Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Corneii University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in iimited quantity for your personai purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partiai versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commerciai purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® The Women Who Game in the Mayflower BY ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON CHICAGO Digitized by Microsoft® COPIEIQHT 1920 bt a. w. fell THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON Digitized by Microsoft® This little book is intended as a memorial to the women who came in The Mayflower, and their comrades who came later in The Ann and The Fortwne, who maintained the high standards of home life in early Plymouth Colony. There is no lattempt to make a genealog- ical study of any family. The effort is to reveal glimpses of the commimal life during 1621-1623. This is supplemented by a few silhouettes of individual ma- trons and maidens to whose influence we may trace increased resources in domes- tic life and education. One must regret the lack of proof re- garding many facts, about which are conflicting statements, both of the gen- eral conditions and the individual men and women. In some instances, both points of view have been given here; at other times, the more probable surmises have been mentioned. Digitized by Microsoft® jForetoorli The author feels deep gratitude, and would here express it, to the librarians of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England Genealogic-Historical Register, the American Antiquarian So- ciety, the Register of Deeds, Pilgrim Hall, and the Russell Library of Plym- outh, private and public libraries of Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr. Arthur Lord and all other individuals who have assisted in this research. The publications of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, and the remarkable re- searches of its editor, Mr. George E. Bowman, call for special appreciation. Annie Russell Makble. Worcetter, Massachusetts. Tl Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS FOEEWOED I Endurance and Adventuee: The Voyage and Landing ... 8 II Communal and Family Life in Plymouth 1621-1623 ... 21 III Mateons and Maidens Who Came IN "The Mayflowee" ... 53 IV Companions Who Aeeived in "The Foetune" and "The Ann" 93 Index 109 Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archi\^..p/^/^d^ai^s^u31 92402881 501 3 ERRATA Page 49 (And foot-notes elsewhere) read The Mayflower Descendant for Mayflower Descendants. 49 Foot-note, read SS ML Vemm St. for 9 Ashburton PI. 78 line 21, read two hundred and seventy for seventy. 79 Line 12, read inventory for will. 82 line 12, omit Revolutionary. 84 lines 4 and 5, read Edward Winslow and Peregrine White for William MuUins and Miles Standish. 84 Line 21, read Petty coate with silke Lace for Pretty, etc. 86 Line 25, read step-mother for mother. 88 Line 10, read eighty for ninety years. 98 Line 14, read Abraham for Alexander. 102 Line 9, read Mercy for Mary. Digitized by Microsoft® "So they left ye goodly and pleasante citie, which had been ther restimg-place near 12. years; hut they knew they were pUgrimes, 4* looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits." — Bradford' i History of Plymovth Plantatiom. Chap. VII. Digitized by Microsoft® Chapter I ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of iphysical endurance. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we find com- pensations for the cold winds and storms in the exhilarating winter sports and the good cheer of the holiday season. The passengers of The Mayfloiver anchored in Plymouth harbor, three hundred years ago, lacked compensa- tions of sports or fireside warmth. One hundred and two in number when they sailed, — of whom twenty-nine were women, — ^they had been crowded for ten weeks into a vessel that was intended to carry about half the nvimber of pas- sengers. In low spaces between decks. Digitized by Microsoft® Women of ttft JMapflotoer with some fine weather when the open hatchways allowed air to enter and more stormy days when they were shut in amid discomforts of all kinds, they had come at last within sight of the place where, contrary to their plans, they were destined to make their settlement. At Plymouth, England, their 'last port in September, they had "been kindly entertained and courteously used by divers friends there dwelling," * but they were homeless now, facing a new coim- try with frozen shores, menaced by wild animals and yet more fearsome savages. Whatever trials of their good sense and sturdy faith came later, those days of waiting until shelter could be raised on shore, after the weeks of confinement, must have challenged their physical and spiritual fortitude. There must have been exciting days for the women on shipboard and in land- ' Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New-England and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622 (Bradford and Winslow) Abbreviated in Purchas' Pilgrim^ X; iv; London, 1623. Digitized by Microsoft® Zfit "^opaQt anb Eaniiins ing. There must have been hours of distress for the older and the delight in adventure which is an unchanging trait of the young of every race. iWild winds carried away some clothes and cooking- dishes from the ship; there was a birth and a death, and occasional illness, be- sides the dire seasickness. John How- land, "the lustie young man," fell over- board but he caught hold of the topsail halyard which hung extended and so held on "though he was sundry fathoms under water," until he was pulled up by a rope and rescued by a boat-hook.* Recent research * has argued that the captain of The 'Mayflower was probably not Thomas Jones, with reputation for severity, but a Master Christopher Jones of kindlier temper. The former captain was in Virginia, in September, 1620, according to this account. With the most generous treatment which the cap- tain and crew could give to the women, 'Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 9. '"The Mayflower," by R. G. Marsden; Eng. HUtorlcal Review, Oct., 1904; Mayflower Bescendamts, Jan., 1916. Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfie Maptloiatv they must have been sorely tried. There were sick to be nursed, children to be cared for, including some lively boys who played with powder and nearly caused an explosion at Cape Cod; nour- ishment must be found for all from a store of provisions that had been much reduced by the delays and necessary sales to satisfy their "merchant adven- turers" before they left England. They slept on damp bedding and wore musty clothes; they lacked exercise and water for drink or cleanliness. Joyful for them must have been the day recorded by Winslow and Bradford,* — "On Mon- day the thirteenth of November our people went on shore to refresh them- selves and otir women to wash, as they had great need." During the anxious days when the abler men were searching on land for a site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod and later at Plymouth, there were events of excitement on the ship left in the < Relation or Journal, etc. (1622). 6 Digitized by Microsoft® Witt ^opage anb Hanbins harbor. Peregrine White was bom and his father's servant, Edward Thompson, died. Dorothy May Bradford, the girl- wife of the later ;Govemor iof the colony, was drowned during his absence. There were miirmuringsi and threats against the leaders by some of the crew and others who were impatient at the long voyage, scant comforts and uncertain future. Possibly some of the complaints came from women, but in the hearts of most of them, although no women signed their names, was the resolution that inspired the men who signed that compact in the cabin of The May flower ^ — "to promise all due submission and obedience." They had pledged their "great hope and in- ward zeal of laying good foimdation for ye propagating and advancing ye gos- pell of ye kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world; yea, though they should be but as stepping-stones unto others for ye performing of so great aj work" ; with such spirit they had been impelled to leave Holland and such 7 Digitized by Microsoft® faith sustained them on their long journey. Many of the women who were pioneers at Plymouth had suffered severe hardships in previous years. They could sustain their own hearts and encom-age the younger ones by re- membrance of the passage from Eng- land to Holland, twelve years before, when they were searched most cruelly, even deprived of their clothes and be- longings by the ship's master at Boston. Later they were abandoned by the Dutchman at Hull, to wait for fotu-teen days of frightful storm while their hus- bands and protectors were carried far away in a ship towards the coast of Norway, "their httle ones hanging about them and quaking with cold." ° There were women with frail bodies, like Rose Standish and Katherine Car- ver, but there were strong physiques and dauntless hearts sustained to great old age, matrons like Susanna White 'Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2. Digitized by Microsoft® and Elizabeth Hopkins and yoving women like Priscilla MuUins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth TiUey and Constance Hopkins. In our imaginations today, few women correspond to the clinging, fainting figures portrayed by some of the painters of "The Departure" or "The Landing of the Pilgrims." We may more readily believe that most of the women were upright and alert, peer- ing anxiously but courageously into the future. Writing in 1910, John Mase- field said:" "A generation fond of pleasure, disinclined towards serious thought, and shrinking from hardship, even if it may be swiftly reached, will find it difficult to imagine the temper, courage and manliness of the emigrants who made the first Christian settlement of New England." Ten years ago it would have been as difficult for women of our day to imderstand adequately the womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons « Introduction to Chronicles of the Pilgrlni Fathers (Everyman's Uhrary). Digitized by Microsoft® Mamm of tift iHapQotner and girls. The anxieties and self-denials experienced by women of all lands dur- ing the last five years may help us to "imagine" better the dauntless spirit of these women of New-Pljinouth. Dur- ing those critical months of 1621-1623 they sustained their households and assisted the men in establishing an or- derly and religious colony. We may justly affirm that some of "the wisdom, prudence and patience and just and equall carriage of things by the better part" '' was manifested among the women as well as the men. In spite of the spiritual zeal which comes from devotion to a good cause, and the inspiration of steady work, the women must have suffered from home- sickness, as well as from anxiety and illness. They had left in Holland not alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, and their valiant friend, Robert Cush- man, but many fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters besides their "dear gossips." ' Bradford's Histary of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. 