree. The young lady was two months past six- teen years old. The Queen was furious, for the girl being of Royal blood, "should really have consulted 189 GREAT REFORMERS— John Knox me before renouncing her religion for this praying and braying man with long whiskers." There was full and just cause for indignation, for although Mary was then safely wedded to Darnley, preparing to have him assassinated, (and later to lose her own head) she yet regarded John Knox as her pri- vate property. Marriage merely added another trouble to the stormy and burdened life of our great reformer. He had suc- cessfully fought the powers of Rome; the queenly daughter of Henry the Eighth, and Anne Boleyn had found him incorrigible and given him up as a hopeless case ; Calvin could not tame him, but now a chit of a girl with retrousse nose, who should have been at work in a paper-box factory led him a merry dance, and the voice that had thundered threat and defiance piped in forced assent. December strawberries, I am told, lack the expected flavor. QWhen Knox died, he left a widow aged twenty-five, come Michaelmas. She wore deep mourning and so did Mary Queen of Scots, but Mary explained that her deep veil was merely to hide her smiles. Qln two years the widow married Andrew Ker, notorious for having once leveled a pistol at the Queen. The widow survived Knox just sixty-two years, and died undeceived, not realizing that she had once been wedded to a man who had shaped a great religion— one whom Carlyle, his countryman, calls the master mind of his day. 190 You Are Invited To Attend THE PHILISTINE CONVENTION which will occur at East Aurora, July First to Ninth, 1907 j* There will be daily Lectures and Musical events by people of worth. Principal Speakers: M. M. Man- gasarian, Madison C. Peters, Clarence Darrow, Elbert Hubbard, Henry Frank, John J. Lentz. Perhaps you better bring your old shoes as there will be some tramping over the hills ^ J- J^ ^ J- .^ THE ANNUAT, DINNER Will occur July Fourth i HE ROYCROFTERS DO PRINTING For their friends. Folders, with or with- out Envelopes, Booklets, Etc. We are the largest buyers of hand-made paper in America, and the rustle of folders on hand-made paper attracts attention like the frou frou of a silk petticoat ^ ^ ^ Our ornaments are not stock. 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Read A STUFFED CLUB a magazine that teaches health thru rational common- sense ways of living ; no fads, isms nor fancies. SAMPLE COPY TEN CENTS A STUFFED CLUB, Denver, Colorado '^f DO not belong to the amiable group ^jl of "men of compromise." I am in the habit of giving candid and straight- forward expression to the convictions which a half century of serious and labor- ious study has led me to form. If I seem to you an iconoclast, a fighter, I pray you to remember that the victory of pure reason over current superstition will not be achieved without a tremendous struggle ERNST HAECKEL THE LIGHT OF INDIA Edited by Baba Bharati SUCCESS from the start. The magazine you want to read — most unique, original, interesting yet pub- lished. Highly appreciated by press and public, and Leo Tolstoy, the greatest sage and thinker of the age, is translating it into Russian. "JIM," a reply to Kipling's " Kim," most fascinating romance of India now running, grips every reader sjJJSse******* One dollar a year; ten cents a copy. Four Rare Famous View$ of India ffiven as premium to yearly subscribers. 730 WEST 16th STREET, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ELLA WHEELER VS^ILCOX'S Very Latest Poems are now published in a dainty little volume "New Thought Pastels." Lovely for a present, and for every- day inspiration. Price, 50 cents, postpaid. Most of these poems were written for The Nautilus, the New Life Magazine which Mrs. Wilcox sends to her friends and those who need a word of help or cheer. TK^ NAiitiliie ^^ published and edited by Elizabeth and William 1 lie iiaULllua E. Towne, aided by an unequalled corps of splendid writers, including: EDWIN MARKHAM, FLOHF.NCF; MORSE KINGSLKY. PROFESSOR EDGAR L. LARKIN, GRACE MACGOWAN COOKE, and many others. It is the belief of its readers that The Nautilus is the top notch magazine, and growing with every number. They say it is Bright, Breezy, Pure and Practical. Redolent of Hope and Good Cheer. The Power of Good that has set thousands of lives in happier, more usefid lines. The iNautUus, enbeeription price per year S1.00\ m + i c, pa New Thoueht Paislels, Mrs. Wilcox, .60/ ^^tal S1.50 Our price if you order now, just $1.00 for the tw^o and a free copy of no. containing " l.iTTLt,. Tourney to the Home of Elrert Hurrard" if you ask it. Or THREE MONTHS TRIAL for TEN CENTS. ELIZABETH TOWAE, DEPT. 88, HOLTOKE, MASS. > X > r o X a !