THE GIFT OF Jftt^tg A.as?,bi^ •^iiL4 Cornell University Library DS 665. W91 The non-Christian peoples of 'he Phili 3 1924 023 497 336 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023497336 VOLUME XXIV NUMBER ELEVEN The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE NOVEMBER, 1913 CONTENTS The Non-Christian Peoples of the Phihppine Islands With 32 Pages of Illustrations in Eight Colors By DEAN C. WORCESTER Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands, 1901-1913 PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHIKGTON, D.C. .50 a: I ^7 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL AVENUE OF THE PRESIDENTS AT M STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. HENRY GANNETT . . . PRESIDENT O.P.AUSTIN SECRETARY GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, DIRECTOR AND EDITOR JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE . ASSISTANT EDITOR 0. H. TITTMANN . . . VICE-PRESIDENT JOHNJOrEDSON .... TREASURER F. B. EICHELBERGER . ASSISTANT TREASURER GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY 1911-1913 Alexander Graham Bell Inventor of the telephone Henry Gannett Chairman of U.S. Geographic Board J, Howard Gore Prof. Emeritus Mathematics. The Geo. Washington Univ. A. W. Greely Arctic E.xplorer. Major Gen*l U. S. Army Gilbert H. Grosvenoh Editor of National Geographic Magazine George Otis Smith Director of U. S. Geological Survey O. H. TiTTMANN Superintendent of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey John M. Wilson Brigadier General U. S.Army, Formerly Chief of Engineers BOARD OF MANAGERS 1912-1914 O. p. Austin statistician. Bureau Foreign and Domestic Commerce Charles J. Bell President American Security and Trust Company John Joy Edson President Washington Loan & Trust Company David Fairchild In Charge of Agricultural Ex- plorations, Dept. of Agric. C. Hart Merriam Member National Academy of Sciences George R. Putnam Commissioner U.S. Bureau of Lighthouses George Shiras, 3d Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress. Fauna! Naturalist, and Wild-Game Photographer Grant Squires New York 1913-1915 Franklin K. Lane Secretary of the Interior. Henry F. Blount Vice-President American Se- curity and Trust Company C. M. Chester Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, Formerly Supt. U. S. Naval Observatory Frederick V. Coville President of the Washington Academy of Sciences John E. Pillsbury Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, Formerly Chief Bureau of Navigation Rudolph Kauffmann Managing Editor The Evening Star T. L. Macdonald, M. D. S. N. D. North Formerly Director U. S. Bu- reau of Census To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-three years ago, namely, "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge," the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re- turn envelope and postage, and be addressed : GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Editor associate EDITORS A. W. Greely C. Hart Merriam O. H. Tittmann Robert Hollister Chapman Walter T. Swingle Eliza R. Scidmore Alexander Graham Bell David Fairchild Hugh M. Smith N. H. Darton Frank M. Chapman Frank Edward Johnson Entered at the Po.st-Office at Washington, D. C, as Second-Class Mail Matter Copyright, 1913, by Niitioiial Gcnurnnhic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved Four representative Pennsylvania conductors, all of whom have carried the Hamilton Watch for years with perfect satisfaction. Conductor G. E. Lentr, Pennsylvania R. K. Conductor H D Riddle, l^i;Qnsyl\ania R Iv Conductor Jai F Law, Pennsilvdnia R R. 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We take pleasure in announcing that, as the convenienGe of the former Book was so manifest.the HAND BGDK 1914 will be larger, more comprehensive and wiU prove of value to the patrons of this House- ,iOustratingasitdoes by Engraving, the newest in Jewelry, Watches. Silver, Clocks China. Mahoganx Glass -^Novelties Our Service by Mail includes Special Photographs-KinCly mention articles ae sired and price to be observea Bailex Banks s. Diddle C) Chestnut Street Philadelphia; "Mention the Geographic — It identifies you." A Real Pleasure to Use it! — the new India-Paper Edition of Webster's New International Dictionary Only half as thick, only half as heavy as the Regular Edition. Printed on ex- pensive, thin, strong, opaque, im- portedlndiaPaper. Excellentprint- iiig surface. Clear impression of type and illustrations. So light, so con- venient, that you ■will use it at every opportunity. Size, 12% x 9}£ x 2J^ inches. Weight, only 7 lbs. Regular Edition. 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The Greatest Gift to the Child The Book of KnoAvledge 10,000 strikine Pictures The Children* s Encyclopaedia sso colored piates Since time began children have been asking questions! In Sir John Millais' famous painting, Sir Walter Raleigh and his little companion are asking the mariner about the strange new world across the sea, and no doubt,^ — W^hy has a star fish five points? How does an oyster make a pearl? and Why is the sea salt ? just as your children ask you a thousand andone questions which youcannot find time or find difficult to answer. ButTHEBOOK OFKNOWLEDGE which children and parents the world over have been waiting for has come at last to answer all their questions, — to give them the best and most helpful things to read, — to teach them the most fascinating things to make and do, -to open the whole marvelous world to their eager gaze, ten THOUSAND EDUCATIONAL PICTURES SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS TO THE MIND OF THE CHILD. 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Lantern Slides of any of these subjects, or from your own negatives, superbly colored by our artists, $1.50 each — and worth more. Our coloring is out of the ordinary. No inferior work done. 8^°* Just remove this page — mark the pictures desired and number of each, enclose check, money order, stamps or currency and they will be sent by first mail or express, prepaid. After you see them, most of your holiday shopping worries will be eliminated. C. H. GRAVES COMPANY Publishers of Out of the Ordinary Things Fairmount Avenue and 26th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Send Royal Sepia Gravotypes @ 50c. $ " My Lady's Toilette Table @ $1.00 $ Amount Enclosed - - - $ Name • •• Address •-- -• Great WaJl. China Let This Page Solve Your Holiday Gift Problem ' 'My dear Mr. Craves : / ihink ' My Lady 's Toilette Table ' is the most exquisite little booJ^ I ever saw. You certainly found a great treasure and have reproduced it wonderfully. —ELLA WHEELER WILCOX "Mention the Geographic — It identifies you." A Valuable Service For many years we have been endeavoring to educate individual investors that the First Mortgage Farm Loan, when properly made and offered for sale by a large, strong, conservative and experienced company, affords the safest and most profitable employment for their money that can be found. Farm Building in Wells & Dickey Company's lending field in South Dakota The reading Public has had its attention repeatedly called to this fact and is now convinced; therefore it remains for us to convince investors that in buying their Farm Mortgages from us they are assured of the safety of their money, the promptness with which their interest is paid, and that all other details in connection with their investment are carefully and promptly looked after by us without cost or inconvenience to them. 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L„ Bausch £f Ipmb Optical (S(j 618 ST. PAUL ST. ROCHESTER, N.Y. $100 Bonds on Chicago Property to Net 6% For the convenience of investors desiring safety and an attractive interest rate for small funds, we carry 6% bonds in $100 denomination. At present we have an issue of these bonds secured by first mortgage upon land and a modern apartment building in an attractive residence section of Chicago having unusually good transportation facilities by steam, surface and elevated lines. The bonds are issued un- der our usual serial payment plan and are the direct obligation of a responsible Chicago busi- ness man. Ask for Circular No. 826.D Peabody, Houghteling&Co. /'Established'V k 1865 / 10 S. La Salle St., Chicago "Mention the Geographic — It identifies you.' " Had we lived I should have had a tale to tell of the hardihood, endurance, and courage of my companions which would have stirred the heart of every Englishman." (From the last Entry in Captain Scott's Journal.) That Wonderful Tale is Told in Scott's Last Expedition Being the journals of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, C. V. O., R. N., together with the reports of the journey and the scientific work undertaken during the expedition. Edited by Leonard Huxley, with the assistance of the surviving members of the expedition, and of Lady Scott. With photogravure frontispieces of Captain Scott and Dr. Wilson; facsimile reproductions of Captain Scott's diaiy; 16 full-page illustrations in colors and more than 200 in black and white from the original drawings by Dr. E. A. Wilson, who perished with Captain Scott. Also with maps, charts, etc. Two volumes of 500 pages each Large 8vo, boxed, $10.00 net. Expressage Extra Captain Robert Falcon Scott Publishers DODD, MEAD & COMPANY New York The Monroe Doctrine: An Obsolete Shibboleth By HIRAM BINGHAM Director of the Peruvian Expedition, 1912; Author of In the Wonderland of Peru'' and "Across South America*' The publication of this searching study of the MONROE DOCTRINE has caused a national sensa- tion. The author's contention that the MONROE DOCTRINE in its present form is untenable and founded on false premises is upheld by an impressive array of facts. It is safe to say that every well, informed American will have to reckon with his arguments, and it is not unlikely that it will change our future relations with the South American Republics. No more significant book has been published in the past decade from the standpoint of a patriotic American. "His exposition of the fruits of the MONROE DOCTRINE is clear and concise. . . . The time will certainly come when the UNITED STATES should gravely consider whether this policy is worth while. . . . The MONROE DOCTRINE is obsolete. Is the expense of maintaining it justifiable ? " — Boston Transcript. "Professor Bingham's book as a late and authoritative treatment should therefore be of wide interest. . . . He marshals some impressive facts and makes some strong arguments. " — Bal- tiinore American. " This issue has got to be squarely and fairly met, with the truth clearly recognized. . . . There is probably no living American scholar better qualified by long study and experience to discuss this critical study than Professor Bingham. His noteworthy work is making a profound impression. " — Boston Herald. " You should read it. . . . Mr. Bingham knows his South America." — Reedy' s Mirror. On Sale at All Booksellers. Second Printing Within 3 Weeks. i2mo. Cloth binding. 1^4 pages. Gilt top. Price, $1. is net ; postage, loc. extra. 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Vol. XXIV, No. 11 WASHINGTON November, 1913 irnl THE MATII®HAL ©(SMAIPIHm MBAZH THE NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS With an Account cf What Has Been Done for Them under American Rule By Dean C. Worcester Si;cri;tary of thi; Interior of the Philippine Islands, 1901-1913 Author of "Field Sports Among the Wild Men of Luzon,'' with 5^ illustra- tions, published in the March, ipii, number; "Taal Volcano and Its Recent Destructive Eruption," with 45 illustrations , published in the April, IQIS, number, and "Head-hunters of Northern Luzon," with 10^ illustrations, published in the September, ipi2, number of the National Geographic Magazine. THE non-Christian peoples of the Phihppine Islands constitute ap- proximately an eighth of the en- tire population of the islands. The terri- tory which they occupy or control com- prises an immense region in northern lyuzon,* all but a narrow coastal strip in Mindoro, all but a few small isolated regions along the coast in the great island of Palawan, the whole interior and a con- siderable part of the coast region of Min- danao, extensive areas in southern Luzon and in Negros and Panay, as well as the islands of Basilan, Jolo, Siassi, Tawi Tawi, Balabac, Cagayan de Jolo, and the very numerous adjacent small islands. It is not too much to say that at the present time approximately half of the territory of the Philippine Islands is inhabited by them, so far as it is inhabited at all. * There are probably no regions in the world where within similar areas there dwell so large a number of distinct peoples as are to be found in northern Luzon and in the interior of Mm- danao. I desire to bring home to the readers of the National Geographic Magazine some of the more essential facts as to the division of the non-Christian inhabit- ants of the Philippines into really dis- tinct peoples, and to this end I shall sum- marize briefly some of the important known characteristics of each, illustrating my statements, when practicable, with re- productions of photographs taken either by the government photographer, Mr. Charles Martin, or by myself. Typical individuals, houses, settlements, and scenes are shown, so that the reader ob- tains at a glance facts which it would be impossible to state in words within the limits of any publication smaller than a bulky monograph. In order to facilitate reference, I shall take Up the several tribes in alphabetic order. In the latter part of this article, pages 1240 to 1256, an account is given of what has been done for these peoples under American rule. 1158 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE All of the native inhabitants of the Philippines are assignable either to the black race (the Negrito peoples) or to the brown race (the peoples of Malayan origin). So far as concerns the latter, it should be added that the original Ma- lay blood has in many instances been materially modiiied by intermarriage with Negritos, Mongolians, or Cauca- sians, although a considerable number of the mountain tribes have intermarried little with Negritos, less with Mongo- lians, and with Caucasians hardly at all. Indeed, among the Bontoc Igorots in the earlier days, when motherhood was some- times forced upon the women by white invaders, it was the custom promptly to kill the resulting mestizo children. I have already described the Negritos, Ilongots, Kalingas, Ifugaos, Bontoc Igo- rots, and wild Tingians in the Septem- ber, 1912, number of the Nationai, Geo- graphic Magazine, devoting special at- tention to their head-hunting customs ; but as the convenience of having even brief descriptions of all Philippine non- Christian tribes included in one article seems obvious, T venture here to record some additional facts concerning these peoples, and to restate some few of the facts already set forth. Incidentally, I give a few references to important publications, from which those who care to pursue the subject fur- ther can obtain many additional details. THE ATAS (see; picture, PAGE 1 1 67) This designation is derived from a word meaning "high" or "on top of" and is applied to the members of a nu- merically rather unimportant group of people inhabiting high mountains in the interior of Mindanao back of the town of Davao. We are still indebted to Jesuit mis- sionary priests for practically all the re- liable information which we have con- cerning these people, and it is meager in- deed. The Jesuits say of them, "The Atas inhabit the regions about Mount Apb and to the northwest. They are of a superior type, and this is especially true of their chiefs, who have aquiline noses, thick beards, and are tall. They arc very brave and hold their own with the Moros. Their probable number is 8,000." While I am inclined to doubt the pro- priety of ranking these people as a dis- tinct tribe, as this has heretofore been done, and as I myself have seen them but once, I here provisionally adopt the decision of others who have had better opportunities for investigation (see photo, page 1167). TPIE BACOEOS (see pictures, PAGES I161 TO I 163) The people of this interesting tribe, who are said to number some 12,000, are confined to the district of Davao, in Mindanao, and more especially to that portion of it in the vicinity of Mount Apo. They are strong, robust, and