10 Digitized by Microsoft® Witt ^opajjc anb Xanbing Mistress Brewster yearned for her elder son and her daughters. Fear and Pa- tience; Priscilla Mulhns and, Mary Chil- ton, soon to be left orphans, had been separated from older brothers and sis- ters. Disease stalked among them on land and on shipboard like a demon. Before the completion of more than two or three of the one-room, thatched houses, the deaths were multiplying. Possibly this disease was typhus fever; more probably it was a form of infec- tious pneumonia, due to enervated con- ditions of the body and to exposures at Cape Cod. Winslow declared, in his account of the expedition on shore, "It blowed and did snow all that day and night and froze withal. Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death there." Had the disease been "galloping consumption," as has been suggeste(^ sometimes, it is not prob- able that many of those "sick vmto death" would have recovered and have lived to be octogenarians. 11 Digitized by Microsoft® HKotnen of tfie iHapflotoec The toll of deaths increased and the illness spread until, at one time, there were only "six or seven sound persons" to minister to the sick and to bury the dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women who sailed from England and Holland were buried on Plymouth hillside dur- ing the winter and spring. They were: Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Ed- ward Winslow; Mary, wife of Isaac Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton; Katherine, wife of Governor John Car- ver; Alice, wife of John Rigdale; Ann, wife of Edward Fuller; Bridget and Ann Tilley, wives of John and Edward; Alice, wife of John Miallins or Molines ; Mrs. James Chilton; Mrs. Christopher Martin; Mrs. Thomas Tinker; possibly Mrs. John Turner, and Ellen More, the orphan ward of Edward Winslow. Nearly twice as many men as women died during those fateful months of 1621. Can we "imagine" the courage required by the few women who re- mained after this devastation, as the 12 Digitized by Microsoft® wolves were heard howling in the night, the food supplies were fast disappearing, and the houses of shelter were delayed in completion by "frost and much foul weather," and by the very few men in physical condition to rive timber or to thatch roofs? The common house, twenty foot square, was crowded with the sick, among them Carver and Brad- ford, who were obliged "to rise in good speed" when the roof caught on fire, and their loaded muskets in rows beside the beds threatened an explosion.* Although the women's strength of body and soul must have been sapped yet their fidelity stood well the test; when The Mayfl&wer was to return to England in April and the captain of- fered free passage to the women as well as to any men who wished to go, if the women "would cook and nurse such of the crew as were iU," not a man or a woman accepted the offer. Intrepid in bravery and faith, the wOTnen did their • Mourt's Relation. 13 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tl)t jlllapflohiet part in making this lonely, impoverished settlement into a home. This required adjustments of many kinds. Few in number, the women represented dis- tinctive classes of society in birth and education. In Leyden, for seven years, they had chosen their friends and there they formed a happy community, in spite of some poverty and more anxiety about the education and morals of their children, because of "the manifold temptations" " of the Dutch city. Many of tlie men, on leaving Eng- land, had renoimced their more leisurely occupations and professions to practise trades in Leyden, — Brewster and Wins- low as printers, Allerton as tailor. Dr. Samuel FuUer as say- weaver and others as carpenters, wool-combers, masons, cobblers, pewterers and in other crafts. A few owned residences near the famous University of Leyden, where Robinson and Brewster taught. Some educational influences wotild thus fall upon their ' Bradford's History of Plymouth Pleratatloii, dh. 3. 14 Digitized by Microsoft® Witt "Fopage anb Uanbfng families." On the other hand, others were recorded as "too poor to be taxed." Until July, 1620, there were two hun- dred and ninety-eight known members of this church in Leyden with nearly three hundred more associated with them. Such economic and social condi- tions gave to the women certain priv- ileges and pleasures in addition to the interesting events in this picturesque city. In The Mayflower and at Plymouth, on the other hand, the women were thrust into a small company with widely differing tastes and backgroimds. One of the first demands made upon them was for a democratic spirit, — ^tolerance and patience, adaptabihty to varied na- tures. The old joke that "the Pilgrim Mothers had to endure not alone their hardships but the Pilgrim Fathers also" has been overworked. These women would never have accepted pity as mar- "The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Henry M. Dexter and Morton Dexter, Boston, 1905. 16 Digitized by Microsoft® Momen of tl^t iHapfloiuet tyrs. They came to this new covintry with devotion to the men of their families and, in those days, such a call was su- preme in ai woman's life. They sorrowed for the women friends who had been left behind, — ^the wives of Dr. Fuller, Rich- ard Warren, Francis Cooke and Degory Priest, who were to come later after months of anxious waiting for a message from New-Plymouth. The family, not the individual, char- acterized the life of that commimity. The father was always regarded as the "head" of the family. Evidence of this is found when we try to trace the pos- terity of some of the pioneer women from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. A child is there recorded as "the son of Nicholas Snow," "the son of John Winslow" or "the daughter of Thomas Cushman" with no hint that the mothers of these children were, respectively, Constance Hopkins, Mary Chilton and Mary Allerton, all of whom came in The Mayflower, although the fathers 16 Digitized by Microsoft® Wfit ^opage anb Hanbfna arrived at Plymouth later on The For- tund and The Ann. It would be unjust to assume that these women were conscious heroines. They wrought with courage and purpose equal to these traits in the men, but probably none of the Pilgrims had a definite vision of the future. With words of appreciation that are applicable to both sexes, ex-President Charles W. Eliot has said:" "The Pilgrims did not know the issue and they had no vision of it. They just loved liberty and tolera- tion and truth, and hoped for more of it, for more liberty, for a more perfect toleration, for more truth, and they put their lives, their labors, at the disposition of those loves without the least vision of this republic, or of what was going to come out of their industry, their devo- tion, their dangerous and exposed Uves." " Eighteenth Annual Dinner of Mayflower Society, Nov. 20, 1913. 17 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® II COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Chaptee II COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 Spring and summer came to bless them for their endm^ance and uncon- scious heroism. Then they could appre- ciate the verdict of their leaders, who chose the site of Plymouth as a "hopeful place," with running brooks, vines of sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, fish and wild fowl and "clay excellent for pots and will wash hke soap." ^ So early was the spring in 1621 that on March the third there was a thvinder storm and "the birds sang in the woods most pleasantly." On March the six- teenth, Samoset came with Indian greet- ing. This visit must have been one of mixed sentiments for the women and we can read more than the mere words in the sentenccy "We lodged him that night 21 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfie iHIapflotuet at Stephen Hopkins' house and watched him."* Perhaps it was in deference to the women that the men gave Samoset a hat, a pair of stockings, shoes, a shirt and a piece of cloth to tie about his waist. Samoset returned soon with Squanto or Tisquantum, the only sur- vivor of the Patuxet tribe of Indians which had perished of a pestilence at Plymouth three years before. He shared with Hobomok the friendship of the settlers for many years and both Indians gave excellent service. Through the influence of Squanto the treaty was made in the spring of 1621 with Mas- sasoit, the first League of Nations to preserve peace in the new world. Squanto showed the men how to plant alewives or herring as fertilizer for the Indian corn. He taught the boys and girls how to gather clams and mussels on the shore and to "tread eels" in the water that is still called Eel River. He gathered wild strawberries and sassafras ' and ' Mount's Relation. Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb jfamilp ILiie for the women and they prepared a "brew" which almost equalled their ale of old England. The friendly Indians assisted the men, as the seasons opened, in hunting wild turkeys, ducks and an occasional deer, welcome additions to the store of fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. We are told' that Squanto brought also a dog from his Indian friends as a gift to the settlement. Already there were, at least, two dogs, probably brought from Holland or England, a mastiff and a spaniel * to give comfort and com- panionship to the women and children, and to go with the men into the woods for timber and game. It seems paradoxical to speak of child-hfe in this hard-pressed, serious- minded colony, but it was there and, doubtless, it was normal in its joyous and adventuresome impulses. Under eighteen years of age were the girls, Remember and Mary AUerton, Con- stance and Damaris Hopkins, Elizabeth •Mourt's Relation. ' Wlnslow's Narration. 