0\^A 6-9 Ov, > l1 LJxJK. pv /;• V. 3 1924 100 211 089 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9241 0021 1 089 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2005 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Maude Gillette GREEK LETTER MEN OF CENTRAL NEW YORK, SOUTH Compiled by WiU J. MaxweU THE COLLEGE BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK 1901 l^ /6/d:z^/7 7 n' ~c ,-( INTRODUCTORY "Then here's to our boyhood, its gold and its gray 1 The stars of its winter, the dews of its May ! " Dr. Kolmes. THREE Greek letters scrawled on a climax stone of the Pyramid of Cheops, in a breath, rolled away from the eyes of a beholder the intervening half of a world, and set him , once more a youth , at the feet of Alma Mater. Time and distance were forgotten as the name of his college fraternity, written there by some globe-girdler like himself, recalled the hopes and ambitions that were his when, for four bright years, those letters shone upon his breast. Was it strange that he should stoop and add to the script the name of his particular chapter? How lightly he descended from that Egyptian elevation, his whole body rejuvenated by the spirit of boyhood which, with the sight of the letters, was wafted into his soul. While Old World guides may proffer aid and point out scenes that were aged when Joseph was discovered by Pharoah's daughter, his thoughts are away in New World fields and he sees his name as it first was borne in the college book. Though he may not have arisen as did a freshman, three times, the first night after the appearance of the catalogue, to see how his name looked in print, he was every whit as joyous. Starred, now, are some of the names that then were read with his, and the four quarters of the globe represent the habitations of those surviving. The fraternity man who has given any thought to the origin of the various orders with their mystic names takes no little pride in the reflection that the same hand which framed the Declaration of Independence may have aided in the founding of the first Greek-letter society, since it was at William and Mary College that Phi Beta Kappa first appeared, and his true American heart beats just a bit exultantly at the thought that the year was 1776. Though mutations may have come upon that same scholastic key, and though John Quincy Adams may have thought himself right in divulging its cherished secrets, nevertheless that pendant badge, Greek-letter bearing, has indicated a high type of scholarship for far more than a hundred years. While the end of the century notions of fraternity may be far removed from those of Jefferson's day, nevertheless we love to claim a noble origin, and from that beginning m 1776 to Yale's Chi Delta Theta of 1821, Union's Kappa Alpha of 1825 and the scores of later bodies, we imagine an unbroken chain. Some have come and some have gone, many are purely local, but the year 1900 sees more than sixty Greek-letter societies firmly established in above one hundred and seventy-five colleges, with graduate and undergraduate membership of nearly one hundred and fifty thousand. Every organization boasts its respective badge and name, and every member is ready to proclaim his particular fraternity the very nonpariel of college societies. While the bodies themselves, in a measure, may be grouped into Eastern, Western and Southern societies the individual members have spread abroad as wide as the continent, and, though the fraternity man may not wear his key or pin save as he goes back to some form of college function, he has a keen eye for youthful wearers, and it will be strange indeed if the sight of the familiar badge does not arouse themes of conversation as long as the time allows. Has any undertaking of his active, practical living drawn more deeply upon his strength and resources than did those days of college life when he essayed to make his society appear the very best of all to the incoming underclassmen ? May not that experience have been an Eton for his subsequent Waterloo ? One unaccustomed to the ways of an American college town might wonder at the effusive greeting accorded to callow youths as they alight from incoming trains, but the mystery lessens as he learns that these eager, pressing young men are the scouts of fraternities, bent on securing for themselves engage- ments which may eventuate in their respective society's improvement as well as enlargement. So long have some fraternities been established, freshmen are uniting with chapters that their grandfathers helped to found, but how changed the situation I Then, the chapter room was located at the end of many flights of stairs, its exact position supposed to be known only to those favored with membership. Its furnishings were by no means sumptuous, but its importance in the mind of proud emblem-wearer could never be greater. Now, in almost every college town, elegant edifices in the most public streets are known by the names of the fraternities whose chapter houses they are. They become a part of the college equipment almost essential to its wellbeing, for the gregarious nature of humanity would better be directed by authority than manifested in spite of it. Very likely each chapter will have as Fratres in Urbe more than one member of the college faculty, and how these names will be repeated in the annual round-up when they are used to influence the decision of the in- vited newly-entered. Certain names have long been potent to conjure with. What boy, fresh from private tutor or the preparatory school, could be indif- ferent to the distinguished honor accorded him in being elected to fellow membership with Boston's most famous Divines, Judges and Literati living and dead; Connecticut's famous General and United States Senator ; a Chief Justice of the United States and even the President thereof? All grades in the military and naval service, even to General and Admiral, seem nearer, now that he knows who have worn his badge. " Being a Boy " and Metro- politan editorship are not so far away, since he learns that Essayist and Editor are also possessors of his emblem, and his resolutions for the future, thus in- spired, are worthy of persistent effort. It matters little what the letters and just as little what the badge, for the fraternity spirit is quite the same, whether displayed in New England or Cali- fornia ; in Chicago or New Orleans. Happy and fortunate the boy who finds himself surrounded by interested friends, ready to exult at his triumphs or, with brotherly hands, to bear him up if his college-way has proven difficult ; the mystic brotherhood may aid where professors fail. An acquaintance with his own immediate classmates he is assured of, but knowledge of his seven years' college contemporaries must come largely through fraternity associa- tion. The secretary's letters, telling the story of current life in other chapters, the annual conventions, when delegates from near and far assemble to report progress and to arrange for future victories, — how they expand the youthful horizon and deepen the character impressions, after all the best that college can do for anyone. The world has never looked quite so bright to the college man as it did when over Ik. Marvel's " Dream Life and Reveries of a Bachelor," he too built Castles in Spain and thought out his future errantry ; when, to paraphrase our genial Autocrat, he was "Bill" and his neighbor, "Joe." Our heartiest welcome then to any medium which serves to erase the intervening years, and reveals our friends and ourselves as we were when " First we were acquaint." Alfred Seelye Roe. FIRST D. K. u. CHAPTER HOUSE KENYON. THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FRATERNITY ' I HE Greek Letter Societies of the American Universities are secret organ- * izations of students, who form these brotherhoods for literary and social purposes, The oldest of these organizations, the Phi Beta Kappa, was estab- lished as early as 1776, and it continued the sole society of its kind for fifty years. It now differs from all other college fraternities and occupies a unique place of its own. Its members are selected at the close of their under-graduate course, and are chosen solely on grounds of scholarship. Membership in one fraternity is ordinarily a bar to membership in another, although this is not the case in the Phi Beta Kappa. The large place these organizations have come to occupy in the American universities can be inferred from the fact that there are now more than 800 " chapters " of these societies in our colleges, and that their total membership, including their alumni, is more than 100.000. In Germany and America students' societies form an important feature of university life. These organizations influence in no small degree the daily life of their members. They largely determine the social intercourse of students, give rise to lasting friendships, regulate conduct, shape ideals and aspirations, and influence views and habits. We have in our American universities nothing that answers to the Corps and Burschenschaflen of the German universities. The Corps are said to be recruited entirely from the wealthy and aristocratic classes, and to attach great importance to the externals of manners and expenditures, and to be character- ized by a strong tendency to an aristocratic aloofness from the great mass of the students.* *See Paulsen's German Universities, p. 190. They are the elite of the student body. When they appear together on formal occasions they carry swords and wear a distinguishing dress. They are composed in the main of students enrolled under the faculty of law, and in less degree from those enrolled under the faculty of medicine. The Burschenschaften are said to make less of social distinctions, to be less exclusive and to have a greater number of representatives of the different faculties. There is no element of secrecy about the corps of the German universities. Their statutes of organization and by-laws have to be submitted to the university authorities for approval. The Corps-Knejpe is a club room rather than a "lodge," and outsiders are often invited to the meetings. A corps has no " chapters" as our American college societies have. It has no existence out- side its own university. Its meetings are held twice a *feek, while the American college society meets once a week. The corps students are duelists and each corps has its Fecht-bodcn or fencing room, where its members meet every day for practice among themselves.! There also exist in the German universities the Verbindungen, which are mere social clubs. These also are independent organizations having no "chapters." Their fellowship is less close and exclusive than that of the Corps or of the Burschenschaften. In the English and Scotch universities there seems to be nothing which at al. resembles the college fraternities of the United States. Their societies are not secret and answer to the open literary societies of the American universities. In the college fraternities of the United States membership is usually indicated by gold badges, which contain the name and some of the symbols of the fraternity. Sometimes they are set in diamonds and precious stones, and are quite costly. In the German universities the societies are distinguished by "color-wearing." They wear distinctive caps of a particular color, or some color emblem attached to their dress. In the United States it has become quite the practice for the students of a particular fraternity to reside together during their college course in their chapter house. A few years ago there were said to be seventy such houses in the United States which were owned by the chapters, and three times as manj which were rented. There are decided advantages in this practice, as well as some dangers that need to be guarded against. The members of a chapter thus living together learn day by day what has been called the great art of gov- •*Hart's German Universities, p. 70. HOUSE OF COLUMBIA CHAPTER OF DELTA PSI, NEW YORK 10 erning themselves. In Germany It is said that there are no laws in the world which are more scrupulously obeyed and more strictly upheld than the laws which (he students' societies impose upon themselves. As a rule the fraternity houses in the United States are well conducted. Severe rules are established, which prohibit students from having intoxicating liquors inside these houses, and and which forbid any form of gambling. The graduate members residing in the town often keep up intimate relations with their society, and are keen observers of the manner in which the under-graduates deport themselves. Years ago, when the people were stirred to a high state of excitement against secret societies, chiefly due to their indignation with Masonry, some of the universities undertook to suppress college fraternities. The attempt led to much bad feeling and was finally abandoned. As early as 1789, however eight years after Phi Beta Kappa was established at Harvard, and long before the anti-masonic agitation, a committee of the Overseers reported to the board ' that there is an institution in the university with the nature of which the government is not acquainted, which tends to make a discrimination among the students,' and submitted the propriety of inquiring into its nature and design. The chairman of that committee was the John Hancock whose signa- ture to the Declaration of Independence has made him immortal I In 1831 the Harvard Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa were induced, " after a long and angry discussion," participated in by Judge Story and John Quincy Adams, to throw open the secrets of that organization to the world. This society is said to constitute a kind of aristocracy of learning in a democratic country. Its name in f uU Js, translated. Philosophy, the Guide of Life. A distinguished Harvard professor has said that this "is the only society whose right to examine the condition of our scholarship is unquestioned," All other Greek Letter societies in our colleges are secret organizations, with the exception of the Delta I'psilon, which is non-secret. Various judgments have been pronounced upon the value of college fraternities. They have been denounced by not a few on the ground that they lead to a neglect of study and to a waste of time ; that they involve consider- able expense and develop habits of extravagant expenditure; that they inculcate false social standards and tend to a supercilious contempt of non- fraternity men ; that they lead to dissipation and vice. On the other hand, we are told that these organizations are helpful and wholesome ; that thfey have high ideals and hold in check evil tendencies ; that the esprit de corps 'ay which Ihey are characterized exerts an excellent influence ; that they tend to develop a pride of scholarship by requiring their members to complete their studies creditably, if for no other motive, then, for the sake of the society's reputation and standing ; that they are organized for the intellectual and moral and social improvement of their members. The truth of the matter is that societies differ just as individuals differ. There are college fraternities whose influence is not altogether wholesome, and from which a student had better keep aloof. There are also fraternities which are in a high degree in every way helpful, and to which it is an honor for any man to belong. If this were not the case, it would be quite impossible to understand the respect and affection with which mature men of the highest type, men like George William Curtis and Joseph H. Choate, have been wont to speak of their college fraternity. It would be still less possible to compre- hend why such men should consent to have their sons initiated into the same society if its influences made for evil and not good. Generalizations are always dangerous. We are not to condemn college societies because some of them may be not altogether what they should be. i'"or the same reason we should not commend them without reservation because some of them may be most wholesome and helpful. It is as necessary to discriminate between societies as it is between individuals. A student proposing to enter a college fraternity should study its membership and determine whether the men who compose it are the manner of men he wants for friends, This much, however, should in all fairness be said : No college fraternity can be wholly bad and long exist in any reputable university. It is the duty of college authorities to weed oiit bad men. Men who abandon themselves to dissipation and to a neglect of work, when they are found out, as sooner or later they are pretty sure to be, are set adrift. And a society composed of men inclined to dissipation would be under the necessity of reforming itself before it became very bad, or it would be liable to be suppressed by action of the proper authorities. The fact that the universities permit these organizations to exist affords strong presumption that they are favorably regarded, and that as a class their influence is for good rather than evil. Princeton is the only institution of any particular prominence in the country in which fraternities are prohibited, and there is no reason to believe that the morale of the student body is any higher there than in the institutions in which a contrary policy is pursued. Indeed it would not be difficult to show by the utterances of numerous college presidents 12 < 13 14 that these organizations on the whole simplify college government and are an aid to administrative officers in the influences which they bring to bear in favor of correct living. The following table gives the Men's General Fraternities established between 1825 and 1873 inclusive, showing the institutions in which they were first established and the date of organization : Kappa Alpha Union College . . . . 1825 Sigma Phi Union College 1827 Delta Phi Union College ..... 1827 Alpha Delta Phi Hamilton College .... 1832 Psi Upsilon Union College ..... 1833 Delta Upsilon Williams 1834 Bsta Theta Pi Miami University .... 1839 Chi Psi Union College 1841 Delta Kappa Epsilon .... Yale 1844 Zeta Psi New York University . . . 1846 Delta Psi . Columbia 1847 Theta Delta Chi Union College 1847 Phi Gamma Delta .... Jefferson College . , . . 1848 Phi Delta Theta Miami University .... 1848 Phi Kappa Sigma .... University of Pennsylyania , 1850 Phi Kappa Psi Jefferson College .... 1852 Chi Phi Princeton , I8S4 Sigma Chi Miami University .... 1855 Sigma Alpha Epsilon . . . University of Alabama . . 1856 Delta Tau Delta Bethany College .... 1860 Alpha Tau Omega .... Virginia Military Institute . 1865 Kappa Alpha (Southern) . . Washington and Lee . . . 1865 Kappa Sigma University of Virginia . . . 1867 Pi Kappa Alpha University of Virginia . . . 1868 Sigma Nu Virginia Military Institute . 1869 Phi Sigma Kappa .... Massachusetts Agr'l College 1873 These organizations pride themselves on a distinguished membership. They number among their adherents many men who have won eminence in statesmanship, diplomacy, jurisprudence, letters, the arts, and in all the various walks of life. There are found in the faculties of the universities their strong supporters, men whose personal experience and observation has led them to the 15 conclusion that these societies are worthy of a place in our institutions for the higher learning. But every effort should be made to keep these organizations from degenerating into mere social clubs, and no person should be admitted into their membership unless he is possessed of those intellectual, moral and social qualities which render intimate association with him desirable and help- ful. Fraternity men are sometimes accused of entertaining a weak, narrow and unworthy prejudice which occasionally leads them to look down upon or to depreciate non-fraternity or " neutral " men. It may be that such a spirit now and then appears. That it is discreditable and unworthy is evident. But that it is largely entertained is not believed. That it should be frowned upon by all admits of no doubt. Henry Wade Rogers. 16 17 DELTA PHI HOUSE AT YALE ADVANTAGES OF COLLEGE FRATERNITY LIFE. SEVENTY-FIVE years have passed since the first Greek-letter fraternity was organized at Union College. Since then twenty-six others have passed through the early struggle for existence and established themselves firmly in the social and scholastic life of the institutions where they have been installed. All questions involving their right of existence, their moral influence and their effect upon academic standing and social clans and caste have long since been decided. With a single exception, they are now a part of student life in every important college in the United States and Canada, and are not only recognized but encouraged by the faculties of those institutions, whose mem- bers still find pleasure and profit attending the initiations and the regular meet- ings of those which they joined in their student days. A good fraternity is recognized as a good thing. Those who have enjoyed its fellowship understand its advantages. In those who have not experienced that blessing of boyhood life, no amount of argument can excite an apprecia- tion of its value. The closest friendships you and I have to-day were formed before we became of age, in the walls of our chapter house. Age, occupation, distance, separation, new associations, have no influence upon friendships that are formed under such circumstances. You may not have seen him for a third of a century ; you may not have heard his name for a generation ; the path of his life may have led him to the Antipodes, but, when you come face to face with a boy who was initiated with you on a frosty autumn night, per- haps with absurb and silly ceremonies, the flame that often burns low, but can never be extinguished, will blaze up with a glow that will warm the lives of 19 both of you, and you feel towards each other a sentiment that you have never felt toward any man since the day you graduated. I have met members of my fraternity in odd corners of the world. Among the Toaist Temples of China; in the mines of Andes; on the banks of the Nile, and although we were strangers before and have been strangers since, there were at least a few moments of gratification that encounters with other people could not have inspired. Boys are social animals. In obedience to the law of affinity they seek the companionship of their own kind, just as birds of a feather are said to flock together. This phenomenon is found among our four-footed friends also, who have their secret societies and associations for mutual protection and improve- ment. When a boy enters college he is subject to various influences, good or bad. His individuality, if he has any, and few boys have none, is rapidly disclosed and recognized by those of his own grade and tastes, and if such a boy can be drawn into the companionship of good men who are a little older and have a little more experience, it will certainly be to his benefit. Class relations can be cultivated without fraternities, but inter-class associa- tions are difficult to cultivate outside the club or chapter house or training table. Seniors and juniors take pleasure in looking after the interest and the welfare of the sophomores and freshmen who belong to their fraternity, and many a boy has been saved from dissipation and had the better attributes of his nature developed by such intimacies, which could not have existed outside of fraternity life. 1 have personal knowledge of many such cases, and in my own experience as a student I found that the example and the approval of the upper classmen of my fraternity had a great influence in the formation of my character and tastes. There have been and always will be abuses of the opportunities I have described, but those who are familiar with the history of college fraternities and will take the trouble to examine their catalogues, will find that the high characters of the men who have been members are the best endorsement of their advantages. By their personnel the Greek-letter fraternities may justly be judged. William Eleroy Curtis. EELLS MEMORIAL HALL OF ALPHA DELTA PHI AT HAMILTON 21 %i BETA THETA PI AT JOHNS HOPKINS 22 DURANTE VITA Arcana coelesiia ; Sic sunto perpettia. DURANTE vita ; aye to end of life, What hallowed, golden memories are rite O'ertopping Recollection's thronging plain. Uprise the colums of a lofty fane. No hooded monks nor priestly denizens Its altars guard, or dole its benisons To cringing devotees whose every word Is by direction of some mitered lord. The humblest pilgrim to this mystic shrine A monarch is, by kingly rights divine ; While most exalted of this knightly clan. Despite his rank, is but a fellow man. Here brothers on a common level meet, The ancient ties to weld, the new to greet ; And hither may the wanderers return Whose hearts for friendship unalloyed still yearn. Inscribed above this portal as you pass Appears the simple word '' Fraternitas." temple beautiful, temple fair, What fond associations cluster there 1 The hopes, ambitions, loves of Springtime days. That linger in a mellow Autumn haze A fellowship which casteth out all fears. Unshaken in the flood of passing years. Fit emblem thou of that millenial good — Humanity's united brotherhood. These sacred memories shall still be rife, Forsooth durante vita. — during life. Albert Judson Fisher. 23 EARLY DAYS T N the striking development of the American college the growth of the social '■ side has kept close and steady pace, crystalizing in what is termed the Fraternity System. So perfectly and systematically has the fraternity or brotherhood idea grown that to-day there are few colleges of reputation, rank or size that are not largely influenced and controlled by it. The birth of the system dates from the historic year of American Inde- dependence. Like the nation, small and trembling, but brave, the first chapter of a Greek Letter Society announced its advent in the patriotic village of Williamsburg, Va., on a bleak December night, 1776. It was here in this secluded village, amid the primeval forests, that had been founded in the clos- ing days of the seventeenth century the second oldest college on American soil. Perhaps the Virginia colony lacked that devotion to religion and education that characterized the self-sacrificing men who established Harvard ; yet the love of that culture born only of education and liberty was exemplified in the founding of a college so early in the history of the colony. Near the old college walls stood a modest hostelry where hospitality was dispensed in true colonial fashion. College and tavern grew old together, and their frequenters little dreamed of the place in history both were destined to take. But within the Raleigh Inn the voice of Patrick Henry, in tones which perpetuated his name, uttered the first battle note of the struggle for independ- ence, and in the year that witnessed the same sentiment, armed with legislative authority, five students of William and Mary, while seated at the hospitable board of the Raleigh Inn, expressed their bond of fellowship in a written constitution. This society was known by the Greek letters " Phi Beta Kappa." Secrecy may have been a useless appendage to this small band of congenial 24 25 26 students, but their aim was considered best so subserved and its members were only known by a badge in the form of a small golden key upon which was engraved " Phi Beta Kappa," the initials of their motto. In 1779 a newcomer arrived among the students of William and Mary in the person of Mr. Elisha Parmele. Mr. Parmele was initiated into the mys- teries of Phi Beta Kappa, and so thoroughly was he convinced that the Virginia dinners enjoyed by this society would taste equally as well at Harvard and Yale, where he had formerly studied, that he journeyed one fine fall day, by horse and stage, to New Haven, where, in December, 1779. he established the chapter at Yale, and a few days later there was added to the Hasty Pudding and Institute of 1770 at Harvard the Southern society of Phi Beta Kappa. Thus were the first chapters of the oldest Greek letter society founded. But the Alpha chapter was destined to soon experience the evil effects of war, which has twice clothed the college of William and Mary in poverty. In 1781, General Gornwallis, advancing near Williamsburg, forced this university to temporarily close. The chapter necessarily became extinct. Harvard and Yale, however, rapidly extended the order, and chapters were soon thriving at Dartmouth, Williams, Bowdoin and Amherst. More than seventy years after the suspending of the parent chapter, one of the original members, although nearly a centenarian, made the long journey from Philadelphia to William and Mary to re-establish the chapter. As the Century was nearing the end of its first quarter, time-honored Phi Beta Kappa had already lost the social characteristics of a Raleigh Inn dinner, and, more and more, an election to its membership was considered as a reward of scholastic merit. The golden key, so proudly worn by Virginia youths as the insignia of genial fellowship, was now taken as evidence of the possession of book lore and literary attainments. Under these conditions, it is not strange that in 1825, at old Union College, four members of Phi Beta Kappa should reincarnate the lost spirit of the youths of '76 and boldly launch a secret society called Kappa Alpha. This was the first of the modern Greek letter fraternities, and it was not a great departure from the original idea of Phi Beta Kappa. They also had chosen a motto, by the initials of which they were known. Their badge was not a departure from the original idea of the older society. They also adopted a key, the only change being that they suspended it from a corner instead of from the center of its equal sides. 