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 UNIVERSITY 
 
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THE 
 
 SILVER COINS OF ENGLAND, 
 
 ABBANGED AND DESCBIBED; 
 
 WITH EEMARKS ON BEITISH MONEY, PEEVIOFS TO THE 
 SAXON DYNASTIES. 
 
 EDWARD HAWKINS, F.R.S., F.A.S., &c. 
 
 Keeper of Antiquities in British Museum. 
 
 See p. 304. 
 
 THIRD EDITION, WITH ALTEEATIONS AND ADDITIONS BT 
 
 R'. Li: KENYON. 
 
 LONDON : 
 BERNAED QUAEITCH, 15 PICCADILLY. 
 
 MDCCCLXXXVII. 
 
,^- %^tfj^ 
 
 ORNELL'N 
 UNIVERSITY! 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 W. NORMAN AND SON, PBINTEES, HART STREET, 
 
 COVENT GARDEN. 
 
NOTICE 
 
 Peefixbd to the First Edition. 
 
 In dismissing this work to tke public, the author has great 
 pleasure in acknowledging the readiness with which assist- 
 ance has been afforded to him from every collector, without 
 exception, to whom he has had occasion to refer. Not only 
 during the progress of the present work, but during a long 
 course of years whenever his numismatic pursuits have in- 
 duced him to seek for access to any collection of coins or 
 medals, the permission has been granted with a readiness 
 and liberality, which he has the greatest gratification in 
 recording. For assistance afforded in the present under- 
 taking he is peculiarly indebted to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., 
 who, amidst his extensive researches into English History, 
 has never failed to note everything which would illustrate 
 our national coinage; to J. D. Cuff, whose collection of coins 
 is exceedingly numerous and valuable, whose knowledge 
 is peculiarly minute and accurate, and whose stores of 
 information have been communicated with the utmost free- 
 dom and liberality; to the Rev. J. E. Shepherd, whose 
 valuable assistance will be perceived in the account of the 
 
• PEEFACE. 
 
 coiBS of tte ttree Henries, and whose researcli into that 
 obscure period is a proof and a specimen of the accurate 
 and minute attention which he has bestowed upon our coin- 
 ages, and the successful result to which he has pushed his 
 
 investigations. 
 
 The coins described from the Museum collection are in- 
 dicated by the letters MB., those from private collections by 
 the name of the respective owners in italic capitals. The 
 numbers within brackets are references to the figures en- 
 graved in the present work. 
 
 British Museitm, 
 
 New Tear's Bay, 1841. 
 
 PEBFACB 
 
 TO THE Second Edition. 
 
 Thiett-itve years have now elapsed since this work was 
 first published. During that time great additions have been 
 made to our numismatic knowledge. On the one hand, the 
 numerous disturbances of the soil caused by building and 
 other operations, have brought to light a very large number 
 of coins which were before almost or altogether unknown ; 
 
PEEFACB. 
 
 for instance, a single hoard of nearly 10,000 coins of tte 
 ninti. century was found at Cuerdale in Lancashire in tlie 
 year 1840, too late to be described in the first edition of this 
 work ; and since then many other hoards have from time to 
 time been discovered. And, on the other hand, a large 
 amount of very successful labour has been expended upon 
 the arrangement and attribution of several formerly uncer- 
 tain classes of coins. The Cuerdale hoard was very fully 
 described in the Numismatic Chronicle by the Author him- 
 self ; and although both he, and all those who are men- 
 tioned in his introductory notice to the first edition, have 
 been removed by the course of nature, their labours have 
 been worthily carried on by their successors. In particular, 
 we would notice Mr. J. Evans' work on "^ Ancient British 
 Coins;" Lindsay's "Coinage of the Heptarchy;" Haigh's 
 " Numismatic History of Bast Anglia ;" and numerous 
 articles in the Numismatic Chronicle, especially one on 
 Sceattse with Runic legends, and another on Edward the 
 Confessor's coins, by Mr. Head; one on Northumbrian 
 coins by Mr. Eashleigh ; one in which Mr. Evans arranges 
 the coins of the " short cross " type attributed to Henry II. ; 
 and several by Mr. Longstaffe, the Rev. A. Pownall, and 
 Mr. Neck, in which the coins of Henry V. and VI. have for 
 the first time been satisfactorily arranged. Many other 
 valuable articles from the Numismatic Chronicle will be 
 quoted in the following pages ; nearly all the notices which 
 have been preserved of finds of coins in any part of the 
 kingdom have been preserved by its means ; and indeed it 
 is impossible to exaggerate our obligations to that pubhca- 
 
VI 
 
 PEBPACE. 
 
 tion, without wiich half the additional information which 
 has been inserted in this volume would have been unattain- 
 able. Hildebrand's great work on the English coins of the 
 period of ^thelred the Unready, found in Scandinavia, 
 ought also to be mentioned, but its usefulness to the present 
 publication has been limited, by the fact ttat it is written in 
 the Swedish language. 
 
 So much advance in Numismatic science having been 
 made, it became desirable to produce a new edition of 
 Mr. Hawkins' work, which still remained the only handbook 
 to the coins with which it deals. For such a task the editor 
 is well aware of his own unfitness; but, as a grandson of 
 the author, he was unwilling that his grandfather's work 
 should either be edited by a stranger or superseded by any 
 new publication. He has therefore undertaken the duty; 
 and in doing so he has been compelled, very unwilHngly, to 
 make considerable alterations in the original text. The 
 additional matter to be inserted was much too great to be 
 thrown iuto footnotes ; part of it had the sanction of the author 
 himself; and it appeared better to produce, as well as he 
 was able, such a volume as the author himself would produce 
 if he were alive now, rather than to strive after the literal 
 reproduction of words which, though they were those of the 
 author in 1840, would probably not have been used by him 
 in 1876. That the present volume does not attain to this 
 ideal the editor is only too conscious ; and he will be well 
 satisfied if he shall have in any measure maintained the high 
 reputation of the work by bringing it up to the standard of 
 modern knowledge upon the subject. 
 
PEEFACE. Vll 
 
 In conclusion, the editor has great pleasure in acknow- 
 ledging his obligations to all. those who have so kindly 
 afforded him their assistance; and, in particulsir, to Mr, 
 Evans, for much valuable information received, not only 
 from his writings but from himself personally, and for the 
 privilege of inspecting his extensive and valuable collection 
 of English coins ; to Mr. Wakeford, for several interesting 
 communications and the loan of several rare coins; and last, 
 but not least, to Mr. Poole and his colleagues in the Medal 
 Room of the British Museum, for the liberality with which 
 the editor has been allowed to examine carefully, and in 
 many instances repeatedly, every English silver coin in 
 their unrivalled collection, and for the kindness with which 
 they have invariably afforded him every information which 
 it was in their power either to give or to obtain. 
 
 11, New Squaee, Lihcoln's Inn, 
 Nov. 3rd, 1876. 
 
Vlii PEBFACE. 
 
 PEEFACE 
 
 TO THE Thied Edition. 
 
 A. THIED edition having been called for^ the test has been 
 carefully revised, and the coins found and published during 
 the last ten years have been described in their proper 
 places. Several additions have been made to the lists of 
 the mints before the Conquest, and some additions and 
 alterations have been made throughout the work. But the 
 most important alteration has been in the reign of 
 Edward III., where it is shown that all the coins hitherto 
 attributed to him were struck subsequently to 1351, and 
 that those struck before, during, and after the Treaty of 
 Bretigny may be distinguished by the titles inscribed on 
 them ; in accordance with the arrangement adopted by the 
 editor in his book on English Gold Coins. This will clear 
 the way for a more satisfactory arrangement than has 
 hitherto been possible of the coins which, have been 
 attributed to Edward I, and II., but some of which must 
 now be given to the first half of Edward III.'s reign ; but 
 such a redistribution can only be made after careful 
 examination of a very large number of these coins, and 
 for such examination the editor has lately had neither time 
 nor opportunity. 
 
 Peadoe, West Felton, Sheopshiee, 
 Nov. 20th, 1886. 
 
THE 
 
 SILYEE COINS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 INTEODTJCTION. 
 
 The desire to obtain information respecting any coins 
 whicli may fall in our way, and especially respecting those of 
 onr own country, is almost universal, and there is scarcely 
 an individual who, at some period or other of his life, has 
 not possessed a small hoard of curious coins or pretty money. 
 Many of the possessors of these small and miscellaneous 
 collections would be desirous of extending their acquisitions, 
 and of becoming better acquainted with the history and names 
 of the treasures they possess, if means of information were 
 within their reach, easy of comprehension, and at a reason- 
 able price. It is the object of the present volume to supply, 
 to each possessor of an English coin, a ready and sure mode 
 of ascertaining its age, its denomination and its history ; to 
 furnish the collector with a guide to direct him in the acqui- 
 sition and arrangement of such coins as he may find neces- 
 sary to complete any series, be it contracted or extended, 
 that may suit his views and his purse ; and to provide the 
 general reader with a tolerably compact account of all the 
 coins, which have at various times formed the circulating 
 medium of this country. 
 
 In this undertaking there will be little interference with 
 
 >o 1 
 
the extended and standard work of Ending; that is a history 
 of -the coinage, this merely of the coins. With the principles 
 upon •which a metalhc currency is, or ought to be, esta- 
 blished ; with the nature or quality of the alloy which it may 
 be expedient to employ ; with the standard to be adopted, 
 whether of gold or silver, or of both together ; with the rela- 
 tive proportions between the nominal and intrinsic value of 
 the coin ; with exchanges, seignorage, and all the other 
 arcana which regulate the circulating medium of the country, 
 this work does not profess to have any thing to do. 
 
 It will be the object of the work, not to propound theories 
 or discuss principles, but to state facts, and describe existing 
 objects. Every denomination of coin in each reign will be 
 specified, together with the weight, size, and type. Autho- 
 rized changes in the weight and fineness of the coin will be 
 duly noticed ; variations in the type will be pointed out ; 
 and attention will be called to any remarkable circumstances 
 affecting the quality or appearance of the pieces. Some 
 attempt will also be made to give an idea of the rarity of, at 
 least, the more remarkable coins, though this will be attended 
 with considerable difficulty and uncertainty. With regard 
 to rarity, an accidental discovery of a parcel of coins not 
 unfrequently converts a very rare into a very common coin j 
 and, on the contrary, it sometimes, though not frequently, 
 occurs that coins tolerably common become somewhat rare. 
 While common they have been neglected, and thrown into 
 the crucible, till they are so far reduced in numbers that 
 there are not sufficient remaining to supply the wants of a 
 rising generation of collectors. It is extremely difficult to 
 give any accurate notion of the market value of coins ; be- 
 cause it is influenced by a great variety of circumstances, by 
 the real or apparent rarity of the piece, by the greater or 
 less demand for it amongst collectors at any moment when 
 it is offered for sale, and especially by its greater or less 
 state of preservation. 
 
 Persons residing in the country who have not the oppor- 
 
tunity of attending sales, or examining tLe choicest collec- 
 tionSj are exceedingly liable to deceive themselves and others 
 •with respect to the pecuniary value of coins. Eeferring to 
 a paragraph in a newspaper, or a priced catalogue of some 
 distinguished collection, they find that certain coins have 
 been sold for certain sums, and immediately conclude that 
 every piece of a similar description must be worth as much 
 or perhaps more ; not adverting to, or not being aware of, 
 the circumstance that the unusual state of its preservation, 
 or some accidental competition between rival collectors, has 
 carried up the price beyond all ordinary limits. 
 
 It is quite unnecessary here to expatiate upon the pleasure 
 or information to be derived from the study and collecting 
 of coins ; because it is presumed that all who refer to this 
 volume have already felt some taste or fondness for the pur- 
 suit, and only want to have their way smoothed, and course 
 directed, that they may pursue it with pleasure and success. 
 To the utilitarian, who demands an explanation of the use of 
 the study of coins, it is in vain to attempt a reply ; the 
 pursuit, it must be acknowledged, removes no physical ne- 
 cessities, supplies no animal wants; it neither clothes the 
 naked, nor feeds the hungry ; its votaries are content with 
 its affording them an agreeable and innocent occupation 
 for their leisure hours, while at the same time it is illus- 
 trating and embellishing history/ that old almanac, the 
 contempt of modern economists, but the mine from whence 
 rich stores of wisdom and of knowledge are extracted by 
 the sage and the philosopher. 
 
 A necessary, but not an agreeable part of our labours is 
 to detect and point out the mistakes and errors of our pre- 
 decessors. Snelling's plates are slightly and rather coarsely 
 executed, but they are accurate, as far as such slight work- 
 manship can be so in the minuter details, which are some- 
 times of great importance, in ascertaining a particular type 
 or coinage. Sometimes, on the coins themselves, mint 
 marks and other slight peculiarities, which indicate a peculiar 
 
 1 * 
 
coinagej are very faint, or double struck, or obliterated ; and 
 without very minute attention, and sometimes even in spite 
 of it, one object is mistaken for another : and in the engraving 
 appears the essential mark of a coinage, which perhaps never 
 existed. This source of error is common in a greater or less 
 degree to most plates ; in Snelling, it must chiefly be attri- 
 buted to the slightness of his workmanship, and to the want 
 of information respecting mint-marks, a defect still to be 
 lamented even in these days. Snelling vras perfectly honest, 
 and any inaccuracies which may be detected in his work, and 
 they are very few, must be attributed to error not to design. 
 The Pembroke plates are still more slight than SneHing's, 
 and must not be referred to for accuracy of detail ; bat the 
 collector may depend upon their general faithfulness, and 
 that the coins did actually exist in the collection. The 
 cabinets were, for many years, deposited for security at Lord 
 Pembroke's bankers ; the chamber was unfortunately very 
 damp, and some of the cabinets were much injured and almost 
 ready to tumble to pieces. In removing them, some of the 
 thin Saxon pieces slipt through the crevices ; when missed, 
 an accurate examination of the room led to the discovery of 
 most of the stray coins, but, if the author's memory is correct, 
 two or three were not recovered. The crown of Henry VIII. 
 was not in the collection when it was sold in 1848. In the 
 catalogue, which seems to have been compared with the 
 collection previous to its deposit with the bankers, this 
 piece is crossed out, but no accompanying remark testifies 
 whether it had been inserted by mistake, or whether the 
 piece had been afterwards lost or given away. 
 
 The plates called Withy and Eial's are not to be depended 
 upon ; they are supposed to have been engraved under the 
 inspection of Mr. John White, and coins are represented 
 which either never existed, or were altered by his ingenuity, 
 to suit his fancy and impose upon collectors. These falsi- 
 fications have destroyed all confidence in the work, which 
 cannot be referred to as a proof of any rare peculiarity. 
 
Ruding's plates were engraved at various times and under 
 various circumstances, and are consequently entitled to vari- 
 ous degrees of credit. Those which represent British coins 
 1-5, SceattsB and Saxon coins 1-30, were engraved under the 
 inspection of Mr. Taylor Oombe, and upon them, therefore, 
 the most implicit reliance may be placed, both for minute 
 accuracy in the details and the general character of the 
 resemblance. They are also made directly from the actual 
 coins. The Supplement, Part 2, is also in general accurate, 
 but some few pieces have been admitted, which have been 
 taken from drawings of doubtful authenticity, without refer- 
 ence to the coins themselves ; and upon others though the 
 details are correct, and the engraving may be sufficient to 
 identify the coin, the expression of the whole is not satis- 
 factory. Of the 67 plates belonging to the Society of 
 Antiquaries, the six supplementary plates are the most 
 accurate. The 42 plates of silver, and the 19 of gold, which 
 were prepared under the inspection of Martin Polkes, are in 
 general accurate, but still with many exceptions ; for some 
 are copied from inaccurate drawings, some are partially 
 taken from real coins, with the mint marks and dates altered ; 
 thus representing coins which might have been, but which 
 really are not. These errors it will be our endeavour to 
 rectify in the progress of this volume. The additional 
 plates included in the edition of Ending of 1840, are fully 
 entitled to the confidence of the collector. 
 
 To have given engravings of every type in each reign 
 would have swelled the size, and enhanced the price, of the 
 volume beyond all reasonable bounds ; but we have endea- 
 voured to select such, and as many, as were requisite to 
 give a general idea of the current coins of each king. We 
 have, as far as possible, made choice of our specimens from 
 the collections of the British Museum, because that reposi- 
 tory is more certainly and permanently accessible than any 
 private collection can be, and it is desirable that the accu- 
 racy of any representation of a coin of more than ordinary 
 
interest should be tested, without inconvenience or uncer- 
 tainty^ by reference to the original. We have also generally 
 made a point of engraving such coins as do not appear in 
 Ending's plates, that by means of the two works the col- 
 lector may have an opportunity of seeing a greater variety 
 of known English coins. To our notice of each type we 
 have added references to Ruding's plates and to Snelling's, 
 because they are the most extensive series which have been 
 published, and because the works are almost necessarily to 
 be found in every extensive public and private library, as well 
 as in the limited bookshelves of most collectors ; so that 
 every incipient numismatist may have almost certain access 
 to their pages, for consultation. 
 
 In order to bring under the eye in one view, the changes 
 that took place from time to time in the weights of the 
 different coins, we have subjoined a table, taken from 
 Ending, but modified in form, to make it more generally 
 intelligible. 
 
A TABLE 
 
 OP THE WEIGHTS OF THE DIEFEEENT DENOMINATIONS OF 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 Id!. 
 
 Hd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 id. 
 
 M. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 4Cr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 William I. . . 
 
 1066 
 
 
 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "William II. . 
 
 1087 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry I. . . . 
 
 1100 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stephen . . 
 
 1135 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry II. . . 
 
 1154 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bichard I. . . 
 
 1189 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 John .... 
 
 1199 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry III. . . 
 
 1216 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward I. . . 
 
 1272 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28tli do. . . 
 
 1300 
 
 5i 
 
 11 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 88? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward II. . 
 
 1307 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward HI. . 
 
 1327 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18th do. . 
 
 1344 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 20} 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20th do. . . 
 
 1346 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25th do. . 
 
 1351 
 
 ii 
 
 9 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eiohard 11. . 
 
 1377 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry IT. . 
 
 1399 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 13th do. . . 
 
 1412 
 
 3i 
 
 74 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry V. . 
 
 1413 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry VI. . . 
 
 1422 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward IV. . 
 
 1461 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4th So. . . 
 
 1464 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 49th Henry '' 
 
 71. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 restored 
 
 . 1470 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward V. . . 
 
 1483 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eiohard TTT 
 
 . 1483 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry VIL . 
 
 1485 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18th do. . 
 
 . 1504 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 Henry Vin. . 
 
 1509 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 18th do. . 
 
 . 1527 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 21i 
 
 
 424 
 
 
 
 
 
 34th do. . . 
 
 1543 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 Edward VI. . 
 
 . 1547 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3rd do. . . 
 
 1549 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 6th do.. . 
 
 . 1552 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 48 
 
 96 
 
 240 
 
 480 
 
 Mary . . . 
 
 1553 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 96 
 
 240 
 
 
 Elizabeth . 
 
 . 1558 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2nd do. . . 
 
 1560 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Brd do. . 
 
 . 1561 
 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 43rd do. . . 
 
 1601 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 154 
 
 22J 
 
 31 
 
 46i 
 
 92i 
 
 232i 
 
 4644 
 
 Such continued to be the Weights of the several Coins until the 
 56th George III., when at the great recoinage the following 
 weights were established : — 
 
 56 George III. . 1816 
 
 7i 
 
 144 21f 29 43| 87i 218^ 436i 
 
BRITISH. 
 
 The nature of the money circulated in this island amongst 
 its earliest inhabitants has been involved in much obscurity, 
 and of the numerous writers, who have undertaken to dis- 
 cuss the subject, all have ended their labours by an ac- 
 knowledgment that they could not satisfactorily arrive at 
 any definite expression of opinion. If we were to believe 
 the interpretation commonly put upon that passage from 
 Caesar, which every author has quoted, we should confess, 
 that, previously to his arrival, there was not anything which 
 could fairly be called money, but that the dealings of the 
 people were conducted by means of barter, aided by brass 
 or iron rings adjusted to a certain weight. This passage 
 is the only one which bears directly upon the subject before 
 us, and it unfortunately is perplexed with a variety of 
 readings, much more numerous than any other passage 
 throughout his whole work. His editors, not understanding 
 the subject, and misled perhaps with the idea, that, as the 
 inhabitants of this island were considered barbarians, they 
 could not possess an established currency, have selected 
 from all the readings the one probably the most incorrect. 
 By so doing they have made Caesar declare, that which, 
 there is now every reason to believe, was untrue, and con- 
 trary to that which, in all probability, he really intended to 
 assert. 
 
 There is in the British Museum a beautiful MS. of Csesar 
 of about the tenth century, which reads the passage thus, — 
 " Utuntur aut ^re aut nummo aureo aat annulis ferreis ad 
 certum pondus examinatis pro nummo." " They use either 
 
brass money or gold money, or, instead of money, iron 
 rings adjusted to a certain weight." 
 
 This reading is confirmed by several other manuscripts ; 
 while some vary only very slightly, and it may perhaps be 
 safely asserted that every manuscript expressly mentions the 
 use of money, either gold or copper, as prevailing among 
 the Britons. It is only about the middle of the 17th century 
 that the editors of Caesar, Scaliger taking the lead, corrupted 
 the passage and made that writer assert that only substitutes 
 for money were used by the natives. Facts all tend to prove 
 the general correctness of the MSS. and the error of the 
 editors ; for coins of gold, sometimes of silver and more 
 rarely of copper, are found occasionally in various parts of 
 the island, which, from their form, fabric and type, cannot 
 have been constructed upon any model introduced subse- 
 quent to the establishment of the Romans in Britain. The 
 money of that people is rather thin and quite flat, and such 
 would undoubtedly have been the form of British money had 
 it been first made after the arrival of the Romans. It is 
 however, on the contrary, thick and dished, exactly after the 
 manner of the Grecian coins, and the types are such as 
 appear to have derived their origin from Macedon. That 
 the coins commonly called British have a Greek origin is 
 beyond all doubt ; that they were struck in this island is also 
 certain, because they are frequently discovered here, and 
 not in any other country ; and there is not any period of its 
 history when such coins could have been introduced after 
 the arrival of the Romans. The cause appears probably to 
 have been, that, either from commercial visits of the Phoe- 
 nicians, or through the communications which must have 
 taken place between Britain and Gaul, Grecian coins, or 
 Gaulish imitations of them, became known in this island, and 
 were coarsely imitated by native artists. These imitations 
 were executed with constantly diminishing skill, till the in- 
 tercourse with the Romans improved the workmanship ; and 
 as this becomes apparent upon the coins, Roman letters are 
 
10 
 
 found introduced. Under Cunobeline British coins attained 
 their greatest perfection, and then or shortly afterwards 
 finally disappeared ; for the Roman power became established 
 in this country, and Roman coins became the only circulat- 
 ing medium. 
 
 It may therefore be safely asserted, that, previous to the 
 invasion of Julius Csesar in the year 55 a.c, and until the 
 Roman dominion was generally established throughout the 
 island, the Britons had a metallic currency of struck coin, 
 formed upon a Grecian model. Julius Csesar, himself, when 
 correctly read and rightly interpreted, asserts the fact, and 
 the actual discovery of coins in various parts of the island 
 unequivocally confirms it. 
 
 But Mr. Evans' exhaustive work on "Ancient British 
 Coins," published in 1864, has now placed the whole matter 
 on a firmer footing, and to this any student of the subject must 
 be referred. We can here only briefly epitomize Mr. Evans' 
 conclusions. Mr. Evans considers that the principal type of 
 the British coinage was derived from Gaulish imitations of the 
 gold coins of Philip of Macedon, and that the earliest British 
 coins, of which our (4) is an example, were struck somewhere 
 between 150 and 200 B.C. Nearly all the others he shows 
 to be barbarous imitations of this type. Probably none 
 were struck much later than the reign of Claudius, nor are 
 any of the inscribed coins much earlier than Juhus Caesar. 
 Our (8) is probably one of the latest types. Silver coins are 
 less ancientthan gold, and coins of the inferior metals are still 
 less ancient than silver. Coinage was at first limited to the 
 southern and eastern parts of Britain, the original home of the 
 prototype being probably Kent. Mr. Evans shows that the 
 strange appearance of the devices on many of the coins is 
 caused by their having been struck from only portions of" a 
 die much larger than themselves, so that they often show only 
 a small portion of the design, and of the inscription engraved 
 on their die. He has been enabled however, by a comparison 
 of a large number of coins, to ascertain what Inany of the 
 
11 
 
 imperfect inscriptions are intended for^ and from tiese, and 
 from the places where the coins have been found, he has 
 been able to assign most of them to one of six districts into 
 which he divides Britain, which he calls respectively the 
 Western, South Eastern, Kentish, Central, Eastern, and 
 Yorkshire district. The alterations made by the editor in 
 the following descriptions of British coins are all derived from 
 Mr. Evans' book. Of the coins represented in our plates, 
 Mr. Evans assigns with more or less confidence, (1) (4) (30) 
 and (31), to the Kentish; (12) to the South Eastern; (5) 
 (6) (7) (15) and (28) to the Western; (10) (11) and (18) to 
 (27) to the Central; (2) (3) and (16) to the Eastern; and (8) 
 and (9) to the Yorkshire district. (13) and (14) he gives 
 to the Channel Islands; and (17) and (29) he considers to 
 be Gaulish. 
 
 Kentish Disteict. — TJninscrihed Gains. 
 Fig. (4) AV. Bust to the left, laureate, profusion of hair, 
 &c. Rev. a horse ; probably also a charioteer, or a victory : 
 multiplicity of small ornaments. 117 grs. MB. Evans 
 A 4. Rud. i. 17, 18, 19. A coin exactly similar was found 
 near Oxted, in Surrey. Others occur, of similar type, weigh- 
 ing from 25 to 28 grs. This is a specimen of the earliest 
 British coins, about 1 50 B.C., being the least far removed 
 from the type of Philip of Macedon's coins. They are much 
 broader than the generahty of British coins. They are 
 found all the way from Cornwall to Suffolk, but are most 
 abundant in Kent. 
 
 (1) AV. A horse, with various ornaments. Rev. Convex, 
 plain. 96 grs. MB. Evans B. 8. Rud, i. 1-4. There 
 is little doubt but that a Biga is intended to be represented, 
 copied from copies, each worse than its predecessor, of the 
 gold coins of Philip of Macedon. This coin was found in 
 Kent, but similar ones are found in many of the southern 
 counties as weU as in Oxfordshire and Lincolnshire, and not 
 unfrequently on the continent. 
 
 (30) and (31) are of a mixed metal. They are extremely 
 
12 
 
 rude in workmansliip, and all are cast ; and so little pains 
 has been taken with them that they are not even rounded or 
 smoothed at the edges, nor are the roughest marks of the 
 mould removed. Their form and fabric are unlike that of 
 any other known coin. These coins are composed chiefly of 
 tin, and have been nearly all found in the Kentish district. 
 They generally weigh from 19 to 25 grs., but some weigh as 
 much as 35, or as little as 17 grs. Mr. Evans assigns them 
 a date nearly as late as the inscribed coins, remarking that 
 a necessity for small change marks some advance in civiliza- 
 tion, and the degeneracy of the type is an argument against 
 the coins being of any great antiquity. For others of this 
 description see Eud. iii. 65, iv. 73, Evans H. (29) is Gaulish, 
 as are all those in Rud. iii. and iv. except 65 and 73. 
 
 Inscribed Coins. 
 
 Of these no specimen is included in our plates. The 
 words which occur on them, at full length or abbreviated, 
 are Eppilltjs; Dubnovellaunos Rud. A 91-93; Vosii and 
 NOS, which, though occurring on different coins, seem to be 
 the beginning and end of the same name ; and Amminus. 
 Besides these the words ebx calle are on the reverse of one 
 coin of EPP (illus), calle being properly the name of a 
 town, perhaps Calleva, Silchester, though coins of Eppillus 
 have very rarely been found out of Kent ; com. f. for 
 Commi Filius appears on many of EppiUus' coins, proving 
 him to have been a brother of two princes of the South 
 Eastern district, Tincommius and Verica, for whom see (12) ; 
 and a silver coin in the British Museum has apparently 
 Tcvi on the obverse and ep on the reverse, which may 
 stand for the beginnings of the names of all three sons of 
 Commius. Two coins of Amminus have respectively the 
 letters dvn and se on the reverse. Eppillus and Dub- 
 novellaunos coined gold, silver, and copper, but only gold 
 coins are known of Vosenos, and only silver and copper of 
 Amminus. All four princes seem to have been nearly con- 
 
13 
 
 temporary with Augustus. The Kentish district includes 
 Kent and Bast Surrey. 
 
 South Eastern Distbict. 
 
 (12) AR. An eagle. Rev. ornaments placed cross- 
 wise, with the letters CRAB in the angles. MB. Evans 
 V. 3. 16-]-^ grs. The South Eastern district includes 
 Hampshire, Sussex and West Surrey. This coin was found 
 near Portsmouth. The meaning of the letters is not ascer- 
 tained, and only one other coin with this legend is known. 
 It is also of silver, and weighs 4^ grs. being as nearly as 
 possible a quarter of this coin. It has on the obverse the 
 letters CRAB consecutively on a tablet, with an ornamental 
 design on the reverse. It was found near Blandford in 
 Dorsetsliire, and is in the collection of Mr. Durden of that 
 place. Whether these coins belong to the South Eastern, 
 Kentish, or Central district, Mr. Evans is very doubtful. 
 Of the coins of the former, no other specimens are repre- 
 sented in our plates. The only inscriptions on them are 
 TiNC or some other abbreviation of a name which is pro- 
 bably Tincommius ; verica, or some abbreviation of it, 
 in which an I is often put for the E ; and commi f, which 
 frequently appears, more or less abbreviated, with both the 
 other names, and no doubt stands for Commi Eilius. The 
 letters dv, probably for the name of some town, also occur 
 on a coin of tin (commius) ; veeica is sometimes styled 
 EEX ; and a coin in the Hunter Collection at Glasgow reads 
 viEEi on the obverse, and on the reverse eppi com p, 
 being the name of another son of Commius who struck coins 
 in Kent. See under (4). One coin, inscribed . . mmios, 
 may possibly belong to Commius himself, who seems to have 
 been a contemporary of Julius Caesar. A few uninscribed 
 coins also belong to this district ; but both these and the 
 inscribed occur only in gold and silver. Rud. 1, 16, A 84. 
 A large number of the coins of this district are described by 
 Mr. Willett in the Numismatic Chronicle, NS. vol. xvii, p. 309. 
 
14 
 
 Westeen District. — Uninscribed Gains. 
 
 (5) AR. Part of a headdress like ttat of (4). Rev. a 
 horse ! ! ! 91 gr. MB. Evans F 1, 2. Rud. iii. 44. This 
 with several similar was found near Portsmouth. Different 
 specimens vary very much in weight and fineness of metal, 
 the weight varying from about 40 to about 93 gr. The 
 heavier and finer ones are probably the earliest British coins 
 in silver, and even the lighter ones are considerably heavier 
 than the silver coins of any other district. The type pro- 
 bably continued to be used for a long time, and specimens 
 occur both in gold and in copper or brass. It belongs to 
 the southern part of the Western district, that is, Dorset, 
 Wilts, and part of Hampshire, to which part no inscribed 
 coins belong. See Rud. i. 9, 10 ; iii. 62, A 82. 
 
 (6) AY. A horse, with globules, a wheel, &c. Rev. con- 
 vex. An ear of corn, or, perhaps, a palm branch. 85 gr. 
 MB. Evans C 4. Rud. A 80. This was found with four 
 others at Mount Batten, near Plymouth. It is probably 
 peculiar to the West of England, and as late as the time of 
 Tiberius. The Western district includes Somerset, Wilts, 
 Gloucestershire, and parts of Oxford and Berkshire. 
 
 (15) AR. The unmeaning looking ornaments on the 
 obverse (which is here engraved as the reverse) represent a 
 head in profile, looking to the right, with some curved 
 and ring-shaped ornaments in front of ifc. Rev. a horse 
 with annulets on shoulder and hip; ornaments in the 
 field. Base silver. MB. Evans P 4 to 8. Rud. xxix. 
 1, A 86. This was found at Mount Batten. It is un- 
 doubtedly one of the latest British coins, unworn specimens 
 having beenfound near From* together with coins of Claudius, 
 and of Antedrigus, a prince of the Western district, proving 
 that inscribed and uninscribed coins were current together 
 in the West, as they were also in the East of England. They 
 have also been found in company with coins of the Channel 
 Islands, with which they have some affinity in type. For 
 other coins of this district, see Rud. i. 2, 14. 
 
15 
 
 Inscribed Coins. 
 
 (28) AV. Horse, with wheel and ornaments. Eev. con- 
 vex, BODVO. MB. Evans I. 1. This legend, whioh 
 appears on other coins as bodtoc, may have some relation 
 to the Boduni, a tribe which lived in and about Gloucester- 
 shire, in which county these coins have been principally 
 found; or, which is perhaps, by analogy with other coins, 
 more probable, it may indicate the name of some prince ; 
 but it can hardly be Boadicea, as the coins have all been 
 found in the West of England, whereas Boadicea reigned 
 over the Iceni in the Bast. Moi'eover her reign was so short 
 and disturbed that it is scarcely likely that she should have 
 struck coin? at all. That bodvoc was known as a proper 
 name among the Britons is proved by inscriptions. Coins 
 with this legend occur in gold only of this type, but there 
 is a silver coin which has the same legend on the obverse 
 in front of a beardless head turned to the left. They are 
 probably the oldest inscribed coins of the Western district, 
 but not older than the Christian era. Rud. xxix. 3, 4. 
 
 (7) AV. Very like (6), but in the field CATTI, the signi- 
 fication of which is not known. Evans I. 4. Rud. A 81. 
 This coin was in the collection of Mr. Cuff, and v^as found 
 near Frome. Coins of this type have been found only near 
 Frome and Chepstow. The other legends on coins of this dis- 
 trict are bodvoc (28), comvs, vo-coeio-ad?, inaea, antedeigv, 
 and Eisv. They occur only in gold and silver, and of only 
 four types, of which two are peculiar to bodvoc, whose 
 coins are probably the earliest, and one to antedeigv 
 and Eisv, whose coins are the latest, belonging to the time 
 of Claudius; while one suffices for all the others. The 
 small crosses on this coin are peculiar to the Western 
 district. 
 
 Centeal DiSTEiCT. — Tfninscribed Coins. 
 
 None of these are included in our plates. For specimens 
 see Rud. ii. 38, 39. 
 
16 
 
 Inscribed Gains. 
 
 (10) AV. Horse: ornament above and below,TASCIOV AN. 
 Rev. ornameBt placed crosswise. 85 gr. MB. Found near 
 High Wycombe, in a hollow flint, by a boy tending sheep, 
 with ten other coins, one of which of the same weight read 
 TASCIAV, and had an ox skull over the horse. See Ar- 
 chBeol. Vol. xxii. This coin was struck by Tasciovanus, who is 
 proved to have been the father of Cunobeline by the legend 
 TASCIOVANI F (for filius) which occurs on some coins of 
 the latter (see (22), (24).) Tasciovanus probably reigned, 
 according to Mr. Evans, from about B.C. 30 to a.d. 5, over 
 the Segontiaci, Catyeuchlani, and perhaps the Trinobantes, 
 and the legends VER (25), RIOONI, and SEGO (18), on 
 the reverse of many of his coins indicate Verulamium ( St. 
 Albans) and two other unidentified towns at which they were 
 struck. They present a great variety of types, and occur 
 in gold, silver, and copper. The Central district includes 
 Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, 
 Essex, Northampton, and parts of Cambridge, Huntingdon, 
 Berkshire, and Oxfordshire. 
 
 (11) AV. A horseman wielding a battle axe, or some 
 other instrument; in the field, two wheels, &c.j TASO. 
 Rev. ornaments placed crosswise. 85 grs. MB. This 
 coin, being of fine workmanship, most perfect preservation, 
 and well struck, having the type and letters quite clear, 
 produced at Mr. Rich's sale, 1828, the sum of £5. 15s. 
 Another, similar, with T and V among the ornaments of the 
 reverse, was found in the hollow flint at High Wycombe. 
 Another with VER was found at Old Sarum. MB. Evans 
 V. 10-12, vi. 11, 12. Rud. A 98-100. 
 
 (25) AR. Horse cantering to the right : TASCIA. Rev. 
 VER within a beaded circle. MB. This, as well as the 
 above, belongs to Tasciovanus, and was struck at Verula- 
 mium. Evans vii. 1. Rud. v. 1. 
 
 (26) M. Bull, to the left, his fore-leg raised and his tail 
 
17 
 
 in the air. Rev. VERLAMIO between the rays of a star- 
 like ornament. MB. Evans vii. 3. Rud. v. 8, 4. Although 
 this does not bear the name of TasciovanuSj it was probably 
 struck by his authority ; and certainly at Veriilamium. 
 
 (18) AV. (marked AR incorrectly on the plate) TASOIO on 
 a tablet, a wheel, annulets, and pellets, above and below. Rev. 
 Horseman galloping to the right ; behind, a wheel ; below, a 
 ring ornament. SBGO. 82^90 g^'S- SUNTEB. Evans viii. 
 11. Rud. iv. Another has on the obverse SEGO on a tablet, 
 within a chain border. Rev. a horseman, without any legend. 
 AR. 19grs. MB. Evans viii. 10. Rud. xxix. 5. These were 
 formerly thought to belong to Segonax, a king of Kent in the 
 time of Csesar. It is not known where they were found, but 
 their type and the legend TASOIO clearly show that they 
 belong either to Tasciovanus or to one of his descendants, and 
 SEGO probably refers to the tribe or capital of the Segontiaci. 
 
 The next coins are those of Ounobeline, whose name 
 occurs- in all forms, from the abbreviation CVN. to the full 
 word OVNOBBLINVS. He reigned over the Trinobantes, 
 and probably also the Catyeuchlani, and part at least of the 
 Boduni, from about a.d. 6 to a.d. 41. His coins are nume- 
 rous and present a variety of types, a sufficient number of 
 which are here engraved to give a general idea of the whole. 
 
 (19) AY. has on one side a horse and the name GVNO- 
 BILI, on the other CAMV with ornaments placed cross- 
 wise. Rud. iv. 1. HUNTER. Evans ix. 1,2. This type is 
 very like that of some of the gold coins of Tasciovanus, and 
 may therefore be supposed to be among the earliest used by 
 his son Ounobeline. Ounobeline appears to have reigned over 
 the eastern and larger portion of his father's dominions (see 
 (10)), his brother Bpaticcas taking the Western and smaller 
 portion. Ounobeline, however, certainly reigned over the 
 Trinobantes, whose capital was Oamulodunum (Oolchester), 
 and may have begun his reign over this tribe before his 
 father^s death, as there is no proof that the Trinobantes 
 were ever under the authority of Tasciovanus. If so, he 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 may not have thongM it necessary to remove his mint from 
 Camulodunnm to Verulamium (St. Albans) upon his father's 
 death, and this may account for there being no evidence of 
 any coins of Cunobeline having been struck at the latter 
 city. See BvanSj p. 226. 
 
 (20) (21) AV. One having OYNO under the horsey and 
 the other on which that name is obliterated, are common 
 forms of the coins of Cunobeline, having an ear of barley 
 upon the reverse, a probable indication of the agricultural 
 wealth of that part of the country, in those as well as in the 
 present times, although the idea of the type is perhaps, as 
 Mr. Evans thinks, derived from the wreath on such coins as 
 (4) and (5) . This type occurs upon coins of two different sizes. 
 Both coins are inMB. These coins may of themselves be con- 
 sidered proofs of gold currency in Britain before the Eoman 
 invasion. It seems impossible that Cunobeline, whose later 
 coins evince his admiration of Eoman types, and his probable 
 introduction of Roman artists, should have rejected the form 
 and fabric of their money, and have adopted forms and 
 types so exclusively Greek, as those of the pieces just 
 described, if he had not been controlled in his decisions by the 
 money already established as the currency of his country. The 
 type and legend of a coin may be changed without much 
 difficulty, but not so easily the metal, form, and weight. 
 The type of these coins, Evans ix. 3-14, and of (19), are the 
 only types of Cunobeline's gold coins ; and all of them bear 
 the name of Camulodunnm. The smaller gold coins are 
 about I the weight of the larger ones, that is, about 20 grs. 
 
 The above two coins are of gold ; but Cunobeline, who is 
 said to have been brought up by Augustus, also struck coins 
 both of silver and copper, the types of which are too numerous 
 to figure or describe in this work ; but enough are inserted to 
 show, that, though he did not adopt the Roman form or weight 
 for his coinage, he had the taste and judgment to improve the 
 types, by imitating some of those of Augustus, who had, in a 
 similar manner, improved the Roman coins by the example of 
 
19 
 
 the coins of Greece. (22) (23) (24) all in MB. are examples of 
 this class of the coins of Cunobeline. See also End, p]. 
 ir., v., xxix. Evans x., xi., xii., and xiii. 
 
 It is only on Ms silver and copper coins that OiinobeHne 
 adopted Roman types, or that the legend. Tasciovani r(ilius), 
 portions of which are to be seen in (22) and (23), appears; 
 and even of these metals there are a few coins of purely 
 British types, of which (24) is a specimen. 
 
 (27) CVNO. Naked male figare, with mantle, holding 
 something in his hand. Rev. SOLIDV within a circle. MB. 
 Evans xi. 6. This legend, like SEGO and VER, is probably 
 the name of some town. It appears on no other coin, though 
 Mr. Evans thinks that the illegible inscription on the obverse 
 of (24) may possibly be the letters LIDV retrograde. 
 
 These are the only legends which appear on Cunobeline's 
 coins. Besides the above, the names which occur on the coins 
 of the Central District are Andoco (mius ?), who may have 
 reigned towards the middle or end of Tasciovanus' reign, and 
 whose coins of gold, silver, and perhaps copper, have been 
 found in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Northampton- 
 shire. Evans v. 4, 5, 6. and Epaticcv (s), a son of Tasciovanus, 
 whose coins, of which only two types are known, have been 
 found only in the west of Surrey and the east of "Wiltshire, 
 and occur in gold and silver. He probably reigned over the 
 western and smaller portion of his father's dominions. Evans 
 viii. 12, 13, 14. 
 
 Eastern District. — Uninscribed Coins. 
 
 (2) AY. A horse, with various ornaments. Rev. two 
 crescents back to back, stars, &c. Convex. 82 grs. MB. 
 Evans xiv. 10. Rud. A. 87. Pound at Oxnead, Norfolk. 
 This is probably a coin of the Iceni. The only other unin- 
 scribed gold coins attributed to this tribe have on the reverse 
 a voided cross, formed by four arched lines, with a row of 
 pellets between each, and in the centre a large trefoil orna- 
 ment within a circle, with a horse on the obverse. Evans 
 
 2 * 
 
20 
 
 xiv. 13, 14. Rud. A. 78. The eastern district includes 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, and parts of Cambridge and Huntingdon. 
 
 (16) AR. A horse : star below, above, three dots. Rev. A 
 pig? Base silver. ISgrs. Found in Suffolk. Evans xvi. 10. 
 This also is probably of the Iceni. The uninscribed coins 
 of tbis district have been found so mixed witb the inscribed 
 ones as to be evidently contemporaneous witb them j and all 
 the coins of this tribe, from the degradation of their type, 
 and from having been found with Roman coins struck as 
 late as a.d. 30, probably belong to a somewhat late period in 
 the British series. Evans xvi. Rud. A. 79. No copper coins 
 can with any certainty be attributed to the Iceni. 
 
 Inscribed Gains. 
 (8) AV. A horse, with various ornaments. Rev. A double 
 floret ornament. 8i grs. Evans xiv. 1.' Rud. ii. 40. A 
 comparison of several specimens shows that the name of 
 ADDBDOMAROS is on the obverse of this coin. He was 
 a prince of the Eastern district, probably of the Iceni, and 
 seems to have been about contemporary with Tasciovanus. 
 His name is the only inscription on the gold coins of this 
 district. The inscriptions on the silver coins are EcEU, 
 EcE, Saemv, Aesv, Anted, and Oav ? Dveo, of which the 
 first two probably stand for the name of the tribe, while 
 Anted may possibly be the same Antedrigus who struck 
 coins in the Western district, and at any rate the two 
 classes of coins with this name are nearly contemporaneous, 
 i.e., about A.d. 50. The other legends may probably be the 
 names of towns. Evans xv. Rud. A. 88. 
 
 YoEKSHiEB DisTEiCT. — Ufiinscriled Gains. 
 There are a few of these, of types similar to the inscribed, 
 which probably belong to this district. It includes York- 
 shire, and part of the adjacent counties to the South, being 
 the South Eastern part of the territory of the Brigantes. No 
 British coins are known to have been found in Lancashire, or 
 the more northern counties, which belonged to the same tribe. 
 
21 
 
 Inscribed Coins. 
 
 (8) AV. A horse. DVMNO CO VEE (OS). Rev. 
 VOLISIOS ia two lines across wliat seems to be an imitation 
 of tte wreath round the head of (4) and (5). 84 grs. Found 
 in Yorkshire. MB. Evans xvii. 1, 2. 
 
 (9) AV. Very similar to the preceding, except in the 
 legends. That on the obverse is read by Mr. Evans TIGIP 
 SENO, and that on the reverse DVMN. 84 grs. Found in 
 Yorkshire. MB. Evans xvii. 3. Simon of Durham, and 
 Asser, say that the British name of Nottingham was Tiguo- 
 cobauc, which may possibly be connected with the name on 
 this coin. The other legends on coins of this district are 
 Iisvp Sv? Vep Core, and Avn tj and none of them have 
 yet been interpreted. The gold is extremely base, even 
 those coins which appear to be of brass having probably been 
 intended to rank as gold. A small coin in the Hunter 
 Museum at Glasgow, reading Avn t, is the only known 
 coin of this district which appears to be silver, and eyen this 
 may possibly be very base and pale gold. As all the coins 
 of this district are of very similar type, and extremely rude, 
 they probably were struck somewhat late, and do not extend 
 over any very long period. 
 
 Channel Islands. 
 
 These coins are all uninscribed, and belong rather to the 
 Gaulish than the British series. They all have on the 
 obverse a head in profile, generally to the right, but occa- 
 sionally to the left, of the character represented in (13) and 
 (14), with nearly always some ornament in front of it. On 
 the reverse is a horse, with various objects above and below. 
 The metal is principally copper, but containing some silver. 
 The coins are of two different sizes, the larger weighing 
 generally from 95 to 100 grs., the smaller, probably quarters 
 of these, weighing about 2-5 grs. They are found principally 
 
22 
 
 ia the Channel Islands, nearly 1000 having been discovered 
 in Jersey in 1820. 
 
 (13) AR. Profile to the right. Rev. horse, with human 
 head; charioteer, but not chariot; a pig below. 106 grs. 
 Found near Portsmouth, with others of the same description. 
 
 (14) M. Similar to the above. Found at Mount Batten, 
 near Plymouth. Evans I. 
 
 (17) & (29), according to Mr. Evans, p. 13, are Gaulish. 
 The former is of base silver, the latter is of a mixed metal, 
 and cast in a rough mould like the Kentish coins (30) 
 and (31). 
 
 ROMAN. 
 
 It is natural to suppose, that, when the Roman power had 
 become established in Britain, the ordinary money of that 
 empire would form the general circulation of this country 
 and that British money would be for the most part, if not 
 entirely, superseded. Gildas asserts that an edict was 
 actually issued and enforced, ordaining that all money cur- 
 rent in this island should bear the image and superscription 
 of the Roman emperor, and the circumstance of Roman 
 coins being almost daily turned up in everypart of the country 
 amply confirms his statement. It is quite unnecessary to 
 enter here into any description of that money, as it is per- 
 fectly well known to every one, and numerous treatises and 
 descriptions of it have been published in all languages. Oapt. 
 Smyth's Descbiptive Catalogue, Akeeman's Desceiptive 
 Catalogue, his Numismatic Manual, and his Coins of the 
 Romans relative to Britain, and Madden's Handbook to 
 Roman Coins, may all be consulted upon this subject with 
 pleasure and profit. 
 
 SAXON. 
 After the final departure of the Romans, about the year 
 450, the history of the coinage is involved in much obscurity ; 
 the coins of that people would of course continue in circula- 
 tion long after the people themselves had quitted the shores. 
 
23 
 
 and ifc is not improbable that the rude and uncoutli pieces 
 ■wHicli are imitations of their money, and are scarce because 
 they are rejected from all cabinets and thrown away as soon 
 as discovered, may have been struck during the interval 
 between the Romans and Saxons. 
 
 During the Saxon period the earliest coins are those 
 which are known by the name of Sceattee, but whether 
 brought into this country by that people when they first 
 arrived, or actually struck in this country afterwards, it is 
 difficult now to ascertain. They are not of common occur- 
 rence, nor does it appear that many of them have been 
 discovered within the limits of this island. They are of silver, 
 and specimens of some of the types are given in plate III., 
 Suppl. plate I., by which it will appear, that, if some were 
 struck before the introduction of Christianity, by far the 
 greater number were struck afterwards. Though the exact 
 period of the issue of the various types cannot be ascertained, 
 it can scarcely be doubted that they form the connecting link 
 between the genuine Roman and Saxon coins. The heads 
 upon such as (32), are clearly Roman from the peculiar form 
 of the diadem. The wolf suckling the founders of Rome, 
 (41), is clearly copied from a common coin of Constantiue. 
 The strange object upon (42), which, in (43), is improved 
 into a bird, is more probably a very rude imitation of the 
 wolf and twins, and being placed upon the coin of King 
 ^thilred (50), shews a traceable connection between the 
 Roman and Saxon coinage. One or more figures holding a 
 cross is a well known type upon Roman coins, and it is 
 found upon the sceatt^ (33), (45) to (49). (47) having one 
 of these figures upon the obverse, has the reverse not unlike 
 in idea to that of king Bcgfrid, (99). (49) having also a 
 figure of this description is very similar to that of king 
 Eadbert and archbishop Ecgberht, (102), (103), (104), while 
 the animal upon the reverse connects it with tlie coins of 
 the succeeding Northumbrian kings, (103) to (108). Mr. 
 Lindsay had a coin of the type of (33) which had a T on 
 
24 
 
 the right of the figure on the reverse, immediately under 
 the cross. On account of this letter, and of the resemblance 
 of the coin to Abp. Ecgberht's (102), he attributed this coin 
 to Abp. Theodore, A.D. 668 to 692. Num. Chron. v. 158 ; ri. 38. 
 161 sceattse of the type of (44) were found in Friesland in 
 March, 1863, and others of the same type had been found 
 there previously. It is very possible, therefore, that this 
 type of coin may have been struck there. Num. Chron.N.S. iv. 
 22. The sceatta engraved in the supplementary plates, (554), 
 is apparently imitated from the same coins of Valentinian I. 
 and his immediate successors as Mr. Assheton's Cuerdale 
 penny of Ceolwlf II. (580) ; and the only gold sceattae which 
 the British Museum possesses are of the same type. The 
 reverses of (555) (556) are similar in idea to some of those 
 used by Offa. For other specimens of sceattee, see Rud. 
 i., ii., xxvi. 
 
 The average weight of about seventy of these coins, 
 which were put into the scale, was about 1 7 grains ; some 
 weighing as much as 20 grains, others not more than 12 or 
 13. The value it is diflScult to ascertain. The sceatta, 
 being named in the same laws with the penny, was probably 
 of a different value; in the laws of ^thelstan, about 930, it 
 is stated that 30,000 sceattae were equal to 120 pounds, it 
 must therefore by this estimation have been one twenty-fifth 
 part less valuable than a penny ; in other places it is con- 
 sidered the twentieth part of a shilling, while a penny is the 
 twelfth part, so 'that in fact nothing is known that can be 
 accurately stated. 
 
 SCEATTj; WITH RoNIC LEGENDS. 
 
 On some sceatta appear legends in Roman or Runic 
 characters. The Runic alphabet was that used by the 
 northern or Scandinavian nations ; it was introduced into 
 England by them soon after the withdrawal of the Romans, 
 and continued to be occasionally used in the beginning of 
 
25 
 
 the ninth century. It appears on. a few coins of Offa of 
 Mei'cia and Banred of Northumbrian but a few sceattse are 
 the only coins on which it appears to the entire exclusion of 
 a Roman legend. The interpretation of these Runic legends 
 is due to an article by Mr. Head in Num. Chron. NS. viii. 75 ; 
 in the classification of the others an article by Mr. Haigh 
 in Num. Ohron. NS. ix. has been principally followed. 
 The following are the principal sceattse, bearing Runic 
 legends. 
 
 1. Rude head to right ; before it the Runic letters WB — ; 
 behind, M, being probably the lower part of the letter A. 
 Rev. Square beaded compartment, annulet in centre, T 
 within each angle ; on each side a cross. The description of 
 this coin is taken from Mr. Haigh's article, who follows 
 Lindsay in assigning it to Wibba, father of Penda of Mercia ; 
 but it is obvious that such an attribution must be little more 
 than guess work. 
 
 2. Bust to right, wearing a crown with three rays or 
 points; behind the head is the letter A, often with an 
 annulet or T on each side of it ; in front is the Runic legend 
 EPA (557) or jSIPA, Rud. ii. 14, sometimes written back- 
 wards, Rud. ii. 14, and sometimes upside down, Rud. ii. 9, 10, 
 13, and occasionally preceded by an annulet, or, on one coin 
 in the British Museum, apparently by a Runic L (558). 
 Rev. a square beaded compartment, ofteij surmounted by a 
 fan shaped ornament ; in the centre is an annulet, and 
 within each angle is a letter or imitation of a letter, generally 
 two T's in the two upper angles, with two I's or X.'s in the 
 two lower ones. Outside the compartment are some orna- 
 ments or very rude imitations of Roman letters. This is 
 generally called the standard type, and is apparently an 
 imitation either of the military standard or of the altar, 
 both of which form a common type on Roman coins, and 
 which are often insci-ibed ^^ . It is evident that the 
 imitator understood no alphabet but the Runic one. In 
 Rud. ii. 16, the compartment contains a second beaded 
 
26 
 
 compartment, within which is a cross with three pellets ia 
 each angle ; and in Rud. ii. 17, on which the letters PA only 
 are distinct, the reverse type is a cross, each limb termi- 
 nating in an annulet, within a beaded circle, and with no 
 letters either Roman or Runic. These coins are attributed 
 by Mr. Head to a son of Penda of Mercia, named Epa or 
 Eoba, who in the Annals of Cambria is called King of the 
 Mercians and said to have been slain in his father's lifetime 
 at the battle of Cocboy {i.e. Maserfield.) a.d. 642, or, 
 possibly, to Eba, or, as he is called in Bede, Bafha, who is 
 mentioned together with Bdbert as duces Merciorum whom 
 Wulfred, brother and successor of Peada, associated with 
 himself in a revolt against the authority of Oswy, of North- 
 umbria. There seem however to be small grounds for 
 supposing that either of these persons, especially the latter, 
 ever had authority to strike coins. There are several of 
 these coins in the British Museum. (557) (558) Rud. ii. 9, 
 10, 13, 14, 16, 17. 
 
 3. (a) Bust to right, helmeted ; Roman letters ONZIO 
 before it, others behind it. Rev. like reverse of Epa's coins, 
 two T's in upper, two X's in lower angles. Above the com- 
 partment on one side, and apparently on both, is the letter 
 T perhaps for Mercia; and to the right ia the inscription 
 PAD A in Runic letters. 
 
 (&) Another coin with a similar obverse lias the compart- 
 ment on the reverse of an oblong shape, and within it the 
 same Runic inscription PADA. Outside on the right are 
 the Roman letters AST, and below the compartment is a 
 cross, the three lower limbs of which terminate in annulets. 
 Rud. xxvi. 4, where however the reverse is engraved upside 
 down, and the first letter joined to the second. 
 
 (c) A third coin has on the obverse the bust to right, 
 filleted; Roman letters in front. Rev. beaded circle 
 enclosing cross with annulet in each angle. Around this is 
 the Runic inscription PADA followed by some Roman letters, 
 apparently TVllYST. (559). These three coins are all in 
 
27 
 
 the British. Museum; and are each, as far as is known, 
 unique. 
 
 (d) A fourth is described by Mr. Haigh from " Monnaies 
 de France " vol. iv., pi. cliv. 4, as having a bust of a 
 different form, with traces of the same letters as on (c), and 
 on Eev. the Eunic legend PADA between two beaded lines, 
 enclosed in a beaded circle, around which are traces of the 
 same letters as on (&) . 
 
 All these coins Mr. Head attributes with some confidence 
 to Peada son of Penda of Mercia, who had the government 
 of South Mercia during his father's lifetime with, the title of 
 king, and introduced Christianity into Mercia from North- 
 umberland. He succeeded his father in 655^ and was 
 killed in 656. 
 
 4. Very rude bust to right ; behind it are A and two 
 annulets j before is the Runic legend Wiguaerd (read by 
 Lindsay Winufrd) . Linds. i. 19. Or bust to left, crowned 
 as on Bpa's coins, A and two annulets behiad, Runic legend 
 Wigud in front. Rev. rude standard type. Rud. ii. 8. The 
 first coin was in Mr. Lindsay's collection ; the second is in 
 the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. Mr. Haigh says that 
 on Mr. Lindsay's coin, though not in the engraving, the 
 legend is preceded by an S. It does not appear who 
 Wiguserd or Swigwaerd may be. 
 
 5. Bust to right, filleted, two annulets behind, Runic 
 legend PBLI or HBLI (?) in front. Rev. rude standard 
 type, exactly as on Wigud's coin. Rud. ii. 12. 
 
 6. Very rude bust to right, nothing behind. Runic legend 
 ELI in front. Rev. quadruped, something like Eadberht's 
 (103). Rud. ii; 15. Mr. Haigh mentions coins with this 
 legend of the type of Bpa's coins. These coins have not yet 
 been attributed to any known prince. 
 
 7. ^THILI R^D, ^TILI R^D, or ^THIL R^D 
 in two lines across the coin in Runic letters. Rev. an 
 object which may represent a bird, or the Wolf and Roman 
 twins. (50). Rud. iii. The lower line, H^D, reads back- 
 
28 
 
 wards from where the upper one eads. Three coinSj with 
 .the above legends, are now in MB. The inscription on (50) 
 was read by the author ETHBLID REX, and he doubtfully 
 attributed the coin to Ethelberht I. of Kent, 5G8 to 615. 
 They are now generally given to ^thelred, king of Mercia, 
 brother of Peada and Wulfhere, who succeeded the latter, 
 and reicrned from 675 to 70-1 ; and with them we come to 
 an end of the English coins with Runic inscriptions at 
 present known. 
 
 SCEATT^ WITH ROMAN LeTTEES. 
 
 In the interpretation of the Runic inscriptions on sceattse 
 is doubtful, that of those in Roman letters is still more so ; 
 indeed Mr. Head gives them all up not only as illegible, but 
 as never having formed a legend at all, being mere imita- 
 tions of the legends on Roman coins by workmen unacquainted 
 with any but Runic letters. That some are so there can be 
 no doubt ; Mr. Evans for instance has one found at Dun- 
 stable in Bedfordshire, which has on the obverse a very rude 
 head to left, rude letters in front, and on the reverse a cross 
 with a pellet in each angle, surrounded by ^^s and V's 
 alternately. NO., xv. p. 94. But the uniformity in variety 
 of the legends on the following coins seems hard to account 
 for if no meaning whatever was ever attached to them. 
 
 1. Bust to right, crowned, as on Epa's coins; A and. two 
 annulets behind, Roman letters TIC in front. Rev. standard 
 type, two T's in upper, two I's in lower angles. Two or 
 three Roman letters outside. (37). Rud. ii. 22 to 25. TIC 
 may possibly be intended for a man's name, as the name 
 Tycca occurs as a witness to a charter of Bcgbeorht, king of 
 Kent, A.D. 765 to 791. 
 
 2. Bust or head to right, inner circle, round which is a 
 legend in Roman characters, which seem to be TAVH- 
 MVAHVAT or some abbreviation of it, that is, the word 
 IIVAT proceeding from both ends of the word MYA. 
 Rev. cross surmounted by a bird; in the field are two or 
 
29 
 
 four annuletSj and sometimes a small crosSj or two stars and 
 two annulets, the whole contained within a beaded circle 
 round which is the same legend as on the obverse. (32) 
 Rud. ii. 27 to 37. Coins of this and the last type are often 
 found in Bast Kent, especially near Canterbury. Arch. xxx. 
 p. 56. 
 
 3. Head to right, crowned or helmeted ; above it in 
 Eoman letters CNOON, VNOONN, BLYNOOIIII, or 
 AELVNOOTIIA. Eev. a man holding a long cross in each 
 hand, Rud. xxvi. 6, 7 ; or king seated on throne to right, 
 holding along cross sceptre in his right hand, looking to a 
 hawk which rests upon his left, NCNS. ix. 191; or Obv. 
 bust to left, helmeted, ABLVNOOIIV. Rev. open cross, 
 pellet in centre and on each limb, exactly like Ethelred's of 
 Northumbria, Rud. 2 H. 42 ; in each angle is a large pellet 
 within a circle of pellets, like that on the reverse of 
 Banred's, Rud. x. 12, L. 70; the whole enclosed within 
 beaded circle. No legend. NCNS. ix. pi. v. 8 to 13. Mr. 
 Haigh thinks the NOONN which appears on all these coins 
 is the name of Nunna, king of the South Saxons, and that 
 the variable letters which precede it are the marks or names 
 of moneyers. Nunna's reign is known through some charters 
 of his dated 714 and 725, printed in the Codex Diplomaticus. 
 
 4. Head or bust to right, peculiar headdress, cross 
 behind bust, in front Roman letters. Eev. small cross sur- 
 rounded by annulets, &c. (very like standard type) above or 
 around which is the legend ATISOIDB- . Rud. ii. 20. or 
 lOCID. (38). Rud. ii. 19. Another, with a crowned head 
 somewhat like (37), has an inscription round it in Roman 
 letters, the middle part of which appears to be •• ADIOOID •• . 
 Rev. a cross, patee at the ends, lower limb longer than the 
 others, small annulets in field, around it an inscription 
 ending in MONI. MB. A gold sceatta found near Canter- 
 bury, and engraved in NCNS. v. 166, of which there is an 
 electrotype in the British Museum, seems to have the legend 
 
 • ICIODyEI •• • (?) in Runic characters. Whether this has 
 
30 
 
 any connection with the silver sceattse, and what is the 
 meaning of any of these legends^ remains to be explained. 
 
 12. Besides these there are a few other coins with letters 
 on them which may or may not have had a meanings such as 
 End. xxvi. S, which has on the obverse a rude head to right, 
 filleted, annulet in front, cross above. Eev. square enclosing 
 cross botone, with pellet in each angle, around which are 
 the letters SAEOVLOO. Compare reverse of Epa's Rud. 
 ii. 16. And in the British Museum is a coin which has on 
 the obverse head to right, nothing behind, LEL or LEV 
 before. Eev. animal like that on (50) . 
 
 KINGS OP KENT. 
 Ethilbeeht II. 725 to 760. 
 
 As the sceatta (50) which was attributed by the author to 
 Ethilberht I. king of Kent, 568 to 615, has been placed by 
 the editor among the uncertain sceattee with Eunic legends ; 
 and as the coins (102) to (108), End. iii., which were formerly 
 attributed to Ecgberht, king of Kent, 665 to 673, were 
 removed by the author to the kingdom of Northumbria ; the 
 Kentish series will now begin with Ethilberht II. He and 
 Edbert commenced a united reign in 725; but from 749 
 Ethilberht reigned alone ; to him there is only one coin 
 imputed, and the peculiarity of the type, combined with the 
 general appearance of the workmanship, causes its genuine- 
 ness to be more than suspected. It represents the King^s 
 head to the right with his name ETHILBEEHT mr 
 (LYL, in Eunic letters) ; the Wolf suckling Eomulus and 
 Eemus, with the title EEX. (51), End. iii. MS. 
 
 This coin, is genuine, would be in many respects remark- 
 able ; it would be the first instance, in the kingdom of Kent, 
 of a coin of the denomination of the silver penny, which has 
 continued in one unbroken series down to the present day. 
 The type too is remarkable, being copied from a Eoman 
 coin. It would too be a proof, that, although the weight 
 and form of Saxon and Eoman monies did not agree, the 
 
31 
 
 Roman had still soma inflaence in the decoration of tlie 
 Sazon coin ; its thianesSj breadth^ and flatness corresponding 
 somewhat with the appearance of some of the silver coins of 
 the Lower Empire. 
 
 LVL occnrs as a moneyer on coins of Offa and Coenwlf of 
 Mercia. Mr. Haigh attributes this coin to Ethelbert King 
 of Bast Angliaj who was murdered by Offa in 793 ; but 
 there seem to be hardly sufficient reasons for assigning it 
 either to this or any other prince. As to the type, compare 
 Oeolwlf II. (580) and sceattse (41), (554), &c. The portrait on 
 the obverse is said by Mr. Haigh to resemble, even in the 
 plaiting of the hair, those of Ofia. 
 
 This piece was bought by the British Museum in 1803 for 
 £1. 8s. This price, for a unique coin, is a sufficient proof 
 that collectors doubted its authenticity. 
 
 Eqcbeeht, 765 to 791. 
 
 The existence of this King is proved by a charter of his 
 printed in Cod. Dipl. clx., undated, but witnessed by Abp. 
 laenberht, 763 to 790. Mr. Kemble gives 765 to 791 as 
 the time of the reign. To this king the editor ventures to 
 attribute the coins usually assigned to the son of Offa, who 
 reigned in Mercia for about sixmonths after his father's death. 
 They have on the obverse the name only, EGGBERHT (which 
 is spelt as in the signature to the charter) for legend, the 
 monogram of the title, RX, within a plain or beaded circle, 
 forming the type. The reverses are — 
 
 1. The moneyer's name, YDD, written across the field 
 between two lines of oruaments. Rud. v. 2. MB. 
 
 2. A lozenge containing five pellets, from three comers 
 of which issues a plain cross extending to the edge of the 
 coin, the second B of the moneyer's name BABBA occupying 
 the place of the fourth cross. (69) Rud. v. 1. HUNTHB. 
 This is like some of OflPa's coins, but almost identical with 
 Coenwlf 's and Ceolwlf's, Rud. C. 6, 8 ; (76). 
 
 The son of Offa was called Ecgferth, not Ecgberht, so 
 
32 
 
 that these coins cannot possibly belong to him. The mono- 
 gram EX occurs only in the legends of many of Offa's 
 pennies^ and as the type of a styca of ^thelred of IsTorth- 
 nmbria a.d. 840 to 848. Rud. xsvii. 1. The existence of 
 this styca may suggest the possibility of these coins having 
 been struck by that Ecbert who was made governor of 
 Bernicia by the Danes in 868 ; but as the two moneyers 
 TJdd and Babba both appear on the coins of OSa, and this 
 monogram^ and types very similar to thesSj also appear on 
 his coins (cf. Rud. v. 25, dl, 32, &c.) there can be little 
 doubt that this King Bcgberht had some close connection 
 with Offa. Now Babba struck coins in Kent for Badbearht 
 Preen, 794 to 798, and Duda, very likely the same person as 
 Udd, for Cuthred 798 to 805 : and from about the year 774 
 when Offa defeated the men of Kent at Ottford, to 823 when 
 Ecgberht of Wessex subdued them, Kent was almost 
 entirely under the control of the kings of Mercia. These 
 coins therefore, struck by the Kentish moneyers Udd and 
 Babba, no doubt bear the name of the Kentish King 
 Bcgberht, who, after the battle of Ottford, was probably, 
 like his successors Cuthred and Baldred, king only in name ; 
 and most likely the coins struck by Udd and Babba for 
 Offa were struck in Kent, as were several Coins of Offa's 
 successors Coenwlf and Coelwlf. It may be worth while to 
 notice that Uda is one of the witnesses to the charter of 
 Ecgberht before mentioned. 
 
 Eadbeaeht or Ethelbeeht, surnamed Pe^n, 
 794 to 798. 
 The coins of this king are pennies, having the king's 
 name and title BADBEARHT REX in three lines on the 
 obverse, and on the other side the moneyer's name, written 
 across the field with some accompanying ornament, (52) Rud. 
 iii. 1, 2 ; xxvi. MB. v. r. 
 
 Moneyers. Babba. Ethelmod. Hethelmod.* laenberht. 
 * In Mr. Evans' Collection. 
 
33 
 
 Tidheah. TKe name laenberht is that of a moneyer; the 
 almost contemporary Archbishop of Canterbury of the same 
 name died in 790, four years before Badbearht began to reign. 
 
 CUTHRED, 798 to 805. 
 
 Upon the conquest of Kent and capture of Badbearht by 
 Ooenwlf, King of Mercia, Cuthred, a creature of the victor' s, 
 obtained the throne, with the title, but without the authority, 
 of king (see Lingard). All his moneyers, except Heremod, 
 seem to have struck coins also for Coenwlf, and it seems not 
 improbable that many of Coenwlf's coins may have been 
 struck in Kent, as some of Ceolwlf I.'s almost certainly were 
 in Baldred's time. Coenwlf's name occurs on coins of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, but Cuthred's does not. Cuthred 
 is styled Rex, or Rex Cant, for Cantise, Kent, upon the 
 obverse of his coins ; and a moneyer's name is placed upon 
 the reverse. All his coins are pennies, and of them there are 
 five different types. 
 
 1. The king's bust, to the right, diademed. Rev. Cross 
 with a small wedge in each angle, or it may be described as 
 a cross botone upon a cross patee (53). Rud. ui. 1, 2. MB. 
 A single look at the diadem will show that the costume, at 
 least upon these, and many other early Saxon coins, was 
 copied from those of the later Roman Emperors, who held 
 rule in Britain. Mr. Evans has one with no inner circle on 
 obv., and having the X in REX under the D R, in front of 
 the face. 
 
 2. Small cross with a pellet or small wedge in each angle. 
 Rev. a tribrach,* (54) Rud. iii. 8 ; xxvi. MB. 
 
 3. A small tribrach, with a pellet in each angle, within 
 
 * Mr. J. B. Bergne had a perfect coiii very like this, reading Cuthred 
 Hex ; cross patee witli a pellet in centre, a small wedge or triangle in 
 each angle. Eev. -I- Eaha. A tribrach with a small circle in the 
 centre inclosing a very small tribrach composed of three wedges ; a 
 similar wedge also in each arm of the larger tribrach. This coin was 
 procured, and probably found, in Bedfordshire. N.C.O.S, xiv. 145. 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 a circle from whence project three arms, each terminating 
 in an annulet. Eev. Similar, but without pellets, and the 
 arms terminating Hke a Saxon T. (55) Rud. iii. 4. 
 
 4. Obv. like type 3. Rev. large single tribrach inter- 
 secting legend, terminating as in type 3; wedge in each 
 angle, no inner circle. MB. 
 
 5. Similar to No. 3, but a wedge instead of a pellet, in 
 each angle of the tribrach ; the arms, projecting from the 
 circle, composed of dots and not terminating in annulets. 
 Rev. a cross with a circle in the centre, the arms terminating 
 in a Saxon T. D V D A in the angles (56) Rud. C. 1. MB. 
 All these types are very rare, those with the head least so. 
 In type 1, the moneyer's name is followed by the word 
 MONETA ; in other types it stands alone. 
 
 Moneyers. — Beornfreth (1), Duda (1, 2, 5), Eaba (1, 2), 
 Heremod (1 L.), Heremodi (1), Sigeberht (3, 4), Sigeberhti 
 (I), Verheardi (1), Werheard (2). 
 
 The figure after the moneyer's name shows on what types 
 it is found j and where a letter occurs it indicates the 
 authority on which the name is inserted. L. means Lindsay. 
 R. Ruding. Sn. Snelling. Where no aathority is given the 
 coin is, generally, in MB. 
 
 Baldred, 805 to 823. 
 
 Baldred, according to William of Malmesbury " a mere 
 abortion of a king," was subdued by Ecgbearht in 823. 
 His coins are all very rare. Their types are — 
 
 1. BALDRED REX CANT. The kind's bust to the right. 
 Red. DRVR CITS for Dorovernia Givitas, Canterbury, (67) 
 Rud. iii. 1. MB. like rev. of Archbishop Vulfred, (144). 
 This is the earliest known coin of the Canterbury Mint, and 
 the first instance of a place of mintage being mentioned 
 upon a Saxon coin. 
 
 2. BALDRED REX, bust to right. Rev. a small circle 
 from whence issue 6 or 8 rays, (58) ; MB. see also Rud. 
 
35 
 
 xxix. 12, or BBALDEBD REX^ a small wedge between 
 eacli of the 8 rays. EVANS. 
 
 3. BALDRED REX ON., bust and formation of the R, 
 very like that on type 2. Rev. cross moline within circle.* 
 
 4. BELDRBD REX CANT. Cross, with pellet in each 
 angle. Rev. the same, within a circle from whence issue 
 four limbs, terminating in a Saxon T. Rud. iii. 2. MB. 
 
 5. BELDRBD REX CANT. Cross crosslet. Rev. plain 
 cross. Rud. iii. 3. MB. 
 
 6. BELDRBD REX. Plain cross on each side. (69) 
 MB. 
 
 7. BELDRBD REX CANT. Cross patee at ends. 
 Rev. similar cross, but with lower limb "divided into two 
 divergent branches. EVANS. Found in Suffolk. NC. 
 XV. 103. 
 
 Every one of Baldred's moneyers appears to have struck 
 coins also for Coenwlf of Mercia, and probably in Kent. 
 
 Moneyers. — Diormod (1), Dunun (3), Edelmod (2), Oba (4), 
 Sigesteff (1), Swefnerd (5), Tidbearht (7), TidebearhtJ (1), 
 Werneard (6). 
 
 SOUTH SAXONS. 
 No coins of this kingdom have yet been discovered. 
 
 MERCIA. § 
 
 Offa, 757 to 796. 
 
 Of all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, Mercia affords 
 the greatest number of coins and the most uninterrupted 
 
 * This coin was found near Guildford, and in 1852 belonged to Mr. 
 Nealds, wine merchant, of that city. N.C.O.S. xiv. 148. 
 
 t Late Kev. J. F. Dymock. NC. xiv. 148. A similar one sold at 
 Capt. Murchison's sale for £48. NCNS. vi. 254. 
 
 X Found with others of the same period, about 1852, in Suffolk, and 
 sold at Mr. Cuff's sale for £33. 10s. 
 
 § For the coins of Eadvald formerly attributed to Ethelbald King 
 of Mercia 71fi to 757, see post. Coins of the East Angles. 
 
 3 * 
 
36 
 
 series. Some sceattse have already been attributed to this 
 kingdom, but Offa is the first king to whom any pennies can 
 with any certainty be attributed, and they are the most 
 remarkable in the whole Anglo-Saxon series. The arrange- 
 ment and the ornaments of the reverses are extremely 
 varied, and many of them very elegant ; and in the repre- 
 sentation of the king's head, there is an attempt at por- 
 traiture, and a tolerable effort, by variations of relief, to 
 produce light and shade, and some appearance of fleshiness. 
 This singularity of his coins is usually attributed to his 
 having himself visited Eome, and having probably brought 
 from thence Italian artists.* 
 
 The types of his coins are too numerous to engrave in 
 this work, and too intricate to describe. To Ruding, plates 
 4. 5. 27. 28. 29. and C. the reader is therefore referred, and 
 we must be content here to describe the general character 
 of his types, and engrave a few, which will be sufficient to 
 give an idea of the usual nature of his coins. 
 
 1. The king's head, with or without an inner circle, 
 generally accompanied with his nameand title (65), (66), (560), 
 (562), (563), (564), but sometimes with the name of a moneyer, 
 (561), the king's name being, in those instances, placed upon 
 the reverse, which are of a great variety of forms. In one 
 instance. End. iv. 7. MB., the king's name appears on both 
 sides. 
 
 2. The king's name written across the field in two or 
 three lines. Rev. moneyer's name, also generally written 
 across, with some accompanying ornament (62), (566), (567), 
 (568), or inclosed in a compartment (63), (569), or written 
 round the type (61), (565). 
 
 3. Ornamental types on both sides, generally including 
 
 * The fact of his having visited Eome is discredited by Lingard, 
 and none of his moneyers' names appear to be Italian. He Lad how- 
 ever a good deal of intercourse -vrith Eome on ecclesiastical matters, 
 and with the Emperor Charles the Great on political matters, and 
 may have had Eoman coins or artists introduced to his notice from 
 either source. 
 
37 
 
 the name of the king and money er (64), (570), (571). 
 Thougli the coins of Offa are so numerous that they can 
 scarcely be called rare, yet each type is rare. Kuding's figg. 
 9, 12, 13, 20, 21, 30, are the least so; indeed of the others 
 it is extremely difficult to find a duplicate specimen. 
 
 He is generally styled Hex, Rex T, or Merciorum. No place 
 of mintage is mentioned on his coins. The proper weight of his 
 coins was probably about 20 gr. ; an average of forty, which 
 were weighed, amounted only to 18 gr. One iu the Hunter 
 collection is stated at26'[*o, but this must have been accidental. 
 
 Aelred (E) 
 (Al)cliun{d) (3) 
 Albmun (R) 
 Allimund (1,3) 
 Allimuth (R) 
 Aired (1) 
 Babba (3, 3) 
 Bannard (3) 
 Beaneard (2) 
 Beghard (3) 
 Bernea (3 L) 
 Berneard (R) 
 Botred (2) 
 Celhard (R) 
 Ciolhard (1) 
 Dud* (1, 2) 
 Eadberlit (3) 
 Eadhun (1 ; 3 L) 
 Eadhuutt (1) 
 Ealbmund (2) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Ealmund. (1) 
 Ealmunth (B) 
 Ealraed (or 
 
 Ealrued) (1) 
 Ealred (1 L) 
 Edelmod (2 L) 
 Edelnod (2 L) 
 Eoba (1, 2, 3) 
 Ethelnotb (2) 
 Ettekald (2) 
 Etbilvald (1) 
 Fehtvald (R) 
 Hearer (3) 
 Ibba t (1) 
 Inovuth (or 
 
 Inonnth) (2) 
 Inotk (R) 
 Lul (2) 
 Lulla (1) 
 
 Oetlielres (1, 3) 
 OUmund (R) 
 Osmod (2, 3) 
 Oter (E) 
 Pehtvald (1, 3) 
 Pendred (1) 
 Eedwin (R) 
 Eendred (1) 
 Udd (for Dud P) (1) 
 Vintred (2) 
 Wendraed (1, Evans) 
 Wenvald (l' and 8 L) 
 Wilirea (3) 
 WUhTm (2, JEi>ans) 
 Winoth (2) 
 Winred (R) 
 Wintred (2 and 3 L) 
 Wivuth (1) 
 Wlnotb (E) 
 
 On many of these, Runic letters are used. The legend on 
 the reverse of Botred's coin is entirely in Runic letters, 
 divided into three divisions of two each, by an arbitrary 
 character, possibly a Runic M, three times repeated. Arch. 
 1829, p. 403. 
 
 * Mr. H. B. Godwin, of Newbury, has a coin of wbicb the obverse 
 is like Eud. iv. 10, and tbe reverse like (tbougli not identical witb) 
 Eud. C. 4. Mr. J. Evans has another variety. NCNS. vi. 307. 
 
 t A penny with Ibba's name in the angles of a long cross crosslet 
 on the reverse was sold at Mr. Bcrgne's sale for £20. IDs. KCNS. 
 xiii. 301. 
 
CyNETHEYTH, QdEEN OP OfFA. 
 
 The history of these times does not enter sufficiently 
 into detail to afford any information as to the authority by 
 which this lady struck coins in her own name^ a privilege 
 which does not appear to have been exercised by the queen 
 of any other of our Saxon kings. It has been suggested^ 
 that she was the daughter, not the wife of OfFa, and was 
 invested with a separate jurisdiction. Palgrave suggests 
 that she was the daughter of Coenwulf, who assumed the 
 royal authority after having murdered her brother. This 
 however is inadmissible^ for the style of the work and name 
 of the moneyers prove that she was contemporary with Off'a. 
 Coenwulf reigned twenty-two yearSj, the coins were gradually 
 deteriorated in style during his reign, and in the following 
 ones became almost barbarous ; we cannot therefore post- 
 pone these coins to so late a period; but this work is not 
 the proper place to discuss the historical question, and we 
 must be content to describe, as we find them, the pennies 
 bearing the name of a Queen Cynethryth. The portrait, 
 which appears upon some of them, is said to be that of 
 Oifa; and upon this supposed circumstance Ruding grounds 
 an argument, that they were struck by his authority ; but, 
 as the character of the face, arrangement of the head dress, 
 and style of the costume, diifer from those of any of the 
 acknowledged coins of the king, and have a feminine 
 appearance, it seems much more reasonable to suppose it 
 meant for a portrait of the queen whose name they bear; 
 and that, consequently, the pieces were issued from the 
 mint under her sole authority, a supposition confirmed by 
 those coins which bear her name only, without any mention 
 of Offa, or any portrait which might be mistaken for his. 
 The name of Cynethryth, wife of Offa, appears in charters 
 from 772 to 788. 
 
 The coins of Cynethryth are silver pennies, of the same 
 
39 
 
 weight and fineness as those of Offa, and are very rare. 
 The types are — 
 
 1. Her bust, with the name of the moneyer. Rev. the 
 Saxon T, with her name and title of queen (67), Rud. v. 
 1, 2. MB. 
 
 2. Or, instead of the queen's bust, the moneyer's name 
 inclosed in a quatrefoH (68), Rud. v- 3. EUNTEB. 
 
 The form of the Y, upon the coin (67) MB. is singular 
 and worthy of notice ; it differs from those of the coins 
 engraved in Ruding, which are frequently mistaken for an 
 E. This coin was purchased at Dolben's sale 1796, for 
 £12. 12s.* 
 
 Money ers.—EobsL (1), Oba (2). 
 
 CoBNWLF, 794 to 818. 
 During the twenty-four years which this king reigned, 
 pennies were struck with a great variety of types, in evident 
 imitation of those of Offa, but of very much inferior work- 
 manship. In general they bear the head of the king, but 
 not always. The letter T, the initial of his kingdom, accom- 
 panies, perhaps invariably, his title upon the obverse. The 
 reverse contains the names of his moneyers, but without any 
 place of mintage. The types of the reverses are — 
 
 1. Cross crosslet. Rud. vi. 1, 2, 3. MB. EVANS. 
 
 2. Ditto, with a pellet, or pellet and wedge, in each angle. 
 Rud. vi. 4, 14, MB. sometimes 3 crosses, as in type 5, 
 divide legend. MB. 
 
 3. Plain cross with a wedge, oval, pellet, or other small 
 object, in each angle. Rud. vi. 6, 22 ; D. 24. MB. EVANS. 
 
 4. King's bust laureate, extending to top and bottom of 
 coin J usual legend, beginning in front of head. Rev. cross, 
 pellet in each angle (572). MB. 
 
 5. Cross moline with, or without, one or more pellets in 
 each angle. Rud. vi. 7, 9, 10. MB. sometimes 3 crosses 
 
 * One almost identical was sold at Capt. Mnrchison's sale in 1866 
 for £35. KCNS vi. '254. The coins generally attributed to Ecgberht, 
 son of Offa, will be found described under Ecgberht, king of Kent. 
 
40 
 
 spring from inner circle and divide the legend. Eud. vi. 8. 
 MB. 
 
 6. Obv. rade head, differing from any in this book or 
 Ruding, but something like E-ud. vi. 4. Rev. double cross or 
 star of eight rays in centre, round which legend EDTFOTR:, 
 with three pellets between each letter, like Rud. vi. 10. 
 Compare Ceolwlf 1 (576). Late Mr. Bergne. NCNS. vi. 307. 
 
 7. Cross, each limb terminating like a Roman Y, with a 
 pellet in each angle. Rud. vi. 13. MB. or terminating in 
 a crescent, no pellets. EVANS. 
 
 Sy Cross botone, with a. wedge in each angle (70). 
 Rud. vi. 20. MB. or with 3 crosses dividing the legend, as 
 in type 5. EVANS. 
 
 9. Cross botone upon cross crosslet. Rud. vi. 21. MB. 
 
 10. Cross botone upon a quatrefoil, a pellet in each angle. 
 (71). MB. 
 
 11. Four crescents back to back, a pellet between them: 
 Rud. vi. 15. EVANS. 
 
 12. Ditto, between them a small cross, with a wedge 
 opposite each limb (72). MB. 
 
 13. The letter A. (573). Rud. vi. 6. MB. 
 
 14. Tribrach within circle, pellet in each angle, and be- 
 tween each letter of legend (574). MB. 
 
 15. Small square, inclosing a pellet, with bi-anches from 
 the sides and angles (73). Rud. vi. 11, 12. MB. This is 
 probably the least rare type. 
 
 16. L V L and a cross in four ovals bctvi^een the angles of 
 a cross, terminating in large triangular compartments (74). 
 Rud. vi. 16, 17. There are two others with obv. like Rud. 
 vi. 17, but circle round head dotted. Rev. like Rud. vi. 16. 
 MB. 
 
 1 7. The same objects, in a quatrefoil, with a rosette in 
 each spandril, somewhat resembling Eadvald (60). Rud. 
 vi. 18. EVANS. 
 
 18. Square compartment inclosing five wedges or dots 
 placed crosswise, and having a cross projecting from each 
 angle. Eud. vi. 19 ; C. 6. Of these reverses the first is verv 
 
41 
 
 like that of Badvald Rud. iv. 2, and the second is identical 
 with that of Ceolwlf I. Rud. C. 8. MB. 
 
 19. A circle inclosing a pellet ; four lines issuing from it 
 divide legend, Wodel, or Podel ; long cross after the 1. 
 NCNS i. 17 ; iv. 75, or three pellets instead of the long 
 cross, each line terminating in a circle inclosing a pellet, 
 circles and lines all composed of dots. EVANS. 
 
 20. Circle inclosing 6 pellets. EVANS. 
 
 21. Square containing a cross, within the inner circle; 
 pellets in every vacancy and between the letters of the legend. 
 Rud. vii. 23. MB. 
 
 All the above have the king's head upon the obverse. 
 
 22. Others have for obverse the Saxon letter T, the king's 
 name upon these being always written COENWLF REX, 
 with a pellet or wedge after the L in his name. Rev. the 
 moneyer's name between the arms of a tribrach (76). Rud. 
 vii. 24, 25, 26, 27. MB. 
 
 23. Others have the king's name and title CENTVLF 
 REX M written across the field, with the tribrach reverse. 
 Rud. xxix. 15. 
 
 24. Or OOBNVVLP REX M, with the moneyer's name in 
 two lines across the reverse. Rud. vii. 28; xxix. 16. MB. 
 Though his coins are numerous, each type is rare. 
 
 Babba* (22, Evans) 
 Beornfreth (8, Evans) 
 Biornferth (E) 
 Biornfreth (15) 
 Botred * (21) 
 Ceolbeald* (3, 4) 
 Ceolbeard * (1, JEvans) 
 Ciolhard * (22) 
 Ciolheard (5, Evans) 
 Dealla (1, 2, 9) 
 Diar (E) 
 
 Diola* (22, Evans, 23) 
 Diormod (5, 15) 
 Dodel* (or Wodel) 
 
 (18, 19) 
 Duda* (22) 
 Dun (1, 2) 
 Eaba (8, Evans) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Ealhstan (1, 3, Evans, 
 5, 7, Evans, 12) 
 
 Eaumund * (22) 
 
 Ecberht (R) 
 
 Eogberht (E) 
 
 Edelmod (22 L) 
 
 Edtfotr*(6) 
 
 Elhuun * (1, Evans) 
 
 Eoba* (22) 
 
 Ethelmod * (22) 
 
 Hereberht* (1, 2, 20, 
 Evans) 
 
 Ludaman* (22, Evans) 
 
 Ludoman * (24) 
 
 Lid * (IH, 17) 
 
 Oba (3, 5, 8, Evans) 
 
 Tendwinc* {22, Evans) 
 
 Podel (or Wodel) * 
 (18, 19) 
 
 Seberhti (8) 
 Sigeberliti (E) 
 Sigeberht* (22) 
 Sigestef Monet* (13) 
 Swefnerd (7) 
 TidbearKt (10, 11, 15) 
 Tidberht (3, Evans) 
 Verheard (K) 
 Verbeardi (8) 
 Vintred* (14) 
 Werbeard (15, Evans) 
 Werbeardi (5, 15) 
 Wighard* (22) 
 Wigbed M * (5) 
 Wilbun * (24) 
 Wiutred * (3, 13, 18) 
 Witbed (U) 
 Wither (E) 
 Wodel* (18,19) 
 
42 
 
 In tliose marked by aa * the name of tlie moneyer is not 
 followed by the word Moneta. Many of Coenwlf's moneyers 
 struck coins also in the names of his vassals, Outhred and 
 Baldred, kings of Kent. 
 
 Ceolwlp I, 819. 
 
 The next king of Mercia is Ceolwlf 1., who reigned scarcely 
 more than one year. There is considerable difficulty in 
 properly assigning to him and to Ceolwlf II., who reigned 
 from 874 to about 878, their respective coins. In 
 the first edition of this work the author assigned to 
 the first of these kings all those coins which have the 
 name spelt Ceolwlf, and to the second, those which spell 
 the name Ciolwlf, basing his opinion upon a certain 
 style of workmanship, peculiar to each name, which he 
 thought might be perceived in the forms of the features 
 and letters. These, he said, in the coins of Ciolwlf are each 
 expressed by triangular punches, exactly as in the coins of 
 Burgred; which is not the case in the coins of Ceolwlf, 
 Coenwlf or Beornwulf. 
 
 The discovery, however, at Cuerdale, in Lancashire, of a 
 coin (580) bearing the name Ceolwlf, in company with one of 
 Ciolwlf of the type of Eud. vii. 2, with some of Alfred's of 
 exactly the same type, and with a very large number of other 
 coins, French and English, among which the earliest of the 
 French must have been struck between 814 and 884, and 
 the eariiest of the English between 830 and 870, while very 
 few can possibly have been struck before the beginning of 
 Alfred's reign, caused Mr. Hawkins to give up this theory, 
 and to conclude that the two modes of spelling were used 
 indifferent^. Some new arrangement must therefore be 
 proposed, and it is suggested that the following types should 
 be appropriated to Ceolwlf I. All of them, except some of 
 types 3, 8, 9, and 10, have the king's bust to right, extending 
 to the lower edge of the coin. 
 
 1. CIOLWLF REX T. Rev. BALHSTAN TONBTA. 
 
43 
 
 Plain cross with a pellet opposite each limb, and a crescent 
 opposite each angle. Rud. vii. 1. 
 
 The reverse of this coin is almost identical with that of 
 Coenwlf (72) J and by the same moneyer, so that if the spelling 
 of the King's name is no longer to be regarded as a reason 
 for separating the coins, it is almost impossible to, attribute 
 this type to any but CoenwlPs successor. 
 
 2. Obv. as before, except that on the coins by Sigestef the 
 name is spelt CEOLVVLF. Rev. the letter A, with 
 moneyer's name and title. Moneyers ; Dunn. MB. Balhstan 
 (87) MB. Rud. xxix. 17. Banvulf Rad. xxvii. EVANS. 
 Sigestef. EVANS. 
 
 The letter A is a mark of the kingdom of Bast Anglia, 
 which is said to have been annexed to Mercia by OSa in 
 793. Between that time and 856, though kings of East 
 Anglia are several times spoken of in history, and appear to 
 have struck coins, yet none of them is mentioned by name, 
 and it is probable that during that time the kings of Mercia, 
 and among them Ceolwlf I., may have claimed to be, and 
 sometimes actually been, sovereigns of East Anglia; but 
 there is no reason to suppose that the Danes gave Ceolwlf 
 II. any authority over that kingdom. The type appears on 
 coins of Coenwlf and Berhtulf, and not on those of any king 
 about the time of Ceolwlf II., except Eadmund, king of 
 Bast Anglia. The moneyer Banvulf appears only on 
 Stycas of Osbercht, king of Northumbria 843 to 867, and 
 on a penny of Ceolwlf of type 7. All the rest were moneyers 
 of Coenwlf, and none of them were moneyers of Burgred. 
 A moneyer named Dunn, it is true, worked for ^thelred 
 and Alfred of Wessex, contemporaries of Ceolwlf II., and 
 Sigestef worked for j^lfred, but their types were quite 
 different to those of CeolwlPs moneyers of the same name, 
 and exactly like those on Burgred's coins, whereas Coenwlf s 
 moneyer Dun used the cross crosslet type, which appears on 
 other coins which must be attributed to Ceolwlf I. (type 3) ; 
 and his moneyer Sigestef used a type identical with that 
 
44 
 
 now under discussion, namely, an A containing a single 
 pellet. (See (573).) Ealhstan's name appears upon no 
 other coins but those of Coenwlf and CeolwM ; the types 
 he used under Coenwlf were both used by himself under 
 Oeolwlf (types 1 and 3) ; and the manner in which the S is 
 formed on coins of both kings bearing his name proves that 
 it must have been the same moneyer who worked for both 
 monarchs. This type must, therefore, be attributed to 
 Oeolwlf I. 
 
 3. Head to right. Rev. cross crosslet; moneyers Aelhun. 
 EVANS* Geolheard. EVAN8.. Oiolbald. EVAN'S.. Bacsta 
 (575). MB. Ealhstan. Rud. D. 22 ; Arch. vol. xxiii., pi. 
 sxxiii. 16'. This Ealhstan is certainly the same whose 
 name appears on types 1 and 2, and the . legend on the 
 obverse is the same j but it completely encircles the head, 
 which is inclosed in an inner circle. The reverse of Eucsta's 
 coin is almost identical with one struck by the same moneyer 
 for Beornwulf, the immediate successor of Oeolwlf I., the 
 letters being of the same peculiar form ; the legend of the 
 obverse is OEOLWLF. Moreover, the cross crosslet type 
 was used by the predecessor, and the three successors of 
 Oeolwlf I., and not by Burgred or by ^thelred or Alfred, 
 the predecessor and contemporaries of Oeolwlf II. This 
 type, therefore, must surely belong to Oeolwlf I. 
 
 4. OEOLVVLP REX T. Rev. square, inclosing five 
 pellets, with a cross issuing from each angle. Moneyer, 
 Wodel (orPodel). (76) Rud. 0. 8. This is almost identical 
 with Ooenwlf's Rud. 0. 6 ; and a similar type appears on 
 Offa's Rud. iv. 9, 10, 11, and Egcberht's (69), Rud. v. 1 ; 
 so that this coin must belong to Oeolwlf I. 
 
 5. OEOLVVF REX. Rev. cross, with oval loops at the 
 end; legend EDTPOTR, with three vredge-shaped dots 
 between each letter (576). "Weight 21 1 gi-ains. This coin is 
 in the collection of Mr. J. Evans, and must belong to 
 
 * This coin was found in BedfordsMre, and reads Ciolvulf Eei. It 
 has no inner circle on either side. NCNS. v. 168. 
 
Ceolwlf I., oil account of its similarity to Coenwlf s type 6. 
 It is believed to have been found in North Lincolnsliire. 
 
 6. CEOLWLF REX T. Rev. moneyer's name in three 
 lines, WERBALD MONB. Rud. C. 7. BASHLEIGH. 
 This must belong to the same king, because it is almost 
 identical with a coin of Ludica (Rud. vii.), who reigned four 
 years after Ceolwlf I., and fifty years before Ceolwlf IL 
 
 7. Obv., king's name variously spelt, followed by REX T. 
 Rev. moneyer's name, sometimes followed by his title, across 
 the field in three lines, between which are two lines termi- 
 nating in a crook at one or both ends. Moneyers, Banvulf 
 (577). MB. Hereberht. Rud. viii. 2. MB. Oba. Rud. 
 viii. 1. Perthid. MB. Arch. vol. xxiii., pi. xxiii. 7. 
 Poddel, ib. 6. BVAN8. Riheldt, ib. 8. Of these, Oba's, 
 Hereberht's, and Poddel's reverses are identical with 
 those on many of the coins of Burgred. (Rud. vii. 
 1-5.) Perthid' s and Riheldt's are only very, slightly 
 different, and Eanvulf's is rather different from either, the 
 lines between the inscription being crooked at one end only. 
 This latter coin, which is unique, was discovered at G-raves- 
 end with 551 other coins, of which 429 were of Burgred, 
 while of the others none, except one of Louis le Debonaire, 
 could have been struck before 830, and none need necessarily 
 have been struck before about 855. If this were all the 
 evidence which could be adduced on the subject, there could 
 be no doubt that these coins beloiiged to the successor of 
 Burgred. But not one of these six moneyers, as far as we 
 know, worked for Burgred, though we know the names of 
 so many of his moneyers j while Oba, Hereberht, and Podel 
 all appear on the coins of Coenwlf. Moreover, if we 
 compare the obverses of the coins struck by Oba for 
 Coenwlf (Rud. vi. 8, 22) with those struck by him for 
 Ceolwlf (Rud. viii. 1), there can be scarcely any doubt 
 that they are the work of the same artist. This is not, 
 perhaps, equally clear as to the other two ; but Ceolwlf's 
 type 4 makes it all but certain that the Podel who 
 
46 
 
 worked for Coenwlf worked also for Ceolwf I. By these 
 three moneyers the king's name is spelt Ceolyulf. The 
 name Eanvulf appears on a coin of type 2, which we have 
 already attributed^ with all bnt certainty, to Ceolvvlf I., and 
 which, from its workmanship, and the mode in which the 
 letters are formed, seems to be by the same moneyer as this 
 coin. The king's name on this is spelt Oiolvulf ; on Perthid's 
 it is Celvulf ; and on Eiheldt's Ceolvulf . These two latter 
 coins do not seem to throw any additional light on the sub- 
 ject, and the moneyers' names do not occur elsewhere ; but 
 it may be remarked that though the coins of this type cer- 
 tainly resemble Burgred's more than those of any other 
 king, yet they are not altogether unlike tlie last three types 
 of Coenwlf on one of which appears the name Boba, 
 probably the same as Oba ; and whereas in Burgred's coins 
 the moneyer's name is invariably placed between MON and 
 ETA, in Ceolwlf's coins it never is, Moneta being either 
 omitted altogether, or placed after the moneyer's name. On 
 the whole, therefore, I am inclined to attribute all coins of this 
 type to Oeolwlf I., and to suppose that the coin by Eanvulf 
 got among the Gravesend coins by some accident similar to 
 that by which the coin of the Emperor Tjouis got there. 
 
 8. CIOLWLE REX MCI. Head to right, within circle. 
 Rev. DOROBREBIA CIBI. TAS and a cross within circle. 
 MB. Rud. C. 11. 
 
 9. CIOLVYLF REX MBRCI. ORV in monogram. 
 Rev. SIGBSTEF DOROBERNIA. Cross crosslet (578). 
 MB., or with pellet in centre of cross, CEOLHARD MON. 
 Sir A. Fountaine, pi. 4, No. 3. EVANS. 
 
 The editor attributes these two types to Ceolwlf I., on 
 account of the place of mintage, Canterbury. Mr. Hawkins, 
 it is true, considered that as Baldred was king, or at least 
 viceroy of Kent during the whole reign of Oeolwlf I., it was 
 improbable, though not impossible, that the latter should 
 have struck coins there. But Baldred and his predecessor, 
 Cuthred, were mere viceroys for the kings of Mercia, and 
 
47 
 
 nearly all tlieir moneyers seem to have worked for Coenwlf. 
 But in the reign of Beornwulf, Ecgbeorht expelled Baldredj 
 and annexed Kent to his own kingdom of Wessex ; and it 
 therefore seems extremely unlikely that Ceolwlf II., who 
 was a mere creature of the Danes, with apparently scarcely 
 any power even in Mercia, should have had authority to 
 strike coins in Kent. Additional reasons for the attribution 
 to Ceolwlf I. are, that on type 8 the S is formed in the 
 same way as on the coins by Ealhstan, already attributed to 
 that king ; that the cross crosslet was used as a type by 
 Ceolwlf I., and not by any contemporary of Ceolwlf II. ; 
 and that the moneyer Sigestef worked for Baldred, Coenwlf, 
 and Ceolwlf I. (type 2), and Ceolhard for the two latter. 
 Perhaps the nearest resemblance to these types is afforded 
 by the long cross between T and A on a coin of Berhtulf 
 (83), or by the Civitas in the angles of a cross on coins of 
 Archbishop Ceolnoth, 830 to 870. 
 
 10. CIOLVVLF REX T. Rev. SIGESTEF. Cross 
 crosslet on both sides, within circle. EVAN'S. The 
 moneyer's name is written in exactly the same way as in type 
 2, so that both types must belong to the same king. 
 
 11. CEOLWLF REX M or MI. Rev. two long three- 
 legged crosses, between which are three lines botone crossing 
 each other. Moneyer's name in two lines above and below, 
 Eadgar (77). MB. EVANS. 
 
 There is scarcely anything to show to which of the 
 Ceolwlfs this belongs. It is very peculiar both in workman- 
 ship and type, but it is less unlike to some of the coins 
 already attributed to Ceolwlf I. than those to which we 
 attribute to Ceolwlf IT. 
 
 12. EONTVLP REX A, The first two letters of the legend 
 are separated from the others by a large pellet behind, and 
 the king's bust in front of them. Rev. Eadgar. Small 
 cross and pellets between two lines, terminating in Saxon T 
 at one end, in cross at the other, at sides of which is the 
 legend (579). MB. 
 
48 
 
 This is placed here only on account of its resemblance to 
 type llj and because there is no other claimant for it. The 
 triangle may possibly have been intended for an A. Ruding 
 gives Eadwas as a moneyer of Beornwulf, perhaps from this 
 coin.* 
 
 Beobnwulp, 820 to 824. 
 
 In the reign of Beornwulf the East Anglians allied them- 
 selves with Egbert, king of Wessex, and threw off the 
 Mercian yoke which Offa had imposed upon them. In 823 
 Egbert defeated Beorwulf in the decisive battle of Ellen- 
 dune, and immediately after annexed to his own dominions 
 the kingdoms of Kent and Essex, which had hitherto been 
 subject to Mercia. Both Beornwulf and his successor Ludica 
 were killed in attempting to wreak their vengeance on the 
 Bast Anglians. Only a few coins of Beornwulf, and those 
 pennies, are known ; their weight varies from 18 to 22 
 grains. The type of the obverse is the king's head, of most 
 rude workmanship. He is styled BEORNWVLF or 
 BEORNVVLF, REX, REX M, or RE A. The type of 
 the reverse is either (1) a cross crosslet, with the moneyer's 
 name, but without that of any place of mintage. Rud. vii., 
 xxvii., and xxix. 18, Or, (2) the moneyer's name and desig- 
 nation written across in three lines (78). 
 
 ikfomej/ers.— Eadnoth {BA8HLBIGH), Eadwas (Rud.), 
 Edonod (1), Eucsta (1), Monna (1), Verbald (2), Werbald 
 (2).t 
 
 * While writing Lis own account of the coins of the two Ceolwlfs, 
 the editor purposely abstained from having Mr. Lindsay's excellent 
 work on the Coinage of the Septavchy before him, though he had 
 previously looked through this part of it ; but after his own account 
 was finished he compared it with Mr. Lindsay's. That comparison 
 made a few alterations necessary ; but the editor has great pleasure in 
 finding that he had come to the same conclusion with respect to every 
 type as Mr. Lindsay had, and in the main for the same reasons. 
 
 t Compare Eucsta E,ud. vii. with Ceolwlf I.'s (575) and Werbald 
 (78) with Ceolwlf I.'s End. C. 7 and Ludica's Eud. vii. (78) 
 was found at Hadstock, in Essex, and was purchased by the Museum 
 for £8. ; that which has the name written Verbald was found near 
 
49 
 
 LuDicA, 824 to 825. 
 
 Ludica succeeded Beornwulf and reigned about eighteen 
 montts. The types of his coinSj which are pennies, are the 
 same as those of Beornwulf. 
 
 1. LVDICA E,EX ME. Rev. the moneyer's name, &c. 
 in three lines. Rud. vii. This piece weighs 21 ^ grs., and 
 is buried in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. It is almost 
 identical with Ceolwlf I., type 6." 
 
 2. LVDIOA RX or- RX HE (for MB). Rev. cross 
 crosslet (79). Rud. C. 9. Two of these are known, the 
 one engraved here is in the British Museum, and weighs 
 22^(5 gr., the other was Mr. Wigan's, it weighs 19 gr., has 
 EADCAR for moneyer, and omits the letters ME after the 
 king's name. The workmanship of all is very barbarous. 
 
 Moneyers — Badcar (2), Eadnoth (2), Werbald (1). 
 
 WiGLAP, 825 to 839. 
 
 Wiglaf succeeded Ludica, but was reduced to great straits 
 by the hostilities of Egbert, and in 828 was compelled to 
 swear fealty and to consent to pay tribute to him. His 
 pennies are of extreme rarity : the one in Sir A. Pountaine's 
 Plates is probably the same which is now in the British 
 Museum and was purchased at Mr. Rich's Sale in 1828 for 
 £3. 10s. It has for obverse a cross with a pellet in each 
 angle. Rev. the moneyer's name in three lines, (81), MB. 
 Weight 2o| gr. Another was in the Pembroke CoU. see 
 part 4, p. 1, and is now in that of Mr. Rashleigh. Another, 
 unique, has for obverse the king's head. Rev. a cross 
 crosslet (80). Rud. xxix. 19. It was found at Dorking in 
 1817, and was bought at Mr. Cuff's sale by Mr. Rashleigh 
 for £51. The king is styled Rex M.; the workmanship upon 
 all the coins is very rude. 
 
 Moneyers — Huunoell, Redmand. 
 
 Cambridge, and sold at Col. G-. Thomas's sale in 1853 for £50. The 
 inscription on the obverse is said to be Beornvulf E,e A. NCNS. 
 II. 232. 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 Berhtulp, 839 to 852. 
 
 Though tlie reign of this king was scarcely so long as that 
 of his predecessor, his pennies are much less rare. They 
 have generally his head on the obverse, with his name and 
 title, BERHTVLP REX; hut on types 11 and 13, and some- 
 times on types 1, 5, and 10, his name is spelt BERHTVVLF, 
 and on type 14 he is styled REX M. 
 
 The reverses contain the name, but except where other- 
 wise stated, not the title of the moneyer, and no place of 
 mintage. They are of the following types. 
 
 1. Cross crosslet, sometimes having' in the centre a 
 quatrefoil, or an annulet enclosing a peUet. Moneyer's 
 name alone, or followed by Moneta. Rud. vii. 3, 4 j 
 xxis. 24. MB. Sometimes wedges connect the extremities' 
 of the cross. NCNS. viii. 141. BA8HLEIGE. 
 
 2. Small plain cross on a cross crosslet. Linds. p. 39. 
 
 3. Cross, two limbs patee at ends, two crosslet. Rud. 
 vii. 1. MB. 
 
 4. Cross potent. MB. 
 
 5. Cross moline, moneyer's name followed by M. Rud. 
 xxvii. 4 ; xxix. 22. MB. 
 
 6. Cross, two limbs crosslet, two moline j vii. 2. MB. 
 The late Mr. Dymock had a coin of this type with EAD- 
 VALD written backwards. 
 
 7. Cross, annulet in each angle ; vii. 5. MB. 
 
 8. Cross, three pellets in one angle, one in each of the 
 other three j xxix. 25. MB. 
 
 9. Cross with two wedges in each angle, xxix. 25. MB. 
 
 10. Letter A. Moneyer's name alone, or with Monet or 
 Moneta. (82), Rud. xxvii. 2, 8 ; xxix. 20, 21. MB. From 
 this type it would appear that Berhtulf claimed the sovereignty 
 of East Anglia, which Beornwulf had lost. East Anglia 
 was at this time infested by the Danes, against whom 
 Berhtulf and Ethelwlf acted in concert ; and any claim set 
 up by BerhtuU was probably sanctioned by Ethelwlf. 
 
51 
 
 11. Long cross between letters T A, the last letters of 
 Moneta. Moneyer's name with Mone. (83), Eud. xxvii. 1. 
 BASELmGB. 
 
 12. Two plain concentric crosses forming eight equal 
 angles. Linds. p. 39. 
 
 13. Annulet, whence issue eight rays, a pellet between 
 each. Moneyer's name with Mone. Rud. 0. 10. 
 
 14. One without the king's head has for obverse, cross 
 potent upon a plain cross. Rev. cross potent. Moneyer's 
 name with Moneta. (84), Rud. xxix. 26. MB. 
 
 15. Obverse, Christian monogram. Rev. Saxon. T, (85), 
 late Mr. Dymock. No. 14 and 15 are at present unique, all 
 the others are rare. The workmanship of all these coins is 
 as bad as possible. 
 
 Brid (1, 10) 
 
 Burnvald (10) 
 
 Bumwald (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 7,10) 
 
 Deneheah (or Dene- 
 mean) (1, 5, 6) 
 
 Eadvald (6) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Eana (10 Evans) 
 Eanbald (11, 15) 
 Eanna (1, 5) 
 Eanrald (10) 
 Liaba (1, 7, 13) 
 Liabaund (E) 
 Osulf (1) 
 
 Osvulf (1) 
 Osysef (R) 
 Sigebeah (1, 7, 8, 9, 
 
 10, 12) 
 Tatel (14) 
 Wigebean (R) 
 Wine (1) 
 
 BuEGEED, 852 to 874. 
 
 The pennies of this king are much more numerous than 
 those of any other of the Mercian princes, and they may be 
 considered common. All his coins have one general appear- 
 ance of type J the king's head and titles on the obverse, and 
 the moneyer's name across the reverse, with the letters MON 
 above, ETA below it, the last letter of the moneyer's 
 name being often placed before MON, occasionally before or 
 after Eta. On one coin by the moneyer Diarulf, type 3, the 
 king's name is spelt BVRGRD, but on all others iiis BVR- 
 GRED. He is styled RE or. REX, RE M, REX M, or, on a 
 coin by the moneyer Dudecil, in the possession of Mr. Rash- 
 leigh, found in Cornwall in 1 774, REX A. Eadmund reigned 
 over East Anglia from 855 to 870 ; but Burgred may at the 
 beginning of his reign have exercised or claimed some 
 
 4 * 
 
52 
 
 authority in that kingdom. When driven from his throne 
 by the DaneSj he took refuge in Eome, where he died and 
 was interred in St. Mary's churchy belonging to the school 
 of the English nation there. His coins are generally in very 
 fine preservation^ but some of them are of a very base metal. 
 They vary very much in weight, but do not appear on the 
 whole more deficient in weight than those of his predecessors. 
 Their reverses may be divided into the four following types, 
 or varieties of type. 
 
 1 . Moneyer's name between two lines curved at the ends. 
 Eud. vii. 1-5 ; viii. 6-8. 
 
 2. Same, but a segment of a circle above and below the 
 inscription. Rud. viii. 9-14. 
 
 3. Moneyer's name between two semicircles enclosing his 
 denomination, (86), Eud. viii. 15-23. 
 
 4. Same, but the arcs of the semicircles are separated in 
 the centre, and the ends curled in. Eud. viii. 24. 
 
 Beaoilia (E) 
 Beagitan (3 L) 
 Beaglia (R) ' 
 c. Beagsta (3) 
 Beagstan (3) 
 Beame (3) 
 G. Beamea (3) 
 Bearheam (3) 
 Berahm (E) 
 Beranh (3) 
 Berham (E,) 
 G. Bernea (3) 
 Bernean (3) 
 Bemred (1 L) 
 Berhtel (E) 
 B. *Berhthel 
 Berlm (3) 
 Beurni (3) 
 c. BhlgUm (]) 
 Biarnulf (E) 
 Biomoth (3) 
 Blehtioi (E) 
 Ceallaf (2 L) 
 Cedliaf (2) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Cenred (1, 2, 3) 
 Ceinred (3) 
 CetheUulf (2) 
 Cialla (E) 
 Ciallaf (1, 2 L) 
 Cialiaf (2) 
 Cunehe (3 L) 
 Cunehel (1, 3, 3 L) 
 Cunehlc (1, 2) 
 Cnnehelm (1, 2 L, 3) 
 Cuneheml (2) 
 Cunelil(lL,2,3L,4L) 
 Cunehlm (1, 2 L, 3, 4) 
 Ctmehm (2 L) 
 c. Cuthberht (3) 
 Cuthere (E) 
 c.P Cutlmem 
 Dada (3) 
 Dealge (3) 
 c. Dealino (3) 
 Deala (3) 
 Dela (3) 
 Dia (3 L) 
 Diainle (E) 
 
 Diarufl (3) 
 G. Diarul (2) 
 Diarulf (1, 2, 3, 4) 
 Diarulfi (1) 
 Diarvald (E) 
 Diarvil (E) 
 Diamilf (E) 
 Diga (3) 
 Duda (1, 2, 3) 
 Dudd (E) 
 Dudda (1, 2, 3, 4) 
 Dudec (1 L) 
 Dudeci (2) 
 DudecU (1, 2, 3) 
 Dudeci (1) 
 Dudelm (E) 
 Dudema (1 L) 
 Dudeman (1) 
 Dudemtan (E) 
 Dudiwne (3) 
 Dudne (E) 
 Dudwine (1, 3) 
 Dudwne (1) 
 Duthda (1 L, 3) 
 
 * On this coin there is a -f instead of the O in Moneta. 
 
Eadluf (3) 
 Eadlulf (3) 
 Eadnod (E) 
 Eadnoth (3) 
 Eadulf (3) 
 Ealdulf (3) 
 Eanarl (3 L) 
 Eanbed (3) 
 Eanred (3) 
 Elfear (3 L) 
 Ethelafli (2) 
 G. Ethelall (2) 
 Ethelhea (3 L) 
 Ethelheah (3) 
 Ethellaf (3) 
 Etheluff (2) 
 Ethelul (2 L) 
 Ethelulf (1, 2, 3, 4) 
 Ethered (R) 
 c. Etheulf (3) 
 Eramric (2) 
 Gernthe (3 L) - 
 Geunthe (R) 
 Gudhem (R) 
 Gudmimd (3 L) 
 
 53 
 
 Guthere (2 L, 3) 
 Guthkele (3) 
 Gutkhere (2, 3 L) 
 Hassa (3) 
 Hafcwio (L) 
 Heagle (R) 
 Hearul (3) 
 Heavulf (1, 3) 
 c. Heawlf (3) 
 Herefer (3 L) 
 Hereferth (1, 3) 
 Hereffrth (.1) 
 Heremelth (E) 
 Hevug (1) 
 Hevulf (1 L, 2) 
 B. Hucca 
 Hugere (3 L) 
 Hugered (1, 2, 3) 
 Hussa (1, 2, 3) 
 Huthere (2 L, 3 L) 
 HutKbere (2, 3 G) 
 Idiga (3) 
 c? Inca 
 Lefle (3) 
 Liafman (2) 
 
 Liafna (1 L) 
 0. Liafvald (3) 
 c. Lifvald (3) 
 Linfwald (li) 
 Lude (3) 
 Ludig (1, 2) 
 Lulla (3, 4) 
 E. Mamman? 
 c* Messa (3) 
 Osmund (1 L, 3) 
 E. Osmune 
 c. Osmwnd (1, 3) 
 Ossiund (1, 3) 
 Tata (1, 2, 3 C) 
 Tatel (1, 3) 
 Tidehelm (3) 
 Tidhelm (3) 
 Tidhlem (3) 
 Vulfeard (1, 4) 
 Vulferd (3) 
 Whne (2 L) 
 Wifeard (R) 
 Wine (1, 2) 
 Wifeard (1) 
 Wulfeard (1 L, 4 L) 
 
 The coins marked C, G, and E. are not in the British 
 Museum. Those marked were found at Croydon, and are 
 described inNCNS. ii. 302; v. 232 ; those marked Gr were 
 found at Gravesend, and are described in NCOS. iii. 14, by 
 the author; those marked R before the moneyer's name 
 were found at TrewhiddJe, in Cornwall, and are in the col- 
 lection of Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq., 3 Cumberland Terrace, 
 Regent's Park. NCNS. viii. 137. 
 
 Ceolwpl II., 874. 
 
 Ceolwlf II, was, according to the Saxon Chronicle, an 
 " unwise King's thane," to whom, on the expulsion of 
 Burgred, the Danes gave "the Mercian kingdom to hold; 
 and he swore oaths to them, and gave hostages that it should 
 be ready for them on whatever day they would have it ; and 
 he would be ready with himself and with all those that 
 would remain with him, at the service of the army." It 
 
 * Recx for Rex, and Monith for Moneta. 
 
54 
 
 does not appear how long he reigned, but part of his king- 
 dom was taken from him by the Danes in 877, and in 880 
 the Danes retired into East Anglia. Mercia became subject 
 to Alfred, who entrusted its government to his brother-in- 
 law Bthered with the title of ealdorman, and no one after 
 Ceolwlf II. bore the title of king of Mercia. Several coins 
 were formerly assigned to him which have now been given 
 to Ceolwlf I., under whose reign they are discussed. The 
 two following types are the only ones left to Ceolwlf II. 
 
 1. CIOLVVLF EEX. bust to right, filleted, no inner 
 circle. Rev. lozelige containing a cross, from each corner of 
 which issues a cross, the long limb extending to the edge of 
 the coin and dividing the legend, Dealing Mon ; Liofvald Mo. 
 Rud. vii. 2 ; NC. v. pi. 1, fig. 3 ; or king's title followed by 
 T, reverse Dudecil Moneta. NO. ib. page 106. This type 
 is attributed to Ceolwlf II. on account of its great resem- 
 blance to Alfred's (176). The same moneyer's names, spelt 
 slightly differently, appear on Burgred's coins. The coin by 
 Liofvald is unique. It was found at Cuerdale along with 
 857 Alfreds, some of which were of exactly the same type, 
 and with no other coin which need have been struck before 
 about A.D. 860. The bust on these coins is very like that on 
 type 2, and very unlike any of Ceolwlf I's. 
 
 2. CEOLWLF REX. bust to right, filleted. Inner circle 
 roundhead. Rev. Ealdovulf Menta (for Moneta) . Two figures 
 seated, holding a globe between them ; above. Victory with 
 expanded wings ; unique (580.) Mr. Assheton, Downham 
 Hall, Preston. This coin is in perfect preservation. It 
 certainly belongs to Ceolwlf II. as it was found at Cuerdale, 
 together with one of the Danish King Halfden of exactly the 
 same type. The diadem and dress of the king are, like those of 
 many other Saxon kings, copied from those of the later 
 Roman emperors; but a reverse upon an indisputably 
 genuine coin, so clearly copied from a Roman type, had not 
 before appeared. It is remarkable that the reverse of the 
 Bceatta (554) is evidently copied from the same coin. 
 
55 
 
 BAST ANGLES. 
 
 BEomTA, ABOUT 690 to 714. 
 
 Thi earliest king of this district, to wbom any coins are 
 assigned, is Beonna, wlio is called by some Beom, and by 
 others Humbeanna.* His coins are extremely rare, of silver, 
 and of the form, size, and appearance of sceattse. The king's 
 name is sometimes written in Roman characters. Rud. ix. 1. 
 HUNTER, or partly in Runic characters (88), Rud. ix. 2 
 HUNTER. The type of the obverse is an annulet enclosing 
 a pellet. Rev. a cross within a square, from each angle of 
 which proceeds a line extending to the edge of the coin. 
 The letters EPS and a cross are in the four spaces thus 
 formed, but it has been doubted whether they form a 
 moneyer's name, or the initials of some other inscription. 
 
 Moneyer ? E F E. 
 
 For the coin formerly attributed to Beonna and Ethelred 
 jointly, see Ethelred King of Wessex. 
 
 Eadvald, about. 819 to 827. 
 
 These coins were formerly attributed by most numisma- 
 tists to Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 716 to 757, and the 
 author accordingly described them at the beginning of the 
 Mercian coins, though expressing his opinion that they 
 belonged to some other king, of whom history has been 
 silent. They are rather rude and without any beauty. The 
 
 * From a comparison of the different authorities on the subject, 
 Mr. Lindsay arrived at the conclusion that there must have been 
 two kings named Beom, one reigning from 690 to 714, the other 
 in conjunction with Ethelbert I., from 742 to 758, and, after Ethel- 
 bert's death in the latter year, by himself for three years longer ; and 
 he inclines to attribute these coins to the former king. See note to 
 Hardy's edition of WiUiam of Malmesbury, p. 136. This coin cannot 
 be far from contemporary with Epa's (557) and (558). Some gold 
 trientes with Runic inscriptions were struck in England in the first 
 half of the seventh century, and the Runic sceattse described on 
 pp. 24 to 28 are aU attributed to the same century. The date 690 
 therefore suits this coin much better than 750. 
 
56 
 
 name and title EADVALD EBX is in three lines across the 
 obverse, and! the type of the reverse is either 
 
 1. The moneyer's name disposed in the compartments of 
 aquatrefoil (60). Eud. iv. 1. MB. j or 
 
 2. The money er's name between the limbs of an orna- 
 mented cross, resembling (63). Eud. iv. 2. 
 
 Type 2 is identical with Offa's coin (Eud. iv. 19) by the 
 same moneyer, Vintred, and its reverse is very hke Coen- 
 wlf s (End. vi. 19), on which the moneyer's name is spelt 
 Wintred. Now Wintred's name occurs on a coin of 
 Coenwlf, of which the letter A, the symbol of Bast Anglia, 
 forms the type (Eud. vi. 6), from which it would seem probable 
 that Offa's, Coenwlf's, and Eadvald's coins by this moneyer 
 were all struck in Bast Anglia, and consequently that 
 Badvald must have been an Bast Anglian king. The only 
 other coins on which this name appears are stycas of 
 Bthelred of Northumbria, whose reign began in 840, and 
 whose moneyer can scarcely therefore be the same as Offa's. 
 Badnod, or Eadnoth, the name on type 1, occurs on coins of 
 Beornwulf and Ludica of Mercia, and of Bthelstan I. of East 
 Anglia. Now from 793, when Offa murdered King Ethel- 
 bert and annexed East Anglia to his own dominons, to 855, 
 when St. Badmund began to reign, according to William of 
 Malmesbury " through the violence of the Mercians few 
 kings reigned in Eastern Anglia," and of these no names 
 are recorded in history, though we are informed that in 823 
 the people with the king at their head, sought the protection 
 of Bcgbeorht against the Mercians. Badvald therefore may 
 have raised the standard of rebellion against Coenwlf, who 
 as well as Beornwulf and Ludica, was killed in an expedition 
 against the Bast Angles ; have maintained himself till 
 Ludica's death; have reigned in peace during the time of 
 Wiglaf, on whose coins the Anglian symbol does not appear, 
 and have died about 827, when Bcgbeorht "conquered the 
 Mercian kingdom and all that is south of the Humber " 
 (Sax. Chron. 88), It is true that there is also a gap in the 
 
57 
 
 names of the East Saxon kings from about 780 to 823, and 
 ttere appear to have been otter kings of Kent about Ead- 
 bert Prsen's time, one of whom might have been named 
 Eadvald. And the coins themselves are very unlike the 
 rest of the Anglian series. But this may be accounted for 
 by supposing that they were struck early in Eadvald's 
 reign, while the supremacy of Mercia was still acknowledged, 
 and that the type was changed when the Mercian superiority 
 was transferred to Wessex. On the whole, for the reasons 
 above given, and in the absence of any evidence to the con- 
 trary, and in deference to what he believes to be the general 
 opinion of numismatists, the editor has thought it better to 
 transfer these coins from Mercia, to which it seems hardly 
 possible they can belong, to East Anglia to which they at 
 least may belong. 
 
 Moneyers. Eadnoth (1), Eegnight (R), Vintred (2). 
 
 Ethelstan I., ABOUT 828 to 837. 
 
 The only king of the East Angles of this name mentioned 
 in history is Guthrum, the Danish king who reigned in East 
 Anglia under that name, from about 878 to 890. Of the 
 coins about to be described, those without the head were 
 attributed to him, and those with the head to Ethelstan of 
 Wessex. The author, however, became convinced that the 
 latter must- be removed, by the identity of one of them 
 (Haigh, pi. 1, 4) with Ludica's (79) ; and the moneyer'a 
 names, with a comparison of the work of the moneyer 
 Monn on coins of both classes ( (189) (581), Haigh, pi. i. 
 6, 7 ; ii. 1, 5, 6, 7) make it probable that both classes 
 belong to the same king. But the coins found at Cuerdale 
 can scarcely, from the company in which they were found, 
 be attributed to any other king than Guthrum, and are 
 wholly different in every respect from these ; and the con- 
 clusion is that these ought to be assigned to some other 
 person. Now of two large hoards among which coins of the 
 
68 
 
 Ethelstan in question have teen found, that discovered at 
 Dorking in 1817 (ArchEeol. xix.) consisted of 265 coins of 
 Bthelwlf, 249 of Ethelbert, type 1, but none of type 2, 3 of 
 Ethelstan (Eud. ix. 4,, 7, 9) and a few other Mercian and 
 East Anglian coins, none of which, probably, was struck 
 later than Ethelbert's, or could have been struck later than 
 874. Only one of Bargred's coins, comparatively common 
 as they are, was found in this hoard, which would therefore 
 seem to have been deposited about 863, the middle of Ethel- 
 bert's reign. Of the 552 coins found at Gravesend in 1838 
 (NO. 1840) 429 were of Burgred, and two of Ethelstan by 
 the moneyer Monn, types 1 and 6. The latest coin in this 
 hoard was probably one of Alfred, type 1, so that the hoard 
 was probably deposited soon after the beginning of his reign 
 in 872. In each hoard the earliest coin found was one of 
 Ceolwlf I. From these facts it would seem that the Ethelstan 
 in question must have reigned between 819 and 863; the 
 letter A and title Rex Ang. leave no doubt that he reigned 
 in East Anglia ; and he must therefore have preceded St. 
 Eadmund who reigned 855 to 870. Again; none of his 
 money ers' names appear on the Caerdale coins, or on those of 
 Alfred, whereas three of them are found on Ludica's or Beorn- 
 wulf's coins, one on Eadvald's, and two on Ethelweard's coins. 
 Moreover, according to Mr. Haigh, one of his coins (188) is 
 exactly the same, in type, moneyer, and workmanship, as one 
 of Ludicain Mr. Wigan's cabinet, and another, of similar type, 
 but by the moneyer Badnoth (Haigh, pi. i. 4) is the same as 
 Ludica (79), and as a coin of Beornwulf in the British Museum. 
 And the types of his coins without the head are very like 
 some of Berhtulf, Egbert, and Ethelwlf, and very unlike any 
 of Ethelred or Alfred. The conclusion to which all these 
 facts point is that Ethelstan's reign must have been about 
 contemporary with Egbert's and between those of Eadvald 
 and Ethelweard. Now we know that when Ethelwlf suc- 
 ceeded to Wessex he gave to his son, or possibly his brother, 
 Ethelstan, with the title of king, the provinces of Kent, 
 
59 
 
 Essex, Surrey, and Sussex, which had been recently con- 
 quered by Egbert. We may suppose, therefore, that Egbert 
 retained East Anglia in his own hands for a short time, 
 during which he struck those coins of his which bear the 
 letter A ; that after the submission of Wiglaf in 828 he gave 
 East Anglia to Ethelstan, and perhaps the other conquered 
 provinces to Ethelwlf ; and that after Bthelwlf had succeeded 
 to Wessex and given the other provinces to Ethelstan, 
 East Anglia, where the Danes were now beginning to make 
 themselves very formidable, was handed over to some other 
 tributary prince, either Ethelweard, or Berhtulf of Mercia. 
 The types of Ethelstan I.'s coins are as follows. 
 
 1. ETHELTTAN EG, or BTHELZTAN REX. Bust 
 expressed by lines, coarse, like bad Mercian work, with 
 letters of peculiar form. Rev. cross crosslet (188). Rud. 
 xvii. 5 ; Haigh, pi. i. 4 ; NO. v. 124. MB. 
 
 2. ETHBLZTAN REX. Bust similar. Rev. star of 
 eight rays, pellet between each. (189) Rud. C. 2. v. r. 
 bought at Mr. Cuff's sale by Mr. Browne. 
 
 3. Obverse similar. Rev. moneyer's name and title in 
 three or four lines (190). Rud. C. 3 ; NCNS. i. 85. 
 
 4. The letter A within dotted circle. Rev. moneyer's 
 name and title in three lines, interspersed with dots. 
 Haigh i. 7. MB. 
 
 5. The letter A with or without dotted circle. Rev. cross 
 with a pellet or wedge in each angle (581). Rud. ix. 
 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Haigh i. 11, 12, 13, 14 ; ii. 1. MB. 
 
 6. Same obv. Rev. plain cross. Haigh i. 10. 
 
 7. Same obv. Rev. annulet inclosing a pellet (96). 
 Rud. ix. 1. MB. 
 
 8. Same obv. Rev. cross pat6e at ends on another 
 similar cross. Rud. ix. 6. MB. 
 
 9. Same obv. Rev. cross moline within inner circle. 
 NCNS. iv. 190. Found at Bulwick in Northamptonshire. 
 
 10. Same obv. Rev. the Saxon T (98). Rud, ix. 7. MB. 
 The legend on the reverse of this, instead of the moneyer's 
 
60 
 
 namej is REX ANG. Mr. Lindsay takes the letter T for the 
 initial of the moneyer Mon^ and Mr. llaigh takes it for a 
 Greek a, making a sacred symbol in connection with the A 
 on the obverse. The symbol of Mercia, which it seems to 
 be, would seem more appropriate to Guthrum than to this 
 Ethelstan. 
 
 11. Cross patee at ends on each side. Rud. ix. 8; Haigh 
 ii. 3, 4. MB. 
 
 12. Same, with pellet in each angle (97). Rud. ix. 9 ; 
 Haigh ii. 7. MB. 
 
 13. Same, but pellets on obv. only. Haigh ii. 5, 6. 
 
 14. Same, but wedges in each angle. Rud. ix. 10 ; Haigh 
 ii. 8, 9, 10, 12. MB. 
 
 15. Same, but wedges on obv., pellets on rev. Haigh 
 ii. 11. 
 
 The legends on the obverse are the king's name, gene- 
 rally on types 4 to 11 followed by the letter I. His titles 
 only appear on his coins with the bust, or on type 10 and 
 the following types; they are Re or Rex, R.A., Re A or Ai. 
 The moneyer's name, with or without his title, forms the 
 legend on the reverse, except on type 10, where the reverse 
 legend is Rex Ang., and on one coin of type 14 which 
 reads Ethelstan Re on both sides. Haigh ii. 12. 
 
 Eadgar (1, 3, 14, 15) 
 Eadnoth (1, 5, 8, 11) 
 Eariadd (6) 
 Ernwer (R) 
 Erhnwer (7) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Ethilhelm (14) 
 lelenrer* (6) 
 Mom (4) 
 Mon (3. 12, 13) 
 Monn (2, 5) 
 
 Orhthelm (5) 
 Eernner (7) 
 Torhtlielm (5, 9) 
 Torthelm (R) 
 Tuduwine (11, 14) 
 
 Bthelweaed, about 887 to 850. 
 The coins of Ethelweard bear the East Anglian symbol, 
 and in their types, names of moneyers, formation of letters 
 
 * The legend on the obverse of this coin, which is in the British 
 Museum, seems to be ETHELVHTE, and the moneyer's name is 
 followed by a Saxon Y. It resembles Ethelstan's coins much more 
 than those of any other king. 
 
61 
 
 and in workmansliip/ so closely agree ■with those of Ead- 
 mund and Ethelstan that we must suppose them to have 
 been struck in the same place, and about the same time ; 
 and as his moneyers' names connect him with no king 
 earlier than Ethelstan, we place him between Ethelstan and 
 Badmundj and suppose him to have succeeded the former ; 
 and as all his types and four of his moneyers appear on 
 Eadmund's coins, his reign cannot have ended long before 
 Badmund's begun. His coins are in the usual form of pennies 
 and weigh about 20 grains. The types of the obverses are, 
 
 1. ETHBLWARD or AETHELWEARD, RE or REX. 
 The letter A. (90). Rud. iii. 2, 3, 4, 5 ; xxvi. 2, 3. Haigh 
 iii. 4, 5, 6, 7. MB. 
 
 2. ETHELWARD REX. A cross, with a crescent in 
 each angle (91). Rud. iii. 1 ; xxvi. 1. Haigh iii. 2, 3. MB. 
 
 3. ETHEL VVEARD REX. A small cross issuing from 
 two united annulets (92). Rud. xxix;. 13. Haigh iii. 8, 9. MB. 
 
 4. ETHELOARO REX. Cross crosslet. Haigh iii. 1. 
 From Mr. Wm. Bayfield's collection. The letters on this 
 are of a peculiar shape, being substituted for D as on 
 Eadmund's coin (582). 
 
 The reverses consist of a cross with a pellet or wedge in 
 each angle. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Aethelhelm (2) 
 Dudda (1) 
 Eadmund (1) 
 
 Raexenhebe (l) 
 Tuduwlne (1) 
 Twicga (3) 
 
 Tvica (4) 
 
 Beoehteic, about 852. 
 
 This king's coins in type, form, and general appearance, 
 so agree with those of the other East Anglian kings, that they 
 must be assigned to the same series. But there is nothing 
 to show whether he reigned before or after Ethelstan I., 
 ^thelweard, or Eadmund, unless we suppose him to have 
 been that " Berhtric filius regis," who witnessed charters of 
 Berhtulf in 840 and 845, an idea which was suggested by 
 
62 
 
 Mr. Haigh, and is rendered more probable by the appearance 
 of the T as well as the A on his coins. If so, he must pro- 
 bably have reigned between 845 when he styles himself filius 
 regis, and 865, when Eadmund became king, and as only 
 three or four of his coins are known, he may have reigned 
 for a very short time. 
 
 Berhtulf must himself be supposed to have reigned two 
 or three years in Bast Anglia, as he struck coins bearing the 
 Bast Anglican symbol. He died in 851 or 852, and Beorhtric 
 may have either succeeded him or reigned as his deputy or 
 colleague ; but Bnrgred was king in Mercia in 852, and, as 
 he is styled Rex A on one of his coins, he probably claimed 
 or exercised some authority in Bast Anglia after Beorhtric's 
 death, and before the accession of Badmund. The only 
 other sovereign (except Banred and Bthelred of Northumbria) 
 who used the A type was Bthelwlf of Wessex ; but whether 
 he used it merely as being the superior lord of the East 
 Anglian kings, or whether during any vacancy of their 
 throne he took the actual government upon himself, is a 
 question which we cannot at present decide. Beorhtric's 
 coins are as follows. 
 
 1. + BEORHTRIC REX, Letter A. Rev. BCCHARD, 
 cross, with pellet in each angle. At the commencement of 
 the legend is an I between two similar crosses (93). Rud. iii. 
 HUNTEB. Weight 21 grs. Or a single similar cross 
 without the I. MB. Found at Sunbury, Middlesex. 
 