23 Digitized by Microsoft® Momen of tfje inaj^Qoiuetr Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and Humility Cooper. The boys were Bar- tholomew AUerton, who "learned to sound the drum," John Crakston, William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John and Francis BiUington, Richard More, Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved White, Samuel Fuller, Love and Wrest- ling Brewster and the babies, Oceanus Hopkins and Peregrine White. With the exception of Wrestling Brewster and Oceanus Hopkins, all these children lived to ripe old age, — a credit not alone to their hardy constitutions, but also to the care which the Plymouth women bestowed upon their households. The flowers that grew in abundance about the settlement must have given them joy, — arbutus or "mayflowers," wild roses, blue chicory. Queen Anne's lace, pm-ple asters, golden-rod and the beautiful sabbatia or "sentry" which is still found on the banks of the fresh ponds near the town and is called "the Plymouth rose." Edward Winslow 24, Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb jFamilp %itt tells" of the drastic use of this bitter plant in developing hardihood among Indian boys. Early in the first year one of these fresh-water ponds, known as Billington Sea, was discovered by Francis Billington when he had climbed a high hill and had reported from it "a smaller sea." Blackberries, blueberries, plums and cherries must have been de- lights to the women and children. Medicinal herbs were found and used by advice of the Indian friends; the bayberry's virtues as salve, if not as candle-light, were early applied to the comforts of the households. Robins, bluebirds, "Bob ^Whites" and other birds sang for the pioneers as they sing for the tourist and resident in Plymouth today. The mosquito had a sting, — for Bradford gave a droll and pungent an- swer to the discontented colonists who had reported, in 1624, that "the people are much annoyed with musquetoes." He wrote:* "They are too delicate and ' Relatioin of the Manners, Customs, etc., of the Indians. •Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. n. 25 Digitized by Microsoft® Womm of tfje iHlapflotoer unfitte to begin new plantations and colonies that cannot enduer the biting of a muskeet. We wovdd wish such to keep at home till at least they be mus- keeto proof. Yet this place is as free as any and experience teacheth tha;t ye land is tild and ye woods cut downe, the fewer there will be and in the end scarce any at all." The end has not yet cornel Good harvests and some thrilling in- cidents varied the hard conditions of life for the women during 1621-2. Indian com and barley furnished ja, new founda- tion for many "a savory dish" prepared by the housewives in the mortar and pestles, kettles and skillets which they had brought from Holland. Nuts were used for food, giving piquant flavor both to "cakes" baked in the fire and to the stuffing of wild turkeys. The fare was simple, but it must have seemed a feast to the Pilgrims after the months of self- denials and extremity. Before the winter of 1621-2 was ended, seven log houses had been built 26 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anlr jfamilp ILift and four "common buildings" for stor- age, meetings and workshops. Already clapboards and furs were stored to be sent back to England to the merchant adventurers in the first ship. The seven huts, with thatched roofs and chimneys on the outside, probably in cob-house style, were of hewn planks, not of round logs.^ The fireplaces were of, stones laid in clay from the abundant sand. In 1628 thatched roofs were condemned because of the danger of fire,* and boards or palings were substituted. During the first two years or longer, light came into the houses through oiled paper in the windows. From the plans left by Governor Bradford and the record of the visit of De Hassieres to Plymouth, in 1627, one can visualize this first street in New England, leading from Plymouth harbor up thei hill to the cannon and stockade where, later, was the fort. At the intersection of the first street and a cross-highway stood the ' The Pilgrim Republic, John A. Goodwin, p. 582. » Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. 27 Digitized by Microsoft® OTIomcn of tfje iiWapfloboer Governor's house. It was fitting that the lot nearest to the fort hill should be assigned to Miles Standish and John Alden. AH had free access to the brook where flagons were filled for drink and where the clothes were washed. A few events that have been recorded by Winslow, Bradford and Morton were significant and must have reheved the monotony of life. On January fourth an eagle was shot, cooked and proved "to be excellent meat; it was hardly to be discerned from mutton." ° Four days later three seals and a cod were caught; we may assume that they fm*- nished oil, meat and skins for the house- hold. About the same time, John Good- man and Peter Brown lost their way in the woods, remained out all night, think- ing they heard lions roar (mistaking wolves for lions), and on their return the next day John Goodman's feet were so badly frozen "that it was a long time before he was able to go." " Wild geese • Moiirt's Relation. " Ibid. 28 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp %ilt were shot and used for broth on the ninth of February; the same day the Common House was set ablaze, but was saved from destruction. It is easy to imagine the exciting effects of such in- cidents upon the band of thirteen boys and seven girls, already enumerated. In July, the cry of "a lost child" aroused the settlement to a search for that "im- whipt rascal," John Billington, who had run away to the Nauset Indians a,t "East- ham, but he was found unharmed by a posse of men led by Captain Standish. To the women one of the most excit- ing events must have been the marriage on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow and Mistress Susanna White. Her hus- band and two men-servants had died since The Mayflower left England and she was alone to care for two young boys, one a baby a few weeks old. Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died seven weeks before the wedding day. Perhaps the Plymouth women gossiped a little over the brief interval of mourn- 29 Digitized by Microsoft® illomen of t|)e JWapflotocr ing, but the exigencies of the times easily explained the marriage, which was per- formed by a magistrate, presmnably the Governor. Even more disturbing to the peace- ful life was the first duel on June 18, between Edward Lister and Edward Dotey, both servants of Stephen Hop- kins. Tradition ascribed the cause to a quarrel over the attractive elder daughter of their master, Constance Hopkins. The duel was fought with swords and daggers; both youths were slightly wounded in hand and thigh and both were sentenced, as punishment, to have their hands and feet tied together and to fast for twenty-four hours but, says a record," "within an hour, because of their great pains, at their own and their master's humble request, upon promise of better carriage, they were released by the 'Governor." It is easy to imagine this scene: Stephen Hopkins and his wife appealing to the Governor " A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas Prence. 30 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp %iU and Captain Standish for leniency, al- though the settlement was seriously troubled over the occurrence; Elder Brewster and his wife deploring the lack of Christian affection which caused the duel; Edward Winslow and his wife, dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife Helen Billington scolding as usual; Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and Elizabeth Tilley condoling with the tear- ful and frightened Constance Hopkins, while the children stand about, excited and somewhat awed by the punishment and the distress of the offenders. Another day of imusual interest and industry for the householders was the Thanksgiving Day when peace with the Indians and assured prosperity seemed to follow the ample harvests. To this feast, which lasted for three days or more, came ninety-one Indians bringing five deer which they had killed and dressed. These were ia great boon to the women who must prepare meals for one hundred and forty people. Wild 31 Digitized by Microsoft® iiomen of tfjc iMapflotoer turkeys, ducks, fish and clams were procured by the colonists and cooked, perhaps with some marchpanes also, by the more expert cooks. The serious prayers and psalms of the [Pilgrims were as amazing to the Indians as were the strange whoops, dances, beads and feathers of the savages marvellous to the women and children of Plymouth Colony. In spite of these peaceable incidents there were occasional threats of Indian treachery, like the theft of tools from two woodsmen and the later bold chal- lenge in the form of a headless arrow wrapped in la snake's skin; the latter was returned promptly and decisively v/ith the skin filled with bullets, and the danger was over for a time. The stock- ade was strengthened and, soon after, a palisade was built about the houses with gates that were locked at night. After the fort of heavy timber was completed, this was used also as a meet- ing-house and "was fitted accordingly 32 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp ILitt for that use." It is to ibe hoped that Avarming-pans and foot-stoves were a part of the "fittings" so that the women might not be benumbed as, with dread of possible Indian attacks, they limned from the old Ainsworth's Psalm Book: "In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say. As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away? For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare On string ; to shoot at dark at them In heart that upright are." (Psalm xi.) Even more exciting than the days al- ready mentioned was the great event of surprise and rejoicing, November 19, 1621, when The Fortune arrived with thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of these were soon to wed Mayflower pas- sengers. Widow Martha Ford, recently bereft, giving birth on the night of her arrival to a fourth child, was wed to Peter Brown; Mary Becket (sometimes Digitized by Microsoft® iiomen of (f)t ilWapflotder written Bucket) became the wife of George Soule; John Winslow; later mar- ried Mary Chilton, and Thomas Cush- man, then a lad of fourteen, became the husband, in manhood, of Mary Allerton. His father, Robert Cushman, remained in the settlement while The Fortune was at anchor and left his son as ward for Governor Bradford. The notable ser- mon which was preached at Plymouth by Robert Cushman at this time (pre- served in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth) was from the text, "Let no man seek his own; but every man another's wealth." Some of the admonitions against swell- ing pride and fleshly-minded hypocrites seem to us rather paradoxical when we consider the poverty and self-sacrificing spirit of these pioneers; perhaps, there were selfish and slothful malcontents even in that company of devoted, indus- trious men and women, for human na- ture was the same three hundred years ago, in large and small communities, as it is today, with some relative changes. 