27 It was & stormy sea upon which this new craft embarked. The faculty was unfriendly. The student body, long accustomed to open literary societies, found no room for the new project. Yet the society prospered. It won its way into the heart of college life. Friend and foe acknowledged the courtesy of its members and the genialty of the wearers of the new badge. Sigma Phi soon followed Kappa Alpha on the same campus, and in the short course of a few years other fraternities appeared, and the system of Greek letter brotherhoods became fairly and firmly launched. It is interesting to reflect on the early days, when the Greek letter men were invariably the minority of the student body, and conditions everywhere seemed hostile to their existence. But the fraternity, contrary to expecta- tions, proved to be an association whose influence was to broaden, rather than to narrow, the friendship of its members. It was a plea for friendship rather than a protest against it, and its influence became felt beyond the banded fellowship of its own conservative circle, ^ In the early days the chapter was a fraternity in itself, and if the mother chapter had planted charters in other colleges, the association between the two was not as intimate as it is to-day. It was seldom they came together. The fraternity interest seemed to be measured by the days in college, and was counted only a pleasant memory in the years which followed commencement. Those who organized these fraternities and shaped their policy in the early days builded far wiser than they knew. Many are the men who answer to the roll-call of the classes of the thirties and forties, who, years after they had worn the old fraternity pin, found some genial youth displaying on his vest the old familiar insignia, and upon inquiry as to when and where such good fortune befell him, learned that the fraternity, which had grown dim and almost forgotten, had become an organization of strength and power, and its chapters were on the green campus of colleges of standing, from gulf to lakes, and from sea to sea. Such was the glad surprise to many and many of the "Older Boys," who had wandered into the commer- cial and professional world, leaving behind the pleasant memories of youth. Richard Lloyd Jones. 28 29 PHI KAPPA SIGMA UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 30 FRATERNITY ' I "HE road that winds among the rocks, and lifts i The toiler up to heights where all the gifts. Most manifold, of nature, are enhanced. And vistas open to the mind entranced With hopes half realized, is rough and steep. The level paths are easier to keep. There are no bruised feet upon the plain ; No sighs for hopes that proved to be in vain ; No eyes that ache and yet refuse to weep Aweary grown with looking up the steep Ascent for that which, failing of a name Men call, for lack of better reason, fame. No balm has yet been found for such as feel No bruise. That rest alone is sweet and real When Labor first prepares the couch and makes Immediate, magic cure of all our aches. Whatever cause may underlie, 'tis true. That fame has been monopolized by few While millions failed, or else did not aspire. The tide of fortune lifts few from the mire. Who, beside Caesar passed the Rubicon? At Waterloo, who stood with Wellington? Who, with Napoleon, braved the Russian Bear? With Washington, who crossed the Delaware ? Yet there were those who well deserved the meed Awarded to the one. Their country's need Became their own, and they as freely gave Of their heart's blood — nor deigned one drop to save- As he on whom the laurel wreath was laid. . One name shines through the years, while others fade. Yet fame is ever circumscribed by fears. Success breeds cares and victory hath its tears. The happiest homes are not in palace halls, Nor hearts found truest where the ermine falls. In truth, to climb Aornus were an end Most meet, if on the heights were found a friend Whose trustful soul against your own would grow. Too close to be cast off at any blow Aimed by the tongue of envy or of hate. They scarce deserve the name of friends who wait On Fortune, when the brook grows shallow — fools — Casting about their line for deeper pools. These last comprise the most of humankind. And even fame is not so hard to find As the pure love from friendship's sacred mine, Which, purged from dross, becomes almost divine. Not hoarded treasure gained by years of toil, The finer senses being dulled meanwhile ; Not high position, with its motley horde Of clinging sycophants, whose every word Belies the real desire for pslf and place ; Not the brief honor of the winning race For fame, where false ambition sets the pace ; Not one or all combined can fill the space Of individual life, from dawn to dark With full content, whene'er there lacks the spark 32 "."■.• pm.n°TcPi ntri°5iAi mnTcuy^iLiiAMs , cnAPmnou5E.Aniin?)5T- ALPHA DELTA PHI VIEWS 33 r ■;y- ' k afijgll; ltilaBiilLii[,aHJaliili -,.1. l^fes^ ... .^"'kf"^^^- ■t-i** BETA THETA PI GROU = 34 Within the breast which makes of all mankind A brotherhood. As well attempt to find A pearl or diamond in the serpent's nest. As rare content or perfect peace and rest Where naught but sordid avarice abides And greed has scorched the soul it all but hides. Let that fair word, Fraternity, sink d;ep Into your hearts and lives, for round it sweep. At ever varying range, half of the light And sunshine of this life. It brings no blight, But bloom instead. It proves a healing balm To minds diseased. It finds a haven calm For storm-tossed souls which elss might have been lost. It tells the truth whatever proves the cost. Fraternity — thou child of college halls. Although not circumscribsd by any walls — To thee we pledge the cup and faith renew. To joys you add, in measure more than due. And to the sorrows, bid us kiss the rod. Seeing in them, fraternity with God. Donald D. Donnan. 35 36 f^'?^»}^f'' 'lliiil'll!! .■ LcniGti ~ union *] GROUP OF PHI GAMMA DELTA CHAPTER HOUSES 37 38 THE COLLEGE HOMESTEADS OF GREEK LETTER MEN ONE of the most important and interesting of the subjects relating to the growth of the American college fraternities is that cf their chapter houses. These have been fitly named the college homesteads of the Greek letter men. When the young collegian goes up to his chosen college or university, one of the most interesting, oftentimes most exciting and per- plexing, of the events of his scholastic career is the final acceptance of election to one of the fraternities. Not surprising, then, that the chapter house should be regarded with no little interest by the novitiate. Thf, increase in the number of chapter houses has been coincident with tlie maturity of the fraternities, varying as to cost or architectural pretensions, according mostly to the age or financial ability of the proprietary chapter. Chapter houses or lodges are found now at nearly all the institutions where the Greek letter fraternities have established themselves. The earliest of these structures was, indeed, the pioneer of its class ; but whether the dis- tinction of having the first lodge or chapter house belongs to Kenyon College, or the University of Michigan, is in dispute. At all events, it was in the West, and like the houses of the sturdy pioneers who developed that section, it was a log cabin. It is certain that a structure of this kind on a secluded spot in an outlying forest, was us-d for its secret conclaves by at least one of the three fraternities which, established at Michigan in the middle 39 " forties," successfully withstood the ban and outlawry of faculty interdiction. But probably the cabin in this case, unlike that used at Kenyon ten years later by the men of Delta Kappa Epsilon, was not built for the purpose. The latter was a fairly well-built structure of its class, forty-five feet long. The interior, ten feet in height, was nicely ceiled, and there was a suitable furnishing with carpet, chairs, tables, and the walls were adorned with a few pictures. "A cooking-stove, with skillet, griddles and pots complete, was the pride of the premises," writes an old member, " where each hungry boy could roast his own potatoes or cook his meat on a forked stick in true bandit style." In the early days, the prevailing prejudice against fraternities at most of the colleges, which in some cases was expressed in actual strict and fierce inhibition, with severest penalties, made it necessary that the members should rendezvous stealthily, and therefore the chapter could not have a fixed meeting place, much less possess a lodge or house of its own. But with the second gen- eration of the fraternities, when their founders were sending their sons in increasing numbers to claim collegiate and fraternity honors, the need for commodious lodgement was as natural as the vitality of the societies and the recognition which they had wrested from college authorities. Indeed, among the most earnest and influential of those to favor chapter house schemes have been Greek letter men of the highest standing and authority in the faculties of the great institutions where the fraternities maintain their strongest position. It has been remarked that with the development of the chapter house a process of evolution is going on, by which something like a dormitory system of a new species is coming to be established. The maintenance of a college homestead, with a well ordered manage, certainly induces a communal life among the members, and although objection has been raised that in one or two cases the club feature has led to abuses, to extravagance, and to dissi- pation, yet there can be no question that the influences surrounding the collegian who has the good fortune to be domiciled in a comfortable and well- appointed fraternity house are wholesome and uplifting. We have the testi- mony on this point of that distinguished educator and statesman, Andrew D. White. In an address at the dedication of the Psi Upsilon House at Cornell, he expressed the opinion that; " Both theory and experience show us that when a body of young men in a university Hke this are given a piece of property, a house, its surroundings, its reputation, which for the time being is their own, for which they are responsible, in which they take pride — they 40 41 42 will treat it carefully, lovingly, because the honor of the society they love is bound up in it." And on the subject of the usefulness of the chapter house, in its relation to the college life of the Greek letter man, Charles Kendall Adams, President of the University of Wisconsin, in a letter recently published, giving his views upon the tendencies to extravagant expenditure and to caste among college students, and upon the true ideal of a college life in a democratic republic, declared that, " while there is unquestionably some tendency to waste a good deal of time in unimportant social affairs, yet on the whole it is doubtful whether more is not gained than lost by such associations." Pursuing the subject, he added : "The importance of such communal life in the friendships that are established and carried out into the world ought not to be overlooked. Usually the fraternities are more or less under the supervision of officers of the faculty who when in college were themselves members and who continue to take an interest in the success of the institutions with which they have been so closely identified. All of the best fraternities are an important means of restraining the wayward, of keeping up standards of scholarship, and of pre- venting lawlessness and neglect of university studies. It must be admitted that these are advantages which are not furnished by the dormitory system. While here and there objections to their existence are raised, it must be evident to those who have observed their establishment and progress that they are des- tined to remain, and it is to be hoped that they will furnish very much of the good and prevent very much of the -evil that are commonly supposed to be characteristic of the older system of dormitory life." William Raimond Baird, author of the valuable work on " American Col- lege Fraternities," fitly summarizes the following cogent reasons for the useful- ness of fraternity chapter houses : " It is a common fact in human experience that people are more deeply interested in things upon which they have spent time, effort, or money, than in things which they have acquired without either, and • ■ the interest cf alumni has never been so fully aroused and maintained by any feature of fraternity life as by the efforts which have been made to build chap- ter lodges and houses. The creation of building funds, the frequent consulta- tions as to plans and the consideration of ways and means, have intensified the interest of alumni in a way that nothing else has done. All of this has resulted in direct benefit tc ihe colleges, and the wiser among college officials are encouraging the development of this feature of fraternity life in every way 43 possible. The advantages of the chapter-house system are not altogether on the side of the student. They relieve the college from the necessity of increas- ing the dormitory accommodations, and also of many of the details of super- vision over the actions of the students." The number of houses owned by the twenty-five fraternities represented in this work is one hundred and forty-one. The number of houses leased exceeds two hundred, and these are soon to give way in many cases to houses owned or erected by the chapters, plans for that purpose having been already adopted. The structures are of two classes. The earliest type was a lodge or temple, as mostly at Yale, designed and built for the exclusive purpose of a place where the formal conclaves are held. It was soon found that for the active members of a fraternity, closely associated together throughout the whole college term, there was needed a structure containing, besides the hall or room for meetings, the complete equipment of rooms for living and social purposes. In the majority of cases, so rapid has been the development of the chapter-house system, instead of houses specially planned and erected, pur- chase has been made of eligible private residences, some of them possessing a style of architectural elegance which challenges admiration. In such cases, after the required alterations and fitting up, a lodge is afforded as sumptuous and complete as if planned specially for the purpose. The styles of architecture are as varied as the caprices of architects at different periods and localities. In the larger cities one naturally expects to find a style of chapter-house archi- tecture following somewhat that of the city residence or club house, while in the country localities he will meet the vagaries of the Queen Anne period, mingled here and there with stately reproductions of the best work of the Colonial style. A distinct differentiation is noticeable in one of the houses at Amherst, and at another place an entirely novel type of architecture presents itself — a kind of cloister connecting the larger part of the building, where the members have their living rooms, by a gallery or covered way with the chapel or lodge room where the proceedings are held. In interior arrangement and decoration there is as great a difference as in external appearance. Not a few of the houses are furnished with everything which can be suggested by luxurious and refined taste or supplied with the aid of unstinted resources. The wood-work, furni- ture, objects of art and paintings are of a kind to please the requirements of a critical ffistheticism. In some cases, as denoting a tribute of honor and reverence in loving memory of deceased members, will be found bpautiful 44 I i 45 46 windows and tablets, and in this connection should be mentioned the house which Alpha Delta Phi has erected at Hamilton College in commemoration of the institution there of that fraternity by its founder, Samuel Eels. With the progress of time, it can well be believed that there will be more of these deserved memorials. Besides the social feature, there must be considered also the economic side of the question. The cost of the chapter houses, of the ground which they occupy, and of their interior appointments and furnishings, varies as greatly as the style of architecture employed, being governed for the most part by the financial ability of the proprietary societies. In the smaller institutions, where chapter houses have been acquired by some of the younger and less prominent, but no less ambitious fraternities, the expenditure in a f3w cases has not exceeded sums varying from five to ten thousand dollars, lut in general it will be found that the investment exceeds ten thousand dollars for land and building alone. In not a few institutions, including all the greater universities and colleges, there are chapter houses valued at fifty thousand dollars and upwards. It is not easy to reach exactness on this point, especially as there has been in many cases considerable enhancement of value arising from improvements on the property itself or in its neighborhood. From inquiries made among alumni of several institutions and from careful investi- gation, it is estimated that the average valuation, conservatively, of the houses as they exist to-day is not less than twenty thousand dollars, so that, allowing a reasonable amount for the belongings in leased premises, the aggregate value of all the chapter house property of Greek letter fraternities in the United States is not less than two and ons-half million dollars. It may well be expected that because of the matured age of the fraternities, and the increase in their membership and financial resources, the college homesteads of the future will be vastly superior to the structures of to-day, and that it will not be long before the buildings which are to be erected will be of a splendid type of architectural beauty and perfectness ; moreover, it is certain that they will be designed with strictest reference to suitability and permanence. The strengthening influence which is exerted in the direction of promoting the vitality of the fraternities through the development of the chapter-house system, as a necessary and indispensable feature of fraternity organization, cannot be too highly estimated. Besides the advantage springing from the 47 communal life of the active members whose interests centre so closely in their chapter-house, there is to be considered the fact that in after life the college homestead will prove to be an attraction to the inactive member, which will serve to bind him to Alma Mater, and stimulate the interest and pride felt by every loyal Greek letter man in the advancement and glory of his fraternity. James H. Goodsell. 48 49 50 CROUP OF CHI PSI CHAPTER HOUSES 51 52 53 54 PSI UPSILON HOUSE AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 55 56 ^md'j/ DELTA PHI AT HARVARD AND LEHIOH 57 PHI DELTA THETA AT AMHERST AND UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 58 ft. '■ 'V i ■ 1: y '|i[|-=ii5hf|4Es^s- 'i,¥,f 41, I % X 59 C0L5ATC TALC REPRESENTATIVE DELTA KAPPA EPSILON HOUSES 60 61 62 PHI GAMMA DELTA AT UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, AND UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE 63 SIOMA ALPHA EPSILON AT LELAND STANFORD, JR. 64 PHI SIGMA KAPPA AT COLUMBIAN, WASHINGTON, D. C. 65 KAPPA ALPHA (SOUTHERN) AT COLUMBIAN 66 67 68 SIGMA PHI AT HOBART 69 70 ALPHA DELTA PHI CLUB, NEW YORK CORNELL CHAPTER HOUSE INTERIOR 71 DELTA PHI AT RENSSELAER 72 ALPHA DELTA PHI AT YALE AND UNION 73 74 PHI DELTA THETA, MICHIGAN AND PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE 75 PHI GAMMA DELTA AT UNIVERSITY OF MAINE 76 Anncp P)UTGC[\5 DELTA UPSILON CHAPTER HOUSES 77 ZETA PSI AT YALE 73 79 80 PHI GAMMA DELTA INTERIORS, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE -/ .oiW PHI SIGMA KAPPA AT CORNELL 82 83 84 85 86 BETA THETA PI AT MICHIGAN 87 PSI UPSILON AT TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD, CONN. 98 CHI PSI AT LEHIOH 89 ALPHA TAU OMEGA AT CORNELL 90 ALPHA DELTA PHI AT JOHNS HOPKINS 91 92 BADGES HISTORIES AND ROSTERS KAPPA ALPHA ON a certain night in Novembsr of the year 1825, Charles Clark Young and Andrew E. B. Knox, of the class of '26 at Union College, were initiated into a new secret society, planned and organized by three of their classmates, who were unwittingly the founders of a great social factor in American college life. Kappa Alpha — for so ^ the new Society was named — was an association of kindreJ spirits, for social and literary purposes. Its founders were gentlemen and scholars, and such were the men whom they chose as their companions in the mystic order. John Hart Hunter, whose name stands at the head of the roll of member- ship, was a man of uncommon ability, afterward a minister of the Pres- byterian Church. Isaac W. Jackson and Thomas Hun (but lately deceased), his fellow-workers in the founding of Kappa Alpha, were both men of note, one long a professor at his Alma Mater, the other learned in msdicine. Beside them in these early years stood others well known in later life — Arthur Burtis, Leonard Woods, William H. Wyckoff among clergymen ; Levi Hubbell, Amos D^an, Rafus W. Peckham (the elder), Wa;d Hunt among jurists; U. S. Senator Preston King; Augustus Schell, capitalist; General Jesse C. Smith, and Prof. Charles E. West. Such, in brief, is the story of th3 origin of the first Greek letter society (as the term is generally understood— Phi Beta Kappa being a literary society only) in the American colleges. It was soon proved that the idea of the founders of Kappa Alpha filled a want in the student life at Union. In 1827 Sigma Phi and Delta Phi, organizations planned on lines similar to Kappa Alpha, came into existence, and in spite of opposition from students and faculty, th-. secret societies flourished, and won for themselves standing and reputation. The " Mother Chapter " of Kappa Alpha has been the loved home of many of the best among the sons of Union, whose careers have shed honor upon their college and society. Its prosperity has been proportionate to that of the College, and over 450 names appear on its roll. The first branch of the Society was established at Williams College, at tne request of a company of fourteen students, gathered into close fellowship by the gentle nature and winning personality of Azariah S. Clark of the class of 1834. Of these charter members two still survive — Rev. Thomas Wright, of Fenton, Mich., and Rev. Lucius Q. Cur;is, of Hartford, Conn., the latter of whom attended the memorable meeting of the Society in New Yoik It the inauguration of the Lehigh chapter in January, 1894. 99 At Williams, as at Union, the Society had its battles to fight with tradU tlonalists and the foes of secrecy. The recollection still lives of the night attack on Kappa Alpha's meeting place by the " Oudens " or Social Fraternity which was repulsed by force of arms. But here again secret societies were not to be suppressed by persecution. They grew in numbers, and as the years passed, came little by little to be what they are to-day, the most delightful feature of academic life in Williamstown. Like the mother chapter. Kappa Alpha at Williams at first found a home in the rooms of its members, but soon quarters ware provided for it in a private house on the borders of the town, where its meetings were held for many years. The present beautiful lodge, situated on a most desirable spot on the Williamstown street, was dedicated in 1877. The membership of the Chapter since its foundation has been over 400, and from 15 to 20 undergraduates, several of whom live in the lodge, usually compose the active chapter. The Geneva chapter, founded at Geneva (now Hobart) College, in 1844, grew out of a burlesque local society called " The Skin and Bones," and was established largely by the efforts of members of the Williams chapter. Of the charter members — four of whom were present at the commencement reunion in 1898 — there survive Gen. Edward S. Bragg, of Wisconsin ; Rev. Lawrence S. Stevens, of Michigan; Rev. Joseph M. Clarke and Rev. Peyton Gallagher, of New York. Meetings were held in a hotel in Geneva, and for several years the Society prospered in its new home. The chapter was suspended in 1854, but after a lapse of twenty-five years. It was revived by the enthusiasm of the old alumni. Since then it has been uniformly successful, and now occupies an attractive and roomy ciiapter house, on the main street of Geneva, overlooking Seneca Lake. Its total membership is 174, and the active chapter numbers about twenty. Several alumni of the Union and Williams chapters, living in Princeton, N. J., in 1852, were instrumental in founding a chapter of K. A. at the College of New Jersey, in that year. The new chapter, mads up of men of talent and of prominence in college, was full of promise at its beginning. Hardly had it become fairly established, however, when it encountered the opposition of the college authorities, which in the end drove the genial in- fluence of all Greek letter fraternities out of Princeton. Throughout the protracted struggle Kappa Alpha pursued an honorable course, and, when it was found impossible to continue the chapter as became the dignified character of the Society, the charter was surrendered in 1856. Among the members of the chapter at Princeton were John P. Poe, afterwards Attorney General of Maryland; John P. Jackson, Jr., Speaker of the Lower House of the New Jersey State Legislature ; the Rev. William C. Roberts, of the Presbyterian Church ; and Telfair Hodgson, Vice-Chancellor of the University of theSJuth. 100 Out of the suppression of the Princeton chapter graw the founding of another branch of the Society. Joseph Hodgson, who was graduated from Princeton in 1856, took up the study of law at the University of Virginia, and secured the granting of a charter to a body of students there in the same year. The Virginia chapter was prosperous until the breaking out of the Ciiril War in 1861, when exercises at the University were practically suspended, and most of the members of the Society took the field for the Confederacy. Of those who survived the first two years of the war, almost all held positions ol importance in the service. At the close of the war, none of the chapter returned to the University, and the Society has never been revived there. The Cornell chapter began its career with that of the University in 1868. It rapidly grew in strength, and has had an honorable history. A costly chapter house was erected on the University campus in 1837, which furnished a home for the Society until its destruction by fire on Dsc. 29, 1898. Plans for the rebuilding of the lodge are rapidly progressing, and the burned build- ing will soon be replaced by another of equal, if not superior, beauty and usefulness. The chapter roll of Cornell contains over 200 names, and her active membership is always large in the various schools of the University. Though the majority of the Greek letter fraternities have yieiacu \u ma tendency to enlarge their borders by the addition of new chapters. Kappa Alpha has long and consistently resisted it. " Quality and not quantity " has been her distinguishing mark. In recent years three chapters only have been established — at Toronto University in Canada in 1892; at the Lehigh University in Pennsylvania in 1894, and at McGill University, Montreal, in 1899. Aside from the life-long and close connection which every graduate Kappa Alpha man keeps with the Society through his own chapter, the alumni of all chapters enjoy frequent meetings. Chief among these are the annual dinners, held in the winter in New York, and the annual conventions, held with the active chapters in May or June. Boston and Buffalo has each its annual dinner, and reunions are frequently held in Chicago by the western members of Kappa Alpha. Catalogues have been published at intervals, the last, issued in 1892, being a complete biographical record of the members, with historical sketches of the chapters. A supplement to this work, issued in the present year (1899), brings the record down lo date. Annual reports are also published by the Executive Council, the governing body of the Society. Honorary members have not been admitted to Kappa Alpha. Among the eminent members of the Society may be mentioned : In public life : U. S. Senators Preston King, of New York, and James Dixon, of Connecticut ; U. S. Representatives Thomas Allen, of Missouri ; Charles L. Beale, John M. 101 Carroll and John B. Steele, of New York; Jesse 0. Norton, of Illinois, and Gabriel Bouck, of Wisconsin ; Associate Justice Ward Hunt, of the U. S. Supreme Court; Governor Henry M. Hoyt, cf Pennsylvania, Sureeon-General J. Rufus Tryon, of the Navy ; General Albert J. Myer, of the U. S. Signal Service ; and S. G. W. Benjamin, U. S. Minister to Persia. In the Christian ministry : Arthur Burtis, Edward D. G. Prime, William W. Harsha, Robert R. Booth, Henry M. Booth, John L. Nevius, William C. Roberts, and J. Clement French, of the Presbyterian Church ; William H. Wyckoff and Justin A. Smith among Baptists ; James G. Johnson among Congregationalists ; James M. Willson among Reformed Presbyterians, William Tatlock among Episcopalians, and Frederick Z. Rooker of the Roman Catholic Church. Inlaw: Judges Rufus W. Peckham (the elder), James C. Smith and George F. Danforth, of tht New York Supreme Court ; Francis R. E. Cornell- of the Minnesota Supreme Court ; Charles B. Lawrence, Chief justice of the Illinois Supreme Court ; John P, Poe, Attorney-General of Maryland ; Owen T. Coffin, for many years Surrogate of Westchester County, N. Y. ; John K. Porter, Wheeler H. Peckham, and Marcus T. Hun, of New York; and Francis ri. Dewey, of Massachusetts. In education : College Presidents L. Clark Seelye, of Smith ; Leonard Woods, of Bowdoin; Charles J. A. Schaeffer, of Iowa State University ; Paul A. Chadbourne, of Williams, and Eliphalet N. Potter, of Hobart and Union; Professors Isaac W. Jackson, of Union; Charles A. Joy and Charles F. Chandler, of Columbia; William H. Chandler, of Lehigh; Nathaniel H. Griffin, of Williams ; George L. Raymond, of Princeton ; T. Frederick Crane, John L. Morris, and Charles F. Hartt, of Cornell ; Dean Edward H. Griffin, of Johns Hopkins ; Vice-Chancellor Telfair Hodgson, of the University of the South ; Charles B. Hubbell, President of the Board of Education of New York City ; Charles E. West, of Brooklyn, the veteran educator of young women ; Henry R. Pierson, Chancellor of the New York State University. Among authors and editors; Solomon B. Griffin, of The Springfield Republican : Joseph Hodgson, of The Mobile Register ; Francis E. Leupp, of The New York Evening Post; Lewis H. Morgan, the ethnologist, Fitzhugh Ludlow, and Theodore Stanton, of Paris. In military life; Generals Jesse C. Smith, John C. Starkweather, Has- brouck Davis, Edward S. Bragg, Ranald S. Mackenzie, and William B. Barton. In various other occupations : Thomas Hun, Walter D. Day, William D. Granger, and Francis H. Davenport among physicians; Augustus Schell and John Boyd Thacher in politics; and William A. Potter, architect. Talcott M. Banks. 