 2. +BBORMIRI0 REX. Letter A. Rev. +EELH- 
 FARD: Cross, with three pellets in each angle. This coin 
 is not now known, but is figured in Hall's and Sir A. Fonn- 
 taine's plates, and in Haigh, p. 12. The moneyer is no 
 doubt the same as the former one, as a comparison of the 
 plates clearly shows. 
 
 3. BBORCHTRIC RE. Letters AM in monogram, like 
 Berhtulf s (82). From the top of the A proceeds a cross 
 which pierces the inner circle and marks the commencement 
 of the legend. Rev. DEOCTHVN. T within dotted circle. 
 
63 
 
 Weight 22 grs. NO. xvii. 59. Pound two miles from 
 Andover in 1854. 
 
 JfoJiej/ers.— DeoctTiun (3), Ecchard (1), Bellifard (2). 
 
 Eadmond, 855 to 870. 
 Badmund began to reign in 855. Having been murdered 
 by tbe Danes, lie was honoured with canonization and is 
 commonly called St. Badmund. His coins are pennies, 
 varying but little from each other ; their average weight at 
 present is about 20 gr. and they are rather rare ; he is 
 called BADMVND, or sometimes on type 2, ADMVND. His 
 titles, which he is never without, and the types of his 
 obverses, are as follows. 
 
 1. REX, REX AN, or RX AN (Linds.). The letter A 
 variously formed (94) (582) Rud. ix. 1, 2, 3, 4. Haigh iv. 
 4, 5, 6, 12.* MB. 
 
 2. REX, REX AN, or RE AN. A cross, with a crescent 
 in each angle. Rud. ix. 6, 7, and xxvii. Haigh iv. 1, 2. MB. 
 
 3. REX or RBX AN. A small cross issuing from two 
 united annulets. Rud. ix. 9. Haigh iv. 7, 8, 9, 10. MB. The 
 above types are exactly the same as those of ^thelweard. 
 
 4. RBX AN. A figure which may perhaps be the letter A 
 or a cross supported upon a broad foot (95). Rud. ix. 8. 
 Haigh iv. 11. MB. 
 
 5. REX. A cross with a pellet in each angle. Rud. ix. 5. 
 Haigh iv. 8. MB. The reverse is always a cross with a pellet 
 or wedge, or sometimes on type 2 a triangle (NCNS. vi. 238) 
 in each angle. The m on oyer's name is nearly always fol- 
 lowed by some abbreviation of his title. 
 
 Money ers. 
 Belhelm (1) 
 
 Aedelhelm (2) 
 Aethelhelm (2) 
 Alex (R) 
 Baelhelm (1, 5) 
 
 Beornfeerd (1 L) 
 Beornferd (1) 
 Beornfertli (1, 4) 
 
 Beornhaeh (1) 
 Decale (2 C) 
 Delaulex (2) 
 Dudda (1 L, 4) 
 
 * In the " Gent. Mag." for 1826, p. 116, Mr. Woolstone mentions 
 as in his own possession a beautifully preserved penny, reading Bad- 
 mund Eex, and having in the centre the letter M as found on Coen- 
 wulf s coins without the head. He thinks it is a mere servile copy 
 from the Mercian coins. 
 
64 
 
 Eadberht (1) 
 Eadmonv (1) 
 Eadmund (1) 
 Eadwald (1) 
 Eadwaldi (1) 
 Eadwold (R) 
 Eadward (R) 
 
 Edelhelm (2 L) 
 Ethelhelm (2) 
 Kdelvulf (2 L) 
 Ethelvulf (2 L) 
 Ethelwulf (2) 
 Ethelfulf (L) 
 Hethelwulf (2 C) 
 
 Hethelmile (^C) 
 Sigered (R) 
 Silered (1) 
 Silred (1) 
 Twioga (3) 
 Twioa (3) 
 
 Ethelstan II., 870 to 890. 
 
 Soon after tlie death of Eadmund, Guthrum, a Dane, 
 was placed upon the throne, and, having afterwards been 
 converted to Cbristianity, was baptized in 878 by the name 
 of Ethelstan. Twenty-four coins of this king were found at 
 Cuerdale, and are the only ones now attributed to him. 
 They have on the obverse a small cross within the inner 
 circle, round which the king's name and title are written, 
 not continuously, but broken into four parts, so as to give 
 something of a cruciform appearance to the type. The 
 king's name is never spelt correctly, the obverse legends 
 being as follows : Edeliare (this is the commonest) ; Edel- 
 sanre; Bdelshre; Edeltanre; Bdeltare; Edelsanv; Ediaelma. 
 On the reverse is the moneyer's name across the field in 
 two lines between which is a pellet ; sometimes there are 
 one or more pellets above and below the inscription. 
 There is no moneyer's title, but one of them, Elda, has me 
 fe or me fee (for fecit) after his name. On one coin the 
 legend Edeliare is on the obverse, and Edeltare on the 
 reverse ; and a coin with Edeltare on both sides, was in the 
 collection of Mr. Sheppard of Erome, long before the dis- 
 covery of the Cuerdale hoard. Of Ethelstan's moneyers, six, 
 ■probably seven, appear on Alfred's coins, and one of these 
 also on Badweard's, but none on those of any other king. 
 The type too appears only on Alfred's coins, so that inde- 
 pendently of the company in which they were found, there 
 could be no hesitation in assigning these coins to Guthrum 
 (583). NO. V. 1, 2. Haigh v. 6, 7, 8, 9. 
 
Money ers. 
 
 
 Ciolvulf 
 
 Enodas 
 
 Cuntere 
 
 Judelberd 
 
 Eoumlf 
 Elda 
 
 Oeldai 
 
 65 
 
 Abenel 
 Aelven 
 Berter 
 Bericbe 
 
 One king only after Bthelstan governed East Anglia as a 
 separate kingdom, he was Eohrio and reigned fourteen years, 
 when lie was expelled by his subjects, and his dominions 
 added to those of Eadward the elder. No coins bearing his 
 name are known, but those bearing the name of St. Edmund 
 were probably struck for the use of Eohric's subjects. 
 See p. 97. 
 
 NOETHUMBBELAND. 
 
 The coinage of Northumberland presents some remarkable 
 peculiarities, in the size, metal, and denominations of its 
 issues. From it alone we have stycas, of a mixed metal, 
 containing iu 100 parts, from 60 to 70 of copper, 20 to 25 
 zinc, 6 to 11 silver, with some very small portions of gold, 
 lead, and tia. How much of this mixture was the result of 
 accident or design it is difficult to determine. We have also 
 silver sceattse of apparently different degrees of fineness, 
 and we have, ultimately, pennies of the usual form, size, 
 weight, and fineness of Saxon money. 
 
 EcoPEiTH, 670 to 685. 
 
 The first known coin of this kingdom is a styca of copper 
 and very remarkable from its type ; on the obverse it has a 
 small cross with EGGFEID' EEX; on the reverse an 
 irradiated cross with the word LVS, (99), Eud. xxviii. 
 MB. This type seems to have been adopted in conformity 
 to the character of the king, whose name it bears, and who, 
 if we may judge from the patronage he afforded to the 
 Church, and the endowments he bestowed upon it, must 
 have been deeply impressed with the value of religious 
 establishments, and the importance of disseminating the 
 light of truth. This coin is extremely rare, a few only being 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 knowrij and all found at one time, in 1813, in the chapel- 
 yard at Heworth in the county of Durham, enclosed in a 
 small earthen vessel. The weight is about 19 gr. Ecgfrith 
 was the son and successor of the last Bretwalda, Oswy, and 
 was succeeded by his illegitimate brother, 
 
 Aldfeid, 685 to 705. 
 
 This king is called by Beds "a, man most learned in 
 Scripture." It can scarcely admit of a doubt that to him 
 must be assigned two sceattse, which have been the subject 
 of much discussion in The Numismatic Journal, both of 
 which are exactly alike in type and legend. They present 
 on one side a four footed animal, but of what description we 
 may be excused from asserting ; on the other side a small 
 cross with the name of the king, ALDFRIDUS. One (100) 
 is in the British Museum, and weighs 20 grs. ; the other (1 01) 
 is in the collection of Mr. Eashleigh. Aldfrid was succeeded 
 by Eadvulf, who reigned only two months ; Osred, son of 
 Aldfrid, 705 to 716 ; Coenred, son of Cuthwin, a descendant 
 of Ida, 716 to 718 ; Osric, another son of Aldfrid, 718 to 
 731 J and Ceolwulf, the friend and patron of Bede, 731 to 
 737 j but of none of these have we, as far as we know, any 
 coins. 
 
 Eadbeeht, 737 to 758. 
 
 There is a series of coins, well known to collectors, which 
 were formerly assigned to Ecgberht king of Kent, but 
 which we are now disposed to remove to Northumberland, 
 They have on one side a small cross with the word 
 EOTBBRBhTVr, which we consider to be the name of 
 king Eadberht j on the other side is a figure holding, what 
 have been called, two sceptres, but which are in fact two 
 crosses ; the legend is ECGBERHT, with some other small 
 indistinct letters, which appear to be AR. It was on account 
 of this name that these coins were attributed to Ecgberht, 
 
67 
 
 king of Kent j but ttey confirm us in assigning them to 
 Badberlit king of Nortliumberland, wboae brother was 
 Bcgberhtj Archbishop of Torkj whose name and figure we 
 believe to be here represented. (102)j Rud. iii. 1, 2. The 
 other coins of this series, which are less rare, have a similar 
 obverse, but the third B, the h, or the V is sometimes 
 omitted (MB.), or the Eh (Rud.). The name is sometimes 
 spelt backwards (Rud, iii. 5), and in other instances is spelt 
 BAGBERBhTVr (Rud. iii, 3), or EAGBBRhTVP (104). 
 The reverse in all these is a four footed animal, as in the 
 coins of Aldfrid, with one or more small ornaments, (103) 
 (104) Rud. iii. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and xxvi. MB. 
 
 From the general similarity of type, between these coins 
 and those of Aldfrid, there can be little doubt that they 
 belong to the same kingdoni ; and that the name is that of 
 a king and not of a moneyer, as has been hitherto supposed : 
 for there is not any instance of a series of moneyers 
 inscribing their names upon coins, and omitting systemati- 
 cally that of the king under whose authority they struck 
 them. These coins may be called sceattse, being of silver, 
 but of a very base quality. Badberht was succeeded by his 
 son Oswulf, who reigned only a few months, and left no 
 coins. 
 
 Moll Ethilwald, 759 to 765. 
 
 Two coins have been attributed to this king. They have 
 on both sides a small cross with no inner circle, and read 
 BDirhDrV and ATHBALDIV (?) respectively on the 
 obverse, and EGBERhT AR on the reverse. Egberht was 
 Archbishop of York from 730 to 766, and therefore if the 
 name on the obverse of these coina is that of a king, it can 
 only be that of Moll Ethilwald. The first coin (684) is a 
 sceatta, and is in the collection of Mr. Rashleigh, the where- 
 abouts of the second, NGNS. ix. pi. 1, 1a, which is said to 
 be a styca, is not known. Mr. Lindsay (Heptarchy, p. 9) 
 
 5 * 
 
68 
 
 also describes to this king the coin (108), whicli is attributed 
 by the author to King Elfwald. 
 
 Alcheed, 765 to 774. 
 Another of these coinSj formerly attributed to Bcgberht of 
 Kent, and bearing the name of a supposed moneyer 
 ALOHRED, we have transferred to the Northumbrian king 
 of that name who succeeded Bthilwald. The type is 
 exactly the same as those of Eadberht, an animal on one 
 side, the king's name, ArCHEED, on the other, round a 
 small cross. (105) j Rud. iii. 7; NCNS ix. pi. 1, 2. MB. 
 RASHLEIGH. v. r. Ending mentions Alchised amongst 
 the supposed moneyers of Ecgberht, upon what authority he 
 does not state ; but we have not seen any such name, and 
 we feel persuaded that the name is really Alchred, misread 
 or miswritten. One of these coins was found in the 
 churchyard of Jarrow, Durham. 
 
 Elfwald, 779 to 788. 
 
 Alchred was succeeded by .iEthelred, son of Moll Ethil- 
 wald, 774 to 778, and after him came Elfwald, to whom we 
 are disposed to attribute three sceattEe of various readings, 
 all evidently corrupt and therefore needing correction, and 
 all more easily resolvable into that name than any other. 
 Two are in the collection of Mr. Rashleigh, and read 
 ElPVAnV (106), and VALDiiaLA (107) respectively. 
 One half of this latter word is upside down and reads back- 
 wards J let us begin at the right and read half the word, 
 ALEP, let us then take the other half YALD, and we have 
 altogether ALEPVALD. Weight 17i gr. The reverse is 
 similar to that of Alchred, though the animal is turned the 
 other way, but (106) has •in the centre of the obverse three 
 pellets instead of the usual cross. The third coin is in 
 the British Museum, and is more difficult than either of 
 the others to be bent into the desired form, and the diffi- 
 culty is increased by the defect of two of the letters; 
 
69 
 
 for the irregular arrangement of letters upon such coins 
 prevents us from positively asserting, whether the portion 
 visible be the side or the bottom of a letter. It seems to 
 read thus ^EVAFOYS ' There is no cross or mark to 
 indicate the commencement of the word, all that seems 
 certain is that VALD is the termination of the name ; but 
 whether the two last letters, as we have placed them, be 
 intended for a Latin termination VS, or whether they are 
 the commencement of the word VS or AS~EVALD, is very 
 uncertain, (108). Read them as we may, they do not 
 present, without correction, any name, royal or otherwise, 
 with which we are acquainted^ Knowing then the licence 
 used, and the blunders committed, in writing Northumbrian 
 names upon coins, the author is disposed to consider that 
 Elfwald may be the person here intended. Mr. Lindsay, 
 however, considers this coin to belong to Moll Bthilwald, 
 reading the legend ADLVLDVS, and pointing out that the 
 animal on this coia is turned a different way from that on 
 (106) and (107), and the same way as on the coins of 
 Alchred, and the greater part of those of Eadberht. 
 
 Hbaeduli', 794 to 806. 
 
 After Elfwald came Osred, who was expelled in 790; 
 ^thelred, son of Moll Ethilwald, restored, 790 to 794; 
 and Osbald, who was deposed after a reign of 27 days, and 
 succeeded by Heardulf, who is the next king, of whom we 
 suppose that we have any coins. They are all genuine 
 stycas of base metal, containing about 6 or 7 parts out of 10 
 of copper. The type is a small cross on each side, the 
 king's name on one side, the moneyer's on the other, with 
 no title added to either (109), Archasol. vol. xxv. p. 292. 
 Lindsay, pi. i. 26-30, MB. v. r. 
 
 No coins of King Heardulf were known in collections 
 before 1833, when a few were discovered at Hexham amidst 
 a hoard of about 8000 of other personages As these pieces 
 do not bear the title of king, and as a similar name occurs. 
 
70 
 
 as a tnoneyer's, on the coins of Eanred and Bthelred, it 
 might be doubted whether they really are the coins of the 
 king in question. To this it may be replied that the title of 
 king is frequently omitted upon the stycas, that the coins, 
 where the name occurs with that of a known moneyer upon 
 the reverse, are well struck without any appearance of 
 blunder, and from a variety of dies. The union of the two 
 names upon one coin must, therefore, be considered inten- 
 tional, not the accidental conjunction of two reverses. 
 Upon the whole it would be too fastidious to hesitate much 
 in attributing these coins to this king. 
 
 Moneyers. — Eadvini,* Eurthvul, Bomund, Brvulix,t Her- 
 reth, Odilo. 
 
 Elpwald II., 806 to 808. 
 Mr. Lindsay assigns two stycas in his own collection (his 
 pi. I. 3 J, 32) to this king. The. first reads EL-VALD K on 
 the obverse, and EADVINI on the reverse, with a small 
 cross on each side ; the second is much more doubtful in its 
 reading, but is read by Mr. Lindsay AFVALID on the 
 obverse, with a small circle enclosing a pellet ; Rev. BANA. 
 small cross. The appropriation of the second is doubtful, 
 and the first may belong to Elfwald I., but seems more 
 likely to belong to the second king of that name, on account 
 of the title R, which appears on no other stycas before those 
 of Eanred, and on account of the moneyer's name being 
 placed on the coin, which was first done by Heardulf. 
 
 Banebd, 8C8 to 840. 
 1. On Elfwald's death Eanred mounted the throne and 
 reigned thirty-two years. His stycas are very numerous, 
 and a few sceattse exist, similar in size and type to the 
 stycas, but struck apparently in fine silver. It is impossible, 
 however, to suppose that coins so difficult to distinguish 
 
 * NCNS ix. 62. Rashleigh. 
 
 t The name on the obverse of this coin, Linds. i. 26, MB. is very 
 doubtful. 
 
71 
 
 from stycas and current simultaneously with them can have 
 had a nominal value different from the stycas (Linds. p. 12 ; 
 NCNS ix. 62, XX. 62). Sometimes Rex, or one or two of 
 its letters, is added to the king's name, which is spelt in 
 many various ways. 
 
 The types of the 2000 coins of Banred which were found 
 at Hexham are (1) cross, or (2) pellet ; these are sometimes 
 enclosed in a circle, either plain or composed of pellets j (3) 
 cross with pellet in one, three, or four angles ; (4) cross of 
 five pellets ; (5) annulet ; (6) circle of pellets. All these 
 occur both on obverse and reverse. Besides these, we have 
 on the obverse, (7) cross and one pellet ; (8) annulet en- 
 closing pellet, within circle of pellets; (9) two pellets; 
 (10) four pellets; (11) A within a circle of pellets. And on 
 the reverse, (12) cross of eight pellets; (13) solid square of 
 nine pellets; (14) three peHets; (15) I; (16) D, being the 
 final letter of Vulfheard. None of the moneyers use their 
 title of ofBce, except Folcnod, who adds M, and Odilo, who 
 sometimes adds MO or MON to his name. Runic letters 
 are sometimes used instead of Roman ones by Brother, Rud. 
 I 7, 2 B 1, 2 13, and Wintred (113) Rud. P. 217, 218, 
 but only in their own names. See (110) to (113), Rud. x. 
 1-12, xxvii. 2, I to Q, T 102, 2 E to 2 G, and 2 0. 
 
 There is in the collection of Mr. Rashleigh, a silver 
 penny weighing 16;[^g- gr., of the usual size, form and 
 standard of Anglo-Saxon pennies, which bears the name of 
 Banred, and which has been assigned to this king of 
 Northumbria, because history does not record any other 
 king of that name. Should other pennies of this descrip- 
 tion be discovered in that kingdom, there would be no 
 resisting the claims of this king to the coin in question. 
 But the strong probability is, that whatever others of this 
 kind may turn up will be found in another district, and 
 prove to belong to some prince hitherto unknown. At 
 present the coin must remain where it is, an unacknowledged 
 stranger, alone, and dissimilar to every surrounding coin. 
 It has the king's head with his name and titles EANRED 
 
72 
 
 REX. Rev. a cross, two arms crosslet, two moline, with 
 DBS MONETA T, (116) Rud, xxvii. It is in vain to 
 conjecture what may be the meaning of the T upon the 
 reverse; but it may be observed that it is upon Mercian 
 coins that this letter usually appears, and that this peculiar 
 form of cross appears upon the coins of Berhtulf king of 
 Mercia and Ethelwlf sole monarch. It was found at Tre- 
 widdle near St. Austle with several others, namely of kings 
 of Wessex, Ecgbearht, 800 to 837, Ethelwlf, 837 to 857, 
 ^thelred 867 to 872 : of kings of Mercia, Berhtulf 839 to 
 852, Burgred 852 to 874, and of the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, Ceolnoth 830 to 870. Of these persons Burgi*ed was 
 the last survivor 874, the latest commencement of a reign 
 was that of ^thelred in 867, these coins were therefore pro- 
 bably deposited about the year 870. More than half the whole 
 number were coins of Berhtulf and Burgred, and the author 
 has no doubt that the coin of Banred belongs to some un- 
 known personage of that name, who was a neighbour and 
 contemporary of these Mercian kings. Not a single known 
 coin of Northumbria was discovered with them. The Nor- 
 thumbrian Banred died in 840, and though thousands of his 
 copper stycas are known, not one silver penny of his has ever 
 yet been discovered, unless the unique coin above described 
 should really be his, which we feel perfectly confident it is 
 not. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Adulfere (Y) 
 
 Aelser (Y) 
 
 Aldates 
 
 Alfheard 
 
 Badigils (L) 
 
 Broader 
 
 Broder 
 
 Brodr 
 
 Broer 
 
 Brother 
 
 CnaaK 
 
 Coenred (Y) 
 
 Cuaulf 
 
 Cudhard 
 
 Cunvulf 
 
 Cuunyef 
 
 Eadvini 
 
 Cyaalf 
 
 Eaduni 
 
 Cyaanlf 
 
 Eadvulf 
 
 Cyatmlf 
 
 Eanred 
 
 Cynaalf 
 
 Eanredi (L) 
 
 Cynvalf 
 
 Eanreth 
 
 Cynvuf 
 
 Earaini 
 
 Cynvul 
 
 Eardulf 
 
 Cynvulf 
 
 EarrdYulf 
 
 Cyvunf 
 
 Edenod (Y) 
 
 Cyvunlf 
 
 Edilvard 
 
 Daegberct 
 
 Edilvead 
 
 Daegberlit (Y) 
 
 Eodvulf 
 
 Daexbero 
 
 Eolnod (Y) 
 
 Daexberct 
 
 Eordrdae (Y) 
 
73 
 
 Eordred 
 
 Erdred 
 
 Erwinne 
 
 Eunvalf 
 
 Eolcno (Y) 
 
 Folcnod 
 
 Eordred 
 
 Erdred (T) 
 
 Fulcnod 
 
 Fuldnod (Y) 
 
 Eulnod 
 
 Gadteis 
 
 Gadutes 
 
 Gaduteis 
 
 Gadutels 
 
 Heardlf (E) 
 
 Ordred 
 
 Heardulf 
 
 Teveh 
 
 HeardTulf 
 
 Thadigils 
 
 Heardwulf (Y) 
 
 Thes (on the penny) 
 
 HearetM 
 
 Tidvini 
 
 Hendilber (Y) 
 
 Tiduni 
 
 Herrd . 
 
 Vilheai 
 
 Herred 
 
 Vidfehrld 
 
 Herreda 
 
 Vulfheard 
 
 Herreth 
 
 Vulfred 
 
 Hrred 
 
 Wintrd 
 
 Huaetred 
 
 Wintred 
 
 lead vine 
 
 Wintrr 
 
 Monne 
 
 Wulfred (Y) 
 
 OdUo 
 
 
 In this and the two following lists of moneyers^ the (R) 
 or (L) after the name signifies that it is inserted on the 
 authority of Ruding and Lindsay ; and the Y shows that all 
 coins on which the name occurs were found at Yorkj near 
 Bootham Bar^ in 1842, in a hoard of, it is said, nearly 
 10,000 stycas, of which nearly 3500 were examined. This 
 hoard is described in NO vii. 99; ix. 121. Specimens 
 bearing all the other names in the lists were found in 
 digging an unusually deep grave in the churcliyard at 
 Hexham in 1833. This hoard is thought to have contained 
 about 8000 coins, of which about 6000 were examined. It 
 is described in Archseol. vol. xxv. and the plates to that 
 description are inserted in the 1840 edition of Ruding, 
 plates I to 2 P. Among the coins discovered both, at York 
 and Hexham were a good many, the inscriptions on which, 
 though for the most part legible enough, have up to the 
 present time defied all attempts to interpret them. Those 
 found at Hexbam are figured in Rud. Q 225 to 227, 2 L, 
 and 2 P. Some are no doubt blundered coins of Eanred or 
 Btbelred, but some appear to bear the names of other 
 kings. See End. 2 L 8, 10, 2 P 1, 2, 3 ; NO vi. 40, vii. 
 104, ix. 125, 126 ; NCNS ix. 66, pi. I. 9, 10. Most of them 
 appear to have been struck not much later than Eanred's 
 reign. 
 
74 
 
 ^THELEED II. 840 to 848, 
 
 Eanred was succeeded by Ms son -Slthelred II. His 
 coins are stycas, and are very numerous; about 2000 of 
 them were found at Hexham, of which the types include all 
 Eanred's types except Nos. 8 and 1 1, besides many similar 
 ones. Some of his moneyers, however, aim at something 
 more, particularly Leofdegn, who introduces the letters A 
 or T, or various little ornamental arrangements, into his 
 types, and even attempts to represent an animal (122) but 
 whether a horse, a dog, or a deer, it would be presumptuous 
 to assert. In front of the animal there is sometimes a trefoil 
 ornament something like that on Anlaf's and Regnald^s coins 
 (NO ix. 123). Compare Eadberht's coins, especially Rud. 
 iii. 5, 9, where the same ornament occurs under the animal. 
 The word Rex, in whole or in part, sometimes appears, and 
 the king's name is spelt with every possible variation, even 
 by the same moneyers. Edelor adds MV to his name, and 
 Odilo MO; Pordred sometimes adds Mon, and Leofdegn 
 Monet. A few specimens will show, more clearly than any 
 description, the kind of improvement effected in the forms 
 of the types by Leofdegn (117) to (122). Rud. x. xi. 
 xxvii. Q to Bb, 2 G to 2 I, 2 0. Lindsay i. 33. There 
 can be little doubt that Linds. i. 25 alsOj which reads Aired 
 Re, belongs to this king. 
 
 In the collection of Mr. Brummel* was a coin of this king 
 (123), 18 grs. in fine silver, in all other respects resembling 
 his usual stycas ; and another of the same type, but reading 
 BD + LRED and CYDCILZ on the two sides respectively is 
 mentioned in the Gentleman's Magazine for Feb. 1826, p. 
 114, where it is assigned by Mr. Woolstone to the East 
 Anglian Ethelred who succeeded Beonna. Mr. Lindsay 
 thinks it belongs to Ethelred I. of Northumbria, because the 
 moneyer's name does not occur on any of the stycas of 
 
 * When the first edition of this hook was puhlished. 
 
75 
 
 Ethelred II, and the king's title is not inserted. Others are 
 in Mr. Oreeke's collection. NCNS xx. 62. But we cannot 
 think, with Mr. Creeke, that they were intended to be 
 current at a value different from the stycas which except in 
 the composition of their metal were identical with them. 
 
 There are a few coins existing reading AEILRBDR on 
 one side and EANREDR on the other from which it naight 
 appear that ^thelred and his father Eanred held at one 
 time a united sway, unless the coins in question were acci- 
 dentally struck on one side with the dies of Eanred, after 
 the accession of iEthelred, (114), Rud. Q 1 2, G 1 to 4, 2 18, 
 19. It may be remarked that ^thelred's name is never 
 spelt ABILRED, as on these coins, except upon some of 
 those where the name Eanred, or some variety of that name, 
 occurs on the other side, Rud. xi. 38, Q 2, 3, 19, S 76 to 
 82 ; and upon one or two coins by Leofdegn. It may then 
 be doubted whether the associate of Eanred be in fact his 
 son ^thelred, or some other prince with a nearly similar 
 name.* If blundered legends were not too common upon 
 stycas, this supposition might seem to be confirmed by a 
 coin which bears the names of EDILRED REX on one side 
 and AEILRED R on the other (115) Rud. Bb. 314. 
 Defective records and incorrect coins throw many stumbling 
 blocks in the way of numismatists. 
 
 * The moneyer Eanred, who struck coins under both Kings Eanred 
 and Ethelred, sometimes added E, I, or O, to his name ; and his name 
 appears without the addition of B,, on coins which read AEILEEDE 
 on the obverse. May he not therefore have added E. to his own name, 
 either by mistake, or for some reason of which we are ignorant P The 
 types of these coins do not diEEer from the others of Ethelred. With 
 regard to the coin (115) the reverse legend seems somewhat doubtful, 
 and it appears probable that the first and last letters of the legends are 
 the same. A moneyer Ailreda appears in Lindsay's list of Ethelred's 
 moneyers. The coin engraved ia Eud. E. 1, as a coin of ^Ua, is 
 probably one of this class. 
 
76 
 
 Aeilred (Y) 
 Aeilredr 
 Ailreda (L) 
 Aldhere 
 Alghere 
 Anfesig (Y) 
 Aiirad (L) 
 Anred 
 
 Bardvulf (Y) 
 Broder 
 Brother 
 Ceolbald 
 Ceolhard (Y) 
 Coenred 
 Cudheard 
 Cunemund 
 Cunenard (Y) 
 Eadinne (L) 
 Eadmund (E) 
 Eadvi (Y) 
 Eadvin 
 Eadvini (Y) 
 Bafdvulf 
 Eanbald* 
 Eaninald (Y) 
 Eanred 
 Eanrede 
 Eanredi (Y) 
 Eaaredo (Y) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Eanredr 
 Eanwald (Y) 
 Eardulf (L) 
 Eardvulf 
 Eardwulf (Y) 
 EarTulft 
 Edelor (Y) 
 Edilreed (E) 
 Edilverld* 
 Ediluth (Y) 
 Edlebearht (Y) 
 Elehoih 
 Eleofdegn 
 Enaes 
 
 EndelbeA (L) 
 EnwTilf (L) 
 Eonred (Y) 
 Eordred 
 Eradwlde (Y) 
 Erwinne 
 Eudrteda 
 Eordred 
 Gadutes 
 Herred (Y) 
 Highere (L) 
 Hnifula 
 Hunlaf 
 levube (E) 
 Inred (E) 
 
 Leodegn 
 
 Leofdeg 
 
 Leofdegn 
 
 Leofdegnx 
 
 Leofdexn 
 
 Leofdgn 
 
 Leogdegn 
 
 Luuemuth (Y) 
 
 Monne 
 
 Odilo 
 
 Oldun (E) 
 
 Ordred 
 
 OrdTulf (Y) 
 
 Tidulf (E) 
 
 Vandelberht (Y) 
 
 Vandlebearht (Y) 
 
 Ubroder 
 
 Vendelberbt 
 
 Vintred 
 
 Vulfred 
 
 Vulfric (Y) 
 
 Vulfsic 
 
 Warned (Y) 
 
 Wintnrd 
 
 Wintnre 
 
 Wintrd 
 
 Wintred 
 
 Wulfred (Y) 
 
 Redulf, 844. 
 
 Redulf is mentioned by no historian except MattLew of 
 Westminster, wlio says tliat in 844 Bthelred was expelled, 
 and Redulf mounted the throne but was immediately 
 defeated and slain by the Pagans, on which Bthelred was 
 reinstated. During the short period of his reign he con- 
 trived to strike some coins, all of which are stycas of the 
 usual base metal ; about 100 were found at Hexham. Their 
 types are (1) Obv. cross ; Rev. cross, or (2) pellet within 
 circle of pellets, or (3) five pellets, or (4) three pellets, 
 or (5) one pellet. (6) Obv. cross with pellet in each angle, 
 or (7) with pellet in one angle, or (8) with three pellets in 
 
 * Mr. J. Fairless, Hexham. NC vii. 35. 
 t Linds. i. 25. 
 
77 
 
 one angle. All these have a plain cross on the reverse. (9) 
 Cross with three pellets in one angle, on both sides. (10) 
 Pellet within circle 'of pellets; Rev. cross. (11) Cross with 
 two pellets in one angle, and one in two others j Rev. five 
 pellets. (12) Circle of pellets; Rev. four ? pellets. The 
 king is styled REDVLF REX, RE, or RX, RBDWLP 
 REX, RBDVLB RE or REDVL RE. His moneyers 
 never use any title. The form of the h in the name of the 
 moneyer Cudbereht is peculiar, and scarcely to be found but 
 on the coins of Eadberht, see (103) (104). (124), Rud. xi. 
 xxvii., Cc, 2 K. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Eardulf (T) 
 Eoenre (Y) 
 Bordred 
 Fordred 
 Herred (T) 
 Huactnud (Y) 
 
 Alghere 
 
 Broder 
 
 Brother 
 
 Coened 
 
 Cudbereht 
 
 Cuthbearht (Y) 
 
 Eanred 
 
 Huaetndd 
 Huaetnodd (Y) 
 Huulaf 
 Monne 
 Vendelberht 
 Wintred (Y) 
 
 OsBEECHT, 848 to 867. 
 
 Osbercht, who succeeded Bthelred, was deposed in 862 in 
 favour of Aella, but recovered the throne in 867, when he 
 joined his forces to those of Aella for the purpose of besieg- 
 ing the Danes at York, where both kings were killed that 
 year. His coins are all stycas, and are rare. Some were 
 found at York, but none at Hexham. His types are (1) 
 Obv. cross ; Rev. cross with pellet in each angle, or (2) five 
 pellets, or (3) annulet enclosing pellet, or (4) one pellet. 
 
 (5) Obv. cross with pellet in each angle ; Rev. five pellets. 
 
 (6) Obv. cross within circle of pellets ; Rev. cross of five 
 limbs, or (7) five pellets. (8) Cross enclosed in annulet; 
 Rev. cross with pellet in each angle. (9) Obv. cross upon 
 a cross; Rev. pellet. (10) Obv. peUet within circle of 
 pellets; Rev. cross, or (11) cross with pellet in each angle. 
 (12) Obv. pellet; Rev. cross, or (13) cross with pellet in 
 each angle, or (14) five pellets. (125) ; Rud. xi. xxvii. 
 
78 
 
 Lindsay I. 35, 36; NCNS ix. pi. i. 4 to 6). The king is 
 styled OSBBRCHT, OSBBROHTB, OSBEROHB, or 
 OSBBRCHBO (the last being possibly for Oununc, king) ; 
 or OSBEROHT RB or RBX, OSBRCHT RB, OSBBRH 
 R, or OSBVBHT REX. His moneyers use no title. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Ea-br-e Ednure (Y) Vinibeght 
 
 Banuif(Y) Edulhu (Y) Vimberht 
 
 EadrTa?(Y) Embrm (Y) Vulfred (Y) 
 
 Eanred (Y) Ethelhelm (Y) Yulfsi (Y) 
 
 Eanulf Monne Vulfsit 
 
 Eanvulf Eanulf (Y) Vulsi 
 
 Edelbelm (Y) Viiieberht (Y) 
 
 Aella, 862 to 867. 
 
 This would be the place for inserting the coins of Aella, 
 if any well authenticated specimens were known to exist. 
 Mr. Adamson, in his account of the Hexham discovery, 
 Archseol. vol. xxv. p. 303, describes a coin which he reads 
 AELA REX, and attributes to Aella, who began to reign 
 in 862. The legend on the Reverse is HEDBIV. If this 
 were really a coin of Aella, this hoard could not have been 
 buried before 862, in which case it is exceedingly improbable 
 that there should not have been coins both of king Osbercht 
 and Abp. Wlfhere, whereas the latest coins found there 
 were those of Redulf, who died in 844, and of Vigmund, 
 who was Abp. from 831 to 854. But, in fact, the letters 
 upon this coin are so blunderingly transposed, and it is so 
 doubtful whether the important letter L be not in reality a 
 T, that the probability, almost the certainty, is, that it is 
 not a coin of Aella, but one of those of which, in Mr, Adam- 
 son's own words, " nothing in the least satisfactory can be 
 made out." Mr. Rashleigh has a similar coin, also found at 
 Hexham. They are both engraved in NCNS ix. pi. i. 7, 8. 
 
 In 1808 a hoard of 542 stycas was turned up by a plough 
 in Kirk Oswald, Cumberland, viz. 99 Eanred, 350 Ethelred, 
 14 Redulf, 15 Osbercht, 1 Abp. Banbald, 58 Abp. Vigmund, 
 
79 
 
 5 Abp. Wlfhere. It will be observed that in this hoard 
 stycas of Osbercht and Wlfhere are mixed with those of 
 their predecessors ; and therefore it is highly probable that, 
 if the Hexham hoard had been deposited as late as 862, it 
 would have contained coins of these two personages. The 
 improbability, therefore, of the disputed coin having been 
 struck by Aella is increased. 
 
 In the collection of Mr. Willet was a styca which he con- 
 sidered to belong to Aella j at the dispersion of that collec- 
 tion it escaped notice, and what has become of it is not now 
 known. If we may judge of it from the plate, Rud. B. 1, 
 which Mr. Willet caused to be engraved of some of the un- 
 published coins ia his collection, we might assent to its being 
 a coin of ^lla; but we confess that we have some mis- 
 givings, and are disposed to consider it one of the many 
 blundered coins of Ethelred and Aeilred. See Rud. E. 1. 
 No stycas are known after this period. 
 
 Halfden, 875 to 883. 
 
 This Danish king conquered Northumbria in 875, and 
 from that time sceattas and stycas ceased to be coined. A 
 penny and a halfpenny of his were found at Cuerdale (see 
 p. 80) and if struck in Northumbria are the first silver coins 
 of that country. But Halfden occupied London in 872, and 
 as the penny bears the monogram of that city, it was pro- 
 bably struck there. The type of the halfpenny is the same 
 as that of some pennies of Alfred, of which specimens were 
 found at Cuerdale, and was also, therefore, probably struck 
 in the south of England. It will be more convenient, how- 
 ever, to class them with the Anglo-Danish coins struck in 
 Northumbria. The penny has on the obverse the same very 
 remarkable type as the penny of Ceolwlf II. of Mercia, 
 (580), which was also found at Cuerdale, but even more 
 rudely executed. The legend is VLFDBNE XRX -f Rev. 
 London monogram, . almost identical with Alfred (174). 
 
80 
 
 NCNS ix. pi. i. 11. ANDREW MOOBE, Esq., M.D. The 
 halfpenny reads on the obverse ALFDBNB EX -f- . Small 
 cross within inner circle. Rev. EAINGALD TO across 
 coin in two lineSj between which is a pellet between two 
 triangles of pellets (585). MB. Compare Alfred, End. xvi. 
 13. It is carious that though Halfden was a heathen, both 
 coins have a cross upon them. 
 
 BaEL tSlTRIC. 
 
 The only Sitric mentioned in connection with Bngland is 
 the Northumbrian king of that name who married Athel- 
 stan's sister in 926, and whose coins are afterwards described. 
 Two or three Earl Sidrocs were killed near Eeading in 871 ; 
 and the Irish annals mention a Sitric, brother of King 
 Guthfrith, who was a rival of Siefred's, and was slain in 895. 
 To which of these the present coins may belong we cannot 
 be sure, but as they were found at Cuerdale they must have 
 been struck before about 905. Only two of them are 
 known. They have on the obv. SITRIC COMBS in two 
 lines, three crosses between, four pellets above and below. 
 Eev. SOELDPOR between GUNDI BBETUS across field. 
 Four pellets above, with or without the same below (586). 
 MB. BASHLBIGE. Sceldfor may perhaps stand for Shel- 
 ford in Nottinghamshire, called Sceldford in Domesday. The 
 type is imitated from one of Alfred's, and the coins were 
 probably minted, like those of Halfden, during some stay of 
 the Danish army in the south or east of England. Gundi- 
 berht appears as a moneyer on twelve coins of St. Eadmund 
 found at Cuerdale. 
 
 Cndt, about 883 to 900. 
 Nearly all the known coins of this king were found in the 
 Cuerdale hoard, of which it will be proper before proceeding 
 further to give some account. In May, 1840, in Cuerdale, 
 near Preston, in Lancashire, some vforkmen who were 
 digging upon an estate of W. Assheton, Esq., of Downham 
 Hall, at about forty yards from the ■ banks of the river 
 
81 
 
 Ribble, discovered a large mass of silver, consisting of 
 ingots of various sizes, a few silver armlets tolerably entire, 
 several fragments, and a few ornaments of some other 
 description, cut into small pieces to facilitate the melting, 
 amounting to 974 oz. 10 dwts., exclusive of a large number 
 of silver pennies ; the whole having been enclosed in a 
 leaden chest, which was so decomposed that only small 
 portions of it could be secured. A considerable number of 
 the coins were probably extracted on the spot, but nearly 
 7000 of them, with the rest of the bullion, were secured for 
 Her Majesty, whose property, as treasure-trove, they had 
 become, and who, after retaining a complete series for the 
 British Museum, and presenting a series to Mr. Assheton, 
 distributed the rest among various public and private col- 
 lections in this country. Prance, and Denmark. 
 
 Of these 7000 coins, a few were hopelessly unintelligible. 
 Of the remainder, 31 were Oriental, and 1047 French, 
 German, or Italian, principally of the Carolingian Emperors, 
 the earliest being 14 of Louis le Debonnaire, the latest, 13 
 of Berengarius, 883 to 924. 
 
 The rest were divided as follows : — 
 
 24 ^thelstan of East Anglia 
 
 2 Ceolwlf II. of Mercia 
 
 3 ^thelred of "Wessei? 
 919 Alfred 
 
 51 Eadweard 
 
 1 Aichbiskop Ceolnoth 
 
 1 . . . . Ethered 
 59 ... . Plegmimd 
 
 1815 St. Eadmimd 
 2 Halfdene 
 2 Earl Sitric 
 2534 Cnut 
 238 Siefred 
 205 Ecclesiastical ? 
 1 AlvalduB 
 
 Of the coins therefore in this hoard whose dates were 
 ascertained, none could have been struck later than 926, the 
 year of Eadweard's death, nor could any of the English ones 
 have been struck earlier than 830, the date of Ceolnoth's ap- 
 pointment to the Archbishopric; nor is there any coin among 
 them which was certainly struck earlier than 870, the date of 
 Ceolnoth's death, or later than 901, when Eadweard came to 
 the throne. Moreover, from the proportion which Alfred's 
 coins bore in number to Eadweard's, it seems highly pro- 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 bable that the hoard was collected within a very short time 
 after Alfred's deathj and while his coins still formed the 
 principal currency of his dominions, probably we may say 
 about A.D. 905. Hence it is presumed that the unknown 
 coins, and those of St. Eadmund, were also struck about 
 this time. And this is further proved as to Cnut's and St. 
 Eadmund's coins by the fact that both these names occur on 
 coins which have the name of King Alfred on the other side. 
 We may therefore safely set down the date of this deposit 
 at about a.d. 905. 
 
 We have next to consider who the Cnut was to whom 
 these coins belonged. Their type is invariably a cross, with 
 one letter of the king's name at the end of each limb, the 
 being placed opposite the N and the V opposite the T, in 
 such a manner that the whole word can be read at once 
 without turning the coin. The letters of the title Rex are 
 disposed in the spaces between the letters of his name, but 
 are arranged consecutively in such a manner that to read 
 them the coin requires to be turned round in the usual way. 
 Whether this extraordinary legend was really Cnut Rex, or 
 was not rather to be read in the ordinary consecutive way 
 Acrten or Crtena, the x being merely a cross to mark the be- 
 ginning of the word, has been very much doubted ; but no 
 rational interpretation was ever put upon these last named 
 words, and it is believed that the former hypothesis, which 
 was first suggested by Mr. Haigh, is now almost universally 
 adopted by numismatists. The idea of the type was pro- 
 bably taken from some Byzantine coins on which the legend 
 is arranged in a"similar way. Thus one of them has a cross 
 of which the upper limb terminates in P, the lower in a, 
 the left hand one in M, and the right hand in A, making 
 the word PwMA (Roma) arranged in exactly the same way 
 as Cnut's name. 
 
 The next question is, of what country was Cnut king? 
 His coins occur with five different legends ; the name of 
 King Alfred, Siefredus, Bbraice Givitas, Cunnetti, and 
 
83 
 
 Mirabilia fecit ; and there are coins, found also at Ouerdale, 
 on whicli the reverse legend is QUENTOVIOI, an un- 
 doulited French town, and which read on the obverse 
 CIRTBNA consecutively, the T being always reversed, but 
 the C and N, and the A or V and T, not being always 
 opposite each other ; and the type, though similar, is never 
 exactly the same as that of the others which bear Cnut's 
 name. The similarity to these coins ; the word Bbraice 
 which the author considered must be meant for Bvreux ; the 
 appearance upon some of Cnut's coins of the monogram of 
 Karolus, as on coins of the Carolingian dynasty ; and the 
 religious legends which appear upon Cnut's and on French, 
 but never upon English coins, together with the total 
 absence of moneyer's names, which are rarely omitted on 
 English and rarely if ever inserted on French coins ; these 
 made the author conclude that these coins, though marked 
 by some English peculiarities, and showiug considerable 
 intercourse between their makers and England, were pro- 
 bably struck in France by some of the northern warriors, who 
 obtained possession of parts of that country. But on the 
 other hand the French numismatists, as well as the Danish, 
 repudiate them ; they were found in England, and therefore 
 have a claim upon us for shelter i£ nobody else wHl acknow- 
 ledge them ; and in fact there is a good deal to be said in 
 favour of their Enghsh origia. On a few of them the name 
 of King Alfred appears ; the small cross which forms the 
 reverse of many of them is common on English but rare on 
 French coins ; the legends Ebraicit and Bbracec appear on 
 coins of St. Peter, and have always been, and must be, 
 understood, on those, to stand for York, Eboracum, or its 
 British name, Ebrauc ; the Karolus monogram also appears 
 on coins of St. Peter ; there are several English towns, but 
 no known French one (though Conde, near Bvreux, has 
 been suggested), which could be indicated by Ounnetti ; 
 several of the types which appear on these coins resemble 
 those of Alfred ; and the general weight of the coins cor- 
 
 6 * 
 
84 
 
 responds with English, but is much lower than most French 
 coins. These reasons have, it is believed, convinced most 
 numismatists that Onut's coins are Bnghsh, and as EngKsh 
 we consider that we are bound to treat them. The great 
 obstacles to this, and indeed to believiug them to have been 
 struck by Cnut at all, are the Quentovici coins, which we 
 can explain only by supposing that they were struck by 
 Cnut during some marauding expedition into France, or 
 that they were copied from his coins by some of his friends 
 or relations who had established themselves in that country. 
 No person of the name of Cnut appears in the English 
 annals of this period, but it is clear that if he reigned at all 
 in England, it must have been in Northumbria ; that he was 
 contemporary with Alfred ; and that about a.d. 905 his coins 
 formed the principal currency of his kingdom ; but as the 
 name Siefredus appears on some of his coins, and 238 coins 
 struck by a King Siefredus were also found in the Cuerdale 
 hoard, it would appear that Cnut had ceased to reign when 
 the hoard was deposited, and had been succeeded by his 
 minister Siefred. He may be supposed to have died about 
 the same time with, or a little before. King Alfred. Who he 
 was must remain at present uncertain. Mr. Haigh thought 
 that Cuthred, King of Northumbria, might have taken the 
 name of Cnut at his baptism ; but there is no authority for 
 this, and he died in 894, so that his coins are hardly likely 
 to have formed the principal currency of his country at any 
 time after the death of Alfred. M. Worsaae {" Danes and 
 Northmen") considers that the coins may have been struck 
 by a sou of Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, named Cnut, 
 who is recorded to have invaded England and been killed 
 in Ireland. According to the Danish part of the Universal 
 History, however, this cannot have happened till about a.d. 
 930 ; but according to the same authority, there was a king 
 of Denmark called Cnut the Little, who reigned at about 
 the requisite period, and during whose indolent reign Eng- 
 land is said by the Danish writers to have rebelled against 
 
85 
 
 Denmark. This Onut, moreover, was nominally a Christian, 
 which the son of Gorm does not appear to have been, but 
 which the King who struck coins in England clearly was ; 
 and it may be that Siefred was at first his deputy, and after- 
 wards set up as an independent king; but it appears that 
 Danish chronology about this period is extremely confused 
 and uncertain. It must be remembered that Onut, whoever 
 he was, may have been king of only part of Northumbria, 
 as our chronicles sometimes speak of many " reguli " reign- 
 ing contemporaneously over various parts of that country. 
 
 Onut's coins are pennies and half-pennies, and are of the 
 following types : — 
 
 1. CNVT EEX, a cross, pellet in each angle. The 
 legend is cruciform, so that one letter of the name comes 
 opposite each limb of the cross, the letters of the title being 
 in the spaces between them, and four pellets in the fourth 
 space. A pellet before the E of Rex. Rev. BLFRBD 
 REX, retrograde ; small cross within inner circle. (587). 
 MB. 
 
 2. CNVT REX, cruciform; cross, lower limb crosslet, 
 generally with a pellet in some of the angles, sometimes 
 four pellets in one angle, sometimes a small cross in one or 
 both of the upper angles. In some few specimens the 
 upper Umb is bent into the form of a crosier or the letter R, 
 and in others the upper as well as the lower limb is crosslet. 
 The legend is generally Cnut Rex, but on one coin the t is 
 omitted, on another the legend is CNVTI, on others the 
 title is R, E. N., RX, REIX, EIX, or RIX. Rev. small 
 cross within inner circle, with or without a pellet in two 
 angles, or in each angle. Legend, CVNNBTTI or some 
 corruption of it, divided into two or three compartments by 
 sets of four pellets. Weight generally from 20 to 22 grs. 
 (588) MB. 
 
 3. CNVT REX, cruciform. Cross either patee at ends 
 (NC. V. pi. ix. 115) or plain with its ends touching the letters 
 of the legend as in (587) and in NC. v. pi. ix. 122. Some- 
 
86 
 
 times there is a pellet in each angle of the cross. Eev. 
 CVNNETTI or CYNNETI, divided as in type 2. Small 
 cross, pellet in two angles. Weight 18 to 21 grs. MB. 
 
 4. CETBN for CNT EB between the limbs of a cross 
 crosslet extending to edge of coin, pellet in each angle and 
 on each side of ends of cross. Eev. CVNNETTI, retro- 
 grade; small cross, pellet in two angles. Weight 18 to 21 
 grs. N.O V. pi. ix. 116. MB. 
 
 5. CNVT EEX, cruciform. Cross, lower limb crosslet 
 with pellet in each angle. Eev. EBEAIOE CIVITA. Mo- 
 nogram of KAEOLVS within inner circle. Weight 23^ 
 grs. (589) MB. 
 
 6. Obv. as type 3. Eev. EBEAICE CIVITAS, or some 
 corruption of it. Small cross within inner circle. Weight 
 20 to 22 grs. N.C v. pi. ix. 122, 123. MB. 
 
 7. Obv. as type 4, but pellet in each angle sometimes 
 omitted, and T and E sometimes transposed. Eev. 
 EBIAICE CIV. Small cross within inner circle. Weight 
 20 to 22 grs. N.C v. pi. ix. 124. 
 
 8. Obv. as type 5, but pellets sometimes omitted, some- 
 times placed also in each upper angle. In a few specimens 
 the upper limb is bent into the form of a crosier, or the 
 letter E, as in (588). On some the C or E, or both, are 
 omitted, and some, probably through a blundering imitation 
 of the reverse, omit the N, introduce B before the V, and 
 sometimes substitute A for V, and I or IE for E, reading 
 therefore, consecutively, + BA CE TIE. Eev. EBEAICE 
 CIVITA, or some corruption of it ; small cross within inner 
 circle, sometimes pellet in two angles. Weight 20 to 22 grs. 
 N.C V. pi. ix. 125, 126. MB. 
 
 9. Obv. as type 5. Eev. MIEABILA FECIT, or MIEA- 
 BILIA PEI, EC, or FTC. Small cross, pellet in two angles. 
 Weight 21 to 23 grains. N.C v. pi. x. 129, 130. MB. 
 
 10. Obv. as type 5. Eev. SIEFEBDVS j small cross, 
 pellet in two angles. Weight about 19 ^ grs. MB. 
 
 11. Obv. as type 5, but the B sometimes omitted, and 
 
87 
 
 sometimes a pellet in two angles only. Rev. as type 10, but 
 legend in four divisions, cross much larger. Weight about 
 20^ grs. N.O V. pi. viii. 104. MB. 
 
 Halfpennies. 1. Same as pennies, type 2. Wt. about 
 9grs, N.Cv. pi. ix. 121. MB. 
 
 2. Plain cross on obv., like pennies, type 3, (see NO v. 
 p. 113). 
 
 3. ONVT REX, cruciform ; cross, lower limb crosslet 
 with pellet in each angle. Rev. OVNNBTTI. Monogram 
 of KAROLVS. Workmanship generally very neat. Wt. 
 8 to 9 grs. NO v. pi. ix. 114. MB. 
 
 4. Same as pennies, type 5, but Rev. legend, BBIAICB 
 CIT. or BDIAI OIVI. Wt. 8| grs. NO v. pi. ix. 113. 
 MB. 
 
 5. Obv. as pennies, type 4. Rev. BBRAIOE OIV. 
 Small cross, pellet in two angles. Wt. 8^- grs. (590). MB. 
 Or obv. cross plain as in type 1, coarse workmanship, 
 legends blundered, no pellets in angles on reverse. Wt. 
 about 9 grs. MB. 
 
 6. Obv. like halfpennies, type 3. Rev. EBIROB OA, 
 small cross, pellet in each angle, NO v. pi. x. 128 ; or 
 BBIAOB CA, pellet in two angles. Or B before V on 
 obv., N omitted ; Rev. EBIAIOE IV. Wt. about 9 grs. 
 MB. 
 
 Uncbetain Ooins steuck at York. 
 
 The coins next to be described were all found at Ouerdale, 
 to the number of 205. They bear the name of no monarch, 
 prelate, or moneyer ; but many of them have the name of 
 York, and all are so closely connected with Cnut's and 
 Siefred's, and with each other, that we cannot do otherwise 
 than place them between the two reigns. The legend on 
 type 1 appears to be a mixture of Onut and Ebraice, and 
 the religious legends which appear on all these coins are 
 used also on those of Siefred, while the types are identical 
 with those used by both Onut and Siefred. We would 
 
venture to suggest that they were struck by Siefred soon 
 after the death or deposition of Cnut, but that Siefred, not 
 being of royal blood, and therefore not aa yet venturing to 
 call himself king, caused his coins to be struck either in the 
 name of the Archiepiscopal See of York, or in that of 
 Dominus Deus Eex; just as in the South of France, after the 
 deposition of Charles the Pat, the style of Charters ran 
 "Deo regnante, rage expectante." (Hallam'a "Middle 
 Ages," vol. 1. p. 23, n.) It would not be unnatural that 
 on assuming the title of King, he should still retain the 
 " Dominus Deus Kex " for a short time on his coins. 
 The types of these coins are — 
 
 1. + BB A CE TIE. Cross, lower limb crosslet with 
 pellet in each angle. No pellets in legend. Rev. + MIRA- 
 BILA FECIT. Small cross, pellet in two angles. Wt. 
 about 21^ grs. NC v. pi. x. 132. MB. This may possibly 
 be a coin of Cnut, and is certainly copied from his coins. 
 The A and T lie horizontally opposite the top and bottom of 
 the cross, and the obverse legend is almost the same as one 
 of Cnut's, type 8 ; the latter, however, can hardly be 
 intended for Bbraice, as that name occurs on its reverse, 
 which is not the case here : and this coin is quite as like 
 those next described as it is like Cnut's coins. 
 
 2. Same as type 1, but legends obv. BBRAECE C, 
 EBEAICB C, or EBRACE CET. Eev. MIEABILA 
 FECIT, MIEABILIA FBI, PE, or FC, MIEABIIA 
 lECT, or MIRABIIIA FTC. Wt. 20 to 22 grs. NC v. 
 pi. X. 131. MB. 
 
 3. Obv. identical with type 1, or omitting the first E and 
 the I. Eev. D NS DS EEX. Cross larger than usual, 
 pellet in two angles. "Wt. 21 grs. NC v. pi. viii. 111. MB. 
 
 4. Same as type 3, but obv. legend, EBEAICE C. Eev. 
 a pellet in each of the four spaces between letters of legend. 
 Wt. 19 to 22 grs. (591). MB. 
 
 5. DNS DS EEX in two lines across the field, with a 
 small cross and sometimes pellets between. Before Rex is 
 
89 
 
 a cross patee witb a hollow square in the middle, exactly the 
 same as that used as an on some of the coins of Odo or 
 Eudes King of Prance found at Cuerdale. Twelve pair of 
 dieSj at least, have been used for this type, and every one of 
 them has the same ornament. It must probably have had 
 some meaning, but what that may have been is at present 
 unexplained. Rev. same type as 1, or with legend MIRA- 
 BILIA or MIRAILIA FECIT, MIRABIA FEOT or EOT, 
 or NDADNIAI FECIT. One or two of the letters are 
 sometimes reversed. Wt. 20 to 22 grs. (592). MB. 
 
 Halfpenny. Like penny type 5, but obv. legend DNS D 
 REX, a small cross but no pellets between lines. Rev. 
 legend II ID API CIT, for Mira (bilia) fecit. Three pellets 
 in third space, one in each of the others. Wt. about 8^ grs. 
 NC V. pi. X. 134. MB. 
 
 SlEFEED, ABOUT 900. 
 
 We have already, pp. 84, 88, shown the probability that this 
 prince succeeded Cnut no very long time before the Cuerdale 
 hoard was deposited, and that he did not at first assume the 
 title of King ; but it appears from the Saxon Chronicle and 
 the Chronicle of Mailros that Athelwold brother of Edward 
 the Elder was made King of the Danes of Northumbria in a.d. 
 901, and if so Siefred probably ceased to reign in that year, 
 which would make it likely that Cnut's death or dethrone- 
 ment happened not later than about 898, and that the hoard, 
 one coin in which has been attributed to this Athelwold, was 
 deposited not much later than a.d. 902. It is however 
 possible that Siefred may have reigned contemporaneously 
 with Athelwold over a different portion of Northumbria. It 
 is evident at all events from his coins that he possessed the 
 city of York. The C which often precedes his name may 
 stand for Comes; "Earl Siefred, King " would not be an 
 unlikely legend in Siefred's time for a usurping Earl to 
 place on his coins. 
 
 Siefred's types are as follows : — 
 
 1. C SIE FRX ERSI IDE, for C Siefredus Rex, the last 
 
90 
 
 half of the legend being read backwards. Cross, pellet in each 
 angle, quartett of pellets between each limb, and a pellet at 
 each side of the end of each limb. No inner circle. Rev. 
 EBIAIOE OIVI, in four divisions. Small cross ; quartett 
 of pellets between each division of legend. Wfc. 22 grs. 
 (593), MB. Compare Cnut, type 6. 
 
 SIBFREDVS REX. Cross crosslet, NO v. 114; or 
 cross with a small cross at the end of each limb. No inner 
 circle. Rev. as type 1, but three pellets opposite each angle. 
 Sometimes no pellets between divisions of legend. Wt. 21 
 grs. (594). MB. 
 
 3. SIBVERT R. Cross crosslet extending to edge of 
 coin ; three pellets in each angle, no inner circle. Rev. as 
 type 1. Wt. 20 grs. NC v. pi. viii. 105. MB. Compare 
 Cnut type 7. 
 
 4. SIBVBRTI. Obv. as type 3. Rev. as type 2, but no 
 pellets between divisions of legend. "Wt. 22^^^ grs. MB. 
 
 5. Same as type 3, but letters on obv. transposed so as to 
 read RS RT VB IB j or IS instead of RS, and three pellets 
 opposite each angle of cross on reverse. Wt. 21 grs. MB. 
 
 6. SIEFRBDVS REX in two lines on each side 
 of a long cross mounted on two steps. Rev. EDRAICB 
 CIVI, small cross, three pellets at end of each limb. 
 NC v. pi. viii. 100. Or the X on obverse misplaced 
 between Siefr and edus, and on reverse lAI for RAI, with 
 sometimes no pellets at ends of cross but four between each 
 division of legend. Or obverse SIBVERT RX, reverse no 
 pellets at ends of cross. Wt. 21 j% grs. (596) MB. The cross 
 on the obverse seems to be copied from that which appears 
 on many Byzantine coins of the 7th and 8th centuries. 
 Cf. Alfred, (623). 
 
 7. Obv. legend as type 6, in two lines, with no ornaments 
 except pellets in various positions ; X sometimes at end of 
 first instead of second line. Rev. as type 1. Wt. 21 grs. 
 NC V. pi. viii. 99. Or with legend on obverse C SIEPRE- 
 HUS E; Rev. EDRAICB CIVI. MB. Compare coins 
 reading Dns Ds and Mirabilia, type 5. 
 
91 
 
 8. SIBUBRT REX. Cross, lower limb crosslet with 
 pellet in each angle, pellet opposite the three upper limbs. 
 Eev. MIRABILA FECIT. Cross, pellet in two angles. Wt. 
 21t-6^ grs. NC V. pi. viii. 107. MB. Compare Cnut, type 9. 
 
 9. Obv. as type 8, or SIBURT RE, pellets sometimes 
 varying. Rev. DNS DS RBX ; cross, pellet in two angles, 
 and in each of the four spaces between letters of legend. 
 Wt. 20 to 23 grs. NC v. pi. viii. 109. MS. Compare 
 coins reading Bbraice C and Dns Ds Rex, type 4. 
 
 10. SIEFREDVS; cross, pellet in two angles, or two 
 pellets opposite each angle. Rev. RBX; cross, patee at 
 ends or crosslet, letters of legend and a cross being opposite 
 the four limbs of the cross, and, where the cross is crosslet, 
 four pellets between each letter. Wt. 20^^) (596). MB. 
 Compare Cnut's types 10, 11. 
 
 Halfpennies. 1. Same as pennies type 3, bat no pellets 
 on either side. Wt. 8-fjj grs. (597). MB. unique. 
 
 2. Type same as pennies type 6, SIB on one side, FRB 
 on the other side of the cross. Rev. ED IVI GEO IVI, no 
 pellets opposite limbs of cross. Wt. 9^*0 grs. NO v. pi. viii. 
 101. MB. 
 
 3. Type same as pennies type 8, SI FCR TRE. Three 
 pellets in each of the two gaps in the legend, none opposite 
 the upper limbs of the cross. Rev. NI RA BI LI, 4 pellets 
 after each I, 8 after the A. Wt. 7^^^ grs. NC v. pi. viii. 108. 
 MB. unique. 
 
 Alwald, 901 to 905. 
 
 This is very probably that brother of Edward the elder 
 who is called Athelwold or Ethelwald in the Saxon Chronicle. 
 Upon Edward's accession to the throne Ethelwald rebelled, 
 and fled to the Danes in Northumbi'ia, where, in the same 
 year, according to the Chronicle of Mailros, Rex et princeps 
 regum eoruni factus est. Probably he succeeded Siefred. 
 He was submitted to in Essex in 904, but was killed in East 
 
92 
 
 Anglia in 905. Only two of his coins, both pennies, are 
 known, one found at Cuerdale, one with a corroded mass of 
 copper stycas at York some years ago, being the only silver 
 penny which has ever been found in company with stycas. 
 Obv. ALWALDV. Small cross within inner circle, pellet 
 in two angles, and after each L in legend. Kev. DNS DS 
 KEX in two lines with a pellet between. "Wt. 23i grs. (598). 
 MB. from Cuerdale. Or Obv. legend ALVALDVS, pellet 
 after second L only, no pellet on rev. BASHLEIGH, 
 NCNS ix. pi. i. 14, from York. These pieces are not so neat 
 in appearance and workmanship as those of Onut and Siefred. 
 
 SiTEic, 921 ? to 926. 
 
 King Sitric slew Neil his brother in 921, married Athel- 
 stan's sister in 925, and died in 926. So says the Saxon 
 Chronicle, and this is nearly all that is known of him. Six 
 pennies of his exist, of none of which a duplicate is known. 
 
 1. Obv. SITRIC CUNVNC A. Trefoil formed ornament, 
 pellet after each C in legend. Rev. ASCOLV NONETRA, 
 pellet before and after each A. Danish standard, exactly 
 like Anlaf (128). MB. 
 
 2. SITRIC EBX in two lines divided by a sword, 3 pellets 
 above, 4 below. Rev. C ASTDVBORT. Cross, pellet in two 
 angles, crescent in two, (599) . BA8HLEIGE. Or RE and 
 pellet for REX, no other pellets. Rev. . . RBMO. . letter T. 
 for cross, crescent above and in each angle. NCNS ix. pi. ii. 
 17, or + ITRC R R, 3 pellets above and below. Rev. 
 INEIAIIOIN, hammer? between two straight lines, ib. 19. 
 
 3. L^DO SI TEC in two lines divided by a sword, 3 
 pellets opposite point of sword, hammer ? as on St. Peter 
 (132) between SI and TEC, straight line above LVDO. Rev. 
 ERIC MOTI. Cross, pellet in two angles, crescent and 
 pellet in two ; 3 pellets after M in legend. (600). MB. 
 Another not quite identical is figured in Lindsay, 55. It is 
 difi&cult to explain LVDO, but the coin cannot be separated 
 
93 
 
 from the others of Sitric and St. Peter. Compare especially 
 St. Peter NONS ix. pi, ii. 20j reading Eboraceo. Mr. 
 Rashleigh suggests that the ornament which appears on types 
 2 and 3^ and also on coins of St. Peter, is the miraculous 
 hammer of Thor, the ancestor and deity of Sitric's family. 
 
 Eeic, 927 to 954. 
 Sitric was succeeded by his son Guthferth, who was 
 expelled the next year by -iEthelstan, and has left no coins, 
 ^thelstan placed on the throne as his feudatory Eric son of 
 Harold of Norway. In 941 the Northumbrians expelled 
 him in favour of Anlaf, but restored him 947 to 948, and 
 again 952 to 954, when they again expelled him, and Badred 
 took the government into his own hands. Eric's coins are 
 pennies, and are very rare. The types are : — 
 
 1. ERIC EBX in two lines separated by a sword, like 
 Sitric's and St. Peter's. Rev. small cross with or without 
 pellet in each angle (131) Rud. xi. 1, 2. 
 
 2. ERIC REX followed by A ; AL ; EBOR ; EP ; EN ; 
 10; N; NO; or TO; small cross, with or without 
 one or four pellets or a crescent. Rev. moneyer's name, 
 sometimes followed by M or MO, in two lines separated by 
 three crosses (601) Rud. xi. 3 ; vol. i. 123; NCNS ix. 
 89. MB. On one coin the legend is ERNOBAERBX 
 (Eric Northumbriffi Rex) ; small cross. Rev. three crosses, 
 • BNRO ' above them, ENRIB, the letters reversed and 
 written backwards, below them. NCNS i. 1 7. 
 
 Type 1, from its resemblance to Sitric's, was probably 
 struck during the early part of the reign. Type 2, which 
 is exactly Hke Onlaf's (129) and like coins of all the contem- 
 porary kings of Wessex, may have been struck then or 
 during one of his restorations. Weight 18 to 19 grs. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Aculf (1) 1 Ingielgar (1) 
 
 Inegelgar (1) Ingelgargri (1) 
 
 Ingelgar <1, 2) I Leofio (1) 
 
 Ngelgar (2) 
 Eadulf (1, 2) 
 
94 
 
 Regnald, 912 to 944. 
 
 The Saxon Chronicle mentions that King Eegnold won 
 York in 923^ that in 924 Eegwnald chose King Edward as 
 father and lord, that in 943 King Edmund " received King 
 Eegenolde at episcopal hands," and that in 944 King 
 Edmund " expelled from Northumbria two kings, Anlaf 
 son of Sihtrio and Regenald son of Guthferth." Whether 
 these notices aU refer to one and the same person may be 
 doubtful. The coins bearing this name are as follows. 
 
 1. REGNALD CVNVL. Cross moline. Rev. AVRA 
 MONITRE. SmaU cross. Weight aO^^^ grs. Rud. xi. 
 HUNTEB. Type exactly like Anlaf's type 3. 
 
 2. REG(nald) CVNVNC. Trefoil -formed ornament. 
 Rev. BA(ldri) C NOTR A L. What has been called the 
 Danish standard. (126) WIGAN. Type exactly like 
 Sitric's type 1, and Anlaf's type 2. 
 
 The same king's name, as well as the trefoil-formed device, 
 occurs in the Irish series and perhaps these two types may 
 have been struck in Ireland. Mr. Rashleigh attributes them 
 to Regnald II. 943 and 944. The following have generally 
 been called blundered coins of St. Peter, but, as Mr. Haigh 
 (NO ii. 10) pointed out, the obverse legends bear con- 
 siderable resemblance to Regnald's name. Mr. Rashleigh 
 ascribes them to Regnald I. 
 
 3. RAIBNALT, or RAIENACT, head to right; or 
 RANBNALT, head to left. Rev. EIARICECT, or 
 EARICECT, probably for Ebraice Cit (compare St. Peter, 
 Rud. XXX. 3) but possibly for Earic fct (for fecit. Sitric 
 seems to have had a moneyer named Eric : see his type 3) . 
 Monogram of CAROLUS (136) NCNS ix. pi. ii. 22. MB. 
 
 _ A coin of this type reading CAIRNOITI (or Raicnoiti) and 
 EIARICET is mentioned in NCNS ix. 216. 
 
 4. RACIIORT, RACIITII, RANOCLT, RACIIOLT, 
 RACNOIT, ICAOLITI (the two I's together may be read 
 
95 
 
 N). Open hand or glove, with or without pellets. Rev. 
 EIORACII, EIOACBCA, E BAOICIT, RAIOIECT, 
 BARICBCT. Monogram of GAEOLUS. (135), NCNS 
 ix. pi. II. 23; Eud xxx. 1. MB. The glove may be an 
 imitation of Badweard's (182), or, possibly, the " iron glove" 
 in which Thor held his hammer. 
 
 5. RACIIOIAT. hammer. Eev. EABIOCIT. bow and 
 arrow. (137). MB. 
 
 AU Eegnald's coins are very rare.* 
 
 Anlaf. 
 
 In 941 Anlaf of Ireland, son of that Guthferth who 
 had been expelled in 927, was chosen by the Northumbrians 
 for their king ; he was baptized in 943, and died the same 
 year. In 944 Anlaf son of Sitric (brother therefore to 
 Guthferth) was expelled from Northumbria together with 
 Eegnald, and King Eadmund took possession of the country. 
 In 949 Anlaf Cwiran, very probably the same person as the 
 last, came to Northumbria, and was expelled by the people 
 in 962 in favour of Eric. It does not clearly appear to 
 which of these two or three kings the following coins 
 belong. Mr. Eashleigh ascribes type 5 to Anlaf I., types 1 
 to 4 to Anlaf II., and types 6 and 7 to Anlaf III. The 
 last two types are certainly very different from the rest. 
 The reverses and moneyers of type 7 are identical with 
 some of Eadmund's, Eud. xviii. 12, 13. 
 
 1. ANLAF CVNVNC, sometimes foUowed by I, IL, G, 
 or S, or some small ornament. The Danish Raven, the 
 badge of their enchanted standard. Eev. moneyer's name 
 
 * The editor has placed types 3, 4, and 5 here, because he cannot 
 help believing that, as Mr. Haigh suggested, they bear the name of 
 Eegnald, and were struck for one of the kings of that name by the same 
 ignorant moneyers as struck the coins of St. Peter. It is right to say, 
 howeyer, that the author's remark was, " I am not quite prepared to 
 concur in this appropriation. The legends of the obverses I abandon 
 as unintelligible ; those of aU the reverses I consider to be blundered 
 attempts at Eboraci, and the types are closely linked with those of 
 the coins which undoubtedly bear the name of St. Peter." 
 
96 
 
 followed by MINBTI, MINBTR, MINBTRBL, MINBTRI, 
 MINETRIL, MINBTRL. Small cross. (127) late Bergne ; 
 Rud. xi. 1, HUNTUB; NCNS iii. 48; ix. 87; xvi. 150. 
 MB. The moneyer's title is probably a corruption^ not of 
 MonetariuSj but of the Saxon myneterj minter. 
 
 2. Same legend, sometimes followed by A, M, L, UL, or 
 Z. Trefoil ornament. Rev. moneyer's name followed by 
 MOlsnETA or MONBTRA. Danish standard (128). Rud. 
 xi. 2. NCNS ix. 88. MB. 
 
 3. ANLAP CVNVNO. Cross moline. Rev. moneyer's 
 name with MONETR or MONBTL. Small cross, with or 
 without three pellets at one side. (602) Rud. xi. 4. NCNS 
 ix. 87. MB. 
 
 4. ANLAF CYNVNCI, or CVNVNCO. SmaU cross 
 with or without annulet in one angle. Rev. moneyer's name 
 followed by MOT. Small cross, with or without M in the 
 field. (603) Rud. 0. 12. MB. 
 
 5. ANLAP REX, followed by A, BBR, or TOD. A 
 small cross. Rev. moneyer's name with a flower above. 
 (604) Rud. xi. 3. MB. 
 
 6. ONLAF REX, sometimes followed by S, T, or ; or 
 RB 0. Small cross, sometimes with three pellets at one side. 
 Rev. moneyer's name with MONE, ANE or 0. Small 
 cross. (650J Rud. xi. 5. MB. 
 
 7. ONLAP REX or ONLOF REX I. SmaU cross, 
 sometimes with pellet in one angle. Rev. moneyer's name, 
 sometimes followed by M0„ in two lines, with three crosses 
 between. (129) (130) Rud. xi. 6, 7. 
 
 Probably many of Anlafs coins, as well as those of 
 Regnald, were struck in Ireland. 
 
 Money ers. 
 
 AbcoIu (2) 
 Atheferd (R) 
 AtheKerd (1) 
 Bachaler (7) 
 Bacialer (7) 
 Eagmon (E) 
 
 Faman (E) 
 Fahlan (2) 
 Farman (2) 
 Farmon (6) 
 Fam (E) 
 Farnan (2) 
 
 Ingelgar (1, 6, 7) 
 Eadulef (5 L) 
 Eadulf (1, 5, 6) 
 Eathulf (3, 4) 
 Sicares (4) 
 Wadter (5) 
 
97 
 
 SAINTS. 
 St. Edmund, about 900. 
 
 Before proceeding to notice the series of coins struck by 
 the "West Saxon monarchs, it may be as well to describe 
 here the coins which bear the names of St. Edmund, St. 
 Peter, or St. Martin. As nearly 1800 of St. Edmund's 
 coins were found at Cuerdale, these must have been struck 
 before about 905. The letter A forms the obverse type of 
 them all, indicating probably that they were struck for 
 circulation in the Kingdom of East Anglia, and as so many 
 of them were found together it is probable they formed the 
 principal currency of that country at the time they were 
 collected. Four of the number bore on the reverse King 
 Alfred^s name, and must therefore have been struck before 
 Alfred's death in 901. Eohric succeeded Ethelstan in Bast 
 Anglia in 890, and was killed in 905, but no coins bearing 
 his name are known. We may therefore perhaps assume 
 that St. Edmund's coins were struck for Eohric towards the 
 end of his reign ; but though struck for him, the mint may 
 have been outside his dominions, for the legend Eriace 
 Civ. appears on some of them, which, if Cnut's and St. 
 Peter's coins have been rightly attributed, must mean Tork. 
 It is a singular fact that of the 12 pennies of St. Edmund 
 in MB. which did not form part of the Cuerdale hoard, not 
 one bears anything like the name of any moneyer whose 
 coins were found there. No halfpennies were known before 
 the Cuerdale find. 
 
 St. Edmund's coins are all of one type, viz., Obv. the 
 letter A, decorated occasionally by pellets, with generally 
 the Saint's name and titles, but sometimes a moneyer's 
 name, as legend. Rev. cross, rarely with a pellet in each 
 angle. The Saint's name and titles of Saint and King are 
 written with every conceivable variety, and occasionally the 
 word Rex is followed by the letters I, P, IP, NP, NR, or 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 INR.* The reverse legends are so infinitely blundered that 
 it would be impossible in a work like the present to give a 
 full list of them, but such a list of all found at Ouerdale 
 is given in Num. Ohron. v. 25-36. They generally repre- 
 sent the name of a moneyerj often followed by MONETA, 
 or sometimes by MB FECIT. In one or two instances the 
 Saint's name appears on both sides the coin^ and in a few 
 others the name of King Alfred, or ERIACB CIV., form 
 the reverse legend. (139) (607) Bud. xii. 1-6, D. 23: MB. 
 Some appear to have moneyers' names on both sides. But 
 many of these names are quite unintelligiblcj and it is 
 by no means impossible that some of the undeciphered 
 legends may be names of Kings or mints, not of moneyers, 
 and it is at all events evident that the name of St. Edmund 
 is no proof that the coins on which it appears were struck at 
 St. Bdmondsbury, as was once supposed. One penny, 
 which reads OZVALDDB on the obverse and OVLADNMB 
 on the reverse (NO. v. pi. iv. 47), has been thought to read 
 Ozvald Ee, and to belong to an unknown King Oswald, who 
 might have feigned in East Anglia after King Badmund's 
 death. But there are two others of the same type, both 
 found at Cuerdale, which have much more appearance of 
 bearing the name of an unknown King. The inscription on 
 the obverse is St. Edmund's names and titles as usual, but 
 that on the reverse is on one coin apparently, HEMNOX 
 REX B ; that on the other is the same, but the first letter 
 looks like a D or R reversed, and the last is an I. (606) . 
 MB. Heming was a common name among the sea-kings, 
 and these coins may perhaps have been struck by some of 
 them, but as we have no record of any King of that name 
 having held authority in England, and as it is not certain 
 that these coins bear that name, they must remain, here for 
 the present. 
 
 * A penoy in tKe collection of tlie late Rev. H. Christmas was said 
 to read See Eadmunde Eex Mar, -n-ith Degemund Moneta on the 
 Eererse. See NCNS i. 20; iv. 75. 
 
99 
 
 St. Petee, about 905 to 941. 
 
 These have been called Peter pence, and absurdly sup- 
 posed to have been struck for the purpose of paying to 
 Rome the tribute which bore that name. 
 
 As none of them were found at Cuerdale it may perhaps 
 be presumed that they were not in existence when that 
 hoard was deposited ; but in the year 1611 eleven of them, 
 of type 4, were discovered at Harkirke in the parish of 
 Sephton in Lancashire, together with 7 of Alfred's, types 
 3 and 4, 8 of Eadweard's, types 3 and 9, 4 of St. Edmund, 
 and one each of Abp. Plegmund (type 1), Cnut (type 3), 
 Berengarius, Louis, and Charles. (See NO v. 97). As this 
 small find consisted of coins similar to those found at 
 Cuerdale, with the addition of St. Peter's coins, we may 
 conclude that the latter came' into circulation very soon after 
 the Cuerdale hoard had been deposited, and they may 
 possibly have been the only coins struck in Northumbria 
 during the interval, if there was one, between the death of 
 Alwald and the accession of Sitric. They are all of silver, 
 and, except a unique halfpenny, of the size and form of 
 pennies. The legends on all of them seem to be intended 
 for abbreviations of SANCTI PETRI MONETA on the 
 obverse, and EBORAOI CIVITAS on the reverse; but 
 they are so extremely blundered that it would be imprac- 
 ticable with ordinary type, to give a complete list of them. 
 Such a list may however be found, if wanted, in Num. 
 Chron. N. S. ix. pp. 100 to 104. 
 
 The types of these coins are 
 
 1 . A sword across the field, to the right or to the left, 
 between the two lines of the legend ; between the letters of 
 the lower line is the unknown object which on Sitric's coins 
 has been called a hammer. Rev. cross with a pellet in each 
 quarter. (132). Rud. sii. 1, 2,3, 4. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, omitting the unknown object, which however 
 forms the type of the reverse. (133) Rud. xii. 5 ; C 13. MB. 
 
 7 * 
 
100 
 
 3. Similar to last. Rev. a hammer, which has been some- 
 times called a long cross. Rud. sxix. 28 ; or a variety with 
 sword pointing to the left, and nodots in the field (134). MB. 
 
 4. The saint's name &c., without the sword ; occasionally 
 there is a small ornament like a tree or a flower above or 
 below the legend (Rud. xii. 14). Rev. cross pat^e at ends. 
 Some of these coins are much more blundered than others, 
 and their weight varies from 11 to 22 grs. (608) Rud. xii. 
 6-14. MB. 
 
 5. Obverse hke last. Rev. monogram of Karolus, as on 
 Cnut's (589). On this type the obverse legend is always 
 SCIBTRN or SCI PBTRHPj the reverse legend is 
 EAROEOT, EBRAIOIT. ERARICBGT, or CA - - - CT. 
 Rud. XXX. 3. MB. 
 
 Halfpenny. In the British Museum there is an unique 
 coin of type 4, reading SCIII TRIM on the obverse and 
 EBORACE CI on the reverse. Its present weight is 5 grs. 
 It is very little worn, but has had a small piece broken off 
 it. It appears to belong to the better and heavier class of 
 coins, and if so is probably a third of a penny rather than a 
 halfpenny. (609.) 
 
 Type 4 seems to resemble coins of Alfred and Eadweard" 
 the elder (Rud. xvi.) more than any other. Type 5 is very 
 closely connected both by the monogram and by the legends 
 of the reverse with Cnut's coins, and was probably struck at 
 the same place as they were, but as none were found at Cuer- 
 dale, a little later. These types may therefore be dated 
 about 905 to 921, and ascribed to Abp. Ethelbald, 895 
 to 921. 
 
 Types 1, 2 and 3 are evidently about contemporary with 
 Sitric's and Eric's coins and with Regnald's types 3, 4, 5, 
 and were therefore probably struck between 921 and 941, or 
 thereabouts. The hght and heavy coins of type 4 however 
 are too different from each other in every respect for them 
 to have been struck by the same moneyers or at the same 
 time ; and accordingly Mr. Rashleigh proposes to place the 
 
101 
 
 former first and the latter last in the series of St. Peter's 
 coins. However this may bej this series carries down the 
 coins of the see of York from about the year 905 to 941, or 
 nearly to the abolition of the Northumbrian kingdom. The 
 Archbishops during this time were Bthelbald, who succeeded 
 Ulfhere and died in 921 ; he was succeeded by Leodeward, 
 and he by Wulstan, who died in 965, after which the coins 
 of this see became assimilated to the regal coins of the sole 
 monarchy. 
 
 There are two coins which were found with several of St. 
 Peter's type 4 (light weight) and of Eadweard the elder at 
 Chester, which are attributed by Mr. Rashleigh to Neil, who, 
 he says, reigned in Northumbria, probably soon after the 
 death of Alwald j but they appear to the editor to bear the 
 name of some bishop. One of them reads on the obverse 
 IIBIL I EP in two lines, a crescent before EP like those 
 on some of Eric's coins (see End. xi. I, 3; NCNS ix. 84). 
 Between the lines three crosses ; pellet above and below. 
 Rev. RCI'V'I CAI, retrograde, crescent before Oai. Small 
 cross. In this legend the letter read C may be P or E. 
 NCNS ix. pi. ii. 15. The other coin is of the same type 
 exactly, but is broken, and reads, obv. PE lOEP. Rev. 
 PEIAI-VI retrograde, orDEIYI-AI reversed. NCNS H. 305. 
 From the type, which resembles Eric's and Onlaf's, and the 
 company in which they were found, it is pretty certain 
 these coins must have been struck in Northumbria, about 
 905 to 921, but where and by whom is at present unknown. 
 
 St. Maetin, about 921 to 942. 
 
 Of St. Martin's pennies nothing more is known than 
 the specimens here described can tell j viz. that they bear 
 the name of St. Martin, SCI MARTI, and of the 
 city of Lincoln, LINCOIA CIVIT {MB.) LINCOLIA 
 CIVT [WIGAN) or IHCOIA CIVT {BA8HLEIGE), 
 where they were struck about the same time probably 
 
102 
 
 as those of St. Peter and Brio, between about 921 and 
 942j in whicli latter year Lincoln was conquered from 
 the Danes by King Edmund. They have on the obverse the 
 sword across the field to the right, dividing the two lines of 
 the legend, below which is a small T reversed, or perhaps a 
 hammer. The reverse consists of a large open cross enclos- 
 ing a small plain one (138) Eud. xii. The weight of the 
 Museum coin is 17^ grs. that of Mr. Wigan's 19y% grs. 
 A cross similar in form to that on these coins appears over 
 the door of a church at Kirkdale in Yorkshire, which is said 
 to have been rebuilt under the direction of a Dane named 
 Orm Gamalsuna. The same form of cross is also to be 
 found on Runic monuments of Scandinavia. NCNS ix. 
 105. 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 In early times, authority was given to some Archbishops, 
 Bishops and Abbots, to strike money and receive the profit 
 of so doing ; but it would appear that to the Archbishops 
 alone was granted the privilege of stamping the coin with 
 their own portraits. This is supposed to have been with- 
 drawn by ^thelstan in 924, when he ordered that all the 
 money in the kingdom should be uniform. The ecclesi- 
 astical mintages after this time are only distinguishable from 
 the royal by some peculiar marks, and these finally terminate 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. Those to be noticed here are 
 such as were struck previous to ./Slthelstan' s restrictions, and 
 they are confined to the sees of Canterbury and York. 
 
 CANTERBURY. 
 
 Jaenbeht, Aep. 763 to 790. 
 
 The date of the grant of a mint to the Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury is unknown ; but the earliest authenticated coins 
 
 of that series are some very rare pennies of Jaenbrht, who 
 
 held this see from 763 to 790, during which time no King of 
 
103 
 
 Kent is mentioned by the chroniclers. In 774j however, 
 " the Mercians and the men of Kent fought at Ottford " 
 (Sax. Ohr.), and on the authority of these coins we may 
 presume that OfEa wielded the sceptre of Kent at least from 
 that time till his death, when Eadberht Prsen seized the 
 throne. 
 
 Jaenbrht's coins are of the following types : — 
 
 1. lABNBRHT ARBP. Expanded flower or star within 
 inner circle. (140) Eud. xii. MB. NCNS vi. 256; or 
 IBNBERHT AREP. Cross pommee with straight line 
 botone proceeding from each angle, pellet between each 
 limb and line (found at Godmanstone, Dorset. EVANS. 
 NCNS Y. pi. xiv. 1. Weight, 18 grs.) ; or lENBERHT 
 ARP, cross potent, line botone extending from circle into 
 each angle. MB. (found under Canterbury Cathedral.) Rev. 
 OPFA REX in two lines within ornamental compartments ; 
 cross above, or above and below, inscription, with pellets 
 MB. ; or cross above and below, the curves not continued 
 round the inscription so as to form compartments, pellets 
 very numerous. EVANS. 
 
 2. IBNBERHT ARBP in three lines across the field. 
 Rev. OFPA REX formed out of the ends of a cruciform 
 ornament; found in digging the foundation for the Martyrs' 
 Memorial at Oxford. Sold at Oapt. Murchison's sale in 
 1866 for £38. (NCNS vi. 255, from which this description 
 is taken.) 
 
 iETHiLHBAED, Abp. 790 to 803. 
 
 To Jaenbrht succeeded .<51thilheard, who held the see tiU 
 803 ; he was consequently contemporary with Offa and with 
 Coenwlf, kings of Mercia, both of whose names occur upon 
 his coins, and with Eadberht Preen, who reigned 794 to 798, 
 during which time Ethilheard, who took Coenwlf's part, 
 was in banishment. His coins are very rare. The types 
 are : — 
 
104 
 
 1. AEDILHARD PONT. Rev. OFFA REX MBRO. 
 The type on botli sides is a star of six points^ all botone. 
 Weight 18| grs. (610). EVANS. Found at Bedford. 
 
 2. Legends similar ; but MER for Merc. The Christian 
 monogram on each side. BASHLEIG3. NONS. v. pi. 
 xiv. 3. 
 
 3. ABDILHBARD PONTI. cross crosslet. Rev. OFFA 
 between two semicircles enclosing his title REX M, (141) 
 Rud. xii. 1. 
 
 4. ABDILHBARD ARCEP in three lines divided by two 
 straight strokes botone. Rev. as type 3 but no semi-circle 
 round REX. EVANS, NCNS v. pi. xiv. Q, found at Rich- 
 borough. 
 
 5. ABDILHBARD ARC, with BP (for Episcopus) in 
 inner circle. Rev. OFFA between two straight strokes 
 botone, T above, REX below. MB. NO ib. 4. 
 
 6. Obv. as type 5. Rev. OFFA REX between limbs of a 
 cross potent in the centre of which is a circle containing T. 
 (611). MB. 
 
 7. ABDILHBARD AR, with BP in inner circle. Rev. 
 COBNVLF REX. a tribrach divides legend, having V 
 and T in two of the angles, the T referring to Mercia, the V 
 being an omitted letter in COBNVLF. (142) Rud. xii. 2. 
 This coin is in MB. and was bought at Mr. HolUs's sale for 
 £15. 15s. Compare it with Cuthred, King of Kent (54), 
 and Coenvulf of Mercia (75). Another omits the final R in 
 the legend of the obverse, and has also the letter X in an 
 angle of the tribrach, that letter having been omitted in the 
 word Rex. Rud. xiii. 3. D. of DEV0N8RIBE. In both 
 coins the letter in the king's name is part of the termi- 
 nating curve of the tribrach. 
 
 8. ABDILHBARD AR, with EP in inner circle, the BP 
 being on one coin reversed. Rev. COBNVVLF REX, with 
 T in inner circle. Rud. xiii. 4. NONS. v. pi. xiv. 7, 8. 
 EVANS. ''- 
 
105 
 
 VuLFEBD, A OP. 803 to 830. 
 
 Vulfred succeeded ^thilheard in 803^ and upon Ms pen- 
 nies omitted the name of the contemporary king ; placing his 
 own name and front faced portrait upon the obversOj and 
 the name of his moneyer or his metropolis upon the reverse. 
 The types and legends are^ 
 
 1. VVLFRBDARCHIBPI. Eev. SAEBERHT MONE- 
 TA. A monogram probably meaning Doroberniae civitatis. 
 Rud. xiii. 1. EUNTEB. ilCB. or SYVEPNERD MONE- 
 TA. EYAN8. On these coins the bust extends to the 
 outer circle. 
 
 2. Another, which was Mr. HoUis's, with reverse like 
 Rud. xiii. \, has the bust within the inner circle, and the 
 obverse legend is WLPRBDI ARCHIEPISCOP. (143). 
 MB. 
 
 3. VVLFRED ARCHIEPIS. Rev. DOROBBRNIA 
 CIVITAS, in three lines. Rud. xiii. 3. Pegge's Plates. 
 D. of DEVONSHIRE ? Rud. xiii. 2 is now known to be 
 false. 
 
 4. Another, which belongs to Mr. R. SainthiU, of Cork, 
 has the bust extending to the outer circle, and reads V VL- 
 FRBD without titles. (MS. letter from Mr. Sainthill, May, 
 1841.) 
 
 5. YVLFRED ARCHIEPIS. Rev. SVVEPNERD 
 MONET, with DRYR CITS in inner circle. (144.) MB. 
 LUSGOMBE. In Nos. 2, 3, 5, the bust is confined within 
 the inner circle. Both Vulfred's moneyers seem to have 
 struck coins for Coenwif of Mercia. All v. r, 
 
 Ceolnoth, Abp. 830 to 870. 
 
 Theogild, the immediate successor of Vulfred, holding the 
 see only three months, does not appear to have left any 
 coins ; but, of Ceolnoth, who was Archbishop from 830 to 
 870, there are several. All his coins present his bust, name 
 and title on one side ; generally a front face ; the profile 
 
106 
 
 very rarely ; in both cases the bust extends to the outer 
 circle. His types are, 
 
 1. CEOLNOTH AECHIEP. Front face. Eev. like the 
 coins of Bthelwlf and ^thelbearht, moneyer's name and title 
 MONBTA on the arms, and in the angles, of a cross (145), 
 Kud. xiii. 1. MB. r. 
 
 2. Obv. similar. Eev. moneyer's name, with MONETA 
 DOEO. cross moline saltirewise, upon a mascle enclosing a 
 plain cross. Eud. xiii. 2. 
 
 3. CEOLNOTH AEHIEPI. Eev. DOROVEENIA. cross 
 with CI VI T AS in the angles, Eud. xiii. 3 ; or the same 
 legend or AEHIEI on obv., the moneyer's name, full title, 
 and place of mintage, DOEOVEEL, DOEYBE, or DOE- 
 VEEN, on rev. (146). Eud. xiii. 4, xxvii. IfS. y. r. 
 
 4. CIALNOTH AEC, AECES, or AECEPIS. Eev. 
 moneyer's name and title. Christian monogram, like 
 Bthelwlf (162). Eud. xiii. 5, 6. 0. 15. NO. v. pi. iv.50. MB. 
 
 5. CIALNOTH AEC or AECE. Eev. monogram, which 
 varies on each coin, perhaps a contraction of Dorobernia 
 civitas. (148), Eud. xiii. 7. C. 14. MB. 
 
 6. CEOCNOTH AECHIEP. Eev. moneyer's name, 
 above and below which is his title, in two lines, within two 
 semicircles, like Burgred (86) . MB. unique ? of base silver. 
 
 7. CEOLNOTH AECHIEP. Profile face. Eev. simUar 
 to No. 6. Eud. xiii. 8. MB. 8AINTHILL, v.r. 
 
 Biamred (1) 
 Biarnulf (1) 
 Biobnmod (4) 
 Biommod (4, 5) 
 Cealmod (1) 
 Cenvar (1) 
 Cialmod (1) 
 Diala (2) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Ethelvald (1) 
 Hebeca (1, 6) 
 Herebearht (1) 
 Li (3) 
 Liabince (1) 
 Liabincg (1) 
 
 Svebneard (4) 
 Svibneard (4) 
 Tocga (1, 7) 
 Vunore (4, 5) 
 Vimliere (4) 
 Vvunlier (4) 
 VTUnnere (4) 
 
 Etheeed, Abp. 871 to 890. 
 Bthered succeeded Ceolnoth in 871 and held the see for 
 twenty years. Only two coins of this Archbishop are at 
 
107 
 
 present known ; one of these was in Mr. Hollis' collection, 
 and at his sale was purchased by the Museum for £26. 10s. 
 The type is the Archbishop's bust to the right, ETHBRED 
 ARCHIEPI. Eev. a quatrefoil, enclosing a circle, over the 
 centre of a cross, between the arms of which is the legend, 
 except the four last letters which are outside the quatrefoil, 
 ETHERED MONETA. The workmanship of this coin, 
 and its general appearance, is very superior to tHose of the 
 preceding Archbishop. Weight 22 grs. (149), Rud. xsx. 5. 
 MB. The other was found at Cuerdale. It has a very plain 
 appearance, resembling the common type of his successor, 
 Plegmund. Obv. ETHBRED ARCHIP. small cross. Rev. 
 ELPSTAN MO in two lines, a single pellet above, below, 
 and between them. NO. v. 99. " MB. 
 
 PLEaMUND, Abp. 891 to 923. 
 
 Plegmund held the See of Oanterbury from 891 to 923. 
 No portrait appears on his pennies, on the reverses of all 
 of which is the moneyer's name in two lines with crosses or 
 pellets interspersed, and followed, except where it is other- 
 wise expressed in the Hst of moneyers, by MO. The types 
 of his obverses are, 
 
 1. PLEGMVND ARCHIEP. A pastoral staff? (150), 
 Rud. xiii. 1; 
 
 2. PLEaMVND ACHIEP. A large cross. Eud. xiii. 2. 
 
 3. PLEGMVND foUowed by ARCHIEP, EPIZC, M, (this 
 is probably only a mistake of the moneyer), or ORO (for 
 Dorobernia) J or PLEGEMVNDORO (the two latter legends 
 retrograde) ; or ELFRED REX PLEGN {MB unique ?) 
 Small cross. (151) MB. Rud. xiii. 3, 4; NO. v. pi. iv. 
 51, 53. 
 
 4. P, PE, or RE, followed by a small cross, DORO, and 
 some abbreviation of Archiepiscopus ; or in one case the 
 small cross is between P and E. Small cross, moneyer's 
 name generally very much blundered. (612) MB. 
 
108 
 
 5. PLBGMYND or ELEGMVND with his title Archie- 
 piscopus variously abbreviated. DORO ia two lines, some- 
 times retrograde, across the field. Nineteen specimens of 
 this type were found at Ouerdale. It was not previously 
 known. (613). MB. 
 
 6. PLBGMVND EPISZ. XDP vertically across the 
 field, I on each side of it. This type has not been explained. 
 Only two specimens, both found at Ouerdale, are known. 
 (614). MB. 
 
 7. Two other coins were found at Ouerdale, which, though 
 exceedingly blundered, cannot be attributed to any one but 
 Plegmund. They read respectively EDI AEPI EVIORO 
 
 and DUE ED, and are in other respects similar to 
 
 type 4. Plegmund's coins were very rare, but 59 of them, 
 all of the last 5 types, were found at Ouerdale, so that the 
 last 5 types, at any rate, must have been struck before a.d 
 906 or thereabouts. It is not unlikely that some of them, 
 especially the blundered types 4 and 7, having been found 
 only at Ouerdale, may have been struck by the Danes in 
 imitation of Plegmund's coins. See under Alfred's reign. 
 
 Aethelulf (1) 
 Birnaiiid (4) 
 Birnvad (5) 
 BimTald (4) 
 Bnriiad (4) 
 Bnrivad (4) 
 Desaud (3) 
 Diarvald (5, 6, 7) 
 Eicmvnd (2) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Elfstam (3) 
 Elfstan (3, 5) 
 Elfxtan (3) 
 Elstan (3) 
 Ensam (8) 
 Ethalulf (3) 
 Ethelstan (3, _ 
 Ethelulf (3, 7) 
 Ethered (4) 
 
 .6) 
 
 Hereferth (3) 
 Hunfretk (3, 5) 
 Hunfrhde (5) 
 Sigeheim Nor (3) 
 Sigehelm Mon (3, NC 
 
 viii. 126) 
 Tidvald (3, 5) 
 Tidveald (3) 
 
 Uncbetain. 
 
 There are a few pennies which present an Archiepiscopal 
 head, front or side face, with the name of a moneyer and his 
 full title MONETA round it, and the name of Oanterbury 
 on the reverse. Seven moneyer's names appear on these 
 pennies ; six of them, were moneyers of Ooenwlf, King of 
 Mercia from 794 to 818 ; and one of the coins has a 
 
109 
 
 moneyer and type precisely the same as one of Archbishop 
 Vulfred, so that if we compare these coins as to style, type^ 
 and money ers' names, there can be little doubt but that 
 they were struck by that prelate. Those with the side 
 face however, which is less certainly ecclesiastical than 
 the full face, may have been struck at Canterbury by the 
 direct authority of Coenwlf himself. The types of these 
 uncertain coins are, 
 
 1. Front face, as on the coins of Archbishops Vulfred 
 and Ceolnoth. Eev. DOROBBRNIA CIVITAS in three 
 lines, somewhat like Vulf red's Rud. xiii. 3. (162) Rud. 
 xiii. 4. MB. 
 
 2. Profile. Rev. like type 1. Rud. xiii. 1, 2. MB. 
 
 3. Profile. Rev. legend same as on obverse. DRUR 
 CITS in two lines within inner circle, similar to Vulfred's 
 (144). Rud. xiii. 3. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Diormod (2) Ota (2)* 
 
 Luninci (1) Saeberht (]) 
 
 Luning (1)* Sigestef (2) 
 
 Swefnerd (1, 2 * 3) 
 Werheard (2)* 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS OF YORK. 
 Eakbald, 796. 
 
 All the coins of this see on which an Archbishop's name 
 appears are stycas, like those of the contemporary kings of 
 Northumberland. The coins of Ecgberht, Archbishop, 780 
 to 766j have been already described, p. 66. After him the 
 earliest whose coins are known is Banbald. The first of 
 that name was consecrated in 780, and died in 796, when he 
 was succeeded by the second, to whom these coins probably 
 belong ; for all their types and moneyers appear also on the 
 coins of King Eanred, during whose reign he died, though 
 in what year is not recorded. 
 
 The Archbishop's name is written in many different ways, 
 
 and the title, never longer than ARBP, is sometimes 
 
 * In Mr. Evans's collection. The reverse of Oba's coin is exactly 
 like Coenwlf 's End. vi. 8. 
 
no 
 
 altogether omitted. The moneyer's name, without any title, 
 forms the legend of the reverse. (153) Rud. xiv., xxviii., 2 
 D, 2 K, 2 0. MB. These coins were exceedingly rare 
 before the discovery at Hexham : one sold at Mr. Barclay's 
 sale in 1831 for upwards of £5 ; a few shillings is now a fair 
 price. Only one coin of Banhald was found in the York 
 hoard. The types are (1) cross, or (2) pellet j these are 
 sometimes enclosed in a circle, either plain, or composed of 
 pellets. (3) Cross with peUet in each angle. (4) Cross of 
 five pellets. (5) Two pellets. 
 
 Aedvnlf 
 
 Cavaalf 
 
 CvyvTilf 
 
 Cyaniilf 
 
 Cynvulf 
 
 Eabvulf 
 
 Eadlvuf 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Eadvulf 
 
 Edilveard 
 
 Eadvulrf 
 
 Eodvulf 
 
 Eadvvolf 
 
 Eodvulfl 
 
 Eaevulf 
 
 Bunulf 
 
 Eaodvulf 
 
 Eunvalf 
 
 Edilvard 
 
 Euraulf 
 
 Edilvardi 
 
 
 VioMUND, 831 to 854. 
 
 Of Wulsius the successor of Eanbald there are not any 
 coins known, but of Vigmund, the next in succession, who 
 was consecrated in 831, there are some. The name is 
 written VIGMVND, VaMVND, VIGMVD, or EIGMVND, 
 and is generally, but not always, followed by the title, which 
 is never longer than AREP. On one coin (Rud. 2 N. 57), the 
 title RX is given him, presumably by mistake. The moneyer's 
 name, without any title, generally forms the legend of the 
 reverse, but occasionally the Archbishop's name and title 
 appear on both sides. Some coins of his were discovered both 
 at Hexham and York. The types are : Obv. cross; Rev. (1) 
 cross, sometimes with pellet in each angle, or in three angles 
 and opposite one limb ; or (2) Cross of five pellets ; or (3) 
 Cross of eight pellets ; or (4) Pellet within circle of pellets ; 
 or (5) T, generally with pellet on each side of it. (6) Obv. 
 cross with pellet in each angle, Rev. cross, or (7) Cross of 
 
Ill 
 
 five pellets. (8) Obv. cross with pellet in one angle : Rev. 
 cross. (9) Obv. pellet witliin circle of pellets : Rev. cross, 
 sometimes with pellet in two, three, or four angles. (10) 
 Obv. and Eev. pellet witliin circle of pellets. (11) Obv. 
 two crosses. Rev. cross. (154) End. xiv. xxvii. 2 L to 2 N. 
 MB. In the list of moneyers all not otherwise marked 
 were found at Hexbam and are engraved in Ruding. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Coened 
 
 Edilveiaed 
 
 Eofnred 
 
 Coenred 
 
 EdilTeiied 
 
 Etlielveard (Y) 
 
 Coinred 
 
 Edilverrd 
 
 Eulphelm (R) 
 
 Conered 
 
 Edilvhurd 
 
 Proinne (R) 
 
 Edelhelm 
 
 Edlveard 
 
 Hdiraf 
 
 Edilhard (fi) 
 
 EilvWrd 
 
 Hnulaf (B,) 
 
 Edilvead 
 
 Elfheard (T) 
 
 Hunla 
 
 Edilveaid 
 
 Eoenred 
 
 Hunlaf 
 
 Edilveard 
 
 Eoenreo 
 
 
 ULrHEEE, 854 to 895. 
 
 Ulfhere succeeded to the see in 854 and died in 895. 
 His stycas resemble tbe former ones, tbey are rare and only 
 one moneyer's name is known. He is styled VLFHBRE 
 ABEE, APBR, or ABP, and is tbe last Archbishop whose 
 name occurs upon tbe York episcopal mint. His types are 
 (1) cross botoue upon plain circle. Rev. four crescents back 
 to back, with bne or pellet between them. (155) Rud. xiv. 
 
 1. (2) Cross within beaded circle. Rev. cross. Rud. xiv. 
 
 2. (3) Cross with pellet in each angle. Rev. cross, ib. 3. 
 Moneyer, Vulfred. 
 
 The coins bearing the name of St. Peter were probably 
 struck by the three immediate successors of Ulfhere, see 
 p. 99. 
 
 WEST SAXONS. 
 
 BCGBEOEHT. 
 
 In the year 800 Ecgbeorht became king of tbe West 
 Saxons, gave the name of England to his territories, and 
 gradually subdued nearly the whole of South Britain. He 
 has been in consequence generally styled the first sole 
 monarch, though in fact he never actually possessed tbe 
 
112 
 
 whole kingdom. He died in 837 : upon Ms pennies lie is 
 styled, except wtere it is otherwise stated, ECGBEORHT 
 REX. The moneyer's name, generally with his title 
 MONBTA, forms the legend of the reverse, except on type 
 7. The types are. 
 
 The king's profile to the right, within the inner circle, 
 with the following legends and reverses. 
 
 1. Cross crosslet. End. xiv. 1. 
 
 2. Cross potent. Rud. xxvii. 1. BA8ELMGE. 
 
 3. Cross patonce, wedge in each angle. Rud. xxx. 6. MB. 
 or without wedges, BCGBEARHT REX. EVANS. 
 
 4. RE for REX. Rev. four crescents back to back, a 
 pellet between them. Rud. xiv. 4. MB. 
 
 6. ABGCBEARHT REX. Rev. tribrach moline. The 
 spelling and form of the letters upon this coin are very 
 peculiar. (156) LU8G0MBE. 
 
 6. ECGBBARHT REX. Rev. monogram of the king's 
 name, ECBOR ? or it has been read DOROB C. It is evi- 
 dently copied from that of Karolus on the Karolingian 
 coins. BVAN8. 
 
 Bust extending to the outer circle. 
 
 7. ECGBBARHT REX or R. Rev. as type 6. (157) 
 Rud. xiv. 2, 3. MB. 
 
 8. Letter A above Saxon T reversed. (158). MB. 
 
 9. Cross, two limbs moline, two patonce. MB. a fragment. 
 
 10. SAXO or SAXON in the field instead of bust. Rev. 
 cross patonce. (159) Rud. xiv. 5, 6, 7, 8. MB. Mr. Creeke 
 has one with SAXONIORYM in three lines in the field on 
 the obverse NCNS svi. 150. 
 
 11. King styled REX T. Cross potent. Rev. monogram 
 of SAX ? within inner circle. Moneyer's name illegible. 
 E. WIGKHAM, ESQ., Strood, Kent. Pound in Rochester. 
 NCNS iii. 46. 
 
 12. Cross potent on each side. Rud. xxx. 7. MB. 
 
 13. HECBBARHT REX. Nine rays issuing from a 
 circle within which is a pellet. Rev. tribrach, each arm of 
 which branches into two. (615). MB. 
 
113 
 
 14. HECBEARHT REX. Cross patee. Rev. cross 
 crosslet. (160). MB. 
 
 16. HECBEARHT REX. Cross of six limbs patonce. 
 Rev. cross of five limbs patonce. EVANS. 
 
 16. EGCBBARHTREX. Cross patonce. Rev. six limbs 
 patonce issuing from a common centre. Rud. xxvii. 2. 
 BA8ELEIGH. 
 
 17. At the sale of tte Whitbourn cabinet in 1869, a coin 
 was sold by the following description for £24. 5s. " Ecg- 
 beorbt. Unpublished ; in the centre a double monogram, 
 possibly intended for Merciorum : Rev. a cross crosslet in 
 the centre. Unique and extremely fine." NCNS ix. 289; 
 see ib. iii. 46. 
 
 The legend on the reverse of (158) almost certainly 
 stands for St. Andrew, the patron saint of the city of 
 Rochester, where the coin was probably struck. This is the 
 only authority for assigning any peculiar locality to 
 Ecgbeorht^s mints, unless the monogram on types 6 and 7 
 indicates one. His coins are very rare, and weigh about 
 22 grs. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Beagmund (17) 
 Beornehart (10) 
 Beornheard (10) 
 Beornlieartli (R) 
 Biornmod (7) 
 Biosel (7) 
 Bosa (10) 
 Bosel (7) 
 Debis (E) 
 
 Deid . . (7) 
 Diormod (7, 14) 
 Dunun (2, 4) 
 Edelmod (3, 12) 
 Oba (7, 16) 
 Osmund (7) 
 Sigestef (1) 
 Svefnurd (7) 
 Suene (6) 
 
 Syvefnerd (3, 13) 
 Tidbearht (R) 
 Tideman (10) 
 Tiluvine (R) 
 Tidbearht (7)* 
 Timbearht (7) 
 Timdearht (R) 
 Vvefnard (R) 
 Wemeard (5, 15) 
 
 Ethelwlp, 837 to 856. 
 
 Upon the death of Bogbeorht in 837, his son Ethelwlf 
 succeeded to his West Saxon dominions : but Kent, Essex, 
 Sussex and Surrey fell to the share of ^thelstan, on whose 
 death in 852 they reverted to Ethelwlf, who has consequently 
 
 * Sold at Eev. J. L. Sbeppard's sale, NCNS i. 64, for £4. 12s. 
 
114 
 
 upon his coins sometimes merely the title RBXj but some- 
 times this is continued on the reverse by CANT.^ SAXONI- 
 ORTJM, or OGOIDBNTALIVM SAXONIOEUM, expres- 
 sive of the different portions of the kingdom of which he 
 successively became king. Where it is not otherwise stated, 
 the obverse legend is ETHELWLF REX. A moneyer's 
 name, generally with his title, forms the legend on the 
 reverse of all except type 16. Canterbury is the only known 
 mint of this king. Weight 22 gr. The types are, 
 
 Obv. king's bust to the right extending to outer edge, 
 encircled, except on type 1, by a single or double fillet. 
 
 1. ETHELWLF (or ^THLVLF Eud. D 25) REX. 
 Head generally uncovered, but sometimes encircled by a 
 single fiUet. Rev. moneyer's name with MONETA (or 
 MONET, Rud. D. 25) within the arms and in the angles of 
 a cross. Rud. xiv. 2. C. 16. D. 25, 26. MB. 
 
 2. ETHELWLF REX or RX, ETHELWLE REX, 
 or BTHELVLF REX. Rev. cross crosslet. Rud. xxx. 
 13. MB. 
 
 3. Rev. cross crosslet, pellet in each angle. MB. 
 
 4. Rev. cross, two arms moline, two patonce. xxviii. 3. 
 MB. 
 
 5. ETHELWLF or ETHELWLE REX. Rev. plain 
 cross upon cross patonce, (or it may often be described as a 
 cross with a wedge in each angle), xxvii. 1 ; xxx. 9. MB. 
 
 6. Rev. cross patonce upon cross botone. (161). Rud, 
 xxx. 8. MB. 
 
 7. RE instead of REX. Rev. cross patonce, pellet in 
 each angle, xxx. 14. MB. 
 
 8. ETHBLWLFE retrograde, no title. Rev. cross 
 of six limbs, xxx. 11. MB. 
 
 9. Rev. monogram of Christ. (162). Rud. xxx. 12. MB. 
 
 10. Rev. letter A. Rud. xiv. 1. xxx. 10. MB. 
 Obv. head within inner circle. 
 
 11. Rev. small cross, xxx. 15. MB. 
 
 12. Rev. cross potent, xxvii. 2. BA8ELEIGH. 
 
115 
 
 Obv. plain cross upon cross patonce. 
 
 13. Eev. cross crosslet. xiv. 3. MB. 
 
 14. Rev. cross two limbs moline, two patonce. (163) 
 Rud. XV. 8. MB. 
 
 16. ETHELTVLF or ABTHELWLF REX. Rev. 
 SAXONIORVM in three lines within the inner circle. 
 (164). Rud. XV. 6. MB. 
 
 16. AETHELWLP REX. Rev. Uke type 15, but legend 
 OCCIDENTALIVM instead of moneyer's name. Rud. 
 XV. 7. MB. The obverse of one of these coins has a pellet 
 at the end of each limb of the smaller cross. 
 
 17. AETHELVVLF REX. Rev. cross moline. xxx. 16. 
 MB. 
 
 18. AETHBLYVLP REX. Rev. type same as obverse. 
 XXX. 18. MB. 
 
 19. Rev. cross upon cross botone. MB, 
 
 20. ABTHBLWL or AETHELVVLF REX. Rev. 
 letter A. xxx. 17. MB. 
 
 Obv. SAXON in monogram within the inner circle (com- 
 pare Ecgbeorht, type 10). 
 
 21. AETHELVVLF REX. Rev. cross, wedge in each 
 angle. (616). MB. 
 
 Obv. DORIBI, the letters arranged in a circle within the 
 inner circle. 
 
 22. ETHELVVLF REX or REXX, ETHEL VVF or 
 ETHELWLFI REX.* Rev. CANT in monogram. (166) 
 Rud. xiv. 4 ; XV. 5 J xxx. 20. MB. 
 
 23. Rev. letter A. xxx. 21. MB. 
 
 24. Obv. CANT in monogram. ETHEL WLFB REX. 
 Rev. cross with TANE in the angles. (167) Rud. xxx. 19. 
 MB. lOR, which appears in the legend, after the word 
 Moneta in Ruding's plate ought to be DOR for Dorobernia. 
 The workmanship is extremely coarse upon all the coins of 
 Ethelwlf. 
 
 * The moneyer Herebeald, and sometimes Hunbeaht, places the 
 king's name on the reverse, and his own on the obverse, in this type. 
 
 8 * 
 
116 
 
 Beagmun (11) 
 Beagmund(7,12,13,4) 
 Beagmuund (13) 
 Biarmod (R) 
 Biammod (22) 
 Biarnnoth (10, 22) 
 Biormod (B.) 
 Brid (20, 22) 
 Degbearht (1) 
 Peineah (2, 3, 9) 
 Diar* (1. 2, 6, 15, 23) 
 Dineali (E) 
 Dadvine (1) 
 Dunn (E) 
 Dun (17, 18) 
 Duun (17) 
 Eagmund (22) 
 Eaigmund (R) 
 Ealgmund (22) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Eanmund (3, 22) 
 Eardulfes (E) 
 Etheleliere (R) 
 Ethelere (E) 
 Ethelerd (22) 
 Ethelgeard (1) 
 Khelhere (4, 14) 
 Ethellod (E) 
 Ethelmod (1) 
 Ethelmund (22) 
 Elhelnotli(l) 
 Hebeca (24) 
 Hedebeald (R) 
 Herebeaed (E) 
 Herebeaer (8) 
 Herebeald(5,6,15,22) 
 Herebeld (E) 
 Herebeuld (E) 
 Hunbearlit (1, 5) 
 
 Hunred (1) 
 
 Liaba (2, 5) 
 
 Liuba (2) 
 
 Maninc (1, 5, 19, 22) 
 
 Manna (1, 2, 6, 15) 
 
 Mann (2) 
 
 Osmund (2, 5, 6, 10, 
 
 15, 22) 
 Tirvald (1) 
 Torbtulf (1) 
 Torhtwald (15) 
 Vermund (1) 
 Vvealheard (E) 
 Vvealhlieard (22) 
 Vvelhkeard (13,14,22) 
 Vviltem (21) 
 Willieali (11, 20) 
 Weinean (22) 
 
 ^THELBALD, 855 tO 860. 
 
 ^thelbald, tlie son of Ethelwlf, seized upon West Saxony 
 in his father's lifetime, in 855, and held it till his own death 
 in 860. The following coin is given upon the authority of a 
 plate engraved under the auspices of the notorious Mr. John 
 White. Dr. Combe saw the coin in the collection of Mr. 
 Austin, and was satisfied of its authenticity, it subsequently 
 disappeared, and has not since been discovered. (168). 
 Compare with Ethel wlf, Rud. xiv. 2. and ^thelbearht. (169). 
 
 jSiTHELBEAEHT, 856 tO 866. 
 
 .^thelbearht, second son of Ethelwlf, succeeded to Kent, 
 &c. upon the death of his father in 856, and to West Saxony 
 on the death of his brother in 860. His bead appears upon 
 all his coins, yet known, with the legend, except where it is 
 otherwise stated in the notes to the hst of moneyers, 
 ABTHELBEARHT REX. The types of the reverses are 
 
 * This moneyer on type 1 places his name and full title on the 
 limbs of the cross, placing an annulet in two of the angles, and Y and 
 A (or V) in the other two respectively. 
 
117 
 
 1. The moneyer's name with MONBTA arranged within 
 and between the arms of a cross. (169), Rud. xv. 1^ 2. MB. 
 as those of Archbishop Ceolnoth and Bthelwlf. xiv. 2. 
 
 2. An ornamented cross^ with similar legend. (170) Rud. 
 XV. 3. MB. r. Upon the latter type the head is rather less 
 barbarous, and is decorated with a double fillet ; while upon 
 the others there are only one or two specimens which exhibit 
 any, and those only slight, traces of any such ornament. 
 Some weigh as much as 24 gr., the generality about 20. 
 
 Bademund (1) 
 Badenoth (1) 
 Beagmund (1) 
 Beahmund (1) 
 Biammod (1) 
 Biamvine (1) 
 Burnvald (1) 
 Cealeard (1) 
 Cenred (1) 
 Cenveald (1, 2) 
 Cunefreth (1, 2) 
 Dealla (1) 
 Degbearht (1) 
 Deglab (E) 
 Deglaf (1) 
 Denemund (]) 
 Dialmod (E) 
 Diarmod (1) 
 Dudda (E) 
 Dudvine (1) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Dudwine (E) 
 Eadulf (1)* 
 Ealdred (1) 
 Ethelgeard (1) 
 Ethelhere (1) 
 Ethelnoth (1) 
 Ethelred (1) 
 Ethelreed (1) 
 Ethelveald (1) 
 Ethelulf (1) 
 Ethered (1) 
 Heabearht (1) 
 Hebeoa (R) 
 Herebeald (1) 
 Herefreth (1) 
 Heregeard (1) 
 Heremund (1) 
 Hunbearht (1) 
 Hunred (1) 
 Liabino (1) 
 
 Lmbincg (1) 
 Luceman (1) 
 Maninc (1) 
 Nothulf (1) 
 Osbearht (1) 
 Oshere (1) 
 Osmere (R) 
 Sefreth (1) 
 Selered (1) 
 Sigehere (1) 
 Torhtmund (1) 
 Tor ... n (2) 
 Torhtulf (1 ) 
 Vernmnd (1) 
 Viinotb (l)t 
 Viohtmuud (1) 
 Vlanceard (1) 
 Vulfeard (1) 
 Vulfbeard (1) 
 Vunbearht (1) 
 
 ^THELEBD, 866 to 871. 
 
 Upon the death of -^Ethelbearht in 866, although he left 
 some children, jSlthelred his brother ascended the throne. 
 The first two types of his coins, which are -not numerous, 
 have on the obverse the king's bust to the right, with the 
 legend, except where it is otherwise stated, AETHELRED 
 REX ; but the moneyer Dealla styles him M REX. The 
 reverses are similar to Burgred's types 1 and 3, viz.. 
 
 * King's name spelt AETHEBEAEHT. 
 
 t EE for EEX. 
 
118 
 
 1. Moneyer's name and title across the field between three 
 UneSj the upper and lower one being curved at the ends. 
 Above is the letter A with three pellets at each side of it. 
 End. XV. 5. MB. 
 
 2. Moneyer's name between two semicircles enclosing his 
 denomination. Rud. xv. 1 — 4. MB. The coins of these 
 types are generally light and impure silver^ the usual 
 weight being about 18 grs., but some in the British Museum 
 go up as high as 21 and even 23-j^ grs. 
 
 These are the only coins generally attributed to this king ; 
 but there is another very different type which we think must 
 be given to him, at all events till some more plausible 
 claimant can be found. 
 
 3. ETHELEBD EEX. Front of a temple. Eev. cross 
 pate or crosslet, pellet in each angle^ within inner circle. (89). 
 NC v. pi. I. 1. Or with front of temple somewhat differently 
 formed, obverse legend EDELEBD EEX ANG, Eev. annulet 
 instead of pellet in one angle. Linds. pi. vi. 156. 
 
 Of this type only five coins are known to exist, of which 
 three, or rather two and a fragment, were found at Cuerdale; 
 it is not stated where the coin in Lindsay was found ; but 
 the fifth, (89), was in the British Museum before the Cuer- 
 dale discovery, and was there recorded to have been found 
 in Seafield churchyard; but no such place is now known. 
 It weighs 21-j8(j grs. This coin was supposed to read on the 
 reverse BEOENH EE, and was therefore confidently 
 assigned to Beonna and Ethelred, successive and, as this 
 coin was supposed to prove, at one time joint kings of the 
 Bast Angles, contemporary with Offa. But when it appeared 
 that if the coins found at Cuerdale belonged to this king 
 Ethelred, they must have been struck about a hundred years 
 earlier than any of the others found there, the coin in the 
 British Museum was carefully re-examined, and it turned out 
 that the supposed letter R on the reverse was in fact an A, 
 and that the supposed king must therefore be degraded into 
 a moneyer, of the name of BEOENHAE, a name which 
 
119 
 
 appears on coins of Eadmund of Bast Anglia. The type of 
 the reverse of these coins is very like the common East 
 Anglian type. It is therefore probable that they were 
 struck by some prince nearly if not quite contemporary with 
 Eadmund. And as only one other English coin, that of Abp. 
 Ceolnothj was found at Ouerdale which must have been struck 
 before 870, the year in which both Eadmund and Ceolnoth 
 died, it is probable that these coins were struck not much 
 earlier than that year. The name Heahmod on the only one 
 of the three Cuerdale coins which is legible appears on no 
 other piece at present known. The type of the temple 
 front occurs on these pieces alone of the English series, and 
 was probably adopted from the Carolingian coins on which 
 it is common, and on which it is constantly associated with 
 the type of a cross with a pellet in each angle exactly as on 
 (89). About forty-five Carolingian coins of this type were 
 found at Cuerdale. Now Ethelwlf of Wessex, father of 
 -iSlfchebed, married as his second wife Judith, daughter of 
 Charles the Bald, who was afterwards married and divorced 
 by his son Ethelbald j so that there must have been con- 
 siderable correspondence between the Carolingian courts and 
 that of "Wessex very shortly before .^thelred's accession, 
 and a German or Italian moneyer may well have come over 
 to "Wessex and attempted to introduce this type of coin 
 (which is German or Italian rather than French). There- 
 fore, as ^thelred was so far as we know the only king of 
 that name reigning about 870, and the coins are fixed to 
 that date by the place where three of them were found and the 
 name of the moneyer on the fourth, and as ^thelred was 
 closely connected with the Carolingian kings and Emperors 
 from whose coins this type is imitated, we think that we are 
 justified in assigning these coins to him.* 
 
 * In his account of the Cuerdale find NC r. 6, the author said that 
 the type and workmanship of these coins seem to fix them to the dis- 
 trict of East Anglia, and the name of the moneyer Beornhae to some 
 prince contemporary or nearly so with Eadmund ; and that from the 
 
120 
 
 Aaiiievoviii (3) 
 Beornhae (3) 
 Biarneah (2) 
 Biarnmod (1,* 2t) 
 Burgnoth [2) 
 Cuthhelm (1) 
 Dealla (2) 
 Denevald (2)J 
 Denvald (R) 
 Diarulf (2) 
 
 Money ers. 
 
 Diga (E) 
 Dudd (R) 
 Dudda(2)§ 
 Dunn (2) 
 Elbere (2) 
 Ella (2) 
 Ethelred (2) 
 Heahmod(3) 
 Herebeald (2) 
 
 Herpulf (2) 
 Liabinc (2) 
 Lulla (2) 
 Manine (2) 
 Manninc (2) 
 Mann (2) 
 Osliere (2) 
 Torhtmund (1, 2) 
 Vvine (2) 
 
 Alfred. 
 
 In 872 Alfred succeeded his brother -^Ethelred, and held 
 the sceptre till 901 ; but during the first part of his reign his 
 kingdom was very much infested by the Danes, who at his 
 accession were, under the command of Halfden, in posses- 
 sion of Reading, and who spent the winter of 872 in London. 
 In 873 they left Wessex and fixed their winter quarters at 
 Torksey in Lincolnshire, and after subduing Mercia Half den 
 proceeded to Northumbria, but three kings, Gothrum, 
 Oskytel and An wind, left him and in 876 invaded Wessex 
 and surprised Warehara and Exeter; in the winter of 877 
 the speed of their movements enabled them to take posses- 
 sion of the whole of Wessex except Somersetshire ; but in 
 the Midsummer of tbat year they were finally defeated by 
 Alfred, Gothrum was baptized, aad after spending one year 
 at Cirencester the Danes in 880 retired into Bast Anglia, 
 leaving to Alfred undisputed possession of Wessex and of a 
 great part of Mercia. It is necessary to state these few 
 facts before considering Alfred's coins, to which we must 
 
 death of Etbelberbt in 792 to the accession of Eadmund in 855, and 
 again from Eadmund's death in 870 to its conquest by Guthrum in 
 880, that district was in a very disturbed state and some unknown 
 person of the name of Ethelred may have exercised authority there 
 during one of those periods, or Ethelred of Wessex may have done so 
 in the year between Eadmund's death and his own. 
 
 * Eashleigh. NCNS vin. 148. 
 
 t King's name sometimes Ethelred. 
 
 J Eing's name Athelered. § King's name sometimes Aethledi. 
 
121 
 
 now proceed. They seem to fall into four principal divisions^ 
 struck apparently at different periods of his reign. The 
 first division consists of those coins whose types are the same 
 with those used by ^thelred or his predecessors in Wessex^ 
 or by Burgred or Ceolwlf II. in Mercia^ together with such 
 as are evidently contemporary with them. This division, 
 which includes our types 1, 2, 3, and 9, was probably struck 
 before the conquest of Wessex by the Danes in 877. The 
 second division has on the obverse the king's bust, with the 
 name of the mint on the reverse, generally in monogram. 
 These coins were probably issued next after, and for a time 
 contemporaneously with the first division, and not long after 
 Alfred came to the throne, for the monogram of London which 
 appears upon them appears also on a coin of Half den's struck, 
 to all appearance, in 872. Our types 4, o, and 8, belong to this 
 second division. The third includes all those in which a 
 small cross forms the type of the obverse, and those in which 
 the money er's name is written in two lines across the reverse; 
 our types 10, 11, 12, 15, 16. They all, with one exception, 
 bear the name of the mint. The great abundance of these 
 coins in the Cuerdale hoard proves them to have formed the 
 principal currency of Wessex at the time of Alfred's death, 
 and their type, which was unknown before Alfred's time, 
 was copied by many of his successors ; but they must have 
 begun to be issued before 890, as they were copied by Bthel- 
 stan of Bast Anglia, who died in that year. A halfpenny 
 bearing the name of Halfden is also of this type. The 
 fourth division consists only of those rare coins, struck at 
 Winchester and Exeter, which have the name of the mint 
 written perpendicularly on their reverse, and which are 
 placed among Alfred's latest coins on account of their 
 resemblance to those struck at Bath by Edward the Elder. 
 They are our types 17 and 18, and they complete, as we 
 believe, the list of the coins which are really Alfred's ; for 
 although our types 6, 7, 13, and 14, have always been con- 
 sidered to belong to Alfred, and we have not ventured to 
 
122 
 
 remove them from among his coins, yet we believe that they 
 were struck not by him but by the Danes during his reign, 
 just as those coins which bear his name in conjunction with 
 that of Cnut or St. Badmund were in all probability struck 
 in Northumbria and East Anglia by Danes in alliance with 
 or nominally subject to him. These coins however will be 
 more conveniently discussed when we conie to describe 
 them more accurately. 
 
 Alfred's coins, then, are as follows : — 
 
 1. ABLBRED, or, rarely, ELFRBD or ELPEEBD, EEX. 
 King's bust to right, very rudely executed. Rev. moneyer's 
 name and title in three lines, exactly like bis brother ^thel- 
 red's type 2, and his contemporary Burgred king of Mercia's 
 types 1, 3, and 4 (172). End. xv. 1-5. MB. With this 
 type of the reverse is a very rare coin of similar workman- 
 ship, the legend of which is BLPERED M — X -I- or 
 ELFEED MX— + (173). NCNS. x. pi. I. 2. MB. It is diffi- 
 cult to suppose that Maximus was intended, and as difficult 
 to form any other reasonable conjecture. This is probably 
 Alfred's first type, as it is the same as the common one of 
 ^thelred, and the coins of this type, like ^thelred's, are of 
 a base metal, and seldom exceed 20 grs. in weight. The 
 fact of none of them being found at Cuerdale confirms the 
 supposition that this was Alfred's first type. 
 
 2 ED REX. bust to right. Eev ED 
 
 M .... A. NONS X. pi. I, 7. MB., a fragment. This 
 coin is exactly like Abp. Ethered's (149) in every respect, 
 except that the bust is more Hke that on Alfred's type 1, 
 (172). It is attributed to Alfred on account of its resemblance 
 to his contemporary Abp. Ethered's coins, and is placed 
 second on the hst in consequence of the resemblance of the 
 bust to that on Alfred's earliest type. 
 
 3. ELFEED or ELFEED, EE,— EEX, REX S, or REX 
 SAX. bust to right, filleted, no inner circle. Rev. lozenge 
 containing a cross, which sometimes has a pellet in each 
 angle ; from each corner of the lozenge issues a beaded line. 
 
123 
 
 or a cross the long end of whicb extends to tlie edge of the 
 coin and divides the legend, -which consists of the name of 
 the moneyer, with or without his title. Sometimes there are 
 one or three pellets^ or a cross, or a Saxon T, opposite each 
 side of the lozenge; or a crosSj or three pellets, opposite 
 one side only ; or a small bar across each side of the lozenge ; 
 and sometimes there are two small crescents at the long end 
 of each of the large crosses. This type, which is exactly like 
 Ceolwlf II. type 1, is extremely rare; 11 specimens, all 
 different, were discovered at Cuerdale, and four others are 
 known to exist, viz. two in the British Museum, one (End. 
 17) which was bought by Mr. Webster at the Cuff sale; 
 and one, a fragment, which was in the collection of the late 
 Sir John Twisden. (176); Eud. 17; NO v. pi. I. 4 
 NONS X. pi. II. These were probably struck about 874 to 
 878, when Oeolwlf II. was reigning in Mercia. 
 
 4. Glotjcestee. ^LFEED, bust to right, no inner circle. 
 Eev. ^T GL EA WAO. Three limbs of a cross, a beaded 
 line extending from the end of each limb to the edge of the 
 coin. (617). MB. unique. Found at Cuerdale, and unlike 
 any other known. The inscription on the reverse is an 
 abbreviation of set Gleawan-ceaster ^"at Gloucester." 
 
 6. London. BLFEED, ^LFEBD or ^LFED, BE, EX, 
 or EBX; bust to right or left, no inner circle. Eev. the 
 monogram of London, with sometimes the moneyer's name, 
 with or without his title, written above and below the mono- 
 gram. Forty pennies of this type, but some of them being 
 much more barbarous, and having the king's name spelt in 
 a variety of different ways, were found at Cuerdale. Only 
 two of these have a moneyer's name, one without his title. 
 Those which have the bust to the left are of very rude work- 
 manship. (174). (618). Eud. XV. 6—8. NO v. pi. ii. 15— 
 19, and page 97; NONS x. pi. iii. 1—10, vii. 4. MB. 
 
 This monogram occurs on no other coins than those of 
 Alfred and Halfden. The latter must have been struck in 
 872-3, and therefore Alfred must either have begun to issue 
 this class of coin in 872, or have taken the idea of it 
 
124 
 
 from the coins struck by the Danes in that year. In either 
 case it is probable that the coins bearing this monogram 
 were struck in the early part of Alfred^s reign. 
 
 6. London. EROT BOLT, four pellets before and after 
 EROT. extremely rude bust to right, filleted, no drapery. 
 Rev. London monogram as on previous type ; four pellets 
 above and below. {619) unique. Jlf5. found at Guerdale. This 
 must be placed here for the present, until its proper owner 
 is discovered ; but it is highly probable that it may have been 
 struck in London during the Danish occupation of it in 872-3, 
 at the same time with Half den's coins, or in 877-8, when 
 nearly the whole of Wessex was ia the possession of the 
 Danes. It is very unlikely to have been struck by Alfred's 
 authority. Rotbolt is a well-known name. A Frisian 
 prince named Rotbolt fought against the Danes invading 
 his land in 896. NCNS xx. 195, note. 
 
 7. Lincoln. HBRI BERT, bust to right, bearded, double 
 plain fillet round the head, no inner circle. MB. Or exactly 
 the same but without a beard, and legend ERE ENER. MB. 
 Rud. XV. 9. Rev. monogram of LINGOLLA, very like the 
 London monogram ; small pyramid of pellets above and 
 below, or a small cross below. Heribert may have been 
 either the moneyer, or the Lord of the city of Lincoln ; if 
 the latter, then probably these coins were struck between 
 872 the date of Halfden's occupation of London, and 878 
 the date of Guthrum's baptism, after which time, as another 
 coin (type 14) shows, Heribert of Lincoln was, nominally at 
 least, subject to Alfred. Lincoln was never actually part of 
 Alfred's dominions, and these coins must therefore have 
 been struck by some of the Danish chieftains in Alfred's 
 time. 
 
 8. Geotdon? ALFRED rex, bust to right, hair erect, 
 quite different from all the other busts ; no inner circle. 
 Rev. a hitherto uninterpreted monogram, similar in idea to 
 that of London : above and below is the name of the 
 moneyer followed by MO. Three specimens of this coin 
 were found at Guerdale. (620). MB. That in Lindsay 93 
 
126 
 
 appears to have the letter D before the monogram. It was 
 sold at his sale in 1867 for £2. lis. Mr. Haigh thinks the 
 most natural way of reading the monogram is ROISENG or 
 EOISENGERj which may possibly be Castle-Eising in 
 Norfolk, or Rishangles in Sussex, anciently Risanger. But 
 this same moneyer^s name appears also on types 1 and 10, 
 the latter of which we suppose to have been struck at 
 Canterbury, and it is therefore probable that any other mint 
 at which he worked was not very far from Canterbury, or at 
 all events was within Alfred's dominions, which no part of 
 Norfolk was. Perhaps the letter which has generally been 
 taken to be an S may be intended for an N, and in that case 
 the- monogram may be read GROINDEN, which is the way 
 in which the name of Croydon is spelt in Domesday, and in 
 a charter of the year_962. Cod. Dipl. No. 1242. The coin, 
 wherever it was struck, is probably contemporary with those 
 which bear the similar monograms of London and Lincoln. 
 The remainder of Alfred's pennies are without the bust. 
 
 9. ALFRED REX placed within the arms of a cross, re- 
 sembling the reverses of Ethel wlf and JBthelbearht ; between 
 the angles of the cross is a flower-shaped ornament. Rev. 
 LVDA MON within a quatrefoil device, for which compare 
 Oflfa, Rud. V. 34, obverse, and Cynethryth ib. 3, reverse. 
 This coin was found at Cuerdale, and as the obverse type is 
 the same as that of some of his predecessors it was probably 
 struck in the early part of Alfred's reign. NC v. 14. W. 
 A8SHET0N, ESQ., unique. 
 
 10. ALFRED, BLFRED, or ELBRBD,RB or REX, small 
 cross within inner circle, sometimes, but rarely, with a pellet 
 in each angle ; legend either continuous, or divided into three 
 or four parts. Occasionally some of the letters of the legend 
 are transposed or upside down ; sometimes the legend is 
 retrograde ; and in one instance the king's name is mis- 
 written BABLF. Rev. moneyer's name, sometimes followed 
 by MO, in two lines, crosses or pellets, or very rarely an 
 ornamental device (NCNS x. pi. IV. 11) between; a pellet 
 
126 
 
 sometimes above and below (175). Rud. xv. 11 j xvi. 12, 
 13 ; NO T. pi. I. 11—13. MB. Two moneyers, ELDA and 
 SIMVN have MB FEG for me fecitj instead of their title of 
 office, after their names. These coins were probably struck 
 at Canterbury, as they are identical in type with, and have 
 several of the same moneyers as those that bear the name of 
 that mint ; Bthelstan II. of East Anglia's coins, which are also 
 of the same type, were no doubt copied from these. The 
 Oxford pennies have also a reverse similar to these. About 
 650 specimens were found at Cuerdale, together with a few 
 other coins resembling them in every respect except that the 
 name on the obverse is so apparently blundered as to be 
 quite illegible. NO ib. 14. These last may very possibly 
 have been struck by the Danes in East Anglia or Northum- 
 bria in imitation of Alfred's coins. 
 
 11. Oanteebtjet. These are exactly like the preceding 
 type, except that the legend on the obverse is always con- 
 tinuous, and the letters DO, DORO, or ORO, for Dorobernia, 
 are placed after the title REX. The king's name is spelt 
 AELFRBD or BLFRED. On the reverse the moneyer's 
 name is, perhaps invariably, followed by MO, or some 
 corruption of it ; and the only ornaments which appear are 
 pellets. Rud. xv. 10. NO v. pi. II. 27. MB. Of this type 
 110 specimens were found at Cuerdale, including a good 
 many of which the legends, especially on the obverse, are 
 so extremely blundered or confused that it is impossible to 
 be sure what they are intended for. These blundered ones, 
 like those of type 10, were probably struck by the Danish 
 invaders in imitation of Alfred's real coins. A list of all the 
 varieties of inscription on these 110 coins may be found in 
 NO V. pp. 19—21. 
 
 12. London. EL ER ED RB, divided by spaces into four 
 divisions, exactly like type 10. Small cross, no inner circle. 
 Rev. monogram of London, with TILEVINB below, 
 MONETA above. NCNS x. pi. IV. 8. JOHN HUXT ABLE, 
 ESQ. This coin as well as all the others which bear a 
 
127 
 
 similar obverse, was probably struck about the same time as 
 the Canterbury coins, types 10 and 11. 
 
 13. Lincoln. EL PR BD EB divided by spaces into four 
 divisions. Small cross with inner circle. Rev. LIIII 
 COLLA in two lines, between which is a monogram, pro- 
 bably intended as Mr. Haigh has suggested, for HE RB 
 BErt, whose name appears, without that of the king, upon 
 another Lincoln coin (type 7). This coin was found at 
 Cuerdale and is unique (621). MB. The obverse is exactly 
 like that of some of type 10 and of Ethelstanll. of East 
 Anglia ; the reverse is similar in idea to that of several of the 
 London pennies. This coin, bearing the name of Alfred but 
 struck at Lincoln which was never part of his domains, con- 
 firms the idea that the Danes struck many of the pieces 
 which bear Alfred's name. It must have been issued after 
 878, when the Danes first acknowledged Alfred's authority. 
 
 14. ALFRED RE, small cross within inner circle. Rev. 
 inscription in unknown characters, in two lines, with three 
 crosses between, one above, and one below. (622). MB. 
 Only three specimens of this coin, found at Cuerdale, are 
 known. They are perhaps more likely to -have been struck 
 by the Danes, Uke the Lincoln coin last described, after their 
 nominal submission to Alfred, than by that king. 
 
 15. Oxford. ORSNA PORDA for Oxford across the 
 field in two lines, between which is the king's name. Rev. 
 moneyer's name followed by MO in two lines across the 
 field, three crosses between, exactly like type 10, with which 
 this type is no doubt contemporary. Rud. xvi. 14. Sixty- 
 four of these pennies were found at Cuerdale, almost all 
 varying from each other in some slight particulars, as the 
 form and transposition of the letters, blundered readings, 
 and insertion of ornaments. Of the whole number very few 
 read correctly. Only one moneyer's name, BERNVALD, 
 appears. NO v. pi. II. 22 — 24. MB. On two coins of the 
 same type nothing can be made out but the king's name 
 (NO ib. 25) and even that would not be absolutely certain, 
 
128 
 
 were it not for a penny of tlie same type which was washed 
 up in 1845 by the river Eibhle, and which, with the same 
 letters above and beloWj reads ELFEID in the middle line 
 of the obverse, and has on the reverse the name and addition 
 of the Oxford moneyer, BERHV ALDHO. The legend on 
 the reverse of the two coins found at Cuerdale is certainly 
 not an imitation of this, but a comparison of NO v. pi. II. 
 figs. 23, 24, 25, makes it I think pretty clear that the letters 
 above and below the king's name on the reverse of 25, 
 which look like VIRIF IRISI, are intended for the same as 
 those on 23 and 24, and that they must not therefore be 
 forced into the name of some other mint. See NO vii. 39. 
 It is possible however that these and the other blundered 
 of this type may have been coins struck by the Danes ; or 
 they may have some connection with a coin of Badweard the 
 Elder, type 3, MB. which reads IIDRCIE.IOI on the reverse. 
 
 16. Oxford. Five specimens were also discovered at 
 Cuerdale, varying from the last type only in having between 
 the lines of the inscription on the reverse a long cross raised 
 on two steps, and with a pellet in each angle of the cross, 
 (628) MB. very Hke Siefredus' (595). This type, as we have 
 already said, seems to be copied from Byzantine coins. 
 
 1 7. ExETEE. AELFRED REX S AXONVM in four lines, 
 one peUet in centre of coin. Eev. EXA read downwards, 
 three pellets on each side of it. NO v. pi. 1, 9. MB. Linds. 
 iv. 97. /. KENYON, Bsq. 
 
 18. WiNCHESTEE. Similar to the last, bat WIN read 
 downwards, 4 pellets on each side of it. (624) . MB. These 
 last two coins were probably issued late in Alfred's reign, as 
 they are very like the Bath pennies of Edward the Elder 
 found at Cuerdale. 
 
 Halfpennies. 
 
 1. London. ALFRED R or RE, bust to right, no inner 
 
 circle. MB. Or with a very different bust, ABLF, or 
 
 ^LFXED REX. MB. Rev. London monogram as on the 
 
 pennies, with pellets, and sometimes a cross, in the field. 
 
129 
 
 The first of thesej (177), in tte collection of Mr. Wigan, 
 was found in gravel dredged from the Thames. It is much 
 decomposed, and weighs 1 1 xV S^'^- That which reads RE 
 is in MB. ext. r. Three or four of those with the other 
 bust were found at Cuerdale, one of which (NO v. pi. II. 
 21) weighs 10 grs. MB. Another of the same type and 
 weight but reading on the obverse CIV. RBI, was sold at 
 the Rev. J. L. Sheppard's sale. NCNS. i. 64. 
 
 2. Like the pennies, type 10. These were all found at 
 Cuerdale, 7 reading tolerably correctly, 4 being extremely 
 blundered. One halfpenny of this type has been already 
 attributed to Halfden (see p. 80). NC. v. pi. III. 30. 
 
 3. Canteebuey ? Like the pennies, type 11. Only three 
 of these, found at Cuerdale, are known, all belonging to 
 the extremely blundered, and probably Danish class ; their 
 obverse legends are respectively DRNROVGRO, ERNA- 
 DOROB, and RBX BOLO EP; and their reverse legends 
 are BRVNED MO, BAE E MNO, and BNRCAD MO. 
 These legends give a very fair idea of those on the 
 blundered pennies of the same type. The moneyer in- 
 tended on all three is probably BVRNVALD. NC. v. pi. 
 III. 29. 
 
 4. OxFOED. ^FLFD between EIIBII and ID MO in 
 three lines. Rev. ONSN BODRA in two lines, three crosses 
 between. NO. v. pi. II. 28. Or BLRFBD between ORSNA 
 and FORDA. Rev. BERNV ALDIO in two lines, three 
 crosses between. NC. v. p. 98. These two, found at Cuer- 
 dale, are the only ones known. 
 
 5. EVE RAT in two lines, after each of which are four 
 pellets ; a long cross, on a single step, between. Rev. ME 
 P ECIT in two lines, pellet above and below, three pellets 
 between. Linds. 82, NCNS. x. pi. VI. 6, /. KENTON, Esq. ; 
 or EI : IT CRCI in two lines, long cross between. Rev. 
 illegible inscription in three lines. NO. v. p. 98. MB. 
 These were both found at Cuerdale. They are very like the 
 pennies of Alfred, type 16, but the obverse of the second is 
 
 9 
 
130 
 
 still more like Siefredus' halfpenny, type 2, so that they may 
 belong to either of those princes. 
 
 A very peculiar piece, (178), 1^ inch in diameter, and 
 weighing 162 grs., is in the British Museum, which has 
 also a fragment of another specimen. It is right to make 
 the reader acquainted with the existence of so curious a piece, 
 though it must be considered more in the light of a medal 
 than of a coin. 
 
 The letter H after a type in the following list indicates 
 that it is a type of the halfpennies, not of the pennies. 
 
 Abenel (10) 
 Aelfstan (10) 
 Aelfvald (10) 
 Aelfwald (10) 
 Aethelstan (10) 
 Aetheluf (8) 
 Aethelulf (fi) 
 Aethered (10) 
 Alyyda (10) 
 Athelulf (10) 
 Avroel (= 
 
 Eaulf Mo?) (10) 
 Baee (3 H) 
 Beagstan (10) 
 Bedrern (10) 
 Begstan (10) 
 Beorhmaern (10) 
 Beonnmerm (10) 
 Berberh (10) 
 Berhtere (10) 
 Bemfald (L) 
 Bernred (10) 
 Berntuld (L) 
 Bemvald (10, 15, 16, 
 
 4H) 
 Biaerth (11) 
 Berwald (L) 
 Biarnil (1) 
 Biarnred (1)* 
 Biarnulf (1)* 
 Biaveioh (10) 
 Biomred (10) 
 Bnrcad (3 H) 
 Bofa (10) 
 Bora (10) 
 Bosa (1) 
 Brititard (10) 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Bruned (11, 3 H) 
 Buga (10) 
 Burgnoth (3)* 
 Burnelm (10) 
 Burnerea (10) 
 Buravald (ll)t 
 Cdcaln (2 H)t 
 German (11)J 
 Cialmod (1) 
 Cialnoth (E) 
 Cialulf (1) 
 Ciolvulf (3) 
 Ciresrien (10) 
 CudberM (10, 2 H) 
 Cuneulf (]0) 
 Cuthberbe (10) 
 Cutbberht (10) 
 Cuthvulf (10) 
 Dealing (10) 
 DeaUa (10) 
 Deigmund (1) 
 Dela (10) 
 Diarelm (1)* 
 Diarmund (3) 
 Diarvald (10, 11)§ 
 Diarveald (10) || 
 Diarld (10) 
 Druiad (2 H)t 
 Dudd (1) 
 Dudic (10) 
 Duino (1) 
 Duirveald (11)+ 
 Dunn (I) 
 Dunna (3, 10) 
 Dunninc (10, 11) 
 Eadvald (10) (11) 
 Eadveald (10) 
 
 Eadulf (3, 10) 
 Eadvrald (10, 2 H) 
 Eaetan (10) 
 EaioTvald (10) 
 Eaivvald (2 H)! 
 Ealdulf (3) 
 Ealdvulf (10) 
 Ecber (10) 
 Ecvlf (10) 
 Eovulf (10) 
 Ecwlf (10) 
 Eowulf (10) 
 Ecwmlf (10) 
 Edelstan (10) 
 Edelulf (8) 
 Ehstan(ll)t 
 Eiieiiid (4 H) 
 Eilbath (2 H)J 
 Elbere (1)* 
 Elda (10) 
 Elfstan (11)J 
 Eli (on the large 
 
 piece. (178).) 
 Ereferd (10)* 
 Erewerd (L) 
 Ethelsr. gelda (10)^ 
 Ethelstan (11) 
 Ethelvine (10, 11) 
 Ethelulf (1)* (10) 
 Ethelune (10) 
 Ethered (10) 
 Etble - - - (3) 
 Ethrueed (11)J 
 Felstan (11)J 
 Ferlya (10)* 
 Foleard (10) 
 Franbald (10) 
 
131 
 
 Gariine (10) 
 Gineef (10)** 
 Goda (10) 
 Godam (10) 
 Guthhere (10) 
 Haldbere (10) 
 Heaevulf (5) 
 Heahstan (3)* 
 Heavulf (10) 
 Hebeca (1) 
 Heliciili (10) 
 Herebald (1)* 
 Hereferd (10) 
 Herefred (11) 
 Heremod (1)* (10) 
 Heremund (10) 
 Herevrulf 5*, 10) 
 HlvHa (10)** 
 Hreaeam (10) 
 Hreleid (10) 
 Hribld(2H) 
 Huhfred (11) 
 Hunberht (10) 
 laia (L) 
 laihiserys (10) 
 larnred (1) 
 Idlaiorn (10) 
 leneram (lO) 
 lileliie (10) 
 
 Ilevine (5*) 
 ludelband (10) 
 Liabinc (1\* 
 Liafvald (3, 10) 
 Luda (9) 
 Ludc (10) 
 Lndei (10) 
 Lndic (10) 
 LuHnc (1)* 
 LuUa (3, 10) 
 Manning (1) 
 Nudman (10) 
 Osgeard (1)* 
 Oshere (1) 
 Osric (1)* 
 Osvnlf(lO) 
 Otrhtmund (3) 
 Regingied (3) 
 Eunliere (10) 
 Samson (10) 
 Sefreth (I) 
 Sieestef (1) 
 Sigestef (1) 
 Sigevvald (10) 
 Simun (10) 
 Stfanus (10) 
 Tata (1) 
 Tidbald (1) 
 TidvEead (11)J 
 
 Tidvipiad (11) J 
 Tilefeine (1) 
 Tilevine (5, 12) 
 Tilevoie (10) 
 Tilevune (10) 
 Tilevrine (10) 
 Tirvald (10, 11) 
 Tirveald (10) 
 Tirwald (3, 10) 
 Torhtmund (1)* 
 Vigbad (10) 
 Vigbald (10) 
 VilMm (R) 
 Vinurdal (5)* 
 Vvieard (1) 
 Vvine (10) 
 Vvinig (10) 
 Vviiiigerus (10) 
 Vulfard (1) 
 Vulfred (3, 10) 
 Vulfriedi (10) 
 Vunberht (10) 
 Vvynberht (10) 
 Wanberht (10) 
 W. beret (10) 
 W. berht (2 H) 
 Wlardfd (11) 
 Wulfred (L) 
 Wulgard (R) 
 
 * These names are inserted on tbe authority of NO t. 105 : NCNS 
 IV. 76 ; VI. 239 ; viil. 148 ; x. 19. 
 
 t There are innumerable corruptions of this name on coins of this 
 type. See NO v. 19, 20. 
 
 J This occurs only with one of the extremely blundered obverses. 
 
 § This occurs both with a correct and an extremely blundered 
 obverse. 
 
 11 In Mr. Evans' collection. 
 
 ^ With respect to this legend " the hyphen over the S, and the 
 dot over the E, seem to be marks of abbreviation of the name and 
 title of Ethelstan. Gelda may be the name of a mint, Geldestone in 
 Norfolk, or it may be a Latinized form of the English word geld, 
 ' payment ;' as Edelstani regis gelda ' payment ' or ' tribute of 
 King Ethelstan.' Can this be a part of the treasure bestowed upon 
 him on the occasion of his baptism P" E,ev. D. H. Haigh, NCNS 
 X. 33. 
 
 ** " HLVILA, GINEEE, occur on the reverse of a coin of similar 
 type to Kud. xvi. 13 " (our type 10), " and seem to be the names of 
 two moneyers." Eud. Vol. I. 344, n. 
 
 9 * 
 
132 
 
 Badweaed the Elder, 901 to 925. 
 
 Badweard succeeded his father Aelfred in 901 and died in 
 925. The legend on the obverse of his coins is nsnally 
 BADWEARD EEX, but is occasionally blundered; the 
 Saxon P for W sometimes appears, but is very rarely used, 
 as on a coin of type 8 in the British Museum, in the king's 
 name. On one penny found at Ouerdale, and therefore 
 probably struck very early in his reign, he is styled EAD- 
 YVEARD REX SAXONVM. This coin bears on its 
 reverse the name of Bath, which is the only place of mintage 
 mentioned on any of the coins of this king (unless one 
 inscription is meant for York, see note to the list of 
 moneyers) . His pennies are of good silver and weigh about 
 24 gr. ; some specimens exceed this, and a very few fall some 
 grains short : they are numerous^ but every type is rare, 
 especially those with the head, hand, buildings, or orna- 
 ments. His halfpence, or perhaps thirds of pennies, for such 
 coins are mentioned in Aelfred's laws, weigh from 7 to 9 
 grains ; but the specimens of these coins are too few to 
 afford a fair estimate of average weight, three only being 
 known. The types of his money are, 
 
 1 . BADYYEARD REX SAXONYM in four lines. Rev. 
 BATH. Above and below is a cross between two pellets 
 (625) MB. This unique coin was found at Ouerdale, and 
 much resembles the Winchester and Exeter coins of Alfred 
 also found there. It was therefore probably struck before 
 A.D. 905. 
 
 2. The king's head to the left. Rev. the moneyer's name 
 in two lines, decorated with pellets and crosses. (179). Rud. 
 xvi. 1-4. MB. Twelve specimens were found at Ouerdale. 
 
 3. King's head to right. Rev. same as preceding. Rud. 
 xvi. 5. 0. 18. MB. This last and some of the former type 
 are rude, and the reverse legends sometimes unintelligible. 
 
 4. Small cross. Rev. same as preceding. Rud. xvi. 7, 28. 
 xvii. 29, 30. MB. This type must have begun to be struck 
 
133 
 
 early in the reign, as forty-one specimens of it were found 
 at Cuerdale. 
 
 5. Rev. a saltire formed of four lines with a pellet at 
 each, end, converging towards a rosette ia the centre, in the 
 spaces above and below the inscription a small cross pat^e. 
 This coin was found at Chester, with others of types 4 and 
 12. See NCNS ii. 305, from which this description is taken. 
 
 6. Rev. foliage, &c., with moneyer's name (180). Rud. 
 xvi. 8-15. xxviii. 1. D. 27. MB. 
 
 7. Rev. bird, &c. with moneyer's name. Rud. xvi. 16. 
 
 8. Rev. building and moneyer's name. (181). E,ud. xvi. 
 17-22. MB. 
 
 9. Rev. a hand and moneyer's name. (182). End. xvi. 
 25-27. MB. 
 
 10. Rev. moneyer's name in one line. Rud. xvi. 23,24. MB. 
 
 11. Cross upon a cross molinfi, both decorated ; an annulet 
 in the centre. Rev. moneyer's name in two lines, with 
 crosses, annulets, &c. Eud. xvi. 6. MB. 
 
 12. Star of six triangles, the bases outwards. Rev. 
 moneyer's name in two lines; between them a pellet 
 between two rosettes; above and below, a curved line 
 ending in pellets, with three or four pellets in the bowed 
 part. Found at Chester. See NCNS ii. 305. 
 
 The type of his halfpenny is exactly Uke that of his 
 penny, No. 4. (183). Rud. xvii. 31, 32. Two are in the 
 British Museum, one of which was found at Cuerdale ; the 
 third is in the Bodleian Library. The moneyers' names 
 which occur upon the halfpenny are marked with an H. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 ^thfred (R) 
 
 Agnestt 
 AlJistan (9) 
 Atkelulf (4) 
 Athelwulf (4) 
 Athulf (9, 10) 
 
 Abba (4) 
 Adalbertft 
 Adriiri (R) 
 Adriirifi(R) 
 Adule (6) 
 Adwold (4)* 
 ^delvulf (4) 
 JEhered (E) 
 ^tkelstan (4) 
 JEthelvvine (4) 
 iEthelred (L) 
 iEthered (2, 4) 
 
 Baddaft 
 Beagstan (2) 
 Beahstan (4) 
 Beanred (R) 
 Beornere (4) 
 Beornferth (4) 
 
 Beomred (4) 
 Beornwald (4) 
 Beornwulfft 
 Berhtred (4) 
 Berngar (4) 
 Bernvald (4) 
 Biorhuld (2) 
 Biornred (3) 
 Biornvvald (H) 
 Boiga (6) 
 Bonus Homott 
 Brece (4, 6, 10) 
 
134 
 
 Brnhlvald (E) 
 Buga (2t, 4, 6) 
 Burden (2) or (3) 
 Burhelm (4) 
 By m elm (4) 
 Ciolulf (4, H) 
 Clip (4) 
 
 Cudberht (2, 4, 6, 8) 
 Cutferi (5) 
 Cynestan (E.) 
 Deora (L) 
 Deormod (9) 
 Deornred (L) 
 DeorvTald (2, 4) 
 Diora (4)* 
 Dryhtvald (E) 
 Dudig (2, 4) 
 Eadehn (4)** 
 Eadered (4) 
 Eadmund (4, 8) 
 Eadulf (4)** 
 Eadumnd (8) 
 EadvTald (4, 8) 
 Ealhstan (2, 4) 
 Eared* (9) 
 Earnulftt 
 Earward (L) 
 Eclaf (4) 
 Edcllarf (4) 
 EdeUfa (4) 
 Eicmun (E) 
 Eicmund (4, 11) 
 Eofrmund (L) 
 Eramwis (2) 
 Ererefuzr (E) 
 Ethestan (E) 
 Etilatt 
 FramTTis (2) 
 Fritheberht (4) 
 
 Frithebrht (4) 
 FtWdmenei (12)* 
 Gaeaid {2)§ 
 Garard (L) 
 Gareard (2, 4) 
 Garulftt 
 Grimvald (2) 
 Grimwald (4) 
 Gundberttt 
 Hadebaldft 
 Heardher (4) 
 Hedul (E) 
 Heienfred (4) 
 Heioiebheibiob (2) 
 Heionnciea (2) 
 Heremfretiaft 
 Heremod (2, 6) 
 Hvmlaf (6) 
 lidrcirici (3)|| 
 loferbn (6) 
 loferm (6) 
 Irfara (8) 
 Iva (4) 
 Lanfer (10) 
 Linegear (4)** 
 Liofbelm (L) 
 Magnardft 
 Mann (4) 
 
 Manna (2) or (3)^ 
 Marbertft 
 Nebeiedbeeiei (2) 
 Neioc (3)** 
 Neioirobeici (3) 
 Nieiconioici (2) 
 Odott 
 
 Oeoigdevo (4) 
 Ordulf (4) 
 Oslao (E) 
 Osulf (6) 
 
 Pastorft 
 Pitit (4) 
 EaegentJf (4) 
 Eegemilf (E) 
 Eihard (E) 
 Eiombed (3) 
 
 Samsunft 
 Sigebrand (4) 
 Sigeferth (4) 
 Siggot (E) 
 Sigot (4) 
 SproT (L) 
 Steartt 
 Thurlactt 
 Tila (2) 
 Tisa (4) 
 Torhtelm (4)** 
 Tudatt 
 Ylf (E) 
 Tulfard (4) 
 Yulfeard (4) 
 Yulfgar (8) 
 Vulfheard (4, 11) 
 Vulfred (2, 4) 
 Vullaf (L) 
 Vulfsige (4, 8) 
 Vunberht (4, H) 
 YVallman (4) 
 Walman (E) 
 "Waltere (4, 8) 
 Warimer (E) 
 YV^armer (4) 
 Wberbt (10) 
 YVealdhelm (4) 
 Wefred (E) 
 "Wighard (7) 
 WiUuf (4) 
 Winegeartt 
 Wlfred (E) 
 
 * These were found at Chester. NCNS ii, 305. 
 
 t In Mr. Evans' collection. 
 
 J This is followed by MEE FECIT (Linds. p. 86). Eieder. 
 
 § This coin was sold at Mr. Cuff's sale as a coin of Eadweard II. 
 
 II Compare this legend (End. xvi. 5, MB.) with the blundered one 
 on ..Alfred's penny, type 15, NC t. pi. ii. 25. 
 
 % This name is repeated twice on the same coin, Linds. p. 86. 
 Keder. 
 
 ** Found in Ireland. NEIOC is followed by MCIEB, which may 
 mean Monetarius Civitatis Eboraoi, and if so the blundered inscriptions 
 beginning with N on other coins may also indicate the same moneyer 
 and the city of York. See NC 1882, p. 103. 
 
 tt Found in Eome, type not stated. NC 1884, p. 225. 
 
135 
 
 ^THELSTAN, 925 to 941. 
 
 ^thelstan the son of Badweard succeeded in 925 and 
 reigned till 941. He established, or confirmed, mints in 
 various towns, and conferred upon some bishops, abbots, 
 &c. the privilege of striking money, but enacted that one 
 kind of money only should circulate throughout the realm. 
 From this time therefore no names or portraits of bishops 
 appear upon any coins, bat only those of the king ; and the 
 ecclesiastical mints have not any marks by which, they can 
 be distinguished from the royal ones, till we come down to 
 about the time of the first Edwards, when the privileged 
 prelates adopted the use of letters or mint marks to dis- 
 tinguish their respective coinages. The moneyers' names 
 were continued upon the reverses, and the addition of the 
 place of mintage became very common, in consequence, it 
 is supposed, of the law of ^thelstan, which prohibited 
 money being struck except within a town. 
 
 ^thelstan is styled, upon his coins. Rex; sometimes, 
 though rarely, on type 7, Rex Saxorum ; frequently, on 
 types 3, 7, and 8, Rex to tins Britanniae ; a rather arrogant 
 title, as he never actually possessed the whole kingdom; 
 but it was probably his favourite title and one of his own 
 selection, as we perceive from his charters that he was very 
 fond of high sounding terms. Sometimes the moneyer's 
 name on the reverse is without accompaniments, sometimes 
 with MO or MON, and frequently with the plate of mintage 
 after MO. On the coins of Oxford, and on two or three coins 
 of other towns, the word VRBS is used instead of CIVITAS 
 in connection with the place of mintage. Rud. 0. 19, D 30. 
 The former of these was bought by Mr. Dymock from Mr. 
 Cuff's sale. His coins are all pennies, of good silver, and 
 weigh from 22 to 24 grs., occasionally exceeding or falling 
 short of those weights. 
 
 The heads of former kings have generally appeared with 
 
136 
 
 a fillet-formed diadem^ after tlie manner of tte later Roman 
 emperors ; ^thelstan appears witli a small coronet ; even 
 tlie rudest of his heads have rays or points indicative of 
 such a crowTij except our type 4. 
 
 There are four distinct characters of head upon this 
 king's coins, all rare. 
 
 1. Bust to rightj expressed by mere lines, no relief, 
 helmeted, crowned; sometimes enclosed within inner circle. 
 Eev. cross crosslet. (184). Rud. xvii. 1, 2, 3, 4. MB. No 
 place of mintage appears on these coins. 
 
 2. Bust to right or left in considerable relief; points 
 projecting from the hair, intended for a crown. Rev. 
 small cross. (185). End. xvii. 6, 7. MB. A coin in the 
 British Museum has this obverse with the reverse belonging 
 to type 1. 
 
 3. Bust to right, generally, but not always, in low relief; 
 crowned. Rev. small cross. (186). Rud. xvii. 8, 9, 10, 11. 
 D. 28. MB. 
 
 4. Bust to right in low relief, but hair bound by a fillet, 
 no crown. Rev. moneyer's name in two lines, three crosses 
 between, three pellets above and below. (626). MB. unique? 
 
 A fifth style of head which was formerly assigned to this 
 king (188), (189), (190), is now removed to Ethelstan I. of 
 East Anglia. 
 
 The four following types are without the king's head. 
 
 5. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in two lines orna- 
 mented with crosses, or, very rarely, with foliage. Rud. 
 xvii. 12-16. MB. No mint is mentioned on these coins. 
 
 6. Small cross. Rev. a building with moneyer's name 
 and sometimes mint. (187). Rud. xvii. 17, 18. xxx. 22. D. 
 29. MB. 
 
 7. Small cross with king's titles as Rex totius Britannias 
 or Saxorum. Rev. small cross, with sometimes an additional 
 ornament, moneyer's name, title, and mint. A few coins of 
 this type have the king's name and titles on both sides. Rud. 
 xvii. 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29. xxviii. 3. 0. 19. D. 30. MB. 
 
137 
 
 8. Same as the last type, except that instead of the small 
 cross there is a rosette of dots on one side or other. This 
 is not distinguished from type 7 in onr list of mints and 
 moneyers. Rud. xvii. 19. xviii. 20, 25, 26. xxviii. 1, 2, MB. 
 
 In this and succeeding lists of mints the fullest name only 
 that actually appears on any coin is given, together with 
 any variations with regard to which it may he doubtful for 
 what place they are intended. It has not been thought 
 worth while to give a list of what are obviously mere abbre- 
 viations or variations of the full name given. The numbers 
 placed opposite the names, Hke those in the lists of 
 moneyers, indicate on what type of coin the name in ques- 
 tion appears ; and E, or L show that Ruding's or Lindsay's 
 lists are the authorities for the same. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Amtun (7) South- 
 ampton 
 Bat (7) Bath 
 Ca,TitvLji,\\\\\\Canterbur2/ 
 Darent (7) ? 
 Deorabvi (7) Derby 
 Do. Is. (6) ? 
 Dor (7) Canterbury 
 Eaxama3,|||||| Exeter 
 Eboracac (6) York 
 Ebro (2) York 
 Eforwic (2, 3, 7) York 
 Eof (2) York 
 Gleawas(7) Gloucester 
 
 Abba (5, 7 Leicester) 
 Abonelllllll {Hertford) 
 Abunllllll (Exeter) 
 Adelmod (2)1 
 ^Ifnoth (L) 
 Alfred (2 Wareham) 
 JElfstan (3 London; 5) 
 
 Heref (R) Hereford 
 Hiortfd.llllll Sertford 
 Ef p (7) Hereford 
 LeBjIIIIII Lewes 
 Legecfi (7) Leicester* 
 Leieef (7) Leicester 
 Londoni (3) London 
 Lund (7) London 
 Longport (7) Longport 
 Luner (L) P 
 Nie (L) P 
 
 Nortbwic (3, 3) Nor- 
 wich 
 Nordieti (3) Norwich 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 .(Elfviene (7 Leicester) 
 JElfw-ald (3 London) 
 JEUaf (L) 
 ^ntellllll 
 .^theim (E) 
 ^thelbert (L) 
 
 Oc (2) Oxford? 
 Ox (3, 7) Oxford 
 Eof (3) Rochester^ 
 Sceftesll II II Shaftesbury 
 Scrob (7) Shrewsbury 
 Snotenceham (7) Not- 
 tingham 
 Stfo (7) Stafford 
 Veri (7) Worcester 
 We (2) Wallinqford? 
 Welinga (3) Walling- 
 
 ford? 
 Werba (2) WareJiam ? 
 Winci (3) Winchester 
 
 ^tbelfreth (3) 
 ^thelmlj (3 Win- 
 chester) 
 .withered 1] 1 11 Leicester 
 jEtbered |||(| {London) 
 JEthelsigeJIIIII {Canter- 
 bury) 
 
 ^tbelerd (3 York)^ 
 
 * Euding attributes to Chester all those in which the name begins 
 with Leg, and to Leicester those in which it begins with Lei ; but it is 
 clear they both signify the same town, for in the British Museum 
 there are no less than seren moneyers who used both varieties of the 
 name. See notes to Edward the Confessor's and WilKam I.'s mints. 
 
 t This coin was found somewhere in the South West of L:eland, 
 and is figured in Lindsay pi. iv. 108. It has a pellet in the field 
 opposite each angle of the cross. NC ii. 35. 
 
138 
 
 ^thelstan (E,) 
 ^tlielwme.llllll Shaf- 
 
 tesbury 
 Alet (E) 
 Alfeav (3, 5) 
 Allstan (5)§§§ 
 
 Amelric (3 Winchester) 
 
 Are (5) 
 
 Arnilf (5) 
 
 Arnulf (2 York) 
 
 Arnvulf (L) 
 
 Asalfnem (5) 
 
 Asule (L) 
 
 Athelllllll {Walling- 
 ford) 
 
 Athelmund (L) 
 
 Atlielwold (R) 
 
 Athulf (7 Winches- 
 <er)§§§ 
 
 Baldric (1) 
 
 Baldvin (L) 
 
 Barbe (3 Norwich) 
 
 Bardel (3 Norwich) 
 
 Bariferdes (R) 
 
 Beanred (3 London) 
 
 Beige (L) 
 
 Beorard (5 § § § , 7 Leices- 
 ter) 
 
 Beornwald (3 Wal- 
 lingford) 
 
 Beorhtulf (7 Darent)% 
 
 Berhtel (7 Shrewsbury) 
 
 Berhtelm (R) 
 
 Bernere (E) 
 
 Berngar|ll|ll 
 
 Biohtricllllll 
 
 Biorhtulf (7 Bath) 
 
 Biorhtwaldllllll 
 
 Biorneard (3 London) 
 
 Boiga (7 Derby) 
 
 Boigalet (7 Leicester) 
 
 Burde (L) 
 
 Burdel (3 Norwich) 
 
 Burntelmllllll {Long- 
 port) 
 
 Burnelm (E.) 
 
 Burnwald (2 and 3 
 Wallingford) 
 
 Cenawa (K) 
 
 Cenberhtllllll {Shrews- 
 bury) 
 
 Clac (5) 
 
 Cnath (7 Leicester) 
 
 Cunulfyilll 
 
 Degn (i) 
 
 Deorerd (7 Leicester) 
 
 Deorulf (7 Leicester) 
 Deorrvald (E.) 
 Dioroeaei (5) 
 Domences (5) 
 Dominic (5) 
 Dorlfe (7 Leicester)** 
 Drnhtvald (3) 
 Eadgar (2 Norimch)f\ 
 Eadgildllllllf {Canter- 
 bury) 
 Eadlfe (7 Leicester) 
 Eadmund (5, 7 Lei- 
 cester) 
 Eadstain (R) 
 Eadricllllll {Lewes) 
 Eadulf (5) 
 Ealhstan (L) 
 Eardulfllllllf {Oxford) 
 Eardulf {Stafford)*** 
 Ecberht (5) 
 Ecgherdllllll {Shrews- 
 bury) 
 Eclaf (5) 
 
 Edelnot (7 Derby) 
 Edmund (R) 
 Edred (7 Shrewsbury) 
 Efellllll {London) 
 Efoenelm||||||_ 
 Efrard (7 Leicester) 
 Egibhret (R) 
 Eglbhret (K) 
 Einard (R) 
 Elfrio (7 Canterbury) 
 Elfyiene (R) 
 Ellaf (3 London) 
 Enara|||||| (Leicester) 
 Eofermund (7 Shrews 
 
 bury) 
 Erardllllll {Leicester) 
 Eric (5)^§§ 
 Erm (R) 
 Ertbelwo (R) 
 Etbelfredllllll {Caiiter- 
 
 bury) 
 Ethelnotli (7 Notting- 
 ham) 
 Etbelnotin (R) 
 Etlielsige (5)§§§ 
 Etram (6 Do. Is.) 
 Ewtlielwo (7 &lou- 
 
 cester) 
 Fawlellllll (London) 
 Frithebrikt (7 South- 
 ampton)*^ 
 Frotger (7 Shrewsbury) 
 Frother (R) 
 
 Frotierm (6) 
 Fugel (5) 
 Fulradllllll 
 Gareard (3 London) 
 Garvif (L) 
 Ginard (1) 
 
 Giongbald (3 Norwich) 
 Gisleomer (5) 
 Gota (5) 
 Gre (7 London) 
 Grim wald 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ion io« ) 
 Gristign (5) 
 Hantic en 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Norwich) 
 Hathelwolth (5) 
 Harger (5) 
 Heldalt (2 Torh)X% 
 Herebeavllllll 
 Herecisllllll (Bath) 
 Heremod (R) 
 Herrig (1)§§ 
 Hrodgar (3 Norwich) 
 Hungar (3 Rochester) 
 Hunlaf (7 Mereford) 
 
 Igerelllll (London) 
 
 Ildebertlllll 
 
 Ingeri (R) 
 
 Ingelri (7 Oxford)1i 
 
 lohann (5) 
 
 Isnel (E) 
 
 Landac (5) 
 
 Lbertee (2 York) 
 
 Lectfric (3 Winches- 
 
 ter)m 
 Liflncllllll 
 
 Liofhelm (3 London) 
 Litiman (5) 
 Maeldomen (7 Lei- 
 cester) 
 Msertene (7 Leicester) 
 Magnard (E) 
 Mala (L) 
 Manllllll (London) 
 Man (5)§§§ 
 Manna|||||] (Canter- 
 bury) 
 Manne (3 Norwich) 
 Manticen (3 Norwich) 
 Matlielwaldl|||||^(Oa- 
 
 ford) 
 Megenfreth (5) 
 Megfred (7 Leicester) 
 Megneredtes (R) 
 Monthegn (5, 7 Wor- 
 cester) 
 Monthign (E) 
 Mothep (5) 
 
139 
 
 Nobe (5) 
 
 Oda (5) 
 
 Odo (E.) 
 
 Oianna (E) 
 
 Oslac (7 Leicester) 
 
 Oslfe (7 Leicester) 
 
 Osulfeskt (L) 
 
 Otha IR) 
 
 Oticllllll {Winchester) 
 
 Paltsig (6) 
 
 Paules (7 Leicester) 
 
 Pauls (5) 
 
 Paulus (5) 
 
 Pitit (5) 
 
 E»genold|l|l|| (Exeter) 
 
 Esegenulf ( 5, and 
 
 WinchesterM\\) 
 Eegengrim (L) 
 Hegu (S) 
 E.egnald (6 TorJc, 7 
 
 York) 
 Eegnold (E) 
 B-einere me fecit|l|l|| 
 E,enard (2) 
 Eenulf (7 Leicester) 
 Eotbert (2 York) 
 E.othliard|||||| 
 Salcesllllll (Leicester) 
 
 Sanducllllll 
 Sigebrand (5) 
 Sigedruldlllllf 
 Sigeferth (7 Leicester) 
 aigela.nd\\\m{Oxford) 
 Sigferth (7 Leicester) 
 Sigfoldes (L) 
 Siharesllllll (-DerJy) 
 Sirerd (2 Oxford) 
 Smala (1) 
 Snel (5) 
 Snele (E) 
 Sota (5) 
 Sprobenellllll 
 Stefanus (5) 
 Thulmetllllll (Derhi/) 
 Tburlae (5)§§§ 
 Tidgar (7 Leicester) 
 Tidger (7 Leicester) 
 TorJitelmllllll (Canter- 
 
 hury) 
 Totes (7 Leicester) 
 Turstan (6) 
 IJlfeldulllll 
 
 UthelricllllllK O^ori) 
 Velnberht (7 Shrews- 
 
 Vulaf 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Shreioslurij) 
 
 Vulfgar (7 Leicester) 
 
 VulOieard (3 Win- 
 chester ; 5) 
 
 Vulfstan (5, 7 Lei- 
 cester) 
 
 Vulfsige (4) 
 
 Wayles (K) 
 
 Wealdhelm (5) 
 
 Wiaelut (5) 
 
 Wiard (1 and Leices- 
 
 HI II II) 
 VVihtemund (7 Staf- 
 
 form% 
 
 VVilebald|||l|l 
 
 VVilrclllllt 
 
 VViUuf (5) 
 
 Winele (5) 
 
 WitU (E) 
 
 Wlfsan (L) 
 
 Wlfstan (7 Leicester) 
 
 Wulfhelm (3 London; 
 7 London) 
 
 Wulfaig (6) 
 
 Wulfstan (E) 
 
 Wulsig (L) 
 
 VVunel t3 Oxford)*^ 
 
 TVunsige (7 Long- 
 port) 
 
 Eadmund 941 to 946. 
 
 Eadmund succeeded his brother in 941. His coins were 
 at one time confounded with those of Eadmund the Martyr, 
 
 + This name occurs only in conjunction with tbat of Amulf. 
 
 § NC V. 126 ; Linds. pi. iv. 107. 
 
 II The bust on this is of fine work and in considerable relief, with 
 long bair on neck ; enclosed within inner circle. MB. Eud. xrii. 11. 
 
 % These are the coins on which the name of the mint is followed 
 by TJrbis or its abbreviations. 
 
 ** NO VI. 227. 
 
 tt In Mr. Evans' collection. 
 
 XX This is the coin which, has a cross crosslet, as on type 1, on its 
 reverse. MB. 
 
 §§ Found at Derrykeerhan in Ireland. NC vi. 215. 
 
 nil The mint on this is 00. MB. 
 
 If^ The mint on this is STFO C, the last two letters being in the 
 field. Eud. xvii. 19. 
 
 *** NCJSrS XX. 72. 
 
 ttt NO, 1881, p. 170. 
 
 §§§ Found in Ireland, NO 1882, p. 108, and 1883, p. 283. 
 
 mill Found in Eome, type not stated. NO 1884, p. 225. 
 
140 
 
 King of the East Angles. But upon comparing the bust of 
 the kingj the moneyers' names, the types, and character of 
 the coins, with those of his immediate predecessor and suc- 
 cessor, there will not be any difficulty in properly appro- 
 priating them. His style upon his coins is Rex or Rex Bri. ; 
 the place of mintage is genei-ally omitted. The weight of his 
 pennies is about 24 gr. Badmund was assassinated in 946. 
 The types of his coins are very similar to those of 
 .^thelstan. 
 
 1. King's bust to right, helmeted, crowned. Like ^thel- 
 stan, type 1. Rev. cross crosslet. (191). Eud. xviii. 1 . MB. 
 
 2. King's bust to right in low relief, generally crowned. 
 Like .(Bthelstan's type 3. Rev. small cross. (192). Rud. 
 xviii. 2. MB. 
 
 3. Small cross, or rosette of dots. Rev. moneyers name 
 in two lines, &c., like ^thelstan's type 5. (193). Rud. xviii. 
 4-13. xix. 14, 15. D. 31. MB. Some of these have the letters 
 much larger and coarser than others ; but the moneyers' 
 names show conclusively that they all belong to this king. 
 
 4. Small cross. Rev. rosette. Rud. xviii. 3. MB. 
 
 5. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in one line, flower 
 above, star of seven rays below, like Eadweard the Elder's 
 type 6, Rud. xxviii. 1. MB. unique ? 
 
 Amti, (R) Southamp- 
 ton? 
 Eb, (E) York 
 Ex, (E) i:xeter 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Leieffi (4) Leicester 
 Lon (2) London 
 Lonem (R) P 
 Northwic (2) Norwich 
 
 O (2) Oxford? 
 Welft Wallingford 
 X (;R)JSxeter? 
 
 Abbun (3) 
 Abenelft 
 Adelvverd (R) 
 Aeelric (3) 
 Aegnuoem (R) 
 Aeifstan (3) 
 Aelfval (3) 
 Aelfvald (R) 
 Aelfyine (3)** 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Aelfwald (3) 
 Aernulf (3) 
 Aethelmod (5) 
 Aethered (R) 
 Agtardes (R) 
 Alberi (3) 
 Amundes (3) 
 Are (3) 
 Aeulfnen (3) 
 
 Atheaunft 
 Atlielmund (3) 
 Athelulf (3) 
 Atbelwine (3) 
 Bacialer (3) * 
 Baldric (I) 
 Baldwinft 
 Barbi (2 Norwich)'^ 
 Beanred (3) 
 
141 
 
 Beanired (3) 
 
 Benedictus (3) 
 
 Beorwald,tt Walling- 
 ford 
 
 Berhtelm (3) 
 
 Berhtredtt 
 
 Berhtwig (3) 
 
 Bemsige (3) 
 
 Bese (1) 
 
 Biaaiilfli- 
 
 Biorhtulf (3) 
 
 Bimeard (3) 
 
 Biurene (E.) 
 
 Boeai (3) 
 
 Boeg EbbcJ (3) 
 
 Boga (E) 
 
 Bogaf (E) 
 
 Boiga(3) . 
 
 Boinvulf (3) 
 
 Bonsom (3) 
 
 Burhelm (E) 
 
 Burnhelm (E) 
 
 Bumwaldft 
 
 Bumwic (E) 
 
 Cenberlit (E) 
 
 Cialberht (E) 
 
 Clac§ (2; 3 Lon- 
 don; 3) 
 
 Cundferth(E) 
 
 Damea,tt Norwich 
 
 Demeneo (3) 
 
 Deorraldtt 
 
 Diarelm (3) 
 
 Domences (3) 
 
 Donilf (3) 
 
 Dorulfe (3) 
 
 Drecl (3) 
 
 Dregel (E) 
 
 Dudelet (3) 
 
 Dudig (3) 
 
 Duraint (3) 
 
 Durandes (3) 
 
 Eadgar (L) 
 
 Eadgildtt 
 
 Eadmund (3) 
 
 Eadred (3) 
 
 Eadstan (3) 
 
 Eadweard (3) 
 
 Eardulf (3) 
 
 Ecgbrihttt 
 
 Edirethtt 
 
 Eferulf (3) 
 
 Egered (3) 
 
 Einardft 
 
 Elaettt 
 Elferdtt 
 Elfwaldft 
 Eofermund (3) 
 Erelhices (E) 
 Ergimbalt (2) 
 Eremiibalt (2) 
 EtEelsige (E) 
 Enlcart (3) 
 Faramanft 
 Faromea.tt Leicester 
 Folcred-ti" 
 Frard (3) 
 Fredad (2) 
 Fredard (2) 
 Fugel (2, 3) 
 Geundfeth (3) 
 Giongbaldft Norwich 
 Gistt 
 Gnapa (3) 
 Gota (3) 
 Gotaf (3) 
 Grimwaldft 
 Gundferth (3) 
 
 Eadebaldft 
 Hana (3) 
 Heremod (3) 
 Herewig (3) 
 
 Hldeomertft 
 Hotaf (E) 
 Hunlaf (3) 
 Hunsige (3) 
 ledulf-tt 
 Igere (3) 
 Ingelgar (3)* 
 Landwine (3) 
 Leofric (3) 
 Liafinc (3) 
 Licdrerd (3) 
 Lioflielm (3) 
 Litilman (3) 
 Maelden (E) 
 Maeldomen (3) 
 Maeldomene (3) 
 Maerten (3) 
 Mana (3) 
 Maneta (E) 
 Mann (3) 
 Manna (3) 
 Manne (3) 
 
 Mantieen (2 Nonvich) 
 Martin (3) 
 Meee Saxsa (3) 
 Megred (3) 
 
 Nansige (R) 
 Nonoome (3) 
 Krodeam (L) 
 Oda (3) 
 Ondresft 
 
 Osferthtt 
 Oslao (3)11 
 Osmundfi" 
 Osulftt 
 Oswald (3) 
 
 Othelricestt 
 
 Otic (3) 
 
 Pavels (3) 
 
 Paules (3) 
 
 Pitit (3) 
 
 Primft 
 
 Eaegenoldft 
 
 Eandulfft 
 
 Eegnulf (3) 
 
 Eegtheres (3) 
 
 Eeingrhsioh (L) 
 
 Eeingrim (2 Oxford ?) 
 
 Eodberhtft 
 
 Eodear.tt Norwich 
 
 Salciareue (E) 
 
 Saravvard (3) 
 
 Scurva (E) 
 
 Siadenan (3) 
 
 Sieades (3) 
 
 Sigares (R) 
 
 Sigwoldesft 
 
 Stefhanft 
 
 Teliatt 
 
 Theodulf (3) 
 
 Tbrmodem (3) 
 
 Varengodtt 
 
 Uglebart (3) 
 
 Ulf (4 Leicester) 
 
 TJm(E) 
 
 Vulfstan (3) 
 
 Warn (3) 
 
 Werlaf (3) 
 
 White (E) 
 
 Wigard (3) 
 
 Wigeard (3) 
 
 Wigeari (3) 
 
 VVihtel (3) 
 
 VVilafe (3) 
 
 Winuoi (3) IT 
 
 Wucfgares (3) 
 
 Wulfhelm (3) 
 
 Wulfrictt 
 Wyunelm (3) 
 VVynsige (3) 
 
 * These two moneyers struck coins for Onlaf of Northumbria End. 
 xi. 6, 7, identical with those which they struct for Eadmund, Eud. 
 xviii. 12, 13. 
 
142 
 
 Badeed, 946 to 955. 
 
 Eadred succeeded his brother in 946 and reigned 9 years, 
 dying in 955. He is generally styled REX, but occasion- 
 ally on type 2 ANGLOR, or a single letter such as B or 0, 
 follows the title (see Rud. xix. 9, 14, 15, 17-19) ; and upon 
 one coin of the same type, which has been erroneously attri- 
 buted to ^thelred, Rud. xv. 6, he is styled REX SAXO- 
 RUM and is called ETHRBD. On Rud. xix. 11, 12, both 
 of type 2, MON follows his name, probably by mistake, but 
 possibly for monarcha. The single letters following the 
 title are probably mint marks. MONETA, or some abbre- 
 viation of it, generally follows the moneyer's name. Though 
 some of his coins reach 24 gr., the greater part of them fall 
 nearly 2 gr. short of that weight. The types of his coins 
 are like those of his predecessors. 
 
 1. The king's bust to right, crowned. Rev. small cross. 
 (194) (195). Rud. xix. 1-4. D. 32. MB. r. 
 
 2. Small cross with an occasional additional ornament. 
 Rev. moneyer's name in two lines, pellets above and below, 
 crosses, with occasionally an annulet, between the lines. 
 (196). Rud. xix. 5-12, 14, 15, 17-20. xx. 21-23. xxviii. MB. 
 
 3. Rosette of dots. Rev. moneyer's name in two liqes, 
 rosette of dots above and below, three rosettes between lines. 
 Rud. xix. 16. MB. 
 
 4. Small cross. Rev. rosette of dots. Rud. xix. 13. MB. 
 
 5. Small cross. Rev. foliage enclosing moneyer's name, 
 almost exactly like Badweard the Elder's type 6, Rud. xvi. 
 10. MB. 
 
 t The head on this coin is not crowned. MB. 
 
 t EBBC is possibly a mint, York ? MB. 
 
 § On one coin in MB of type 2 this name is followed by the 
 blundered inscription MONEMONEMOISr. 
 
 11 This name is followed by an illegible letter or two on the specimen 
 mMB. 
 
 1 The legend on the obverse of this is EDMEVNDI. It is the 
 only coin in MB. on which the king's title EEX does not appear. 
 
 ** In the collection of W. F. Lawrence, Esq., m.p. 
 
 tt Found in Eome, type not stated. NC 1884, p. 225. 
 
143 
 
 Halfpennz. At the sale of Capt. E. M. Murchison's 
 coins in 1866, a coin described as a "halfpenny of Badred, 
 Rev. BIORHTVLF. MO. in two lines, divided by three 
 crosses ; unique ; found at Tewkesbury," was sold for £9. 9s 
 to the late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. 
 
 Aemi (1) P 
 Ax (1) Exeter ? 
 
 Aelfsif (2) 
 Aelfsige (2) 
 Aelfstan (2) 
 Aeriger (2) 
 Aetardes (2) 
 Aethelm (2) 
 Aethelmund (B) 
 AetkeMf (B.) 
 Agtardes {&) 
 Albert (I Aemi) 
 Alsige (B,) 
 Anna (1) 
 Anoeret (E) 
 Are (1 Lincoln ?)* 
 Arnulf (2) 
 Athelmund (2) 
 Athelverth (B) 
 Baldric (2) 
 Baldvun (2) 
 Baldwin (2) 
 Bernard (2) 
 Berneehe (B) 
 Beraere (2) 
 Bemfertk (2) 
 Bese (2) 
 Biorhtulf (H) 
 Bogaes (2) 
 Boigaes (2) 
 Boigai (E) 
 Bumard (2) 
 Calismert (1) 
 Canoeretf 
 Cenberht (2) 
 Cilieni (L) 
 Clac (1)J 
 Cnlina§ 
 Copoman (2) 
 Cristin (B) 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Exone (L) Exeter^^ 
 Le (1) Leicester ?** 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Culein (4) 
 Demenoe (2) 
 Deorulf (2) 
 Dorulf (2) 
 Dremlnot ? (2) 
 Dudig (2) 
 Duran (E) 
 Durmod (B) 
 Eadmtmd (2) 
 EaduH (E) 
 Eardulf (B) 
 Earule (2) 
 Ef erulf (2) 
 Elfredes (2) 
 Elfres (2) 
 Engibred (2) 
 Engilred (B) 
 Engibred (2) 
 Englebred (B) 
 Eodin (E) 
 Eorod (2)§ 
 Eroth (2) 
 Eroule (B) 
 Ethelnoth (L) 
 Evdhandn {2)§ 
 Perthices (2) 
 Prard (2) 
 Fredard (1) 
 Fredred (1) 
 Prethices (E) 
 Frethics (2) 
 Protb (B) 
 Frothrio (2) 
 Fynnelm (2)§ 
 Gilles (E) 
 GriBgemes (E) 
 Gislehelm (2) 
 Gislemer (2) 
 
 LencoiaP (!) Lincoln 
 Norwio (]) Norwich 
 
 Godin (2) 
 Grimes (2) 
 Henicen (2)§ 
 Heremod (B) 
 Hericer (2)§ 
 Hildulf (E) 
 Huued (2)§ 
 Hunlaf (2) 
 Hunred (2) 
 Husebald (2) 
 Inguces (2) 
 Ingelgar (2) 
 Ive (1) 
 
 Landferth (2) 
 Leofrio (2) 
 Lifino (2) 
 Maneca (R) 
 Manechin (1) 
 Mianeoin (E) 
 Manelfin (B) 
 Manes (B) 
 Manin (B) 
 Manna (2) 
 
 Manne (1, 1 Norwich) 
 Mannecin (1) 
 Maunees (E) 
 Mannen (B) 
 Martin (B) 
 Munred (K) 
 Norbert (5) 
 JTortbgar (2) 
 Oedrheri (E) 
 Osfertb (2) 
 Osgod (E) 
 Oswald (2) 
 O swine (E) 
 OtbeWoes (2) 
 Prin (E) 
 
 §§ Mr. Sainthill had a penny of Eadred with the head, Eev. 
 OLAC MONE MONE MON EX. It is engraved in Olla Podrida, 
 p. 182. 
 
144 
 
 Eaedune (2) 
 Eegtheres (2) 
 Keinfirth (2) 
 Eiculf (R) 
 Rinuc (R) 
 Einulf (E)! 
 Eodabert (E) 
 Eodbert (E) 
 Sarvurd (1) 
 Scyrva (E) 
 Secggen (1 Norwich) 
 Siegred (2) If 
 Siefereth (2) 
 Sigares (2) 
 Suince (1 Leicester) ** 
 
 Swerlinc (2)tt 
 Theodmaer (2) 
 Theodred (2)|| 
 Theodulf (2) 
 Theothred (E) 
 Thodabert (E) 
 Thrmode (2) 
 Thumod (2) % 
 Tkurmod (2) 
 Thurfertb (2)tt 
 Thurufl (3) 
 Thurulf (E) 
 Tuleadrex (2) 
 TJnbein (1) 
 Valter {\)%X 
 
 VulfBtan (2) 
 VValdfreth (2) 
 ■Warin (2) 
 Wigereth (E) 
 TVilaf (2) 
 VVildaf (2)1f 
 WUfred (1) 
 Winel (E) 
 Winnelm (E) 
 Winuc (2) 
 Wulfstan (2)§ 
 Wlfstn (E) 
 Wulfgares (2)§ 
 Wulgares (2) 
 Wynnelm (2)|| 
 
 Eadwig, 955 to 959. 
 
 Badwig, the son of Eadmund, succeeded his uncle in 955. 
 He is always styled simply Rex, and in his name both the 
 Eoman V V and the Saxon P are used for the letter W. 
 The weight of his coins very rarely amounts to 24 gr. His 
 types are similar to those of his predecessors. 
 
 1, The King's bust to right, crowned. Rev. small cross. 
 (197). Rud. XX. 1. HUNTER, unique ? 
 
 2. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in two lines with 
 name of mint between them. Rud. xx. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. MB. 
 
 * The legend on this coin, whicli is in MB., is AREMT . AENCOI- 
 AIIA, which Lindsay reads Are Mt. Lencoia . ., supposing a Greek L to 
 be used at the commencement of the name of the mint. It is en- 
 graved Linds. iv. 112. 
 
 t So read by Mr. Southgate on a coin in the Bodleian Library ; but 
 Mr. Wise calls the first letter, which is imperfect, an L, and, reading 
 the bottom line backwards, makes it Terela Mo. End. vol. i. p. 129, 
 note. 
 
 J This moneyer, as in Eadmund's reign, repeats his title two or 
 three times after his name. 
 
 § Found at Derrykeerhan, Co. Antrim, in a hoard consisting chiefly 
 of Eadgar's coins. On Fynnelm's coin the obverse legend is said to 
 be VEBIS . EADEED EEXO. NC vi. 112, 215. 
 
 II In the collection of W. P. Lawrence, Esq., m.p. 
 
 ^ Found at Chester in 1857. NCJS S vi. 322. 
 
 ** In Mr. A. B. Creeke's coUeotion. NCNS xvi. 150. 
 
 ft In Mr. Evans' collection. 
 
 XI NC, 1881, p. 170. 
 
145 
 
 3. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in two lines, pellets 
 above and below, tbree crosses, or a cross between two 
 annulets, between tbe lines. Rud. xx. 4, 8, exactly like 
 Eadred (196). MB. 
 
 4. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in one line, between 
 two bars ; rosette of pellets above and below. Rud. xx. 9. MB. 
 
 5. Small cross. Rev. moneyer's name in one line, witb a 
 peculiar ornament, (198). Rud. xx. 10. MB. unique ? 
 
 6. Small cross within inner circle on both sides. 
 Linds. 115. 
 
 The name of the mint is mentioned only on types 1 and 2. 
 
 Axna (2)* Exeter 
 Beda (2) Bedford 
 Eo (2) York 
 Etot (2) Torlc 
 Ham (B) Southampton 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Here (E) Sereford 
 Hunt (2) Huntingdon 
 Lund (1) London 
 
 Neve (E) ? 
 Newe (2) ? 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 Dunnes (3) 
 Dunnio (B.) 
 Eadraund (2 York) 
 Eadulf (R) 
 Eaenolf (3) 
 Eferd (E) 
 Efrard (3) 
 Eoferad (2 York) 
 Ethelstan (2 York)X 
 Frard (2 York) 
 Fretbices (3) 
 Frexiges (3)|| 
 Frodgar (2 Bedford) 
 Frotlirio (2 York) 
 Punweel (3) 
 Godeferth (3) 
 Grim (2 Bedford; 4) 
 Heremod (R) 
 Heriger (3) 
 
 No (R) Norwich 
 To (E) P 
 
 We (R) Worcester? 
 Win (2) Winchester 
 
 Aelfredes (3) 
 Aelfsig (3)t 
 Aelwig (3)J 
 Aeaoulf (3) 
 Aetardes (3)§ 
 Aethelgar (6) 
 Amundes (E) 
 AthelvTierd (3) 
 Athulf (1) 
 Birver (4) 
 Boiga (2 Bedford) 
 Bonga (8) 
 Clac (2 Newe) 
 Cnapees (4) 
 Crin (3)11 
 Cutel (3) 
 Deorulf (2 York) 
 Dorulf (2 York; 8J) 
 Dudema (E) 
 Diinnc (2 Huntingdon) 
 
 * Found at Derrykeerhan. NO vi. 215. 
 
 t ETO is probably for EO. It occurs with, the names of the 
 moneyers Eadmund and Prothric, the former of whom uses EO also. 
 
 X Pound at Chester in 1857. NCNS i. 322. 
 
 § In Mr. Evans' collection. This coin. has a small H in the field 
 on the obverse. 
 
 II Found at Derrykeerhan. NO vi. 215. Frexiges' coin reads 
 EADVIG EEX I on the obverse. 
 
 10 
 
 Leofstan (2 Bedford) 
 
 Levign (3) 
 
 Loin? (2^a;e!!er)|| 
 
 Lrianinc (3) 
 
 Maneod (B.) 
 
 Maneodi (E) 
 
 Mangod (2 Hunting- 
 don) 
 
 Manngod (2 Winches- 
 ter) 
 
 Mann (3) 
 
 Manna (E) 
 
 Oswald (5) 
 
 Sedeman (3) 
 
 Thurmod (E) 
 
 Waerin (3) 
 
 Warin (E) 
 
 WUebert (E) 
 
 VVUsig {2 York)\\ 
 
146 
 
 SOLE MONARCHS. 
 
 EiDGAE, 959 to 975. 
 
 Eadgar, during tlie life of his brother Eadwig, had been 
 elected King of all the country between the Thames and the 
 Firth of Forth, and upon the death of that prince in 959, 
 became king of all Britain, being the first monarch under 
 whom all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy became really and 
 permanently united. His coins are generally lighter than 
 those of his predecessors, weighing 20 or 22 grs., very rarely 
 24. The types are, 
 
 1. EADGAEREX. The king's head to the right crowned. 
 E.ev. money er's name and title, with or without name of mint. 
 Small cross, with sometimes one or more crosses or pellets 
 in the field. (199). Rud. xx. 1-5. xxviii. 1. MB. v. r. 
 
 2. BADGAR REX, with some abbre-dation of ANG- 
 LORVM. King's head to the left, filleted, confined within 
 the inner circle. Rev. name of moneyer and mint. Small 
 cross. (200). Rud. xx. 6, 7, 8. MB. r. 
 
 3. EADGAR, with REX or some abbreviation of it, 
 followed, on Rud. xxviii. 2, by ANGL. Small cross. 
 Rev; moneyer's name in two lines, between which is the 
 name of the mint. Rud. xxi. 13. MB. or without the 
 name of the mint with (a) three crosses between the lines of 
 the moneyer's name, and three pellets, or, rarely, one pellet, 
 above and below. These have occasionally one or three 
 pellets in the field on the obverse. Rud. xxi. 9. xxviii. 2. 
 MB. Or (b) with cross, MB., or (c) rosette of dots above and 
 below. These last have generally an M in the field on the 
 obverse. Rud. xxi. 10. MB. (d) three rosettes between, rosette 
 or cross above and below, rosette instead of cross on 
 obverse. Rud. xxx. 23. MB. (e) cross and two annulets, 
 Rud. xxi. 12. MB., or (f) three annulets without cross, 
 between, rosette above and below. Rud. xxi. 11. MB. 
 
 4. EADGAR REX, sometimes alone, sometimes followed 
 by ANGLORVM or some abbreviation of it, sometimes by 
 letters which probably indicate a mint, such as A, AC, Ct> 
 
147 
 
 G, I, MT, OXf, S ; or by T, TI, or TOBf, for totius Britannia. 
 Small cross on each sidcj with occasionally in the field one 
 or three pellets, one or two small lines, or an additional cross, 
 or on one coin a small arrow-head on obr. with S on rev. 
 (201). Rud. xxi. 14-20. JfB. The name of the moneyer, with 
 sometimes that of the mint, forms the legend of the reverse. 
 
 5. EADGAE EEX, generally followed by TO BI or some 
 shorter abbreviation of TOTIVS BRITANNIA; or, in 
 one instance, by LE, which is probably for the name of the 
 mint. Rosette on both sides instead of cross. Rud. xxi. 21. 
 22. MB. The name of the mint sometimes does and some- 
 times does not appear. 
 
 HiXPPENNr. — Mr. Lindsay (p. 89) says, " In clearing 
 away the rubbish at St. Bartholomew's church, London, a 
 halfpenny of this king has been lately found, it bears on the 
 obverse, a small cross within an inner circle, BADGAR REX. 
 Rev. the moneyer's name "WIN in the field between two 
 long crosses." 
 
 A or Na (2) ? 
 
 Batha Cifi (4) Bath 
 
 Bedafor (1,2) Bedford 
 
 C(4)P 
 
 Caetwara (2) Canter- 
 
 hury 
 Deorby (3, 5) Dsrly 
 E (D? 
 
 Eaxano (2) Exeter 
 Eoferwic (2) York 
 Ely (B) Ely 
 Ent (for CentP) (E) 
 
 Canterhury 
 Gleav (B,.) Gloucester 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Grip (2) Ipswich 
 
 H(l)? 
 
 Hamtun (2) Southamp- 
 ton 
 
 Hat (^\ Southampton ? 
 
 Heort (2) Hertford^ 
 
 Hrof (2) Rochester 
 
 Hunte (1) Suntingion 
 
 I (1, 4) ? 
 
 Intb (5) Jntherffe, in 
 Worcestershire ? 
 
 Inn (L) Intberge ? 
 
 L(4)? 
 
 Laewe (2) Lewes 
 
 Le (3, 5) Leicester 
 Lex (5) Leicester? 
 Lime ('2,)\\Liming,Kent 
 Lindoo (R) Lincoln 
 Linn (R) Lynn 
 Lond. Cifita(l) ioreiora 
 Lud (R)* London 
 Lunde (1, 2) London 
 Meald (L) M^almesbury 
 Metwi (R) P 
 Na or A (2) P 
 Northvri (E.) Norwich 
 Oxna (4)t Oxford 
 Scrob. (2) J Shrewsbury 
 
 * Possibly Ludlow, but more probably London. See note on 
 Aethelred's coins with, this name. 
 
 t Found at Derrykeerhan. NC vi. 114, 214, 215. 
 
 % Moneyers HILDIC, JETHELSIGE, the former in Mr. Evans' 
 collection, the latter engraved in Owen and Blakeway's History of 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 § NC, 1881, p. 170. 
 
 II In the collection of Mr. R. SainthiU, Cork. 
 
 10 * 
 
148 
 
 Sic Eadmonit (5) * Tintmi (o) Teignmouth Wenelea (2) Winchel- 
 
 St. JEdmondshury Vn (for Lun P) (2) Lon- sea 
 
 Stanford (2) Stamford don. P Wiltu (2) Wilton 
 
 Te (3) Tlietford Vr Dby (4) Derby Winto (2, 4) WincUs- 
 
 Theotf (2) Thetford "Welegafor (4) Wal- ter 
 lingford 
 
 The moneyers of the sole monarchs are too numerous for 
 
 insertion in this work. 
 
 Badwbard II. or The MaettEj 975 to 978. 
 
 Eadweard, the eldest son of Badgar, succeeded his father 
 in 975, being then only 13 years of age. In 978 he was 
 murdered at the gate of Corfe Castle by command of his 
 stepmother Elfrida. His coins are very numerousj notwith- 
 standing the shortness of his reign ; and nearly 100 varieties 
 of moneyers' names are mentioned. His coins with one 
 exception resemble his father's No. 2, the king's bust to the 
 left, crowned with a filleted diadem and confined within the 
 inner circle ; and a small cross on the reverse. (202). Rud. 
 xxi. 1-7. MB. One coin which was bought by Mr. 
 Brice from Mr. CufE's collection for £7. 5s resembles that of 
 his half brother and successor (206), a hand from heaven 
 between A and as, with the bust to the right. Rud. C 20, 
 where the reverse is placed upside down. He is styled REX 
 ANGLORVM, sometimes more or less abbreviated ; and the 
 mint as well as the moneyer is almost if not quite universally 
 mentioned. The Roman YY is used in the king's name 
 upon some coins of Lincoln ; upon the rest it is the Saxon P. 
 His coins are generally light, being about 22 gr., scarcely 
 ever 24. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Batha, Bath 
 Bedafor, Bedford 
 Caent, Canterhury 
 Castr, Chester? 
 Deorby, Derby 
 E (E)P 
 
 Eaxet (B,) Exeter 
 Eoforwic, Yorh 
 Feric (for Eferio) York 
 
 Gipe, Ipswich 
 Glev (R) Gloucester 
 Grant (B) Cambridge 
 Hamtu, Southampton 
 Hatun (B) Southamp- 
 ton 
 Hert, Hertford 
 LaeTe (B) Lewes 
 Le (E) Leicester? 
 
 Lege (B) Leicester 
 Lie (B) Lincoln ? 
 Limene, Liming 
 Lindolne, Lincoln 
 Lndloig (R) Lincoln ? 
 liyiAsi (R) Lydfordi 
 Lundoni, London 
 LvTeio ? 
 
 * Obverse legend EADGAE BEX, 
 Mr. Christmas, NCNS i. 20. 
 
 no moneyer's name Late 
 
Maenta,* Canterhury? 
 
 Niewen (E) ? 
 
 No (H) P 
 
 North (R) Norwich 
 
 149 
 
 Oxna (R) O^orrf 
 
 Sc Edmd (R) 5<. ^rf- 
 
 mondshury 
 Stanford, S'laMfordf 
 
 Tan wo (R) Tamworth ? 
 Thio (R) T/tetford 
 Wint, Winchester 
 
 ^THELEED II., 978 to 1016. 
 
 Upon the murder of Eadweard, his half brother, the weak 
 aud imbecile ^thelred, succeeded at the age of ten years. 
 He reigned 38 years, but with very doubtful authority 
 during the last three. He passed many laws for the better 
 regulation and preservation of the current coins; and his 
 money presents some novelties of type and appearance. 
 
 The king is styled ^THBLEAED, iETHBLRED, or 
 ETHELRED, REX ANGLORVM, sometimes more or less 
 abbreviated; and the name of the mint as well as the moneyer 
 always appears on his coins. The coins vary very much in 
 weight, some being no more than 20 grs., others reaching 
 to 27. The types are, 
 
 1. 'ihe king^s bust to left, helmeted and with a radiated 
 crown. Rev. cross Voided, each limb terminating in three 
 crescents and dividing the legend, over a square with pellets 
 at the corners. (203). Rud. xxii. 1. MB. Weight 22 gr. r. 
 This is probably a late type, as it seems nearly allied to 
 type 8, and Cnut's type 2. 
 
 2. The king's bust, head sometimes filleted, to the left, 
 ■with a sceptre ; in one instance, without ; within an inner 
 circle. Rev. cross voided, within the inner circle, CRVX in 
 the angles. (204). Rud. xxii. 4. MB. This type, though 
 it is more like that of Cnut with Pacx than any of his pre- 
 decessors', seems to have been struck early in ^thelred's 
 reign j for two separate hoards were discovered in Norway 
 in 1848, consisting principally of .lEthelred's coins of this 
 
 * This seems to be the name of the mint on Rud. C. 20 ; but in the • 
 CufE sale catalogue it is read NEKTA. Probably it is meant for 
 CAENTA, Canterbury. 
 
 t One coin of this mint has a large annulet in the field on the 
 reverse. There are no marks in the field on any other coins of this 
 reign. MB. Rud. xxi. 7. 
 
150 
 
 and tie Hand type, in neither of which was there a single 
 coin which could he probahly referred to the eleventh 
 century ; the association, in these and several other hoards, 
 of this type with that of the hand, which was almost certainly 
 an early type, leads to the same conclusion; and moreover 
 this Crux type was imitated by Haco Duke of Norway, who 
 was assassinated in 99j, and must therefore have been 
 struck some time before that date. See NC xvii. 95. 
 Weight 20 to 27 ^rs. 
 
 3. The king's bust to right or left, filleted, within inner 
 circle. Eev. small cross. (205.) Eud. xxii. 5-8. D. 33, 34. 
 MB. Weight 22 grs. This is identical with Eadweard II.'s 
 coins, and was therefore probably struck early in .iEthelred's 
 reign. 
 
 4. The king's bust to right, filleted, with sceptre ; within 
 inner circle. Rev. hand from Heaven between A and to. 
 (206). End. xxii. 13. MS. 
 
 5. Similar without sceptre, bust sometimes to left. Eud. 
 xxii. 9-12, 14. D. 35, 36. MB. 
 
 6. Similar to type 4, but head of sceptre formed like a 
 cross. Eev. A and eo omitted. Eud. xxii. 15. D. 37. MB. 
 ETJNTEB. The weight of types 4, 5, 6 is 20 to 26 grs. 
 They were probably struck early in the reign, as there is a 
 coin of Eadweard IT. very like them, Eud. 0. 20. 
 
 7. ^DELE^D .... OEVM. Lamb with cross, to 
 right, nimbus round the lamb's head, the letters AGN (for 
 Agnus Dei ?) within a dotted compartment behind its fore 
 legs. Eev. BALDEED . . . . ALDMBS. A bird with 
 its wings extended, possibly the Danish raven. Mr. Lindsay 
 calls it a dove. No inner circle on either side. This coin was 
 procured from Franco by Mr. Sainthill, and weighs 2\\ grs. 
 Linds. pi. YI. 155. unique ? The coin is unfoi*tunately 
 broken, but notwithstanding the peculiarity of the design, 
 the legend of the reverse seems to show that it is a coin, not 
 a medal, and the occurrence of the same moneyer's name on 
 a coin of type 4, Eud. xxii. 13, followed by MO MEALD, 
 
151 
 
 is proof botli that this coin belongs to -(Ethelrsed II. and 
 also that the name of the mint is MEALDMBS, i.e., 
 Malmesbury. 
 
 8. The king's bust to leftj without any diadem, the hair 
 expressed by lines, diverging as from a common centre, and 
 each terminating in a pellet. Rev. an open cross, extending 
 to the edge of the coin, each limb terminating in three 
 crescents ; sometimes, as in the York coins, a small cross, or 
 annulet, &c., is in the field. (207). Rud. xxii. 2, 3, xxviii. 1. 
 XXX. 24. JlfB. Weight 20 to 27 grs. The close resemblance 
 of the reverse to that of Cnut's types 4 and 7 (210) and (212), 
 seems to prove that this, as well as type 1, which is closely 
 connected both with it and with Cnut's type 2 (209), was 
 struck late in jEthelred's reign. Of this type and style of 
 workmanship are the coins which bear the name of Dublin, 
 much resembling coins ascribed to early Irish kings, and 
 from their peculiarity instantly recognizable by collectors. 
 According to a charter, of whose authenticity, though it has 
 been disputed. Sir Francis Palgrave seems satisfied, Eadgar 
 had possessed himself of the greater part of Ireland, and 
 especially Dublin. It is not therefore surprising that his 
 son should have struck money there, or that the money 
 so struck should have an Irish appearance. It is true 
 that the names of Bom€ English towns appear upon coins 
 of this fabric, and that some of this class are looked upon 
 with a very suspicious eye by some collectors. These 
 became the subject of close investigation by Mr. Lindsay, 
 who was fully competent to the clear elucidation of the 
 question, and he seems to have been of opinion that these 
 coins were not struck by the princes whose names they 
 bear, but by Irish princes in imitation of English coins. 
 To this opinion it may not unreasonably be objected that 
 the coins in question are not like any English coins, but 
 close imitations of early Irish coins, having little of Eng- 
 lish about them except the name of the kings ; and it is 
 difiScult to divine the motive for making a coin having 
 
152 
 
 the general appearance of an Irish coin, and putting upon it 
 the name of an English king, which, if he had no authority 
 in Ireland, would not give it any value, and which the 
 greater part of the persons through whose hands it would 
 pass would be unable to discover or to read. If these 
 princes had authority enough in Ireland to give value to 
 any money circulated in their name, there is no difficulty 
 in supposing that the coins were issued with their sanc- 
 tion, and then it is reasonable to suppose that they would 
 bear a type familiar to the Irish people. 
 
 It should be mentioned that. there are in existence, in 
 the British Museum and elsewhere, several pieces of this 
 type as well as of types 2 and 3, and some imitations 
 of type 1, the legends on which are utterly inexplicable 
 at present ; but which are in all probability Irish imitations 
 of English coins. Two of these are described and engraved 
 in NC XVI. 104, and xvii. 89. 
 
 Ale (E) ? 
 Ate (R ) P 
 Bard (4) Bath 
 Bathan (2*, 4, 5t, 8) 
 
 £ath 
 Bedafor (5) Bedford 
 Brud (L) ? 
 Bryidse(L)? 
 Bucci (L) Buckingham 
 Bycig (2) Buckitiffham 
 Caentwara (1, 2, 3, 5, 
 
 8) Canterbury 
 Ceften (4) Shaftesbury 
 Cimae (L) P~ 
 Cise (8) Chichester 
 Colen (3, 8) Colchester 
 Crobe (E) Shrewsbury 
 Tle{\)Derby9 
 
 Deoraby (3) Derby 
 Dyfli (8) Dublin 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Dofra (1, 4, 8) Dover 
 Dor (E) Dorchester 
 E (1) Exeter 
 Eaxecest (1, 2, 4, 8) 
 
 Exeter 
 Eforwic (1, 2, 3, 5, 8) 
 
 York 
 Esthe (2)*? 
 Geoda(l) Qodalming^ 
 Gifele (2, 8) Ilchesier 
 Gipes (1,2, 5) Ipswich 
 Gleaw (1, S)Gloucester 
 Grant (2, 5) Cam- 
 bridge 
 Ham Vic (5) South- 
 ampton 
 Heort (2) Hertford 
 Here (8) Hereford 
 Hifi (E) P 
 
 Huntand (1, 5, 8) 
 
 Huntingdon 
 led (E) Jedburgh ? 
 lort (E) ? 
 Laehwea (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) 
 
 Lewes 
 Lai (3) P 
 
 Lanstf (E) Lancas- 
 ter? 
 liea (E) Lewes 
 Leawge (L) Lewes 
 Leice (3, 8) Leicester 
 Legces (2) Leicester 
 Ligerces (E) Chester 
 Liher (L) Chester 
 Limna (5)t Liming 
 LiDdcolTie(l, 2,3,5, 8) 
 
 Lincoln 
 Lin el (3) ? 
 Lud J (2) London 
 
 * Found in (he Isle of Man, 1854. NC xvi. 99, xvii. 130. 
 
 t Found at Ipswicb, 1863. IN CNS iv. 28, 225. 
 
 X LVD, here and elsewhere, probably stands for London, not Lud- 
 low. Both the coins in MB. on which it appears havemoneyers whose 
 names are also on clearly London coins of types 2 and 4, Eadm nd 
 and Edv\ine. 
 
153 
 
 Lnadene (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 8) London 
 
 Lunnip (5)§ London ? 
 
 Luthby (E) Sud- 
 bury? 
 
 Lydatord (2, 3) Lyd- 
 ford 
 
 Maeldune (2, 5t, 8) 
 Maldon 
 
 Mealdmes (4, 7)|| 
 Malmeshury 
 
 ]Srorthwic(2, 4, 5) Nor- 
 toich 
 
 Nr (E) Norwich 
 
 Oxna (2, 3) Oxford 
 
 Eaid (fi,) Reading 
 
 Rim(8)T[ TTinc/ieiier ? 
 
 Einto (5) Winchester 
 
 Eisic ( E ) Castle 
 Rising ? 
 
 Eofecs (4, 5, 8) Ro- 
 chester 
 
 Sceaft (R) Shafteshury 
 
 Scrobbes (5) Shrews- 
 bury 
 
 Staeth (E) Stafford? 
 
 Stanfor (1**, 2** 3, 
 4**, 5, 8) Stamford 
 
 Stanxi.(5)if Stamford? 
 
 Sted (L) ? St. Ed- 
 mondshury ? 
 
 Suthby (2) 'Sudbury 
 
 Qxi.t]i^e('2,)XXSudbury\ 
 
 Tkeotford (3, 5, 6, 
 
 Thetford 
 Toga (L) ? 
 
 8) 
 
 Totan(2, 5) Totness? 
 Ture (i) TorchsB'ij? 
 Vnt (8) Huntingdon 
 "Waeri (L) Warwick 
 Walin (2)* Walling. 
 
 ford 
 Weced (4) Watehet 
 Weling (1) Walling- 
 
 ford 
 Wer (8) Warwick 
 Wfehia (4) P 
 Wigerac (5t, 6) Wor- 
 cester 
 Wilir (E) Worcester 
 Wiltun (2) Wilton 
 Wincestr ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 8) Winchester 
 
 Gsm, 1016 TO 1035. 
 
 In tte year 1013 Sweyne, King of Denmark, obtained 
 possession of part of the kingdom, and ^theked took 
 refuge in Normandy. Upon Sweyne's death a few months 
 afterwards, ^thelred was recalled, and exercised a partial 
 authority till his death in 1016. Cnut succeeded to the 
 greater part of the dominions of his father Sweyne, but, to 
 maintain his authority, was involved in an arduous contest 
 with .^theked during the remainder of that prince's life, 
 and, afterwards, with his son and successor Edmond Ironside, 
 of whom no coins are known. Ultimately Cnut obtained 
 possession of the whole kingdom, which he held tiU his death 
 in 1035. Of Sweyne no English money is known, but the 
 coins of Cnut are exceedingly numerous, and perhaps more 
 
 § LVNNIP is probably also a blunder for London, as the moneyer 
 is a London moneyer. MB. 
 
 11 The occurrence of this name makes it probable that MEALD, 
 elsewhere, is used to denote Malmeshury, not like MAELD, Maldon. 
 Lindsay, p. 90 note. Malmeshury Tvas certainly one of Edward the 
 Confessor's mints. 
 
 If The obverse of this seems to read ETHELEED EEX ANG 
 M NO. MS. Eud. xxii. 3. 
 
 ** NCNS IX. 340, 342. 
 
 It The moneyer, ALEWALD, is a Stamford moneyer. NCNS 
 IX. 339. 
 
 Xt The moneyer, ^LFEIC, is a SVTHBY moneyer. MB. 
 
154 
 
 places of mintage are mentioned than upon the coins of any 
 other English king. He is generally styled Eex Anglorum, 
 and the place of mintage as well as the moneyer's name is 
 always mentioned. His coins are in general very light, 
 rarely amounting to 24 gr., and sometimes scarcely exceed- 
 ing 12. The types of his coins are, 
 
 1. CNVT EEX, RECX, or RECCX, sometimes followed 
 by A or AN j or, on some York coins, E, EOFB. King's 
 bust to left, sceptre. Eev. cross voided, within inner circle, 
 annulet in the centre. (208). Eud. xxii. 1-5. MJB. 
 
 2. Obv. similar ; King's name sometimes spelt CNVTE. 
 Eev. tressure of four sides, with one or more pellets at 
 the corners, upon a cross voided ; within the inner circle. 
 (209). Eud. xxiii. 22, 23, 24. MB. 
 
 3. CNVT EEX, helmeted bust to left, like ^thelred's 
 coin, Eud. xxii. 1. Eev. like ^thelred's type 1. (Sale by 
 Sotheby and Wilkinson in 1862. NCNS ix. 346.) 
 
 4. Obv. similar to type 1, CNYT EEX AN. Eev. cross 
 voided, an annulet in the centre, PACX in the angles. 
 (210). End. xxiii. 25. MB. Another specimen is in the 
 Stockholm Eoyal Cabinet. Supposed to be in commemora- 
 tion of the peace established in 1016 between Canute and 
 Edmond Ironside, the eldest son and successor of jEthelred, 
 who had then lately died. 
 
 5. CNVT EECX A. King's bust to left, without sceptre. 
 Eev. cross composed of four ovals issuing from a centre 
 circle. (211). Eud. xxiii. 27. MB.v.r. 
 
 6. CNVT EEX ANGLOEV. King's bust to left, without 
 sceptre, within inner circle. Eev. small cross. Eud. xxiii. 
 21. MB. HUNTER.* v. r. 
 
 7. CNVT EEX, with ANGL or some longer form of 
 ANGLOEVM.f King s bust, generally to left, in quatrefoil, 
 
 * Mr. Thomsen of Copenhagen considered this to be a Danish 
 coin, struck at Viberga, i. e. Viborg in Jutland. NC iii. 121. 
 
 t On one coin of this type, Rud. xxiii. 9, the King's name is spelt 
 GNT. 
 
155 
 
 generally coroneted, sometimes filleted, very rarely with 
 sceptre,* occasionally a cross, pellet,t &c. in tlie field. 
 Eev. cross voided, upon large quatref oil. (212). Rud. xxii. 
 6. xxiii. 7-17. xxviii. D. 38, 39. MB. One angle of the 
 qnatrefoil of the reverse terminates in a cross, upon a coin of 
 Mr. Eashleigh's ; and Mr. Thomson of Copenhagen had one 
 without the qnatrefoil on the reverse. Mr. Cuff had one 
 with 0) before the bust, and a pellet in the ^rd and a cross 
 in the 4th quarter of the reverse. Rud. D. 39. At his sale 
 it was bought by Mr. Wigan. 
 
 8. CNVT REX, RECX, or RXC, generally with ANGLO 
 or some shorter form of ANGLORVM. King's bust mitred 
 to the left, in one instance to the right,J sceptre. Rev. 
 cross voided, within inner circle, limbs issuing from centre 
 circle, loops in each angle. (213). Rud. xxiii. 18-20. MB. 
 
 9. CNVT REX AN. Small cross, crescent opposite 
 each angle, the horns touching the inner circle. Rev. cross. 
 OTHBI ON NORWI. Rud. xxiii. 26. In the coUection of 
 Mr. WiUiam Brice, of CHfton. Weight Hi grs. NCNS 
 xix. 220. Unique.^ 
 
 * This appears on a Gloucester coin. MB. Eud. xxiii. 11. 
 
 t Pellets are most common on coins of Chester or Leicester. 
 
 J This coin was struck at York, and the bases of the letters on 
 the obverse are towards the rim of the coin, as on one of ^thelred's 
 uncertain coins. Eud. xxiii. 18. MS. Another York coin of this 
 type reads CNT EEX ANGLOE. Linds. v. 125. 
 
 § A moneyer named Othbeom coined at Lincoln for Cnut and for 
 Edward the Confessor, and a few coins struck for Edward the Con- 
 fessor (our type 13), by Godric of London, have a reverse of the type 
 of the obverse of this coin. But on the other hand coins of the same 
 size and type as this piece were struck at Lund in Scania by Othbiorn 
 for Cnut the Saint, Eing of Denmark, a.d. 1080 to 1086, and there are 
 many coins of this type belonging to that king in the Royal Danish 
 Cabinet. It is not unlikely, therefore, that this coin may belong to 
 Cnut the Saint, in spite of its indisputably English legend, particularly 
 as the moneyers of thos^ times probably often transferred their ser- 
 vices between England and Denmark, and often made curious blunders 
 on their coins ; for instance, a coin of the Danish Eing Magnus, A.r. 
 1042 to 1047, has " Lefwiue on Linoo" on the reverse ! See NONS 
 sx. 226, and NC, 1881, p. 65. There are a few coins, like those 
 
156 
 
 Aesceftes (7) Shaftes- 
 hury 
 
 Axa (7) Exeter 
 
 Bard (7) Bath ? 
 
 Bathann (1, 7, 8) Bath 
 
 Beathn (71 Bath 
 
 Bedef (1, 7) Bedford. 
 
 Brioe (1, 7) Bristol 
 
 Bril (K) BH^toi 
 
 Briut (7, 8) ^rw^oZ 
 
 Brin (E) ? 
 
 Bac (R) BuchinQham 
 
 Bui (E.)P 
 
 Cad (7) Cadbury? 
 
 Cassowi (L)* ? 
 
 Ceice (E) Chichester 
 
 Ceiitwa(l) Canterbury 
 
 Cep (R) Chepstow? 
 
 Ces (R) e/ieiifej- 
 
 Cet (L) ? 
 
 Cicestr (1, 8) Chiches- 
 ter 
 
 Cnet (2) Canterbury ? 
 
 Coleo (1, 2) Colchester 
 
 Croccii^?) Cricklade 
 
 Crogi (7) Cricklade 
 
 Cmce (1) Crewkerne 
 
 Ded (E) P 
 
 Deo (E)? 
 
 Dnceniti (8) P 
 
 Dofran (1, 2§, 7, 8) 
 Dover 
 
 Dor (7) Dorchester 
 
 Dorcest (L)Dorchester 
 
 Dthe (E) ? 
 
 Dyf (7) Z)w6K»i 
 
 Ecestae (L) Exeter 
 
 Ecornc (2) York ? 
 
 Mints. 
 Ecxacest (1, 7, 8) Exe- 
 
 Edferw (1) For/fc 
 
 Elu(E)£'Z3r? 
 
 Eode (E) ? 
 
 Eoerp (8) York 
 
 Eorrwi(;e(l,2,8) York 
 
 Eorc (1, 7, 8) York 
 
 Fim (E) ? 
 
 Friie . . . r (E) P 
 
 G-ifelc (1, 7) Ilchester 
 
 Gipeswi (1) Ipswich 
 
 Glaw (1, 7, S) Glouces- 
 ter 
 
 Grodwinecas (E) God- 
 manchester ? 
 
 Granti(l,2,7,8)Cam- 
 bridge 
 
 Grrogi (E) Cricklade? 
 
 Haesting (1, 8) Hast- 
 ings 
 
 Hamt (1, 7) South- 
 ampton 
 
 Heort (L) Hertford 
 
 Heref (1, 8) Hereford 
 
 Hern (E) ? 
 
 Hren (8) P 
 
 Hun (7) Huntingdon 
 
 Hyda (7) Hythe 
 
 Irriutu (R) ? 
 
 laece (or Niaece) (E) P 
 
 Laewee (1, 7, 8) Lewes 
 
 Lagc (1, 7) Leicester? 
 
 Lagl(7)? 
 
 Lancpor (8) Longport 
 
 Lanp (7) Longport 
 
 Lego (7) Leicester 
 
 Lege (1) Leicester 
 
 Leel (E) Leicester ? 
 Lehr (1) Chester 
 Leht (E) OAerfer 
 Leihceo (2, 7, 8) C/^es- 
 
 Lelu (E) ? 
 
 LTiyda (E) Lydford 
 
 Linconlnc (1,'2, 4, 7, 8) 
 
 Lincoln 
 Lnet (E) ? 
 L (l)t London 
 Lu (l)t London 
 Lud (l)t London 
 Lue (1)J Lewes 
 Luine (E) London p 
 Lundene (1, 2, 5, 7, 8) 
 
 London 
 Lyda C (5) Lydford 
 Maeld (8) Maldon 
 Meale (7) Malmesbury 
 Neacn (E) P 
 I^iaeoe (or laece) 
 
 (E)P 
 ISTorthwic (1,8,9) Nor- 
 wich 
 Ocxen (1, 2, 7, 8) Ox- 
 
 ford 
 Eant (E) P 
 
 Eic (7) Castle Rising ? 
 Eilib (L) Ribchester ? 
 Einc (R) ? 
 Riume (L) Romney 
 Rofec(l§, 7) Rochester 
 Eui (7) Romney 
 Eumn (1, 7) Romney 
 Eune (E) Romney 
 Saeber (7) Salisbury ? 
 Sandvvi (E) Sandwich 
 
 which have been mentioned under ^thelred's reign, which from their 
 types would seem to belong to Cnut, but of which the legends 
 are at present quite unintelligible. Thus a coin of type 2 in MB. 
 reads, Obv. ECWI (or ECDI) EECCEX ; Eev. ^gelwine onn Bricc 
 {i.e. Bristol) ; and a coin of type 8, also in MB., and struck at 
 London, has on the obverse EVNTN ELNTC, of which the first 
 four letters may perhaps be merely blundered for Cnut. Some other 
 unintelligible coins of this type are engraved and described in NO 
 xvi. 104, 146 ; ivii. 91, 93. 
 
 * Lelewel places this mint at Ashow near Warwick. Linds. 90. 
 
 t These all have London moneyers, BEVNGAE, GODEMAN, 
 andEDWINE. MB. 
 
 X This has a Lewes moneyer, GODEFEITH. MB. 
 
167 
 
 Scaeftes (1,7,8) Shaf- 
 tesbury 
 
 Scrobr (1, 2, 7) Shrews- 
 bury 
 
 Serbi (L) Salisbury 
 
 Sere (1, 8) Salisbury 
 
 Sithe (7) P 
 
 Sno (1, 7) Nottingham 
 
 Staenii (1) Steyning 
 
 Stanfor (1, 2§, 3, t 8) 
 Stamford 
 
 Stef (1) Stafford 
 
 Sutheg(l,2) Southwarlc 
 
 Tantu(7) Taunton 
 Theotfo (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) 
 
 Thetford 
 Thriv (E) P 
 Tota (8) Tofeess 
 Vntdne (8) Sunting- 
 
 don 
 Waeriiio_ (2, 7, 8) 
 
 Varisich 
 Weced (1) Watchet 
 Welin (1, 7) Walling- 
 ford 
 
 Welmiaf (7) P 
 Weric (E) Warwick 
 Weswa (8)11 ? 
 Wib (6) ? 
 Wid(E)? 
 
 Wihrac (H) Worcester 
 Wiltu (1) TFiZiJoffl 
 Wiucstere (1, 2, 7, 8) 
 
 Winchester 
 Wineod (E) ? 
 Wiri (E) Worcester P 
 Wthc (8) P 
 
 Haeold I., 1035 to 1040. 
 
 Upon the death of Cnat, 1085^ his eldest son, Sweyn, suc- 
 ceeded to Norway, and Harold, the second son, became king 
 of England and so continued till his death in 1039, except 
 that his younger brother Harthacnut held Wessex for a part 
 of this time, together with Denmark, which had been his 
 original inheritance from his father. The coins of Harold 
 are pennies. He is styled HARALD or HAEOLD, or on 
 one coin, HLOD, R. RE. REX or RBCX, with sometimes 
 A or AN for Anglise. The mints as well as moneyers are 
 always mentioned on the coins, which are very light, rarely 
 exceeding 18 gr. The type of his coins are, 
 
 1. The king's bust to the left, filleted; no sceptre. Rev. 
 a cross formed of four ovals issuing from a circular centre ; 
 like Canute's type 5. Rud. xxiv. 1-3. MB. r. 
 
 2. King's bust to the left, sceptre. Rev. cross voided 
 extending to the outer edge, a flower in each angle issuing 
 from a compartment in the centre. (214). Rud. xxiv. 4 
 MB. 
 
 3. Similar, but profile to the right. Rud. xxviii. MARTIN, 
 V. r. 
 
 4. Obv. similar to No. 2. Rev. cross voided, within inner 
 circle, annulet in the centre. MB. This piece, perhaps 
 
 § These are inserted on the authority of NCNS ix. 348, xvi. 338. 
 
 II Weswa is Mr. Combe's reading ; but in End. xxiii. 20, the first letter 
 is broken off, and the second one appears to be a C. Eud. vol. ii. 
 p. 293. MB. 
 
158 
 
 unique, was found in the Thames in 1838. It furnishes the 
 name of a moneyer, LBIFINE, not included in Ruding's 
 list. 
 
 5. Bust similar to No. 1, but robes more like the Eoman 
 paludamentum, HARBII RE. Rev. same as No. 4. 
 OVTHNCAR ON LV. (215.) MB. 
 
 Bathan (1, 2) JBath 
 Bed (1, 2) Bedford 
 Ere (R) P 
 Brie (2) Bristol 
 Brie (R) Bristol 
 C (2) Canterbury ? 
 Can (1) Canterbury 
 Can (2) Canterbury 
 Ceice (R) Chichester 
 Coe (2) Colchester 
 Col (2) Colchester 
 Cowcn (2) ? 
 Dofrenn (1, 2) Dover 
 Ecxec (1, 2) JSxeter 
 Eofer (1, 2, 3) York 
 Gii (2) Ipswich ? 
 Gip (2) Ipswich 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Gran (2) Cambridge 
 Hamtii (1) Southamp- 
 ton 
 Itaa (R) P 
 Laewe (2) Lewes 
 Lefoo (2) Leicester P 
 Legiee (1) Leicester 
 Leice (1, 2) Leicester 
 Lincoln (1, 2) Lincoln 
 Lu (2, 5) London 
 Lud (1) London P 
 Lundon (1, 2 , 4) Lon- 
 don 
 MtestP (1)P 
 North wic (1,2) Nor- 
 wich 
 Ocen(L) Oxford? 
 
 Ocxe (L) Oxford 
 Roc (2) Rochester 
 Sere (R) Salisbury P 
 Sn (2) Nottinqham 
 Sta (1, 2) Stafford? 
 Stanf (1) Stamford 
 Theotf (1, 2) Thetford 
 Waerincw (1) War- 
 wick 
 Wilt (2) Wilton 
 Welinca (1) Walling- 
 
 ford 
 Welii {2)Wallingford? 
 Wice (1) Worcester? 
 Wincest (1) Winches- 
 ter 
 Wnic (2) Winchester 
 
 Haethacnut, 1039 to 1041. 
 
 In 1039 Harthacnut was elected king of England upon 
 the death of his brother. His cruelty made him hated, and 
 his gluttony occasioned his death in 1041. His coins are 
 pennies and are very rare. Eaglish and Danish coins both 
 occur, and it is not always easy to assign to each kingdom 
 its proper money, especially as there is a town in Denmark 
 whose name, upon the coins, it is not possible to distinguish 
 from London. 
 
 His name HARTHACNVT or HARTHECNVT, is some 
 times abbreviated, and generally followed by R, RE, or 
 REX, but, on the English coins, without any notice of the 
 kingdom over which he reigned, except that on one coin in 
 MB. (type 4) he is styled ARTHECNVT AN. On type 1 
 the legend is HARNATHBCN. The mint as well as the 
 moneyer is always mentioned, except on one coin, Rud. D. 42, 
 MB., which reads on the reverse simply SVMERLED ON. 
 
159 
 
 His coins seldom weigh more than 18 grs. The types which 
 appear to be English, are, 
 
 1. The king's bust to the right, helmeted. Rev. small 
 cross. Late Mr. Bymock. 
 
 2. The king's bust to the right diademed. Rev. cross 
 formed of four ovals issuing from a central circle. (216). 
 Rud. xxiv. 1. MB. 
 
 3. The king's bust to the left holding a sceptre. Rev. 
 cross, voided, within inner circle ; on it a square witb a 
 pellet at each corner. (217). Rud. xxiv. 2. 3. MB. 
 
 4. The king's head to the left, radiated crown, no sceptre. 
 Rev. cross voided, terminating in three crescents, a pellet 
 in tie centre; over a four-sided tressure with, three pellets 
 at each corner. (218). Rud. H. 47. MB. 
 
 Mr. Herbst, Inspector of the Royal Danish collection, 
 however, says this is " certainly coined at Lund in Scania." 
 NONS XX. 229. 
 
 5. Similar to No. 4, omitting the four-sided tressure on 
 reverse, Rud. D. 42. One of this type has an annulet in two 
 angles of the reverse and a pellet in two. Rud. H. 45. 
 Another has a sceptre on the obverse, and a crescent in two 
 angles of the reverse. Rud. H. 46. Rud. D. 40 and 41, and 
 B. 4. we do not deem to be English. 
 
 Axsaw (2) Exeter 
 Batha (L) Bath 
 Brues (R) Bristol 
 Cai (2) Exeter ? 
 Coxe (3) Oxford 
 D fra (2)* Dover 
 Exce (2)t Exeter 
 Gil (2) Guildford 
 Glewece (d) Gloucester 
 Herefo (3) Hereford 
 Hunta (B.) Hunting- 
 don 
 L(5)? 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Leber (3) Chester 
 Lere (E.) Chester 
 Lincol (3) Lincoln 
 Lindeio (K.) Lincoln ? 
 Lu (3, 4, 5) London? 
 Lud (4) London ? 
 Lunde (1, 2, 3) Lon- 
 don 
 N (E) ? 
 
 Norwi (L) Norwich 
 Oxana (3) Oxford 
 Sere (L) Salisbury? 
 Stanf (3)J Stamford 
 
 Stenioe (2) Steyning 
 Snot (3) Nottingham 
 Suthger (3) South- 
 
 wark 
 Vibeis(2)§? 
 Waerhica (E) War- 
 
 wick 
 Wice (2) Worcester ? 
 Wincestr { 3 ) Win- 
 
 chester 
 Was (L) ? 
 
 * NO Tii. 202 ; found near Dover. See NCFS ii. 292. 
 
 t NO, 1881, p. 170. Lindsay gives Ecxcest. 
 
 t NCNS IX. 350. § NCJSfS i. 64. 
 
160 
 
 Edwaed the ConfessoEj 1041 to 1066, 
 
 Upon the death of Harthacnut, in 1041, the succession 
 reverted to the old line, and Edward, the surviving son of 
 JEthelred II. mounted the throne. His coins are exceed- 
 ingly various in type, size and weight ; some weigh as high 
 as 28 gr. others as low as 15, yet they must all be considered 
 as pennies, the very lightest weighing more than half the 
 heaviest; the two extremes are rare; every intermediate 
 weight is common. Halfpence and farthings were formed 
 by cutting the pennies into two or four pieces. At Thwaite 
 in Suffolk, where a considerable number of coins of this 
 period were found, there were several specimens of half and 
 quarter pennies thus formed, and some of both are now in 
 the British Museum. Amongst the coins of the Conqueror, 
 found at Beaworth, were also some halves and quarters, and, 
 as the whole collection had evidently never been in circula- 
 tion, they were probably issued from the mint in that form. 
 The types of the Confessor, which we have seen most fre- 
 quently so divided, are Nos. 4, 5, 15, 20. His coins are of 
 two different sizes, -^^ and J-| of an inch diameter respec- 
 tively ; the smaller weighing about two thirds only of the 
 larger ; the king's name, though sometimes one or more 
 letters are reduplicated or omitted, is EDWERD or 
 EDWARD on types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 18, 20 ; on type 
 12 it is EDWBAED or EADWARD, and on all the others 
 EADWARD,* which on type 19 is sometimes Latinized 
 into BADYVEARDVS. Except in this instance, and on 
 one specimen of type 17 which reads EADVBARD, the 
 Saxon P is always used for the W. The king is always 
 styled REX, more or less at length, and on types 1, 5, 9, 
 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, ANGLORVM or some abbreviation of it 
 is sometimes added. A large number of moneyers' names 
 
 * One coin of type 13 (Eud. xxv. 29) reads EDWAEDE, one of 
 type 19 (Eud. xxv. 16) EDWAD, &c. but the omission of the A is 
 probably only accidental. 
 
161 
 
 occur on the reverses, and they are almost invariably* 
 followed by the word ON" and tbe place of mintage. 
 
 Mr. Head, in bis account of a find of nearly 2000 coins of 
 tbis king at Cbancton Farm, near Steyning, Sussex, (NCNS 
 VII. 63) considers tbose types on wbicb tbe bead is young and 
 beardless (our types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 20) as tb.o earliest ; 
 and as on all of tbese tbe name is spelt EDWERD or 
 EDWARD, be places next to tbemNos. 16 and 18 on wbicb 
 tbe spelbng is tbe same. A find of 1500 coins near Battle 
 in 1876 (NCNS xix. 154) exclusively of types 6, 13, 16, and 
 19, seems to sbow that these were struck about tbe same 
 time, and 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, are only varieties of tbem. They 
 may therefore be placed in the middle of tbe reign. Types 
 9, 10, 11, which are very like Harold II's coins, and 12, 
 which must go with them, are probably the latest issued by 
 Edward. About 2200 of the Confessor's coins, found in the 
 City in 1872, are described by Mr. Willett ia NCNS xvi. 
 323, and from his descriptions many additions have been 
 made to our list of this king's coins, whose very varied types 
 are as follows. 
 
 1. Tbe king's bust to the left, filleted ; sceptre. Rev. 
 cross, limbs gradually expanding, issuing from a central 
 circle or circles. 
 
 The London coins have occasionally one or more pellets in 
 the field, Rud. xxiv. 2, 6, as has also a coin of Hastings, 
 and a gold one of Warwick, Rud. H. 44. A London and a 
 Leicester coin have an annulet in the field, Rud. xxiv. 1. like 
 all the York coins of tbis type. (219) Rud. xxiv. 5. A coin 
 
 * The exceptions are that in one instance the name SPRACELING- 
 occurs alone (E.ud. Vol. i. 141) ; in another the legend is GODWUSTE 
 CCOON, the last part being perhaps a Burname (found at Chancton ; 
 NCNS VII. 126); and in a third it is LEOFWINE HOPN.O + 
 (Linds. pi. vi. 158 ; NO xit. 176), the last part of which may be read 
 Hown (a surname) Ox (ford) ; How No(rwich, &c.) ; or Mo Wno, the 
 last letter being in these cases treated as merely a cross. There are 
 also a few coins with blundered or illegible inscriptions. ON is very 
 rarely omitted before the name of the mint. 
 
 11 
 
162 
 
 of Shrewsbury has a cross in each angle on the reverse. The 
 small coins of this type weigh about 18 gr. the larger 27. 
 End. xxiv. 1-8. MB. 
 
 2. Similar obverse^ but with reverse like that of type 16. 
 M.B. Very rare. NCNS vii. pi. v. 4 ; xvi. pi. xii. 1. 
 
 3. Similar obverse. Rev. cross moline, no inner circle. MB. 
 
 4. Similar obverse. Rev. cross voided, within inner circle, 
 on the centre a square compartment with three pellets at 
 the corners. Occasional marks occur on the obverses and 
 reverses of this type, and appear to be moneyer's marks. 
 Weight 13 to 18 gr. (220). Rud. xxv. 21, 22, 23, 24. MB. 
 This is so like Harthacnut's (217) that it must be an early 
 type. Mr. Evans has a coin with only one pellet instead of 
 three in the corners, exactly like the reverse of (217). 
 NCNS xvi. 331. 
 
 5. Similar obverse. Rev. cross voided, limbs generally 
 terminating in a crescent, and extending to the edge of the 
 coin, an annulet on the centre, PAEX in the angles. Weight 
 16 to 18 grains, r. (221). Rud. xxiv. 12. MB. This is 
 extremely like Cnut's coin (210). On one or two specimens 
 the word is written PACS or PAXX. NCNS xvi. 331. 
 
 6. King's bust to the right, bearded, crowned, sceptre. 
 Rev. cross voided, each limb terminating in an incurved 
 segment of a circle. Weight 21 gr. (222). Rud. xxiv. 9, 
 10. MB. On one coin the segments of a circle are repre- 
 sented only by disjointed bars. NCNS xvi. pi. xii. 5. 
 
 7. Similar to type 6, but no segment of circle at ends of 
 cross, MB. NCNS xvi. pi. xii. 6. 
 
 8. Similar obverse. Rev. small cross. Rud. xxviii. 1. 
 MB. unique? This unites the obverse of type 6 with the 
 reverse of types 13, 15. 
 
 9. King's bust to the right, bearded, crown arched, with 
 pendent terminating in three pellets hanging down at the 
 side. , Sceptre in front. Rev. cross voided, pyramid termi- 
 nating in a pellet in each angle. On a Leicester coin the head 
 is helmeted. (223). MB. On a Wallingford coin the sceptre 
 
163 
 
 is omitted, and each limb of the cross is decorated with a 
 curved ornament. End. xxv. 28. extremely rare. On a 
 Huntingdon coin, one pyramid has three pellets. The York 
 coins substitute an annulet for one of the pyramids. Rud. 
 XXV. 27. Weight 20 to 23 gr. (223). Rud. xxv. 26, 27, 28. 
 MB. 
 
 10. Similar obverse. Rev. cross voided, each limb ter- 
 minating' in two crescents, in the angles are pyramids 
 based on an annulet in the centre of the cross. (224). 
 Rud. xxv. 35. MB. extremely rare. 
 
 11. Similar obverse. Rev. PAX written across the field. 
 Rud. xxiv. 11. C. 21. MB. extremely rare. 
 
 12. King's bust, front, bearded, crowned, sceptre in hand. 
 Rev. cross voided, pyramid in each angle, same as No. 9. 
 Rud. xxv. 25. V. r. 
 
 13. King's bust, front, bearded, crowned ; legend con- 
 tinued beneath the bust. Rev. small cross. Weight 18 gr. 
 (226). Rud. xxv. 29, 30, 31. MB. 
 
 14. Similar obverse. Rev. small cross, four crescents 
 close to inner circle opposite each angle. Rud. xxv. 32. 
 MB. very rare. Or with one crescent, NCNS xvi. 335. 
 
 15. King's bust to the left, radiated crown. Rev. small 
 cross. (226). Rud. xxv. 33, 34. MB. Weight 17 gr. 
 
 16. King's bust to right, bearded, mitred, sceptre in 
 hand, terminating in a cross, three pellets, or fleur-de-lys. 
 Rev. cross voided, each limb terminating in three crescents ; 
 annulet or, very rarely, pellet, in the centre. (227). Rud. . 
 xxv. 18, 20. Weight 22 gr. MB. 
 
 17. Similar, but bust turned to the left. Rud. xxv. 19. 
 MB. V. r. On one specimen the three crescents in which 
 each limb of the cross terminates are repeated in the outer 
 cii-cle. NCNS ivi. pi. ii. 6. 
 
 18. Obverse like No. 16. Rev. Confessor's arms, as No. 
 19. Rud. xxv. 17. HUNTER, unique ? 
 
 19. King seated on throne, crowned, generally but not 
 always bearded, orb in left hand, sceptre in right. Rev. cross 
 
 11 * 
 
164 
 
 voided, martlet in each angle ; called the Confessor's arms. 
 (228). Rud. xxiv. ] 3. xxviii. 2. Weight 21 gr. if5. The 
 York coins have generally an annulet.over two of the birds. 
 End. XXV. 16, 16. MB. A Leicester coin has an annulet 
 on one limb of the cross. End. xxiv. 14. MB. A Lincoln 
 coin, and two Hertford ones, have for reverse that of type 6. 
 End. xxviii. 3. MB., NCNS xvi. 351 ; and accordingly Mr. 
 Head makes type 6 to follow immediately after type 19. 
 
 20. King's bust to the left filleted. Rev. cross voided. 
 These are all of the small size, -f^ of an inch diameter. 
 Weight 13 to 18 gr., and sometimes not more than 9 or 10. 
 (229). Rud. xxvi. 36, 37, 38. MB. 
 
 All the York coins, except those of types 4 and 1 1, and 
 some of type 19, have an annulet in the field of the reverse, 
 and three coins in MB. of the Lincoln mint, of types 13 and 
 16, have a similar annulet. A short bar occurs on the 
 reverse of three coins of Ilchester in MB., and a few other 
 marks which seem to be privy or mint marks occur on other 
 
 coins. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Cetwere (1) Canter- 
 bury 
 
 Aegl (6§, 13) Ai/les- 
 
 bury? 
 Aestien (E) Sastings 
 Amt (R) Southampton 
 Bathann(l,5,6, 13,16, 
 
 17, 19, 20) Bath 
 Bearb (E) Derby ? 
 Bedefor (1,6,13,16,19, 
 
 20) Bedford 
 Bedewinde (6, 13, 16) 
 
 Bedwin 
 Beorc (4) Berkeley 
 Berdest (E) ? 
 Bis (19) ? 
 Br (20) Bristol ? 
 Brec (6, 9) Bristol 
 Bnagsto (1, 6, 9, 13, 
 
 16, 19) Bristol 
 Caentwa(l,4,5,6,9,13, 
 
 16,19,20) Canterbury 
 
 Celan (L) ? 
 Cicestr(l,4,6,9,13,16, 
 
 19, 20) Chichester 
 Cine (19) P 
 Cere (4)t Salisbury ? 
 Cni (E) P 
 Colecet (1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 
 
 16,19) Colchester 
 Creecelad (1, 6, 9, 12, 
 
 16, 19) Cricklade 
 Croc (16) Cricklade 
 Dorebi (1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 
 
 16, 20) Derby 
 Bodih (E) ? 
 Doferenn (1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 
 
 13, 16, 19, 20) Dover 
 Doro (1, 5, 6, 13, 20 P) 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 Dorth (E) ? 
 Dower (12) Dover? 
 Dreb (E) Derby? 
 Dyr (20) ? 
 Eadmun (1, 6, 13, 16) 
 
 St. Edmondsbury 
 Eaewe (9) Lewes 
 Ecxece (15* 16, 20) 
 
 Egele (15* 16) Ayles- 
 bury 
 
 Enene (19) P 
 
 Eob (20) York? 
 
 Eoferwicc (1, 4, 5, 6, 
 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 
 20) York 
 
 Eoner (4) York 
 
 Eotbe (R) P 
 
 Exeoeste (1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 
 16, 19) Exeter 
 
 * Found in Co. Wexford, Ireland, NO i. 146. 
 t Bought by Mr. Curt at the Cuff sale. Possibly blundered for 
 Sere. 
 
 § In Mr. Evans' collection. 
 
165 
 
 Exscex (1) Exeter 
 
 Genit (R) P 
 
 Gifelce (1, 4, 6, 13, 16) 
 
 Ilchester 
 Gipeswic (1,4,5,6,9,13, 
 
 15,16, 19, 20)ip«mV/i 
 Glewecst (1, 6, 9, 13, 
 
 15, 16, 19, 20) Glou- 
 
 Gildefor (6, 13, 19,20) 
 Gruildford 
 
 Gyld(l,16,19),(?tti;rf- 
 ford 
 
 Grante(l, 6,13, 16,18, 
 19, 20) Cambridge 
 
 Haestien (1, 6, 13, 16, 
 19, 20) Hastings 
 
 Hestinpor (1, 4) Mas- 
 tings 
 
 Hamtu (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 
 13, 15, 16, 17, 19) 
 Southampton 
 
 Heoi-t (4, 6, 13, 16) 
 Mertford 
 
 Herefoe(l,4, 6, 13, 16, 
 17, 19, 20) Here- 
 ford 
 
 Hornidune (19) Hor 
 ningdon 
 
 Ht ? (5)* 
 
 Htinc (E.) Hastings^ 
 
 Hunee (fi) Hunting- 
 don? 
 
 Hunte (1, 4, 5, 6, 9 P, 
 13, 16, 20) Hunting- 
 don 
 
 Hytlie (13, 16, 20) 
 Hytke 
 
 Hetiie (6) Hythe 
 
 leon (15) P 
 
 lerbirgej (19) Salis- 
 bury 
 
 It (R) ? 
 
 Ken (9) Canterbury 
 
 Laewenen (1, 4, 6, 9, 
 13, 16, 19, 20) Levies 
 
 Lanffp (1) Longport 
 Legeoes (6, 9, 13, 19) 
 
 Leicester\\ 
 Leicest (1, 4, 16, 19, 
 
 20) Leicester 
 Legr (16) Chester\\ 
 Lehrece (1, 6, 8, 13, 
 
 15, 16, 19, 20) Ches- 
 ter 
 
 Leht (R) Chester ? 
 Lidi (L) ? 
 Limni (B) Liming 
 Linoolne (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 
 
 13, 15, 16, 19, 20) 
 
 Lincoln 
 Luden (1, 6, 15, 16, 
 
 19, 20) London 
 Lundene (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 
 
 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 
 
 20) London 
 Maeldun (6, 13, 16, 19, 
 
 20) Maldon 
 Mealm (5, 13, 16) Mal- 
 
 meshury 
 Melme (6) Malmes- 
 
 bury 
 Niweporte (16) New- 
 port 
 Northwi (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 
 
 13, 15, 16, 19, 20) 
 
 Norwich 
 Ocxenefo (1, 5, 6, 13, 
 
 16, 19, 20) Oxford 
 Eic (19) Castle Sisingi 
 Rin (20) Winchester 
 Eofe (4, 5, 6, 16, 19) 
 
 Rochester 
 Rumed (5, 6, 16, 19, 
 
 20) Romney 
 San (4, 6, 15**, 16, 20) 
 
 Sandwich or Stam- 
 
 Sance (6) Sandwich 
 Sandwi (12, 16) Sand- 
 wich 
 
 Scefte (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 
 16, 19) Shaftesbury j 
 
 Scobe (6) Shrewsbury 
 
 Scro (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 
 16, 19) Shrewsbury 
 
 Seal (9) Salisbury 
 
 Serbirgel (19) Salis- 
 bury 
 
 Serbur (5, 6, 9) Salis- 
 bury 
 
 Snotii (1, 4, 6, 13, 16, 
 19, 20) Nottingham 
 
 Sta (5, 9, 16, 19, 20) 
 Stamford ? 
 
 Stai (5, 20) Stamford 
 
 Stanfor (1,4, 5,6, 9, 13, 
 15**, 16, 19, 20) 
 Stamford 
 
 Staforde (1) Stafford 
 
 Staenig (1, 5, 9, 13, 16, 
 19) Steyning 
 
 Stwes (5) ? 
 
 Sudby (6, 19, 16) SuA- 
 
 Sudw (1, 6, 13, 16, 19, 
 20) Southwark 
 
 Sutbge (1, 6, 13, 16, 19, 
 20) Southwark 
 
 Tam (1, 13) lamworth 
 
 Tantune (4, 5, 6, 19, 20) 
 Taunton 
 
 Tbeod (1, 4, 5, 15, 20) 
 Thetford 
 
 Thetfordi (2, 5, 6, 9, 
 13, 16, 19) Thetford 
 
 Time (16) ? 
 
 Tine (R) Teignmouth? 
 
 Toft (8) P 
 
 Tonwyrth (R) Tarn- 
 worth ? 
 
 Walinge (1, 6, 9, 13, 
 16, 19) Wallingford 
 
 Weling (4, 15* IG) 
 Wallingford 
 
 Waerine (1, 6, 9) War- 
 wick 
 
 J The moneyer Goderic wrote tbe name of bis mint sometimes ler- 
 birge, sometimes Serbirge, on coins of type 19. The proper name of 
 the town was Searbyrig. 
 
 II Mr. Head gives to Chester, the name of which he says is Liger- 
 ceaster or Leherceaster, all coins on which the name of the mint begins 
 with Leh or Legr, and to Leicester, the name of which he says is 
 Leiceaster or Legecestria, all those on which the name begins with 
 
Weoe {1,4., 16) Whichet 
 Wahr (19) Wareham 
 Werham (4*, eff-, 9, 
 
 13, 16) Wareham 
 Wigr (19) Worcester 
 
 166 
 
 Wihrec (1, 6, 13, 16) 
 
 Worcester 
 Wiltuneic (IJJ 4, 5, 6, 
 
 9, 13, 15, 16, 19) 
 
 Wilton 
 
 Harold II., 1066. 
 
 Winoestr, (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 
 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 
 20) Winchester 
 
 Wiodfor (1,6,13) Thet- 
 ford%% 
 
 Harold II. succeeded upon the death of Edward, 1066, 
 and reigned only nine months, being slain at the battle of 
 Hastings. His coins are nevertheless numerous, nearly 100 
 varieties of money ers' names h'aving been discovered upon 
 them. The reverse bears the names, both of mint and 
 moneyer, and the type always consists of the word PAX 
 written across the field. 
 
 The correctness of the appropriation of these coins to this 
 Harold is unquestionable, from the close resemblance of the 
 head to that of the Conqueror (233), and from the circum- 
 stance of their having been twice found in parcels, which 
 contained no other coins except those of Edward the Con- 
 fessor and William the Conqueror ; at Dychurch in Rom- 
 ney Marsh in 1739, and near St. Mary-at-Hill church in Lon- 
 don, in 1774. See Archseol. vol. iv. p. 356. He is styled 
 
 Lei or Legec ; and with this division the moneyer'a names in this 
 reign accord very well, for out of seven who use the former and eleven 
 who use the latter spelling, only one moneyer, if one, Leofwine, is 
 common to both classes. See the notes to ^thelstan's and to William 
 the Conqueror's mints. 
 
 ^ On all these uncertain coins in MB. except one the moneyer's 
 name is Leofwine, which is the same as that on the SANCE and 
 SANDW(ich) coins, and also on several of STA]SrP(ord). The other 
 name is Faredir, which occurs on the ascertained coins of neither 
 place. 
 
 ** NCNS IX. 850. Mr. S. Sharp's list of coins of the Stamford 
 mint. 
 
 ft A coin of this type and mint has on the reverse A or V in one 
 quarter, and a small cross in another. It does not appear what these 
 signify. MB. 
 
 XX One of this type and mint has a G in one quarter of the reverse. 
 
 §§ The moneyera who write " Wiodfor " are exactly the same as 
 those who write " Thetford." 
 
167 
 
 Rex Anglorum at greater or less length. His coins weigh. 
 sometHng less than 22 gr. 
 
 1. The king's head in profile to the lefbj crowned, with a 
 sceptre. (230). Rud. xxvi. 3. MB. The crown and beard 
 of (231) occasionally appear with this type, and on a coin 
 found at Beaworth in 1853, (627), MB., the crown is dif- 
 ferent from any other known. 
 
 2. Similar head without sceptre. (231). Rud. xxvi. 1, 2. 
 MB. 
 
 3. Similar head to the right, with sceptre. The word 
 PAX on the reverse is written retrograde. (232). MB. 
 unique f* 
 
 Aest (1) Blastings 
 Aestr (E) Hastings ? 
 Bedeforc (1) Bedford 
 Brie (1) Bristol 
 Brucci (2) Bristol 
 Canti (1) Canterbury 
 Ceicesla(2) Chichester^ 
 Cicei (1) Chichester 
 Coleigst (2) Colchester 
 Con (R) Canterbury 
 Cri (L) Crichlade 
 Deorby (1) Derby 
 Uofi (3) Dover 
 Efr (B,) York 
 Eoferw (1) Yorh 
 Eoi (1) Yorh 
 Eon (1) Yorh 
 Execestr (1, 2) Exeter 
 Gifelc (1, 2) Ilchester 
 Gifli (R) Ilchester 
 Gildi (1) Guildford 
 Gipn (il) Ipswich 
 Gippes (1) Ipswich 
 Glewec (1) Gloucester 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Granti (1) Cambridge 
 Hamt (1, 2) South- 
 ampton 
 Herefor (1) Hereford 
 Humid (fi.) ? 
 Hunhed (2) Surding- 
 
 don 
 Itn (B) ? 
 Lae (L) Lewes 
 Legec (1) Leicester 
 Lenri (1) Chester 
 Levecegt? (L) Letoes? 
 Leweei (1) Lewes 
 Lincoi (1) Lincoln 
 Ludi (3) London 
 Lunden (1) London 
 Luni (R) London? 
 M:ali(R) Maldon? 
 Noj (2) Norwich 
 Nori (R) Norwich 
 Omsteni (R) ? 
 Oxenefo (1) Oxford 
 Rofi (1) Rochester 
 Rumei (2) Bomney 
 
 Sceftea (1) Shaftes- 
 
 bu/ry 
 Snotin (1) Nottingham 
 Sr (R) Shrewsbury 
 Sta (1) Stamford 
 Stanf (R) Stamford 
 Stseni (1) Steyning 
 Steni (R) Steyning 
 Sudei (1) SoutJiwark 
 Tan (R,) Taunton 
 Theodf (1) Thetford 
 "Walin (1) Wallingford 
 Wearwi (1) Warwick 
 Werh (1) Wareham 
 Wic (1) Winchester 
 Wihri (R) Worcester 
 Wiltun (1) Wilton 
 Winceri(l) Winchester 
 Winceat (1) Winches- 
 ter 
 Witiii (1) Wilton? 
 Wittii (1) Wilton? 
 Wltl(R)? 
 Wn (R) ? 
 
 * On all of these the king's head and neck alone appear, inclosed 
 within the legend. According to a MS. note by Sir H. EUia, the Rev. 
 H. Martin had a coin of Harold II. with the bust draped, extending 
 to the edge of the coin. 
 
168 
 
 William the GonqueeoRj 1066 to 1087, and 
 William Edttjs, 1087 to 1100. 
 
 William, having established himself upon the throne, 
 struck money upon the same principles as his Saxon prede- 
 cessors, retaining the same weight and fineness and even 
 imitating their types. There has always been great difficulty 
 in assigning to the two Williams, the Conqueror and Rufus, 
 their respective coins, and later discoveries have not done 
 much to elucidate the matter. Had Mr. Thoresby given an 
 accurate description of the types of the 250 pennies found at 
 York in 1 703, it is possible that some light might have been 
 thrown upon the inquiry. The large discovery at Beaworth 
 in Hampshire in 1833, consisted of scarcely less than 
 12,000. The coins originally submitted to inspection were 
 6,500, but some thousands more, in packages of various 
 magnitudes, which had been dishonestly withheld from the 
 proprietor, afterwards found their way to London, and 
 were examined by the author, or his friends, and con- 
 tained, with the exception of something more than 100, 
 only pieces of the PAXS type (241) and (242) ; all, there- 
 fore, that can be fairly concluded from their examination, is 
 that the other types found there, viz. (238) (239) (240) and 
 (243), were nearly contemporary with the Paxs type, and that 
 they just preceded it; for all were new, and had never been 
 in circulation, and it is probable that the great mass would 
 consist of the latest struck type. The description of those 
 coins (see Archgeologia, vol. xxvi.) was accompanied by a 
 plate of the eighteen different types of the two Williams, 
 and the author gave his reasons for considering the first 
 eleven, (233) to (243) inclusive, as coins of the Conqaeror, 
 and the other seven, (244) to (250) as those of Rufus. Mr. 
 Lindsay of Cork, Gent. Mag. Sept. 1835, who had great 
 knowledge and excellent sound judgment in such matters, 
 proposed a difierent distribution. He assigned to the Con- 
 queror (233) to (237), to Rufus all the others. He was clearly 
 
169 
 
 of opinion that (238) was struck previously to all the fol- 
 lowing numberSj and that it must be appropriated to Ruf us 
 on account of the two stars, which are the distinguishing 
 marks of Rufus upon his great seal, consequently all the 
 numbers after (238) must be assigned to Riifus. The author 
 lays no stress upoa these stars, they occur upon two types 
 far removed from each other by difference of workmanship, 
 and with several intermediate coinages ; if the stars were 
 adopted as a distinguishing mark by Ruf as, it is pi'obable 
 that they would have been used upon all his money, at least 
 after they had been once adopted; which they certainly 
 were not. That figs. (233) to (237) belong to the Conqueror 
 and that (244) to (250) belong to Rufus, Mr. Lindsay and 
 the author are agreed ; the intermediates (238) to (243) 
 must, till some future discovery throw new light upon the 
 subject, be left to the decision of individual collectors. The 
 coins of both Williams are, therefore, placed together without 
 any mark of separation, and they are arranged exactly in the 
 same manner as they were in the plate of the Arch^ologia. 
 The various types will be best understood* by reference to 
 the plate. The types (241), (242), may be considered the 
 same, as they differ only slightly in part of the form of the 
 crown; (240) is only a variety formed by striking some 
 pieces of the PAXS reverse with the obverse of (239). 
 This variety was not known before the Beaworth discovery. 
 Several of the pieces there found, though new, were cut into 
 halves and quarters to pass for halfpence and farthings, and 
 must probably have been so issued from the mint. 
 
 Later finds fully confirm the sequence here laid down ; for 
 in the City Hoard found in 1872, consisting almost entirely 
 of coins of Edward the Confessor, the latest, and the only 
 ones of William, were five of the types of (234) and (237), 
 showing that these were early types ; and at Tamworth, in 
 1877, 294 coins were found exclusively of the types of (242), 
 (244), (245), and (246), which therefore must have been 
 struck consecutively. 
 
170 
 
 Besides the coins engraved, there is a type like (233), but 
 without the sceptre, which occurs of the mints of London 
 (Cuff's sale) and Wareham (Rud. Suppl. 1. 4. MB) and a 
 coin of the same type, London mint, with the sceptre, but 
 having the bust rather larger, and turned to the right instead 
 of the left, was pubhshed by Mr. Bergne in Num. Ohron. 
 XIV. 149. Mr. Montagu has one with the obverse of (239) 
 but a reverse like that of Harold (230), struck at Lewes. 
 We may suppose that the old reverse was revived as an ex- 
 periment when it was desired to place the word Pax on the 
 coins, but was discarded in favour of the common Pax type 
 (241). NO, 1884, p. 59. A penny of Colchester has the 
 obverse of (243) with the reverse of (244), and there are 
 coins of the types of (243), (246), and (247) from the mints 
 of Wareham, Dover, and Thetford respectively, which have 
 a large pellet or star at the side of the head, Rud. Suppl. 
 1, 2. All these, except Mr. CufPs, Mr. Bergne' s, and Mr. 
 Montagu's, are in the British Museum. 
 
 The coins assigned with confidence to the Conqueror, 
 when new could' not have generally exceeded 20 gr., corres- 
 ponding to the average weight of the Confessor's. Those 
 confidently assigned to Rufus weigh upwards of 21 gr. even 
 in their worn state, correspondiug with those of Henry I. 
 
 Pennies alone were coined by the two Williams j they 
 ought to weigh 22^ gr., but the Beaworth coins, which had 
 never been in circulation, did not exceed 21 gr. The metal 
 consisted of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine silver to 18 dwts. of alloy. 
 This mixture is called the old standard, and is the same 
 which after some variation under Henry VIII. and Edward 
 VI. was finally re-established by Queen Elizabeth, and has 
 continued down to the present day. 
 
 The legend of the reverse always consists of the name of 
 the moneyer, with ON, or very rarely OF, and the name and 
 place of mintage ; the Saxon f is used for W, and the diph- 
 thong ^ is most frequently expressed by IE ; for A or V 
 we have two 1 1 not always inclining towards each other and 
 
171 
 
 sometimes in a wrong direction. | or 1 1 at the end of the 
 king's name do not indicate numerals but probably more or 
 less of the letter A for Angliae. 
 
 The coins of these reigns must have been struck in a 
 collar, for they are uniformly round, and of the same size, 
 and a pile of them is as perfectly cylindrical as one com- 
 posed of coins of the present day. 
 
 The following are the mints used by the two Williams. 
 The figures denote the types employed at each mint, in the 
 order in which they are placed in the plate. Thus, 1 means 
 the type of fig. (233), 9 that of (241), &c. It bas not been 
 thought necessary to give the abbreviations which appear on 
 the coins, except where the mint indicated is uncertain, as 
 they are similar to those used by former monarchs. 
 
 Minis. 
 
 Bath (10) 
 
 Bedford (2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 
 
 14) 
 Bridgnortli (Bhigi) (5) 
 Bridport (9, 10) 
 Bm. (10) 
 Bristol (1,5,6,7,9, 10, 
 
 11, 12, 14) 
 Cambridge (1, 10, 12) 
 Canterbury (1, 2, 4, 5, 
 
 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, ]5, 
 
 16, 18) 
 Chester (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 
 
 10, 12, 13, 14, 18)* 
 Chichester (2, 6, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 14) 
 Colchester (1, 6, 9, 10, 
 
 11 with rev. of 12, 
 12, 16, 18) 
 
 Crewkeme (6) 
 Cricklade (6, 9 P, 10) 
 Derby (9, 12, 14) 
 Dbvitvn (9) 
 Dorchester (6, 10, 14) 
 Dover (9, 10, 13, 14, 
 
 15, 17) 
 Durham (2, 9) 
 Exeter (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 
 
 11, 12) 
 Guildford (9) 
 Gloucester (1, 2, 4, 9 
 
 10, 14, 18) 
 Hastings (1, 9, 10, 14, 
 
 15, 16) 
 Hereford (2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 14) 
 Hertford (9) 
 
 Huntingdon (2, 3, 5, 9) 
 Hythe (9, 10, 14, 15) 
 Ie (15) 
 Ilchester (5, 6, 10, 11, 
 
 12, 13, 14, 18) 
 Ipswich (1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 
 
 10, 11, 16) 
 Leicester*(2, 9, 12, 13, 
 
 14. 18) 
 Lewes (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 
 
 11, ]2t, 14, 18) 
 Lichfield ? ( Licae ) 
 
 (Rud.) 
 Lichfield? (Licei) (14) 
 Lincoln (2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 
 
 11, 12, 14, 16, 18) 
 London (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 
 
 16, 18) 
 
 * Here and elsewhere Mr. Head's rule (NCISS vii. 63) has been 
 followed, of assigning to Chester all coins on which the name of the 
 mint begins with LEH or LEGE, and to Leicester those on which it 
 begins with LEI or LEGEC. This arrangement, though not devoid 
 of difficulties, seems to suit the coins throughout better than any 
 other. See notes to jEthelstan's and Edward the Confessor's mints. 
 
 t NCNS XI. 228. The moneyer on the Stepney coin is DECLIR. 
 Those on the coins now given to Steyning, which have hitherto been 
 given to Stepney, are THVEBEEN and GODEIC. The name 
 STAENIG on a coin of the Confessor's can hardly mean anything 
 but Steyning, Stseningas. 
 
172 
 
 Maldon (8, 9, 10, 12) 
 Malmesbury (2, 5, 8 ?, 
 
 9, 10, 12, 14) 
 Marlborough (4, 5, 6, 
 
 9, 10, 11) 
 Norwich (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 
 
 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18) 
 Nottingham (IJ, 2, 4, 
 
 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15) 
 Oxford (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 
 
 11, 14, 17) 
 Peterborough (Bvedi) 
 
 (2, 6§, 9§, 10, 11§) 
 Perensey (Pefnese), 
 
 (6, 9) 
 Ehuddland (E,vdili)|| 
 
 (9) 
 Eoohester (5, 9, 10, 12, 
 
 14, 18) 
 Homney (1, 6, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 14) 
 Sahsbury (6, 7, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 14, 18) 
 
 St. Edmondsbury 
 
 (Bud.) 
 St. Germans (Eud.) 
 Sandwich (9, 14, 15, 
 
 16) 
 Shaftesbury (6, 7, 9, 
 
 10, 11, 14, 18) 
 Shrewsbury (5, 9, 11) 
 Sntd (ll)f 
 Southampton (2, 5, 9, 
 
 10, 12, 14, 17) 
 Southwark (6, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 14, 15, 16, 18) 
 StafCord (2, 9, 12, 14) 
 Stamford (1, 2, 3§, 4, 
 
 5, 9, 10§, 11§, 15§, 
 
 16§) 
 Steyning (SiNia, 
 
 Stefn, Steni, &c.) 
 
 (2§, 9, 10, 16, 18)t 
 Stepney (Stepne)! 
 
 (12) 
 Sudbury (9, 10, 11) 
 
 Tamworth (Tamtn, 
 
 Tampeth) (2, 9, 12, 
 
 14) 
 Taunton (5, 6, 8, 9, 11) 
 Totness (14) 
 Thetford (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 
 
 18) 
 Tpin (7) 
 Wallingford (1, 2, 5, 6, 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 14) 
 Wareham (1, 4, 6, 9, 
 
 10, 11,18) 
 Warwick (9, 10, 12, 14) 
 Wilton (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 
 
 10, 12, 14) 
 Winchester (1, 2, 4, 5, 
 
 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
 
 14, 15) 
 Worcester (2, 4, 5, 7, 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 14) 
 York (1,2, 5, 6?, 9, 11, 
 
 12, 14) 
 
 Henet I. 1100 to 1135. 
 
 Henry I. soon after, his accession, took the state of the 
 currency into consideration, and during his reign passed 
 many severe laws against forgers and debasers of the coin,- 
 and made regulations respecting the condition in which the 
 pieces should be, in order to give them the validity of money. 
 These regulations have been much misrepresented, and 
 never clearly explained. The supposed enactments, and the 
 coins as we now have them, throw no light upon each 
 other, and we need not, therefore, in this work be delayed by 
 their consideration, but proceed to a description of the coins 
 attributed to this king. No other coins of this king are 
 known than pennies j they ought to weigh 22^ gr. and the 
 silver ought to be standard, that is, 11 gr. 2 dwts. fine, to 18 
 dwts. alloy, they do not however in fact look as if they were 
 all equally fine j some have at least the appearance of being 
 of purer metal than the others. The types are very various. 
 
 J NC. II. 42. Mr. SainthiU. 
 II NC 1. 119. Mr. Bergne. 
 
 § NCNS IX. 354. 
 % NO T. 159. 
 
173 
 
 and of forms scarcely capable of description ; to tlie plates, 
 therefore, we mast refer for their being better understood^ 
 but think it advisable to add a somewhat detailed descrip- 
 tion of the mode in which the king's titles were expressed 
 upon each type. We have been rather the more particular 
 in this, because some Antiquaries doubt as to the correct 
 attribution of some of the coins of the various Henries, 
 and the more minute particulars may perhaps aid them in 
 arriving at a conclusion satisfactory at least to themselves. 
 
 1. Front face between two annulets, most closely resem- 
 bling, in style and workmanship, that of WiUiam Eufus, 
 (250). Eev. cross fleury, &c. (251). Eud. i. 15. Suppl. ii. 
 2. Sn. i. 13. HNEB EX I. HNEI EBX. sometimes with 
 N or I, or NL in monogram, HNEICVS EE or EEX, 
 HENEICUS EEX. MB. v. r. one of the most expensive. 
 
 2. Front face, mantled. Eev. tressure, of four curved and 
 four angular sides, inclosing an annulet. (252). Eud. Sup. i. 
 9. Sn. i. 14. HENEI EB or EBX, HENEIE EE or EEX. 
 mantle over both shoulders, or fastened on one by a brooch 
 as a Greek chlamys, ext. ra/re, MB. 
 
 3. Front face crowned, mantled. Eev. PAX across the 
 field, two annulets above and two below. HENEI EEX, 
 EXE or EEX I or EN. (253). Eud. Sup. i. 7. Sn. i. 15. MB. 
 ext. rare. 
 
 4. Front face. Eev. cross fleury, pierced in the centre, 
 or perhaps four knots crosswise issuing from a centre 
 annulet J sometimes a pellet in each angle, HENEI CYS 
 EEX or EEX A., AN., or ANGL. or HENCUS EEX AC. 
 Eud. Sup. i. 6 ; pt. 2. ii. 6. MB. v. r. 
 
 5. Profile to left, with sceptre. Eev. as No. 4. HENEI 
 EB or EBX. (254). Eud. Sup. ii. 3 ; pt. 2. i. 4. MB. v. r. 
 
 6. Front face or f to left, holding sceptre. Rev. tressure 
 of four sides fleury at the corners, upon a cross fleury, a 
 pellet in each angle. The name is abbreviated in every way 
 from HENEI to HBNEICVS E (see NC xii. 148) (255). 
 Eud. ii. 6. Sn. i. 24. MB. 
 
]74 
 
 7. Side facGj to left, holding sceptre. Rev. crosSj anuulet 
 in each angle, HENRI REX. (256). Rud.. i. 14. Sn. i. 20. 
 ext. rare, MB. 
 
 8. Front face, a sceptre. Rev. quatrefoil inclosing five 
 annulets. Rud. Sup. i. 8, Sn. i. 21. Or similar, but very diffe- 
 rent workmanship, (257), Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 4. HENRIO RE. 
 MB. Another without sceptre, and some additional orna- 
 ment issuing from the angles of the quatrefoil, HENRI 
 RE I. Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 3. ext. rare. 
 
 9. Profile to left, sceptre, head very large, rude ; some- 
 times an ornament in the field. Rev. small cross, within 
 two concentric legends, one of the moneyer's name, the 
 other of the mint. Badly executed, badly struck ; legends 
 very imperfect, Rud. Sup. 2. i. 3 ; ii. 12, 13, 14; (258). 
 ext. rare. This is the only instance of a double legend 
 upon an English penny. No other specimens than these 
 four are known. The last three are in MB., the first was in 
 Mr. Wigan's collection. 
 
 10. Profile to right, holding sceptre, an ornament in the 
 field. Rev. tressure of four sides, &c. as No. 6. Rud. Sup. 
 2. ii. 9. MB. Or similar without ornament on obverse, MB. 
 A similar coin struck at Chichester (?) is figured in NO iv. 
 146. The two Museum coins, the inscriptions on which are 
 illegible, were found in company with (259), Rud. Sup. 2. 
 ii. 11, (260), and (261), all of which are in the British 
 Museum, and are almost unique. 
 
 11. Profile as preceding, sceptre, with different ornament 
 or without any. Rev. cross moline, the terminations uniting 
 and forming a tressure of eight semicircular sides, the in- 
 terior angles fleury. HBNRIC or HENRICYS. (259). Rud. 
 Sup. 2. ii. 8, 10. These two coins are both in MB., and 
 no others of the type are known. It is almost the same as 
 Stephen's common and earliest type (270), and was there- 
 fore probably one of the latest of Henry I.'s if indeed it 
 was not struck by Henry II. during Stephen's reign. 
 
 12. Profile to right, with sceptre, bonneted. Rev. tres- 
 
175 
 
 sure, &c. as No. 6, Rad. Sup. 2. ii. 11. MB. in this plate the 
 pellets of the reverse are erroneously omitted. Another 
 specimen of this coin, struck at Stamford, was found near 
 Oundle. NCNS ix. 356. 
 
 13. Front face, between two mullets. Rev. treasure of 
 four sides, a pellet at each angle, over a cross, each limb ter- 
 minating in three pellets. HENRICVS RE. (260). Rud. 
 Sup. 2. ii. 5. The only two specimens known are in MB., 
 which has also two imitations of this type. On one of them 
 the crown is slightly different, the mullets very large, and 
 the legends quite unintelligible. Weight 14| grs. The other 
 has a crown more like that on type 15, the dress different, a 
 mullet over one and perhaps both shoulders, and a pellet in 
 each compartment on the reverse. The obverse legend may 
 possibly be meant for the name and titles of Henry ; that 
 on the reverse is ADAM?ON WIVELCE, perhaps for 
 Wiveliscombe in Somersetshire. The letters are of a very 
 unusual character, the name appears on no other coin, and 
 the weight is only 15 grs. (628). These may possibly have 
 been struck in Stephen's reign, and if so, the latter was 
 probably struck by one of Matilda's partisans, as the West 
 of England was almost entirely in her interest. 
 
 14. Another, where the cross consists of two bars, similar 
 to William's (284). (261). MB. this is only half a coin; 
 another has a pellet in the centre of the cross and pellets 
 about the field, NC xiii. 190 (No. 4).* 
 
 15. Front face, sceptre, at side of neck is a cross of four 
 pellets, or, on the London coins, a star of six rays.f Rev. 
 
 * In the same plate, No. 5, is figured a coia with the reverse of 
 (261) (284), and the legend lOhANiOJSTiCA ; but on the obverse, in- 
 stead of the king's head, is an uninteUigible cypher, with some rude 
 ornaments or possibly letters about the field, but no legend. If (284) 
 is rightly appropriated to WiUiam son of Stephen, it is not unlikely 
 that this coin may also belong to him or to some baron closely con- 
 nected with him. It is stated to have been in the Cuff collection. 
 Weight 165 grs. 
 
 t This star is represented in Eud. Sup, i. 11 on a Bristol coin ; but 
 as the coin belonged to Mr. White it cannot be depended upon. 
 
176 
 
 quatrefoil, inclosing cross of pellets with a star in the 
 centre ; fleur de lis in the angles ; HENRICVS, generally 
 with R, RE, or REX (see NO xii. 153) (262). Rud. Sup. i, 
 11., ii. 6., Sup. 2. i. 5., ii. 7.; Sn. i. 23. MB. 
 
 16. Front face, high crown, holding sceptre, quatrefoil 
 and rose in field. Rev. quatrefoil, containing cross with 
 annulet in each angle ; a small quatrefoil at each spandril, 
 HENRI REX. (263). Rud. Sup. i. 10., Sup. 2. i. 7.; Sn. i. 
 18. rare. 
 
 17. Profile to left, rose in front. Rev. cross, annulet in 
 each angle similar to No. 7. HENRIOVS R. (264). Rud. 
 Sup. i. 12., Sn. i. 19. rare. MB. 
 
 18. Profile to left, sceptre. Rev. tressure of four sides, 
 fleury at the angles, inclosing a star; three annulets oppo- 
 site each side, HENRIOVS, generally with R or RE. (265). 
 Sn. i. 22. Rud. ii. 5. MB. 
 
 19. Head three quarters to right, sceptre ; roses or stars 
 in front. Rev. cross potent over a cross fleury, a pellet, 
 lozenge, or star in each angle. (266). Rud. ii. 7. Sn. i. 17. 
 HENRIO RE or REX, or HENRI REX. MB. One having 
 the head more nearly resembling the next type. No. 20, and 
 with small stars instead of pellets on the reverse, was in Mr. 
 Guff's collection. The variety engraved in Rud. Sup. i. 13 
 was Mr. White's, and is not to be depended upon. Sn. i. 16 
 is most likely from the same coin. 
 
 20. Front face, sceptre, star in field. Rev. Oross voided, 
 floret in each angle, HENRIO REX. (267). see Rud. Sup. 
 2. i. 6. MB. ext. rare. 
 
 The only coins of this king which are not very rare are 
 No. 6 and 18, and perhaps No. 15. 
 
 Atlb (E) 
 Bath (15*, 18) 
 Bedford (18,20?) 
 BisEs (3) 
 
 Bristol (4, 6*, 13, 15*) 
 Canterbury (1, 4, 6, 7?, 
 17) 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Carlisle (caeli) (15J) 
 Chester!- (6*, 15) 
 Chichester (4,^ 10,$) 
 Colchester (3, 18) 
 Dorchester (1, 15*, 18) 
 Durham (15) 
 Exeter (6, 15*) 
 
 Gloucester (6, 11) 
 Hastings (1, 3, 5, 9) 
 Hereford (6, 11, 15*) 
 Huntingdon (15*) 
 Ipswich (6, 15*) 
 Leicestert(l,2,4, 15*) 
 Lewes (B) 
 
177 
 
 Liacoln {3, 5, 6*, 9, 
 
 15») 
 London (1, 2§, 4, 5, 6, 
 
 9, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20) 
 Ne (Newark?) (1) 
 Northampton (6) 
 Norwich (llf, 2?, 3,6, 
 
 8 ?, 15*) 
 Nottingham (4, 15*, 
 
 18) 
 Oxford (1, 6) 
 
 Ric (E) (Castle Eis- 
 
 ing?) 
 Eochester (1) 
 Eomney (15*) 
 St. Edmondsbury (1, 
 
 6*) 
 Sandwich(6*,15*,16||) 
 Salisbury (E) 
 Southampton (4, 18) 
 Southwark(l,2§, 5, 7, 
 
 8, 9, 15, 19t) 
 
 Stamford (1, 3, 12]|, 13, 
 
 15||. 17. 18||) 
 Steyning (Sten) (E) 
 Sudbury (20)t 
 Tamworth (E) 
 Thetford (2, 4, 15 ? *) 
 Wallingford (17, 18) 
 Wareham (19) 
 Winchester (6, 15. 18, 
 
 19 P) 
 Worcester (4, 18) 
 York (6*, 8, 15*) 
 
 Stephen, 1135 to 1154. 
 
 Upon the death of Henry, Stephen usurped the throne, 
 and is said to have speedily dissipated the treasures of his 
 predecessor in supporting his disputed power. He is said 
 to have exceedingly debased the coin of the realm, and hia 
 turbulent barons to have assumed the privilege of coining 
 and issuing money so light and debased, " that in ten or 
 more shillings the value of twelve pence could scarcely be 
 found." No debased money is now known to exist, and 
 most of Stephen's own coins are not very far from the legal 
 vyeight, 22^ grs. Some, however, fall very far short of this, 
 and so do all the baronial coins hereafter described, with 
 the sole exception of those of the Earl of Warwick. The 
 
 * The corns with this mark were found in Hertfordshire in 1818, in 
 a hoard containing one half-penny of William II. type (238) ; 398 
 pennies of Henry I. type (255), and 58 of type (262) ; and 634 pennies 
 of Stephen, type (270), together with three or four probably Baronial 
 coins. All the Lincoln coins in this hoard had the name spelt NICOL, 
 not, as is usually the case, LINCOLN. The hoard is described in 
 NC XII. 138. 
 
 t On the Chester coins the name is CES or CESTE ; on those of 
 Leice.'iter LE or LECES. Coins with SVTB are attributed to Sud- 
 bury ; all others beginning with SV to Southwark. 
 
 J Capt. Murohison's sale, NCNS iv. 228. The mint name on the 
 coin of type 10 is CEST, which may be Chichester or Chester. 
 
 § Found near Shillington, Bedfordshire, in 1871. NCNS. xi. 228. 
 
 II NCNS IX. 356. 
 
 ^ NC, 1881, p. 37. It is curious to find the name of Howard 
 (HOPOED) as a moneyer at Norwich. It occurs also under the two 
 first Williams. 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 King's name is very variously spelt, STEPNE, STBIFNB, 
 STBFN, STIEFNEI, STIEN, STIPN, &c. witli tie addi- 
 tion sometimes of E, RE, or REX. On four coins in the 
 Hertfordshire find {ante p. 177, note *) lie is styled 
 STEPANVS RBX^ and on the three coins of type 8, as 
 "well as on the remarkable coin (277), and on that of Henry, 
 Bishop of Winchester, (279). STBPHANVS REX. 
 
 His coins are very carelessly struck, and seldom found in 
 very good condition. They are rare in any state, with the 
 exception of No. 3. 
 
 The types of Stephen are, 
 
 1. Front face, sceptre. Rev. cross, voided throughout, 
 within a tressure, fleury internally. (268). Rud. i. 16, or, 
 more correctly on reverse. Sup. 2. ii. 18. Sn. i. 25. MB. 
 
 2. Ditto. Rev. cross voided, terminating with three 
 pellets j mullet pierced in each angle. (269.) Rud. i. 18. MS. 
 
 3. Profile to right, sceptre. Rev. cross moline, generally 
 pierced at the ends ; the terminations meet and form a tres- 
 sure fleury internally. (270.) Rud. i. 17. Sn. i. 26. MB. 
 Sometimes there is a star of four or five points on the centre 
 of the cross, or sometimes the points are double, NO xii. 
 163. One has an annulet on the centre of the cross, NO, 
 1883, pi. vii. 10 J another has a star in front of the sceptre. 
 NO, 1881, pi. iii. 8. A large hoard found at Nottingham in 
 1880 contained 150 coins of this type, and also 37, of the 
 same type, on which the King's head had been defaced by a 
 cross, of two or three different shapes, being cut over it in 
 the die. NO, 1881, p. 39. Most of these were of the 
 Nottingham mint. One or two other such coins have been 
 found elsewhere, and they were probably struck by a parti- 
 san of Matilda, who wished to use Stephen's dies, but not 
 to acknowledge Stephen's title. 
 
 4. Similar to No. 3, but cross bar on sceptre in froat of 
 face, and pellet on each hmb of the cross on the reverse. 
 NO XIII. 189, pi. No. 12. BA8HLEIGR. 
 
 5. Bust in profile to right, legend all round head, sceptre 
 
179 
 
 with fleur-de-lys on shaft as well as head. Rev. as No. 3. 
 NO XIII. 190, pi. No. 10. Late Guff. 
 
 6. Similar to No. 3, but legend beginning o*pposite the 
 chin, ST .... B ANG. + Eev. as No. 3, but the ends of 
 the cross are prolonged through the inner circle and termi- 
 nate in fleur-de-lys. NO, 1881, pi. iii. 10.. MB. 
 
 7. Similar to No. 3, but on the reverse a long double 
 cross, as on Henry III.'s coins, extends over the tressure 
 and divides the legend. Found and struck at Exeter. (629). 
 MB. unique. This was sold at Oaptain Murchison's sale for 
 £13. 6s. NCNS IV. 228. 
 
 8. Obv. similar to No. 3, but two pendants behind the 
 head. Rev. cross, each Hmb terminated by a crescent and 
 pellet, fleur-de-lys terminating in a pellet in each angle, 
 sometimes a pellet on centre of cross. (630). BA8HLEIGH. 
 This coin, and two similar ones, were found in Kent in 1825, 
 and are engraved in NO xiii. 181, pi. Nos. 15, 16, 17. 
 
 9. Similar to No. 3, but crown as on (271). Rev. similar, 
 bat each limb of the cross terminates in an annulet, annulet 
 enclosing pellet in place of the fleurs in the angles. Illegible. 
 MB. 
 
 10. Similar to No. 3, but flag instead of sceptre, and star 
 in the field. (271). MB. Rud. Sup. ii. 4. Sn. i. 27. These 
 figures are incorrect in almost all respects ; they were taken 
 from the same Museum specimen as our figure ; in the legend 
 ornaments have been mistaken for letters and a false name 
 assigned to the moneyer. The true legend, whatever it 
 may mean, is PTIBOSINV, as appears from a specimen sold 
 at Capt. Murchison's sale. NCNS it. 228. Another coin of 
 this type is engraved in NO xiii. p. 181, No. 18; and a 
 fourth, reading MVLOMBE (?) is in MB. 
 
 11. Similar to No. 3, but horseman's mace instead of 
 sceptre. (272). Rad. Sap. i. 5. Sn. i. 28. MB. 
 
 12. Profile as No. 3. Rev. four-sided compartment, in- 
 closing a pellet and each angle terminating in a pellet, upon 
 a cross voided. (273). MB. 
 
 12 * 
 
180 
 
 13. Profile to right, rosette in field. Rev. cross potent 
 pierced in the centre ; three pellets at the termination of 
 each limb, mullet pierced in each angle. (274). Rud. Sup. 2. 
 ii. 19. MB. 
 
 14 Profile, as No. 3. Rev. cross potent, annulet inclosing 
 a pellet in each angle, (275). Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 20. MB. 
 Weight 16 grs. Or with an inner circle round the king's 
 head. NO. xiii. 189, pi. No. 9. BASHLEIQH. The king's 
 name cannot be made out on either of these pieces, and the 
 lightness of the Museum specimen may raise a suspicion 
 that it is a Baronial coin. 
 
 15. Front face. Rev. cross potent pierced in the centre, 
 within a tressure, fleury internally, which also forms the 
 inner circle. (276). Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 17. MB. 
 
 16. Profile to right, sceptre. Rev. cross voided, martlet in 
 each angle, called the Confessor's arms, (277). Rud. Sup. 2.ii. 
 15. Compare Confessor's (228). Exceedingly rude. MB. 
 
 17. Profile to right, sceptre. Rev. cross patee concaved 
 at the ends upon a cross fleury, DG, and various ornaments, 
 instead of legend. (278). Rud. i. 19. Sn. i. 29. MB. 
 
 ] 8. Profile to left, sceptre. Rev. cross fleury, quatrefoil in 
 each quarter. Rud. Sup. 2. i. 8. With this head occurs a 
 reverse similar to that of Henry I. (251). 
 
 19. Front face. Rev. tressure of four sides, fleury, in- 
 closing a star; an annulet opposite each side. Rud. Sup. 2. 
 ii. 16. not unlike Henry I. (265). 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Brampton (Bban) (1) 
 Bristol (1, 3*) 
 Cambridge (2|1, 3*) 
 Canterbury (2||, 3, 11, 
 14t) 
 
 Carlisle (Caedi) (3)1 
 Chester (3*t) 
 Colcbester (3) 
 Chichester (3*) 
 Derby (16) 
 
 Durham (3||) 
 Exeter (3, 7) 
 Gloucester (I, 3*) 
 GOTE (E) 
 Hastings (3, 15 ?) 
 
 * Found in Hertfordshire in 1818. See note to Henry I.'s mints. 
 
 t Found in Eent in 1825, in a hoard of about 65 pennies, of which 
 4 were of Henry I.'s type (255), and the rest were of the type (270) or 
 its varieties. NO xiii. 168. 
 
 J See note to Henry II.'s mints, p. 191. 
 
 § In Mr. Tillett's collection. Found in iforwich. NCISTS iix. 219. 
 
 II Found near Maidstone. NC, 1883, p. 108. 
 
181 
 
 Hedingham? (Hedbn, 
 
 Hedva) (E) 
 Hereford (3, 17) 
 Ipswicli (2, 3) 
 Lancaster (-Ansa or 
 
 -Anpa) (3*) 
 Leicester (1, 3) 
 Lewes (2||, 3) 
 Lincoln (3* 19) 
 London (1, 2, 3) 
 Northampton (Noe- 
 
 ham) (3*) 
 Norwich (1, 2, 3, 16) 
 
 Nottingham (3, 19) 
 Oxford (3, 12 P) 
 Pevensey (Pevbn)(2||) 
 Castle Eising P (fii- 
 
 8IHGE)(1§) 
 
 St. Edmondsbury (1, 
 
 2||, 3) 
 Salisbury (3P) 
 Sandwich (1, 2||, 3*) 
 Shaftesbury (3) 
 Shrewsbury (3) 
 Southampton (1, 3||) 
 
 Sonthwart (Svd) (3) 
 Stafford (3) 
 Stamford (1, 3, 4) 
 Sudbury (Svdb) (3*) 
 Taunton (3) 
 Thetford (1, 3) 
 Vise (3t) 
 Warwick (3* 6) 
 Worcester (2?, 3) 
 Wilton (1, 3) 
 Winchester (3) 
 York (2||. 3*) 
 
 Henet, Bishop op Winchestbe. 
 
 Henry, Bishop of Wiachester, was the illegitimate brother 
 of Stepheiij aud there can be little doubt of the coin here 
 described having been struck by his authority. It has on 
 the obv. a crowned head, with a crozier before it ; the legend 
 HENRICVS BPC. The reverse resembles in a great de- 
 gree those of Robert, (280), Stephen, (278), and has for 
 legend, STBPHANVS REX. (279). Rud. i. 21. Sn. p. 6. 0. 
 MB. unique. A piece is unfortunately broken out of the 
 coin, which now weighs 16 grs. This prelate was Legate a 
 latere at the time of the death of Henry, and through the 
 influence which this ofiBce gave him he assembled the clergy 
 and some powerful nobles, and procured his brother Stephen 
 to be elected king. His influence and his interference upon 
 other occasions were so very considerable, that it is probable 
 this was the time when the coin uader consideration was 
 struck, as it would clearly intimate that Stephen's claims 
 were acknowledged by the Church, or at least by one of its 
 most powerful prelates, and the Pope's representative. 
 
 ROBEET. 
 
 Figure on horseback armed with a sword, conical bonnet 
 on head, RODBERTUS . . . ST— T. The last T may be a 
 cross. Rev. cross patee concaved at the ends upon a cross 
 fleury, D with various ornaments in place of legend. (280). 
 MB. Rud. i. 20. Pemb. pt. iv. pi. 4. Sn. p. 6. B. Weight 
 16^ grs., but broken. 
 
182 
 
 The type and character of this coin leave no doubt of its 
 having been struck about the same time with those of 
 Eustace, Stephen and Matilda, and Stephen, (278) ; (speci- 
 mens of these four coins were found together, in 1684, at 
 Catall, near "Wetberby, in Yorkshire) and there is not any 
 personage to whom it can be ascribed with more propriety 
 than to Robert Earl of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of 
 Henry I. It is extremely rare j the British Museum has 
 one, and Mr. Wigan bought one, a fragment, from the Pem- 
 broke collection for £11. 10s. Weight, 14^ grs. Another 
 is supposed to exist, but in what cabinet is not at present 
 known. The piece is of good silver, and, consequently, not 
 from one of those debased coinages, which are said to have 
 been so injurious to the public in those times ; but under 
 what circumstances this prince had, or assumed, authority to 
 strike money, we have not any means of ascertaining. The 
 letters which follow the earFs name are partly obliterated, 
 and have not been explained. That which immediately 
 follows RODBERTUS is said in Rud. Vol. i. p. 170 to be an 
 E, in the Pembroke sale catalogue a D. 
 
 Stephen and Matilda. 
 
 Two figures standing opposite each other, and holding 
 between them a standard, or lance terminating in a fieur 
 de lis. Rev. an escarbuncle of four plain limbs terminating 
 in an annulet, and four engrailed limbs terminating in a 
 fleur de lis. (281). Rud. ii. 3. Sn. i. 30. "Weight 174 grs. 
 Various ornaments occupy the place of the legend, and these 
 vary a little in the two Museum specimens. 
 
 The figures upon this coin have been supposed to repre- 
 sent Stephen and Henry, and the coin to have been struck 
 in commemoration of the treaty of peace concluded between 
 them at Wallingford in 1 153. It has been remarked, that, 
 had such been its object, the name of Henry, as well as 
 that of Stephen, would have appeared upon the coin, 
 whereas the legend is merely STIBPNE R. There is not a 
 
183 
 
 great deal of force in tMs remark, because the result of the 
 treaty was to leave Stephen sole monarch during' his life j 
 he might, therefore, in the type allude to the union with his 
 former enemy, and yet it would clearly have been incorrect 
 to have put any other name but his own upon the coin. 
 He acknowledged the peace, but asserted his own title. 
 Still the evidence, and even the presumption, of its alluding 
 to this peace is extremely slight. If any argument could 
 be founded upon the type of a coin so rude in workman- 
 ship, we should venture upon a direct contradiction to the 
 supposition that the figures were Stephen and Henry. It 
 appears to us that one has long hair, the other short ; one 
 has the lower garments divided as trowsers, the other closed 
 like a petticoat ; and we also think we can perceive an 
 attempt of the artist to indicate the female form. This 
 conjecture is thrown out for the consideration of the Nu- 
 mismatists; we have no explanation to offer, except that 
 possibly the two figures represent Stephen and his wife 
 Matilda, and that it may have been struck when she com- 
 manded the army which defeated his enemies and procured 
 his liberation. These pieces are of good silver, and ex- 
 tremely rare. There are two in the Brit. Mus., and another 
 was sold at Cuff's sale, 1854, for £18. to Mr. Brice. Mr. 
 Eashleigh has one, but a fragment, from the Pembroke col- 
 lection. Pt. i. pi. V. 
 
 Eustace. 
 
 1. A lion passant to the right; underneath, two double 
 shackle bolts with a bar between them ; two annulets above, 
 two crosses in front, EISTAOhlVS. Eev. escarbuncle 
 fieury ; various ornaments occupy the place of the legend. 
 (282). Sn. p. 6. A. Rud. ii. 2. MB. Wt. 19 grs. 
 
 2. HaU length figure to the right, holding a sword, 
 pointed bonnet on his head ; one or more ornaments in the 
 field, BVSTACIVS. Rev. cross raguled, within a quatre- 
 foil having an annulet at the corners and in the spandrils. 
 
184 
 
 BBORACI TDEF1. MB. Or BBORACI EDOTS. Rud. 
 ii. I. MB. These eacli weigh 18i grs. Or ThOMAS 
 FILIUS VLF, the T and h being in monogram^ and the u 
 in filias being the English Uj not the Roman V. (631). MB. 
 Wt. 19 grs.* 
 
 3. Another specimen in the Museum is without the annu- 
 lets in the spandrils, and instead of a legend are a few 
 unmeaning letters reversed and alternating with various 
 ornaments, EaiQ-q-l-. (283). MB. Wt. 16 grs. All the 
 pieces are of good silver, though light. 
 
 Eustace was the elder son of Stephen, and is supposed 
 to have struck these coins by virtue of a licence from his 
 father, while he was resident, as Governor, at York, the 
 name of which city appears upon one of them, No. 2. The 
 additional letters after the name of the city have been con- 
 sidered the name of a moneyer, as on one of the coins they 
 resemble the termination of the supposed name of one of his 
 father's moneyers, SWTIDETS. No such moneyer's name, 
 however, exists on the coins of Stephen, the supposed S 
 and D are merely ornaments ; the letters really are PTIEOS. 
 See (271). Their meaning is not known. 
 
 These coins are almost always broken and imperfect, and 
 not common even in that state. 
 
 William, Son of Stephen. 
 
 Front face between two stars, LVILLBM DVO. Rev. 
 tressure of four sides, a pellet at each angle, over a cross 
 terminating in three pellets, and having a pellet in each 
 angle. Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 1. J0NI18 LONG, ^unique ? 
 
 Front face, no stars, WILLELMVS. Rev. similar to pre- 
 
 * Compare Eud. Supp. 2. II. 21, the obverse of which is not unlike 
 these, while the reverse is nearly the same as Henry I.'s (255). It 
 may possibly be a baronial coin, though Ending suspected it to be 
 Danish, and Mr. Haigh (NC iv. 68) thought it belonged to Malcolm, 
 King of Scotland. The type is very unlike that of either the Danish 
 or Scotch coins of the time. MB. Wt. 16 grs., but much clipped. 
 
ceding, but that the cross consists of two bars. (284). Rud. 
 Sup. 2. ii. 2. MB. Wt. 15 to 16 grs. 
 
 The two coins above described so exactly resemble two 
 coins of king Henry I. see (260), (261 ), that they may be very 
 plausibly conjectured to have been struck by his son William ; 
 but this youth perished by shipwreck in 1120, in the 18th 
 year of his age, and there is not any reason to believe that 
 he ever struck any money. Robert, the illegitimate son of 
 Henry, is supposed to have struck money, see page 180, but 
 not until after the accession of Stephen. Eustace the son of 
 Stephen, struck money; so also did Henry, bishop of Win- 
 chester, the king's brother, and William, therefore, the 
 second son, may also have done the same, and the two coins 
 above described may be specimens of such coinage. They 
 can scarcely be ascribed to any one but to William the son 
 of Henry I., or William the son of Stephen ; they were both 
 found together in a chalk pit at Wallsop near Salisbury, with 
 some of Henry I., as No. 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and of 
 Stephen, No. 15. They are of good silver. These coins are 
 assigned by Ruding to William Rufus, but without sufficient 
 grounds. The letters DVO have not been explained; they 
 cannot admit of the interpretation of indicating the second 
 William. 
 
 Matilda. 
 All the above coins appear to have been struck by persons 
 recognising Stephen's title ; for this is rendered probable 
 even of the coin of Robert of Gloucester by the great simi- 
 larity which its reverse bears to those of Stephen and Henry 
 of Winchester (278) and (279). If so, it must have been 
 struck between 1135 and 1139. But of late years a few 
 coins have come to light, which seem to have been struck in 
 defiance of Stephen's authority ; and, indeed, considering 
 that during his reign " all the men in power, whether 
 bishops, earls, or barons, made their own money " (Hoveden 
 490), it would be strange if none of this money had borne 
 Matilda's name or been struck by her partisans. 
 
186 
 
 1. Mr. Evans was the first (NO xiv. 66) to assign to 
 Matilda three coins which were found in the Kentish hoard 
 already mentioned (see note to p. 179)^ and were described 
 by Mr Eashleigh in NO xiii. 189. They are of the same 
 type as Stephens' (270), but Mr. Evans discovers a more 
 feminine cast in the portraits. Two of the coins are from 
 the same dies, and read, according to Mr. Evans, who has 
 examined all the three : Obv. IM. ERATR (Imperatrix) ; 
 
 Rev. TVR L DB B , which, as Bristol was 
 
 Matilda's principal stronghold, and as Hemy I. had a 
 moneyer there named Turchill (see NO xii. 144) may perhaps 
 stand for T7R0HIL DE BRIST. (633). BASELEIGH. 
 Weight 16 grs. and 16| grs. 
 
 2. The third coin is from a different die, but bears a very 
 similar portrait. The legends are : Obv. MA . ILD . IM 
 (Matildis Imperatrix) ; Rev. RA . . . F. DB. IVNO. (634). 
 Weight, 14 grs. It belonged to Mr. W. S. Bohn. What 
 this mint may be does not appear, but it is curious that on 
 these three coins found in Kent the French DE should be 
 used instead of the Saxon ON. Another of this type 
 was found in a large hoard at Nottingham, and reads 
 . . . ILDI : IM, Rev. SVB . . . : ON : OX :, being struck at 
 Oxford, where Matilda resided for a time in 1141. Weight 
 16 grs. NO, 1881, pi. iii. 11. The title Empress is that by 
 which Matilda is generally styled in her charters and by the 
 chroniclers, and there is a coin of Eleanor of Guienne, on 
 which the only legend is Ducicsia Aquitanie (Rud. Suppl. 
 2. X. 2), just as Imperatrix stands alone on the coins first 
 above mentioned. 
 
 3. Another is of the same type, but the portrait 
 is not very like that on Matilda's other coins. The 
 legends are, Obv. . . . ILDIOOI : Rev. ALLRBD . . VD : 
 Weight ISJ grs. (635). BASELEIGH, from the Hertford- 
 shire hoard. May not the inscription on the obverse be 
 MATILDI(s) CO(mitissa) I(mperatrix)? Matildis, not 
 Matilda, is the name given to her by all the chroniclers ; in 
 
187 
 
 the Gesta Stephanij which, however were written by a parti- 
 san of Stephen^ she is invariably called the Countess ; her 
 own partisans generally speak of her as the Empress. The 
 name Alfred appears on coins of Stephen struck at London 
 and Taunton, and a coin of Stephen from the mint SVD 
 (Southwark or Sudbury) has a moneyer's name beginning 
 with AL (see NO xii. 160).* 
 
 Roger, Bael of Warwick. 
 
 The coins attributed to this nobleman, like those attributed 
 to Matilda, are of the type of Stephen's (270). The legends 
 are, Obv. PEEERIC. Eev. GODRICVS ON LV. (632). 
 MB., BA8HLEIGH, both from the Hertfordshire hoard. 
 
 Weight 224 grs. Or Rev. PILLBM P. MB. Wt. 
 
 22 grs. Or Rev. RAMVN . . NICOL (for Lincoln), exhi- 
 bited by Mr. Webster to the Num. Soc. on Nov. 28, 1850. 
 See NO xiv. 153. A specimen, of which the reverse is 
 illegible, was found in Nottingham in 1880 (NO, 1881, pi. 
 iii. 12), and two near Maidstone in 1883, of which one was 
 a duplicate of (632), and the other read PILLELM ON 
 CANP (Canterbury). NO, 1883, pi. vii. 2, 3. These coins 
 have been assigned by the high authority of Mr. Rashleigh 
 and Mr. Evans to Henry or Roger of Newburgh, Earls of 
 Warwick, for which last name they believe the legend to be 
 intended. The name of Warwick as a mint is generally 
 written with an A, not an E, on coins ; but PERE, which 
 must certainly mean Warwick, appears according to Ending 
 on a coin of ^thelred 11., and PERIC on one of Cnut. 
 Certainly PERBRIC does not approach so nearly to any 
 other known name. That the first letter is a Saxon W, not 
 a Eoman P, is probable from its being used on the reverse 
 
 * The Hertfordshire hoard contained another coin of type (270), 
 with the head very small, obv. legend, apparently .... ECF+L. Eev. 
 legend almost obliterated, but ending with T and perhaps Z. Wt. 
 18 grs. NO XII. 165 pi. No. 15. BASHLEIGS. The name does 
 not appear to be Stephen's, but it is impossible to say for whom it is 
 intended. 
 
188 
 
 of one of the coinSj as the first letter in the name of the 
 moneyer William. 
 
 Henry Earl of Warwick died in 1123, in the reign of 
 Henry I., with whom he was on terms of intimacy ; but 
 there is no reason to suppose that any barons issued money 
 during Henry's reign, and as the type is the common type 
 of Stephen, whose money composed the great mass of the 
 hoard in which the two first mentioned coins were found, it 
 is probable that the Earl of Warwick who struck them was 
 Roger, son of Henry, who succeeded his father in 1123, and 
 died in 1153 He was a luxurious rather than a warlike 
 man, but he joined the Empress's party immediately after 
 the capture of Stephen in 1140, and adhered to her appa- 
 rently till his death in 1153. How he came to have power 
 to strike coins in London (?), Lincoln, and Canterbury, does 
 not appear. The crowned head is of course intended either 
 for Stephen or Matilda, but probably for the latter, as it is 
 not likely that many, if any, baronial coins were struck before 
 the civil wars began in 1139 ; and after 1140, when Warwick 
 joined the Empress, he would of course have coined by her 
 authority, and not by that of Stephen. 
 
 Henry IL 1154 to 1189. 
 
 When Henry ascended the throne the coinage was in a 
 bad state from adulteration and clipping, and measures were 
 adopted for the general issue of a new coinage, which was 
 carried into efiect about 1156, from which time the types of 
 the coins became much fewer and more uniform than they 
 were previously. This new coinage was extremely ill struck, 
 being very irregular in size and shape, and in parts quite 
 illegible. Such were the coins found at Royston in 1721, 
 and the 5700 found at Tealby in Lincolnshire in 1807, 
 though they were as fresh as when they came from the mint. 
 That Henry II.'s first coinage was of this type would be 
 otherwise extremely probable, but has been rendered certain 
 by Sir Henry Ellis, who found that whereas the names of 
 
189 
 
 the moneyers on coins of this type struck at Wilton are 
 Aschetil, Lantier, and Willem, there is a record in the British 
 Museum of the 11th year of Henry II. in which the two 
 former, whose names are both very uncommon, and occur as 
 of this town on no other type, are mentioned as moneyers 
 at Wilton. For other evidence of this character see NCNS 
 V. 260. 
 
 1. The type of this coinage is the king's bust with nearly 
 a full face, holding a sceptre in his right hand.- Rev. cross 
 potent with a small cross in each angle. He is styled 
 HENRI R, RE, REX, A, AN, ANG, ANGL. (286). Rud. 
 ii. 4. Sup. 2, 1. 9. Sn. 1. 32. Snelling 1. 31, and Rud. 
 Sup. ii. 5, give a profile bust of the king with this reverse, 
 but do not state their authority. None such appeared among 
 the 5700 Tealby coins, nor have we seen one elsewhere. 
 
 2. In 1180 Henry sent for a foreign artist, Philip Aymary 
 of Tours, to superintend a new and improved coinage, and, 
 though the point has been much disputed, there is now no 
 doubt that the new coins were of what is called the short 
 cross type. They have on the obverse the king's head, front 
 face, within the inner circle, outside of which is a sceptre in 
 his right or, very rarely (NCNS v. pi. xi. 7) in his left hand. 
 HENRICVS REX. Rev. cross, composed of double bars, 
 having a small cross botone in each quarter, all inclosed 
 within the inner circle, round which are the names of the 
 moneyer and mint, separated by the word ON. (286). 
 
 The obverses however of these coins present many slight 
 variations, and they do not all belong to Henry II. 
 They have been divided by Mr. Evans into four distinct 
 classes, two only of which are ascribed to Henry II.* These 
 two classes are as follows ; but it must be remembered that 
 there are coins intermediate between all the four classes. 
 
 * Mr. LongstafEe, in NCNS iii. 162, was the first to suggest that 
 coins of this type were issued uninterruptedly from 1180 to 1247 ; but 
 for most of the facts and arguments used in the foUowing pages on 
 this subject the editor is indebted to Mr. Eyans' article in NCNS. 
 V. 255, though he has differed shghtly from Mr. Evans in his 
 conclusions. 
 
]90 
 
 A. Large well-spread coins ; workmaiisliip fairj tHougli in 
 but sliglifc relief; five pearls in crown; usually two curls on 
 right and five on left side, giving the bust the appearance of 
 being three-quarter faced. The number of curls varies, but 
 this general appearance is preserved. (636) . 
 
 Among the moneyers in this and the next class of coins 
 are AIMBE and PILAIMBR, which doubtless stand for 
 Philip Aymary ; and as he was banished before the death 
 of Henry II. (see Rud. i. 171), these classes must have been 
 issued under that monarch. In this class also is PIERBS M, 
 of London, an uncommon name which, appears also on coins 
 of type 1 ; and ALAIN, of Carlisle, who was made moneyer 
 there in or about 1181, and remained there only till 1199 
 (see NCNS iii. 170). On some coins of this class, but upon 
 no later ones, the letters B and C are of the old square 
 form which is used on coins of the type of (285) . We con- 
 clude, therefore, that this class A was certainly issued by 
 Henry II., and was the immediate successor of type 1. 
 
 B. Coins rather smaller ; the eyes are sometimes repre- 
 sented by annulets, sometimes by pellets ; the beard is 
 represented sometimes by pellets, sometimes by small 
 crescents ; altogether the workmanship is very coarse. The 
 crown has usually more than five pearls, and is frequently 
 a mere beaded line ; the number of curls varies from four 
 or five on a side down to one, but there are usually the same 
 number on each side, and the bust appears full faced (637). 
 
 Philip Aymary appears as a moneyer in this class also, 
 which proves that it was issued by Henry II. ; but it was 
 probably rather later than class A, for a larger proportion 
 of its moneyers struck coins also in the subsequent class, 
 which is described under John's reign, and moreover the 
 letters B and G, which are of the old square form on all 
 coins of type 1, and on several of class A, are invariably of 
 the round Lombardio shape in class B, and in the subse- 
 quent classes. 
 
 It appears certain that coins of this short cross type, 
 though they all bear the name of Henry, were issued not 
 
191 
 
 only by Henry II.j but also by Richard I., Jokn, and Henry 
 III. For we bave in class A a few coins from the mint of 
 Lichfield, a mint which did not exist in Henry II. 's time 
 (for though Stephen had granted one, Henry II. revoked 
 Stephen's grants). But Richard I. in his first year granted 
 to Hugh Bishop of Coventry and his successors the right 
 to have a pair of dies at Lichfield ; and accordingly these 
 Lichfield coins, (638), must have been struck after that grant, 
 and, as Bishop Hugh died in 1198 or 1199 (see Willis' 
 Cathedrals, ii. 386), probably in Richard I.'s reign, after 
 which the privilege seems to have lapsed. Moreover, Lef- 
 wine, who coined at Lincoln in class A only, is mentioned as 
 still a moneyer at that place in the 4th year of John (Madox, 
 Hist. Exch. i. 737), and Alain, who was moneyer at Carlisle 
 till 1199, struck coins in classes A and B only. "We con- 
 clude, therefore, that classes A and B were both of them 
 issued by Henry IL, B being later than A ; and that they 
 were the only coins struck between 1180 and 1206 ; but it 
 is impossible to distinguish any coins among them except 
 those of Lichfield as certainly belonging to Richard I. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Bristol (1) 
 
 Lancaster (1) 
 
 St. Edmondsbury (1) 
 
 Canterbury (1, 2A, 
 
 Leicester (1) 
 
 Sahsbury (1) 
 
 2B) 
 
 Lichfield (2A) 
 
 Shrewsbury (1, 2B) 
 
 Carlisle (1, 2A, 2B)* 
 
 Lincohi (1, 2A, 2B) 
 
 Stamford (1) 
 
 Chester (1) 
 
 London (1, 2A, 2B 
 
 Thetford (1) 
 
 Chichester (2B) 
 
 Lynn (Lbk) (1)$ 
 
 ViP (l)t 
 
 Colchester (1) 
 
 Newark (nb) (1)§ 
 
 Wainfleet?("WAiN)(l) 
 
 Durham (1, 2B) 
 
 Newcastle (1) § 
 
 Wallingford (1) 
 
 Exeter (1, 2A) 
 
 Northampton (1, 2A, 
 
 Wilton (1, 2A) 
 
 Gloucester (1) 
 
 2B) 
 
 Winchester (1,2A,2B) 
 
 Hereford (1) 
 
 Norwich (1, 2A 2B) 
 
 Wiw ( ?) (1) 
 
 Ilchester (1, 2B)t 
 
 Oxford (1, 2A) 
 
 Worcester (2A) 
 
 Ipswich (1) 
 
 Ehuddlan (2B) 
 
 York (1, 2A, 2B) 
 
 * CAEDV (el). The money er's name on type 1 is WILLBM, who 
 is mentioned as a moneyer of Carlisle in the 16th year of Henry II. 
 (Madox Hist. Exch. I. 560), and appears by other evidence to have 
 been succeeded as such by Alan, whose name is on the coins of 
 CAEDV of type 2, A and B. It is clear therefore that the mint is 
 Carlisle, not, as has been supposed, Cardiff, where there is no record 
 of there having been a mint. 
 
19!! 
 
 John, 1199 to 1216. 
 
 We have seen that pennies of Henry II.'s type 2, classes 
 A and B, continued to be struck with Henry's name 
 throughout the reign of Richard I. and until the year 
 1205. No English coins bearing the names of Richard I. 
 or John are known, for Rud. ii. 8 and Sup. i. 14, Sn. i. 33 
 and 34, are now known to be forgeries. But in 1205 a new 
 coinage is recorded to have been issued ; and it is evident 
 that this must have been of the type of that which pre- 
 ceded it, and have borne Henry's name, because it is almost 
 impossible that a whole coinage can have disappeared, and 
 we have no other coins to attribute to it ; we know from 
 external evidence that both Henry II. and Henry III. struck 
 pennies of the short cross type ; and it is certain from the 
 moneyer's names which appear in the successive classes of 
 coins of that type that there was no such break in their 
 issue as the 27 years of Richard and John, or the 17 years 
 of John alone would have made. We know moreover that 
 the short cross pennies struck by John were of the class 
 now about to be described. For in 1208 King John sum- 
 moned to Westminster the moneyers of 16 towns, com- 
 manding them to bring their dies with them;* these 
 therefore must have been the towns at which coinage was 
 then going on ; and it is precisely of these towns, and of no 
 
 t IVELCE on type 1. I only on type 2; but no other town begins 
 with I, as Ipswich is spelt GIPESWIC. 
 
 J Those from the mints of LEN and VIP were found among 142 
 coins of this type in a hollow stone at Amptbill. The moneyer's name 
 on the first is Eogier, and is illegible on the second. See NCNS 
 II. 233. 
 
 § A mint was first granted to Newcastle by Henry II., and as NE 
 appears on a coin of Henry I., it is supposed to indicate a difiierent 
 place. Henry I. granted to the Bishop of Lincoln a charter for 
 coining money at Newark (Rud. Vol. II. p. 204). The moneyers on 
 Henry II.'s coins are William on Ne and Willem or Willelm on 
 Nivca or Nevcas ; but the name on the former is in Saxon, on the 
 latter in Eoman letters. MB. 
 
 * Eud. i. 179, where the towns are enumerated. 
 
193 
 
 otLers except Rhuddlan,* that coins of this class were 
 struck; and of some of them, Ipswich, Lynn, and Roches- 
 ter, we have no short cross coins of any other class. 
 
 Jolm's coins then bore his father's name, and were of the 
 same type, but smaller than either of the two classes of 
 Henry II's coins. The workmanship is neat, and in good 
 relief; crown usually of five, very rarely of seven pearls; on 
 each side of the head are two curls enclosing pellets ; the 
 face is long, and the beard is formed by straight strokes, 
 which join on to the curls. The letters of the legend on the 
 reverse are frequently linked together into monograms. A 
 hoard found in Yorkshire consisted entirely of this class of 
 coins. NCNS i. 206. There is a variety of this class, 
 struck by the same moneyers, on which the curls are more 
 than two, but usually not more than three in number, and 
 the letters, especially the A's, C's, and E's, are frequently 
 ornamented by flourishes, &c. (639). Some of John's coins 
 have a cross botone instead of the usual plain cross at the 
 beginning of the legend on the reverse (640) ; a few have 
 pellets interspersed among the letters of the legend on the 
 reverse ; and a few read CIVITAS LYNDB, without any 
 moneyer's name. Rud. Sup. i. 15. NC x. 38, pi. No. 11.. 
 NCNS V. pi. xi. 8. MB. 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 Chichester 
 
 Durham 
 
 Exeter 
 
 Ipswich 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Lynn 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 London 
 
 Northampton 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Ehuddlan p 
 
 St. Edmundsbury 
 
 Winchester 
 
 York 
 
 Henet III. 1216 TO 1272. 
 
 Up to 1222 John's coins probably continued to be issued ; 
 but in that year we are told that a considerable number of 
 new dies were delivered, and to the coinage which this im- 
 
 * If E.VLA means B-huddlan ; the coins of this place are altogether 
 peculiar. 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 plies we have nothing to refer except such, of the short cross 
 pennies as have not already been appropriated to Henry II. 
 and his sons. They differ from the others in being still 
 smaller than John's coins ; the workmanship is neat, but the 
 coins are often carelessly struck; bust placed low down in 
 the inner circle, so as hardly to show any neck; curls 
 usually three on each side, and formed of crescents enclosing 
 pellets ; the pellets, however, are often absent, and the curls 
 are sometimes only two on each side (641). Many of these, 
 as well as a very few of John's coins, have pellets inter- 
 spersed among the letters of the legend on the reverse. 
 The attribution of this class of the short cross pennies to 
 Henry III. is confirmed by the fact that we find on these 
 coins the names of four of the moneyers who are recorded to 
 have taken their oaths of office as such in 1222, and of three 
 others who are mentioned in 1230.* It would seem, how- 
 ever, that some coins of this class must have been issued 
 somewhat earlier than 1222, probably soon after Henry III.'s 
 accession, as we fi.nd that out of eight personsf appointed cas- 
 todes cuneorum, an office different from, and probably 
 higher than that of moneyer, in 1222, 4 struck coins as 
 moneyers in this class, which must therefore have been 
 struck before their appointment as custodes cuneorum. We 
 know that short cross coins continued until 1247 or 1248, as 
 several chroniclersj record that it was in one of those years 
 that the coins were altered, and the cross on the reverse pro- 
 longed so as to divide the legend. But as the last described 
 coins were struck at only five towns, it is likely that John's 
 coins also continued to be issued concurrently with them, 
 and this is the more probable since four of the seven names 
 mentioned in the years 1222 and 1230 occur in both classes 
 
 * NCNS V. 289. 
 
 t Their names are given by Mr. Evans in NCNS v. 289. As to 
 the nature of the office see ib. p. 361 by Mr. Fairholt, and NCNS 
 XV. 144 by the editor. 
 
 J See Eud. i. 184 ; Mat. Paris, p. 649. 
 
195 
 
 of coins ; of the twelve towns wHcli struck in John's and not 
 in Henry III/s type, seven struck also long cross coins [i. e. 
 of the coinage of 1248) j and at York, though in 1217 leave 
 to coin there was granted to an Archbishop who held the 
 see till 1255, we have plenty of coins similar to John's, but 
 none of the last class. Moreover, John's type employed far 
 more moneyers than any other, as might be expected if it 
 lasted from 1205 to 1248, but scarcely if it lasted only from 
 1205 to 1222. 
 
 In 1248 a new coinage was issued, having the cross on the 
 reverse extending to the edge of the coin, a device which 
 was adopted in order to make it more apparent whether a 
 coin had been clipped or not. These coins nearly all have the 
 word TERCT, or numerals, to indicate that they were struck 
 by the third king of the same name, and they are the first on 
 which such an indication appears. They may be divided 
 into the following types. 
 
 2. The King's head, bearded, full-faced, within an inner 
 circle, outside of which is his hand holding a sceptre. He is 
 styled HBNRICVS EBX III. Rev. cross of double limbs, 
 each botone, extending to the edge of the coin, generally a 
 pellet in the centre, three pellets in each angle (287) Rud. ii. 
 18. MB. This type is the commonest of Canterbury and Lon- 
 don, but is rare of all other towns. There is one coin of this 
 type, (288) MB., reading PHELIP ON LUND, which has 
 the U in Lund of the old English character, not the Roman 
 V as upon all the others ; the workmanship, too, is very diffe- 
 rent, especially about the hair, which is formed in wavy 
 curls as upon the coins of the Edwards ; whereas upon 
 all the others it is expressed by two curls on each 
 side, like the volutes of an Ionic capital, as on John's 
 coins. As the L is united to the preceding N, the U of a 
 peculiar form looking like a B, and the oblique line of the 
 N omitted, the word has been read BID instead of LUND, 
 and thereby erroneously considered to have been strack at 
 Bideford. 
 
 13* 
 
196 
 
 3. King's head as type 2, but no tand and sceptre; over 
 the head a mullet, HBNRICVS EEX III. Rud. ii. 16 ; or 
 TBRCI; 17. Sn. i. 41. Rev. same as No. 2. A comparison 
 of the moneyers on this type with a list of those appointed 
 in 1248, in an appendix to John of Oxenede's Chronicle, pub- 
 lished by the Master of the Rolls, proves that this type was 
 issued in or about that year. The moneyers of Canterbury 
 and London are not included in that list. 
 
 4. Same as No. 3, but crescent under the mullet, 
 HENRICVS REX ANG (289). Rud. Sup. i. 16, ii. 7. 
 Sup. 2. i. 14. Sn. i. 42. On some of these the legend is a 
 continuation of that of the obverse, LIB TBRCI LVN, 
 LON, or CAN. ; that is, Henricus Rex Ang-lise tertius, 
 London or Canterbury. A somewhat similar coin is repre- 
 sented, Rud. Sup. 2. i. 14, which reads LIB TERCI HED. 
 This has been read Hedlie, for the name of the place of 
 mintage, or of the moneyer Hadley, which occurs upon a 
 penny of Edward I. ; or it is suggested that the reading 
 ought to be AED for St. Bdmundsbury or Shaftesbury. 
 This coin was first published by Mr. North ; we have not 
 seen it, and rather suspect it may be a blundered represen- 
 tation of a Canterbury coin. 
 
 With these monies of Henry III. commences that simple 
 device of a cross with three pellets in each angle, which con- 
 tinued almost without variation till tbe 18th year of Henry 
 VII., a period of nearly 300 years, and was not abandoned 
 upon the smaller coins till about the close of the reign of 
 James I. 
 
 Ruding, Sup. 2. ii. 23, after Mr. North's undescribed 
 plates, gives a coin, of the size of a groat, and of the type 
 No. 2. This piece is now unknown ; it looks like the draw- 
 ing of a genuine coin, and may have been the pattern for a 
 groat, which, according to Grafton, was ordered to be struck 
 in 1227 J or it maybe taken from a common penny and 
 magnified, as was not unusual in representations of coins in 
 former times, a barbarous inaccurate practice, not altogether 
 
197 
 
 abandoned ia modern days of dilated science and diffused 
 knowledge. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Bristol (3, 3) 
 Canterbury (I, 2, 
 Carlisle (3) 
 Darliam (I, 2) 
 Exeter (3) 
 Gloucester (3) 
 Hereford (3) 
 llchester (3) 
 
 * Found, with 
 Podrida, p. 127.- 
 
 t Found, with 
 1869. JSrCNS IX, 
 
 3,4) 
 
 Lincoln (2*, 3) 
 London (1, 2, 3, 4) 
 Newcastle (S) 
 Northampton (3) 
 Norwich (3) 
 Oxford (1, 2*. 3J 
 Salisbury (3t) 
 Shrewsbury (3) 
 
 St. Edmondsburj (1, 
 
 2,3) 
 Wallingford (3) 
 WUton (3) 
 Winchester (3) 
 York (3) 
 
 OUa 
 
 a large number of others, at Bantry, in 1834. 
 
 -" Grant. Mag.," 1835, May, p. 494. 
 
 coins of all the long cross types, on Tower Hill in 
 
 247. 
 
 Edwaed I., 1272 to 1307. 
 
 The coins of the three first Edwards have always been 
 difiScult to separate from each other. Archbishop Sharpe 
 suggested a mode of distinguishing them^ but it was Mr. 
 Bartlet who fixed upon a firm basis the principles on which 
 several may reasonably be appropriated to their respective 
 monarchs. The Episcopal coins of Durham^ struck during 
 the reigns of Edward I. II. III., are distinguished by pecu- 
 liar marks, indicating the prelates under whose sanction they 
 were issued. The coins of Bishop Beck are marked with a 
 cross moline, his family bearing ; he held the see from 1283 
 to 1310, that is, during the last 24 years of Edward I. and 
 the first three years of Edward II. Bishop Kellow held the 
 see from 1311 to 1316, his coins are marked by one limb 
 of the cross, on the reverse, being bent to the left in form 
 of a crozier. Bishop Beaumont held the see from 1316 to 
 1333, that is, during the eleven last years of Edward II. and 
 first six of Edward III. His coins are marked with a lion 
 rampant, accompanied, generally, by one or more lis, his 
 family arms. Bishop Bury, 1333 to 1345, is not known to 
 have struck coins. Bishop Hatfield held the see from 1345, 
 during the remainder of the reign of Edward III. By a 
 
198 
 
 careful comparison of the types and workiuarsliip of the 
 coins of the several bishops with those of the kings, Mr. 
 Bartlet deduced rules to ascertain the reigns in which each 
 of the royal coins were struck. 
 
 An accurate examination of a great number of these coins, 
 found at Tutbury in 1832, confirms Mr. Bartlet's views, 
 and so does the discovery at Northampton, in 1873, of 197 
 pennies reading BDW. together with no others, excepting 
 two pence of Alexander III. of Scotland, who died before 
 Edward I. NO 1882, p. 108. The conclusion drawn 
 is that, generally speaking, the coins upon which only 
 EDW. appear belong to Edward I., that those upon 
 which the whole name EDWARDVS appears belong to 
 Edward III., and that all the intermediate modes of writing 
 the name are of Edward II. We must however make some 
 exception to this rule with regard to some pennies which 
 read EDWARD, and add PEA to the king's titles, and 
 therefore must surely belong to Edward III. We must also 
 except a penny in the late Mr. Cuff's collection, struck at Ber- 
 wick, which, from the style and the clothing of the shoulders, 
 belongs to Edward I. or II. It appears to read EDW R. 
 ADVS. AN., but it is so blundered, and one letter so 
 blended with another, that it is not possible to say what the 
 artist intended to write. 
 
 Excellent as is the rule, above laid down, for separating 
 the coins of the three Edwards, we believe it to hold good 
 only as regards the pence, and even to that we have seen 
 some exceptions. It will be observed below that we assign 
 to Edward I. groats, half-pence, and farthings, which read 
 EDWARDVS, on account of their character and style of 
 workmanship. We believe that the shoulders of Edward I. 
 and II. are always clothed, those of Edward III. never; 
 and we consider this mark a sure guide for separating his 
 coins from those of his two predecessors. The drapery is 
 of two forms; it generally represents the cape of the mantle, 
 and is formed of two triangular pieces meeting in a point on 
 
199 
 
 the breastj but sometimes is of one equilateral piece curving 
 under the bust. 
 
 Prom the commencement of the reign of Edward I. until 
 after the first coinage of Henry VII., there appears to have 
 been a conventional mode of representing the king's head 
 upon the coin, unchanged by the varied features of the 
 different kings, or by any circumstances of age, size or 
 countenance; any real or imaginary variation being attri- 
 butable to the mechanical style of the artist, rather than to 
 any attempt to modify the head into a portrait. This king, 
 then, Edward I., as well as his successors, is represented full- 
 faced beardless, the hair spread out at the sides, crowned ; 
 the crown being open, decorated with three fleurs de lis, with 
 an intermediate pellet or small ball ; some indication of the 
 slope of the shoulder, and sometimes of the royal mantle. 
 Rev. cross patee, extending to the edge of the coin, and 
 having three pellets in each angle. 
 
 All the earlier coins of Edward I. were of the usual 
 ■weight and standard, the pennies being 22^ gr. ; in his 28th 
 year the weight was reduced to 22;^ ; this difference is so 
 little that the respective coinages cannot now be ascer- 
 tained by the scale. 
 
 To this king I am disposed, from the workmanship and 
 the clothing of the shoulders, to attribute those pieces 
 which are considered the earliest groats, or rather patterns 
 for groats ; for the few specimens, which are now known, 
 are of very different weights, varying from 80 to 138 gr., 
 and cannot therefore be actually coins. The type is the 
 king's bust, front face, in a quatrefoil compartment, a tre- 
 foil in each spandril ; sometimes a rose on the breast j 
 rosettes, mullets, or quatrefoils in the field. His style is 
 EDWAHDVS DI GRA REX ANGL. Rev. cross fleury, 
 extending to the edge of the coin, three pellets in each 
 angle, legend, in two concentric circles, DNS HIBNE {MB.) 
 HBINE {MB.) or HBNIE, DVX AQVT— LONDONIA 
 CIVI. (290). Rud. ii. 23. Sup. i. 19. Sn. ii. 10. 
 
200 
 
 Other authors have ascribed these groats to Edward III.;* 
 and the only coins generally assigned to Edward I. are 
 pennieSj halfpence, and farthings. Though coins of the two 
 smaller denominations are said to have been struck by 
 former kings, and a very few such pieces have come down 
 to us, such as some halfpennies of Alfred and his contempo- 
 raries ; one or two of Edward the Elder, and Irish ones of 
 John, yet the want of such small money seems to have been 
 generally supplied by cutting the pennies into halves and 
 quarters. Several specimens are to be found in almost all 
 reigns, and the freshness of many of them shows that they 
 were probably issued in that state from the various mints. 
 
 The PENNIES of Edward I. read EDW. E,. ANGL. DNS. 
 HYB.j but some slight variations in the legend occur on some 
 London coins. The Eev. has the name of the city or town 
 where struck, preceded by GIVITAS or VILLA, as the case 
 requires ; excepting only a few coins on which the name of 
 the moneyer, Robert de Hadley, occurs, and it is the last 
 instance of a moneyer's name forming the legend upon any 
 English coin. Many of the coins of Edward I. have small 
 marks upon them, introduced, probably, according to the 
 fancy of the moneyer and without design ; but there are some 
 differences of style, size, and workmanship, which appear to 
 indicate different coinages, and of these we imagine we can 
 distinguish three distinct classes. 
 
 1. The letters of a larger size, the MM cross large, the 
 line at the ends extended frequently beyond the termination 
 of each limb. 
 
 2. Letters smaller, cross smaller, and more compact, the 
 coin itself smaller. 
 
 * One was found near Drogheda with about 40 of the common 
 London groats of Edward III., and of Edward V. and VI. It differed 
 slightly from those desorihed in the text, having four roses instead of 
 trefoils in the spandrils, cinquefoil at each side of the hair, no rose on 
 breast ; the cross on the reverse was fleury only, without the centre 
 pierced trefoil as in (290). Wt. 79 grs. In 1853 it was in the collec- 
 tion of Mr. Edw. Hoare of Cork. FC xvi. 192. 
 
201 
 
 3. Similar to the last, but with a star upon the king's 
 breast. The Exeter and Kingston mints have this mark, 
 and, as they were expressly named as places of mintage for 
 the coinage of 1300, the coins of other mints, whichi resemble 
 them and have this mark, are ascribed to this date. 
 
 The pennies of Edward I. were struck at London, 
 Berwick, Bristol, Canterbury, Chester, Dnrham, Exeter, 
 Kingston, Lincoln, Newcastle, Reading, St. Edmondsbury, 
 York, and by Robert de Hadley. 
 
 London : of each class. MB. First class, Rud. iii. 1. 3. 
 Some coins of this class, differing from the rest somewhat in 
 workmanship, have an annulet between each word of the 
 obv. legend.* MB. Another has a rose on the breast. MB. 
 (292). Some have 8 pellets on the King's breast. MB. 
 Second class, Rud. Sup. i. 20. Sup. 2. i. 15. 16. One has 
 2 pellets on the King's breast. MB. Some read RE ANGL 
 DNS YB. MB. or REX ANGL DNS HYB. MB. or R 
 ANG. MB. One of the third class reads ANGL REX 
 DNS HYB. MB. Sometimes the Irish obv. the Tting's head 
 within a triangle, occurs of this mint. MB. Rud. Sup. 2. i. 
 17. Sup. 2. ii. 28, v. r.\ 
 
 Berwick : VILLA BEREV7ICI first class. MB. Rud. 
 Sup. i. 31. or BBRWICI, with a bear's head in one quarter 
 instead of pellets. (291) MB. v. r. 
 
 Beistol: YILLA BRISTOLLIE,/rsicZffss. MB. Rud. 
 Sup. i. 23. Second and Third classes, VILL BRISTOLIE. 
 MB. 
 
 * These are generally of light weight, and for that reason, and on 
 account of the annulets, hare been thought to belong to Edward III. 
 The specimen in the British Museum weighs only 194 grs. Coins of this 
 type occur also with the King's name written Edwa. Of these there 
 are two in the Museum which weigh respectively 19.7, and 20.8 grs. 
 the latter being somewhat heavier than Edward III.'s first depreciated 
 coinage. The arguments for assigning them to Edward III. are given 
 by Mr. Sainthill in 011a Podrida II. 207 (and see pp. 2L7, 218) FC 
 XIV. 20 ; and by Mr. Arthur J. Evans in NCNS xi. 26'1. 
 
 t Irish pennies also occur with the English obverse. Linds. Coinage 
 of Ireland, p. 28; FC v. 120. 
 
202 
 
 Canteebuet: of each class, CIVITAS CANTOR. MB. 
 Some blundered coins of the first class read CANTON 
 or CASTOR, of the second class CANTAS, aad of the 
 third class CASTOR, for CANTOR. MB. One has the 
 Mng's head in a triangle, like the Irish money. MB. 
 (294). V. r. 
 
 Chestw. first class, CIVITAS CBSTRIE. MB. (293). 
 Rud. Sup. i. 27. and third class, SBSTRIE, MB. 
 
 Durham : first class, MM cross, DYNBLM, MB. BMEDVR, 
 MB. DVRBMB, MB. or DVRBME, with cross mohne, the 
 arms of Bishop Beck, in first quarter instead of the pellets. 
 MB. Rud. Sup. i. 24. Sn. ii. 6. the cross in these plates, being, 
 erroneously, not moline. Second class ? MM. on both sides, 
 or on obv. only, cross moline, DVREMB. MB. Rud. Sup. 
 2. i. 26. Those with the cross moline rather scarce. Third 
 class, MM. plain cross, DVRBMB, MB. 
 
 BxETEK: CIVITAS BXONIE, second class. MB. and 
 third. MB. see Rud. Sup. i. 26. r. 
 
 Kingston : YILL. KTNGESTON, third class. MB. Rud. 
 Sup. i. 28. r. 
 
 Lincoln : CIYITAS LINCOL, first class. MB. Rud. Sup. 
 i. 25. 
 
 Newcastle : VILLA NOVICASTRI, first class. MB. 
 VILL NOVICASTRI, second class. MB. VIL NOVCAS- 
 TRI with a mark over the V. third class, MB. (295). Rud. 
 Sup. i. 30. 
 
 Reading : Struck by the Abbot of Reading. VILLA 
 RADINGT, first class, scallop, the arms of the Abbey, 
 instead of pellets in first quarter, MB. Rud. iii. 2. Sn. ii. 7. 
 In these plates the final Y is omitted ; in Rud. Sup. 2. i. 27. 1 
 is substituted for T. v. r. 
 
 St. Bdmundsbuet: VILLA S. BDMVNDI, with pellet on 
 king's breast, first class. MB. VILLA SCI. BDMVNDI, 
 second class. MB. VILL. SCI. BDMVNDI, third class, MB. 
 Rud. Sup. i. 29. 
 
 YoEK : CIVITAS BBORACI, first class, cross on rev. 
 
203 
 
 plain. MB. Eud. Sup. 2. i. 18. Quatrefoil in centre of 
 cross. MB. ib. 19. Cross on king's breast, quatrefoil in centre 
 of rev. MB. End. Sup, 2. ii. 27. Third class, with or with- 
 out quatrefoil in centre of rev. MB. Eud. iii. 18. 
 
 EoBEET DE Hadlet : monsyer of St. Bdmundsbury in 
 1280, first class, EOBEET DB HADELEIE. MB. Su. ii. 
 5. Eud. ii. 20. The head on this plate belongs to class 3. 
 and we know not of any such coin. EOBERTVS DE 
 HADL. MB. see Eud. ii. 21, 22. where an annulet appears 
 on the king's breast, both rather rare. 
 
 Eud. iii. 5. 6. belong to the first class, but as they are 
 without reverses we cannot assign them to any particular 
 place. 
 
 HALPPENNIES of Edward I. reading EDW. E. ANGL. 
 DNS HTB. are known of London. (296). Eud. iii. 20. MB. 
 Berwick, MM star of five points. MB. In Eud. Sup. i. 
 33 ; Sn. ii. 4, is the reverse of a Berwick halfpenny with 
 the bear's head in one quarter. This coin we have not 
 seen. Bristol, Eud. iii. 19. Sn. ii. 2. MB. Lincoln, Eud. iii. 
 21. MB. r. Newcastle, (298) Eud. Sup. i. 32. Sn. ii. 3. MB. 
 This has only one pellet in each quarter, v. r. York, Eud. 
 Sup. 2. i. 20. MB. 
 
 We assign the' following halfpence to Edward I., or 
 possibly, some of them to Edward II. in consequence of the 
 drapery upon the shoulder. 
 
 London : EDWAEDVS EEX A. Eud. iii. 24. MB. AN ? 
 MB. AN with a star at the end and before LONDON, Eud. 
 iii. 22. MB. ANG with a star at the end and after London 
 MB. ANGL. Eud. iii. 23. or ANGLI. Eud. Sup. i. 36. this 
 weighs 31 gr., and was probably a pattern. MB. /^ 
 
 Beistol: EDWAEDVS EEX. MB. the drapery on this 
 coin not very apparent. 
 
 Beewick: EDWAEDVS. D. GE'. Eud. Sup. 2. i. 21. 
 MB. or DEI GEA., MB. with a bear's head in two quarters, 
 or similar but D. GEA. E. NCNS xi. pi. ix. 15., or DEI 
 GE, NO, 1882, p. 118.- This object in the reverse has 
 
204 
 
 always been called a boar's head, but is intended for that of 
 a bear, in reference to the armorial bearings and name of 
 the place. 
 
 The halfpennies of London are not uncommon ; the 
 others are rare ; those most so, which have peculiar marks. 
 
 FARTHINGS. To Edward I. we ascribe such farthings 
 reading BDWARDVS REX, or REX A. or REX AN., 
 as have drapery upon the shoulders : they are of London, 
 Tork, and perhaps Berwick (for which see post under 
 Edward II.), and have an inner circle. 
 
 London : these generally read GIVITAS LONDON. 
 Rud. iii. 28, 29. some of the 1st and 2nd coinage read 
 LONDONIENSIS. 1st coinage. MB. (300). 2nd coinage, 
 late SIB H. ELLIS, not common. There is one sort which 
 reads REX, and has a star after the legend, and before 
 LONDON, in the same manner as upon one of the half- 
 pence; but it does not appear to have any drapery, and 
 ought, according to our rule, to be ascribed to Edward III. 
 One (297) reads LONDRIENSIS, weighing six grains, and 
 is probably the coia called Lundrensis, struck according to 
 agreement, made in 1279, with William de Turnmere, master 
 of the mint. It was in Mr. Cuff's collection, v. r. 
 
 Beewick : VILLA BERVICI. bears head in two quarters. 
 MB. 
 
 Toek: OIYITAS EBORACI. MB. The clothing on the 
 bust is not very clear on this specimen, but another, in 
 very fine preservation, showing the drapery, is published in 
 NO 1882, p. 120. 
 
 To Edward L, or perhaps to Edward II., we ascribe 
 those farthings which have not any inner circle, and read 
 E. R. ANGLIE, or, in one instance, E. E. ANGL. D. H. 
 Of these we have London. (299). Rud. iii. 25. MB. Bristol, 
 MB. Lincoln, MB. York, Withy vi. 34. One reads LON- 
 DONIENSIS. (301). Rud. iii. 26. Sn. ii. 1 MB. All very 
 rare except London. 
 
205 
 
 Bdwaed II., 1307 to 1327. 
 
 During the reign of Edward II. the coinage remained of the 
 same weight, standard, and type as that of his father ; the 
 legends vary, and there are some distinguishing mint marks. 
 The letters are generally smaller and neater than those of 
 Edward I.'s class 1, and the star which is the distinguishing 
 mark of his class 3 never appears upon them. 
 
 The king is styled EDWA, BDWAE or EDWARD, and 
 his titles, of king of England and lord of Ireland, are added, 
 with some variations; the usual form being R. ANGL DNS 
 HTB. The following variations occur, but very rarely : 
 REX &c. MB. R ANG &c. MB. DN HYB. MB. ANGL. 
 R. &c. REX AlSTGLIB DN HTB. There are numerous 
 and various marks of dots, and occasional blunders upon 
 the coins, which, as they do not seem to be more than acci- 
 dental, need not be noticed here. Vid. Arohseologia, 
 vol. xxiv. His coins in general are not uncommon ; those 
 ■with peculiar marks are most so. His pennies are struck at 
 Berwick, Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, London, Newcastle, 
 St. Edmundsbury and York. 
 
 Bbewick : EDWA and EDWAR. VILLA BEREVVICI, 
 BERBVICI, or BERBWIC, sometimes a pellet on the king's 
 breast. MB. 
 
 Bristol : EDWA. VILL BRISTOLIE. found at Wyke, 
 near Leeds, in 1836. Arcbseol. xxviii. 47. 
 
 Ganteebuet : EDWA, EDWR, EDWAR, and EDWARD, 
 CIVITAS CANTOR. A good many blundered legends 
 appear of this mint, CANTAS, CASTOR* OANCOR, 
 CANNGLI, &c. being substituted for CANTOR, or 
 CANTOR being repeated twice, without CIVITAS. MB. 
 Occasionally ANG for ANGL. See Rud. iii. 4, -where the 
 drapery is erroneonsly omitted. 
 
 Durham : MM cross patee. EDWA, EDWAR, EDWARD. 
 CIVITAS DVREME, DVREMIE or DVNELM* or, with 
 
 * Found at Wyke, Arohasol. xiviii. 47. 
 
206 
 
 an open square in the centre of the cross on the reverse, 
 enclosing (a small crown ?), DVNBLMI (302) MB. In 
 Rud. Sup. ii. 8. Sn. ii. 9, the drapery is erroneously- 
 omitted. MM cross moiine, struck by Bishop Beck who 
 died in 1310. BDWA, BDWAE. CIVITAS DVEEMB. 
 Eud. Sup. 2. 1. 28. MB. or DVNELM NCNS xi. 266. 
 MM cross patee, one limb of the cross upon the reverse hent 
 to the left like the head of a crozier, by Bishop Kellow from 
 1311 to 1316. EDWA, BDWAE, CIVITAS DVNBLM. 
 Eud. Sup. 2. i. 29. MB. or two limbs so bent, Mr. G.WAKE- 
 FORD. MM Lion rampant, with sometimes one or more 
 fleurs de lis, by Bishop Beaumont 1316 to 1333. BDWA. 
 BDWAE. CIVITAS DVNBLM. Eud. Sup. i. 21. Sup. 2. 
 i. 30, 31. Sn. ii. 8. MB. In Rud. Sup. i. 24. is the reverse 
 of a Durham penny with a cross pat^e in one quarter ; we 
 have not seen this coin, and suspect that the cross ought to 
 be moiine like Sup. 2. i. 25, and therefore struck by Bishop 
 Beck in the time of Edward I. 
 
 London : BDWA, BDWE, BDWAE, EDWARD, 
 CIVITAS LONDON. The reverse legend is sometimes 
 blundered, and appears as CIVI LON DON DON, CIVITAS 
 DONDON, or DIVITAS LONDON, &c. On the obverse 
 some read R ANG, R AANGL, REX ANGL, or DN HYB, 
 or DNS HB* instead of the usual legend ; and some with 
 BDWA, like some with BDW, have an annulet between 
 each word of the obv. legend. f Rud. Sup. i. 35. MB. 
 
 Newcastle: BDWA* EDWAR, EDWARD, VILL NOV- 
 CASTRIorNOVICASTRI,M5. or VILLA NOVCASTRL* 
 
 St. Edmundsbuet : EDWA, BDWAR. VILL. or VILLA 
 SCI BDMVNDI. MB. 
 
 York: EDWAR. CIVITAS BBORACI. Some have a 
 quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the reverse, Rud. 
 Sup. 2. i. 32 ; and one has also throe dots in the second 
 quarter with the pellets. (303) MB. 
 
 HALFPENNIES of Edward II. are very rare, perhaps 
 
 t See note to Edward I., p. 200. 
 
207 
 
 not distinguishable from those of the other Edwards. One 
 struck at Berwick reads BDWA. R. ANGL DNS HI (306). 
 MB. or HB. NO 1882, p. 118. One struck at London 
 EDWAR R ANGL DNS HTB. (304) MB. Both are' of 
 the common type without any peculiarities. 
 
 The EARTHINGS are not to be distinguished from those 
 of Edward I. or III. Mr. Cuff had one which read ED- 
 WARDVS REX. Rev. VILLA BERBWICI. (305). 
 weighing 5| gr., and which so much resembled a penny of 
 the same place, reading EDWA, that he ascribed it to Ed- 
 ward II. 
 
 Edwaed III. 1327 to 1377. 
 
 The coins of Edward III. were groats, half groats^ pennies, 
 halfpennies and farthings ; the weight of his earliest coinage 
 is in proportion of 22f gr. to the penny. Erom his 18th 
 to his 20th year, 20^ gr. ; from the 20th to the 2.5th, 20 gr. ; 
 afterwards, till his death, 18 gr. 
 
 In 1338, Edward assumed the title of Bang of France. 
 He abandoned this title in 1360 by the treaty of Bretigny, 
 and assumed instead the title of Duke of Aquitaine ; but 
 in 1369 the treaty of Bretigny was broken, and he resumed 
 the title of King of France, but without dropping that of 
 Duke of Aquitaine. 
 
 GROATS were first coined by virtue of the Indenture 
 of 1351, which reduced the weight of the penny to 18 grs., 
 and those struck before, during, and after the treaty of 
 Bretigny, may be distinguished by the titles inscribed 
 upon them. They all have for type the bust of the king, 
 front face, within a double tressure of nine arches. Rev. 
 cross patee extending to the edge of the coin, three pellets 
 in each angle. They were struck at London and York. 
 
 1351 to 1360. London. MM Cross patee. EDWARD ° 
 DOG" REX ° ANGL ° Z " FRANC " D ° H ^ TB ° Rev. 
 POSVI " DEVM " ADIVTOREM " MEV in outer legend, 
 
208 
 
 OIVITAS LONDON in inner. (307). MB. or HYBB, 
 MEVM. Rud. iii. 9. Sometimes there is an annulet between 
 the pellets in one quarter^ Rud. iii. 11, MB., and some- 
 times one in the spandril under the head. MB. One has 
 a row of small annulets under the head, hut none in any 
 quarter, and crosses instead of annulets between the 
 words, and reads MEVM. MB. Or MM crown, other- 
 wise as (307), but omitting the last three annulets on obv. 
 Rud. iii. 8. MB.; or reading FRCANO, MB.; or having 
 annulet in first quarter (lately in Mr. G, Waheford's 
 collection). 
 
 This mint-mark is used also on some gold coins of this 
 date, and is the first which occurs on any coin from a royal 
 mint, except the Christian symbol, which can scarcely be 
 considered a mint-mark. 
 
 York : MM cross patee, annulet generally between the 
 words, legends as the London coins, but EBORACI. MB. 
 Mr. Neck has one weighing 85 grs., but this must be an 
 accident, or a pattern. NO 1882, p. 122. 
 
 1360 to 1369. London. MM cross patee. EDWARD" 
 DEI I G I REX I ANGL ° DNS I HYB ° Z % AQT. Rev. 
 POSYI I DBYM I ADIVTOREM I MET. In inner circle 
 OIVITAS LONDON. MB. Rud. iii. 7 ; or EDWARD " 
 DOG" REX ANGL " D " RYB " Z ° AQT, one cross 
 between words of outward legend on rev. MB. Or 
 EDWAR >< DEI =< G =< REX >< ANGL >= DNS >= HIB =< Z 
 AC. Annulet each side of crown, dot between words of 
 outward legend on rev. NEGK. NO 1882, p. 115. 
 
 1369 to 1877. London. EDWARD =< DI >< G '^ REX =< 
 ANGL X Z ' F X DNS =< HYB >< Z >< A. Rev. POSVI =< 
 DEVM ^ ADIVTOREM " MEVM.. MB. 
 
 HALF GROATS. These resemble the groats in general 
 character. 
 
 1351 to 1360. London. MM cross patee. EDWARDVS ° 
 REX " ANGLI " Z " FEANCI. Rev. POSVI DEV 
 ADIVTOREM, CIVITAS LONDON. Rud. iii. 13. Or 
 
209 
 
 ANGL Z » FRANO. Eev. POSVI " DEV " ADIVTORBM, 
 an annulet in the spandril under the head, and in one 
 quarter of rev. (309). MB. There are slight variations 
 in the contractions of the legends, and rarely M for 
 Meum is added. Or MM crown, EDWARD VS " REX " 
 ANGLI " Z ° FRANCI. Rud. Sup. ii. 9. This mint-mark 
 appears sometimes on the obv., MB., sometimes on the 
 rev., MB., and sometimes on both sides, MB. One with 
 this MM on obv., has on the reverse the blundered 
 legend POSVI DEV DEVM ADIM. MB. The coin 
 represented Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 30, with a crown instead of 
 pellets in each angle, is probably a pattern. It was bought 
 at Toplady's sale for Dr. Hunter for £23. 12s. Qd., and 
 is probably unique. Mr Cuff had a piece with the same 
 obverse, but with the common reverse. 
 
 YoEK. MM cross patee. EDWARDVSoRBX-ANGLI" 
 Z ° FRANC or FRACI. Rev. POSVI DEV ADIVTOREM. 
 CIVITAS EBORACI. Sn. ii. 14. MB. Sometimes there 
 is a " after DEV. One with this ° has the tressure of ten 
 instead of nine arches. MB. According to Rud. ui. 14, 
 one reads ANGL ° FRA ° Z ° HI, and has ° after DEV. 
 
 1360 to 1369. London. MM cross patee. "EDWARDVS" 
 REX I ANGL ° DNS I HTB. Rev. POSVI '^ DEVM ;; 
 ADIVTOREM I MEV. One reads EDWARD, and HIB, 
 MB. ; and one AIVTOREM (308) MB. -All have crosses, 
 not annulets, between the words on rev. 
 
 1369 to 1377. London. The title of Aquitaine does not 
 appear upon any half-groats, as it does on groats of this 
 period. If any half-groats were struck after 1369, they 
 must be those which have legends as in the last period, 
 but crosses instead of annulets between the words on both 
 sides ; for neither on the gold nor on the silver coins were 
 annulets placed between the words after 1369. 
 
 PENNIES. These were struck at London, Durham, and 
 Tork. That of Canterbury, Rud. iii. 15, rests on the 
 authority of Withy and Ryal, vii. 11, and of a coin which 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 belonged to Mr. White. Neither of these authorities can 
 be depended on. The type is that of previous reigns, except 
 that the king's bust is generally, perhaps always, without 
 any indication of drapery. A comparison with the other 
 coins of Edward III. seems to show that pennies with the 
 Irish title were struck during the continuance of the treaty 
 of Bretigny, and that those on which the annulet does not 
 appear are the only ones struck after the breach of that 
 treaty. The pennies assigned to Edward III. were all, 
 or almost all, apparently struck after 1351, when the weight 
 was reduced to 18 grs. Probably those struck before this 
 time had a more abbreTiated form of the king's name. 
 Those reading EDW and EDWA, with annulets between 
 the words of the legends (see p. 201), may belong to the 
 earlier coinages of Edward III. 
 
 1351 to 1360. London. MM cross patee. EDWARDVS " 
 EEX-- ANGLI; or EEEXj or EBX"ANaLI°; or ANGLI" 
 Z ; or ANGLIE. Rev. GIVITAS LONDON, " between 
 pellets in each quarter. Rud. iii. 17. Or EEX " ANGLI 
 with no annulet on the reverse. Or EEX " ANGLI " Z, 
 with ° on king's breast, and in one quarter of the reverse, 
 (310), corresponding with the half-groat (309) ; or EEX ° 
 ANGL " Z, " in one quarter ; or with MM crown, EEX ° 
 ANGLI, ° in one quarter. These are all in MB, and none 
 of them weigh over 18 grs., though some of them are in 
 very good condition. Snelling gives MM Bell, but we 
 have not seen one. 
 
 DuEHAM. The pennies of this place were struck by 
 Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham 1345 to 1381, and 
 are marked by having the upper limb of the cross 
 on the reverse bent, generally to the right, in the 
 form of a crozier. The mint mark on all is a 
 cross patee. We ascribe to this period the following : 
 EDWARDVS REX ANGLI "Z, " on king's breast. Rev. 
 GIVITAS DVREME, crozier to right? MB. EDWAEDVS" 
 EEX " ANGLI Z, or EDWAEDVS ° REX ANGLIE. 
 
211 
 
 Eev. CIVITAS DVNELMIB, crozier to right. Both in 
 MB. EDWARDVS REX ANGLIB, » perhaps between 
 the words. Rev. CIVITAS DVNOLMB. The final E is 
 doubtful. If the cross has a crozier termination it is to 
 the left. MB. 
 
 York. MM cross patee. EDWARDVS REX " ANGLI 
 Z, or ANGL ° Z " ERA. Rev. CIVITAS EBORACI. Both 
 in MB. 
 
 1360 to 1369. These all have MM cross patee. 
 
 London. EDWARD ° ANGL ° R ° DNS S HYB. Rev. 
 CIVITAS LONDON " MB. Or LONDON >< MB. 
 
 DuEHAM. EDWARDVS J REX ANGLIE ^ Rev. VILA 
 DVNOL (MIE ?) . Crozier turned to left, annulet enclosing 
 two pellets in centre of cross. (313). MB. Or "^ VILLA " 
 DVRRBM, annulet in centre of cross and between pellets 
 in each quarter. MB. This last coin corresponds very 
 closely with some of the gold quarter nobles of this period. 
 
 YoEK. EDWARDVS " REX " ANGLI ", or REX 
 ANGLI =»= Rev. CIVITAS EBORACI. Both in MB. 
 
 1369 to 1377. These all have MM cross patee. 
 
 London. EDWARDVS J REX J ANGLIB, quatrefoil 
 on king's breast. Rev. " CIVITAS LONDON. MB. 
 
 Dfeham. EDWARDVS -REX -ANGLI. Rev. CIVITAS 
 DVREME, crozier to right. MB. EDWARDVS REX 
 ANGL, quatrefoil before REX and after ANGL. Rev. 
 as the last. (312). MB. Snelling mentions one which 
 reads VILLA DVREMMIB. See Withy and Ryall, vii. 15 ; 
 the reverse has a quatrefoil in the centre of the cross. 
 
 YoEK. EDWARDVS • REX • ANGLI, quatrefoil on 
 king's breast. Rev. CIVITAS EBORACI, quatrefoil in 
 centre of cross. MB. One has also a quatrefoil before 
 the king's name (311). This coin, in MB., weighs 18'9 grs., 
 though it is a little clipped. It is the only penny ascribed 
 to Edward III. which weighs more than 18 grs., the 
 authorized weight of the coinage after 1351, and the 
 marks upon it seem to compel us to assign it to a period 
 
 14 * 
 
212 
 
 later than 1369, and to proTe, therefore, that the weight 
 is merely accidental. The weight of the coins of this 
 period, especially of the smaller pieces, was not very 
 well adjusted, but it oftener happened to fall below than 
 to rise above the authorized weight, the reduction probably 
 bringing a profit to the master of the mint. 
 
 HALFPENNIES were struck by Edward III. in London 
 and Reading, and resemble the pennies. Snelling says he 
 struck them also at York, and gives one of Canterbury 
 (SneUing ii. 12, followed by Rud. Sup. i. 38), but we have 
 not seen any of either of these places. The cross patee 
 is the only mint mark, except on one London halfpenny 
 which has MM crown. 
 
 London, 1351 to 1360. EDWAHDVS " REX AN. 
 Rev. CIVITAS LONDON (314). MB. Or with a dot 
 in addition to the pellets in the first quarter of the reverse ; 
 or in the second quarter and at one side of the crown ; or 
 in the fourth quarter and at one side of the crown ,- all in 
 MB. EDWARDVS " REX " AN. Rev. CIVITAS LON- 
 DON. One of these seems to have a dot before LONDON. 
 MB. MM crown. EDVARDVS REX. Rev. CIVITAS 
 LONDON. NC 1882, p. 119. 
 
 1360 to 1369. EDWARDVS REX, or REX AN. Rev. 
 CIVITAS LONDON. Rud. iii. 30. MB. These have 
 no distinguishing marks, and may belong to this period. 
 
 1369^0 1377. EDWARDVS REX AN. Rev. CIVITAS 
 LONDON, " at each side of crown and in first quarter ; or 
 in first quarter only ; or with star after AN and before 
 LONDON. All in MB. Mr. Cufi' had a halfpenny reading 
 LONDONIBNSIS. 
 
 Reading. The Abbots privilege of coining here, exercised 
 under Edward I., was withdrawn by Edward II., but restored 
 by Edward III. in 1338, and extended by him to halfpennies 
 and farthings as well as pennies. The very rare halfpence 
 of this town, therefore, must have been struck under 
 Edward III., and as they resemble the pence of the same 
 
213 
 
 place in every respect except in having no drapery on the 
 king's shoulderSj they confirm our belief that the absence 
 of drapery is a distinguishing mark by which to appropriate 
 the coins of Edward III. They have a scallop shell, the 
 arms of the Abbey, in one quarter of the reverse instead of 
 pellets, and read BDWAEDVS REX AN, with a star or 
 scallop after AN; or EDWAEDVS REX, without it. Rev. 
 VILLA RADINGT, star or scallop after VILLA. (315.) MB. 
 FARTHINGS. We assign to this king farthings, with- 
 out drapery on the king's shoulders, which read EDWARDVS 
 REX. CIVITAS LONDON., MB. Eud. iii. 31. Sup. 2. xvi. 
 14. or REX AN. Sn. ii. 11. or REX A, with a star after A 
 and before LONDON. MB. Rud. iii. 27. or similar, but REX 
 AN.NCNS XI. pi. ix. 17. see Edward I., p. 204. Mr. Dymock 
 bought two at the Cuff sale reading LONDONIENSIS. 
 Eud. iii. 32. Some were struck at Tork, reading 
 EDWARDVS REX. CIVITAS EBORAOL Mr. Staunton 
 of Longbridge near Warwick had one, which he parted 
 with to Mr. Woolston, whose collection was purchased by 
 Mr. Young ; into whose hands it afterwards passed we have 
 not been able to trace. See Edward I.'s Tork farthing. 
 
 RichabdII., 1377 to 1399. 
 
 The coins of Richard II. resemble those of his prede- 
 cessors in type and standard ; they consist of groats, half- 
 groats, pennies, halfpennies and farthings. The weight of 
 the penny is 18 grains, the same as the last coinage of Ed- 
 ward III. The only MM used is a cross pat^e. A mark of 
 contraction is sometimes put after or over the end of the 
 abbreviated words. 
 
 GROATS. None struck but in London. RICAED ^ 
 DI J or DEI ^ GRA ^ REX ^ ANGL i Z ^ EEANC or 
 FRANCIE. MB. (316) Rud. iv. 1. Sn. ii. 20. One 
 reading FRANC has three small pellets over the King's 
 
214 
 
 crown. NEGK. NCNS xii. pi. x. i. There are three dis- 
 tinct styles of heads of Richard II., one like that of Edward 
 III., another like that of Henry IV, and one intermediate, 
 rare. 
 
 HALF-GROATS. London only. 1. RICARD ^ DI J 
 GRA I REX I ANGLIE. Rud. iv. 3. Sn. ii. 19. MB. 
 2. D X Gl REX I ANGL ^ Z ^ ERA. (317) MB. or FR. 
 MB. 3. DI J G J REX ;; ANGL ^ Z ^ FRANC. Rud. 
 iv. 2. MM always a cross, sometimes very small, all rare. 
 
 PENNIES. London. 1. RICARD ^ REX ^ ANGL ,< Z ^ 
 FRAC. Rud. iv. 4. 2. Or FRANC, lis on breast, cross be- 
 fore CIVITAS. NEGK. 3. RICARDVS REX ANGLIE, 
 cross before CIYITAS. NEGK. NCNS xii. pi. x. 8. 4. 
 Or without cross, lis on king's breast, pellet at each side of 
 neck. Rud. Sup. ii. 12. 5. RICARD REX ANGLIE, small 
 bust, large cross after obv. legend. MB. NEGK. NCNS xii. 
 pi. X. 4. In this last coin the N in London is of the Old 
 English character, in all the others it is Roman. 
 
 To BE. These all have an open quatrefoil in the centre of 
 the cross on the reverse. 1. RICARDVS REX ANGLIE, 
 cross before CIVITAS. MB. 2. Same legend, with cross on 
 king's breast and after obv. legend, pellet above each 
 shoulder, before and after CIVI, and before EBORACI. 
 MB. NEGK. 3. Or with no marks except lis ? on breast 
 and trefoil after EBORACI. NECK. 4. Or as last but 
 cross after CIVI, no trefoil. NEGK. 5. ANGIE, cross on 
 breast, pellet above each shoulder, two small additional pellets 
 in first quarter, cross before CIVITAS. (319) MB. or 
 without the additional pellets, ANGILIE. GREEKS. 
 NCNS. xvi. 151. 6. ANGL Z PR A, cross on breast. 
 7. RICARD REX ANGL Z FRAN, cross on breast, 
 with scallop after FRAN?, CIVITAS, and perhaps 
 EBORACI. MB. 8. Same, with large head, scallop 
 after CIVITAS only. MB. or with two crosses also after 
 EBORACI. NECK. NCNS xii. pi. x. 6. 9. Same, but no 
 marks except cross after CIVITAS and EBORACI. Rud. 
 
215 
 
 iv. 5. 10. Or without marks, RICAEDVS REX ANGLEI. 
 Sn. ii. 18. 11. Or ANGLIB F.two crosses after CIVITAS. 
 NJEOK. NONS XII. pi. x. 5. 12. Or ANGLIE Z, lis or cross 
 on breastj and a pellet over each shoulder, in one quarter of 
 rev., and before BBORAGI. wt. only 15^ grs. NEGK. 
 
 The above are of similar workmanship to the London coins, 
 and are probably from dies engraved in London . The fol- 
 lowing are very inferior, and may be from dies engraved at 
 York. They vary in weight from 12^ to 18 J grs. and are all 
 in Mr. Neck's collection. NCNS xii. 232. 13 RICARDVS 
 REX AJNGLIB, saltire on breast, pellet over each shoulder. 
 NCNS XII. pi. X. 7. 14. Similar without pellets, B in 
 BBORACI reversed. 15. Or without pellets, cross or quatre- 
 foil after CIVI. 16. Or lis or quatrefoil on breast, cross 
 after CIVI. 17. Same legend, lis? on breast, pellet over 
 each shoulder and before BBORACI, cross after ANGLIB 
 and before and after CIVI. NCNS xii. pi. x. 8. 18. Or 
 omitting the cross after ANGLIB, or after CIVI. 19. 
 RICARDVS REX REX REX AN. Rev. EBO. EBORACI. 
 TAS. Cross on breast, pellet over each shoulder. 20 
 RICARD REX ANGL DNS ED? Saltire on breast, 
 scallop ? after CIVITAS. 21. Same, without the scallop. 
 NCNS XII. pi. X. 9. ED, or, as it perhaps is, EB, is doubt- 
 less intended for HB. 22. Some of these rude coins read 
 ANGILB. NCNS vii. 20. 
 
 DuEHAM. RICARDVS REX ANGLIE, DVNOLM, cross 
 on king's breast (318) MB. rare. 
 
 HALFPENNIES. London only. 1. RICARD REX 
 ANG. (320). MB. 2. Or ANGL. This differs from most 
 other halfpennies in having the N's in LONDON of the 
 Roman character. Rud. iv. 6. MB. 3. ANGL, English 
 N's, MB. NCNS XII. pi. x. 12. 4. ANGL, cross on breast, 
 Roman N's, MB. 6. ANGLI. MB. NEGK. 7. ANGLIE, 
 NEGK, Sn. ii. 17, where the N's are represented as 
 Roman. 8. ANGLIE, two small crosses in place of MM. 
 MB. 9. ANGL. P. NCNS xii. pi. x. 10. MB. 
 
216 
 
 FARTHINGS. London only. 1. EICARD REX 
 ANGL. (322). Eud. iy. 7. Sn. ii. 16. MB. rare. 2. 
 ANGLIE. MB. 3. AGLIE. NCNS. xii. 234. 4. ANGL, 
 small rose after REX, and probably after RICARD, rose 
 instead of pellets in each quarter of rey. (321). Rud. Sup. 
 i. 39. MB. NEGE. ext. rare. 
 
 Henet IV., 1399 to 1413. 
 
 Within the period of 90 years four kings of the name of 
 Henry ascended the throne, all of whom struck coins bear- 
 ing their name undistinguished by any numerals ; which is 
 the more remarkable as Henry III. had distinguished his 
 coins by the numerals III. or the word TERCI. During 
 the greater part of the reign of Henry IV. the weight of 
 the coinage remained the same as it was in the reigns of 
 Edward III. and Richard II., but in his thirteenth year he 
 reduced the weight from 18 to 15 grains for the penny. If 
 therefore any piece be found with the name of Henry in the 
 proportion of 18 grains to the penny, it belongs to Henry 
 IV. ; and of the Hght coins those are assigned to him on 
 which the bust most closely resembles that on his heavy 
 money and on Richard II. ^s coins. 
 
 Heavy Money. The cross patee is the only MM which 
 appears on this money. 
 
 GROAT: London. HENRIC D. G. REX ANGL Z 
 FRANC D. HT. annulet in first quarter. Snell ii. 25. 
 Rud". Sup. i. 40. This coin when it appeared at "WiUet's 
 sale in 1827 was thought to be false, and it is doubtful 
 whether a genuiae heavy groat exists. NCNS ix. 257; ii. 
 107. Supposed specimens are mentioned in Rud. Vol. II. 
 p. 367, n. 5, and in NO vni. 125. 
 
 HALF GROATS. London. HENRIC DI GRA REX. 
 ANGL Z F. Bust hke Richard II.'s. Rev. POSVI DEVM 
 ADIVTOREM MEV. CIVITAS LONDON. Weight 33 
 
217 
 
 grains (323). Late Rev. E. J. SHEPEEBB. Mr. 
 Rashleigh has another specimen weighing 35^ grs. 
 
 PENNIES. London. HENRIC D G REX. ANGL. F. 
 Bust like Richard II.'s^ a very faintly struck muUet with 
 long pointed rays on the centre of the king's hreast. 
 Rev. CrVlTAS LONDON. Weight 17| grs. NECK. 
 BA8ELEIGH. Another in Mr. Neck's collection weighs 
 only 14 grs. Another reads ANGLIE. v. r. 
 
 Yoke. HENRIC REX ANGL Z FRANC. MB. or 
 FRAJSrCIB. NEGE. Bust like that of Richard II. Rev. 
 CIVITAS EBORACI, an open quatrefoil in centre of re- 
 verse. Weight 15i to 17i grs. (337) v. r. Mr. Eashleigh 
 has one weighing 18 grs. The engraving appears by 
 mistake in the plate under Henry VI. 
 
 HALFPENCE. London. The weight of these small 
 pieces is not always nicely adjusted, and cannot therefore 
 be entirely depended upon, still there are halfpennies which 
 were undoubtedly struck before the 13th year of Henry IV. 
 The weight greatly exceeds 7^ grains, and the head, especi- 
 ally in the form of the hair, is of the type of Richard II., 
 and very different from the usual type of the Henries. They 
 are very rare. They read HENRICVS REX ANGL. (324). 
 MB. or HENRIC REX ANGL, ANGLI, or ANGLIE. 
 NEGK. The bust varies in size, the lower part on those 
 reading Henric being sometimes attached to the inner circle, 
 sometimes not, and occasionally passing through itj and 
 one coin reads HEN . . D . REX ANGLIE, and presents a 
 three-quarter bust of the king. Weight 10 grains. NEGK. 
 Rev. CIVITAS LONDON, pellets sometimes united. The 
 weights of these coins, though in perfect preservation, vary 
 from 7i to 12^ grs. NCNS ii. pi. iii. Nos. 5, 6. 
 
 Light Monet. Although the heavy coins alone can be 
 assigned with certainty to Henry IV., there are some, very 
 rare also, which from their resemblance to those of Richard 
 II. it is fair to presume belong to him, but which, weighing 
 only in the proportion of 15 grains to the penny, must 
 
218 
 
 have been struck after his 13th year. They all have the 
 MM cross patee, and the bust like that of Edward III. and 
 Eichard II. 
 
 GROATS. London. HBNRIO DI or DEI GRA REX 
 ANGLIE Z FRANC. Rev. POSVI DEVM ADIV- 
 TOREM MEVM. CIVITAS LONDON. 1. Pellet at 
 left side and over the crown, trefoil on breast and after 
 Posui. The arches of the tressure are all fleured, except 
 that on the breast, which is ornamented by the trefoil. 
 Roman N in London. MB. (326) NCNS xi. pi. iii. 1. 
 2. Or similar, with trefoil also after Franc, no pellet over 
 crown. NUGK. 3. Or like No. 1, but omitting FRANC ; 
 MEV for MEVM, pellet at each side of but not over crown, 
 no trefoil after Posui. MB. Weight 58 ^q grains. See also 
 Rud. iv. 8, NCNS xi. 111. 4. Like No. 1, but old Enghsh 
 N in London, late Rev. H. J. SEJEPHEBD. 5. Similar to 
 No. 4, but trefoil after Franc, none on breast nor after Posui. 
 POWNALL, NCNS viii. 343. 
 
 HALF GROAT. London. HBNEIC DEI GRA REX 
 ANGL Z F. Rev. POSVI DEV ADIVTORBM M. CI- 
 VITAS LONDON. Pellet at each side of crown, tressure 
 as on the groats, trefoil on breast, and apparently one upside 
 down after ADIVT., pellets on reverse united. Weight 
 27 grains. This coin, which is much rubbed, was bought 
 by Mr. Robinson at Lindsay's sale. Unique ? NCNS 
 XI. pi. iii. 2. 
 
 PENNIES. London. All very rare. 1. HENRIO DI 
 GRA REX ANGL. Cross on breast, annulet at one side 
 of the head, mullet at the other. Rev. CIVITAS LONDON, 
 old English N. Weight 14 grains. (326), late Bev. E. J. 
 8EEPEEBD.* 2. HENRIO REX ANGLIE, muUet to 
 
 * The description of this coin hardly agrees with the figure, which 
 looks rather like a coin of Henry V. The marks however at the sides 
 of the crown, and on the breast are the same as on No. 2, the bust on 
 which is said by Mr. Neck to be that of Henry IV. The editor has 
 not seen either coin. 
 
219 
 
 rightj annulet to left of crownj quatrefoil on breast. CIVI- 
 TAS LONDON, old English N in London. L0NQ8TAFFE. 
 NONS XI. 115. 3. Another reads HENRIC . . . REX AN- 
 GLIEj some ohject between HENRIC and REX, annulet to 
 the left, pellet to the right of crown, quatrefoil ? on breast 
 and before Civitas, Roman N in London. (327). MB. v. r. 
 
 ToEK. HENRIO REX ANGLIE. Annulet on breast 
 and before CIVITAS, two annulets before EBORACI ; 
 quatrefoil in centre of reverse. Weight 13^ or 14^ grains. 
 NEOK. NCNS XI. pi. iii. 4. Or with annulet on breast and 
 after Henric, two annulets before Civitas and Eboraci. 
 LONGSTAFFE. NCNS vii. 20. 
 
 DuEHAH. EENRICVS REX ANGLIE, trefoil on breast. 
 Rev. CIVITAS DVNOLM. Weight 13 grs. LONG- 
 8TAFFE, NCNS xi. pi. iii. 3. or DVRVIC, weight lOi 
 grains. MB. false ? 
 
 HALFPENNIES. Some found at Highbury of the same 
 type as the heavy halfpence, struck at London and reading 
 HENRIO REX ANGL or ANGLIE, but weighing from 5 
 to 7i grains, may belong to this coinage. A few have an 
 annulet at each side of the king's neck or face, and one has 
 a large mullet to right, pellet to left of crown. NECK. 
 
 FARTHING. HENRIC REX ANGL. Large head 
 without neck or shoulders, within dotted circle. Rev. CI- 
 VITAS LOIDOI. Weight 3| grains. NECK. Found at 
 Highbury. Unique. NCNS xi. pi. iii. 8. A halfpenny of 
 Edward III., of exactly the same type, was found at the same 
 place. 
 
 Henky V. 1413 to 1422. 
 
 As it was not until his 13th year that Henry IV. reduced 
 the weight of his coins, all those which were struck by 
 him of the reduced weight must have been struck in the 
 year before his death. It is therefore not likely that they 
 can have been struck of many different types ; and having 
 
220 
 
 given to Henry IV. all tiose coins weigHng only 15 grs. to 
 tlie penny on wHch the bust resembles that used by his 
 predecessors and on his own heavy coins, we may safely 
 assume that the coins which come next after them in date 
 were struck in the reign of Henry V. ; for existing records 
 leave no doubt that some silver coins were struck in his 
 reign (see Eud., Vol. i., pp. 258, 265). 
 
 For the arrangement of the following coins of Henry V. 
 and VI. in the probable order of their date, and for their 
 appropriation to the respective kings, we are indebted to 
 the articles published in the Numismatic Chronicle by 
 Archdeacon Pownall, Mr. W. H. D. Longstaffe, and especially 
 Mr. J. F. Neck, on whose article in NCNS xi. pp. 93 to 
 152, we have relied for the description of the coins to which 
 his name is attached in the following list, all of which are 
 in his collection. To that article we would refer once for 
 all as our principal authority for the generalisations and 
 arguments contained in the text with respect to these two 
 reigns. We have ventured however to arrange a few coins 
 somewhat differently from Mr. Neck, and be must not there- 
 fore be held responsible for any mistakes which may be 
 detected in the following pages. 
 
 The bust used on the coins which we give to Henry V, 
 and VI. differs from the old one in having the hair heavier 
 and not so far from the head as that of Henry IV. ; and 
 that part of it which is immediately under the crown on 
 each side stands almost straight out, separate from the rest 
 of the hair ; and they may always be distinguished from 
 Henry FV.'s coins by this means, though it is of course pos- 
 sible that the old bust may have been used for a time under 
 Henry V., and consequently that some of the coins described 
 as of Henry IV. really belong to his son. On the coins of 
 Henry V., and on the early ones of Henry VI., the bust is 
 generally of coarse workmanship, having the nose and 
 mouth flattened and blurred, the eyes sunken, and a swelling 
 on the neck. The cross patee, which is the only MM used 
 
221 
 
 by Henry IV., appears only on a very few of the earliest of 
 Henry V.'s coins, being replaced by a plain or pierced 
 cross. The coins of Henry V. or VI.j weighing in the 
 proportion of 15 grs. to the penny, may be divided into 
 eight distinct classes. The reasons for the order in. which 
 we arrange these classes, and for ascribing two of them to 
 Henry V., and the rest to Henry VI., will best appear in the 
 description of the coins themselves. 
 
 GrB/OATS. — Henry V.'s groats were struck only at London. 
 The coins in the first class are attributed to Henry V. because 
 of their general resemblance to those of Henry IV. There 
 is no one mark which appears upon all coins of this class. 
 
 Glass I. 1. HENRIG DI GEA EEX AN"GLIE Z 
 FRANC. Rev. POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM. 
 CIVITAS LONDON. MM. obv. cross patee, rev. cross 
 pierced j three pellets (representing a trefoil ?) after Di. 
 POWNAJjL, NCNS viii. 343. The MM cross patee, the 
 trefoil in the legend, and the reading ANGLIE Z FRAJSTC, 
 connect this coin very closely with those of Henry IV; 
 but the MM cross pierced, and the legend ADIVTORE 
 instead of ADIVTORBM, prove that it must belong to 
 Henry V. 2. Legend as No. 1. MM plain cross. Bust 
 of Henry V. ; egg-shaped swelling on neck, quatrefoil after 
 Henric, a blundered mark after Posui, arches of tressure 
 round bust all floured. NECK, NCNS xi. pi. iii. 9. As 
 this reads ANGLIE Z FRANC, has all the arches of the 
 tressure fleured, and has a mark after Posui, it must be 
 placed close to the light groats of Henry TV., which it 
 resembles in these particulars ; but it is ascribed to 
 Henry V. because it has for MM a plain cross instead of a 
 cross patee, reads ADIVTORE for adiutorem, and has a 
 quatrefoil after Henric, none of which peculiarities occur 
 on any of Henry I V.'s coins. For similar reasons we also 
 ascribe to Henry V. the following coins, which differ from 
 No. 2 only in the particulars stated. 3. No quatrefoil after 
 Henric, arches above crown not fleured, a small trefoil or 
 
222 ■ 
 
 quatrefoil before Deum. LONGSTAFFH, NCNS xi. 114. 
 4. Quatrefoil after Posui, none after Henric, arches above 
 crown not fleured. MB. 5. Similar to last, without quatre- 
 foil after Posvi. MB. 6. MM obv. plain cross, rev. cross 
 pierced ?, doubtful mark after Henric, none after Posui, 
 arches above crowned not fleured. (642) MB. 7. MM. obv. 
 cross pierced ; rev. plain cross, quatrefoil after Posui, 
 none after Henric. NECK. 8. MM cross pierced, FRAN 
 for Franc, quatrefoil after Posui. NEGK. 9. MM cross 
 pierced, quatrefoil after Posui, none after Henric, arches 
 above crown not fleured. MB. 
 
 Glass II. The groats of this class have a mullet {i.e. a star 
 of five points) on the king's left shoulder, or, in the case of 
 the first mentioned, on the breast. They have also a large 
 quatrefoil after Posui, but no peculiar mark after Henric. 
 The arch on the breast is fleured, except on No. 10 ; those 
 over the crown are not. The bust is that of Henry V., with, 
 generally, the egg-shaped swelling on the neck ; and the 
 legend, except where it is otherwise mentioned, and the 
 mint marks, are the same as on the coins above described, 
 from which therefore these cannot be separated by any 
 great interval. 10. MM plain cross, mullet on breast, 
 FRAN for Franc. NEOK, NCNS xi. pi. iii. 10. 11. MM 
 obv. plain cross; rev. cross pierced. MB. 12. MM both 
 sides cross pierced. MB. NONS viii. pi. vi. 1. These 
 occasionally read FRANCE. NEOK, or ANGLE Z FRANC. 
 MB, or ANGL Z FRANIB. MB. or ANGL Z FRANCIE. 
 LONGSTAFFE. 13. MM plain cross, ANGL Z FRANC. 
 NEOK. 14. MM obv. cross pierced ; rev. plain cross, 
 quatrefoil after Posui not visible. NEOK. 
 
 HALF GROATS.— These, like the groats, with which 
 they correspond in type, were struck in London only. The 
 crown is always of the shape shown on (331). The legend 
 on all of them, unless otherwise stated, is HENRIC DI 
 GRA REX ANGLIB Z FR. Rev. POSVI DEVM 
 ADIVTORE ME. OIVITAS LONDON. 
 
223 
 
 « 
 
 Class I. 1. MM obv. cross pierced; rev. cross patee; 
 bust of Henry V., egg-sbaped swelling on neckj tressure 
 of twelve arches, those above crown not fleured ; broken 
 annulet to left of crown, F for FE, ADIVTOEBM MEV, 
 Roman N in London. Weight 26^ grs. unique ? NEOK, 
 NCNS XI. pi. iii. 11. The reverse of this coin has all the 
 peculiarities of the coins of Henry IV., and was probably 
 struck from one of his dies. The legend ADIVTOREM 
 occurs on no other coins of Henry Y., though it is used on 
 all those of Henry IV. The cross patee and the Roman N 
 are also extremely rare on Henry V.'s coins. The peculiar 
 bust however, and the broken annulet, fix; this coin unmis- 
 takably to Henry V. The broken annulet mark is used 
 only on the half-groats and smaller pieces which we attri- 
 bute to Henry V. ; and in a manuscript in the Mint at Paris 
 it is stated that this mark was used on some gold coins 
 struck in Normandy, in 1415, by Henry V., to distinguish 
 them from those of Charles VI., which they otherwise 
 resembled. The passage is printed in NO xii. 6, and in 
 NGNS XI. 120, and confirms the appropriation to Henry V. 
 of coins with this mark. 2. Obv. from the same die as 
 No. 1. Rev. no MM, DEV for Deum. L0BG8TAFFE, 
 NONS XI. pi. iii. 12. 3. MM both sides plain cross. 
 Tressure of eleven arches, those at each side of crown and 
 on breast not fleured, small quatrefoil (?) to left of crown, 
 swelling on neck, E for ER, MBV for ME. MB. 
 
 Class II. The half-groats of this class all have a mullet 
 on the king's breast or left shoulder, and a quatrefoil after 
 Posui. 4. MM both sides plain cross, tressure of twelve 
 arches, all fleured except two on the breast. Mullet on 
 breast, no swelling on neck, broken annulet to left of crown. 
 E for ER, MEV. NECK. NONS xi. pi. iv. 2. 5. MM 
 obv. plain cross ; rev. cross pierced ; otherwise as No. 4. 
 MB. 6. MM obv. cross pierced ; rev. none ; tressure of 
 eleven arches, those above crown and on breast not fleured ; 
 mullet on breast, swelling on neck, broken annulet to left 
 
224 
 
 of crown. F., MEVM. Weight 29i grs. NEOE. NCNS 
 XI. pi. iv. 1. 7. Same as 6, but annulet not broken to left, 
 three pellets to right of crown. MB. Weight 28^ grs. 
 (331). MB. 8. Same as 6, but arches above crown fleured, 
 no swelling on neck. FE. MB. MB. NCNS xi. pi. iv. 3. 
 9. Like 6, but only ten arches, those above crown fleured. 
 ME. LONGSTAFFE. 10. Same as 6, but mullet on left 
 shoulder instead of breast, no broken annulet. PR. ? MB. 
 MB. ] 1 . Same as 6, but no swelling on neek, no broken 
 annulet, quatrefoil after Me. ANGL. FR. ? ME. MB. 
 12. Same as (331), but annulet after Posui and between the 
 pellets in two quarters of rev. NCNS ii. 148. This com- 
 bines the characteristics of Henry V.'s last and Henry VI.'s 
 first coinage. 
 
 PENNIES. These were struck in tbis reign at London, 
 York, and Durham, but the mints in the two latter cities 
 belonged not to the King but to the Archbishop or Bishop, 
 although the types used were always similar to those used in 
 the royal mint. The bust is similar to that on the groats and 
 half groats. The MM occurs on the reverse only. There 
 is no tressure round the head. 
 
 London. — The legend on tbe reverse of these is always 
 CIVITAS LONDON. The old English N is always used. 
 
 Glass I. 1. MM cross pierced. HBNRIG DI GRA 
 REX ANGL. Broken ? annulet to left, pellet to right of 
 crown. MB. This is placed first among Henry V.'s 
 pennies, because the marks at the side of the crown are 
 like those on one of his father's light pennies (327). The 
 legend also is identical with that of (326), but it is some- 
 what doubtful whether (326) does not in fact belong to 
 Henry V.'s Class II. 2. Same as No. 1, but without the 
 marks at the sides of the crown. MB. NEGK. Rud. Sup. 
 ii. 25. 
 
 Class II. We place in this class all pennies which have a 
 mullet or star at one side of the crown, as they seem to 
 correspond with the groats and half-groats which have this 
 
225 
 
 mark on the king's shoulder or breast. The three pellets, 
 and the broken annulet, which are also placed at one side 
 of the crown on pennies of this class, occurin the same place 
 on half groats of the same class ; and on one penny we have 
 a quatrefoil after Civitas, corresponding with the quatrefoil 
 after Posui of the groats and half groats. The muUet 
 however was first placed at the side of the crown under 
 Henry IV., if, which is somewhat doubtful, the coins 
 described as Nos. 1 and 2 of Henry IV.'s light pennies really 
 belong to that prince. 3. MM cross pierced. HENRIC 
 DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRAN. Star of 6 points to left, 
 broken annulet to right of crown, egg-shaped swelling on 
 neck. NEGK. 4. Same as 3, but MM plain cross. NEGK. 
 0. MM and legend same as No. 3, but F for Fran, mullet to 
 left, three pellets to right of crown. L0NG8TAFFE. 
 NGNS XI. 116. 6. MM cross pierced. HENEIO REX 
 ANGLIB Z P, mullet to left, trefoil ? to right of crown. 
 Rud. Sup. ii. 26. MB. 7. Same as 6, but broken annulet 
 instead of trefoil at right of crown, egg-shaped swelling on 
 neck, with or without crosses after Civitas and London. 
 NEGK. Weight 14i to 15i grs. 8. Same as 6, but broken 
 annulet instead of trefoil at right of crown, egg-shaped 
 swelling on neck, quatrefoil after Civitas. MB. NEGK. 
 NCNS XI. pi. iv. 4. 9. Same as 6, but broken annulet to 
 left, mullet to right of crown, ANGL Z F, one or two 
 crosses after Civitas. NEGK. Or ANGL Z FRANC. 
 NEGK. 
 
 ToEK. The coins struck at this place under Henry V. 
 being struck by authority of the Archbishop, do not coin- 
 cide exactly with those struck at London, and cannot there- 
 fore be divided into the same classes. The marks used, how- 
 ever, are nearly the same as on the London pennies, a com- 
 parison with which will leave little doubt that most at least 
 of the following pennies were struck in the reign of Henry V. 
 The French title which appears on several of them is used 
 on no pennies of the weight of 15 grs. except those of 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 Henry V. Unless it is otherwise stated they all read on the 
 reverse CIVITAS BBORAGI, and they all without excep- 
 tion have a quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the 
 reverse, generally, perhaps always, enclosing a pellet. This 
 quatrefoil seems to be the mark of the Archi- episcopal mint. 
 Henry Bowett was Archbishop of York during the whole of 
 this reign. 
 
 The MM on all of them is a cross pierced, and most of 
 them have a mullet to the left of the crown. This latter 
 mark however was also used under Henry VI. 1. HENE.IO 
 EBX ANGLIB Z F, mullet to left, trefoil to right of crown. 
 MB. 2. Legend as 1 ?, mullet to left, annulet not broken to 
 right of hair, pellet to left of crown. MB. 3. Legend as 1, 
 mullet to left, broken annulet to right of crown (338). 
 MB. 4. HENRIC RBX ANGL Z F, mullet to left, broken 
 annulet to right of crown. MB. 5. Similar, but pellet 
 instead of annulet. LONGSTAFFK NCNS vii. 28. 6. 
 Same as 3, broken annulet, ANGL Z FRANC. Rud. 
 Sup. iii. 1. MB. 7. HENRICVS RBX ANGLIE, mullet to 
 left, broken annulet to right of crown. NECK. NCNS xi. 
 pi. iv. 6. 8. Same as 7, but quatrefoil to left, annulet to 
 right of hair, nothing at sides of crown, EBORAC for 
 Eboraci. MB. 9. Same as 7, but cross ? to left, annulet 
 to right of crown, egg-shaped mark on neck. MB. 10. 
 Same as 7, but mullet to left, trefoil to right of crown. 
 Sometimes two crosses after Anglie and Eboraci, or one or 
 two crosses after Civitas. MB. 11. Same as 7, but trefoil 
 each side of crown. Rud. Sup. ii. 32. 
 
 DiJEHAM. — The only coins of this town which belong to 
 Henry V. correspond with-Class II. of the London pennies 
 and with some of the York pennies, having a mullet to left 
 and a broken annulet to right of crown. They have also a 
 quatrefoil after Civitas. Cardinal Thomas Langley was 
 Bishop of Durham during the whole of this reign. 1. HEN- 
 RICVS RBX ANGL Z FRANC. Five curled objects 
 (broken annulets ?) round the pellets under CIVI, and a dot 
 
227 
 
 among the pellets under DVN. LONGSTAFFE. NCNS 
 VII. 28. 2. Obv. similar, rev. annulet instead of dot, Cardinal 
 Langley's shield, paly of six, in centre of rev. LONG- 
 STAFFE. 3. MM cross, HENRICVS REX ANGLIB. 
 CrVITAS DVNOLM. Quatrefoil after Anglie. MB. NCNS 
 xi. pi. iv. 5. 4. Same as last, but annulet between tbe 
 pellets in one quarter of rev. NECK. 
 
 HALFPENNIES. These were struck only at London, 
 and have CI VITAS LONDON on rev. 1. HBNRIC DI 
 GRA REX, three pellets each side of neck, late Rev. E. J. 
 Shepherd. 2. Same, but without the pellets, MM cross 
 pierced. (345) 10 grs. late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. These 
 two coins were arranged by the author among the light 
 coins of Henry YI., but the weight of No. 2 seems far too 
 great. They are now placed here because their legend 
 corresponds with that on Henry V.'s early London pennies, 
 on which also the three pellets occur. 3. Same as 1, but 
 cross instead of pellets, MM cross. (369), late Rev. E. J. 
 Shepherd. This was given by the author to Henry VII., 
 but can hardly be separated from the other two. The 
 weight is not stated. The remainder of Henry V\s half- 
 pence are attributed to him, because they have an annulet, 
 broken or unbroken, at one or both sides of the King's neck, 
 hair, or crown ; for the broken annulet is peculiar to Henry 
 V'.s coins, and those on which the annulet is unbroken are 
 too like the others to be separated from them. These coins, 
 however, are often in such bad preservation that it is very 
 difficult to teU whether the annulet is broken or not. 
 Their legend is always HENRIC REX ANGL. 4 MM. 
 cross patee ?, annulet at each side of crown, the N's in Lon- 
 don Roman. Rud. Sup. ii. 15. 5. MM plain cross, annu- 
 let at each side of neck, the first N in London Roman, 
 the second early English. MB. 6. MM cross pierced, broken 
 annulet each side of crown ; N in London as in No . 5 . NECK. 
 NCNS XI. pi. iv. 7. 7. MM cross pierced, broken annulet 
 each side of neck, or of crown, NECK, or of hair, MB. 8. 
 
 15 * 
 
228 
 
 Broken annulet eacli side of crown and after CIVI, trefoil ? 
 before London. LONGSTAFFE. 9. MM cross pierced, 
 annulet (unbroken) each side of crown, DONDON for Lon- 
 don, MB. 10. MM cross patonce? annulet each side of 
 crown, MB. 11. MM cross pierced, annulet to right, three 
 pellets to left of hair, MB. or of crown, NEGE. 12. Same, 
 but annulet to left, three pellets to right of hair, MB. or of 
 crown, NEGK. These last correspond with some half groats 
 of Class n. which have the same marks. 13. MM plain ? 
 cross, annulet and star at sides of hair. W"t. 8 grs. LONG- 
 STAFFE. This corresponds with the pennies of Class 11. 
 
 FAETHING. A farthing found at Highbury, having the 
 same legend as the later halfpence, MM cross, and two small 
 crosses after Henric and Rex, but with no peculiar marks, 
 is considered by Mr. Neck, in whose possession it is, to re- 
 semble so closely some halfpence of Henry V., that he assigns 
 it to that King. It weighs 3| grs. 
 
 Henet VI. 1422 to 1461. 
 
 In February 1422 (0. S.), Bartholemew Goldbeter, master 
 of the mint at London and Calais, was authorised to coin also 
 at York and Bristol. No coins are known to have been struck 
 at Bristol at this time, but a petition presented to Parliament 
 at the end of 1423 states that in virtue o£ this authority a 
 m.inthad been actually set up and worked at Tork, though it 
 had subsequently been closed again, and requests that it should 
 be re-opened ; which petition was granted by the Lords, 
 with the assent of the Commons. Now it appears that no 
 groats were ever struck at the Archbishop's mint until the 
 time of Wolsey, one of the articles of the impeachment 
 against whom was for placing his own mark upon the King's 
 coin of groats, the like whereof had never been done before ; 
 and there is no record of any royal mint having been estab- 
 lished at Tork between the time of Edward III. and this 
 first year of Henry VI., nor do any coins struck at that city 
 
229 
 
 during that period exist, except pennies, allof-^v^cli were 
 apparently issued from the Archiepiscopal mint, and all have 
 the open quatrefoil in the centre of the reverse-which seems 
 to be the mark of that mint. Therefore a few groats, and 
 some pennies without the open quatrefoil, struck at York by 
 Henry Y. or VI. must necessai-ily be assigned to the latter 
 King; and the London coins of the same type, that is to say, 
 having an annulet between the pellets in two quarters of the 
 reverse, must have been struck about the same time, namely 
 about the beginning of Henry VI.'s reign. It is true that 
 as coins are known to have been struck at Calais during the 
 last few months of Henry V.'s reign, and as no existing coins 
 of the Henries of that mint appear to be earlier than those 
 of this same " annulet " type, it is probable that some of the 
 coins of this type struck at Calais were struck under Henry 
 V. ; and as the types of the London and Calais money were 
 ordered to be alike, it is probable that if any money was 
 struck at London during those few months it vras of this 
 type; but as we know that this type was used at York in 
 Henry VI.'s time, we may presume it was also used in the 
 same reign at London ; and as we have no means of distin- 
 guishing such London coins, if any, as may have been struck 
 in the last few months of Henry V.'s reign from those which 
 were struck in the beginning of Henry VL's, it will be most 
 convenient to describe aU coins of this type under Henry 
 VI.'s reign, although admitting that the type was probably 
 first introduced by Henry V. Henry VI.'s coins struck be- 
 fore his first deposition in 1461 all weigh at the rate of 15 grs. 
 to the penny. Those struck during his short restoration will 
 be described afterwards under the name of his light money. 
 GROATS. London : Class I. Annulet coinage. These 
 groats have an annulet, often ^enclosing a small dot, between 
 the pellets in two quarters of the reverse, and one after 
 Posui; the bust is the usual one of Henry V., and except 
 where otherwise mentioned the swelling appears on the neck, 
 the MM on both sides is a cross pierced, and the legend is 
 
230 
 
 that usual on Henry V.'s coins ; HENRIO DI GRA REX 
 ANGLIE Z FRANC. Rev. POSVI DEVM ADIVTORB 
 MEVM. OIVITAS LONDON. The arches of the treasure 
 above the crown are never floured on any of Henry VI.'s 
 heavy groats. 1. Arch of the tressure on the breast floured. 
 MB. 2. Or not floured. NECK. 3. MM obv. plain cross, 
 rev. cross pierced, arch on breast fleured. MB. 4. Arch on 
 breast not fleured. ANGL for AngHe. NEOE. 5. Arch on 
 breast not fleured, ANGL, the swelling on the neck rather 
 tube-shaped than egg-shaped. MB. NCNS xi. pi. iv. 12. 6. 
 Arch on breast not fleured, ANGL, no swelling on neck. MB. 
 or fleured. Rud. iv. 10. 
 
 Class II. Rosette viascle coinage. With this class of groats 
 the King's bust becomes more youthful in appearance, the 
 cheeks are more rounded, the eyes less sunken, and the 
 workmanship is altogether better. The hair, however, con- 
 tinues throughout the reign to be arranged as on Henry V.'s 
 coins. In class II. a tube-like swelling still appears on the 
 King's neck, and the legend is the same as in Class I., but 
 ANGL for Anglie. This latter form appears on no coins of 
 Henry VI. later than Class I. Groats of Class II. all have 
 rosettes and mascles {i.e., open or close lozenges) inter- 
 spersed in the legend. 7. MM obv. cross pierced, rev. plain 
 cross; rosette after Henric, Di, Gra, Angl, z, Posui and Lon- 
 don; mascle after Rex and before London. MB. 8. Like 
 No. 7, but with no rosettes or mascle on the obverse. MB. 
 9. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. plain cross ; otherwise as 
 No. 7 (330) MB. 10. MM plain cross both sides, rosette 
 after Posui, mascle before London. MB. 
 
 Class III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. — This coinage is 
 connected with the preceding by the mascle ornament, which 
 appears now in conjunction with the pine-cone, but without 
 any rosettes. The arches of the tressure on the neck and 
 above the crown are never fleured, and the swelling on the 
 neck does not appear in this or any subsequent class. The 
 legend is the same as in Class II. 11. As No. 9, but cone 
 
231 
 
 instead of rosette after Posui and London ; i.e., an obverse 
 of Class IT. with a reverse of Class III. MB. 12. MM 
 obv. cross patonce, rev. plain cross ; pine-cone after HenriCj 
 Di, Gra, Posui, and London; mascle after Hex and before 
 London. MB. 13. Same, but CIVITOS. MB. 14. Same 
 as 12, but no pine-cone after Henric. Rud. iv. 14. 15. 
 Same as 12, but mascle before TAS instead of before 
 London. MB. 16. Same as 12, but no pine-cone after 
 Henric, no mascle after Rex, trefoil ? on breast, FRAN for 
 Franc. MB. 17. Same as 12, but a very small trefoil ? 
 perhaps accidental, to right of neck. MB. 18. MM obv. 
 cross voided, rev. plain cross ; pine-cone in the spandril 
 under the bust, mascle after REX. NECK. 19. Same as 
 18, but DONDON for London, mascle before it, pine-cone 
 under last M in Meum. (328). MB. 20. MM as 12, pine- 
 cone after Henric Di and Gra, and before London, mascle 
 after Rex and before TAS, trefoil after London. MB. 21. 
 MM obv. plain cross, rev. cross patonce ; pine-cone ? after 
 Henric and Di, mascle after Rex, trefoil after Deum, SIVI- 
 TAS for Civitas, two small crosses after LON. MB. The 
 reverse of this is from the same die as No. 32. 
 
 Class IV. Pine-cone trefoil coinage. — In Class IV. the 
 pine-cone remains, but the place of the mascle is taken by 
 the trefoil. The arch on the breast is not ileured, and the 
 legend is the same as in Classes II. and III. 22. MM 
 cross patonce both sides ; pine-cone after Di ? and after 
 Gra, FRAN for Franc; trefoil after Deum, SIVITAS. MB. 
 The reverse of this, though extremely Hke, is not identical 
 with those of Nos. 21 and 32, and has no cross after LON. 
 
 23. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. plain cross; trefoil after 
 Rex, cone if any after Henric or on breast obliterated. MB. 
 
 24. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. plain cross ; piue-cone after 
 Henric Di and Gra and before London, trefoil after Rex and 
 London. MB. 25. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none; 
 pine-cone after Henric Di and Gra, trefoil after Rex and 
 after LON. MB. 26. Same as 25, but trefoil after Posui, 
 CIVI, and DON, not after LON. MB. 
 
232 
 
 The following groats of this class have a pine-cone on the 
 arch of the tressure on the King's breast. 27. MM obr. 
 cross patonoe, rev. plain cross, pine-cone after HenrioDi and 
 Gra and before London, trefoil after Eex and London. MB. 
 NECK. 28. Same, but no pine-cone after Henric. MB. 
 
 29. Same, but no pine-cones in the obverse legend. MB. 
 
 30. Same, but no pine-cones in the legend on either side. 
 MB. 31. MM cross patonce both sides, trefoil after Eex, 
 Menm, and Civitas, two crosses after LON and DON ; FRAN 
 for Franc, ADIVTOE, for Adiutore. MB. 
 
 The following have a pine-cone on the arch on the breast, 
 and three pellets or a trefoil on each side of the neck, with 
 occasionally a cone also in the legend. 32. MM cross 
 patonce both sides, no trefoil in the obv. legend, but small 
 trefoils within the spandrils of the arches ; trefoil after 
 Deum, SIVITAS for Civitas, two small crosses after LON. 
 MB. The reverse of this is from the same die as that of No. 
 21. 33. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none, no trefoil in the 
 legend, but small trefoils within the spandrils ; small cross 
 before DON ; FRAN for Franc. MB. 34. MM obv. cross 
 patonce, rev. plain cross ; no cross before DON ; otherwise 
 as No. 33. MB. 35. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. plain 
 cross; small trefoil after Henric, Di, and Gra, pine-cone 
 before, trefoil after' London. (643). MB. 36. MM as No. 
 35, trefoil after Gra, pine-cone before, trefoil after London. 
 MB. 37. MM as No. 35, trefoil after Rex, pine-cone before, 
 trefoil after London, FRAN for Franc. MB. 38. MM as 
 No. 35, trefoil after Rex and Franc, two small crosses after 
 CIVI. MB. 39. MM cross patonce both sides, trefoil 
 after Rex, two small crosses after LON, FRAN for Franc. 
 MB. 40. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none ; trefoil after 
 Di and London, FRAN for Franc. NECK. 41. MM as 
 last, trefoil after Rex. MB. 42. MM as 40, but a small 
 cross in saltire before Posui; trefoil after Rex, FRANB 
 for Franc, small cross before DON. Instead of the 
 three pellets at each side of the neck, the fleurs at each 
 
233 
 
 side of the neck are trefoil shaped. MB. 43. Obv. from 
 same die as last. Rev. same, but small cross after instead 
 of before Posui, additional pellet in two quarters of rev. 
 MB. Or same, with two crosses before DON. NECK. 
 44. MM as 40, pellet each side of crown and in two 
 quarters of rev., trefoil after Eex, small cross before TAS 
 and LON and after DON. MB. ; or before LON only. 
 MB. i or before DON only. MB.; or without the small 
 crosses. MB. 45. Same as last, but without pellet at 
 each side of crown, no trefoil within the legend, but smaU 
 trefoils within the spandrils (cf. Nos. 32-34) ; two small 
 crosses before TAS and DON; FEAN for Franc. MB. 
 
 46. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none; arch on breast 
 fleured ?, cone above it, ANGLI for Angl ; trefoil after 
 Angli, two small crosses after LON, pellet each side of 
 crown and in two quarters of rev. MB. This is connected 
 with Class V. by the spelling AN&LI, which occurs on no 
 other coin of Class IV. 47. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. 
 none ; arch on breast not fleured, additional pellet in two 
 quarters. MB. 48. MM same, additional pellet in all four 
 quarters. NEGK. There are no distinguishing marks on 
 these two coins, but they are placed here because they read 
 ANGL Z FRANC, which is the usual legend in the second, 
 third, and fourth classes, but is rare in the fifth, and does 
 not appear at all in the sixth. 
 
 Class V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. Class V. is closely 
 connected with Class IV., but the trefoil, which appears 
 on every coin in Class IV., appears on none in Class V. 
 Groats of this class have a pine-cone on or below the 
 King's breast or neck, but not within the legend; and 
 a pellet at each side of the crown, or, very rarely, at 
 each side of the hair, and generally an additional one in 
 two quarters of the reverse. Except where it is other- 
 wise mentioned, the legends are the same as in the three 
 preceding classes, but that on the obverse varies much 
 more in Class V. than in the other classes. In this class 
 
234 
 
 the bust is placed high, so that the lowest arch of the 
 
 tressure terminates not on but under the King's breast. On 
 
 the last coin in this class the cone appears to be omitted. 
 
 49. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none, arch under bust 
 
 terminating in cone, legend as in former classes ANGL Z 
 
 FRANC, pellet in two quarters of rev. MB. 50. Same, 
 
 but FRAN. MB. 51. Same as 49, but MM obv. mullet, 
 
 rev. none. MB. One of these has a short bar proceeding 
 
 from the ends of the cross on the reverse towards the 
 
 extremity of the coin. MB. Another reads FRANB, and 
 
 has no additional pellet in the quarters. NEGK. 52. MM 
 
 obv. cross patonce, rev. none; arch under bust fleured, 
 
 pine-cone above the fleur; ANGL Z FRANCIE; pellet in 
 
 two quarters of rev., no small cross in legend except at the 
 
 ends of the words. MB. 53. Same, but small cross before 
 
 DON. MB. Or before the B in Adiutore. MB. 54. 
 
 Same as 52, with or without a small cross before DON, but 
 
 the pine-cone forms the termination of the arch under the 
 
 bust, which is not fleured. MB. 55. Same as 52, ANGLI 
 
 Z FRANC. MB. or FRAC. MB. 56. Same as 52, ANGLI 
 
 Z FRANC; no additional pellet in quarters. NEGK. 
 
 NCNS XI. pi. V. 10. 57. Same as 52, ANGLI Z FRANC, 
 
 small cross in saltire on each side of the neck. (644) . MB. 
 
 58. No MM; arch under bust not fleured but terminating 
 
 in a cone, ANGLI Z FRANC, no additional pellet in the 
 
 quarters. MB. 59. MM obv. cross patonce, rev. none, 
 
 peUet in two quarters of rev., otherwise as No. 58. MB. 
 
 Or FRAN for Franc. NECK. 60. MM obv. cross patonce, 
 
 rev. none; arch under bust fleured, cone on King's neck, 
 
 ANGLI Z FRANC, no additional pellet in quarters. MB. 
 
 61. Same as 60, but ANGLI Z FRANCI. MB. 62. MM 
 
 obv. cross patonce ; rev. lis ; ANGLI FEANC ; otherwise 
 
 as No. 60. MB. 63. Same as 60, but additional pellet in 
 
 two quarters. MB. 64. Same as 60, but additional pellet 
 
 in two quarters, FRANCE for Franc. MB. 65. Same as 
 
 60, but additional pellet in two quarters, pellet at each side 
 
235 
 
 of hair instead of each side of crown. NEOK. 66. Same 
 as 60j but no MM, additional pellet in two quarters. NECK. 
 
 67. Same as 60, but cone and Z omittedj additional pellet 
 in two quarters. POWNALL. 
 
 Class VI. Cross and pellet coinage. The pine-cone 
 now disappears, and instead of it we have a cross, or 
 in one or two instances a lis, on the King's neck ; there is, 
 as in Class V., a pellet at each side of the crown, or, very 
 rarely, each side of the hair, and generally a small addi- 
 tional pellet in two quarters of the reverse. Within the 
 legend are generally placed mullets or mascles, but the 
 mascle never appears, as it invariably does in Classes II. and 
 III., either after Rex or before London. The obv. MM is 
 always a cross patonce, and there is none on the reverse, 
 except on the last coin but one in the list. The legend 
 varies from the preceding classes only in the particulars 
 stated. On the following coins the mascle does not appear. 
 
 68. Arch of tressure on breast fleured, cross on neck in 
 saltire, mullet after Henric, pellet at each side of crown, no 
 additional pellet in the quarters, AJSTGLI FRAJSTC Z. MB. 
 
 69. Same as 68, but ANGLI FRANC. MB. 70. Same 
 as 68, ANGL FRANC Z, pellet in two quarters. NECK. 
 71. Same as 68, but ANGL FRANC Z, mullet after Henric 
 and Posui, pellet in two quarters. MB. 72. Same as 68, 
 but ANGLI FRANC, pellet in two quarters. NECK. 
 73. Same as 68, but ANGLI FRANC, mullet after Henric 
 and Posui, pellet in two quarters. NECK. 74. Same as 
 68, but ANGLI FRANC, mullet after Franc and Posui, not 
 after Henric, pellet in two quarters. MB. 75. Same as 
 68, but ANGLI FRANC, mullet after Henric, Franc, and 
 Posui, pellet in two quarters. MB. 76. Same as 68, but 
 ANGLI FRANC, HENRC for Henric, muUet after Henrc 
 and Franc, pellet in two quarters. MB. 77. Same as 68, 
 but mullet after Z, not after Henric, pellet in two quarters. 
 POWNALL; or without the Z. Id. 78. Same as 68, but 
 without the Z, no mullet. POWNALL. 79. Arch of 
 
236 
 
 treasure on breast not fleuredj cross on neck in saltire, 
 ANGLI PEANO, mullet after Franc, pellet at eacli side of 
 crown, and in two quarters. MB. 80. Same as 79, but 
 ANGL FEANC Z, mullet after Henric, not after Franc. 
 NJECE. 81. Same as 79, but mullet after Henrio not after 
 Franc, ANLI FEANO. MB. 82. As last, but no extra 
 pellets in quarters. MB. 83. Same as 79, but mullet after 
 Posui, not after Franc. NEGK. 84. Same as 79, but 
 mullet after Henric and Posui, not after Franc. NONS 
 Till. pi. vi. 1 ; or ANLI FEANO. MB. 85. Same as 
 79, but no mullet. NEGK. 
 
 On the following the mascle appears. 86. Arcli of tres- 
 sure on breast floured, cross on neck in saltire, mascle after 
 Henric and Gra, small mullet after Posui, pellet at each 
 side of crown and in two quarters of rev., ANGLI Z 
 FEANO (329). MB. 87. Same but PEAN. MB. 88. 
 Same as 86, but pellet at each side of hair instead of crown. 
 MB. 89. Same as 86, but no mullet after Posui. MB. 
 90. Same as 86, but no mullet, no additional pellet in 
 quarters, FEAN for Franc. NEGK. 91. Arch on breast 
 floured, cross on neck not in saltire, mascle after Henric, 
 pellet each side of crown, no additional pellet in quarters, 
 ANGLI FEANO. MB. There can be little doubt that a 
 specimen of this coin, blundered or purposely altered, gave 
 rise to the idea of the Arabic figure of 4 appearing upon a 
 coin of any of the Henries. See Eud. Sup. i. 41. 92. Same 
 as 91, but cross on neck in saltire, pellet in two quarters. 
 MB. 93. Arch of tressure on breast floured, lis instead of 
 cross on neck, mascle after Henric, pellet each side of crown 
 and in two quarters, ANGLI FEANO. MB. 94. Same 
 as last, but MM on rev. plain cross. FOWNALL. 95. 
 Same as 93, but without the mascle after Henric. NEGK. 
 NONS XI. pi. V. IL 
 
 YoBK. — Glass I. Annulet coinage. MM both sides cross 
 pierced, legend as usual on London groats of this class, but 
 OIVITAS EBOEACI, arch on breast fleured, egg-shaped 
 
237 
 
 swelling on neck, lis at eaoli side of neck, annulet after 
 Posui and Bboraci and in two quarters of rev. (336). Rud. 
 Sup. ii. 18, V. r. MB. These are tte only heavy groats 
 struck at York by any of the Henries, and the proof that 
 they must have been struck at the beginning of Henry VI.'s 
 reign has been given above. The weights of three speci- 
 mens in MB. vary from 50"6 grs. to 57"3 grs. 
 
 HALF-GROATS.— With the exception of that first men- 
 tioned, these all differ from those of Henry V. in having 
 nine arches only to the tressure. They all have the crown 
 of the same shape as on Henry V.'s half-groats ; and the 
 legends and general characteristics, except where it is 
 otherwise stated, are the same as on the groats of the cor- 
 responding classes. 
 
 London. — Glass I. Annulet coinage. These all have an 
 annulet between the pellets in two quarters and after Posui. 
 1. MM obv. cross pierced, rev. none ; tressure of eleven 
 arches, those above crown and on breast not fleured, no 
 swelling on neck; ANGL Z FR; MB for Meum, "Weight 
 30 grs. NEOE. NCNS xi. pi. iv. 9. In this figure the 
 E in Adiutore is omitted. 2. Same, but nine arches to the 
 tressure, M for Me. MB. 3. Same as 1, but MM obv. 
 plain cross, nine arches to the tressure, P for Fr, M for Me. 
 NECK, or PR. MB. 
 
 Glass II. Rosette mascle coinage. 4. MM plain cross 
 both sides, arch on breast not fleured, bust raised on a line 
 above the lower arches, rosette after Posui and London, 
 mascle before London, FR for Franc. MB. 5. MM obv. 
 cross patonce, rev. plain cross, arch on breast not fleured, 
 rosette after Henric, Di, Gra, Angl, Z, and London, mascle 
 after Rex and LON, F for Franc. LONGSTAFFE. 6. Or 
 mascle before instead of after LON. Id. 
 
 Class III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. 7. Same as last, 
 but cone instead of rosette after London, cone after Posui. 
 MB. 8, Same, but MM both sides plain cross, arch on 
 breast fleured, cross instead of rosette after Angl and Z. 
 
238 
 
 Rud. iv. 16. These two have an obverse of Class II. with 
 a reverse of Class III. 9. Same as 1 , but cone after 
 Henric Di and Gra, cross after Angl and Z. MB. 
 
 Class IV. Pihe-oone trefoil coinage. 10. MM obv. cross 
 patoncCj rev. none^ arch on breast not flenred, c^e (?) after 
 Henric Di Gra and F, trefoil after Rex and Deum, P for 
 Franc, M for Meum. MB. 11. MM plain cross both sides, 
 arch on breast not fleured, pellet to left of crown, cone 
 before, trefoil after London, P for Franc. MB. 12. MM 
 obv. cross patonce, arch on breast not fleured, cone on breast, 
 trefoil (?) after Rex, P for Franc. Rev. from same die as 
 last. MB. 13. Same as last, but without the cones. NECK. 
 NONS XI. pi. V. 6. 
 
 Glass V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. 14. MM. obv. as last, 
 rev. none, cone on breast, pellet at each side of the crown, 
 ANGLI Z FRAN. MB. 
 
 Glass VI. Cross and pellet coinage. 15. MM obv. plain 
 cross, rev. none, cross in saltire on neck, pellet at each side 
 of crown and in two quarters of rev., mullet after Henric 
 and Adiutore, ANGIA FRANC. MB. 
 
 ToEK. — Glass I. Annulet coinage. The only half-groats 
 of this mint are exactly similar to the groats, and extremely 
 rare. One was sold at Dimsdale's sale, and may be the 
 same which was afterwards Mr. Shepherd's. 
 
 PENNIES. London. The legend on the reverse of all 
 these is merely CIVITAS LONDON. 
 
 Class I. Annulet coinage. Annulet between the pellets 
 in two quarters of the reverse. 1. MM cross pierced, 
 HENRICVS REX ANGLIE. MB. NECK. 
 
 Class II. Bosette-mascle coinage. 2. MM cross. HEN- 
 RICVS REX ANGLI. cross at each side of crown, mascle 
 after Rex, Roman N in London. NECK. Rud. Sup. 
 ii. 13. The authenticity of this coin is very doubtful. The 
 Roman N appears on no other coins of Henry VI., and the 
 legend ANGLI on none earlier than the very latest groat in 
 Class IV. ; while the mascle fixes this coin to Class II. or 
 
239 
 
 III. of Henry VI. There is no London penny known on 
 which a rosette appears. 
 
 Glass III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. 3. MM cross patonce, 
 HBNRICVS REX AJSTaLIE^ cone after Henricus? and Lon- 
 don, mascle after Rex and before London. MB. 4. MM plain 
 cross, HBiSTRICVS REX ANGL, mascle after Henricus, 
 cone on breast and after Rex ? LONGSTAFFE. 
 
 Glass IV. Pine-cone trefoil coinage. 5. HENRICVS REX. 
 ( ANGLIE ?) Leaf on breast, trefoil after Rex. PO WNALL, 
 
 NONS VII. 38. 6. MM ?, HENRIC REX 
 
 annulet to left, pellet to right of crown, pellet in two quar- 
 ters, cone ? on breast, trefoil after Henric, small cross after 
 Rex. MB. broken. 7. MM cross, HENRIC REX ANGLIE, 
 lis to left, trefoil to right of crown. Rud. Sup. ii. 14. The 
 lis represented in this plate occurs on no other London coin 
 earlier than a groat of Class V., on which it is placed as a 
 MM on the reverse. It is used also on York coins of 
 Class I. 
 
 Glass VI. Cross and pellet coinage. There is no London 
 penny of Class V. known. 8. MM cross patonce, HENRIC 
 REX ANGLI, cross in saltire on breast, pellet at each side 
 of crown and in two quarters of rev., trefoil after HEN, mas- 
 cle before and after Rex, two crosses after London. (333). 
 MB. 
 
 ToEK. These pennies all read CIVITAS EBORACI, 
 and unless otherwise stated have a quatrefoil enclosing a 
 pellet in the centre of the cross on the reverse. Those with- 
 out this quatrefoQ were probably issued from the royal mint, 
 which was now set up at York for the first time since the 
 reign of Edward III., but does not appear to have been much 
 worked ; those with the quatrefoil were probably issued from 
 the mint of the Archbishops. These, during Henry VI.'s 
 reign, were Henry Bowett, 1407 to Oct. 20th, 1423 ; Richard 
 Fleming, 1424 to 1426; John Kempe, 1426 to 1451 j William 
 Booth, 1452 to 1464. 
 
 Glass I. Annulet coinage. 1 . MM plain cross, HENRICVS 
 
240 
 
 REX ANGtLIEj lis each side of neckj two crosses before ? 
 and after Rex, annulet in two quarters of rev., no quatrefoil 
 in centre of cross on rev. MB. This is the first York penny 
 since Edward III.'s time, on which the quatrefoil does not 
 appear on the reverse. It was probably issued from the 
 royal mint in the year 1423, at the same time with the groats 
 and half groats of this coinage. 2. MM and legend as No. 
 1, but mullet to left, lis to right of crown, nothing at sides 
 of neck, annulet in one quarter only and after Civitas. Rud. 
 Sup. ii. 29. MB. 3. Same, but trefoil instead of lis. Rud. 
 Sup. ii. 30. MB. 
 
 Class II. Bosette-masele coinage. 4. MM cross patonce, 
 HENRIOVS REX ANGLIB, rose before Rex and Bboraci, 
 mascle after Rex and before TAS, mullet each side of crown. 
 (340). late Sir H. Mlis. 5. Obverse like last, but legend, 
 and marks before and after Rex, doubtful. Rev. mascle after 
 CrVI, rose ? after Eboraci. MB. 6. Like 4, but without the 
 rosettes and mascles. Rud. Sup. ii. 31. MB. 7. Similar, but 
 ANGLE, barbarous workmanship, NCNS vii. 35. 8. Like 
 6, but ANGL, mullet at right, cross at left of crown. NBOK. 
 Although these last have not the distinguishing marks of the 
 2nd coinage, they must be included in it on account of their 
 resemblance to those which have those marks. 
 
 Class III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. 9. MM and legend 
 as No. 4, cross each side of head, mascle after Rex and be- 
 fore TAS. MB. See Rud. Sup. ii. 33, where the mascles are 
 omitted. 10. Same, but crosses at side of head in saltire, 
 mark after Rex doabtful. MB. These two are placed in this 
 class on account of their resemblance to the following. IL 
 MM like 4 ?, legend same but ANGL, mascle after Rex and 
 before TAS, cone after CIVI., star on King's breast, no 
 quatrefoil in centre of rev. POWNALL. NGNS vii. 86. 
 
 Class IV. Pine-cone trefoil coinage. 12. MM cross, 
 patee at ends?, HENRIO REX ANGLI, muUet to left, 
 trefoil to right of crown, no quatrefoil in centre of rev. 
 Rud. Sup. ii. 28. If this is a correct representation of a 
 
241 
 
 coiiij the mullet must have been resumed after having been 
 abandoned. The legend is a very unusual one in this class. 
 
 Class V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. 13. MM and legend 
 invisible^ cone on breast^ pellet to left of crown and in one 
 quarter. AIB. 14. MM cross patonce, HBNRIC REX 
 ANG-LI, pellet each side of crown. MB. 
 
 Class VI. Cross and pellet coinage. 15. MM cross patonce, 
 HENEIC REX ANGLI, pellet each side of crown and in 
 two quarters of rev., cross in saltire each side of neck and 
 after Angli. RUCK. 16. Same, but last word of legend 
 obliterated, cross instead of pellet within the quatrefoil on 
 the reverse. MB. These have no cone, but they may belong 
 to Class v., in which a cross at each side of the neck occurs 
 on the groats. In Class VI. the cross is generally on the 
 breast or neck. 
 
 Durham. The coins of this place, which are pennies only, 
 were all struck by authority of the Bishop as Count Palatine. 
 The Bishops were Thomas Langley, 1406 to 1437; Robert 
 Nevill, 1437 to 1457; and Laurence Booth, 1457 to 
 1476. 
 
 Class I. Annulet coinage. 1. MM cross, HENRI CVS 
 REX ANGLI, mullet to left, annulet to right of crown ; rev. 
 CIVITAS DVNOLM, annulet in two quarters. Rud. Sup. 
 ii. 16. This was White^'s, and is probably a forged or altered 
 coin, as this leaend never occurs in this class. There is no 
 other Durham coin known of Class I. 
 
 Class 11. or III. Bosette-mascle or pine-cone mascle coin- 
 age. AU with rev. legend CIVITAS DVNOLMI, mascle 
 after Rex and Dunolmi. 2. MM cross, HENRICVS REX 
 ANGLIE, large mullet to left of crown (332). MB. This 
 mullet appears to be the badge of Cardinal Langley, N CNS 
 VII. 33. 3. MM cross patonce or crosslet, HENRICVS 
 REX ANGL. Rud. Sup. iii. 4. MB. 
 
 Glass III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. 4. MM cross pa- 
 tonce? HENRICVS REX ANGLI, CIVITAS DVNELM. 
 Leaf on breast, mascle after Rex, two interlaced rings on 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 centre of cross on rev. MB. EA8WELL, of North Shields. 
 These interlaced rings were the badge of Bishop Nevill. 
 NCNS VII. 37. 
 
 Glass IV. Pine-cone trefoil coinage. 5. MM cross patonce, 
 EENRIC REX ANGLL CIVITAS DVNOLM. Cone on 
 breast, trefoil after Henric, some mark after Rex, pellet at 
 each side of crown, two interlaced rings on centre of cross on 
 rev. MB. See Rud. Sup. ii. 27, Sn. ii. 23. In both of these 
 figures the cone is omitted, and the two rings are represented 
 as an M ; in the latter the pellets at the sides of the crown 
 are also omitted. 6. Same as 5, but no pellets ? at sides of 
 crown, a single ring enclosing a short bar (perhaps repre- 
 senting the two rings) on the cross on rev. Rud. Sup.- 2, 
 ii. 31. 7. MM and legend as 5, pellet each side of crown, 
 something after Angli, small cross after HEN, rev. as 6. 
 L0NG8TAFFE. 8. Obv. from same die as last, rev. no 
 rings on cross, inferior workmanship, DVNOLIN. LONQ- 
 STAFFR NCNS. vii. 40. 
 
 Glass V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. 9. MM cross patonce, 
 HENRIO REXANGLIE, CIVITAS DVNOLM. Cone on 
 breast, pellet each side of crown, cross in saltire to left, B to 
 right of neck, two rings on centre of cross on rev., pellets in 
 the angles united so as to form triangles. MB. 10. Same as 9, 
 but MM and legend invisible, pellet to left only of crown. 
 MB. 11. Same as 9, but most of the legend &c. invisible, a 
 pellet on each limb of the cross and within one of the triangles. 
 MB. The B on these three coins stands for Booth, who was 
 Bishop of Durham 1457 to 1476, and under whose authority 
 these coins were struck. Either therefore they must be 
 contemporary with the latest class of Henry VI.'s London 
 coins, or else the latter must have been all issued in the last 
 two or three years of his reign. The reverses are the old 
 ones of Bishop Nevill, retaining his badge. 
 
 Class VI. Gross and pellet coinage. 12. Lis on breast, D 
 in centre of cross. Late Guff. 
 
 HALFPENNIES. London. The legend on the reverse 
 
243 
 
 of all these is CIVITAS LONDON. They correspond pretty 
 accurately with the larger coins. 
 
 Glass I. Annulet coinage. Annulet in two quarters of rev., 
 HENRIC RES ANQL. 1. MM plain cross, annulet after 
 Henric. MB. 2. MM cross pierced, crosses after Henric and 
 Rex. MS. 
 
 Clans II. Rosette-mascle coinage. Legend as in Class I. 3. 
 MM cross patonce, rosette after Henric, mascle after Rex. 
 MB. 4. Same as 3, but mascle also before TAS, and rosette 
 after London. MB. 5. Same as 3, but mascle also before 
 TAS and London, rosette after London. Late Sir H. 
 Ellis. 6. Same as 3, with mascle before, rosette ? after 
 London. MB. 7. MM plain cross, mascle before, rosette 
 after London. MB. ? MB. GOBBING. NCNS xi. 138. 
 
 Glass III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. These have a mascle 
 without rosettes, but the pine-cone is not always visible on 
 them. The legend, where not otherwise mentioned, is the 
 same as in Class I. 8. MM. cross patonce, mascle after 
 Henric and before TAS, cone after Rex. (334) MB. 9. Same 
 but no mascle before TAS. MB. 10. MM cross patonce, cone 
 after Henric, mascle after Rex. MB. 11 . Same with mascle 
 before, cone after London. LONSTAFFK MB. 12. MM 
 cross patonce, HENRICVS ; mascle after Henricus. MB. 
 13. MM plain cross, HBNRICV; cone or leaf? on breast, 
 mascle after Rex, small cross after Henricu. (344). Wt. 
 8 grs. MB. 14. Same as last but cone ? under instead of on 
 breast, HENRIC. MB. 15. Same as 13, but lis or leaf 
 under N in LON. MB. 
 
 Glass IV. Pine-cone trefoil coinage. 16. MM plain cross, 
 cone or leaf on breast, trefoil after Henric, legend as in Class 
 1. MB. 17. MM plain cross, no mark visible on breast, 
 trefoil after Angl, legend as Class I, but SIVITAS. MB. 
 
 Glass V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. 18. MM cross crosslet ?, 
 legend as Class I ; bust placed high, not touching inner 
 circle. No other marks. Rud. Sup. iii. 8. The position of 
 the bust makes it probable that this coin belongs to this 
 
 16 * 
 
244 
 
 class, but neither pine-cone nor pellet are represented. 19. 
 MM plain cross, HENRIO REX ANGLI ; cone or leaf on 
 breast, crown higher than usual, no other marks. Rud. Sup. 
 iii. 6. MS. 20. MM and legend as last, cone or leaf on 
 breast, pellet each side of crown and in t-wo quarters of rev. 
 MB. 21. Same as last, but MM cross patonce, no additional 
 pellet in quarters. MB. 22. Or with two crosses after 
 Angli. MB. 23. Or with large pellet under DOK MB. 24. 
 MM cross patonce, legend as 19, small cross in saltire each 
 side of neck, no cone or pellets. Rud. Sup. iii. 7. This 
 coin may perhaps belong properly to Glass VI. 
 
 Class VI. Gross and •pellet coinage. 2b. MM ?, HBNRIC 
 RBX ANGL or ANGLI, cross in saltire on breast, pellet at 
 each side of crown and in two quarters of rev. MB. This is 
 a much broader and thinner coin than the other halfpence, 
 and the letters are larger and farther apart. 
 
 YoEK. These read HENRIO REX ANGL, OIYITAS 
 EBORACI, but they have no quatrefoil in the centre of the 
 cross on rev., although the second of the two at least must in 
 all probability have been struck by authority of the Arch- 
 bishop. At least we have no other coins from the royal 
 mint at York later than a penny of Class III. ; and as a 
 farthing which bears the initials of an Archbishop is never- 
 theless without this quatrefoil, it would appear that the 
 quatrefoil was used as a sign of the Archbishop's mint only 
 upon the pennies. 
 
 Glass I. Annulet coinage. 1. MM cross pierced, two 
 crosses before and after Rex, lis at each side of neck, 
 aanulet in two quarters of rev. Late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. 
 As this corresponds exactly with No. 1 of the York pennies, 
 it was probably issued from the royal mint in 1423. 
 
 Class V. Pine-cone pellet coinage ? 2. MM cross patonce ? 
 cross after HEN, RIO, and Rex, pellet at each side of 
 crown. (339) Snell. ii. 22, Rud. Sup. iii. 9. These are the 
 only two known York halfpennies of any of the three 
 Henries. 
 
245 
 
 FAETHINGS. London. All reading CIVITAS LON- 
 DON. Class II. III. or IV. ? 1. MM cross, HENEIC 
 REX ANGL, no peculiarities, (335) Kud. iv. 22. Sn. ii. 21. 
 MB. 
 
 Class III. Pine-cone mascle coinage. 2. Like 1, but 
 HBNRIC V, small cross before and after Rex, corresponding 
 with the halfpenny. No. 13. (346). MB. 
 
 Class V. Pine-cone pellet coinage. 3. MM cross, 
 HBNRIO REX ANGLI, cone or leaf on breast, pellet each 
 side of crown. NECK. NCNS xi. p). v. 9. 4. Same, but 
 nothing on breast. MB. 
 
 Class VI. Cross and pellet coinage. 5. MM cross, 
 HENRV REX ANGLI, cross in saltire on breast. NECK. 
 Wt. 4 grs. 
 
 ToEK. All reading CIVITAS EBORACI, with MM 
 plain cross. 1. H. D. G. ANT. Z. FRASIB REX. to 
 left, I to right of head, for Cancellarius Johannes Kempe, 
 Abp. 1426 to 1451. Snell ii. 30. Rud. Sup. iii. 10. 2 
 HENRIO DI GRA REX AN. Key under the head. 
 Snell ii. 31. Rud. Sup. iii. 11. 3. Same as 2, but without 
 AN. Laie Guff. The legend DI GRA was used on London 
 small coins by Henry Y., and not by Henry VI. ; but it 
 was not used at York under Henry V., whereas D. G. does 
 appear on No. 1 of Henry VI.^s York farthings. It may 
 be better, therefore, to assign these to the first coinage of 
 Henry VI., rather than to Henry V., of whom no York 
 coins other than pence are known. 
 
 Light Coinage. 
 
 We now approach another difilculty. Edward IV. in his 
 interstitial usurpation, diminished the weight of the penny 
 from 15 grains to 12, at which it remained till after the 
 close of the reign of Henry VII. In his fifth year this 
 monarch changed the type of the coins, by the introduction 
 of the arched crown, and the difilculty therefore is, to dis- 
 tinguish between the coins struck by Henry VI. after his 
 
246 
 
 restoration^ and those of Henry VII. previous to the altera- 
 tion of the type. An appropriation, founded upon a minute 
 examination of the types, particularly of the form of the 
 crown, will, we have no doubt, be found correct. 
 
 Among the groats of the Henries weighing 48 gr. there 
 are some which have the crown broad and flat, resembling 
 those of the previous Henries and also of Edward IV., 
 whilst there are others whose crown is larger, and the 
 ornamental balls are placed upon taller and more upright 
 footstalks, resembling the type of Richard III. and those 
 of Henry VII. with the arched crown. If the reader will 
 take a number of the coins of these four reigns, and arrange 
 them before him according to their types, without reference 
 to the names, he will find those Henries with the broad 
 and flat crown mingled with the coins of Edward IV. and 
 those with the larger and taller crown mixed with the 
 coins of Richard III. and closely allied to the arched crown 
 of Henry VII. j and by the appropriation thus made, the 
 majority of the types and coins will fall to Henry VII., 
 while those assigned to Henry VI. would be very few and 
 very rare — a result which might reasonably be expected. 
 
 It is also worthy of remark, that most of the types thus 
 attributed to Henry VII., have for a MM a lis upon a rose. 
 The lis, which is the uppermost of these MM, very fre- 
 quently occurs upon the coins of the Lancastrian kings in 
 allusion to their French conquests ; the rose was the com- 
 mon symbol of the York party ; it is not improbable that 
 this combination of the two may have had an allusion to 
 the union of the two families. 
 
 According to the above theory, the following coins are 
 assigned to Henry VI. and were struck in the year 1470. 
 
 GROATS. The R on these coins is always written as a 
 B. London. Reverse legend as in the heavy groats. 1. 
 MM cross both sides, HENRIO DI GRA REX ANGL Z 
 ERANO. Arches above crown not floured, quatrefoil after 
 Denm. MB. 2. Same, but MM cross pierced both sides, 
 
247 
 
 small trefoils between words on obv. NEGK. 3. As last, 
 MM. obv. cross pierced, rev. cross. NEGK. 4. MM obv. 
 cross, rev. cross pierced, legend as No. 1, quatrefoil after 
 Deum. NCNS VI. 136. 5. Same, with trefoil after Deum. 
 lb. 6. Same as 1, but MM obv. lis, rev. cross pierced, no 
 quatrefoil after Deum. Eud. Sup. ii. 20. 7. Same as 1, bat 
 MM obv. cross pierced, rev. lis, small trefoils between words 
 on obv., no quatrefoil after Deum. NEGK. 8. MM cross 
 botb sides, quatrefoil or trefoil after Deum, legend as No. 1, 
 but HENRIGV ; all the arches fleured. MB. 9. Same, but 
 HBRICV, NCNS i. 21. 10. Same as 8, but MM obv. 
 cross, rev. cross pierced, lis after Deum. MB. (342). 11. 
 Same as 10, but MM cross pierced both sides, no stops 
 between the words. MB. 12. MM obv. cross, rev. lis, 
 HENRIGV. NCNS i. 21. The lis on many of these confirms 
 their appropriation to Henry VI., because it is an exceed- 
 ingly common mark on his gold coins. 
 
 Bristol. These all have B on the king's breast. 1. MM 
 obv. rose ?, rev. lis ; HENRIOV &c., same as London. 
 VILLA. BRISTOW. Late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. Wt. 45| 
 grs. 2. Same, but MM cross both sides. NCNS i 21. 
 
 3. MM obv. cross, rev. rose, small trefoils between words on 
 obv., HENRIGV, BISTOW. NECK. 4. Like 1, but MM 
 obv. trefoil, rev. cross. NONS i. 21. 5. MM obv. cross, 
 rev. rose, HENRIGVS, ANQ. MB. (341). Eud. B. 8. 
 Wt. 43fgrs. 6. MM sun, rev. rose. HENRIC. NCNS 
 XI. 150. 
 
 York. These all have E on the king's breast, and read 
 GIVITAS EBORAOI. 1. MM hs both sides, HENRIGV 
 &c. as London, ABGL for ANGL, all the arches fleured, 
 small trefoil after Rex. MB. 2. Same, but ANGL, trefoil 
 also after GRA. Rud. iv. 19. 3. Same as 1, but MM 
 obv. lis, rev. rose, ANGL. NGNS xi. 151. Wt. 40 grs. 
 
 4. MM lis both sides, HENRIG, trefoils between words 
 on obv. Sn. ii. 34. NEGK. 
 
 HALF GROATS. London. MM cross pierced. HEN- 
 
248 
 
 RICV DI GRA REX ANGL Z FR. (343). Late Rev. 
 E. J. Shepherd, 22 grs., in perfect preservation; or MM 
 plain cross. MB. 23| grs. rubbed, eait. r. 
 
 York. Similar, but MM lis botb sides. Rud. iv. 20. 
 Late Mr. Whitbourn. Wt. 20 grs. 
 
 - PENNY. York. MM rose. HENRIC DEI GRA REX 
 ANG. Trefoil eacli side of neck. Rud. Sup. iii. 3. Wt. 
 11 grs. 
 
 No other small pieces of tbis coinage are known. The 
 weights of the small coins of the Henries vary so much^ that 
 little reliance can be placed upon them in arranging the 
 coins. 
 
 Bdwakd IV., 1461 to 1483. 
 
 The type of this King's coins resembles that of his pre- 
 decessors, being his bust, full faced, crowned ; and having 
 also various marks or letters in the field or upon the breast. 
 Before his fourth year his coins weigh at the rate of 15 grs. 
 to the penny ; after this date only 12 grs. 
 
 HEAVY GROATS. These were struck at London only, 
 and are all rather rare. Unless it is otherwise stated they 
 read EDWARD DT GRA REX ANGL Z PRANG. POSVI 
 DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM. GIVITAS LONDON. The 
 MM's are much more various than those of the Henries. 
 The following are very like the last of Henry VI.'s heavy 
 coins, having a lis on the King's neck or breast, and a pellet 
 at each side of the crown and generally in two quarters of 
 the reverse. The mullet does not appear, but a mascle is 
 sometimes placed, after the obverse legend. The arches 
 above the crown are never fleured. 1. MM obv. cross 
 patonce, rev. small cross in saltire. Arch on breast fleured, 
 lis on neck, pellet at each side of crown and in two quarters 
 of rev. MB. 2. Same, but MM on obv. plain cross, arch on 
 breast not fleured, ANGL MB. 3. MM obv. cross patonce, 
 rev. lis; otherwise as 1. Iffi., or FRAN for Franc. MB. See 
 Rud. V. 1, where the pellets are omitted. 4. MM obv. plain 
 
249 
 
 cross, rev. lis ; otherwise as 1 . MB. 5. Same as 1, but MM 
 obv. and rev. plain cross, arch on breast not fleured. MB. 
 6. MM obv. plain cross, rev. small cross in saltire, lis on 
 arch on breast, pellet each side of crown and in two quarters, 
 ANGLI Z FKANO. MB. 7. As last, but MM obv. and 
 rev. plain cross, B in Edward reversed. Wt. 61 grs. MB. 8. 
 As 1, but MM obv. and rev. plain cross, DEI for Di, ANGLI 
 FRANC, mascle after Franc. MB. 9. As 8, but no MM 
 on rev. MB. 10. As 8, but Di. NECK. NCNS x. pi. 
 viii. 2. 11. As 1, but MM on rev. rose pierced, no 
 additional pellet in quarters. NEGK. lb. pi. viii. 1. 
 12. Same, with obv. MM plain cross. MB. 13. As 12, 
 with trefoil or cross after Posui. MB. 
 
 The following have a quatrefoil each side of the king's 
 neck, and no mascle in the legend. "With one exception the 
 arch on the king's breast is not fleured, but terminates in a 
 crescent. 14. MM cinqaefoil pierced, crescent on breast. 
 MB. 15. Same, but FRAN. MB. 16. As 14, with dot 
 in oue quarter of rev. NCNS ii. 148. 17. As 14, but two 
 crosses after Frane. MB. 18. Same, with two pellets 
 before Edward, two crosses after Franc. MB. One with 
 these marks reads ANGLI. MB. 19. Same as 14, with two 
 crosses and annulet after Franc, BDWAD and DONDON 
 for Edward and London. Wt. 59 grs. MB. 20. Same as 
 14, annulet before Edward (347) . MB. One of these reads 
 GRAC for Gra, FRA for Franc. MB. 21. Same as 14, 
 but arch on breast is fleured instead of terminating in a 
 crescent, two crosses after Franc and Lon, one after Don. 
 MB. 
 
 The following have a quatrefoil each side of the king's 
 neck, and a mascle in the inner legend of rev., but no 
 crescent on the breast. 22. MM cinquefoil pierced, arch on 
 breast fleured, mascle after Civitas. MB. There are several 
 varieties of this, formed by a different arrangement of the 
 small crosses in the inner legend of the reverse. Some have 
 two small crosses after Franc, and one of these seems to 
 
250 
 
 read EDWRDI. MB. 23. Same as 22, but masole after 
 LON instead of after Civitas. MB. false ? 24. Same as 22, 
 but MM obv. cross patee pierced, rev. rose ? pierced. MB. 
 
 The following have a mascle in the inner legend of the 
 reverse, but no quatrefoils or crescent. 25. MM obv. and 
 rev. cinquefoil pierced, arch, on breast fleured, mascle after 
 Civitas. Wt. 59^ grs. MB. 26. MM's doubtful, arch on 
 breast not fleured, mascle after Civitas, FRAN. Wt. 59 1- 
 grs. MB. 27. MM obv. and rev. rose, arch on breast 
 fleured, annulet eacb side of neck, mascle after Civitas. Wt. 
 69 grs. MB., or reading FRAN". Wt. 58-3 grs. MB. The 
 obverse of these coins is like that of those struck at Calais 
 by Henry Y. and VI. No Calais money of Edward IV. is 
 known, but as in his third year there "was certainly an inten- 
 tion to strike coins there, it may be that the dies from which 
 the obverses of these coins were struck V7ere intended for 
 use at that mint. 
 
 LIGHT GROATS. London. These are very numerous. 
 The legend, unless otherwise mentioned, is the same as on the 
 heavy groats. On a few of them the R's are shaped like B's 
 as on Henry VI's groats of 1 470. 1. MM rose, arch on breast 
 fleured, annulet each side of neck, mascle after Civitas. MB. 
 Wts. 46 or 47-2 grs. See last heavy groats. 2. Same but 
 FRAN. Wt. 48 grs. MB. 3. Same but C on breast, i.e., a 
 Coventry obverse accidentally attached to a London reverse. 
 LateOuff. 4. As 2, but pellet instead of annulet. NCNSti.136. 
 
 The following have a quatrefoil each side of the king's 
 neck. 5. MM rose ? pierced, small trefoil on breast, mascle 
 after Civitas. MB. 6. Same, with two small crosses after 
 CIVI. MB. 7. MM rose, arch on breast fleured, FRANCIE. 
 MB. 8. Same, but dot in one quarter, FRANC. MB. 9. 
 As last, but arch on breast not fleured. MB. 10. As'last, 
 but FRAN. MB. 11. MM rose, B on breast, i.e. a Tork 
 obverse, see No. 3. MB. 12. MM rose, rose on breast, dot 
 in one quarter. MB. 13. MM obv. sun, rev. rose, NCNS 
 VI. 136. 14. MM sun, arch on breast fleured. Rud. v. 3. 
 
251 
 
 MB. 15. As 14 but FRAN. MB. 16. As U, but with 
 lis after Oivitas. MB. 17. As 14, but none of the arches 
 of the tressure all round are fleured. MB. 18. As 14, bat 
 ANGL FRANC. MB. 19. Aa 14, but pellet in one 
 quarter. NEGK. NONS vi. 136. 20. As 14, but rev. 
 MM crown. NCNS vi. 136. 21. MM obv. crown, rev. 
 sun. NEGK. NCNS x. 46. 22. As 21, but trefoil after 
 Deum, FRAN. NECK. lb. 23. As 21, but quatrefoil on 
 breast. Rud. v. 2, MB. ; or arches above crown fleured. 
 MB. 24. MM crown, arch ou breast not fleured. MB. 25. 
 Or fleured. MB. 26. As 24, but B on breast, i.e., a 
 Bristol obv. Rud. Sup. iii. 12. MB. 27. As 24, but MM 
 on obv. only. FRA, MBV, three pellets after Gra, Posui, and 
 Men, two after in Adiutore, cross after Edward and Rex. 
 MB. 28. As 24, but trefoils between words on obv. and 
 two after Meum. NEGK. NCNS x. 46. 
 
 The following omit the quatrefoils at the sides of the neck, 
 but resemble the above in all other respects. 29. MM rose, 
 dot in one quarter. NCNS vi. 136. 30. MM sun. lb. 
 31. MM crown, arch on breast fleured. MB. 
 
 32. One has a rose instead of a quatrefoil at each side of 
 the neck, MM annulet enclosing pellet, arches above crown 
 and on breast fleured, DEI. MB., and one, 33, with the 
 same MM, has a star at left, rose at right of neck, late Cuff. 
 
 The following are connected with the last two by their 
 MM. 34. MM annulet, FRAN. MB. The annulet some- 
 times encloses a pellet. NCNS vi. 136, and one specimen has 
 Z after FRANC. NEGK. NCNS x. 45. 35. MM. annulet, 
 annulet after Di and Rex, small trefoil after Deum. MB. 36. 
 Same, but no trefoil ?, rev. MM. cross. NEGK. 37. MM 
 obv. small annulet, rev. trefoil, annulet after Edward and 
 Rex. NCNS 11. 148. 38. MM's same, trefoil after Rex. 
 NEGK. NCNS x. pi. viii. 3. 
 
 The following coins are connected by the trefoil with the 
 preceding. 39. MM obv. cross fitchee, rev. sun, trefoil be- 
 tween words on obv. and after Deum. NEGK. ib. 40. MM's 
 
262 
 
 as 39j trefoil each side of neck, arches on breast and above 
 crown not fleured. MB. 41. Or floured, reading FRAN. 
 MB. 42. Same as 39^ but no trefoils, the cross fitchee 
 sometimes pierced. NONS yi. 136. 43. MM obv. cross 
 fitchee, rev. cross fitchee pierced, ib. 
 
 The following have for MM a cross pierced, sometimes 
 with one or more pellets ; they are connected with the pre- 
 ceding by the trefoil on Nos. 44 to 46. 44. MM cross 
 pierced, trefoil after Rex and at each side of Z. NEGK. 
 ib. 46. MM same, trefoil after Deum. NCNS vi. 136. 
 46. MM obv. cross pierced, rev. trefoil, ib. 47. MM 
 obv. cross pierced, rev. annulet, ib. 48. MM cross pierced, 
 arch on breast, not those above the crown, fleured, DEI. 
 MB. 49. MM cross pierced and pellet, arch on breast not 
 fleured. MB. 50. MM obv. cross pierced, rev. cross pierced 
 and pellet, all the arches fleured, DEI. 105. 61. MM obv. 
 cross with pellet in each angle, rev. cross pierced; arches on 
 breast and above crown fleured, DEI. MB. 62. MM obv. plain 
 cross, sometimes with a pellet, rev. cross pierced, NONS vi. 
 136. 68. M.M. cross pierced and pellet, quatrefoil after 
 Deum. NONS vi. 136. 64. MM obv. cross pierced and 
 pellet, rev. cross pierced, two quatrefoils after Rex, DEI. 
 NEGK. NONS x. 45. 65. MM cross pierced, cross after 
 Franc, quatrefoil after Posui and Deum ; DEI. NEGK. 
 ib. 66. MM obv. cross pierced, rev. plain cross, pellet each 
 side of neck; NONS vi. 136. 57. Same, but two pellets to 
 left of neck, ib. 
 
 The following have a rose, or sun, or both, in the legend. 
 Their MM is generally a cross pierced, sometimes with a 
 pellet. 58. MM cross pierced, pellet each side of neck, 
 rose after Adiutore. NONS vi. 136. 59. As 68, but rev. 
 MM. cross pierced and peUet, rose after Posui and Adiutore, 
 two crosses after Franc. NEGK. NONS x. 46. 60. MM. 
 cross pierced and pellet, rose after Posui, sun after Adiutore, 
 two crosses after Franc. MB. 61. MM as 69, rose ? after 
 Deum, sun after Adiutore. NECK. NONS x. 47. 62. MM 
 
253 
 
 as 59, sun after Deum. ib. 63. MM plain cross and pellet, 
 sun after Posui, rose after Deum. ib. 64. MM cross pierced, 
 rose after Posui, sun after Deum. ih. 65. MM cross pierced 
 on obv. only, rose after Posui and London. NCNS 
 VI. 136. 66. MM cross pierced, rose after Deum, MB. 
 NECK. ib. 67. MM dhv. cross pierced and pellet, rev. 
 cross pierced, arch on breast not floured, rose after Deum. 
 MB. 68. Same, but MM obv. cross pierced, rev. cross 
 pierced and pellet. MB. 69. Same, but MM cross pierced 
 and pellet on both sides. MB. 70. MM cross pierced and 
 pellet, sun after Deum, EDYARD for Edward. MB. 71. 
 One with MM's as 67, but mascle instead of rose after 
 Deum, is mentioned in NCNS vi. 136. 
 
 The following have a rose on the breast and sometimes 
 also in the legend. The MM is always an heraldic cinquefoil. 
 72. No rose in legend, MB. 73. Rose after Deum, flours 
 above crown, MB. sometimes with crosses after Franc. 
 NECK. NCNS X. 47, sometimes with no MM on rev. 
 NCNS VI. 136. 74. Rose after Deum and Meum ?, flours 
 above crown. MB. 75. Rose after Rex and Deum, NCNS 
 VI. 136. 76. Rose after Adiutore, arches above crown not 
 fleured, sometimes four crosses after Franc. MB. or arches 
 above crown fleured, two crosses after Franc. MB. 77. Rose 
 after Posui. MB. 78. Rose after Posui and Adiutore. 
 NECK. NCNS X. pi. viii. 7. 79. As 78, but two crosses after 
 Franc and cross after Meum ; pellet with MM on rev. 
 NECK. ib. 
 
 A few very rare groats with MM rose and sun united were 
 probably the last issued by Edward IV., as this MM is used 
 also by Richard III. They are sometimes ascribed to 
 Edward V. ; but as the " white rose en soleil " was certainly 
 a badge of Edward IV., and as we ascribe to Edward V. 
 whose reign lasted only from April 9th -to June 26th, several 
 varieties of groats bearing the boar's head MM, it seems 
 better in the absence of further evidence to give those with 
 MM rose and sun only to Edward IV. 80. MM rose and sun 
 
254 
 
 combined ; arcli on breast but not over crown fleured. MB. 
 or reading EDWRD. NCNS vi. 150. 81. Same but with a 
 pellet in tbe spandril under tlie bust. NECK. NCNS x. pi. 
 viii. 8. 
 
 Bristol. Legends, except the name of the town, as on 
 the London groats. B on the king's breast. 1. MM rose. 
 VILLA BRISTOW. NEGK. NCNS ti. 136. 2. MM sun, 
 legend as last. MB. 3. Same, with quatrefoil each side of 
 neck. MB. 4. As last, but BRISTOLL. MB. 5. As 3, but 
 cross after Franc, ANG., BRBSTOLL. NBGE. NCNS x. 47. 
 6. MM crown, quatrefoil each side of neck, BRISTOLL. MB. 
 Rud. V. 8. or BRISTOW. MB. Rud. v. 9. 7. MM obv. sun, 
 rev. broken ? annulet, BRISTOW. NCNS vi. 136. 8. MM 
 sun, trefoil each side of neck, small trefoil after YIL and 
 BRIS., FRANCI. BRISTOW. MB. 9. MM on obv. only 
 annulet, small trefoil after BBIS (so written), arches above 
 crown fleured. BBISTOW. MB. 
 
 CovENTET. Legends as on London groats, but CIVITAS 
 COVETRB. All have a quatrefoil at each side of the neck. 
 1. MM obv. rose, rev. sun ?, arch on breast fleured. MB. 2. 
 MM obv. sun, rev. rose, C on breast. MB. 3. MM sun, C 
 on breast. MB. Rud. v. 4. Sn. ii. 39. 
 
 Norwich. Legends as on London groats, except the 
 name of the city. N on breast, quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 1. MM obv. sun, rev. rose, CIVITAS NORWIC, small 
 trefoil after Civitas. MB. 2. Same, but MM sun both sides, 
 no trefoil. MB. Rud. v. 7. or NORVIC. MB. 
 
 ToEK. Legend generally as on London groats, but 
 CIVITAS EBORACI. 1. MM sun, E on breast, quatrefoil 
 each side of neck. MB. 2. Same, but MM obv. lis, rev. 
 sun. MB. 3. Same, but MM lis both sides. MB. Rud. v. 
 6. 4. MM lis, E on breast. MB. 5. Same, with small 
 trefoil each side of neck, two after Franc. MB. 6. MM 
 obv. lis, rev. crown, B on breast, quatrefoil each side of 
 neck. MB. Rud. v. 5. 7. MM obv. cross, rev. crown, 
 quatrefoil each side of neck. NBGK. NCNS x. 48. 8. MM 
 
255 
 
 plain cross on obv. only, quatrefoil each side of neck, arch 
 on breast not fleured, two trefoils after Edward and Franciis, 
 one after Di, Gra, Angl, z, Adiu, and Meum ; FRANCYS, 
 POS, and ADIVTOEBM instead of Franc, Posui, and 
 Adiutore. MB. 
 
 HEAVY HALF GROATS. Struck at London only, and 
 very rare. Legends as on the groats. 1. MM cross on obv. 
 only, lis on breast, pellet each side of crown and ia two 
 quarters of rev., line across breast, FRA. MB. Wt. 29 grs. 
 2. MM rose, arches on breast and above crown not fleured, 
 quatrefoil each side of neck. MB. Wt. 29 grs. 3. MM rose, 
 something like a crescent under the chin. Late Shepherd. 
 Wt. 27 grs. 
 
 LIGHT HALF GROATS. Legends as on the groats. 
 All rather rare. 
 
 London. 1. MM rose on obv. only, quatrefoil each side of 
 neck, F for Franc. NECK. NCNS x. pi. viii. 4. 2. MM 
 crown, quatrefoil each side of neck and on breast, arches 
 above crown not fleured. FRA. MB. See Rud. Sup. iii. 
 14, where the quatrefoil on the breast is omitted. 3. MM 
 crown, trefoil each side of neck, FR. MB. 4. MM obv. 
 annulet, rev. rose, annulet after Rex and Angl. NCNS ii. 
 148. 5. MM annulet, fleur on breast but not above crown, 
 FRA. MB. 6. MM cross pierced and pellet on obv. only, 
 arch on breast not fleured, those above crown fleured, or 
 not fleured, FRA. MB. 7. MM cross patee at ends upon a 
 circle. NCNS i. 21. cf. penny No. 11. Wt. 20 grs. 8. 
 MM heraldic cinquefoil, arches on breast and above crown 
 fleured, FRA. MB. 
 
 Bristol. 1. MM obv. rose, rev. cross pierced, B on 
 breast, arches above crown not fleured, FRA, BRISTOW. 
 MB. 2. MM sun, quatrefoil each side of neck, crescent ? 
 under chin, FRAN, BRESTOLL. NECK. NCNS x. pi. 
 viii. 5. 3. MM crown on obv. only, quatrefoil each side of 
 neck, small trefoil after Deum, arches on breast and above 
 crown not fleured, FR, BRISTOW. MB. 
 
266 
 
 Canteebuet. The inner legend on the reverse of these is 
 CIVITAS CANTOR. They are less rare than the other 
 half groats. Some of them bear the Archbishop's marks 
 and were struck at his mint, others were struck at the royal 
 mint. The following have no Archiepiscopal mark. 1. MM 
 rose, on breast, none of the arches fleured, FRA. Rud. v. 
 10. 2. Same, but all the arches fleured. MB. 3. Same as 
 last, but also on centre of cross on rev. MB. 4. Same as 
 1, bat rose on centre of cross on rev. MB. 5. MM rose, 
 trefoil each side of neck, arches above crown and on breast 
 not fleured, FRA. MB. 6. MM obv. crown, rev. sun, 
 trefoil each side of neck, all the arches fleured, FRA. MB. 
 7. MM crown, trefoil each side of neck, arches above crown 
 and on breast not fleured, FR. MB. 8. MM crown obv. 
 only, trefoil each side of neck, arches above crown but not on 
 breast fleured, FR. NWK. NCNS x. 48. 9. Same, but 
 millwrine ? instead of trefoil. MB. 10. MM crown, cross 
 each side of neck, arches and legend as 8. MB. 11. MM 
 obv. cross fitchee, rev. heraldic cinquefoil, none of the arches 
 fleured, DEI, FRA. MB. 
 
 The following have Archiepiscopal marks, and therefore 
 were probably struck at the mint of Archbishop Bourchier, 
 who held the see from 14-54 to 1486. 12. MM archie- 
 piscopal pall, with cross over it on obv. (see (349)), quatre- 
 foil each side of neck, arches above crown not fleured, F for 
 Franc. The place of the arch on the breast is taken by a 
 knot, the badge of Abp. Bourchier, whose tomb in the 
 cathedral is richly decorated with these objects. MB. 13. 
 As last, but MM on obv. only ?, ANG Z FRAN. MB. 
 14. As 12, but MM pall on obv. only, no knot, arch on breast 
 fleured. FRA. MB. 15. MM obv. pall, rev. sun, knot 
 under bust, arches above crown fleured, FRAN. MB. 16. 
 MM pall, with cross over it on obv. (349), knot under bust, 
 arches above crown not fleured. FRAN. MB. 17. MM 
 pall (on obv. only ?), knot under bust, arches above crown 
 fleured, FRAN. MB. (348). 18. MM pall obv. only. 
 
257 
 
 knot under bust, archea above crown not flenred, FRA. 
 MB. 19. MM pall, knot under bust, arches over crown 
 not fleured, small triangular dots in field on obverse, FRA. 
 MB. 20. MM millwrine, knot under bust. NCNS ii. 148. 
 Cf. No. 9 ante. 
 
 CovENTET. MM sun, quatrefoil eacli side of neck, no 
 fleur on breast ? nor over crown, FRA. MB. Ext. r. 
 
 Norwich. Same as Coventry half groat, but N instead 
 of fleur on breast, OIVITAS NORVIC. Rud. Sup. iii. 15. 
 Sn. ii. 38. Not Jcnown. 
 
 York. 1. Same as Coventry half groat, but two crosses 
 after Deam. MB. 2. MM lis, cross after Deum, otherwise 
 as 1. (350). MB. 3. MM hs, B on breast, quatrefoil 
 each side of neck. NCNS ii. 148. 4. MM lis on obv. only, 
 E on breast, lis after Posui, trefoil after Deum, FRAN. 
 NECK. NCNS X. 49. 5. Rud. Sup. iii. 13 is a thick 
 piece the size of a half groat, but weighing 76 grs. The R 
 at one side of the neck is perhaps for Abp. Rotherham, 
 1480 to 1500. It reads EDWARD, not BDWAR. MB. 
 
 PENNIES. None of the heavy coinage are known. The 
 light ones have on the reverse the name of their place of 
 mintage, and on the obverse generally EDWARD DI GRA 
 REX ANGL, but they are generally in such bad condition 
 that the legend is not entirely decipherable. The MM is 
 generally on the obverse only. 
 
 London. CIVITAS LONDON on rev. 1. EDWARD 
 REX ANGL Z FRA, lis on neck, pellet at each side of 
 crown and in two quarters of rev. late Gvff. As the marks 
 on this coin are exactly like those on the earliest heavy 
 groats, it may probably have belonged to the same 
 coinage, but its weight is not known. 2. MM cross patee, 
 EDWARD REX ANGLIE ?, annulet after Rex and between 
 the pellets in each quarter. MB. Weight 10^ grs., much 
 worn and dipped. 3. MM rose, EDWARD DI GRA 
 REX ANGL, annulet each side of neck, late Waheford. 
 Weight ]1| grs., dipiped. 4. MM rose, ANLI ? MB. 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 5. MM suD, EDWED DI GRA REX ANGL, quatrefoil 
 each side of neck. MB. 6. As last^ but MM crown. 
 EDWARD. Rud. Sup. 2. ii. 32, and v. 11. MB. 7. MM 
 annulet, ANG. MB. 8. MM cross fitchee, EDWAR, 
 trefoil each side of neck and after Rex, late Wakeford. 
 9. MM cross fitchee, ANG. Rud. Sup. iii. 16. 10. MM 
 on both sides cross pierced, ANGL. MB. 11. MM 
 obv. cross the lower limbs of which are connected 
 by a semi-circle, rev. cross pierced, ANGLE. MB. 
 Cf. light half groat, No. 7. 12. MM heraldic cinquefoil, 
 ANG. MB. 
 
 Beistol. MM crown, trefoil ? at right of neck, VILLA 
 BEISTOLL (351). MB. Ext. r. 
 
 Canteebuet. MM ?, DEI, ANGL. CIVITAS CANTOR. 
 MB. or DI, AN ?, cross each side of neck, Abp. Bourchier's 
 knot under bust. Late Wakeford. Ext. r. The coin 
 represented in Rud. Sup. iii. 29, and said to be in MB, is 
 in fact a coin of Waterford, in bad condition. 
 
 DuEHAM. The first ten of these have not the mark 
 of any prelate ; the others have either B for Booth, 
 Bishop of Durham from 1457 to 1476, or D for Dudley, 
 Bishop 1476 to 1483. They are generally in very bad pre- 
 servation, 1. MM ?, lis each side of neck, D (for Durham) in 
 centre of cross on rev., CIVI RAM. ? MB. Com- 
 pare Henry YI.'s Durham penny. Class VI. 2. Lis each side 
 of neck, DIRAM ? MB. 3. Lis each side of neck, 
 DERAM ?, quatrefoil after DE. MB. 4. MM cross, 
 EDWARD - - REX ANGLIE. Rev. DONOLI, a rose in 
 the centre of the cross. (352). MB. 5. Same, but two 
 pellets between each word on obv., and the first and last E 
 reversed. MB. 6. As last but one, but a dot between the 
 pellets in one quarter. MB. 7. As No. 4, but trefoil after 
 Edward ? and Anglie, rev. doubtful. MB. 8. MM rose, 
 D in centre of rev., DVNBL - - . Rud. Sup. iii. 27. He is 
 mistaken in saying that this coin is in the British Museum. 
 9. MM rose, V in first quarter of rev., dot between the 
 
259 
 
 pellets in each quarter, D in centre of rev., two crosses 
 above tlie crown, DI, ANG, DVNELMIB. MB. NECK. 
 NCNS X. pi. viii. 6. The meaning of the V is not known. 
 10. Same as No. 9 without the two crosses, DEI, AN, 
 DVNOLMIE. MB. 11. Same, with B (for Booth) to left 
 of crown, quatrefoil each side of neck, V on breast. MB. 
 12. Same as 11, but no V on breast, two trefoils after AN. 
 NSGK. NCNS X. 49. 13. MM rose, B to left, three pellets 
 to right of neck, D in centre of rev. ANG ? DBRAM. MB. 
 See Rud. v. 12, where a key, which never appears on 
 Durham coins, is substituted for the three pellets. 14. MM ?, 
 quatrefoil to left, B to right of neck, DVNOLM. Late 
 
 Wakeford. 15. Same, but rev. legend TAS DO , 
 
 king's name illegible. MB. 16. MM rose, B to left of 
 crown, quatrefoil in centre of cross, DVNELMIE. Eud. 
 Sup. iii. 28. 17. MM ?, B at left, D (for Durham ?) at right 
 of neck, B in centre of rev., DERAM, two crosses after DB. 
 NECK. NCNS X. 49. 18. Similar to last, but cross before 
 De, marks after doubtful, D ? in centre of rev. BEV. W. G. 
 8EBLE. 19. MM crown, quatrefoil each side of neck, DEE- 
 HAM. Rud. Sup. iii. 25. 20. MM crown, D (for Dudley) to 
 left, quatrefoil to right of neck, DONOLI. Rud. Sup. iii. 
 26. Sn. ii. 37. 21. Same, but DERAM, two crosses after De. 
 MB. ? NECK. NCNS x. 49. 22. Same as last, but MM ?, 
 small trefoil ? after De. MB. 23. D to left, V to right of 
 neck, legend quite obliterated. MB. 
 
 ToEK. All the pennies of this place, except the last on 
 the list, have a quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the 
 reverse, and were probably struck by authority of the 
 Archbishops. These were, William Booth, 1452 to 1464; 
 George Nevill, 1465 to 1476; Laurence Booth, 1476 to 
 1480 ; and Thomas Rotherham, 1480 to 1500. The legend 
 on the reverse is always CIVITAS EBORACI. 1. MM 
 rose. Rud. Sup. iii. 20. MB.? 2. Rose on breast. (354). 
 MB. 3. MM rose, rose on breast and at each side of 
 neck. Rud. Sup. iii. 19. 4. Lis or cross at each side of 
 
 17 > 
 
260 
 
 neck, cross at end of legend on obv., and reads DEI. 5. 
 MM rose, B, for Bboraci, to left of neck, rose to right. 
 MB. Eud. Sup. iii. 23. 6. MM rose, key at left of neck, 
 rose to right. Rud. Sup. iii. 24. 7. MM rose, G- for 
 George Nevill at left, rose at right. MB. 8. MM rose, G- 
 at left, key at right. Rud. Sup. iii. 21. 9. Same, but MM 
 a cinquefoil. MB. 10. MM cross patee fitchee. G at left, 
 key at right, ANG. Rud. Sup. iii. 22. 11. Similar, but 
 MM lis. MB. 12. Similar, but MM cross pierced. Late 
 Waheford. 13. B for Booth to left, key to right, DEI. MB. 
 14. Key to left, B to right. MB. 15. MM rose, T for 
 Thomas Rotherham at the left, key at right. MB. 16. MM 
 star? NEGK. NCNS x. 49. 17. One without the 
 quatrefoil on the reverse, in fine condition, weighing 12 grs., 
 is mentioned in NGNS i. 21, and was most likely issued 
 from the royal mint. 
 
 HEAVY HALFPENCE, struck in London only. 1. MM 
 cross, EDWARD REX ANG, lis on neck, pellet at each 
 side of crown and in two quarters of rev. "Weight 7| grs. 
 MB. 2. MM rose, BDWAED DI GEA REX A, quatre- 
 foil or four pellets each side of neck, under the bust an 
 annulet enclosing a pellet. Weight 85 grs. MB. 3. Same 
 without pellets and annulet, ANGrL. Weight 8 grs. 
 NO xTi. 176. 4. MM rose, EDWARD REX ANGLI, 
 annulet at each side of neck. Weight 7 grs., clipped. MB. 
 5. Same but cross in saltire at each side of neck, EDWARD 
 DI GRA REX. Weight 8i grs. MB. 
 
 LIGHT HALFPENCE. London. Usual legend ED- 
 WARD DI GRA REX. 6. MM cinquefoil, cross at each 
 side of neck. Weight 6^ grs. MB. Rud. Sup. iii. 18. 7. 
 Same without cross. MB. 8. MM rose. Rud. v. 13. Weight 
 6 grs., or with pellet each side of neck, DEI, 5 grs. Rud. v. 14. 
 Sn. ii. 36. 9. MM crown, cross each side of neck. NEGK. 
 NCNS X. 50. 10. MM crown, cross at left, lis at right of 
 neck. Late Guff. 11. MM crown, trefoil at each side of 
 neck. MB. Rud. Sup. iii. 17. The MM on Museum specimen 
 
261 
 
 nearly obliterated ; Ruding's plate, taken from that coinj is 
 therefore doubtful. 12. MM?, three pellets or trefoil at 
 side of neck, small wedge in one quarter of rev. MB. 13. 
 MM annulet, cross ? at right of neck. MB. 14. MM cross 
 fitchee, trefoil each side of neck. MB. 15. MM cross 
 pierced, cross each side of neck. Late Guff. 16. Same 
 without cross, DEI. MB. 17. MM cross pierced, pellet each 
 side of neck. MB. 18. MM star, pellet each side of neck. 
 Late Cuff. 19. Same, but star instead of pellet. Late Ouff. 
 Bristol : EDWARD DI GRA REX. Three pellets or 
 trefoil at each side of neck, MM crown. VILLA BRIS- 
 TOV. MB. Weight 5 grs. (353) ; or same, but quatrefoil 
 instead of trefoil. 6^ grs. MB. 
 
 Canteebuet. mm obliterated. EDWARD DI GRA . . . 
 trefoil at each side of neck. MB. r. MM rose, C on breast. 
 Late Rev. LJ. J. Shepherd. 
 
 DuEHAM. DERAM. MM (?) some letter, &c., at the sides 
 of head, D in centre of reverse. MB. One has a lis at each 
 side of head. NCNS i. 21. 
 
 FARTHINGS of this king are extremely rare. Rud. 
 Sup. 2. xvi. 14 belongs to Edward III., weighing 4^ grs.; 
 much too heavy even for the first coinage of Edward lY. ; and 
 what Sn. ii. 35 may be, it is impossible to guess. Mr. Cuff, 
 however, had a piece probably of this reign weighing 2^ grs. 
 (355) ; and MB. and Mr. Neck both have similar ones in 
 better preservation, weighing 3"4 and 3'5 grs. respectively, 
 which, if these pieces were always struck of correct weight, 
 ought to belong to Edward IV.'s first coinage. They differ 
 slightly from (355) in the shape of the crown and the 
 arrangement of the hair. NCNS vii. 43. These all read 
 EDWARD REX ANGL, CIVITAS LONDON, MM cross. 
 Another, weighing 34 grs., but reading ANGLI, in fine 
 condition, is mentioned by Mr. Christmas in NCNS i. 21. 
 
 Edwaed V. April 9 to June 26, 1483. 
 Short as was the reign of this young king, we are told 
 by a contemporary writer, Ross of Warwick, that money 
 
262 
 
 was actually struck in his name. Now there are in exist- 
 ence some extremely rare groats, struck at Londonj with 
 MM boar's head, the well-known cognizance of Richard III. 
 It is true that the boar was a badge of Edward III. (see 
 ArchEeologia v. 17), and might therefore hare been borne by 
 any of his descendants, but Eichard III. is the only one to 
 whom its adoption can be traced. Sir Henry Ellis, who for 
 many years noted every passage he could meet with, either in 
 manuscript or print, in which the badges borne by Edward IV. 
 are mentioned, was not able to discover a single instance of 
 his using the boar; nor did Sir Charles Young, Garter 
 King-at-Arms, know of his having done so. Now while 
 it is scarcely likely that Richard's badge should have been 
 placed on coins of Edward IV., it is probable that it would 
 have been put on those of Edward V.; and knowing that 
 that prince did strike coins, we have little hesitation in 
 assigniag to him those with this MM. None but groats are 
 known, and they were all struck at London. The bust, as 
 might be expected, is the same as on Richard III.'s and 
 some of Edward I V.'s coins, and the legend is as on Edward 
 IV.'s groats. 1. MM obv. boar's head, rev. rose and sun 
 combined, pellet under the bust, all the arches of tressure 
 fleured. MB. (645). 2. Same without pellet. NCNSxiv.p.26 
 3. MM obv. boar's head, rev. hs. Mr. SHARP. NCNS x. 
 55. 4. MM boar's head both sides, pellet under bust. lb. 
 6. Same without pellet. lb. 
 
 Richard III., 1483 to 1485. 
 
 The coins of Richard III. generally resemble those of the 
 Edwards and Henries, his predecessors, having the same 
 type ; the front face crowned, with cross and pellets upon 
 the reverse ; and with the same rev. legend ; but one groat 
 has an arched crown, like that used by Henry VII. His 
 coins are groats, half groats, pennies a.nd halfpennies ; they 
 wei'e struck at London, Durham, or York, and weigh- in the 
 proportion of 12 grs. to the penny. 
 
263 
 
 The groats were all struck in London or York ; and all, 
 excepting ttat wtich has tlie arched crown, whicli is de- 
 scribed afterwards, read EICARD DI GRA EEX ANQL 
 Z FRANC. The London mint marks are — 1. Boar's head 
 (356). MB. Rud. v. 17. Sn. ii. 43.* 2. Obv. boar's head, 
 rev. rose and sun united. MB. 3. Obv. rose and sun, rev. 
 boar's head, pellet under the bust. MB. 4. Same, but MM 
 rose and sun on both sides. MB. 5. Same as last, without 
 the pellet. Rud. v. 15. MB. This MM is always repre- 
 sented in Ruding's plates merely as a rose. These groats 
 are not common, especially those on which both MM appear. 
 6. These are all of the type used by his predecessors ; but 
 one struck at London differs from the rest in having the 
 crown arched like Henry VII.'s (371), but the cross at the 
 top barely piercing the inner circle ; MM obv. rose (?) and 
 pellet, rev. rose or rose and sun united. The legend on 
 the reverse is the usual one, but that on the obverse is 
 EICARDVS DI GRACIA REX ANLIE. There is a rose 
 on the breast, and no stops between any of the words (646) . 
 MB. 37 grs. Unique. 
 
 The York groat is of the usual type, with MM united 
 rose and sun. Rud. v. 16 ; or MM on obv. only. MB. v. r. 
 
 The half groats appear to have been aU struck in London; 
 they read the same as the groats, except PR or ERA for 
 FRANC, the MM, on obv. only, is the united rose and sun. 
 (357). MB. Ruding Sup. iii. 32 gives a rose on lioth sides, 
 but it is probably the united mint mark, carelessly copied. Sn. 
 ii. 42, and Rud. v. 18, give a boar's head, but the engravings 
 show that the coin was imperfect, the authority is therefore 
 doubtful. Mr. Cuff's in 1854 sold for £12. Captain Mur- 
 chison's, 1864, £13. 10s. Mr. Willet had a coin which he 
 published as a half groat of Richard III. struck at Canter- 
 bury, it is now in the British Museum. It has been considered 
 genuine, but as it is much clipped, and the legend blun- 
 dered, perhaps altered, it is not quite to be relied upon as 
 evidence of that monarch having had a mint at Canterbury. 
 
264 
 
 It reads R®CAED and has @ on the breast. It is 
 
 perhaps a contemporary forgery. (358). Hud. B. 7. 
 
 The pennies were struck at London^ Durham and York, 
 and are very rare. They read RICAED DI GRA REX 
 AN ANG or ANGL. The London penny has MM boar's 
 head. BASHLMGH. l^C ym. 171, unique? The Durham 
 pence have a flenr de lis as MM, the letter S on the breast 
 for Bishop Sherwood, and D in the centre of the cross on 
 rev. MB. Rud. Sup. 2. iii. 1 v. r. The York pence have 
 MM united rose and sun. MB. Boar's head, late Guff. 
 MM boar's head, T. for Thomas Eotherham, Abp. from 
 1480 to 1500, at the right, and a key at the left of the neck, 
 (359). MB. MM. rose with the T. and key. Late Guff'. 
 MM and king's name invisible, T at the right, R ? at the left 
 of the neck. BEV. W. G. 8BBLE. MM lis. NCNS i. 21. 
 All have a quatref oil in the centre of the cross on the reverse. 
 The penny reading Dunolm, Sn. ii. 41, Rud. v. 19, is a 
 forgery of the notorious John White; made by altering 
 the mint mark upon a penny of Richard II. into a boar's 
 head. 
 
 The halfpence were struck in London, and are ext. rare, 
 they read RICARD DI GRA REX, and have for MM the 
 united rose and sun. (360). MB. Rud. Sup. iii. 30, or the 
 boar's head 31. Sn. ii. 40. MB. Rud. v. 20 gives one with 
 a cross for MM and reading RICARD REX ANGL. This 
 coin is at present unknown, Mr. Dimsdale's, 1824, sold for 
 £5. 7s 6d. 
 
 No farthings have yet been discovered. 
 
 Hbnet VIL, 1485 to 1509. 
 
 Considerable uncertainty has prevailed respecting the 
 earliest coinage of Henry VII. As late as Leake's time, 
 part of the front faced money with the arched crown was 
 considered as belonging to Henry VI. ; more recently the 
 
265 
 
 coins with tlie arched crown have all been assigned to Henry 
 VII., and all with the open crown to some one of his pre- 
 decessors of that name. But as some varieties of these weigh 
 in the proportion of only 12 grs. to the penny, which, standard 
 was not adopted till after the abdication of Henry VI., it is 
 evident all these must, if they are his, have been struck during 
 the seven months of his restoration. This appeared very 
 improbable, and some numismatists therefore suspected that 
 part of these varieties must have been struck by Henry VII., 
 and that this was so was made certain by Mr. Cuff, who im- 
 mediately assigned to that king a York penny with an open 
 crown, MM rose, having T at one side of the neck and a key 
 on the other. This coin was certainly struck by Thomas 
 Rotherham, who did not become Abp. before 1480, many 
 years after the death of Henry VI., nor was there any Arch- 
 bishop during the reigns of the previous Henries to whom that 
 initial could belong. Mr. Shepherd had another, weight 11| 
 grs. There is also one with T at each side of the head without 
 the key, weight 8f grs. (370). MB. Another variety, from 
 the same mint, and mth the same MM, has a T at one side 
 of the neck and a lis at the other, with -h in the centre of 
 the reverse. MB. (367), or without the h. Late Guff. 
 
 Rotherham died in 1500, and was succeeded by Thomas 
 Savage, 1501 to 1507, and Christopher Bainbrigge, 1508 to 
 1514. 
 
 With these facts before us we may consider it as estab- 
 lished beyond controversy, that Henry VII. did strike coins 
 with an open crown, and that consequently there are three 
 classes of his coins which strikingly difEer from each other. 
 The type of his first coinage resembles that of his prede- 
 cessors, having the front face and open crown, with the cross 
 and pellets on the reverse ; then succeeded the front faced 
 money with the arched crown and similar reverse; and, 
 thirdly, the profile head with the armorial shield of England 
 upon the reverse. 
 
 We may now proceed to describe those coins of the first 
 
266 
 
 tjpe whichj from the form of the crown, character of the 
 countenance, their weight, and peculiar marks, we consider 
 must be ascribed to this king. 
 
 GEOATS : struck at London only : not common. Unless 
 otherwise stated, they read HENRIO DI GRA EEX ANGL 
 Z FRANC. POSVI DBVM ADIVTORE MEVM. CIVI- 
 TAS LONDON, and the arch on the breast is fleured, but 
 not those over the crown. 1. MM rose, MEV. Weight 46f 
 grs. Late Sainthill. NO iv. 172. 2. As 1, but DEV, 
 MEVM. ib. 3. MM rose on obv. only, small cross each side 
 of neck, small trefoils for stops on both sides. MB. Weight 
 42 grs. Rud. iv. 21. 4. Same, small trefoils for stops on 
 obv. and after Deum, cross after Posui. MB. 5. Same as 3, 
 but small cross before, nothing after Posui, small trefoil after 
 LON. MB. Weight 48 grs. 6. As 3, but small trefoil after 
 Henric, Di, Gra, Posui ? and Adiutore. MM on rev. small 
 lis ? MB. Weight 48^ grs. 7. As 3, but no trefoils, small 
 stars for stops on obv., small cross after Posui, PRANOIE. 
 MB. 8. As 3, but no trefoil, lis on breast, MM on rev. cross 
 pierced. NONS vi. 150. 9. MM. obv. lis, rev. plain cross, 
 cross after Posui and Civitas, lis after LON, ib. 10. MM 
 obv. lis upon rose, rev. sun ?, lis on king's breast. Ih. 1 1 . MM 
 lis upon rose on obv. only, cross after Denm and Civitas, lis 
 after London. Late Oapt. James. 12. MM, upon both sides, 
 lis upon rose, cross each side of neck, no cross or trefoil 
 after Posui. Late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. Wt. 45 grs. 13. 
 Similar to last, but cross after Posui, no crosses at side of 
 neck. MB. Wt. 44igr. 14. Another differs only from the 
 last in having two crosses at the end of the legend on obv. 
 {362). MB. Wt. 42i gr. 15. Another similar, but rose on 
 breast. Late Rev. E. J. Shepherd. Wt. 41 gr. 16. 
 Another, no rose on breast, and the obv. MM a plain cross, 
 cross after Posui. MB. 44 gr. 17. MM cross fitchee, HEN- 
 RI CVS DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FR JS, cross at each 
 side of neck, a small cross before Posui. MB. in perfect 
 preservation, 48 gr. (361). Rud. Sup. ii 19. 18. No MM, 
 
267 
 
 cross at each side of neck, small cross before Posui. 
 NCNS. I. 21. 
 
 HALF GROATS were struck at London, Canterbury, 
 and York. The rev. legend is as on the groats, unless 
 otherwise stated. 
 
 Canteebuet. 1. MM. Ton. FRA for FRANC. CIVITAS 
 CANTOR. Cross at each side of neck, M in centre of rev., 
 after Posui eye of Providence, trefoil stops on obv. MB. 
 (363) . 2. Same without the eye, no stops on obv. ?, trefoil 
 before TAS. MB. both rather scarce. The M stands for 
 Abp. Morton, who held the See from 1487 to 1500, and 
 confirms the appropriation to Henry VII. of some of the 
 open crown coins. There is another half groat almost 
 identically the same in every respect, except that the crown 
 is arched. 3. MM rose, lis at each side of neck, pellet ? on 
 breast, M in centre of reverse, FRA. Rud. Sup. ii. 23. 4. 
 Same without lis or pellet. Sn. ii. 33. 
 
 London. 1. MM lis upon rose, HBNRIO DEI GRA 
 REX ANGL Z F. (364). MB. v. r. There is another 
 London coinage which closely resembles that of York, 
 being remarkable for the rosettes, which are profusely in- 
 troduced into the legends. 2. MM lis, rosette between 
 every word on obv. and before Adiutore and Meu. Lozenge 
 enclosing a pellet in centre of cross. FR., DEVM or 
 DEV, MEV. MB. 3. Same but ADIVTOL MB. 4. As 
 2, but FRA, rosette also before Civitas and London. MB. 
 5. As 2, but FRA, rosette after Civitas and before London. 
 DEV. MEV. (365). MB. or rosette also after London, 
 DEVM, MEVM. MB. 6. Another has a rosette before 
 and after Civitas and London, and reads DEVM, MEVM. 
 MB. 7. Another with obverse MM obliterated, has reverse 
 MM rosette, but no rosette in the inner legend. MB. The 
 crosses upon the reverses are fourchee like those upon the 
 known later coins of Henry VII. and it will be remarked 
 how closely the rosy pieces resemble a series of half-groats 
 with the arched crown. 
 
268 
 
 York. 1. HBNRIOI DI GRA REX AGLI Z FRAN, 
 rosette between each word, ore also before Adiutore and 
 Meum, one before and after Givitas, one before Eboraci. 
 The cross fourcheOj having a lozenge enclosing a pellet in 
 the centre. MM on both sides, lis. MB. 2 HENRIC 
 DI GRA REX ANGL Z P, MM lis, rosette between each 
 word. Rev. MM cross, not any rosettes. Eud. Sup. ii. 22. 
 3. Similar butFR, rosettes in legends ; one after Civitas and 
 before Eboraci. MB. 4. Similar but AGL Z PRA, rosette 
 also before Civitas. NC viii. 126. 5. As last, but ANGL 
 Z FRAN. MM on rev. rose ? MB. 
 
 PENNIES. The York pieces have been already described, 
 p. 266. 
 
 Oanteebuet. MM Ton. HENRIC— REX ANGL. cross 
 at each side of neck, and M ia the centre of the reverse. 
 (366). MB. V. r. 
 
 HALFPENNY. HENRIC DI GRA REX. CIVITAS 
 LONDON. MM Hs upon rose. (368). MB. The half- 
 pennies reading DI GRA REX with a cross at each side of 
 neck, (369), will be found described under Henry V.'s reign. 
 
 The SECOND COINAGE of Henry VII. consisted of 
 groats, half-groats, pennies and halfpennies. It differs, upon 
 the obverse, from his own and his predecessor's money, in 
 having the crown arched, and the face something more like 
 a portrait ; the reverse is much the same as before, except 
 that the workmanship is improved, and the ends of the cross 
 generally forked and decorated. All the coins of this reign 
 were of the weight established in the fourth year of 
 Edward IV., namely 12 grains to the penny. 
 
 GROATS : all struck in London. Legend, unless other- 
 wise stated, as in the first coinage, but DE V and MBV for 
 Deum and Meum. 1. MM a very small trefoil on rev. only, two 
 plain arches to the crown, trefoil-shaped stops on obv, and 
 after Adiutore, arch on breast fleured, DEVM, MEVM. MB. 
 sometimes a cross each side of neck, arch on breast not 
 fleured. MB. or arch on breast fleured, trefoil also after Deum, 
 
269 
 
 [371). MB. 2. Similar with cross each side of neck, cinque- 
 foil after Posui, Deum, and Adiutore. NCNS vi. 151. 3. No 
 MM, crown and legend as 1, trefoil stops on ohv., small 
 cross after Posui and Adiutore. MB. or HENBI, small cross 
 pierced each side of neck, trefoil after Henbi and Gra only, 
 star after Civitas and after Deum ? MB. 4. MM Heraldic 
 cinquefoil (380), crown and legend as 1, trefoils between 
 words on obv. and after Deum and Adiutore, arch on breast 
 not fleured. MB., or trefoil also after Franc. MB., or reading 
 FRAC, with trefoil after it. MB., or trefoil after Civitas and 
 before London. MB., or reading AGLI Z FR, DEV 
 ADIVTOB MBV. 8AINTEILL, NO it. 1 75, or with MM on 
 obv. only, trefoils between words on obv. only. MB. In a 
 hoard of 376 coins found at Hounslow about 1861, the latest 
 were 33 groats of Henry VII's second coinage, and all of 
 these had the double arch*to the crown, and, as far as could 
 be made out, MM heraldic cinquefoil. See NCNS i. 140. 
 This type therefore probably preceded that with the single 
 arch. 5. MM cross crosslet, one arch to the crown, ANGLIB 
 Z FR. Rud. vi. 4. MB., or FRA. 8AINTHILL. ih. or 
 AGLIB Z F. MB. or AGLIE Z FR, ADIVTOB. SAINT- 
 HILL, ih. 6. MM greyhound's head, crown, as 5, FRA. 
 (373) MB. Coins with this crown are rather rare. 
 
 The following have two ornamented arches to the crown, 
 like (372). 7. MM greyhound's head, ANGLI Z FR. Rud. 
 vi. 2. or AGL, ADIVTOB. MB. or same, but DBVM for 
 Deu. SAINTHILL. ih. or AGR, DBVM, ADIVTOEV. ib. 
 8. MM escallop shell, rosette between each word of legend 
 on obverse and after Deu, Adiutore, Civitas, and London, 
 two before London, one in each fork of the cross, FRA. MB. 
 or same, but no rosette in the forks, two before and after 
 Civitas and London, FRAN, DBVM, MBVM. MB. or as 
 last, but only one rosette before London, DEV, MBV. MB. 
 or same, but rosettes also in the spandrils of the tressure, 
 and two before and after London ; the form of the B peculiar. 
 FRANC, DBVM, MEVM. MB. (372). As last but one, but 
 
270 
 
 no rosettes after Oivitas or London. MB. or same MM, but 
 reading DEVM, MB VM, and FRANOI. SAINTEILL ih. see 
 End. vi. 3. or ADIVTOREV. SAINTEILL ih. 9. MM obv. 
 escallop shell, rev. cinquefoil. ANGLE. DEVM. MEVM. 
 rosette after each word except Franc, Posui and Meum, two 
 before and after Civitas and London, E as in (372). MB. or 
 MM same, rosettes in forks of cross, ANG-L Z ERA, DEV 
 ADIVTOB MBV. 8 AW TRILL ih. 10. MM obv. cinque- 
 foil, rev. escallop shell, AGL Z ERA, ADIVTOB. SAINT- 
 BILL ih. Rud. vi. 6. 11. MM cinquefoil (379), ER or 
 ERA, ADIVTOE. MB. or, with MM on obv. only, AGL Z 
 FR. MB. or with rosette after each word except Posui and 
 Meu, and before Civitas and London. FR. MB. or rosette 
 after each word on obv. and after Deu, and in. forks of cross. 
 FRA. MB. 12. MM obv. cinquefoil, rev. leopard's head 
 crowned, AGL? Z FR, ADIVTOE. MB. 13. MM obv. 
 leopard's head crowned, rev. cinquefoil, AGLI Z FR. MB. 
 14. MM leopard's head crowned, AGL Z FRA or AGLI 
 Z FR. MB. or ANGLI Z FR, Rud. Sup. iii. 34, or HENRI, 
 AGLI Z FR. SAINTEILL. All these read ADIVTOB. 15. 
 MM trefoil or half a lis issuing from half a rose (381) AGL 
 Z FR. MB. 16. MM obv. as last, rev. heraldic cinquefoil ? 
 MB. 17. MM anchor, AGL Z FRA, ADIVTOB. MB. or 
 AGLI Z FR. MB. See Rud. vi. 1. 
 
 There is one groat which varies from aU the others in 
 omitting the pellets and substituting a large portcullis upon 
 the centre of the cross. MM. on rev. lis, small trefoil after 
 each word except Posui, two plain arches to the crown. 
 Rud. Sup. 2. xvi. 16. MB. Mr. Evans has another speci- 
 men, perhaps from a different die, showing a small quatre- 
 foil on each side of the neck. NCNS xviii. 285. 
 
 HALF-GROATS were struck in London, Canterbury, and 
 York, the king's titles being similar but generally shorter 
 than on the groats. 
 
 London. 1. MM on both sides lis. HENRIO DI GRA 
 REX AGLI Z FR, POSVI DEVM ADIVTOE MBV. rosette 
 
271 
 
 between every word on obv. and after Devm and Adivtoe, 
 cross fourcbeej witb lozenge in tbe centre enclosing pellet. 
 MB. (374). This clearly resembles the rosy hal£-groat with 
 open crown. 2. Same without rosettes, trefoil between 
 words on obv., lis on breast, ADIVTORB MEVM. MB. 3. 
 Similar, without MM. Rud. vi. 7 ; this we have not seen, 
 nor Sn. ii. 46. which we have no doubt is a blundered repre- 
 sentation of a Canterbury coin. 
 
 Oantbebuet. 1. MM none, cross at each side of neck. 
 Eev. the cross patee, M (for Abp. Morton) on the centre, eye 
 of Providence (382) after Posui, very closely resembling the 
 open crown half-groat ; DEVM, MEVM. MB. See Rud. 
 Sap. iii. 35. where the small crosses and eye are omitted, 
 perhaps accidentally ; we have not seen such a coin. One 
 has a small trefoil after Di. MB. 2. MM on obv. rosette 
 NCNS II. 148. The rest all read DEV, MEV. 3. MM ton, 
 the cross fourchee, no M or eye, rosette between words on 
 obv. and after Deu and Adiutorej ANGL Z (omitting P or 
 PR). MB. This resembles the rosy London half-groats. 4. 
 As last, but no rosettes, AGL Z P, ADIVTOE, Rud. vi. 8. 
 or PR, or AGL Z, or ANG Z P. all in MB.; or DE for DEV 
 NCNS II. 148. 5. MM on obv. only ton, rosette after each 
 word on obv., PR. MB. or same but reading PEA, rosette 
 between the and E of ADIVTOE, and after Deu and 
 Civitas. MB. 6. Same without rosettes, ADIVTOE. MB. 
 7. MM obv. ton and cinquefoil, rev. ton. ANGL Z P, 
 ADIVTOE. Rud. Sup. iv. 1. MB. 8. MM obv. ton, rev. 
 lis, rosette between each word on obv. and after Deu Adiutore 
 and Civitas, two small dots before and after Cantor. 
 MB. Rud. Sup. iv. 5.* One without the dots reads 
 CASTOR. MB. 9. MM obv. ton and lis, rosette between 
 each word, at end of legend of obverse and outer legend of 
 reverse. MB. 10. MM obv. lis, trefoils instead of rosettes 
 between each word. Rev. MM lis, rosette after Deu and 
 Adiutore, two before Civitas and before Cantor. MB. 
 
 ToEK. MM Martlet ; key at each side of neck, AGL Z P 
 
272 
 
 or FE, DBV ADIVTOEB or ADIVTOE MBV. MB. (375) 
 Rud. vi. 10. Sn. ii. 45. "We liave not seen one with a cross 
 upon the king's breast, distinct from the ornament of the 
 tressure ; and without the keys and French title ; as Rud. 
 vi. 9. Some are without the tressure of arches round the 
 head, Rud. Sup. iv. 3. and of those some commence the 
 outer legend on the reverse over Oivitas. MB. some over 
 Eboraci. MB. 
 
 PENNIES of the second coinage appear to have been 
 struck at Canterbury alone, and are extremely scarce. The 
 legend omits the name of France. The cross is forked. 
 MM on both sides a ton. (376). MB. Rud. Sup. iv. 2. 
 
 HALFPENCE of this coinage are also extremely rare, but 
 occur of London, Canterbury, and York. 
 
 London. MM lis, H. D. G. REX ANGLIE Z FRA. 
 Rud. Sup. iv. 10. Sn. iii. 4. late Guff. MB. has another, 
 but legend not satisfactorily legible. Rud. Sup. iv. 9. 
 copied from Sn. ii. 44. has the open crown ; but we suspect 
 this to be an error, occasioned by the arch upon the speci- 
 men copied not being sufEciently visible. Another, with 
 
 doubtful MM, reads HENRIC - REX, and omits the 
 
 pellets on the reverse. MB. 
 
 Oanteebuby. HENRIC DI GRA REX A or AN. MM 
 none. MB. MM lis, late Cuff. MM lis on both sides, rosettes 
 between the words of the legend on obverse. (878). MB. 
 
 YoEK. Like those of Canterbury. MM doubtful, under 
 the bust a key. (377). MB. Rud. vi. 26. 
 
 FARTHINGS. There are two in MB. One is quite 
 illegible, on the other the obverse legend is imperceptible, 
 but there is a letter, E and I ?, on each side of the head, 
 and the rev. legend is CIVITAS (BBO)EACI. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. In his eighteenth year Henry VII. 
 issued a third coinage, of workmanship superior to the 
 preceding and of different types, but of the same weight 
 and fineness. It consisted of shillings, groats, half-groats 
 and pennies. 
 
273 
 
 The SHILLING was the first coin of that denomination 
 which was issued in England. It weighed twelve pennies or 
 144 grains. The obverse represents a profile of the king, 
 wearing an arched crown, and reads HBNRICVS DI GRA 
 REX ANGLIB Z FR., or HENRIO and FRAN". On the 
 reverse is displayed, for the first time, the royal shield, 
 bearing quarterly the arms of France and England upon a 
 cross fourchee, with a lis or a trefoil between the forks ; the 
 exterior legend, as upon the former coinages, was POSVI 
 DEV ADIVTOE MEY, but the interior legend, consisting 
 of the name of the mint, was discontinued. MB. Eud. vi. 
 18. 20. Mr. Young's in 1881 sold for £12. One variety 
 reads HENRIO VII. and ANGL Z FR. (383). MB. It 
 is extremely rare. Another reads SEPTIM instead of VIT, 
 andDEVM ADIVTORBMEVM. MB. Rud. vi. 19. Sn. 
 iii. 8. ext. rare. Captain Murchison's in 1864 sold for £10. 
 These are the first instances in which the number is annexed 
 to the king's name except in the reign of Henry III. All 
 these pieces have MM lis. 
 
 The GROAT is of a type similar to that of the shilling. 
 Some have no numerals. These have MM lis on rev. only, 
 and read 1. HBNRICVS DEI GRA REX ANGLIB Z 
 FR. POSVI LEV ADIVTOE MEV. MB. Or 2. Same 
 but HENRIO, FRANC, DEVM ADIVTORE MBVM. MB. 
 
 3. One with MM lis on rev. only, reads HENRIO SEPTIM 
 DI GRA REX ANGL Z FR. POSVI DEV ADIVTORE 
 MEV. (384). MB. Ext. rare. Another specimen was sold 
 at Mr. Young's sale in 1881 for £12. NO, 1881, p. 171. 
 
 The remainder generally read HENRIO VII DI.GRA 
 REX AGL Z FR or F. POSVI DEV ADIVTORE MEV. 
 
 4. MM lis, ANGL, DEVM. Rud. vi. 16. 5. MM none, small 
 cross before Posui, AGLI Z FR. MB. 6. MM cross cross- 
 let, AGL Z F or FR. MB. Rud. vi. 1 7. One with this MM 
 reads ADIVTOE, and diflFers from the rest in having a 
 tresaure round the king's head. MB. 7. MM pheon, AGL 
 ZPorFR. Rud. vi. 21. MB. Or F, ADIVTOE. MB. 
 8. MM greyhound's head, AGL Z F. MB. 
 
 18 
 
274 
 
 The HALF GROAT is similar to the groatj with and 
 without numerals ; none has occurred with the word Septim. 
 1. That without numerals has MM lis ? on rev. only, and 
 reads ANGLI Z FR. MB. The rest read generally as the 
 groats with VII, but omitting the French title. 2. MM lis. 
 Sn. iii. 6. MB. or omitting Z, ADIVTOB. MB. or HERIG, 
 AGL Z F, ADIVTOE. Rud. vi. 14. 3. MM cinquefoil, 
 without Z, ADIVTOE. Rud. vi. 15. MB. 4 MM rose ? 
 no Z. MB. 5. MM martlet, (385). MB. or with 
 ADIVTOB. MB. One of these weighs 28 grs., the other 
 full 24. 6. MM pheon, ADIVTOB. Rud. vi. 22. MB. or 
 same hut AL for AGL, no Z. MB. Those struck at York 
 have two keys below the shield upon the reverse, and have 
 MM a martlet. They read AGL Z., ADIVTOE. MB. 
 Rud. vi. 23 ; or without the Z, ADIVTORB. MB. One has 
 a cinquefoil on the obverse, and a martlet on the reverse, 
 and reads ADIVTOB, without Z. • (386). MB. 
 
 The PENNIES of this coinage have the king seated upon 
 his throne, crowned, holding a sceptre and orb ; they read 
 generally HENRIO DI GRA REX A, or ANG. The legend 
 of the reverse consists of the name of the city where the 
 coin was struck, Durham, York, and London. 
 
 Ddbham. On the reverses of the Durham pennies, letters 
 at the sides of the shield indicate the Bishop by whose 
 authority they were struck, as D. S. for Dunelmensis 
 Sever or Seveyer ?* Bishop from 1502 to 1605. One of 
 these reads A for ANG, and has MM on obv. a crozier 
 issuing from the king's left hand, and the upper limb of the 
 cross on the reverse terminates in a crozier. MB. (387j. 
 Rud. Sup. iv. 8. Sn. iii. 2. 2. Another omits the crozier 
 on the obv. MB. One of these has an annulet before and 
 after Rex. MB. 3. Rudiug Sup. iv. 5, gives the reverse 
 of a coin with I S at the sides of the shield, and having the 
 upper limb of the cross terminating in a crozier. These 
 
 * So named in Willis's Cathedrals, and in Dugdale's Monasticon, 
 Vol. vi. p. 142. In Vol. i. p. 228, lie is called Levir. His Christian 
 name was William. 
 
275 
 
 letters can only mean John Sherwood, Bishop from 1485 to 
 1493, and would prove that pennies of this type were issued 
 at Durham long before the coinage of Henry's 18th year; 
 but we have not seen the coin, the obverse is not given in 
 the plate, and the coin was evidently in such bad condition 
 that no inference can be drawn from it. Very likely the I 
 may have been really a D. 4. In Rud. vi. 25 a similar coin is 
 given, but no letters appear, and all the limbs of the cross 
 are fourchee. 5. Upon other Durham pennies are the 
 letters R D, which may stand for Ricardus (Fox) Dunelm, 
 Bishop from 1494 to 1502, or for (Thomas) Ruthall, Bishop 
 from 1509 to 1522, during no part of the reign of Henry 
 VII. The former Bishop however died before the 18th 
 year of the king. Christopher Bainbrigge who succeeded 
 Seveyer, did not have the temporalities restored to him till 
 1507, and seems to have struck no money. On these coins 
 the upper limb of the cross terminates in a mitre, over a 
 coronet. Rud. vi. 12. MB. and sometimes the arm of the 
 throne in a rosette. MB. or a cross. Late Sir H. Ellis. 
 They read ANGr or AGL. 6. One with similar ornaments 
 has DR at the sides of the shield, which may indicate the 
 same Bishops. MB. (388). Rud. Sup. iv. 6. Sn. iii. 3. AU 
 read DIRHAM. 
 
 York. These pennies are generally without MM. and 
 where we have seen one it was too indistinct to be described. 
 The throne varies in form and decorations, sometimes is 
 without a back, and in some pieces the king holds the 
 sceptre in his left hand, the orb in his right. (389). Rud. 
 Sup. iv. 4. In some the sceptre is in the right hand. MB. 
 Two keys are always under the shield on the reverse. Rud. 
 vi. 11. They all read AJSTG and BBORACI. One has a 
 small trefoil before and after Rex MB. another has one after 
 Bboraci. MB. and another has a rosette before and after 
 Rex. MB. 
 
 London. There are pennies of similar type struck in 
 London and probably by this king, but the work so much 
 
 18 * 
 
276 
 
 resembles that on some which must have been struck in the 
 reign of his successor that there is some difficulty in ascribing 
 these correctly. The only difference perceptible is the form 
 of the king's throne ; upon those pennies of Durham which, 
 by the initials of contemporary Bishops, are limited to the 
 time of Henry VII. the backs of the chair are expressed by 
 one thick line, surmounted by an ornament, not reaching to 
 the inner circle of the coin. Upon those pennies which in the 
 same manner are limited to the time of Henry VIII. these lines 
 are double, and reach up to the inner circle ; they are also, 
 perhaps, rather more neatly executed. According to this 
 principle, slight as it is, we have arranged these pennies. 
 One of this description with the name of London has a very 
 small cross in the place of MM. MB. Another has MM lis. 
 Rud. vi. 13. Sn. iii. 5. They read A, AN, or ANG. 
 
 Heuey VIII., 1509 to 1547. 
 
 The different coinages of Henry VIII. vary from each 
 other in typo, weight, and fineness of metal ; they may be 
 well divided. into five classes. 1. At the commencement of 
 his reign; 2. at his 18th year; 3. at his 34th year; 4. at 
 his 36th year ; 5. at his 37th year. 
 
 His FiEsl' coinage exactly resembles that of the last years 
 of his father, for he actually continued his portrait upon the 
 coin, only converting the VII. into VIII. in the legend, and, 
 upon some of the half-groats, giving the name of the mint 
 instead of the usual legend POSVI, &c. Of this coinage 
 we have the groat, half-groat, penny, halfpenny and 
 farthing. 
 
 The weight and fineness are the same as before, 1 1 -^ fine 
 silver, ^-^ alloy, and the penny weighing 12 grs. 
 
 GROATS of this coinage exactly resemble his father's 
 with the numerals, except that they have VIII. instead of 
 VII. after the name; they have MM Pheon. Portcullis 
 crowned. (390). Rud. vii. 3. Sn. iii. 12. MB. and Castle, 
 Rud. vii. 2. MB. 
 
277 
 
 HALF-GROATS. Tower. These are also like his father's 
 witli the numerals, but have no other MM than the portcullis. 
 They read HENRIC VIII DI GRA REX AGL Z. POSVI 
 DEV ADIVTOE MEV. MB. or without Z. Sa. iii. 11. 
 
 Canterbury. These have the same obv. legend, with Z 
 after AGL. On the rev. they have at the sides of the shield 
 W. A, for William Wareham, Abp. from 1504 to 1532, and 
 read CIVITAS CANTOR, MM pomegranate. (391). Rud. 
 vii. 4. MB. Ruding calls this MM a flower, perhaps a 
 thistle; it has too been called a poppy, but there can be 
 little doubt of its being intended for a pomegranate, adopted 
 by Abp. Wareham in compliment to Queen Catherine of 
 Aragon, whose badge it was; as Cranmer afterwards used 
 the Catherine wheel in compliment to the same Queen. MM 
 obv. cross fitchee, rev. lis. MB. MM lis. Sn. iii. 16. The 
 following have rev. legend as on the Tower half-groats. MM 
 lis, WA at sides of shield. Rud. Sup. iv. 14. Sn. iii. 15. 
 MM martlet, WA above the shield. Rud. vii. 6. Sn. iii. 14. 
 MB. 
 
 York. These have the same types, and generally the 
 same legend. Some have a Cardinal's cap and keys under 
 the shield without any initial letters. MM Cinquefoil, AL Z. 
 Rud. vii. 5 ifjB. Letter A? MB. Escallop or Ermine? some- 
 times no Z. Sn. iii. 20. MB. Star, AGL Z or AL Z. Rud. 
 vii. 7. M^. All these have for legend the name of the mint. 
 Some with MM star have the POSVI &c. legend. All these 
 as they have merely the indications of a Cardinal, without 
 any initials, were possibly struck by Christopher Bainbridge, 
 Abp. from 1508 to 1515, because being the first Cardinal, 
 he might consider the initials unnecessary ; they may, how- 
 ever, have been struck by Wolsey, Abp. from 1515 to 1531, 
 who was also a Cardinal. One, with X ^^"1 B at sides of 
 shield, and MM a martlet, was clearly struck by Bainbridge ; 
 it has the POSVI legend and no hat or keys. This might 
 have been struck before 1511 in which year he was made a 
 Cardinal. Rud. Sup. iv. 15. Sn. iii. 17. Others with the- 
 
278 
 
 keys, Cardinal's hatj T.W. and name of mint for legend^ are 
 clearly struck by Wolsey. MM cross voided. (392). Sn. iii. 
 19. MB. lis. End. Sup. iv. 16. These omit tlie Z on the 
 obverse. 
 
 PENNY. The type of the penny is the king seated^ rev. 
 armorial shield. The rev. legend is always the name of the 
 mint. Those struck at London read HBNIIIC DI GE,A 
 EEX, or REX A, AL or AGL. MM Portcullis, (394). 
 End. Sup. iv. 43. Sn. iii. 10. MB. Or pheon, vi. 24. MB. 
 DuEHAM : similar, but reading AGL or AGL Z, CIVITAS 
 DVEEAM. Without letters or MM, Rud. Sup. iv. 17; 
 or with D. W. for Dunelm Wolsey, MM mullet, ih. 18. 
 Sn. iii. 18 ; or with T. D. above the shield for Thos. 
 Euthall, MM lis. End. Sup. iv. 7. Sn. iii. 1. MB. ; or T . D 
 at sides of shield, lis on tops of chair, MB. Oanteebuet. 
 No MM, W A at sides of shield, EBX AL, CIVITAS 
 CANTOE. ilO. YoEE. No ? MM, two keys under shield, 
 small pierced cross between words on obv., EBX AN, 
 CIVITAS EBOEACI. MB. Or trefoils instead of pierced 
 crosses, EEX A. MB. 
 
 HALFPENNY. That of the first coinage is not, with 
 certainty, to be distinguished from that of the second ; but 
 there is some reason to think that all the first have the 
 king's titles for the legend ; though T. C. for Thos. Cranmer 
 upon a Canterbury halfpenny with such, a legend, shows 
 that that legend was also used upon the second coinage, as 
 Cranmer did not become Abp. before 1533. A halfpenny with 
 the front face of the king with HENEIC DI GEA EBX 
 AGL, and on the reverse the cross and pellets with the name 
 of London for legend, and MM Portcullis, we suppose to 
 belong to this coinage. Eud. vii. 10. Sn. iii. 9. MB. As also 
 a Canterbury halfpenny of similar type and legends, with 
 MM pomegranate, and W A at the sides of the head. (393). 
 MB. And a similar York halfpenny, with key under bust, 
 and small cross for MM on rev. MB. 
 
 FAETHINGS of this coinage are extremely rare. They 
 
279 
 
 have for type a portcullis, with MM portcullis, and legend 
 HENRIC DI GRA REX. Rev. a cross with a rose upon 
 the centre, CIVITAS LONDON. The only known legible 
 specimen was bought for MB. for £15. 5.s. That which is 
 figured here was the Rev. E. J. Shepherd's. (395). Rud. 
 Sup. 2, svi. 17. 
 
 The SECOND coinage of Henry VIII. took place in his 
 eighteenth year, and is distinguished by bearing his own 
 profile, instead of that of his father, upon the groats and 
 half-groats ; and by other differences upon the other coins, 
 which will be noticed in the proper place. The standard 
 in this coinage remained the same, 11 yg^ oz. fine, -ffj alloy, 
 but the weight was reduced from 12 grains to 10| to the 
 penny. 
 
 GROATS. The Tower groat has the profile of Henry 
 VIII., being younger and fuller than that of his father, 
 with legend generally HENRIC VIII D G R AGL Z 
 ERA, FRAG, FRANC, or FRANCE. The reverse has 
 the cross and shield, with POSVI DEV ADIVTORE MEV. 
 MM rose; some of these read DI G or GRA. Eud. vii. 15. 
 MB. MM obv. lis, rev. rose. MB. MM lis (396). MB. 
 MM obv. lis. rev. pheon. MB. MM pheon. MB. MM 
 arrow. Sn.iii. 24. This reads A GLIE. MB. MM sun and 
 cloud. MB. The York groats have the same type and obv. 
 legends, but, on the reverse, the cardinal's hat is under the 
 shield, T. W., for Thos. Wolsey, at the sides, and the mint 
 name for legend. MM a cross voided. Rud. vii. 16. Sn. 
 iii. 27. MB. Or MM acorn. ? MB. These are the only 
 groats ever struck with the mark of an Archbishop. Wolsey 
 was impeached because, among other things, '' of his pom- 
 pous and presumptuous mind he hath enterprised to join 
 and imprint the Cardinal's Hat under your arms in your coin 
 of groats made at your city of York, which like deed hath 
 not yet been seen to have been done by any subject within 
 your realm before this time." 
 
 HALF-GROATS. Tower. These resemble the groats 
 
280 
 
 in type and legends, but read FRA or PR, and ADIVTOB. 
 MM rose. Rud. vii. 18. MB. Lis. MB. Lis on obv. 
 only. MB. Obv. lis, rev. rose. MB. Arrow. Sn. iii. 23. 
 MB. Sun and cloud. HUNTJEB. 
 
 Canteebuey balf-groats read P or PR on the obverse, 
 and CIVITAS CANTOR on rev. Some have W A at the 
 sides of the shield, with MM on both sides, cross fleury. 
 Rud. vii. 1 7. MB. MM obv. cross fleury, rev. the letter T. 
 MB. MM T on both sides. Sn. iii. 32. MB. MM shell. 
 MB. MM rose. MB. One of these last reads, by a 
 blunder, CIVITOR CANTOR. MB. MM key. Late 
 Shepherd, MM obv. rose, rev. cross fleury and T. Late 
 Shepherd. Others have T. C. at the sides for Thos. Cranmer, 
 and MM Catherine wheel, alluding to Queen Catherine, 
 whose cause he espoused. Rud. vii. 20. Sn. iii. 34. MB. 
 The MM is sometimes on obv. only. MB. 
 
 ToEK half-groats are very similar, reading P, PR, or 
 FRA, and CIVITAS EBORACI. Some have at the sides o£ 
 the shield T. W., a cardinal's hat below, and MM a cross 
 on both sides (397). Rud. vii. 19. Sn. iii. 26. MB. Or a 
 cross with a pellet at the side. MB. Others have E. L. for 
 Edw. Lee, Abp. from 1531 to 1541, without the cardinal's 
 hat and with MM a key. Rud. vii. 21. Sn. iii. 29. MB. 
 Sometimes the letters are L. B. Rud. Sup. iv. 20. Sn. iii. 
 30. MB. One has MM obv. ?, rev. key, with no letters at 
 the sides of the shield. MB. 
 
 PENNIES. To the second coinage we are disposed 
 to assign all those pennies with the type of the king 
 seated upon his throne, which have for legend, variously 
 modified, H. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. The re- 
 verses are, as those of the former coinage, the cross and 
 shield, with the places of mintage, London or Durham, for 
 legend. 
 
 TowEE pennies have 'for MM Rose. Rud. vii. 22. MB. 
 Arrow. Sn. iii. 22. MB. Lis. MB. They read H. D. G. 
 ROSA SIB SPINA, or SINE or SIB SPIA. 
 
281 
 
 Ddeham pennies read SIE SPIA, or^ according to Rud. 
 vii. 8, SPI^. Some have T. W. at the sides of the shield, 
 and cardinal's hat below, for Thos. Wolsey, with MM cres- 
 cent. Eud. vii. 8. MB. Trefoil. Sn. iii. 25. MB. Star. 
 MB. Others have C. D. at the sides for Cuthbert Tonstall, 
 Bp.from 1530 to 1560. MM star. (399). Rud. vii. 9. MB. 
 A Durham penny also occurs with this MM without any 
 letters or allusion to any Bishop. MB. 
 
 HALFPENCE. These are formed after the fashion of 
 those of Henry VII., but much smaller, having the full face, 
 crowned, the bust unclothed ; rev. the cross and pellets : 
 the ROSA legend on the obverse, the place of mintage on 
 the reverse. 
 
 TowEE. The MM's are, Rose. Snell. p. 23. Lis. Rud. 
 Sup. iv. 11, 12. MB. Arrow. Rud. vii. 23. Sn.iii. 21. MB. 
 
 Canteebuet. These have W A for Abp. Wareham, no 
 MM. Rud. vii. 11. Sn. iii. 31. or T. 0. for Tho. Cranmer, 
 MM Catherine wheel. (398). MB., and one, with the king's 
 titles instead of ROSA legend, has T at the sides, for 
 Tho. Cranmer, and MM portcullis. Rud. vii. 12. Sn. iii. 
 33. This coin rather militates against the arbitrary rule we 
 have proposed for separating the pence and halfpence of the 
 first and second coinage, showing that, at least at Canter- 
 bury, the old legend was retained in the second coinage ; 
 for Cranmer did not become Abp. till 1533. 
 
 ToEK halfpence have E L for Edw. Lee, and MM a key. 
 Rud. Sup. iv. 19. Sn. iii. 28. MB. Or without tbe letters, 
 MM cross voided, key under bust. MB. 
 
 FARTHINGS. To this coinage may also be assigned 
 two rare farthings. One has on the obverse a portcullis, 
 MM an arrow, RVTILANS ROSA. Rev. a rose upon 
 
 the centre of a cross. HEN AG. (400). Rud. Sup. 2, 
 
 xvi. 24. MB. The other has MM lis, and for reverse a 
 cross with a pellet in each angle, H. D. GRATI. Rud. ih. 18. 
 Rev. J. MARTIN. 
 
 With this second coinage comes to an. end the series of 
 
282 
 
 Episcopal coins. Archbishops Craniner and Lee, and Bishop 
 Tonstall, were the last Bishops who struck coins by their 
 own authority. 
 
 The THiED coinage of Henry VIII. took place in the 34th 
 year of his reign ; when the types underwent some altera- 
 tion, and the coin was deteriorated both in weight and fine- 
 ness. The penny now weighed only 10 grs.j and two oz., in 
 twelve, of alloy were used. 
 
 This coinage consisted of shillings, g'roats, half groats, 
 pence, and halfpence. The king is represented with a front, 
 or nearly front face, crowned, wearing a royal mantle with a 
 fur collar ; the legend contains his titles, including the new 
 one of King of Ireland, HBNEIG VIII DI GRA AGL 
 FRA Z HIB REX. 
 
 This type has generally been considered to have been in- 
 troduced at the same time that the coin was debased, but 
 specimens in fine silver of various denominations contradict 
 this view ; they bear however the title of king of Ireland, 
 which, though conferred by an Irish Statute of 1540, was 
 not ratified by the English Parliament till 1543. They 
 must therefore have been struck only just before the debase- 
 ment in that year. No indenture or proclamation for such a 
 coinage is known, but it is probable that he would not delay 
 displaying his new title of king of Ireland upon his coins : 
 we know he immediately issued Irish coins. 
 
 The SHILLINGS, or testoons as they were named, have 
 the king's bust, full faced, in royal mantle, fur collar, MM. 
 lis, HENRIC VIII &c. Rev. a rose crowned between the 
 letters H. R. also crowned ; the legend POSVI DEV 
 ADIVTOERIVM MEVM. MM. two lis, MB. or DEVM, 
 Rud. vii. 2. or DEVM, ADIVTORIVM, Sn. iii. 38. These 
 plates have only one lis on the rev. Another in MS. reads 
 ADIVTORBVM. A third with one lis on rev. reads ADl- 
 TORIVM. MB. These last two both read DEVM. 
 
 The GROAT has the same MM. and a similar bust, but 
 the face not quite so full, leg. HENRIC. 8. D G AGL ERA 
 
283 
 
 Z HIB REX. POSVI DBV ADIVTORB MEV. Rev. 
 cross and shield; an annulet in eacli fork of the cross. 
 MM lis. Rud. viii. 3. Sn. iii. 37. MB. 
 
 HALF G-ROAT same as groat in every respect^ but FR, 
 HB, and ADIVTOB. Rud. viii. 4. Sn. iii. 36, perhaps also 
 Rud. viii. 13. Sn. iii. 43. MB. 
 
 PBNNT : legend ROSA &o. MM lis. Rev. shield, CIVI- 
 TAS LONDON. Rud. viii. 5. Sn. iii. 35. MB. The quality 
 of the metal induces us to assign to this coinage a York 
 penny. Bust mantled, ROSA SINB SPINIS. CIVITAS 
 BBORAC. MB. 
 
 We shall now proceed to describe those pieces which, 
 from the apparent quality of the metal, seem to have really 
 belonged to the coinage of his 34th year. As the types of 
 these, and of the still further debased coinages of his 36th 
 and 37th years, appear to be in many instances the same, no 
 reliance can be placed upon engravings for distinguishing the 
 separate coinages, and our arrangement will be derived 
 exclusively from pieces actually examined. We cannot 
 however venture to assert that we are always correct, for 
 appearances are deceitful, and we cannot resort to the only 
 true test, an assay. 
 
 SHILLING : types as in fine silver, but 8 D GR instead 
 of VIII DI GRA; DBVM, ADIVTORIVM. MM before 
 legend, a lis ; after, annulet enclosing a pellet. Rev. MM 
 annulet enclosing a pellet. MB. (401), or same, but MM rev. 
 lis, annulet enclosing a pellet after legend on rev., ANGL. 
 MB. or MM obv. annulet. Rev. annulet and pellet, D G 
 AGL FR &c. Rud. viii. 6. 
 
 GROAT : similar to that of fine silver. MM on both 
 sides, hs, annulet enclosing pellet between forks of cross. 
 MB. Another, MM arrow, annulet between forks. Rud. viii. 
 8. MB. MM rev. only, a picklock ; a half-rose between 
 forks of the cross. MB. There are others in which the bust 
 is smaller, not in a royal mantle, but having a plain falling 
 collar, like Rud. viii. 10. MM. lis on both sides, annulet 
 
284 
 
 enclosing pellet in each fork. MB. or MM martlet, some 
 uncertain obiect in the forks, probably half a rose as in some 
 groats of Canterbury. (402). MB. One -with royal mantle, 
 no MM, has S between each fork, leg. CIVITAS LONDON, 
 with two trefoils before and after each word. MB. Sn. iii. 42, 
 not quite correct. 
 
 A Beistol groat has mantled bust, WS for mint mark on 
 rev., and two small trefoils after each word ; nothing in the 
 forks of the cross. MB. 
 
 A Canteebuet groat has the bust with the plain collar, no 
 MM, half a rose in each fork, leg. CIVITAS CANTOR, a 
 pellet before and after each word of legend. MB. Another 
 without the pellets. MB. 
 
 A York groat has the mantled bust, no MM, nothing in 
 the forks, leg. CIVITAS BBORACI with two trefoils 
 before and after each word. MB. (403). End. viii. 9. An- 
 other has the plain mantle and falling collar, no MM, one 
 trefoil at the beginning, four in middle of legend. MB. 
 
 HALF-GROATS. Those which we suppose to belong 
 to this coinage are the following : — 
 
 London. Similar in every respect to those in fine silver, 
 but apparently baser, and reading RE and POSV, MB. 
 
 Bristol. Mantled bust, no MM; HENRIC 8 D G ANG 
 IR [sic) Z HIB REX. Rev. shield and cross without any 
 object in the fork; MM lis, after CIVITAS; and WS, in 
 monogram, before. (404). MB. Another has a lis between 
 each fork of the cross, one after CIVITAS, and another 
 before BRTSTOLIE. MB. 
 
 Canteebuey. Similar in type to the Bristol, but without 
 any MM. It reads AG FR, and CIVITAS CANTOR. 
 End. Sup. iv. 21. MB. or AGL FRA Z HIB RE. ' Sn. iii. 
 41. 
 
 YoEK: On the authority of Rud. viii. 14, like the groat, 
 but without the trefoils. 
 
 PENNY. London. This has the full faced mantled bust, 
 with H. D. G. ROSA. SINE. SPINA— no MM. Rev. CIVI- 
 
285 
 
 TAS LONDON, all in Eoman letters. (405). Eud. viii. 16. 
 MB. MM on rev. picklock. MB. or no MM, 8PINIS. 
 MB. These all have a pellet between each word on obv. 
 Perhaps Sn. iii. 40, with MM lis and old English N belongs 
 to this coinage. 
 
 Bristol has generally the head smaller, and more of the 
 body shown; no MM; legend HE 8 D. G. ROSA SINE 
 SPINA, with a cross after the word Rosa. Rev. lis after 
 CIVITASj and two pellets before; all the letters are old 
 English. (406). Rud. viii. 17. MB. 
 
 HALFPENCE of this coinage were struck in London 
 MB. Canterbury, MB., and York, MB. They have all the 
 king's bust, front faced, wearing the royal mantle, and with 
 the ROSA &c. legend. The reverse has the cross fourchee 
 with pellets in the quarters, and the name of the mint for 
 legend. (407). Rud. viii. 18, 19. One of London has the 
 cross scarcely forked, and upon its centre an annulet enclos- 
 ing a pellet. MB. (408). One of York has MM cross voided. 
 MB. 
 
 The FOURTH coinage, or that of the 36th year of Henry 
 VIII. was of a still more debased character than the pre- 
 ceding, being exactly half silver and half alloy ; the weight 
 however continued the same, the penny being 10 gr. The 
 type continued the same, with some slight unimportant 
 variations in minor details. 
 
 SHILLING. Like the preceding, MM annulet enclosing 
 a pellet, the legend reads D. G. &c. and ADIYTORIVM, 
 MB. Another has MM on both sides the old English ®, 
 the legend CIVITAS LONDON having at the beginning 
 middle and end, three balls with three florets to each. (409). 
 MB. Sn. iii. 46, but no MM. Rud. viii. 7, but with LON- 
 DONIE instead of London, and no MM. 
 
 Of this coinage also was probably the Bristol shilling of 
 the same type, which reads HENRIC 8 D G ANGL, &c. and 
 CIVITAS BRISTOLIB. The MM is invisible. MB. An- 
 other reads BRISTOLLIE, and for MM on rev. has WS in 
 
286 
 
 monogram, and three lis after Civitas. MB. This MM, 
 which has been called W, or VY, is really the monogram of 
 W S, probably for Sir William Sharrington, chief officer of 
 the mint at Bristol. See Seyer's Memoirs of Bristol, Vol. ii. 
 p. 228. Rud. Vol. ii. p. 314. 
 
 GROAT. Mantled bust, obv. legend as on the last groats, 
 MM on both sides a martlet, leg. POSVI &c., a half rose 
 between the forks of the cross. MB. or MM on rev. only, a 
 bow, without any object in the forks. Sn. iii. 44. or MM K 
 on obv. only, lozenge between the words. MB. or without 
 MM. MB. One has rev. legend CIVITAS LVNDINIB, 
 with MM on rev. only boar's head. MB. One has CIVITAS 
 LONDON, MM Roman B. MB. The following have CIVI- 
 TAS LONDON, and a plain mantle. MM E. nothing in 
 the forks of the cross. Rud. viii. 10. MB. MM obv. lis, rev. 
 none. English (B in two of the forks, S in the others. MB. 
 Same, but with open lozenges between the words, MB. 
 
 The Beistol groat has also mantled bust, no MM. Legend 
 as on London groats, bat ANG for AGL. Rev. CIVITAS 
 BRISTOLIEj a rose and a lis between the words and WS 
 at the commencement, a lis between the forks of the cross. 
 Rud. viii. 11. MB. Similar, without WS. MB. Similar, 
 with WS, but MM rose at the end of obv. leg. MB. An- 
 other with small cross instead of rose for MM. Another 
 has no MM on obv. but TL in monogram or perhaps an ill- 
 formed and imperfect B, rose after CIVITAS, trefoil before 
 BRISTOLIB and also in the forks of the cross. MB. 
 
 Canteebuet. No MM, mantled bust, two trefoils before 
 and after each word on rev. MB. 
 
 YoEK. Mantled bust, no MM on either side ; no object in 
 the forks ; but two small trefoils before and after each word 
 of the legend CIVITAS BBORACI. MB. or without the 
 trefoils. MB. 
 
 HALF GROATS. We cannot distinguish any half groats 
 of this year, all the base ones we have met with appearing 
 to belong to the still baser coinage of next year. Rud. viii. 
 
287 
 
 15, with WS, perhaps belongs to this coinage. The MB. 
 specimen has lis after CIYTTAS. (404). 
 
 PENNIES of this coinage all seem to be of the Canter- 
 bury mintj and have the mantled bust, no MM, but small 
 open lozenges between each word on obv., H D G- ROSA 
 SIN or SINE SP or SPI. MB. 
 
 The FIFTH coinage, or that of his 37th year. 
 
 SHILLINGS of this very base coinage resemble those of 
 his 34th and 36th years. MM on one or both sides, annulet 
 enclosing a pellet, leg. POSVI DEVM ADINTTORIVM 
 MEVM. MB. One with MM S ? on the obverse, and © 
 on the reverse, has legend OIVITAS LONDON with orna- 
 ment exactly like that of his 36th year, MB. and another of 
 the same type seems to have MM S on both sides. 
 Late Wakbford. 
 
 GROATS. London has the small head, with probably 
 the falling collar, no MM. Rev. shield and cross with an 
 annulet in the forks, leg. REDDB CVIQVE QVOD SVVM 
 EST. or MM a bow. Rud. viii. 12. MB. or obv. MM bow. 
 rev. MM a picklock. Sn. iii. 45. 
 
 BfiisTOL is like that of the 4th coinage. MM obv. none, 
 rev. WS in monogram ; cinquefoil and pierced cross 
 between CIVITAS and BRISTOLIE, small annulet in 
 forks of cross. MB. or similar but rose and four dots instead 
 of cinquefoil and pierced cross. MB. 
 
 Gantbeboey has mantled bust, no MM, rev. half rose in 
 forks of cross. MB., or annulet in forks of cross. MB., or 
 MM pierced cross ; pierced cross before and after each word 
 of the rev. legend, annulet in the forks. MB. The Museum 
 specimen is counter marked with a lis within an oval border. 
 Or MM pierced cross before and after obv. legend, and before 
 and after each word on rev. ; annulet in the forks. MB. 
 
 The Rev. E. J. Shepherd mentions having seen a groat 
 certainly of this year, with the legend of the earlier coinages, 
 POSVI &c. 
 
 HaLF-GROATS. The base half-groats, which we have 
 
288 
 
 met with, appear to belong to this year. The London ones 
 have the mantled bust, the legend HENRI or HENRIO 8 
 D G AGL PR Z HI REX. CIVITAS LONDON, sometimes 
 no MM, MB., or MM the letter E on rev. only, with a 
 pierced cross before and after the legend. MB., or two such 
 crosses between CIVITAS and LONDON. MB. 
 
 Canteebuet : mantled bust, no MM nor any object in forks 
 of cross, and reads D G A F Z HIB REX. MB. 
 
 YoEK has also the mantled bust, no MM or object in forks 
 of cross; AGL FR Z HIB REX. MB. 
 
 Mr. Shepherd also mentions a half-groat of this year with 
 the POSVI legend, and bust in a royal mantle; MM un- 
 certain. 
 
 The half-groat with reverse legend REDD GVIQ QD 
 SYVM EST, (410), was found near Colchester, and in 1840 
 it had been in the collection of the Rev. J. Martin for 
 twenty-five years. 
 
 PENNIES of this coinage appear to have been struck at 
 London, Canterbury and York. 
 
 London resembles that of the 34th year, but reads SIN 
 SPI, and has on the reverse a MM perhaps the letter E, 
 and two crosses after each word on obv. 105. Another, 
 probably unique, in very bad state, appears to have an arrow 
 for MM. The legend of the reverse is RED. CVIQ Q : SV 
 EST. (411). MB. 
 
 Canteebuey pennies have the common type and read SIN 
 or SINE SPIN, SPINI, or SPINIS and CIVITAS CAN- 
 TOR. They have no MM, but one or two pellets between 
 each word on obv. MB. One of them commences the legend 
 of the reverse at the side instead of, as usual, at the top. 
 MB. Another has the three-quarter face, plain mantle and 
 falling collar. MB. 
 
 YouK. These have also the common type without any 
 MM or other peculiarity; one has the three-quarter face, 
 plain mantle and falling collar. MB. Others have the full 
 face and royal mantle. MB. They read EBORACI. 
 
289 
 
 Bdwaed VI., 1547 to 1563. 
 
 When Edward VI. came to the throne, at the age of little 
 more than nine years, he found the coinage of the realm in 
 a state of debasement, most disgraceful to the government 
 and injurious to the people. The propriety and necessity 
 of re-establishing a currency of standard metal seems to have 
 been perceived at an early period of his reign, and endea- 
 vours were made to accomplish so desirable an end. The 
 principles however were not well understood, the expense 
 of doing it honestly was more than the state of the treasury 
 could conveniently bear, and the reformation of the coinage 
 was therefore marked by vacillation and injustice. The 
 ultimate object of the government was correct and good, 
 but the mode of arriving at it was irregular and dishonest. 
 As their views were not clear, their proceedings were incon- 
 sistent, and there is consequently some difficulty in ascer- 
 taining to what coinage we must refer the various pieces 
 which we shall have to describe. 
 
 His first coinage was ordered to be of the same low stan- 
 dard as that of the last years of his father; viz. 4 oz. of 
 silver to 8 oz. of alloy ; the weight in the proportion of 
 10 grs. to the penny; and the denomination of the coins the 
 same, testoons, groats, half-groats, pennies, halfpennies and 
 farthings; but of these, groats, half -groats, pennies, and 
 halfpennies alone are now known ; and are all rare. 
 
 GROATS. The type of these represents the bust of the 
 king in profile, crowned, surrounded by his titles, variously 
 abbreviated, EDWARD 6 D G AG FR Z HIB REX. 
 The reverse has a cross fleuree over the shield, with POSVI 
 DBV ADIVTORB MBV. The only now known MM is the 
 arrow, with a crescent between each fork of the cross. (412). 
 Rud. is. 1. Sn. iv. 8. MB. Others have CIVITAS LON- 
 DON instead of POSVI &c. and MM a lozenge, with smaller 
 ones at the ends of the words. (413). Rud. ix. 3. Sn. iv. 5. 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 MB. or MM on rev. E. MB. Snelling mentions Canterbury 
 also, but we do not know of a specimen. 
 
 HALF-GROATS exactly resemble the groats ; that with 
 the legend POSVI &c. has the MM on both sides arrow. 
 (414). Rud.ix. 2. Sn.iT.4. MB. The CIVITAS LONDON 
 has MM on both sides arrow. MB. or on rev. only E ? MB. 
 (416). The OIVITAS CANTOR appears to be without any 
 MM and reads EDWARD. Sn. iv. 1. MB. or EDOARD. 
 Rud. ix. 4. 
 
 PENNY : same type as the groat, but instead of the 
 king's titles it has the legend B. D. G. ROSA SIN or 
 SINE SPI. The reverse has the name of the mint. 
 
 London, MM arrow, Sn. iv. 7. MB. or E — MB. or without 
 any MM. Rud. ix. 5. 
 
 Bristol. ED 6 D Q ROSA SINE SPIPA. CIYITAS 
 BRISTOLIE. with a cross after Rosa, a trefoil in each fork 
 of the cross on rev. and a lis after Oivitas. Sn. iv. 6. or with 
 MM cross, SPINE, no peculiar marks, Rud. ix. 16. or with 
 SPINA, cross fleury ? after Rosa, trefoil after SINE and 
 SPINA and in the forks of the cross, cross after CIVITAS. 
 (415). MB. This has the peculiarity of being good 
 silver. 
 
 HALFPENNIES. A Bristol halfpenny of this coinage 
 has the same obverse type as the penny, and reads ap- 
 parently ED 6 D G ROSA SINE SPIPI, the last P being 
 reversed. Rev. cross and pellets. CIVITAS BRISTOLM 
 in old English letters ; trefoil in the forks of the cross. MB. 
 A London halfpenny of the same type, but of very base 
 metal and ia very bad preservation, was in Mr. Bergne's 
 collection. NO vii. NCNS i. 24. 
 
 SHILLINGS. After the issuing of this first coinage 
 there was some attempt at improvement in the standard, 
 and testoons or shillings were ordered to be struck with 
 6 oz. of silver and 6 of aUoy, and of the weight of 80 gr., 
 and these we shall proceed to describe, premising, however, 
 that there seems to be amongst them considerable difference 
 
291 
 
 in the quality of the metal. The king's bust is in profile 
 crowned ; and in his style the Roman VI. is always used. 
 On the reverse the arms are upon a garnished oval shield, 
 now introduced for the first time, with the letters ER at the 
 side. Upon these pieces the cross, which from the time of 
 the Conquest had invariably appeared upon the reverse of 
 the coins, was omitted. Upon some we have the legend 
 INQIIOOS BIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONB taken from 
 Psalm cxxxii. 19. It appears sometimes on the rev. (417). 
 Rud. S. 4. 28. MB. The Museum specimen is not of the 
 basest metal, which that described by Ruding is said to be. 
 Sometimes this legend changes place with the king's titles. 
 Rud. ix. 8. Sn. iv. 9. All have MM bow, and legend 
 EDWARD YI D G ANGL FRA Z HIB REX. 
 
 Upon most of these shillings we have the legend TIMOR 
 DOMINI FONS VIT^ or VITB taken from Prov. siv. 27. 
 with the date now also first introduced upon English, money. 
 Henry VIII had introduced a date upon his Tournay groat 
 in Roman numerals. They occur of the dates MDXLVII. 
 YITM. MM cinquefoil, EDWARD VI REX ANGL 
 FRANC HIRER Z 0. MB. or MDXL7, VITB, the legend 
 changing place with the king's titles, MM rose, AGL FRA 
 HIB &c. Rud. ix. 6. MB. MDXLVIII, VIT^, MM bow, 
 EDWARDVS VI REX ANGLI FRANC HIBERNI.3E. 
 MB. MDXLVIIII, similar to last but HIBERNI. MB. The 
 above are usually considered patterns. They all omit D. G. 
 and generally read VIT.iE. The following also read VIT.<3B, 
 and have the TIMOR legend on the obverse, with EDWARD 
 VI D G AGL FRA Z HIB REX on the reverse, and are 
 all dated MDXLIX. MM arrow, Rud. Sup. iv. 27. Sn. iv. 
 10. MB. MM T, (418). MB. no MM, Rud. ix. 9. MB. 
 In Sn. iv. 10. the legend is given as VITA, and in Rud. ix. 
 9. as VITB. The following have the same legends and 
 date, but VITB for Vitas, and the king's titles on the 
 obverse. MM's arrow. MB. Grapple, MB. Y. MB. 
 T. MB. Small t. MB. Swan.Rud.ix.il. MB. TG in 
 
 19 * 
 
292 
 
 monogram, with cinqnefoil after Vite. Rud. ix. 10. MB. 
 TGr are said to be the initials of Thomas Gale, mint master 
 at York ; but this is a mistake, for that officer's name was 
 George; Of the same kind, with legends as the last, we 
 have the date MDL, and MM Swan, Rud. ix. 12, Sn. iv. 11. 
 MB. The following, with the same type and legends, are 
 of the very basest kind, not proceeding with the improve- 
 ment of his father's standard, as was done in the preceding 
 shillings, but actually descending even lower in the scale, 
 for they have only 3 oz. silver to 9 of alloy. Of these we 
 have of the year MDL the MM Lis on the obv., Y on the 
 rev. MB. Of MDLI, Lis on both sides. Rud. Sup. iv. 29, 
 Sn. iv. 13. MB. Harp, Rud. Sup. iv. 30, this does not appear 
 to have the letters ER on the reverse. Rose, Rud. ix. 13. 
 We have also MDLII, MM obv. Y, rev. rose, FRAN instead 
 of Pra. MB. It is not easy to account for this date upon a 
 base shilling, as the money of fine silver was certainly in 
 circulation in the preceding year. Another of the same date 
 in MB. with uncertain MM has some indications of the grey- 
 hound countermark, but the outline is not correct, and I 
 almost suspect the coin to be one of those counterfeits which 
 history tells us were so prevalent at that time. The base 
 shillings were decried in the third year of Elizabeth, and 
 ordered to pass respectively for fourpence halfpenny each, 
 and to be countermarked with a portcullis before the face of 
 the king ; and for twopence farthing, to be countermarked 
 with the print of a greyhound. The portcullis appears upon 
 one of MDXLIX, MM Swan, Rud. ix. 14, Sn. iv. 12. MB. 
 and in margin of the original proclamation. The greyhound 
 upon coins with MM Lis, MDLI. MB. with Rose, MDLI. 
 Rud. ix. 15, Sn. iv. 14, and Lion in margin of proclamation. 
 These basest coins, valued at twopence farthing, had for MM 
 lion, lis, rose, harp. Those marked with the swan, rose, 
 arrow, and bow, are said to have been coined at the mint in 
 Durham House in the Strand, by Sir Martin Bowes. 
 
 The determination was at length made to issue a coinage 
 
293 
 
 of a proper standard, and in 1551 commenced tlie circulation 
 of crownSj halE-crowns, shillings, sixpences and threepences 
 of 11 oz. 1 dwt. to 19 dwt. of alloy; with pennies, half- 
 pennies and farthings, of only 4 oz. silver to 8 oz. alloy. 
 These were struck at the Tower under the direction of 
 Throgmorton, and at Southwark under Sir John Torke. 
 
 The CROWNS represent the king mounted upon a horse, 
 sometimes trotting or walking, and sometimes capering, the 
 date under the horse 1551, 1552, 1553 ; the king's titles 
 EDWARD VI D G AGL FRA, FRANO, or FRANCI, Z 
 HIB, HIBE or HIBBR REX. Rev. arms and cross fleuree, 
 POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM, one or both of the 
 final M's being sometimes omitted. Those of 1551 have 
 MM. T for Sir J. Torke. Rud. x. 1. MB., or Ton for 
 Throgmorton. Late Mr. G. Wakeford. Those of 1552, 
 (420), MB. and 1553, Sn. iv. 18, MB., have the Ton. 
 
 The HALF-CROWNS are exactly the same as the crowns, 
 except that the king's titles are AGL or AG-LIB, FRA or 
 FRAN, HIB or HIBE. The MM's too are the same, 1651 
 with MM Y, horse walking, richly caparisoned, plume on 
 head, Rud. x. 2. 1551 and 1552 with MM Ton, horse 
 capering, without plumes, Rud. x. 3. MB. 1563 MM Ton, 
 horse walking, no plumes, caparisons decorated with a cross, 
 (421). Rud. X. 4. Sn. iv. 19. 
 
 SHILLINGS. The piece (419) is of fine silver, and, as 
 appears from the date, was struck at this time of improve- 
 ment; it was probably only a pattern for a shilling, but 
 being almost unique, and unpublished, we could not refrain 
 from giving a representation of so singular a piece. The 
 king is represented on horseback, galloping, armed, and in 
 a menacing attitude. His titles form the legend. Rev. a 
 square topped shield, crowned, between B. R. Legend 
 TIMOR DOMINI FONS VITB M. D. L. I. MM on both 
 sides, a bird's head. MB. Wt. 76^ gi-s. Mr. Evans has 
 another weighing 98 grs. 
 
 The current shillings represented the king, front faced. 
 
294 
 
 crowned, in ermine robe, and collar of knighthood; his titles 
 as usual, AGL FEA Z HIB REX, a rose at one side of his 
 head, and XII, for 12 pence, at the other : reverse as on the 
 crowns. MM Ton, (422), Eud. x. 5, Sn. iv. 15. or Y, 
 End. X. 6. MB. 
 
 SIXPENCE. Exactly the same as the shilling, and 
 same legends and MM, but with VI instead of XII. Eud. x. 
 7. MB. One with MM Ton is without the collar round 
 the king's neck. Eud. x. 8. MB. Some were struck at 
 York and have CIVITAS EBOEACI instead of POSVI 
 &c., and MM mullet pierced; HIB or HIBEE. (423). 
 Eud. X. 10. Sn. iv. 16. MB. 
 
 THEEEPBNCE; same as shillings, but no collar round 
 the king's neck, AGL PEA or AG PE., Ill instead of XII, 
 MM Ton, Eud. x. 9. MB. or Ton on one side and rose on 
 the other. Some of these also were struck at York, differing 
 from the sixpence only in the III at the side of the bust. 
 MM. mullet pierced, on both sides. Eud. x. 11. Sn. iv. 17. 
 MB. Sometimes only on one. MB. (424). They read AG 
 PE Z HIB. 
 
 In the commission for making shillings and sixpences, 
 issued in 1651, no mention is made of these pieces. Stowe, 
 in his annals for that year, naming each other sort of money, 
 does not mention them. They differ from the larger monies 
 in not having the collar ; they are mentioned in the inden- 
 ture of 1552 and I therefore conclude that they were struck 
 in that year. 
 
 PENCE of this coinage occur of fine metal, and of base. 
 The fine penny has the king seated upon his throne as 
 on his father's and grandfather's pence, with the legend 
 B. D. G. EOSA SINE SPI. Eev. arms and cross, CIVITAS 
 LONDON. MM on both sides. Ton. (425). Eud. x. 12. 
 Sn. iv. 20. MB. 
 
 The base penny has a full blown rose, instead of the king 
 upon his throne, with the same legend, but SPINA. Eev. 
 same as the fine money. Those struck at London have MM 
 
295 
 
 Scallop, MB. (426). Trefoil. Or no MM, Eud. ix. 17. Sn. iv. 
 2. MS. or Rose oa tlie rev. There was also one with the same 
 obv. legend struck at York, CIVITAS BBORACI, MM mullet 
 pierced. Rud. x. 13. Sn. iv. 3, MB. TheMuseum possesses 
 a London penny of fine silver, of the same type, MM scallop, 
 which weighs 6-j^ grs. Rud. Sup. iv. 26. This was pro- 
 bably struck in 1552 when order had been given to stop the 
 issue of the base small money. 
 
 HALFPENCE are nearly similar to the base pence, having 
 the difference mentioned by Stowe, that while the rose upon 
 the penny is double, that upon the halfpenny is single. MB. 
 (427). It weighs 3^^^ grs., metal base, and has MM escallop. 
 
 FARTHING has the portcullis with B. D. G. ROSA 
 SINE SPI. Rev. cross and pellets, CIVITAS LONDON. 
 (428). Rud. ix. 18. Sn. iv. 1. MB. 
 
 Maet, 1553 to 1558. 
 
 When Mary ascended the throne, she announced her 
 intention to restore the coins to their original standard of 
 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine silver to 18 dwts. aUoy; instead of which 
 she actually made it less fine than she found it. Edward's 
 last coinage was 11 oz. 1 dwt. fine, Mary's was 11 oz. fine 
 and 1 oz. alloy. The weight was in the proportion of 8 grs. 
 to the penny, the base pieces weighed 12 grs. Before her 
 marriage she coined groats, half-groats, and pence. 
 
 GROATS. On these she is represented in profile to the 
 left, crowned and wearing sometimes a cross suspended to 
 her necklace. She is styled MARIA D G AJSTG FRA or 
 FR Z HIB RBGI. A pomegranate, after her name, serves 
 as MM. Rev. shield and cross fleuree, the legend VERITAS 
 TBMPORIS FILIA, a pomegranate after the first word. 
 (429). Rud. xi. 1. Sn. v. 5. MB. The motto, with the device 
 of Time drawing Truth out of a pit, was adopted by the 
 persuasion of her popish clergy, in allusion to her endeavours 
 
296 
 
 to restore the abominations of popery, which had been in a 
 great degree suppressed by her predecessors. 
 
 The HALF-G-ROAT varies from the Groat only in size 
 and weight, and in reading A or AN FR, and TEMPO for 
 TEMPOEIS. (431). Rud. xi. 2. Sn. v. 1. MB. 
 
 The PENNY has the bust crowned as the others, the 
 legend M D G ROSA SINE SPINA, no MM or inner 
 circle on either side ; rev. shield and cross, leg. CIVITAS 
 LONDON. Rud. xi. 3. MB. A specimen was sold at Mr. 
 Young's sale in 1881 for £18. 5s. One of similar type but with 
 MM lis on the obverse, and reading MAR D G &c., in fine 
 preservation, was in Mr. Ohristmas's collection. NCNS i. 25. 
 In Sn. V. 2. an inner circle is marked, perhaps erroneously, 
 on both sides; but a specimen in Mr. G. "Wakeford's collec- 
 tion seems to have traces both of an inner circle on the 
 reverse and of a date, . . 63 ? above the shield. One penny, 
 perhaps unique, has the legend VERITAS TEMP PILIA, 
 with the pomegranate after VERITAS. (430). MB. 
 
 There is another penny issued by her which weighed 10 
 grains, but had only 3 oz. fine silver to 9 oz. alloy. This 
 has a rose instead of the Queen's bust, with MM a rose, rev. 
 similar to other pennies, CIVITAS LONDON. Rud. xi. 4. 
 Sn. V. 6. MB. 
 
 Her first coinage after her marriage did not differ much in 
 appearance from the former; on the groat, her husband's 
 name was added to her own, PHILIP Z MARIA D G REX 
 Z REGINA; and the old legend of the reverse was recurred 
 to, POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO NOS. No inner circle on 
 either side. MM. lis. Sometimes ET was used, Rud. xi. 5. 
 MB, sometimes the old Z. Sn. v. 8. (432). MB. 
 
 The HALP-GROAT was similar, with ET, and POSVIM 
 for Posuimus. (433). Rud. xi. 6. Sn. v. 4. MB. 
 
 The PENNY resembled the former penny ; having how- 
 ever MM lis on both sides and reading P Z M D G ROSA 
 SINE SPINE. (434). Rud. xi. 7. MB. or SPIN. Sn. v. 3. 
 Upon these half-groats and pennies an oval pearl, instead of 
 
297 
 
 a crossj is suspended from the necklace. Rud. xi. 3, 5, 7, 
 erroneously omit both. The base penny resembled the 
 former base one^ except in the slight alteration of the royal 
 names. It has MM rose, with SINE SPI. (435). MB. or SIN 
 SPIN. Sn. T. 7, or without MM, SINE SPINA. Rud. xi. 8. 
 
 It was not long however before the appearance of her coin 
 was changed, for in the first year after her marriage her 
 husband's bust appeared facing hers, as described by Batler, 
 Still amorous, fond and billing 
 Like Philip and Mary upon a shilling. 
 
 The new coins consisted of half-crowns, shillings, six- 
 pences. If groats, half-groats, and pence were struck, they 
 were of the same type as those previous to the introduction 
 of the king's bust. 
 
 The HALP-CEOWN is perhaps only a pattern for an 
 intended coin never issued, for two only are known. On 
 one side is the bust of Philip to the right, in armour; above, 
 the crown; below, the date 15 54. Legend . PHILIPVS. D. 
 G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. no MM. On the other 
 the bust of Mary to the left, in her usual dress ; above, the 
 crown between 15 54. Legend. . MARIA. D. G. R. ANG. 
 FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. (438). Rud. xi. 18. Sn. v. 18. MB. 
 The otber specimen is in the Hunter Museum. 
 
 The SHILLINGS have similar busts of the king and 
 queen face to face, with the crown over them, PHILIP BT 
 MARIA D G R ANG PR NEAP PR HISP. POSVIMVS 
 DEVM ADIVTORIVM NOSTRVM, without any date. 
 Rud.xi. 16. Sn.v. 12. or ADIVTOREM. MB. or with 15 54 
 at the sides of the crown on obv., ADIYTOREM. Rud. xi. 9. 
 Sn. V. 9. (436). MB. The reverse has an oval garnished 
 shield, crowned, impaling the arms of Philip and Mary, the 
 figures X ii at the sides of the crown, now first introduced 
 in that place, to indicate the value of the coin. Mr. G. 
 Wakeford had one reading ADIVTOREM, with neither date 
 nor figures, and a similar coin was sold at Mr. Young's 
 sale in 1881 for £11. Us. 
 
298 
 
 Upon other shillings the titles were D G EEX ET 
 EBGINA ANG or ANGL, the reverse being the same as 
 upon the others, with ADIVTORBM. These are without 
 date. End. si. 17. Sn. v. 13. MB. or dated 15 54, Rud. Sup. 
 iv. 31. Sn. T. 11. MB. or 15 55, Eud. xi. 14. Sn. v. 15. MB. 
 or with the date 1554 under the heads, Eud. xi. 11. Sn. v. 
 10. MB. 
 
 The SIXPENCES are similar to the shillings, having VI. 
 at the sides of the crown. They all read ADIYTOEBM, 
 and AN or ANG. With the Neapolitan and Spanish titles 
 they occur with the date 15 54, Eud. xi. 10. Sn. x. 14. 
 MB. Without those titles they have the date 1554 under 
 the heads, AN, Eud. xi. 12. Sn.v. 16. or 15 55 at sides 
 of crown, ANG, Eud. xi. 15. Sn. v. 17. or 15 57, with MM. 
 lis, ANG, Z for et, NOS for Nostrum, Eud. xi. 18. or same 
 but AN, Sn. V. 19. MB. Or 1557 under the heads, MM. 
 hs, ANG, NOSTE, (437). MB. Those dated 1557 are the 
 only pieces of this coinage which have a MM. 
 
 Upon the reverse of these shillings and sixpences the 
 cross was omitted, as it had Deen before on the testoons, or 
 shillings, of Edward VI. 
 
 Elizabeth, 1558 to 1602. 
 
 When Elizabeth ascended the throne she set seriously 
 to work to complete that reformation in the standard of the 
 coinage which had been commenced by Edward VI. The 
 coinage of her first three years, which consisted of shillings, 
 groats, haLf-groats and pennies, marked with the martlet, 
 cross crosslet, or lis, contained 11 oz. silver to one oz. 
 alloy ; but in her third year she restored the standard to 
 its original fineness of 11 oz. 2 dwt. silver, 18 dwt. alloy, 
 and in that state it has continued down to the present time. 
 The weight of her coins was in the proportion of 8 grains to 
 the penny, down to her 43rd year, when a shght reduction 
 took place and the penny weighed only 7|^ grs. For 
 shillings of the first coinage see Eud. xii. 1, 2, 3. Sn. vi. 7, 
 
299 
 
 9, 10. Groats, (443). Rud. xii. 4, 5, 6. Sn. vi. 3, 4, 8. 
 Half-groats, (445). Rud. xii. 7. Sn. vi. 2, 6. Pence, (450). 
 Rud. xii. 10, 11,12. Sn. vi. 1, 5. 
 
 Soon after the issue of her first coinage mucli incon- 
 venience was experienced from a want of small money ; tlie 
 shilling and the groat were, therefore, in 1561, for a time 
 discontinued, and order given to issue sixpences, three- 
 pences, three-halfpence, and three-farthings. Coins of the 
 last denomination were never coined in any other reign 
 before or since. For sixpences, see (441), (442). three- 
 pence, (444). three-halfpence, (448). three-farthings, (449). 
 In the year 1582 these pieces of three-pence, three-half- 
 pence and three-farthings were discontinued ; shillings and 
 half-groats were revived, and the half-penny was added. 
 Between the first coinage and this year, very few 
 half-groats appear to have been struck. Crowns and 
 half-crowns were issued only in the two last years of 
 her reign. But the exact years, in which different deno- 
 minations of coins were issued, will be best seen when we 
 come to describe each ; for, upon the sixpences, which was 
 the most uninterrupted series of this reign, the dates of the 
 years appear as well as the mint marks ; and as these marks 
 changed very frequently, seldom continuing more than three 
 years, they indicate with considerable accuracy the date of 
 every other coin. The principle upon which the various 
 mint marks were regulated it is not easy to understand, for 
 while some continued for four or five years, at other times as 
 many as three different ones were used in the same year. As 
 the smaller denominations of coin were of values, and con- 
 sequently of sizes, very closely approximating to each other, 
 the odd and alternate pieces were distinguished by a rose 
 behind the head of the queen ; accordingly we find these 
 ornaments upon the sixpence, threepence, three-halfpence 
 and three -farthings, while the shilling, groat, half-groat, 
 penny and halfpenny are without it. 
 
300 
 
 The following tabular view will show tetter than any 
 description the dates and denominations of the various coins. 
 
 Hammered Money. 
 
 
 Six- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pence. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 U. 
 
 M. 
 
 2d. 
 
 III. 
 
 nd. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 Martlet . . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Cross crosslet . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Fleur de lis . 
 
 > • • 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Pheon . . . 
 
 1561 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1562 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1563 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Sm. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 1564 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1565 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eose. . . . 
 
 1565 
 
 . — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 Ch. 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 Portcullis . . 
 
 1566 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Lion .... 
 
 1566 
 
 1567 
 
 No date 
 
 — 
 
 = 
 
 + 
 Sm. 
 
 + 
 
 Sm. 
 
 
 
 
 Coronet . . . 
 
 1567 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 
 1568 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1569 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1570 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ch. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Castle . . . 
 
 1569 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1570 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Cb. 
 
 
 
 
 1571 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ermine . . . 
 
 1571 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1572 
 
 . — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 157.3 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Acorn . . . 
 
 1573 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1574 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ch. 
 
 — 
 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 Cinquefoil . . 
 
 1573 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1574 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 R.Ch. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1575 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1576 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1577 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 Cross . . . 
 
 1577 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1578 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1579 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1580 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1581 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 Sword . . . 
 
 1582 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 
 Bell .... 
 
 1582 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1583 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1584 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 1582 
 1583 
 1584 
 
 + 
 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Scallop . . . 
 
 1584 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1585 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1586 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
301 
 
 
 Six- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pence. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 4d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 Ud. 
 
 id. 
 
 hd. 
 
 Crescent . . 
 
 1587 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1588 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1589 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hand . . . 
 
 1590 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1591 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1592 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ton ... . 
 
 1592 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1593 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1594 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1595 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Woolpaek . . 
 
 1594 
 1595 
 
 + • 
 
 z 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1596 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Key .... 
 
 1595 
 1596 
 1597 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1598 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anchor . . . 
 
 1597 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Sm. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1598 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1599 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1600 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1600 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Sm. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 1601 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 1602 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1602 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 MiLLLED Monet. 
 
 Star . 
 
 1561 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1562 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1562 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1562 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1563 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1564 
 
 
 
 S.E. 
 
 
 
 
 1566 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1567 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 S.E. 
 
 
 1568 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1570 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1570 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1571 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1574 
 
 + 
 
 
 E. 
 
 
 
 
 1575 
 
 
 
 S.E. 
 
 
 
 
 Fleur de lis 
 
 Mullet pierced 
 Castle . . . 
 Mullet . . . 
 
 Snelling S. 1 coins with, these letters opposite we have not seen, 
 Ending E. j but they are given upon the authority of those writers. 
 
 Those marked Ch. are mentioned by the Eev. H. Christmas, in 
 NCNS I. 25. Dr. Aquila Smith, Dublin, has those marked Sm., and 
 Major Stewart Thorburn those marked T. 
 
 The dates indicate the sixpences ; the crosses mark the other coins 
 which we have actually seen. As the shillings, groats, half-groats, 
 pence, and half -pence do not bear dates, they are only marked once 
 to each MM, but they were probably struck during the other years 
 when the same MM was used. 
 
 The hammered monies, from the shilling to the threepence 
 
302 
 
 and the early half-groat, have generally one uniform type, 
 with very slight variations in the workmanship : the Queen's 
 bust to the left crowned, the top of the gown scarcely per- 
 ceptible, the hair long. Rev. shield and cross fourchee. 
 
 During the earlier years there are some slight unimportant 
 variations in expressing the Queen's titles, but afterwards 
 they become more uniform. The shillings of the three first 
 years read ELIZABETH or ELIZBETH, with various abbre- 
 viations of her titles ; but all the rest read ELTZAB D G 
 ANG FR ET HIB REGI, except one with MM key which 
 reads REGINA. The sixpences to 1582 inclusive read 
 ELIZABETH D G ANG PR BT HI REGINA, or, down 
 to about 1566, occasionally AN or ERA; from 1583 they 
 read as the late shillings. The groats have a legend similar 
 to the early sixpences, with slight variations. The three- 
 pences have the same as the early sixpences, or, till about 
 1566, sometimes AN, ERA, or HIB. The half-groats before 
 1582 have the same legend with slight variations. The 
 legend on the reverse of all these is POSVI DEV ADIV- 
 TOREM MEV, except that one shilling with MM martlet 
 has the legend in full, and another, MM lis, has MEVM. 
 
 The later half-groats, and the three halfpennies, pennies, 
 and three farthings, read E D G ROSA SINE SPINA, 
 with the place of mintage, CIVITAS LONDON, on the 
 reverse. This is the last reign in which the name of any 
 place of mintage appears, except during the civil wars of 
 Charles I. The halfpennies are without legend, and have 
 for type a portcullis with MM above, and for rev. a cross 
 moline with three pellets in each angle. (446). 
 
 Amongst the shillings there are two with the key MM 
 differing from the common one in having the bast broader, 
 gown embroidered, much more hair, some appearing in 
 front; one has the shield plain (440), the other garnished, 
 Rud. xiv. 4. Sn. vi. 16. The work is very neat, and was 
 probably executed by the mill. One shilling with MM lis 
 has only a thin wiry line for inner circle, see Rud. xiii. 16 ; 
 
303 
 
 and another with MM martlet has no inner circle. MB. Oae 
 in the British Museum, with MM cross crosslet, is counter- 
 marked with shield of Zealand. Another in the British 
 Museum has oby. MM Crescent. Rev. MM Crescent upon 
 the former MM escallop shell. (439). Another has MM 
 obv. martlet, rev. small cross. MB. 
 
 There is a very rude shilling, evidently a forgery, but of 
 her times, which has an egg shaped MM as if copied from a 
 worn out woolpack. MB. 
 
 The SIXPENCE of 1564 has the queen's head much larger 
 than the others, scarcely confined within the inner circle. 
 (441). 
 
 A sixpence of 1569 in the British Museum and others in 
 other collections have the Zealand countermark, Rud. xv. 
 2, 4, and several instances occur of the dies having been 
 altered by punching the succeeding MM or date upon a 
 previous one, as 1579 has been altered to 1580 — 1587 to 
 1588. The escallop has been stamped upon the A., &c., &c. 
 
 There are three dies of the groat, MM lis, one has the 
 bust and shield much smaller than usual, E-ud. xii. 6. MB. 
 Another has them of the usual size. MB. and the third has 
 them of the usual size, but is without inner circle. MB. 
 
 Some of the half-groats with bell MM, and all the subse- 
 quent coinages, have two dots behind the head to indicate 
 the value, and these coins are generally smaller than those 
 of the preceding years. Rud. xii. 8, 9, gives two half-groats 
 with MM cross crosslet and lis, with the legend ROSA, &c., 
 there must surely be some mistake here, for those MM were 
 not used after 1561, and the legend upon half-groats not 
 before 1582. This lis may, on the coin, have been a sword, 
 but we have not seen such a piece. 
 
 The PENNIES are without date, except one of those with 
 MM lis, which is dated 1558. The type of all is like that 
 of the later half-groats. The three-halfpennies and three- 
 farthings are all dated and have similar types. One three-half- 
 penny piece has MM obv. cinquefoil, rev. acorn. 1574. MB. 
 
304 
 
 The HALFPENCE have no legend, and have a portcullis on 
 one side with the MM over it, Rev. a cross moline with 
 three pellets in the angles. (446). They are not mentioned 
 in the Indentures before 1582. Some have no MM. 
 
 For view of hammered coins struck from 1561 to 1600, see, 
 forshillings, (439),(440)Rud.xii. 15,xiv.4. Sn. vi. 16. Six- 
 pences, (441), (442), Rud. xii. 13, 14, xiv. 1, 2, 3, xv. 2, 4. 
 Sn. vi. 14, 15. Threepence, (444), Rud. xii. 16. Sn. vi: 13. 
 Half-groat, (447), Rud. xii. 8, 9, 17, 18, 19. Three-half- 
 pence, (448), Rud. xii. 20. Sn. vi. 12. Penny, Rud. xii. 21, 
 22, 23. Three-farthings, (449), Rud. xii. 24. Sn. vi. 11. 
 Halfpenny, (446), Rud. xii. 25, 26. 
 
 In 1561, a new process of coining was introduced by a 
 Frenchman, by means of the mill and screw ; the name of 
 the Frenchman is unknown and the whole history of the 
 process and its employment is involved in singular obscurity. 
 The pieces struck by this process, which are known by the 
 name of milled money, are similar to the hammered in type, 
 but better executed, much neater in appearance, rounder in 
 form, have their edges grained with various patterns, and 
 are without inner circle. It seems unaccountable why two 
 coinages so dissimilar in execution should have been carried 
 on concurrently for a period of about fifteen years, and with 
 a totally different arrangement of mint marks, as is shown 
 in the table. In 1561, part of 1562, and 1563, the gown 
 is plainly seen and richly embroidered, (453), Rud. xiii. 2, 4, 
 Sn. vii. 8, 10 j in others of 1562, the gown is perfectly plain 
 without embroidery, (454), Rud. xiii. 5, Sn. vii. 9; and a 
 third sort has the gown embroidered as before, the cross 
 upon the reverse having the ends patee instead, of fourchee. 
 1563, 1564, 1566 are similar to these last. Rud. xiii. 8. Sn. 
 vii. 11. In 1567, 1568, the bust is much smaller, and the 
 reverse cross fourchee, MM lis. Rud. xiii. 9. Sup. iv. 33. 
 Sn. vii. 12. In 1570, MM lis, mullet pierced; and 1571 
 castle, the bust becomes larger aud descends, through the 
 legend, to the outer edge. (455). Rud. Sup. iv. 34, 36, 37 
 
305 
 
 reverses only. Sn. vii. 13, 14j 15. In 1574 MM mullet, the 
 bust is very large, the crown extends to the outer circle, 
 chains, &c., hang round the neck, a rich bandeau decorates 
 the head. Eev. the cross is very broad, plain and flat. This 
 piece is of a large size. (452). Rud. xiii. 13. Sn. vii. 16. 
 The sixpence of 1575 is similar, without the bandeau, and 
 work more minute, Rud. xiii. 14. Small roses in both divide 
 the words of the legends, over which are the last letters of 
 the abbreviations of a small size. These two pieces are 
 extremely rare. On the other milled sixpences the legend 
 is ELIZABETH D G ANG ERA ET HIB RE GIN A, or 
 sometimes AN, A.G, F, FR, &, or HI. The rev. has 
 POSVI, &c., at full length down to 1566, or vnth DEV 
 and MEV from 1567 to 1571. 
 
 Whether half-crowns of this description were struck for 
 general circulation is perhaps doubtful, but there are pieces 
 in existence of extreme rarity, which were intended as pat- 
 terns for such, if not really coins. Rud. xiii. 16. Sn. vii. 21. 
 Two only are known, one in MB. from the cabinet of King 
 George III., 223 grains, the other formerly in possession of 
 the author, 211 grains ; both have the appearance of having 
 been in circulation, and have suffered from wear, but not 
 sufficiently so as to account for the deficiency of weight. 
 They have MM lis, and must therefore have been struck 
 about the year 1568 ; and they resemble in type the coins 
 of that period, but the head is in very high relief. See 
 vignette, title-page. 
 
 The milled shillings vary from the hammered chiefly in 
 neatness of work and absence of inner c'.rcle, the dress too 
 is rather more decorated. They vary from each other chiefly 
 in size, some being much broader than others ; the broadest 
 has the MM mullet, (451), the others a star. Rad. xiii. 1. 
 Sn. vii. 17. The legend is ELIZABETH D G ANG ERA, 
 or FRAN, BT HIB REGINA. -Rev. POSVI, &c., at full 
 length. Some broad milled shillings have MM lis, and read 
 FRAN Z, and ELIZABET. Rud. Sup. iv. 32. Sn. vii. 18. 
 
 20 
 
306 
 
 The milled groat is like the earliest sixpence, MM star, 
 the legend being the same as on the shillings, with FRA. 
 (466). End. siii. 3. Sn. vii. 7. 
 
 The three-pence like the groat. (457). Eud. xiii. 6, 7. 
 Sn. vii. 1, 2, 3. There are also some corresponding in type, 
 date, &c., with the sixpences of 1574 and 1575. Ead. xiii. 
 12, 15. Sn. vii. 4. 
 
 The half-groat like the groat. (459). Eud. xiii. 10. Sn. 
 vii. 5. 
 
 The penny is mentioned by Snelling and Ending, but we 
 have not seen one. Eud. Sup. iv. 35. Sn. vii. 20. It has 
 the legend Eosa, &c. 
 
 The three-farthings is dated 1563, legend EOSA, &c. 
 Rev. shield, cross patee, CIVITAS LONDON. MM star. 
 (458). Eud. xiii. 11. Sn. vii. 6, e-xt. rare. 
 
 In 1601 and 1602 were issued the only crowns and half- 
 crowns of this reign; the type represents the bust of the 
 Queen crowned, holding a sceptre in one hand, the orb in 
 the other. The reverse has the shield garnished and cross 
 fourchee. The legends are ELIZABETH D G ANG FEA 
 ET HIBEE EBGINA ; and Posui, &c., at f uU length. 
 The only MM's are 1 for 1601, (460), 2 for 1602. End xiv. 
 5, 6, 12, 13. Sn. vi. 21, 22. The other coins of these 
 dates are shillings, Eud. xiv. 7, 14. Sn. vi. 20. Six- 
 pences, Eud. xiv. 8, 15. Sn. vi. *19. Half-groats, Eud. xiv. 
 y, 16. Sn. vi.19. Pennies, Eud. xiv. 10, 17. Sn. vi. 18. 
 Halfpennies, Eud. xiv. 11, 18. Sn. vi. 17. These allhave the 
 same legends and type as the previous hammered money. 
 
 Some of the coins of Elizabeth are countermarked with 
 the arms of Zealand, Eud. xv. 2, 4. This is said to have 
 been done in the Low Countries, to give currency there to 
 the money taken over as subsidies by the Earl of Leicester ; 
 but a letter in MB. from Burghley to Leicester {MS. Cotton,. 
 Qalha G.vs.. fol. 260) saysthat shillings with "a priviemark 
 of a little splayd Egle " were forged at Amsterdam. Others 
 with H for Holland ? Eud. xv. 1. There are some sixpences 
 
307 
 
 upon which a large escallop shell has been stamped^ and which 
 are called Pudsey sixpences ; ib is unnecessary to mention 
 the foolish tale which has been told about them, they are 
 nothing more than the caprice probably of some silversmith. 
 Rud. XV. 3 ; Sup. 2. xvi. 20. Mr. Cuff had one stamped with 
 a rose in the same way. 
 
 James I., 1603 to 1625. 
 
 Upon the accession of James I. to the throne of England, 
 the two kingdoms of England and Scotland were united 
 under one sovereign. This event took place March 24, 
 1608, and on the 21st of May an indenture was executed 
 for the issue of a new coinage, the silver to consist of crowns, 
 half-crowns, shillings, sixpences, half-groats, pennies and 
 halfpence, of the standard fineness, 11 oz. 2 dwt. of silver 
 with 18 dwts. of alloy; and of the weight of 7|f^ gr. to the 
 penny. 
 
 The king is styled lACOBVS. D.G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. 
 ET. HIB. REX, and the armorial shield bears 1 and 4 
 Prance and England quarterly, 2. Scotland, 8. Ireland. 
 This is the first coin on which the arms of Scotland and 
 Ireland appear. The large cross, which, ever since the 
 Conquest, except upon the shilling of Edward VI. and the 
 shilling and sixpence of Philip and Mary, had been placed 
 over the reverse, was now omitted. All the pieces of this 
 king, on which his bust appears, have behind the Lead XII. 
 VI. II. or I. indicate their respective values. 
 
 The Ceown represents the king on horseback, sword in 
 hand, the housings decorated with a rose crowned. The 
 shield is garnished, and the legend is EXVRGAT DEVS 
 DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. from Psalm Ixviii. 1. MM 
 Thistle, Rud. xvi. 1. MB. or Lis, Snelling viii. 7. MB. 
 
 The Half-Ceown exactly resembles the crown, and has the 
 same MM Thistle, Rud. xvi. 2. MB. or Lis, SneU. viii. 6. 
 (461). MB. ' 
 
 The Shilling represents the bust of the king, in figured 
 armour, crowned; the shield quite plain, legend same as 
 
 20 * 
 
308 
 
 upon crown, but TEA for Fran. MM. Thistle, Eud. xvi. 3. 
 MB. or Lis, Snell. viii. 5. MB. 
 
 Tlie Sixpence is the same as tte shilling, except that it has 
 over the shield the date of the year, MM Thistle, 1603, End. 
 xvi. 4. (462). MB. and 1604, MB. Lis, 1605, Snell. viii. 4. 
 
 The Halp-geoat resembles the shilling in type, but on the 
 obverse reads I.D.G. EOSA. SINE. SPINA. The reverse is 
 without any legend, and has the MM over the shield. These 
 are the Thistle, Eud. xvi. 6. MB. Lis, 9. Snell. viii. 3, MB. 
 
 The Penny exactly resembles the half-groat, MM Thistle, 
 Eud. xvi. 7. MB. Lis, 10. Snell. viii. 2. (463). MB. 
 
 The Halfpennies have on the obverse the portcullis 
 exactly the same as those of Elizabeth, and it is only by the 
 MM that they can be distinguished from the coins of the 
 same denomination of that queen. The reverses have the 
 cross moline, with three pellets in each quairter. MM Thistle, 
 Eud. xvi. 8. MB. Lis, 11. SneU. viii. 1. MB. 
 
 In the second year of his reign, James assumed the title 
 of King of Great Britain, and an indenture was executed 
 Nov. n, 1604, for a coinage, whereon the king's new titles 
 were to be adopted ; MAG. BEL or BEIT, being substituted 
 for ANG. SCO. The weight, fineness and denominations 
 of both coinages were alike; the types were nearly the 
 same, except upon the smaller money, and the legends of 
 the reverses were altered. 
 
 The Ceowns resembled the former coinage in type, but 
 bore the legend, referring to the union of the two kingdoms, 
 QV^ DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPAEET, Mat- 
 thew xix. 6. The MM are the Thistle, MB. Lis, Eud. 
 xvii. 1. Snell. viii. 16. MB. Eose, MB. Escallop, Late 
 Guff. Christmas. Grapes, MB. Trefoil, (464). MB. This 
 last reads HI for HIB. 
 
 Upon referring to the sixpences it will be seen that the 
 three MM thistle, lis and rose, occur at two different periods 
 of the reign, and it is only by some peculiarities in the 
 details of the types that we can form an opinion as to the 
 
309 
 
 date of each piece. Upon the crowns the form of the shield 
 seems to form the best criterion ; aided by the form of the 
 harp in the quarterings of Ireland. Those pieces which 
 have the garniture of the shield and form of the harp exactly 
 the same as upon the first coinage^ were probably struck at 
 the earlier period ; those which have the less garniture^ and 
 have the harp decorated with a bird's head^ may be placed 
 to the later period. These last all appear to have the 
 prince's plume over the shield, to indicate that they were 
 struck from silver derived from the Welsh mines j a 
 decoration which appears with no MM earlier than 1621. It 
 may be doubted whether there were any crowns or half- 
 crowns struck after 1621 without the plumes over the shield. 
 
 Of the crowns with plumes over the shield we have MM 
 Thistle, MB. Lis, Snell. viii. 17, where the housings are 
 marked with a thistle instead of a rose. Late Guff. 
 Christmas. Trefoil, (465). MB. In Rud. xvii. 2, the 
 reverse of this is connected with the obverse of (466). 
 
 There is one crown with MM thistle, which in the legend 
 has & instead of ET ; has a thistle instead of a rose upon 
 the housings of the horse ; has the lesser and later garniture 
 of the shield and the harp perfectly plain. (466). MB. 
 This, as well as the half-crown exactly like it, have been 
 shown by Mr. Cochran Patrick to be Scotch coins, being 
 described in the indenture for the Scotch coinage, made 
 with Thomas Achesoune on the 16th Nov. 1604. The 
 warrant for the coinage was dated the 13th of February in 
 the next year, and it was not till December, 1610, that the 
 shield on the Scotch coins was altered so that the Scotch 
 arms should occupy two quarters instead of one. The 
 shilling of this Scotch coinage has MM thistle, and the 
 crown is ornamented by a lis between two crosses, whereas 
 on English coins it has a cross between two Us. Otherwise 
 it is exactly the same as the early English shillings. For 
 the English shape of the crown see (468), &c., for the 
 Scotch (546) . If any smaller pieces exist of the same type 
 
310 
 
 as the earlier English coins, with MM thistle, and with the 
 crown as on this Scotch shilling, they would be Scotch, and 
 struck between 1605 and 1610. Any with the English 
 crown would be English. 
 
 The Half-crowns of this coinage in a great degree 
 resemble the crowns ; but the harps have all the bird^s head 
 decoration. With the full garniture of the shield we have 
 MM Thistle, MB. Lis, Snell. viii. 14. End. xvii. 4, obv. 
 MB. Trefoil, MB. Eud. xvii. 3. Eose, MB. SneUing 
 mentions the escallop MM, but we have not seen it. With 
 the lesser garniture without plumes we have not any, but 
 with the plumes we have MM Thistle, MB. Lis, Snell. 
 viii. 15. MB. Trefoil, Eud. xvii. 4, rev. MB. They read 
 as the crowns, with some slight abbreviations. 
 
 The Shillings have the same general type as the "first 
 coinage, but have the QV^ DBVS legend. The bust 
 upon the earlier of these is smaller than upon the later, the 
 hair behind the ears is short and sits close to the head. Of 
 the earlier we have MM Lis, MB. Eose, MB. Escallop, 
 MB. Grapes, (467). MB. In the year 1607 a slight altera- 
 tion occurs ; the head becomes somewhat larger, and the 
 hair behind is longer and more projecting; the moustaches 
 also become a little longer. Of these we have MM Coronet, 
 MB. Key, MB. Bell, MB. Mullet, MB. Tower, MB. 
 Cinquefoil, MB. Ton, MB. Cross, Late Christmas. Eose, 
 MB. After these we have, with the bird-headed harp, MM 
 Thistle, MB. Lis, Eud. xvii. 5. Snell. viii. 12. MB. 
 Trefoil, MB. All these have the plain shield ; but besides 
 these we have, with feathers over the shield, and bird-headed 
 harp, MM Thistle, (468). MB. Lis, Snell. viii. 13. MB. 
 Trefoil, Eud. xvii. 6. MB. The book and spur rowel 
 shillings mentioned by SneUing we have not seen. Before 
 the alteration in the type in 1607 they all read MAG BEIT 
 FEA ET HIB EEX; afterwards they sometimes omit the 
 final letters of some of those abbreviations. 
 The Sixpences have the same type and legends as the 
 
311 
 
 sHillings, and, in a great degree, the same peculiarities, but 
 the change in the adjustment of hair at the back of the 
 king's head does not appear to have taken place before the 
 year 1621, at the same time when the bird-headed harp was 
 introduced upon these pieces. The sixpences are all dated, 
 and are valuable in that respect, as furnishing some clue to 
 the dates of the introduction of some variations in the 
 details of the workmanship, and fixing the dates of the 
 other pieces. With the compact hair and plain harp we 
 have MM Lis, 1604. MB. 1605. MB. Eose, 1605. MB. 
 1606. MB. Escallop, 1606. MB. 1607. Late Christmas 
 Grapes, 1607. MB. Coronet, 1607. MB. 1608. MB. 
 Key, 1609. MB. BeU, 1610. MB. Mullet, 1611. MB. 
 Trefoil, 1613. MB. Cinquefoil, 1615. MB. Ton, 1615. 
 MB. From this time till 1621 there seems not to have been 
 any coinage except of small money ; but in that year we 
 have a sixpence with the large head and projecting hair, the 
 harp plain, MM Thistle, MB. and afterwards with the same 
 larger head and bird-headed harp, MM Rose, 1621. MB. 
 Thistle, 1621. MB. 1622. Rud. xvii. 7. MB. 1623. MB. 
 Lis, 1623. Snell. viii. 11. MB. 1624. MB. Trefoil, 
 1624. MB. Mr. Creeke has one of 1623, MM lis, on which 
 by some mistake of the engraver of the die the arms of 
 France are placed first and third, and those of England 
 second and fourth, in the shield in the first quarter, instead of, 
 as usual, first and fourth, second and third. NCNS xvi, 152. 
 The Half-geoats differ materially from those of the first 
 coinage ; they have for obverse a rose crowned, with the legend 
 I. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Rev. a thistle crowned, 
 with TVBATVR VNITA DEVS. Of these we have MM 
 Escallop. MB. Coronet ; this reads VNATA. MB. Key. B. 
 LI. KBNYON. Mallet. MB. Tower, (469). ikTB. Book. MB. 
 Spur rowel or star. MB. Rose. MB. Thistle. MB. Lis, Snell. 
 viii. 10. MB. Trefoil. MB. Rud. xvii. 8, represents one 
 with a spur rowel on the obv. and trefoil on rev. ; this we 
 have not seen. We have not been able to detect any pecu- 
 liarities which would enable us to separate the earlier from 
 
312 
 
 the later half-groats which have the MM rose, thistle, lis, 
 and trefoil. One differs from the rest in omitting the king's 
 name, titles, &c., and having on both sides the legend 
 TVEATVR, &c. It has MM plain cross. MB. 
 
 The Penny differs from the half-groat only in having the 
 rose and thistle without the crown above. Of these we 
 have MM Escallop. MB. Coronet. MB. One with this 
 MM reads SPINE. MB. Key and Bell united. BASE- 
 LEIGH. Bell, (470). MB. Mullet. MB. Tower. MB. 
 CinquefoU. MB. Cross. EASHLMGH. Rose MB. Lis, 
 Snell. viii. 9. MB. Trefoil, Rud. xvii. 9. MB. Some are 
 without MM. MB. One of these has TVEATVR, &c., 
 on both sides. MB. 
 
 The Halfpence differ from the pence in omitting the 
 legends on both sides. The MM are placed over the thistle 
 and are. Lis, Snell. viii. 8. MB. Rose, Rud. xvii. 10. 
 MB. Escallop. BASELEIGH. Coronet, (471). MB. Bell. 
 Late Christmas. Mullet, id. CinquefoU. id. Some have 
 no MM. MB. 
 
 To show at one view the various coinages of James I. we 
 have annexed the following table. The crosses indicate the 
 coins which are in the British Museum ; the letters indicate 
 the authorities upon which the existence of other coins is 
 asserted. Of some marked Sn. for Snelling we have doubts. 
 Those marked C. were in Mr. Cuff's collection, those with 
 Ch. in Mr. Christmas's, NCNS i. 27. 
 
 The list of mint marks is taken from Snelling, the days 
 of the month showing when each was ordered to be used. 
 He does not state upon what small moneys the several mint 
 marks appear, and as these pieces from their smallness are 
 become sc&,rce, our list, we apprehend, is very defective ; 
 some indeed mentioned by Snelling, as the crescent and 
 saltire, we have not been able to discover. Eolkes says that 
 silver being at that time very scarce, no money with those 
 marks was ever struck. 
 
 Upon reference to the table it will appear that the mint 
 was very irregularly at work, and that very little silver 
 
313 
 
 money was coined from about 1613 until 1621 ; indeed it 
 appears from official accounts, that from April 1617 to Feb. 
 1620j silver money was coined only to the amount of 
 £1070.. 15s id, but in the four following years to March, 
 1625, the coinage amounted to £205,500. 16s 2d. In 1621 the 
 scarcity of silver, alluded to by Folkes, began to be relieved 
 by the working of the Welsh mines in the neighbourhood of 
 Aberystwith. These were farmed principally by Sir Hugh 
 Middleton, who sent the silver to the Tower to be coined, 
 where it was distinguished by being marked with the Prince 
 of Wales' plumes over the shield on the reverse. 
 
 
 May 21, 1603 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 iCr. 
 
 Sh. 
 
 6d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 + 
 
 Id. 
 
 + 
 
 id. 
 
 Thistle . . 
 
 Exurg 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 IHOI 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quae deus 
 Exurg 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lis . . . 
 
 May 22, 1604 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Quae deus 
 Quae deus 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1605 
 
 
 
 
 Eose . . 
 
 June 20, 1605 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1606 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Escallop 
 
 July 10, 1606 
 
 
 
 C.Ch. 
 
 Sn. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 E 
 
 
 1607 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Sn.Ch. 
 
 
 
 
 Grapes . . 
 
 June 30, 1607 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Coronet 
 
 Not. 11, 1607 
 
 IfiOS 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Key . . . 
 
 May 17, 1609 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 K. 
 
 E 
 
 
 Bell . . . 
 
 May 11, 1610 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Mullet . . 
 
 May 9, 1611 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Tower . . 
 
 M:av22, 1612 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 Sn. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 Trefoil . . 
 
 Apf. 28, 1613 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 CinquefoU . 
 
 Oct. 20, 1613 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Ton . . . 
 
 May 17, 1615 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Book . . 
 
 Nov. 15, 1616 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Sn. 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Crescent . 
 
 Aug. 23, 1617 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plain cross 
 
 May 15, 1618 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ch. 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 E 
 
 
 -Saltire cross 
 
 June 9, 1619 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spur rowel 
 
 Aug. 20, 1619 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Sn. 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Eose . . 
 
 .June 23, 1620 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16"''l 
 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -|- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Thistle . . 
 
 June 8, 1621 
 
 
 
 +p 
 
 + P 
 
 + 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 Plum 
 
 ; 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16"" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1623 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Lis . . . 
 
 July 3, 1623 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 CP 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Plum 
 
 
 C.Ch. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16'M 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 Trefoil . . 
 
 June 27, 1624 
 
 
 
 Sn. 
 
 Sn. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plume 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
314 
 
 Chaeles I., 1625 to 1649. 
 
 Charles I. ascended tlie throne March 28, 1625, and very 
 soon began to make arrangements for the issue of a coinage 
 upon the same principles as that of his father. It consisted 
 at first of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, sixpences, half- 
 groats, pence J groats, threepences, and halfpence, were 
 subsequently coined in some of the provincial mints ; the 
 metal was of the standard fineness, 11 oz. 2 dwts. silver, 
 and 18 dwts. alloy, and the weight was in proportion of 
 7-| f grains to the penny, and it is remarkable that during 
 all his troubles and difiiculties no debasement took place, 
 however rude his coins may have been in form and work- 
 manship. 
 
 The types, or rather the modifications of the types, of his 
 coins are exceedingly numerous, partly owing to the taste 
 and fancy of those who had the direction of afiairs at the 
 regular mints, and partly owing to the want of skill in the 
 persons who were engaged in the various occasional mints 
 in different parts of the country. We lament that we are 
 not able to point out from which mint each piece was 
 issued ; but the difficulties of so doing are insurmountable. 
 If we examine those which are considered to have been the 
 production of the Tower, we cannot but remark that they 
 vary exceedingly in the style and quality of the workman- 
 ship ; some, which are so very inferior as to lead to a suppo- 
 sition that they are imitations executed in the country, were 
 not improbably produced at the Tower by inferior workmen, 
 after the established officers of the mint had escaped from 
 London and joined the kiug^s party. Others again were 
 certainly fabricated in the country towns, but in which 
 cannot always be ascertained ; Aberystwith, Bi'istol, Chester, 
 Exeter, Oxford, Shrewsbury, Weymouth, Worcester, York, 
 are generally distinguishable. Several coins, however, exist 
 which cannot be assigned to any of these places, and it is 
 only from some supposed similarity, in the modification of 
 the type, to the coins of some known locality that we are 
 
■ 315 
 
 induced to believe that they were struck in some neigh- 
 bouring district, or in some place held by the royal army at 
 the same, or nearly the same time, as that whose type and 
 workmanship it resembles. These we shall endeavour to 
 poiut out when we come to describe each type. We shall 
 begin with those pieces which are supposed to have issued 
 from the Tower mint, taking the several denominations in 
 succession. 
 
 Ceowus. 
 
 Ceowns or THE TowBB Mint : Type 1, a. The first coins 
 of this reign represent the king on horseback, ruff round 
 his neck, his armour plain, his sword raised; the horse capa- 
 risoned, with a plume upon his head and crupper. The 
 king's titles are, with slight occasional variations, C AROLVS 
 D G MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX. The reverse has a 
 square shield, garnished, with the arms blazoned, as upon 
 the coins of James I. ; the ends of a cross appear, issuing 
 from beneath the arms, extending to the edge of the coin, 
 and dividing into four parts the legend CHRISTO AVS- 
 PIGB REGNO. MM Lis, BR, BRI, or BRIT. Rud. xviii. 
 1. Snell. ix. 7. MB. or MM Long cross, BRI, garniture 
 slightly different. (472). MB. 
 
 Type 1. b. Sometimes the shield has over it a plume, 
 and in that case has no appearance of the cross. BRL 
 FRA. MM Long cross. MB. Castle. MB. (473). 
 
 Type 2. a. The next type represents the king smaller, 
 upon a smaller horse, the sword resting upon his shoulder, 
 a ruff round his neck, narrow scarf across his body, no 
 plume upon the crupper of the horse, the housings marked 
 with a broad cross. The shield is oval, garnished, the gar- 
 niture encroaching upon the shield at top and bottom, the 
 ends of a cross appearing from underneath, 0. R. above. 
 Legends as before, but BRIT FRA. MM Harp. Rud. 
 xviii. 8. (474). MB. 
 
 Type 2. b. Sometimes the shield has a plume over it 
 between the letters 0. R. and no appearance of the cross. 
 
316 
 
 MM Plume. Rud. xviii. 2. Snell. ix. 13. MB. Eose. Rud. 
 xviii. 5. MB. Harp. NECK. NCNS xn. 144. Legends as 
 type 2 a. This type seems to be the production of a different 
 and better artist than the preceding. SnelUng says that 
 this type commenced with the castle MM, i.e. in 1627. The 
 earliest specimen we have seen is with the plume MM 1630. 
 
 Type 3 a. In this type the horse is without any capa- 
 risonSj and carries his head low ; the king wears a falling 
 laced collar instead of a ruff; his scarf is broad and floats 
 behind ; the sword is held upright ; the armorial shield is 
 oval garnished. MM Bell. MB. Crown. MB. Ton. MB. 
 Anchor. MB. Triangle. MB. Star. BR or BRI, FR 
 or FRA, HI or HIB. 
 
 Type 3. b. Sometimes a plume is over the shield. MM 
 Portcullis. Rud. xviii. 3. MB. Crown. (475). MB. Ton. 
 MB. This MM, 1636-1638, is the latest with which the 
 plume appears as indicative of Welsh silver struck at the 
 Tower, the Aberystwith mint having been set up in 1637. 
 BR or BRI, FR or FRA, HI. 
 
 Type 4. The horse in this type is somewhat foreshortened, 
 with a long mane extending in front of the chest; shield, as 
 in type 3, without plumes. MM (P). MB. (R). (476). MB. 
 Eye. Rud. xviii. 4. MB. Sun. MB. BRI PR A. ET HIB. 
 
 Type 5. The horse large, tall, head erect, elegant and 
 spirited, the mane extending in front of the chest, shield 
 like the preceding. MM Sun. (477). Rud. xviii. 7. MB. 
 In this plate the mane is not noticed. Legend as last. 
 
 The spirit, the neatness, and minuteness of some of the 
 details of this and some of the other pieces, except the first 
 type, induces us to believe that they are the earlier produc- 
 tions of Thos. Simons. Those coins which have the plumes 
 over the arms, were struck at the Tower from silver pro- 
 duced from the Welsh mines near Aberystwith, leased to 
 Sir Hugh Middle ton till his death in 1631, and afterwards 
 to T. Bushell. After 1638 this silver was coined at 
 Aberystwith instead of at the Tower. 
 
317 
 
 Beiot's Grown. The king is here represented in tte 
 same manner as in type 3, bnt tlie horse is more quiescent, 
 the mane short, and tlie workmanship less spirited; the 
 sHeld is oval, decorated with garniture, of which the upper 
 part is in form of a lion^s head; at the sides, 0. E. 
 crowned, and over it a large crown. MM B and a small 
 flower, rev. B. Eud. xsd. 10. Sn. x. 6. MB. This coin 
 is very neat, round, well formed, but the workmanship not 
 very spirited ; it was probably executed in the year 1633, and 
 served as a model for the type introduced that year with the 
 portcuUis MM. MAGN BEITAN FEA.N BT HIBER. 
 
 Nicholas Briot was a native of Lorrain, and was employed 
 as Graver-general of the French coins, but, disgusted at 
 the treatment he received, offered his services to King 
 Charles L, who established him in the mint at the Tower 
 in 1628. By the means of machinery he made the coins 
 more perfectly round than they had ever been before, and the 
 neatness of his workmanship has been universally admired. 
 To him has been ascribed the improvement which took 
 place soon after this time in the execution of the coins ; but 
 the tameness which marks the designs upon his undoubted 
 productions is conclusive evidence that for the spirit and 
 animation which characterize the horse and the rider upon 
 the coins we must look for some other artists, and we shall 
 find them in Simons and Rawhns. The warrant granting 
 him a residence in the mint was dated Feb. 1629, it does not 
 appear however to have been then acted upon, as he pre- 
 sented a petition upon the subject in Oct. 1630 ; and as late 
 as June, 1631, a commission was appointed to see the warrant 
 executed. In Jan. 1633, he was appointed chief engraver. 
 
 ExETEE Geowns. The first we have to describe, as pro- 
 bably belonging to this city, represents the king in profile, 
 the horse rather coarsely executed but with a good deal of 
 spirit, the shield oval and garnished, MM Eose of a peculiar 
 form. The coin is round and neat. (478). MB. MAG 
 BRIT FEA ET HI. The form of the rose and of the 
 
318 
 
 garniture, whicli is similar to (476), leave little doubt as to 
 the correct attribution of this coin to Exeter. There is no 
 date. 
 
 2. Others, with this kind of rose as mint mark, are less 
 neat and round, and have the king's face nearly full ; the 
 sash behind in a bow ; shield like the last, no date, legend 
 same but BRI. (479). Sn. xiii. 16. 
 
 3. Same as last, but with date at the end of the legend, 
 1644. Rud. xviii. 6. xxv. 2. Sn. xiii. 14. MB. 
 
 4. Another has the same date with the MM in the middle 
 of the figures. Rud. Sup. v. 21. Sn. xiii. 15. MB. 
 
 5. Another has the date 1645, and instead of mint mark 
 on rev. has Ex for Exeter. Rud. xxv. 4. Sn. xiii. 13. MB. 
 
 6. Another of this last date has MM obv. castle, rev. 
 rose. Rud. Sup. v. 22. Sn. xiii. 18. MB. 
 
 7. Another has MM castle on both sides, 1645. (480). 
 Rud. xxv. 3. Sn. xiii. 19. MB. 
 
 8. Another, same MM and date, has on rev. Ex. MB. 
 On these pieces with castle MM the sash is not in a bow, 
 but floats behind. Sn. xiii. 1 7. 
 
 Oxford Geowns. Upon the obverse the usual crown 
 type, but the horse small and short, rudely and badly formed, 
 neck arched ; plume behind the king. The reverse has an 
 inscription in two lines RBLIG PROT LEG ANG or ANGL 
 LIBER PAR. This inscription is in conformity with 
 Charles's declaration that he would "preserve the Protestant 
 religion, the known laws of the land, and the just privileges 
 and freedom of Parliament." Above are three plumes and 
 V for five shillings, below, the date 1642 ; no MM. MAG 
 BRIT FRAN ET HIBBR REX. (481). MB. See Sn. 
 xii. 11. Or obv. same die, but seven dots for MM on rev., 
 1643. MB. See Sn. xii. 12. Or rev. as the last, but MM 
 on obv. plumes, HI for HIBER. Rud. xxiii. 6. MB. The 
 plume on the obverse of the crown of 1642 springs from a 
 large coronet without bands beneath it. Those on the 
 reverse of all and on the obverse of the last spring from a 
 
319 
 
 Email coronet with bands. The legend of these coins is 
 BX7EGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. (Ps. Ixviii. 
 ver. ] .) From this legend the pieces of this type have 
 received the name of the exurgat money; all above the 
 value of the half-crown have the value marked above the 
 inscription on the reverse; all, below that value, behind 
 the king's head on the obverse. 
 
 The coin, peculiarly called the Oxford crown, is very 
 beautifully executed by Rawlins, with great spirit and atten- 
 tion to details; underneath the horse is a view of Oxford 
 with its name OXON. and R, the initial of the artist's name. 
 MM a kind of cross fleury, or rather a pellet with four 
 florets issuing from the edge. The type of the reverse 
 resembles that of the preceding coins, but more gracefully 
 decorated and better executed. The inscription is enclosed 
 between two scrolls decorated with flowers; and under- 
 neath, with the date 1644, is the word OXON. A sprig of 
 flowers is between each word of the legend. Rud. xxiv. 1. 
 Sn. xii. 10. MB. The MM, in these plates, is converted 
 into a rose or cinquefoil, and the artist's initial is omitted. 
 The legends are the same as on the crown of 1642, but ANG 
 LIBER PARL. 
 
 There is some difficulty in deciding where some of the 
 pieces of this declaration type usually ascribed to Oxford were 
 actually struck ; the introduction of the plumes would lead 
 to the belief that they were struck at Aberystwith ; but the 
 declaration recorded on the coins was made at Wellington 
 on the 19th Sept. 1642; on the 20th the king came to 
 Shrewsbury, and on the 28th he informed the gentlemen of 
 the county that he had sent for a mint to come thither. The 
 mint alluded to was that of Aberystwith, and Thomas 
 Bushell, the master of the mint and lessee of the silver 
 mines there, soon after arrived in Shrewsbury with his men 
 and instruments, and there set up the mint, where, among 
 other things, a great part of the plate sent by the Univer- 
 sities was coined into money, and on the 21st Oct. a 20s 
 
320 
 
 piece was issued to each colonel, a 10s or 5s piece to each, 
 other officer, and half a crown to each private soldier, all of 
 which pieces bore the declaration type. For want of work- 
 men and instruments, however, they could not coin £1000 
 a week here, and the mint was soon removed to Oxford, 
 where it arrived on the 3rd Jan. 1642 (old style). It seems 
 therefore almost certain that the earliest pieces of the 
 declaration type were struck at Shrewsbury, as there could 
 hardly have been time to strike them at Aberystwith after 
 the declaration was made and before the mint was removed 
 to Shrewsbury ; but as the year did not end till the 25th of 
 March, some pieces of this type with the date 1642 will have 
 been struck at Oxford, and we must look for some other 
 clue than the date to guide us in appropriating to Shrews- 
 bury its proper coins. Now we find that upon the larger 
 denominations of coins of the year 1642 the plumes, both on 
 obverse and reverse, are of two different shapes ; one kind, 
 as on the coins of later years, spring from a small coronet, 
 with bands underneath it, like those on the reverse of (481); 
 the other kind spring from a large coronet without bands, 
 like that on the obverse of (481) ; and as plumes of this 
 latter shape occur on the reverse of declaration coins of 1642 
 only, though they are sometimes found on the obverse of 
 Aberystwith coins and of declaration coins of 1643 ; and as 
 the reverses of the declaration type on which they appear 
 are sometimes connected with obverses more nearly resem- 
 bling Aberystwith than Oxford obverses, we attribute to 
 Shrewsbury, as being the earliest, all coins on which plumes 
 of this shape occur on both obverse and reverse, and to 
 Oxford all others. Where the Shrewsbury shape of plumes 
 occurs on one side and the Oxford shape on the other, we 
 consider the coin to have been struck at Oxford, but that 
 one of the dies was engraved at Shrewsbury. 
 
 Sheewsbuey Ceowns. Obv. exactly like (481), and rev. 
 same but with one instead of two pellets between the words 
 of the inscription, and the plumes, like that on the obverse. 
 
321 
 
 spring from a large coronet without bands beneath it. 1642. 
 End. xxiii. 5 ; or same but with seven dots for MM on rev. 
 Bank of England collection in MB. 
 
 Pounds and HAiF-PotiiTDS. 
 
 Of this declaration type are some large pieces of the value 
 of a pound, and a half-pound, marked respectively with the 
 figures XX and X, and of each of these there are several 
 varieties^ the king's titles being generally expressed at 
 greater length upon the pound pieces than the others. This 
 is the only reign in which silver money of these denomina- 
 tions was ever struck. 
 
 Pound pieces. Sheewsbuet. 1. MM on both sides five 
 pellets; plume behind the king, no ground under the horse. 
 CAROLVS D G MAG- BRIT FRA ET HIB REX. Rev. 
 EXVRGAT, &c. RELIG PROT LEG ANGL LIBER 
 PAR. 1642. MB. Rud. xxiii. 2, where it is connected 
 with a wrong reverse. Sn. xii. 15, where the reverse reads 
 ANG, and has one pellet for MM. Good work. 
 
 2. MM on obv. Plume ? Horse smaller, inferior work, 
 arms under horse, like Rud. xxiii. 1, but no cannon. MAG 
 BRITAN PR ET HIB. 1642. Rev. same die? as No. 1. 
 MB. 
 
 3. Similar, but no MM on obv., two pellets on rev., plume 
 placed higher in the field, MAGN BRIT PRA ET HI. 
 ANGLl LIBERT PAR. This is smaller and thicker than 
 the two first. MB. 
 
 4. Similar, but MM on both sides two pellets, plume 
 immediately behind king's head, a cannon among the arms, 
 MAG BRIT PRAN ET HIB. Rev. only one plume in 
 field over XX. ANG LIBER PAR. MB. Sn. xii. 16. 
 All the above have the plumes springing from a large 
 coronet with no bands beneath it, and are dated 1642. 
 
 Pound Pieces. Oxford. 1. Very similar to Shrewsbury, 
 No. 2, with MM on obv. plume, but more ground and more 
 arms, MAGNI BRITANI FRANC ET HIBER. MM on 
 rev. seven pellets, ANG. 1642. MB. 
 
 21 
 
322 
 
 2. Similar, but a cannon among the arms, FRAN BT 
 HIB. MB. Eud. xxiii. 1. 
 
 3. Similar to No. 2, but exergue, under the arms, 
 chequered, MAGNI BRIT. Rev. same die as No. 2. MB. 
 
 4. Obv. similar to No. 1, but the horse larger and of very- 
 superior workmanship, with the arms better defined, and 
 reaching quite to the inner circle, MAG- BRIT FRA BT 
 HIBER. Rev. from same die as Shrewsbury, No. 1. MB. 
 
 5. Obv. from same die as last ; rev. as No. 1, but dated 
 1643. MB. Sn. xii. 17. 
 
 6. Obv. and rev. from same dies as No. 2, but the date 
 1642 altered to 1643. MB. 
 
 7. Obv. same as Nos. 4 and 5, but perhaps of still 
 superior workmanship. The reverse has the same inscrip- 
 tion as the others, but in three lines within a compartment, 
 with a plume and XX over it ; 1644 and OX below. Rud. 
 xxiii. 3. Sn. xii. 18. MB. 
 
 On all these pieces attributed to Oxford, except No. 4, 
 which has a Shrewsbury reverse, the inscription is the 
 same, RBLIG PROT LBG ANG LIBER PAR, and the 
 plumes spring from a small coronet with bands below it. 
 It is remarkable that upon three different dies, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
 MAGNI is erroneously written for MAGN^. 
 
 Halp-pounds. Sheewsbtjet. 1. MM obv. nine pellets, 
 rev. five, no ground under the horse, which is from the 
 same punch as the Shrewsbury pound No. 1. MAG BRI 
 FRA ET HIB. Rev. RELIG PROT LEG ANGL LIBER 
 PARL. 1642. MB. Sn. xii 13. very rare. 
 
 2. Single pellet instead of MM on obv., two on rev. A 
 single line under the horse, which is like the Shrewsbury 
 pound No. 2. Legends as Shrewsbury pound No. 4, but 
 HIBER. MB. This is the same as Rud. xxiii. 5, but X 
 for V. 
 
 3. Arms on ground under the horse, MM obv. plume, 
 rev. two pellets, no plume behind the king, legends as last, 
 but HI. MB. 
 
323 
 
 These all have the plumes springing from a large coronet 
 without bands. 
 
 Half-pounds. Oxfoud. 1. Similar to Shrewsbury half- 
 pound No. 3, but with plume behind king, MAGN BRIT 
 FRAN ET HIB, rev. MM. seven pellets, plumes springing 
 from small coronet with bands. MB. 
 
 2. Obv. same die as last, rev. similar, but MM four 
 pellets, and date 1643. Rud. xxiii. 4. Sn. xii. 14. MB. 
 
 Half-pound. Exeter. Under the denomination of half- 
 pound must be classed a piece of equal weight with the 
 above, struck upon thick metal, with the Exeter type ; the 
 obverse indeed is from the die of the Exeter crown (478), 
 the reverse is like (476) but MM rose. MB. 
 Half-crowns. 
 The Tower Half-crowns in general resemble tlie crowns, 
 but there are still some variations that require notice, and 
 some types to which there are not any corresponding crowns. 
 Type 1. a. These resemble the crowns, type 1. a, but one 
 has a rose crowned on the housings, like the coins of James I. 
 MM. Lis. MAG BRI FR ET HI. MB. The others are 
 without the rose, but with an ornament like the crowns, 
 MM. Lis, legend same but BR. Eud. xix. 1. Sn. ix. 6. MB. 
 Long cross ; on this are no ends of cross at the sides of the 
 shield. BRI or BRIT FRA ET HI. MB. Castle. BEl 
 FR ET HIB. MB. 
 
 Type 1. b. Feathers over the shield, no ends of cross, 
 MM Long cross. BRI FRA ET HI. MB. Negro's head, 
 BR FR ET HIB. MB. Castle, same legend. MB. Anchor, 
 same but HI. MB. Heart, as last. Rud. xix. 2. 
 
 Type 2. a. Similar to the crown type 2. a, but without 
 any cross under the shield. MM Plume, BRI or BRIT FRA 
 or FRAN ET HIB. Sn. ix. 12. MB. Rose, BRIT FR. 
 Rud. xix. 6. MB. 
 
 Type 2. b. Similar to the crown type 2. b. with the 
 plume over the shield. MM Plume BRIT FR ET HIB. 
 RASHLEIGH Rose, same MB. or BR FR ET HIB. Late 
 Walceford, v. r. 
 
 21 * 
 
324 
 
 Type 2. c. This variety has the oval shield, garnished in 
 a different manner, between 0. R. MM Harp, MAG BRI FR 
 or PRA ET HIB. or MA BR PR ET HIB. MB. Port- 
 cullis, MA or MAG BR PR ET HI or HIB (482) .MB. 
 
 Type 2. d. Similar, but with feathers over the shield, 
 MAG BR PR ET HIB. MM Harp. MB. 
 
 Type 3. a. Similar to crown type 3. a. MM Bell, MA 
 BR PR BT HI. MB. Crown, M for MA; or MAG BRI FR 
 ET HIB. MB. Ton, as bell. MB. Anchor, same ; king's 
 scarf as high as his shoulders. Rud. xix. 4. MB. Triangle, 
 shield larger, ground under horse, MAG BRIT PRA ET 
 HIB (483). MB. The following have no ground under 
 horse, work coarser, MM (P), MAG BRIT PRA ET HIB. 
 MB. (R), same. MB. Eye, same but FRAN. MB. Sun, 
 as (R). MB. The head of the horse, upon pieces with the 
 anchor and subsequent mint marks, is more raised and 
 turned a little towards the spectator. 
 
 Type 3. b. Similar to crown, plume over shield. MM 
 PortculHs, MAG BRIT FRAN BT HI. Rud. six. 3, or 
 MM Bell, Crown, or Ton. These four are all in Mr. Neck's 
 collection. NCNS xvi. 144. 
 
 Type 4. Very similar to crown type 4, but the horse 
 scarcely foreshortened, MM Star, MAG BRI PRA ET HIB. 
 MB. Triangle within a circle, same, or HI. Rud. xix. 6. 
 MB. (P), same with HI. MB. 
 
 Type 6. Similar to crown type 5, but tbe mane not extend- 
 ing in front of the chest, legend MAG BRI FRA ET HIB. 
 MM Sun. MB. obv. Sceptre, rev. Sun. MB. Sceptre. MB. 
 
 Beiot's Half-ceown. Exactly resembles the crown, but 
 reads HIB. MM. B and flower, rev. B. MB. Another 
 omitting B. Rud. xxi. 11. Sn. x. 5. B and anchor, BRI- 
 TANN PR, Rud. xxii. 7. Sn. x. 9. MB. Anchor without 
 any letter, MAG BRIT FR. MB. In this piece the shield 
 is square at the top, garnished ; no letters crowned at the 
 sides, or crown above, v. r. 
 
 Abeeystwith Half-ceowns. The king is represented as 
 
325 
 
 upon the talf-crownSj type 3, with the anchor and subse- 
 quent mint marksj but there is a plume in the field behind 
 the king. The shield also is similar but has a plume over 
 it. MM An open book; ground under the horse sometimes, 
 as in the Tower coins with MM triangle. MB. ; sometimes 
 without, as in those with MM anchor. Rud. xx. 14. Sn. x. 
 32. MB. MM Crown. MB. On this piece the king is 
 represented as on type 5. The legend on all is MAG BRIT 
 FEA ET HI. 
 
 The Aberystwith half-crowns were struck in consequence 
 of an indenture between the king and Thos. Bushell in July 
 1637, by which a mint was established at this place, or in its 
 immediate neighbourhood, for the express purpose of strik- 
 ing money from the produce of the Welsh mines, which had 
 before been struck at the Tower, and had been distinguished 
 by the introduction of the plume. Authority was given to 
 strike half-crowns, shillings, sixpences, half-groats and 
 pence ; but a commission, dated in October following, au- 
 thorized the striking of groats, three-pences and half-pence. 
 Those with MM Book were probably struck in 1638 and some 
 subsequent years : those with MM Orown not before 1645 
 or 1646, when the sun and sceptre were used at the Tower 
 mint. By the above indenture it" was agreed that all moneys 
 made at Aberystwith should have the plume on both sides ; 
 this does not appear to have been strictly attended to, as 
 some have it only on one side. When the Aberystwith 
 moneyers were removed to Shrewsbury and Oxford in 1642, 
 they retained this peculiar mark ; and it also appears upon 
 some pieces which were not struck by them, but at some of 
 the many occasional mints which sprung up in various places 
 during the troubles of the kingdom, and where any type 
 was imitated, as chance or caprice dictated. It cannot there- 
 fore be pronounced, that coins of a later period than 1642 
 were struck here, though it is not impossible that some 
 workmen remained at Aberystwith, and that the two mints 
 were worked simultaneously. 
 
326 
 
 Bristol Half-ceowns : there are several pieces, with a 
 type most closely resembling that of Oxford, which have the 
 letters BE in monogram, either as a mint mark, or on other 
 parts of the coinj these were formerly attributed to 
 Oxford, and said to have been struck from silver contributed 
 or procured by Dr. Eichard Baylie, President of St. John's 
 College and Dean of Salisbury; we have not been able to 
 ascertain the source of this tale, and we entirely discredit it. 
 The dates upon these pieces are 1643, 1644, 1646. Bristol 
 was in the king's hands from July 1643 to Sept. 1645, and 
 as we have, upon similar coins, EX for Exeter, OX for Ox- 
 ford, and no letters that we can assign positively to indivi- 
 duals, we have not any hesitation in assigning BE to Bristol. 
 
 1'he first half-crown struck at Bristol we believe to be that 
 which has MM some uncertain object like a pear between 
 four pellets ; the king's crown very flat at the top ; the 
 sword leaning forwards. MM on rev. BE. In other 
 respects it resembles the Oxford type of the same date 1643 
 without OX, the off hind leg being raised. Legends MAG- 
 BE FE ET HIBEE EEX. EXVEGAT, &c. Inscription 
 EELIG PEOT LE AK LI PA. (485.) MB. 
 
 2. A specimen in MB. has obv. from the same die as the 
 preceding, but on the rev. the MM and the first B of the 
 legend are omitted. 
 
 3. Another of the same date has MM obv. Plume, rev. 
 BE. The sword in this piece and all the subsequent ones is 
 upright. HI for HIBEE. MB. 
 
 The varieties of 1644 are, 4. Obv. MM Plume. Eev. MM 
 BE. BEIT FE ET HI. (490.) MB. The sword in this 
 figure should be more upright. 
 
 5. Similar, but with BE also under the date and between 
 the horse's feet. BR for BEIT, EEL for EELIG. MB. 
 
 6. Similar to the last, omitting the MM on reverse. Eud. 
 xxiv. 2. Sn. xii. 3. or reading EELIG PEO. MB. 
 
 7. Same as 5, but omitting both MM's and reading HIB. 
 MB. 
 
327 
 
 1645. 8. Obv. MM Plume. BR under horse and date. 
 Similar to type G, but 1645, sometimes reading PRO. Sn. 
 xii. 4. MB. 
 
 The legend of the reverse of aU the Bristol half-crowns 
 commences at the top. 
 
 Chestbe Halp-ceown : the horse upon this coin is of 
 peculiar form, especially about the chest, which is very large; 
 the tail much waved; under the feet the letters CHST. 
 Behind the king a Plume. Rev. oval shield garnished like 
 that of Tower mint No. 3. MM. Three gerbs, the arms of 
 Chester. Rud. xxvi. 2. Sn. xiv. 15. MB. Browne Willis 
 mentions one with OEST instead of CHST. Legend MAG 
 BRI PR BT HIR, or HIB. 
 
 2. There is a half-crown, the obverse of which is certainly 
 from the same die as the preceding, but with some altera- 
 tions. There is not any appearance of the Plume, or CHST, 
 but it seems impossible to say how or when these variations 
 have taken place upon the die. The MM is the same, 
 though obliterated on the coin from which our figure is 
 taken. The reverse is like the Oxford type, has the date 
 1644, MM Plume. Inscription RELIG PRO LEG ANG 
 LIBER PAR. The legend commences at the side. (486). 
 MB. Mr. Rashleigh has a specimen. 
 
 3. Another piece is assigned to Chester because it has H 
 under the horse^s feet, the coin so much worn that no other 
 letters are visible. The horse is not like that of the two 
 preceding, the tail is fuller, dishevelled, less wavy; the fore 
 parts obliterated; the king's scarf longer; reads FRAN. 
 Rev. Shield oval, without garniture; no MM, date 1644. 
 (487). MB. 
 
 ExETEE Hale-ceowns : there are some half-crowns which, 
 bearing the letters EX, leave no doubt of their having been 
 struck in that city. Upon them we perceive, as MM, a rose of 
 a peculiar form, which, with other peculiarities in the details, 
 induces us to class all the following pieces under this city. 
 
 The first difi'ers very much from all the other coins of 
 
328 
 
 this king. It represents his Majesty, three quarters to the 
 frontj with a truncheon in his hand, on a horse capering 
 amidst arms strewed upon the ground. MM on both sides, 
 rose. The shield is oval, garnished, having something like 
 lions' claws at the sides, and the date 1642 amongst the 
 ornaments underneath. MAG BR FR ET HI. Rud. xxv. 
 1. Sn. xiv. 19. MB. This piece is round, neatly executed, 
 generally in very good preservation, and probably not 
 adopted for circulation. Folkes supposes it to have been 
 struck at York, when the king first set up his standard in 
 that neighbourhood, but the form of the rose, &c. induces 
 us to assign it to Exeter. 
 
 2. The next represents the king similarly mounted, but 
 with a sword in his hand, his hair long and floating behind; 
 no arms upon the ground. The shield oval, garnished, 
 between 0. R. fleur de lis above. MM on both sides, rose. 
 (488). MB. MAG? BR FRA ET HIB. 
 
 3. Obv. as last, but MA BR FRA ET HI. Rev. same, 
 but the C R abovet he shield instead of at the sides. MB. 
 or reading BRI BA8ELEIGH. 
 
 4. The horse walking, carrying his head rather low ; the 
 king in profile, his hair short; like the first Exeter crown. 
 Rev. same as No. 2. MM rose. MA BRI FRA ET HIB. 
 See (478). 
 
 5. Like No. 4, but HI. Rev. as No. 3. Rud. Sup. v. 26. 
 Sn. xiv. 12. MB. 
 
 6. The horse has his head more raised, neck longer and 
 thinner, the tail twisted, thick and square at the end, as are 
 to a certain extent the tails upon all the Exeter coins ; the 
 king's face turned rather to the front. See (489). MM rose. 
 The reverse has the Oxford type, date 1644, EX below, EX 
 also for mint mark ; the legend commences at the side. Rud. 
 Sup. v. 20. not correct. Sn. xiii. 12. MA BR FR ET HI. 
 Inscription REL. PRO. LE. ANG. LIB. PAR. MB. 
 
 7. Horse, &c. as the last, but the king's face in profile, 
 head thrown far back, scarf smaller. M BR FR ET HI. 
 
329 
 
 MM rose. Eev. oval shield garnished like that of Tower 
 mint, type 3, MM rose in the middle of the date 1644. MB. 
 
 8. King's face in profile, sword sloping forwards, ground 
 under the horse, whose tail is not twisted; in general 
 character like the Oxford half-crowns of 1643 with OX. See 
 (493). MAG BR FR ET HI. Rev- as No. 7, but date 1644 
 at end of legend. MM on both sides rose. MB. 
 
 9. Obverse similar to No. 6. (489). Eev. as No. 8. MB. 
 
 10. Obverse as No. 1. Rev. as No. 8. MB. 
 
 11. Same as last, but Rev. MM castle, and date 1645. NO 
 XII. 62, where it is erroneously stated that the coin is in MB. 
 
 12. Obverse as No. 6, rev. as No. 11. Rud. xxv. 5. Sn. 
 xiii. 12.* MB. 
 
 13. Same as last, but rev. MM EX instead of Castle. MB. 
 
 14. Obverse as No. 6 ; rev. as No. 8, but date 1 645. MM 
 on both sides rose. Sn. xiii. 11. 
 
 15. Obv. and rev. as No. 6, but date 1645, without EX 
 under it. LT instead of LIB. BA8HLEIGH. 
 
 Oxford Half-crowns. Date 1642, type similar to that of 
 the crown (481), but with no numerals to indicate the value. 
 1. No ground under horse, MM obv. Plume, MAG. BRIT. 
 FRAN. HI. RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. PAR. 
 
 2. A variety, line under horse, without the plume behind 
 the king, reads INIMI. Sn. xii. 1. MB. Another reads 
 correctly INIMICI. MB. Both read FR ET HIB, but 
 otherwise as the last. 
 
 Date 1643. 
 
 3. Line under horse, no MM. Obv. like Bristol half- 
 crown (490), and legend same, MAG : BRIT : FR : ET : 
 HI : Eev. like type 1, but 4 pellets before legend. MB. 
 
 4. Another is similar, but reads HIB. Rev. similar, but 
 a cross of 5 pellets before legend, inscription as on Bristol 
 half-crowns, RELIG : PRO : LE : AN : LI : PA : MB. 
 
 5. Same as 3, but MM on obv. Plume, no line under 
 horse, two pellets before legend on rev. MB. Another 
 reads HIB. MB. 
 
330 
 
 6. Anotlier has MM on obv. PlumCj no plume beliind 
 king, but otherwise is like No. 4. Sn. xii. 2. 
 
 7. Another like No. 3, with MM, if any, obliterated on both 
 sides, and reading HIB, is without any lines above and below 
 the inscription, which reads LE : AN : LIB : PA. (491.) MB. 
 
 The coins of 1642 have the near hind leg of the horse 
 raised, those of 1643 have the off hind leg raised; all the 
 preceding are without OX and may therefore have been 
 struck at Aberystwith; the crown on the king's head is 
 large, flat topped, and the whole type very like the Bristol 
 raonoy, but unlike all the coins which have OX. See p. 340. 
 
 Date 1643 OX. 
 
 8. The king very small, his sword pointed rather for- 
 wards, ground under the horse, whose near hind leg is 
 raised, as (493). MM obv. Plume. MAG BR PR ET 
 HIB. Rev. legend begins at side, rosette before each word. 
 Inscription RELI. PRO. LB ANG. LIB. PAR. 
 
 9. Like the last, but middle plume much the largest, 
 rosette only at beginning of legend on rev. RELIG. MB. 
 
 10. Like the last, but MM rosette on obv. no rosettes on 
 rev. RELI. PROT. MB. 
 
 11. Similar to No. 8, but scarcely any ground under the 
 horse, rev. legend begins at top. LEG for LE. Sn. xii. 5. 
 
 Date 1644 OX. 
 
 12. Like No. 8, but no rosettes, five pellets before legend 
 on rev. RELIG. MB. 
 
 13. Obv. same die as 9, but lozenge between words on 
 rev., pellet each side of plumes and OX, plume each side of 
 date. MB. 
 
 14. Obv. same die as 9. Rev. similar, but plume ? 
 instead of rosette for MM, plume before and after date, 
 dot each side of OX, PA for PAR. MB. 
 
 15. Obv. same die ? as 12. Rev. similar, MM lozenge 
 between four pellets, lozenge between each word of rev. 
 legend and before and after the date, OX, and plumes ; 
 EELIG. PR. MB. 
 
331 
 
 16 Another like the last, but pellet between each 
 word, no lozenge before and after the plumes. PRO. 
 Sn. xii. 6. 
 
 17. Like 15, but rev. MM rosette between four lozenges, 
 the figures curved, not Roman, and the centre plume very 
 large. RBLIG: PROT: LE AJSTG: LIB: PARL. (493). MB. 
 
 18. Obv. same die as 12. Rev. like the last, but without 
 lozenges, MM five pellets. RELIG PRO LB AN LIBER 
 PA. Sn. xii. 7, or ANG. MB. 
 
 19. Obv. same die as 12. Rev. like 17, but MM pellet, 
 pellets instead of lozenges ; inscription as 8, but PA for 
 PAR. MB. 
 
 20. Obv. same die as 9. Rev. like 9, but 1644, the figures 
 large, pellet before and after OX. MB. 
 
 Snelling's obv. to his fig. 5 is common also to his 6, 7, 
 and 8, and represents the horse without any ground under- 
 neath, whereas all the half-crowns which have OX show more 
 or less of ground. 
 
 Date 1645 OX. 
 
 21. Obv. same die as 15. Rev. as 8, but MM rosette 
 between four pellets, pellet instead of rosette between 
 words. RELIG : PRO : LEG, &c. MB. 
 
 22. Same, but no rev. MM, pellet before and after OX. 
 LE. Rud. Sup. V. 18. Sn. xii. 8. 
 
 23. Same, but king's head higher, MAG BRI ERA ET 
 HI ; horse extremely coarse and heavy. Rev. MM five 
 pellets, pellet before and after date and OX. RELIG : 
 PRO : LEG ANG : LIBER : PAR. MB. 
 
 Date 1646 OX. 
 
 24. Same as last, but no pellet before and after date or 
 OX. MB. 
 
 25. Same as last, but horse much better. MAG BRIT 
 FRAN ET HIB. Rev. each plume, figure, and OX between 
 annulets ; annulet between words of inscription ; legend 
 commences towards the right j five pellets crosswise for 
 MM. (492). MB. 
 
332 
 
 26. Same as 25, but pellets instead of annulets ; legend 
 commences at side. MB. 
 
 Sheewsbuet Half-ceowns. Date 1642. 1. Obv. type 
 exactly like tbe Aberystwitb half-crowns (see 483), the 
 King^s head touches the inner circle, which is pierced by 
 his sword J plumes behind kingj no ground under horse; 
 MM open book : MAG : BEIT : FEAN : ET. HIB : EBX. 
 Eev. no MM, two pellets before each word of legend, which 
 commences at the side, a single plume with a pellet on 
 each side of it above the inscription, which is between 
 two lines. EELIG PEOT LEG ANGL LIBBET PAE. 
 1642. NCNS VI. 152. NUGK. 
 
 2. Very like the last, but five pellets crosswise for MM 
 on obv. MAG: BEI : PEA:? BT : HIB: EBX. Eev. 
 like the last, but one pellet before each word of legend, 
 three plumes above inscription ; ANG LIBBE PAE. MB. 
 The rev. of this coin is much coarser than the obv. which 
 had probably been executed at Aberystwith, and now, with 
 pellets instead of the usual book for MM, was applied to a 
 reverse hastily executed at Shrewsbury for the purpose of 
 recording the King's new declaration. 
 
 3. Obv. type same as the Oxford crown (481), with a 
 plume behind the king, and ground under the horse, but no 
 MM. MAG BE FEAN ET HIB. Eev. exactly like the 
 last, though from a different die. MB. 
 
 4. Obv. from same die as last, rev. similar, but a single 
 plume with the figures 2.6, indicating the value, on each side 
 of it, instead of pellets, above the inscription, which is the 
 same as No. 1, but ANG for ANGL. (647). MB. 
 
 5. Obv. similar, but no ground, BE FE BT HIB. Eev. 
 as last. MB. or ANGL. MB. These are the only half-crowns 
 on which the value is marked. 
 
 6. Obv. from same die as last. Eev. as No. 1, but one 
 pellet before each word of legend, ANG. MB. 
 
 The obverses of the last four are similar in type to those 
 of the half-crowns of the same date described as of Oxford ; 
 
333 
 
 but the reTerses differ, inasmuch as the plumes spring from 
 a large coronet^ with no bands underneath it, whereas those 
 on all the Oxford coins, whether or without OX, spring 
 from a smaller coronet with bands below it. And LIBERT, 
 which is found on Nos. 1, 4, 5, and 6, is never found on 
 Oxford coins. 
 
 Wbymouth Half-crowns. This place was garrisoned for 
 the king from September 1643 to June 1644. The arms 
 granted to the united towns of Weymouth and Melcombe 
 Eegis in 1592 were, inter alia, " In the first a lion rampant, 
 purpure ; in the second a castle, or." (Hutchias' " History of 
 Dorsetshire.") And in Burke's " General Armory," the arms 
 given are a ship carrying two banners, on one of which are 
 two lions passant guardant, on the second, quarterly, a lion 
 rampant and a castle. Mr. Dymock therefore with great pro- 
 bability suggested that the following coins marked with the 
 letter W, a castle, and two lions passant, and one of which is 
 dated 1044, must have been struck at Weymouth during this 
 period. NOlSrS I. 185. 
 
 1. Obv. imitation of York half-crown No. 5, see (497). 
 MM castle ? grass under horse, W between his feet. Legend 
 same as York, MAG BRIT FRAN BT HIB REX. Rev. 
 oval shield, garnished, crowned, like the reverse of (500) ; 
 lis before and after Auspice, and at end of legend. MB. 
 
 2. Obv. same, rev. similar, but shield surrounded by a 
 chain- like border, and between R; small rossette before 
 each word, and at end of legend. MB. 
 
 8. Obv. same, but MM castle very distinct. Rev. square 
 topped shield, garnished, surmounted by a large broad 
 crown ; MM helmet at end of legend. There are two of 
 these in MB. the reverse from different dies. The crown is 
 remarkable as being ornamented by a lis between two crosses 
 like the Scotch coins, instead of a cross between two lis like 
 the English ones. MB. 
 
 4. Obv. similar, but MM two lions passant, no grass 
 under horse's feet, his tail passing between his legs, almost 
 
334 
 
 exactly like (502). Rev. as last. MB. Rud. Sup. v. 27. 
 Sn. xiv. 14. The obv. MM is not given in these plates. 
 
 5. Obv. as last. Rev. oval shield, garnished with lion's 
 skin, crowned, MM helmet; exactly the same as rev. of 
 (602). MB. 
 
 6. Obv. as last. Rev. Declaration type, MM four pellets, 
 legend begins at side, inscription as on the Bristol coins, 
 RBLIG : PROT : LB : AN : LIB : PA— Date 1644. MB. 
 
 WoECESTEE Half-ceown : this piece has an oval shield, 
 the garniture of which has four small fleurs de lis, and con- 
 tains the letters H. 0. Obv. MM a pear. MAG BRIT 
 FRAN ET HIB. Rev. MM three pears, the arms of 
 Worcester. (494.) Rud. xxvi. 1. Sn. xiv. 17. MB. The 
 meaning of the letters H. C. remains undiscovered, but pro- 
 bably they are the initials of some loyal resident in the place. 
 
 YoEK Hai,p-ceowns : 1. Ground under the feet of the 
 horse, which, on some pieces, carries his head low, the near 
 hind leg raised; MAG BRI PR ET HI. Rev. shield 
 square, slight garniture, between 0. R. MM on both sides, 
 a lion. (495.) Rud. xxvi. 4. Sn. x. 19. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, but rev. oval shield garnished like Tower mint 
 type No. 3, see (476). MB. 
 
 3. Like the last, but without ground and shield flattened. 
 Rud. Sup. V. 9. Sn. x. 18. MB. 
 
 4. Like type 2, but HIB ; EBOR under the horse with 
 the head low. MB. 
 
 5. Horse tall, mane long in front of chest, EBOR under- 
 neath, better workmanship. MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB, 
 Rev. Shield square topped, plain, crowned, between 0. R. 
 crowned ; flower before and after AVSPICB. MM on both 
 sides, a lion. (496.) Rud. xxi. 1. MB. See Sn. x. 16. 
 where the crowns over the letters are omitted. 
 
 6. Similar, but shield oval, garnished. (497). Rud. xxi. 3. 
 MB. Mr. Rashleigh has several varieties, differing slightly in 
 the shape of the flowers, &c. Sn. x. 17 reads BRI. FR. 
 
 7. Similar, but horse's tail visible between his legs, 
 
385 
 
 garniture of sbield decorated wifcli head and paws of lion, 
 without the 0. R. or flowers in the legend, crown frosted. 
 Eud. xxi. 2. Sn. x. 20. MB. Another reads FKA ET 
 HIBA, and has three pellets before the legend, over the 
 king's head. MB. Another has the crown not frosted, nose 
 and eyes of lion's skin expressed. (498.) MB. 
 
 The York mint is said to have been established about 
 1629, and the coins struck at this place, unlike those of 
 Chester, Worcester, &c., were not of the nature of siege- 
 pieces, but of the ordinary currency of the country before 
 the commencement of the troubles. Of the operations of 
 this mint we have few records except the coins themselves ; 
 and of their dates we can only guess from the nature of 
 the types. The bust of the king is clearly after the model 
 introduced by Briot, which first appears upon the Tower 
 coins with the harp mint mark, 1632. The square shield 
 is also after Briot's model, and the oval shield is similar to 
 that which first appeared with the Portcullis mint mark 
 1633. To this year tradition assigns the earliest York coin, 
 and a comparison of types does not contradict the state- 
 ment. York surrendered to the Parliament in 164-4. 
 
 TTnceetain Hal?-ceowns. 
 
 Daring the troubles of Charles I. many coins were struck 
 in various places, probably for the use of the garrisons 
 when beleagured, or of troops in districts distant from the 
 royal mint. They were executed by inferior, and sometimes 
 by exceedingly unskilful, workmen, who rudely imitated 
 such coins of the established types as they happened to have 
 at hand, adding various objects, as mint marks, directed, 
 probably in the choice by the arms or badges of the place 
 or of some distinguished leader. We have already noticed 
 such pieces of Chester, Worcester, &c., and we now proceed 
 to describe some, the localities of which have escaped 
 discovery. 
 
336 
 
 1. Imitation of Tower type 4, MM star, MAG, BR-T-F 
 HI REX. Eev. R-ENO- for RB&JSTO. MB. 
 
 2. Imitation of Tower type 4, MM triangle within circle, 
 MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB. MB. 
 
 3. Imitation of tliat with MM (P), coarser work, reads 
 BRIT, late Cuff. 
 
 4. Imitation of Tower type 3 a, but MM obv. obliterated, 
 pellet on rev. Obv. legend blundered. MB. 
 
 5. Obv. like Bristol coin (485), MM invisible, MAG BRI 
 FRA ET HIB. Rev. as Tower type 4, but MM mullet. MB. 
 
 6. Obv. similar to (500), no ? MM, MAG BRI FRAN ET 
 HIB. Rev. as Tower type 4, MM rose ? MB. 
 
 7. Horse, work rather spirited, MM Bugle. Oval shield, 
 garnished like type 2 a. MB. so very badly struck that a 
 small portion only of the work and legend appears. (504.) 
 Another almost identical, but MM invisible, reads MA. BRI. 
 FRA. A. ET HI. REX. and has four pellets before and 
 after AYSPIOB. MB. These are extremely similar to 
 Exeter type 5. Their condition is such that it is impossible 
 to say whether they have C R over the shield. 
 
 8. Obv. like Oxford coin (493) but figure larger, no 
 plume. MM rosette ? MAG BRI FRA ET HIB. Rev. 
 oval shield draped, crowned, very like (500) but with no lis 
 at sides, between C R not crowned ; small rosette or quatre- 
 foil after each word. MB. 
 
 9. Similar to last, but rev. shield like (500), rose each 
 side of AVSPICE. MB. 
 
 10. Obv. imitation of York, No. 5. MAG BR FRAN ET 
 HI RX, no MM, two annulets after each word. Rev. as 
 last. MB. 
 
 11. Obv. as last, and rev. same, but lion instead of rose 
 before and after AVSPICE, Rud. Sup. v. 28. Sn. xiv. 16. 
 MB. Ending erroneously reads REX instead of RX. 
 
 12. Very similar, but obv. different work, BRIT. FRAN 
 ET HIB REX; mullet instead of lion before and after 
 AVSPICE. (500.) MB. 
 
337 
 
 13. Obv. same as last, MAG BRIT FEAN ET HIB 
 REX. Rev. similar, but, instead of lions, lis before and 
 after AVSPICB, and at end of legend. Rud. G. 1. MB. 
 The beginning of legend, and MM, if any, defective. 
 
 14. Obv. similar to tbe last, but SA under the horse, tail 
 passing between the legs, MM Lis between four pellets, 
 HI : EX. Rev. oval shield, garnisbed with lion's skin, 
 crowned, MM helmet. (502.) MB. Another in MB. has 
 the reverse at least from a different die ; it has been clipped 
 down to the inner margin. 
 
 15. Similar, but without SA, no pellets round MM, 
 legend same as No. 10. Rev. as last. MB. 
 
 16. Similar to the last, but a large ball under tie horse, 
 MM as No. 14. Rev. oval shield, garnished with lion's 
 skin, crowned, not the same as last, lis at each side of crown, 
 REGNA for REGNO. MB. 
 
 17. Similar to last, but rev. MM. Helmet between four 
 annulets, and no lis at side of crown. (503.) Rud, Sup. 
 V. 30. MB. The ball on this coin appears to have been 
 struck over SA. 
 
 18. Similar to last, but tail not between horse's legs, 
 nothing under the horse, MM ? Rev. shield crowned, 
 garnished like the last, but without lion's claws. Crown 
 frosted, small lis each side of it, REGNO. MB. Rud. F. 5. 
 
 19. Somewhat similar to Weymouth, No. 1, but ground 
 under horse chequered. Legend as No. 10, but REX. MM 
 Plume between four pellets. Rev. shield oval, crowned, 
 lion's skin garniture, no MM. FLORENT CONCORDIA 
 REGNA, taken from the gold coins. (505.) MB. 
 
 20. Somewhat similar but no ground, no MM ? RX; no 
 lion's skin in garniture of shield. MB. See Rud. F. 6. 
 
 21. Obv. like No. 20, but MM small lis? rev. like No. 
 19. MB. or CONCOEDI. MB. 
 
 22. Obv. like No. 20, but MM lis between four pellets, 
 MAG BR FR ET HIB REX. Rev. shield oval, garnished 
 with lis, annuletB, &o. somewhat like the Worcester (494), 
 
338 
 
 but crowned ; lis and annulet before and after AVSPIOB. 
 MB. 
 
 23. Obv. like the last. Eev. more like (500), but lis and 
 annulet before and after AVSPICB, no Hs in garniture. 
 Rud. F. 4. MB. 
 
 24. Like the last, but horse better workmanship, like 
 York No. 5. 
 
 25. Horse similar and legend same as TorkNo. 5. MAG 
 BRIT FRAN BT HIB REX. no MM. Rev. shield oval, 
 crowned, lion's skin garniture, exactly like (498), but no 
 MM. MB. 
 
 26. Horse, off hind leg raised, no mane in front, no tail 
 between legs, sword sloping backwards, legend as the last. 
 Rev. shield, plain, square, crowned, between C R crowned. 
 MM rose or cinquefoil pierced. (506.) MB. There is no 
 ground under the horse on this coin. 
 
 27. Like the last, but shield oval, garnished with lion's 
 skin, like (507), without C R. MM, &c. as last. MB. 
 
 28. Obv. as the last. Rev. like (507) but three pellets 
 for MM. MB. 
 
 29. Obv. very similar, rev. oval shield crowned, garnished 
 with lion's skin, CHRISTO, &c. MM on both sides, gerb 
 lying down. (507.) MB. There is no ground under the 
 horse. The MM makes it probable that this may have been 
 struck at Chester. Mr. Rashleigh has a specimen. 
 
 The obverses of the above pieces, with the exception of 
 Nos. 5, 7, 8, and 9, seem to have been imitated from the 
 York coins, or from those of the Tower mint with the MM 
 star or triangle within circle or (P) which were struck in 
 1640, 1641, or 1643. 
 
 30. Obv. like type 3, but MM Anchor. MAG BRIT 
 FR BT HIB. RBX. Rev. square shield, garnished. MM 
 Anchor. Rud. F. 3. MB. 
 
 31. A little ground under horse's forefeet, MM small' lis. 
 MAG BRIT FRA BT HI RBX. Rev. Shield oval, in the 
 garter, crown between 0. R. crowned, supporters, 1645 
 
339 
 
 below/CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. (508.) Rud. xxvi. 
 3. Sn. xiv. 18. MB. 
 
 32. Same obv. but BRITT. no date on rev. MB. Ruding 
 says that No. 30 and 31 are supposed to have been struck in 
 the west of England. Leake thinks it probable that they 
 were the produce of mines at Comb-Martin in Devonshire j 
 no grounds are stated for these conjectures. 
 
 33. Rude imitation of Declaration type, dated 1644, MM 
 on both sides, plume. Rev. legend begins at top. MAG- : 
 BRI : FR: ET: HI: RELIG PROT LB: AN: LI : PA (509) 
 Rud. F. 2. MB. 
 
 34. Horse like No. 12, MMobUterated. Rev. Declaration 
 type, 1644, MM •••, legend commences at sides. Plumes large. 
 
 35. Horse, off hind leg raised, sword upright, exceedingly 
 like Bristol half-crown of 1644, with flat topped crown, 
 plume behind, MM Plume. MAG BR FR ET HIB. A 
 under horse, and under date, 1645. Rev. MM A., inscrip- 
 tion as No. 33, but REL. MB. The letter A has been in- 
 terpreted, but absurdly, to indicate All Soul's College, 
 Oxford, because it contributed its plate to the king's service. 
 Another specimen is without the A under the date. MB. 
 
 36. Very similar, but the reverse has B under the date 
 1646; and, over the inscription, scroll ornaments. (510.) 
 MB. The B has been supposed to indicate Bushell, the Mint 
 Master at Aberystwith and Oxford; but as A occurs on 
 the coins of 1645, and B only upon those of 1646, we must 
 look for some other meaning for these letters. 
 
 37. Similar to last, but no letters, plume behind and 
 under horse's feet, MM on both sides. Plume, 1646. MB. 
 
 38. Similar, but no MM on rev. Late Guff. 
 
 39. Similar, but MM on both sides, Plume, and plume 
 under horse and date. MB. 
 
 40. Similar, but without MM or plume behind king or 
 under date. Sn. xii. 9. Obv. only is in Rud. Sup. v. 17. 
 
 From the year 1643 to 1646, we have Oxford coins with 
 the letters OX upon them, and we see no reason why the 
 
 22 * 
 
340 
 
 letters when once adopted should have been omitt'ed. If 
 we compare those undoubted Oxford coins of parallel dates 
 with those under discussion, we shall perceive the style of 
 work and arrangement of the parts of the type to be very 
 different. If we compare the figure of the king and horse 
 with the later Bristol coins, we shall see a resemblance 
 amounting to identity, and we have, therefore, little doubt 
 of their having been struck by the workmen of the Bristol 
 mint after they were driven from that city, in Sept. 1646. 
 
 Bristol half-crowns have all the broad flat crown. The 
 supposed Oxford, before the word OX is used, have also the 
 broad flat crown, so have those of a later date, when OX 
 was omitted ; all those with Ox have the small figure of the 
 king. 
 
 All Oxford 1642 have the horse's near hind leg raised ; 
 all half-crowns 1643 without OX have the off hind leg raised. 
 
 These coins, from No. 34 to 40, have generally been 
 attributed to Oxford, but we believe improperly. The dies 
 of all these obverses, from No. 35 to 39, perhaps also that 
 of No. 40, though we cannot speak with certainty, not hav- 
 ing seen the coins, are formed from the same punches, and 
 must have been struck at the same place. They do not at 
 all resemble any of the coins which, having OX, are limited 
 to Oxford, but they do extremely resemble those which we 
 have ascribed to Bristol, especially those with dates 1644 
 and 1645; they are all dated 1645 or 1646, we have there- 
 fore very little doubt that they were struck by the officers 
 of the Bristol mint, in some place to which they retired after 
 the surrender of that city. 
 
 It will be observed that the obverses of the half-crowns 
 which have OX bear considerable resemblance to those of 
 the Aberystwith mint, but do not resemble most of those 
 with the declaration type dated 1642 and 1643, and which 
 are without OX or any other letters. But these last very 
 much resemble the earlier Bristol half-crowns with the pear- 
 like MM. We have ascribed the earlier coins of 1642 to the 
 
341 
 
 mint set up at Shrewsbury by Thomas Bushellj and the later 
 ones of that year and those of 1643 without OX to the same 
 mint located at Oxford ; and as Bushell is recorded to have 
 afterwards carried the silver from his Welsh mines to Bristol 
 instead of to Oxford (see Rud. vol. ii. 239), we believe that 
 the coins marked BR, which are all dated 1643, 1644, or 
 1645, were struck by him in that cityj and that the coins 
 dated 1645 or 1646, with the letters A or B, or without any 
 peculiar letter, the plume being small and compact, were 
 struck by the workmen of the same mint in some place to 
 which they retired after the surrender of Bristol, which took 
 place in Sept. 1645. 
 
 Bushell held for the king the Isle of Lundy, in the mouth 
 of the Bristol Channel, on which he had built a castle, till 
 1647. 
 
 The "blacksmith's" half-crowns (499), Rud. xxvi. 5. Sn. 
 xiv. 13, MB. are now generally considered to be Irish. 
 
 Shillings. 
 
 TowBE Mint : Type 1 . King's head to left crowned, ruff, 
 collar, royal mantle, XII. behind the head. MAG BR, BRI 
 or BRIT, FR or PRA, ET HI or HIB. Rev. Square plain 
 shield, over a cross fleuryj the harp is ornamented with 
 a bird's head. CHRISTO AVSPICB REGNO. MM. Lis 
 (511). Rud. xix. 7. Sn. ix. 5. MB. Long cross. MB. 
 Sometimes the shield has a plume over it and no cross 
 fleury, like type 1. b., MM lis. Late Guff. 
 
 Type 1. a. Bust in armour nearly concealed by the broad 
 scarf fastened upon the shoulder ; ruff round neck, in other 
 respects like type 1. MM long cross, BR FR ET HIB or 
 HI, or BRI FRA ET HI. MB. Negro's head. BR FR 
 ET HIB, Rud. xix. 8. MB. Castle, BR FR ET HI. 
 MB. 
 
 Type 1. b. Sometimes there is a plume over the shield, 
 in which case there is not any appearance of a cross, MM 
 
342 
 
 Long cross, BE FR BT HI or BRI FRA ET HI. MB. 
 Negro's head, BRI FRA ET HI. MB. or BR PR BT HI. 
 BA8ELEIQE. Castle, BR FR ET HI. Eud. xix. 9. MB. 
 Upriglit anchor, same. MB. Heart, same, but MA for 
 MAG (612) MB. The coins with this last mark are neater 
 than the others, and the harp in the shield is without the 
 bird's head, as also in one with MM anchor. Plume. 
 NECK. NONS xvi. 143. 
 
 Type 2. a. Obverse nearly the same, but rather more 
 armour visible. Rev. Oval shield garnished, 0. R. above, 
 like the crown type 2 a. but without the cross. MM Plume, 
 MA BR FR ET HI or MAG BRIT FE ET HIB, or MAG 
 BRI PR ET HI. (513.) MB. MM Rose, MA. or MAG. 
 BR. or BRI. FR ET HI. MB. 
 
 Type 2. b. Similar, but with plume over shield. MM 
 Heart, MAG BEIT FR BT HIB. MB. Plume, same or 
 HL Rud. xix. 11. Sn. ix. 11. MB. Rose, MAG BR. 
 FR. BT HIB. MB. 
 
 Type 2. c. Similar to the last but without numerals behind 
 head, different garniture. MM Plume, MAG BRIT FR ET 
 HIB. MB. 
 
 These shillings with the plume are larger than those 
 without it. 
 
 Type 3. Hair long, lovelock ; armour without scarf, 
 falling laced collar. Shield oval, garnished, between C. R. 
 MM Harp, MA BR FR BT HI, or HIB, or MAG BRI FR or 
 FRA ET HI or HIB. (514.) MB. Portcullis, MA BR FE 
 BT HI or HIB. Eud. xix. 12. MB. The head is smaller 
 and is confined within the legend ; and it continues diminish- 
 ing in size till about 1640, when the star MM was adopted. 
 
 Type 3. a. Similar obv. Shield oval, differently garnished, 
 without C. E., like crown type 3. No inner circle on 
 either' side. MM Portcullis, MAG BE FR BT HI. Rud. 
 F. 7. MB. Bell, same, but MA. MB. Crown, as last. 
 MB. Ton, same, or RE for REX. (516.) MB. 
 
 Type 3. b. Similar, with plume over the shield. MM. 
 
343 
 
 Bell, MA or MAG BR FR ET HI or HIB. Rud. xix. 13. 
 MB. Crown, MA, HI. MB. 
 
 Type 4. Similar bust ; shield square, plain, over a cross 
 fleury, witHn the inner circle, -wliioh is now resumed. This 
 does not correspond with any type of crown or half-crown. 
 MM Ton. MA or MAG BR PR BT H or HI. MB. Anchor, 
 MA BR FR ET HI, or MAG BRI. ERA. ET HIB. MB. 
 Triangle, same, or HI for HIB. MB. Star, MAG BRI 
 ERA ET HI. MB. The head with this and following MM 
 is better executed and has a broader crown (615) ; this head 
 does occur with the anchor, which MM therefore probably 
 continued to 1639 or 1640. MB. Triangle within circle, 
 as last. MB. (P), same, but HIB. Rud. xx. 12. MB. 
 (R). MB. Eye : very neat workmanship. MB. Sun. MB. 
 Of this there are two very different heads, one neat like that 
 with the star MM, the other with rounder and coarser 
 features. (517.) Sceptre. Rud. xx. 13. Sn. ix. 17. MB. 
 One has MM sceptre on rev. only. Coarse features, like the 
 later of those with MM Sun. All after (P) have the same 
 legend. 
 
 Briot. 1 : Biist with long hair, lovelock, falling lace 
 collar, armour, scarf fastened on shoulder by a rose. MM 
 Flower and B. CAROLVS D. G. MAGN BRITANN 
 FRAN ET HIB REX. Rev. Square topped shield over 
 cross which extends to edge of coin. MM. B. Rud. xxi. 
 12. MB. 
 
 2. Another without B on the reverse. Sn. x. 4. 
 
 3. Same as 1, but obv. MM small lozenge and B. MB. 
 
 4. MM on both sides. Anchor, MAG BRIT FR ET HIB. 
 MB. The falling collar is plain with a broad lace border, 
 no scarf, cross on rev. confined within inner circle. 
 
 5. MM on both sides, Anchor and B. Type similar to 
 last. Rud. xxii. 8. Sn. x. 8. MB. The falling collar was 
 introduced into the mint in 1631 or 1632, and these pieces 
 of Briot with the large cross on reverse were probably 
 struck about the same time. Those with the smaller cross 
 
344 
 
 and anchor MM were probably struck in 1638, when those 
 peculiarities appeared upon the usual mint money. 
 
 Abietstwith Shillings : Bust similar to type 3, plume 
 before the face. Shield oval garnished like crown, type 3, 
 over it a plume, inner circle on both sides. MM Book, MA 
 or MAG BR TR ET HI. (518.) MB. Sometimes the 
 obverse is without inner circle. MB. Sometimes it is 
 omitted on both sides, which gives the appearance of a 
 smaller shield. Eud. xx. 15. Sn. x. 31. On some pieces 
 the head is much smaller than on others. 
 
 Beistol Shillings : 1. 1643. Bust, crowned, falling 
 collar trimmed with lace of a stellate pattern, no plume 
 before face, XII. behind head. MM Plume, MAG BR FR 
 ET HI. Rev. Declaration type, date 1643. MM BR in 
 monogram. RELIG : PRO : LEG : ANG : LIB : PAR : Sn. 
 xi. 25. Eud. Snp. v. 15. It is certainly by mistake that they 
 give B. only as the MM upon this coin with the date 1643. 
 
 2. 1644. Similar to the preceding but dated 1644. (519.) 
 MB. 
 
 3. Bust different from the preceding, lace not stellate, 
 the termination of the hair round the head well defined, and 
 separate from the lovelock, no MM. Plume before the face. 
 MAG BR PR ET H. Rev. no MM, but BR. under the 
 date, centre plume larger than the others, REL PRO or 
 PROT, &c. Rud..xsi7. 3. MB. 
 
 4. Obv. as 3, rev. as 2. MB. or EELI : PROT. Sn. xi. 
 27. MB. 
 
 5. Similar, but no plume before face. Rev. MM indis- 
 tinct. Under the date BR. REL PROT. Sn. xi. 28. 
 
 6. Bust, hair, dress, &o. exactly like Exeter shillings ; no 
 plume before face, MM Plume, MAG BR PR ET HI. Rev. 
 from same die as No. 2. MB. 
 
 7. 1645. Obv. as 3. Rev. MM BR, no letters under 
 date, REL PROT. Sn. xi. 26, Rud. Sup. v. 16, rev. MB. 
 
 8. Similar, but no plume before face. MAG BR FR ET 
 HI. (521.) MB. 
 
345 
 
 9. Similar^ no plume before face, no MM on eitter side, 
 BR under date. Sn. xi. 29. 
 
 The legend of these Bristol pieces commences at the top 
 of the coin. 
 
 BxETBE Shillings : Bust after the same type as that of 
 Bristol, but of rather inferior workmanship ; there is not 
 any distinct boundary between the general mass of hair and 
 the lovelock ; they are all without a plume before the face, 
 and have all, on the obverse, MM rose, of peculiar form : 
 all the obverses except the last appear to be from the same 
 die. They read MA BR PR BT HI. Rev. 1. Shield oval, 
 garnished, like Tower crown type 3. MM rose, no date. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, but date 1644 at the end of legend on reverse. 
 Rud. XXV. 6. Sn. xiii. 8. MB. 
 
 3. Similar, but date veiy small at beginning instead of 
 end of legend. MB. 
 
 4. Similar, but MM rose in the middle of the date, 1644. 
 (520.) MB. 
 
 5. Similar, but date 1645 at the end of legend on reverse. 
 MB. 
 
 6. Declaration type, no MM. date 1645, the legend com- 
 mences at the side; RELIG PRO. Rud. Sup. v. 19. Sn. 
 xiii. 9. MB. 
 
 7. Bust similar, but not identical, MM on both sides rose 
 of same form, M BR FRA ET HI. Rev. shield oval 
 garnished, somewhat like half-crown (488), but without C.R. 
 MB. 
 
 Oxford Shillings: 1642. 1. Obv. after the model of 
 Tower type 3. MM Plume, MAG- BR FR BT HI or 
 HIBBR. Rev. no MM, EXVRGAT, &c. RBLIG PRQT 
 LBG ANG LIBER PAR, straight line above and below each 
 line of inscription. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, but bust almost identical with Briot's No. 1, but 
 plain broad collar, not laced, legend as last, but HIB. Sn. 
 xi. 24. MB. 
 
 1643. Similar, bust more like Exeter, MAG BR or 
 
346 
 
 BRIT FE BT HI. In some specimens the inscription reads 
 PRO, and LIB PAEL, and the plumes over it are very- 
 large. MB. 
 
 1644. OX. 1. Bust similar, MM plume, MAG BR FR 
 ET HIBER. Two lozenges at the end of the obv. legend. 
 Rev. plumes very small, no bands visible, no MM, inscrip- 
 tion between two lines, RBLIG PRO LEG ANG LIB 
 PAR. MB. 
 
 2. Plumes larger, with bands, lozenges before and after 
 the plumes and the date, and after the words of the legends 
 and inscription. Rev. MM lozenge between four pellets ; 
 LIBER PA, same die as No. 10, coin large. Sn. xi. 32. 
 MB. 
 
 3. Similar, but ANGL LIBER PAR. Lozenge before 
 and after OX. Rev. MM four lozenges. MB. 
 
 4. As 2, but rev. MM two lozenges ; lozenges before and 
 after OX, date, and plumes, and in the legend, and pellets 
 between the words of the inscription. RELlG PR LEG 
 ANGL LIBER PA. MB. 
 
 5. As 4, but rev. MM two pellets, pellets instead of 
 lozenges between the words of the legend as well as of the 
 inscription, which is the same as 1, but LIBER. MB. The 
 date, by a blunder, reads 1044. The obverses of the above 
 five coins are from the same die. 
 
 6. Similar, but bust exactly hke Exeter, MAG BR FR 
 ET HI, lozenges after the words on obv. Rev. from same 
 die as No. 5, with date 1044. MB. 
 
 7. Obv. same die as the last. Rev. lozenge after every 
 word except PROT, the figures of the date curved, inscrip- 
 tion as 1 but PROT, LIBER. Sn. xi. 30. MB. 
 
 8. Bust in figured armour, lion's head on shoulder-piece, 
 falling laced collar, scarf looped up in front, R for Rawlins 
 on the truncation of the arm, lozenges after words, MM 
 plume, MAG BRI FR ET HIB, Rev. a small quatrefoil 
 for MM. and also before and after the plumes ; a lozenge 
 between each word of the legend and after the date and OX, 
 
347 
 
 and two after some words of the inscription^ which is same 
 as last. MB. 
 
 9. Bust in figured armour, lion's head on shoulder-piece, 
 small plain collar, no scarf : MM plume. ReT. scroll bor- 
 der above and below inscription, coin very large, 1| inch 
 diameter. Lozenges after words on both sides, legends and 
 inscription as No. 6. (522.) Sn. xi. 31, rev. only. MB. 
 
 10. Bust to right, crowned, scarf looped up on the breast j 
 armour with lion's head on shoulder, plain deep collar, 
 behind the head IIX: all within the inner circle. MM 
 plume, MAG BE FR BT HIB, lozenges after words. Rev. 
 plain lines above and below inscription, same die as No. 2, 
 If inch diameter. (523.)' MB. See Sn. xi. 32. 
 
 11. Bust similar to the preceding, but reaching below to 
 the edge of the coin, and the scarf covering the shoulder ; 
 behind the head XII. no inner circle or MM. Legend 
 begins at bottom, MAG. BR. P. ET. HI. Rev. inscription 
 same as 1, within a compartment, with one large plume over 
 it, the date 1644 below, legend begins at top, OX is omitted. 
 1| inch diameter. (524.) MB. 
 
 If these two were current coins, they are the only ones of 
 this reign which have ths face turned in this direction : if 
 they were only patterns they have this peculiarity in common 
 only with some other pieces of this description. 
 
 1645. OX. Obv. same die as Nos. 1 to 5. Rev. plumes 
 large. Plain lines above and below inscription, which is as 
 No. 7. 1645. MB. 
 
 1646. Obv. same die. Rev. MM obliterated, plumes 
 small, each plume and figure between annulets, annulet after 
 each word of inscription, which is as No. 1, but LEGE. 
 Three annulets, without OX, below. (525.) MB. This is 
 extremely like a half-crown of this year with OX, see (492) . 
 
 All the above except 11, have, on the obverse, MM plume 
 but no plume in front of the face. All the busts except Nos. 8, 
 9, 10, 11, bear a strong resemblance to those of the Aberyst- 
 with mint ; those of 1642 and 1643 less than those of 1644, 
 
348 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, all of which have OX ; and it will 
 be observed that those letters occur upon shillings only of 
 the years 1644 and 1645. The rev. legend always, except on 
 No. 11, begins on the left hand side of the coin. It is only 
 on those without OX that a straight line occurs between each 
 line of the inscription. 
 
 Sheewsbuet Shilling. Obv. like Aberystwith, plume 
 before the face, inner circle both sides, MM book. MAG 
 BEIT FRA ET HI. Eev. Declaration type, no MM, legend 
 beginning at side, line above and below inscription, but not 
 between each line. 1642. Inscription same as Oxford of 
 that date, but middle plume taller than tbe rest. (648.) MB. 
 The plumes on this are without bands, as on the Shrewsbury 
 half-crowns; this is not the case on any other shilling. 
 
 ToEK Shillings : 1. Obv. after the model of Tower type 
 8. MM lion. MAG. BRI. FRA. ET. HI. Rev. square 
 shield over a cross fleury, like Briot's No. 1 ; over the shield 
 EBOE. Rud. xxi. 4. MB. Or BEIT. ERAN. ET. HIB. 
 Sn. X. 18. 
 
 2. Bust in plain armour, mantle, and plain falling collar, 
 coarse work. BRI. FR. ET. HI. Rev. similar to preceding. 
 (526.) MB. 
 
 8. Obv. as No. 1. Shield oval, garnished like Tower 
 type 3. EBOR underneath. Rud, xxi. 6. Sn. x. 14. MB. 
 
 4. Bust similar, but lace of a different pattern. MAG. 
 BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. Eev. oval shield, different garni- 
 ture, crowned, EBOE underneath. Eud. xxi. 5. Sn. x. 15. 
 MB. 
 
 5. Similar, but with lion's skin garniture. (527.) MB. 
 Uncertain Shillings. 1. Similar to tbe Oxford type, but 
 
 the head imitated from the later York coins, MM plume ? 
 CAELVS D. G. MA BE FE ET HI EEX. Eev. as Oxford 
 1642, but legend begins at top. PEO for PEOT. 1642. MB. 
 2. Same type, bust exactly like Exeter shillings, no plume 
 before face, MM plume, MAG BE FE ET HIB. Eev. as 
 last, but legend begins at side, ANGI for ANG. 1644. 
 
349 
 
 3. Same type, bust nearly resembling tbat on Bristol 
 sbillings, No. 3, no plume in front, MM plume, legend as 
 last, but HI. Eev. MM A and A also under tte date, 
 legend begins at top, line above and below inscription, REL 
 PRO or PROT LEG- ANG LIB PAR. 1645. MB. Mr. 
 Shepherd had one without the MM on the obv. 
 
 4. Same as No. 8, but with plume before the face, HIB. 
 PRO. MB. Rud. Sup. v. 13. Sn. xi. 34, but they 
 describe the obv. MM as a negro's head, which we have 
 never seen. We suspect the plates to have been taken from 
 the Museum specimen, in which the MM plume being 
 blundered has somewhat the appearance of a head. 
 
 5. Obv. same as last. Rev. MM plume, scroll ornament 
 above inscription, which is as last. 1646. Sn. xi. 85. MB., 
 or PROT. MB. Or, with obv. from different die, HI., 
 PRO., no MM on rev. MB. The reverse, but not the 
 obverse, is the same as Rud. xxiv. 4. 
 
 6. Bust to left, crowned, armour, plain collar, riband 
 and badge, no MM. MAG : BRIT : PR : ET : HI. Rev. 
 square shield over cross fleury, with castle above between 
 C. R., four annulets before and after AVSPIOE. MM 
 helmet, ornamented cross, plume, and lion rampant. 
 CHRISTO &c. Rud. Sup. v. 23. Sn. xiv. 11. (528.) 
 MB. The pellets at the side of the shield in our plate 
 represent the ends of a cross fleury. 
 
 7. Similar, but rose instead of castle between C. R. 
 Late JDymoch. 
 
 8. Similar, with cross fleury under shield, but nothing 
 above it. Mint marks obliterated, but not as many as on 
 type 6. MB. 
 
 9. Somewhat similar to last, but RX; MM on rev. boar's 
 head; lion's paws at sides and top of shield. Rud. xxvi. 6. 
 Sn. xiv. 10. See sixpence (534). MB. 
 
 10. Obv. same as 6. Rev. oval shield, with drapery gar- 
 niture, like type 3 with harp MM, decorated with two lis ; 
 a star before and after AVSPICB. MM lion rampant and 
 rose composed of dots. MB. 
 
350 
 
 11. Obv. same die. Rev. shield similar to last; lozenge 
 after each, word of legend. MM a leaf between two qua- 
 trefoils, each composed of dots. MB. A double struck 
 specimen gives one of the quatrefoils the appearance of a 
 rose composed of seven dots. Rud. B. 14. (529). 
 
 12. Bust somewhat similar, but much ruder. MM lis 
 between four pellets. MA BR FR ET HI. Rev. similar to 
 No. 9, but MM lion rampant between four annulets, two 
 annulets above shield and after each word. MB. 
 
 13. Obv. same. Rev. oval shield, not crowned, something 
 like Tower type 3. MM helmet between two small lis and 
 pellets. (530.) MB. 
 
 14. Obv. same die. Rev. same, but MM Us between four 
 pellets. MB. 
 
 15. Same, but rev. MM some round object and an orna- 
 mented cross. Rud. E. 11. MB. 
 
 16. Obv. same. Rev. shield more Uke Worcester (494). 
 MM lozenge ? between four annulets, pierced quatrefoil ? 
 between them and OHRISTO. MB. 
 
 17. Very rude imitation of Tower type 1, with MM 
 anchor (not upright), but no cross under the shield. MA 
 BR FR BT HIB. MB. 
 
 18. Similar, but with a cross under the shield, MM up- 
 right anchor. Rud. P. 1. MB. 
 
 19. Imitation of Tower type 2, MM plume both sides, 
 shield oval between C R. MB. 
 
 20. Imitation of Tower type 3a, MM crown both sides. 
 Legend as 17, but E for ET. Rud. E. 1 3. MB. 
 
 21. Similar, but BT. HI. Bust large, dividing legend at 
 top. MM ton ? MB. Mr. Bergne had another from diffe- 
 rent dies. 
 
 22. Imitation of Tower type 4. MM ton both sides. 
 CARLVS. D G. MAG BR FRAN. ET HIB REX. Two 
 pellets before each word on rev., one after legend. MB. 
 
 23. Similar, but MM triangle. Legend as 17, but HI. MB. 
 
 24. Another similar has the king's head broad, aud reads 
 FRA ET HIB. MB. 
 
351 
 
 25. Somewhat similar, but the triangle with the apex 
 downwards, the king's head small, MAG BRI FE B HI 
 MB. 
 
 26. Similar, but MM obv. plume placed horizontally; 
 rev. ? MAG BRIT PR ET HI. MB. 
 
 27. Similar, but obv. MM legend as 17, rev. CHRISTO 
 AVSPICE REGNO. MB. 
 
 28. Obv. bust imitated from York shilling, N'o. 4, and 
 legend same? but MM three pellets. Rev. as York, No. 1. 
 MB. 
 
 29. Similar, but MM both sides lion ? legend as York 
 No. 1 ?, cross on rev. does not pierce the inner circle. MB. 
 
 30. Imitation of later York shillings with oval shield, 
 crowned, and garnished with lion's skin, MM on both sides, 
 lion. MAG BRIT FR BT HI REX. EBOR under 
 shield reversed. MB. Another reads ERA E REX, 
 omitting HI, and has the A in CAROLVS upside down, 
 but EBOR not reversed. MB. 
 
 31. Somewhat less like the later York head. MM lis, 
 MAG BRIT FR ET HI. Rev. oval shield like Tower 
 type 3. MM lion. EBOR under shield, no inner circle 
 either side. Rud. xxvi. 7. Sn. xiv. 3. MB. 
 
 Sixpences. 
 
 ToWEE Mint. Type 1. Same as shilling, type 1 ; over 
 the shield, 1625. MM lis. MA or MAG BR or BRI FR 
 ET HI. Sn. ix. 4. MB. MM long cross, 1625, and 1626. 
 NJEGE. NCNS xvi. 141. 
 
 Type 1. a. Same as shilling. MM long cross, MAG 
 BRI ERA ET HI. 1625. MB. 1626. MB. Negro's 
 head, FR, 1626. Rud. xx. 1. MB. 1627. NBCK. NCNS 
 xvi. 142. Castle, 1627. iV^02C. zfo. Anchor, as last? 1628. 
 MB. Heart, MAG BRIT? FR ET HIB. 1629. MB. 
 Heart, MA BR or BRI FR BT HI, 1630, no cross under 
 shield. Rud. xx. 3. MB. 
 
352 
 
 Type 2. a. Same as shilling. MM plume, 1630. NECK. 
 NONS xvi. 143. None of the sixpences from the Tower 
 mint were dated after this year. MM plume, MAG BR 
 PR BT HI. Sn. ix. 10. MB. 
 
 Type 2. b. Same as shilling. MM plume, MAG BRIT 
 FR ET HI. MB. Rose, BR. MB. 
 
 Type 3. Same as shilling, but head within inner circle. 
 MM harp, MA or MAG, BR or BRI, FR or FRA, HI or 
 HIB. Rud.xx. 8. MB. Portcullis MA BR FR ET HI. MB. 
 
 Type 3. a. Same as shilling. MM bell, MA BR FR ET 
 HI. 3IB. Crown, rev. bell. BA8LEIGR. Crown, same or 
 HIB. MB. Ton, HI. Rud. xx. 9. MB. 
 
 Type 4. Same as shilling. MM ton, MA BR PR ET 
 HI. MB. Anchor, same. Rud. xx. 2. MB. Triangle, MAG 
 BRI FRA ET HI. MB. Star, same. MB. Triangle within 
 circle, same. MB. These last three have the features 
 sharper and more like type 3 a. (P), same. MB. Eye. MB. 
 Sun, HIB. MB. Sceptre, as last. MB. The busts upon 
 these last do not extend below to touch the inner circle. 
 Sceptre, bust and legend same as with MM ton. Sn. ix. 16. 
 The busts upon the sixpences of type 4 vary in the same 
 manner as upon the shillings. 
 
 Beiot : Same as shilling. MM Flower and B. Rev. MM 
 B. MAGN BRITANN FR ET HIB. MB. Without B. on 
 reverse, same or BRITAN. Rud. xxi. 13. 14. Sn. x. 3. 
 MB. Same as shilling with MM anchor. MB. B. under 
 anchor on obv. Rud. xxii. 9. Sn. x. 7. Another with B. 
 under the anchor on both sides. MB. With mullet pierced 
 under the anchor on the obverse. MB. On all these the type 
 and legend is the same as on the shillings with MM anchor. 
 
 Abeeystwith Sixpences : Same as shilling, MM book, 
 VI behind head, MAG BR FR ET HI. With inner circle 
 on both sides. MB. On obverse only. MB. On neither. Rud. 
 XX. 16. Sn. X. 30. MB. ; Mr. Rashleigh has one of these with 
 no numeral behind the head. MM Crown. Snelling MS note. 
 That with inner circle on both sides has MM on obv. only. 
 
353 
 
 Bristol Sixpences : Like the early shilling but lace different, 
 no MM. MAG : B : P : BT : H : Est. MM BR. 1643. Legend 
 CHRISTO AVSPIOE REGNO. Rud. Sup. v. 14. Snell. 
 xi. 20. MB. or RBLI for RBLIG. MB. Similar to the later 
 shillings, bust small, plume before face, legend as last. 
 Rev. MM BR. 1644. BXVRGAT, &c. Inscription as last, 
 RBLIG. (531). Snell. xi. 21, but BR: for B. ; MM 
 omitted. MB. 
 
 ExETBE Sixpences : Same as shilling with 16 44, and 
 rose in middle of date. Rud. xxy. 7. Sn. xiii. 7. MB. 
 1644 to the left of the MM, M.B.P. BT. H. Rud. Sap. vi. 1. 
 Sn. xiii. 6. 
 
 Oxford Sixpences : Similar to Oxford shilling of 1642, 
 but plume before face. MM Plume. MAG: BRIT: FR : 
 ET : HI : 1642. Rud. xxiv. 5. MB. MM Book, 1642. MM 
 Book, 1643. Rud. xxiv. 6. MB. or reading PRO, ANGL. 
 MB. Similar to shillings of 1644, OX, obv. legend and MM 
 as last, plume between two lis above inscription RBLIG 
 PRO LEG ANG LIBER PA . Pellets after words of legends 
 and inscription, and before and after lis, OX, and date. (532.) 
 MB. See Snell. xi. 17, 18, 19, who has omitted the mint 
 mark upon the obverse probably to adapt it to all three 
 reverses. 
 
 YoEK Sixpences : Similar to shilling. MM Lion. MAG 
 BRIT PRAN BT HIB. Rev. oval shield garnished, crowned, 
 without BBOR. Rud. xxi. 7. Sn. x. 11. MB. Similar but 
 shield between C. R. crowned. Rud. xxi. 8. Sn. x. 12. MB. 
 
 Uncertain Sixpences. 1. Like uncertain shilling No. 4, 
 plume before face, MM t». legends same, but HI. Rev. no 
 MM, nothing under date, 1645. MB. Sn. xi. 22 is similar 
 but has no MM on obv. 
 
 2. Similar, .but MM on obv. B., MAG : B : F : ET. H : 
 Rev. scroll ornament over inscription, PRO or PROT, 1646. 
 (533.) Rud. xxiv. 7. Snell xi. 23. MB. 
 
 3. Like uncertain shilling No. 9, but obv. MM Castle. 
 MAG BR FR BT HI RX. Rev. square shield with lion's 
 
 23 
 
354 
 
 paw between two annulets at top and sides. MM three 
 limbs of a crosSj and a boar's head, a lis before and after 
 AVSPICE. (534.) End. xxvi. 8, Sn. xiv. 7, are imperfectly- 
 drawn from a very defective specimen. MB. 
 
 4. Bust same as Tower type 2 a, MM rose ; from a Tower 
 die. MAG BRI F-RA ET HI. Rev. oval shield, garnished, 
 crowned, between 0. R. MM rose. CVLTORES SYI DBVS 
 PROTBGIT. MB. Rud. E. 12. The reverse is from the 
 gold crown, vid. Rud. xiii. 6, Kenyon (122). 
 
 5. Very rude and base imitation of Tower type 3 a, MM 
 ton. MB. 
 
 6. Imitation of Tower type 4, MM triangle, MA BR PR 
 ET HI. MB. 
 
 7. Similar, MM rose, MAG BRI FRA ET HI. Sn. xiv. 6. 
 
 Geoats. 
 
 Abbrtstwith. Same as the shillings with inner circle on 
 both sides, MM book. M or MAG. B.F»BT. H, or M BR. 
 F. ET HI. Crown sometimes pierces inner circle. Rud. 
 XX. 17. Sn. X. 29. MB. Another has the head and collar 
 smaller, the bust displaying more shoulder, and armour. 
 M. B. F. ET. H. MB. Another variety has the collar 
 still smaller, with scarcely any lace ; and the armour of 
 the shoulder appears ornamented with studs. The shield 
 also is very small, and the plume large, MM, on both sides, 
 a Crown. MAG BRI FRA ET HIB. Sn. x. 28. MB. 
 
 Bristol. Bust similar to the shilling. No. 3, but no 
 plume before face, no MM, MAG BR FR ET HI. REL 
 PROT : LEG : ANG : LIB : PAR : 1644. MB. Similar 
 but BR under date, PRO. Sn. xi. 12. Similar to last, small 
 compact plume before face. Rud. xxiv. 9. MB. Bust 
 rather different, plume larger, MAG : B : F : ET : HIB : 
 Rev. MM BR., PROT. (536.) Sn. xi. 11. MB. All the 
 legends commence at the top, and there is a plain line above 
 and below the inscription. 
 
 ExiTEE. Same as shilling, but M. B. F. ET. H. Date 
 
355 
 
 1644 before the legend of the obverse. Rud. xxv. 8. Sn. 
 xiii. 5. MB. 
 
 Oxford. 1. Bust to left crowned; armour -with lion's 
 head on shoulder, scarf looped up on the breast ; lace collar, 
 plume before, IIII behind the head, which resembles those 
 upon the Oxford shillings of 1644, which are turned to the 
 right. MM Cross formed of a pellet with florets for limbs. 
 M. B. F. BT. H. Eud. Sup. v. 12, badly executed. Rev. from 
 the same die as the sixpence of 1644. (536). Sn. si. 13. MB. 
 
 2. Obv. Bust somewhat sirqilar in design but much larger, 
 descending to the edge of the coin, and above piercing the 
 legend, which commences at the bottom. MA BR FR BT 
 H. See No. 8. Rev. same die as No. 1 . MB. 
 
 3. Bust very similar to the last, but legend as No. 1. Rev. 
 same die as No. 1. Sn. xi. 10. MB. 
 
 4. Bust reaching above to edge of coin, but below only 
 to the inner circle. MM lis at end of legend, which com- 
 mences at the top, M.B.F. ET. HIB. Rev. same as No. 1. 
 Sn. xi. 9. 
 
 5. Obv. as No. 1. Rev. similar, but fleurs de lis very 
 small, no pellet each side of them, MM a lozenge between 
 four pellets. MB. 
 
 6. Bust as Aberystwithj MM book, legend as No. 1. Rev. 
 same die as No. 5. MB. 
 
 7. Obv. from same die as No. 1. Rev. single plume and 
 scroll ornament above, 1645 and waved line below inscrip- 
 tion, which is as before, but PAR for PA. Legend com- 
 mences at the top. No MM. MB. 
 
 8. Obv. similar to No. 2. Rev. same as last. (537). Sn. 
 xi. 14. MB. This is very like the shilling (524), Oxford, 
 1644, No. 11. 
 
 9. Bust somewhat similar ; R. underneath for Rawlins. 
 M. B. PR. ET. HI. Rev. Inscription same as No. 7, in a 
 compartment, plume above, 1645 below, no MM or inner 
 circle. Legend begins at top. (538.) Rud! xxiv. 10. MB. 
 
 10. Similar, but 1646. Sn. xi. 15. MB. 
 
 23 * 
 
356 
 
 YoEK. None. Eud. Sap. v. 8, which he supposes a 
 pattern for one, is a pattern for a threepence, exactly like 
 those described hereafter with the III behind the head. 
 
 Unceetain. 1. Similar to uncertain sixpence No. 2, 
 bat obv. MM. Plume instead of B, MAG. BR. FR. BT. 
 HIB. Rev. no MM. Scroll ornament over inscription, date 
 underneath. 1646. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, but MM on both sides, a plume. MB. 
 
 3. Similar, but MM Plume on rev. only. Sn. xi. 16. 
 
 4. Bust to left, crowned, armour decorated with annulets, 
 laced collar, MM Rose. M. B. P. ET. H. Rev. Oval shield 
 garnished, somewhat in the manner of the Worcester half- 
 crown. MM. a helmet, work very rude. (539.) Rud. Sup. v. 
 29. Sn. xiv. 9. MB. 
 
 5. Similar to No. 4, but work still more rude ; armour 
 decorated with dots instead of annulets, collar not laced, 
 MM Obv. obliterated. The rev. quite the same as No. 4, 
 but MM one or two lis between four pellets ? MB. See un- 
 certain shilUng, No. 12. 
 
 6. Similar to No. 4, but obv. MM. Lis. Rud. Sup. v. 25. 
 Sn. xiv. 8. 
 
 7. Similar to these, but obv. MM. Lis. Rev. Lion. Rud. 
 xxvi. 9. Snell. xiv. 2. 
 
 Threepence. 
 
 Abeetstwith. Same as the groat. MM Book on both 
 sides. M. B. P. ET. HIB., or PR. ET. H. or HI. Rud. xx. 
 18. Sn. X. 26. MB. Sometimes on obv. only, FR. BT H. MB. 
 MM Crown on both sides, same as groat with that mint 
 mark, Plume large, touching the shield, MAG BR FR ET 
 HI. (540.) Rud. Sup. V. 7. His figure and description do 
 not agree. Sn. x. 27. MB. 
 
 Exeter. Obv. like the shilling, but MA. BR. F. E. H. 
 RE. Rev. Square topped shield over cross fleury, 1644 
 above. MM on both sides, rose. (541.) Rud. xxv. 9. Sn. 
 xiii. 4. MB. 
 
357 
 
 OxFOED. 1. As shilling of same date, plain armour, lace 
 collar, plume before. III behind head, MM Book. MAG. B. 
 F. ET. H. Eev. no MM, 1644, legend commences at top, 
 EEL PRO LEG AN LIB PA. Sn. xi. 4. MB. 
 
 2. Bust like the groat with lion-headed armour, R for 
 Eawlins under the bust, no plume in front. MM Lis, MAG. 
 BE. PR. ET. H. Rev. no MM, 1644, legend commences 
 at side, EELI. PEO. LEG. ANG. LIB. PAE. (542.) MB. 
 In Sn. xi. 7 the R is omitted. 
 
 3. Similar bust, &c. without the E, M. BR. F. ET. H. 
 Eev. EEL for EELI, date 1646, the last figure has been 
 altered in the die from a 4. End. xxiv. 11. Snell. xi. 8. MB. 
 
 ToEK. Same as York shilling, type 1. MA or MAG. 
 BE. EE. ET. HI. Eud. xxi. 9. Sup. v. 8. Sn. x. 10. MB. 
 One reads MA and REGN. on rev. MB. Another MA. BR, 
 F. E. H., and AVSPCE. MB. 
 
 Unceetain. 1. Obv. very like Bristol groat (535), but 
 the lace different. Plume before face, no MM, legend 
 M. B. F. ET. H. Rev. Declaration type, blundered, legend 
 begins at top, inscription between two plain lines, three 
 plumes above, 1644 below. MB. 
 
 2. Similar, but rev. one plume over inscription, no line 
 underneath. RE : PR LB : AN LI : PA. 1645. Eud. Sup. 
 V. 10. Sn. xi. 5. MB. 
 
 3. Similar but HI, MM obv. Plume. Rev. scroll orna- 
 ment above inscription, no line below. EEL: PRO: LEG: 
 AN: LIB: PA: 1646. (543.) Sn. xi. 6. MB. 
 
 4. Bust very like that of uncertain groat. No. 5, inner 
 circle, MM Lis, legend as 1 . Eev. Shield oval, garnished as 
 crown type 3, MM Lis. MB. 
 
 5. One, with falling lace collar, plume before the face and 
 over the shield, which is oval and garnished, MM uncertain. 
 MA B F E HI ? "Workmanship very coarse. (544.) MB. 
 
 6. Bust with falling collar, no MM, MAG BEIT FRAN 
 ET HIB. Eev. Square shield, without any cross, the only 
 instance of the kind in this reign. MM uncertain, appa- 
 
358 
 
 rently a gerb prostrate. Eud. xxvi. 11. Sn. xiv. 4. MB. 
 See uncertain lialf-crown, No. 29. The MM has been called 
 a helmetj a lion, or a thistle. 
 
 7. Similar to groat No. 7, oval shield. Obv. MM Lis. 
 Eev. Lion. Eud. xxvi. 10. Sn. xiv. 1. 
 
 Half-geoats. 
 
 The earlier coinages of half-groats and smaller pieces vary 
 from the larger denominations, both in type and legend; 
 the later coinages only in the legend. 
 
 Within one week after the death of James I. a commis- 
 sion was granted to continue the coinage according to the 
 last indentures made by that king, but these coins were 
 probably struck from unaltered dies of James I., and there- 
 fore are not now distinguishable. The half groat (545) MB. 
 has the Scotch MM, a thistle, and the Scotch shape of 
 crown, and is therefore probably a Scotch coin. See NONS 
 VIII. 237 j ante, p. 309. 
 
 The first distinguishable coinage of Charles has on each 
 side a rose crowned, with legend on obv. C. D. G. EOSA 
 SINE SPINA, and on rev. IVS THEONVM PIEMAT or 
 FBEMAT. MM on both sides. Lis. Sn. ix. 3. MB. Lis on 
 obverse only. MB. Long cross. (546.) MB. Negro's head. 
 MB. Anchor, Eud. xx. 4. MB. Heart. NECK. NCNS xvi. 
 143. Plume. MB. The last four have no inner circle ; the 
 rest have. Plume, with inner circle. Rud. Sup. v. 1. 
 
 The subsequent coinages have on the obverse the king's 
 portrait with the name CAEO, or, much more frequently, 
 CAEOLVS, followed by his titles variously abbreviated ; on 
 the reverse lYSTITIA is at full length. 
 
 King's bust crowned, like shilling type 2 a, oval shield 
 garnished as same type, but without the 0. E. MM Plume, 
 CAEO. D. a. MA. BE. FE. ET. HI. EBX, or CAEOLVS, 
 E. Eud. Sup. V. 2. Sn. ix. 9. MB. Eose, CAEO &c. as 
 before, or CAEOLVS D. G. MAG. BR. E. BT. H. MB. 
 
 Similar to shilling type 2 b, same as last but with plume 
 
559 
 
 over shield. MM Plume on obv. only. OAROLYS. D. G 
 MAG. B. FR. ET. H. REX. MB. 
 
 Similar to shilling type 3^ no inner circle. MM Rose, as 
 last but MA. BR, F. ET. H. MB. Harp, M. B. ERA. ET. 
 HIB., or F._ ET. H. MB. PortculHs, M. B. F. ET. H. 
 MB. Crown, same. MB. 
 
 Similar to shilling type 3 a. No inner circle, legend 
 CAROLVS D. G. M. B. F. ET. H. REX. MM Portcullis, 
 Bell, Crown, Ton, Anchor. Rud. Sup. v. 5. With inner 
 circle, MM Triangle, Star, Triangle in circle, (P), (R), 
 Eye, Sun, Sceptre. Sn. ix. 15. All in MB., except (P) 
 and Bye, which are Mr. Neck's. NCNS xvi. 148, 149. Some 
 pieces of the sun and sceptre MM differ much from others 
 of the same MM, and from all those of other MM, in having 
 the form of the head much shorter and the countenance 
 more aged ; the inner circle is smaller, while the coins are 
 somewhat larger. 
 
 Beiot. Bust to the left, crowned, armour, lace collar, B 
 underneath, MM Lozenge, CAROLVS D.G. MAG. BRIT. 
 PR. ET. HIB. R. Rev. square topped shield over a cross 
 fourchy, no MM. Rud. xxii. 12. Sn. x. 1. MB. 
 
 Abeetstwith. Obv. similar to shilling, but without the 
 plume before the head. CAROLVS D. G. M. B. F. ET. H. 
 REX. Rev. Plume, IVSTITIA THRONVM FIRMAT. 
 MM on both sides. Book. Rud. xx. 19. Sn. x. 24. MB. 
 MM Crown, ICH DIBN incuse under plumes, MA BR PR 
 ET HI. ext. rare. (547.) MB. MM Cross. MB. MM Lis. 
 Rud. E. 10. MM Pellet, 1646 at the sides of the plume. 
 Rud. Sup. V. 6. Sn. x. 25. MB. All these have an inner 
 circle on both sides. There are some with MM Book, with- 
 out the inner circle on either side. MB. 
 
 Beistol. Like groat, no MM or date, BR under inscrip- 
 tion, no plumes above. Legend as Aberystwith. Rev. RE : 
 PR LE : AN LI : PA between two straight lines MB, but 
 without the dots on each side of BR. as in the plates of 
 Rud. Sup. V. 11. Sn. xi. 3. Legend begins at top. 
 
360 
 
 ExETEE. Similar to shilling, but without date on obv. 
 Leg. CAROLVS D. G. M. B. F. ET. HI. REX. Eev. 
 THRO IVSTI FIEMAT. 1644. Eud. xxv. 11. Sn. sdii. 3. 
 MB. Both plates read IVS. Another coinage of this mint 
 has for the reverse type a rose instead of shield, same 
 legend, BASHLEIGH. Or H for HI. Eud. xxv. 10. Sn. 
 xiii. 2. MB. 
 
 OxFOED. Like the sixpence of 1644 (532), but no plume 
 before the face. MM Lis ? CAROLVS. D. G. M. B. FE. 
 ET. H. EEX. Eev. no pellets in field, PROT., PAE. 1644. 
 OX. MM lis. Eud. xxiv. 12. MB. or F for FR, no MM on 
 rev. Sn. xi. 2. 1644 omitting OX. MS. note of Mr. 
 Tutet. MM Book, plume before bust. Rev. no MM. 1644, 
 legend begins at top, late Guff. This piece closely resem- 
 bles the threepence. No. 1. i.e. Snell. xi. 4. 
 
 Unceetain. 1. Bust to left, falling collar, CAROLVS 
 D. G. MA B F IT H N. MM Bell. Rev. oval shield as 
 crown type 3. IVSTITN THROVM EIRMT. MM Bell. 
 MB. 
 
 2. Type similar, different work. Bust like threepence 
 No. 4, armour marked with pellets, legend as Aberystwith ; 
 MM Lis. CHRISTO &c. on reverse. MM obliterated. 
 (548.) MB. 
 
 3. Similar to the last, but different work. Obv. MM Lis. 
 Rev. MM Rose or Lis. MB. 
 
 4. Bust to left, crowned. Rev. square topped shield over 
 cross, with attempt at CHRISTO &c. legend ; most barba- 
 rous work, and called the blacksmith's. (549.) MB. 
 
 5. Imitation of Aberystwith half-groat, of the very rudest 
 workmanship. No legend visible. MB. 
 
 Penny. 
 
 Rose on each side, MM Lis, inner circle, C. D. G. ROSA 
 SINE SPINA and IVS THRONVM PIRMAT. (550.) 
 Sn. ix. 2. MB. 
 
 Similar, no inner circle. MM Two pellets. Rud. xx. 5. 
 MB. Another, MM one pellet. MB. 
 
361 
 
 King's head, CAROLVS. D. G. MA. B. F. BT. H. REX. 
 The bustj and shield on rev., are like the shillings type 2 a, 
 but without C. R. MM Plume, inner circle, IVSTITIA 
 &o. Sn. ix. 8. MB. MM Rose, no inner circle on rev. 
 MB. One of these is so ill struck, that it is difficult to say 
 whether the obverse belongs to this or the next type : it is 
 however the coin figured in Rud. Sup. v. 3. and the MM is 
 only a common rose without a stalk. MB. 
 
 Similar to shilling type 8, shield between 0. R., no inner 
 circle. MM Rose. MA BR FR BT H. ; IVSTITIA, &c. 
 Rud. Sup. vi. 2. Sn. xiv. 5. MB. Harp. BASHLEIGH. 
 
 Similar without the 0. R., M. B. F. ET. H.; MM PortcuUis 
 or rose. MB. Obv. Harp. Sn. ix. 14. Obv. Portcullis, Rev. 
 Harp. MB. The Portcullis MM on the penny does not seem 
 to have been known to Snelling. Bell. NECK. NCNS xvi. 
 145. Obv. two pellets. Rev. one, inner circle on obv. 
 MB. Obv. three pellets. Rev. one. MB. 
 
 Like shilling 3 a. MM Obv. one pellet. Rev. two. MB. 
 Two Pellets on each side. MB. Obv. no MM, Rev. Two 
 pellets, inner circle on obv. MB. See Rud. xx. 11, which 
 has the legend M. B. ? FR ET HI. One, with MM two 
 pellets ? has the king's head peculiarly formed, from the 
 same punch as the half-groat with the sun MM. MB. MM 
 obv. triangle, rev. two pellets, inner circle on obv. BASH- 
 LEIGH. MM obv. two pellets, rev. triangle, inner circle 
 both sides. MB. MM annulet, annulet before King's chin, 
 no inner circle. CBEEKE. 'NGNS xvi. 152. 
 
 Beiot : Like half-groat, but MM a PeUet, CAR. D. G. 
 MAG BRIT. FR. BT. HI. R. ; FIRMAT &c. Rud. xxii. l3. 
 Sn. X. 2. MB. 
 
 Similar, but legend commences with lYSTITIA. MB. 
 
 AnKEYSTWiTH : Like half-groat, CARO. D. G. M B or BR 
 F ET H REX. MM Book, with or without inner circle. 
 Rud. XX. 20. Sn. X. 22. MB. Head and plume smaller, MM 
 Lis. CAROL. D. G. M. B. F. ET. H. REX. Rud. xxvi. 12. 
 MB. or with lion's head on shoulder, MM obv. lis, rev. 
 
362 
 
 mullet. MB. (551.) MM Grown. SnelHng MS note. No 
 MM, CAEO. D. G. M. B. F. BT. HI. EEX. Sn. x. 23. Rud. 
 Sup. V. 4. MM ? CAEO. D. G. &c. head long, thin, plain 
 falling collar, lion's head on shoulder. Eev. no MM, late Sir 
 JET. Mlis. 
 
 Exetbe: Similar to half-groat with, the Eose type, 
 CAEOLVS. D. G. M. B. P. E. H. E. THRO. IVS PIEMAT 
 1644. (552.) MB. or F. ET. H. EEX. Eud. xxv. 12. Sn. 
 xiii. 1. 
 
 Oxford : Similar to half-groat. MM Lis ? or cross. PRO 
 for PROT. 1644. (553.) Rud. xxiv. 13. MB. or LIB for 
 LIBEE. Sn. xi. 1. or CAEOL for CAEOLYS, late Ohristmas. 
 NONS I. 28. 
 
 Bust with lion headed armour, CAEO &c. MM Lis. Eey. 
 Plume. IVSTITIA &c. MM Mullet. 
 
 Haxppennt. 
 
 Eose on each side, no legend or MM. Rud. xx. 7. Sn. ix. 
 l.MB. 
 
 Rose, Rev. Plume. Aberystwith. (554.) Rud. xx. 21. Sn. x. 
 21. MB. 
 
 Annexed is a table showing the description of pieces 
 which have been struck with each MM. The -F indicates that 
 the pieces are in the Brit. Museum ; the 0, that we have 
 seen them elsewhere ; the C, that they were in Mr. CufPs 
 collection ; the N that they are in Mr. Neck's ; B annexed 
 to a cross indicates that the MM is a book, L, that it is a Lis. 
 
 The marks upon the uncertain coins are so various, and so 
 irregular in the different denominations of those pieces which 
 appear to be of the same coinages, that they cannot be satis- 
 factorily represented in the same kind of tabular view as 
 those of the more regular series ; they are therefore noticed 
 in that portion of this work which is more particularly 
 devoted to the description of mint marks. 
 
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 bcP.bo _ 
 
 
 
 ^'-=^•3 
 
 
 
 M CB " 
 
 en CO w 
 
 
 
 § f^ 6< 
 
 ^ i^fe 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 O M O 
 
 
 
 o t^ a 
 
 
 
 
 fe 6 g.S 
 
 
 
 
 HfiFM^q 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 f 1 
 
 
 
 a"' . 
 <o o t; 
 
369 
 
 Of the coins of various denominations which are called 
 Uncertainj it will be seen that some are mere rade imitations 
 of some of the Tower mint coinSj and have not any marks 
 by which they may with probability be assigned to any parti- 
 cular local mint. Others have peculiar marks which seem 
 to hold out a hope that they may be specifically appropri- 
 ated : we have therefore placed in the Appendix a tabular 
 view of the marks which occur upon various denominations 
 of uncertain coins ; the figures referring to the No. of each 
 denomination in our descriptions. The coins with MM 
 Helmet, Castle, and Lis, seem to have some connexion with 
 each other; but the shields of half-crowns 14, 15, 16, 
 resemble those of York, while the shields of groats 4, 5, 6, 
 and 7, have the form peculiar to Worcester, districts so far 
 apart as to throw great obscurity over the subject. 
 
 Annexed is Euding's list of mint marks, many of which 
 are derived from records of what was intended, but probably 
 never carried into effect. A reference to the tabular view 
 will explain how many of these marks we have met with, 
 and upon what description of coins. We have prefixed a 
 cross to those which we have not seen, and have added a 
 few remarks enclosed within brackets. The figures after the 
 denominations refer to our descriptions. F refers to Polkes' 
 plates. S means Snelling. T, Tyssen's Sale Catalogue. 
 Briot's Work. 
 
 Anchor. 
 
 Rose, (not known.) 
 
 Anchor and small star. 
 
 Anemone flower and small B. F. 
 
 Small B. F. 
 
 Anemone flower and small B. 
 Rev. small B. 
 
 Aberystwith Mint. 
 
 Open book.* 
 
 * Folkes, p. 83, says the open book MM was used from Oct. 22, 
 1637, to July, 1641, and that it was afterwards resumed, 1643, on coins 
 supposed to he struck at Oxford. 
 
 24 
 
370 
 
 Fleur de lis.* 
 
 Crown.* 
 
 Cross. 
 
 York Mint. 
 Lion. 
 
 Eose.t F. (Exeter.) 
 Fleur de lis. Rev. Lion. F. (uncertain.) 
 
 Oxford Mint. 
 Fleur de lis, 1644-5-6. (1644 and only on small money.) 
 Trefoil, 1644. (not known.) 
 BR. in cypher, 1643-4-5. (Bristol.) 
 
 A. 1645. (uncertain.) 
 
 B. 1646. (uncertain.) 
 
 Open book, P. S. (on Shrewsbury half-crown and shilling, 
 and on Oxford small money.) 
 Rose.f F. (not known.) 
 
 Chester Mint. 
 Three Gerbs or Wheat Sheaves. F. 
 
 Exeter Mint. 
 Rose.§ 1644-5. 
 Castle. 1645. 
 Castle. Rev. Rose. 1645. 
 Rose. Rev. Castle. 1645. 
 
 Worcester Mint. 
 Pear. Rev. Three pears. 
 
 First coinage. Square shield. {Type 1, Orowns.) 
 Fleur de lis. 
 Long cross. T. 
 
 * " Unknown whether used in this mint before July 10, or after the 
 removal of the mint. Folies, p. 83." 
 t " Thus appropriated by Folkes, p. 90." 
 X " On the Oxford crown." 
 § " On a half-crown of the exurgat money." 
 
371 
 
 Second coinage. Bust in robe. {Type 1, Shillings.) 
 Fleur de lis. 1 625. 
 Cross on two steps. 
 + Castle. T. 
 + Negro's head. T. 
 + Anchor. T. 
 
 Third coinage. Long bust. {Types la and lb, Shillings.) 
 
 Long cross. J 626. 
 
 Negro's head. 1626-7. 
 
 Castle. 1627. 
 
 Anchor. 1628. 
 
 Heart. 1629-30. 
 
 + Meur de Hs. 1630. 
 
 -f St. George. 1630 (pattern). 
 
 Fourth coinage. Oval shield. (Type 2, Shillings.) 
 Feathers. 1630. 
 Eose. 1631. 
 
 Fifth coinage. Short bust. {Type 3, Shillings.) 
 Harp. 1632. 
 Portcullis. 1633. 
 
 Sixth coinage. Without trappings. {Type 3, Crowns ; 3a 
 and 3b, Shillings.) 
 Bell. 1634. 
 Crown. 1635. 
 Ton. 1636. 
 
 Seventh coinage. Square shield. {Type 4, Shillings.) 
 
 Ton. 1638. 
 
 Anchor. 1638. 
 
 Triangle^ or Delta. 1639. 
 
 Star. 1640. 
 
 Triangle in circle. 1641. 
 
 P in brackets. 1643. 
 
 R in brackets. 1644. 
 
 Eye. 1645. 
 
 24 * 
 
372 
 
 Sun. 1645. 
 Sceptre. 1646.* 
 
 Unknown Mints. 
 
 Cross. Eev. Harp. (Half-crown. Irish.) (499.) 
 
 Castle. Eev. Helmet. (HaK-crown, Weymoutli.) 
 
 Gauntlet on each side, (not known.) 
 
 Pleur de lis. Eev. Helmet. (Half-crown, No. 14/15, 17. 
 Shilling, No. 13. Groat, No. 6.) 
 
 Castle on each side.f 
 
 Fleur de lis on each side. (Half-crown, 16. Shilling, 14. 
 Threepence, 4.) 
 
 Fleur de lis. Eev. Lion. (ShUHng, 12, 31. Groat, 7, and 
 Threepence, 7.) 
 
 Martlet. Eev. Boar's head.f (Shilling, 9.) 
 
 Helmet on rev. (Half-crown, Weymouth, and Nos. 14, 17. 
 Shil. 6, 7, 8. Groat, 4.) 
 
 Castle. (Half-crown, Weymouth. Shilling, 6. Sixpence, 3.) 
 
 Eose. Eev. Helmet. (Groat, 4.) 
 
 Gauntlet on rev. only, (not known.) 
 
 Triangle in circle on each side. (Half-crown, 2.) 
 
 Eose. (Half-crown, 6, 26, 27. Shil. 7. Sixp. 4, 7. 
 Groats, 4, 5.) 
 
 Anchor on rev. only. 
 
 Fleur de lis. (frequent.) 
 
 Fleur de lis on each side, (frequent.) 
 
 Eose on each side. (Sixpence, 4, 7.) 
 
 Long cross on each side, (not known.) 
 
 Helmet, quatrefoil, or saltire, lion rampant, and eight 
 pellets, on rev. only. F. (Shilling, 6, 7.) 
 
 Lions on rev. only. F. (Half-crown, 11.) 
 
 Cross crosslet pierced in the centre. F. 
 
 * " These dates are copied from Folkes, and refer to the different 
 Trials of the Pix. See Pellet's Abstracts in the Appendix" (to Euding). 
 t " Another coin has two castles of a difi'erent form." 
 1 " Between a coronet and two small crosses. P." 
 
373 
 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 In 1642 the Parliament seized upon the Tower and the 
 Mintj and proceeded to strike and issue money^but, as they 
 used the king's types and titles^ and did not venture to coin 
 it in their own name, all such pieces have been described as 
 the coins of Charles I. It was only after the murder of the 
 king that the Parliament presumed to strike money by their 
 own avowed authority ; and the first pieces which occur bear 
 the date of 1649. Of this commonwealth money we have 
 crowns, half-crowns, shillings, sixpences, twopences, pennies, 
 and halfpennies, marked respectively over the shields of the 
 reverse I. II. VI. XII. II.-VI. V. The halfpenny has on 
 one side a shield bearing the cross of St. George ; on the 
 other, a shield bearing a harp, without any numerals, date 
 or legend on either side. The types of all the other pieces 
 are the same ; Obv. a shield, bearing the cross of St. 
 George, within branches of laurel and pahn, legend, on the 
 four larger denominations, THE COMMONWEALTH OP 
 ENGLAND. Rev. Two shields, one bearing the cross of 
 St. George, the other the harp of Ireland, legend GOD 
 WITH VS, and the date; numerals indicating the value 
 over the shields, whose arrangement and appearance was the 
 subject of much ridicule, and acquired for the coin the nick- 
 name of the breeches money. The pennies and half-groats 
 are without date or legend on either side. These coins are 
 of the same weight and fineness as the preceding coinages 
 ever since the 43rd of Queen EUzabeth, 11 oz. 2 dwt. silver, 
 18 dwt. alloy. The weight in the proportion of 7|| gr. to 
 the penny. 
 
 Ceowns: Of these we have the date 1649. Sn. xvi. 7. MB. 
 ext. rare ; it is of finer work than the subsequent coinages. 
 1651. MB. 1652. Eud. xxxi. I. MB. 1653. MB. 1654. 
 MB. 1656. MB. All these have MM Sun. 
 
 Hale-ceowns : Of these we have the dates 1649. MB. 
 
374 
 
 1651. Eud. xxxi. 3. MB. 1652. MB. 1653. Eud. xxxi. 4. 
 MB. 1654. JfF. 1655. Of this year there is a half-crown 
 in the British Museum, but it is plated, and manifestly a 
 contemporaneous forgery. There is an advertisement about 
 such a forgery made by one Abraham Stapley in the " Public 
 Intelligencer " of Oct. 26, 1655, where it is stated that none 
 of that date had been coined in the mint up to that day. 
 Mr. Montagu, however, has one which he believes to be 
 genuine. Num. Chr. 1884, p. 201. 1656. MB. The above 
 have MM Sun. ; the following have MM Anchor. 1658. 
 MB. 1659. late Cuff, very bad in condition and work, double 
 struck and date doubtful. 1660. Sn. xvi. 6. MB. Of the 
 date 1654 there is an imitation of the half-crown, the work- 
 manship very rude, and the laurel branch transformed into 
 oak. MB. 
 
 Shillings : Of the shilhng we have the dates 1649. Eud. 
 xxxi. 6, some spelling COMMONWEALTH with one M, 
 MB., others with two, MB. 1651. MB. 1652. MB. 1653. 
 MB. 1654. MB. 1655. MB. 1656. MB. 1657. We 
 have not seen one of this date, but one is said by Mr. Tutet 
 to be in the Hunter collection, and Mi. Montagu has one 
 which he says is undoubtedly genuine. All the preceding 
 have MM Sun, the following have MM anchor. 1658. MB. 
 1660. Sn. xvi. 5. Eud. xxxi. 2. MB. In the Museum is 
 a shilling apparently of 1659, but it is made by converting 
 the 2 in 1652 into a 9, and obliterating the MM. 
 
 Sixpences: Of sixpences we have the dates 1649. MB. 
 1651. MB. 1652. MB. 1653. MB. 1654. MB. 1655. 
 MB. 1656. Eud. xxxi. 8. MB'. 1657. late WaJceford, all 
 with MM Sun. 1658. MB. and 1660. Sn. xvi. 4. MB. with 
 MM Anchor. Mr. Tutet in a MS. note mentions 1659 as 
 in his own possession, and 1657 in Hunter^s Museum. The 
 former is probably a roguish alteration like the Museum 
 shilling of that date. The Brit. Mus. has one of 1650, but 
 a forgery, made by altering the date of a sixpence of 1649. 
 On Mr. Wakeford's coin the date 1657 is altered from 1656, 
 
375 
 
 bat the alteration may well have been in the die, and there- 
 fore made at the mint, not by a forger. 
 
 Half-geoat : Sn. xvi. 3. Rud. xxxi. 10. MB. Of this 
 there is a rude imitation. MB. 
 
 Penny : Sn. xvi. 2. Rud. xxxi. 11. MB. 
 
 Halfpenny : Sn. xvi. 1. Rud. xxxi. 9. MB. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 Six. 
 
 1649. MM. Sun 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1650 
 
 
 
 
 
 1651 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1652 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1653 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1654 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1655 
 
 
 M 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1656 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1657 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 1658. MM. Anchor 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1659 
 
 
 C? 
 
 
 T? 
 
 1660 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + ' 
 
 The coins of 1657, 1658 and 1660 are exceedingly rare : 
 it will be seen from the above table that there are not any of 
 1650, and probably none of 1659. Half-groats, pence, and 
 half-pence, are not noticed in the table because they are 
 without date or MM. 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 Upon the restoration of Charles II. it was resolved to 
 coin money upon the same principles as those of his father, 
 regardless of the improvements in the machinery and manu- 
 facture of coins, which had been exhibited in the striking of 
 pattern pieces during the Commonwealth and the Protec- 
 torate. The mill therefore was neglected, and the hammer 
 still used, in striking the coins during the first two years of 
 the reign of Charles II. Of this hammered money there are 
 three distinct coinages, the first is distinguished by having 
 neither inner circle nor numerals behind the head to indicate 
 the value. The second has the numerals but no inner 
 circle j the third has both numerals and inner circle. The 
 weight and fineness of these, as well as his subsequent 
 
376 
 
 coinages, continued the same as it had been from the 43rd 
 of Queen Elizabeth. Upon these coins the king's bust is 
 represented in profile turned to the left, crowned, hair very 
 long, in armour, with a deep falling laced collar ; the legend 
 consists of the king's name and titles variously abbreviated. 
 The reverses have a square shield over a cross fleury like the 
 shilling of Charles I. type 4. The legend also is the same, 
 CHEISTO AVSPICE REGNO, and this occurs upon all the 
 pieces, even the half-groat and penny, which was not the 
 case upon those pieces of Charles I. There is not any date 
 upon any of them. The only mint mark upon these coinages 
 is the crown, and they are the last pieces upon which any 
 mint mark appears. The dies were engraved by Thomas 
 Simon, and were delivered by him shortly after 21 Sept. 
 1660. The Commonwealth coins ceased to be current on 
 30 Nov. 1C61. The Indenture, which is dated 20 July, 
 1660, provides for the making of crown pieces, but the 
 verdicts of the Pix show that none such were coined. The 
 first coinage has no numerals or inner circle, and consists of 
 the half-crown. CAROLVS II D G MAG BRIT FRAN 
 BT HIB REX. Rud. xxxiii. 1. Sn. xvi. 16. MB. ShilUng, 
 FR. Rud. xxxiii. 2. Sn. xvi. 15. MB. Sixpence, FRAN. 
 Rud. xxxiii. 3. Sn. xvi. 14. See also Rud. Sup. vi. 10. MB. 
 Half-groat, FR. Rud. xxxiii. 4, FR omitted in the plate. 
 MB. or same, H for HIB. Sn. xvi. 13. Penny, FR. Rud. 
 xxxiii. 5. or same, H for HIB. Sn. xvi. 12, or M. BR. F. 
 ET H. Rud. Sup. vi. 11. or same, but CROLVS, HI. Rud. 
 Sup. vi. 12. MB. All these have MM a Crown on the 
 obverse only, except the pennies and sixpence of Rud. 
 Rud. Sup. PI, vii., which have not any MM. 
 
 On the 28th of November, 1661, a warrant was issued order- 
 ing the values of the several pieces to be stamped on them, 
 and accordingly the second coinage has numerals, but no inner 
 circle. Of this we have : — Half-crown, legend as first coinage, 
 Sn. xvi, 20, MB. or BRI, FRA, Rud, xxxiii. 6. MB. Shilling, 
 BR. FR. ET HI. Sn, xvi, 19. MB. or HIB, Rud, xxxiii. 7, 
 
377 
 
 RASHLMGH. or BRI. FR. ET HIB. MB. Sixpence, BRI 
 FRA ET HI. Rud. xxxiii. 8 MB. or FR. BT. HIB. Sn. xvi. 
 18. MB. Half-groat, M B F ET H. Rud. xxxiii. 9. Sn. xvi. 
 17. MB. PsBuy, as half-groat, Rud. xxxiii. 10. MB. The 
 crown MM is on the obverse only, except on the half-groat 
 and penny, where it appears on both sides. 
 
 On the 24th January, 1661-2, Thomas Simon was ordered 
 to deliver up to the officers of the Mint all such tools and 
 engines for coinage as he had in his possession, but his dies 
 no doubt continued to be used until 5th November, 1662, 
 when a warrant was issued for coining by the mill. The 
 third coinage, with numerals and inner circle, must there- 
 fore have been issued before this date. A commission issued 
 soon after the warrant of 28th November, 1661, directed 
 the addition of groats and quarter shillings to the coinage, 
 and they accordingly are included in this third issue, 
 which consists of the half-crown, legend as first coinage 
 but BR. FR. Rud. xxxiii. 11. Sn. xvi. 27. MB. Shilling, 
 BRI. FRA. Sn. xvi. 26. MB. or BR. FR. BT. HI. MB. 
 or BRIT. FR. ET. HIB. Rud. xxxiii. 12. MB. One of 
 these last has a different head, hair wiry, collar perfectly plain, 
 from an unfinished die ? MB. Sixpence, BRI. FRA. Rud. 
 xxxiii. 13. Sn. xvi. 25. MB. Groat, BR. FR. Rud. xxxiii. 
 14. Sn. xvi. 24. MB. Threepence, M. BR. FR. BT. HI. 
 Rud. xxxiii. 15. Sn. xvi. 28. MB. Half-groat, MAG. BRI. 
 FRA. ET. HIB. Rud. xxxiii. 16. MB. or FR. Sn. xvi. 22. 
 Penny, M. B. F. ET. HIB. Rud. xxxiii. 17. Sn. xvi. 21. 
 MB. The MM is on both sides of each piece. 
 
 Halfpence of these coinages were struck, for some such 
 were found in the pix when trial was made of the monies 
 coined between July 20, 1660, and July 9, 1663. It is 
 probable that they were exactly like those of Charles I. 
 and cannot therefore now be discovered. 
 
 AH the above pieces are broad and thin, and the legend 
 of the obverse, commencing at the top, continues all round 
 the coin without interruption. There are pieces of the 
 
878 
 
 small money, i.e. groats, threepences, half-groats and 
 pennies, which are thicker, smaller, and have the legend 
 commencing at the bottom. The king's bust is of the 
 same size as upon the broader pieces, but it descends 
 quite to the edge of the coin. They have the numerals, but 
 not the inner circle, and have the MM on the reverse only. 
 These coins are of the same size as the same denominations 
 of milled money, they are certainly the last specimens of 
 hammered money ; indeed from the regularity of their form, 
 and general neatness, they have the appearance of having 
 been struck by the improved machinery, and confined in a 
 collar. It is probable that they were not struck for circula- 
 tion but for Maundy money. They all read CAEOLVS II 
 D. G. M. B. F. & H. EBX. Groat. Eud. xxxiii. 18. Sn. 
 xvi. 31. MB. Threepence. Eud. xxxiii. 19. Sn. svi. 30. 
 MB. Half-groat. Eud. xxxiii. 20. Sn. xvi. 29. MB. Penny. 
 Eud. xxxiii. 21. Sn. xvi. 28. MB. All the dies for the 
 several denominations of money of these coinages appear to 
 have been engraved by Thomas Simon : there is however a 
 penny of this kind, of inferior work. 
 
 
 ^Cr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 Six. 
 
 4.d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 First coinage, no numerals or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inner circle .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Second coinage, numerals, no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inner circle .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Third coinage, numerals and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inner circle .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Pourth coinage, smaller and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 thicker 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 As early as the year 1649 the Parliament, having obtained 
 information respecting the improvements made in the manu- 
 facturing of coins by the inventions and ingenuity of Blon- 
 deau, then residing at Paris, invited him over to this country, 
 that our coinage might be improved by his new process. 
 Much jealousy was excited at the mint by this attempt to 
 introduce a foreigner, and the moneyers produced some 
 proof pieces, by David Eamage, one of their company, to 
 
379 
 
 show that foreign aid was not required. Though these 
 pieces were very inferior in neatness of execution to those 
 of Blondeau, the opposition was successful and he left the 
 kingdom. The pattern for a half-crown which he produced 
 is the first piece struck in this country which bore an 
 inscription upon its edge. After this successful resistance 
 to the introduction of improvement, coins continued to be 
 struck by the same inefficient process as before, till the year 
 1662. Towards the close of the preceding year it had been 
 resolved to introduce the new process, and houses, mills, 
 engines, and other materials for coinage of money by the 
 miU, were ordered to be erected; all engraving of dies 
 except in the Tower of London was prohibited, and Simon 
 the engraver was required to bring in all the tools and 
 engines for coining in his possession. In April, 1662, 
 Blondeau, who had been again sent for out of France, was 
 taken into the mint, and an agreement was entered into 
 with him "to furnish all the mills, rollers, presses, and other 
 instruments, to cut, flatten, make round and size the pieces j 
 the engine to mark the edges of the money with letters and 
 grainings, the great presses for the coinage of monies, and 
 all other tools and engines for the new way of coining." 
 Blondeau also engaged " to discover his secrets in rounding 
 pieces before they are sized, and in marking the edges of 
 the monies with letters and grainings unto his Majesty and 
 unto the Warden, Master and Worker, and Comptroller of 
 the Mint," &c. Thomas Simon, and John Eoettier, a native 
 of Antwerp, were ordered to furnish the dies, "but by 
 reason of a contest in art between them,''' they could not be 
 brought to an agreement. Both made patterns for the new 
 money, and, Eoettier's having been preferred, he was ordered 
 to make puncheons and dies for the new coinage. Simon then 
 produced his memorable " petition crown," and, faihng to 
 obtain favour from his superiors, ceased to work any longer 
 for the mint ; but whether he indignantly quitted the mint 
 at the time, or was shortly after removed for refractory 
 
380 
 
 conductj seems to be very uncertain. Tte date of his retire- 
 ment or removal seems also uncertain; it is supposed by 
 some to have been in 1662, but we find him delivering dies 
 for a Scottish coinage in January, 1663, the same year in 
 which his petition crown is dated, and it may be doubted 
 whether the object of that petition was to obtain the honour 
 of being employed upon the dies for the new coinage, or 
 whether it was struck after he had left the mint, and with a 
 view to recover his lost situation. The events of Simon's 
 life at this time are involved in obscurity, but whether or 
 not he lost his situation at the mint, he was still in the 
 employ of the government, for warrants are stiU extant 
 dated 1664, ordering him to engrave seals for the king's 
 service. 
 
 Eoettier's patterns having been approved, he was em- 
 ployed to engrave the dies for the money, to be struck by 
 the improved process of Blondeau, which, from the nature 
 of the machinery used, was called milled money, and which 
 we must now proceed to describe. Upon all the pieces of 
 this money the king's bust is represented in profile to the 
 right, contrary to what it had been upon his father's money, 
 and upon his own hammered money ; and now commenced 
 the practice of placing each king's head upon his coin in a 
 direction contrary to that of his predecessor. His head is 
 Ifl/ureate, his hair long, his shoulders covered with a mantle 
 after the manner of the antique ; and he is styled CARO- 
 LUS II DEI GEA. or DEI GEATIA. the shorter foi-m 
 being used only upon the crowns of 1662, which have a rose 
 under the bust. This portrait of the king was copied from 
 a drawing made by Cooper for the purpose on Jan. 10, 1661. 
 Upon the reverse are the royal arms upon four separate 
 shields, crowned and arranged in form of a cross, with the 
 star of the order of the garter in the centre, and two Cs 
 interlinked in each angle. The legend is MAG. BE. FEA. 
 ET. HIB. EEX. The groats and smaller coins have upon 
 the reverse, instead of the shields, one or more Cs to indicate 
 
381 
 
 the value. The crowns and half-crowns have the edges 
 inscribed with DECUS ET TUTAMEN, and with one or 
 two exceptions the year of the reign. The inscription, 
 which was thus placed to prevent clipping without detection, 
 was happily adopted to intimate that it was at once an orna- 
 ment and a protection to the coin ; Evelyn states that it was 
 suggested by himselO to the master of the mint, having 
 observed it in a vignette in the Cardinal de Richelieu's Greek 
 Testament. This money was prepared by virtue of warrants 
 dated Nov. 5 and Jan. 19, 1662-3; it began to be coined 
 Feb. 6, but the proclamation for its issue was only dated 
 March 27, 1663, two days after the expiration of the year 
 with which the coin itself was dated. 
 
 Ceowns : The first coins struck for circulation by the new 
 process were crown-pieces, with a rose under the head ; the 
 numerals II in front of the forehead with DEI. GRA. The 
 upper and lower shields have the arms of England and 
 France quartered, Scotland at the right, Ireland at the left ; 
 date 1662. Some have on the edge only DBGVS ET 
 TVTAMEN. MB., others add the date 1662, with a cross 
 between two stars on each side of it. Rud. xxxiv. 5. Sn. xvii. 
 35. MB. The crosses, stars, &c. upon the edges of coins, 
 vary very much according to the mode in which the collar 
 containing the inscription may chance to have been applied, 
 and as they are merely accidental, and have not any reference 
 to type or date, we shall not think it necessary to notice 
 them. Upon the coins of Charles I. struck at Exeter, we 
 find a rose used as the MM, and it has been observed, but 
 we know not upon what authority, that the rose upon these 
 crowns, from whence they derive their name of the " rose 
 crown," indicates that the silver was derived from mines in 
 the West of England. The next pieces were also crowns 
 with a head similar to the last, but without the rose under- 
 neath; the numerals are behind the head, and the word 
 GRATIA is at full length; the reverse is the same as the 
 last ; some have the edge dated. MB. Others are without 
 
382 
 
 the date. Eud. xxxiv. 6. MB. All tHese varieties of the 
 crown of 1662 are very rarely to be found in fine condition. 
 1663. Obverse same as the last. Eeverse ; the upper 
 shield is England alone, the lower one, France; Scotland 
 on the right, Ireland on the left, so that the several shields 
 may be placed near to their names in the legend. The in- 
 scription on the edge now begins to be dated with the year 
 of the reign, and this is not always concurrent with the 
 Christian era : different years of the reign will sometimes 
 appear upon coins of the same date. This crown is always 
 inscribed DBCUS ET TVTAMEF. ANNO. REGNI. XV. 
 MB. The next year the style of the head was a little 
 changed, the mantle extending at the back beyond the 
 hair, like that of Eud. xxxiv. 9, date 1664, anno regni 
 XVI. MB. The only alteration made for some years was 
 a slight change in the arrangement of the hair, and of this 
 we have 1665, anno regni XVII. MB., very rare. 1666, 
 anno regni XVIII. MB. Some of the coins of this year 
 have an elephant under the bust. Eud. xxxiv. 9. MB. 
 1667. DBCIMO NONO. MB. 1668. VICBSIMO. MB. 
 1669. VICBSIMO PEIMO. MB. 1670. VICBSIMO 
 SECVNDO. MB. 1671. VICBSIMO TEETIO. MB. In 
 the course of this year another alteration took place in 
 the arrangement of the king's bust j the head is larger, and 
 the hair behind terminates in two separate well defined ring- 
 lets. 1671. VICBSIMO TEETIO. MB. 1672. VICBSIMO 
 QVAETO. MB. 1673. VICBSIMO QVINTO. MB. 1674. 
 VICBSIMO SEXTO. MB. 1675. VICBSIMO SBPTIMO. 
 MB. 1676. VICBSIMO OCTAVO. MB. 1677. VICBSI- 
 MO NONO. MB. Some of the pieces of this year have a 
 flaw above the king's head, which some persons have errone- 
 ously supposed was intended for a boar's head. Eud. xxxiv. 
 10. MB. 1678. TEICBSIMO. MB. 1679. TEICBSIMO 
 PEIMO. MB. 1680. TEICBSIMO SECVNDO. Upon 
 some coins of 1679 and 1680, and upon all those of sub- 
 sequent years, the head, and especially the features, are 
 
383 
 
 larger than upon the preceding coins. 1679. TRTCESIMO 
 PEIMO. MB. 1680. TEIOBSIMO SECVNDO. MB. 1681. 
 TRICBSIMO TERTIO. MB. Some of the coins of this 
 year have an elephant and castle under the king's bust. MB. 
 1682. TEICESIMO QVARTO. MB. 1683. TRICBSIMO 
 QVINTO. MB. 1684. TRICBSIMO SEXTO. MB. 
 
 The crowns of 1666 and 1681^ with the elephant or ele- 
 phant and castle below the bust, being probably intended 
 for circulation in our colonies, are consequently rare, and 
 very seldom in even tolerable preservation. They were 
 coined from silver imported by the African Company. 
 
 The first Half-ceown was struck in 1663, and corresponds 
 with the crown of the same date in all respects. MB. That 
 of 1664 also corresponds with the crown of 1664. MB. In 
 1666 and following years the bust was smaller, in higher 
 relief, and more of the mantle appears behind the hair than 
 on the previous half-crown; they resemble the crown of 
 1666, but are perhaps more delicately finished. The half- 
 crown of 1666 has an elephant under the bust, date on the 
 edgeXVIII. Rud.xxxiv.il. Sn.xvii. 27. MB. This figure 
 does not accurately represent the arrangement of the hair. 
 1668. VICESIMO. MB. This half-crown is extremely rare, 
 perhaps unique. 1669. VICESIMO PRIMO. MB. 1670. 
 VICESIMO SBCYNDO. MB. 1671. VICESIMO TERTIO. 
 MB. 1672. VICESIMO QVARTO. MB. In 1673 the 
 king's bust is formed after the model of the crown of 1671, 
 and so continues to the end of the reign, without that marked 
 alteration which took place in the crowns in 1679. 1673. 
 VICESIMO QVINTO. MB. Some of these have the plume 
 under the king's bust. MB. And some have also the plume 
 in the centre of the reverse instead of the star of the garter. 
 Late Cuff. These pieces with the plume under the bust are 
 extremely rare. In this reign, as well as the last, the 
 plume was placed upon coins struck fi'om silver derived 
 from the Welsh mines. 1674. VICESIMO SEXTO. MB. 
 1675. VICESIMO SEPTIMO. . MB. 1676. VICESIMO 
 
384 
 
 OCTAVO. MB. 1677. VIOESIMO NONO. MB. 1678. 
 TRICESIMO. MB. 1679. TRICESIMO PRIMO. MB. 
 1680. TRIOBSIMO SBCVNDO. -M"5. 1681. TRICESIMO 
 TERTIO. MB. Some, of this last date, have the elephant 
 and castle under the bust. MB. 1682. TRICESIMO 
 QVARTO. 1683. TRICESIMO QVINTO. MB. 1684. 
 TRICESIMO SEXTO. 
 
 Shillings : The first milled shilling was struck in 1663, 
 and exactly resembles in type the crown of that date ; the 
 edge is milled with straight lines. Rud. xxxiv. 12. MB. 
 Another of 1663 has the shield of Ireland on the right, of 
 Scotland on left. Late in the author's collection. 1666. 
 Some of this date have an elephant under the bust. Rud. 
 sxxiv. 13. MB. There is also a shilling of this date which 
 is formed by joining to the usual reverse a head struck from 
 the die of the guinea of 1665 with the elephant under- 
 neath ; see Rud. gold coins XV. 7. This was probably a 
 caprice, and not a regular coin. MB. 
 
 In 1668 the bust was altered, being shorter, and appa- 
 rently broader; of this type we have the dates 1668. MB. 
 1670. MB. In this year the lines of the milling upon the 
 edge began to be placed obliquely. \Q1\. MB. 1672. MB. 
 1673. MB. 1674. 1675. 1676. MB. 1677. MB. 1678. 
 MB. 1679. MB. 1681. MB. 1683. Late Cuff. With 
 the bust like that of 1 668, but with the plume beneath and 
 in the centre of the reverse, we have the dates 1671. MB. 
 1673. MB. 1674. Rud. xxxiv. 14. Sn. xvii. 20. MB. Of 
 this date we have one without the feathers under the bust. 
 MB. 1675. MB. 1676. MB. 1679. MB. 1680. MB. 
 Some have the plume under the bust, with the garter star 
 in the centre of the reverse, viz. 1677. MB. 1679. MB. 
 In 1681 a shilling was struck like that of 1671, but with 
 elephant and castle under the bust. MB. 
 
 In 1674 a bust was used broader than any of the pre- 
 ceding, and exactly upon the model of that upon the crown 
 of 1671. Of these we have the dates 1674. MB. 1676. 
 
385 
 
 MB. At a later period a head somewhat similar, but of 
 superior workmanship, was engraved j the mantle does not 
 appear behind the hair j of it we have the dates 1683^ MB. 
 1684. MB. This last is rare, when in very fine condition, 
 but perhaps that of 1683 is still more rare. 
 
 Sixpences : The head upon these pieces is the same as 
 that upon the crown of 1671, and the broad headed shillings 
 of 1674 and 1675. The type is the same upon all, re- 
 sembling the shillings, and the elephant and the plume do 
 not appear upon any of them. We have them of all dates 
 from 1674 when the first was struck, down to 1684 inclusive, 
 Eud. xxxiv. 8. Sn. xvii. 13. MB. 
 
 When the mill was introduced, coins of a smaller deno- 
 mination than sixpence ceased to be struck for general 
 circulation, and the groats, threepences, half-groats and 
 pence, which were subsequently issued, have not any milling 
 upon the edge, and were only struck to supply the means of 
 conforming to an ancient custom of distributing the royal 
 bounty on Maundy or Holy Thursday. On that day a certain 
 service is performed in the Chapel Royal, after which the 
 king's almoner or sub-almoner distributes, to each of a spe- 
 cified number of poor persons, a white leather bag containing 
 pieces of small silver money to the amount of as many 
 pence as the sovereign for the time being is years old. 
 From this circumstance these pieces are called Maundy 
 money. These monies in the reign of Charles II. have the 
 obverse exactly resembling the sixpence. The groat has 
 upon the reverse four Cs interlinked, the crown above, and 
 in the angles, a rose, thistle, lis, and harp. The threepence 
 has three Cs interlinked, the half-groat two, the penny 
 one ; all without the symbols in the angles ; the legends of 
 all are composed of the king's titles and date. They all occur 
 of every date from 1670 to 1684, both inclusive; and the 
 half-groat occurs also of the year 1668. Eud. xxxiv. 15, 
 16, 17, 18. Sn. xvii. 1. 4. 7. 10. 
 
 25 
 
386 
 
 1662, Eose, edge dated 
 „ „ not dated 
 „ No rose dated 
 „ „ not dated 
 
 1663 .... 
 
 1664 .... 
 
 1665 .... 
 
 1666 .... 
 ,, Elephant 
 
 1667 .... 
 
 1668 .... 
 
 1669 .... 
 
 1670 .... 
 
 1671 .... 
 
 „ Plume obv. and rev. 
 „ Diff. head . 
 
 1672 .... 
 
 1673 .... 
 „ Plumes 
 
 „ Plume on obv. only 
 
 1674 .... 
 „ Large head 
 
 „ Plumes 
 
 „ Plume reT. only 
 
 1675 .... 
 ,, Plumes 
 
 „ Large head 
 
 1676 .... 
 „ Plumes 
 
 1677 .... 
 „ Plume oby. only. 
 
 1678 .... 
 
 1679 .... 
 „ Different head . 
 „ Plumes 
 
 „ Plume obv. only 
 
 1680 .... 
 „ Different head . 
 „ Plumes 
 
 1681 .... 
 
 „ Elephant and Castle 
 
 1682 .... 
 
 1683 .... 
 „ Large head 
 
 1684 .... 
 
 Or. 
 
 iCr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 M. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
 
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 + 
 
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 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 + 
 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
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 + 
 
 + 
 4- 
 
 
 + 
 
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 + 
 + 
 + 
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 + 
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 + 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Id. 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Snelling mentions the following coins which we have never seen : — ■ 
 Half-crowns, 1662, 1665, 1667. Shillings, 1662, 1664, 1665, 1667, 
 1669, and in MS. 1682; and also plumes upon coins of 1670. In a 
 MS. note he doubts if any pieces except crowns were struck with the 
 date 1662. 
 
387 
 
 James IL, 1685 to 1688. 
 
 James II. during Ms short reign, conducted Ms coinage 
 in England upon the same principles as that of Ms brother ; 
 of the same denominations, size, weight, and fineness. 
 
 Ceowns : The king's bust is turned to the left, laureate, 
 the hair long, the shoulders clothed in antique mantle, 
 lACOBVS II DEI GRATIA. Rev. similar to those of 
 Charles II., but without the letters in the angles ; the dates 
 are 1686, ANNO EEGNI SECVNDO. Rud. xxxv. 2. 
 MB. 1687. TERTIO. MB. 1688. QVARTO. Sn. xvii. 
 36. MB. The crown of 1686 is very rare, and scarcely ever 
 in good preservation; the arrangement of the hair differs 
 very slightly from that of the later years. 
 
 Halp-ceowns : These resemble the crowns, but the hair 
 is different, curHng forwards towards the neck, dates 1685, 
 PRIMO. MB. 1686. SECVNDO. Rud. xxxv. I. Sn. xvii. 
 28. MB. 1686. TERTIO. MB. 1687. TERTIO. MB. In 
 the course of this year the bust was a little changed, the 
 curls being directed from the neck as upon the crowns. 
 1687. TERTIO. MB. 1688. QVARTO. MB. 
 
 Shillings : The head upon the shillings is similar to that 
 upon the earlier half-crowns ; they are milled with oblique 
 lines, and are dated 1685. MB. 1686. Rud. xxxv. 3. Sn. 
 xvii. 21. MB. 1687. MB. 1688. MB. 
 
 Sixpences : The head upon the sixpences resembles that 
 upon the later half-crowns ; they are milled with obhque 
 lines, and are dated 1686. Rud. xxxv. 4. Sn. xvii. 14. MB. 
 1687. MB. 1688. MB. 
 
 Geoats : Bast laureate, hair short, neck bare. Rev. 
 IIII. crown above, legends as upon other coins, dates 1686. 
 MB. 1687. Rud. xxxv. 5. Sn. xvii. 11. MB. 1688. MB. 
 
 Theeepences : Same as groats, but III. dates 1685. MB. 
 
 1686. Rud. xxxv. 6. Sn.xvii.8. MB. 1687. MB. 1688. MB. 
 Half-geoats : Same as groats, but II. dates 1686. MB. 
 
 1687. Sn. xvii. 5. MB. 1688. Rud. xxxv. 7. MB. 
 Pence : Same as groats, but I. dates 1685. MB. 1686. 
 
 Rud. xxxv. 8. MB. 1687. Sn. xvii. 2. MB. 1688. MB. 
 
 25 * 
 
388 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 jCr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 u. 
 
 4i. 
 
 M. 
 
 U. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1685 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 1686. SECVJSTDO . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ TEETIO 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1687 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Head diflferent 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1688. QVARTO . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 William and Mart, 1688 to 1694. 
 
 When William and Mary were called to ascend the throne 
 vacated by the abdication of James II., they adopted the 
 same principles for the construction of their coinage as had 
 been acted upon by their immediate predecessors, and 
 resolved upon issuing pieces of the same denomination, size, 
 value, and fineness. For some time half-crowns were the 
 only kind issued with the exception of the Maundy money, 
 but in our description we will pursue our usual plan of com- 
 mencing with the larger pieces. 
 
 Ceowns : Upon these are the busts of the king and queen 
 to the right, the shoulders draped, he laureate, GVLIBL- 
 MVS ET MAKIA DEI GEATIA. Eev. The four shields 
 are arranged crosswise as before, but have the shield of 
 Nassau in the centre, round it are the numerals 1691, and 
 in the angles W and M interlinked. Legend in continua- 
 tion of that upon the obverse MAG BE, FR ET HI REX 
 ET REG-INA, of these there are three varieties. 1691. 
 TERTIO. MB. 1692. QVARTO. Rud. xxxv. 9. Sn. 
 xvii. 37. MB. 1692. QVINTO. MB. 
 
 Half-ceowhs. Busts of king and queen to the right, 
 shoulders draped, he laureate; legend as on crown. Rev. 
 Square shield crowned bearing quarterly, 1. England, 2. 
 Scotland, 3. Ireland, and 4. France, Nassau on an escutcheon 
 of pretence. This is probably the only instance of the arms 
 of France being placed in the fourth quarter; and if the 
 artist made a blunder, we can scarcely account for the master 
 of the mint and privy council allowing it to pass. Legend 
 as on crowns, but HIB. date 1689, PEIMO; of this 
 there are differently executed crowns; one has the caul 
 and interior frosted. MB. Another has the caul, not the 
 
389 
 
 interior, frosted. MB. Another has not any frosting either 
 upon the caul or interior. Rud. xxxv. 14. Sn. xvii. 30. The 
 next half-crown is similar to the precedingj except that the 
 shield bears 1 and 4j England and France quarterly, 2. Scot- 
 land, 3. Ireland, and in an escutcheon of pretence, Nassau; 
 date 1689, caul frosted. MB. without any frosting. Rud. 
 XXXV. 13. Sn. xvii. 29. MB. 1690, SECVNDO, crown 
 smooth. MB. 1690, TERTIO. MB. In 1691 the type of 
 the half-crown is altered, and one coin of that year, which 
 -was in Mr. G-. Wakeford's collection, has the shield and 
 legend as on the first half-crown of 1689, with no frosting 
 on the crown, and on the edge ANNO REGNI VICESIMO 
 NONO, from a collar of Charles II. Mr. Marshall had one, 
 perhaps the same, but it was light, and he thought it not 
 genuine. On the other half-crowns of 1691 and subsequent 
 years the arms are arranged and accompanied as upon the 
 crowns, as are also the busts, which are broader and of a dif- 
 ferent style of workmanship from the preceding. The legend 
 is exactly the same as on the crowns. Of these we have 1691, 
 TERTIO. MB. 1692, QVARTO. MB. 1692, QVINTO. 
 MB. 1693, QYINTO.Rud. x^x.v.l2.MB. On the half-crowns 
 of 1692 the numerals are placed consecutively round the 
 Nassau shield ; upon all the other pieces of this type they are 
 rather in two lines, so as to be read without turning the coin. 
 Shillings : Resemble in type and legend the crowns, but 
 the busts are formed more after the model of the earlier 
 half-crowns, the edges are milled; the dates are 1692. MB. 
 
 1693. Rud. XXXV. 10. Sn. xvii. 22. MB. 
 
 Sixpences: Same as the shillings, but dated 1693. MB. 
 
 1694. Rud. XXXV. 11. Sn. xvii. 15. MB. 
 
 Geoats : Busts without drapery, hair short, his head 
 laureate, D. G. instead of DEI GRATIA. Rev. The figure 
 4 crowned, legend as the crowns, but HIB. Date at top. 
 1689. Rud. XXXV. 15. Sn. xvii. 12. MB. 1690. MB. 1691. 
 MB. On these two last the letters are smaller, and the 
 legend is interrupted by the top of the heads. 1692. MB. 
 1693. MB. 1694. Upon these three the workmanship is 
 
390 
 
 very superior and the crown larger. Some of the latter 
 date, 1694, are in the same inferior style as the early ones, 
 but the letters smaller than on any of them ; MB. they can 
 scarcely have been executed by the Roettiers, who probably 
 engraved those of 1692, 3 and 4, as well as the larger 
 denominations of this reign. 
 
 Threepences : Resemble the groats, except in the 
 numeral which indicates the valae. 1689. Rud. xxxv. 16. 
 Sn. xvii. 9. MB. 1690. Smaller letters. MB. 1691. MB. 
 
 1692, MB. 1693, MB. 1694, MB. all four of the superior 
 style of work. Some of the year 1691 are of the inferior 
 kind of work. 
 
 Hale-geoats : 1689. MB. like groat of same date. 1691, 
 like groat of that date. Rud. xxxv. 17. Sn. xvii. 6. MB. as 
 are also 1692. MB. 1693. MB. 1694. Another of this date 
 has smaller letters. MB. 
 
 Pence : 1689, 1690, 1691. Rud xxxv. 18. Sn. xvii. 3. 1692, 
 
 1693, 1694. All, except 1689, in MB. All of the inferior 
 style of work J the letters on 1694 smaller than the rest. 
 
 1689, 1st sh. caiil and int. frost. 
 „ „ caul frosted . . 
 „ „ no frost . . . 
 
 1689, 2nd sh. caul frosted . . 
 „ „ no frost . . . 
 „ Large letters, coarse 
 
 1690, Seoundo 
 
 „ Tertio 
 
 ,, Small letters, coarse 
 
 1691, 1st sh. no frost .... 
 ,, Arms crosswise . . . 
 „ As 1690, coarse . . . 
 „ Fine work, crown large . 
 
 1692, Qvarto 
 
 „ Qvinto 
 
 „ Fine work, crown large 
 „ Coarse 
 
 1693, Qvinto 
 
 „ Fine work 
 
 ,, Coarse 
 
 1694 
 
 „ Fine work 
 
 Coarse work . . . . 
 „ „ letters still smaller 
 
 Cr. 
 
 jCr. 
 
 + 
 
 Skil. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 M. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
391 
 
 William III., 1694 to 1702. 
 
 After the death of Mary, Dec. 28, 1694,. the coinage con- 
 tinued to be conducted upon the same principles, though 
 the type was varied. 
 
 As the hammered money had never been actually with- 
 drawn from circulation, the process of clipping had been 
 carried on to a great extent ; the greater part of the coins 
 had become so much worn, that the impression was nearly 
 obliterated, and great facility thereby afforded to counter- 
 feit, forgery, and debasement. The true coin was so dimi- 
 nished as to weigh less than half its legal weight ; and the 
 debasement of forgers reduced the value of the general 
 mass of coins in circulation to a still greater degree. The 
 injury to the country present and prospective from such a 
 state of its coins was so excessive and so increasing as to 
 call for decisive measures. Laws therefore were enacted 
 for the prevention of clipping and forgery, for the absolute 
 prohibition to the circulation of aU clipped money, and the 
 issue of a new coinage to replace the old, worn, and light 
 money. A tax was laid upon dwelling-houses to raise the 
 sum of £1,200,000 to supply the deficiencies of the clipped 
 money ; and, for the speedy striking so large a sum of new 
 money as would be necessary for the circulation of the 
 whole kingdom, new mints were established at Bristol, 
 Chester, Exeter, Norwich and York, and the coins struck at 
 these places are marked respectively with a B, C, E, N, y 
 or Y, under the king's bust. Why York adopted letters of 
 two different characters has not been explained. The Act for 
 carrying into effect the provisions for the new coinage was 
 passed March 25, 1696, and was to continue in force for 
 seven years ; the new coinage was however nearly completed 
 in two years, as the pieces issued from the provincial mints 
 bear the dates only of 1696 and 1697. Large sums however 
 continued to be coined in the Tower for about two years 
 
392 
 
 more, and in 1699, upon the making np of the accounts, it 
 appeared that there had been coined of silver money. 
 
 At the Tower £5,091,121 7 7 
 In the Country 1,791,787 12 
 
 £6,882,908 19 7 
 
 The charges and losses upon which ara supposed to have 
 been not less than £2,700,000. 
 
 Besides the letters under the bust which indicate the 
 country mints, there are other marks or symbols upon some 
 of the coins of William, — Roses intimating that the silver 
 was derived from the West of England; Plumes, from Wales, 
 and the Elephant and Castle from the African Company. 
 The rose occurs only on shillings and sixpences, and accord- 
 ing to Thoresby few only were struck, "each shilling stand- 
 ing the proprietor in five groats (as is commonly reported)." 
 Roses had been employed for the same purpose in the coins 
 of Charles II., but only under the bust of the king ; feathers 
 had also been employed in the same reign in the centre of 
 the reverse ; in this reign they were both placed in the 
 angles between the shields. 
 
 Ceowns : Bust of William to the right, longhair, laureate, 
 armour and mantle ; the upper line of the breast-plate 
 curved, GVLIELMVS III DEI 6RA. Rev. arms cross- 
 wise in four shields, Nassau in the centre ; legend MAG 
 BR ERA BT HIB REX ; of these we have 1695 SEP- 
 TIMO. MB. 1695, OCTAVO. MB. 1696, OCTAVO. Rud. 
 xxxvi. 1. MB. One of this year reads GEI for DEI. MB. 
 In the latter part of this year the bust was slightly altered, 
 it is distinguished easily from the other in having the upper 
 line of the breast-plate straight; of these we have 1696, 
 OCTAVO. Sn. xvii. 38. MB. 1697, NONO. MB. 1700, 
 DVODECIMO. MB. 1700, DBCIMO TERTIO. 
 
 There are two other crowns of this king which are ex- 
 tremely rare, and differ very much from the others in the 
 representation of the king^s bust; upon the whole we are 
 
393 
 
 disposed to consider them as patternSj and that they were 
 not adopted as current coin, though there are shillings and 
 sixpences resembling them in style, for these are almost as 
 rare as the crowns. These pieces are easily distinguishable 
 from the ordinary currency by the profusion of hair, which 
 is brought entirely across the breast in two distinct ringlets; 
 the breast and shoulders are entirely covered with a mantle 
 without any appearance of armour ; both these pieces are 
 dated 1696. They differ from each other chiefly in the 
 workmanship, one being more delicately finished than the 
 other, and having the hair in smaller and more numerous 
 curls, and the nose more aquiline. Both are in MB. Mr. 
 Cuff had another rare variety dated 1697. 
 
 Half-ceowns : The busts upon these pieces are all very 
 nearly the same, resembling that upon the later crowns, 
 having the line of the breast-plate straight. The reverse 
 and legends are the same as upon the crowns, but upon 
 some of the year 1696, the shields are smaller than upon 
 others. We have them of the following dates — 1696. OC- 
 TAVO, small shields. Rud. xxxvi. 2. MB. 1697. NONO. 
 large shields ; some of these have the harp and lions larger 
 than the others. MB. 1698. DBCIMO. shields large, 
 square, of which form they continue to the end of the reign, 
 MB. 1699. UNDECIMO. MB. 1700. DVODECIMO. 
 MB. 1700. DBCIMO TBRTIO. MB. 1701. DBCIMO 
 TERTIO. MB. 1701. DBCIMO TERTIO, plume in each 
 angle. Rud. xxxvi. 27. MB. very rare. 1701. DBCIMO 
 TBRTIO, Elephant and Castle under the bust. Rud. 
 xxxvi. 26. Sn. xvii. 31. MB. very rare. "With the letter 
 B for Bristol under the bust, we have 1696, OCTAVO, 
 small shields ; also with large shields. Rud. xxxvi. 9. MB. 
 1697, NONO. MB. With C for Chester; 1696, OCTAVO, 
 small shields; also with large shields. Rud. xxxvi. 10. MB. 
 1697, NONO. MB. With B for Exeter; 1696, OCTAVO, 
 large shields. Rud. xxxvi. 11. MB. 1697, NONO. MB. 
 With N for Norwich: 1696, OCTAVO, small shields. Rud. 
 
394 
 
 xxxvi. 12. MB. 1697, OCTAVO. MB. 1697, NONO. 
 MB. With y for York : 1696, OCTAVO, small shields. MB. 
 large shields, 1697. NONO. Eud. xxxvi. 13. MB. With 
 T for York; 1696, OCTAVO, large shields. There was 
 probably some reason for using two forms of letter upon 
 the York moneys, but it has never been explained. 
 
 Shillings : These pieces have a general resemblance in 
 type, &c., with the crowns and half-crowns ; towards the 
 close of 1698 an alteration was made in the appearance of the 
 portrait, and in 1699 another alteration which continued to 
 the close of the reign, an especial variety or two being pro- 
 bably only patterns. The shields vary in size, and peculiar 
 symbols appear upon some of the pieces. The legends on 
 these and all the smaller pieces are the same as on the 
 crowns. 
 
 Ordinary head, plain reverse, small shields. 1695. Eud. 
 xxxvi. 3. MB. If the tie behind the head is scarcely 
 visible upon some pieces, it arises from the die having been 
 too much polished. 1696. MB. 1697. MB. Upon some 
 of this last date the bust varies very slightly, the cheek being 
 a little rounder, the hair finer. 1698. MB. Same type 
 with B under the bust. 1696. MB. 1697. Eud. xxxvi. 
 14. MB. 0. 1696. MB. C. 1697. Eud. xxxvi. 15. MB. 
 In some pieces the Hons in the armorial shield are smaller 
 than in others. The bust of 1696 differs very slightly from 
 that of 1697, and upon some of the pieces these heads are 
 transposed. These remarks certainly apply to the Chester 
 coins, and probably to the others ; but the differences are 
 so slight as to escape observation, and indeed are scarcely 
 worth noticing. E. 1696. MB. B. 1697. Eud. xxxvi. 16. 
 MB. In some of 1697 the shield is larger. N. 1696. MB. 
 N. 1697. In some the shield is larger. Eud. xxxvi. 17. 
 MB. y. 1696. MB. y. 1697. Eud. xxxvi. 18. MB. Y. 
 1696. J£B. Y. 1697. Late Guff. Similar head ; plumes on 
 rev. in the angles, no letters. 1698. MB. Towards the 
 close of the year 1698 an alteration took place in the bust of 
 
395 
 
 tlie king, the work was not so highly finished, the features 
 were more strongly marked, the nose more aquiline, the 
 hair thrown into bolder masses, and raised abruptly and 
 high above the forehead like flames. Shields small; of this 
 there are, 1698. MB. 1699. MB. This also occurs with 
 large shields. This was followed by a bust in which all 
 these peculiarities were softened down, the features less 
 harsh, the hair less bold and more delicately finished, and 
 less high and flame-like at the top of the head, dates 1698, 
 large shield. Late Ouff. 1699. Small shield. MB. 1700. 
 Small shield. MB. 1701. MB. To this bust is attached 
 the rev. having roses in the angles. 1699. Rud. xxxvi. 25. 
 MB. with plumes in the angles. 1699. MB. 1701. Rud. 
 xxsivi. 28. MB. With feathers under the bust. 1700. Sn. 
 xvii. 23. MB. In 1699 a shilling was struck very different 
 from any of the preceding, in very high relief. 
 
 Sixpences : The busts upon these pieces are nearly all 
 alike, but those of the latter part of the year 1697 and the 
 subsequent years are a very little broader, and of neater 
 workmanship. Mr. OuS' had one with the larger bead dated 
 
 1696, but it was probably an accidental use of the old 
 reverse with the new obverse. Of the earlier head we have 
 
 1695. Rud. xxxvi. 4. MB. 1696. MB. 1697. MB. and 
 of the same head are the provincial pieces. B. 1696. MB. 
 B. 1697. Rud. xxxvi. 19. MB. 0. 1696. MB. C. 1697. 
 Rud. xxxvi. 20. MB. B. 1696. MB. E. 1697. Rud. 
 xxxvi. 21. if 5. N. 1696. Jf5. N. 1697. Rud. xxxvi. 22. 
 MB. J. 1696. MB. y. 1697. MB. T. 1696. Late Cuf. 
 T. 1697. Rud. xxxvi. 23. MB. Of the later head we have 
 
 1697. 1698. MB. 1699. Late Ouff. 1700. MB. 1701. 
 MB. With plumes in the angles. 1698. ilf5. 1699. Rud. 
 xxxvi. 29. MB. Rose in the angles. 1699. Rud. xxxvi. 
 24:. MB. 0. 1697. Late Ouff. B. 1697. Late Ouff. Y. 
 1 697. With plumes under the bust, 1700. Sn. xvii. 16. MB. 
 There are also sixpences with a very different bust ; one, 
 
 1 696, the nose more aquiline, hair dressed higher in front. 
 
396 
 
 hair brought forward upon the shoulders in two large ring- 
 letSj like the crown. MB. Another, 1696, very similar to 
 the preceding. MB. Another, similar, 1697. Late WaJceford. 
 These resemble closely the two pattern crowns of 1696 
 described above. There is a sixpence of 1697 y which, by 
 a strange blunder, has Ireland in the upper shield, Scotland 
 below, France at the right, England at the left. 
 
 Geo ATS : Bust like the sixpence ; Rev. The figure 4 
 crowned, with the titles and dates 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 
 1702, Rud. xxxvi. 5, all in MB. The date 1702 does not 
 occur upon any other coin of William III., and incorrectly 
 upon this ; for the year commenced with 25 Mar., and 
 William died on the 8th of that month. 
 
 Threepences, Half-geoats, and Pence, all like groats 
 and dated 1698, 1699, 1700, and 1701, all in MB. Rud. 
 xxxvi. 6, 7, 8. There are two different threepences of 
 the date 1701, one of which has the letters smaller than the 
 others. 
 
397 
 
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399 
 
 Anne, 1702 to 1714. 
 
 The coinage of Queen Anne was conducted upon the 
 same principles as that of her predecessors^ and consisted of 
 pieces of the same denomination, value, size, and fineness. 
 Upon all of them her bust is represented, turned to the left, 
 her hair turned up and bound by a fillet, her shoulders 
 covered with drapery fastened by a brooch in front. The 
 legend is ANNA DEI GRATIA. Her current money has 
 her arms crosswise in four shields, with the star of the garter 
 in the centre; around are her titles. The plumes upon some 
 indicate that the silver was derived from the Welsh mines of 
 Sir Carberry Price and Sir Humphrey Mackworth ; and an 
 Order of Council of 5th of April, 1706, directed that money 
 coined from silver brought into the mint by the Governor 
 and Company for smelting down lead with Pitcoale and Sea- 
 coale should have the mark of distinction on each piece as 
 represented in their petition, i.e., roses and plumes alter- 
 nately. The coins with the plumes were frequently called 
 Quakers' money, because the company by which the mines 
 were worked comprised among its members many persons 
 of that denomination. 
 
 Ceowns : There are three varieties of heads upon these 
 pieces. The first appears upon all pieces before the Union ; 
 the hair, in front, curls slightly over the end of the fillet, . 
 the under edge of which is otherwise clearly seen. The 
 legend on rev. is MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIE. REG. Of 
 these we have the date 1703, TERTIO, with VIGO under the 
 bust, in commemoration of the capture, in Oct. 1702, of Vigo 
 and the Spanish galleons, from which the silver was taken 
 of which the coins were struck. Upon the reverse there 
 are not any symbols between the shields. Rud. sxxvii. 9. 
 MB. 1705, QVINTO, plumes in the angles. Rud. xxxvii. 17. 
 
400 
 
 MB. 1706, QVINTO, roses and plumes alternately in the 
 angles. MB. 1707, SEXTO, roses and plumes. Rud. 
 xxxvii. 13. MB. 
 
 The second variety of head occurs after the Union. The 
 lower side of the fillet is concealed by the curled ends of three 
 locks of hair, a large one between two smaller ones. Upon 
 these pieces the upper and lower shields have England and 
 Scotland impaled, France at the right, Ireland at the left. 
 Rev. legend as before, but generally BRI. FR. Of these 
 we have 1707, SBPTIMO, no symbols in the angles. Rud. 
 xxxviii. 17. MB. 1708, SEPTIMO, no symbols. MB. 
 1708, SEPTIMO, plume in each angle. Rud. xxxviii. 1. 
 MB., or reading BR. FRA. Sn. xvii. 39. To this class 
 belong the crowns 1707, SEXTO, Rud. xxxviii. 9. MB., 
 and 1708, SEPTIMO. MB. which have B. under the bust, 
 because they were struck in Edinburgh. These belong to 
 the Scottish series. 
 
 The third variety of head occurs only upon the crown 
 dated 1713, DVODEOIMO, with rose and plume alternately 
 in the angles ; the fillet has its lower edge concealed only 
 by two locks which curl different ways. Legend as before, 
 BRI. FR. MB. See Rud. xxxviii. 5, -where the piece is 
 dated 1710, a date which we believe does not occur upon any 
 crown of Queen Anne ; nor are there any crowns dated 1 702 
 as Rud. xxxvii. 1, or with E andstar under the bust, as Rud. 
 xxxviii. 13. 
 
 Half-ceowns : There are only two varieties of heads upon 
 the half-crowns. That before the Union has the front locks 
 with a sharp termination ; legend as the crowns. Of these 
 there are 1703, TERTIO, no symbols on reverse, VIGO 
 under the bust. Rud. xxxvii. 10. Sn. xvii. 32. MB. 
 Similar without the word VIGO. Rud. xxxvii. 2. MB. 
 extremely rare. 1704, TERTIO, plumes in the angles. MB. 
 1705, QVINTO, plumes. Rud. xxxvii. 18. MB. 1706, 
 QVINTO, roses and plumes alternately. 31B. 1707, SEXTO, 
 roses and plumes. Rud. xxxvii. 14. MB. The half-crown after 
 
401 
 
 the Union, 1708, SEPTIMO, with plumes on the rev., has 
 the same head, perhaps also some others, but we have not 
 observed them. 
 
 The busts after the Union have the front locks more 
 curled and blunt at the ends, and the reading is BRI. FR. 
 Of these there are without symbols, 1707, SEPTIMO. MB. 
 1708, SEPTIMO. MB. 1709, OCTAVO. MB. 1713, 
 DVODECIMO. Rnd. xxxviii. 18. MB. With plames, 1708, 
 SEPTIMO. Rud. xxxviii. 2. MB. With roses and plumes, 
 1710, NONO. Rud. xxxviii. 6. MB. 1712, UNDBCIMO. 
 MB. 1713, DVODEOIMO. Jlf5. 1714, DECIMOTERTIO. 
 MB. With E under the bust, 1707, SEXTO. MB. 1708, 
 SEPTIMO. Rud. xxxviii. 10. MB. 1709, late Wakeford. 
 NClSrS xix. 138. There is not any half-crown with E* 
 under the bust as Rud. xxxviii. li. 
 
 Shillings : There are four varieties of busts upon the 
 shilling. The legends vary as on the half-crowns. The 
 first bust occurs only upon those dated 1702, the hair is 
 rather coarse, the fillet slightly twisted, the ends long. Of 
 these we have 1702, plain. Rud. xxxvii. 3. MB. 1702, 
 Plames. MB. 1702, VIGO under the bust. Rud. xxxvii. 
 11. Sn. xvii. 24. MB. The second head is rather shorter, 
 has the hair finer, the fillet plain, the ends shorter. Of 
 these there are, 1703, VIGO under the bust. MB. 1704, 
 plain. MB. 1704, plumes. MB. 1705, plain. MB. 1705, 
 plumes. Rud. xxxvii. 19. MB. 1705, roses and plumes. 
 Rud. xxxvii. 15. MB. 1707, roses and plumes. MB. and 
 also a shilling after the Union, 1 708, with roses and plumes. 
 
 The third bust commences after the Union ; the hair in 
 front conceals the end of the fillet, the two curls above which 
 are very small. Of these we have, 1 707, plain. Rud. xxxviii. 
 19. MB. 1707, plumes. Rud. xxxviii. 3. MB. 1708, plain. 
 MB. 1708, plumes, MB. 1708, roses and plumes. MB. 
 1709, plain. MB. 1710, roses and plumes. Rud. xxxviii. 7. 
 MB. 1711, plain. Late Guff. 
 
 The fourth bust has the locks of hair more detached ; and 
 
 26 
 
402 
 
 curled, not smooth, above the fillet. Of these there are, 
 
 1710, plain. MB. 1710, roses and plumes. Late Wakeford. 
 
 1711, plain. MB. 1712, roses and plumes. MB. 1713, 
 roses and plumes. MB. 1714, roses and plumes. MB. 
 
 With E underneath we have, of the second bust, 1707. 
 NEGK. Of the third bust, ] 707. MB. 1708, Eud. xxsviii. 
 11. MB. With B* same dates. Eud. xxxviii. 15. MB. 
 Of 1708, with E*, there are two busts, the latter of which 
 is distinguished by the two curls above the fillet, curling 
 backwards and being formed like the letter S; these two 
 curls upon the former busts curl one forwards, the other 
 backwards. Late Wakeford. The bust of 1709, with E and 
 a very small star, is similar to this last bust. MB. 
 
 Sixpences : The busts upon these do not present any 
 variations capable of being distinguished in descriptions. 
 The legends are as on the half-crowns. We have before the 
 Union: 1703, VIGO under the bust. Eud. xsxvii. 12. Sn. 
 xvii. 17. MB. 1705, plain. Eud. xxxvii. 4. MB. 1705, 
 plumes. Eud. xxxvii. 20. MB. 1705, roses and plumes. 
 Eud. xxxvii. 16. MB. 1707, roses and plumes. MB. After 
 the Union we have : plain, 1707. MB. one of these reads 
 BE. PEA. MB. 1708. MB. 1711. Eud. xxxviii. 20. MB. 
 With plumes, 1707. Eud. xxxviii. 4. MB. 1708. MB. With 
 roses and plumes, 1710. Eud. xxxviii. 8. MB. With B 
 under the bust, 1707. Eud. xxxviii., 12. J£B. 1708. MB. 
 With E*, 1708. Eud. xxxviii. 16. MB. 
 
 The Maundy money has upon the obverse the Queen's bust, 
 as upon her current coin ; and on the reverse, instead of the 
 armorial shields, numerals indicating the value, with a crown, 
 above ; the legends are similar to those on the half-crowns. 
 
 Geoats: Eeading BE. FE, 1703, 1704, 1705. Eeading 
 BE. FEA, 1706. Eeading BEI. PE, 1708, 1709, 1710, 
 1713, all in MB. Eud. xxxvii. 5. 
 
 Threepences: BE. FE, 1703, 1704, 1705. BE. FEA, 
 1706. BE. PE, 1707. BEI. PE, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1713, 
 all in MB. Eud. xxxvii. 6. 
 
403 
 
 Halp-ghoats : BR. FRA, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707. 
 BRI. FR, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1718, aU in MB. Rud. xxxvii. 7. 
 
 Pennies: BR. FRA, 1703, 1705. BR. FR, 1706. BRI. 
 FR, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1713, all in MB. Rud. xxxvii. 8. 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 iCr 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 u. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 Befobe the Union. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1702, Plain . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plumes . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ VIGO . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1703, VIGO . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1704, Plumes . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1705, Plumes . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ Rosea and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1706, Roses and plumes 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1707, Roses and plames 
 
 + 
 
 f 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 AriBE THE Union. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1707, Plain . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 „ Plumes . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1708, Plain . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ Plumes . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Roses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Do. 2iid bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1709, Plain . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1710, Roses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ Do. 4tlibust 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain, 4th bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1711, Plain, 3rd bust 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Do. 4tli bust 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1712, Roses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1713, Roses and plumes 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1714, Roses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1707, E under bust . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ E* . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1708, E 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ E* . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1709, E 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ E* . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Maundy money is all plain, without symbols. 
 
 Geobge I., 1714 to 1727. 
 George I. upon his accession continued the coinage upon 
 the same principles as his predecessors ; and issued pieces 
 of the same denominations, value, size and fineness. Upon 
 
 26 * 
 
404 
 
 all his silver money the king's bust is represented to the 
 right, the hair long, laureate, the shoulders invested with 
 armour with a slight drapery passing over them. The 
 legend contains all the king's English titles, GBORGIVS. 
 D. G. M. BR. PR. ET. HIB. REX, with the addition of 
 the letters P. D. for PIDEI DEFENSOR, now for the 
 first time inserted^ though it had been a title enjoyed by 
 British sovereigns ever since it had been conferred by the 
 Pope upon King Henry VIII. Upon the reverse the arms 
 are contained in four shields placed crosswise with the cross 
 of the garter in the centre ; but the bearings are changed 
 by the introduction of the arms of the king's German 
 dominions. The upper shield bears England and Scotland 
 impaled; the lower one Ireland, Prance is to the right, 
 Hanover to the left. These arms consist of those of Bruns- 
 wick, two lions passant, gardant ; Lunenburgh, seme of 
 hearts, lion rampant ; Saxony, hoi'se current ; upon an 
 escutcheon of pretence is Charlemagne's crown, the symbol 
 of his office of Arch-treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 The legend of the reverse consists of the king's German 
 titles, which, as they are now separated, vsrith the dominions, 
 from the crown of England, and being only expressed in 
 abbreviations or initials, may become, if they are not already, 
 utterly unintelligible, we shall insert and explain, to save 
 our readers from the pain of uttering those maledictions, so 
 universally and justly pronounced against all initials and ab- 
 breviations which are capable of an equivocal interpretation. 
 BRUNsi; iceitsis BT Jjunenhergensis DVX Sacri 'Romani 
 Imperii ArcMT'Resaurarius ET 'Ehedor. Sometimes va- 
 rious symbols are introduced, indicative of the source from 
 whence the silver was derived of which the pieces were 
 struck ; the Plume indicates Welsh silver ; the Roses and 
 Plumes that of the Company for melting down lead; SSC. 
 that derived from the South Sea Company. The two Cs 
 interlinked, and accompanying the plumes, with W.C.C., 
 allude to the Welsh Copper Company. This Company is 
 
405 
 
 supposed to be tte same which was established under a 
 Charter in the fourth year of William and Mary. 
 
 Crowns : The busts upon the crowns are all alike ; and 
 the following varieties of types and dates occur : — 1716^ 
 SBCVNDOj roses and plumes. MB. Rud. xxxix. 1 is with- 
 out any symbols, and dated 1714, of which date no such 
 coin exists. 1718, QVINTO, roses and plumes. MB. 1720, 
 SEXTO, roses and plumes. MB. 1723, DECIMO, SSO for 
 South Sea Company. Rud. xxxix. 13. Sn. xvii. 41. MB. 
 
 1726, DECIMO TERTIO, roses and plumes. Rud. xxxix. 9. 
 Sn. xvii. 40. MB. 
 
 Half-crowns : These resemble the crowns, and occur of 
 the following dates: — 1715, SECUNDO, roses and plumes. 
 MB. 1717, TIRTIO (sic) roses and plumes. MB. 1720, 
 SEXTO, roses and plumes. Rud. xxxix. 2, 10. MB. 1723, 
 DECIMO, SSC. Rud. xxxix. 14. Sn. xvii. 33. MB. 
 
 Shillings : These also resemble the crowns in type, but 
 some variations occur in the delineation of the king's bust. 
 The eai'lier heads are distinguished by the tie appearing 
 with two straight ends, while on the later head the tie shows 
 a bow and only one end, Rud. xxxix. 3 ; this alteration was 
 introduced in 1723. With the first head the following varie- 
 ties occur. With roses and plumes, 1715, 1716, 1717, 
 1718,1719, 1720, 1721, 1722; all in if5. Plain between 
 the sHelds, 1720, 1721. MB. SSO, 1728. Rud. xxxix. 15. 
 MB. 
 
 With the second head we have with SSC, 1723. With 
 roses and feathers, 1723, 1724, 1725, Rud. xxxix. 11, 1726, 
 
 1727. With plumes and two Cs interlinked, and W.C.C. 
 for Welsh Copper Company under the bust, 1723, 1724, 
 
 1725, Rud. xxxix. 17. Sn. xvii. 25. 1726 ; all in MB. 
 Sixpences : The bust upon these pieces resembles that 
 
 upon the crowns, and is the same upon all dates, Rud. 
 xxxix, 4. Sn. xvii. 18. With roses and plumes, 1717, 1720, 
 
 1726. Rud. xxxix. 12. MB. With SSC. 1723. Rud. xxxix. 
 16. MB. 
 
406 
 
 The Maundy money has a bust similar to the other coins, 
 GEORGIVS DEI GRA. Rev. a numeral crowned. Legend 
 MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX, except on the pennies to 
 1726 inclusiye, which read BR; and that of 1720 has HI 
 for HIB. Rud. xxxix. 5, 6, 7, 8. The groat occurs of the 
 dates 1717, 1721, 1723, 1727, allin MB. 
 
 Theeepences are of the same dates as the groats, all in 
 MB. 
 
 Hali-gegats : 1717, 1721, 1723, 1726, 1727, all in MB. 
 
 Pence: 1716, 1718, 1720, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1727, all in 
 MB. All the Maundy money- of 1727 has the letters 
 smaller than those of other dates. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 4Cr. 
 
 ShU. 
 
 ed. 
 
 id. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1715, Boses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1716, Ditto 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1717, Ditto 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1718, Ditto 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1719, Ditto 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1720, Ditto 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . . . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1721, Plain . . . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 „ Hoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1722, Ditto 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1723, SSC 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ 2nd head 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ W.C.C. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1724, Hoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ W.C.C. 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1725, Eoses and plumes ■ 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 „ W.C.C. . . . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1726, Roses and plumes 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ W.C.C. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1727, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 The description does not apply to the Maundy money, which is 
 all plain. 
 
 Geoegb II., 1727 to 1760. 
 
 George II. ascended the throne upon the death of his 
 father in 1727. No change whatever took place in the de- 
 nomination, size, value, or fineness of the silver money. 
 The nature of the types, too, continued the same, and with 
 
407 
 
 similar symbols : Roses for West of England silver : plames 
 for silver imported by the Company of Copper Miners in 
 the Principality of Wales ; roses and plumes for silver of 
 the Company for melting down lead ; and LIMA under the 
 king's bust upon those pieces which were struck from, the 
 silver which was captured, according to Mr. Pollet, by the 
 Prince Frederic and Duke privateers. According to other 
 authorities they were coined from the silver captured by 
 Lord Aason in the great Acapulco galleon. The former 
 tradition is the more probable, for Acapulco is tb.e capital of 
 Mexico, and Lima, which is the capital of Peru, would very 
 inconsistently be inscribed upon Mexican silver. There are 
 two strikingly distinct portraits of Greorge II. upon his coin- 
 ages, the young head and the old head ; the armour on the 
 two busts differs ; but except in the characteristics of age, 
 the two heads may be described in the same words. The 
 young head was engraved by Croker, the old head by Tanner. 
 The profile is turned to the left ; the hair long, laureate ; the 
 body invested with armour decorated upon th.e shoulder 
 with a lion's head ; a slight drapery hanging round the 
 breast, GEORGIVS II. DEI GRATIA. On the reverse are 
 shields similar to those of his father and similarly arranged ; 
 the legend consists of the initials of his British and German 
 titles, M. B. P. ET. H. REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. 
 A. T. ET. B. with the date of the year : the edge upon the 
 larger pieces bearing the date of the reign. 
 
 Ceowns : Of the young head there are, with roses and 
 plumes on the reverse, the dates 1732, SEXTO. MB. 1734, 
 SEPTIMO. MB. 1735, OCTAVO. MB. 1736, NONO. 
 MB. See Rud. xl. 13, which is dated 1733, of which 
 year no such coin exists. With roses on the rev., 1739, 
 DVODECIMO. Rud. xl. 17. MB. 1741, DECIMO 
 QYARTO. MB. Sn. xvii. 42 has roses only and date 1745, 
 we know not any such coin. Of the old head there are with 
 roses, 1743, DECIMO SEPTIMO. MB. Plain between the 
 shields, and LIMA under the bust, 1746, DECIMO NONO. 
 
408 
 
 MB. See Rud. xl. 21, whict is dated 1745, no such coin 
 existing. Plain, without LIMA, 1746, VIOESIMO. MB. 
 1750, VICESIMO QVARTO. MB. 1751, VIOESIMO 
 QVARTO. MB. Rud. xl. 1 has young head, plain rev. and 
 date 1731. His xl. 9 has plumes on the rev. and date 1728 ; 
 there are not any such coins as either of these. 
 
 Half-crowns : Of the young head there are, with roses 
 and plumes, 1731, QVINTO. MB. 1732, SEXTO. MB. 
 1734, SEPTIMO. Rud. xl. 14. MB. 1735, OCTAVO. MB. 
 1736, NONO. MB. With roses, 1789, DVODBCIMO. 
 MB. 1741, DBCIMO QVARTO. MB. Ending's xl. 10, 
 with plumes on the rev., 1731, does not exist. Of the old 
 head there are with roses, 1743, SEPTIMO. MB. 1745, 
 NONO. Rud. xl. 18. MB. Plain, with LIMA under the 
 head, 1745, NONO. Rud. xl. 22. Sn. xvii. 34. MB. 1746, 
 NONO. MB. Plain, without LIMA, 1750, VICESIMO 
 QVARTO. MB. 1751, VICESIMO QVARTO. MB. 
 
 Shillings : Type like that of the crowns and half-crowns. 
 With the young head, plumes, 1727, 1731, Rud. xl. 11. 
 Roses and plumes, 1727, 1728, 1729, Rud. xl. 15. 1731, 
 1732, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737. Plain rev., 1728. Roses, 
 1739, 1741; all in JIB. 
 
 With the old head, roses, 1743, 1745, 1747, Rud. xl. 19. 
 Sn. xvii. 26. Plain, with LIMA under the head, 1745, 
 Rud. xl. 23, 1746. Plain, without LIMA, 1750, 1751, 1758 ; 
 all in MB. 
 
 Sixpences : Similar to the shillings. With the young 
 head, plain, 1728. Plumes, 1728. Rud. xl. 12. Roses and 
 plumes, 1728, 1731, Rud. xl. 16, 1732, 1734, 1735, 1736. 
 With roses, 1739, 1741. All in MB. except 1734 and 1735. 
 
 With the old head, roses, 1743, Rud. xl. 20, 1745. Plain, 
 with LIMA under the bust, 1745. Rud. xl. 24. Sn. xvii. 19. 
 1746. Plain, without LIMA, 1750, 1751, 1757, 1758; all 
 in MB, In the last two years, and perhaps in others, there 
 are two varieties of harps in the shield, one having more 
 strings than the other. NC. 1882, p. 354. 
 
409 
 
 Matjkdt Monet : The young head alone appears upon 
 these pieces ; the rev. has the numerals crowned, with legend 
 MAG. BEI. FR. ET. HIB. EEX. Rud. xl. 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 
 GEOiTS occur with the following dates, 1729, 1731, 1732, 
 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, 1760. 
 
 Threepences have the same dates as the groats. 
 
 Haljf-geoats : These have the dates, 1729, 1731, 1732, 
 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, 1756, 1759, 1760. 
 
 Pence: 1729, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 
 1746, 1750, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 
 1760. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 4Cr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4d. 
 
 ■id. 
 
 2d. 
 
 ]d. 
 
 1727, Plumes . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1728, Plumes 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1729, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1731, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 ,, Plumes 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1732, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1734, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1735, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 +- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1736, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1737, Eoses and plumes 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 +- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1739, Eoses 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1740 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1741, Eoses 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Old head. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1748, Eoses 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1745, Eoses 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ LIMA 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1746, LIMA 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ Plain . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1747, Eoses 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1750, Plain 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1751, Plain . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1752 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1753 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1754 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1755 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1756 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1757 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1758 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1759 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1760 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 All the Maundy money is plain, without any symbols. 
 
410 
 
 Geobge III., 1760 to 1820. 
 
 In 1760 George III. succeeded to the throne upon the 
 death of his grandfather. Though the currency of the , 
 country was in a very bad state, scanty in amount, and, 
 from long usage, much depreciated in value, yet no effort 
 was made to remove the inconvenience under which the 
 country laboured. In the years 1762 and 1763 the mint 
 records state an issue of silver money to the amount of 
 £5791., but of what description no mention is made. It 
 could not have been struck from any dies of George III., 
 for no coinage, except of Maundy money, was issued with 
 his portrait before 1763, when shillings to the amount of 
 only £100. were struck, for the purpose of being distributed 
 amongst the populace when the Earl of Northamberland 
 made his first public appearance in Dublin as Lord Lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland, from which circumstance they still go by 
 the name of Northumberland shillings. Ending considers 
 it " difficult to understand how the Earl's going to Ireland 
 should occasion the coinage of English shillings.'''' The fact 
 appears to be, not that dies were made in order to strike 
 coins upon this occasion, but, that dies being in course of. 
 preparation for the general use of the country, an effort was 
 made to strike a small amount to add to the eclat of the 
 Earl's entrance into Dublin. Why a larger amount for 
 genera] currency was not issued is to be accounted for, 
 perhaps, by the high price of silver at that time ; but the 
 preparation of these pieces, and the pattern shilling of 1764, 
 may be considered proofs that such an issue was in contem- 
 plation. The Northumberland shilling has the king's bust 
 in profile to the right, hair long, laureate, in armour, with a 
 slight drapery fastened on the shoulder by a brooch, 
 GEORGTVS III. DEI GRATIA. Rev. in type and legend, 
 exactly like the shillings of his grandfather; these pieces are 
 dated 1763, and are I'are, as might be expected from the 
 
411 
 
 small sum originally issued. Rud. Sup. 2. PI. iii. 2. MB. 
 The dies were probably engraved by Teo. The specimen in 
 the author's collection was purchased with two or three more 
 from the person who had been housekeeper to the Duke of 
 Northumberland when appointed Lord Lieutenant. Though 
 patterns were made, with a view to the coinage of shillings, 
 in 1764, 1775, and 1778, no issue of silver money took place 
 till the year 1787, when shillings and sixpences, to the 
 amount of £56,459., were struck at the mint. This measure 
 had been in contemplation the previous year, for a shilling of 
 the same type, with the date 1786, is preserved in the British 
 Museum. The dies of these pieces were engraved by Pingo, 
 and the bust is a very great improvement upon that of 1 763. 
 The bust of the king is in profile to the right, the hair is 
 long, laureate ; the shoulders, which are in armour, are more 
 exhibited than in the former shilling, and the drapery is 
 fastened upon the shoulder by a brooch, GEORGIVS Ilf. 
 DEI GRATIA-. The reverse has the same legend of initials 
 as the shillings of 1 763 ; the arms are arranged in the same 
 manner, but the forms of the shields differ, in having all the 
 lines by which they are formed perfectly straight ; the 
 crowns, instead of being over, are in the angles between 
 them. The dies were engraved by Lewis Pingo. Eour 
 varieties occur in the arms; (1) no sem^e of hearts on the 
 field of Lunenburgh, six strings in the Irish harp ; (2) 
 same, with seven strings ; (3) semee of hearts, six strings ; 
 (4) same, with seven strings. NO. 1882, pp. 200, 354. Rud. 
 Sup. 2. iii. 3. MB. These shillings are not uncommon, and are 
 generally in good preservation ; in fact this coinage was 
 very little in circulation, for previous to its issue the silver 
 coins were in such a state that thousands of round pieces of 
 silver without a perceptible stamp passed current, and the 
 fuU sized pieces were of course immediately melted down by 
 the fabricators of false money. The average weight of 
 current shillings at this time was ^ less than it ought to have 
 been, — sixpences ^ less. These shillings have a dot over 
 
412 
 
 the head of the king; a rare variety is without this dot. 
 Pingo told Mrs. Banks that hers was the only one ever 
 struck, but this is not quite correct. In the same year, 
 1787, sixpences were issued exactly resembling the shillings 
 in type, with dot over head. MB. This coinage having 
 speedily found its way into the melting pot, the currency 
 continued to diminish in value every year, and, to supply the 
 deficiency, in the year 1803, the extraordinary expedient 
 was resorted to of issuing Spanish dollars stamped with the 
 head of George III. by a mark similar to that used by the 
 Goldsmiths' Hall in stamping silver plate. In 1804 this 
 stamp was changed for an octagon one of somewhat larger 
 dimensions, engraved with the king's head like that of the 
 silver penny; and in the course of the same year an 
 arrangement was made with Mr. Boulton to stamp the 
 dollars, by the means of the powerful Soho machinery, with 
 a»idevice to cover the whole face of the piece ; but as these, 
 as well as the Bank tokens, were only substitutes for the 
 regular coins of the realm, they are foreign to our present 
 purpose. In the year 1798, in consequence of the extreme 
 scarcity of silver money, Messrs. Dorrien and Magens sent a 
 quantity of bullion to the Mint to be coined according to the 
 law, which had never been repealed, by which it was enacted 
 that any one sending bullion to the Mint might have it 
 coined into money, upon the payment of certain dues. The 
 whole was actually coined into shillings from dies varying 
 very slightly from those of 1787, but with the date 1798, and 
 having no dot over the head ; but the very day on which the 
 bankers were, by appointment, to have received the coin, an 
 Order of Council was received, commanding it all to be 
 melted, upon the ground that the proceeding had been 
 irregular, and that no coinage was lawful without the sanc- 
 tion of a royal proclamation. Very few indeed of these 
 pieces escaped the crucible. Specimens however exist in 
 the collections of the British Museum, the Author, &c. 
 At length, in 1816, it was resolved to encounter all the 
 
413 
 
 difficulties and expenses of an entire new coinage^ both of 
 gold and silver ; new pieces were consequently ordered to 
 be issued of the same denominations and fineness as before ; 
 andj as far as the silver money was concerned^ this was car- 
 ried into effect; but the weight was diminished^ for, instead 
 of sixty-two shillings, sixty-six were ordered to be made 
 out of every pound troy of silver. In conformity with these 
 resolutions the new coinage consisted of Crowns, Half- 
 crowns, Shillings, and Sixpences. 
 
 The Act of Parliament, which provided for this new silver 
 coinage, was passed in June, 1816, a message having been 
 delivered on May 28th to both Houses of Parliament from 
 the Prince Regent, announcing that he had given directions 
 for a new and extensive issue of silver coinage. Oa the 
 third of February following, a general issue of the new 
 money took place, consisting chiefly of shillings and six- 
 pences, with some half-crowns. The loss upon the new 
 coinage was borne by the public, and individuals were au- 
 thorized to receive in exchange new money equal in amount 
 to the nominal value of the old in their possession. To 
 facilitate the exchanges, twenty stations were appointed in 
 convenient localities in London, and the bankers gave their 
 assistance by exchanging the monies of their friends and 
 connexions. Great praise is due to those by whom the 
 arrangements were made for issuing, with so much expedi- 
 tion and facility, so extensive a coinage; and too much 
 cannot be said in commendation of the artist Thomas "Wyon, 
 by whom, under most disheartening circumstances, the Mint 
 was amply supplied with the requisite number of dies. Nor 
 ought we to forget to notice the beautiful and powerful 
 machinery for striking the coins, which had, not long before, 
 been erected by Messrs. Boulton and Watt upon the model 
 of that which had for many years proved its efficiency at 
 Soho, where very many coins had been struck, beautiful both 
 in design and execution, and where numerous expedients 
 and experiments had been tried with success to establish 
 the principles upon which the coinage of a great kingdom 
 
414 
 
 ought to be conductedj witli a view to itS' duration and 
 protection from injury by extensive circulation. 
 
 Crowns : The demand for a silver currency was so urgent 
 that the great efforts of the Mint were directed to the issue 
 of pieces of the smaller denominations, and it was only after 
 the country had been tolerably well supplied with such coin 
 that preparations were made for striking crowns. These 
 pieces have the king's bust to the right, laureate, hair short, 
 neck bare, GBOEGIUS III. D. G. BRITANNIARUM 
 REX. F. D. 1818. Under the head PISTRUGCI. Rev. 
 St. George and the Dragon, within the garter inscribed with 
 its usual motto. In the exergue PISTHTJCCI. Edge, 
 DEC US BT TUT AMEN. ANNO REGNI LVTII. Rud. 
 Sup. 2, xiv. 1. MB. The letters upon the edge of the coin 
 are in high relief, and of its entire width. The artist by 
 whom this piece was engraved was Sig. Pistrucci, who had 
 deservedly attained the highest reputation for skill and 
 taste as an engraver of gems. He was unacquainted with 
 the art of engraving dies, and a more intimate knowledge of 
 the talent which already existed in the kingdom, and even 
 within the walls of the Mint, would have saved Lord Mary- 
 borough from the reproach of unnecessarily insulting the 
 whole body of native artists, and of inflicting, perhaps a 
 fatal, mortification upon a most amiable young man, and 
 an artist at least as talented as the stranger who was placed 
 over his head. In truth the Mint authorities in this busi- 
 ness have committed grave errors. They commenced by 
 engaging an artist whose talents, though of the highest 
 order in his proper department, were not required, and 
 which, when obtained, they did not knovsr how to em- 
 ploy. The reverse of the crown was adopted from a 
 gem engraved by Pistrucci for Lord Spencer; the design 
 was copied from a gem by Pickler, which was itself copied 
 from a shell cameo representing a battle, in the collection 
 of the Duke of Orleans ; the shield, which, in the original, 
 was upon the left arm of the figure, is omitted ; and the 
 position of the right leg was purposely but unfortunately 
 
415 
 
 changed ; for as the hero now sifcs upon his horse he musfc 
 inevitably fall to the ground the moment he attempts to 
 strike the meditated blow with his sword. The work how- 
 ever is beautifully executed, and its appearance (which first 
 occurred upon the soTereign, 1817) was hailed with plea- 
 sure, and with the hope that those who were in authority 
 were weaning themselves from their attachment to armorial 
 bearings, and becoming alive to the beauty, interest, and 
 importance of historical reverses. The hope, however, was 
 shortlived, for no such coins have yet been allowed to 
 appear. Of the type of the crown we have just described 
 we have others of the same year, 1818, but dated on the 
 edge LIX. MB. 1819, LIX. MB. 1819, LX. MB. 
 1820, LX. MB. These coins were first issued in the 
 month of October, 1818. 
 
 Hali-ckowns : Bust presenting the back to the spec- 
 tator, profile to the right, laureate, hair short ; GBORGrlUS 
 III DEI GRATIA. 1816. Rev. Armorial shield, 1 and 
 4, England. 2, Scotland. 3, Ireland. Hanover on an 
 escutcheon of pretence surmounted by a kingly crown. 
 The shield within the garter inscribed with its usual motto ; 
 above, the crown, from which proceeds the collar of the 
 order with its pendent badge, BRITANNIARUM REX 
 FID. DEF. In the garniture of the shield are the letters 
 W. W. P. for William Wellesley Pole, the Master of the 
 Mint, and W. for Thomas Wyon, the chief engraver, by 
 whom the dies were engraved after a model in jasper by 
 Pistrucci. The edge of the coin is milled, not lettered as 
 had always before been the practice upon half-crowns. Rud. 
 Sup. 2, xiv. 2. MB. Similar, of the year 1817. MB. Be- 
 fore the close of the year the type was altered ; the breadth 
 of bare shoulder and the ferocious expression of the king's 
 countenance were not approved ; the shoulder was therefore 
 removed, and the expression softened, upon the new dies, 
 and the letters of the legend are much larger. Rev. A 
 shield similar to the former, but ungarnished, within the 
 garter, and crowned ; the collar and badge being omitted. 
 
416 
 
 Legend the same but letters larger. W. W. P. are on the 
 buckle of the garter. 1817, Eud. Sup. 2, xiv. 3. MB. 1818. 
 MB. 1819. MB. 1820. 
 
 Shillings : These and the sixpences which resemble 
 them, were the first pieces which were struck of the new 
 coinage, from dies engraved by Thomas Wyon, the bust 
 being copied from a model iu jasper by Pistrucci. The dies 
 are most beautifully executed, and the form of the coin may 
 be quoted as a model, being admirably adapted to support 
 the wear and tear of an extensive circulation. .Bust to the 
 right, laureate, hair short, GBOR. III. D. G. BRITT. 
 REX F. D. 1816. Rev. Armorial shield like that of the 
 crown, garnished, within the garter of the order, and 
 crowned. On the garniture are the letters W. W. P. and 
 W. MB. These shillings also occur of the dates 1817. 
 Rud. Sup. 2, xiv. 4. 1818, 1819, 1820; all in MB. 
 
 Sixpences : These exactly resemble the shillings, and 
 occur of the same dates. 
 
 Mahndt Monet : Of this description there are four 
 varieties. The first has the bust to the right, laureate, hair 
 short, armour and drapery like the Northumberland shil- 
 ling, 1763, GBORGIUS III DEI GRATIA. Rev. Numeral 
 crowned. MAG BRI PR ET HIB REX, with the date. 
 The dies for these pieces were engraved by Ocks, who was a 
 Swiss, and held a situation in the mint for 72 years. Of 
 this type we have Geoats dated 1763. 1766. 1770. 1772. 
 1776. 1780. 1784. 1786. 
 
 Theeepenoes: 1762. 1763. 1765. 1766. 1770. 1772. 1780. 
 1784. 1786. 
 
 Hale-geoats: 1763. 1765. 1766. 1772. 1776. 1780. 1784. 
 1786. 
 
 Pence: 1763. 1766. 1770. 1772. 1776. 1779. 1780. 1781. 
 1784. 1786. 
 
 The second variety was engraved by L. Pin go, and differs 
 on the obverse from the preceding, in having the King's 
 bust exactly like that of the shilling of 1787. The rev. has 
 the numerals, of the written form, crowned with a small 
 
417 
 
 crown with angular bars. The legend is the same as the 
 preceding, it commences at the bottom of the coin and 
 continues all round uninterruptedly. The date is at the 
 bottom. 1 792 is the only date which occurs of this type ; 
 and the series of 4. 3. 2. and 1 penny is complete. The 
 figure upon the penny is a small 1 not in the written 
 character. 
 
 The third variety has the same obverse as the second ; 
 but the reverse has the ordinary Arabic numerals, of a large 
 size, the crown too is large with round arched bars, the 
 cross at the top piercing the legend, which is the same as 
 the preceding, and commences at the bottom, date below. 
 Of this type we have all the denominations of the dates 1795 
 and 1800. 
 
 The fourth variety has the bust copied from the shilling 
 of 1816. GBOEGITJS III DEI GRATIA with the date 
 nnder the head. The reverse has the numerals and crown 
 large, interrupting the legend which commences at the 
 bottom, BRITANNIAEUM REX FID. DEF. We have 
 all the denominations of the dates 1816 to 1820. Eud. Supp.. 
 2. xiv. 5. 
 
 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 4 Or. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4,d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1762 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 1763 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1765 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 1766 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1770 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 1772 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1776 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1779 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1780 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + . 
 
 + 
 
 ^- 
 
 1781 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 1784 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1786 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1787 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ dot over 
 
 head 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 1792 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1795 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1798 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1800 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 -)- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 27 
 
418 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 4Cr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4d. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1816 . . . . 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1817, 1st type 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (J Cr. 'ind type 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 1818, LVIII. 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3818, LIX. . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1819, LIS. . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1819, LX. . 
 
 + 
 
 .+ 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1820, LX. . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Geoege IV., 1820 to 1830. 
 
 When George IV. ascended tte tlirone upon the death, 
 of his father, January 28, 1820, the usual preparations were 
 made for a new coinage upon the same principles as before, 
 and Crowns, Half-crowns, Shillings and Sixpences, besides 
 the Maundy money, were issued in the course of the reign. 
 The Standard continued the same, 11 oz. 2 dwts. of silver, 
 and 18 dwts. alloy. The weight was the same as had been 
 established in 1816, that is sixty-six shillings were coined 
 out of one pound of silver, and the other coins in propor- 
 tion. Upon this coinage the king's bust is represented 
 with profile to the left, laureate, the neck bare, GBOEGIUS 
 nil D. G. BRITANNIAE. EEX F. D., underneath the 
 bust B. P. the initials of Pistrucci, by whom the dies were 
 engraved. 
 
 Crowns : Rev. The George and Dragon as upon the 
 crowns of his father, but of larger dimensions, and omitting 
 the garter ; the floating hair behind the helmet is also 
 omitted. Exergue, the date, and B. P. Close under the 
 broken shaft of the lance are the letters W. W. P. for 
 William Wellesley Pole ; they are extremely small, and in 
 many pieces quite illegible, even with the aid of a magnifier ; 
 the spaces between the lines being filled up, or compressed 
 in the die, and leaving only the appearance of a short thickish 
 line. The edge is inscribed with large raised letters. Of 
 
419 
 
 ttese pieces we have the dates 1821 SECVNDO. Ead. 2 E.- 
 2. 1821 TEETIO. This is a Mint blunder, for George 
 IV. did not commence the third year of his reign before 
 the 28fch Jan. 1822. 1822 SECVNDO. If these dates 
 are strictly correct, all the pieces bearing them must have 
 been struck in the month of January, 1822. 1822 TEE- 
 TIO. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1824 his Majesty expressed 
 his disapprobation of the portrait upon his coins, not liking 
 the harsh wiriness of the hair, nor deeming the likeness 
 correct. Chantrey had about this time finished his admi- 
 rable bust of the king, which was universally approved as 
 an exquisite work of art, and a most pei-fect resemblance ; 
 and he was therefore commanded by his Majesty to prepare 
 a medallion from the bust, which might serve as a model 
 for the portrait upon his future coinage. When the medal- 
 lion was completed, Pistrucci was directed to engrave dies 
 for a new coinage j this he positively refused to do, on the 
 ground of its being beneath his dignity to copy the works 
 of any other artist. The work was therefore confided to 
 Mr. William Wyon, and Pistrucci from that time was 
 allowed to enjoy a sinecure at the Mint. One result of 
 these circumstances was to make more publicly known the 
 merits of a highly gifted artist, and to prove that England 
 has no need of foreign aid for the production of a coinage 
 at least equal to any in Europe. 
 
 The Ceown of this new coinage represents the bust of 
 the king with profile to the left, the neck bare, and without 
 the laurel wreath, GBOEGIUS IV. DEI GEATIA. 1825. 
 Eev. Square shield, slightly garnished, blazoned like the 
 preceding, without colour, surmounted by a royal helmet, 
 crowned, from whence issues rich scroll work descending at 
 the sides of the shield; underneath is an ornamented scroll 
 inscribed with the motto DIEU ET MON DEOIT. The 
 legend is BEITANNIAEUM EEX FID. DEE. This re- 
 verse is beautifully executed by Merlin. This type occurs 
 
 27 * 
 
420 
 
 with the dates 1825, plain edge. 1826, SBPTIMO, edge 
 inscribed as usual, with raised letters, but much smaller. 
 Ead. 2 R. 6, where colour is improperly introduced into the 
 shield. These pieces are exceedingly beautiful, but, though 
 dies were prepared also in 1828 and 1829, none were actually 
 issued for currency. 
 
 Half-ceowns : The obverse is exactly the same as that 
 of the crown. The reverse of the earlier half-crowns has 
 the shield richly garnished and blazoned in the same manner 
 as those of George III. but without colour ; the crown is 
 large and richly decorated ; in the field are sprigs of rose, 
 thistle, and shamrock, with the words ANNO 1820. The 
 edge is milled. In the centre of the three leaves of shamrock 
 are respectively the three letters W. W. P. This reverse 
 was engraved by Merlin, a native of France, and eminent 
 for the neatness, elegance and minuteness of detail with 
 which he executed all works of this description ; the letters 
 also upon these and other pieces were put in by him, and 
 are very neatly decorated with frost work. Of this type we 
 have the dates 1820, 1821. Rud. 2 R. 3, where indications 
 of colour are erroneously introduced in the shield. 1823. 
 Towards the end of this year a new reverse was adopted, 
 upon which the arms are in a square shield, the colours ex- 
 pressed, crowned, within the garter inscribed with its usual 
 motto, and the collar of the order with its appendant 
 badge ; underneath, the date, ANNO 1823. Rud. 2 R. 4. 
 This reverse was also engraved by Merlin. This type 
 occurs with the dates 1 823, 1824, 1825. Towards the close of 
 1824 dies were prepared by Wyon for half-crowns similar 
 to his crowns of 1826, none however but a few proofs 
 were struck ; in the following year they were issued for 
 general circulation, and occur of the dates 1825, 1826, 1828, 
 1829. 
 
 Shillings : The first shilHng of this reign exactly resem- 
 bles the half-crown, and occurs of the date 1821. The second 
 shilling exactly resembles the second half-crown, except 
 
421 
 
 that the collar of the order is omitted on the reverse; it 
 occurs of the dates 1823, Eud. 2 R. 7. 1824, 1825. The 
 third shilling has the obverse like the third half-crown, but 
 a new style of reverse was introduced, consisting of the 
 royal crest, a crown surmounted by a crowned lion ; under- 
 neath, a united sprig of rose, thistle and shamrock, BRI- 
 TANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR; it occurs of 
 the dates 1826, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829. Rud. 2 R. 8. This 
 device had never before been adopted upon a current coin ; 
 it was at one time proposed, and patterns for seven shilling 
 pieces of gold were struck of this type in 1775. 
 
 Sixpences : There are three coinages of sixpences exactly 
 resembling the shillings. The first has the date 1821. The 
 second has the dates 1824, 1825, 1826. The third has the 
 dates 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829. 
 
 The Maundy money has the bust, &c. exactly like those 
 upon the early coins of the king, by Pistrucci. The reverse 
 is by Merhn, consisting of the numeral crowned between 
 branches of oak : the date in the field. They all occur of 
 the dates from' 1821 to 1830, both inclusive. Rud. 2 R. 5. 
 The head upon the threepence of 1822 is smaller than upon 
 that piece of all the other dates. The fact is that the first 
 die broke, and as there was not time to engrave another die 
 with the proper sized head, one was made from the punch of 
 the two-pence. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 ^Cr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 M. 
 
 U. 
 
 Zd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1820, Shield gam. 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1821, SECVNDO . 
 
 -1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ TEETIO 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Shield garn. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1822, SECVNDO . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ TEETIO 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1823, Shield garn. . 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Sq. sh. in garter 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1824, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1825, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 „ Wyon's 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1826, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Pistrucci 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
422 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 iCr. 
 
 ShU. 
 
 6rf. 
 
 4d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1837, Wyon . 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1828, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1829, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1830, Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Tlie bust upon all the Maundy money of this reign continued to 
 be struck after Pistrucci's model, even after Wyon's bust had been 
 adopted upon the current coin. 
 
 The crown of 1820 is rather a pattern than a coin ; it was never put 
 into circulation ; it differs from the subsequent currency in haying a 
 Btreamer of hair attached to the helmet of St. George. 
 
 William IV., 1830 to 1837. 
 
 WBen George IV. deceased, 26tli Junej 1830, His brother 
 William, Dvike of Clarence, ascended the throne, and the 
 orders issued for a new coinage were gronnded upon the 
 same principles as those of his immediate predecessors. 
 Preparations were accordingly made for striking Crowns, 
 Half-crowns, Shillings, Sixpences, and Maundy money, of 
 the same weight, size, and fineness, as those of George IV. 
 The portrait upon this coinage, which bears a very strong 
 resemblance to his Majesty, was after a model made for the 
 purpose by Chantrey. It presents the profile looking to 
 the right, the neck bare, the hair short, without laurel ; the 
 legend upon all denominations being GULIELMUS IlII. 
 D. G. BRITAlSnsriAR. EEX F. D. Upon the crown, half- 
 crown, and shilling the truncation of the neck is marked 
 with W. W. incuse, for William Wyon the engraver of the 
 dies. 
 
 Ceowns : The reverse of these has the royal arms, em- 
 blazoned as those of George IV. but with colours expressed, 
 upon a plain square shield, encircled by the collar of the 
 garter with its appendant badge j all within a royal mantle 
 embroidered round the border, and lined with ermine ; 
 above, the crown; below, ANNO 1831. End. 2 E. 18. 
 None of these pieces were issued for circulation, but only as 
 proofs, for the cabinets of collectors ; the edges are conse- 
 
423 
 
 quently plain. MB. The date 1834 also occurs on some of 
 these pieces. Qne of 1831 has on the edge ANNO RBGNI 
 LVIIT. MB. and one of 1 834 with the edge grained has the 
 inscription, incuse, ANNO EEGNI QUINQUAGESIMO 
 SEPTIMO. Late Waheford. An extremely rare variety of 
 1831, having the truncation marked with W. WTON, the 
 letters in relief, was in the collection of the author. 
 
 Haip-ceowns : These exactly resemble the crowns, except 
 that the collar of the garter does not pass along the sides of 
 the shield, but only appears underneath, with its badge. 
 They are milled at the edge, and were issued for currency. 
 They occur with the dates 1831 Eud. 2 R. 19, 1834, 1835, 
 1836, 1837; but that of 1831 was never issued for circulation. 
 There are two of 1834, one having WW in Roman, the other 
 in cursive characters. 
 
 Shillings : These pieces have for reverse the words 
 ONE SHILLING written across the field between branches 
 of laurel and oak, the crown above, the date below. This 
 reverse is very neatly and elegantly executed by Merlin, but 
 it is impossible to refrain from expressing dissatisfaction at 
 the type ; there was not much opportunity for an artist to 
 exhibit his talents in the engraving of armorial bearings, 
 but there is stiU less in the barbarous device introduced 
 upon this coin. It appears as if the Masters of the Mint 
 were determined not to allow the chief engraver an oppor- 
 tunity to exert his taste or his talents in the decoration of 
 our coins. Shillings occur with the dates 1831, 1834, 1835, 
 1836 Rud. 2 R. 14, 1837. That of 1831 was never issued 
 for circulation. 
 
 Sixpences. Exactly the same as the shilling, substituting 
 only the words SIXPENCE. They occur of the dates 1831, 
 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837. 
 
 Maundy Monet. The reverses of these pieces have the 
 numerals crowned between branches of oak, the date in the 
 field; similar to those of George IV. They all occur of 
 the dates 1831 to 1837, both inclusive. 
 
424 
 
 In 1836 it was resolved to issue groats for general circu- 
 lation. The obverse is tbe same as that of the Maundy 
 money; the reverse ia a figure of Britannia helmeted, 
 seatedj resting her right hand upon her shield, and sup- 
 porting a trident with her left. The legend, FOTJE PENCE, 
 interrupted by the trident and head of the figure. Exergue, 
 1836. Edge milled. Rud. 2 E. 15. It occurs also of the 
 date 1837. Two previous patterns were made in which the 
 figure was smaller, one had FOUR-PENCE continuously 
 over the head, the other had in the field 4 P. These pieces 
 are said to have owed their existence to the pressing in- 
 stance of Mr. Hume, from whence they, for some time, 
 bore the nick-name of Joeys. As they were very convenient 
 to pay short cab fares, the Hon. M.P. was extremely un- 
 popular with the drivers, who frequently received only a 
 groat where otherwise they would have received a sixpence 
 without any demand for change. One driver ingeniously 
 endeavoured to put them out of circulation by giving all he 
 received to his son upon condition that be did not spend 
 them or exchange them. This had, however, one good eSect, 
 as it made the man an economist, and a little store became 
 accumulated which would be useful upon some unexpected 
 emergence. 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 SCr. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4,d. 
 
 Bd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1831, Shield and mantle 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Value and wreath 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1832 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1833". . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1834, Shield and mantle 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Value and wreath 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1835, Shield and mantle 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Value and wreath 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1836, Shield and mantle 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Value and wreath 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1837, Do. 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1836, Britannia 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 1837, Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
425 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 Upon the death of King William IV. on the 20th June, 
 '1837, his niece the Princess Victoria ascended the throne, 
 and, in due time, orders were issued to prepare a new coin- 
 age formed upon the same principles as that of the pre- 
 ceding reign, and of the same denominations. Upon this 
 whole series the bust of the queen is represented turned to 
 the left, the head is bound with a double fillet, and the hair 
 gracefully collected into a knot behind. The likeness of 
 her Majesty is excellent, and is copied from a model in wax 
 taken from the life by Mr. Wyon, the chief engraver to the 
 Mint, by whom the dies are engraved with admirable taste 
 and skill. 
 
 The Ceown has the bust, marked on the truncation with 
 W. Wyon R.A., the name of the artist, with his title of 
 Eoyal Academician ; and has the legend VICTORIA DEI 
 GRATIA with. the date below. The reverse has a square 
 shield, crowned, between two branches of laurel, charged with 
 the royal arms ; the colours expressed. 1. and 4. England. 
 2. Scotland. 3. Ireland. The dominion of Hanover having 
 passed to the heirs male of the late king, the arms of that 
 kingdom, which had before been borne upon an escutcheon 
 of pretence, are of course omitted. The legend is BRITAN- 
 NIARUM RBGINA. FID. DEE. Underneath is an orna- 
 ment composed of the rose, thistle, and shamrock. The 
 reverse dies are engraved by Merlin, assistant engraver at 
 the Mint, and are executed with great skill, delicacy, and 
 precision in the minute details. The edge has the usual 
 inscription, DECUS ET TUTAMEK ANNO REGNI, &c. 
 These pieces occur of the dates 1844, ANNO REGNI VIII. 
 1845, VIII. 1846. 1847, XI. 1851. In this year only 466 
 crown pieces were issued, and none have been issued since. 
 
 Half-ceowns. These are exactly like the crowns, but the 
 truncation of the bust is inscribed with the letters W W 
 incuse, and the edge is milled. Two years elapsed between 
 
426 
 
 tte queen's accession to tlie throne and the issuing of the 
 first half-crown^ a delay occasioned partly because coins of 
 other denominations were more wanted for the general 
 currency of the country, but chiefly because the artist was 
 supplied with dies which, either from some original defect 
 or improper management in the subsequent process, were 
 destroyed in the hardening, so that at least eight original 
 dies of the obverse of the half-crowns were successively 
 engraved before one could be prepared for use. 
 
 They occur of all dates from 1839 to 1851 inclusive, and 
 of 1862, 1864, andfrom 1874 to 1885 inclusive. That of 1839 
 was not issued for circulation. Those of 1841 to 1851 inclu- 
 sive have no letters on the truncation. After 1851 the issue of 
 half-crowns was suspended in favour of the new florins, and 
 the half-crowns of 1862 and 1864, which are similar to the 
 former ones but have W W in raised letters on the trunca- 
 tion, were patterns and not issued for circulation. However, 
 on the 31st December, 1873, a circular letter was sent from 
 the Mint to bankers, inquiring whether in their opinion it 
 would be desirable for the future to issue half-crowns only, 
 or florins only, or both together ; and out of 302 answers, 
 193 were in favour of a concurrent issue of both coins, 63 
 taking part with the half-crown, and 46 with the florin. It 
 was therefore resolved to coin both denominations, and half- 
 crowns, similar to the former ones, but without any letters 
 on the truncation, have accordingly been issued every year 
 since. 
 
 Floeins. These were first coined in 1849, in consequence 
 of a motion by Sir John Bo wring in the House of Commons, 
 in 1847, for an address to the crown in favour of the issue of 
 silver pieces of the value of yg- and y^g of the pound ster- 
 ling. The motion was withdrawn on the understanding that 
 a piece of the value of y\, of a pound should be issued, which 
 was carried into efi'ect by the issue of the florin. The type 
 of this coin was very different from that of the other coins 
 of this reign. The bust, which is turned to the left, is 
 
427 
 
 crowned, wHicli had not been the case on any BngHsh coins 
 
 since the early ones of Charles II. It extends nearly to the 
 
 edge of the coin, dividing the legend both above and below, 
 
 and showing the queen's shoulders, with a dress bordered 
 
 with lace. The hair is plaited and fastened behind. The 
 
 legend is in Eoman letters, VICTORIA REGINA 1849. 
 
 Eev. four shields placed crosswise, crowned, the upper and 
 
 lower ones bearing the arms of England, with Scotland on the 
 
 right, and Ireland on the left. In the centre is a rose, and 
 
 in the spaces between the shields, two roses, a thistle, and a 
 
 shamrock, over each of which is a double arched canopy, 
 
 with trefoil pendants. The shields are enclosed within a 
 
 circle, outside which are the crowns and the legend ONE 
 
 FLORIN. ONE TENTH OP A POUND. There are two 
 
 quatrefoils before ONE, one after FLORIN. Both obverse 
 
 and reverse are bordered by a circle of flattened rounds or 
 
 bezants. From the absence of the words DEI GRATIA 
 
 this was called the godless florin. It occurs only of the 
 
 year 1849. The diameter of this florin was exactly half 
 
 way between those of the half-crown and of the shilling ; 
 
 but the next florins are broader and thinner. The bust is 
 
 the same as the last, but the legends are in old English 
 
 characters, and that on the obverse is Victoria d. g. brit. reg. 
 
 f. d. mdcccli. The reverse is similar to the former one, 
 
 except that there is a floriated cross instead of a rose in the 
 
 centre, the canopy over the flowers is of a single arch, and 
 
 the legend is in old English characters. The exterior 
 
 border round the obverse is diSerent from that on the 
 
 " godless ■" florin, and there is only a slight beading round 
 
 the reverse. These coins occur of the dates 1851 to 1881 
 
 inclusive, and of 1883, 1884, 1885, the only difference made 
 
 in that time being that those of 1868 and subsequent years 
 
 read hritt instead of hrit. 
 
 Shillings : The head of the queen upon the shilling is 
 exactly the same as that upon the half-crown, except that 
 the end of the locks drawn back from the front are not 
 
428 
 
 plaited, and the truncation is not marked witli the initials 
 of the artist's name. The bust in 1838 is different and 
 slightly younger than in subsequent years. The legend is 
 VICTOEIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAE: EEG: F: D: 
 The reverse has the inscription ONE SHILLING, between 
 two branches, one of oak, the other of laurel, the crown 
 above, the date below. Th^ edge is milled. It occurs of 
 every year from 1838 to 1885 inclusive. On the shillings 
 and sixpences of 1864 and subsequent years there are small 
 numbers placed above the date; but they indicate merely 
 from what particular die each individual coin was struck, and 
 are of no numismatic importance. These pieces are very 
 neatly executed, but no opportunity should be lost of protest- 
 ing against the decree of those in authority that our coins 
 shall not upon the reverse exhibit any design, which can 
 enable an artist to exhibit his taste and skill j or that can be 
 creditable to a nation which talks much of artistical educa- 
 tion and establishes schools of design, and yet, in the great 
 work of its coinage, does not merely neglect, but discourages 
 and depresses, art. 
 
 Sixpences : These display the same beautiful head of the 
 queen, the same beautiful workmanship and the same skilful 
 execution of the reverse, with its poverty of design, which 
 mark the shillings ; in type they exactly resemble them, 
 except that the inscription reads SIX PENCE instead of 
 ONE SHILLING. These pieces occur of all dates from 
 1838 to 1885, but in 1848 none were issued for currency. 
 
 Geoats : The head of the queen upon these pieces is the 
 same as upon the shillings. The legend is VICTORIA 
 D: G : BRITANNIAR: REGINA: F: D: The reverse, as 
 weU as the obverse, is executed by W. Wyon, and exactly 
 resembles that of the groats of the preceding reign. These 
 pieces occur of the dates 1838 to 1851, and 1853 to 1856 
 inclusive. 
 
 Maundy Monet : The queen's portrait upon these pieces, 
 and also the legend, is exactly the same as upon the groats 
 
429 
 
 just described. The reverses are precisely the same as those 
 of the late king. They occur of all dates from 1838 to 
 1885. None of these monies were originally intended for 
 circulation, but, as coin of a low denomination was thought 
 convenient for use in Jamaica, a considerable number of the 
 threepences and half-groats were early in the reign exported 
 to that Island and issued for currency; and threepences of 
 the same type as the Maundy money have been issued in 
 large numbers for general circulation in 1845, 1846, 1849, 
 1850, 1851, 1853 to 1868, and 1870 to 1885. 
 
 There were also small pieces of similar design, both of 
 the last and present reign, having the figures 1^ within the 
 oak wreath, intended to circulate for three-halfpence in the 
 Island of Ceylon, but as this description of money belongs 
 to the colonial series, it has not any proper connexion with 
 the present work. 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 iCv. 
 
 ¥\. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4d. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1838 
 
 
 
 
 -f- 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1839 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1840 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1841 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1842 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1843 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1844 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1845 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 -t- 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1846 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1847 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1848 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1849 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1850 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1851 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1852 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1853 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 1854 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1855 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1856 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1857 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1858 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1860 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1861 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
430 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 4 Or. 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Shil. 
 
 6d. 
 
 M. 
 
 3d. 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 1862 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1864 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1868 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1874 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1875 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1876 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1877 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1878 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1879 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1880 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1881 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1882 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1883 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1884 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1885 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 There are two different groats of the years 1838 to 1851, and 
 1853 to 1856 inclusive, the one intended for Maundy money, the other 
 for general circulation. 
 
 MINT MARES. 
 In former times it was customary to grant to various 
 individuals, in different parts of the country, the privilege of 
 coining and issuing money in the name of the reigning 
 sovereign. The pieces so issued were to be of a prescribed 
 type, size, weight and standard, that there might be one 
 uniform appearance in the coins circulating in the kingdom. 
 It is probable that in many instances the dies were actually 
 made in London and transmitted to the various mints where 
 they were to be used. To prevent fraud, it was necessary 
 that the coins issued from every mint should be tested, and 
 for this purpose the Trial of the Pix at Westminster was 
 established, whereby pieces taken at random from the whole 
 mass coined at each mint were melted and assayed, and, if 
 found to be of the prescribed weight and fineness, the 
 moneyers, masters, and workers of the mint received their 
 
431 
 
 quietuSj and were freed from all charges which might there- 
 after be brought against them, grounded upon any imputed 
 failure in the execution of the contract under which their 
 privilege had been granted to them. It was probably in 
 order that each money er's coins might be separated at these 
 trials of the Pix, and that each might be responsible only 
 for his own works, that the names of the moneyers, or of 
 the mint, or both, were stamped upon the coin and formed 
 a part of the type. 
 
 As these trials of the Pix were only occasional, and took 
 place at irregular periods, sometimes very frequently and 
 sometimes very rarely, it became necessary that there should 
 be upon the pieces, coined at different times and perhaps 
 under different contracts, some distinctive mark, " that so 
 the moneys from which the contractors were not discharged 
 might be distinguished from those for which they had 
 already received their quietus." These marks are usually 
 called privy, or mint marks ; a fresh one was adopted after 
 every trial of the Pix ; and each new mark was continued 
 upon the coins of each mint until a fresh trial of the Pix 
 took place. During the period that mints were established 
 in a variety of places, different marks would of course be 
 used concurrently J but upon coins issued from the same 
 mint the marks would indicate a succession of coinages, and, 
 had proper registers been kept and preserved at our several 
 mints, they would have answered the purpose of dates in 
 controlling the arrangement of a cabinet. The mint marks 
 upon the Durham episcopal coins are generally derived from 
 the armorial bearings of the Bishop for the time being, and 
 are consequently as well susceptible of a strict chronological 
 arrangement as if they had actually borne a date. There 
 are however some exceptions to such a general rule, when, 
 even in the same mint, there are two concurrent marks. 
 Upon the sixpences of Queen Elizabeth we may find not 
 unfrequently the same date with two different mint marks ; 
 this in general arises from the circumstance of the trial of 
 the Pix having taken place in the middle of the year, one 
 
432 
 
 mark having been used in the beginning, another towards 
 the close of the year ; as for instance the portcullis may have 
 been used at the beginning of 1566, the lion at. the end, and 
 again the lion at the beginning of 1567 and the coronet at 
 the end. But there are some irregularities for which there 
 is a difficulty in accounting ; the sword was used in 1582, 
 so also was the bell which continued to be used in 1588, 
 the letter A was also used in 1582 and 1583, so that at 
 least two mint marks were used concurrently; the same 
 circumstance occurred in 1595 with the ton, woolpack, and 
 key, and in 1573 with the ermine, acorn, and cinquefoil; the 
 want of proper records prevents our obtaining an explanation 
 of these anomalies. 
 
 The piety of our ancestors induced them to make a cross, 
 variously modified and decorated, a conspicuous part of the 
 type of their coins ; and also to place a cross at the com- 
 mencement of the legend, sometimes on the obverse, some- 
 times on the reverse, and sometimes on both ; and it was 
 very frequently made to serve the double purpose of being 
 the Christian symbol and the last letter of the word Eex. 
 But when mint marks, properly so called, came into use, they 
 usurped the place, at the beginning or end of the legend, 
 which had been usually occupied by the cross. 
 
 When the names of moneyers and of mints were of general 
 occurrence upon coins, mint marks were less necessary, and, 
 if there were any further indications -of peculiar coinages, 
 they have escaped detection, or at least have not been recog- 
 nized as such; there are however peculiarities upon some 
 coins for which it seems difficult to account, but upon some 
 such principle. See Eud. xviii. 28. xix. 15. xx. 21, 22, 23. 
 and other coins of the reigns of Eadred, Badwig, Eadgar, 
 &c. &c. Of such, as they occur only occasionally and some- 
 what rarely, it would not avail to any good purpose to enter 
 into a detailed statement j but it may be of some interest 
 to give an account of such marks as we know to have been 
 intended to distinguish between different coinages, and we 
 have to express our regrets that want of leisure prevents 
 
433 
 
 our making such an investigation into the minute details of 
 History, as might enable us to explain the meaning and the 
 origin of many of them. We feel satisfied that a great 
 number of them were not mere forms accidentally adopted, 
 but were symbols or badges of some illustrious patron, or 
 some distinguished personage connected with the mint 
 where they were used, or of the place where the mint was 
 estabL'shed. Of such a description of marks we have con- 
 spicuous and well known examples in the armorial bearings 
 upon the coins of Durham, the cardinal's cap on some coins 
 of York, the ton upon the coins of Abp. Morton, and the 
 knot upon those of Abp. Bourchier. This last, from want 
 of attention to the feeling which frequently prompted the 
 adoption of peculiar marks, has generally been called a 
 crown of thorns. There are some others whose import we 
 may be able to explain in the subsequent pages, and there 
 are doubtless many more which will be elucidated by the 
 perseverance and research of numismatists now that their 
 attention has been directed to the subject ; and we are con- 
 vinced that these labours will be rewarded by the many 
 interesting particulars which wiU be brought to bear upon 
 the history of our national coinage. 
 
 It was not until the reign of the first Edwards that the 
 regular mint marks began to be generally adopted, and we 
 need not therefore look back to a remoter period, and 
 endeavour to draw conclusions from the indefinite marks, 
 which appear upon some coins ; such as the letters which 
 follow the moneyers' names upon the coins of Henry II. 
 But besides those objects which are usually called mint 
 marks, and which are generally ranged with the line of the 
 legend, there are various marks which are modifications or 
 variations from the ordinary types, or are additions thereto, 
 and all of which have the effect, even if they were not 
 intended to have the object, of enabling us to separate one 
 coinage from another, and which therefore we think it will 
 be interesting to point out. 
 
 28 
 
434 
 
 The first instance of the substitution of any object for the 
 usual Christian symbol occurs in the rei^ of Henet III., 
 but with what view the change took place there does not 
 seem to be any means of ascertaining. Upon some of his 
 coins, a mullet or a star appears above his head at the com- 
 mencement of the legend ; and upon others the star is re- 
 presented between the horns of a crescent. This badge was 
 borne by Richard I. and appears upon his great seals; it 
 was adopted by John, for we find it upon his Irish coins ; 
 and it was continued by Henry IV., for we know that it was 
 worn by menials of his own household. See Rot. Pari. 
 Vol. III. p. 477. This combined mark is a symbol of 
 the Turkish empire, even down to the present day ; we 
 find it upon the golden medals presented by the Sultan 
 to the English officers who served in the Egyptian cam- 
 paign in 1802, and we find it emblazoned on the shields 
 of some families whose ancestors are said to have distin- 
 guished themselves in the course of the crusades. "Whether 
 the adoption of this mark upon the coin, at the particular 
 time when it was struck, had any allusion to these paroxysms 
 of enthusiasm it is difficult to say, but in 1252 Henry III. 
 obtained a tenth of the ecclesiastical revenues on the plea of 
 undertaking a crusade, and in 1269 he actually assumed the 
 cross, and his son Edward went to the Holy Land ; and it is 
 not improbable that such of Henry III.'s coins as bear this 
 Turkish badge were issued on one of these occasions. 
 
 Edwaed I. 
 
 Upon the regal coins of this reign we do not find any- 
 thing which usually receives the name of mint mark, but we 
 fancy we can distinguish three separate coinages which may 
 be known by 
 
 1. A large cross, having a long line at the termination of 
 each limb, p. 200. (291). (292). (293). 
 
435 
 
 2. A smaller compact crossj p. 200. 
 
 3, A similar crosSj with a star upon the king's breast, 
 p. 201. (295). 
 
 And upon some coins there is a rose upon the king's 
 breast, p. 201 (292) ; or two or three pellets, p. 201 ; some, 
 perhaps, have an annulet between each word of the obv. 
 legend, p. 203; and some halfpence have a star after obv. 
 legend, and before or after LONDON, p. 203. 
 