84 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal attb Jfamilp %iU Among the passengers brought by The Fortune were some of great help- fulness. Wilham Wright, with his wife Priscilla (the sister of Governor Brad- ford's second wife), was an expert car- penter, and Stephen Dean, who came with his wife, was able to erect a small mill and grind corn. Robert Hicks (or Heeks) was another addition to the colony, whose wife was later the teacher of some of the children. Philip De La Noye, progenitor of the Delano family in America, John and Kenelm Winslow and Jonathan Brewster were eligible men to join the group of yoimger men, — John Alden, John Howland and others. The great joy in the arrival of these friends was succeeded by an agitating fear regarding the food supply, for The Fortune had suffered from bad weather and its colonists had scarcely any extra food or clothing. By careful allotments the winter was endured and when spring came there were hopes of a large harvest 35 Digitized by Microsoft® Momm of tfje iHapfloiucr from more abundant sowing, but the hopes were killed by the fearful drought which lasted from May to the middle of July. Some lawless and selfish youths frequently stole corn before it was ripe and, although public whipping was the punishment, the evil persisted. These conditions were met with the same cour- age and determination which ever char- acterized the leaders; a rationing of the colony was made which would have done credit to a "Hoover." They escaped famine, but the worn, thin faces and "the low condition, both in respect of food and clothing" was a shock to the sixty more colonists who arrived in The Ann and The James in 1623. The friends who came in these later ships included some women from Ley- den, "dear gossips" of Mayflower colonists, women whose resources and characters gave them prominence in the later history of Plymouth. Notable among them was^ Mrs. AEce Southworth, soon to wed Governor Bradford. With 36 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb jFamilp Hitz her came Barbara, whose surname is surmised to have been Standish, soon to become the wife of Captain Standish. Bridget Fuller joined her husband, the noble doctor of Plymouth; Elizabeth Warren, with her five daughters, came to make a home for her husband, Rich- ard; Mistress Hester Cooke came with three children, and Fear and Patience Brewster, despite their names, brought joy and cheer to their mother and girl- hood friends; they were later wed to Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, the Governor. Fortimately, The Ann and The James brought supplies in liberal measure and also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, for their need was great. The James was to remain for the use of the colony. Rations had been as low as one-quarter pound of bread a day and sometimes their fare was only "a bit of fish or lobster without any bread or relish but a cup of fair spring water." " It is "Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. 37 Digitized by Microsoft® Momen of tfje JHapflotocr not strange that Bradford added: "ye long continuance of this diete and their labors abroad had somewhat abated ye freshness of their former complexion." An important change in the policy of the colony, which affected the women as well as men, was made at this time. Formerly the administration of affairs had been upon the communal basis. All the men and grown boys were ex- pected to plant and harvest, fish and huat for the common use of all the households. The women also did their tasks in common. The results had been unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a new divi- sion of land was made, allotting to each householder an acre for each member of his family. This arrangement, which was called "every man for his owne par- ticuler," was told by Bradford with a comment which shows that the women were human beings, not saints nor mar- tyrs. He wrote: "The women now went willingly into ye field, and tooke 88 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb jFamilp %itt their little-ones with them to set corne, which before would aledge weaknes and inabilitie; whom to have compelled would have bene thought great tiranie and oppression." After further com- ment upon the failure of communism as "breeding confusion and discontent" he added this significant comment: "For ye yong-men that were most able and fitte for labour and service did repine that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men's wives and children without any recompense. . . . And for men's wives to be com- manded to doe servise for other men, as dresing their meate, washing their cloathes, etc., they deemed it a kind of slaverie, neither could many husbands well brooke it." If food was scarce, even a worse con- dition existed as to clothing in the sum- mer of 1623. Tradition has ascribed several spinning-wheels and looms to the women who came in The Mayflower, but we can scarcely beheve that such 39 Digitized by Microsoft® Homen of tfie MapUtAatv comforts were generously bestowed. There could have been little material or time for their use. Much skilful weav- ing and spinning of hnen, flax, and wool came in later Colonial history. The women must have been taxed to keep the clothes mended for their families as protection against the cold and storms. The quantity on hand, after the stress of the two years, would vary according to the supplies which each brought from Holland or England; in some families there were sheets and "pillow-beeres" with "clothes of sub- stance and comeliness," but other house- holds were scantily supplied. A some- what crude but interesting ballad, called "Our Forefathers' Song," is given by tradition from the lips of an old lady, aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the suggestion is accurate that she learned this from her mother or grandmother, its date would approximate the early days of Plymouth history. More prob- ably it was written much later, but it 40 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb jFamilp %i(e has a reminiscent flavor of those days of poverty and hrave spirit; "The place where we live is a wilderness wood, Where grass is much wanted that's fruitful and good; Our mountains and hills and our valleys below. Are commonly covered with frost and with snow. "Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn, They need to be clouted soon after they are worn, But clouting our garments they hinder us noth- ing. Clouts double are warmer than single whole clothing. "If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish. We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish, And if we've a mind for a delicate dish, We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish. "For pottage and puddings and custards and pies, Our pumpkins and parsnips are common sup- plies ! 41 Digitized by Microsoft® OTontcn of tfje iWapflotoer We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon, If it was not for pumpkin we should be un- doon." " What did these Pilgrim women wear? The manifest answer is, — ^what they had in stock. No more absurd, idea was ever invented than the picture of these Pil- grims "in uniform," gray gowns with dainty white collars and cuffs, with stiff caps and dark capes. They wore the typical garments of the period for men and women in England. There is no evidence that they adopted, to any ex- tent, Dutch dress, for they were proud of their English birth; they left Holland partly for fear that their young people might be educated or enticed away from English standards of conduct.^* Mrs. Alice Morse Earle has emphasized wisely" that the "sad-colored" gowns and coats mentioned in wills were not "dismal"; the list of colors so described '• The Pilgrim Fathers ; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852. " Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 4. "Two Centuries of Costume in America; N. Y., 1903. 42 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp ILitt in England included (1638) "russet, purple, green, tawny, deere colour, orange colour, buffs and scarlet." The men wore doublets and jerkins of browns and greens, and cloaks with red and purple linings. The women wore full skirts of say, paduasoy or silk of varied colors, long, pointed stomachers, — often with bright tone, — full, some- times puffed or slashed sleeves, and lace collars or "whisks" resting upon the shoulders. Sometimes the gowns were plaited or silk-laced; they often opened in front showing petticoats that were quilted or embroidered in brighter colours. Broadcloth gowns of russet tones were worn by those who could not afford silks and satins; sometimes women wore doublets and jerkins of black and browns. For dress occasions the men wore black velvet jerkins with white ruffs, like those in the authen- tic portrait of Edward Winslow. Velvet and quilted hoods of all colors and some- times caps, flat on the head and meeting 43 Digitized by Microsoft® Womm of tl^e iHapfloiner below the chin with fulkiess, are shown in existent portraits of English women and early colonists. Among relics that are dated back to this early period are the slipper" be- longing to Mistress Susanna White Winslow, narrow, pointed, with lace trimmings, and an embroidered lace cap that has been assigned to Rose Stand- ish." Sometimes the high ruffs were worn above the shoulders instead of "whisks." The children were dressed like miniature men and women; often the girls wore aprons, as did the women on occasions; these were narrow and edged with lace. "Petty coats" are mentioned in wills among the garments of the women. We would not assume that in 1621-2 all the women in Plym- outh colony wore silken or even home- spim clothes of prevailing English fashion. Many of these that are men- tioned in inventories and retained as heirlooms, with rich laces and embroid- " In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. " Two Centuries of Costume in America ; Earle. 44 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp %itt eries, were brought later from England; probably Winslow, AUerton and even Standish brought back such gifts to the women when they made their trips to England in 1624 and later. If the pioneer women had laces and embroid- eries of gold they probably hoarded them as precious heirlooms during those early years of want, for they were too sensible to wear and to waste them. As pros- perity came, however, and new elements entered the colony they were, doubtless, aifected by the law of the General Coini;, in 1634, which forbade further acquisition of laces, threads of silver and gold, needle-work caps, bands and rails, and silver girdles and belts. This law was enacted not by the Pilgrims of Plymouth, but by the Puritans of Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony. When Edward Winslow retvu-ned in The Charity, in 1624, he brought not alone a "goodly supply of clothing"" but, — far more important, — the first buU " Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. 