102 KAPPA ALPHA Blood, Charles H., 412 E. Buf- falo, Ithaca. Bostwick, Charles D., cor. Buf- falo and Quarry, Ithaca. Bostwick, Edward H., 318 S. Albany, Ithaca. Bostwick, William H., 318 S. Albany, Ithaca. Cole, Chester G., Corning. Crane, Thomas F., 109 Central Ave., Ithaca. Falch, Alex., Elmira. Herendeen, Edward G., Robin- son Building, Elmira. Langdon, Jervis — Cornell — Cor- nell — '97 — Business — Elmira. McKnight, Chas. H., Elmira. Morris, John L., 108 N. Genesee, Ithaca. Pratt, James B., Elmira. Taylor, Edward, Binghamton. Treman, Charles E. — Cornell — Cornell — '89 — Hardware Mer- chant — loi-ios East State — 508 Stewart Ave., Ithaca. Trowbridge, Alex B., Ithaca. Van Cleef, Mynderse — Cornell — Cornell — '74 — Lawyer — Sav- ings Bank Building, Ithaca. Van Pelt, Jno J., 129 East Ave., Ithaca. Weed, Lewis M., Binghamton. Wyckofif, Geo., Elmira. 103 SIGMA PHI THE Sigma Phi fraternity was founded at Union College, Schenectady, New York, on March 4, 1827. It is the second of the general Greek letter societies in point of age. Thomas F. Bowie, John T. Bowie, Thomas S. Witherspoon and Charles T. Cromwell were its founders. The fraternity is small in chapter-roll and membership, but claims prece- dence, not unjustly, as the most homogeneous and closely organized of the Greek letter societies. It stands, and has always stood, for conservatism in the matter of chapters and membership, holding that the true purpose of such an institution can be realized only under conditions admitting of fullest mutual acquaintanceship and fraternal intercourse. The fraternity has established a total of ten chapters, all but two of which are still active and prosperous. The chapter at New York University was withdrawn as a matter of fraternity policy, Sigma Phi holding to the tenet that true fraternity life cannot exist in a city college. The Princeton chapter succumbed to the same influence which caused the withdrawal of every frater- nity charter from that institution. The present chapter-roll is as follows: Union College, 1827; Hamilton College, 1831; Williams College, 1834; Hobart College, 1840; University of Vermont, 1845; University of Michigan, 1858; Lehigh University, 1887; Cornell University, 1890. The total membership of the fraternity is but little over two thousand. All the chapters, with the single exception of that at the University of Vermont, own their own houses. The fraternity is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and some chapters are ssparately incorporated under the laws of their own States. 107 ^?/hile the fraternity maintains no alumni chapters, still the relationship existing among members in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Boston and Roch- ester may bs said to be much closer than that of many fraternities claiming active organizations. Sixteen catalogues have been published. The first one was issued in 1834 and the last one in 1892. Reports, addresses and songs are published from time to time. The badge of Sigma Phi is of the monogram type, the Sigma being placed on the Phi. The colors are light blue and white. While Sigma Phi does not hold to the idea that distinguished membership marks the measure of fraternity position, it realizes that the attainments of its members go far in upholding the prestige of the fraternity. It is able to quote the names of many men now of national prominence who have ever been, as in student days, proud to display the emblems of Sigma Phi. Among such may be mentioned Elihu Root, Secretary of War ; Charles J. Folger, late Secretary of the Treasury ; Andrew D. White, Minister to Germany, and ex-President of Cornell University ; John Bigelow, Minister to France; ex-United States Senator Ingalls; Congressmen Thomas F. Bowie, John Cochrane, C. B. Cochrane, T. T. Davis, Charles B. Sedgwick, Andrew Oliver, G. C. Walker, A. B. Olin, A. H. Laflin, 0. Cole, Samuel Knox, J. Mullen, W. W. Campbell, E. Einstein, T. A. Merriman and James S. Sherman ; and Governors Beall, of Wisconsin ; Hoffman, of New York ; Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, and Walker, of Virginia ; Bishop Worthington, of Nebraska; Howard Potter, l«te of Brown Bros. & Co., Bankers; Douglass Boardman, E. H. Rosekrans, Daniel Pratt, and James Noxon, Judges Supreme Court, Gsorge F. Comstock, Judge Court of Appeals of New York ; Surrogate Alexander W. Bradford, General Daniel Butterfield, Dr. Lewis A. Sayre and Leonard W. Jerome. John H. Post. 108 SIGMA PHI Alexander E., Bing- V., 115-117 105 Grove Corning. 124 E. Mill, Andrews, hamton. Bostwick, Hermon V. E. Clinton, Ithaca. Bristol, George P., Place, Ithaca. Darling. Horace M. Ellsworth, Perry G., Ithaca. Loomis, Charles W., Bingham- ton. Mack, Horace, 116 Cascadilla Place, Ithaca. Moore, Austin A., 120 Oak Ave., Ithaca. Stearns, Eckley H., Corning. Walker, Charles E., Corning. White, Andrew D., 422 Dryden Road, Ithaca. Williams, George R., First Nat. Bank Building, Ithaca. 109 DELTA PHI THE Delta Phi Fraternity may justly, and not without pride, lay claim to being one of the first to inaugurate Greek letter secret society life in American colleges. It was founded at Union College, on November 17, 1827, and was the third to be there established, thus being the third oldest in this country. Shortly after the foundation of Delta Phi a controversy arose among the students of Union College as to the desirability of secret societies. Open war was declared against them, and the three fraternities were summoned be- fore the faculty of Union College to show cause why they should not be dis- banded. The defense devolved largely on Delta Phi. At that time it was the custom for college boys to wear distinctive caps, without brims. On the front of this cap the fraternity pin was worn. The other two fraternities for a time ceased to wear their badges, but Delta Phi persisted in its course and selected one of its members, John J. Hyde, to present the Fraternity's case to the faculty and trustees. This he did with great brilliancy and clearness, and won then and there a victory not only for his own society, but for all other fraternities having like principles and equally high standing. So well was the cause of fraternity life defended, and so clearly was it shown that the fundamental laws of Delta Phi tended towards the high standing of the student as a scholar and a gentleman, that President Nott of Union College requested to be made an honorary member. Thus Delta Phi was early associated with the high principles of American scholarship. The history of the Delta Phi Fraternity is the history of American college fraternity life. Its aims and characteristics have been reflected in the forma- tion of many other societies, whose founders, familiar with the struggle for life which Delta Phi made at Union College, admired its earnestness of purpose, loyalty to college and fidelity to its ideals. The very success which has crowned other fraternities as well as Delta Phi, exhibits in a marked degree the fruitfulness of the ground in which, it is not too much to say. Delta Phi planted the seeds of college fraternity life. Every fraternity has some characteristics and individualities which distinguish it from other fraternities, and the feature which seems to mark Delta Phi is the close adherence to its high aims and unity of purpose, exhibited in its early history, and it has ever been true to its traditions. In every American college ex(i'5pt one, fraternity 113 life has oeen uniformly successful, and in this one college local reasons and associations are responsible for the absence, and no doubt the college is the loser. And in this college Delta Phi had a chapter before objections were made, and the members of that chapter made a gallant struggle for life. When every argument failed to move the innate prejudices of a faculty dominated by an un-American President it asked for a revocation of its charter and pledged its word never to re-establish without permission of the faculty, and it has kept its word, and though other fraternities are said to have had chapters at this college sub rosa. Delta Phi has maintained its reputation, and the Theta Chapter is now but a memory of a glorious past. Animated by high ideals and a lofty idea of patriotism, the part played in the Civil War by the members of Delta Phi is part of the history of the country, and the stories told of the members of the Union Chapter who were in the Union army meeting with their brothers of the North Carolina Chapter serving in the Confederate army, in battle array, showed that the bond be- tween them was indissoluble. In the last war, Delta Phis also showed the stuff of which they were made. The port watch on the Maine, the fateful night of February 15, 1898, when that vessel was blown up in the harbor of Havana, was a Delta Phi — Ensign J. J. Blandin, who was saved that night, but who died a few months later. He was a founder of the Johns Hopkins Chapter. Members of the Delta Phi enhsted in many regiments, and one of the first to fall in the first Santiago fight was Marcus Denison Russell, of the Lambda Chapter. Another Delta Phi, Col. Charles King, a graduate of West Point and Columbia, and the author of many charming stories of army life, was made a Brigadier General and commanded a portion of the Amer- ican army in the Philippines. He was a member of an old New York family and a son of Charles King, one time President of Columbia College. He served with distinction, but was wounded and forced to return home. Another, Charles F. Rockwell, enlisted in the Cuban army, prior to our war with Spain, and served v/ith Gomez and was noted for his gallantry and bravery. He died on the field of battle in Cuba. And when the war was over. President McKinley appointed a Delta Phi as a member of the Peace Commission. Senator Cushman K. Davis had served with distinction in a Wisconsin regi- ment in the war of the Rebellion, became Governor of Minnesota and United States Senator, which position he still fills with credit to himself and to his State. Col. John Jacob Astor, one of the members of the Harvard 114 Chapter, is another Delta Phi who served with distinction and signal ability in the war with Spain, "^hus Delta Phi was identified from the first to the last with the fateful conflict between the United States and Spain. From the blowing up of the Maine until the final act at Pa-is, on the 24th of December, 1898, when the treaty was signed, members of the Delta Phi took an active and controlling part. The government of the fraternity is lodged in a central body, whose tenure of office is dependent on the will of the delegates assembled in annual convention. Altogether eight catalogues have been published, the dates of the various editions being as foUows: 1847, 1851, 1868, 1875, 1883, 1887, 1893 and 1897. The last catalogue contained illustrations of the various chapter houses of the fraternity. The Columbia, Rutgers, Harvard, Sheffield, Pennsylvania, Union and New York University chapters own houses, the last three having been recently erected. The Rensselaer Polytechnic, Johns Hopkins and Cornell chapters rent houses. The badge is in the form of a Maltese cross with an elliptical disc in the center, on which appears the letters " Delta Phi." This badge was adopted in 1832. The badge previous to that time had been an elliptical disc surrounded by scroll work and usually worn as a watch-guard pendant. The fraternity colors are blue and white. Alumni clubs, or associations, of Delta Phi have been organized in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Schenectady, Troy, New Brunswick and New Haven. The following is the chapter roll of Delta Phi ; 1827, Alpha, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.; 1838, Beta, Brown University, Providence, R. 1.; 1841, Gamma, University of City of New York, New York City ; 1842, Delta, Columbia College, New York City ; 1845, Epsilon, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.; 1845, Zeta, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; 1849, Eta, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; 1864, Lambda, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.; 1834, Nu, Lehigh University, South Beth- lehem, Pa.; 1885, Xi, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; 1889, Omicron, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; 1891, Pi, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. James Duane Livingston. 115 DELTA PHI Jcnks Edwin B., Elmira. Goff, Charles Henry, Bingham- larbell, George S., Trust Co. ton. Building, Itnaca. 117 ALPHA DELTA PHI THE Alpha Delta Phi was founded in the year 1832 at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., by five students, the leader of whom was Samuel Eells, ^ young man of great promise, who died ten years later at the age of thirty-two. His law partner, Salmon P. Chase, afterwards Chief Justice of the United States, also a member of the fraternity, wrote of him : " I rejoice in the thought that the fraternity he founded and loved has become the abiding monument of his genius and virtues." The original design of the founder was not to form a mere local society, but to make the organization, to use his own words, " national and universal in its adaptations," " a living, growing, self-perpetuating institution." Before the death cf Eells, the fraternity numbered ten chapters, Hamilton, Miami, Urban (at New York University), Columbia, Yale, Amherst, Brunonian (at Brown University), Harvard, Geneva (at Hobart College), and Hudson (at Western Reserve College). In the meartime its organization had been perfected, and the fraternity had become a compact whole composed of chapters, each of which managed its internal affairs, the supreme power being lodged in a convention of the chapters meeting at regular periods. The fraternity proceeded on its way without further extension for the five years following the death of its founder. From 1846 to 1857, seven chapters were established, at Dartmouth, University of Michigan, Rochester, Alabama, Williams, College of the City of New York and Wesleyan, so that the twenty-fifth anniversary of its foundation was celebrated by seventeen active chapters. The fraternity was now firmly established and was widely known and distinguished for the high standing of its members in scholarship, public station, and character. During the following three years three new chapters. Union, Kenyon, and Cumberland, were added to the list, and then no further growth in chapters 121 took place until 1869, when a chapter was founded at Cornell University shortly after the opening of that institution. In 1877 the Phi Kappa chapter was formed at Trinity College, Hartford, and received its name from the local society, which was transformed into a chapter of Alpha Delta Phi. Several of the other chapters have likewise been formed from the members of some local organization of similar character and tendencies. During the next twelve years no further extension occurred, but the chapters at Yale, Harvard and Columbia, each of which had suspended its active functions for some years, were re-established. In 1882 the fraternity celebrated, in the city of New York, its fiftieth anniversary, a most memorable occasion, notable for the long array of distinguished men who participated in the public and social exercises, among them George William Curtis, Donald G. Mitchell, Richard S. Storrs, Joseph H. Choate, John Jay, Edward Everett Hale, Hamilton W. Mabie. The growth in chapters was resumed in 1889 by their establishment in several universities, thus considerably extending the geographical boundaries of the fraternity, which is now no longer confined to the United States, the new chapters being located at Johns Hopkins, University of Minnesota, Toronto, Chicago and MoGill. The last established chapter is that at McGil/ University, Montreal, and is the twenty-eighth in order, twenty-three of which are in active operation. The total membership is over 8,000, of whom abouV 6,000 are living. The catalogue issued by the fraternity during the past year is considered the most complete publication of the kind which has appeared. It contains the names, addresses, and in most cases, biographical sketches of the 8, 163 members, classified in chapters ; the history of each chapter, with views of most of the chapter houses ; the record of the military services of members of the fraternity during the War of the Rebellion, in which, over twenty-four per cent, of the membership then eligible for military service served in the armies or navies either of the Union or of the Confederacy ; a classified kinship list giving the names of grandfathers and grandsons, fathers and sons, brothers, cousins, uncles and nephews ; a locality index, showing the members residing in each town of every State and an alphabetical index of the whole. This was the thirteenth catalogue published, and was modeled upon the semi-centennial catalogue of 1882, which was considered a model of complete- ness and workmanship. It is superfluous to cite names here as illustrative of the high rank held by Alpha Delta Phi in the professional, literary, scientific, business and social worlds, when its catalogue is filled with so many eminent names. In law, we 122 may note that in 1893 one-third of the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States were members of the fraternity ; while in 1895, the leading counsel in the great Income Tax Case, before that tribunal, were Seward, Choate and Carter, one of whom was the president of the fraternity, another his predecessor in office, and the third now holds the same position. In education the Alpha Delta Phi holds the presidencies of at least ten leading colleges and universities ; three of its members were recently elected college presidents within two months. In diplomacy, it has sent two ambassadors to Great Britain (Lowell and Choate), and ministers to nine other countries, besides the head of the Spanish-American Peace Commission, ex-Secretary of State William R. Day. In the pulpit she has had Dr. Storrs and Bishops Phillips Brooks, Coxe and Huntington, with a host of others. In literature we have already cited some distinguished names, and the works of the members of the fraternity would form an extensive library, a small selection from whirh fills Ta Toav 'AAeA^oov i'pya The chief symbols of the fraternity are the star and crescent ; its colors are green and white, with black and gold as subordinates ; its jewels are the emerald and the pearl, and its flower is the lily of the valley. The badge is permitted to be worn in several forms introducing these emblems. The sons of Alpha Delta Phi are strikingly enthusiastic in their affection for the fraternity, and are also among the most zealous supporters of the colleges where they were under her influence, and are ever ready, in old age as in youth, to shout anew the words of one of their favorite songs, " Long live Alma Mater and old A. D, Phi." Charles E. Sprague. 123 ^alpha delta phi Adams, Edward L., Elmira. Arnot, Matthias C, Elmira. Atwood, Edwin S., 402 W. Buf- falo, Ithaca. Bedell, Frederick, 106 Cook, Ithaca. Brandt, Schuyler C, Bingham- ton. Briner, Emil S., Ithaca. Bristol, Lucius M., Binghamton. Church, Samuel P., 209 South Ave., Ithaca. Cornell, Ezra, Forest Park, Ithaca. Cornell, Frank C, Jr., cor. Stew- art and South Aves., Ithaca. Dunham, Samuel, Binghamton. Eaton, Frederick B,, Ithaca. Fassett, Henry Lewis — Rochester —Rochester— '84— Chief Office Deputy U. S. Marshal, Elmira. Fassett, J. S. — Rochester — Ro- chester — '75 — Banker — Elmira. Fuertes, Louis A., 103 E. Ave., Ithaca. Gamman, Alfred M., Corning. Halliday, Samuel D., 120 E. State, Ithaca. Hart, James M., loi Reservoir, Ithaca. Heermans, Harry C, Corning. Hewitt, Frederic C, Owego. Hitchcock, Edward, Jr., 411 Grove Place, Ithaca. Kidder, James H., Owego. Lake, Ralph E., Binghamton. Matson, Charles N., Owego. Mills, Frank S., Ithaca. Parker, Charles E., Owego. Perkins, Frederick, Binghamton. Pratt, Charles R. — Amherst — Amherst — '69 — County Judge and Surrogate — Court House — 318 William, Elmira. Robinson, David C, Elmira. Romer, William J. — Cornell — Cornell— '87— First Nat. Bank — Osborne Block, Ithaca. Round, Robert J., Elmira. Sharp, Clayton H., Ithaca. bmith, Walter L., Elmira. Speh, Edwin J., Binghamton. Stowell, Calvin D., 303 N. Au- rora, Ithaca. Todd, Adam H., Binghamton. Whitney, George, Binghamton. Williams, Roger B.. 426 W. State, Ithaca. Williams, Roger B., Jr., 426 W. State, Ithaca. 125 PSI UPSILON THE Psi Upsilon Fraternity was established at Union College on November 24, 1833, when the seven founders, inspired by their desire to create a social brotherhood formed round the very soul of friendship, joined hands and hearts, and swore eternal friendship. These seven kindred spirits who thus gathered the sympathies and offices of friendship into a permanent brother- hood builded better than they knew. The Psi Upsilon, from these mysticalseven, during the seven decades has grown to an enrollment of more than nine thousand names, and now has a brilUant history as a social talisman fondly and per- petually cherished by all its survivors. The founders were Samuel Goodale, Sterling Goodale Hadley, Edward Martindale, George Washington Tuttle, Robert Barnard, Charles Washington Harvey and Merwin H. Stewart. Goodale became an Episcopal clergyman ; Hadley, Martindale and Barnard, lawyers ; Harvey, a physician ; Tuttle, a merchant ; and Stewart, a teacher, The quartette of '36 remained unbroken until December, 1898, when Rev. Dr. Goodale passed out at his home in Columbus, Nebraska. The remarkable founder had few of the infirmities of age, and was a frequent guest at con- ventions, chapter meetings and other fraternity reunions, preserving to the last a lively interest in Psi Upsilon. Each of the three present survivors is over eighty years of age — Hadley, the eldest, being eighty-eight. The twenty-one chapters now existing represent a trinity of sevens ; - The New England seven consist of the Beta at Yale, 1839 ; the Sigma at Brown, 1840; the Gamma at Amherst, 1841 ; the Zeta at Dartmouth, 1842; the Kappa at Bowdoin, 1843; the Xi at Wesleyan, 1843; the Beta-Beta at Trinity, 1880. The New York seven consist of the Theta at Union, 1833; the Delta at ■New York University, 1837; the Lambda at Columbia, 1842; the Psi at 129 Hamilton, 1843; the Upsilon at Rochester, 1858; the Pi at Syracuse, 1875; the Chi at Cornell, 1876. The Western seven consist of the lota at Kenyon, 1860; the Phi at Michigan, 1865; the Omega at Chicago, 1869, 1897; the Eta at Lehigh, 1884; the Tau at Pennsylvania, 1891 ; the Mu at Minnesota, 1891 : the Rho at Wisconsin, 1896. The Alpha chapter at Harvard started out auspiciously in 1850, and the convention of 1853, held at Cambridge, was remarkable as a jolly and brilliant convocation. The whole fraternity has never ceased to regret that the Alpha, the most brilliant diamond of Psi Upsilon's crown, should have succumbed in 1858 to the unfortunate conditions of its environment. It was revived in 1870-3, and there still linger hopes that this Star of the East will rise again. The present undergraduate membership of the fraternity consists of about five hundred. The chapters have prospered individually, and now fifteen maintain their own houses. The present organization of the fraternity places each chapter upon an exact equality, and no one chapter has ever had any general authority not possessed by all. The executive council at New York was formed in 1869, as a central governing board, and for thirty years has administered such trusts as have been delegated to it. The council consists of five members, and the present members are Herbert S. Bridgman, Frances S. Bangs, Frank L. Hall, Wm. M. Kingsley and George S. Coleman. The council, although elected annually, has had few changes in its personnel. The legislative functions are in the chapters, which send delegates to the annual convention, and the exec- utive, in this council. Conventions of the Psi Upsilon have been held annually since 1843 and have developed a strong fraternity spirit among the chapters. The literary ex- ercises have always been a feature of these conventions, and men of national reputation have delivered orations, addresses and poems. The convention has been held usually in May, and has followed the chapters in the order of foundation. The convention in 1883, held at Albany with the Theta chapter of Union University, celebrated in a brilliant manner the semi-centennial of the founding of the Psi Upsilon. It was a memorable occasion, notable for the long array of distinguished men who participated in the public and social exercises. Psi Upsilon associations at Portland, Boston, Chicago, Rochester, and Philadelphia held banquets at the same hour as the semi-centennial 130 banquet at Albany, and sent telegrams of greetings. The occasion was graced by the presence of many of the founders and early members of the fraternity. The President of the United States sent a telegram of congratulations and " to them all and through them to all the members of our fraternity, I send greetings. Sing for my sake the old refrain ; ' Then 'till the sands of life are run We'll sing to thee, Psi Upsilon, Long live Psi Upsilon, Psi Upsilon.' " The fraternity then rose and sang the refrain, and with the greatest enthusiasm gave three times three for Chester Allan Arthur. The interest of the alumni is maintained by social re-unions, and regular associations are found in Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, Philadelphia, Washington, Detroit, Chicago, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Denver and San Francisco. The Psi Upsilon Club of New York city has had an active cor- porate existence since 1 886. The association of Boston has held re-unions and banquets from time to time, and has had for its presidents Hon. Alexander H. Rice, Harvey Jewell, Henry D. Hyde, Marquis F. Dickinson, Jr., and Elmer P. Howe. The growth of the fraternity is indicated in its ten catalogues. The ninth catalogue (1879) was a new departure in college and society publications. It contained biographical data of nearly all members, tables of geographical distribution, relationships and statistics at once interesting and novel. The song book has been of great use to the fraternity as a means of cultivating friendship. These songs are full of the heartiest lyrical feeling, and have a sort of rousing rhythm that makes a song a song. The tenth and latest eaition of the song book was issued in 1891, and the successful arrangements of words and music, specially adapted for men's voices, is due to its editor. Professor Karl P. Harrington (Wesleyan, '82), whose father contributed some of the choicest songs in use by the fraternity. The index of authors reveals many names prominent in American literature. The insignia consists of a badge, colors, flag, and the heraldry. The badge is diamond-shaped, bearing two clasped hands of gold on black enamel, with the letter * above and the letter T below the hands. The fraternity colors are of garnet and gold. The flag consists of three stripes, one of garnet and two of gold. The heraldry, designed by Albert P. Jacobs of Detroit, is unique, and each chapter has its special coat of arms. 131 Ac interesting historical sketch of the fraternity has been written by Professor Willard Fiske, and the " Psi Upsilon Epitome," by Albert P Jacobs, contains in its 264 pages the fullest history of the fraternity in all respects, and may be referred to for particulars not in this sketch, including a list of prom- inent men. The Psi Upsilon fraternity, with nearly seventy years of history, furnishes a distinguished membership which justifies the pride of its members. It would be invidious to make comparisons or to particularize here. It is suf- ficient to say that the fraternity may be justly judged by its personnel. The fraternity has furnished many men of distinction : A president of the United States, ten United States senators, five ministers to foreign powers, seven governors of states, sixteen judges of the highest state courts, (three of them chief justices) nineteen bishops of the Episcopal Church, many general officers in the Civil War, fifty or more college presidents, and more than three hundred college professors ; and others eminent in statesmanship, diplomacy, medicine, jurisprudence, letters, the arts and in all the walks of life. John Walter S.\xe. 132 PSI UPSILON Babcock, Chas., Sage Ave., Itha- ca. Beardsley, Harry M., Elmira. Biggs, Chauncey P., Trust Co. Building, Ithaca. Blair, Chas. H., University and Cornell Aves., Ithaca. BuUard, Charles F., Elmira. Uana, Chas. L., Ithaca. Decker, Casper G., Elmira. Dennis, Louis M., 105 Eddy, Ithaca. Diven, Alexander S., Elmira. Diven, Eugene, Elmira. Dyott, John Cooper, Jr., Elmira. Fielder, Frank S., Ithaca. F'inch, Francis M., 3 Fountain Place, Ithaca. Gregg, William W., Elmira. Griswold, Robert R., Bingham- ton. Hewitt, Waterman T., 131 East Ave., Ithaca. Hutchinson, Henry S., Bingham- ton. Kendall, Hugh H., Corning. Kilmer, Willis S., Binghamton. McDowell, Boyd, Elmira. McKinney, William A., Bingham- ton. Mandeville, Hubert C, Elmira. Miller, Walter F., Ithaca. Morgan, Edward J., 108 W. Buf- falo, Ithaca. Pritchard, Harrie W., Corning. Redfield, Henry S., 7 South Ave., Ithaca. Skinner, Frederick P., Owego. Stanchfield, John B., Elmira. Stone, Charles M., Binghamton. Tompkins, Ray — Beta — Yale — '84 — Wholesale Grocer — 356-60 State — 408 Main, Elmira. Turner, Samuel Bates — Chi — Cornell — '80 — Lawyer — Sav- ings Bank Building — Terrace Hill, Ithaca. Wadsworth, Harry Hyde, Bing- hamton. White, Horatio S., 123 East Ave., Ithaca. Williams, Clark B., Corning. Williams, Francis A., Corning. Williams, Francis C, Corning. 133 DELTA UPSILON DELTA UPSILON organizations are measured by the living principles they manifest to the world, and are to be judged by the results of their organic life upon their followers and the reflex of these foundation principles upon others. The Delta Upsilon fraternity founds its claim for existence upon the prin- ciple of equal justice to all, and has for its motive the union of college men of similar views and tastes for the promotion of social, intellectual and moral culture upon the basis of open and generous rivalry. In its earlier days there was an element involved somewhat distinct upon the question of secrecy, which by the changes of later years has made the difference between other college fraternities and ours more apparent than real, thus demonstrating the wisdom and foresight of its founders, and emphasizing the necessity for the existence of our fraternity. Its creed is unique and is plainly shown in its plans of conduct toward those not of its membership, on which line it may be said to have no rival. For while other fraternities differ from each other in achievements, in close- ness of organization, in degres of extension. Delta Upsilon differs from the rest in a fundamental idea expressly declared iu its Constitution. Briefly it may be stated as follows : The Delta Upsilon fraternity is an open, non-secret organization. By these words, open and non-secret, is not meant that the proceedings of its chapters are necessarily to be published in the college papers. Nor does it mean that its meetings are open to all, with or without invitation. On the contrary, it means, first of all, that the fraternity constitution is open to such persons as care to read it. It means that no man joms the fraternity knowing nothing of what the final pledge requires. It means that that pledge puts on the initiate no obligation to keep from anyone information regarding the chapter or fraternity that he may wish to impart. 137 With such aims, and established with such expressed views it is not strange that the Deha Upsilon fraternity, founded in 1834 at Williams College, has a history of constant growth, and to-day has on its rolls a membership of over seven thousand. Active chapters exist in thirty-four colleges and uni- versities, as follows : Williams, Union, Hamilton, Amherst, Adelbert, Colby, Rochester, Middlebury, Bowdoin, Rutgers, Brown, Colgate, New York, Cor- nell, Marietta, Syracuse, Michigan, Northwestern, Harvard, Wisconsin, Lafayette, Columbia, Lehigh, Tufts, DePauw, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Tech- nology, Swarthmore, Stanford, California, McGill (Montreal), Nebraska, and Toronto (Canada). These chapters have an average of twenty-four undergraduate members each. Twenty-one of these own their own chapter houses, and two are planning to build. There are eighteen alumni clubs of the fraternity, located in New York, N.Y.; Chicago, 111.; Boston, Mass.; Rochester, N. Y.; Minnea- polis, Minn.; Providence, R. I.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Detroit, Mich.; Columbus, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio ; Philadelphia, Pa.; Duluth, Minn.; Superior, Wis.; Salt Lake City, Utah ; Portland, Maine ; and Washington, D. C. The fraternity numbers among its sons many who have gained distinction in various fields in this and other lands, among them being President James A. Garfield, Secretaries of War Rsdfield Proctor and Daniel S. Lamont, Attorney General W. H. H. Miller, Stephen J. Field, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; Charles C. Nott, Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims ; Charles G. Dawes, Comptroller of the Currency ; Elijah B. Sherman, LL.D., Master in Chancery of the Circuit Court of the United States at Chicago, and Judges Hamilton, of Minnesota ; Borden, of Texas ; Boise, of Oregon ; Tripp, of South Dakota, and Lillibridge of Michigan. Delta Upsilon has a long list of United States senators and members of Congress, among whom may be mentioned the late Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont ; Congressmen Blair, of Michigan ; Payne and Smith, of New York ; Sperry, of Connecticut ; Stone, of Pennsylvania, and Rockwell, of Maine. Also governors and ex-governors, such as Knapp, of Alaska; Powers, of Maine ; Voorhees, of New Jersey, and Stearns, of Florida. Among her college presidents are David Starr Jordan, of Leland Stanford University; E. Benjamin Andrews, of Chicago ; W. H. P. Faunce, of Brown 138 University ; Beniah L. Whitman, of Columbian University ; Chancellor Snow, of Kansas University ; Yatobe, of the University of Japan; Atherton, of the Pennsylvania State College, and Washburn, of Roberts College, Constantinople. And among her doctors ':' divinity, Reverends Thomas Armitage, W. H. P. Faunce, Arthur T. Pierson, Nehemiah Boynton, B. Fay Mills, William Elliott Griffis, Samuel E. Herrick, Hiram C. Hayden, D. D. Mac Laurin, Charles S. Vedder and Orrin P. Gifford. Among her scholars and litterateurs are Rossiter Johnson, the editor of Appleton's Encyclopffidia ; Albert Barnes, the celebrated commentor, and a host of authors and writers, among them being Josiah Strong, author of " Our Country ";«William Swinton, Henry Randall Waite, Homer Greene, W. F. Bradbury, E. A. Bowser, LL. D., J. P. Taylor, LL. D., Berden P. Brown and Charles M. Sheldon, D. D., the author of " In His Steps." To mention the college professors, clergymen, physicians, lawyers and men of business who have achieved eminence would be to reproduce a large part of the roster of the fraternity. The present officers of the fraternity are : Hon. E. B. Sherman, LL. D., president, Monadnock Building, Chicago ; Hon. Edwin Nottingham, first vice- president ; Paul Mayo Paine, second vice-president ; Prof. Edgar Coit Morris, third vice-president ; Goldwin Goldsmith, secretary ; Raleigh W. Holden, treasurer ; Hon. Sereno E. Payne, orator ; S. A. Macy, poet ; Rev. Frank R. Morris, historian ; Rev. Ezra S. Tipple, D. D., chaplain; Melvin G. Dodge, librarian ; John C. Hinckley, auditor ; Royal S. Haynes, edi'or Decennial Supplement. Executive Council : George F. Andrews, president ; Ellis J. Thomas, Samuel S. Hall, secretary and treasurer ; Thornton B. Penfield, editor ; Edgar S. Bloom, Thomas R. Weymouth, Eben W. Cutler, Robert J. Reiley, and Clarence E. Case. Weston Flint. 139 DELTA UPSILON Bennett, Chas. E., loi Grove Place, Ithaca. Church, Irving P., 209 South Ave., Ithaca. Comstock, John H., 143 East Ave., Ithaca. Cowles, Augustus W., Elmira. ^ Edwards, WilHam H., Bing- hamton. Fitschen, J. Fred'k, 404 East Buf- falo, Ithaca. Gage, Simon H., 216 South Ave., Ithaca. Griflis, WilHam E., 214 South Geneva, Ithaca. Gunnison, Royal A., Binghamton. Hoflfman, Harry N., Elmira. Howard, Archibald, Binghamton. Hull, Charles H., 413 East Buf- falo, Ithaca. Jenkins, Thornton, Residence Hall, Ithaca. Jenks, Jere M , 220 South Ave., Ithaca. Joslyn, John R., Elmira. King, Rufus, Elmira. Landfield, Jerome B., Bingham- ton. More, Warren D., Elmira. Newell, William W., Bingham- ton. Newman, Jared T., 440 E. Buf- falo, Ithaca. Nichols, Edward L., 219 South Ave., Ithaca. Olmsted, Henry C, Bingham- ton. Tanner, Jno. H., 107 Central Ave., Ithaca. Tuck, Andrew E., Ithaca. Whitney, Eddy R., Binghamton. Whittesley, Theodore, 115 Cook, Ithaca. 141 BETA THETA PI BETA THETA PI was founded at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in the early summer of 1839, by John Reily Knox and seven other students at that institution. It was the first of the three fraternities Beta Theta Pi, Phi Delta Theta, and Sigma Chi founded at Miami, and was the pioneer exponent cf the fraternity system at many of the leading universities and colleges of the Middle West. Prior to the war it had established thirty-one chapters, of which eleven were in the South, and its growth was greatly checked by the suspension of these chapters. After the war for about ten years it confined its attention almost entirely to the colleges and universities of the Mississippi Valley, and to the re-estab- lishment of its southern chapters. In 1879 a union was formed between it and Alpha Sigma Chi, a young aggressive eastern fraternity, by which the chapters and alumni of the latter were admitted into full fellowship, and in 1889 it similarly absorbed the Mystical Seven Fraternity, an order founded at Wesleyan in 1837 under the same terms. Its chapter at the University of Mississipp' was the last chapter of Alpha Kappa Phi, that at Brown the last chapter of Phi Kappa Alpha, that at Missouri the last chapter of Zeta Pni, while chapters at Colgate, Dartmouth, Amherst and elsewhere were formed from strong local organiza- tions. Whenever its chapters have been based upon previous societies the alumni have been admitted to fellowship, and no break has been made in the continuity of their life. No chapter has been established since 1894 and but three chapters since 1890, an intensely conservative spirit having replaced the liberal policy of the preceding decade. 145 The government of the fraternity, during the first eight years of its existence, was in the hands of the Alpha chapter, but after that time a con- vention of the general fraternity assumed its government. During the recess of this convention the affairs of the fraternity were administered by the presid- ing chapter, each chapter being successively termed the presiding chapter, in the order of establishment. This system of government continued practically unaltered until 1879, when a new constitution was adopted providing for a board of nine directors, three retiring each year. The members of this board were usually so chosen that six of them resided in the same vicinity. In 1898 a revised constitution was adopted reducing the board of trustees to six, establishing the office of president, making the general officers members of the board, and greatly centralizing the doing of business. The publications of the fraternity have been its catalogue, of which five editions have been issued (1855, 1859, 1870, 1882, 1899), and its song book, of which editions have been issued in 1865, 1872, 1879, 1883, 1886, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1899. In 1894 a history and manual of information concerning the fraternity, a square 12mo of 270 pages, was published in New York. Its journal, which is edited and managed in New York, is called the Beta Theta Pi, after the fraternity. It is now in its twenty-seventh volume, having been established in 1872, being the oldest of this class of journals. The badge is a shield with eight sides curved inward. The groundwork is black enamel, displaying the letters Beta Theta Pi. Above this is a wreath encircling a diamond and beneath it the date 1839 in Greek. At the top of the badge are three five pointed stars. The colors aie light pmk and blue. The flower is the rose, each chapter choosing its own variety. The patron saint of the fraternity is a mysterious deity named "Wooglin," and many picturesque and quaint customs cluster around his name. The members have a curious and unique signature of identification. Active chapters of the fraternity are now located at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Wesleyan, Dartmouth, Amherst, Rutgers, Stevens, St. Lawrence, Boston, Union, Syracuse, Dickinson, Lehigh, Johns Hopkins, Washington & Jefferson ; the State Universities of Maine, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ktnsas and California ; Pennsylvania State College, Hampden-Sidney, Davidson, Centre, Miami, University of Cincinnati, Western Reserve, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Bethany, Wittenberg 146 Denison, Wooster, Kenyon, De Pauw, Hanover, Wabash, Knox, Beloit, Chicago, Iowa Wesleyan, Northwestern, Westminister, Denver and Leland Stanford, Jr. For convenience of administration ths fraternity is divided into nine dis- tricts, each with an appointed executive head. The chapters at Amherst, Wesleyan, Colgate, St. Lawrence, Pennsylvania Slate, Denison, Michigan, De Pauw, California and Stanford own their own houses, and twenty-five other chapters rent them. There are at present thirty-one alumni chapters in the chief cities of the United States. The officers of the fraternity are: President, William A. Hamilton, of Chicago ; Treasurer, Warren D. Oakes, of Indianapolis ; Secretary, Francis H. Session, of Galesburg, 111. William Raimond Baird. 147 BETA THETA PI Austen, Willard Henry, 105 East Prescott, Frederick C, 173 Cas- Ave., Ithaca. cadilla Place, Ithaca. Dunham, Frank F., Owego. Shepherd, Fred S., 302 Lake Elmer, Herbert C, 115 Orchard Ave., Ithaca. Ave., Ithaca. Slee, John de L. F., Elmira. Floyd, Leroy C, Binghamton. Stowell, Alexander D., Bingham- Olmsted, Everett W., 730 Uni- ton. versity Ave., Ithaca. 149 CHI PSI THE Chi Psi Fraternity was founded at Union College, the mother of many 01 the oldest fraternities, in the spring of 1841. The original members were Major General James C. Duane, chief of engineers, U. S. A.; Judge Patrick U. Major, Philip Spencer, Col. Alexander P. Berthoud, John Brush, Jr., Dr. Jacob H. Farrell, Robert H. McFadden, Samuel T. Taber, Hon. Wm. F. Terhune and Hon. James L. Witherspoon. The fraternity immediately extended itself, choosing only those institu- tions whose soil was most fertile for college fraternities, as they exist. The wisdom of its choice manifests itself in the fact that the early chapters and the recent ones are all equally prosperous. Conservative extension in the "forties" was followed by the same care in the succeeding decades, and is now the established policy of the fraternity. As the first eastern fraternity to "go west," being the pioneer society at the Universities of Michigan and Minne- sota, and as the only eastern fraternity with a strongly developed southern wing, Chi Psi pre-eminently' holds a national character. Chi Psi has now a total membership of 3,750, and 18 active chapters. It owns at present eight beautiful homes, and in the near future anticipates possessing half a dozen more. The chapter house at Cornell University is acknowledged by all to be the finest Greek letter fraternity house in this country. In the middle-west Chi Psi is the only fraternity owning homes at the Universities of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. During the World's Fair it was the only college society which maintained a clubhouse in Chicago. Chi Psi fosters more of a secret character than most of the fraternities, withdrawing itself from rather than pushing itself before the public eye. The bond among its members is very close, changing in no degree after college 153 life, except to be drawn tighter. Evidences of this are seen in the active alumni associations, which vie in loyalty with the neighboring college chapters. There exist now some twenty live alumni associations, which meet, not only in the yearly banquet, but in numerous informal dinners. The close bond in the fraternity was greatly strengthened almost at its inception by the death of Philip Spencer, one of the original members. He was a son of a cabinet officer and a member of a family of high social position. Leaving college, he entered the navy, and while serving as a midshipman on the U. S. Bng of War Somers, was hung at the yard arm for alleged mutiny. The charge was groundless and has been proved so by many writers, such as Senator Benton in his " Thirty Years' View," James Fenimore Cooper and Gail Hamilton. For years after this occurence the Chi Psis were dubbed " Pirates " by their rivals in reference to the sad fate of Philip Spencer. But they defended him to a man and made him, as St. Philip, the patron saint of the fraternity. Chi Psi has published regularly catalogues and song books, has its waltz and two-step, and issues a quarterly, the Purple and Gold, named from the fraternity colors. This magazine, now in its fifteenth year, has a circulation of over one-third of the total membership. The Badge is a jeweled monogram, composed of the Greek letter " Chi " laid upon the Greek letter " Psi." The chapters are termed Alphas. The fraternity has no honorary members, and does not allow a member to divids his allegiance with any other college society. A few of its members are : Chief Justice Fuller, of the U.S. Supreme Court ; ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed.of the House of Representatives ; President Thomas W. Palmer, of the World's Columbian Exposition ; ex-Postmaster- General Don M. Dickinson ; ex-Secretary of Agriculture J. Stirling Morton ; Elbridge T. Gerry and Wm. Astor (now deceased), of New York City ; Judge Wm. L. Putnam, U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals ; and Judges Chas. C. Dwight and Francis M. Scott, of the New York Supreme Court. List of active Alphas of Chi Psi : Union College, Williams College, Middlebury College, Wesleyan University, Hamilton College, University of Michigan, Furman University, Amherst College, Cornell University, Wofford College, University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin, Rutgers College, 154 Stevens Institute of Technology, University of Georgia, Lehigh University, Leland Stanford University, University of California, University of Chicago. The fraternity has in New Yorlt City, Chicago, Boston and other cities, active alumni associations. The Chicago association during the Exposition of 1893 kept an open house for all visiting members of the fraternity, and the New York association has, since 1883, kept up an active interest in the fraternity by periodical meetings and the entertainment of visiting members, especially during the meetings of the triennial conventions, which are a feature of the fraternity and have always been held in New York City. George Whitman Casey. 155 CHI PSI Carver, David H., Binghamton. Carver, William B., Binghamton. Diven," George M. — Alpha Phi — Hamilton College — '57 — Law- yer — 212 East Water — 957 Lake, Elmira. Drake, Allen Norton — Psi — Cor- nell— '99— Sec. R. T. Booth Co. — Hyomei Building — Wan- zer Block, Ithaca. Dunham, Clarence, Ithaca. Earle. Samuel B., Ithaca, Hand, Walter M., Binghamton. Hart, Ira F., Elmira. Hill, Nye R., Corning. Hitchcock, Charles ,H., Bingham- ton. Lyon, George F., Binghamton. Millard, Stephan C, Bingham- ton. Ogden, Robert M., Binghamton. Roberts, James H., Binghamton. Sessions, G. D., Binghamton. Taylor, Alfred, 220 S. Cayuga, Ithaca. Terbell, Joseph B., Corning. Van Vleet, DeForest, 104 N. Tioga, Ithaca. Wilbur, William C, Corning. Wyckoff, Clarence F. — Psi — Cor- nell — 'g8 — Manufacturer — Hyo- mei Building — Wanzer Block, Ithaca. Wyckoff, Edward Guild — Psi — Cornell — '89 — Capitalist — 327 Broadway, New York City — Ithaca. 157 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON THE Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity was founded at Yale College, on June 22, 1844, by fifteen members of the junior class. Although not the first in the field, Delta Kappa Epsilon immediately entered upon an aggressive yet conservative policy of extension, so that by 1861 it had thirty chapters firmly established, nine of which were in southern colleges. In all, the fraternity has established forty-eight chapters, eleven of which are inactive, so that at the present time Delta Kappa Epsilon has thirty-eight active chapters on her list, distributed as follows : Yale, Bowdoin, Colby, Amherst, Brown, Dartmouth, Middlebury, Williams, Wesleyan, Trinity and Massasschusetts Institute of Technology, in New England ; Hamilton, Colgate, College of the City of New York, Rochester, Troy Polytechnic Institute, Cornell, Syracuse, Columbia, in New York; Rutgers, in New Jersey ; Lafayette and University of Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvania ; Van^ derbilt, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, Central, Virginia and Tulane Universities in the South; Miami, Kenyon, Michigan, De Pauw, Adelbert, Chicago, California, and Minnesota Universities in the West ; and Toronto University in Canada. The Princeton chapter, on account of the anti-fraternity laws of the college, gave up its charter in 1857 ; the Harvard chapter, owing to its failure to fulfil the requirements of the fraternity, was withdrawn in 1890 ; three other charters were taken away from northern institutions on account of the decline in the standing of the colleges ; all the other inactive chapters were in southern colleges, which were compelled to close their doors on account of the Civil War. The care and conservatism of the fraternity in establishing new chapters is illustrated by the fact that within the last twenty years only four new charters have been granted, namely ; University of Minnesota, Massachusetts 161 Institute of Technology, Tulane University and Toronto University, the last named being the first time Delta Kappa Epsilon has issued a charter outside of the United States, the convention of 1898 having granted this one. For over twenty-five years Delta Kappa Epsilon has been the strongest college fraternity numerically, having a membership at the present time of 13,548. In alumni organizations it is also ahead of any other fraternity, having twenty-four alumni associations and clubs, as follows : New York City, New England, Northwestern Association at Chicago, Detroit, Pacific Coast at San Francisco, Washington, Rhode Island, Buffalo, Kentucky, Cleveland, Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of the Northwest at Minneapolis, Eastern New York Association, Rochester, Connecticut, Mississippi Valley at St. Louis, Chattanooga, Western Michigan, Harvard, Central New York, Indiana, Mountain Association at Denver, Western Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Central Tennessej. In a short sketch of a fraternity, whose existence for over fifty years has been filled with so many events, it is difficult to name in abbreviated form the more important. There are the dinner in Washington in 1855, the first national public dinner of a Greek letter society ; the first state association in Alabama, in 1859 ; the log-cabin chapter house at Old Kenyon, built in 1854, the cracks in whose walls had to be plastered to shut out eavesdroppers, the first chapter house in existence ; the Delta Kappa Epsilon march, composed in 1861 ; the Delta Kappa Epsilon waltz ; the mystic circle ; the fraternity doxology ; the heraldic system developed by Delta Kappa Epsilon. In 1861 three catalogues had been published, and our first song book; in 1890 the last edition of the catalogue, the most complete and thorough work of its kind ever compiled, was published ; a new catalogue will be issued in 1900. Publications, containing information and data of various kinds, were published from time to time, as far back as 1860; and in 1883 the council published the first issue of the Quarterly, which has ever since maintained a prosperous and vigorous existence as the official organ of the fraternity. The first convention of the fraternity was held on Christmas, in 1846, at Yale, when a new constitution proposed by Cyprian George Webster was adopted ; since that time annual conventions have been held regularly. The most important held in New York City have been the convention of 1860, just before the Civil War : the convention of 1890, and the semi-centennial 162 convention of 1894. Ths last named was the largest fraternity convention ever held. It was under the auspices of the council and took place on Novsn-.bsr 14 to 17, 1894. At this convention six hundred members of the fraternity were present, representing all sections of the country, and at the banquet three hundred sat down, among them William Boyd Jacobs, the sole surviving founder of the fraternity, who, upon this occasion, dedicated to the fraternity his pin, worn by him for fifty years, and received from them a loving cup, the gift of all the chapters. Delta Kappa Epsilon is justly proud of her war record. When the Civil War broke out there had been enrolled in our chapters, including those deceased, twenty-five hundred members ; of these Delta Kappa Epsilon sent to the ranks seven hundred and ninety-six to the Union Army, and twenty-one to the United States Navy, seven hundred and twenty-five to the Confederate Army and one to the Confederate Navy ; sixty per cent, of all the names on her rolls, nearly two-thirds of all the D. K. E's then living, and probably nini-tenths of those elicible for service. Of this number, eight were major generals, thirty-one brigadier generals, ninety-eight colonels, one hundred and eighteen lieutenant colonels, one hundred and seventy majors, three hundred and eight captains and over five hundred staff officers. From first to last Delta Kappa Epsilon was at the front on both sides. At Great Bethel, the first battle of the war, Theodore Winthrop, of Yale, led the advance of the Union forces, and Col. Spence, of Princeton, was the Confederate colonel in the last engagement, six weeks after Appomatox. With such men as Secretary John D. Long, of the Navy; United States Minister to Spain Gen. Stewart L. Woodford; Peace Commissioner Whitelaw Reid; Gen. Matthew C. Butler; John Addison Porter; Col. Theodore Roosevelt; Gapt. Peyton Conway March, of the Astor Battery; and Dr. John Blair Gibbs, the first commissioned officer to fall on the Cuban soil, to represent them. Delta Kappa Epsilon has maintained her record in the Spanish-American War. The council, the present executive of the fraternity, was established at the convention of 1881, held at Utica with the Hamilton chapter, and con- sisted at first of five members, each to hold office for a period of two years. Subsequently its membership was increased to seven besides the secretary. The present members of the council are ; Frank S. Williams, president ; David B. Simpson, secretary ; Dr. A. Norton Brockway, Aldice G. Warren, 163 John H. Safford, Dr. H. S. Wilcox. John B. Ekeley, and George C. Austfn. John B. Ekeley is editor of the catalogue ; Aldice G. Warren, of the song book; and Jesse Grant Roe, of the quarterly. Under the guidance of the council there has been a rapid and systematic advance in the fraternity along well defined lines. The alumni have been thoroughly organized; chapters have been judiciously revived and are now flourishing ; the business methods of the chapters have been regulated, and a large proportion of them built or purchased houses ; the Quarterly catalogues and song books have been regularly published ; a complete system of chapter heraldry has been worked out ; and new and strong chapters established. Such, in brief, is the story of Delta Kappa Epsilon, of her existence for over half a century. Her founders builded better than they knew. In college life, of which the fraternity system has become such an inherent part, Delta Kappa Epsilon is a leader. But it is not in this, nor in the long lists of her sons, distinguished in all the walks of life, nor in the magnificence of her chapter lodges, nor the grandeur of her clubs, nor in the array of scholastic honors and laurels worn in after life, that her glory is, but rather in the engenderment and development of that spirit and of that standard of fraternal fellowship which can mould into one harmonious whole the ideas, the thoughts, the desires, of its component parts, and thus make the ideal brotherhood. Jesse Grant Roe. 164 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON Arnot, Matthias H., Elmira. Ayres, Frederick A., Elmira. Baldwin, William A., Elmira. Bancroft, Wilder M., 7 East Ave., Ithaca. Beckwith, Henry Claw, 408 Stew- art Ave., Ithaca. Boynton, Frank D., 114 S. Geneva, Ithaca. Collin, Frederick, Elmira. Chittenden, Arthur S., Bingham- ton. Chubbuck, Clarence H., Bing- hamton. Clark, Joseph F., Binghamton. Collin, Frederick, Elmira. Deyo, Israel T., Binghamton. Dyer, Frank M., Binghamton. Fairbanks, Arthur, 212 Stuart Ave., Ithaca. Fenner, Earlman, Binghamton, Gillette, Edwin — Delta Chi — Cor- nell — 'tz — Hardware Merchant ^East State — 304 N. Geneva, Ithaca. Griswold, William L., Bingham- ton. Guernsey, Peter B., Owego. Hall, Charles H., Binghamton. Hotchkiss, Albert, Binghamton. Hutton, Alfred J., Corning. Hutton, Edward H., Corning. Jennings, Isaac, Elmira. Jewett, Fred F., Elmira, Jones, Robert T. — Mu— Colgate — '73 — Clergyman — 121 E. Mill, Ithaca. Kay, Edgar B., 704 E. State, Ithaca. Knapp, Charles J., Binghamton. Knapp, Frederick P., Bingham- ton. McKinney, Edward P., Bingham- ton. Mangan, John H., Binghamton. Marsh, Daniel E., i Wilgus Block, Ithaca. Middlebrook, Charles F., Bing- hamton. Millard, Stephan C, Binghamton. Mills, Edmund M., Elmira. Nichol, Robert H., Binghamton. Nichols, Gideon P., Binghamton. Parsell, Charles V., Residence Hall, Ithaca. Petrie, Albert E., Binghamton. Phelps, Bennett, Binghamton. Pound, Cuthbert W., 611 Seneca, Ithaca. Pumpelly, Charles F., Owego. Schlaeger, Adelbert J., Bingham- ton. Seymour, Lewis, Binghamton. Slocum, Arthur G., Corning. Smith, Edward L., Binghamton. Tyler, Charles M., 9 East Ave., Ithaca. Van Allen, William H., Elmira. Vose, Ridley A., Owego. Welsh, Frederick W. Bingham- ton. Willard, Waldo W., Corning. Winans, Ames A., 304 Huestis, Ithaca. Yoemans, Charles W., Bingham- ton. i6s ZETA PSI THE origin of a fraternity usually is either in the conditions and circum- stances surrounding a number of college men brought together by kindred sentiments and interests and a conscious need of union for social and intellectual improvement, or in the mind ar.d heart of one man who has an ideal as to the principles upon which a fraternity should be founded, and confidently sets out to develop that idea into a reality. Zeta Psi was the offspring of the lofty thought and excellent character of John B. Yates Sommers, of the Class of 1849, New York Un'versity. He was the son of Rsv. Charles G. Sommers, D. D., Pastor of the th:..i South Baptist Church of New York, and Sarah L. (Skelding) Sommers, ar.d was born on August 15, 1829. Entering New York University in the early fall of 1845, at the age of sixteen, through the attractive graces which distinguished him he became " one of the most popular students in college." Early in his college career he devised the plan of organizing a fraternity, qualification for membership in which should b3 good-fellowship, gooa morals, and fine and cultured personal qualities. He had to consider that there were chapters of three strong fraternities already in New York University, and chapters of these or similar fraternities in olher colleges which might be regarded good fields in which to establish a new one, and that the authorities of some colleges absolutely prohibited uniting with fraternities under penalty of expulsion. Young Sommers, nothing daunted by these conditions^ enlisted with him in this new enterprise his intimate friend, William Henry- Dayton and his classmate, John M. Skillman. Dayton, on account of ill-heahh went South and entered the University of North Carolina. These three young men, in their freshmen and early sophomore years, 1845 and 1846, discussed their plans at Sommers' home and by correspondence. Dayton was to form a colony in his college, but his constantly increasing weakness and subsequent death prevented the introduction of the new fraternity. These misfortunes increased the difficulties which young Sommers encountered, but with courage, he and Skillman persisted in their plans, for it was said of Sommers. "in him were combined childlike simplicity and gentleness of character with the sternest inflexibility of purpose." Although the date of the founding of Zeta Psi was June 1, 1847, the project of Sommers would have taken definite form in 1846 but for the illness of Dayton. 169 The first two initiates subsequently -withdrew. The third addition to the fraternity was Rev. Wm. H. Carter, D. D., LL. D., now of Tallahassee, Fla., who was admitted on November 6, 1847. He is the oldest living initiate of the fraternity, although Rev. Geo. S. Woodhull, D. D., class of '49, the fourth acquisition, now residing at East Saginaw, Michigan, initiated on March 25, 1848, was the first member of the fraternity to graduate. The accession of Carter and Woodhull added enthusiasm and vigor to the little band. Henry S. Hodges, then a student at Williams College, friend of Woodhull, was initiated on May 11, 1848, being the seventh addition. A chapter was established in his college on May 23, 1848. Rev. Judson H. Hopkins, D. D., and John Hess, of Rutgers College, the thirteenth and fourteenth additions, were initiated by the parent chapter on November 24, 1848, which is counted as the date of the founding of the chapter at Rutgers. Aftsr that, the work of expansion proceeded rapidly and yet with conservatism, so that although Sommers died on November 23, 1863, he had lived long enough to see Zeta Psi well established and, with sixteen flourishing chapters, already holding a foremost rank, for the efforts put forth met with such success that within the first decade Zeta Psi was represented in twelve of the leading colleges. Seven chapters were established in the second decade, five in the third, four in the fourth and two in the fifth. Zeta Psi was the pioneer Greek letter fraternity at several colleges, including the Universities of California and Toronto and McGill University, having preceded by thirteen years any other fraternity in Canada. A chapter was established on August 26, 1899, at the University of Minnesota, under promising conditions, having ten men, a chapter house of their own and the enthusiastic support of a large number of Zeta Psi alumni in the Twin Cities. Some of the chapters have been discontinued, the one at Amherst having been abandoned almost at the outset. The Civil War seriously affected the life of the chapters, and in several cases all or nearly all of the members volunteered for service. The chapter at Princeton was given up on account of the opposition of the authorities of the college. The present roll of chapters is New York University, New York, June 1, 1847, (projected in 1846); Williams, May 23, 1848; Rutgers, November 24, 1848; University of Pennsylvania, 1850; Colby, 1850; Brown University, 1852; Tuft's, 1855; Lafayette, 1857; University of North Carolina, 1858; University of Michigan, 1858; Bowdoin, 1867; University of Virginia, 1868; Cornell University, 1869; University of California, 1871 ; University of Toronto, 1879; C-'umbia University, 1879; McGill University, 1882; Case 170 School, 1884 ; Yale University, 1889 ; Stanford University, 1892 ; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, August 26, 1899. The present number of living members is aoout 4,300. Nearly 800 have died. Catalogues or directories have been published in 1859, 1867, 1874, 1883, 1889 and 1893. A very full biographical catalogue of all the members has been published recently. It would occupy too much space to mention members who have attained eminence — bishops, doctors of divinity, jurists, lawyers. United States and State senators and representatives, governors, physicians, college presidents and professors, business men, officers in army and navy, not to speak of the hundreds of men who are among the best and most influential citizens of the land. Zeta Psis, like all fraternity men as a rule, are among the most enthusiastic alumni of their college. Zeta Psi has published several song books, that for the semi-centennial being the latest. It has been said that the character and spirit of a nation are manifested in its songs. This may be remarked concerning Zeta Psi. The spirit of fidelity is voiced in the "Classic,'' by Rev. Wm. Rankin Duryee, D. D., Rutgers, '56. " Zeta Psi, we pledge to-night Evermore to love thee. As thy spotless banner white Flings its folds above thee. Chorus: — "As we tread the pathway high. Leading on to glory. Oft we'll wreathe 'round Zeta Psi, Praise in song and story." Delightful menrories and enduring loyalty are expressed by Wm. H. McElroy, LL. D., Union, '60, of the " Mail and Express," in his Zeta Psi semi-centennial poem, 1897, of which the last stanza is: "The years have come, the years have gone With gray days and with bright. But still, thank God, my heart is young As on that vanished night When Zeta Psi to me drew nigh And whispered fond and true ' Boy, thou art mine and I am thine ' — When this old pin was new." Seven of the chapters own chapter houses, all of them suitable for their 171 uses, some of them being excellent buildings, the one at Cornell said w be one of the finest of the kind on the continent. Ssveral have rented houses temporarily while preparing to build. The New York University and Columbia University chapters of Naw York City control leased houses adequate for chapter and dormitory use, both of them having under consideration plans for permanent buildings which will be complete for chapter purposes. The Phi Chapter house is at 24 Andrews avenue. University Heights, New York; the Alpha Chapter House is at 417 W. 1 18th street, Neiv York, both n^ar their respective colleges. The chapter at Ann Arbor is building, under the direction of Hon. Benj. T. Cable, 76, a large house of red sandstone in place of the frame building, now re.-novsd. The administration of Zeta Psi is strong, consisting of delegates from each chapter, present and past grand chapter officers in annual convention, and a permanent executive committee. The policy is conservatism, no attempt at publicity, and rigid adherence to the constitution and long approved usages. There are no honorary members in the fraternity. White is the Zeta Psi color, with which each chapter blends its college colors. The white carnation is the fraternity flower. The pin is composed of the letter Zeta imposed on the letter Psi. In each bar of the Zeta are seven stones, twenty-one in all, the horizontal bars or the diagonal bar often being set with stones representing the college color, the other stones being pearls or diamonds, for the fraternity color. Zeta Psi is actuated now by the principles upon which John B. Yates Sommers laid the foundation, and s'.iU adheres to the customs and forms which he devised more than half a century ago. Israel C. Pierson. 172 ZETA PSI Heermans, John, Corning. Parson, John T., 142 Cascadilla Loomis, Henry P., Ithaca. P'^". Ithaca. -^ ,. - , „. , Pumpelly, Lawreiice, Owego. McVey, John, Binghamton. ,, iir-n- n«- r\ ^' ^ ' ^ Stone, Wilham M., Owego. Mandeville, Charles B,, 209 Eddy, Waite, Lucien, 133 East Ave., Ithaca. Ithaca. 173 DELTA PSI DELTA PSI was foundsd at Columbia College in January, 1847, in point of seniority standing eleventh among college fraternities. A chapter at the University of New York was founded at the same time, but became extinct in 1853. During the period elapsing between the date of its foundation and the opening of the Civil War the fraternity established all but two of its now active chapters. Six of these were in southern institutions, and four of them suffered the fate that overtook nearly all southern chapters of college fraternities during that period. A chapter was also established at Princeton in 1851. It became extinct, like all other chapters of that institution, a few years later. A chapter at Washington and Lee established in 1869 became extinct in 1888. It will thus be seen that Delta Psi suffered the difficulties common to all the fraternities in their earlier years. But it overcame them successfully and emerged from the period of "storm and stress" secure in its position and with a clearly defined policy. In fact. Delta Psi may be said to hold a peculiarly well marked position among college fraternities. Its characteristics are pronounced, and its policy unwavering. Unusually secret in character, conservative as to extension, strict in its policy as to initiates, and strong in organization and the bond of fellowship among its alumni. Delta Psi stands pre-eminent and holds well in hand that undefinable charm of the college fraternity which so strongly attracts students in American colleges. The following list gives all the active chapters, together with the date of foundation : 1847, Columbia University; 1849, Burlington College, N. J. (transferred in 1854 to University of Pennsylvania); 1850, Trinity College (Conn.); 1853, Williams College; 1855, University of Mississippi; 1860, University of Virginia; 1868, Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University ; 1889, Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. 177 The total membership of the fraternity is a little over three thousand. Each chapter owns its own house, Virginia alone excepted. " St. Anthony," or graduate Delta Psi clubs, have been formed in New Yorl<, Philadelphia and Boston. The badge of the fraternity is a St. Anthony cross, bearing a shield of blue enamel which displays the emblems of the fraternity. The following is a list of some of the better known members of Delta Psi: Stewart L. Woodford, William Croswell Doane, Nicholas Fish, Hamilton Fish, Jr.; Thomas Nelson Page, Stuyvesant Fish, H, Walter Webb, W. Seward Webb, William E. Curtis (lawyer), Robert Adams, J. Cleveland Cady, Joseph W. Bailey, Henry Loomis Nelson, Charles Cuthbert Hall, Elwell Stephen Otis, J. Edward Simmons, Joel P- Walker, Willard Bartlett, Thomas Hall Woods, John Murray Mitchell, W. A. M. Grier, Merritt Barber, Charles Adams Appleton, D. Sidney Appleton, Henry C. Appleton, E. Ellery Anderson, Robert Clifford Cornell, William H. Vibbert, Frederic Ferris Thompson, Charles A. Peabody, Jr.; George Hammond McLean, Brander Matthews, Frederic Ferris Thompson, Frederick W. Vanderbilt. Melville Egleston. W. H. Negus. 178 THETA DELTA CHI THE Theta Delta Chi Fraternity was founded at Union College in 1848. The founders were Akin, Beach, Brown, Green, Hyslop and Wile, class-, of 1849. Hon. Allen C. Beach, ex-Lieutenant Governor cf New York, and- General William S. Hillyer, of General Grant's staff, were Theta Deltas from same class. For twenty years the Alpha charge governed the fraternity, granting charters and exercising the usual functions of the parent chapter. The original badge was a shield differing but slightly from the present official badge. A monogram badge is sometimes worn by graduates. The fraternity colors are black, white and blue. The Theta Delta Chi flag consists of a field divided vertically into black, white and blue sections, black next the staff, with letters Tbsta Delta Chi respectively in centre of each section. The convention of 1868 changed the governing power from the Alpha, charge to a body called "The Grand Lodge," composed of one graduate and two active members, to be elected each year in convention assembled. This body acts under a constitution and such rulings as may be noted in convention or by charges. The fraternity has published four catalogues ; the last, in 1895, shows 2,968 living and 407 deceased members, with a geographical distribution- covering almost the entire globe. This fraternity admits no honorary members. Two song books have been published. The official organ is "The Shield," published quarterly by the fraternity at Ithaca, N. Y. It was founded in 1869, revived in 1884, and since that time it has held its place in the very front rank of fraternity publications. 183 Theta Delta Chi is essentially an eastern organization. Since 1889, however, charges have been established in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin Universities, a satisfactory departure even for this exceedingly conservative fraternity. Theta Delta Chi celebrated its semi-centennial in New York City in February, 1898. The occasion was a notable one. Hotel Windsor was crowded with Theta Deltas. Many graduate members, representing every profession and business in which college men are wont to engage, were in attendance. Notable among these were Abel Beach and Andrew H. Green, the two surviving founders. A host of under-graduates were oresent, several charges attending in a body. What Theta Delta Chi is and what it has accomplished were faithfully portrayed in this celebration. Fraternity enthusiasm was at high pitch during the three days' session, reaching its culmination on the last day, when the following programme was given : Oration, Elmer H. Capen, D.D., President Tufts College; poem. Rev. Cameron Mann; history — first period. Col. William L. Stone; second period. Prof. Duncan Lee, Cornell University. Three hundred plates were laid for the banquet, with Mahlon N. Gilbert, D. D., Bishop of Minnesota, as master of the feast. Clay W. Holmes was the moving spirit of the celebration, and Chairman of semi-centennial committee. Among the Theta Deltas promintiit in public life, we mention Hon. John Hay, LL. D., recently Ambassador to England, now Secretary of State, U. S.; Hon. John W. Griggs, LL. D., Attorney-General U. S.; Hon. W. W. Thomas, Minister to Sweden ; Hon. William D. Bloxham, Governor of Florida; Hon. Daniel N. Lockwood, M. C; Col. William Lamb, Virginia; J. H. D. Wing- field. D. D., LL. D., Bishop of California; Hon. Thomas Smith, Chief Justice New Mexico; Hon. Nathan T. Dixon, U. S. Senator, R. 1.; Hon. H. C. Brockmeyer, ex-Governor Missouri; Alexander L. Holly, C. E.; Dr. George H. Bridgman, Minister to Bolivia; Hon. Henry J. Spooner, M. C, R. I.; John Brougham, Dramatist; Hon. F. C. Stevens, M. C, Minn.; Hon. James Lawrence, Cleveland; Hon. H. Melville Hanna, Cleveland; Gen. Winsor B. French, Elmer H. Capen, D. D., President Tufts College ; S. M. Babcock, Chemist, Wisconsin ; Solon I. Bailey, Astronomer, Harvard; Geo. W. Smith, D. D., President Trinity College; Mahlon N. Gilbert, D. D., Bishop of Minnesota; Chas. R. Miller, New York Times; Henry C. McCook, D. D., Philadelphia; David Gregg, D. D., Brooklyn; J. R. Mellon, Capitalist, 184 Pittsburg; J. McBride Sterrett, D. D, Washington; Hon. Willis S. Paine, LL. D., New York; General William Smith, U. S. A.; James H. Perry, Chief Engineer U. S. N.; A. M. Randolph, D. D., Bishop of Virginia. Benjamin P. Lamberton, Captain of the U. S. Steamship "Olympia;" Clark Fisher, Chief Engineer U. S. N.; Peter D. Vroom, Inspector-General U. S. A.; Hon. Gonzalo de Quesada, Havana, CuVa: Prof. Ernest W. Huffcut. Cornell University; George P. Upton, Chicago Tribune; George B. Young, Chief Justice Supreme Court, Minnesota; Willis P. Odell, D. D.^ New York City ; Oliver P. Baldwin, Baltimore Sun ; Henry R. Gibson, M. C, Tenn. ; Hon. S. Fred Nixon, LL. D., Speaker of New York Assembly; Rev. Lawrence T. Cole, Ph. D., President St. Stephen's College ; James McLach- lan, M. C, California. Roll of charges: Amherst, Boston University, Bowdoin, Brown, College of City of New York, Columbia, Columbian University, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart," Lafayette, Lehigh, Michigan, Minne.sota, Rochester, Tufts College, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. Grand Lodge: President, Carl A. Harstrom, Norwalk, Conn.; Secretary, Ernest G. Marble, Lynn, Mass.; Treasurer, J. Boyce Smith, Jr., New York. Graduate associations: Boston, Chicago, New York, Buffalo, Minneapolis, Washington, San Francisco. James A. Hamilton. 185 THETA DELTA CHI Bundy, Harlow E., Binghamton. Lee, Duncan, 201 Stewart Ave., Crandall, Kirk P., 98 Hector, Ithaca. Ithaca. McCall, Frederick W., Bingham- Hayes, Lionel S., Binghamton. ton. Huflfcut, Ernest W., Cascadilla MacLachlan, John, Binghamton. Place, Ithaca. Sisson, Edward C, Bmghamton. Johnson, Frederick A., Bingham- ton. 187 PHI GAMMA DELTA. THIS fraternity was founded at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa., in May, 1848. The charter members were John T. McCarthy, '48 ; James Elliott, '48 ; Daniel W. Crofts, '48 ; Samuel B. Wilson, '48 ; Ellis B. Gregg, '48 ; and Naaman Fletcher, '49. To Naaman Fletcher, the only charter member who was of the junior class, is due much of the honor of framing the new fraternity into a living, growing and self-perpetuating institution. He was the leader of the fraternity in its infant days, and into its young life was infused much of his noble char- acter and earnestness ; and to-day the fraternity does great honor to his memory. He was a young man of great promise, but early in his career he met an untimely death, the result of severe exposure while making an open air address in the cause of humanity shortly before the Civil War. The mother chapter, established at Jefferson, maintained a strong and prominent position in college circles as long as the college existed. When Jefferson was united with Washington College the chapters in each institution were also consolidated, under the name of Alpha, the parent chapter. The Civil War was fatal to many a promising young man, and it was scarcely less so to many chapters of college fraternities. The ante-bellum career of many of our southern chapters is even yet an enviable record. The days of the war being over, and the colleges recruiting their ranks, the fraternity took upon itself new life and activity. The first effort to revive a war-killed chapter was made at De Pauw University, in the re-establishment of Lambda chapter. The history of the chapter has been almost an uninter- ruptedly creditable one, since the day of its founding. Its roster contains many names of prominence in circles of intelligence. This new era in the fraternity life proved to be a most propitious one. In 1865 the fraternity entered the College of the City of New York, and in the year following entered Columbia University. From then on the fraternity became national in extent and character. 191 The growth of the fraternity has been gradual since its establishment, and it has ever maintained that conservatism in the choice of colleges which it should enter that has given it its present strength and high standing in the college fraternity world. Graduate associations exist at Philadelphia, Columbus, Kansas City, Spokane, Chicago, Chattanooga, Williamsport, Dayton, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Richmond, Roanoke, Denver, Toledo, Cin- cinnati, Brooklyn, Manhattan (New York City), St. Louis. The convention meets annually and is the supreme body of the fraternity. State organizations in New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota hold annual meetings, but for social rather than business purposes. The fraternity is governed by a body of five archons, three of whom are also national officers, the president, sjcretary and treasurer, respectively. They meet quarterly in the national office of the fraternity in New York City, where the secretary of the fraternity is in constant attendance conducting the business of the fraternity. The last catalogue of the fraternity was published at New York City in 1898. It was edited by Fabius M. Clarke, Zeta chapter (University of Indiana), class of '74, and published by T. Alfred Vernon, Nu Deuteron chapter, Yale, class of '75. This catalogue is generally acknowledged to be the most complete and elegant of its kind overissued by any fraternity. It is a book of 1,440 pages. The complete roster of the fraternity, containing about 7,000 names, is given three times, arranged by chapters, alphabetically and by residence. It contains nearly 1 ,000 half-tone portraits of prominent and active men in the fraternity, and over 200 biographical sketches. The history of each college is fully written, and with it appear pictures of the chapter house, chapter group, and many full page cuts of the college buildings and campi. The fraternity was well represented in the Civil and Spanish wars. In the Civil War many of the prominent officers in the Confederate, as well as in the Union army, were members of Phi Gamma Delta. In the Spanish war the fraternity took a prominent and active part, and many of its names have been added to the list of honored living and dead. The catalogue of the fraternity, filled with names of men in every pro- fessional walk of life, speaks for itself, and it is superfluous to cite the high 192 place Phi Gamma Delta holds in the political, scientific and social world. The roster is honored with many eminent names. The fraternity is prominent in law, having always had judgss of the supreme courts of many of the states. In the pulpit the fraternity is represented by such men as Bishops McLaren and Hartzell, and Drs. Jackson, Strobridge, Chapman, Wilson, and many others. No less than ten prominent litterateurs acknowledge allegiance to Phi Gamma Delta, among whom might be mentioned General Lew Wallace, John Clark Ridpath, Maurice Thompson, Edward Eggleston, and David D. Lloyd, the playwright. The books written by Phi Gamma Delta men would make a library in themselves. In journalism are such men as Thomas M. Patter- son, Samuels. McClure and Orlando J. Smith. In the political field Phi Gamma Delta has been represented by seven United States senators, thirty- "five congressmen, several foreign ministers, several governors of states, and in the fifty-one years of her hislory thirty-two presidents of prominent colleges and universities have worn the Phi Gamma Delta badge, while in finance the fraternity is represented by Stephen V. White and others. AH these were regularly initiated in college, and in no case were what are called honor- a.ry members. The chapter roll contains forty-eight chapters, as follows : Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Amherst, Yale, Trinity, College of the City of New York, Columbia, University of the City of New York, Colgate, Cornell, Union, University of Pennsylvania, Lafayette, Lehigh, Bucknell, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Stats, Johns-Hopkins, Univer- sity of North Carolina, University of Virginia, Roanoke, Hampden-Sidney, Washington and Lee, Richmond, Washington and Jefferson, Allegheny, Wittenberg, Ohio Wesleyan, Denison, Ohio State, Wooster, Indiana, De Pauw, Hanover, Wabash, University of Tennessee, Bethel, Illinois Wesleyan, Knox; University of Illinois, University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin, Uni- versity of Kansas, William Jewell, University of California, University of Nebraska, University of Maine, and University of Missouri. The journal of the fraternity was first issued as a monthly in 1879, and edited by William F. McDowell, until recently chancellor of the University of Denver. In 1886 it was enlarged and issued quarterly, its name being changed at that time from The Phi Gamma Delta to The Phi Gamma Delta Quarterly. For the last ten years it has been ably edited by Frederick 193 C. Howe, of Cleveland, O., and is one of the foremost fraternity publications. It is now published eight times a year. The badge of the fraternity is a diamond-shaped shield, on a field of black bound by a golden cord, the Greek letters Phi Gamma Delta in gold, in the chief a white star, in the base the Greek letters alpha, omega, mu, eta. The fraternity color is royal purple, and its flower the heliotrope. The flag is pjnnant-shaped, on a field of royal purple the Greek letters Phi Gamma Delta in white, in the dexter canton a white star. The semi-centennial of the fraternity was celebrated in Washington, Penn- sylvania, on October 14, and in Pittsburgh, October 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1898, and will ever be memorable for the number of prominent men in public life who were in attendance. The last song book appeared in 1898, and was edited by Walter 0. Stier and published by T. Alfred Vernon. The songs of Phi Gamma Delta are full of love and enthusiasm for the fraternity, and the veterans, as well as the college boys, join in the glad refrain : " Phi Gamma Delta, still to thee Our hearts will turn eternally." Richard Lloyd Jones. 194 PHI GAMMA DELTA Blodgett, Arba M., Corning. Livermore, Paul S. — Kappa Nu — DeGarno, Walter C, 817 E. State, Cornell — '97 — Lawyer — Sav- Ithaca. ings Bank Building, Ithaca. Forman, Lewis L., 103 Cascadilla Martin, Clarence A., Cascadilla Place, Ithaca. Place, Ithaca. French, Chauncey, Binghamton. Shepard, George H., 139 East French, Seward H., Binghamton. Ave., Ithaca. IPS PHI DELTA THETA. THE Phi Delta Theta Fraternity was founded December 26, 1848, at Miami University, Oxford, O. The founders were six undergraduates, the three upper classes being equally represented. The first roll call was as follows; Robert Morrison, '49; John McMillan Wilson, '49; Robert Thompson Drake, '50 ; John Wolfe Lindley, 'SO ; Ardwan Walker Rodgers, '51 ; Andrew Watts Rogers, '51. From them was received "The Bond of the Phi Delia Thsta," which is the fundamental law of the fraternity. The badge is in the shape of a shield. In the uppsr part is a radiated eye, below which is a scroll bearing the Greek letters Phi Delta Theta. This was adopted in 1849. In 1865 a sword was added, attached to the shield by a chain. At present the sword and shield are usually made in one piece. Phi Delta Theta was the first fraternity to group its chapters into provinces, each one of which has a special set of officers to administer the affairs of the chapters contained in it. There are now eight of these provinces, namely : Alpha, comprising all chapters in and east of Pennsylvania ; Beta, comprising Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee ; Gamma — Georgia and Alabama ; Delta — Ohio and Michigan ; Epsilon — Indiana ; Zeta — Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska ; Eta — Louisi- ana and Texas ; Theta — California. The fraternity now has sixty-four chap- ters, and has had, since 1883, a larger number of active college chapters than any other fraternity. Phi Delta Theta is established in twenty state univer- sities. No other fraternity is represented in so many. In addition, five other institutions having Phi Delta Theta chapters receive state or federal support, or both. But few additions to the chapter roll have been accepted within the last decade. A large number of the chapters occupy chapter houses, in many instances owning them, while other chapters have started funds for the pur- pose of building. The membership of the fraternity is 10,051. With but two exceptions, where it is slightly exceeded, the number of living members of Phi Delta Theta is larger than that of any other college fraternity. 199 Phi Delta Tneta also has thirty-eight alumni chapters, a larger number than any other college fraternity. The first was established fn 1876. They are chartered by the fraternity and have the privilege of being epre- sented in the national convention, which meets biennially, but Ihey have not the power of initiation. Many of these chapters are incorporated under the laws of their respective states. In 1881 the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity was incorporated under the laws of Ohio. The national fraternity conventions have been held as follows: 1851, Cincinnati; 1856, Cincinnati; 1857, Danville; 1858, Bloomington ; 1868. Indianapolis; 1869, Chicago ; 1870, Oxford; 1871, Indianapolis : 1872, Dan- ville; 1873, Athens; 1874, Crawfordsville ; 1875, Danville; 1876, Philadel- phia; 1878, Wooster; 1880, Indianapolis: 1882, Richmond; 1884, Nashville ; 1886, New York; 1889, Bloomington; 1891, Atlanta; 1894, Indianapolis, 1896, Philadelphia; 1898, Columbus, which celebrated the semi-centennial of the fraternity. The next convention will be held in Louisville, in 1900. The administration of the fraternity is under the direction of the general council and a board of trustees, elected at each national convention. The general council now consists of J. Clark Moore, Jr., of Philadelphia, Pa., president; Frank D. Swope, of Louisville, Ky., secretary; Hubert H. Ward, of Cleveland, O., treasurer; Hugh T. Miller, of Irvington, Ind., editor of The Scroll ; McCheney Radcliffe, M. D., of Philadelphia, Pa., historian; trustees : Royal H. Switzler, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. Emmett Thompkins, Dr. J. E. Brown, Columbus, 0.: and A. A. Stearns, Cleveland, O. The national convention of 1899 eslabhshed Alumni Day, which is celebrated on the fifteenth day of March. This date is selected as being the birthday of Rev. Robert Morrison, D. D., the oldest living member of the fraiernity. He is known in the fraternity as " the father of Phi Delta Theta." On that day, each year, it is customary for every active and alumni chapter to hold a special social and business meeting, and to bring about a reunion of all members of the fraternity who may be in the vicinity. Ritualistic exercises are held, and the ties of friendship and fraternity are renewed. Most of the chapters give a dinner or banquet at this time. Phi Delta Theta was the first fraternity to establish such a custom. Six editions of the fraternity catalogue have been issued, in 1860, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1883 and 1894, the last being a handsome royal octavo volume of 200 476 pages. Five editions of the fraternity song book have been issued, in 1874, 1876, 1882, 1886 and 1895, the last containing eighty-seven songs, many of which have been set to original music. Eight or ten pieces of sheet music inscribed to Phi Delta Theta have been published. Two editions of the fra- ternity manual, which contains a succinct history of Phi Delta Theta, have been issued, in 1886 and 1897. The fraternity magazine, called The Scroll OF Phi Delta Theta, was first issued in 1875. It is a bi-monthly, liberally illustrated, the numbers averaging over 125 pages each. The Palladium, a bi-monthly bulletin devoted to the private affairs of the fraternity, was established in 1894. The fraternity colors are argent and azure. The fraternity flag consists of three perpendicular bars of equal width, the two outer bars being blue and the inner one white. Each of the outer bars is charged with three white five-pointed stars, and the middle bar is charged with the Greek letters Phi Delta Theta in blue. The stars and letters are arranged vertically. The flower is the white carnation. Pallas is the tutelary deity of the fraternity. The open motto, liberally interpreted, signifies " we enjoy life by the help and society of others." The yell, adopted in 1891, is "Rah! Rah I Rah I Phi-Kei-AI Phi Delta Theta! Rah! Rah! Rah!" There are now alumni chapters of the fraternity in Providence, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Louis- ville, Nashville, Atlanta, Columbus, Macon, Montgomery, Mobile, Birmingham, Selma, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Athens, Akron, Indianapolis, Frank- lin, Detroit, Chicago, Galesburg, Milwaukee, La Crosse, Minneapolis, St. Paul, St. Louis, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Spokane. Active chapters are in the following colleges : Colby University, Dart- mouth College, University of Vermont, Williams College, Amherst College, Brown University, Cornell University, Union University, Columbia University, Syracuse University, Lafayette College, Gettysburg College, Washington and Jeffei-son College, Allegheny College, Dickinson College, University of Penn- sylvania, Lehigh University, University of Virginia, Randolph-Macon College, Washington '-nd Lee University, University of North Carolina, Centre Col- 201 lege, Central University, Vandsrbilt University, University ol the South, Uni- versity of Georgia, Emory College, Mercer University, University ot Alabama, Alabama Polytechnic Institate, University of Mississippi, Tulane University of Louisiana, University of Texas, Southwestern University, Miami University, Ohio Wesleyan University, Ohio University. Ohio State University, Case School of Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Indiana University, Wabash College, University of Indianapolis, Franklin College, Hanover College, De Pauw University, Purdue University, University of Michigan, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, Knox Colleg3, Lombard University, University of Illinois, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, Iowa Wesleyan University, University of Iowa, University of Missouri, Westminster College, Washington University, University of Kansas, I.'niversity of Nebraska, University of California, Leland Stanford, Jr. University. Roy M. Hardy. 202 PHI DELTA THETA Bailey, Liberty H., 103 East Ave., Kinsbury, Benj. H., 427 N. Tioga, Ithaca. Ithaca. Durand, Wm. F., 105 Central O'Bryon, George E., Elmira. Ave., Ithaca. Scott, John M., Ithaca. PHI KAPPA SIGMA THE Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity was founded at the University of Penn- sylvania on August 16, 1850 (instituted on October I9th of the same year), by Dr. S. B. Wylie Mitchell, J. Bayard Hodge, Alfred V. Du Pont, Charles Hare Hutchinson, John T. Stone, Duane Williams and Andrew A. Ripka. The first chapter established was the Alpha Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania, and the last, the Alpha-Epsilon, at the Armour Institute of Technology. Chicago. Of the fifteen chapters established before the Civil V/ar, only five are in existence — the Alpha, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta and Eta Chapters ; the remaining active chapters — eight in number — having been founded at irregular intervals since 1872. Phi Kappa Sigma is the only fra- ternity ever founded at the University of Pennsylvania. The history of the Fraternity has been peculiar, and in some respects almost unique. As will be seen from the foregoing, prior to the breaking out of the Civil War, the Fraternity prospered and waxed strong in numbers, the South being largely represented in the roll of chapters. The close of the war found it almost broken asunder, and only a few of the chapters survived the shock of disruption. Although sorely wounded, vitality was still present, and after a lapse of ten years the Fraternity had pulled itself together sufficiently to make a strong bid for life, and to have strengthened its hold on affairs by establishing several new chapters, This may be said to be the turning point in the history of Phi Kappa Sigma. Undaunted by blows that would have killed outright a less energetic organization, and undeterred by the darkest outlook, the Fraternity shook off by main force the fetters that bound her and stretched out her roots into more productive soil. During all this season of uncertainty and unrest the Alpha Chapter had stood like a rock, and around her the other chapters gathered for encouragement and support. That these comforts were fully meted out is shown by the fact that out of fifteen chapters established since (and including) 1872, eight survive, all of which are active and prosperous. The present chapter roll, therefore, consists of thirteen active chapters, of which five have been established since 1890. 207 Without In any way doing an injustice to the other chapters of the Fra- ternity, it may fairly be said that the Alpha — the parent chapter — has since its inception been the most prominent and most active of them all. In fact, for nearly twenty years after the Fraternity's foundation, the Alpha Chapter was constituted the governing body of the entire organization ; and although since that time, the general government has been vested in an equal represen- tation of all the chapters sitting annually as the Grand Chapter, the influence of Alpha has been paramount in shaping the destinies of Phi Kappa Sigma. That this influence has not been improperly used, the present prosperity and progress of the fraternity is evidence of the most convincing kind. Outside of her immediate interests, the most notable event in the history of the Alpha Chapter was the foundation by her of a prize at the University of Pennsyl- vania, of the interest on $400.00, presented in honor of the founder of the fraternity, the late Dr. Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell. The prize is awarded annually to the member of the Sophomore class who shall have done the best work in English composition during the year ; and especial interest is added to this foundation in view of the fact that its acceptance by the trustees of the university was the first formal recognition ever made of the existence of fra- ternities at Pennsylvania. The prize was established in 1887. The Iota Chapter at Columbia University was instituted November 12, 1855, but became inactive in 1870. It maintained its position for a period of nearly fifteen years as one of the vtrongest and best chapters of any of the fraternities at Columbia. The badge of the fraternity is a gold Maltese cross with a black or white enameled border, and having in the center a skull and crossed bones. In the upper arm is displayed a six-pointed star, and in the right, lower and left arms the Greek initial letters, " Phi Kappa Sigma." On the obverse of the badge is the date "1850" in Roman numerals, surrounded by a serpent. The colors of the fraternity are old gold and black. The flag, as adopted on February 8, 1898, is of black bunting, with the letters "Phi Kappa Sigma " in old gold extending horizontally along the center. An old gold skull and crossed bones occupy the union, with a border of the same color on all four edges of the flag. The bibliography of the fraternity is quite extensive, dating as far back as 1859, and comprehending for the most part orations and poems delivered either at conventions or convocations, and printed by order of the same. A 208 " Phi Kappa Sigma Ga'.op," dedicated to the Gamma Chapter, was put forth in 1872, and a memorial to the founder was published by the Alpha Chapter in 1879. The most important bibliography, however, consists of the various editions of the " Register" (catalogue), published respectively in 1859 (Alpha Chapter), 1860 (Epsilon Chapter), 1872 (general of all chapters), 1882 (general) and 1894 (general). In February, 1891, the first number of the " Phi Kappa Sigma Quarterly " was issued in New York City, devoted to the interests of the fraternity, and since that time the journal has' appeared con- tinuously with greater or less regularity. The fraternity has no honorary members. The alumni resident in New York and Philadelphia hold occasional meetings and banquets, in Chicago a very active alumni organization is now maintained. Among the more prominent alumni of Phi Kappa Sigma may be men- tioned John Hone, Dr. Morris J. Asch, William Jay, William McClure, secretary New York Stock Exchange; Judge Stephen D. Stephens, Borough of Richmond; Gen. Horatio C. King, Brooklyn; William B. Boulton, Rev. John R. Paxton, Henry H. Kingston, Lehigh Valley Railroad; John C. Sims, secretary Pennsylvania R. R. Co., Philadelphia; Andrew C. Bradley, Judge Supreme Court of District of Columbia ; Louis E. McComas, U. S. Senator from Maryland ; Samuel D. McEnery, ex-Governor Louisiana ; Rev. F. M. Bristol, Metropolitan Church, Washington, D. C; William A. Dyche, Mayor of Evanston, Chicago ; Geo. C. Crocker, Chairman of the Boston Subway Commission. In the triaf space here allotted to the writer, it is impossible to give a detailed history of the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity or even of Alpha Chapter, indeed, the history of the former is so indissolubly connected with that of the latter, that up to within a comparatively recent period the history of the one is the history of the other. Up to a certain point, the careers of all the better fraternities a>-e similar — a history of their foundation, of the accretion of new chapters, of the death of old ones, of increase or decrease in membership. As far as the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity is concerned, no variation from this form can be noted in the present sketch. Without boasting, however, there is one claim that the fraternity can make v.'ithout challenge, and that is, that it has never for one instant deviated from the path of honor, or connived at any act unworthy of an organization of gentlemen. Founded by the great 209 man who founded the Military Order of the Loyal Legion in this country, the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity has ever striven to stand for what is best and truest in fraternity life ; and, while not at present, perhaps, capable of com- peting with some of her distinguished rivals in her roll of chapters or number of members, she yields to none in her ideal of what a fraternity should be, or of what a fraternity can be made by the united efforts of true and honorable men. J. Hartley Merrick. 210 PHI KAPPA PSI. THE Phi Kappa Psi fraternity was founded at Jefferson College, Canons- burg, Pa., on February 19, 1852, by Charles P- T. Moore and William H. Letherman. Its earliest development was in Pennsylvania and the adjacent Southern States. The Civil War checked its progress in this direction, and for the next fifteen years its growth was principally in the middle west. About 1875 the fraternity commenced to seek a national existence, and this object it has conservatively but consistently pursued ever since, until to-day its chapters extend from the Mississippi Delta to the Great Lakes, and from the Golden Gate to the White Mountains. There are at present thirty-nine active chapters in the fraternity. Each chapter is named after the state in which it is established followed by the Greek letter which denotes its numeri- cal standing among the chapters previously established in the state. The fraternity's policy is a broad one. It acknowledges no arbitrary restrictions as to place, caste or degree. It seeks to establish chapters wher- ever there are institutions of learning founded upon permanent financial bases, equipped with competent faculties and attended by intelligent students. It recognizes no social, intellectual, athletic, territorial or financial distinction among its members, but endeavors to preserve its homogeneity by assimila- ting men from every quarter of. the Union, every grade of society, and every degree of mental and physical prowess. It aims not only to develop organi- zations for mutual advantage among men in college, but to perpetuate the same among its alumni. The supreme legislative, executive and judicial functions of the fraternity are vested in a grand arch council, which meets biennially on the first Wed- 215 nesday after Easter. The next grand arch council will be held at Columbus, O., in 1900. During the interval between successive grand arch councils the govern- ment of the fraternity is vested in an executive council, composed of four alumni and five undergraduates. The alumni members of the executive council constitute the executive officers of the fraternity. The present execu- tive officers are as follows: President, George W. Dun, Columbus, O.; vice- president, Walter S. Holden, Chicago ; secretary, Orra E. Monnette, Bucyrus, 0.; treasurer, George B. Baker, Boston. The fraternity is subdivided into five districts, composed of an approxi- mately equal number of chapters. Each district includes all the alumni associations situated in its territory. The districts are severally presided over by the five undergraduate members of the executive council, who are known as archons. The present archons are as follows: District I., G.Livingston Bayard, Lewisburg, Pa.; District 11., Frank Eurich, Jr., Ithaca, N. Y.; District III., Don Preston Peters, Charlottesville, Va.; District IV., Jules U. Raymond, Chicago, 111.; District V., George C. Shedd, Lincoln, Neb. Each district holds a district council biennially on the first Wednesday after Easter, alternating with the meetings of the grand arch council. The next district councils will be held in 1901, as follows: District I., at Philadelphia, Pa.; District 11., at Springfield, Mass.; District 111., at Farmville, Va.; District IV., at Ann Arbor, Mich.; District V., at Madison, Wis. The fraternity has a written constitution, which has been revised twice, once in 1886, and again in 1898. The principal purpose of these revisions has been to enlist and retain the interest of the alumni in the affairs of the fraternity. To accomplish this end provision was made for the organization of alumni associations wherever suitable opportunities were afforded. The success of this measure has greatly exceeded the hopes of its originators. There are at present twenty-two alumni associations, whose members keep closely in touch with the affairs of the fraternity. Each alumni association is named after the place where it was organized. The fraternity issues a bi-monthly publication kno^vn as The Shield. Its present editor is George B. Lockwood, of Marion, Ind. The fraternity also issues once every decade a catalogue, a history and a song book. The present catalogue was edited in 1892 by George Smart, editor of The Citizen, of Columbus, 0. The present history is being edited by Prof. C. L. Van Cleve, of Troy, 0. The present song book was edited in 1895 by the Rev. Dr. Robert Lowry, of Plainfield, N. J. The badge of the fraternity is a shield of gold with two points at the top. Its face is enameled in black, and in the upper portion is an eye flanked on each side by a star. Across the center are the Greek letters Phi Kappa Psi, and beneath them is an antique lamp resting on a book. The border of the shield is set with jewels, each chapter prescribing the character and arrangement of the gems. The colors of the fraternity are pink and lavender. Its yell is " Highl High ! High I Phi Kappa Psi ! Live ever. Die never I Phi Kappa Psi ! " The total membership of the fraternity on December 15th, 1898, was 7,967, of whom 914 were undergraduates, representing thirty-seven states and three foreign countries. Nine chapters own, and eleven chapters rent, chapter houses. Nineteen chapters rent chapter halls, two of which also own building lots. The value of the real estate owned by the chapters is $90,400. The value of the personal property owned by them is $30,265. The active chapters are as follows : District I — Washington-Jefferson College, Allegheny College, Bucknell University, Gettysburg College, Dickinson College, Franklin and Marshal! College, Lafayette College, University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College. District II — Dartmouth College, Amherst College, Cornell University, Syracuse University, Columbia University, Colgate University, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. District III — Johns Hopkins University, University of Virginia, Wash- ington and Lee University, Hampden-Sidney College, University 'of West Virginia, University of Mississippi. District IV — Ohio Wesleyan University, Wittenberg College, University of Ohio, De Pauw University, University of Indiana, Wabash College, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, University of Michigan. District V — University of Wisconsin, Beloit College, University of Minnesota, University of Iowa, University of Kansas, University of Nebraska, Leland Stanford, Jr., University, University of California. The following is a list of the alumni associations : Philadelphia, Meadville, New York, Louisville, Cleveland, Bucyrus, 217 Toledo, Chicago, Twin City, Minn.; Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Pittsburg, Newark, 0.; Buffalo, Washington, Springfield, O.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Ander- son, Ind.; Kansas City, Denver City, Multnomah, Ore.; Los Angeles. Henry Pegram. 218 PHI KAPPA PSI Bentley, Isaac M., 49 Cascadilla Merritt, Ernest G., 310 Huestis, Place, Ithaca. Ithaca. Carpenter, Henry G., 503 N. Mitchell, Harry B., Corning. Cayuga, Ithaca. Ryan, Harris J., 114 Cascadilla Hurlbiirt, Edwin, 310 E. Buffalo, Place, Ithaca. Ithaca. Stewart, Oscar M., 324 Heustis McMahon, James, no Ferris Ave., Ithaca. Place, Ithaca. 219 CHI PHI. THE Chi Phi Fraternity, as it now exists, was formed by the union of three distinct orders bearing that name. Each was founded separately and without knowledge at the time of either of the others. Each was origi- nally established with a different purpose from the others, and upon a different basis of organization. In the year 1854, there was found among the documents in the office of the president of Princeton College the constitution of a society bearing the date " 1824, " and having as the initial letters o: its motto the Greek letters Chi Phi. The students who made the discovery resolved to revive the old society, and in December, 1854, the Princeton chapter of the brotherhood was founded. By persevering effort two additional chapters at other colleges were established, notable among which was the chapter at Franklin and Marshall College. The parent chapter within a short time succumbed to the repeated attacks of the Princeton authorities, who have uniformly opposed the Greek letter idea. Meanwhile, a society had been founded at Hobart College by twelve men, known as the " twelve apostles " of the fraternity, who bound themselves in a brotherhood of ideal principles and adopted an emblem si-milar to the one now worn by members of the Chi Phi Fraternity. The Hobart nucleus soon became expanded into a strong entity. Chap- ters were formed at three other colleges, Rutgers being among them. Until 1865, these two orders knew nothing of each other's existence. That year, however, members of the two organizations happened to meet, and a friendli- ness was at once established which finally grew into a union. Then began a period of great activity. Several new chapters were organized, and the publi- cation of the Chi Phi Chackett, one of the pioneers of Greek letter society iournalism, was undertaken. While the fraternity idea was thus spreading among colleges in the North 223 there was a corresponding movement in the South. In 1858-59 there were established ten Greek letter societies at the University of North Carolina. Among these was a club known as Chi Phi, which during a period of two yeiro founded five new chapters. The Civil War was a terrible setback to all progress in ths southern Greek letter world, and all the southern chapters except the mother organization died. The active membership of the North Carolina chapter was greatly reduced by the call to arms. After the close of the war the surviving members pluckily went to work, recovered the constitu- tion and charter, which had been buried at the time of Sherman's march to the sea, and rehabilitated the organization. Success was immediate, and strong chapters grew up quickly. Shortly after the war the northern and southern orders were mutually astonished to learn of each other's existence. Consolidation was immediately projected. Owing to the sectional differences so strongly felt for a time after the war, the scheme was not consummated for several years. After pro- tracted correspondence, however, in March, 1874, a committee composed of three members from the combined northern organization and three from the southern fraternity met at Washington, and adopted a constitution and by-laws for th; united order, and set a date for the first convention, which was held in Washington, July 23, 1874. A period of prosperity and success followed, and many applications for charters to form new chapters were received. A conservative policy was adhered to in this matter, and several strong chapters were organized in lead- ing colleges. In 1885, the chapter at Amherst College dedicated its chapter house, the first owned by any chapter of the fraternity. Since that time nearly all the others have followed the example of Amherst, notable among them being Cornell and Yale, the latter chapter possessing the finest fraternity house in New Haven and one of the most magnificent structures erected solely for fraternity purposes, in the country. In 1896, the fraternity was re-organized. A new constitution was adopted and the publication of Chackett as an open magazine was discontinued. The fraternity now pubHshes a "yearbook," designed for open circulation. Annual conventions of the fraternity are held in New York City, except in bap years, when the meeting is held elsewhere. The fraternity has some 224 thirty-five hundred initiates upon its rolls. Among those whose names have been prominently before the public recently, may be mentioned the late Henry W. Grady, Chief-Justice W. L. Chambers, of Samoa, and Hon. Waher B. Hill, chancellor of the University of Georgia. The fraternity has nineteen chapters at present, established at the follow- ing institutions: University of Virginia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Emory College, Rutgers College, Hampden-Sidney College, Franklin and Marshall College, University of Georgia, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute^ Ohio State University, University of California, Stevens Institute of Tech- nology, University of Texas, Cornell University, Yale University, Vanderbilt University, Lafayette College, Wofford College, Amherst College, Lehigh U niversity. Ivy Ledbetter Lee. 225 CHI PHI Brown, Thurber A., Elmira. Rich, Edson B., Binghamton. Burr, Daniel S., Binghamton. Stearns, Josiah O., Corning. Gibb, Arthur N., 102 West Ave., Treman, E. M.—Xi— Cornell— '72 Ithaca. — Pres. Ithaca Gas Light Co. Jackson, David P., Binghamton. — Cor. Green and Cayuga — 315 Lucy Thomas F., Elmira. W. State, Ithaca. Lyon, Frank D., Binghamton. Treman, Robert H., 315 N. Miller, William H., 141 E. State, Geneva, Ithaca. Ithaca. 227 SIGMA CHI THE first chapter of the Sigma Chi Fraternity was established at Miami University, Oxford, 0., June 20, 1855. At that time Ohio was one of the far western states, but Sigma Chi has not only kept pace with the rapid development of the West, but has stretched out eastward and southward until to-day it is pre-eminently a national brotherhood. A glance at the list of chapters shows the result of this extension, which has been judicious in the extreme and yet aggressive. The founders of Sigma Chi were Isaac Jordan, Ben. P. Runkle, Frank H. Scobey, Daniel W. Cooper, Thomas C. Bell, James P. Caldwell and William L. Lockwood. The first six withdrew from the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. The " Deke" chapter at Miami at that time contained twelve members, six of whom wanted matters in the chapter one way, and six wanted matters another way, and so a deadlock ensued. After several stormy sessions, brought on by some question in college politics, the chapter became irretrievably divided, and the six named above having added to their number the last named, formed the new fraternity. It took courage to found a new fraternity at Miami at that time. Already there were eighteen rivals in the field, but the founders began their work with that enthusiasm which carries success with it. The rivalry between the fraternities was very great. Congeniality, personal independence and genuine friendship comprised the platform of the new brotherhood, which was estab- lished upon no narrow ideal of manhood, but upon the principle that true strength lies in a well-rounded and symmetrical development of individual character. The chapter succeeded and immediately planned for extension, the second chapter being also established in 1855. The new fraternity was first called Sigma Phi. In 1856 the constitutioh and archives of the new chapter were stolen. Much to the disappointment of the perpetrators, this depredation was taken very philosophically by the frater- 231 nity. The old constitution had been adopted under stress of circumstances and a new instrument was needed. A convention was called, a new constitu- tion adopted, and the name changed. The affairs of the fraternity at large were administered by the oldest chapter until 1882, when a grand council of graduate members was made the executive head of the fraternity, with headquarters at Chicago. Like all the fraternities, Sigma Chi suffered severely during the war, but it has the unique distinction of being the only fraternity which had a chapter at the front. In 1864 the celebrated Constantine chapter was organized by southern members in a brigade of the Confederate army for the purpose of perpetuating Sigma Chi in the South. The meetings were held in camp and all the members were soldiers. The fraternity has published three catalogues, the first in 1872, and a larger one in 1876. The third was issued in 1890. It is a large book of over 700 pages, beautifully illustrated, and containing the best features of modern catalogues. Another catalogue is to be issued in 1900, data for it being already in process of collection. A song book was published by the Beta chapter in 1884, and a much larger book, carefully compiled, was issued in 1898. It compares most favorably with any fraternity song book yet pub- lished. The journal of the fraternity is the Sigma Chi Quarterly. It is pub- lished in Chicago and the members believe that it ranks high among fraternity magazines. Sigma Chi has also a secret journal called The Bulletin, which, sealed, is mailed to members. It is of great service in facilitating business, as by it the members are kept in touch with all the internal affairs of the brother- hood. The badge of the fraternity is a cross of gold and white enamel. In the center is a circular plate of black enamel, having the letters Sigma Chi in gold. The arms are of white enamel and on them in gold are the following symbols: On the upper arm are two crossed keys, on the right arm a scroll, on the left an eagle's head and on the lower arm seven stars, and above them a pair of clasped hands. A chain connects both the right and left arms with the upper arm. The coat of arms is a Norman shield of blue, bearing a white Sigma Chi cross, the shield being surmounted by a roll in whiter and blue, with the crest of an eagle's head holding a key of gold. The public motto of the fraternity, " In Hoc Signo Vinces," is placed beneath the shield on a scroll or ribbon. The flag consists of a blue rectangle bearing the letters Sigma Chi and a 232 white Sigma Chi cross. This is supplemented by a streamer of gold, placed above the flag. The colors of the fraternity are blue and gold. The flower is the white rose. Sigma Chi has active chapters at Albion College, Beloit College, Buck- nell University, Butler University, Centre College, Columbia University, Columbian University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Denison Uni- versity, De Pauw University, Dickinson College, Hampden-Sidney College, Hanover College, Hobart College, Illinois Wesleyan University, Indiana University, Kentucky State College, Lehigh University, Leland Stanford, Jr. University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Miami University, North- western University, Ohio State University, Ohio Wesleyan University, Penn- sylvania College, Pennsylvania State College, Purdue University, Randolph- Macon College, Roanoke College, Tulane University, University of California, University of Chicago, University of Cincinnati, University of Illinois, Uni- versity of Kansas, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of Mississippi, University of Nebraska, University of North Carolina, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, University of Southern California, University of State of Missouri, University of Texas, University of Virginia, University of Wis- consin, University of Wooster, Vanderbilt University, Washington and Lee University, West Virginia University. There are alumni chapters or associations of Sigma Chi at New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Louisville, Nashville, Columbus, Los Angeles, New Orleans. Francis E. Brewer. 233 SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON THE Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity was founded at the University of Alabama in 1856 by Noble Leslie De Votie. It came into existence at a most unfortunate period. "Established shortly before the Civil War, and in the South, it was destined to meet with disheartening obstacles. For some six years after the outbreak of the war there was practically no living chapter among the dozen or more that had sprung up from Alabama Mu, the mother chapter. In fact, it was commonly supposed that Sigma Alpha Epsilon had been completely killed. After the war was ovsr the South began her new life, and among other institutions Sigma Alpha Epsilon revived. But like the South, the fraternity was long in regaining strength and prestige. By 1875, however, it had once more become a strong southern fraternity. Up to the year 1883 Sigma Alpha Epsilon was entirely a southern frater- nity, with southern ideals and abhorrence of anything that savored of the North. More than one order, powerful in other sections of the country, had made overtures proposing amalgamation, but such proposals were met always with a negative answer. In spite of this general feeling a few progressive and far-seeing members began to discuss northern extension without reference to absorption or amal- gamation. It is needless to repeat that the idea was at first most strenously opposed. At that time the issue of extension or anti-extension was to Sigma Alpha Epsilon what the issue of expansion or anti-expansion is to-day to our nation. The more the proposition for northern extension was decried, the more zealous became its advocates, until finally they achieved a signal victory, and in 1883 a charter was granted to a local organization at Gettysburg College, Pa. Pennsylvania Delta, as this chapter was called, fell a martyr to this cause of northern extension. In a very short time the chapter was dis- banded. But the victory had been won, and extension into the North pro- gressed. To-day Sigma Alpha Epsilon is as strong in northern colleges as in southern colleges, and even Pennsylvania Delta has taken on new life and is 239 a strong and vigorous chapter. After much labor, and not a few errors, Sigma Alpha Epsilon can now point to chapters throughout the length and breadth of the country. It is neither northern nor southern, but is a national fraternity. That extension was a complete success is shovi'n by a comparison of the eleven leading college fraternities of to-day in point of numbers, with the membership and ranking in 1883 (before Sigma Alpha Epsilon came north) and 1898. Such comparison will show that Sigma Alpha Epsilon gained during that fifteen years 365 per centum, and rose from twentieth to eleventh position among the college fraternities. Sigma Alpha Epsilon now meets in biennial convention. The next meet- ing will be at Boston, in the winter of 1900. At each convention a governing body, known as the supreme council, is elected. This body represents the national organization in all matters, and has its powers and duties sharply de- fined in the new constitution and cods of laws adopted at Washington in 1894. The next catalogue is now in course of preparation, and will be published late in the year 1900. In a financial way the fraternity is most prosperous. Owing to the faithful payment of dues by all the chapters, and to a conservative management of the funds thus procured, the fraternity is enabled to add annually several hun- dred dollars to its considerable surplus. The members of the supreme council are salaried officials, and are allowed liberal sums for clerk hire. In this way the business of the fraternity is conducted with the precision of a business corporation. It is doubtful if any fraternity can surpass Sigma Alpha Epsilon in this feature. The Record, the quarterly magazine of the fraternity, has been published without interruption for twenty consecutive years. Through liberal financial support and an active, sympathetic interest on the part of the members, it has been enabled to grow from a very small and obscure publication to its present substantial size, and to assume a position on a level with the journals of other fraternities. In the year 1892 Sigma Alpha Epsilon established a quarterly secret pub- lication under the name of The Hustler, the title becoming subsequently Phi Alpha. This has proved a valuable medium for the dissemination of all kinds of information, and as an official organ has found a place in the settled policy of the fraternity as certain and well defined as that of The Record. 240 The fraternity's national flower is the violet, which contains the symbolic colors of purple and old gold. The fraternity does not possess a permanent song book. Every initiate is presented with the official badge of the fraternity at the time of his initiation. The list of chapters of Sigma Alpha Epsilon is as follows : Boston Uni- versity, 1892; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1892; Harvard Uni- versity, 1893; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1894; Cornell University, 1891; Columbia University, 1895; St. Stephen's College, 1895; Allegheny College, 1887; Dickinson College, 1890; Pennsylvania State College, 1892; Bucknell University, 1893; Gettysburg College, 1883; University of Virginia, 1858; Washington and Lee University, 1867; University of North Carolina, 1857; Davidson College, 1883; Wofford College, 1885; University of Georgia, 1866; Mercer University, 1870; Emory College, 1881; Georgia School of Technology, 1890; University of Michigan, 1889; Adrian College, 1887; Mt. Union College, 1885; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1888; University of Cincinnati, 1889; Ohio State University, 1892; Franklin College, 1892; Purdue University, 1893; Northwestern University, 1894; University of Illi- nois, 1899; Central University, 1882; Bethel College, 1858; Southwestern Presbyterian University, 1882; Cumberland University, 1860; Vanderbilt University, 1857; University of the South, 1881; University of Tennessee, 1879; Southwestern Baptist University, 1867; University of Alabama, 1856; Southern University, 1878 ; Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1878; University of Missouri, 1884; Washington University, 1892; University of Nebraska,, 1893; University of Arkansas, 1894; University of Colorado, 1891 ; Denver University, 1891 ; Leland Stanford, Jr., University, 1892; Uni- versity of California, 1894; Louisiana State University, 1867; Tulane Uni- versity, 1897; University of Mississippi, 1866; University of Texas, 1882. Champe S. Andrews. 241 DELTA TAU DELTA THIS Fraternity was organized during the fall of 1859, but all data being lost at the time of the Civil War, and it being impossible to fix the date exactly, January, 1 860, has been officially recognized as the date of its founding. The first form of government was naturally under-graduate, one chapter governing the rest under the name of Alpha ; there were four such chapters from the founding until 1884, when the present form of government was adopted ; they were, the Mother Chapter at Bethany, the Second Mother a' Jefferson, now Washington and Jefferson, Ohio Wesleyan and Allegheny. The first general convention of the fraternity was held at Pittsburg, Pa., July 3, 1866. Five chapters were represented — Jefferson, Allegheny and Monmouth College, Ohio University and the Western University of Pennsyl- vania. The National Convention of 1 873 divided the Fraternity geographically into four sections, each with a presiding chapter, for the purpose of assisting the Alpha in the administration of the affairs of the Fraternity. The same idea is still found in the machinery of Delta Tau Delta though the presiding chapters have been abolished. The Convention of 1884 legislated out of existence under-graduate govern- ment, and elected a committee consisting of five Alumni and the Presidents of the four Provinces, in whose hands was placed the duty of administrating the affairs of the Fraternity, in many points absolutely, in others during the interim between the Biennial Conventions. In 1884 the W. W. W., or Rainbow Fraternity united with the Delta Tau Delta, the former being a society limited strictly to the Southern States, organ- ized in 1848 and with an excellent membership. Since the ten first years of the Fraternity's life, the election of honorary members has been forbidden, and since that time every man who has the right to wear the badge, received that right while a college student. Delta Tau Delta first of all fraternities prohibited the initiation of sub- freshmen ; for years it stood alone in prohibiting lifting, by making any man who joined another fraternity ineligible to membership in its ranks, and even today it has but little company on this point ; while some years ago it passed legislation against class societies. 247 Up to the union with Rainbow, the colors of the Fraternity were purple and Gold, since that occurance white has been inserted between the other two. The official organ is " The Rainbow," which has been published continuously since 1877, first under the title of "The Crescent," then under the present name. Six catalogues have been published, the latest in June, 1897, and the Song Book was published about 1884. The growth of Delta Tau Delta has been marked by the withdrawal as well as the granting of charters, and Chapters are now in existence in the following institutions. The State Universities of Mississippi, Georgia, Virginia, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois, California, Ohio, Michi- gan, Indiana, Pennsylvania ; the Universities of Brown, Cornell, Lehigh, De Pauw, Indianapolis, Ohio Wesleyan, Ohio, Northwestern, Chicago, Leland Stanford, Jr., Tulane, University of the South, Washington and Lee, Vanderbilt, Emory College, Albion, Allegheny, Hillsdale, Wabash, Washington and Jef- ferson, Tufts, Adelbert, Kenyon, Stevens Institute, Rensselaer, and Massachu- setts Institute of Technolgy. The alumni chapters are as follows ; New York, Chicago, Nashville, Twin City, Pittsburg, Nebraska, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, New Orleans, New England, Cincinnati. Robert E. Hall. 248 DELTA TAU DELTA Carpenter, Rolla C, 123 Eddy, Pierce, Ulysess G. li., 516 li. Ithaca. Buffalo, Ithaca, Evans, Charles W., Elmira. Ingersoll, Monmouth H., 121 S. Tioga, Ithaca. 249 ALPHA. TAU OMEGA THE Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity was founded in the city of Richmond, Va., September 11, 1865, by Rev. Otis Allan Glazebrook, D. D., Captain Alfred Marshall, since deceased, and Judge Erskine Mayo Ross, all three residents of that city. It was incorporated in Baltimore, Md., in 1874. Judge Ross was a recent graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, the great war school and West Point of the South, and Dr. Glazebrook and Captain Marshall were then members of the graduating class. The circumstances were peculiar. The Civil War had broken up all the southern colleges. The only exception was the Institute at Lexington, Va., which had secured a commanding importance and had been vigorously maintained to supply officers for the Confederate army. The conditions holding at military schools were not thought favorable to Greek letter societies. The prejudice and the fact that the Greek letter life was extinct in the South, had deprived the young men of that section of participation in the benefits of the Greek letter system. At the close of the war, some of the northern fraternities took steps to re-establish themselves in the South and had written to Gen. F. H. Smith, the distinguished superintendent of the college, as to its possibility. Cadet Glazebrook, having been recommended by the superin- tendent to the parties who had appealed to him, was approached upon the subject, and, after mature deliberation, duly considering the close relationship involved, and with an exalted idea as to the sacredness of such a bond, he concluded the time was not opportune. His attention, however, had been aroused, and the more he thought, the greater appeared the importance for the union of the hearts and honor of southern young men in an organization 253 based upon the principles of truth and virtue. Undoubtedly, the represen- tative young southern men were soon to be gathered at Lexington in the risopening of the Institute and the reorganization of Washington College under the presidency of Gen. Robert E. Lee. This afforded an exceptional opportunity. He prepared the plans of such a brotherhood, and after he had secured the co-operation of tsvo of his chosen friends, it was determined to locate the first chapter at the Virginia Military Institute at its opening in the fall of 1865. Almost immediately afterward the second chapter was placed at Washington and Lee University. Recognizing that while the fraternity could and should do its first great work in the new South, such a brotherhood had a world-wide field and would as soon as the new national relations were re-established be wanted in every part of the country, its founder from the very first gave it such scope that it could adjust itself readily to every section. It was even more than national in its possibilities — it should be a brotherhood knowing no section, but aiming to combine true men the world over in an effort for the supremacy of good over evil. In furtherance of this object the fraternity was gradually extended to the southern institutions as they revived, in the meantime watch being kept for the opportunity to begin the wider, national life which was contemplated. The University of Pennsylvania at last afforded this opening, and the first northern chapter was established there, April 8, 1881. The honored pioneer in this extension was N. Wiley Thomas, Ph. D., now Professor of Chemistry in Girard College, Philadelphia. The success of Alpha Tau Omega has been remarkable. The total membership is about 5,200, and the list of chapters comprises Alabama A. and M. College, Southern University, University of Alabama, University of Georgia, Emory College, Mercer University, School of Technology, at Atlanta ; University of Illinois, Rose Polytechnic Institute, Tulane University, Tufts College, University of Maine, Colby University, Adrian College, Hillsdale College, Albion College, University of Nebraska, University of North Carolina, Trinity College (N. C), St. Lawrence University, Cornell Univer- sity, Mt. Union College, Wittenberg Col.ege, Wesleyan University, Marietta College, Ohio State University, Muhlenberg College, Pennsylvania College, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Southwestern Presbyterian University, Vanderbilt University, Southwestern Baptist University, Cum- berland University, University of the South, Austin College, University of 254 Texas, University of Vermont, Washington and Lee University, University of Virginia, the total number being forty-one, distributed through twenty-two states. In addition to these there are state alumni associations in active existence in Alabama, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio, District of Columbia, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Texas. And there are thriving city alumni associations at Allentown, Pa.; Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Washington, New York, Pittsburg, Atlanta. The fraternity publications consist of a song book, catalogue and a quarterly magazine called " The Palm," which is published by Louis C. Ehle, of Chicago. The government of the fraternity is vested in three departments, name\y a congress of delegates from the chapters, which convenes biennially ; the grand officers and a high council, compossd of five alumni; the high chancellor, who acts as the judiciary. The congresses are held in different sections of the country. The congress of 1898 was held in New Orleans, and the congress of 1900 will be held in Boston. The present presiding officer is Dr. Larkin W. Glazebrook, of Washington, D. C, the son of the founder. Although the fraternity is but thirty-four years old, a long list of very distinguished and representative men could be given, to-day filling posi:ions of honor in church and state and on the bench, s.nd in all the departrr/ents of the country's intellectual and material life, a re; ult not to be wondered at in a fraternity whose meaning and mission comm ;nd her to the dsvelopmen . c f tho highest type of manhood. Otis A. Glazebrook. 255 ALPHA TAU OMEGA Andres, Eugene P., 132 E. Mill, Miller, Ernest A., 219 S. Albany, Ithaca. Ithaca. Creighton, James E., 102 Reser- Piatt, Chester C, 402 University voir Ave., Ithaca. Ave., Ithaca. Cnshman, Blin S., 402 Eddy, Ithaca. 257 KAPPA ALPHA (Southern) IN this day and generation, when the only true form of government is thought to be a republic, it might seem a little strange to find among this society of men who, and whose ancestors, have done so much towards the establishing and maintaining of the greatest of republics, a smaller society governed by one man, whose aims and ideas are to maintain and perpetuate those maxims of that code practiced in the by-gone days of knighthood. But human nature is naturally inconsistent, and man has been endowed with a desire for the occult and the obsolete, and so it has come to pass that, modified only in so much as is absolutely necessary for compatibility with the larger organization, the Kappa Alpha fraternity (Southern) a society of knights patterned after those of old, has been born, reared and grown, a, memorial monument of the chivalrous days of old, When man for war was born, With God and ladies as their battle song. For this it seems was the sentiment that prompted James Ward Wood, WilUam N. Scott, William A. Walsh and Stanhope McClelland Scott in December, 1855, while enjoying the environment of those ideal days of a college life at Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, Lex- ington, Va. Springing as they did from families of the " Old South " it may, with reason, be supposed that their intentions were to preserve the old ideas of chivalry which they may, even at that early date, have foreseen were destined shortly to pass into the pages of history as a result of the then recent war, as well as to create a closer tie between themselves and others during their collegiate life. In any and all events, the Kappa Alpha fraternity, of which we are now speaking, was founded upon the principles of that true knighthood. It was on December 21, 1865, being prompted by the principles just spoken of, that the four above mentioned founders founded at Washington College the Phi Kappa Chi fraternity, whose name, after a few weeks, was 261 changed to Kappa Alpha on account of some friction with another Greek letter order over a similarity of names, to whichcircumstance in all probability may be attributed the present somewhat erroneous idea that Kappa Alpha was founded upon the ruins of a defunct fraternity which had existed at Washington College prior to the war. The first new chapters were for some time under the control and guidance of this Washington College, or Alpha, chapter, S. Z. Ammen, at that time the chief officer of Alpha, having the management of the affairs for the entire order, until the increase of chapters and the business incident thereto compelled him to request the creation of another office to rank second to his own, whose incumbent's duties should be to transmit to the younger chapters the orders of himself, the chief officer. The first appointed to fill this new office was J. F. Rogers. This mode of governing the order by the chief officer of the senior or oldest living chapter continued until 1873, when it was amended by conven- tion in changing the status and method of choosing this second officer of the senior chapter, by making him an officer of the fraternity instead of the chapter, b/ enlarging his powers and in giving him rank above any other official, and by decreeing that such officer should be thereafter elected by the conventions, which now meet at his call every two years, and are composed of a delegate from each chapter and the general officers of the fraternity. Of the most important Conventions were those held in 1873, when the supreme authority, just mentioned, was taken from the .senior chapter ; that held in 1885, when an office corresponding to a treasurer of the Order was created, and that held in 1893, when the ritual and code became, under the master hand of Mr. Ammen, greatly enlarged and beautified. During the intervals between conventions the powers and decisions of the chief officer are absolute and final, and it has been said of him, that "he may do anything," but this of course must be taken to mean within his constitutional powers. The medium of intercourse between the general officers, chapters and members is the Kappa Alpha Journal, which is edited and published at present in Lexington, Kentucky, by Charles W. Miller. It was originally established by the convention of 1878, and after two unsuccessful attempts was finally, in 1885, placed upon a footing which to-day is the proud boast of the fraternity. 262 The badge of membership is a gold shield, with the Greek letters K. A., and a Maltese cross set in gold in black enamel. The colors are crimson and old gold, while the three mottos Fratris usque ad aram, Dieu et les Dames, and Excelsior will to those of an imaginary turn of mind, suggest somewhat the secret hidden beauties of Kappa Alpha. At the present time there are thirty-eight active chapters, located at the various institutions of learning throughout the South and West. In fact, the fraternity is the largest in the South, being stronger than its strongest rival by nine chapters and leaves most of its competitors far in the rear. The active chapters are distributed as follows ; Maryland, I ; District of Columbia, 1 ; Virginia, 6 ; West Virginia, 1 ; North Carolina, 2 ; South Carolina, 2; Georgia, 3; Alabama, 3; Louisiana, 3; Mississippi, 1; Tennessee, 4 ; Kentucky, 3 ; Missouri, 3 ; Arkansas, 1 ; Texas, 2 ; California, 2. In addition to these active chapters there are fifteen Alumni ones, and two State Associations, one in Missouri and the other in Georgia. The Alumni chapters are entitled to representation in the bi-annual conventions, but have no power of initiating new members. The present day earnings of the Journal after all expenses, including a salary of five hundred dollars to the editor, are about two hundred dollars a year, while its cost of production amounts to twelve or thirteen hundred. F. S. Key Smith. 263 KAPPA SIGMA KAPPA SIGMA, as a Greek-letter fraternity, came into existence at the University of Virginia in 1867. In that year George Miles Arnold, George Wyatt HoUingsworth and others founded the mother chapter, with the sole idea of producing a local society. As a basis for their secret work, as well as for the name of the order, they adopted the myths and traditions of a certain secret society called " Kirjaith Ssphor," said to have been founded at the University of Bologna in the fourteenth century. The two gentlemen referred to became possessed of the secrets of Kirjaith Sephor while traveling in France and Italy during the year 1865. The Eu- ropean society, said to have been founded with the prime object of student pro- tection during travel, spread to the Universities of Montpellier, of Orleans, and of Paris, where its life was short. The society became extinct, its traditions, however, being handed dov/n in the family of De Bardi, from a member of which Drs. Arnold and HoUings- worth obtained a sufficient knowledge of its semi-mythical history to serve as a basis for the ritual and principles of Kappa Sigma. For six years the nswly-formed society existed at the University of Vir- ginia as a " local." At the end of this time a new personnel had entered the society. This regime, under the leadership of Stephan Alonzo Jackson, deter- mined to cease existence as a society, and the " local " began to broaden into a fraternity. During this year and the following (1873 and 1874) six chapters were founded. Of these six early chapters it is interesting to note that two are still in existence, at Centenary College, Louisiana, and at Washington and Lee University, Virginia, and one more, though killed by anti-fraternity laws in 1879, was revived in 1892, and still thrives at Trinity College, North Carolina. Progress in chapter building went slowly forward until in 1889, after two decades of hard work, but thirty-two chapters had been established, of which thirteen were already extinct. 269 During the next eight years (1890 to 1898) as many more chapters were added to the roll, with the proud record of but two extinct chapters out of the thirty-two. One of these, at Butler University, Indiana, was withdrawn in 1892, within less than a year of its foundation, and the other was killed by the anti-fraternity legislation of the state of South Carolina in 1897. The remarkable growth of the fraternity in the past decade has been coin- cident with the development of the broadened principles which determined, in 1885, to remove restrictions from its territorial boundaries, and make of the order a national instead of a purely southern organization. The movement, which began with the establishment of chapters at Purdue University, Indiana, and at the University of Maine, has progressed so rapidly that on January I, 1899, twenty-one of its forty-nine active chapters were situ- ated in the Northern States. The formation of alumni associations began in 1892, with clubs at Yazoo City, Mississippi, Pittsburg, Philadelphia and at New York City. Other alumni associations are now in active existence at New Orleans, Chicago, Indianapolis, Rustin (La.), Boston, and Chihuahua (Mexico). Active chapters are located at Louisiana State University, Davidson Col- lege, Centenary College, University of Virginia, Randolph-Macon College, Cumberland University, Southwestern University, Vanderbilt University, Uni- versity of Tenessee, Washington and Lee University, William and Mary Col- lege, University of Arkansas, Swarthmore College, Tulane University, University of Texas, Hampden-Sidney College, Southwestern Presbyterian University, Purdue University, University of Maine, University of the South, Trinity College, Mercer University, University of Illinois, Pennsylvania State College, University of Pennsylvania, University of Michigan, Columbian Uni- versity, Southwestern Baptist University, Cornell University, University of Vermont, University of North Carolina, Wofford College, Bethel College, Kentucky University, Wabash College, Bowdoin College, Ohio State Univer- sity, Georgia School of Technology, Millsaps College, Bucknell University, Lake Forest University, University of Nebraska, Wm. Jewell College, Univer- sity of Maryland, Brown University, Richmond College, Missouri State Uni- versity, Washington and Jefferson College, and University of Wisconsin. The publications of the fraternity began in 1885 with its magazine, the Quarterly, which in 1891 became a bi-monthly under the name Caduceus. A 270 " Constitution and Catalogue," the work of S. A. Jackson, was issued in 1881. A second catalogue, the work of George Vaughan, appeared in 1897. A secret bi-monthly periodical, the " Star and Crescent," began in 1897, and a song-book, compiled by Albert B. Lambert and Renel W. Smith, ap- peared in 1899. The minutes of its biennial grand conclaves, as well as the present constitution of the fraternity, have been published in book or pamphlet form. The membership is now between three and four thousand ; the badge is a crescent and star ; the colors, maroon, old gold and peacock blue ; the flower, •the lily of the valley ; the yell — Rah, rah, rah, Crescent and star, Vive la, vive la. Kappa Sigma. J. S. Ferouson. 271 KAPPA SIGMA Burke, Chas-. B., Ithaca. Fisher, Carl. W., Ithaca. Harris, J. F. W., Binghamton. Hoy, David Fletcher — Alpha Kappa — Cornell University — 'g'l — Registrar of Cornell Univer- sity — Ithaca. McConnell, Ira M., 422 N. Au- rora, Ithaca. Putman, Russell B., Ithaca. Rowley, W. W.. Ill East Ave., Ithaca. 273 SIGMA NU JANUARY 1st, 1869 and the Virginia Military Institute are indissolubly linked together in the mind of every Sigma Nu. It was on that date, and within the walls of that famous old southern institution of learning, that this youthful college fraternity became a member of the Greek letter family. It was at that time, too, that James F. Hopkins, of Memphis, Tenn.; Greenfield Quarles, of Helena, Ark.; J. W. Riley, of St. Louis, Mo., and R. E. Semple, of Mississippi — all cadets in the Institute — conceived an idea of brotherhood which has since made their names to be revered by thousands of fellow workers in the same cause. Alpha Tau Omega had previously organized a chapter at the V. M. I. In a short time it became evident that this fraternity was exercising a great control over the affairs of the school. Dissatisfaction prevailed throughout the cadet corps. Hopkins and his comrades quickly grasped the situation, and with no other purpose in view than the formation of a rival society, set to work to complete its organization. At that time there was no thought that the proposed rival would ever attain to more than local reputation. Indeed, it is believed that there was no intention to form a Greek letter society, in the proper sense of that term, as is shown by the fact that it was not until " the new idea of expansion " had taken root that a Greek letter name was given it. Just as the Alpha Taus had been dubbed by their fellow cadets " Blackfeet," so these, their rivals, were called, or called themselves, in contradistinction, "Whitefeet," and by these two names respectively their adherents were known. Naturally enough by this time excitement at the institute was by no means on the wane. With two rivals in the field, whose policies were as diametrically opposed as their names would seem to indicate, there grew up a friendly con- test for " the spoils ' — a contest, not alone for the honors open to the compe- tition of the cadet corps, but a contest for men as well. Success in a measure far beyond the fondest dream of the "Whitefeet" attended their efforts. Before the first school year had closed, forty names, representing half as many states, were on their rolls. New ideas sprang up and matured, ind " White- feet," a name which probably once savored of derision, soon became a symbol of honor and a badge of distinction at the V. M. I. 277 Having accomplished so much in the short time, every man of the forty was now bent on doing more. As a result, the old name gave way to the more euphonious Greek letter name, Sigma Nu. A constitution and by-laws were prepared and adopted, a badge and fraternity signs and symbols were agreed upon, a policy of extension was proposed, and this " baby fraternity," then less than one year old, entered the field to combat with old and powerful adversaries, claiming the right to share in shaping the lives and destinies of the college youth. Notwithstanding her early successes, Sigma Nu made little progress for several years. Chapters were founded, but a multitude of almost insuperable difficulties retarded her growth. In some instances this was due to the char- acter of the institution selected, Some of the schools entered were small and insignificant. At other institutions the faculties became hostile, and by adopting prohibitive regulations, crushed out chapters that seemed well estab- lished and bade fair to succeed, while it not infrequently happened, as was to be expected, that it was impossible to compete with old rivals, well established and owning costly chapter houses. These difficulties, together with those en- countered by every fraternity — such as the incapability of the inexperienced successfully to assume the obligations incident to membership in a college fraternity — made the early life of Sigma Nu so ineffective and unsuccessful that in 1883, fourteen years after the founding of the first chapter, there were to be found but three active chapters out of nine that had been established, and only 300 persons had donned the five-armed badge. But in this year the struggle for existence became more successful, and it is at this point that the real history of Sigma Nu begins. Fourteen years of inactivity had proved a blessing in disguise. A new leader stepped forth in the person of Isaac P. Robinson, of Baltimore. Assisted by others loyal to the cause, Robinson, whose enthusiasm for his "f rat." knew no bounds, and whose efforts can properly be characterized as untiring, called his little band of Greeks " to arms." What plans they agreed upon, and how they carried them out, let the result suffice to tell. In the next two years six chapters were organized, and seven in the following four. Succeeding years have seen the chapter list grow in size and the membership increase, until now more than forty chapters have been installed, with a total membership of over 3,000. But vain would be the boast, indeed, if this were the only improvement Sigma Nu had made. She has advanced in other lines as well, and not the 278 least of these is improvement in the quality of the institutions she is entering. Though many of the early chapters, and now and then a recent one, were placed in the less important institutions of learning, many have been located at the larger institutions of prominence and influence in different parts of the United States. And while the writer does not presume to speak for anyone other than himself, he thinks he sees in the gradual change which Sigma Nu has undergone in the past ten years, a steady approach to what he believes to be its ultimate policy — a change from an almost rabid policy of extension to a wiser policy of discreet conservatism. With chapters in the South at such institu- tions as the universities of Virginia and Washington and Lee ; in the West at University of California and Leland Stanford, Jr.; in the middle West at Pur- due and Northwestern, and in the East at Lehigh and University of Vermont, it is believed that the stock of Sigma Nu is quoted higher in the fraternity market to-day than ever before, and that increasing prosperity will continue to attend in the coming years. The roll now shows active chapters existing at the following institutions : University of Virginia, Leland Stanford, Jr., University, University of Texas, William Jewell College, University of Washington, Cumberland University, University of Kansas, Bethel College, University of California, Central Uni- versity, University of Iowa, Alabama A. & M. College, University of Alabama, University State of Louisiana, Vanderbilt University, University State of Mis- souri, Rose Polytechnic Institute, Albion College, Indiana State University, Lombard University, De Pauw University, Mt. Union College, Ohio State University, Northwestern University, Purdue University, Georgia School of Technology, Western Georgia A. & M., Emory College, University Georgia, Mercer University, North Carolina A. & M., University North Carolina, Washington and Lee University, University of Vermont, Lehigh University, University of South Carolina and Tulane University. The fraternity colors are black, white and gold, and the official organ, the Delta, is a quarterly publication. The badge has five arms, and is designed after the badge of the Legion of Honor of France. It is made of plain gold, but may beset with precious stones. Within a golden circle, where the arms meet, is coiled a golden serpent in a black enamel field, and in the white enamel field of every arm are crossed two golden swords. Many of the chapters now occupy chapter houses, and alumni associa- tions and clubs are to be found in nearly all of the great cities. 279 The New York alumni association was formed in 1895, and to-day, though scarcely four years old, has a membership of nearly fifty men. The present officers are : Dr. John Herndon French, 43 W. 51st St., president; Robert A. Byrns, 20 Broad St., 1st vice-president; Edward G. Pringle. Columbia University, 2d vice-president ; John S. Parker, 27 Pine St., treas- urer, and Greenleaf H. Ghasmar, 39 Gortlandt St., secretary. Frequent meetings are held, and the annual dinner takes place usually in the month of February. The governing body of Sigma Nu is known as " the high council." It is composed of the four highest officers in the fraternity, who are at present : Hamilton M. Dawes, New York City, regent ; William L. Kemp, Atlanta, Ga. ; vice-regent; Ferd. H. Heywood, Columbus, 0., grand treasurer, and Clarence E. Woods, Richmond, Ky., grand recorder and editor of the Delta. " Since 1883, when its existence as a national fraternity really began, the Sigma Nu fraternity has displayed the energy, vigor and aggressiveness characteristic of youth. At that time it had practically no standing as a national fraternity. It had a comparatively small number of members and but few chapters. Those chapters were situated in small and uninfluential institutions of learning in one section of the country. It owned no chapter houses— it rented none. Sixteen years have elapsed. To-day it has gained for itself a place among national college fraternities and a standing which is admitted to be good. It has established and maintained chapters in many of the most prominent and most influential institutions of our land. Its member- ship roll has increased more than ten fold. It now owns many chapter houses and leases others. And it has, withal, maintained a high standard of mental and moral excellence as well as fraternal qualifications for its mem- bers, so that they stand well, are respected, and receive their share of honors at the institutions in which they are students. All this has been accomplished in competition with college fraternities possessing all the advantages that greater age would naturally give them. "All things considered, therefore, Sigma Nu feels proud of her past achievements and present standing, for her life has little more than begun. Some years hence, when she shall have reached her prime, let us hope that her successes and rewards will be still more numerous, and her victories and achievements more pronounced than they are to-day." Hamilton M. Dawes. 280 PHI SIGMA KAPPA THE Phi Sigma Kappa was founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, March 15, 1873, by Jabez William Clay, Joseph Francis Bar- rett, Henry Hague, Zenas Young Clark, Frederick George Campbell and William Penn Brooks, all of the class of 1875. In 1878 the grand chapter of the fraternity was organized. The society had refused in 1874 to extend itself to the Maine State College. On February 2, 1888, a chapter was placed at the Albany Medical College, and styled the Alden March chapter in honor of the famous surgeon of that name, who had established that institution. In 1891 the Pi chapter and the Alden March chapter changed their names to Alpha and Beta, the latter becoming a chap- ter of Union University. February 26, 1889, Gamma chapter was placed at Cornell University through the efforts of Arthur G. Root and Sherwood Le Fevre, of Beta. February 24, 1891, Delta chapter was placed at West Virginia University. This movement was due to Wilbur S. Mayers, of Gamma., June 3, 1893, Episilon chapter was placed at Yale University by the work of Wilson L. Camden, of Delta chapter. December 19, 1896, Zeta chapter was placed at the College of the City of New York. January 8, 1897, Eta was inducted at the University of Maryland because of the efforts of Tom S. Tompkins, of Delta, and December 16, 1897, Theta chapter was placed at Columbia University, New York, because of the work of William Taylor Elgas, Matthew J. Elgas, Jr., and Albert G. Rich, of Zeta. March 15, 1899, W. R. Haughey, Jr., of Zeta, brought together nine petitioners from Stevens Institute ^of Technology, who were inducted as the lota chapter. June 7, 1899, the Kappa chapter was placed at the Pennsylvania State College, thus taking over and absorbing the local fraternity termed the Phi Delta Epsilon, which had been in existence nearly five years, and had a total membership of thirty-two. The inception of this extension work was due to the efforts of Mr. Haughey. October 7, 1899, the Lambda chapter was established at the 285 Columbian University, Washington, as a result of the labors of Horace M. Bell, Max C. Maxwell and J. Strother Miller, of Gamma chapter. Thus the extension work has been accomplished by personal labor of members under the inspiration and supervision of the council. Now it will be seen that this fraternity existed as a local society for fifteen years. As a general fraternity it has lived a little over eleven years. Its total membership to-day is over 600. No chapters have died. The growth of such an organization has, of course, necessitated frequent changes of its constitution. Such changes, after => time, became a bother in conventions, as they took a great deal of time. In 1893 Prof. William P. Brooks, Ph. D., was appointed a special commissioner to revise the constitu- tion, and with the help of some members of the council he drew up a report, which was thoroughly discussed at convention held in 1894 at Yale University, and finally adopted. This constitution consists of four parts, preceded by a preamble stating the general principles of college fraternity life, of some five hundred words. This preamble, and the second, third and fourth parts, have been printed. The first part of the constitution, which relates to the secret work and management of the chapters, is of course unprinted. The second part relates to the organization of members into the grand chapter, the forma- tion of conventions and the powers and duties of the council, which is the executive body of the fraternity. The members of the grand chapter, which is known as the second degree, consist of all graduates, former students whose class has been graduated, and all past and present presidents of the chapters. Such, under proper restrictions, may organize themselves into clubs, which have the power to act on amendments to the constitution. Con- ventions are now held once in two years. The council consists of six mem- bers. The constitution to be amended must have such amendment adopted by a two-thirds vote in the convention, and ratified by three-quarters of the chapters and clubs. Thus the conventions are no longer taken up with " con- stitution doctoring," and the time is spent on the chief work of the fraternity — the promotion of fellowship. The third part of the constitution relates to the third degree, which is known as the degree of honor, and is composed of the founders of the fraternity and past presidents and vice-presidents of the grand chapter. The fourth part of the constitution pertains to matters of colors, emblems, taxation, headquarters, amendments, etc. The colors of the fraternity are silver and magenta. The emblems are the onyx ring with the 286 arbitrary characters engraved upon theni, and a pin of the three Greek letters, the Sigma to the left, the Kappa to the right, the Phi superimposing the two. The headquarters of the fraternity are established in New York City, and at least four members of the council must be located in New York. Each chapter has the right to initiate former students at the institution wherein they are located, and also honorary members who may not have been students of any college. But such must be with the unanimous concurrence of the council. Very few members of either class have ever been initiated. The fraternity has made a strong point in its university chapters of taking men from all departments, in order to promote university solidarity, and in this pur_ pose it has been successful to a great extent. The clubs of the fraternity are two in number, one located in New York since 1889, and one in Boston since 1897. As to chapter houses, the organization is young. It has no wealthy men, and each chapter has built itself up according to its surroundings. For a number of years Alpha chapter has owned a fine plot of land, two hundred feet square, on which it has not yet built, because its position in the college is so eminently successful and it is so happily housed in its large rooms that the alumni and undergraduates believe it best to simply wait until the right time comes for building. Gamma chapter, at Cornell, has lived in a rented house since 1891. It has now on hand nearly all of the funds necessary to commence building operations, which are expected to be taken up in the summer of 1900. Zeta and Theta chapters occupy handsome quarters facing Morningside Park. Iota, of the Stevens Institute, is placed in a fine house closely adjacent to the Stevens property. Kappa, at Pennsylvania State, had previously existed in a hired house during its Ufe as the Phi Delta Epsilon. It will remain in the same until it proceeds to building operations, and thereby own its own home. The Lambda, at Columbian University, occupies a fine mansion on L Street, N. W., overlooking a park and Massachusetts Avenue. John Ashburton Cutter. 287 PHI SIGMA KAPPA Brooks, Arthur B., 182 E. State, Moore, Veranus A., 914 East Ithaca. State. Ithaca. Collins, Sherman, State St., Itha- l^^^y' Mulford, Ithaca. Reed, Raymond C, 410 Union XT 1 ■ r- . c T^ J ^^'^■' Ithaca. Hopkms, Grant S., 320 Dryden „. ^, ,, , ,,, r-^ . ' Titus, Chas. M., 123 W. State, Road, Ithaca. n.u„„„ ' Ithaca. Jsmieson, Jno., 120 S. Cayuga, White, Benj. F., 432 N. Tioga, Ithaca. Ithaca. 287 GENERAL INDEX GENERAL INDEX Introductory 3 American College Fraternity, The 7 Advantages of College Fraternity Life 19 Durante Vita (Poem) 23 Early Days 24 Fraternity (Poem) 31 College Homesteads of Greek Letter Men 39 Chapter House Illustrations : Alpha Delta Phi House at Cornell S3 Alpha Delta Phi House at Cornell: An Interior View 71 Alpha Delta Phi House at Dartmouth 68 Alpha Delta Phi (Eells Memorial) House at Hamilton 21 Alpha Delta Phi House at Harvard 42 Alpha Delta Phi Club, New York, and Cornell Interior View 71 Alpha Delta Phi House at Johns Hopkins 91 Alpha Delta Phi at Rochester 46 Alpha Delta Phi Houses at Union and Yale Universities.. . 73 Alpha Delta Phi House at Wesleyan 83 Alpha Delta Phi House at Williams 62 Alpha Delta Phi Views; Dartmouth, Williams and Amherst 33 Alpha Tau Omega House at Cornell 90 Beta Theta Pi House at Amherst -. S6 Beta Theta Pi House at Johns Hopkins 22 Beta Theta Pi House at St. Lawrence University 59 Beta Theta Pi Houses at St. Lawrence and Leland Stan- ford, Jr., Universities 34 Beta Theta Pi House at University of Michigan 87 Chi Phi House at Cornell 49 Chi Phi House at Yale 14 Chi Psi House at Cornell 36 Chi Psi Houses at Hamilton, Williams, Amherst, Michigan and Wisconsin 51 291 Chi Psi House at Lehigh 89 Delta Kappa Epsilon — First Chapter House at Kenyon 6 Delta Kappa Epsilon Houses at Lafayette, Wesleyan, Cor- nell, Colgate and Yale 60 Delta Kappa Epsilon House at University of Michigan 50 Delta Kappa Epsilon House at Wesleyan University 45 Delta Phi Houses at Harvard and Lehigh 57 Delta Phi House at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 72 Delta Phi House at Yale 18 Delta Psi House, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale 52 Delta Psi House at Columbia University 10 Delta Upsilon at Cornell 92 Delta Upsilon Houses at Colgate, Rochester, Amherst and Rutgers yj Kappa Alpha House at Cornell 9 Kappa Alpha House at Hobart 41 Kappa Alpha (Southern) at Columbian 66 Kappa Sigma House at University of Maine 79 Phi Delta Theta Houses at Amherst and University of Wisconsin 58 Phi Delta Theta House at Cornell 70 Phi Delta Theta House at University of Michigan and Pennsylvania College : 75 Phi Gamma Delta House at Cornell 67 Phi Gamma Delta Houses, Group of yj Phi Gamma Delta House at Ohio Wesleyan University. ... 54 Phi Gamma Delta Houses at University of Nebraska, Uni- versity of Virginia and University of Tennessee 63 Phi Gamma Delta at University of Maine 76 Phi Gamma Delta Interiors, University of Maine 81 Phi Gamma Delta House at Worcester Polytechnic Institute 61 Phi Gamma Delta (Interior) at Worcester Polytechnic In- stitute 86 Phi Kappa Psi House at University of Michigan 29 Phi Kappa Sigma House at University of Pennsylvania. . . 30 Phi Sigma Kappa at Columbian 65 Phi Sigma Kappa at Cornell 82 292 Psi Upsilon House at Trinity College, Hartford 88 Psi Upsilon House at University of Michigan SS Psi Upsilon House at University of Pennsylvania 13 Psi Upsilon House at Trinity College, Hartford 88 Psi Upsilon House at University of Michigan 55 Psi Upsilon House at University of Pennsylvania 13 Sigma Alpha Epsilon House at Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni- versity 64 Sigma Alpha Epsilon House at Worcester Polytechnic... 25 Sigma Alpha Epsilon House (Interior) at Worcester Poly- technic 26 Sigma Phi Chapter House at Hobart 69 Sigma Chi House at Mass. Institute of Technology 84 Theta Delta Chi at Amherst 80 Theta Delta Chi at Cornell 38 Theta Delta Chi House at Tufts College 85 Zeta Psi House at Cornell 17 Zeta Psi House at New York University 74 Zeta Psi Temple at Yale 78 Fraternity Badges: Alpha Delta Phi Badge 119 Alpha Tau Omega Badge 251 Beta Theta Pi Badge 143 Chi Phi Badge 221 Chi Psi Badge 151 Delta Kappa Epsilon Badge 159 Delta Phi Badge in Delta Psi Badge 175 Delta Tau Delta Badge 245 Delta Upsilon Badge 135 Kappa Alpha Badge 97 Kappa Alpha (Southern) Badge 259 Kappa Sigma Badge 267 Phi Delta Theta Badge 197 Phi Gamma Delta Badge 189 Phi Kappa Psi Badge 213 Phi Kappa Sigma Badge 205 293 Phi Sigma Kappa Badge 283 Psi Upsilon Badge 127 Sigma Alpha Epsilon Badge 237 Sigma Chi Badge 229 Sigma Nu Badge 275 Sigma Phi Badge 105 Theta Delta Chi Badge 181 Zeta Psi Badge '. 167 Historical Sketches and Rosters : Alpha Delta Phi 121 Alpha Tau Omega 253 Beta Theta Pi 14S Chi Phi 223 Chi Psi : 153 Delta Kappa Epsilon 161 Delta Phi 113 Delta Psi 177 Delta Tau Delta 247 Delta Upsilon 137 Kappa Alpha 97 Kappa Alpha ( Southern ) 261 Kappa Sigma 269 Phi Delta Theta 199 Phi Gamma Delta 191 Phi Kappa Psi 215 Phi Kappa Signja 207 Phi Sigma Kappa 285 Psi Upsilon 129 Sigma Alpha Epsilon 239 Sigma Chi 231 Sigma Nu 277 Sigma Phi 107 Theta Delta Chi 183 Zeta Psi i 169 294 NAME INDEX NAME IISfDEX Adams, Edward L 125 Andrews, Alexander E 109 Andrews, Eugene P 257 Arnot, Matthias C 125 Arnot, Matthias H 165 Atwood, Edwin S 125 Austen, Willard Henry 149 Ayres, Frederick S 165 Babcock, Chas 133 Bailey, Liberty H 203 Baldwin, William A 165 Bancroft, Wilder M 165 Beardsley, Harry M 133 Beckwith, Henry Claw 165 Bedell, Frederick 125 Bennett, Chas. E 141 Bentley, Isaac M 219 Biggs, Chauncey P 133 Blair, Chas. H 133 Blodgett, Arba M 195 Blood, Charles H 103 Bostwick, Charles D 103 Bostwick, Edward H 103 Bostwick, Hermon V. V 109 Bostwick, William H 10.1 Boynton, Frank D 165 Brandt, Schuyler C 125 Briner, Emil S 125 Bristol, George P 109 Bristol, Lucius M 125 Brooks, Arthur B 289 Brown, Thurber A 227 Bullard, Charles F 133 Bundy, Harlow E 187 Burke. Chas. B 273 Burr, Daniel S 227 Carpenter, Henry G 2ig Carpenter, Rolla C 249 Carver, David H IS7 Carver, William B 157 Chittenden, Arthur S 165 Chubbuck, Clarence H i6s Church, Irving P 141 Church. Samuel P 125 Clark. Joseph F 125 Cole, Chester G 103 Collins. Frederick 165 Collin, Frederick.' 165 Collins, Sherman 289 Comstock. John H 141 Cornell, Ezra 125 Cornell, Frank C, Jr 125 Cowles, Augustus W 141 Crandall, Kirk P 187 Crane, Thomas F 103 Creighton, James E 257 Cushman, Blin S 257 Dana, Chas. L 133 Darling, Horace M 109 Decker, Casper G 133 DeGarno, Walter C. 195 Dennis, Louis M 133 Deyo, Israel T 165 Diven, Alexander S 133 Diven, Eugene 133 Diven, George M 157 Drake, Allen Norton 157 Dunham, Frank F 149 Dunham, Clarence 157 Dunham, Samuel 125 Durand, Wm. F 203 Dyer, Frank M i6f Dyott, John Cooper. Jr 133 Earle. Samuel B 157 Eaton, Frederick B 125 Edwards, William H 141 Ellsworth, Perry G log Elmer, Herbert C 149 Evans. Charles W 249 Fairbanks, Arthur 165 Falch, Alex 103 Fassett, Henry Lewis 125 Fassett. J. S 125 Fenner, Earlman 165 Fielder, Frank S 133 Finch, Francis M 133 Fisher, Carl W 273 Fitschen, J. Fred'k 141 Floyd. Leroy C 149 Forman, Lewis L 195 French, Chauncey 195 French, Seward H 195 Fuertes, Louis A 125 Gage, Simon H 141 Gamman, Alfred M 125 Gibb, Arthur N 227 297 NAME INDEX— Continued Gillette, Edwin 165 Goff, Charles Henry 117 Gregg, William W 133 Griffis,- William E 141 Griswold, Robert R 133 Griswold, William L i6s Guernsey, Peter B 165 Gunnison, Royal A 141 Hall, Charles ri 165 Halliday Samuel D 125 Hand, Walter M 157 Harris, J. F. W 273 Hart, Ira^F 157 Hayes, Lfonel S 187 Hart. James M 125 Heermans, Harry C 125 Heermans, John 173 Herendeen, Edward G 103 Hewitt, Frederic C 125 Hewitt, Waterman T 133 Hill, Nye R 157 Hitchcock, Charles H 157 Hitchcock. Edward. Jr 125 Hoffman, Harry N 141 Hopkins, Grant S 289 Hotchkiss, Albert 165 Howard, Archibald 141 Hoy, David Fletcher 27^ Huffcut. Ernest W 187 Hull, Charles H 141 Hurlburt, Edwin 219 Hutchinson, Henry S 133 Hutton, Alfred J 165 Hutton, Edward H 165 IngersoU, Monmouth H 249 Jackson, David P 227 Jamieson, Jno 289 Jenkins. Thornton 141 Jenks, Edwin B 117 Jenks, Jere M 141 Jennings. Isaac 165 Jewett, Fred F 165 Johnson, Frederick A 187 Jones, Robert T 165 Joslyn. John R 141 Kay, Edgar B 165 Kendall, Hugh H 133 Kidder, James H 125 Kilmer, Willis S 1.33 King, Rufus 141 Kinsburjr Benj. H 203 Knapp, Charles J 165 Knapp, Frederick P 165 Lake, Ralph E 125 Landfield, Jerome B 141 Langdon, Jervis 103 Lee, Duncan C 187 Livermore, Paul S 195 Loomis, Charles W 109 Loomis, Henry P 173 Lucy, Thomas F 227 Lyon, Frank D 227 Lyon, George F 157 McCall, Frederick W 187 McConnell, Ira M 273 McDowell, Boyd 133 McKinney, Edward P 165 McKinney, William A 133 Mack, Horace ' 109 McKnight. Chas. H 103 MacLachlan, John 187 McMahon, James 219 McVey, John 173 Mandeville, Charles B 173 Mandeville. Hubert C 133 Mangan. John H 165 Marsh. Daniel E 165 Martin. Clarence A 195 Matson, Charles N 125 Merritt, Ernest G 219 Middlebrook. Charles F 165 Millard. Stephan C. . .157 and 165 Miller. Ernest A 257 Miller. Walter F 133 Miller. William H 227 Mills, Edmund M 165 Mills, Frank S 125 Mitchell, Harry B 219 Moore, Austin A 109 Moore. Veranus A 289 More. Warren D 141 Morgan. Edward J 133 Morris. John L iq-? Newell, William W 141 Newman, Jared T 141 Nichol. Robert H 165 Nichols, Edward L 141 Nichols, Gideon P 165 298 NAME INDEX— Continued O'Bryon, George E 203 Ogden, Robert M 157 Olmsted, Everett W 149 Olmsted, Henry G 141 Parker, Charles E ' 125 Parsell, Gharles V 165 Parson, John T 17,3 Perkins, Frederick 125 Perry, Mulford 28g Petrie, Albert E 165 Phelps, Bennett 165 Pierce, Ulysess G. B ••249 Piatt. Chester C 257 Pound, Cuthbert W 165 Pratt, Charles R 125 Pratt, James B 10,3 Pritchard, Harrie W 133 Prescott, Frederick C 149 Pumpelly, Charles F 165 Pumpelly, Lawrence 173 Put-man, Russell B 273 Redfield, Henry S 133 Reed, Raymond C 289 Rich, Edson B 227 Roberts, James H 157 Robinson, David C 125 Romer, William J 125 Round, Robert J 125 Rowley, W. W 273 Ryan, Harris J 219 Schlaeger, Adelbert J 165 Scott, John M 203 Sessions, G. D 157 Seymour, Lewis 165 Sharp, Clayton H 125 Shepherd, Fred S 149 Shepard, George H I95 Sisson, Edward C 187 Skinner, Frederick P 133 Stanchfield, John B 133 Slee, John de L. F I49 Slocum, Arthur G 165 Smith, Edward L 165 Smith. Walter L 125 Speh. Edwin J 12S Stearns. Eckley H 109 Stearns. Josiah O 227 Stewart. Oscar M 219 Stone, Charles M i,3.3 Stone, William M 173 Stowell, A. D 149 Stowell, Alexander D 149 Stowell, Calvin D ". . . 125 Tanner, Jno. H 141 Tarbell. George S 117 Taylor, Alfred 157 Taylor, Edward 103 Terbell, Joseph B 157 Titus, Chas. M 289 Todd, Adam H 125 Tompkins, Ray 133 Treman, Charles E 103 Treman, E. M 227 Treman, Robert H . 227 Trowbridge, Alex. B 103 Tuck, Andrew E 141 Turner, Samuel Bates 133 Tyler, Charles M 165 Van Allen, William H 165 Van Cleef, Mynderse 103 Van Pelt, Jno. J 103 Van Vleet, DeForest 157 Vose, Riley A 165 Wadsworth Harry Hyde 133 Waite, Lucien A 173 Walker, Charles E 109 Weed, Lewis M 103 Welsh, Frederick W 165 White, Andrew D 109 White, Benj. F 289 White, Horatio S 133 Whitney. Eddy R 141 Whitney. George 125 Whittesley. Theodore 141 Wilbur, William C IS7 Willard, Wa;do W 165 Williams. C'ark B 133 Williams, Francis A 133 Williams, Francis C 133 Williams, George R 109 Williams, Roger B 125 Williams, Roger B., Jr 125 Winans. Ames A 165 Wyckoff . Clarence F 157 Wyckoff, Edward Guild 157 Wyckoff, George 103 Yeomans, Charles W 165 299