^ O ffi o s H lOOKS One and Two of Great Lovers, being Vols. XVIII and XIX of Little Journeys, are now ready. They are printed on Ital- ian hand-made, Roycroft water- marked paper, with portraits. The title-pages initials and tail-pieces are illumined. Bound in limp green velvet leather, silk lined, inlaid calf title stamped in gold on back and cover, silk marker. The subjects are as follows: BOOK I JOSIAH AND SARAH WEDGWOOD WILLIAM GODWIN AND MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT DANTE AND BEATRICE JOHN STUART MILL AND HARRIET TAYLOR PARNELL AND KITTY OSHEA PETRARCH AND LAURA BOOK II DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI AND ELIZABETH SIDDAL BALZAC AND MADAME HANSKA FENELON AND MADAME GUYON FERDINAND LASSALLE AND HELENE VON DONNIGES LORD NELSON AND LADY HAMILTON ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AND FANNY OSBOURNE We think there are classes of people who will find these to be just what they are looking for for presents. The price is $3.00 each, or $6.00 for the set of 2 volumes. VERY SUMPT- UOUS EXAMPLES OF BOOKMAKING THE ROYCROFTERS EAST AURORA, IN ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK What Grant and Garfield Said SRESIDENT GARFIELD, in Congress, June 22, 1874, said: "The divorce between Church and State ought to be ab- solute. It ought to be so absolute that no Church property anywhere, in any State, or in the nation, should be exempt from equal taxation; for if you exempt the property of any Church organization, to that extent you impose a tax upon the whole com- munity." PRESIDENT GRANT, in his annual message of 1875, recommended the passage of a constitutional amendment for the more complete separation of Church and State, and referred to the rapid increase of this exempt property as follows : "In connection with this important question, I would also call your attention to the importance of correcting an evil that, if permitted to continue, will probably lead to gieat trouble in our land before the close of the nineteenth century. It is the acquisition of vast amounts of untaxed Church property. In 1850, I believe, the Church property of the United States, which paid no tax, municipal or State, amounted to $87,000,000. In i860 the amount had doubled. In 1870 it was $354,- 483,587. By i9oo, without a check, it is safe to say this property will reach a sum exceeding $3,000,000,000. So vast a sum, receiving all the protection and benefits of government, without bearing its propor- tion of the burdens and expenses of the same, will not be looked upon acquiescently by those who have to pay the taxes. In a growing country, where real estate enhances so rapidly with time as in the United States, there is scarcely a limit to the wealth that may be ac- quired by corporations, religious or otherwise, if allowed to retain real estate without taxation. The contemplation of so vast a property as here alluded to, without taxation, may lead to sequestration without constitutional authority, and through blood. I would suggest the tax- ation of all property equally." ^OR SALE! THE FOLLOWING LITTLE JOURNEYS BY ELBERT HUBBARD in BOOK- LET FORM, WITH FRONTISPIECE PORTRAIT OF EACH SUBJECT Eliot Meissonier Titian Fortuny Scheffer Landseer Dore Bryant Prescott Lowell Simms Hawthorne Audubon Irving Longfellow Everett Bancroft Hancock Swift Brov/ning Tennyson Burns Milton Addison Coleridge Disraeli Paganini Chopin Mozart Bach Mendelssohn Verdi Schumann Brahms Raphael Gainsborough Corot Correggio Bellini Abbey "Whistler Pericles Antony Savonarola Luther Burke Marat Phillips Seneca Aristotle Aurelius Spinoza Kant Comte Voltaire Spencer Schopenhauer Thoreau Copernicus Galileo New^ton Humboldt Herschel Haeckel Linnaeus Tyndall Wallace Flake Godwin & ■Wollstonecraft Petrarch &. Laura Rossetti & Siddal Balzac & Hanska Fenelon & Guyon Lassalle & Von Donniges The Price is TEN CENTS Each, or One Dollar for Ten — as long as they last. THE ROYCROFTERS, East Aurora, N. Y. AN^Ori SBEINGALTTLLUaiJRNEYS ft BY- ELBERT- MUBBARDS TME BE3T 3ELLING BOOI\ EVER I33UED BY THE ROYCROFTER5 SOME THIN»\ IT 13 A VERY GREAT BOOK OTHERS NOT C^».^s^K«v4v«v^«v«:w^.«^