45 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfie JWapflotaer and heifers that were in Plymouth. The old tradition of the white bull on which Priscilla Alden rode home from her marriage, in 1622 or early 1623, must be rejected. This valuable addi- tion of "neat cattle" to the resources of the colony caused a redistribution of land and shares in the "stock." By 1627 a partnership or "purchas" had been arranged, for assuming the debts and maintenance of the Plymouth colony, freed from further responsibility to "the adventurers" in London. The new division of lots included also some of the cattle. It! was specified, for instance, that Captain Standish and Edward Winslow were to share jointly "the Red Cow which belongeth to the poor of the colony to which they must keep her Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the Companie, Also two shea goats."" Elder Brewster was granted "one of the four Heifers came in The Jacob called the Blind Heifer." Among interesting sidelights upon the 46 Digitized by Microsoft® Commttnal anb Jfamilp ILiit economiq and social results of this ex- tension of land and cattle is the remark of Bradford:'" "Some looked for build- ing great houses, and such pleasant situations for them as themselves had fancied, as if they would be great men and rich all of a suddaine; but they proved castles in air." Within a short time, however, with the rapid increase of children and the need of more pas- turage for the cattle, many of the lead- ing men and women drifted away from the original confines of Plymouth to- wards Duxbury, Marshfield, Scituate, Bridgewater and Eastham. Agriculture became their primal concern, with the allied pursuits of fishing, hunting and trading with the Indians and white set- tlements that were made on Cape G>d and along the Kennebec. Soon after 1630 the families of Captain Standish, John Alden, and Jonathan Brewster (who had married the sister of John Oldham), Thomas Prence and Edward Winslow were set- 47 Digitized by Microsoft® iiomcn of tfje jUapflohjer tied on large farms in Duxbury and Marshfield. This loss to the Plymouth settlement was deplored by Bradford both for its social and religious results. April 2, 1632," a pledge was taken by Alden, Standish, Prence, and Jonathan Brewster that they would "remove their families to live in the towne in the winter-time that they may the better repair to the service of God." Such arrangement did not longj continue, how- ever, for in 1633 a church was estab- lished at Duxbiuy and the Plymouth members who lived there "were dismiste though very tmwillingly." " Later the families of Francis Eaton, Peter Brown and George Soule joined the Duxbury colony. Hobomok, ever faithful to Cap- tain Standish had a wigwam near his master's home imtil, in his old age, he was removed to the Standish house, where he died in 1642. The women who had come in the " and " Records of the Colony of New Plymouth In New England, edited by David Pulsifer, 1861. " and " Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. 48 Digitized by Microsoft® Communal anb Jfamilp ILitt earlier ships and had hved close to neighbors at Plymouth must have had lonely hours on their farms in spite of large families and many tasks. Wolves and other wild animals were sometimes near, for traps for them were decreed and allotted. Chance Indians prowled about and the stoutest hearts must have quailed when some of the recorded hur- ricanes and storms of 1635 and 1638 uncovered houses, felled trees and corn. In the main, however, there was peace and many of the families became pros- perous; we jSnd evidence in their wills, several of which have been deciphered from the original records by George Ernest Bowman, editor of the "May- flower Descendants,"" issued quarterly. By the aid of such records and a few family heirlooms of unquestioned genu- ineness, it is possible to suggest some in- dividual silhouettes of the women of early Plymouth, in addition to the glimpses of their communal life. * Editorial rooms at 9 Ashburton Place, Boston. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Ill MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Chapter III MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER It has been said, with some justice, that the Pilgrims were not remarkable men, that they lacked genius or dis- tinctive personalities. The same state- ment may be made about the women. They did possess, as men and women, fine qualities for the work which they were destined to accomphsh, — remark- able energy, faith, purpose, courage and patience. These traits were prominent in the leaders, Carver and Bradford, Standish and Winslow, Brewster and Dr. Fuller. As assistants to the men in the civic hf e of the colony, there were a few women who influenced the domes- tic and social aflPairs of their own and later generations. From chance records, wills, inventories and traditions their 68 Digitized by Microsoft® iSomcn of tfje iWapfloiDer individual traits must be discerned, for there is scarcely any sequential, historic record. Death claimed some of these brave- hearted women before the life at Plym- outh really began. Dorothy May Brad- ford, the daughter of Deacon May of the Leyden church, came from Wis- beach, Cambridge; she was married to Wilham Bradford vvfhen she was about sixteen years old and was only twenty when she was drowned at Cape Cod. Her only child, a son, John, was left with her father and mother in Holland and there was long a tradition that she mourned grievously at the separation. This son came later to Plymouth, about 1627, and lived in Marshfield and Norwich, Connecticut. The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with faded threads of silver and gold, which belonged to Rose Standish,^ are fitting relics of this mystical, delicate wife of "the doughty Captain." She died Jan- ' Now In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. 54 Digitized by Microsoft® uary 29, 1621. She is portrayed in fic- tion and poetry as proud of her hus- band's bravery and his record as a Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth's forces in aid of the Dutch. ' She was also proud of his reputed, and disputed, inheritance among the titled families of Standish of Standish and Standish of Duxbury Hall.^ There has been a persistent tradition that Rose was born or lived on the Isle of Man and was married there, but no records have been found as proofs. In the painting of "The Embar- kation," by Robert Weir, Elizabeth Barker, the young wife of Edward Winslow, is attired in gay colors and extreme fashion, while beside her stands a boy of about eight years with a can- teen! strapped over his shoulders. It has been stated that this is the silver canteen, marked "E. W.," now in the cabinet of • For discussion of the ancestry of Standisli, see "Some Recent Investigations of the Ancestry of Capt. Myles Standish," by Thomas Gruddas Porteus of Coppell, Lan- cashdre; N. E. Gen. Hist. Register, 68; 339-370; also In edltioii, Boston, 1M4. 65 Digitized by Microsoft® Momm of tfje MapUtiiott the Massachusetts Historical Society. The only record there is * "presentation, June, 1870, by James Warren, Senr., of a silver canteen and pewter plate which once belonged to Gov. Edward Winslow with his arms and initials." As Elizabeth Barker, who came from Chatsim or Chester, England, to Hol- land, was married April 3, 1618, to Winslow,* and as she was his first wife, the son must have been a baby when The Mayflower sailed. Moreover, there is no record by Bradford of any child that came with the Winslows, except the orphan, Ellen More. It has been sug- gested that the latter was of noble lineage.' Mary Norris, of Newbury in Eng- land, wife of one of the wealthiest and most prominent of the Pilgrims in early years, Isaac Allerton, died in Feb- ruary of the first winter, leaving two young girls, Remember and Mary, and ' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322. * England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Dexter. ' Mayflower Descendants, v. 256. 66 Digitized by Microsoft® JWapflotoer ;^atrons! anb iWailreng a son, Bartholomew or "Bart." The daughters married well, Remember to Moses Maverick of Salem, and Mary to Thomas Cushman. Mrs. AUerton gave birth to a child that was still-born while on The Mayflower and thus she had less strength to endure the hardships which followed.' When Bradford, recording the death of Katherine Carver, called her a "weak woman," he referred to her health which wa.s delicate while she lived at Plymouth and could not withstand the grief and shock of her husband's death in April. She died the next month. She has been called "a gracious woman" in another record of her death.'' She was the sister or sister-in-law of John Robinson, their pastor in England and Holland. Re- cent investigation has claimed that she was first married to George Legatt and later to Carver.' Two children died and • History of the AUerton Family ; W. S. Allerton, N. Y.. 1888. ' New England Memorial ; Morton. •The Colonial, I, 46; also Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note. 67 Digitized by Microsoft® Momtn of Ifye 0la^fioiott were buried in Holland in 1609 and 1617 and, apparently, these were the only children born to the Carvers. The maid, Lois, who came with them on The May- flower, is supposed to have married Francis Eaton, but she did not live long after 1622. Desire Minter, who was also of the Carver household, has been the victim of much speculation. Mrs. Jane G. Austin, in her novel, "Standish of Standish," makes her the female scapegrace of the colony, jealous, dis- contented and quarrelsome. On the other hand, and still speculatively, she is portrayed as the elder sister and house- keeper for John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, after the death of Mistress, Carver; this is assimied because the first girl bom to the Howlands was named Desire.' The only known facts about Desire Minter are those given by Brad- ford, "she returned to friends and proved not well, and dyed in England." ^° By research among the Leyden records, • Life of Pilgrim Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston, 1902. " Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation ; Appendix. 