 Some Berwick coins have a bear's head in one or two 
 quarters of the cross, in allusion to the arms and name of 
 the place, pp. 201, 203, 204 (291) ; and a halfpenny has a 
 star of five points as MM, p. 202, 
 
 The episcopal coins of Durham have a cross moliue, the 
 arms of Bishop Beck, 1283 to 1210, in one quarter, or some- 
 times the same object as MM, p. 202. 
 
 Reading coins have in one quarter an escallop shell, from 
 the arms of the abbey in that town, p. 202. 
 
 A coin of St. Edmundsbury has a pellet on the king's 
 breast, p. 202. 
 
 York coins have generally an open quatref oil in the centre 
 of the reverse, and sometimes a cross on the king's breast, 
 p. 203. 
 
 Bdwaed II., pp. 205, 206. 
 
 London. No mint mark; sometimes, perhaps, an annulet 
 
 between each word of the obv. legend. 
 Bbewick. Sometimes a pellet on the king's breast. 
 DuEHAM. Cross moline,arms of Bishop Beck, 1283 to 1310. 
 Crozier termination of cross bent to the left. 
 
 Bp. Zellow, 1311 to 1316. 
 Lion rampant and one or more lis, arms of Bp. 
 
 Beaumont, 1316 to 1333. 
 Open square in middle of reverse (302). 
 Yoke. Three dots with the pellets in one quarter (303), 
 
 and generally an open quatrefoil in the centre 
 of the cross on the reverse. 
 
 28 * 
 
436 
 
 Bdwaed III. 
 
 Groats, pp. 207, 208. 
 
 London. 1351-1360, Cross. 
 
 . annulet in one quarter. 
 
 in spandril under head, 
 . Row of annulets under head. 
 . Crown. 
 1360-1369, Cross. 
 
 . annulet each side of crown. 
 1369-1377, Cross. 
 YoEK. Cross. 
 
 Ealf-groats, pp. 208, 209. 
 
 London. 1351-1360, Cross. 
 
 . annulet in one quarter and in 
 
 spandril under head (309). 
 . Crown. 
 1360-1377, Cross. 
 YoEK. Cross. 
 
 Peimies, pp. 209-212. 
 
 London. 1351-1360, Cross. 
 
 . annulet in each quarter. 
 
 . on breast, and in one quarter, 
 
 (310). 
 . in one quarter. 
 . Crown, annulet in one quarter. 
 1360-1369, Cross. 
 
 1369-1377, Cross, quatrefoil on breast. 
 York. 1351-1369, Cross. 
 
 1369-1377, Cross, quatrefoil on breast, (311). 
 Durham. 1351-1360, Crozier to right. 
 
 . annulet on breast. 
 
437 
 
 DuEHAM. 1360-1369, Crozier to left, annulet in centre of 
 
 rev. (313). 
 
 and in each quarter. 
 
 1369-1377, Crozier to right. 
 
 quatrefoils in legend. (312). 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 212. 
 
 London. 1351-1360, Cross. (314). 
 
 . dot in first quarter, 
 
 second quarter and at side of 
 crown. 
 
 fourth quarter and at side of 
 crown. 
 
 Crown. 
 
 1360-1369, Cross. 
 
 1369-1377, Cross in first quarter. 
 
 . and at sides 
 of crown. 
 
 Stars in legend. 
 
 Reading. Cross. Scallop shell in one quarter, 
 
 and in legend. (315). 
 
 Farthings, p. 213, 
 London. Cross. 
 
 Stars in legend. 
 Yoke. Cross. 
 
 RiCHAED II. 
 Groats, p. 213. 
 London. Cross. (316). 
 
 . three pellets over crown. 
 Half-groats, p. 214. 
 London. Cross. (317). 
 
 Pence, pp. 214, 215. 
 London. 1. Cross. 
 
 2. . . lis on breast, cross before Civitas. 
 
 3. . . cross before Civitas. 
 
 4. . . lis on breast, pellet each side of neck. 
 
 5. . . cross after obv. legend. 
 
438 
 
 YyKE. 1. . . cross before Oivitas. 
 
 2. . . cross on breast and after obv. legend, 
 pellet above each shoulder. 
 Yoke. 3. Cross^ lis ? on breast, trefoil after Eboraci. 
 
 4 cross after Civi. 
 
 5. . . cross on breast and before Civitas, 
 
 pellet above each shoulder, two pel- 
 lets in first quarter. (319). 
 
 7. . . cross on breast, scallop after Fran ? 
 
 Civitas, and Eboraci ? 
 
 8. . . cross on breast, scallop after Civitas. 
 
 6. . . . . .no other marks. 
 
 12. . . cross or lis on breast, pellet over each 
 
 shoulder and in one quarter of rev. 
 9, 10, 11. . .no marks. 
 
 13. . . saltire on breast, pellet over each 
 
 shoulder. 
 
 14. . . saltire on breast. 
 
 15. . . . . . cross or quatref oil after 
 
 Civi. 
 16.. . lis or quatref oil on breast, cross after 
 Civi. 
 
 17. . . lis? onbreast,pelletovereachshoulder, 
 
 cross after obv. legend. 
 
 18. . . lis? on breast, pellet over each shoulder. 
 
 19. . . cross on breast, pellet over each 
 
 shoulder. 
 
 20. . . saltire on breast, scallop ? after Civitas. 
 
 21. . . saltire on breast. 
 DuEHAM. Cross, cross on breast. (318). 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 215. 
 
 London. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9. Cross. (320). 
 4. Cross, cross on breast. 
 8. Two small crosses. 
 
439 
 
 Farthings, p. 216. 
 London. 1, 2, 3. Cross. (322). 
 
 4. Cross, rose after Ricard ? and Eex, and 
 
 rose instead of pellets in each quar- 
 ter. (321). 
 
 Heney IV. 
 Heavy Money. 
 Groat, p. 216. 
 London. Cross, annulet in first quarter ? 
 
 Half-groat, p. 216. 
 London. Cross patee (323). 
 
 Pennies, p. 217. 
 London. Cross patee, mullet on breast. 
 ToEK. CroBspatee,quatref oil in centre of reverse (337). 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 217. 
 London. Cross patee. (324). 
 
 Light Money. 
 
 Groats, p. 218. 
 
 London. 1, 4. Cross pat^e, pellet at left side and over 
 
 crown, trefoil on breast and after 
 
 Posvi. (325). 
 
 2. . . . pellet at left side of crown, 
 
 trefoil on breast and after 
 Franc and Posvi. 
 
 3. . . . pellet each side of crown, tre- 
 
 foil on breast. 
 
 5. . . . pellet at left side and over 
 
 crown, trefoil after Franc. 
 
 Half-groat, p. 213. 
 London. Cross patee, pellet at each side of crown, trefoil 
 on breast and after Adivt. 
 
440 
 
 Pennies, pp. 218, 219. 
 
 London. 1. Cross patee. Cross on breast, annulet and 
 
 mullet at sides of head (326). 
 
 2. . . . Quatrefoil on breast, mullet to 
 
 right, annulet to left of crown. 
 
 3. . . . Quatrefoil? on breast, and before 
 
 Civitas, pellet to right, annu- 
 let to left of crown, some 
 mark after Henrio. (327). 
 YoEK. Cross patee. Annulet on breast and before 
 
 Civitas, two annulets before 
 
 Eboraci. 
 
 Annulet on breast and after 
 Henric, two annulets before 
 Civitas and Eboraci. 
 Durham. Cross patee, trefoil on breast. 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 219. 
 London. Cross patee. 
 
 . annulet each side of neck. 
 . face. 
 . mullet to right, pellet to left of 
 crown. 
 
 Farthing, p. 219. 
 London. Cross patee. 
 
 London. 
 
 Henet V. 
 
 FiEST Coinage. 
 
 Groats, pp. 221, 222. 
 
 1. Cross pat^e, rev. cross pierced. Trefoil after 
 
 Di. 
 
 2. Plain cross. Quatrefoil after Henric, mark 
 
 after Posui. 
 
441 
 
 London. 3. Plain Cross. Mark after Posui^ quatrefoil? 
 
 before Deum. 
 
 4. . . . Quatrefoil after Posui. 
 
 5. . . . No marks. 
 
 6. . . . rev. cross pierced ? mark after 
 
 Henric. (642). 
 
 7. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Quatrefoil 
 
 after Posui. 
 
 8. . . . Quatrefoil after Henric and 
 
 Posui. 
 
 9. . . . Quatrefoil after Posui. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 223. 
 London. 1. Cross pierced, rev. cross patee. Broken 
 annulet to left of crown. 
 
 2. Cross pierced obv. only, as last. 
 
 3. Plain cross. Quatrefoil ? to left of crown. 
 
 Pennies, p. 224. 
 London. L Cross pierced. Broken? annulet to left, 
 pellet to right of crown. 
 2. . . .no marks. 
 
 Second Coinage. 
 
 Oroats, p. 222. 
 London. 10. Plain cross. Mullet on breast, quatrefoil 
 
 after Posui. 
 
 11. . . rev. cross pierced. Mullet on 
 left shoulder, quatrefoil after Posui. 
 
 12. Cross pierced, as last. 
 
 13. Plain cross, as last. 
 
 14. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Mullet on 
 
 left shoulder. 
 
 Half-groats, pp. 223, 224. 
 London. 4. Plain cross. Mullet on breast, quatrefoil after 
 
 Posui, broken annulet to left 
 of crown. 
 
442 
 
 London. 5. Plain CrosSj rev. cross pierced, as last. 
 
 6, 8, 9. Cross pierced obv. only, as last. 
 
 7. . . . . Mullet on breast, quatrefoil 
 
 after Posui, annulet to 
 left, 3 pellets to right of 
 crown. (331). 
 
 10. . . . Mullet on left shoulder, 
 
 quatrefoil after Posui. 
 
 11. . . . Mullet on breast, quatre- 
 
 foil after Posui and Me. 
 
 12. . . . Mullet on breast, annulet 
 
 to left, 3 pellets to right 
 of crown, annulet after 
 Posui and between pellets 
 in two quarters. 
 Pennies, pp. 225-227. 
 London. 3. Cross pierced. Star to left, broken annulet to 
 right of crown. 
 
 4. Plain cross, as last. 
 
 5. Cross pierced. Mullet to left, 8 pellets to 
 
 right of crown. 
 
 6. . . . as last, trefoil? instead of 
 
 3 pellets. 
 
 7. . . . Mallet to left, broken annulet 
 
 to right of crown. 
 
 8. . . . as last, with quatrefoil after 
 
 Ci vitas. 
 
 9. , . . Mullet to right, broken annu- 
 
 let to left of crown. 
 YoEK. ], 10. Cross pierced. Mullet to left, trefoil to 
 
 right of crown. 
 
 2. . . . . Mullet to left, annulet to 
 
 right of hair, pellet to 
 left of crown. 
 
 3, 4, 6, 7. . . Mullet to left,broken annu- 
 
 let to right of crown. (338) . 
 
443 
 
 ToEK. 0. Cross pierced. Mullet to left, pellet to 
 
 right of crown. 
 
 8. . . . . Quatrefoil to left, annulet 
 
 to right of hair. 
 
 9. . . . . Cross? to left, annulet? 
 
 to right of crown. 
 
 11. . . . Trefoil each side of crown. 
 
 DuEHAM. 1. ? Mullet to left, broken annulet to right of 
 
 crown, quatrefoil after Civitas, 5 curled 
 
 objects in 1st quarter, dot in 3rd quarter. 
 
 2. ? as last, but annulet instead of dot, Lang- 
 
 ley's shield in centre of rev. 
 
 3. Cross. Mullet to left, broken annulet to right 
 
 of crown, quatrefoil after AngUe 
 and Civitas. 
 
 4. . As last, but annulet between pellets 
 
 in one quarter. 
 
 Halfpennies, pp. 227, 228. 
 
 London. 1 . ? Three pellets each side of neck. 
 
 2. Cross pierced, no marks. (345) . 
 
 3. Cross. Cross each side of neck. (369). 
 
 4. Cross patee ? Annulet each side of crown. 
 
 5. Plain cross. Annulet each side of neck. 
 
 6. 7. Cross pierced. Broken annulet each side 
 
 of crown, neck, or hair. 
 
 8. ? Broken annulet each side of crown and 
 
 after Civi, trefoil ? before London. 
 
 9. Cross pierced. Annulet each side of crown. 
 
 10. Cross patonce ? as last. 
 
 11. Cross pierced. Annulet to right, 3 pellets 
 
 to left of hair or crown. 
 
 12. . •. . Annulet to left, 3 pellets to 
 
 right of hair or crown. 
 
 13. Plain? cross. Annulet and star at sides of 
 
 hair. 
 
444 
 
 London. Cross. 
 
 Farthing, p. 228. 
 No marks. 
 
 Heney VI. 
 
 First Coinage. 
 Groats, pp. 229, 230, 236. 
 
 London. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. Cross pierced. Annulet after 
 Posui, and in two quarters of rev. 
 3. Plain cross, rev. cross pierced. As last. 
 
 YoEK. Cross pierced. Lis eacli side of neck, annulet 
 
 after Posui and Eboraci, and in two quarters 
 of rev. (336). 
 
 Half-groats, pp. 237, 238. 
 London. 1, 2. Cross pierced obv. only. Annulet after 
 Posui and in two quarters. 
 3. Plain cross obv. only. As last. 
 YoEK. Cross pierced. Lis each, side of neck, annulet 
 
 after Posui and Eboraci, and in two quarters 
 of rev. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 288, 239, 241. 
 London. L Cross pierced. Annulet between the pellets 
 
 in two quarters of rev. 
 YoEK. L Plain cross. Lis each side of neck, annulet 
 
 in two quarters, no quatrefoU 
 on cross on rev. 
 
 2. . . . Lis to right, mullet to left of 
 
 crown, annulet after Civitas 
 and in one quarter. 
 
 3. . . . Aslast, but trefoil instead of lis. 
 DuEHAM. 1. Cross. Annulet to right, mullet to left of 
 
 crown, annulet in two quarters. False ? 
 
 Halfpennies, pp. 243, 244. 
 London. 1. Cross. Annulet after Henric and in two 
 quarters. 
 
445 
 
 London. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 London. 
 
 London. 
 
 London. 
 
 ToEK. 
 
 2. Cross pierced. Annulet in two quarters. 
 1 . Cross pierced. Lis each side of neck, annulet 
 in two quarters. 
 
 Farthings, p. 245. 
 
 1. Cross. C. to left, I to rigtt of head. 
 2j 3. . . Key under the head. 
 
 Second Coinage. 
 Oroats, p. 230. 
 
 7. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Rosettes and 
 
 mascles in legend on both sides. 
 
 8. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Rosette after 
 
 Posui and London, mascle before London. 
 
 9. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Rosettes 
 
 and mascles in legend on both sides. (330). 
 10. Plain cross. Rosette after Posui, mascle 
 before London. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 237. 
 
 4. Plain cross. Rosette after Posui and London, 
 
 mascle before London. 
 
 5, 6. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Rosettes 
 
 and mascles in legend on both sides. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 238, 240, 241. 
 
 2. Cross. Cross each side of crown, mascle 
 
 after Rex. False ? 
 
 4. Cross patonce. Rose before Rex and Eboraci, 
 
 mascle after Rex and before 
 tas, mullet each side of 
 crown. (340). 
 
 5. . . . Rose before Rex ? and after 
 
 Eboraci ? mascle after Rex ? 
 and Civi, mullet each side 
 of crown. 
 
 6. 7. . . Mullet each side of crown. 
 
446 
 
 ToEE. 8. Cross patonce. Mullet at rightj cross at left • 
 
 of crown. 
 Durham. 2. Gross. Mullet to left of crown, mascle after 
 Kex and Dunolmi. (332). 
 
 3. Cross patonce ? Mascle after Rex and 
 
 Dunolmi. 
 
 Salfpennies, p. 243. 
 London. 3. Cross patonce. Rosette after Henric, mascle 
 
 after Rex. 
 
 4. . . . Rosette after Henric and 
 
 London, mascle after Rex 
 and before tas. 
 
 5. . . . As last, but mascle also before 
 
 London. 
 
 6. . . . As last, but no mascle before 
 
 tas. 
 
 7. Plain cross. Mascle before, rosette after 
 
 London. 
 
 Farthing, p. 245. 
 London. 1. Cross. No marks. (335). 
 
 Thibd Coinage. 
 
 Groats, pp. 230, 231. 
 
 London. 11. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Rosettes in 
 
 obv. legend, mascle after Rex and before 
 
 London, cone after Posui and London. 
 
 12, 13, 14, 15. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. 
 
 Cones and mascles in legend on both sides. 
 
 16. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone after 
 
 Di, Gra, Posui, and London, mascle before 
 London, trefoil ? on breast. 
 
 17. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last but 
 
 one, but a small trefoil ? to rigbt of neck. 
 
 18. Cross voided, rev. plain cross. Cone under 
 
 bust, mascle after Rex. 
 
447 
 
 London. 19. Cross voided, rev. plain cross. As last, witli 
 cone under last M in Meum, mascle before 
 London. (328). 
 
 20. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cones and 
 
 mascles in legend on botli sides, trefoil after 
 London. 
 
 21. Plain cross, rev. cross patonce. Cone? after 
 
 Henric and Di, mascle after Rex, trefoil 
 after Deum. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 237. 
 London. 7. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Rosettes in 
 obv. legend, mascle after Rex and before 
 London, cone after Posui and London. 
 
 8. Plain cross. As last. 
 
 9. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cones after 
 
 Henric, Di, Gra, Posui, and London, mascle 
 after Rex and before London. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 239, 240, 241. 
 London. 3. Cross patonce. Cone after Henricus ? and 
 London, mascle after Rex and before Lon- 
 don. 
 4. Plain cross. Cone on breast and after Rex ?, 
 mascle after Henricus. 
 ToEK. 9, 10. Cross patonce. Cross eacb side of head, 
 
 mascle after Rex and before tas. 
 11. Cross patonce? Star on breast, cone after 
 Civi, mascle after Rex and before tas, no 
 quatrefoil in centre of rev. 
 Dtjrham. 4. Cross patonce ? Leaf on breast, mascle after 
 Rex, Nevill's rings on centre of rev. 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 248. 
 
 London. 8. Cross patonce. Cone after Rex, mascle after 
 
 Henric and before tas. 
 (334). 
 
448 
 
 London. 9. Cross patonce. Cone after Rex, mascle after 
 
 Henric. 
 
 10. . . . Cone after Henric, mascle 
 
 after Rex. 
 
 11. . . . As last, with cone after, 
 
 mascle before London. 
 
 12. . . . Mascle after Henricua. 
 
 13. Plain cross. Cone on breast ?, mascle after 
 
 Rex. (344). 
 
 14. . . . As last, but cone ? under instead 
 
 of on breast. 
 
 15. . . . Cone on breast, mascle after 
 
 Rex, lis or leaf under N in 
 Lon. 
 
 London. 
 
 Farthing, p. 245. 
 2. Cross. (346). 
 
 FoiTETH Coinage. 
 
 Groats, pp. 231-238. 
 
 London. 22, Cross patonce. Cone after Di ? and after Gra, 
 trefoil after Deum. 
 
 23. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone? after 
 
 Henric, trefoil after Rex. 
 
 24. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone after 
 
 Henric, Di and Gra, and before London, 
 trefoil after Rex and London. 
 
 25. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone after Henric, 
 
 Di, and Gra, trefoil after Rex and Lon. 
 
 26. Cross patonce obv. only. Cones as last, tre- 
 
 foil after Rex, Posui, Civi, and London. 
 
 27. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone on 
 
 breast and after Henric Di and Gra, and 
 before London, trefoil after Rex and 
 London. 
 
449 
 
 London. 28. Cross patoncej rev. plain cross. As last, but 
 no cone after Henric. 
 
 29. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last, but 
 
 no cones in obv. legend. 
 
 30. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last, bat 
 
 no cones in legend on either side. 
 
 31. Cross patonce. Cone on breast, trefoil after 
 
 Rex, Meum, and Civitas. 
 
 32. Cross patonce. Cone on breast, three pellets 
 
 each side of neck, small trefoils in spandrils 
 on obv., trefoil after Deum. 
 
 33. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, but no 
 
 trefoil after Deum. 
 
 34. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last. 
 
 35. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone on 
 
 breast, three pellets each side of neck, cone 
 before London, trefoil after Henric, Di, Gra 
 and London. (643). 
 
 36. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last, but 
 
 trefoil after Gra and London only. 
 
 37. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last, but 
 
 trefoil after Rex and London only. 
 
 38. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone on 
 
 breast, three pellets each side of neck, tre- 
 foil after Rex and Franc. 
 
 39. Cross patonce. As last, but trefoil after Rex 
 
 only. 
 
 40. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, but trefoil 
 
 after Di and London only. 
 
 41. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, but trefoil 
 
 after Rex only. 
 
 42. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on breast, 
 
 trefoil each side of neck, trefoil after 
 Rex. 
 
 43. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, with dot 
 
 in two quarters of rev. 
 
 29 
 
450 
 
 London. 44. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on breast, 
 three pellets each side of neck, pellet each 
 side of crown, and in two quarters of rev., 
 trefoil after Rex. 
 
 45. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on breast, 
 
 three pellets each side of neck, pellet in two 
 quarters of rev., small trefoils in spandrils 
 on obv. 
 
 46. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on breast, 
 
 trefoil after AngH, dot each side of crown 
 and in two quarters of rev. 
 
 47. Cross patonce obv. only, dot in two quarters 
 
 of rev. 
 
 48. Cross patonce obv. only, dot in all four 
 
 quarters. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 238. 
 London. 10. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone ? after Henric, 
 Di, Gra, and F, trefoil after Rex and 
 Deum. 
 
 11. Plain cross. Cone before, trefoil after Lon- 
 
 don, pellet to left of crown. 
 
 12. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. Cone on 
 
 breast and before London, trefoil after Rex ? 
 and London. 
 
 13. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last, but 
 
 without the cones. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 239, 240, 242. 
 
 London. 5. ? Leaf on breast, trefoil after Rex. 
 
 6. ? Cone ? on breast, trefoil after Henric, an- 
 
 nulet to left, pellet to right of crown, pellet 
 in two quarters of rev. 
 
 7. Cross. Lis to left, trefoil to right of crown. 
 York. 12. Cross, patee at ends ? Mullet to left, trefoil 
 
 to right of crown, no quatrefoil on rev. 
 
451 
 
 DoRHAM. 5. Cross patonce. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 Cone on breast, trefoil after 
 Henric, some mark after 
 Rex, pellet each, side of 
 crown, Nevill's rings on 
 centre of rev. 
 
 As last but no pellets ?, a 
 single ring enclosing a bar 
 on centre of rev. 
 
 Pellet eacli side of crown, 
 some mark after Angli, 
 Nevill's rings on centre of 
 rev. 
 
 As last, but without Nevill's 
 rings. 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 243. 
 
 London. 16. Plain cross. Cone on breast, trefoil after 
 Henric. 
 17. . . . Trefoil after Angl. 
 
 Farthing, p. 245. 
 None known. 
 
 Fifth Coinage. 
 Groats, p. 233. 
 
 London. 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59. Cross patonce obv. 
 only. Cone under bust, pellet each side of 
 crown, and in two quarters of rev. 
 51. Mullet obv. only. As last. 
 61.. . . As last, but with no addi- 
 
 tional pellet in quarters. 
 
 56. Cross patonce obv. only. As last. 
 
 57. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone under bust, 
 
 pellet each side of crown and in two quar- 
 ters of rev., cross each side of neck. (644). 
 
 29 * 
 
452 
 
 London. 58. No MM. Cone under bust^ pellet each side 
 of crown. 
 60, 61. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on neck, 
 
 pellet eacb side of crown. 
 62. Cross patonce, rev. lis. As last. 
 ' 63, 64. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on neck, 
 pellet each side of crown and in two quar- 
 ters. 
 
 65. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, but pellet 
 
 each side of hair instead of each side of 
 crown. 
 
 66. No MM. Cone on neck, pellet each side of 
 
 crown and in two quarters. 
 
 67. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, but with- 
 
 out cone. 
 
 Half -groat, p. 238. 
 London. 14. Cross patonce obv. only. Cone on breast, 
 pellet each side of crown. 
 
 York, 
 
 Durham. 
 
 London. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 241, 242. 
 
 13. ? Cone on breast, pellet to left of crown and 
 
 in one quarter. 
 
 14. Cross patonce. Pellet each side of crown. 
 
 9.- 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 Cone on breast, pellet each 
 side of crown, cross to left, 
 B to right of neck, Nevill's 
 rings on centre of rev., 
 pellets on rev. united so as 
 to form triangles. 
 As last, but pellet to left of crown only. 
 As last but one, but pellet on each limb of 
 cross and in one triangle. 
 
 Halfpennies, pp. 243, 244. 
 
 18. Cross crosslet ? No marks. 
 
 19. Plain cross. Cone on breast. 
 
463 
 
 London. 20. Plain cross. 
 
 21. Cross patonce. 
 
 22. . 
 
 23. . 
 
 24.. . 
 
 2. . 
 
 Cone on breast, pellet each 
 
 side of crown and in two 
 
 quarters. 
 Cone on breast, pellet each 
 
 side of crown. 
 As last, with two crosses 
 
 after Angli. 
 As last but one, with large 
 
 pellet under don. 
 Cross each side of neck. 
 ToEK. 2. . . . ? Pellet each side of crown. 
 
 (839). 
 
 Farthings, p. 245. 
 London. 3. Cross. Cone on breast, pellet each side of 
 
 crown. 
 4. , . Pellet each side of crown. 
 
 Sixth Coinage. 
 
 Groats, p. 235. 
 London. 68, 69, 82. Cross patonce obv. only. Cross on 
 neck, pellet each side of crown, mullet 
 after Henric. 
 
 70, 72, 80, 81. Cross patonce obv. only. As 
 
 last, with pellet in two quarters of rev. 
 
 71, 73, 84. Cross patonce obv. only. Cross 
 
 on neck, pellet each side of crown and 
 in two quarters, mullet after Henric and 
 Posui. 
 
 74. Cress patonce obv. only. As last, but mullet 
 
 after Franc and Posui only. 
 
 75. Cross patonce obv. only. As last, mullet 
 
 after Henric, Franc, and Posui. 
 
 76. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, mullet 
 
 after Henrc and Franc only. 
 
 77. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, mullet 
 
 after Z only. 
 
454 
 
 London. 77, 79. Cross patoncej obv. only. As last, mullet 
 after Franc only. 
 78. Cross patonce, obv. only. Cross on neck, 
 
 pellet each side of crown. 
 83. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, with pellet 
 in two quarters, mullet after Posui. 
 
 85. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, without 
 
 mullet. 
 
 86, 87. Cross patonce, obv. only. Cross on neck, 
 
 pellet each side of crown and in two quar- 
 ters, mullet after Posui, mascle after Henrio 
 and Gra (329). 
 
 88. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, but pellet 
 
 each side of hair instead of each side of 
 crown. 
 
 89. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last but one, 
 
 but no mullet. 
 
 90. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, but no 
 
 additional pellet in quarters. 
 , 91. Cross patonce, obv. only. Cross on neck, 
 pellet each side of crown, mascle after 
 Henric. 
 
 92. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, with pellet 
 
 in two quarters. 
 
 93. Cross patonce, obv. only. Lis on neck, pellet 
 
 each side of crown and in two quarters, 
 mascle after Henric. 
 
 94. Cross patonce, rev. plain cross. As last. 
 
 95. Cross patonce, obv. only. As last, but no 
 
 mascle. 
 
 Half-groat, p. 238. 
 
 London. 15. Plain cross, obv. only. Cross on neck, pellet 
 each side of crown and in two quarters, 
 mullet after Henric and Adiutore. 
 
455 
 
 London. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 Durham. 12. ? 
 
 Pennies, pp. 239, 241, 242. 
 
 8. Cross patonce. Cross on breast, pellet each 
 side of crown and in two 
 quarters, mascle before and 
 after Eex, trefoil after Hen. 
 (333). 
 
 Pellet eacb side of crown and 
 in two quarters, cross each 
 side of neck and after 
 Angli. 
 
 As last, cross instead of pellet 
 within quatrefoil on rev. 
 
 Lis on breast, D in centre of 
 cross. 
 
 15 
 
 16. 
 
 London. 25. ? 
 
 Ealfpenni/, p. 244. 
 
 Cross on breast, pellet each 
 side of crown and in two 
 quarters. 
 
 London. 
 
 Farthing, p. 245. 
 5. Cross. Cross on breast. 
 
 Light Money. 
 Groafs, pp. 246, 247. 
 London. 1. Cross. Quatrefoil after Deum. 
 
 2. Cross pierced. Quatrefoil after Deum, trefoils 
 
 between words on obv. 
 
 3. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. As last. 
 
 4. Plain cross, rev. cross pierced. Quatrefoil 
 
 after Deum. 
 
 5. Plain cross, rev. cross pierced. Trefoil after 
 
 Deum. 
 
 6. Lis, rev. cross pierced. 
 
 7. Cross pierced, rev. Us, trefoils between words 
 
 on obv. 
 
456 
 
 London. 
 
 Beistol^ 
 
 York. 
 
 8, 9. Cross. Trefoil ? after Deam. 
 
 10. Plain cross, rev. cross pierced. Lis after 
 
 Deum (842). 
 
 11. Cross pierced. Lis after Deum. 
 
 12. Cross, rev. lis. 
 
 1. Rose? rev. lis. B on breast. 
 •2. Cross. . 
 
 3. CrosSj rev. rose. . . . , trefoils be- 
 
 tween words 
 on obv. 
 
 4. Trefoil, rev. cross. 
 
 5. Cross, rev. rose. . . . (341). 
 
 6. Sun, rev, rose. 
 
 1. Lis. E on breast, trefoil after Rex. 
 
 2 . . . , . . . . and Gra. 
 
 3. Lis, rev. rose. E on breast, trefoil after Rex. 
 
 4. Lis. E on breast, trefoils between words on 
 
 obv. 
 
 Half-groats, pp. 247, 248. 
 
 London. 
 
 Cross pierced (343), 
 
 
 Plain cross. 
 
 Yoke. 
 
 Lis, 
 
 
 Penny, p. 248. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 Rose. Trefoil each side of neck, 
 
 
 Eewaed IV, 
 
 
 Heavy Coinage, 
 
 Groats, pp. 248-250, 
 
 London, 1. Cross patonce, rev. small cross in saltire. Lis 
 on neck, pellet each side of crown and in 
 two quarters of rev. 
 2. Plain cross, rev, small cross in saltire. As 
 last. 
 
457 
 
 London. 3. Cross patonce, rev. lis. As last. 
 
 4. Plain cross, rev. lis. As last. 
 
 5. Plain cross. As last. 
 
 6. Plain cross, rev. small cross in saltire. Lis 
 
 on breast, pellet each side of crown and in 
 two quarters. 
 
 7. Plain cross. As last. 
 
 8. 10. . . Lis on neck, mascle after Franc, 
 
 pellet each side of crown and 
 in two quarters. 
 
 9. Plain cross, obv. only. As last. 
 
 IL Cross patonce. rev. rose pierced. Lis on 
 neck, pellet each side of crown. 
 
 12. Plain cross, rev. rose pierced. As last. 
 
 13. Plain cross, rev. rose pierced. As last, with 
 
 trefoil or cross after Posui. 
 
 14. 15. Cinquefoil pierced. Crescent ou breast, 
 
 quatrefoil each 
 side of neck. 
 
 16. . . . .As last, but dot in 
 
 one quarter of rev. 
 
 17. Cinquefoil pierced. As last but one, with two 
 
 crosses after Franc. 
 
 18. Cinquefoil pierced. As last, with two pellets 
 
 before Edward. 
 
 19. Cinquefoil pierced. As No. 14, with two 
 
 crosses and annulet after Franc. 
 
 20. Cinquefoil pierced. As No. 14, annulet be- 
 
 fore Edward. (347.) 
 
 21. Cinquefoil pierced. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck, two crosses after Franc and Lon, one 
 after don. 
 
 22. Cinquefoil pierced. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck, mascle after Civitas. 
 
 23. Cinquefoil pierced. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck, mascle after Lon. False ? 
 
458 
 
 London. 24. Cross patee pierced, rev. rose ? pierced. As 
 last but one. 
 
 25. Cinquefoil pierced. Mascle after Oivitas. 
 
 26. ? As last. 
 
 27. Eose. Annulet each side of neck, mascle 
 
 after Civitas. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 255. 
 London. 1. Cross on obv. only. Lis on breast, pellet 
 eacb side of crown and in two quarters. 
 
 2. Rose. Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 
 3. . . Crescent ? under chin. 
 
 Pennies. 
 None known. 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 260. 
 London. 1. Cross. Lis on neck, pellet each side of crown 
 and in two quarters. 
 
 2. Eose. Quatrefoil each side of neck, annulet 
 
 enclosinf^ pellet under bust. 
 
 3. . . No marks. 
 
 4. . . Annulet each side of neck. 
 
 5. . . Cross in saltire each side of neck. 
 
 London. Cross. 
 
 Farthings, p. 261. 
 No marks. (355.) 
 
 Light Coinage. 
 
 Qroats, pp. 250-255. 
 London. 1, 2. Eose. Annulet each side of neck, mascle 
 
 after Civitas. 
 
 3. . . As last, but on breast. 
 
 4. . . Pellet each side of neck, mascle after 
 
 Civitas. 
 
459 
 
 London. 5. Rose? pierced. Quatrefoil eacli side of neck, 
 
 trefoil on breast, mascle after 
 Civitas. 
 
 6. . . As last, two small crosses after 
 
 Civi. 
 
 7. Rose. Quatrefoil each, side of neck. 
 
 8, 9, 10. . As last, with dot in'one quarter. 
 
 29. . . Dot in one quarter, no quatrefoils. 
 
 11. . . Quatrefoil each side of neck, E on 
 
 breast. 
 
 12. . .As last. Rose instead of E, dot in 
 
 one quarter. 
 
 13. Sun, rev. rose. Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 
 14. 15, 17, 18. Sun. As last. 
 
 16. Sun. As 13, with lis after Civitas. 
 
 19. . .As 13, dot in one quarter. 
 
 30. . . No quatrefoils or dot. 
 
 20. . . rev. crown. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck. 
 
 21. Crown, rev. sun. As last. 
 
 22. .... As 20, trefoil after Deum. 
 23 As 20, quatrefoil on 
 
 breast. 
 24, 25. Crown. Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 
 26. Crown. As last, B on breast. 
 
 27. . .on obv. only. As last but one, 3 
 
 pellets after G-ra, Posui, and 
 Meu, two after Adivto, cross 
 after Edward and Rex. 
 
 28. . . As No. 24, trefoils between words 
 
 on obv. and two after Meum. 
 
 31. . . No quatrefoils or other marks. 
 
 32. Annulet enclosing a pellet. Rose each side 
 
 of neck. 
 
 33. Annulet enclosing a pellet. Star at left, rose 
 
 at right of neck. 
 
460 
 
 LoNiiON. 34; Annulet, sometimes enclosing a pellet. No 
 
 marks. 
 
 35. . . Annulet after Di and Eex, trefoil 
 
 after Deum. 
 
 36. . . rev. cross, annulet after Di and 
 
 Rex. 
 
 37. Small annulet, rev. trefoil. Annulet after 
 
 Edward and Rex. 
 
 38. Small annulet, rev. trefoil. Trefoil after Rex. 
 
 39. Cross fitchee, rev. sun. Trefoil between 
 
 words on obv. and after Deum. 
 
 40. 4] . Cross fitchee, rev. sun. Trefoil eacb 
 
 side of neck. 
 
 42. Cross fitchee, rev. sun. No trefoils. 
 
 43. Cross fitchee, rev. cross fitchee pierced. No 
 
 trefoils. 
 
 44. Cross pierced. Trefoil after Rex and at 
 
 each side of Z. 
 
 45. . . . Trefoil after Deum. 
 
 46. . . . rev. trefoil. 
 
 47. . . . rev. annulet. 
 
 48. . . .no marks. 
 
 49. Cross pierced and pellet. 
 
 50. Cross pierced, rev. cross pierced and pellet. 
 61. Cross with pellet in each angle, rev. cross 
 
 pierced. 
 
 52. Plain cross, sometimes with pellet, rev. cross 
 
 pierced. 
 
 53. Cross pierced and pellet. Quatrefoil after 
 
 Deum. 
 
 54. Cross pierced and pellet, rev. cross pierced. 
 
 Two quatrefoils after Rex. 
 
 55. Cross pierced. Cross after Franc, quatrefoil 
 
 after Posui and Deum. 
 
 56. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Pellet 
 
 each side of neck. 
 
461 
 
 London. 57. Cross pierced, rev. plain cross. Pellet to 
 
 rigtt, two pellets to left of neck. 
 
 58. Cross pierced. Pellet each side of neck, 
 
 rose after Adiutore. 
 
 59. Cross pierced, rev. cross pierced and 
 
 pellet. As last, with rose after Posui. 
 
 60. Cross pierced and pellet. Rose after 
 
 Posui, sun after Adiutore. 
 
 61. Cross pierced, rev. cross pierced and 
 
 pellet. Rose ? after Deum, sun after 
 Adiutore. 
 
 62. Cross pierced, rev. cross pierced and 
 
 pellet. Sun after Deum. 
 
 63. Plain cross and pellet. Rose after Deum, 
 
 sun after Posui. 
 
 64. Cross pierced. Rose after Posui, sun 
 
 after Deum. 
 
 65. .... obv. only. Rose after 
 
 Posui and London. 
 
 66. . . . . Rose after Deum. 
 
 67. Cross pierced and pellet, rev. cross pierced. 
 
 Rose after Deum. 
 
 68. Cross pierced, rev. cross pierced and 
 
 pellet. Rose after Deum. 
 
 69. Cross pierced and pellet. Rose after 
 
 Deum. 
 
 70. Cross pierced and pellet. Sun after Deum. 
 
 71. Cross pierced and pellet, rev. cross pierced. 
 
 Mascle after Deum. 
 
 72. Heraldic cinquefoil. Rose on breast. 
 
 73. . . . . Rose on breast, and 
 
 after Deum, 
 
 73. .... obv. only. As last. 
 
 74. .... Rose on breast and 
 
 after Deum and 
 Meum ? 
 
462 
 
 London. 75. Heraldic Cinquefoil. 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 Beistol. 
 
 CoVENTKT. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 TOEK. 
 
 80. 
 81. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 Rose and sun united. 
 
 Rose on breast and 
 after Rex and 
 Deum. 
 
 Rose on breast and 
 after Adiutore. 
 
 Rose on breast and 
 after Posui. 
 
 As last, with rose 
 also after Adiutore. 
 
 As last, pellet with 
 
 MM on rev., cross 
 
 after Meum, two 
 
 crosses after Franc. 
 
 Pellet under bust. 
 
 Rose. B on breast. 
 
 Sun. B on breast. 
 
 4, 5. Sun. B on breast, quatrefoil each 
 
 side of neck. 
 Crown. B on breast, quatrefoil each side 
 
 of neck. 
 Sun, rev. broken ? annulet. B on breast. 
 Sun. B on breast, trefoil each side of 
 
 neck, and after VIL and BRIS. 
 Annulet obv. only. B on breast, trefoil 
 
 after BBIS. 
 Rose, rev. sun. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck. 
 Sun, rev. rose. C on breast, quatrefoil 
 each side of neck. 
 . As last. 
 Sun, rev. rose. N on breast, quatrefoil 
 each side of neck, trefoil after 
 Civitas. 
 . As last, without trefoil. 
 Sun. E on breast, quatrefoil each side of 
 neck. 
 
463 
 
 TOEE. 
 
 London. 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 Canteebukt. 
 
 2. LiSj rev. sun. As last. 
 
 3. . .As last. 
 
 4. . . B on breast, no quatrefoils. 
 
 5. . . E on breast, trefoil eacli side of neck, 
 
 two after Franc. 
 
 6. . . rev. crown. B on breast, quatrefoil 
 
 each side of neck. 
 
 7. Cross, rev. crown. Quatrefoil each side 
 
 of neck. 
 
 8. Cross, obv. only. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck, two trefoils after Edward and 
 Francus, one after Di, Gra, Angl, Z, 
 Adiu, and Meum. 
 
 Half-groats, pp. 255-257. 
 
 1. Eose, obv. only. Quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck. 
 
 2. Crown. Quatrefoil each side of neck and 
 
 on breast. 
 
 3. . . Trefoil each side of neck. 
 
 4. Annulet, rev. rose. Annulet after Rex 
 
 and Angl. 
 
 5. Annulet. 
 
 6. Cross pierced and pellet, obv. only. 
 
 7. Cross, patee at ends, upon a circle. 
 
 8. Heraldic cinquefoil. 
 
 1. Rose, rev. cross pierced. B on breast. 
 
 2. Sun. Quatrefoil each side of neck, cres- 
 
 cent ? under chin. 
 
 3. Crown, obv. only. Quatrefoil each side 
 
 of neck, trefoil after Deum. 
 1,2. Rose. C on breast. 
 
 3. Rose. C on breast, C also in centre of 
 
 rev. 
 
 4. . . C on breast, rose in centre of rev. 
 
 5. . . Trefoil each side of neck. 
 
 6. Crown, rev. sun. As last. 
 
464 
 
 Canteebtjey. 7. Crown. An last. 
 
 8. . . obv. only. As last. 
 
 9. . . . . Millwrine? each side 
 
 of neck. 
 
 10. . . Cross each, side of neck. 
 
 11. Cross fitchee, rev. heraldic cinquefoil. 
 
 12. Ai'chiepiscopal pall, with cross over it on 
 
 obv.j Quatrefoil each side of neck, Abp. 
 Bouchier's knot on breast. 
 
 13. Pall on obv. only ? As last. 
 
 14. Pall on obv. only. As last, but no knot. 
 
 15. Pall, rev. sun. Knot under bust. 
 
 16. Pall, with cross over it on obv. (319). As 
 
 last. 
 17, 18. Pall on obv. only. As last. (348). 
 
 19. Pall. Knot under bust, triangular dots in 
 
 field on obv. 
 
 20. Millwrine. Knot under bust. 
 Coventry. Sun. Qaatrefoil each side of neck. 
 NoEWiCH. . . N on breast, quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck. 
 York. 1. Sun. Quatrefoil each side of neck, two 
 
 crosses after Deum. 
 
 2. Lis. As last, one cross after Deum. (360). 
 
 3. . . E on breast, quatrefoil each side of 
 
 neck. 
 
 4. Lis on obv. only. E on breast, lis after 
 
 Posui, trefoil after Deum. 
 
 5. Cross on obv. only. E to left, cross to right 
 
 of neck. 
 
 London. 
 
 2. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 257-260. 
 
 ? Lis on neck, pellet each side of 
 crown and in two quarters. 
 Cross patee. Annulet after Rex and 
 between the pellets in each quarter. 
 
465 
 
 London. 
 
 Bristol. 
 Cahteebuet, 
 
 Durham. 
 
 3. Rose. Annulet each side of neck. 
 
 4. Rose. 
 
 5. Sun. Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 
 6. Crown. Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 
 7. Annulet. 
 
 8. Gross fitchee. Trefoil each side of neck, 
 
 and after Rex. 
 
 9. Cross fitchee. 
 
 10. Cross pierced, on obv. and rev. 
 
 11. Cross, lower limbs connected loy a semi- 
 
 circle, rev, cross pierced. 
 
 12. Heraldic cinquefoil. 
 
 Crown. Trefoil ? at right of neck. (351). 
 
 ? 
 ? 
 
 1. ? 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 12. 
 
 No marks. 
 
 Cross each side of neck, Abp. Bour- 
 chier's knot under bast. 
 
 Lis each side of neck, D in centre of 
 cross on rev. 
 ? Lis each side of neck. 
 ? Lis each side of neck, quatrefoil after 
 
 De. 
 Cross. Rose in centre of cross on rev. (352) . 
 . As last, with two pellets between 
 
 each word on obv. 
 . As 4, dot in one quarter. 
 . Trefoil after Edward ? and Anglie. 
 
 D in centre of rev. 
 . D in centre of rev., V in first 
 quarter, dot in each quarter, two 
 crosses above crown. 
 . As last, without the two crosses. 
 . As last, with B to left of crown, 
 quatrefoil each side of neck, V on breast. 
 . B to left of crown, quatrefoil each 
 side of neck, two trefoils after 
 An, V in first quarter, dot in 
 each quarter, D in centre of rev. 
 30 
 
 6. . 
 
 7. . 
 
 8. Rose 
 
 9. . 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
466 
 
 Ddrham. 13. Eose. B to left, three pellets to right of 
 
 neck, D in centre of rev. 
 14, 15. ? B to right, quatrefoil to left of neck, 
 
 16. Eose. B to left of crown, quatrefoil in 
 
 centre of rev. 
 
 17. ? B to left, D to right of neck, B in 
 
 centre of rev., two crosses after 
 De. 
 
 18. ? As last, but D ? in centre of rev., 
 
 cross before De. 
 Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 D to left, quatrefoil to right of "^ 
 neck. 
 As last, with two crosses after De. 
 D to left, quatrefoil to right of neck, 
 
 trefoil? after -De. 
 D to left, V to right of neck. 
 
 York. 
 
 19. 
 
 Crow] 
 
 20. 
 
 • 
 
 21. 
 
 
 22. 
 
 ? 
 
 23. 
 
 ? 
 
 1. 
 
 Eose. 
 
 2. 
 
 ? 
 
 3. 
 
 Eose. 
 
 Eose on breast. (354). 
 Eose on breast and each side of 
 neck. 
 
 4. ? Lis or cross each side of neck, cross 
 
 at end of legend on obv. 
 
 5. Eose. E to left, rose to right of neck. 
 
 6. . , Key to left, rose to right of neck. 
 
 7. . . G to left, rose to right of neck. 
 
 8. . . G to left, key to right of neck. 
 
 9. Cinquefoil. As last. 
 
 10. Cross patee fitchee. As last. 
 
 11. Lis. As last. 
 
 12. Cross pierced. As last. 
 
 13. ? B to left, key to right of neck. 
 
 14. ? B to right, key to left of neck. 
 
 ] 0. Eose. T to left, key to right of neck. 
 
 16. Star? 
 
 17. ? Without quatrefoil on rev. 
 
467 
 
 Halfpennies, pp. 260^ 261. 
 
 London. 
 
 6. 
 7, 
 8, 
 9. 
 10 
 
 Cinquefoil. 
 
 Cross each side of neck. 
 . No marks. 
 Eose; sometimes pellet each side of neck. 
 Crown. Cross each side of neck. 
 
 Cross at left, lis at right of 
 neck. 
 
 11. . . ? Trefoil each side of neck. 
 
 12. ? As last, small wedge in one quarter of 
 
 rev. 
 
 13. Annulet. Cross ? at right of neck. 
 
 14. Cross fitchee. Trefoil each side of neck. 
 
 15. Cross pierced. Cross each side of neck. 
 
 16. . . . No marks. 
 
 17. . . . Pellet each side of neck. 
 
 18. Star. Pellet each side of neck. 
 
 19. . . Star each side of neck. 
 Beistol. Crown. Trefoil each side of neck (353). 
 
 . Quatrefoil each side of neck. 
 Canteebuet. ? Trefoil each side of neck. 
 
 Rose. C on breast. 
 DuEHAM. ? Some letter at sides of head, 
 
 T) in centre of rev. 
 ? Lis each side of head. 
 
 The objects which are called quatrefoils and trefoils are 
 in general rather groups of three or four pellets ; and can 
 scarcely be considered as definite forms having any specific 
 meaning or allusion. To the true cinquefoil we have 
 generally prefixed the term heraldic. 
 
 The crown, as a common symbol of royalty, the rose, as 
 a badge of the houses of York and Lancaster, and of the 
 reigning monarchs of England from the time of the union of 
 those two houses, do not require any remark or explanation. 
 
 The sun was one of the favourite badges of Edward IV., 
 which be is said to have assumed in consequence of the ap- 
 
 30 * 
 
468 
 
 pearance of three suns previous to his successful engagement 
 at Mortimer's cross, "and for this cause menne ymagined 
 that he gaue the sun in. his full brightnesse for his badge or 
 cognizance," and accordingly we find it upon some of his 
 coins; especially upon, his noble, where, as well as upon 
 some other pieces, it appears with a rose upon the centre. 
 There is an object which occurs upon, his seals and upon 
 his coins which, though called by all writers a sun, we think 
 it possible was intended for something else ; upon one of 
 his great seals we find it alternately with roses occupying 
 the whole field; upon some of his other seals we find it 
 placed as a companion opposite to a rose, and we also find 
 it upon some of his coins. This object is always repre- 
 sented more like an expanded flower than a sun, with petals 
 rounded at the ends, broader at the margin than at the 
 centre, not with rays sharply pointed. The san is well re- 
 presented upon the noble, Rud. iii. 4, Kenyon (36), and the 
 quarter noble, Kenyon (41) rev. ; and the object in 
 question is to the left of the shield on the obverse of 
 Kenyon (41), and dimidiated with a rose as the mint mark 
 on the reverse of Edward V.'s angel, Kenyon (42). 
 
 As we have not been able to discover any authority for 
 assigning to Edward IV. any flower as a badge, we have 
 been obliged to follow in the traces of our predecessors, and 
 give to this equivocal object the nanie of sun, contenting 
 ourselves with calling the attention of our readers to the 
 subject, that the error may be rectified, if accident or re- 
 search should hereafter throw a more correct light upon the 
 subject. 
 
 The key which appears upon many of the York coins is 
 derived from the arms of the see. 
 
 The pall upon the Canterbury coins is adopted from the 
 arms of the see. 
 
 The various letters which occur upon the coins are ex- 
 plained in the body of the work, at the pages referred to in 
 the above list. 
 
469 
 
 Edward Y. 
 
 Groats, p. 262. 
 
 London. 1. Boar's head, rev. rose and sun united, 
 
 pellet under bust. (645). 
 
 2. Boar's head, rev. rose and sun united, 
 
 no pellet. 
 
 3. Boar's head, rev. lis. 
 
 4. Boar's head. Pellet under bust. 
 
 5. . . .No pellet. 
 
 London. 
 
 TOEE. 
 
 ElCHAED in. 
 
 Groah, p. 263. 
 
 1. Boar's head. (856). 
 
 2. . . . rev. rose and sun united. 
 
 3. Rose and sun united, rev. boar's head, 
 
 pellet under bust. 
 
 4. Eose and sun united, pellet under bust. 
 
 5. . . . . no pellet. 
 
 6. Rose ? and pellet, rev. rose and sun 
 
 united ? Eose on breast, arched crown. 
 (646). 
 Eose and sun united. 
 
 on obv. only. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 263. 
 
 London. 
 
 Eose and sun united. (357). 
 
 
 Boar's head ? 
 
 Canteebuey ? 
 
 Cross. (B on breast. (358). 
 
 
 Pennies, p. 264. 
 
 London. 
 
 Boar's head. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 Lis, S on breast, D in centre of rev. 
 
470 
 
 York. Eose and sun. 
 
 Boar's head. 
 
 . T and key at sides of neck. 
 (359). 
 Rose, T and key at sides of neck. 
 ? T and E at sides of neck. 
 
 Halfpence, p. 264. 
 
 London. Eose and sun. (360). 
 
 Boar's head. 
 
 Cross. 
 
 The boar's head has been already mentioned (p. 262) as the 
 peculiar badge of Richard III., from which he was described 
 as " the wretched, bloody, and usurping boar." The rose 
 and sun are the usual badges of his house^ but combined by 
 him into one badge. 
 
 Henet VII. 
 
 Open Ceown. 
 Groats, p. 266. 
 
 London. 1, 2. Eose. 
 
 3. Eose, cross each side of neck, trefoils in 
 
 legends. 
 
 4. Eose, cross each side of neck, cross after 
 
 Posui, trefoils in legends. 
 
 5. Eose, same, but cross before not after 
 
 Posui. 
 
 6. Eose, rev. lis ? cross each side of neck, 
 
 trefoils in legends. 
 
 7. Eose, cross each side of neck, cross after 
 
 Posui, stars in obv. legend. 
 
 8. Rose, rev. cross pierced. Lis on breast, 
 
 cross each side of neck. 
 
471 
 
 London, 9. Lis^ rev. cross. Cross after Posui and 
 
 Givitas, lis after Lon. 
 
 10. Lis upon rosej rev. sun ? Lis on breast. 
 
 11. Lis upon rose. Cross after Deum and 
 
 Civitas, lis after London. 
 
 12. Lis upon Rose. Cross each side of neck. 
 13 after Posui. 
 
 14 two after 
 
 obv. legend. (362). 
 
 15. Same as last, but rose on breast. 
 
 16. Cross, rev. lis upon rose. Cross after Posui. 
 
 17. Cross fitcb^e, cross eacb side of neck and 
 
 before Posui, two at end of obv. legend 
 (361). 
 
 18. No MM. Cross eacb side of neck and 
 
 before Posui. 
 
 Half-groats, pp. 267, 268. 
 
 Canteebuet. 1. Ton. Cross at sides of neck, M in centre 
 of rev. Eye of Providence after Posui. 
 (363). 
 
 2. As last, without the eye, trefoil before 
 
 TAS. 
 
 3. Rose. Lis at sides of neck, pellet ? on 
 
 breast, M in centre of rev. 
 
 4. Rose. M in centre of rev. 
 London. 1. Lis on rose. (364). 
 
 2-6. Lis, rosettes in various parts of legends, 
 lozenge in centre of rev. (365). 
 7. MM obv. uncertain, rev. rosette. 
 ToEK. 1. Lis, rosettes in the legends, lozenge in 
 
 centre of rev. 
 2. Lis, rev. cross, rosettes in legend on obv. 
 3, 4. . . . . . . .on both 
 
 sides. 
 
472 
 
 ToEK. 5. Lisj rev. rose ? rosettes in legends on both 
 
 sides. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 265, 268. 
 
 ToEK. Eose, T and key at sides of neck. 
 
 . T at each side of neck. (370). 
 . T and lis at sides, h in centre of rev. 
 (367). 
 Cantbebtjet. Ton, cross at sides of neck, M in centre of 
 rev. (366). 
 
 Halfpenny, p. 268, 
 London. Lis on rose. (368). 
 
 Aeched Ceown. 
 
 Groats, pp. 268 to 270. 
 
 London. 1. Small trefoil on rev., trefoils in legends. 
 
 L As last, cross at sides of neck. (371). 
 
 2. As last, cinquefoil after Posui, Deum, and 
 
 Adiutore. 
 
 3. No MM, trefoils in legend on obv., cross 
 
 after Posui and Adiutore. 
 
 3. No MM, as last, cross pierced each side of 
 
 neck, star after Civitas and Deum ? 
 
 4. Heraldic cinquefoil, trefoils in legends. 
 
 (380). 
 
 5. Cross crosslet. 
 
 6,7. Greyhound's head. (373). 
 
 8. Escallop, rosettes in various parts of the 
 
 legends. (372). 
 
 9. Escallop, rev. cinquefoil. As last. 
 
 10. Cinquefoil, rev. escallop. 
 
 11. . . . (379). 
 
 11. . . . rosettes in legends. 
 
 12. . . . rev. leopard's head crowned. 
 
 13. Leopard's head crowned, rev. cinquefoil. 
 
478 
 
 London. 14. Leopard's head crowned. 
 " 15. Lis above half rose. (381). 
 
 16. .... rev. heraldic cinquefoil? 
 
 17. Anchor. 
 
 18. LiSj quatrefoil each side of neck^ portcullis 
 
 in centre of rev.' 
 
 Ealf-groats, pp. 270-272. 
 
 1 . Lis, rosettes in legends, lozenge in centre of 
 
 rev. (374). 
 
 2. Lis, trefoils in legend on obv., lis on 
 
 breast, lozenge in centre of rev. 
 
 3. No MM. As last. 
 
 Canterbtjet. 
 
 1. 
 
 No MM. Cross at sides of neck; M in 
 centre of rev., eye after Posui. (882). 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Eosette. 
 
 3 
 
 ,5. 
 
 Ton. Eosettes in legends. 
 
 4,6. 
 
 . No marks. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 . and cinquefoil, rev. ton. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 . rev. lis, rosettes in legends. 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Ton and lis on obv., rosettes in legends. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Lis. Trefoils in legend on obv., rosettes 
 on rev. 
 
 TOEK. 
 
 
 Martlet, key at sides of neck. (375). -— 
 Pennies, p. 272. 
 
 Canteebuet. 
 
 
 Ton. (876). 
 Halfpence, p. 272. 
 
 London. 
 
 
 Lis. 
 
 MM ?, no pellets on rev. 
 
 Canteebuet. 
 
 
 No MM. 
 
 Lis. 
 
 . . rosettes in legend. (378). 
 
 Toee. 
 
 
 MM ? key under bust. (377). 
 Farthing, p. 272. 
 
 TOEE. 
 
 
 MM ?, B and I ? at sides of head. 
 
474 
 
 Profile Head. 
 
 Shillmgs, p. 273. 
 London. Lis, lis or trefoil in forks of cross. (383). 
 
 Groats, p. 273. 
 
 1. 2, 3. Lis on rev. only. (384). 
 
 4. Lis. 
 
 5. No MM, small cross before Posui. 
 
 6. Cross crosslefc. 
 
 7. Pheon. 
 
 8. Greyhound's head. 
 
 Half -groat, p. 274. 
 
 L Lis? on rev. only. 
 
 2. Lis. 
 
 3. Cinquefoil. 
 
 4. Rose. 
 
 5. Martlet. (385). 
 
 6. Pheon. 
 
 ToEK. Martlet obv. only, two keys under shield. 
 
 Cinquefoil, rev. martlet, tvro keys under 
 shield. (386). 
 
 Pennies, pp. 274 to 276. 
 
 DuEHAU. 1. Crozier obv. and rev., D. S. at sides of 
 
 shield. (387). 
 2. Crozier on rev., D. S. at sides of shield. 
 
 2. As last, annulet before and after Rex. 
 
 3. I. S. ? at sides of shield, crozier on rev. 
 
 4. Crozier on obv., no other marks. 
 
 5. R. D. at sides of shield, mitre on rev. 
 
 6. D. R. at sides of shield, mitre on rev. (388). 
 ToEK. Two keys under shield. (389). 
 
 London. Very small cross. 
 
 Lis. 
 
475 
 
 The junction of the lis and rose is supposed to allude to 
 the union of the rival houses in the persons of Henry VII. 
 and Elizabeth, the lis being a favourite badge of the Lan- 
 castrians, as the rose was that of York. Sometimes it is 
 expressed by stamping one upon the other as (362), some- 
 times by one issuing from the other as (381). 
 
 The M and ton upon the Canterbury coins are part of 
 the rebus or punning symbol of the name of Abp. Morton, 
 during whose prelacy they were struck. 
 
 The greyhound was assumed as a badge by Henry VII., 
 perhaps in compliment to his wife, who derived it from her 
 grandmother's family of Neville, or more probably because 
 it was borne by his own maternal great grandfather, John 
 de Beaufort, Earl of Somerset^ son of John of Ghent. 
 
 The eye of Providence is placed immediately after PO- 
 SVI, that the name and the symbol of the Divinity may be 
 in juxtaposition. 
 
 The lozenge in the centre of the reverse of half groats 
 both of London and York, of the first coinage, may possibly 
 refer to the arms of Lord Daubeny, Master of the Mint, 
 1485 to 1493, which were gu. four lozenges in fesse, arg. 
 
 Henet VIII. 
 First coinage. Groats, p. 276. 
 London. Plieon. 
 
 Portcullis crowned. (390). 
 Castle. 
 
 Half -groats, p. 277. 
 London. Portcullis. 
 
 Canteebuey. Pomegranate, WA at sides of shield. (391). 
 
 Cross fitchee, rev. lis, WA at sides of 
 
 shield. 
 Lis, WA at sides of shield. 
 Martlet, WA above the shield. 
 YoEK. Cinquefoil, keys and cardinal's hat under 
 
 shield. 
 
476 
 
 YoBK. A. As last. 
 
 Escallop . . 
 Star . . 
 
 Martlet, cross and B at sides of shield. 
 Cross voided, T W at sides of shield, keys 
 
 and cardinal's hat below. (392) . 
 Lis, as last. 
 
 Pence, p. 278. 
 
 London. Portcullis. (394). 
 
 Pheon. 
 DuEHAM. No MM or letters. 
 
 Mullet, D. W. at sides of shield. 
 
 Lis, T. D 
 
 . . . . above the shield. 
 Canteebtirt. No MM. WA at sides of shield. 
 
 YoEE. No MM? keys under shield, cross, or 
 
 trefoils, between words on obv. 
 
 Halfpence, p. 278. 
 
 London. Portcullis. 
 
 Canteebuet. Pomegranate, W. A. at sides of head. 
 
 (393). 
 YoEE. Small cross on rev., key under bust. 
 
 Farthing, p. 279. 
 London. Portcullis, rose in centre of rev. (395). 
 
 Second Coinage. Groats, p. 279. 
 London. Eose. 
 
 Lis, rev. rose. 
 
 Lis. (396). 
 
 Lis, rev. pheon. 
 
 Pheon. 
 
 Arrow. 
 
 Sun and cloud. 
 
477 
 
 TOEK. 
 
 LOKDON. 
 
 CANTEEBUEr. 
 
 ToEK. 
 
 London. 
 
 Ddeham. 
 
 Cross voided, T. W. at sides of shield, 
 
 cardinal's hat below. 
 Acorn ? As last. 
 
 Salf-groats , p. 280. 
 Rose. 
 Lis. 
 Lis on obv. only. 
 
 . rev. rose. 
 Arrow. 
 
 Sun and clond. 
 Cross fleuree, W. A. at sides of shield. 
 
 . rev. T. As last. 
 T. As last. 
 Escallop. . 
 Eose. . . 
 Key. . . 
 
 Eose, rev. cross fleuree and T. As last.. 
 
 Catherine Wheel, T. 0. at sides of shield. 
 
 . on obv. only. As last. 
 
 Cross, T. W. at sides of shield, cardinal's 
 
 hat below. (397). 
 Cross and pellet. As last. 
 Key, E.L. at sides of shield. 
 . . L.B . 
 Obv. ?, rev. key. No letters. 
 
 Pence, pp. 280, 281. 
 Rose. 
 Arrow. 
 Lis. 
 
 Crescent, T. W. at sides of shield, car- 
 dinal's hat below. 
 Trefoil. As last. 
 Star. . . . 
 
 . . CD. at sides of shield. (399). - 
 . . No letters. 
 
478 
 
 Halfpence, p. 281. 
 
 London. Rose. 
 
 Lis. 
 
 Arrow. 
 Canteebuet. No MM. W. A. at sides of head. 
 
 Catherine Wheel, T. 0. at sides of head. 
 (398). 
 
 Portcullis, T. C. at sides of head. 
 ToEK. Key, B. L. at sides of head. 
 
 Cross voided, key under bust, no letters. 
 
 Farthings, p. 281. 
 
 LoNDDN. Arrow, rose in centre of rev. (400). 
 
 Lis. 
 
 Third Coinage, Fine Silver. Shillings, p. 282. 
 
 London. Lis, rev. two lis. 
 
 Lis. 
 
 Groats, p. 282. 
 London. Lis, annulet in each fork of cross. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 283. 
 London. Lis, annulet in each fork of cross. 
 
 London. 
 
 YOEE. 
 
 Penny, p. 283. 
 
 Lis. 
 
 London. 
 
 Base Silver. 
 
 Shillings, p. 283. 
 
 Lis, rev. annulet enclosing pellet ; annulet en- 
 closing pellet after obv. legend. (401). 
 Lis. Annulet enclosing pellet after legends. 
 Annulet, rev. annulet and pellet. 
 
479 
 
 Groats, pp. 283, 284. 
 
 London. Lis, annulet and pellet in forks of cross. 
 
 Arrow, annulet between the forks. 
 Rev. picklock, Balf rose between the forks. 
 Martlet, half rose between the forks. (402). 
 No MM. S. between the forks, two trefoils 
 
 before and after words on rev. 
 W. S. in monogram on rev., two trefoils after 
 
 each word. 
 Fo MM. half rose in the forks. 
 
 two trefoils before and after each 
 
 word on rev. (403). 
 trefoil at beginning, four in middle 
 of rev. legend. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 284. 
 
 London. Lis, annulet in each fork of cross. 
 
 Bristol. Lis and W. S. on rev. (404). 
 
 lis in the forks of cross. 
 Canteebuet. No MM. 
 
 Beistol. 
 Canteebuey. 
 
 TOEK. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 No MM. 
 
 London. 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 Pennies, pp. 284, 285. 
 
 Rev. picklock. 
 
 No MM. (405). 
 
 Lis. 
 
 Lis and pellets on rev. (406). 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 285. 
 
 London. No MM. 
 
 . annulet enclosing pellet on centre of 
 rev. (408). 
 Canteebuey. No MM. 
 York. No MM. (407). 
 
 Cross voided. 
 
480 
 
 Loudon. 
 Beistol. 
 
 London. 
 
 Beistol. 
 
 Cantbebuet. 
 
 TOEK. 
 
 Fourth Coinage. Shillings, p. 285. 
 
 Annulet enclosing pellet. 
 
 as. balls with florets in the legend. (409). 
 
 "W. S. and three lis on rev. 
 
 Groats, p. 286. 
 
 Martlet, half rose in the forks. 
 
 Bow on rev. only. 
 
 K on obv. only, lozenge between the words. 
 
 E"oMM. 
 
 Boar's head, rev. only. 
 
 E. 
 
 Lis on obv. only, ® and S in the forks. 
 
 Lis on obv. only. As last, with open lozenges 
 
 between the words. 
 Rev. W. S.J rose and lis in legend, lis in the 
 
 forks. 
 No MM., as last. 
 Rose, rev. W. S., as last. 
 Small cross, rev. as last. 
 TL ? in monogram or E on rev., rose and 
 
 trefoil in legend, trefoil in forks. 
 Trefoils in rev. legend. 
 
 No marks. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 286. 
 Beistol. Rev. W. S., trefoil in forks. ? 
 
 Pennies, p. 287. 
 Canteebfet. Open lozenges in legend in obv. 
 
 Fifth Coinage. Shillings, p. 287. 
 
 London. Annulet enclosing pellet, on one or both sides. 
 
 S. ? rev. as. balls with florets in legend. 
 S. ? on both sides. As last. 
 
481 
 
 Groats, p. 287. 
 
 London. Annulet in the forks, EEDDB CVIQUB, &c. 
 
 Bow, as last. 
 
 . . rev. picklock, as last. 
 Bristol. Rev. W. S., cinquefoil and pierced cross in 
 
 legend, annulet in tke forks. 
 Rev. W. S., rose and four dots ia legend, 
 annulet in the forks. 
 Canteebuet. No MM., annulet in the forks. 
 No MM. half rose in the forks. 
 Pierced cross, pierced crosses in rev. legend, 
 annulet in the forks. 
 
 Half-groats, p. 288. 
 
 London. No MM. 
 
 E on rev. only, pierced cross before and after 
 legend. 
 
 . . two pierced crosses before LONDON. 
 
 REDD. GVIQ. &c. (410). 
 Canteebuet. No MM. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 Pennies, p. 288. 
 
 London. Rev. E. ? 
 
 Arrow, RED. CVIQ. &c. (411). 
 Canteebuet. No MM. 
 ToEK. No MM. 
 
 The portcullis was derived from the Beauforts, and had 
 been used as a favourite badge by Henry YII., who ap- 
 pointed an additional poursuivant to whom he gave the 
 name of Portcullis. 
 
 The castle refers to the arms of Castile, the kingdom of 
 •Queen Katherine's mother Isabella. 
 
 The arrow may perhaps have been adopted as a mark in 
 allusion to Henry VIII. having taken as his badge, at the 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold, an archer drawing his arrow to 
 
 31 
 
482 
 
 the head ; or more probably it may refer to the crest of 
 Sir Martin Bowes. 
 
 The pomegranate appears only on the Canterbury coins 
 of Henry VIII., having been placed there by Abp. Ware- 
 ham, under whose delegated authority tbey were struck, 
 and who was greatly attached to Catherine of Arragon, of 
 whom it was the family badge. 
 
 The Catherine wheel was used upon the Canterbury coins 
 struck by authority of Abp. Cranmer in compliment to 
 Queen Catberine and in reference to her name. 
 
 The bow is in reference to the name and armorial bear- 
 ings of Sir Martin Bowes, Master of the Mint. He probably 
 became so in 1535, when Lord Mountjoy died, and retained 
 the office till the king's death. 
 
 W. S. are the initials of Sir W. Sharington, Master of 
 the Mint at Bristol, as to whom see Kenyon's " Gold Coins,'' 
 p. 106. 
 
 (25 and E are probably initials of some high officers of the 
 London mint, but we cannot discover, in the imperfect 
 lists which we possess, any name to wbich they can be 
 appropriated. They do not occur before 1544. 
 
 S, which does not occur till 1543, may possibly indicate 
 Suffolk, or, as it was afterwards called, Southwark House, 
 where Henry seems to have established a mint, and where 
 Edward VI. undoubtedly struck coins. Mint Street, South.- 
 wark, now marks its site. 
 
 K, in the coinage of 1544, may refer to Queen Katherine 
 Parr, as the initials of the earlier queens appear on several 
 of the gold coins. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 
 First Coinage, 1547. Groats, p. 289. 
 London. Arrow, crescent in forks of cross, POSVI 
 
 leg. (412). 
 Lozenge, small lozenges in legend. (413). 
 B on rev. only. 
 
483 
 
 Ealf-groats, p. 290. 
 
 Arrow, crescent in forks of cross, POSVI leg. 
 
 (414). 
 Arrow. 
 
 E ? on rev. only. (416). 
 Canteebuet. No MM. 
 
 London. 
 
 Beistol. 
 
 London. 
 Beistol. 
 
 Pennies, p. 290. 
 Arrow. 
 E. 
 
 No MM. 
 
 Trefoil in forks of cross, cross after Rosa, lis 
 after Civitas. 
 
 Cross. 
 
 Cross fleuree after Rosa, trefoil after sine 
 and spina, and ia forks of cross, cross 
 after Civitas (415). 
 
 Halfpennies, p. 290. 
 Trefoil in forks of cross. 
 
 Second Coinage, 1547-1552. Shillings, pp. 291, 292. 
 
 London. Bow, INIMICOS legend. (417). 
 
 1547. Cinqnefoil. 
 . . Rose. 
 
 1548. Bow. 
 
 1549. Bow. 
 
 . . Arrow. 
 
 . . T. (418). 
 
 . . No MM. 
 
 . . Grrapple. 
 
 . . T. 
 
 . . t. 
 
 . . Swan (or Ostrich ?). 
 
 31 * 
 
484 
 
 London. 1547. T. G., cinquefoil after Vite. 
 
 1550. Swan (or Ostrich ?). 
 . . LiSj rev. T. 
 
 1551. Lis. 
 
 . . Harp. 
 . . Rose. 
 . . Lion ? 
 
 1552. Y, rev. rose. 
 
 . . Uncertain MM. 
 
 Third Coinage, 1651-1553. Crowns, p. 293. 
 
 London. 1551. Y. 
 . . Ton. 
 1552, 1553. Ton (420). 
 
 Half-crowns, p. 298. 
 
 1551. Y. 
 . . Ton. 
 1552, 1553. Ton (421). 
 
 Shillings pp. 293, 294. 
 1551. Bird's head (419). 
 
 
 Ton (422). 
 
 
 Y. 
 
 
 Sixj)ences, p. 294. 
 
 London. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 
 Y. 
 
 YOEK. 
 
 Mullet pierced (423). 
 
 
 Threepence, p. 294. 
 
 London. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 
 . rev. rose. 
 
 YoEK. 
 
 Mullet pierced, on one or both sides (424) 
 
485 
 
 Penny, fine silver, p. 294. 
 London. Ton (425). 
 
 Escallop, type of base pennies. 
 
 
 Base, p. 296. 
 
 
 Escallop (426). 
 
 
 Trefon. 
 
 
 Eev. rose. 
 
 
 No MM. 
 
 York. 
 
 Mullet pierced. 
 
 
 Halfpenny, p. 295 
 
 London. 
 
 Esrallop (427). 
 
 Farthing, p. 295. 
 London. ? (428). 
 
 Bow in reference to Sir Martin BoweSj as npon the Coins 
 of Henry VIII.j see p. 481. Tlie arrow probably also 
 refers to him. They both occur last in 1549, and in 1550 
 we find that Sir Edmund Peckham had succeeded Bowes as 
 Master of the Mint. 
 
 Swan ; this formed part of the armorial bearings of Sir 
 M. Bowes ; but if he died in 1549 the MM which has 
 always been called a swan must be intended for an 
 ostrich, the crest of Sir B. Peckham, as it occurs in 1549 
 and 1550. 
 
 Ton, indicative of coins struck under the mastership of 
 Throgmorton, at the Tower of London, in 1551-3. 
 
 Y, the initial of Sir John Yorke, Master of the Mint at 
 Southwark. 
 
 Bird's head. This is the only MM on the gold coins of 
 the third coinage, and is no doubt intended for an ostrich's 
 head, in allusion to the crest of Sir E. Peckham. 
 
 T and t appear in 1549 only. "William Tilsworth was at 
 that time, and had been for many years. Master of the 
 Mint at Canterbury. Throgmorton does not seem to have 
 been appointed to that in the Tower till 1551. 
 
486 
 
 Mart. 
 Groat and Half-groat, pp. 29 5, 296. 
 Pomegranate. (429). (431). 
 
 Penny. 
 No MM. 
 Lis on obv. 
 
 Pomegranate after Veritas (430) . 
 Rose, rose instead of Queen's bust. 
 
 Philip and Mart. 
 
 Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, p. 296. 
 
 Lis. (432). (433). (434). 
 
 Base Penny, p. 297. 
 
 Eose. (435). 
 No MM. 
 
 Half-crowns and Shillings, p. 297. 
 1554, 1555. No MM. (436). (438). 
 
 Sixpences. 
 1564, 1555. No MM. 
 1557. Lis. (437). 
 
 The pomegranate is placed upon tbe coins of Mary in 
 allusion to her descent from Catherine of Arragon, of which 
 house it was the badge. Archbishop Wareham, of Canter- 
 bury, had placed it upon his coins during the lifetime of 
 Queen Catherine, see p. 482. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 The mint marks upon the coins of this queen and the 
 subsequent monarchs, are already so exhibited in the tabular 
 views attached to each reign, that it is not necessary to re- 
 capitulate them here, witb the exception of those coins of 
 Charles I. which cannot at present be assigned to any par- 
 ticular locality. 
 
487 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 The coins of the uncertain mints of this monarch are very 
 interesting, and an attentive and careful examination of 
 them would probably throw some Hght upon the wanderings 
 of the mint during tbe persecutions of this unfortunate mo- 
 narcli. These pieces have not received tbe attention they 
 deserve, and the cause of their neglect has probably arisen 
 from the impossibility of arriving at any satisfactory con- 
 clusion respecting the places of their issue, without having 
 under view, at the same time, a much, greater number of the 
 several varieties of ttese pieces than any collector has 
 hitherto had in his possession. Our national collection, 
 though comparatively rich in pieces of this description, is 
 yet very far from possessing a complete series ; and, as 
 long as several of the rarer, perhaps unique, varieties, are 
 dispersed in various private cabinets, it will be extremely 
 diflBcult to form a reasonable conjecture respecting their 
 origin ; for it is only by frequent and repeated comparative 
 examinations of the actual coius, that we may hope to arrive 
 at a satisfactory result. No description, no drawing even, 
 however accurate, will possess those minute touches of 
 workmanship which betray the labours of an individual 
 artist, inseparably connect one coin with another, and enable 
 us to follow a mint in its obscure peregrinations from one 
 locality to another, during the troublous and perilous times 
 of anarchy and rebellion. 
 
 The following list is derived almost exclusively from coins 
 which we have seen ; in two or three instances we have 
 relied upon engravings. The Nos. correspond with those 
 prefixed to the descriptions in the body of the work. 
 
 Unceetain Half-crowns. See p. 335. 
 
 1. Star. 
 
 2. Triangle within circle. 
 
 3. (P). 
 
488 
 
 4. MM obv. ?, rev pellet. 
 
 5. . . . mullet, 
 . 6. . . . rose ? 
 
 7. Bugle (504). 
 
 8. E.osette ? on obv., rosette or qaatrefoil before and 
 
 after AVSPICB. 
 9 rose before and after AVSPICE. 
 
 10. No MM, rose before and after AVSPICB. 
 
 11. N6 MM, lion before and after AVSPICE. 
 
 12. . . mullet before and after AVSPICB (500). 
 
 13. . . lis before and after AVSPICE. 
 
 14. Lis and four pellets, SA under horse, rev. helmet (502) . 
 
 15. Lis, rev. helmet. 
 
 16. Lis and four pellets, ball under horse, rev. no MM, 
 
 lis each side of crown. 
 
 17. Lis and four pellets, ball under horse, rev. helmet and 
 
 four annulets (503) . 
 
 18. MM obv. ? rev. none ; lis each side of crown. 
 
 19. Plume and four pellets, rev. no MM, legend PLO- 
 
 EENT &c. (505). 
 
 20. No MM, rev. legend FLORENT &c. 
 
 21. Small lis, obv. only, rev. legend FLORENT &c. 
 
 22. 23, 24. Lis and four pellets, rev. lis and annulet 
 
 before and after AVSPICE. 
 
 25. No MM, shield oval, of York type with lion's skin 
 
 garniture. 
 
 26. Rose, or cinquefoil, pierced, on rev. only ; shield square 
 
 (506), 
 
 27. Rose, or cinquefoil, pierced, on rev. only j shield, oval, 
 
 of York type with lion's skin garniture. 
 
 28. Three pellets on rev. only, shield like the last. 
 
 29. Gerb lying down, shield like the last (507). 
 
 30. Anchor, square shield. 
 
 31. Small lis, shield with supporters, date 1645 (508). 
 
 32. ...... no date. 
 
 33. Plume, declaration type, 1644, rude (509). 
 
489 
 
 34. Rev. quincunx of pellets, do. 
 
 35. Plume, A. under horse, plume behind king, 1645, rev 
 
 MM. A. 
 35. .... and under date, 1645 ; as last. 
 
 36 B under date 1646; as last(510) 
 
 37. . . plume under horse, and behind kiag, 1646. 
 
 38. . . on obv. only ; as last. 
 
 39. . . plume under horse and date, and behind king, 
 
 1646. 
 
 40. No MM, plume under horse only, 1646. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, are imitations of the regular Tower types. 
 
 No. 5 has a reverse imitated from a Tower type, and is 
 connected by its obverse with the Bristol coins. 
 
 No. 6 also has a reverse imitated from a Tower type, 
 with an obverse imitated from a York coin. 
 
 No. 7 is closely connected with some Exeter coins. 
 
 Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, have a close affinity to each 
 other, and to the Weymouth coins, and were probably struck 
 in the same neighbourhood and by the same artists. Nos. 
 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, are closely allied to them, and Nos. 19, 
 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, seem also to have a close connection 
 with the above, and we are disposed to think they must have 
 been produced in the same part of the kingdom, as may, 
 possibly, Nos. 31 and 32. 
 
 Nos. 26, 27, 28, 29, are very similar to each other, and 
 the MM on 29, a gerb, seems to connect it witli Chester, 
 the arms of which are three gerbs. A specimen of this coin 
 was found in that city in 1841. 
 
 No. 30 is a mere imitation ofa Tower type. 
 
 Nos. 33, 34, are rude imitations of the usual declaration 
 type. 
 
 Nos. 85, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, strongly resemble the Bristol 
 coins, and were doubtless struck by the same artists, see 
 pp. 339-341. 
 
490 
 
 Uncertain Shillings. See pp. 348-351. 
 
 1. Plame ? Declaration type^ 1642. 
 
 2. Plume . . . 1644. 
 
 3. Plume, rev. A. . . 1645, A under date. 
 
 3. No MM on obv., rev. A ... 
 
 4. Plume, rev. A, plume before face 
 
 5. Plume, plume before face, declaration type, 1646. 
 
 6. Rev. helmet, cross, plume, and lion, castle above sMeld 
 
 (528). 
 
 7. . . . . . . rose above shield. 
 
 8. Rev. helmet, &c. ? nothing above shield. 
 
 9. Rev. boar's head. 
 
 10. Rev. lion and rose of dots, star before and after AVS- 
 
 PICB. 
 n. Rev. leaf between two quatrefoils, lozenge after each 
 
 word (529). 
 
 12. Lis and four pellets, rev. lion and four annulets, an- 
 
 nulets above shield and after each word. 
 
 13. Lis and four pellets, rev. helmet between lis and 
 
 pellets (530). 
 
 14. Lis and four pellets both sides. 
 
 15. .... rev. uncertain object and cross. 
 
 16. .... rev. lozenge? annulets, and qua- 
 
 trefoil ? 
 
 17. Prostrate anchor, rude imitation of Tower type. 
 
 18. Upright anchor, imitation of Tower type. 
 
 19. Plume 
 
 20. Crown 
 
 21. 22. Ton 
 23, 24. Triangle 
 
 25. Triangle, with apex downwards 
 
 26. Plume, rev. ? 
 
 27. ? 
 
 28. Three pellets, rev. lion, imitation of early York shil- 
 
 lings. 
 
491 
 
 29. Lion, imitation of early York shillings. 
 
 30 later 
 
 31. Lis, rev. lion .... 
 
 No. 1, dated 1642, may have been struck at Shrewsbury 
 or Oxford. 
 
 No. 2, 1644, is closely connected with the Exeter shil- 
 lings. 
 
 Nos. 3, 4, 5, are of the same family as the half-crowns 
 Nos. 35 to 40. 
 
 Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, resemble in workmanship the 
 Weymouth half-crowns, and were probably issued in the 
 same district. 
 
 Nos. 12, 13, 14, 15, more resemble the half-crowns Nos. 
 13 to 17. 
 
 No. 16 is like the half-crown No. 22. 
 
 No. 17 and those following are mere rude imitations of 
 the Tower and York types. 
 
 Sixpences. See p. 353. 
 
 1. A, plume before face, rev. no MM, 1645, declaration 
 
 type. 
 
 2. B, plume before face, rev. no MM, 1646, declaration 
 
 type (533). 
 
 3. Castle, rev. part of cross and a boar's head, lis before 
 
 and after AYSPICE, square shield (534). 
 
 4. Eoae, rev. rose, oval shield, OYLTORBS &c. 
 
 5. Ton, oval shield, imitation of Tower type. 
 
 6. Triangle, square shield 
 
 7. Rose 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 are from the same mint as the half-crowns 
 Nos. 35 to 40. 
 
 No. 3 certainly from the same mint as shilling No. 9. 
 
 No. 4 is a caprice issued from the Tower, probably not 
 intended for circulation. 
 
 Nos. 5, 6, 7, are extremely rude imitations of Tower 
 types. 
 
492 
 
 Gkoats. See p. 356. 
 
 1. Plume, plume before face, rev. no MM, 1646, declara- 
 
 tion type. 
 
 2. . . . . . rev, plume, 
 
 3. No. MM on obv 
 
 4. "Rose, armour marked with annulets, rev. helmet (539). 
 
 5. ? . . . . dots, rev. lis and pellets ? 
 
 6. Lis, .... annulets, rev. helmet. 
 7 Hon, 
 
 Book, rude imitation of Aberystwith type, with the 
 smaller head. MARSHALL. 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, from same mint as half-crowns Nos. 35 and 
 following. 
 
 Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, very much resemble in workmanship shil- 
 ling No. 9 and sixpence No. 3. 
 
 Theeepences. See p. 357. 
 
 1. Declaration type, three plumes above, 1644 below. 
 
 2. . . . one plume above, 1645 and no line 
 
 below. 
 3 . . . MM obv. plume, 1646 (543). 
 
 4. Lis, armour marked with dots, rev. lis, oval shield. 
 
 5. Plume before face and over shield; very rude (544). 
 
 6. Eev. gerb ? lying down, square shield. 
 
 7. Lis, armour marked with annulets, rev. lion. 
 No. 1 closely resembles the Bristol coins. 
 
 Nos. 2, 3, same mint as half-crowns Nos. 35 and following. 
 
 Nos. 4, 7, resemble the groats Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7. 
 
 No. 5, extremely rude imitation of a Tower type. 
 
 No. 6 appears to be connected with the half-crown No. 29. 
 
 Hale-geoats. See p. 360. 
 
 1 . Bell, rev. bell, legends blundered, oval shield. 
 
 2. Lis, armour marked with dots, oval shield (548). 
 
493 
 
 3. Lis, rev. rose or lis, similar to No. 2. 
 
 4. Square shield, most rude (549). 
 
 5. Imitation of Aberystwitli type, most rude. 
 
 Nos. 1, 4, 5, mere rude imitations of authorized coins. 
 Nos. 2, 3, resemble the groats Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7. 
 
 Farewell. 
 
494 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A, for East Anglia, 43, 48, 50, 51, 56, 
 
 59-63, 97, 112, 114, 115, 118 
 A,how formed on Conqueror's ooins,170 
 A andB, coins of Charles I. so marked, 
 
 339, 341, 349, 353 
 Aberyst-with mint, 325, 340 
 Acapuleo Galleon, 407 
 Aorten, on Northumbrian coins, 82 
 Addedomaroa, 20 
 M, how formed on Conqueror's coins, 
 
 170 
 Aeilred of Northumbria, 75 
 Aelfred, King of West Saxons, 82, 85 
 
 97, 98, 99, 107, 120 
 Aella,'King3of Northumbria, 78 
 Aelunootiia, on sceatta, 29 
 Aesu, on British coin, 20 
 Aethelbald, King of West Saxons, 116, 
 
 119 
 Aethelbearht, King of West Saxons, 116 
 Aethelred, King of Mercia, 23, 27 
 Aethelred I., King of Northumbria, 68, 
 69,74 
 
 II., King of Northumbria, 32, 
 
 66, 62, 74 
 
 1., King of West Saxons, 117 
 
 II., 149, his Irish types, 151 
 
 Aethelstan, King of West Saxons, 92, 
 
 93, 135 
 
 law of uniformity of coins, 
 
 102, 135 
 
 see Ethelstan 
 
 Aethelweard, King of East Angles, 60 
 
 Aethilheard, Abp. of Canterbury, 103 
 
 African Company Silver, 383, 392 
 
 Agnus Dei on coin of ^thelred II. 150 
 
 Alohred, King of Northumbria, 68 
 
 Aldfrid, King of Northumbria, 66 
 
 AU Souls OoUege, 339 
 
 Alwald, King of Northumbria, 91 
 
 Amminus, 12 
 
 Andocomius, 19 
 
 Ang. Sco. on coins of James I., 307 
 
 Anlaf, King of Northumbria, 93, 95 
 
 Anne, 399 
 
 Annulets on coins of Edward I. or III., 
 
 201, 210 
 Annulet, broken, mark used by Henry 
 
 v., 223 
 Anson, Lord, 407 
 Antedrigus, 15, 20 
 
 Archbishops' coins, 100, 101, 102, 109 
 Armorial shields first introduced, 273 
 arranged crosswise, 880 
 
 Arms of Brunswick on English coins, 
 
 404 
 Arms of France on English coins, 273 
 
 in fourth quarter, 388 
 
 last used, 411 
 
 - Hanover, 404, 415, 425 
 
 - Ireland, 307 
 
 in upper shield, 396 
 
 - Lunenburgh, 404 
 ■ Nassau, 388 
 
 • Saxony, 404 
 
 - Scotland, 307 
 
 impaled with Eng- 
 
 land, 400 
 
INDEX. 
 
 495 
 
 Arms of Zealand, 303, 306 
 Ast, on coin of Peada, 26 
 Athelwold, King of Nortliumbria, 89 
 Atisoide, on soeatta, 29 
 Ann T, on Yorkshire coin, 21 
 Aymary, Philip, moneyer, 189 
 
 B. 
 
 Baldred, King of Kent, 84, 46 
 Bank tokens, 412 
 Barley, ear of, on British coins, 18 
 Baronial coins of Stephen's time, 175, 
 
 177, 178, 180, 181-185, 187 
 Bartlet on coins of Edward I., 11., III., 
 
 197 
 Base coin of Edward VI. decried and 
 
 countermarked, 292 
 Baylie, Dr. Bichard, story of, denied, 
 
 326 
 Bear's head on Berwick coins, 204 
 Bell, mint mark of Edward III. dis- 
 credited, 210 
 Beonna, King of East Angles, 55 
 and Ethelred, Kings of East 
 
 Angles, 118 
 Beorhtrio, King of East Angles, 61 
 Beornwult, King of Mercia, 48 
 Berhtulf, King of Mercia, 50, 59, 61, 
 
 62 
 Blacksmith's half-crowns, Irish, 341 
 
 halt-groat, 360 
 
 Blondeau, 378 
 
 Boadicea, 15 
 
 Boar,badge of Edward III.,and Bichard 
 
 ni., not of Edward IV., 262 
 Boar's head, mistaken mint mark of 
 
 Charles II., 382 
 Boduni, 15, 17 
 Bodvoc, 15 
 Book, mint mark, symbol of BusheU, 
 
 325 
 Boulton's Soho machinery, 412, 413 
 Bourchier,Abp.of Canterbury ,his knots 
 
 on coins, 256, 258, 433 
 
 Bowes, Sir Martin, 292, 482 
 
 Bowring, Sir John, 426 
 
 BP on coins explained, 418 
 
 BB in monogram, mark of Bristol, 
 
 326 
 Breeches money, 373 
 Brigantea, coins of, 20, 21 
 Briot, Nicholas, account of, 317 
 his coins, 317, 324, 
 
 343, 352, 359, 361, 365, 366, 369 
 Britannia on coins, 424 
 British coinage, 8 
 described, 11 et seq. 
 
 Buildings on Saxon coins, 118, 133, 136 
 Burgred, King of Mercia, 51, 62 
 BusheU, Thomas, 319, 325, 339, 341 
 Byzantine coins imitated by Northum- 
 brians, 82, 90, 128 
 
 Ctesar's statement of British money, 8 
 CaUe, on Kentish coin, 12 
 Camulodunum, 17, 18 
 Canterbury, Archbishops of, 
 
 Theodore, 24 
 
 Jaenbrht, 102 
 
 ^thilheard, 103 
 
 Vultred, 105, 109 
 
 Theogild, 105 
 
 Ceolnoth, 105 
 
 Ethered, 106 
 
 Plegmund, 107 
 
 Bourchier, 256, 258, 433, 469 
 
 Morton, 267, 268, 271, 272, 433, 475 
 
 Wareham, 277, 278, 280, 281, 482 
 
 Cranmer, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 482 
 Carolingian types imitated, 36, 83, 112, 
 
 119 
 Catalogues, priced, to be consulted with 
 
 caution, 3 
 Catherine of Aragon, her badges on 
 
 coins, 277, 280, 482, 486 
 Catti, 15 
 
496 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Catyeuohlani, 16, 17 
 Cau ? Duro, on British coin, 20 
 Central district, coins o£, 15-19 
 Ceblnoth, Abp. of Canterbury, 105 
 Ceolwlf, I., King of Meroia, 33, 42 
 
 II., King of Meroia, 24, 31, 53 
 
 King of Northumbria, 66 
 
 Ceylon, coinage for, 429 
 
 Chair, form of, on pennies of Henry 
 
 VII. and Vin., 276 
 Channel Islands, coins of, 21, 22 
 Chantrey's model of George IV., 419 
 
 WilUam IV., 422 
 
 Charles I., 314 
 
 ; pounds and half pounds, 321 
 
 crowns, 315 
 
 — half-crowns, 323 
 
 shillings, 341 
 
 sixpences, 351 
 
 groats, 354 
 
 threepences, 356 
 
 half-groats, 358 
 
 pennies, 360 
 
 halfpence, 362, 377 
 
 uncertain mints of, 335, 348, 
 
 353, 356, 357, 360, 362, 369, 372, 
 486 
 tabular view of his coins, 363 
 
 Charles II., 375 
 
 milled money, 375, 380 
 
 portrait on coins copied 
 
 from Cooper, 380 
 
 Chester and Leicester coins dis- 
 tinguished, 137, 165, 171 
 
 Christian monogram, 51, 104, 106, 114 
 
 Cnoon, on sceatta, 29 
 
 Cnut, King of Northumbria, 80, 88, 89, 
 99 
 
 sole monarch, 163 
 
 St., King of Denmark, imitates 
 
 English coins, 155 
 
 Cnzio, on coin of Peada, 26 
 
 Coenred, King of Northumbria, 66 
 
 Coenwlf, King of Mercia, 31, 32, 33, 
 35, 39, 56, 103, 105, 109 
 
 Coinage, privilege granted to arch- 
 bishops, bishops, and abbots, 102 
 
 privilege limited by ^thel- 
 
 stan, 102, 135 
 
 Coinage, grand, of 1696, 391 
 
 1816, 412. 
 
 Coins found at Ampthill, 192 
 
 Andover, 63 
 
 Bantry, 197 
 
 Beaworth, 160, 167, 168 
 
 Bedford, 104 
 
 Bulwict, 59 
 
 Cambridge, 49 
 
 Canterbury, 29, 103 
 
 Catall, near Wetherby, 
 
 ning, 161 
 
 182 
 Chancton, near Stey- 
 
 Chepstow, 15 
 
 Chester, 101, 133, 144, 
 
 Cuerdale, 42, 54, 57, 
 
 64, 79, 80, 92, 97, 99, 107, 108, 118, 
 121-129, 132, 133 
 
 Croydon, 53 
 
 Derrykeerhan, 139, 144, 
 
 145 
 
 145, 147 
 
 Dorking, 49, 58 
 
 • Dover, 159 
 
 Drogheda, 200 
 
 Dunstable, 28 
 
 Dychurch, 166 
 
 Exeter, 179 
 
 Friesland, 24 
 
 Frome, 14, 15 
 
 Godmanstone, 103 
 
 — Gravesend, 46, 63, 58 
 
 Guildford, 35 
 
 Hadstook, 48 
 
 Harkirke, 99 
 
 Hertfordshire, 177, 178, 
 
 180, 186, 187 
 
 Heworth, 66 
 
 Hexham, 69, 71, 73, 74, 
 
 76, 78, 110 
 
INDEX. 
 
 497 
 
 Coins found at High Wycombe, 16 
 
 Highbury, 219, 228 
 
 Hounslow, 269 
 
 Jarrow,_68 . 
 
 Jersey, 22 
 
 Ipswich, 152 
 
 Ireland, 137 
 
 Kent, 11, 12, 179, 180, 
 
 186 
 
 Kirk Oswald, 78 
 
 London, City of, 161, 169 
 
 Man, Isle of, 152 
 
 Maidstone, 180, 187 
 
 Mount Batten, 14, 22 
 
 Northampton, 198 
 
 Norway, 149 
 
 Norwich, 180 
 
 • Nottingham, 17.8, 187 
 
 Old Sarum, 16 
 
 Oundle, 175 
 
 Oxford, 103 
 
 Oxnead, 19 
 
 Oxted, 11 
 
 Portsmouth, 13, 14, 22 
 
 Bichborough, 104 
 
 Eochester, 112 
 
 Eoyston, 188 
 
 Shillington, 177 
 
 St. Mary-at-HiU, 166 
 
 Sunbury, 62 
 
 Tamworth, 169 
 
 Tealby, 188 
 
 Tewkesbury, 143 
 
 Thames, the, 129, 158 
 
 Thwaite, 160 
 
 Tower-hill, 197 
 
 Trewhiddle, 53, 72 
 
 Tutbury, 198 
 
 . Wallsop, 185 
 
 Wexford Co., 164 
 
 York, 73, 77, 92, 110, 
 
 168 
 
 Yorkshire, 193 
 
 Collar for coining in Conqueror's time, 
 171 
 
 Collar, falling, first seen on coins, 842, 
 
 343 
 Colonies, coins struck for, 383, 429 
 Combe Martin Mines, 339 
 Commius, 12, 13 
 Commonwealth, 373 
 Comux, 15 
 Confessor's arms on coin of Stephen, 
 
 180 
 Corners, Sir John, Governor of Tower, 
 
 365 
 Cooper's portrait of Charles II., 380 
 Coronets first appear on coins, 136 
 Coventry, Hugh, Bishop of, had mint 
 
 at Lichfield, 191 
 Countermark on coins, 287, 292, 303, 
 
 306, 307 
 Crab, 13 . 
 Cranmer, Archbishop, 277, 278, 280, 
 
 281, 282, 482 
 Crest, royal, on coins, 421 
 Croker, 407 
 
 Cross and pellets first adopted on re- 
 verses, 196 
 Cross discarded on reverses, 291, 298, 
 
 307 
 Crown of Henry VIH., 4 
 
 forms of, described, 246, 265, 309 
 
 open on coins of Henry VII., 
 
 265 
 
 first coined by Edward VI., 293 
 
 remarks on Pistruoci's, 414 
 
 half .first coined by Edward VI. , 
 
 293 
 
 Crowned head on coins, 427 
 Crtena, on Northumbrian coins, 82 
 Cunnetti, on Northumbrian coins, 82, 
 
 83, 85, 86, 87 
 Conobeline, 10, 17 
 Custodes cuneorum, 194 
 Cuthred, King of Kent, 33 
 Cynethryth, Queen of Mercia, 38 
 
 D. 
 
 Danish imitations of English coins, 155 
 
 32 
 
498 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Danisli cross, 102 
 raven, 95, 150 
 
 standard, 92, 94, 96 
 
 Date first used on coins by Edward VI., 
 291 
 
 on edges of coins, 381 
 
 Daubeny, Lord, his arms, 475 
 Declaration type, origin of, 318, 319 
 
 coins of, arranged, 320 
 
 Dei gratia first used on coins, 199, 206 
 
 pennies, 217 
 
 Devices, historical, 415, discouraged, 
 
 423, 428 
 Devices, modern, condemned, 423, 428 
 Dies improperly prepared at the mint, 
 
 426 
 Dollars stampt for currency, 412 
 Doribi, 115 
 Dorovernia, 34, 46, 105, 106, 107, 108, 
 
 109, 112, 115, 126, 137 
 Dorrien and Magens shilling, 1798, 412 
 Drapery on coins of Edward I., II., 198 
 DEVK, Dorovernia, 34, 105, 109 
 Dubnovellaunos, 12 
 Dumno Co Veros, on Yorkshire coin, 21 
 Durham, Bishop of, Beck, 197, 202, 206 
 
 KeUow, 197, 206 
 
 — Beaumont, 197, 206 
 
 Bury, 197 
 
 Hatfield, 197, 210 
 
 Langley, 226, 241 
 
 Nevill, 241, 242 
 
 . Booth, 241, 242, 258 
 
 ■ Dudley, 258 
 
 Sherwood, 264, 275 
 
 Fox, 275 
 
 Seveyer, 274 
 
 Bainbrigge, 275 
 
 EuthaU, 275, 278 
 
 Wolsey, 278, 281 
 
 Tonstall, 281, 282 
 
 E, 
 B, for Edinburgh on coins of Anne, 400 
 Eadbearht Prsn, King of Kent, 32, 
 103 
 
 Eadgar, first actual sole monarch, 146 
 Eadberht, King of Northumbria, 23, 27, 
 
 66 
 Eadmund,.Eing,of East Angles. 63 
 Eadmund, Saint, 80, 97, 139 
 Eadmund, King of West Saxons, 94, 
 
 102, 139 
 Eadred, King of West Saxons. 98, 142 
 Eadvald, King of East Angles, 55 
 Eadvulf, King of Northumbria, 66 
 Eadweard the elder, 94, 99, 128, 132 
 Eadweard the martyr, 148 
 Eadwig, King of West Saxons, 144 
 Eanbald, Archbishop of York, 109 
 Eanred, King of Northumbria, 62, 70 
 
 supposed penny discussed, 71 
 
 and Ethelred, joint monarchs ? 
 
 75 
 
 East Angles, 55 
 
 Eastern district, coins of, 19, 20 
 Ebraice, for York, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94 
 Ecen, on British coin, 20 
 Ecgbeorht, King of West Saxons, 58, 
 59, 111 
 
 King of Kent, 28, 31, 66 
 
 Archbishop of York, 66, 
 
 67, 68 
 Ecgferth, son of Offa, 31 
 Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria, 65 
 Edbert, King of Kent, 30 
 Edge of coins first inscribed, 379 
 Edmund Ironside, 153, 154 
 Edward the Confessor, 160 
 Edward I., 197, 434 
 
 I., II., III., appropriation of 
 
 coins, 197 
 
 II., 205, 435 
 
 III., 207, 436 
 
 ■ IV., 248, 456 
 
 v., 253, 261, 469 
 
 VI., 289, 482 
 
 Eleanor of Guienne, coin of, 186 
 Elephant on coins of African silver, 
 
 383, 392 
 Elfred, see Aelfred 
 
INDEX. 
 
 499 
 
 Elfwald I., King of Northumbria, 68 
 
 II., Kiag of Northumbria, 70 
 
 Eli, on soeatta, 27 
 
 Elizabeth, 298 
 Elunoonn, on sceatta, 29 
 Eohric, King of East Angles, 65, 97 
 Eotberehtus, 66 
 Epa, of Mercia, coins of, 25, 26 
 Epaticous, 17, 19 
 
 Episcopal coins, earliest, 24, 66, 102, 
 109, 197 
 
 latest, 282 
 
 EppilluB, of Kent, 12 
 
 Breener, 124 
 
 Eriaoe, for York, 97 
 
 Eric, King of Northumbria, 93 
 
 Erotbolt, on London coin, 124 
 
 Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 55 
 
 Abp. of York, 100 
 
 King of Wessex, 116 
 
 Ethelberht I., King of Kent, 28 
 
 — n., 30 
 
 Praen 32 
 
 King of East Angles, 31 
 
 Ethehred, King of East Angles, 74 
 
 see Aethelred 
 
 Ethelstan I., King of East Angles, 57 
 II., , 64, 
 
 121, 126, 127, 131 
 Ethelweard, , 58, 
 
 59, 60, 68 
 Ethelwlf, King of Wessex, 58, 59, 62, 
 
 113, 119 
 Ethered, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 106, 122 
 
 Ealdorman of Mercia, 54 
 
 Ethilwald,Moll,King ofl>forthumbria,67 
 Eustace, son of Stephen, 182, 183 
 •Evans, on Ancient British coins, 10 
 Everat, 129 
 Exurgat type, whence so called, 319 
 
 F. 
 Farthings formed by cutting pennies, 
 160, 169, 200 
 
 Farthings first coined by Edward I., 
 
 200, 204 
 Fidei defensor first used on coins, 404 
 Figures indicating value of coins, 294 > 
 
 placed at sides of crown, 297 
 Florins, silver, first coined, 426 
 Flower, a badge of Edward IV. ? 468 
 Folkes' plates, remarks on, 5 
 Foreign artists, employment of, 414, 419 
 French coins found with EngUsh, 81, 
 
 83, 89, 99 
 weight of, 83 
 
 G. 
 Gale, mint master at York, 292 
 Garter, star of order of, on coins, 380, 
 
 399, 404 
 George I., 403 
 
 II., 406 
 
 III., 410 
 
 IV., 418 
 
 and Dragon on coins, 414, 418 
 
 Godless florin, why so called, 427 
 Gold coin, die of, used for silver, 354, 
 
 384 
 Greek coins, imitated by British, 9, 10, 
 
 18 
 Groat, presumed, of Henry III., 196 
 
 first, assigned to Edward I., 198, 
 
 200 
 
 discontinued, 385 
 
 issue of, in 1836, 424 
 
 patterns for, 424 
 
 half, first coined by Edward III., 
 
 208 
 
 issued for Jamaica, 429 
 
 Guthferth, King of Northumbria, 93 
 Guthfrith, King, 80 
 
 Guthrum, see Ethelstan, 57, 64 
 
 H. 
 
 H, peculiar form of, 77 
 
 Hadley, or Hedley, moneyer, 196, 200, 
 
 203 
 Hair, form of, on coins of Henry II. 
 
 and III., and of John, 190, 193, 194 
 
500 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hair, form of, on coins of Henry IV., 
 
 v., and VI., 220 
 Halfden, King of Northumbria, 79, 120 
 Halfpennies, Saxon, 79, 87, 89, 91, 97, 
 
 100, 128, 132, 133, 143, U7 
 formed by cutting pennies, 
 
 160, 169, 200 
 first English, by Edward I., 
 
 200 
 Hand, on coins, 95, 133, 148, 150 
 Harold I., 157 
 II., 166 
 
 King of Norway, 93 
 
 Harthacnut, 157, 158 
 
 H C, on Worcester coin of Charles I., 
 384 
 
 Heads of successive kings placed con- 
 trary ways, 380 
 
 HearduK, King of Northumbria, 69 
 
 Heli, on sceatta, 27 
 
 Heming, sea-king, 98 
 
 Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 178, 181 
 
 Henry I., 172 
 
 II., 188 
 
 coins possibly struck by him 
 
 during Stephen's reign, 174 
 
 III., 193, 434 
 
 IV., 216, 439 
 
 IV., v., VI., their coins distin- 
 
 guished, 220 
 v., 219, 440 
 
 Vr., 228, 444 
 
 VI. and VII., their coins distin- 
 
 guished, 246 
 
 • VII., 264, 469 
 
 open crown on coins, 246, 
 
 265 
 
 VIII., 276, 474 
 crown, 4 
 
 Heribert, of Lincoln, 124, 127 
 Historical devices, 415 
 Howard, moneyer at Norwich, 177 
 Huat, on sceattas, 28 
 Humbeanna, 55 
 Hume, Joseph, 424 
 
 I&J. 
 
 Jaenbrht, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 31, 33, 102 
 Jamaica, threepences and half-groats 
 
 issued for, 429 
 James I., 307 
 
 II., 387 
 
 Iceni, coins of, 19, 20 
 II Sup Su, on Yorkshire coin, 21 
 Inara, on Western district coin, 15 
 Initials of Brunswick title explained, 
 
 404 
 locid, on sceatta, 29 
 Joeys, why groats so caUed, 424 
 John, coins of, bearing Henry's name, 
 
 191, 192, 194 
 Ireland, conquered by Eadgar, 151 
 
 title of King of, 282 
 
 Irish coins, 94, 96, 151, 156, 201, 341 
 types discussed, 151 
 
 K. 
 
 Karolus monogram on English coins, 
 
 83, 86, 87, 100 
 Eempe, Johannes, CaneeUarius, 245 
 Kent, coins of, 11-13, 17, 30-35, 42, 46 
 
 48, 114 
 
 transferred to Northum- 
 
 bria, 30, 66 
 
 Kirkdale in Yorkshire, form of cross 
 over door of church, 102 
 
 L, for Lindsay, 34 
 
 LeadjCompany for Bmelting,silver coins 
 of, 399, 404, 407 
 
 Legends : — 
 Christo auspice regno, 315, 376 
 Oultores sui deus protegit, 354 
 Decus at tutamen, 381 
 Dieu et mon droit, 419 
 Dominus Deus Eex, 88, 91, 92 
 Exurgat deuB dissipentur inimici, 
 307 
 
INDEX. 
 
 601 
 
 Pidei defensor, 404 
 
 Plorent conoordia regna, 337 
 
 God -with us, 373 
 
 loh dien, 359 
 
 Immioos ejus induam oonf usione,291 
 • Justitia throuum firmat, 358-362 
 
 Mirabilia fecit, 83,86,88, 89, 91 
 
 Posui deum adjutorem meum, 207 
 
 Qute deus oonjunxit memo separet, 
 308 
 
 Eedde cuique quod suum est, 287, 
 288 
 
 Eelig. prot. Leg. angl. Lib. pari. 318 
 
 Eosa sine spina, 280, 290, 296, 302, 
 308, 358 
 
 EutUans rosa, 281 
 
 Timor domini fons vitte, 291, 293 
 
 Taeatur unita deus, 311 
 
 Veritas temporis filia, 295, 296 
 Legend, double, on some pence of 
 
 Henry I., 174 
 Leicester coins distinguished from 
 
 Chester, 137, 165, 171 
 Lei, or Lev, on sceatta, 30 
 Leofdegu,moneyer, improves Northum- 
 brian types, 74 
 Letters, ornamented, on John's coins, 
 
 193 
 Lima, why on coins of George II., 407 
 Lincoln, Bishop of, had mint at Newark, 
 
 192 
 London, mint not distinguishable from 
 
 Lunden in Denmark, 155, 158 
 Londoniensis, 204, 213 
 Londriensis, 204 
 Lund, inDenmark, coins struck at, 155, 
 
 158 
 Lundrensis, coins so called, 204 
 Ludica, King of Mercia, 49 
 Lundy Island, held by Bushell, 341 
 
 M. 
 
 M, Saxon, for Mercia, 37, 39, &o. ; 
 60,72,104,112,115,117,123 
 
 M, on coins of Archbishop Morton, 
 
 267, 268, 271, 475 
 Maokworth, Sir Humphrey, 399 
 Mag. Brit, first on coins of James I., 
 
 308 
 Martin, Saint, 101 
 Mary, Queen, 295, 485 
 Matilda, Empress, 174, 185 
 Matilda and Stephen, coin of, 182 
 Maundy money struck, 378, 385, 428 
 Me fecit, 64, 98, 126, 129 
 Mercia, coins of, 25-28, 35-54; (and 
 
 see M, Saxon, for Mercia) 
 Merlin, engraver, 419, 420, 421, 423, 
 
 425 
 Middleton, Sir Hugh, farmed Welsh 
 
 mines, 313 
 Mill and screw introduced, 302, 304 
 Milled money established, 304, 375, 
 
 377, 378, 379 
 Milling on edge in straight lines, 384 
 
 oblique lines, 384 
 
 Mines at Comb Martin, 339 
 
 Welsh (see Plume) 
 
 Mint named on coins, 34, 135, 302 
 Mints, Aberystwith, 313, 316, 319, 325, 
 
 330, 339, 340, 344, 352,354, 356, 359, 
 
 361, 362, 366, 369 
 
 Ashow ? 156 
 
 Aylesbury, 164 
 
 Bath, 132, 137, 147, 148, 152, 156, 
 
 158, 159, 164, 171, 176 
 Bedford, 145, 147, 148, 152, 156, 
 
 158, 164, 167, 171, 176 
 
 Bedwin, 164 
 
 Berkeley, 164 
 
 Berwick, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 
 
 207, 208, 210 
 
 Bideford, 195 
 
 Brampton, 180 
 
 Bridgnorth, 171 
 
 Bridport, 171 
 
 Bristol, 156, 158, 159, 164, 167, 
 
 171, 175, 176, 180, 186, 191, 197, 
 201, 203, 204, 205, 228, 247, 254, 
 
 33 
 
502 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 255, 258, 261, 284, 285, 286, 287, 
 290, 326, 340, 344, 353, 354, 359, 
 366, 398, 394, 395, 397, 486, 489 
 
 Mints, Buckingham, 152, 156 
 
 Cadbury ? 156 
 
 Calais, 229, 250 
 
 Cambridge, 148, 152, 156, 158, 165, 
 
 167, 171, 180 
 
 Canterbury, 34, 46, 102-109, 112, 
 
 114, 115, 126, 129, 137, 147, 148, 
 149, 152, 156, 158, 164, 165, 167, 
 171, 176, 180, 187, 191, 193, 195, 
 
 196, 197, 202, 205, 209, 212, 256, 
 258, 261, 263, 267, 268, 271, 272, 
 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 286, 
 287, 288, 290 
 
 Cardiff, 191 
 
 CarUsle, 176, 180, 190, 191, 193,197 
 
 Castle Eising ? 125, 153, 156, 165, 
 
 177, 179, 181 
 
 Chepstow ? 156 
 
 Chester, 148, 152, 155, 156, 159, 
 
 165, 167, 171, 176, 177, 180, 191, 
 
 202, 327, 338, 366, 370, 393, 394, 
 
 395, 397, 486 
 Chichester, 152, 156, 158, 164, 167, 
 
 171, 174, 176, 177, 180, 191, 193 
 
 Colchester, 17, 18, 152, 156, 158, 
 
 164, 167, 170, 171, 176, 180, 191 
 
 Coventry, 254, 257 
 
 Crewkerne, 156, 171 
 
 Crioklade, 156, 164, 167, 171 
 
 Croydon? 124 
 
 Derby, 137, 147, 148, 152, 164, 167, 
 
 171, 180 
 Dorchester, 152, 156, 164, 171, 
 
 176 
 Dover, 152, 156, 158, 159, 164, 
 
 167, 170, 171 
 
 Dublin, 151, 152, 156 
 
 Dui-ham, 171, 176, 180, 191, 193, 
 
 197, 202, 206, 210, 211, 215, 219, 
 226, 241, 258, 261, 264, 274, 276, 
 281 
 
 Durham House, Strand, 292 
 
 Mints, Ebchester? 141 
 
 Edinburgh, 397, 399, 400 
 
 Ely, 147, 156 
 
 Exeter, 128, 137, 140, 143, 145, 
 
 147, 148, 152, 156, 158, 159, 164, 
 165, 167, 171, 176, 179, 180, 19t, 
 193, 197, 201, 202, 817, 323, 327, 
 345, 353, 354, 356, 360, 362, 366, 
 370, 381, 393, 394, 395, 397, 491 
 
 Geldestone? 131 
 
 Godalming? 152 
 
 Guildford, 159, 165, 167, 171 
 
 Gloucester, 123, 137, 147, 148, 
 
 152, 155, 156, 159, 165, 167, 171, 
 176, 180, 191, 197 
 
 Godmanohester ? 156 
 
 Hastings, 156, 161, 164, 165, 167, 
 
 171, 176, 180 
 
 Hedingham ? 181 
 
 Hedlie, 196 
 
 Hereford, 137, 145, 152, 156, 159, 
 
 165, 167, 171, 176, 181, 191, 197 
 
 Hertford,137, 147, 148, 152, 156, 
 
 164, 165, 171 
 
 Horningdon, 165 
 
 Huntingdon, 145, 147, 152, 153, 
 
 156, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 171, 1-76 
 
 Hythe, 156, 165, 171 
 
 Jedburgh? 152 
 
 Ilchester, 152, 156, 164, 165, 167, 
 
 171, 191, 197 
 
 Intberge, 147 
 
 Ipswich, 147, 148, 152, 156, 158, 
 
 165, 167, 171, 176, 181, 191, 193 
 Kingston, 201, 202 
 
 Lancaster, 152, 181, 191 
 
 Leicester, 137, 140, 143, 147, 148, 
 
 152, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 164, 
 
 165, 167, 171, 176, 177, 181, 191 
 Lewes, 187, 147, 148, 152, 156, 
 
 158, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171, 176, 181 
 
 Lichfield, 171, 191 
 
 Liming, 147, 148, 152, 165 
 
 Lincoln, 101, 124, 127, 143, 147, 
 
 148, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 164, 165, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 503 
 
 167, 171, 177, 181, 187, 191, 193, 
 197, 202, 203, 204 
 
 Mints, London, 79, 123, 124, 126, 128, 
 187, 140, 145, 147, 148, 152, 153, 
 156, 158, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 
 - 171, 177, 181, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 
 199, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 
 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 
 216, 217, 218, 219, 221-225, 227, 
 229-236, 237, 238, 239, 242-244, 
 245, 246, 247, 248-254, 255, 257, 
 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 
 268-271, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 
 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 
 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 
 296, 302, 314, 315, 323, 341, 351, 
 358, 360, 369, 373, 379, 392 
 
 Longport, 137, 156, 165 
 
 Ludlow ? 147, 152 
 
 Lundy, Isle of, 341 
 
 Lydford, 148, 153, 156 
 
 Lynn, 147, 191, 193 
 
 Maldon, 153, 156, 165, 167, 172 
 
 Malmesbury, 147,153,156,165,172 
 
 Marlborough, 172 
 
 Newark, 177, 191 
 
 Newcastle, 191, 197, 202, 2C3, 206 
 
 Newport, 165 
 
 Northampton, 177, 181, 191, 193, 
 
 197 
 
 Norwich, 137, 140, 143, 145, 147 
 
 149, 153, 156, 158, 159, 165, 167, 
 172, 177, 181, 191, 193, 197, 254, 
 257, 393, 394, 395, 397 
 
 Nottingham, 21, 137, 157, 158, 
 
 159, 165, 167, 172, 177, 178, 181 
 
 Oxford, 127, 128, 129, 135, 137, 
 
 140, 147, 149, 163, 156, 158, 159, 
 165, 167, 172, 177, 181, 186, 191, 
 193, 197, 318, 321, 323, 329, 339, 
 345, 353, 355, 357, 360, 362, 367, 
 869, 870, 491 
 
 Peterborough, 172 
 
 Pevensey, 172, 181 
 
 Beading, 153, 202, 212 
 
 Mints, Ehuddlan, 172, 191, 193 
 
 Bibchester? 156 
 
 Eishangles ? 125 
 
 Eoohester, 113, 137, 147, 153, 156, 
 
 158, 165, 167, 172, 177, 193 
 
 Eomney, 156, 165, 167, 172, 177 
 
 St. Albans, 16, 17, 18 
 
 St. Edmundsbury, 98, 148, 149, 
 
 158, 164, 172, 177, 181, 191, 198, 
 197, 202, 206 
 
 St. Germans, 172 
 
 SaUsbury, 156, 157, 158,159, 164, 
 
 165, 172, 177, 181, 191, 197 
 
 Sandwich, 156, 165, 172, 177, 181 
 
 Shaftesbury, 137, 152, 153, 156, 
 
 157, 165, 167, 172, 181, 196 
 
 Shelford, 80 
 
 Shrewsbury, 187, 147, 152, 153, 
 
 157, 162, 165, 167, 172, 181, 191, 197, 
 
 319, 320, 321, 322, 332, 348, 367, 491 
 
 Silohester ? 12 
 
 Soho, 412, 413 
 
 Southampton, 137, 140, 145, 147, 
 
 148, 152, 156, 158, 164, 165, 167, 
 
 172, 177, 181 
 Southwark, 157, 159, 165, 167, 
 
 172, 177, 181, 187, 293, 482 
 Stafford, 137, 153, 157, 158, 165, 
 
 172, 181 
 Stamford, 148, 149, 153, 157, 158, 
 
 159, 165, 167, 172, 175, 177, 181, 191 
 - — Steyning, 157, 159, 165, 167, 172, 
 
 177 
 
 Stepney, 172 
 
 Sudbury, 153, 165, 172, 177, 181, 
 
 187 
 
 Tamworth, 149, 165, 172, 177 
 
 Taunton, 167, 165, 167, 172, 181, 
 
 187 
 
 Teignmouth, 148, 165 
 
 Thetford, 148, 149, 158, 157, 158, 
 
 165, 166, 167, 170, 172, 177, 181, 191 
 
 Toroksey 1 153 
 
 Totnes, 153, 157, 172 
 
 Tournay, 291 
 
504 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mints, Wainfleet? 191 
 
 WaUingford, 137, 140, 148, 153, 
 
 157, 158, 162, 165, 167, 172,177, 191, 
 197 
 
 Wareham, 137, 166, 167, 170, 
 
 172, 177 
 
 Warwick, 153, 157, 158, 159, 161, 
 
 165, 167, 172, 181 
 
 Watohet, 153, 157, 166 
 
 Weymoutli, 333, 368, 489, 491 
 
 Wilton, 148, 153, 157, 158,166, 
 
 167, 172, 181, 189, 191, 197 
 Winehelsea, 148 
 
 Winchester, 128, 137, 145, 148, 
 
 149, 153, 157, 158, 159, 165, 166, 167, 
 172, 177, 181, 191, 193, 197 
 
 Wivelisoombe, 175 
 
 Worcester, 137, 145, 153, 157, 158, 
 
 159, 166, 167, 172, 177, 181, 191, 334, 
 368, 369, 370 
 
 York, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 
 
 94, 96-101, 109-111, 134, 137, 140, 
 142, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 156, 
 
 168, 161, 163, 164, 167, 172, 177, 
 181, 184, 191, 193, 195, 197, 202, 
 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 
 214, 217, 219, 225, 228, 236, 238, 
 239-241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 254, 
 257, 259, 263, 264, 265, 268, 271, 
 272, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 
 283, 284, 285, 286, 283, 294, 295, 
 328, 334, 335, 348, 353, 356, 357, 
 368, 369, 370, 394, 395, 397 
 
 Mint marks, account of, 430 
 Mint marks explained — 
 
 A, 339 
 
 Archiepiscopal pall, 256 
 
 Arrow, 481, 485 
 
 B, 339 
 
 Bear's Head, 204, 435 
 
 Bird's Head, 485 
 
 Boar's Head, 262, 470 
 
 Bourohier knots, 256 
 
 Bow, 482, 485 
 
 . BE, 326 
 
 Mint marks explained — 
 
 Castle, 333, 481 
 
 Catherine wheel, 277, 482 
 
 Crescent and Star, 434 
 
 Cross moline, 202, 206, 435 
 
 Crozier, 435 
 
 E, 482 
 
 EX, 326 
 
 Eye of Providence, 271, 475 
 
 Gerbs, three, 327, 338 
 
 Greyhound, 475 
 
 K, 482 
 
 Key, 468 
 
 Knot, 256 
 
 Lion rampant and one or more lis, 
 
 206, 435 
 
 Lions passant, two, 333 
 
 Lis, 246 
 
 Lis and rose, 246, 475 
 
 Lozenge, 475 
 
 M and ton, 475 
 
 MuUet, 241 
 
 Ostrich's head, 485 
 
 PaU, 256, 468 
 
 Pears, three, 334 
 
 Plume, 325 
 
 Pomegranate, 277, 482, 486 
 
 PortcuUis, 481 
 
 - — Rings, two interlaced, 241 
 
 Eose, 246, 467 
 
 Eose and Sun, 253, 468, 470 
 
 S, 482 
 
 Scallop sheU, 202, 435 
 
 Sun, 467 
 
 Sun and rose, 253, 468, 470 
 
 Swan, 485 
 
 T, 485 
 
 TG, 292 
 
 Ton, 293, 475, 485 
 
 WS, 286, 482' 
 
 X, 293, 485 
 
 Mint marks, use of, 135, 197, 208, 430 
 
 marks discontinued, 376 
 
 name of, discontinued, 273, 302 
 
 ^onarchs, sole, 146 
 
INDEX. 
 
 505 
 
 Moneyer's name, why placed on coins, 
 
 431. 
 Moneyer, last instance of his name 
 
 forming legend on coin, 200 
 Monogram of AM, Anglia and Mercia, 
 62 
 
 BE, 326 
 
 ■ ■ Cant, 115 
 
 Christian, 51, 104, 106, 
 
 114 
 
 Cnnt Bex, 82 
 
 Croydon? 124 
 
 Dorobernia civitas, 105, 
 
 106, 112 
 
 Eegbeorht, 112 
 
 Herebert, 127 
 
 Karolus, 83, 86, 87, 100 
 
 Lincoln, 124 
 
 London, 79, 123, 124, 
 
 126, 128 
 
 OBV, 46 
 
 Saxon, 112, 115 
 
 Th, 184 
 
 TG, 292 
 
 TL, 286 
 
 WS, 286, 482 
 
 unintelligible, 175 
 
 0. 
 
 Occidentalium Saxoniorum, EthelwH, 
 
 114, 115 
 Ocks, engraver, 416 
 Offa, King of Mercia, 24, 31, 32, 35, 56 
 Onlaf , or Onlof , King of Northumbria, 
 
 96, 141 
 Orm Gamalsuna, church rebuilt by, 102 
 Orsnaforda (Oxford), 127, 129 
 Osbald, King of Northumbria, 69 
 Osbercht, „ „ 77 
 
 Osred, „ „ 66, 69 
 
 Osric, „ „ 66 
 
 Oswald, supposed King of East Angles, 
 
 98 
 Oswulf, King of Northumbria, 67 
 Oswy, Bretwalda, 66 
 Ottford, battle of, 32, 103 
 Oxford type, coins of, discussed, 319 
 coins of Charles I., remarks on, 
 
 Monograms in legend on John's coins, 
 
 193 
 Morton, Abp. of Canterbury, 267, 271, 
 
 475 
 Mountjoy, Lord, 482 
 Mulcmbe, on coin of Stephen, 179 
 
 N. 
 Neil of Northumbria, 92, 101 
 Northumbria, 65 
 Northumberland shillings, 410 
 Norway, Haco, Duke of, imitates Eng- 
 lish coins, 150 
 Nottingham, British name of, 21 
 Numerals on coins, 171, 195, 273 
 
 Arabic, not on coins of Henry 
 
 VI., 236 
 Nunna, King of South Saxons, coins 
 attributed to, 29 
 
 319, 326, 339 
 crown, the, 319 
 
 P. 
 
 Parliament struck coins in Charles I's 
 
 name, 365, 373 
 Peada, of Mercia, coins of, 26, 27 
 Peckham, Sir Edmund, 485 
 Peli ? on sceatta, 27 
 Pembroke catalogue, remarks on, 4 
 Pennies, thirds of, 100, 132 
 Peter, Saint, 99, 111 
 Peter-pence, 99 
 Philip Aymary, moneyer of Henry H., 
 
 189 
 PhUip and Mary, 296 
 Pikler, gem by, 414 
 Pingo, 411, 416 
 Pistrucci, engraver, 414, 415, 416, 418, 
 
 419, 421 
 Fix, trial of, 430 
 Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 99, 107 • 
 
 Plume indicative of Welsh silver, 309, 
 
 313, 316, 319, 325, 383, 392, 399, 404, 
 
 407 
 
606 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Plume on Shrewsbury coins of Charles 
 I., shape of, 320, 333 
 
 Pole, William Wellesley, master of the 
 mint, 415, 416, 418, 420 
 
 Portraits of kings on coins, conven- 
 tional, 199 
 
 archbishops on coins, 66, 
 
 102, 105, 106, 107, 109 
 
 discontinued, 135 
 
 - position of, 380 
 
 Pound and half pound pieces, 321 
 Praen, Eadbearht, or Ethelberht, 32, 
 
 103 
 Price, Sir Carbery, 899 
 Prices at sales, fallacious, B 
 Ptiecsinu, on coin of Stephen, 179 
 Pudsey sixpences, 307 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quaker's money, what so called, 399 
 Quatrefoil, mark of Archbishop of 
 
 York's mint, 229, 240 
 Quatrefoils and trefoils, how formed, 
 
 467 
 Quentovioi legend, 83 
 
 B. 
 
 E, for Ending, 34 
 
 Eamage, David, 378 
 
 Eaven, Danish, on coins, 95, 150 
 
 Bawlins, Thomas, 317, 319, 346, 355, 
 
 357 
 Bedulf, King of Northumbria, 76 
 Eegnald, King of Northumbria, 94 
 Eeign, year of, placed on coins, 381 
 Eichard I., coins of, bear Henry's 
 
 name, 191, 192 
 Eichard II., 213, 437 • 
 
 III., 262, 469 
 
 Eiconi, 16 
 
 Bobert, Earl of Gloucester, 181, 185 
 
 Eoettier, 379, 390 
 
 Boman coins imitated by Cunobeline, 
 
 18,19 
 current in England, 22 
 
 Eose, white, en soleil, badge of Edward 
 IV., 258, 468 
 
 on silver from West of England, 
 
 381, 392, 407 
 
 and plume, on silver of Company 
 
 for smelting down lead, 399, 404, 407 
 
 Ending's plates, remarks on, 5 
 Runic letters used in England, 24, 37, 
 
 71 
 monuments, cross on, 102 
 
 S. 
 Saemu, on British coin, 20 
 Saints, 97 
 
 St. Andrew, 113 
 
 St. Eadmund, 63, 65, 97, 99 
 
 St. Martin, 101 
 
 St. Peter, 83, 93, 94, 99 
 Sarouloo, on sceatta, 30 
 Saxon coinage, 22 
 coins sometimes imitate Eoman, 
 
 22, 33 
 Saxons, South, no coins known, 29, 35 
 
 West, 111 
 
 Saxoniorum rex, Ethelwulf, 114, 115 
 Saxonum rex, 112, 122, 128, 132 
 Saxorum rex, 135, 142 
 Sceattse, 23, 24, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 74 
 
 with Eoman letters, 23, 28 
 
 with Bunio letters, 24 
 
 value of, 24 
 
 Scotch coins, form of crown on, 309, 
 
 333, 358 
 of James I. distinguished 
 
 from English, 309 
 
 dies by Simon, 380 
 
 coins of Anne, 400, 402, 403 
 
 Segontiaci, 16, 17 
 
 Sharpe, Archbishop, on coins of Edward 
 
 I., 11., III., 197 
 Sharrington, Sir William, 286, 482 
 Shield of arms first introduced, 273 
 oval garnished, first introduced, 
 
 291 
 Shilling first coined, Henry VII., 273 
 Northumberland, 410 
 
INDEX. 
 
 507 
 
 Shrewsbviry, coins of Charles I. struck 
 
 there, 319 
 Sidroc, Earl, 80 
 Siefred, King oi Northumbria, 80, 82, 
 
 86, 88, 89 
 
 Sievert, 90 
 
 Simons, 316, 317, 378, 379 
 Sitric, Earl, coins of, 80 
 Sitric, King of Northumbria, 92 
 Sixpence, first coined, Edward VI.,293, 
 
 294 
 Sn, for Snelling, 84 
 Snelling's plates, remarks upon, 3 
 Soho mint, remarks upon, 412, 413 
 Sole monarohs, 146 
 SoUdu, 19 
 
 South Eastern district, coins of, 13 
 Southwark House mint, 482 
 Spanish dollars, stamped with head of 
 
 George III., 412 
 SSC, South Sea Company, 404 
 Standard of silyer money, 170 
 
 type on sceattee, 25-29 
 
 — Danish, on Northumbrian 
 
 coins, 94, 96 
 Stephen, 174, 175, 177, 185 
 
 and Henry, 181, 182 
 
 and Matilda, 182 
 
 Styoa, 65, 67, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79 
 Suffolk House mint, 482 
 Sweyne, King of Denmark, 153 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabular view of coins of 
 Elizabeth, 300 
 James I., 313 
 Charles I., 363 
 Commonwealth, 375 
 Charles II., hammered money, 378 
 
 milled money, 386 
 
 James II., 388 
 WiUiam and Mary, 390 
 William III., 397 
 Anne, 403 
 George I., 406 
 
 George II., 409 
 
 III., 417 
 
 IV., 421 
 
 William IV., 424 
 Victoria, 429 
 
 Tabular view of weights of coins, 7 
 
 Tanner, engraver, 407 
 
 Tasoiovanus, 16, 17 
 
 Tovi, 12 
 
 Temple figured on Saxon coins, 118 
 
 Terci, for tertius, 195 
 
 Theogild, Abp. of Canterbury, 105 
 
 Thor's hammer, 93 
 
 Thorns, crown of, supposed, 433 
 
 Threepences first coined Edward VI., 
 293, 294 
 
 discontinued, 385 
 
 issued for Jamaica, 429 
 
 re-issued for general circu- 
 lation, 429 
 
 ThreehaltpenceeoinedbyElizabeth,299 
 
 issued for Ceylon, 429 
 
 Threefarthings issued only by Eliza- 
 beth, 299 
 
 Throgmorton 293, 485 
 
 Throne, form of, on coins of Henry 
 VII. and VIII., 276 
 
 Tic, on sceatta, 28 
 
 Tigip seno, on Yorkshire coin, 21 
 
 Tinoommins, 12, 13 
 
 Totius Britanniae rex, 135, 136, 147 
 
 Tournay groat of Henry VHI., 291 
 
 Trefoil ornament on Northumbrian 
 coins, 74, 94, 96 
 
 Trinobantes, 16, 17 
 
 Tunust, on coia of Peada, 26 
 
 U V. 
 
 U, peculiar form of, 195 
 
 V, how formed on Conqueror's coins, 
 
 170 
 V, on Durham coins, 259 
 Valentinian I., type of, imitated, 24 
 Value of coins difficult to ascertain, 2 
 
508 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Value of Coins first indicated by figures, 
 
 294 
 Vep. Corf, on Yorkshire coins, 21 
 Verica, British King, 12, 13 
 Verulamium, 16, 17, 18 
 Viberga, in Jutland, coin struck at ? 154 
 Victoria, Queen, 425 
 Vigmund, Archbishop of York, 110 
 VIGO, why placed on coins, 399 
 Ulfhere, Archbishop of York, 101, 111 
 Uncertain mints of Charles I., 335, 348, 
 
 353, 356, 357, 360, 362, 369, 372, 486 
 Universities, plate sent by,toCharles I., 
 
 319 
 Unoonn, on sceatta, 29 
 Vo-oorio-ad, 15 
 Volisios, 21 
 Vosenos, 12 
 
 Urbs, on coins of ^thelstan, 135 
 Vulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 105, 109 
 
 W. 
 W on coins explained, 333, 415 
 Wallingford, peace of, 182 
 Wareham, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 482 
 Warwick, Eoger, Earl of, coins struck 
 
 by, 187 
 W B, on sceatta, 25 
 Weight of coins, 7 
 Welsh Copper Company, 404 
 mines, 309, 313, 316, 325, 392, 
 
 399 
 West of England silver, 381, 392 
 Wibba, of Mercia, sceatta attributed to, 
 
 25 
 Wiglaf, King of Mercia, 49 
 Wiguserd, coin of, 27 
 William, Conqueror, 168 
 
 Eufus, 168 
 
 son of Stephen, 175, 184 
 
 and Mary, 388 
 
 III., 391 
 
 William IV., 422 
 
 Withy and Bial's plates, remarks on, 4 
 
 Wolf and twins on English coins, 23, 
 
 27, 30 
 Wolsey placed his own mark on groats, 
 
 228, 279 
 Wulsius, Abp. of York, 110 
 Wulstan, Abp. of York, 101 
 W W on coins explained, 422 
 WWP on coins explained, 415 
 Wyon, Thomas, 413, 415, 416 
 Wyon, W., 419, 420, 422, 423, 425, 426, 
 
 428 
 
 X. 
 
 XDF on coins of Plegmund, 108 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y and y on York coins, 391 
 
 Yeo, engraver, 411 
 
 York, royal and archiepisoopal coins 
 
 distinguished, 229, 240 
 York, ArohbiBhops of : — 
 
 Ecgberht, 66, 67, 68 
 
 Eanbald, 109 
 
 Wulsius, 110 
 
 Vigmund, 110 
 
 Ulfhere, 111 
 
 Ethelbald, 100 
 
 Leodeward, 101 
 
 Wulstan, 101 
 
 Bowett, 226, 239 
 
 Fleming, 239 
 
 Kempe, 239, 245 
 
 W. Booth, 239, 259 
 
 NeviU, 259 
 
 L. Booth, 259 
 
 Eotherham, 257, 259, 264, 265 
 
 Savage, 265 
 
 Bainbrigge, 265, 277 
 
 Wolsey, 228, 277, 279, 280 
 
 Lee, 280, 281, 282 
 York mint of Charles I. established,335 
 Yorke, Sir John, 293 
 Yorkshire district, coins of, 20, 21 
 
 0. NORMAN AND SON, PRINTERS, HART STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
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