rela- tively tall, reaching a height of 1,750 millimeters (roughly, about 5 feet 9 inches). Many individuals are quite no- ticeably light-colored. Their hair is not infrequently wavy or slightly curled. The Jesuits say of them that "their pro- file is effeminate, the boys and girls be- ing indistinguishable and the latter hav- ing the vigor of the former." Not only is this true, but I have noted that visitors in looking over my collection of photo- graphs very commonly mistake Bagobo men for women. The dress of the Bagobos is especially striking. The cloth which they use is woven by them from carefully selected and dyed fibers of Manila hemp, and is subsequently treated with wax in such a way as to make it very smooth and du- rable. Tlie subdued colors of this cloth produce a pleasing effect, and it is orna- mented in a most tasteful manner with elaborate bead and mother-of-pearl work. The men wear short, long-sleeved jack- ets, often elaborately ornamented, trou- sers which do not reach quite to the knee and have beadwork around their bottoms, kerchiefs or turbans on their heads, and sashes or girdles at the waist, into which are thrust their war-knives, in peculiarly shaped double - pointed sheaths. These sheaths are often elabo- rately ornamented with beadwork and with hors-e-hair plumes (see page 1161). NON-CHRISTIAN PEOrLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1159 When a man has killed others, he wears on his head a kerchief of reddish-choco- late color ornamented with characteris- tic almost rectangular white markings, made by tying knots in the cloth before it is dyed. The edge of this kerchief is usually ornamented with beads, and it is worn with one point hanging down over the forehead of the owner. Light-col- ored straight lines extending across this point are said to indicate the number of his victims. CURIOUS EAR ORNAMENTS In addition, the men commonly wear behind, suspended from their shoulders by thongs which pass under their arms, bags highly ornamented with beadwork. The men are also especially fond of a peculiar ear ornament consisting of an immense disk of ivory two or more inches in diameter, connected with a sec- ond and somewhat smaller disk by a neck-piece and resembling an enormous collar-button with a short shank (see page 1 163). The smaller disk is thrust through a great opening in the lobe of the ear and the flesh contracts about the shank, holding it securely in place. Such an ornament may be worth one or more carabaos, according to its size, and when a man is so fortunate as to own two ivory disks he usually also wears bead necklaces connecting them. The offensive weapons of the Bagobos are well-shaped lances and heavy knives. For defense they use large wooden shields of characteristic form, which are often quite elaborately carved (see page 1 162). The women wear upper garments and skirts wliich very effectively cover their l)odies. Their arms, and sometimes their ankles as well, are loaded down with or- naments fashioned from brass and from ihe shells of giant clams. They are very fond of small bells, which are worn around their waists and legs suspended from bead pendants. While they do not have bells on their toes, they are abun- dantly supplied with rings on their fin- gers, and certainly have music wherever they go (see pages 1161 and 11 63). HUMAN SACRI]?ICE; PRACTICEID The Bagobos live in small villages, ruled by chiefs called datos. They are relatively industrious agriculturists. Some of them own quite extensive hemp plantations and have accumulated con- siderable wealth. A number of Amer- ican planters have employed Bagobos as laborers and have found them satisfac- tory. In the past the people of this tribe have taken and kept slaves, and have habitually indulged in human sacrifices when things were going' wrong with them. In fact several such sacrifices have been made since the American oc- cupation, the simple-minded participants admitting the fact readily enough and being quite surprised that any one should take exception to a custom believed by them to be not merely proper but highly commendable. They have until recently carried on intermittent warfare with neighboring tribes and to some extent among them- selves, but are now living quietly and peaceably. They are a music-loving people and fashion some large and beautifully orna- mented stringed instruments. Some of their dances are most attractive, I have known a professional Bagobo teacher of music and dancing. Much time has been devoted by sev- eral competent observers to the study of the Bagobos, and when the results of their observations are published we shall know much more about the people of this tribe than we do at present. They are certainly in many ways most inter- esting and attractive ; but the custom of making human sacrifices, which they share with the Manobos, does not com- mend itself to the average American. This custom alone affords adequate ground for separating them from nearly all other Philippine tribes. THE BILANES (see PICTURE, PAGE I166) The Bilanes inhabit a portion of south- ern Mindanao lying to the west, south, and east of Lake Buluan and extending to the end of the little peninsula which 1160 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE terminates in Pungian Point ; also the mountain peaks of the Cordillera be- tween Saboi and Malalag, and the Saran- gani Islands, which lie immediately south of the southernmost point of Mindanao. The mountain dwellers are attacked and enslaved by neighboring tribes, but those living in the Sarangani Islands have proved abundantly able to protect themselves. No special study of the people of this tribe has ever been made and no reliable information is available as to their num- ber (see page 1166). THli BUTCinNONS (SEK PICTURE,?, PAGES 1 164 TO 1 166) The designation "Bukidnon," which really means "mountain people," is gen- erally understood to refer to a tribe which inhabits the subprovince of the same name in northern Mindanao, and in one or two places extends over the mountain barrier which forms the dividing line be- tween Bukidnon and Butuan. At pres- ent they number 25,000 to 30,000. They are frequently called "Monteses," but this name is a Spanish term meaning "moun- tain people." Many of the men and women are con- spicuously tall. The hair of some indi- viduals is straight and lank ; others have wavy hair ; while a limited number, in whose veins there doubtless flows a con- siderable amount of Negrito blood, have rather closely curling locks. Many indi- viduals are of very prepossessing appear- ance. One's attention is immediately at- tracted by the small and often very slen- der hands and feet of the women. Well-to-do men wear long trousers reaching to the ankles and hanging out- side of these long shirts with full sleeves. Trousers and shirts are made of pieces of bright blue, scarlet, and white cotton cloth carefully stitched together in more or less elaborate geometric patterns and are of very striking appearance (see page 1 166). Trousers often have cuffs at the bottoms of the legs. Datos who have killed large numbers of enemies wear a most remarkable head ornament, fashioned from cloth of gold, with elaborate scarlet, blue, or white tas- sels (see page 11 64). So far as my ob- servation goes, no other Philippine tribe has anything in the least like it. The women wear long-sleeved upper garments of scarlet, blue, and white patchwork. Their skirts are long and may be fashioned of the above-mentioned materials, or made of solid pieces of cloth purchased from the Filipinos of the north coast or the Moros who live to the south and west (see pages 1165 and 1166). Most of the women have very large silver ear ornaments of characteristic form "buttoned"^ into great holes in the lobes of their ears. Their hair is worn banged across the forehead, with enormous love- locks hanging down in front of their ears. They wear rings of brass or silver on their fingers and toes, the number in- creasing with the wealth of the owner until individual digits are completely cov- ered and hence become practically useless, (see page 1165). A Bukidnon man is supposed to have but one wife, but frequently keeps, more or less openly, a number of concubines. THE MOUNTAINEERS SETTLE ON THE PIvAINS In the past the Bukidnon people have preferred to live scattered through the mountains in isolated families or small groups. During Spanish days Jesuit missionary priests brought considerable numbers of them together into villages, and since the American occupation al- most all of them have been persuaded to forsake the forest-clad mountains in fa- vor of the level, fertile plains, where they have built good houses grouped in beau- tifully kept and sanitary villages, which have broad plazas and clean, well-drained streets (see pages 1232 and 1236). The Bukidnons are natvu"ally a peace- ful and a very industrious agricultural people, but in self-defense have been compelled to stand oflr" the neighboring more warlike tribes of the interior and their Christian Filipino neighbors as well. Since 1907, when the subprovince of Bukidnon was cut off from the province of Misamis, active efforts have been made to protect these kindly and natu- rally industrious, intelligent, and progress- ive people, and the results obtained have been most satisfactory. EAGOEOS On the west side of the Gulf of Davao, a deep Indentation on the south coast of Mindanao, the large island at the south of the group forming the Philippines, live a primitive tribe called the Bagobos. They are remarkable for their picturesque costumes which are always gay with beads, bells and embroidery. Living in small villages, undiir chiefs called dalos, they raise in their forest clearings, maize, rice and a very fine quality of hemp. The Bagobo men are remarkable for their effeminate profile and are with difficulty distinguished from the women. 1 1.61 D >, ro *-• 3 ctj *J .^ a ^ oj — Sf " : M ■SSs „ tj rt J U O « ^ S >"cS k; lief art dsl ene n 5 313 S a <: eligio ds an hem e peo s: n >- c,*--c CQ §^oH O (5 curio t the ra, all .'at a. -t O a; .2 O S X^ C u M > i3 ^ o w o ■r
  • ,T3 D "J3 i5" °^|iS "! m C fc ■°g^2 M*^l- fl ""SJ OJ3 }-S w living river in the intei ening th [1. a Ss^iS z < inda larg bes rbla y. S-a5£ < 5ast thi the pad o o north s. the tween tethe S be of utarie en be No •Cja S»: "i-5g ;:;;b-s •ga«^ e Man gusan tly act raders 8 lips. Th river A frequen Moro t woman j3 3S Cii M-^ U (4 «j c^ B a » g-3 01 g a so ^.2-2 «o5s^ 2>sS| +J gj L. u <*- H rt 11 OJ t!5 So j: 05J o o S 9" o .2E!t;B« u ■" m * B o tiii3.B-5 <» H o s H o -a d n c 1 ti o p= u < 13 (L> •o aJ:5 H .— ■ T « ii y o 6 a S -a =3 ■^ C <^ i^ >iJ fS rt CJ O ^ rt rt "> 1S| >-l ° " m >— t •?S5l a u a •3 g^ bo J5 Sj: o o z < ^ o r- 3 ■'^T) ^ ndanao a industrio At about are groun o < m ^^ 2 m **^ a 2 s o-^feS; part re a mak tio |fi^.s ^s«-s -■:5s5 l-SS o rt ? il "->>5j3 "£•5 c ?; oB^-^ <: ■Si^^ ?; S,&fi-^ o berin rs to vome e anc num ghbo the torn m'Sj-O V. <: Subano Moro n rists an ommenc E^ll^ t&i j3 s^^ 1 177 II78 "79 • ■ • * lO lU T) *t O" u 3-3 K S II80 II8I A YOUNG ILONGOT WOMAN The Ilongot women show great ingenuity in their dress considering the fact that they belong to a tribe so primitive that they are unable to count beyond ten. They embroider with surprising skill, and fashion elaborate necklaces and girdles of cowries strung on colored cloth. Bells are greatly prized by both men and women and are worn at the girdle or hanging from the necklace. Head ornaments of white horse hair are their passion and they will go to any length to obtain the coveted material, which they use very tastefully as can be seen from the picture. 1 182 A KALINGA WOMAN This tribe — whose name Hterally means "Enemy" — is of mixed Malay and Negrito origin. They live in northern Luzon and number some 76,000, and were formerly inveterate head-hunters. They have high cheek bones and eyes shaped rather like those of the Chinese, but set level and usually far apart. 1 183 1184 as O P o S .a 'So ■3 9 o u -B S3 OJ g l-i ii8s AN ILONGOT FAMILY Unlike the women who are rather partial to clothes, the Tlongot man seldom wears more than a loin cloth. He is a skilful hunter depending on the chase for his supply of meat, and with bow and arrow tracks down deer and wild hogs ifvhich are abundant. Agriculture is left to the women wlio grow sweet potatoes, the principal article of food, a little rice, corn and bananas. The men distil a kind of rum from the sugar cane and are very fond of intoxicating liciuor. Each village is generally at war with the next and fighting is conducted by ambush, never in the open. Poisoned arrows are used and they set spiked bamboos and spring guns fgr their enemies in places which are likely to be crossed. 1186 WILD TINGIANS OF APAYAO This tribe is noted for the affection existing between husband and wife and for the high moral tone of its women. Their mourning customs are pecuUar. A widow discards her upper garments, fasts, and does not bathe for a period of six months, but the period may be terminated by offering the head of an enemy to the spirit of the dead man, a ceremony which is supposed to insure peaceful rest in the hereafter. II87 A TINGIAN MAN Although a comparatively civilized race the Tingians have been classed as head hunters, for generations they have had to fight for their existence against the Igorots and the Kalingaa and they may have acquired this habit from tlieir enemies. They show great skill in (he use of the lance a typical example being shown in the picture. Note the curious hat and the waterproof cape made of plaited straw. 11^ A MORO BOY The son of Dato Bata Rasa seated on the knee of Captain E. G. Miller, who lost his life while serving as Governor of Palawan The Moros are found in their greatest strength in the Island of Mindanao and the Sulu Arciupelago. They are unexcelled pirates and slave traders, treacherous and unreliable to the last degree. The whole race numbers about 300,(JIIO. has never been brought under complete control and its pacification presents one of the most dilBcult problems before the Philippine government. 1189 1 190 M D rt B ^ TO o; (u ^ D J3'*- > O rt 7) en bO -^ O . -^ Bo ■-■-3-a ■3S.gS a &■= o - K." 4J >> w ^ cT. ^ bfl u cvj 4h ■n Jiw O i-g Vi £SS3 f^ c o If. so 1 194 TRAVEI.ING BY RAIfT IN THE PHILIPPINE ISI,ANDS "On one of my early trips four different rafts were dashed to pieces under me in two days, but I suffered no serious injury" (see text, page 1240) pect that in cutting- it a bowl is jammed down on the shock head to be barbered and the hair outside it first cut short and then shaved off. Huge ornaments of brass are often worn in the ears and spirals of highly polished brass wire adorn the legs above the calves. The cabecillas, or petty chiefs, and some other wealthy individuals as well, wear highly ornamented girdles made from the opercula of certain marine shells. The costume of the women is even more simple than that of the men, con- sisting solely of a very abbreviated skirt somewhat precariously held in position by being wrapped around the body far below Ae waist, and indeed often under the abdomen. This skirt frequently fails to reach the knees of the wearer. A fold in it near the hip answers for a pocket. Brass ear-rings and simple strings of beads worn about the neck or in the hair complete the ordinary costume of the women, who may nevertheless wear blankets if they are fortunate enough to possess them. The women tattoo their arms, and more especially their forearms, following a fern-leaf pattern never to be juiy v,»ce LcxL, page 1^407 seen among the people of any other Phil- ippine tribe. SKUELS AS DINING-ROOM ORNAMENTS With few exceptions, the people of this tribe live in very small, compact vil- lages strategically placed among steep- walled rice terraces so as to be easily de- fended. Their windowless, neatly built houses are placed well above the ground on strong posts, which are often rudely carved. Access to them is had by means of light ladders, which are drawn up at night. Each house has two rooms, one above the other, the higher of which ex- tends into the peak of the roof and is used as a storeroom. Each house has a rude fireplace, over which may be placed the skulls of wild pigs and deer and those of carabaos eaten at feasts, as well as the skulls of enemies killed in war. Famous head-hunters often ha\'e taste- fully arranged exhibits of skulls on shelves beside the doors of their houses, hanging in baskets tinder the eaves, or extending around their houses in orna- mental friezes at the floor level (see page 1 168). "95 fa o w % o M ft o ft w 2; w pq o ft w w Z; So o m o S5 t/j « (ij O 1196 PRIMITIVE SALT WORKS These works are operated by Igorots at Salinas, Nueva Vizcaya, and supply salt to some 20,000 people The Ifugaos are very skillful in the raising of rice, which they grow on won- derful terraces constructed with infinite pains on the steepest mountain sides and irrigated by water brought in ditches which are often of considerable length (see the unusual photographs of these terraces in the National Geographic Magazine, September, 1912). The ter- race walls are usually made of dry stones, and the skill and industry which these comparatively primitive people have dis- played in thus building walls 10 to 40 feet high, which stand up not only under irrigation water, but under the floods caused by terrific rain-storms, in which water sometimes falls for a day or more at the rate of an inch an hour, are greatly to their credit. Many centuries of hard, continuous work must have been required to construct these terraces. They must be seen to be appreciated, and the more one sees of them the more he appreciates the high degree of intelligence and the extraordinary industry of their builders. Advantage has been taken of the nat- ural ability of the Ifugaos to handle stone, and mere boys have readily been taught to split boulders, cut the stone thus obtained to the required dimensions, face it, and utilize it in the construction of dignified and imposing public build- ings (see pages 1244 and 1246). THE IFUGAOS ARE GOOD FARMERS The Ifugaos cultivate their rice very carefully and raise splendid crops when irrigation water does not fail them. They also raise beans, onions, gabi (taro), and cotton on their terraces. Camotes, or yams, are planted extensively on the steepest mountain sides. Pigs and chick- ens are kept in considerable numbers, but as yet the Ifugaos have no cattle. On state occasions the wealthiest men sometimes purchase carabaos, which are turned loose to be cut down with war- knives by invited guests, each person be- ing entitled to so much meat as he can slice off and get away with. Terrific scrimmages result, in the course of which men are often badly cut, but the injuries 1 197 u 3 •a o ^ o 01 M J --^ w o a -^ t^ p^ > H fci w tfi c/l S o < o 3 B iig8 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1199 received on such occasions must be taken in good part (see photographs i' the Na- TioNAiv Gi<;oGRAPHic Magazinii, Septem- ber, 1912). A man who complained over having a few fingers chopped off would lose caste as completely as would a foot- ball player who objected to being tackled hard (seepage 1230). The men of certain towns, and espe- cially of Sapao, are skillful in working and tempering steel. They make excel- lent lance-heads and war-knives. They are the only people in the Philippines who do not naturally and normally eat with their fingers. The poorest Ifugao usually carries a wooden spoon in his clout and uses it in feeding himself. The handles of these spoons are often well carved in imitation of human figures. Striking-looking wooden bowls carved in imitation of hogs or carabaos are in fairly common use, while under the houses of what may be termed the Ifu- gao nobility huge carved tagabi, or rest- ing benches, fashioned from single logs and capable of accommodating two or more persons stretched at length, are often seen. Until American control was estab- lished over them, the Ifugaos were in- veterate head-hunters, and their heavy burden of field work was necessarily largely performed by women or children, while their men did sentry duty on the hilltops or stood guard over them in the fields. It is now more than six years since a head has been taken in their ter- ritory, and the several settlements are not only on friendly terms with each other, but with the people of neighbor- ing tribes as well. EXPERT SHOTS AND EFFICIENT POEICE When trouble threatens, they carry plain rattan-lashed board shields, which look ugly but are effective. Their offen- sive weapons are formidable bolos and steel-headed lances. They also use bam- boo lances and a few of them have rifles. Today order is maintained throughout their territory by Ifugao constabulary soldiers, who speedily become expert rifle shots and have shown themselves to be brave, efficient, and loyal (see p. 1224). The Ifugaos have only two musical instruments : a wooden drum with skin head, used in connection with certain ceremonial feasts, and the common gansa, or timbrel, which they play with consummate skill. They march to its music on the trail and dance to it on every possible occasion. Their feasts are apt to be rather up- roarious. They make an excellent fer- mented drink from rice, and on gala oc- casions are prone to partake of it rather too freely. Today they show the utmost friendli- ness toward Americans. They have built splendid roads and trails through- out their subprovince, over which Amer- ican women may and do ride in perfect safety. Under a continuation of the present policy the Ifugaos will go fast and far on the road which leads to better things. Their condition and customs in Span- ish days have been accurately and quite fully described by Either Juan Villa- verde, a Spanish missionary priest, who labored long among them and won their respect and regard. Had the policy which he recommended been followed by the Spanish government in dealing with them, many of the results which the American government has now attained Avould have been achieved years ago.* THE IGOROTS OE BENGUET, EEPANTO. AND amburayan(see pictures, pages 1 169, II74, I22I, 1238, I24I, AND 1255). The Igorots who today inhabit the sub- provinces of Benguet, Lepanto, and Am- burayan must be considered as consti- tuting a single tribe, although they speak several distinct dialects, of which Nabaloi and Kankanai are the more important. The territory which they occupy is for the most part very mountainous. They number today in Benguet 28,000 ; in Le- panto, 27,000, and in ."Vmburayan, 34,000. They are a robust and vigorous peo- ple. Both men and women are as a rule short, heavily built, and strongly muscled, * I have translated and illustrated his ac- count of this interesting tribe, and have pub- lished it in the Philippine Journal of Science for July, 1909. 3 m a O o o < o < Q Z; D w o >> CO o 2 . w o * m g ra CO 96 OJ 0) u JS c t-1 *> I-l CO CM bo J2 n 3 I2I4 A MOUNTAIN PROVINCE BRIDGE BUILT UNDER AMERICAN RUEE Bridges have to be placed at a great height above ordinary water level, as the streams of the Mountain Province are subject to terrific floods. During 1911 there was a rainfall of 38.8 inches in 24 hours. Later there was a rainfall of 31.4 inches in a like period. During the latter storm the wind reached a velocity of 108 miles per hour. Their music is supplied by gansas, which are played in a fashion peculiarly their own. Their dances, in which one man and one woman usually participate, are energetic but ungraceful, and are usually individual performances of very brief duration. Their religion, like that of their neigh- bors to the south, is a form of spirit worship. No schools have as yet been estab- lished for their children, but there is rea- son to believe that the latter will prove apt pupils. The Kalingas have until very recently been inveterate head-hunters. Crimes of violence are now comparatively rare among them and are for the most part confined to remote and inaccessible por- tions of their territory. While they bit- terly hate their Filipino neighbors in Cagayan and are at times with difficulty restrained from continuing to take ven- geance for past injuries, they are more than kindly disposed toward Americans, who can now travel safely through any part of their territory — a condition par- ticularly appreciated by me ; for I cer- tainly diced with death when I first crossed it, with one American and one Filipino companion, in 1906. THE KATABAGANES The Katabagaines are a wild tribe of Malay origin inhabiting the mountains in Tayabas near the Ambos Camarines boundary. But a few individual representatives of this tribe now remain, and practically nothing is known concerning them ex- cept the mere fact that they exist in the region mentioned. No photographs of them have ever been obtained. TliE MANDAYAS (SEE PICTURES, PAGES 1 170 AND 1 171) The Mandayas, said to number some 30,000, inhabit the upper waters of the 121S .J2 O o . c c ''CL, g nl a o C < w K o o D u w 2: o u 3 1^ 'o D, •■ V u rt t- o nl c w t- CU cfi iU > C > 'oj nJ o ".y bfl o j; 3 3 ■^U^ O >- E SBi ofe o u rt rt o bJQ OJ w ^ 1 — 1 >. % C C O X rt o rt OJ crt Lh QJ o ■5 (U m < u CO o a> (J I2l6 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1217 Agusan River in Mindanao ; also the val- ley of the river Salug and the territory between the headwaters of the Agusan and the town of Mati, on the Mindanao east coast. Among them are to be seen many fine- looking individuals, with almond-shaped eyes and long, straight lashes, which give them a peculiar appearance. Their skins are light in color and are described by the Jesuits as "ashy gray." Both men and women commonly go fully clothed, the men wearing embroidered cloth trou- sers, with tasseled fringes at the bottoms of the legs, and handsomely embroidered shirts, while the women are clothed in elaborately embroidered long-sleeved up- per garments and peculiar skirts woven of hemp in color patterns which are said to be produced by the manner of dyeing the individual fibers rather than the method of weaving them. A weaver who knows how to produce more than one of the several patterns is a great artist. The women often have their arms loaded down with ornaments of brass and shell. Their hair is banged squarely across the forehead and worn in a knot on the back of the head, and into this is usually thrust a silver-mounted wooden comb. Bead necklaces are commonly worn. At the waist there hangs a huge mass of ornaments and charms (see page 1171). Both men and women have long hair, and frequently wear long "beau-catch- ers" hanging down in front of their ears. Their hats, with feather ornaments very similar to those worn by the Ilongots, are ingeniously fashioned from bark and have two lateral strings so placed that when they are pulled apart the bark is bent. They are then placed against the sides of the head, and as the bark springs back into position the strings are tight- ened and the hat is thus firmly fastened on (see page 1170). The Mandayas use bows and arrows with much skill. Their long, slender shields, which are sometimes ornamented with beads, remind one of the sh-ields of the Ilongots, as do their strong, curved fighting knives, the sheaths of which are in size and form out of all proportion to the blades they contain. SKII,I,FUI, METAI,- WORKERS AND Ji;wi;i,ERS Some of the men are very skillful in working metals. They ornament the sheaths of knives with tastefully deco- rated silver bands and even inlay steel blades with silver. They hammer out great circular plates of silver called pati- nas and ornament them with engraved marks arranged in geometric patterns. They also work and temper steel with much skill. Some of the Mandaya houses are fairly well built wooden structures, roofed with shingles made out of flattened bamboo. Others are much more primitive and are built in trees. The Mandayas have in the past been inveterate fighters and slave takers. As yet they have been only partially brought under government control, and neither inter-tribal warfare nor slave-taking have been entirely checked. I once met a man who was carrying, but not wear- ing, the scarlet coat of a Bagani, or man who has killed six persons. I asked him if he was a Christian and he said he was. I asked him if he was a Bagani and he said not yet; he had killed only five people ! The Jesuit Father Pastelo has esti- mated the number of this tribe at ap- proximately 30,000. The Manobos and the Moros are the only two Mincianao tribes which outnumber them. THE MANGUAGUANS The so-called Manguaguans inhabit the territory between that occupied by the Manobos and that occupied by the Man- dayas. Although they are recognized by the Jesuits and others as a distinct tribe, I myself, after observing them for some time, am of the opinion that they are not entitled to such recognition. I consider them to be just the sort of people of mixed descent that one might expect to find in a region between the habitats of two tribes like the Manobos and Man- dayas. These two tribes really imper- ceptibly grade into each other through the so-called Manguaguans. THB MANGYANS (SEE PICTURE, P. II78) The Mangyans inhabit the interior of the great island of Mindoro. They are a oJ c/1 H •A •ri w ^ s be oj 3 OJ o !_, . ' Z; &H 0.!=: D c^ p OJ u rt'5 s ^ a-^ •ri il.S ■^ 3 * p. bo C o I2I8 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1219 variously estimated to number from 5,000 to 20,000. This tribal designation has also been applied with doubtful propriety to the wild inhabitants of the little island of Sibuyan, who have now almost en- tirely disappeared. It may be that when we know more of the Mindoro Mangyans we shall find it necessary to divide them into several different tribes. I myself have lived among those inhabiting north- ern and central Mindoro, and have re- peatedly visited those living in the south- ern and western portions of the island. The northern Mangyans, especially those living on the slopes of Mount Halcon, are a very primitive people. The costume of the men consists of a clout only. The women also wear clouts, supported by braided rattan cord coiled around waist and hips. Little girls be- gin with only enough cord to go around the body two or three times, while old women often wear great masses of it. Girls of marriageable age and young un- married women usually cover the breasts with a band made from the dried petiole of a banana leaf stitched with rattan. Clouts are usually made of bark cloth (see page 1178). In the northern part of the island men and women have few, if any, ornaments and usually lack blankets. They are semi- nomadic, and when wandering through the forests in search of cabo negro palm trees, from which they obtain a starchy product similar to sago, they build indi- vidual shelters of the flimsiest character. I have seen them asleep in the rain, crouching on their haunches over small fires and each sheltered only by two or three rattan leaves, shaped much like huge ferns, stuck into the ground in such a way as to bend over. Some of the members of the tribe spend the dry season wandering about in search of fish and game, which they take very skillfully with bow and arrows, and helping out their bill of fare with such vegetable products as they can ob- tain from the forest. When the rainy season begins they build more substantial structures, consisting of good-sized plat- forms of poles roofed over with palm or rattan leaves. Some Mangyans make forest clearings and cultivate the soil to a limited extent, raising emtio tes and a little rice and sugar-cane. HOW A PROFESSOR OP MATHEMATICS COUNTS The Mangyans are sometimes polyg- amous. They are of low intelligence and are ordinarily unable to count above three. Professors of mathematics can, however, count up to twenty by utilizing fingers and toes. The common method of procedure in dealing with numerals above three is to tie the requisite number of knots in a bit of rattan. I have trav- eled for days with no other helpers or companions than Mangyans, with whom I was compelled to communicate by signs, yet we got on beautifully. They are kindly, gentle people who will never make trouble if decently treated, but when abused they are capable of revenging themselves, using for the purpose ex- ceedingly deadly poisoned arrows. They are by no means fastidious as to their animal food. I have seen them gorge themselves with the rotten flesh of the tamarao, or small Mindoro buffalo, although it smelled to heaven and crawled with maggots. If a white man had swal- lowed a bite of it he would probably have died of ptomaine poisoning, but they ate it with satisfaction and with apparent impunity. Snakes, crocodiles, and huge white grubs all form table delicacies highly appreciated by them. The Mangyans in southern Mindoro are a much less naked people than are their northern brothers. The men fre- quently possess good shirts and wear neat cloth clouts ornamented with beads. Thev also wear bead necklaces and braided rattan armlets. Into the latter are thrust feather or flower ornaments. They are long-haired and frequently use head bands or small turbans. The women also wear beads in abundance, don cloth skirts over their clouts, and frequently have upper garments as well. These peo- ple raise, spin, and weave cotton. AN ANCIENT PHIWPPINE ALPHABET The Mangyans of southern Mindoro differ from all other Philippine tribes save the Tagbanuas, in that they have re- 1220 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE tained and still use their ancient syllabic alphabet, scratching the characters on freshly cut joints of bamboo or bits of banana leaf. They build comparatively good houses, and are more active and systematic in cultivating the soil than are their north- ern brothers. Several schools have been started for their children, who prove to be bright pupils. In northern and northwestern Min- doro many individual Mangyans show marked evidences of Negrito blood. I believe that there have been Negritos in this island and that they have disappeared by fusing with their neighbors. The interior of southern Mindoro has been found to be, relatively speaking, quite thickly populated. The inhabitants raise cotton and spin and weave their own cloth. They are so timid that it has thus far been impossible to establish communication with them. Like the people of all other Philippine wild tribes, the Mangyans have their own peculiar music, using bamboo flutes and primitive stringed instruments to produce it. They sing a good deal. Certain in- dividuals among them pretend to a sort of clairvoyancy and profess to be able to tell what persons at a great distance are doing. The Mangyans communicate with each other in the forest by beating on the enormous buttressed roots of certain trees, apparently using a primitive sort of Morse alphabet. All in all, they are a very interesting people, deserving of a more careful study than they have as yet received.* THU MANOBOS fSKE PICTURES, P.\Gi;S 1 1 72, II73, II76, 1234, -AND 1235) The Manobos are said to be the second most powerful tribe in Mindanao, al- though the Mandayas compete with them closely for this position. They are be- lieved to number about 60,000. They in- habit the whole lower Agusan River val- ley and are found in smaller numbers to the north of Malalag on the Gulf of * Mr. Merton L- Miller spent some time among them and has puhhsned the results of his observations in the Philippine Journal of Science for June, 1912. Davao, on Cape St. Augustine, and at various points in the interior of the dis- trict of Cotabato, even extending across the line into the subprovince of Bukid- non. They are a more than ordinarily tall and rather light-skinned people, with hair which is often wavy and sometimes curls quite closely ; but as their territory abuts upon that of the Negritos in north- ern Mindanao, it is probable that inter- marriage with the latter tribe accounts for the occasional occurrence of closely curling hair. Their dress is very similar to that of the Mandayas (see page 1172). Indeed, most of the women wear Mandaya skirts, many of which are said to be made by Manobo women captured in war by the Mandayas, kept as slaves, and taught the complicated art of skirt-making. Rich people also wear the great engraved sil- ver disks called patinas, which are manu- factured by the Mandayas and are so highly prized by their women (see page 1176). The Manobos, however, differ from the Mandayas in language and in customs to a marked degree. Furthermore, they seem to lack the skill in weaving and in metal working which the Mandayas pos- sess. Heretofore they have lived in single houses or small groups of houses scat- tered through the forest, but under American rule have been persuaded, in the Agusan River valley, to gather into vil- lages along that stream and its tributaries. Until compelled to give them up, they kept slaves and occasionally indulged in human sacrifices ; in fact, it was by no means unheard of for a wealthy Manobo to tie up a slave, give his small boy a lance, and have the boy experimentally test different ways of killing and maim- ing by thrusting the lance into the quiv- ering flesh of the unhappy victim. The Manobos practice agriculture in a more or less haphazard way, raising corn, rice, and yams, but often losing their crops as a result of floods. Their houses were wretched structures, but under American tutelage they have readily learned to construct much better ones (see pages 1234 and 1235). Many of them, however, still live in the tree-tops. HONOR MEN OJ? THi; BijNGUlST IGOROT POLICE (SEE PAGE I245) These men are wearing medals of honor given them for saying the life of Governor William F. Pack, who was swept away by a mountain stream in flood and would have drowned had they not plunged in after him. W -o < w o J3 c O tn to O. 3 o o o h CS (U a. ii B •a J3 O -M ■V o o-a •*" c :i >,; O en CT3 ? .S c NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1223 In general, it may be said that those in- habiting the lower Agusan Valley, where they had long been mercilessly exploited by their Filipino neighbors, are de- bauched with bad liquor, broken-spirited, and hard to deal with, while the fighting Manobos further up the river, who in the past managed to maintain their indepen- dence, are now progressing much more rapidly. WAR AND SUPERSTITION Among the wilder Manobos the passion for mangayaos, or killing expeditions, is strong. The fighting men are, however, very superstitious, and if they hear a small pigeon, called limocon, call in the wrong direction, will immediately return home. The Manobos who inhabit the back part of the subprovince of Bukidnon are physically an especially fine lot (see page 1 1 73). The men in this region fight fiercely when unjustly treated, but have shown themselves very appreciative of fair and kindly usage, and, as a result of having received it at the hands of Ameri- cans, are rapidly forming villages and settling down. The Manobos believe in an endless series of spirits or supernatural beings, called husaos, each of which is endowed with especial powers. Their priests, or bailanes, go through elaborate and re- markable ceremonies in establishing com- munication with the spirits and in com- municating the desires of the latter to the people. At times these singular in- dividuals seem veritably to become pos- sessed of devils, and are dangerous if they can gain access to deadly weapons. I once had the good fortune to be present when the busaos were being called and witnessed some extraordinary sights. The people of this tribe are especially fond of music and dancing, and their pantomimic dances far exceed, in num- ber and variety, those of any other Phil- ippine tribe with which I am familiar. In the course of an evening I have seen them mimic the woodpecker, the mon- key, the robbing of a bees' nest, an old man with elephantiasis trying to dance, a young man stealing a kiss from a sleep- ing maiden, individual peculiarities of persons present, and what not. THE MONTESES The wild people, other than Negritos, who inhabit the mountainous interior re- gions in Panay and Negros, are com- monly called Monteses. As the designa- tion is a Spanish word meaning "moun- tain people," it is obviously unsatisfac- tory. They are also called Bukidnon, and it may be that they are descended from the same parent stock as are the people of northern Mindanao, to whom this latter name is invariably applied, but if this is the case I have failed to note any evi- dence of it. It should be stated that "Monteses" is also an alternate name for the true Bukidnons. They are a people of Malay origin, whose original manners and customs have been much modified by contact with Filipinos and Negritos. The men wear clouts, the women skirts and camisas. They build fairly well-constructed houses of good size, but live a family or two in a place as a result of their belief that a person who dies needs some one to ac- company him on his long journey, so that it is incumbent on his male relatives to start a companion on the same road he IS traveling. As almost any one will do, a somewhat disturbed state of society results. These people practice agriculture to a considerable extent. They quarrel and fight among them- selves, using exceptionally long bolos with peculiarly carved hilts and good, strong lances. I lived among them in Negros for six weeks, but unfortunately the photo- graphs then secured have since been de- stroyed. At first they sought an opportunity to kill my companion and myself, believing that we had come to poison the stream from which they obtained their drinking water. Later, noting that we paid more for tiny birds' eggs than hens' eggs were worth, bought snail shells, and did other, to them, inexplicable things, they decided 1224 A KALINGA WARRIOR WITH HIS TRIPLE-BARBED LANCE WOODEN SHIELD AND CURIOUSLY SHAPED "In my opinion, the typical Kalinga warrior is the finest-looking wild man found in the Philippine Islands. ... In war the men protect themselves with very artistically shaped wooden shields. Their offensive weapons are slender but deadly light head-axes and savage lances. Like most other northern Luzon tribes, save the Ilongots and Negritos, they do not use bows and arrows" (see text, page 1213). ^1 a> " bo a- „ o c ja M >.C i- S u u '■33 O cS yj ._>;. o oT ^ £ ^ B C en V o .— '_! c c i-r o 111 < 3 o •^ a >. rt 1-. < iA S-H B ° " U o ;^ ^ O +-- MH .s « , bjO c^l4 ■> ta C 3 ^3 H 1226 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1227 that we were crazy, and after that we got on famously with them. THE MOROS (see pictures, PAGES 1 1 77 AND 1 189) "Moro" is the Spanish word for Mo- hammedan, or Moor, and in the Phihp- pines is used as a generic term apphcable to all of the Mohammedan peoples who inhabit the coast region of the southern third of the island of Palawan, and also Balabac, Cagayan de Jolo, Tawi Tawi, Siassi, Lapac, Jolo, Basilan, and very numerous adjacent small islands, as well as much of the coast region in western and southern Mindanao and the lower part of the Cotabato River valley and the Lake Lanao region. Moros of different regions dififer con- siderably in language, dress, and cus- toms, but have many things in common, the most important of which is the Mo- hammedan religion, which has funda- mentally modified their natures and made them in many particulars essen- tially different from the other Malayan peoples of the Philippines. Many of the men wear their hair short, but the Yacans in the interior of Basilan and the Moros of Lake Lanao wear it long. Turbans are in common use, al- though the Turkish fez makes an ac- ceptable substitute, and hadjis, or men who have visited Mecca, wear tightly fit- ting white caps. As a rule, men dress in very tightly fitting jackets of cotton or silk, which are sometimes black or white, but are more frequently gaily colored. Their "dress-up" trousers are skin-tight below the knee, while those worn when they are at work or are expecting to fight are often as loose a5 pajama trou- sers (see pages 1177 and 1189). Women wear similar loose trousers, with or without skirts, and cover the up- per part of the body with tightly fitting jackets, often left open down the front to a point between or below the breasts. Like the men, they are passionately fond of the brightest colors. PIRATES AND PEARE DIVERS Except in the interior of Basilan and in the Lake Lanao region, the Moros are essentially a water people. Some of them live in their boats for long periods, while most build their houses on piles in the water whenever practicable, so that they can drop into their boats and be off on short notice. They are wonderful swim- mers and divers. It is said that many of the best divers employed in the Ceylon pearl fisheries come from Jolo. The Mohammedanism of the Moros is of a somewhat washed-out character, and many of the laws of their religion are more honored in the breach than in the observance, but such as it is they be- lieve in propagating it with the sword, and fight with fanatical bravery. Many of the men are skillful in work- ing metals and fashion steel krisses, barongs, and campilans of deadly excel- lence. They also use lances, and in pro- tecting themselves employ heavy, round wooden shields. From time to time cer- tain individuals take solemn oaths to die killing Christians, and are then known as juranientados, or "sworn men." They secrete deadly weapons, betake them- selves to places where there are crowds of people, and then run wild, cutting down every one within reach until they are themselves killed. They believe that as a reward for this commendable proce- dure they go straight to the seventh heaven. Volumes might be written about the Moros ; but I must content myself with saying that Dr. N. M. Saleeby is the greatest authority on them, and that some of the results of his important in- vestigations have been published by the Philippine Bureau of Science. The problem involved in tranquilizing and civilizing these people is a very grave one. It is my opinion not only that its solution is not yet in sight, but that we are at present not making as much prog- ress as we might. At all events, we have performed a valuable service in releasing slaves who were formerly held in large numbers, and in effectively preventing the piratical and slave-hunting raids in which Moros promptly indulge when left to their own devices. TI-IE NEGRITOS (SEB PICTURE, PAGE I180) The Negritos, generally considered to be the aborigines of the Philippines, are 1228 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE racially distinct from all the other peo- ples inhabiting the Archipelago which have not intermarried with them. It is probable that they originally occupied every island of any size in the group ; but at present they occur only in north- east Mindanao, Samar, central Negros, central Panay, a few small islands north of Panay, north central Palawan, a few isolated points in southern Luzon, the mountains of Bataan, and Zambales, where they are relatively numerous ; Abra, where there remain but a few in- dividuals of mixed descent ; Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela, and Tayabas. The great forested and almost unex- plored area extending from the north- ernmost point of Luzon to the vicinity of Casiguran and Baler is today the one remaining Negrito stronghold, and in many parts of this region it is still quite impossible to get into touch with them, for they flee at the approach of strangers. They are of low stature ; their skins are dark brown to black; their hair is woolly and closely curling; their bodies, arms, and legs are more or less thickly covered with "pepper-corn" hairs (see page iiSoj. Many of the men are abun- dantly bearded. It is a common custom with both men and women to shave the crown of the head, as they say "to let the heat out." The Negritos are known in different parts of the Archipelago under different names, such as Abunlon, Aetas, Balugas, Buquiles, Dumagats, and Bataks, and after further study it may prove neces- sary to separate them into a number of tribes. This is, in my opinion, especially likely to result in the case of the woolly headed blacks of Palawan ; but our pres- ent knowledge reveals such resemblances between the several groups of Negritos, and there are such radical differences be- tween them and the Malay tribes that one is prone to regard them as a people. Not only are they characterized lay low stature, dark skins, woolly hair, and flat- tened noses, but they all have the cus- tom of sharpening their front teeth, and ornament their bodies with scar patterns instead of with the tattoo-marks so uni- versally employed by the people of other tribes. There is a striking similarity be- tween some of the Negrito scar patterns and those of the central African dwarfs. incapable; of civilization The Negritos are bow and arrow peo- ple in the strictest sense of the word. They make and use an arrow poison of deadly effectiveness and are sufficiently skilled occasionally to bring down birds on the wing. Many groups of Negritos live exclusively by hunting and fishing and build the flimsiest of temporary shelters in lieu of houses. Others occa- sionally practice agriculture in a very primitive way and build rather more sub- stantial "houses," but as often as not forsake their planted clearings before harvest time. Negritos most certainly lead the simple life and their wants are few indeed. Their only domesticated animals are dogs and an occasional tame jungle fowl. Unless able to purchase cotton cloth from Filipinos, they clothe themselves in the bark of trees. They make practi- cally nothing but bows, arrows, fish- lines, fish-hooks, and a few baskets. As to their numbers, one man's guess is about as good as another's. There may be 25,000 of them left. Mentally, they are about on a par with the blacks of Australia or the bushmen of South Africa. Their birth rate is be- lieved to be far below their death rate. Within a comparatively short time they have disappeared from Cebu, Masbate, Sibuyan, and probably also from Min- doro, where none can now be found. Only a few individuals remain in Tablas, Tayabas and Samar. As I have elsewhere stated, it is not too much to say that they are a link "which is not missing, but soon 7uill be! In my opinion they are absolutely inca- pable of civilization. Those who inhabit the northeast coast of Luzon hunt heads among themselves, but the only really grave problem which the people of this race present is that involved in seeing to it that they are not oppressed by their Filipino neighbors, on the one hand, and in preventing them from taking bloody revenge for past wrongs, on the" other. THE EFFECT OF A EITTEE SCHOOLING The picture to the left shows a typical Ilongot girl as we found her. The picture to the right shows an Ilongot girl who has attended school for a time The Negritos love music and dancing. They indulge in a monotonous crooning, varied with loud shrieks, which passes for singing. Their musical instruments are gansas, bamboo flutes, often played with the nose instead of the lips, and jews'-harps of bamboo. For hours at a time they keep up a monotonous circle dance, each performer having his fore- finger hooked into the waistband of the skirt or clout of the person in front of him and walking, stamping, leaping into the air, or really dancing, as the humor strikes the leader of the performance, who sets the pace. THE SUBANOS (SEE PICTURES, PAGE H/Z) The Subanos, or Subanun, inhabiting territory close to or on the coast of west- ern and northern Mindanao are a par- tially Mohammedanized tribe long en- slaved by the Moros, whose dress and customs they have adopted to a consider- able extent, although they are not sea- rovers. They inhabit the Sibuguey Pen- insula in Mindanao. The name means "river dwellers" and is applied to these people because they live at some distance from the seashore and are met with in ascending the rivers. A considerable number of the people of this tribe have been Christianized and a still larger number have been converted to Mohammedanism. They are essen- tially an agricultural and a very peaceful people and fall ready victims to their more warlike neighbors. For many years prior to the American i22g ilANUAGING WUUNDliD IfUGAOS In the scrambles for carabao meat, of which the people of this tribe are so fond, a number of men alwajs get badly cut. They greatly appreciate surgical aid. The wounded man is in this instance concealed by Secretary Worcester's assistant. Some 500 Ifugaos showed their appreciation of what was being done by gathering around and singing the Ifugao love songs (see pages iigS and iigg). occupation of the Philippines they were preyed upon by the Moros, who enslaved some of them and exacted tribute from others. The people of this tribe build very large houses, which usually contain but a single room, although separate stalls may be made along its sides. The floor is usually somewhat raised in the vicinity of the wall, so as to make a convenient seat. The houses are built without win- dows, but the siding is light and can be readily displaced in order to admit light and air. There is often, also, a space between the top of the side walls and the roof. A platform or porch in front of the door is very common. Access to the house is usually had by means of a log of wood in which steps are cut. Small houses for storing rice are usually built near the dwelling-houses. A CURIOUS ARTICLE OF I^URNITURB Their houses may contain almost noth- ing, but are often abundantly furnished with china plates, brass beetle boxes and trays, bronze gongs, and large jars, the latter being especially prized. The value of the furnishings may run into the thou- sands of pesos. Another article com- monly found in the Subano houses is the lantaka, or brass cannon, which is ob- tained from the Moros and is kept as a valuable possession rather than for ac- tual service. The Subanos have some manufactures, making plain earthen jars, a variety of baskets, working metal in a primitive way, and manufacturing knives of a rude sort. The women weave with no little skill. The agriculture practiced by these peo- ple is of a very primitive type. They usually content themselves with clearing away the forest, burning the ground over and planting the seed direct without fur- ther preparation of the soil. The crops commonly raised are rice and camotes, supplemented with such vegetables as squashes, peppers, tomatoes, and egg- plant. The sago palm, which grows wild, is 1230 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1231 also a common source of food for them. They cultivate bananas and papayas. When crops fail, the Subanos secure a fairly abundant food supply by hunt- ing, fishing, and seeking edible roots and tubers in the forest. Polygamy is universally allowed, but is by no means universally practiced. How- ever, a prosperous man is likely to have three or four wives. Marriage is ar- ranged by go-betweens. The ceremony is very simple. The couple eat together, giving each other morsels of rice, and that is about all there is to it. It is claimed that polyandry (one wo- man having two or more husbands) is practiced more or less frequently among the poorer people living far back in the interior, but this fact has never been satisfactorily established. Divorce is al- lowed. It is arranged for by the local chief upon a proper showing of cause and the terms are settled at the same time. The dress of the Subanos is similar to or identical with that of their Moro neighbors (see page 1177), and the same statement holds true for their ornaments, except that the women are given to wear- ing beads in large quantities, a custom which does not prevail to the same extent among the Aloro women. In appearance they are typical Malays. The pagan members of the tribe are now estimated to number 30,000. I can find no reliable estimate of the number of those who have been Christianized or Mohammedanized. THE TAGABALIES The Tagabalies are another of the doubtful tribes inhabiting southern Alin- danao and recognized by the Jesuits. They are said to occupy the region to the south of Lake Buluan as far as Sarangani Gulf and to be an unconquered people, warlike and hostile toward the neighboring Moros, Bilanes, and Bago- bos, with whom they frequently fight. I have never seen them. THE TAGABAUAS The Tagabauas are another one of the tribes of doubtful validity here listed. They are said to be a mixed people of Bagobo, Manobo, and Tagakaolo extrac- tion, and to have the characteristics of these several peoples, sometmies side by side and sometmies contused with each other. They are further said to be few in number and to lead a wretched life. I have never seen them. THE TAGAKA0I,0S (SEE PICTURE, PAGE I180J The Tagakaolos are the last of the tribes of doubtful distinctness here given recognized by Jesuits and some other au- thorities. They inhabit a part of the dis- trict of Davao, bordering on the gulf of the same name and extending from Casi- laran Cove to a point a little below the River Lais ; also one side of the little peninsula which ends in St. Augustine Point (see page 1180). The Jesuits record no important facts concerning them, and I have seen them but once. THE TAGBANUAS The Tagbanuas are an interesting peo- ple inhabiting the interior of central and northern Palawan. They are also found on the neighboring islands of Dumaran, Linapacan, Culion, Busuanga, and a num- ber of small islets. Their number is not accurately known, but has in the past probably been considerably underesti- mated. It is said that there are now 5,000 in the territory adjacent to the southernmost of the two Palawan rivers which bear the name luajig. There are perhaps an equal additional number in the country between this region and Puerto Princesa. How many inhabit the outlying islands we do not at present know. The wild inhabitants of the interior of southern Palawan are locally known as Paluanes, but I cannot find that they differ in any essential particular from the Tagbanuas and consider this to be a case of two designations for one people. The Tagbanuas are physically well de- veloped. They are a dark-skinned peo- ple. Many of them have wavy or curly hair. I think it probable that they have in the past intermarried freely with the A STREET IN AN IMPROVIjD BUKIDNON VILLAGE "The most extraordinary results thus far achieved have been among the Bukidnons, where Lieutenant Governor Lewis has succeeded in converting rambhng, ill-kept, foul-smell- ing rancherias into the most sanitary towns in the Philippines" (see text, page 1251). "Nearly all the Bukidnon villages have well-attended schools and are connected with telephone lines, which are freely used. The people are converting their beautiful and naturally rich country into a checkerboard, with roads and trails for dividing lines. They are giving up their picturesque native costume so rapidly that typical garments are even- now hard to obtain" (see text, page 11Q3). 1232 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1233 Negritos, locally known as Batacs, and that the latter people have partly disap- peared through fusion with them. In the northern portion of their terri- tory the men frequently wear the clout and the women the short skirt of the savage. Further south, where they have come in contact with Moros, they have adopted the dress of the latter people, sometimes in its entirety and sometimes in a more or less modified form. The men wear their hair long. As a rule, neither men nor women have ornaments save those which they can fashion for themselves from the products of their native forests. While most of them suc- ceed in obtaining cloth, a not inconsider- able number clothe themselves in bark. The Tagbanuas of southern Palawan are a fairly industrious people and have in the past raised rice enough to feed themselves and their parasitical Moro neighbors into the bargain. The govern- ment is just now for the first time suc- ceeding in its efforts to protect them from the Moros and is establishing for their benefit trading-posts where they can sell their superfluous products and obtain what they want at reasonable cost. The Tagbanuas are expert hunters and fishermen. There are no deer on Pala- wan, but in this island they display great skill in killing hogs, and in Culion and Busuanga they take deer in considerable numbers, bringing them down with bows and arrows, the use of which they have doubtless learned from the Negritos. They are very fond of music and danc- ing. The instruments most in use are bronze timbrels, known as ahgongs. They also employ bamboo flutes. Some of their dances would hardly pass muster in polite society. THE TINGIANS fSEi; PICTURES, PAGES 1 185, 1 187, 1 188, 1 190, AND I 191) The Tingians are in many ways the most attractive of the non - Christian Philippine tribes. Although all Tingians are non-Christians, we may divide them into civilized and uncivilized groups. The stronghold of the former is the sub- province of Abra, where they exist to the number of some 14,000. They also extend over to the east into the neighbor- ing subprovince of Kalinga and to the west into the province of south Ilocos. A few have wandered south and have settled in western Lepanto. Another small group long since strayed into northwestern Pangasinan, where their living descendants have almost lost their tribal identity. But, curiously enough, those who wandered farthest from home and established themselves in the prov- ince of Nueva Ecija have retained al- most unchanged their tribal dress, man- ners, and customs. Many of the Tingians are round-faced and comparatively light-skinned. The men wear their hair long and hold it in place with small turbans or narrow head bands. The typical dress of the men is still the clout, but there are few who do not possess shirts and trousers. Nearly all of them have hats, chiefly made by themselves or their Ilocano neighbors (see page 1188). Not a few have even arrived at the dignity of shoes and stock- ings. The women have until recently worn only skirts of clean, white cotton cloth when at work ; but of late years short- sleeved camisas have come into general use, and many women are now rather ashamed to be seen without these upper garments. As a rule, they wear their abundant clean hair done up in a knot at the side of the head instead of at the back. It is wrapped in beads and pro- duces a pleasing effect. A CURIOUS IDEA OF BEAUTY Their characteristic ornaments, of which they are inordinately proud, are a series of armlets made of beads, which begin at the hands and in the case of a wealthy woman extend to the shoulders. It is the custom for small girls to con- strict their forearms by armlets tightly fastened half way between wrist and el- bow, and to leave these in place as they grow, thus ultimately producing an hour- glass effect, which is increased by the swelling of the wrists which almost inva- riably results. Such unsightly deformed forearms are considered as ornamental by those immediately concerned as are 1234 o H o m o a > o M P4 w 1235 A BUKIDNON PRESIDJJNCIA The people of the subprovince of Bukidnon, in Mindanao, have showed a surprising willingness to come down from the mountains, settle in towns, and adopt the garb of civiliza- tion Their villages are models of cleanliness and order, and they take great pride in building good houses. This photograph shows a presidencia, or municipal building, with the town officials in the foreground (see pictures, pages 1164, 1165, 1166, and text, pages 1160 and 1251). small feet by Chinese women (see page 1185). The Tingians are a kindly, gentle people, and the immaculate cleanliness of their persons and of their homes promptly commends them to the average American. Not only are their houses clean, but their cooking leaves little to be desired. It is said that a Tingian wo- man who serves her husband a mess of boiled rice which is dirty or even soggy exposes herself to danger of divorce. Immediately after each meal the cooking pots are taken to the river bank and scrubbed inside and out with clean water and sand, after which each is returned to its proper place in the kitchen. The Tingians are supposed to be mo- nogamous, but the rich men rather openly keep supernumerary wives or concu- bines, and their lawful wives do not seem to object to the practice. Their houses are as good as, and often better than, those of Filipino neighbors with whom they rub elbows throughout most of the territory which they occupy. They are industrious farmers and raise horses and cattle in considerable num- bers. Many of them are frugal, save their money, and become comparatively wealthy. They are a naturally pacific people, but when compelled to fight with savage neighbors in Kalinga and Bontoc have shown themselves able to hold their own. THE WILD TINGIAN TRIBESMEN The wild section of the tribe inhabits the subprovince of Apayao. They have commonly been called Apayaos, or Ka- lingas. There is certainly no fitness in the latter designation. Their language closely resembles the Tingian dialect spoken in Abra ; their dress is said to be practically identical with that of the Tin- gians who inhabited Abra a century and a half or two centuries ago. The Span- 1236 IN THi; NBW HOSPITAL AT BONTOC When the new hospital was built the number of patients requiring treatment was so great that they were very glad to accept temporary beds upon the floor until the furniture arrived. ^ X INDUSTRIAL Education: teaching bukidnon boys how to plough 1237 1238 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1239 iards never succeeded in invading their secluded valley. They are said to num- ber 53,000, although I am inclined to think this statement exaggerated. The men are not only long-haired, but wear switches like the Bontoc women. They bind large turbans around their heads. Some of these are of light, in- digo-blue cloth, but they greatly prefer fiery scarlet and gamboge yellow stripes. Their jackets are close fitting. Their clouts are very long and are wrapped re- peatedly around the waist and abdomen (see pages 1187 and 1191). They tattoo black, cuff-shaped marks on the wrists and backs of the hands, but usually leave the rest of the body untattooed. On their breasts they often wear elaborate mother- of-pearl ornaments, and they particularly like to bedeck themselves with scarlet tassels. NO CLOTHES AND NO BATHS DURING THB PERIOD OF MOURNING The women are inordinately fond of beads, although they do not wear such elaborate arm ornaments as do their more civilized sisters of Abra. Many of them have silver ear ornaments of a form strictly peculiar to this region. Into their hair they frequently stick miniature head-axes, which serve both ornamental and useful purposes (see page 1 191). Their dress consists of the usual short skirt and a well-made upper gar- ment, which under ordinary circumstances they are careful not to remove in the presence of men. When widowed, how- ever, they go stripped to the waist for a period of six months, unless their male relatives take a head within a shorter time, and they also refrain from bathing. They frequently starve themselves for long periods (see page 1185). Courtship frequently lasts for two or more years, and meanwhile young men and young women are allowed to wan- der off together to neighboring towns without the slightest thought of the pos- sibility of any improper conduct on their part. The confidence of the women is really touching. I have had the daughter of a headman step, uninvited, into my boat when I was about to proceed up the Abulug River, and in reply to my surprised inquiry as to her purpose in joining the expedition have heard her ask rather contemptu- ously if I did not need some one to wash my clothes and cook my rice, later dis- covering that her father was showing his regard for and confidence in me by send- ing her along, unaccompanied, to attend to such matters. I have had an attractive woman who wanted beads perch on my knee and pat my cheek in a most engaging manner. But if in consequence I had presumed to show the slightest familiarity with her the nearest man would have sent me to another, and let us hope better, world with promptness and dispatch ! All in all, life, when one is traveling among the wild Tingians, is varied but never dull. THE WIED men's excellent HOUSES These wild Tingians build admirably constructed houses — the finest primitive structures in the Philippines. I would give much to know where they got the plan which they invariably follow. The houses are closely grouped in villages, which are laid out in a fairly definite fashion, with a place for dwellings, an- other for granaries, and a third for the baskets in which they deposit when practicable the heads of their enemies. There is always a group of cocoanut trees and usually a group of the palms from the leaves of which they make raincoats. Usually there is also a group of cacao trees (see page 1190). They raise rice and corn sufficient for their own use and grow tobacco for sale in the lowlands. In frail boats or on tiny bamboo rafts they navigate with great skill the raging waters of the Abulug River. They all have been, and I regret to say some of them still are, inveterate head- hunters. As yet they have been only partially brought tmder governmental control, and this work cannot be com- pleted until the construction of trails makes their country more readily acces- sible. They are fond of music and dancing, but are apt to over-indulge in basi on occasion, and some of the wildest scenes 1240 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE I have ever witnessed have been at their feasts. Like the Benguet Igorots, they have an inordinate fondness for dog, and on several occasions I have avoided by a very narrow margin the necessity for sharing with them this dubious dish. Considerable progress is now being made in establishing friendly relations with them, and I hope and expect that within two years we shall be on as good terms with them as we now are with the Ifu- gaos, Kalingas, and Igorots. the; TIRURAYES (St^ PICTURE, PAGE 1 184) The Tirurayes are a rapidly disappear- ing tribe inhabiting a region extending from the lower branch of the Cotabato River south to a point a little below the Trampadidu in southern Mindanao (see page 1 184). They have been raided and enslaved by the Moros until they are completely cowed, and have beoome al- most incapable of supporting themselves. In 1900 they were said by the Jesuits to number some 10,000 individuals, but they are believed to be rapidly dying off and will probably soon disappear. I have seen them only once. OUR EARLY EXPLORATIONS In previous articles written for the National Geographic Magazine I have given some account of several of the wild tribes inhabiting the Philippine Islands, more especially the head-hunting tribes ; have briefly outlined the origin and na- ture of legislation enacted for their bene- fit, and have mentioned a few of the things which have been done since the American occupation to better their con- dition.* Within the limits of the present article I shall attempt to give a more com- prehensive view of the results actually obtained. Obviously it was useless to attempt to improve existing conditions until we at least knew what those conditions were, and during the period from 1901 to 1907 a large amount of exploration work was therefore necessary. Of this a consider- able part had to be done on foot, as the * See Nationai, GfioGRAPHic Magazine for March, 191 1, and September, 1912. so-called "trails" were in most cases mere foot-tracks made by the wild men, over which the tough and sure-footed Philippine ponies could not even be led (see pages 1203 and 1210). Our usual method in penetrating the great unknown region west of the Caga- yan River in northern Luzon was to start on the China Sea coast, climb the Cor- dillera at some feasible point, and de- scend on its eastern side. This meant traveling with very light baggage, so that we were ill-prepared for the marked changes in temperature experienced as we ascended and descended. The fatigue involved was so extreme that we were usually more or less reck- less by the time we had followed the streams on the Cagayan side of the Cor- dillera until they were sizeable enough to float bamboo rafts on which we could load ourselves and our belongings and then to intrust them to the tender mercies of the current (see page 1195). A la- borious passage through some long, deep lagoon, where we had to pole our rafts or paddle them with bits of bamboo, would be followed by a shoot down a foaming rapid or a drop over a fall. A bamboo raft 25 feet by 6 is iinman- ageable when once in the grip of the cur- rent, and we could seldom learn in ad- vance what lay ahead of us. A sullen roar around a bend in the river might mean a swift and exciting rush down a foaming rapid to another deep pool, or it might mean sudden and prolonged immersion after a perpendicular drop. Fortunately, a bamboo raft always comes to the top again, and if one hangs on he cannot drown. Unfortunately, such a raft goes to pieces if it hits a rock hard enough. Even then its component elements float; but there are drawbacks about being thumped against rocks by a raging current, although supported by a good, thick bamboo ! On one of my early trips four dififerent rafts were dashed to pieces under me in two days, but I suffered no serious in- jury. During 18 years of fairly continuous travel in the Philippines, in the course of which I have penetrated the territory of BENGUET IGOROT SCHOOL GIRLS WEAVING (SEE PAGES I238 AND I251) After these girls become skillful weavers they are given the looms which they have learned to use and are sent back to their own towns to teach others how to make cloth. The fabrics they produce are invariably of the brightest colors, but they display excellent taste in the way they combine them to produce a rich and striking effect. This can be seen by turning to the colored picture on page 1 169. 1241 1242 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1243 every tribe known to inhabit the Islands, I have never lost a man nor fired a shot, while those with me have never fired, with the sole exception of the occasion when my party walked into an ambush prepared for the provincial governor by renegade Moros on the west coast of Palawan. On a number of occasions we should have been fully justified in opening fire, but we were determined to avoid this until the last possible moment, and it was with the result that in each case things took a turn for the better and we were spared the unpleasant necessity of fall- ing back on brute force in order to pro- tect ourselves. Given a reasonable stock of good na- ture, a feeling of real friendliness to- ward the wild people, a few beads, some scarlet cotton cloth and brass wire, and, if one is in the Ifugao country, a goodly supply of narrow strips of white paper (see page 1218), and one may leave fire- arms behind and go far without danger of serious molestation. OPENING LINES OE TRAVEE The early exploration trips served to emphasize the fact that the establish- ment of feasible lines of travel was abso- lutely prerequisite to successful work among the non-Christian tribes which, with the exception of the Moros, inhabit mountainous regions in the interiors of the larger islands. Perhaps the most im- portant thing which we have done was the opening up of such lines of travel, without which little could have been ac- complished. At the outset we had a bit of costly experience in building trails of too high grade, which were promptly destroyed by the action of water during torrential rains. Fortunately our lesson was not long delayed, and we soon discovered that in a country where 38 inches of water have been known to fall from the heavens in 24 hours the cost of main- taining a short high-grade trail between two points is so much greater than is that of maintaining a much longer low-grade trail that the original greater expense of constructing the latter is very soon more than overbalanced. In the special government provinces coming under my administrative control I did not permit the construction of trails with a grade of more than 6 per cent ex- cept under extraordinary conditions and for short distances, and even then 10 per cent was the high limit (see page 1208). On account of limited funds the trails are built narrow at the outset, but are rapidly widened, in connection with maintenance work, until they become passable first for narrow-tread carts and then for carts of ordinary size. Any of them can promptly be converted into car- riage or automobile roads by widening and surfacing. We now have more than 1,000 miles of cart roads and trails in the Mountain Province alone, to say nothing of long stretches in the province of Nueva Viz- caya and the subprovince of Bukidnon. Work has begun in Mindoro, Palawan, and the subprovince of Agusan. Rest- houses have been built at convenient in- tervals as required. THE WONDEREUE scenery GE THE J MOUNTAIN PROVINCE It is now possible to make in perfect comfort a most wonderful horseback trip through the Mountain Province, on which one sees magnificent tropical vege- tation (see page 1205) and the oaks and pine trees of the temperate zone ; wild men who have always been peaceful ag- riculturists and wild men who until very recently have been active, and still are potential, head-hunters ; mountain scen- ery of unsurpassed beauty (see pages 1 1 98 and 1206), and a thousand and one things each of which makes its own strong appeal. This extraordinary oppor- tunity is sure to be taken advantage of, and it will be but a few years until the Bontoc Igorot is hammering out head- axes for the tourist. When I laid down on the map the gen- eral route for a main trail from Baguio, in Benguet, to Claveria, at the extreme northern end of Luzon, I did not expect to live to see it constructed. I now be- lieve that within a year it will be possible safely to ride a spirited American horse from Baguic to Claveria without dis- mounting. Numerous important branch BUILDING STONE SPLIT AND CUT BY YOUNG IFUGAO BOYS trails have already been completed and others are under way. Deep streams and gorges are at the outset crossed by aerial "flying ferries," which are later replaced by permanent bridges (see pages 1214 and 1215). It is a significant fact that we have never had a man murdered on one of our finished trails. The wild men have come to appreciate highly the safety and ease of travel over them and are glad to aid in their construction. The law imposes on every able-bodied man in the special government provinces the obligation of working 10 days an- nually on public improvements, which usually means roads and trails or of pay- ing a tax of one dollar ; but power is vested in the Secretary of the Interior to exempt people who have not advanced sufficiently in civilization so that it seems desirable to impose this burden upon them. It has been my policy always to pay cash for trail work at the start, and to impose the public improvement tax only after the wild men were themselves able to appreciate its benefits and were willing to pay it. The people of the hill tribes make sturdy laborers, moving earth in large quantities and showing especial abil- ity in handling rock. The dry stone retaining walls which they constructed are admirably built. They soon learn to handle sledge and drill, and a number of them have become quite skillful in the use of powder and dynamite. SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS OE ROAD AND TRAIL CONSTRUCTION The necessity of working side by side has often resulted in the establishment of friendly relations between old ene- mies. The cost of living has been ma- terially decreased in the wild man's coun- try by the improvement in means of communication, M'hile the exportation of his surplus products has been greatly facilitated. As the result of recent road work we expect to reduce by about one- third the cost of salt used by the 123,000 people in the subprovince of Ifugao dur- ing the present year. Another very important result is the enormous increase in the efficiency of the government police force. Ugly head- hunting towns become peaceful and law- 1244 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1245 abiding when it is possible for the sol- diers of the Philippine constabulary to drop in on them at 2.30 a. m., for the wild man does not like to be obliged to take to the hills at night when the anitos, or spirits of the dead, are astir. POLICING THE HILL COUNTRY WITH WILD MEN A noteworthy feature of the work for the establishment and maintenance of a good state of public order has been the use of the wild men for police duty. Bontoc Igorots and Ifugaos have been enlisted in the Philippine constabulary, and the people of both tribes make splen- did soldiers (see pages 1222 and 1224). They are tireless on the march ; they are obedient, lo3'al, and brave. As they are familiar with every foot- path and are not hampered with trou- sers or shoes when on the march, they cover their territory rapidly and com- pletely when occasion demands. They are far less likely to commit abuses than Filipino soldiers would be, for they are dealing with their own people, while Fili- pinos would be dealing with people whom many of them dislike and despise. The Ifugaos are born riflemen, and Ifugao soldiers have repeatedly come off victors in rifle matches when competing with Filipino soldiers. It would be en- tirely feasible to recruit and to train at small expense a force of Bontoc Igorots, Ifugaos, and Kalingas, which would de- fend the hill region of northern Luzon with deadly efficiency and could be em- ployed effectively in the lowlands should occasion demand. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE The administration of justice among such an aggregation of tribes, where might had always been right and where acts which civilized men consider crimi- nal had been regarded as creditable and virtuous, has naturally involved many embarrassments. Some of the tribes had their own specific methods of administer- ing justice and their own peculiar ways of detecting the guilty. With the Mangyans there was a test by fire. A person accused of theft or other serious crime was compelled to grasp a piece of hot iron, which, it was supposed, would not burn him if he was innocent. If a piece of iron was not readily available, the suspected criminal was required to snatch a stone out of a boiling pot of water. Among the Tagbanuas, when there were conflicting statements from two witnesses, both were compelled to dive into a deep pool of water and remain under as long as possible. It was held that the man who came to the top first was the liar. With the Bontoc Igorots bamboo lance- heads were placed slanting upward, with their points pressing against the skin at the backs of the heads of witnesses who had contradicted each other, and then at the word of command each lance-head was driven vigorously between the scalp and the skull by a smart blow with a stone. The lance-heads were then pulled out and the man who bled least freely was held to have told the truth ! If the wild man knew of courts at all he had only fear of them, for in the old days he never went to court unless com- pelled to do so by some member of a Christianized tribe, and then he invaria- bly lost. From the early days of the appoint- ment of American governors the wild men have come to them to have their difficulties settled, having soon learned to have an abiding faith in the honesty and fairness of these officials. This naturally led to the conferring of specific authority on the latter in order that their decisions might have the force and effect of law. All governors and lieutenant govern- ors of special government provinces aiui subprovinces are now justices of the peace, with jurisdiction throughout their respective territories. In general we have refrained from going into ancient history, and have informed the wild men that as far as concerns the past we shall let bygones be bygones, but that in fu- ture murders and other crimes will be severely punished. Thus far they have displayed an unan- ticipated willingness to allow their trou- bles to be settled in court; but justice as 1246 A SCHOOL-HOUSE AT BONTOC Most of the stone and brick was laid by Bontoc Igorots previously administered by them had at least an advantage in that punishment for evil doing was prompt, and they have naturally been impatient over the law's delays. The only complaints they have made relative to sentences have been that they were not severe enough, the Su- preme Court of the Philippines having thus far commuted nearly all death sen- tences imposed on wild men. ONU METHOD OE OBTAINING SWIET JUSTICE Last year a Bontoc Igorot policeman shot and killed the Igorot prcsidentc of Tinglayen, a former head-hunting town, whose inhabitants are particularly war- like. There was no excuse for the act of the policeman, which was nothing less than an unprovoked murder. Some of the more unruly inhabitants attempted to kill him, but he was defended by the bet- ter element, including a famous fighting chief named Agpad, and the son of the man who had been shot, on the ground that the government had undertaken to kill evil-doers, and that this murderer must be turned over to the government to be killed! They were, however, anxious for prompt action, and feeling that the self- restraint which they had shown entitled them to it, I arranged for a special ses- sion of court at, Bontoc. Immediately after the hearing of the case had been completed, the judge asked the lieuten- ant governor of Bontoc whether the lat- ter official thought there was any par- ticular reason why he should not delay his decision in the case. The lieutenant governor replied that he thought there was. The judge rather indignantly in- quired what that reason might be ; where- upon the lieutenant governor led him to the window and showed him some 500 Tinglayen warriors, armed with shields, head-axes, and spears, standing on the hillside just outside the court-room and quietly awaiting the verdict. The judge's decision was rendered without delay! The frankness with which guilty wild men tell the truth is sometimes rather appalling, and their ideas as to right and wrong are calculated rudely to shock the unitiated. OUR JUSTICE NOT AEWAYS COMPREHENSI- BLE TO THE WILD MAN A wild Tingian named Abaya, of Apa- yao, had a so-called comisionado, or 1247 A BRICK-YARD OPERATED BY BONTOC IGOROTS All of the bricks for public buildings at Bontoc, the capital of the Mountain Province, are now burned, and most of them are laid, by wild men agent, who sold his products for him at the provincial capital of North Ilocos. The comisionado in turn had a Negrito slave, whom he suspected of designing to escape. When Abaya came in with a back load of tobacco the comisionado di- rected him to take his head-axe and kill the slave, who was cutting firewood in a neighboring grove. The comisionado fur- ther told Abaya that he himself would kill a big hog and give him half of it in payment for his services. Abaya cheer- fully sought out the unsuspecting Neg- rito, whom he attempted to decapitate with a terrific blow. The Negrito jumped in the nick of time and the keen edge of the head-axe struck his shoulder instead of his neck, inflicting a dreadful wound. Why he did not drop in his tracks and die no one can explain, but in point of fact he ran away so fast that his would-be executioner could not catch him. When Abaya returned from an unsuc- cessful pursuit, he was immediately ar- rested on a charge of attempted murder and incarcerated in the provincial jail. On being brought before the judge and interrogated as to whether he had tried to kill the Negrito, he stated that he had made an honest and earnest attempt to carry out the instructions of his comisio- nado, as it was his custom to obey the "authorities !" He further strenuously insisted that he was not to blame for the Negrito's escape, arguing that any ordi- nary well-regulated man would have died promptly, even of such an injury as he had managed to inflict, and that it was no fault of his that the Negrito had dis- played such extraordinary vitality. He further said he had done all in his power to run the Negrito down ; that he was guiltless of any intention to let him es- cape, and was merely the victim of an unprecedented and unforeseeable com- bination of circumstances ! What was the judge to do in such a case ? What he did do was to give Abaya the minimum penalty under the law for having afflicted lesion es graves (serious injuries) on the Negrito. When I secured his pardon some time 1248 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1249 later, he still believed that he had been in prison for failing to kill the Negrito ! Such primitive conditions are, however, rapidly becoming things of the past. The wild man has yielded with unanticipated readiness to what he doubtless regards as the peculiar prejudices of his Amer- ican rulers. HEADING THU SICK The healing of the sick and injured has now begun to play an important part in the civilization of the non-Christian tribes. It is practicable to protect the hills of northern Luzon from invasion by contagious disease originating in the lowlands on account of the ease with which land quarantine can be successfully maintained ; and, although cholera has three times sneaked over the boundary line of the Mountain Province, it has in each case been promptly driven back. Systematic vaccination is now rapidly decreasing the mortality from smallpox, which has in the past been a dreadful scourge among the hill people. The be- lief that the anitos, or spirits of the dead, cause sickness, wounds, and death has been prevalent among them, and their method of seeking to obtain relief from their ailments has been to sacrifice chick- ens, pigs, or cattle, according to their means ; but they have been quick to grasp the fact that the white man's method is vastly better. There is a well-equipped modern hos- pital at Baguio, in the subprovince of Benguet, and Igorots sometimes travel loo miles to get to it. There is also a hospital at Bontoc, a well-equipped mod- ern building, which has recently replaced a temporary hospital established some years ago. The clinic at this place is in- creasing by leaps and bounds. A horrible disfiguring disease known as "yaws" is quite prevalent among the hill people and cau.^es them much suffering. Dr. Richard P. Strong, director of the Biological Laboratory at Manila, discov- ered the fact that Ehrlich's "606" was an absolute specific for this infirmity. Subsequently a man badly afflicted with it was found at Barlig, one of the wildest settlements in Bontoc. He de- clined to go to the hospital for treatment and was sent there in charge of an Igorot deputy sheriff. He received the neces- sary injection, but during the first two or three days complained bitterly that no medicine was being put on his sores. Then he suddenly became convinced that the medicine he had received was "very strong." Within a week he was running around town and triumphantly displaying his rapidly healing body .to every one who would look. Then he suddenly and un- accountably disappeared, only to reappear a little later, bringing with him for treat- ment every man, woman, and child of Barlig who had yaws ! Relievable eye troubles are frightfully prevalent among the hill people. Indeed, until after the American occupation the law of the survival of the fittest did its work, absolutely unimpeded, throughout this whole region, and every year many thousands of people were permanently incapacitated or died needlessly. HOW AN IGOROT DISCOVERED CHRISTMAS PRESENTS The pleasant thing about our efforts for the relief of suffering is that they are highly appreciated. Sanitary Inspector Barron nursed the only son of a rich, in- fluential old Benguet Igorot chief named Palasi through a vicious attack of con- fluent smallpox and saved the boy's life. Palasi was anxious to pay him, but the provincial governor refused to permit this, because the inspector was paid by the government for doing just such work. Nine months later, just before Christ- mas, Palasi appeared at Baguio and called on the governor. He said that he had heard of a strange American custom anH wished to learn more about it. He asked if it was true that Americans gave pres- ents to their friends at Christmas time. Being answered in the affirmative, he in- quired further whether it would be right for the Igorots to adopt this good Ameri- can custom. Having been told by the unsuspecting governor that it would be highly proper, he stated that he was going to make Mr. Barron a Christmas present of his best horse, which he did ! OJ t- t- 3 u '5 To , 5 O " >- o ■- ? a 5 ™ o SC j:3 -■ c ■" C .SS ^ D OJ -u P C C C3 ti TD^ o bo '-. ft — GJ I2S2 NON-CHRISTIAN PEOPLES OE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1253 industrial. Boys are taught woodwork, at which they excel ; stone splitting and cutting, at which they are very skillful (see pages 1242, 1244, and 1246), and iron work, in which they are very much interested. Girls are taught to weave and sew. Neither in Lepanto nor in Bontoc have educational results of any material im- portance been obtained as yet, but the recent adoption of a sensible policy in- volving the laying of great emphasis on industrial training leads me to believe they may be looked for in the near future. There is one quite successful school among the Ilongots, and here again in- dustrial work is the principal thing taught. If nothing more were accomplished than to persuade these especially filthy little savages to clean up, the work would be worth while. As a matter of fact, they display a wholly unanticipated degree of intelligence. No educational work has as yet been inaugurated among the Kalingas or the wild Tingians of Apayao, but good schools were long since established for the civilized Tingians of Abra, who have already greatly profited by them. The Bukidnon people of Mindanao were most anxious for schools, and one of the potent arguments used in persuad- ing them to come down from the hills and to settle in organized villages was that if they failed to do this it would be impos- sible for us to provide schools for their children. Every little Bukidnon village has built a good school-house and a dwell- ing for the schoolmaster, and the children are making extraordinary progress. In a number of cases it has proved bet- ter to establish boarding-schools for the boys and girls of a non-Christian tribe rather than to attempt to send school- masters into extremely isolated places, where they would find it difficult to se- cure proper food and would suffer greatly from loneliness. Such a school has been established for Tagbanau boys at Abor- lan, in Palawan, and should meet with a large degree of success. THE WILD MEN TAKE TO BASEBALL In a previous article I have referred to the beneficial results which have followed from the introduction of field sports among the adult wild men of northern Luzon, but I have not previously men- tioned what I believe to be the fact, that baseball is one of the really important things which the Bureau of Education has taught the boys.* It is really wonderful to see how they take to the game and how it brightens them up and increases their activity and alertness. Keen interest is taken not only by the boys themselves, but by their fath- ers and mothers, in competitive games between different settlements. These games serve to bring the people together in a friendly way and result, in endless good (see pages 1252 and 1255). THE WILD MEN PROTECTED EROM ' DANGEROUS INTOXICANTS Prohibition of the use of intoxicants other than those which. he himself manu- factures and has always been accus- tomed to employ is one of the greatest boons conferred on the wild man by the government. A Filipino seldom becomes a victim of alcoholism. He may take an occasional drink of vino, tuba, or beer, but he almost never drinks to excess. In this regard the wild man differs radi- cally from him. There are tribes among whom it is hardly good etiquette to leave a fiesta sober. Only fermented drinks are made by these people, the chief materials used in their manufacture being rice, corn, the juice of sugar-cane, and that of sev- eral different species of palms. These drinks are for the most part compara- tively mild, and must be guzzled in large quantities in order to produce advanced intoxication. When these people, accustomed to nothing stronger, drink bad vino or worse whiskey to great excess the results are shocking. They promptly get so drunk that the whole universe apparently seems to reel around them. At all events, they obviously think that they have to hang on to the grass in order to stay on the ground ! I have repeatedly known indi- * See "Field Sports A.mong the Wild Men of Luzon," March, igii, National Geographic Magazine. 1254 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ]\IAGAZINE viduals to kill themselves outright by overindulgence in the vifhite man's strong liquor. Furthermore, a wild man who has once developed a taste for it will work to get it when nothing else will induce him to work. It became known to me that unscrupulous persons were taking advantage of this weakness to sell bad liquor to the wild men in large quanti- ties and to secure them as laborers at small expense. I am not a believer in the enactment of prohibitory legislation which cannot be enforced ; but it happens that condi- tions as to transportation are such, in much of the mountain territory, as to render it comparatively easy to prevent the importation of liquor, and since the desirability of doing so was evident, I drafted and submitted an act which has been successfully enforced with very gratifying results. In the Agusan Val- ley, for instance, the chief transportation business a few j^ears since was the ship- ment of vino up river. Today the prin- cipal transportation business is the ship- ment of hemp down river. OPIUM NOT USED The use of opium is at present practi- cally unknown among the people of the non-Christian tribes except the Moros, and with the existing prohibitory legisla- tion we should, theoretically, be able to keep it so. Unfortunately, the facility with which opium can be smuggled is so great as to render legislation prohibiting its use largely farcical, and until the evil is checked by limiting production in the countries where the drug is grown its use will inevitably continue to spread. AS TO CLOTHES No efforts have been put forth to per- suade the wild people, other than school children, to adopt the garb of civiliza- tion. This will surprise, and may even shock, many good people who have grown up in the belief that there is an intimate and necessary relationship between the clothing of the human body and morality in sexual relations. Such people will be still more surprised to learn the hard fact that the morality of a number of the al- most naked tribes of the Philippines is, in such matters, far above that of any civilized nation in the world ; and that, curiously enough, some of the most fully clad Philippine wild tribes fall farthest below the ordinary standard of civilized peoples. Furthermore, it is a sufficiently well- known fact that the health of men who have been accustomed to wear only clouts is often prejudicially influenced when they don shirts or trousers. We have therefore been content to let the inevitable change come about gradu- ally, and I, at least, have regretted the rather rapid disappearance of some of the more striking and attractive of the native costumes. When the wild man acquires clothes, he usually begins at the top and works downward. A hat is the first article purchased ; then comes a shirt or coat ; then shoes. Trousers are donned last of all, if at all. When the boys' school at Baguio was opened, the pupils were fitted out with natty blue uniforms. Shortly afterward I met six of them returning to Baguio after spending Saturday and Sunday at home. They were wearing their caps and coats, but their trousers were sus- pended from the ends of sticks carried over their shoulders ! For some reason the idea gained prev- alence among the Benguet Igorot prcsi- dentes of towns that their official posi- tion required the adoption of civilized dress, but they nevertheless complained bitterly that trousers tired them, and re- quested vacations from time to time in order that they might retire temporarily from public life and take off these un- comfortable garments. When on my earlier trips through the Luzon Mountains I was slipping and sliding over water-worn rocks and scal- ing cliffs with shoes worn out, feet torn and bleeding, and life and limb conse- quently imperiled, I envied my wild com- panions the tough natural sole leather on the bottoms of their bare feet. It never wore out, seemed impervious to cuts, and, aided by prehensible toes, gave A BASEBALI, TEAM 01? BENGUET IGOROT BOYS the savages a far surer foothold than the most perfectly constructed hobnailed shoes could possibly afford a white man. GOVERNMENT EXCHANGES In the old days the wild man was in- variably shamefully cheated when he at- tempted to barter the products of his native mountains with his "Christian" neighbors in the lowlands for salt, cloth, steel, and similar necessary articles. Fur- thermore, it was part of the game to get him intoxicated in order that he might the more easily be robbed ; and this, com- bined with the tendency of the sudden change in climate involved in descend- ing from the mountains to the lowlands to bring out malaria, often produced fatal illness. At the best he was usually compelled to sell his produce at a small fraction of its true value and to pay three or four prices for everything that he bought. With a view to remedying this situa- tion, we have established a number of so- called "exchanges," which are nothing more nor less than government shops, where the wild man may purchase at a fair price the things which he needs and may sell his produce at its real market value. He may also sell his weapons and other manufactured articles if, as is often the case, they are of a sort which can subsecjuently be sold to civilized resi- dents of the Philippines or to tourists. The result is that many of the wild men can purchase what they want in their own country at reasonable prices, and can dispose of what they have to sell without being cheated. They are quick to take advantage of the oppor- tunity thus afforded, and their willing- ness to work increases proportionately to their desire to purchase the goods which are displayed at the government ex- changes. With the average wild man life is one long struggle to get sufficient food for himself and his family. One of the things which we are endeavoring to do is to I2SS 1256 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE show him how he can accompHsh this result with greater certainty and less ex- ertion. We are also gradually bringing about the raising of coffee, cacao, and similar crops, which can bear the heavy cost of transportation to the coast and still be sold at a profit. The people of Bukidnon, many of whom lived on rich and fertile plains, actually believed that it was necessary to go to the forest-clad mountains and clear away the trees in order to get ground on which food products could be raised. The introduction of a few disc plows, with the necessary work animals, soon demon- strated to them that the splendid prairie soil at their very doors would produce far larger crops than they had been able to get on the mountain sides with all their hard work. Now the plows are kept going night and day through the greater part of the year. In one town, where a plow arrived in advance of the cattle to pull it, 15 men promptly hitched themselves to it and kept it moving until the work animals arrived ! In my opinion, Rizal's dictum that the future of the Philippines lies with the people of the mountains is likely to prove a true saying. Their courage, loyalty, and industry are admirable qualities on which to build, and if the "fair-deal" policy which has been inaugurated is steadily adhered to they will go fast and far. I have purposely omitted all reference to the great work that has been done in the Moro Province, which makes a story by itself. It is a story of surpassing in- terest, and it ought to be told by some one of the many men who have played an important part in the work. I myself have had no direct connection with it. The men who are entitled to the lion's, share of the credit for what has been done for the non-Christian tribes of the Philippines under American rule are the provincial and subprovincial officials, who, in the face of innumerable and ap- parently insuperable obstacles, have car- ried on their country's work with dogged persistence and unfaltering courage, con- tent to do the right thing because it might to he done. A Kipling would find abundant material in the life of any one of them for a true story of absorbing interest, but no one of them would thank him for telling such a story. If through the medium of this article I succeed in conveying to some of their countrymen even a vague idea of the task which they have undertaken and of the success they have achieved, I shall be more than satisfied. This man owns railroads and steamship lines. He lives in a palatial home surrounded by every luxury. His table is supplied with the best the world affords. Yet he cannot procure anything better than Why? Because no one can obtain choicer materials than we use. No care can exceed that which we devote to their preparation and blending. And no chef can produce a richer or more delicately-balanced combination than the Campbell formula. Judge for yourself its delicious flavor and wholesome quality. Your money back if not satisfied. 21 kinds 10c a can "Gracious me! What can it be That shadow round and fat? This soup I knowi Makes youngsters grow. But do I look like that^ " Asparagus Beef Bouillon Celery Chicken Chicken Gumbo Experience Six-Cylinder Smoothness in Your Four — But This Is The Only Way You Can Get It The SPEED your Four up to 30 miles an hour or more on a smooth road, throw out the clutch and close the throttle. Or coast down a long smooth hill with the motor running idle. The feeling is that of flying. There is no vibration. In this particular the sensation of riding in a Four approaches that felt in a Six. But, in a Six, the smoothness is ALWAYS there. You ride like constant coasting. In the HUDSON Six 54, up hill and down, on rough roads or smooth, fast or slow, the feeling is always the same. No Four — no matter how powerful or through what combination of gears its power is trans- mitted — can be made to ride so smoothly. Come, take a drive in the HUDSON Six 54. If you enjoy driving, take hold of the wheel and feel for yourself the full meaning of that much-talked-about "smoothness and flexibility of the Six." In no other will it have such a meaning for you. Try coasting with your Four on a run of 100 feet. Then come, see us, we'll show you how to do it for 300 miles, all day, without fatigue. It must be in a HUDSON Six 54. New Features in HUDSON Six 54 True streamline body — the handsomest car you ever saw. Highest standard of HUDSON design and construction. The very best we know in beauty and finish. Left side drive. Right hand control. Entrance to driver's seat from either side. 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GUNARD '^^ Cruises >C ^ ^^^ Unsurpassed ^^^ Comfort Madeira, Gibraltar, Algiers, Monaco, Naples, Alexandria %^^ 'Franconia," *Nov. 15, Jan 8, *Feb. 24 "Laconia," *Dec. 2, Jan. 22 "Caronia," Jan. 31, March 17 * Do Not Call at Alexandria A LA CARTE WITHOUT CHARGE STOPOVERS PERMITTED For paiiicu/ars apply to The Cunard Steamship Co., Ltd. x ^L^ \ 21 Stale Street, Room 115-C, NEW YORK or Local Agents ■^ #- MAKE YOUR FALL VACATION BERMUDA X SIGHT SEEING— DRIVING y N S^ACHTING— FISHING/ / >^ BATHING y^ The Ideal >^ TENNIS y^ \^ GOLF >^ on the Fall Ideal Trip Ship "CARIBBEAN" 10,670 tons displacement, 5,688 tons registered. All expense tours, 127.50 up. The Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. SANDERSON & SON Gen. Agenti, 22 State St., N. Y. IS Soutk La Salle St., Chicais or any Steamship Ticket Agent Balboa's Dream Realized The dteam of Balboa is at last to be realized. Exactly 400 years from the date when that great Spanish discoverer crossed the Isthmus of Panama on foot, other men will cross it in ships. That was Balboa s dream — to " cross it in ships." American men, his equal in courage and perseverance, have made his dream come true. Every patriotic American citizen should esteem it a proud privilege to see this crowning glory of American industry, and see it in the making, as it can never be seen again. NORTH GERMAN LLOYD Panama — West Indies Cruises enable the American people to see this monumental work now approaching completion with the maximum of com- fort and enjoyment. The voyages will be made by the spacious, elegantly ap- pointed S. S. GROSSER KUR- FEURST, going cmd returning through the West Indies, 2Uid stopping at al 1 the most interesting and attractive points in that picturesque, romantic archi- pelago. 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The Playground of Europe's Royal Families Swiss cooking and the hospitality of our hotels and pensions will make your stay woi-th while. Let us help you plan a trip. We do not sell tours, but we plan them without charge. Our sole purpose is to answer questions and enable you to see the most in the time at your disposal. We have just prepared a special selection of profusely illustrated books. We call it "Pocket Series M. " Gives vivid descriptions of the most noted places. Tells how to reach them — what to see — where to stop — how long to sta3^ Includes the famous 'Hotel Guide." "Pocket Series ]M " is free, on personal application, or b}- mail for lo cents postage. Official Information Bureau of Switzerland Swiss Federal Railroads Agencj^ 241 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY A. SCHUMACHER & CO, General Agents 272 South Charles Street, Baltimore, MA •d" UKl-fuirpaTtiai]M»4ci O FRENCH— GERMAN SPANISH— ITALIAN V 4*<^ ]g £asi]y ajjj Quickly Mastered by ihe Language-Phone METHOD Combined wilh the ROSENTHAL METHOD OF PRACTICAL UNGUISTRY Thi.sis the natural way to learn a foreigu IfiiiguaRC. You hear the living voice of a na- tive Professor pronounce each iv«r^on request. Address Dcpt.H. ^ T. H. McAllister company 40 Nassau Street, New York City Established 1783 THIS MAGAZINE IS FROM OUR PRESSES JUDD & DETWEILER INCORPORATED Master Printers 420-422 ELEVENTH STREET N.W. Washington, D. C. OUT-OF-TOWN ORDERS SOLICITED "Mention the Geographic — It identifies you." PEASANT WOMEN IN HOLLAND The clothes do not always denote the suffragette World-Wide Travel by Photograph THIRD SERIES, "SCENES FROM EVERY UND" 20,000 Words of Text, 250 Wonderful Illustrations, and 24 Pages in Color By GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Editor, National Geographic Magazine Here is a fascinating book which tells you about many curious and little-known peoples, shows you strange and picturesque customs in out-of-the-way corners of the world, and brings vividly before you many of the wonders of nature. You do not have to read long pages of print; each of the 250 pictures tells its own story, and the few words of text beneath each serve to bring out the important points. The book is printed on paper of the finest quality, and tastefully bound in buckram or in full red leather, so that it forms a delightful and useful gift. No copies of the First and Second Series of Scenes" can be supplied, as the entire edition is out of print. CUT ON THIS LINE - - - Dept. H, National Geographic Society, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. , 1913. Please send copies of Third Series "Scenes from Every Land," bound in. for which I enclose herewith dollars. If sereral copies are desired, write names and addresses and send Name with your card. Street Address^ Bound in Royal Buckram, postpaid, $1.00 Bound in Full Leather, postpaid, $2.00 (De Luxe Edition) ,j..i3 City and State_ Fascination The \7mTE BERLINE, even to tKe naturally prejudiced owuer of a car of another make, has an irresistible attraction, once its quality is inquired into and its perform- ance Itnown. Where sentiment for another car has not prevented investigation, it will be found that the WHITE BERLINE alone possesses all of the coiTect and fundamental features of construction, and wealth of appointments, with- out which, a car of this type is today practically obsolete. /' The allurement of the White Berline causes Neptune And Amph'ttrite to forsake their sea-home. "i^ention the Geographic — It identifies you." Installation of Alba Semi-indirect Bowls and Alba Ornamental Balls in the Los Angeles Athletic Club Making a day more valuable At least five hours of each day is artificially lighted — the value of this time depends upon the light. Insufficient light and harsh light is often undetected by the eye — but it is silently causing eye-strain, brain-fag, fatigue, and organic illnesses. Nine out of ten people have bad light. Why not have the best light in which to buy, sell, read, work, play, rest and so get a bigger value out of each day! Alba Shades and Globes are a scientific product. You owe it to yourself to make a test on one lamp, and see how much softer and more abundant your light will be. Then you will know why you cannot afford to be without Alba Shades on all your lamps. Alba at your dealer's, or write. For Home Lighting — write for Catalogue No. 42-V. For Business Lighting — write for Catalogue No. 47-V. For Pictorial Booklet " Good Light " — write for No. 60- V. Macbeth-Evans Glass Company Pittsburgh Sales- and Show-rooms also in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Cincinnati St Louis, Boston and Toronto Kec. u. s. l-at. oir. Comfort for Your Face — Economy for Your Purse Whichever method you prefer — Stick, Powder or cream — you find the fullest measure of both comfort and economy in They all give the same creamy "smartless" lather that softens the beard while being worked up w^ith the brush — no mussy "rubbing in" with the fingers is necessary. There is no w^aste. Shaken on the wet brush, the last particle of Powder is as good as the first. The Cream can be squeezed out to the very end of the tube. Those who favor the Stick find economy as shov^n above. Learn the comfort of a Colgate sKave by sending 4 cents in stamps for a trial size of Stick, Powder or Cream COLGATE & CO., Dept. 66, 199 Fulton St., New York Makers of Cashmere Bouquet Soap — luxurious, lasting, refined A box cf this exquisitely perfumed soap maizes a very acceptable Christmas gift. \ m(mmM^^