68 Digitized by Microsoft® collated by H. M. Dexter," the name, Minter, occurs a few times. William Minter, the husband of Sarah, was asso- ciated with the Carvers and Chiltons in marriage betrothals. William Minter was purchaser of a house from William Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another record is of a student at the University of Leyden who lived at the house of John Minter. Another reference to Thomas Minter of Sandwich, Kent, may furnish a clue." Evidently, to some of these relatives, with property, near or distant of kin. Desire Minter returned before 1626. Another unmarried woman, who svu*- vived the hardships of the first winter, biit retin-ned to England and died there, was Hvmiility Cooper. We know al- most nothing about her except that she and Henry Sampson were cousins of Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also mentioned as a relative of Richard Clop- " The England and Holland of -the Pilgrims. " N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56. 59 Digitized by Microsoft® Homen of tfie Mnv^oiatt ton, one of the early religious leaders in England." The "mother" of this group of ma- trons and maidens, who survived the winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the Elder, she shared his religious faith and zeal, and exercised a strong moral influ- ence upon the women and children. Pastor John Robinson, in a letter to Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to "her weake and decayed state of body," but she lived vmtil April 17, 1627, ac- cording to records in "the Brewster Book." She was only fifty-seven years at her death but, as Bradford said with tender appreciation, "her great and con- tinuall labours, with other crosses and sorrows, hastened it before y' time." As Elder Brewster "could fight as well as he could pray," could build his own house and till his own land," so, we may beheve, his wife was efficient in all domestic ways. When her strength »N. E. Gen. Hist.; Iv, 108. " The Pilgrim RepiibUc; John A. Goodwin. 60 Digitized by Microsoft® iMapfloUjEr iUatrons anb JMailiena failed, it is pleasant to think that she accepted graciously the loving assistance of the younger women to whom she must have seemed, in her presence, like a benediction. Her married life was fruitful; five children lived to maturity and two or more had died in Holland. The Elder was "wise and discreet and well-spoken — of a cheerful spirit, so- ciable and pleasant among his friends, undervaluing himself and his abiUties and sometimes overvaluing others." " Such a person is sure to be a delightful companion. To these attractive qualities the Elder added another proof of tact and wisdom: "He always thought it were better for ministers to pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and tedious in the same." While Mistress Brewster did! not excel the women of her day, probably, in edu- cation, — for to read easily and to write were not considered necessary graces for even the better-bred classes, — she coiild *! Bradford's History of Plymouth Planitation. 61 Digitized by Microsoft® liomen of ^t jUapflotper appreciate the thirty-eight copies of the Scriptures which were foimd among her husband's four hundred volumes; these would be familiar to her, but the sixty- four books in Latin would not be read by the women of her day. Fortunately, she did not survive, as did her husband, to endure grief from the deaths of the daughters, Fear and Patience, both of whom died before 1635; nor yet did she realize the bitterness of feeling be- tween the sons, Jonathan and Love, and their differences of opinion in the settle- ment of the Elder's estate." A traditional picture has been given " of Captain Peregrine White of Marsh- field, "riding a black horse and wearing a coat with buttons the size of a silver dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect to the last," ^' paying daily visits to his mother. Mistress Susanna White Wins- low. We may imagine this elderly ma- " Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. "The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin; foot-note, p. 181. " Account of his death in Boston News Letter, July 31, 170*. 6S Digitized by Microsoft® tron, sitting in the Winslow arm-chair, with its mark, "Cheapside, 1614," " per- haps wearing the white silk shoulder- cape with its trimmings of embossed velvet which has been preserved, proud that she was privileged to be the mother of this son, the first child born of white parents in New England, proud that she had been the wife of a Governor and Commissioner of eminence, and also the mother of Josiah Winslow, the first na- tive-bom Governor of any North Ameri- can commonwealth. Hers was a record of which any woman of any century might well be proud ! ''" In social position and worldly com- forts her life was pre-eminent among the colonists. Although Edward Winslow had renounced some of his English wealth, possibly, when he went to Hol- land and adopted the trade of printer, " This chair and the cape are now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth; here also are portraits of Edward Winslow and Josiah Winslow and the latter's wife, Penelope. '" More material may be found In Winslow Memorial ; Family Record, Holton, N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral Chronological Record of the William White Family, 1607- 1895, Concord, 1895. 63 Digitized by Microsoft® raomen of tije Ulapflofajer he "came into his own" again and was in high favor with English courts and statesmen. His services as agent and commissioner, both for the Plymouth colony and later for Cromwell, must have necessitated long absences from home, while his wife remained at Cares- well, the estate at Green Harbor, Marshfield, caring for her younger children, Elizabeth and Josiah Winslow. By family tradition, Mistress Susanna was a woman of graceful, aristocratic bearing and of strong character. Some- times called Anna, as in her marriage record to William White at Leyden, February 11, 1612,^^ she was the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by her first marriage died in 1615 and 1616; with her boy. Resolved, about five or six years old, she came with her husband on The Mayflower and, at the end of the voyage, bore her son, Peregrine White. The tact, courtesy and practical sa- " Mayflower Descendants, vti, 193. 64 Digitized by Microsoft® gacity of Edward Winslow fitted him for the many demands that were made upon his diplomacy. One of the most amusing stories of his experiences as agent for Plymouth colony has been re- lated by himself " when, at the request of the Indians, he visited Massasoit, who was ill, and brought about the recovery of this chief by common sense methods of treatment and by a "savory broth" made from Indian corn, sassafras and strawberry leaves, "strained through his handkerchief." The skill with which AVinslow cooked the broth and the "relish" of ducks reflected credit upon the household methods of Mistress Winslow. After 1646, Edward Winslow did not return to Plymouth for any long so- journ, for Cromwell and his advisers had recognized the worth of such a man as commissioner.^' In 1655 he was sent as one of three commissioners against " Winslow's Relation. " State Papers, Colooiial Service, 1574-1660. Wlnthrop Papers, li, 283. 66 Digitized by Microsoft® Momen of tfje jMapflohjer the Spaniards in the West Indies to attack St. Domingo. Because of lack of supplies and harmony among the troops, the attack was a failure. To atone for this the fleet started towards Jamaica, but on the way, near Hispani- ola, Winslow was taken ill of fever and died, May 8, 1655; he was biu-ied at sea with a military salute from forty-two guns. The salary paid to Winslow during these years was £1000, which was large for those times. On April 18, 1656, a "representation" from his widow, Susanna, and son was presented to the Lord Protector and council, asking that, although Winslow's death occurred the previous May, the remaining £500 of his year's salary might be paid to satisfy his creditors. To his wife and family Winslow, doubtless, wrote letters as graceful and interesting as are the few business epistles that are preserved in the Win- throp Papers."* That he was anxious " Hutclilnson Collectiojis, 110, 153, etc. 66 Digitized by Microsoft® jWapfloiuer iWatronsi anb jMaibens to return to his family is evident from a letter by President Steele of the So- ciety for Propagating the Gospel in New England (in 1650), which Wins- low was also serving ;''° "Winslow was unwilling to be longer kept from his family, but his great acquaintance and influence were of service to the cause so great that it was hoped he would remain for a time longer." In his will, which is now in Somerset House, London, dated 1654, he left his estate at Marsh- field to his son, Josiah, with the stipula- tion that his wife, Susanna, should be allowed a full third part thereof through her life.^® She lived twenty-five years longer, dying in October, 1680, at the estate, CaresweU. It is supposed that she was buried on the hillside cemetery of the Daniel Webster estate in Marsh- field, where, amid tangles and flowers, may be located the grave-stones of her children and grandchildren. Sharing with Mistress Susanna White ''The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin, 444. " Mayflower Descendants, iv, 1. 67 Digitized by Microsoft® Winslow the distinction of being mother of a child born on The Mayflower was Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, whose son, Oceanus, was named for his birthplace- She was the second wife of Stephen Hopkins, who was one of the leaders with Winslow and Standish on early expeditions. With her stepchildren, Con- stance and Giles, and her little daugh- ter, Damaris, she bore the rigors of those first years, bore other children, — ^Caleb, Ruth, Deborah and Elizabeth, — and cared for a large estate, including servants and many cattle. The inven- tory of the Hopkins estate revealed an abundance of beds and bedding, yellow and green rugs, curtains and spinning- wheels, and much wearing apparel. The home-life surely had incidents of ex- citement, as is shown by the accusa- tions and fines against Stephen Hopkins for "suffering excessive drinking at his house, 1637, when WilHam Reynolds was drunk and lay under the table," and again for "suffering men to drink 68 Digitized by Microsoft® iWapflotoer iHatrona anb iMaftieniS in his house on the Lord's Day, both before and after the meeting — and allowing his servant and others to drink more than for ordinary refreshing and to play shovell board and such like mis- demeanors." " Such lapses in conduct at the Hopkins house were atoned for by the services which Stephen Hopkins rendered to the colony as explorer, assistant to the governor and other offices which suited his reliable and fear- less disposition. These occasional "misdemeanors" in the Hopkins household were shght com- pared with the records against "the black sheep" of the colony, the family of Bill- ingtons from London. The mother, Helen or Ellen, did not seem to re- deem the reputation of husband and sons; traditionally she was called "the scold." After her husband had been executed in 1630, for the first murder in the colony, for he had waylaid and killed John Newcomen, she mar- s' and " Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. 69 Digitized by Microsoft® illomen of tfie i$Iapflofaaec ried Gregory Armstrong. She had vari- ous controversies in court with her son and others. In 1636, she was accused of slander by "Deacon" John Doane, — she had charged him with unfairness in mowing her pastm-e lot, — and she was sentenced to a fine of five pounds and "to sit in the stocks and be pubhckly whipt." "^ Her second husband died in 1650 and she lived several years longer, occupying a "tenement" granted to her in her son's house at North Plymouth. Apparently her son, John, after his frac- tious youth, died;; Francis married Chris- tian Penn, the widow of Francis Eaton. Their children seem to have "been boimd out" for service while the parents were convicted of trying to entice the children away from their work and, consequently, they were punished by sitting in the stocks on "lecture days." ^° In his later life, Francis BiUington became more stable in character and served on com- mittees. His last offense was the mild " The Pilgrim Repiibllc; Goodwin. 70 Digitized by Microsoft® iMapflotoer JWatroni anb Maibtna one "of drinking tobacco on the high- way." Apparently, Helen Billington had many troubles and little sympathy in the Plymouth colony. As companions to these matrons of the pioneer days were four maidens who must have been valuable as assistants in housework and care of the children, — Priscilla MuUins, Mary Chilton, Eliza- beth Tilley and Constance Hopkins. The first three had been orphaned dur- ing that first winter; probably, they became members of the households of Elder Brewster and Governor Carver. All have left names that are most honorably cherished by their many descendants. Priscilla MuUins has been celebrated in romance and poetry. Very little real knowledge exists about her and many of the siirmises would be more interesting] if they could be proved. She was well-born, for her father, at his death, was mentioned with regret" as "a man pious and well-deserving, en- "New England Memorial; Morton. 71 Digitized by Microsoft® Momtn of tijc Jiapflotocr dowed also with considerable outward estate; and had it been the will of God that he had survived, might have proved an useful instrument in his place." There was a family tradition of a castle, Molyneux or Mohnes, in Normandy. The title of Mr. indicated that he was a man of standing and he was a counsellor in state and church. Perhaps he died on shipboard at Plymouth, because his will, dated April 2, 1621, was witnessed by John Carver, Christopher Jones and Giles Heald, probably the captain and sm-geon of the ship, Mayflower. This will, which has been recently found in Dorking, Surrey, England, has had important influence upon research. We learn that an older sister, Sarah Blunden, living in Surrey, was named as administratrix, and that a son, Wil- liam (who came to Plymouth before 1637) was to have money, bonds and stocks in England. Goods in Virginia ^nd more money, — ten pounds each, — were bequeathed equally to his wife 72 Digitized by Microsoft® Alice, his daughter Priscilla and the younger son, Joseph. Interesting also is the item of "xxj dozen shoes and thirteene paire of boots weh I give unto the Companie's hands for forty pounds at seaven yeares," If the Company would not accept the rate, these shoes and boots were to be for the equal benefit of his wife and son, William. To his friend, John Carver, he commits his wife and children and also asks for a "special eye to my man Robert wch hath not so approved himself as I would he should have done." *^ Before this will was probated, July 23, 1621, John Carver, Mistress Ahce Mullins, the son, Joseph, and the man, Robert Carter (or Cartier) were all dead, leaving Priscilla to carry on the work to which they had pledged their lives. Perhaps, the brother and sister in England were children of an earlier marriage,*^ as Alice Mullins has been spoken of as a second wife. Priscilla was about twenty years old "■ Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus E. Alden, Bos I, 35, July 5, 1635. 94 Digitized by Microsoft® Hater ^rribalss also long survived her husband and did not remarry. She carried on his house- hold and probably also his teaching for many years after he fell victim to the epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. She was his third wife, but only two children are known to have used the Fuller cradle, now preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. It has been stated that, in addition to these two, Samuel and Mercy, another young child came with its mother in The Ann, but did not live long.^ The son, Samuel, born about 1625, was minister for many years at Middleboro; he married Elizabeth Brewster, thus preserving two friendly families in kinship. Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very iU and not expected to recover when her husband was dying, for in his will, made at that time, he arranged for the educa- tion of his children by his brother-in-law, Wilham Wright, unless it "shall please God to recover my wife out of her weake 'Ancient Landmarks of Plymoath; W. T. Davis. 95 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfje iWapflotuer estate of sickness." It is interesting also that, in this will, provision was made for the education of his daughter, Mercy, as well as his son, Samuel, by Mrs. Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert Hicks who came in The Ann.^ Not alone for his own children did this good physician provide education, but also for others "put to him for schooling," — with special mention of Sarah Converse "left to me by her sick father." This kind, generous doctor left a considerable es- tate, in spite of the many "debts for physicke," including that of "Mr. Roger Williams which was freely given." One specific gift was for the good of the church and this forms the nucleus of a fund which is still known as the Fuller Ministerial Fund of the Plymouth Con- gregational Church. Its source was "the first cow calfe that his Brown Cow should have." * » Plymouth Colony Wills and Inventories ; also in May- flower Descendants, 1, 245. * Genealogy of Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of The Mayflower, compiled by William Hyslop Fuller, Palmer. 96 Digitized by Microsoft® Hater ^rribalsi Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that gloves were gifts of sentiment ;° they were generously bestowed by this physi- cian of old Plymouth. Money to buy gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to Mistress Alice Bradford and Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; also to John Winslow, John Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price allowed for a pair of gloves was from two to five shillings. Probably these may have been the fringed leather gloves or the knit gloves described by Mrs. Earle. Another bequest was his "best hat and band never worn to old Mr, William Brewster." To his wife was left not alone two houses, "one at Smeltriver and another in town," but also a fine supply of fur- nishings and clothes, including stuffe gown, red pettecoate, stomachers, aprons, shoes and kerchiefs. Mistress Fuller lived until after 1667, and ex- " Two Centuries of Costume in America ; Alice Morae Earle; N. Y., 1903. 97 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfic jUapflobocr erted a strong influence upon the edu- cational life of Plymouth. Is it heresy to question whether the sampler/ accredited to Lora or Lorea Standish, the daughter of Captain Miles and Barbara Standish, was not more probably the work of the granddaughter, Lorea, the child of Alexander Standish and Sarah Alden? The style and motto are more in accord with the work of the later generation and, surely, the neces- sary time and materials for such work would be more probable after the pioneer days. This later Lora married Alexander Sampson, son of the Henry who came as a boy in The Mayflower.'' The em- broidered cap ' and bib, supposed to have been made by Mistress Barbara for her daughter, would prove that she had "hands with such convenient skill As to conduce to vertu void of shame" which were the aspiration of the girl who embroidered, or "wrought," the • and ' In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. ' Notes to Bradford's History, edition 1912. 98 Digitized by Microsoft® sampler. It is a pleasant commentary upon the tastes and industry of Mis- tress Barbara Standish that, amid the cares of a large family and farm, she found time for such dainty embroideries as we find in the cap and bib. Probably two young sons of Captain and Barbara Standish, Charles and John, died in the infectious fever epi- demic of 1633. A second Charles with his brothers, Alexander, Miles and Josiah, and his sister, Lorea, gladdened the hearth of the Standish home on Cap- tain's Hill, Duxbury. A goodly estate was left at the death of Captain Miles, including a well-equipped house, cattle, mault mill, swords (as one would ex- pect), sixteen pewter pieces and several books of classic literature, — Homer, Cassar's Commentaries, histories of Queen Elizabeth's reign, military his- tories, and three Bibles with commenta- ries upon religious matters. There were also medical books, for Standish was re- puted to have been a student and 99 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tije iJlapflotoer practitioner in times of emergency in Duxbury. He suffered a painful illness at the close of his vigorous, adventure- some life. Perhaps Barbara needed, at times, grace to endure that "warm temper" which Pastor Robinson de- plored in Miles Standish, a comment which the intrepid Captain forgave and answered by a bequest to the grand- daughter of this loved pastor. We may be sure Barbara was proud of the mighty share which her husband had in saving Plymouth Colony from severe disaster, if not from extinction. It is surmised that Barbara Standish was buried in Connecticut where she lived during the last of her life with her son, Josiah. Possibly, however, she may have been buried beside her husband, sons, daughter and daughter-in-law, Mary Dingley, in Duxbury.* The Colonial Governor and his Lady ever held priority of rank. Such came ' Interesting facts on this subject may be found in "The Grave of Miles Standish and other Pilgrims," by E. V. J. Huiglnn; Beverly, 1914. 100 Digitized by Microsoft® Hater ^tribalg to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she married Governor William Bradford a few days after her arrival on The Ann. Tradition has said persistently that this was the consummation of an earlier romance which was broken off by the marriage of Alice Carpenter to Edward Southworth in Leyden. The death of her first husband left her with two sons, Thomas and Constant Southworth, who came to Plymouth before 1628. She had sisters in the Colony: Priscilla, the wife of William Wright, came in The Fortune; Dr. Fuller's first wife had been another sister; Juliana, wife of George Morton, was a third who came also in The Ann. Still another sister, Mary Carpenter, came later and lived in the Governor's family for many years. At her death in her ninety-first year, she was mourned as "a Godly old maid, never married." ^° The first home of the Bradfords in Plymouth was at Town Square where " Hunter's Collections, 1854. 101 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tije jMapflotoer now stands the Bradford block. About 1627-8 they moved, for a part of the year, to the banks of the Jones River, now Kingston, a place which had strongly appealed to Bradford as a good site for the original settlement when the men were making their explorations in December, 1620. William, Joseph and Mary were born to inherit from their parents the fine characters of both Gov- ernor and Alice Bradford, and also to pass on to their children the carved chests, wrought and carved chairs, case and knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one pewter dishes, five dozen napkins, three striped carpets, four Venice glasses, be- sides cattle and cooking utensils and many books. That the Governor had a proper "dress suit" was proved by the inventory of "stuffe suit with silver but- tons and cloaks of violet, light colovu* and faced with taffety and hnen throw." As Mistress Bradford could only "make her mark," she probably did not appreciate the remarkable collection, for 102 Digitized by Microsoft® Hater ^rribals! the times, of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch and French books as well as the studies in philosophy and theology which were in her husband's library. There is no doubt that the first and second gen- erations of girls and boys in Plymouth Colony had elementary instruction, at least, imder Dr. Fuller and Mrs. Hicks as well as by other teachers. Bradford, probably, would also attend to the edu- cation of his own family. The Gov- ernor's wife has been accredited with "labouring diligently for the improve- ment of the young women of Plymouth and to have been eminently worthy of her high position." " She was the sole executrix of her husband's estate of £1005, — a proof of her ability. Sometimes her cheerfulness must have been taxed to comfort her husband, as old age came upon him and he fell into the gloomy mood reflected in such lines as these : ^^ "The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin, p. 460. ^ New England Memorial ; Morton. 103 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of tfje iHapflofeiEr "In fears and wants, through weal and woe, A pilgrim passed I to and fro ; Oft left of them whom I did trust. How vain it is to rest in dust! A man of sorrows I have been. And many changes I have seen, Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known, And some advanc'd, others thrown down." When Mistress Alice Bradford died she was "mourned, though aged" by many. To her memory, Nathaniel Mor- ton, her nephew, wrote some lines which were more biographic than poetical, re- calling her early life as an exile with her father from England for the truth's sake, her first marriage "To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse, I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long Continued in this world the saints amonge." With extravagant words he extols the name of Bradford, — "fresh in mem- ory Which smeles with odoriferous fra- grancye." 104 Digitized by Microsoft® Eater ^rribalsi This elegist records also that, after her second widowhood, she lived a "life of holynes and faith, In reading of God's word and contemplation Which healped her to assurance of salvation." This is not a very lively, graphic de- scription of the woman most honored, perhaps, of all the pioneer women of Plymouth, but we may add, by imagina- tion, a few sure traits of himian kindli- ness and grace. She was typical of those women who came in The May- flower and her sister ships. Although she escaped the tragic struggles and illness of that first winter, yet she re- vealed the same qualities of courage, good sense, fidelity and vision which were the watchwords of that group of women in Plymouth colony. Yes, — they had vision to see their part in the sincere purpose to establish a new standard of liberty in state and church, to serve God and mankind with all their integrity and resources. 105 Digitized by Microsoft® Women of (^t M^V^o\azv As the leaders among the men were self-sacrificing and honorable in their dealings with their financiers, with the Indians and with each other, so the women were faithful and true in their homes and communal life. They took scarcely any part in the civic adminis- tration, for such responsibihty did not come into the lives of seventeenth cen- tury women. They were actively inter- ested in the educational and religious life of the colony. Their moral standards were high and inflexible; they extolled, and practised, the virtues of thrift and industry. It may be well for women in America today, who were querulous at the restrictions upon sugar and electric lights, to consider the good sense, and good cheer, with which these women of Plymouth Colony directed their thrifty households. We would not assume that they were free from the whims and foibles of womankind, — and sometimes of man- kind, — of all ages. They were, doubt- 106 Digitized by Microsoft® Eater ^rrtbals! less, contradictory and impulsive at times; they could scold and they could gossip. We believe that they laughed sometimes, in the midst of dire want and anxiety, and we know that they prayed with sincerity and trust. They bore children gladly and they trained them "in the fear and admonition of the Lord." They were the progenitors of thousands of fine men and women in all parts of America today who honor the tvomen as well as the men of the old Plymouth Colony, — the women who faithfully performed, without any seri- ous discontent, "that whole sweet round Of littles that large life compound." 107 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT Alden, Augustus E., 58 Elizabeth, 74, 77 John, 28, 35, 47, 74-80 Captain Jolin, 78, 79 Prlscilla, 46 Ruth, 77 Sarah, 77 Timothy, 75 Allerton, Bartholomew, 24 Isaac, 12, 14, 37 Mary Norton, 12, 56 Mary, 17, 34, 56 Remember, 23, 56 Armstkong, Gregory, 70 Austin, Jane G., 58 Babtlett, W. H., 42 Bass, Ruth Alden, 77 Becket, Mary, 33 Bn-uNGTON, Francis, 24, 25, 70 Helen, 31, 69-70 John, 70 John, Jr^ 24, 29, 70 Bowman, George Ernest, VI, 49 Bbadfobo, Alice, 101-5 Dorothy May, 7, 54 John, 54 Mary, 102 Joseph, 102 Gov. William, 13, 25, 48, 53, 101-4 William, Jr., 102 Brewster, Fear, 11, 37, 62 Jonathan, 47, 48, 62 Love, 24, 62 Mary, 16, 60-61, 62 Patience, 11, 37, 62 William, Elder, 14, 15, 31, 46, 53, 60-2 Wrestling, 24 Brown, Lydia Howland, 88 Peter, 28, 33, 48 Carpenter, Juliana, 101 Mary, 101 Priscllla, 101 Carter, Robert, 73 Carver, Catherine, 12, 57 Gov. John, 12, 13, 53, 72, 86 Chandler, Isabella Chilton, 81 Roger, 81 Chilton, Ingle, 81 Isabella, 81 Isaac, 81 Chilton, James, 12, 80, 81 Jane, 81 Mary, 9, 11, 16, 31, 34, 71, 80-85 Mrs. James, 12, 80 Nicolas, 81 Converse, Sarah, 96 Cooke, Francis, 16, 89 Hester, 16, 36 Jacob, 89 John, 24 Sarah Cooper, Humility, 24, 59 Crakston, John, 24 Cromwell, 65 CusHMAN, Robert, 10, 34 Thomas, 16, 34 Davis, W. T., 95 De La Noye, Philip, 35 De Rassiebes, 27 Dean, Stephen, 35 Dexter, Henry M., 15 Morton, 15 Doane, Deacon John, 70 DoTEY, Edward, 30 Earle, Alice Morse, 42, 97 Eaton, Francis, 12, 48, 58 Sarah, 12, 16 Eliot, Charles W., 17 Ford, Widow Martha, 33 Fuller, Ann, 12 Bridget, 16, 37, 94-96 Edward, 12 Mercy, 95 Samuel, Dr., 14, 16, 37, 53, 95, 96 Samuel, 24 William Hyslop, 96 Goodman, John, 28 Goodwin, John A., 27, 60, 62, 70, 103 Heald, Giles, 72 Hicks, Robert, 35, 96 Mrs. Robert, 96 109 Digitized by Microsoft® Snbcx HoBOiMOK, 22, 48 Hopkins, Caleb, 68 Constance, or Constanta, 9, 16, 23, 30, 31, 68, 71, 88-9 Damaris, 23, 68, 89 Hopkins, Elizabeth, 9, 68-9 Giles, 24, 68 Oceanus, 24, 68 Ruth, 68 Stephen, 22, 30, 69 HowiAND, Elizabeth TlUey, 85-88 Lydia (Brown), 88 John, 5, 35, 58, 85-88 HUIGINN, E. V. J., 100 Jenny, John, 97 Jeppson, William, 59 William, 59 Jones, Christopher, Capt., 5, 72 Thomas, Capt., 5 Latham, William, 24, 86 LiSTEB, Edward, 30 Longfellow, Henry W., 74-5 Lord, Arthur, VI Mabtin, Mrs. Christopher, 12 Masefield, John, 9 Massasoit, 22 Minter, Desire, 24, 58, 59, 86 John, 59 Thomas, 59 William, 59 More. Ellen, 12, 56 Richard, 24 Morton, George, 101 Juliana Carpenter, 101 MiTLLiNS, Alice, Mrs., 12, 73 Joseph, 73 Moses, 74 Priscilla, 9, 11, 31, 71-7 Sarah (Blunden), 72 William, 72, 73, 84 William, Jr., 72 Newcomen, John, 69 Oldham, John, 47 Pabodie, Elizabeth lAlden, 77, 78 William, 77, 78 Parker, Richard, 83 Penn, Christian, 70 Prence, Thomas, 30, 37, 47 Priest, Degory, 16 Reynolds, William, 68 Rigdale, Alice, 12 Robinson, Pastor John, 10, 14, 57, 100 Sampson, Alexander, 98 Henry, 24, 59, 98 Samoset, 21, 22, 24, 59 Snow, Nicholas, 16, 88 SouLE, George, 34, 48 Southworth, Alice, 34, 36, 101 Constant, 101 Thomas, 101 Sqvanto, 22 Standish, Alexander, 98 Barbara, 37, 98^100 Charles, 99 John, 99 Josiah, 99 Lora or Lorea, 98, 99 Mary Dingley, 100 Miles, 12, 28, 29, 37, 45, 46, 48, 55, 98-100 Miles, Jr., 99 Rose, 8, 12, 44, 54 Taylor, Ann, 80 Thompson, Edward, 7 Thwing, Annie M., 82 TiLLEY, Ann, 12 Bridget, 12 Edward, 12, 59 Elizabeth, 9, 24, 31, 58, 71, 85-88 John, 12 Tinker, Mrs. Thomas, 12 Turner, John, 12 Warben, Elizabeth, 16, 37, 93-94 Richard, 16, 36, 93 White, Peregrine, 7, 24, 62 Resolved, 24, 64 Susanna, 9, 29 WilUam, 64 Williams, Roger, 94 Thomas, 96 WiNSLOW, Edward, 11, 12, 14, 24, 29, 43, 45, 46, 47, 53, 55, 63-i67 Elizabeth Barker, 12, 29, 55 Elizabeth, 64 John, 16, 34, 35, 82-5 John, Brig. Gen., 82 Josiah, 63, 67, 79 Kenelm, 35 Mary Chilton, 82-85 Susanna, 44, 62, 63-67 WiNTHBOP, John, 66, 83 Wright, Priscilla Carpenter, 35, 101 William, 35, 95, 101 110 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® SOME INTERESTING Old Houses ON THE SOUTH SHORE DUXBURY The Alden House KINGSTON Bradford House (1683) Brewster House (1690) MARSHFIELD Historic Winslow House (1699) PLYMOUTH Antiquarian House (1809) Harlow House (1677) Howland House (1667) ADMISSION TO EACH, 25 Cents Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® SOME INTERESTING Old Houses ON THE SOUTH SHORE -^ DUXBURY The Alden House KINGSTON Bradford House (1683) Brewster House (1690) MARSHFIELD Historic Winslow House (1699) PLYMOUTH Antiquarian House ( 1809) Harlow House (1677) Howland House (1667) ADMISSION TO EACH, 25 Cents Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft®