I \ 
 
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 __GE0L()G1CAL SURVEY OF NEW SOUTH WALKS. 
 TN 
 
 811 
 
 A8 
 A4 
 
 THE 
 
 COAL RESOURCES 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD F. PITTMAN, 
 
 Associate of the. Royal School of Mines, London. 
 
 Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgv. 
 
 Oovernment Qeulogist. and Under Sr.cretary for Mines, for New South W'aies. 
 
 Issued by direction of 
 
 The Honorable A. EUDEN, M.L.A., 
 Minister for Mines. 
 
 [Copyright!] 
 
 SYDNEY: WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 
 
 1913. 
 t4701- [IJ.] 
 

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Photo, by E. F. Pittman. ' ; 
 
 Dolerite dyke Intersecting the Upper Coal Measures, Nobbys, Newcastle. 
 
 The course of the dj'ke can be seen in the foreground, together with some masses of coal which 
 have been cindered by the heat of the intrusive lava. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 THE 
 
 COAL RESOURCES 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD F. PITTMAN, 
 
 Associate of the Royal School of Mines, London. 
 
 Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. 
 
 Oovernment Geologist, and Under Secretary for Mines, for New South Walls. 
 
 Issued by direction of 
 
 me Honorable A. EUDEN, 'M.L.A., 
 Minister for Mines. 
 
 [Copyright.'^ 
 
 SYDNEY: WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTEH. 
 
 1913. 
 t4701-« [M.] 
 
A^Ut-jTS' 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 This little work is really a second edition of the article on Coal 
 published in " The Mineral Resources of New South Wales, 1901." 
 In view of the length of time which has elapsed since the 
 publication referred to, and the consequent developments which 
 have taken place in New South Wales Coal Mines, and especially in 
 the Maitland-Cessnock field, it seems advisable that newer records 
 of the composition of our coals should be made public. 
 
 Within the last three months no less than 194 representative 
 samples of coal have been carefully taken by the Inspectors of Coal 
 Mines, and these have been analysed by the Chemical Staff of the 
 Geological Survey Laboratory. It is hoped that the results, which 
 have been hereto appended, may be of some use to the mining 
 community. 
 
 EDWARD F. PITTMAN, 
 
 Government Geologist. 
 Department of Mines, 
 
 Sydney, ist December, 1911. 
 
2 
 
 In a second edition of the same book, published in 1802, the following 
 statements occur (page 45) : — 
 
 '■ August, 1797. — Mr. Clark, supercargo of the ship Sydney Qove, 
 having mentioned that, two days before he had been met by the 
 people in the fishing boat, he had fallen in with a great quantity 
 of coal, with which he and his companions made a large fire, and 
 had'slept by it duiing the night, a whaleboat was sent off to the 
 southward with Mr. Bass, the surgeon of the Reliance, to discover 
 where an article so valuable was to be met with. He proceeded 
 about 7 leagues t > the southward of Point Solander, where he 
 found, in the face of a steep cliff,' washed by the sea, a stratum of 
 coal, in breadth about 6 feet, and extending 8 or 9 miles to the 
 southwards. Upon the summit of the high land, and lying on the 
 surface, he observed many patches of coal, fr.im some of which it 
 must have been that Mr. Clark was so conveniently supplied with 
 
 fuel By the specimens of the coal which were 
 
 brought in by Mr. Bass, the quality appeared to be good, but from 
 
 its almost inaccessible situation no great advantage could ever be 
 
 expected from it ; and, indeed, were it even less difficult to be 
 
 procured, unless some small harbour should be near it, it could not 
 
 be of much utility to the settlement." 
 
 Notwithstanding the unfavourable opinions thus expressed, large 
 
 shipments of excellent steam coal from these seams have, for many 
 
 years past, been exported, the loading being carried on from jetties. 
 
 In rough weather, however, there is very little natural protection for 
 
 shipping on this coast ; and in view of the importance of the southern 
 
 coal trade, and the extent to which it must grow if better facilities for 
 
 shipping were provided, the Governuipnt have now constructed, by 
 
 means of extensive breakwaters, a deep-water harbour at Port Kembla, 
 
 ■which will enable the largest ocean-going vessels to ship cargoes of coal 
 
 with safety in the roughest weather. 
 
 The discovery of coal at the site of the present city of Newcastle is 
 thus referred to by Mr. David Collins at page 47 of the work just 
 quoted : — 
 
 "September, 1797. — This month began with a very vexatious 
 circumstance. A boat named the Cumberland, the largest and 
 best in the Colony, belonging to the Government, was, on her 
 passage to the Hawkesbu-y, whither she was carrying a few stores, 
 taken possession of by a part of the boat's crew, being at the same 
 time boarded by a small boat from the shore, the ppople in which 
 seized her mnd put off to sea, first landing the coxswain and three 
 ithers, who were unwilling to accompany them, in Pittwater in 
 Broken Bay. Those men proceeded overland to Port Jackson, 
 where they gave the first information of tfiis daring and piratical 
 transaction. Two boats, well manned and armed, were immediately 
 despatched after them, tinder the command of Lieutenant Shortland, 
 
of the Reliance. One of these boats returned in a few days 
 without having seen any of them, but Lieutenant Shortland 
 proceeded with the other, a whaleboat, as far as Port Stephens, 
 where he thought it probable they might have taken shelter ; but 
 on the 19th, having been absent thirteen days, he returned without 
 discovering the smallest trace of them or the buat. His pursuit, 
 however, had not been without its advantage, for on his return he 
 entered a river, which he named the Hunter River, about 10 
 leagues to the southward of Port Stephens, into which he carried 
 3 fathoms water in the slioalest part of its entrance, tinding 
 Jeep water and good anchorage within. The entrance of this 
 liver was but narrow, and c iveri-d by a high rocky island lying 
 right off it, so as to leave a good passage round the north end of 
 the island, between that and the shore. A reef connects i he south 
 part of the island with th,; south shore of the entrance of ihe 
 river. In this harbour was found a very considerable quantity of 
 coal of a very good sort, anrl lying so near the watei'side as to be 
 conveniently shipped, which gave it, in this particular, a manifest 
 advantage over that discovered to the southward. Some specimens 
 of this coal were brought up in the boat." 
 
 The two localities where coal was firht discovered in Australia, viz., 
 the cuast near Wollongong and the mouth of the Hunter River at 
 Newcastle, still remain the principal sites of coal-mining activity ^fter 
 a lapse of 11-1 years. It is true that several of the collieries in the 
 immediate vicinity of Newcastle liave been worked out, and that others 
 are within measurable distance (if depletion. Nevertheless, the 
 discovery, within comparatively recent years, of the rich seams of the 
 Greta Measures between Maitland and Cessnock has resulted in the 
 opening up of a number of new collieries which will supply the 
 Australian and foreign markets with first-class coal for very many 
 yfars to come, and NewcastL-s will certainly remain the pore of its 
 shipment. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-BEARING ROCKS, 
 
 The geology of the coal-bearing rocks of New South Wales was 
 first studied hy the late Rev. W. B, Clarke, M.A., P.R.S , who deter- 
 mined tlieir age, and, tn a considerable extent, their distribution. His 
 work in this direction was afterwards supplemented by Messrs. Stutch- 
 bury, AV. Keene, C. S. Wilkinson, John Mackenzie, E. Etheridge, 
 Professor David, J. E. Carne, J. B. Jaquet, L. F. Harper, and others. 
 Piofessor David has made a survey of the Newcastle and Maitland 
 Coal-fields, and has shown by geological sections the relations of the 
 Coal Measures of the Northern Fields to those of the Southern and 
 Western Coal-fields. He also discovered the extension of the Greta 
 seams between West Maitland and Cessnock, the district which has 
 since become the greate.it coal-mining centre in Australia. 
 
As a result of the investigations of the abovementioned workers, the 
 <;oal-bearing rocks of New South Wales may be geologically classified 
 as follows : — 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Geolojfical Aje. thickness 
 
 j of strata. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Characttr of Coal. 
 
 I.— Tertiary, Eocene to PUn- About 100 
 i-ene. feet. 
 
 Kiandra, Gulg-ong;, Brown-coal or lig:nite. 
 Chouta Bay, &c. 
 
 II.— -Mksozoic, TnasHic, or About2,500 
 Trias-Jara. feet. 
 
 Clarence and Richmond 
 Rivers. 
 
 Coal suitable for local use 
 only. 
 
 III.— Pal^izoic, Permo-Car- 
 
 bnivferoiis. 
 
 About 
 13,000 ft. 
 
 Not til em, Southern, 
 and Western Coal- 
 fields. 
 
 Good coal, suitable for ^as- 
 making, and for house- 
 hold and steam-raising 
 purposes. 
 
 IV.— Paueozoic, '"arhnniferox:^ 
 
 About 
 10,000 ft. 
 
 Stroud, Bullah Delah. 
 
 Very inferior coal, with 
 bands ; of no vwlue. 
 
 I. — Tertiary. 
 
 Deposits of lignite or brown-coal, of limited extent, have been found 
 n deep alluvial leads, overlaid by basalt, in many of our gold-fields, as 
 at Kiandra, Gulgong, Forest Reefs near Millthorpe, <fec. No attempt 
 has ever been made to utilise any of these deposits as a source of fuel, 
 and they cannot be considered to be of any commercial importance. 
 At Kiandra, one deposit of lignite was found, by the late Mr. C. S. 
 Wilkinson, to have a maximum thickness of 30 feet, but as a general 
 rule the seams vary fiooi a foot to 3 or 4 feet in thickness As the 
 deposits have not been geologically surveyed it is not possihle to give 
 an estimate of the area covered by them. 
 
 II. — Mesozoic. 
 
 The age of the Mesozoic Coal Measures has not been determined 
 oeyond all doubt, but they may bs ri'garded as either Triassic or 
 Trias-Jura. These Measures occupy a considerable ai ea in the Clarence 
 River basin, which extends in a north and south direction for about 
 120 miles, whilst its greatest width from east to west is about 65 miles. 
 
 The rocks forming this basin have been divided into the Upjyer, 
 Middle, and Lower Clarence Series, as under : — 
 
 Shales, possibly containing coal seams . . . Upper Clarence Series. 
 Thick bedded sandstones (about 100 feet). . . Middle Clarence Series. 
 Shale-i and sandstones (300 to 1,000 feet) | 
 
 with coal seams ... ... ... / 
 
 Thick beds of coarse conglomerates ... I 
 
 Lower Clarence Series. 
 
)• 
 
 These Measures contain at least five seams of coal and shale bands, 
 vai-ying in thickness from 2 to 37 feet, but in every instance shale forms 
 the greater part of the seam, and it is a rare thing to find a layer of 
 clean coal of more than one foot in thickness between the bands. The 
 coal contains a rather large proportion of fixed carbon, and shouldj. 
 therefore, be classed as a steam coal ; unfortunately, however, the 
 percentage of ash is too high to allow of the fuel being exported for 
 this purpose, and it is unsuitable for any other than local use. Just 
 over the Queensland border, near the town of Killarney, a seam of 
 clean coal, 3 feet in thickness, is being worked commercially, the coal 
 being used on the Queensland Govei'nment railways, and it is more than 
 probable that this seam extends into New South Wales near Koreelah 
 Creek, one of the heads of the Clarence River. Mesozoic coal may, 
 therefore, be worked in this district in the future, but the country is 
 very rough and at present very sparsely settled ; consequently there is 
 not likely to be a local demand for some time to come. The Clarence 
 River coal is, as a rule, remarkably free from sulphur, and is compara- 
 tively smokeless. 
 
 The Clarence basin extends far into Queensland, and at Ipswich thick 
 and valuable seams of coal are worked on an extensive scale ; these 
 seams probably occur in the equivalents of the Lower Clarence series. 
 
 The Clarence Coal Measures (Middle Clarence Series) also outcrop on 
 the western flanks of the Main Dividing Range, and dip westerly under 
 the central plains. The sandstones of this series form the intake beds 
 of the great artesian water basin of New. South Wales. In many of 
 the artesian bores put down on the western plains, coal seams have been 
 intersected, as proved by the pulverised coal brought up svith the 
 drillings ; but, as the percussive drill is used for all these bores, a solid 
 core cannot be obtained, and consequently it has not been possible to 
 ascertain the exact thickness or the quality of the seams passed through. 
 However, although many thousand square miles of the north-western 
 plains of the 8tate are thus, in all probability, underlain by seams of 
 coal, there is little or no likelihood of their ever being worked on 
 account of their being associated with rocks charged with water under 
 pressure. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Sydney, and, in fact, overlying a very large' 
 area of the main productive (Permo-Carboniferous) coal basin of New 
 South Wales, is a series of sandstones and shales known as the Hawkes- 
 bury series, by reason of their development along the course of the 
 Hawkesbury River. These rocks are of freshwater origin, and contain 
 thin coal seams. One seam, 4 feet thick with bands, was described by 
 the late W. B. Clarke as occurring (in the Wiannaraatta shales) at 
 South Creek, between Sydney and Penrith, and seams (of about a 
 quarter of an inch in thickness) of bright bituminous coal are not 
 uncommon in the Hawkesbury sandstones, but " ■-- ijke a workable 
 deposit is known in any of the series. 
 
6 
 
 The Hawkesbury series has been subdivided as follows in descending 
 order : — 
 
 The Wiannamatta Shales. 
 The Hawkesbury Sandstones. 
 The Narrabeen Shales. 
 
 In lithological characters the Hawkesbury Sandstones are indis 
 tinguishable from the sandstones of the Clarence Biver, and they were 
 for many years regarded as equivalents. More recently, however, it 
 has been considered probable that the Hawkesbury Series may be older 
 than the Clarence Series. There is apparently a distinction to be 
 drawn between them on Palseontological grounds ; thus, while the most 
 characteristic fossil plants of the Clarence Coal Measures are Tceniopterin 
 Daintreei, and Thinnfddia Odontopleroides, which have been found both 
 in the great artesian basin and in the Clarence River basin, in the 
 Hawkesbury series, Toeniopteris Daintreei, has not, so far, been met with, 
 although Thinnfddia is plentiful. Near the Talbragar River, about 
 20 miles north of Gulgong, there is a small fresh- water lacustrine deposit 
 occupying a denuded hollow in the Hawkesbury Sandstones. It 
 contains Tceeniopteris Daintreei and other plant remains, together with 
 nuinerous fossil fishes ; and Dr. A. S. Woodward, who examined the 
 fish, has pronounced them to be of Jurassic age. It seems possible, 
 therefore, that the most correct classification of the Mesozoic rocks of 
 New South Wales would be the following : — 
 
 Talbragar lacustrine beds ... ... ... Jurassic 
 
 Clarence Series ... ... ... ... Trias-Jura 
 
 Hawkesbury Series ... ... ... ... Triassic 
 
 Amongst the principal fossil genera occurring in the Hawkesbury 
 series, the following may be mentioned : — 
 
 Plants ... ... Thinnfeldia, Tceniopteris, Macrotceniopteris, 
 
 Phyllotheca, Sphenopteris, Pecopteris, Ale- 
 thopteris, Baiera, Pterophyllum, Equisetum. 
 
 Fishf's .. ... Pwlosoniscus, Myriolepis, Cleithrolepis, 
 
 Apnteolepis, Dictyojjyge, Belonorhynchus, 
 Semionotus, Pristosomus, Pholidophorus. 
 
 Labyrinthodnnts Mastodonsaiirus, Platyceps. 
 
 Mollusca .. Unio, Unionella, Tremanotus (?). 
 
 Crustacea ... Ustheria, Ostracoda. 
 
 III. — Palaeozoic. — Permo-Carboniferous. 
 
 The Pernio-Carboniferous Coal Measures are so-called because the 
 marine beds which accompany them contain fossil forms showing 
 affinities to those of both the Carboniferous and the Permian Systems of 
 Jijurope. 
 
These Measures form the great storehouse of the productive coal seams 
 of New South Wales. They occupy an area of about 16,550 square 
 miles. The main coal basin, as indicated on the accompanying map of 
 the State, extends along nearly 200 miles of the eastern coast, from the 
 neighbourhood of Port Stephens on the north to Ulladulla on the 
 south ; from the latter place it trends inland to the west and north- 
 west, the greatfst width of the area, in an east and west dii-ection, 
 being from Newcastle to Rylstone, a distance of about 100 miles. 
 From Rylstone the main basin extends northwards beyond Gunnedah, 
 and it is bounded thence by a line bearing south-eastwards back to 
 Port Siephens. The deepest part of the basin is somewhere in the 
 neighbourhood of Sydney, where the " Sydney Harbour Colliery " is 
 working the uppermost seam at a depth of 2,884 feet. From here the 
 Coal Mtasures rise towards the north, south, and west, as proved by the 
 fact that the coal seams outcrop at the surface in the neighbourhood of 
 Newcastln, Bullr, and Litligow respectively. The Measures also rise to 
 the east, under the South Pacific Ocean, in which direction their exien- 
 eion is unknown. 
 
 The "Peimo-Carboniferous rocks have been classified, in descending 
 order, as follows : — 
 
 Thickness in feet. 
 
 Upper or Newcastle Coal Measures, containing twelve seams 
 of coal. In the aggregate they contain 35 to 40 feet of work 
 able coal 
 
 2. Dempxi'i) Series, freshwater beds, containing no productive coal. 
 This series thins out completely in certain directions 
 
 Middle, or Tomayo, or East Maitlmd Coal Measures, contain- 
 ing six seams of coal, varying from 3 to 7 feet in -thickness. 
 In the aggregate they contain about 18 feet of workgjjie coal 
 
 1,400 to 1,500 
 
 2,200 
 
 4. Upper Marine Series, containing an abundance of marine fossils, 
 but specially characterised by the predominance of the Brachi 
 opod, Productas Brarhytha'rus ... 
 
 50Oto 1,800 
 
 5,000 to 6,400 
 
 5. Lower oi- Greta Coal Measures, containing an aggregate of 
 about 20 feet of coal 
 
 100 to 300 
 
 6. Lower JIarine Series, containing an abundance of marine fossils, 
 but specially characterised by the predominance of the Mol- 
 lusc, AWytiesma corcZaiu ... 
 
 4,800 
 
 Total Maximum thickness 17,000 feet. 
 
 The characteristic fossil plant genera of the Permo-Carboniferous Coal 
 Measures are Glossopteris, Fertebraria (believed to be the root of 
 Glossopferis), Najgerathia, and Gangamopteris. Of these, GlosKoptfris 
 
is equally common to the Upper, Middle, and Lower Coal Measures ; 
 Vertebraria and Nwggerathia are found chiefly in the Upper and Middle 
 Coal Measures; while Gangamopteris is most abundant in the Lower or 
 Greta Coal Measures, and occurs also at some depth down in the Iiower 
 Marine series. 
 
 The Permo-Carboniferous Coal Measures are overlain in many locali- 
 ties by the Hawkesbury Series (Triassic), and, as a general rule, there 
 is no apparent unconformability between them, so far as their strati- 
 graphy is concerned. A notable instance to the contrary, however, 
 occurs near ^llalong, where, as first shown by Professor David's survtey, 
 the Hawkesbury series rests upon the Muree beds of the Upper Marine 
 Series, and about 7,000 feet of the strata which usually intervene are 
 missing. The palseontological evidence also shows a marked lapse of 
 time between the depositions of the two formations, the Palaeozoic 
 marine fossils and plant remains of the Permo-Carboniferous rocks being 
 succeeded by Mesozoic types of fish, labyrinthodonts, freshwater sheila 
 and Crustacea {Unio and Estheria), and plants. 
 
 1. The Upper or Newcastle Goal Measures. 
 
 These Coal Measures show the greatest surface development of any of 
 the Permo-Carboniferous rocks. Their coal seams outcrop in the 
 neighbourhood of Newcastle in the north, Lithgow in the west, and 
 Bulli in the south, and, as will hereafter be shown, they extend con 
 tinuously under the deep portion of the coal basin. 
 
 In the Northern or Newcastle Goal-field no less than twelve seams 
 (which, with included bands, vary from 3 feet to about 20 feet in thick- 
 ness) have been discovered in these Measures. They have been named 
 as follows, in descending order : — 
 
 1. The Wallarah seam ... about 11 feet thick. 
 2! The Great Northern seam about 20 feet thick. 
 
 3. The Passifern seam ... up to 25 feet thick. 
 
 4. The Upper Pilot seam . . . not workable. 
 
 5. The Lower Pilot seam ... not workable. 
 
 6. The.Australasian seam ... from 7 to 20 feet thick. 
 
 7. The Burwood seam . . . from 6 to 8 feet thick. 
 
 8. The Nobbys seam ... not workable. 
 
 9. The Dirty seam ... ... from 6 to 10 feet thick; splits into 
 
 two seams in places. 
 
 10. The Yard seam ... ... about 3 feet thick. 
 
 11. The Borehole seam ... from 4 to 22 feet thick; usually 
 
 8 to 9 feet thick. 
 
 12. The Sandgate seams ... from 4 to 6 feet thick. 
 
 Of the abovementioned twelve seams, only five are at present being 
 worked, viz., the Wallarah, Great Northern, Australasian, Burwood, 
 and Borehole, and by far the greatest amount of work has been done in 
 
the lastnamed seam (the Borehole), which has produced enormous 
 quantities of exceedingly fine coal, the quality being especially suitable 
 for household use and for gas-making purposes. None of the other 
 seven seams, so far as prospected in the Newcastle district, has proved 
 sufficiently good to be profitably worked under existing conditions. 
 
 In the Southern or Illawarra Goal-field these Coal Measures are known 
 to contain five distinct seams which have been named as foUow, in 
 descending order : — 
 
 1. The Bulli seam ... ... 2 to 11 feet thick; usually 6 to 7 
 
 feet thick. 
 
 2. The Four-feet seam ... about 4 feet thick. 
 
 3. The Thick seam, or Dirty 
 
 seam ... ... ... about 1 7 feet thick. 
 
 (Several small seams occur between the Thick seam and the Eight- 
 feet seam). 
 
 4. The Eight-feet seam ... from 7 to 9 feet thick. 
 
 5. The Bottom seam ... ... about 6 feet thick, including 
 
 numerous bands. 
 
 Only two of the above-mentioned seams have so far been worked, viz., 
 the Bulli seam and the Four-feet seam, and the operations in the last- 
 mentioned have only been on a small scale. Almost all the coal produced 
 in the Southern Coal-field has been obtained from the Bulli seam, which 
 is the up|)ermost one of the series. It cannot be said, however, that 
 the other seams have been anything like thoroughly prospected. 
 
 Southern coal is essentially a steam coal, containing as it does about 
 65 per cent, of fixed carbon ; but, in addition to this, it produces an 
 exceedingly strong coke, which is specially suitable for smelting pur- 
 poses by reason of its capacity for sustaining the weight of- the ore 
 burden in a blast furnace. 
 
 In the Western or Lithgow Coalfield there are seven seams known 
 to occur in the Upper Coal Measures, and of these only three have been 
 proved to be of commercial importance ; indeed, although coal has 
 actually been won from three seams, by far the greatest proportion of it 
 has come from the lowest of the series, viz., the Lithgow seam. 
 
 In descending order the seams in the "Western Coal-field have been 
 defined by Mr. J. E. Carne, Assistant Government Geologist, as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. The Katoomba or top seam ... from 2 to 6 feet thick, 
 
 2. The Dirty seam ... ... with bands attains a thick- 
 
 ness of 18 feet. 
 3.) 
 
 4. > Thin, unimportant seams. 
 5.) 
 
 6. Upper Irondale seam from 5 to 8 feet thick. 
 
 7. The Lithgow seam about 1 1 feet 6 inches thick ; 
 
 (lower 6 feet worked). 
 
10 
 
 The top or Katoomba seam has been worked to a small extent at 
 Hartley Vale, Main Camp, and Katoomba. The sixth seam has been 
 opened in the upper tunnel at Irondale Colliei-y, in Wallace's Black 
 Diamond Colliery (?). at Blackman's Flat, and at Cullen Bullen. All 
 the collieries in the immediate neighbourhood of Lithgow are working 
 the lowest or Lithgow seam. 
 
 Western coal is essentially steam coal but of an inferior quality to 
 Southern coal ; moreover, it contains a distinctly higher percentage of 
 ash than the latter. 
 
 A feature of the Western and Southern Goal-fields is the occurrence, 
 in the Upper Coal Measures, of lenticular patches or deposits of kerosene 
 shale, a variety of torbanite, cannel coal, or boghead mineral. It is used 
 extensively for the manufacture of kerosene oil, and also for the pro- 
 duction of gas. The lenticular patches vary considerably in extent ; 
 their thickness ranges from an inch or two up to 4 feet 6 inches, while 
 in length or width they seldom exceed a mile. At the eda;e of the 
 deposits the shale is found to pass into either bituminous or splint coal, 
 or into earthy or stony carbonaceous shale. It is also frequently 
 associated with coal seams either above or below it. Very rich deposits 
 of kerosene shale occurred at Hartley Vale, near Mount Victoria, and 
 at Joadja, near Mittagong, but both these deposits have been worked 
 out. An extensive deposit is at present being worked by the Common- 
 wealth Oil Corporation, at Newnes. The Corporation's leases cover a 
 large area of ground, including the valleys of the Capartee and Wolgan 
 Rivers, and kerosene shale outcrops in buth these valleys, and possibly 
 may underlie the greater part of the intervening tableland ; the charac:er 
 of the shale, however, diflers in the two outcrops, and hence the continuity 
 of the deposit is open to doubt. The shale driven upon from the Capertee 
 Valley is of decidedly better quality than that in the WolgaA Valley, 
 and while the former attains a thickness! of 4 feet 5 inches the latter 
 has a mxximum of about 2 feet. 
 
 Deposits of kerosene shale, though mucn less extensive, have also 
 been found in both the Upper and Greta Coal Measures of the Northern 
 Coal-field. 
 
 2. The Dempsey Series. 
 
 Underlying the Newcastle Coal Measures, and separating them from 
 the Middle or East Maitland Coal Measures, is a series of barren fresh- 
 water strata known as the Dempsey Series. They have a maximum 
 thickness of 2,200 feet and consist of mudatones, shales, and occasional 
 thin beds of sandstone and conglomerate. Very thin layers of coal are 
 also known to occur, but nothing approaching a workable seam has been 
 found, although a deep bore (nearly 3,000 feet) was put down by the 
 Australian Agricultural Company near their sea pit at Newcastle, and 
 must have completely intersected these Meas?ures. 
 
11 
 
 3. The Middle or Tom'igo Coal Measures. 
 
 The Mifldle, or Tomago, or East Maitland Coal Measures outcrop in 
 the neighbourhood of East Maitland, and their general dip is towards 
 Newcastle and under the Dempsey freshwater series and Upper Coal 
 Measures. The following are the principal coal seams of the Middle 
 Coal Measures, in descending order : — 
 
 1 . Top seam, or Donaldson's seam ... 4 to 6 feet thick. 
 
 2. Big Ben, or Tomago thick seam ... 7 to 10 „ 
 
 3. Tomago thin seam ... ... ... 2-^ to 3 ,, 
 
 4. Scotch Derry seam ... ... ... 9 to 10^ „ 
 
 5. Rathluba seam ... ... ... .5^ to 11 „ 
 
 6. Morpeth seam ... ... ... 4J to 8 
 
 It has been estimated by Professor David that the aggregate thickness 
 of the coal in these Measures is about 40 feet, and the total thickness 
 of coal actually worked is about 18 feet. 
 
 The Middle Coal Measures do not occur in the Western (Lithgow) 
 Coal-field, where tke Upper Coal Measures rest on the Upper Marine 
 beds. In the Southern (Illawarra) coal-field, also, their occurrence has 
 not actually been proved, though a bore which was put down at Bulli 
 in 1893 showed a greater thickness of freshwater beds than might 
 normally be expected in the Upper Coal Measures, and near the bottom 
 there were two seams of coal which may possibly belong to the Middle 
 or Tomago Coal Measures, It is evident, however, that these measures 
 (Middle or Tomago) must thin out going southwards, though how far 
 southwards they really extend is a matter of uncertainty at present. 
 None of the diamond-drill borgs put d'^wn near Sydney has bpen carried 
 Heep enough to intcsect any but the uppermost seam of the Upper Coal 
 Measures. Going northwards from Maitlami, also, there is no certain 
 evidence of any outcrop of the Middle Coal Measures, though it is 
 somewhat doubtful whether the Rix's Creek seams, near Singleton, 
 belong to those Measures or to the Newcastle Series. The maximum 
 thickness of the Tomago Measures is belie\ed to be about 1,800 feet. 
 
 4. The Upper Marine Series. 
 
 The Upper Marine Series occurs below the Middle Coal Measures, and 
 above the Lower or Greta Coal Measures. The beds of this Series in 
 the Northern Coal-field have been classified by Professor David as 
 follows, in descending order : — 
 
 1. Chsenomya Beds — 
 
 Cherty shales with great abundii.nce of the fossil lamelli- 
 branch shell Chsenomya. Also contain numerous 
 specimens of glendonite-; (calcareous pseudo- 
 morphs after crystals of j.;lauberite) ... ... 130 feet 
 
12 
 
 2. Crinoidal Beds — 
 
 Soft shales and raudsfcones, characterised by an 
 abundance of crinoid remains. These beds also 
 contain glendonites on several horizons ... ... 1,570 
 
 3. Branxton Beds — 
 
 (a) Muree beds, consisting chiefly of calcareous sand-\ 
 
 stones (with a great abundance of the small fossil 
 brachiopod Strophalosia) resting upon a hard 
 calcareous conglomerate, known as the Bolwarra 
 conglomerate. This rock shows a bold outcrop, 
 and conseqviently forms a definite geological 
 horizon which is easily identified... 420 feet. 
 
 (b) Shales, mudstones, and sandstones. Fossil corals / 3,000 feet 
 
 (Trachijpora) _very abundant in a bed a few 
 hundred feet below the Bolwarra conglomerate. 
 An enormous abundance of Fenestellidce occur in 
 these rocks, which are also distinguished by the 
 presence of numerous large glacial erratics 
 (granite and quartz-porphyry), and occasionally 
 small ice-scratched boulders 
 
 The Upper Marine beds may be seen underlying the Middle Coal 
 Measures to the south-east of the township of Morpeth, also between 
 West Maitland and Branxton, and about a mile to the north-north-east 
 of Singleton. 
 
 In the Southern Coal-field the Upper Marine beds are distributed over 
 a fairly wide area. They rise above sea level in the vicinity of WoUon- 
 gong, and continue to reach greater elevations as they are traced south- 
 wards. They consist of a lower or sedimentary stage, and an upper 
 or volcanic stage. They have been classified by Professor David and 
 Messrs. Jaquet and Harper as follows (in descending order) : — 
 
 Upper or Volcanic Stage — 
 
 Cambewarra trachyte ... 
 Saddleback dolerite 
 
 Jamberoo tuffs (with marine fossils) ... 
 Bumbo basalt (a dense rock with large labradorite 
 crystals) ... ... ... ... , ... 
 
 Kiama tuffs 
 
 Blow-Hole basalt 
 
 Westley Park tuffs 
 
 1,720 feet 
 
 350 feet 
 
 60 
 510 
 
 
 500 
 
 )> 
 
 120 
 140 
 
 5J 
 J) 
 
 40 
 
 )) 
 
13 
 
 Lower or Sedimentary Stage — 
 
 Encrinital Beds — 
 
 Gray tuflfaceous shales, containing Encrinites, Retepora, 
 and abundance of Pei-mo-Carboniferous marine 
 fossils 800 feet 
 
 Nowra Grits — 
 
 Gritty grey sandstones containing marine fossils. 
 These beds probably correspond with the 
 Muree beds of the Northern Coal-field ... 250 feet 
 
 Wandra Wandian Pebbly Sandstones — 
 
 Dark grey mudstones, more or less gritty in places, 
 
 with abundance of marine shells ... ... 550 feet 
 
 Conjola Beds — 
 
 Pebbly sandstones (with small erratics), and 
 layers, of conglomerate, and ferruginous grits, 
 passing downwards into very fossiliferous 
 sandstones (containing abundance of a species 
 of McBonia), mudstones, and fine-grained sand- 
 stones l,400feet 
 
 In the Western Coal-field the Upper Marine Series is represented, so 
 far as at present known, by only coarse conglomerates, which are 
 probably the basal beds, and which rest directly on contorted beds of 
 Devonian age. 
 
 5. The Lower or Greta Coal Measures. 
 
 The Greta Coal Measures outcrop as a narrow belt of conglomerates, 
 sandstones, shales, and coal seams. The total thickness of these beds 
 never, apparently, exceeds 300 feet. In the neighbourhood of Maitland 
 their outcrop follows a very irregular course, as they have been thrown 
 into anticlines and subjected to considerable faulting. To the north of 
 Maitland they have been traced, with intervening brtaks, as far as 
 Wingen, and they again occur as an isolated belt to the north of 
 Inverell, and extending thence through Ashford to near the Queensland 
 border. The outcrop of the Greta Measures is shown, on the accompany- 
 ing map of the State by a red line. In their normal position they lie 
 upon the Lower Marine beds, and are overlain by the Upper Marir.e 
 Series, but they have been much intruded by igneous rocks in the 
 nerthern parts of the State, so that it frequently happens that they are 
 bounded on one side by either granite or quartz-felsite, and their angle 
 of dip is often very considerable. 
 
14 
 
 Two coal seams occur in these Measures, viz. : — 
 
 1. The upper seam, varying from 14 to 32 feet in thickness. 
 
 2. The lower seam, varying from 3 to 11 feet in thickness. 
 
 A few very small lenticular patches of kerosene shale were found to 
 occur in the upper coal seam at Greta, and a seam of cannel, about 
 5 feet thick, in the same (upper) seam at Homeville, near West 
 Maitland. 
 
 The coal from the Greta Measures is very hard, and can therefore be 
 very economically worked, inasmuch as it makes a minimum quantijgr 
 of " smalls " ; it is, moreover, of exceedingly good quality, being useful 
 for gas-making and housshold purpo-es, and also for steam-raising, 
 though, on account of its large proportion of volatile hydrocarbons, it 
 has a tendency to burn rather tno fast for use with a foi-ced draught ; 
 moreover it makes too much black smoke for navy purposes. Still it 
 is undoubtedly the purest, and, generally, the most useful coal iu the 
 State, while the great thickness of the seams in which it occurs makes 
 it an exceptionally valuable deposit of fuel. One disadvantage from 
 which the Greta coal suflFers is that it contains rather a high percentage 
 of sulphur, and this is especially true in regard to the top bands of 
 coal in the upper or thick seam These arc termed by the miners the 
 ■' brassy tops," on account of the presence of so much iron-pyrites 
 (maroasite) in them. They are usually left as a roof, and only the lower 
 part of the seam is worked. When the "brassy tops "fall, in the pillar 
 workings, they are very liable to spontaneous combustion, and many 
 gob-fires have been traced to their agency. 
 
 The Greta coal seams are being very e.Ktensively worked between 
 West Maitland and Cessnock, and it cau safely be stated that this 
 stretch of country, covering a distance of about 15 miles, is at 
 the present time by far the most important coal-mining district in 
 Australasia. The following ten collieries are now at work within this 
 area, viz.. South Greta, East Greta, Heddon Greta, Stanford Merthyr, 
 Pelaw Main, Hebburn, Abermain, Neath, Aberdare, and Aberdare 
 Extended; and their aggregate output for the year 1910 was 
 2,561,861 tons. 
 
 The Greta Coal Measures have also been recognised in the Clyde 
 Valley in t'le extreme southern portion of the Illawarra Coal-field; but 
 the seams there, so far as they have been prospected, do not appear to 
 be workable under present conditions, the coal being somewhat inferior 
 and the seams thin. Kerosene shale, of rather inferior qiiality, has 
 also been met with in that neighbourhood. 
 
 In the Western Coal-field there is no appearance of the Greta Coal 
 MeasuT'Ps. The Upper Coal Measures of that field lie upon the Upper 
 Marine beds, and the latter rest, unconformably, upon Devonian strata. 
 
Photo, i 
 
 Pittman, 
 
 Twenty-two feet of first-class coal without a band. Greta Coal Seam in the Stanford-Merthyr 
 Colliery, Kurri Kurri, near Maitland. 
 
15 
 
 6. The Lower Marine Series. 
 
 The Lower Marine series in the Northern Coal-field has been described 
 by Professor David as follows, in descending order : — 
 
 1. Farley Beds — 
 
 Hard sandstone with marine shells. A small variety 
 of Martiniopsis is very abundant in the upper 
 part of these beds. At the base of the beds occurs 
 the Ravensfieldsandstone — afine-grained brownish 
 marine sandstone much used for building purposes. 
 It is abundantly fossiliferous, the most character- 
 istic genera being Edjnondia{?') and Goniatites. ...1,000 feet 
 
 2. Lochinvar Beds — 
 
 Amongst the higher beds may be mentioned the tuffa- 
 ceous chloritic sandstones of Harper's Hill, the 
 Eurydesma cordata and Fenestella beds of Annan- 
 dale, and the foraminiferal and the Stenopora 
 limestones of Pokolbin. Then succeed andesitic 
 and basaltic tuffs and agglomerates with int«r- 
 bedded andesites, natrolite basalt, and hyper- 
 sthene basalt. At the base of the beds are small 
 glaciated boulders in a reddish shaly matrix. 
 Gangamopteria has been traced downwards to 
 about the middle of these beds. ... ... ... 3,800 feet. 
 
 The Lower Marine Series does not occur in either the Southern or 
 the Western Coal-fields, where the Upper Marine beds rest 'directly 
 upon Devonian strata. 
 
 Continuity of the Gual Measures under Sydney. 
 
 The general dip of the Permo-Cartioniferous Coal Measures being 
 towards Sydney as a centre it was a fair assumption that they would 
 be foun-1 to be continuous from north to south, and from Lithgow 
 eastwards to the coast. The late Kev. W. B. Clarke was the first to 
 argue this on scientific grounds in the year 1847. In that year he 
 made the following statement in his evidence before a Select Committee 
 of the Legislative Council on Coal Inquiry : — 
 
 " If Wf: take a dip of only 1 degree from Newcastle to the south, 
 and from lUawari a to the north, the synclinal curve will meet at the 
 entrance to Broken Bay, which is exactly half way (the extremity, 
 probably, of the minor axis), at a depth of 4,680 feet — the depth 
 of the coal seams if continuous." 
 
16 
 
 For many years past there had been no doubt in the minds of local 
 geologists as to the Coal Measures of the Newcastle and Illawarra fields 
 being continuous under Sydney, and the only question upon which 
 there was any divergence of opinion was as to the actual depth at which 
 the coal would be found to occur. This question of depth was, however, 
 one of considerable importance from a commercial point of view, since 
 it was quite possible that the depth of the coal under the metropolitan 
 area would be too great to allow of its profitable extraction ; and the 
 Rev. W. B. Clarke's estimate (already alluded to), on the basis of a 
 regular dip of only 1 degree from Newcastle and Illawarra respectively 
 towards the centre of the basin, indicated a depth of 4,680 feet bo the 
 coal under Broken Bay. 
 
 Obviously, the problem could be most easily solved by boring, 
 and the first attempt in this direction was made in 1878, when a 
 diamond drill bore was put down at Newington, on the Parramatta 
 River. This bore attained a depth of 1,312 feet without striking coal, 
 and was then abandoned. In the following year another bore, put 
 down at Botany, reached a depth of 2,193 feet, when it also was 
 abandoned without accomplishing its object. The third attempt was 
 made at Moore Park, where, at a depth of 1,860 feet, the bore was 
 abandoned without having reached the coal. Other unsuccessful bores 
 were put down at Narrabeen, north of Manly, 1,985 feet ; and at Rose 
 Bay, Sydney Harbour, 1,700 feet; the cause of failure in each case 
 being that a suflficient depth was not attained. 
 
 In 1884 a bore at Camp Creek, near the site where the Metropolitan 
 Colliery's shafts were subsequently sunk, was successful in striking the 
 Bulli seam, 12 feet thick, at a depth of 846 feet from the surface. 
 
 In 1886 a bore was put down, near the Waterfall railway station, 
 to a depth of 1,586 feet, and two seams of coal were reached — viz., an 
 upper seam, 4 feet 8^ inches thick, at a depth of 1,513 feet; and a 
 lower seam, 6 feet 1 inch thick, at a depth of 1,577 feet from the 
 surface. 
 
 In 1887 another successful bore was completed, this time at Dent's 
 Creek, on the Holt-Sutherland Estate. The total depth reached was 
 2,307 feet from the surface, and two seams of coal were again pene- 
 trated, viz., an upper seam, 4 feet 2 inches thick, at a depth of 2,228 
 feet, and a lower seam, 5 feet 3 inches thick, at 2,296 feet from the 
 surface. 
 
 Again, at Moorebank, near Liverpool, a bore was carried to a depth 
 of 2,601 feet, and penetrated three seams of coal. The upper seam, 
 1 foot 5 inches thick, was met with at 2,493 feet ; the second, 1 foot 
 4 inches thick at 2,507 feet ; and the lowest, 6 feet 6 inches thick, at 
 2,583 feet from the surface. 
 
 The Liverpool bore was situated at a distance of 20 miles south-west 
 of Sydney, while the Holt-Sutherland bore was only about 15 miles in 
 a direction rather west of south from the city ; so that the evidence 
 
17 
 
 afforded by them went a long way in support of the theory of the 
 continuity of the Newcastle and lUawarra Coal Measures, though it did 
 not absolutely demonstrate it. 
 
 The opinion was formed, that the comparatively thin seams met with 
 in the Liverpool and Holt-Sutherland bores were the result of a splitting 
 up of the thick (Bulli) seam penetrated at Camp Creek, and it was 
 believed that these seams would reunite as they were traced further to 
 the north — a belief which was subsequently confirmed. 
 
 In 1890 a party of gentlemen, who had applied for the right to mine 
 for coal beneath Sydney Harbour, deemed it advisable to place the 
 question (of the occurrence of coal there) beyond all doubt before 
 forming a company to erect the necessary plant, and sink the shafts. 
 They, accordingly, put down a diamond drill bore on Cremorne Point, 
 on the northern shore of the harbour, and in 1891 this bore was completed 
 at a depth of 3,095 feet. At 2,801 feet a seam of coal 7 feet 4 inches 
 thick was penetrated, but, unfortunately, the site had been chosen 
 close to the outcrop of a dolerite dyke, which had intruded the seam 
 just where the drill penetrated it, and, consequently, the coal was 
 found to be charred, or partly converted into coke, by the action of 
 the molten rock. It was then decided not to endeavour to float 
 the company until a sample of good coal from the seam could be 
 exhibited, and it consequently became necessary to put down a second 
 bore. The Government of the day regarded the experiment as one of 
 almost national importance, as the future value to the State of workable 
 seams of coal beneath Sydney could scarcely be overestimated. They 
 therefore acceded to a request for assistance, made by the syndicate, 
 and granted a sum of money from the Prospecting Vote to cover part of 
 the expense of putting down a second bore at Cremorne. The site for 
 the second bore was chosen as far away as possible from the outcrops 
 of dolerite dyke, and boring operations were commenced in July, 1892, 
 under the supervision of Mr. W. H. J. Slee, Superintendent of Diamond 
 Drills. On the 9th November, 1893, the drill penetrated a fine seam 
 of coal, 10 feet 3 inches thick, and free from any alteration by contact 
 with dykes. The depth of the bore from the surface (143 feet above 
 sea level) to the roof of the coal seam was 2,917 feet. The following 
 is a descending section of the seam : — 
 
 Roof, clay shale. 
 
 Coaly clay shale 
 
 Splint coal, somewhat inferior 
 
 Coal, splint and bituminous, of good quality 
 
 Band, dark clay shale 
 
 Coal, splint and bituminous, of good quality 
 Coal, soft, bituminous, a trifle clayey .. 
 
 10 
 Floor, black carbonaceous clay shale, containing 
 irapressions of vertebraria. 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 ... 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 '.'.'. 
 
 i 
 
 ... 6 
 
 4i 
 
 ... 
 
 34 
 
18 
 
 Six samples were carefully taken from different portions of the core 
 of coal brought up by the diamond drill, and these were analysed by 
 Mr. J..C. H Mingaye, of the Geological Survey Laboratoiy. The mean 
 of these six analytes gave the average composition of the entire seam 
 as follows : — 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture '66 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons .. 17'57 
 
 Fixed carbon ... ... ... ... ... 71'091 „ , 
 
 HI ' 
 
 Ash 10-68 
 
 I Coke, i 
 
 100-00 
 Sulphur, "24 ; specific gravity, 1-346 ; calorific value, 13. 
 
 The result of the horing operations at Cremorne established beyond 
 all doubt the fact that the Newcastle and Illawarra Coal Measures are 
 continuous under Sydney, and an enormous coal-bearing area, in which 
 the coal occurs within a workable depth from the surface, is thus 
 add^d to the already large reserves of the State. There is reason for 
 believing that the Cremorne bore penetrated the basin at or near its 
 deepest part, and that the Bulli seam, which is without doubt the one 
 met with in this bore, will he found to rise gradually as it is traced 
 further north and south, as well as east and west, from Sydney. 
 
 It is not unreasonable to expect that several, if not all the other 
 seams of the Upper Coal Measures will be found to occur within a 
 workable depth from the surface under Sydney. The question as to 
 whether the Middle or Tomago Coal Measures extend as far south as 
 Port Jackson has not yet been definitely settled, as the Cremorne bore 
 did not descend to a suificient depth to intersect them, if present. 
 There is no reason to doubt that the Lower or Greta Coal Measuies 
 underlie Sydney, but their depth must be so great that there is very 
 little probability of their ever being worktd there. 
 
 The results obtained in the Cremorne bore led to the formation of 
 the Sydney Harbour Collieries Company. It was originally intended 
 that their shafts should be sunk on the high land at the back of Athol 
 Bay, near Bradley's Head ; but objections were made to this, on the 
 ground that the mining plant would deface the natural beauties of the 
 harbour. Eventually the company purchased some land at Longnose 
 Point, Balmain, for the purpose of sinking shafts and erecting a plant 
 capable of working the coal under the wa'ers of Port Jackson. This 
 site is situated about 3 miles from the bore at Cremorne, and, unfor- 
 tunately, the shafts were sunk thereat great expense without previously 
 lioring to ascertain whether the character of the seam had varied. 
 These shafts were about 2,900 feet deep, circular in form, with a 
 diameter of 18 feet, and lined throughout with brickwork. When the 
 
19 
 
 first shaft reached the coal it was found that the seam was split by a 
 band of shale, and could not, at that point, be worked remuneratively. 
 The section was as follows : — ^ 
 
 ft, in. 
 
 Coal ■> 9 
 
 Shale 2 11 
 
 Coal 10 
 
 It was then decided to drive east in the direction of Cremome, and 
 after some time it was found that the shale was becoming thinner, and 
 being gradually replaced by coal. The face at present being worked is 
 66 chains from the shaft, and it shows 5 ft. 5J in. of coal without, a 
 band, the coal being of good quality. The colliery is well equipped 
 with the most modern machinery, including a Walker fan 24 feet in 
 diameter and 8 feet wide, for ventilating the workings. The operations 
 of the company are being watched with great interest, as the colliery 
 is one of the deepest in the world. Unfortunately, insufficient capital 
 was provided in the first instance, and unforeseen expense was entailed 
 in opening up the colliery, on account of the splittiug of the seam. It 
 is believed, however, that most of the difficulties have now been 
 surmounted, and mining should proceed smoothly in future. No 
 trouble has yet been experienced in regard to the occurrence of water 
 or firedamp, although it was feared that the latter might be found 
 troublesome. The question of pressure was also one that, it was 
 anticipated, might cause some trouble, as these coal workings are two 
 and a half times as deep as any previously in existence in Australia 
 So far, however, there has been no difficulty on this score. One of the 
 great advantages possessed by this colliery is that the largest ocean- 
 going steamers are able to load their cargoes of coal from its wharf in 
 the harbour. 
 
 The accompanying geological sections show the structure of the 
 main coal basin of New South Wales from north to south, and also 
 from east to west ; but it must be stated that the information shown in 
 the deeper parts of the basin is more or less theoretical, except in 
 regard to the uppermost seams of coal and overylying strata where they 
 have been penetrated by bores (as shown in the sections.) The depth 
 of the lower seams under Sydney, for instance, may be much greater or 
 much less than that shown in the sections, for there may be a 
 thickening or a thinning-out of the intervening strata. 
 
 It has been shown that the Upper, or Newcastle Coal Measures, 
 extend from Newcastle on the north to Ulladulla on the south, and also 
 to Lithgow on the west, and that in the central part of the basin 
 they occur at a depth of some thousands of feet, being overlain by the 
 Hawkesbury series (Triassic). It is not possible, however, to correlate 
 
20 
 
 all the seams occurring near Newcastle with those discovered in the 
 Southern and Western Coal-fitlds ; indeed it will be noticed that nearly 
 twice as many seams have been mentioned in the first-named locality 
 as in either of the latter. Doubtless some of the seams thin out 
 altogether between Newcastle and Ulladulla, while others may split 
 and make together again at intervals. It would certainly be very 
 remarkable if all the coal seams followed the same horizons, and main- 
 tained the same approximate thickness for a distance of 200 miles. It 
 is, nevertheless believed that the Wallarah seam of the Northern 
 Coal-field is identical with the uppermost or BuUi seam of the South, 
 and the top or Katoomba seam of the West ; also that it coincides 
 with the seam met with in the diamond drill bore at Sydney, at a depth 
 of nearly 3,000 feet, and which is now being worked in the Sydney 
 Harbour Collieries, Limited. If this be so, the seam has a wonder- 
 fully persistent development ; its quality, however, is by no means 
 uniform. For instance, in the Southern Coal-field the upper or Bulli 
 seam consists of good steam coal, and has been extensively worked. 
 In the Sydney Harbour Colliery the coal is of about equal quality, 
 while in the Newcastle Coal-field the Wallarah seam is only worked in 
 one colliery, and in the Western Coal-field the workings in the top or 
 Katoomba seam have been unimportant. 
 
 Volcanic Bocks Associated with the Per mo-Carboniferous 
 Coal Measures. 
 
 In the Southern Coal-field there occurs, between the Upper Marine 
 beds and the Upper Coal Measures, a considerable thickness of volcanic 
 rocks, consisting of sheets of basalt and trachyte, and beds of grey and 
 red volcanic tuffs. These contemporaneous lavas and tuffs represent a 
 maximum thickness of about 1,700 feet near Kiama, where the upper 
 basalt sheet, which has a remarkable prismatic structure, is quarried 
 for road metal. Further to the north, about 4 miles from WoUon- 
 gong, a quarry was opened in the same rock for the purpose of 
 obtaining large blocks wherewith to construct the moles for the deep- 
 water harbour of Port Kembla. v 
 
 Again, in the Lochinvar beds of the Lower Marine Series of the 
 Northern Coal-field, Professor David describes a series of inter-bedded 
 andesites, natrolite-basalt, hypersthene-basalt, and andesitic and basaltic 
 tuffs and agglomerates. The augite-andesite varies from 500 to 1,000 
 feet in thickness, and terminates in a bed of augite-andesite tuff. 
 
 The Greta Coal Measures in the northern part of the State have been 
 intruded by granites and quartz-felsites, which have destroyed a 
 considerable proportion of the coal ; and in all parts of the main coal 
 basin the Upper Coal Measures have been intersected by intrusive dykes, 
 though their effect upon the coal is much more noticeable in some cases 
 than in others. At Bowral, near Mittagong, an intrusive mass of 
 
21 
 
 trachyte has converted a seam of coal into typical anthracite ; this 
 trachyte is largely used for building purposes iu Sydney and elsewhere, 
 as it is an extremely durable as well as ornamental stone of a dark- 
 grey colour. In nearly all other instances the dykes which intersect 
 the Coal Measures consist of dolerite or basalt, which is clearly post- 
 Triassic in its age, as it has intersected the Hawkesbury Series as well 
 as the underlying Permo-Carboniferous rocks. The dykes are of various 
 widths, and have frequently been decomposed at the surface into a bulF 
 or greyish-white plastic clay. As a general rule, where a coal seam 
 has been intersected by a dyke, the coal is found to be cindered or 
 coked for a short distance (a foot or so) on each side of- the line of 
 contact, but in some cases a much greater amount of damage has 
 resulted from the intrusion of the volcanic rock. Thus_ the Borehole 
 seam was much cindered in places in the Stockton Mine (now abandoned), 
 Newcastle, and the Lower Tomago seams have suffered considerably 
 from the same cause at Hexham and Ash Island, being converted into 
 natural coke or completely cindered in places. 
 
 It is in the Southern Coal-field, however, that the greatest effect of 
 volcanic intrusions upon the coal seams is noticeable ; and this fact is, 
 no doubt, due to the greater size of the dykes intersecting the field, 
 and its proximity to the ancient centre of volcanic activity. Near 
 Bulli, dolerite dykes of great width (up to 100 yards in some cases) 
 can be seen at the surface, and the colliery workings have proved that 
 off-shoots from these dykes, in the shape of horizontal sheets, have 
 followed the coal seams for considerable distances, with the result that 
 large areas of coal have been converted into natural coke. In some 
 instances there has been a good sale for this natural coke, at a satis- 
 factory price, for fuel, but on the whole, there can be no doubt that the 
 effect of the volcanic intrusions near Bulli has been very detrimental. 
 
 I V. — Pal^iEOZoic. — Carboniferous. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Stroud, about 40 miles to the north of 
 Newcastle, seams consisting of coal and bands, occur in rocks which 
 correspond in age with the Carboniferous System of Europe. The coal 
 is of very inferior quality, however, and certainly cannot, so far as has 
 been ascertained, be regarded as workable. Moreover, the deposits 
 are probably very limited in extent, so that the true Carboniferous 
 rocks may safely be disregarded as a possible source of fuel in New 
 South Wales. 
 
 Quantity of Goal available in New South Wales, 
 
 Attempts to estimate the quantity of coal available in any country 
 are more or less hazardous, owing to the tendency of the seams to vary 
 in thickness, and of the coal to alter in quality. 
 
22 
 
 In a comparatively young country like Australia, this statement 
 is even more applicable than in the ease of European coal-fields, for 
 here there has been much less exploration of the seams, and there are, 
 consequently, many more uncertain factors in the calculation. Reference 
 has already been made to the fact that the coal seams of the Upper Coal 
 Measures outcrop at the surface in three widely separated districts, viz., 
 Newcastle, lUawarra, and Lithgow, and )that they dip under the 
 intervening country, and attain their greatest depth probably near 
 Sydney. The only knowledge which we possess of the deposits of coal 
 in their deepest parts has been acquired by boring, in the first instance, 
 and, subsequently, by the sinking of a pair of shafts to the top seam, 
 which was penetrated at a depth of about 2,900 feet in the Sydney 
 Harbours Colliery. It has never been ascertained how many of the 
 other seams of the Upper Coal Measures underlie this seam, whether the 
 Middle Coal Measures occur there or not, at what depth the Greta seams 
 occur, or whether they maintain their quality. As the Greta seams 
 outcrop in both the Northern and Southern Coal-fields, it is probable 
 that they do underlie Sydney, but their dejjth from the surface there is 
 doubtless very great indeed — probably 8,000 or 10,000 feet — so that 
 there is very little chance of their ever being worked. While it is 
 impossible to- correlate with certainty many of the coal-seams of the 
 Northern Coal-fields with those of the Southern and Western Fields, we 
 are in a position to say that the seams which contain the best coal in 
 any one field are of inferior quality or unworkable in the others ; in 
 other words, there is such variation in the quality of the coal that it is 
 impossible to say over what area any particular seam may or may not 
 be worked. 
 
 In 1907 a diamond drill bore was put down to a depth of 1,141 feet 
 at Bungaree Norah, on the coast near Tuggerah Beach Lake. Several 
 coal seams were intersected, though none of them was of a very 
 satisfactory character. The uppermost, or Wallarah seam, was met 
 with at a depth of 324 feet ; it was only 2 fept thick, and an analysis 
 showed 16'94 per cent, of ash. What was probably the Great Northern 
 seam was intersected at a depth of 401 ft. 6 in., and proved to be 
 6 ft. 6 in. in thickness, but on being analysed the coal was found to 
 contain 18'35 per cent, of ash. None of the other seams below this 
 was of a workable character, and, unfortunately, the bore was not 
 carried deep enough to test the Borehole seam, which probably occurs 
 here at a depth of not less than 1,600 feet. 
 
 In the year 1910 a diamond drill bore was carried to a depth of 
 3,005 feet on the northern side of the Hawkesbury River, near the 
 railway crossing. The top seam (Wallarah, or Bulli) was intersected at 
 2,322 feet, pnd proved to be 3 ft. 3 in. thick. The coal was of a 
 decidedly friable character, and an analysis showed that it contained 
 12-25 per cent, of ash. At a depth of 2,360 feet, another seam of coal 
 
23 
 
 2 ft. 10 in. thick was met with, and below this there were several other 
 inferior seams, but the boring was stopped before the hoi-izon of the 
 Borehole seam was reached. 
 
 The results of the two bores just referred to would seem to indicate 
 that the Newcastle seams deteriorate as they are followed south from 
 Lake Macquarie. At the same time, too much reliance must not be 
 piaced upon this evidence, for experience has shown that very great 
 changes may take place, both in the thickness and quality of a coal- 
 seam, within a comparatively short distance. 
 
 It is clear, therefore, that any estimate of the quantity of coal in 
 New South Wales must be based upon very uncertain data. For the 
 purposes of an approximate estimate, however, we may assume the 
 following : — 
 
 PaZmozoic Coal-fields. 
 
 8q. milei. 
 Area within which the Upper and Middle Coal Measures are 
 
 productive within 4,000 feet o{ the surface ... ... 15,800 
 
 Area within which the Greta Coal Measures are productive in 
 
 the Northern District, within 4,000 feet of the surface ... 250 
 
 Area within which the Greta Coal Measures are productive 
 
 in the Southern District, within 4,000 feet of the surface . . . 500 
 
 Total area 16,550 
 
 In their most productive areas the Upper Coal Measures contain about 
 40 feet of workable coal ; the Middle Coal Measures contain about 18 
 feet of workable coal ; the Greta Coal Measures contain about 20 feet 
 of workable coal. There is, therefore, a maximum thickness of about 
 78 feet of workable coal in the Permo-Carboniferous rocks. It would, 
 however, be very un.<(afe, in estimating our coal resources, to assume 
 that anything approaching that thickness of coal is available under the 
 area mentioned above, for reasons which have already been given. 
 
 It seems preferable, therefore, to base the calculation upon the 
 assumption that a thickness of only 10 feet of workable coal underlies 
 an area of 16,5-50 square miles. Taking 34 lb. as the average weight 
 of a cubic foot of coal, and deducting one-third of the gross weight for 
 loss in working, impurities, ifec, this, would represent a total quantity 
 of 115,346,880,000 tons of available fuel in the Permo-Carboniferous 
 Coal Measures within a di^pth of 4,000 feet. 
 
 No estimate of the coal obtainable in the Middle and Upper Coal 
 Measures between depths of 4,000 and 6,000 feet can be attempted, 
 because the necessary data are not available, no bore or shaft having 
 ever penetrated deeper than the uppermost seam of the Upper Coal 
 Measures in the deeper parts of the basin. The Greta Coal Measures 
 are of wide extent, but as they are separated from the Upper' and 
 Middle Coal Measures by a thickness of about 6,000 feet of marine beds, 
 and are, therefore concealed for the greater part, the quantity of coal 
 
24 
 
 availabk in them between 4,000 and 6,000 below the surface can only 
 be estimated under a limited area which has recently been surveyed by 
 Professor David. Within this area, which is in the vicinity of Kurri 
 Kurri and Cessnock (vide map), they are estimated to contain 
 1,893,000,000 tons of workable coal above a depth of 4,000 feet, under 
 an area of 158 square miles, and an additional 1,200,000,000 tons 
 between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, under an area of 100 square miles. 
 
 Analyses of Nevi South Wales Goals. 
 
 A large number of analyses of so-called " samples " of coal from the 
 Northern, Southern, and Western Coal-fields of New South Wales is on 
 record, and it has been customary in the past to take the mean of these 
 analyses as representing the average composition of the coal from the 
 several fields. There is good reason for believing, however, that these 
 so-called samples were not, in many instances, ti'uly representative of the 
 various seams from which they were selected, many of them being 
 single fragments taken from some particular band in which the coal 
 presented a favourable appearance ; and hence the results obtained 
 probably indicated a better quality of coal than could be obtained in 
 bulk from the seam. 
 
 The value of an analysis of a sample of coal depends mainly upon the 
 manner in which the sample is taken, since the proportions of volatile 
 hydrocarbons, fixed carbon, and ash, vary considerably in difiierent 
 parts of the same seam, and carelessly selected samples may give an 
 absolutely misleading idea of the value of any seam for commercial 
 purposes. 
 
 With the object, therefore, of obtaining .as reliable information as 
 possible in regard to the average composition of the coals at present 
 being won in New South Wales, proximate analyses have been made of 
 194 thoroughly representative samples of coal taken during the past 
 three months from all the collieries now working in the Siiate. In all 
 the larger collieries, at least two sample"? have been taken from working 
 faces as far removed from one another as possible, and in many cases 
 samples have also been taken from portions of the' seams not at present 
 being worked. The samples were taken by the Government Inspectors 
 of Mines in accordance with the following directions : — 
 
 "Details to be observed in taking samples of coal for analysis : 
 The samples should be taken from two of the working faces of the 
 colliery as far from one another as possible. A strip of coal 
 should be carefully cut out with a pick for the whole thickness of 
 the seam as worked, so that the samples may represent the coal 
 actually sent to market. The strip of coal should be the same 
 width (say, 3 inches) all the way from the roof to the floor, and 
 the depth of the' cut should also be uniform. If any bands occur, 
 which are usually picked out before the coal is sent to maricet, 
 
25 
 
 they should also be excluded from the sample, but all those which 
 are usually left in the coal sent to market should also be included 
 in the sample. Before taking a sample the floor of the working 
 place should be cleared, and a large strip of brattice-cloth should 
 be spread out so as to catch all the coal cut out of the strip. The 
 entire quantity should then be broken down carefully to the size 
 of small nuts, and thoroughly mixed. One-half of this should 
 then be again well mixed and halved, and the mixing and halving 
 should be repeated until a sample of about 1| lb. or 2 lb. in weight 
 has been obtained. It is especially desired that the greatest care 
 be observed in attending to all the above details." 
 
 The analyses have all been made in the Geological Survey Laboratory 
 
 (by Messrs. J. C. H. Mingaye, H. P. White, and W. A. Greig), and the 
 
 details of these are appended. 
 
 The average composition of the coal from the Upper or Newcastle 
 
 Coal Measures in the Northern Coal-field, as calculated from the 
 
 analyses of seventy-eight samples, is as follows: — 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture 2"01 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons 36 '01 
 
 Fixed carbon 53 27 
 
 Ash 8-71 
 
 10000 
 
 Sulphur 0468 
 
 Calorific value 12'7 
 
 The average composition of the coal from the Middle or Tomago'Coal 
 Measures in the Northern Coal-field, as calculated from the analyses of 
 five samples, is as follows : — 
 
 Hydroscopic moisture 1 'SS 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons .. 3571 
 
 Fixed carbon 52-77 
 
 Ash 9-64 
 
 100-00 
 
 Sulphur 1-185 
 
 Calorific value 12-5 
 
 The average composition of the coal from the Lower or Greta Coal 
 Measures in the Northern Coal-field, as calculated from the analyses of 
 fifty-one samples, is as follows : — 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture ... . . 1 84 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons 41-61 
 
 Fixed carbon 49 '52 
 
 Ash 7-03 
 
 100-00 
 
 Sulphur 1-291 
 
 Calorific Yalue 13-07 
 
26 
 
 The average composition of thirty-one samples of the coal from Greta 
 seams, as actually worked in the Northern Coal-fleld, is as follows : — 
 
 HygrosGopic moisture ... ... ... ... 189 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons 
 
 Fixed carbon ( .. 
 
 Ash 
 
 41-35 
 
 50-51 
 
 6-25 
 
 100 00 
 
 1-014 
 13-2 
 
 Sulphur ^ 
 
 Calorific value 
 
 The average composition of the coal from the Upper Coal Measures in 
 the Western Coal-field, as calculated from the analyses of twenty-five 
 samples, is as follows : — 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture '2 0."> 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons 32-31 
 
 Fixed carbon 53-08 
 
 Ash l-2-.">6 
 
 100-00 
 
 Sulphur 0-672 
 
 Calorific value 119 
 
 The average composiiion of the coal from the Upper Coal Measures in 
 the Southern Coal-field, as calculated from the analyses of thirty-five 
 samples, is as follows : — 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture p-71 
 
 Volatile hydrocarbons 23-65 
 
 Fixed carbon 63-98 
 
 Ash 11-66 
 
 100-00 
 
 Sulphur 0-470 
 
 Calorific value 1268 
 
Missing Page 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Proximate Analyses of 194 Samples of Coal from 
 Collieries in New South Wales. 
 
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 rdd Colliery, 
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 main heading. 
 
 iri* 
 
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 from 
 's bord, 
 n. No. 1 d 
 
 8110 C 
 
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 The following Statement sho-ws the quantity and value of coal raised 
 from the opening of the coal-seains to 1857, inclusive : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Average per ton. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Prior to 1829 
 
 1829 
 
 tons. 
 
 60,000 
 
 780 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 7,143 
 
 6,812 
 
 8,490 
 
 12,392 
 
 12,646 
 
 16,083 
 
 17,220 
 
 21,283 
 
 30,256 
 
 34,841 
 
 39,900 
 
 25,862 
 
 23,118 
 
 22,324 
 
 38,965 
 
 40,732 
 
 45,447 
 
 48,516 
 
 71,216 
 
 67,610 
 
 67*404 
 
 96,809 
 
 116,642 
 
 137,076 
 
 189,960 
 
 210,434 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 10 000 
 10 1-23 
 9 000 
 8 0-00 
 7 0-00 
 7 6-73 
 8 10-00 
 8 10-19 
 9 1-06 
 9 8-81 
 9 9-05 
 9 9-73 
 10 10-86 
 12 0-00 
 12 0-00 
 12 6-54 
 10 8-34 
 7 10-27 
 7 0-46 
 6 9-01 
 6 3-38 
 6 0-45 
 6 6-77 
 7 6-51 
 10 11-33 
 
 16 1-51 
 
 1 6-63 
 12 11-96 
 12 4-06 
 14 0-97 
 
 £ 
 26,000 
 394 
 
 1830 
 
 1,800 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 2,000 
 2,500 
 2,575 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 3,750 
 ■ 5,483 
 
 5,747 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 7,828 
 
 1838 
 
 8,399 
 
 1839 
 
 10,441 
 
 16,498 
 
 20,905 
 
 23,940 
 
 16,222 
 
 12,363 
 
 8,769 
 
 13,714 
 
 13,750 
 
 14,275 
 
 14,647 
 
 23,375 
 
 25,546 
 
 36,885 
 
 78,059 
 
 119,380 
 
 89,082 
 
 117,906 
 
 148,158 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 
 
 1,468,961 
 
 11 10-04 
 
 869,391 
 
 t 4701— T) 
 
98 
 
 "3^ 
 
 ■s a 
 
 at o 
 
 _* -is 
 
 ■^ S, 
 
 on ^^ 
 
 ■S * 
 
 _g S -I- 
 
 O > i* 
 B^ tS ■-- 
 H ° 
 
 IS 
 
 
 eo ,-H 
 
 OJ r— I 
 
 O 
 
 SS-S 
 
 .5 
 
 a o ° 
 
 § " S, 
 ""g ^ 
 
 S S o 
 
 a> to" 
 0} ja (u 
 ja -*^ T* 
 
 (Pi — I "^ 
 
 ^ »- ° 
 
 :i '-^ -t^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i- 
 
 £ a- d. 
 869,391 
 162,162 
 204,371 
 226,493 
 218,820 0' 
 305,234 
 236,230 
 270,171 
 274,303 
 324,049 
 342,655 
 417,809 
 346,146 
 316,336 
 316,340 
 396,198 
 665,747 
 790 224 
 819,429 17 2 
 803,300 6 6 
 868,998 8 2 
 920,936 7 4 
 950,878 18 S 
 615,336 11 7 
 603,248 6 8 
 948,966 
 1,201,941 12 11 
 1,303,076 19 11 
 1,340,212 13 7 
 
 n 
 
 s. d- 
 
 11 1004 
 14 11-84 
 13 3 14 
 
 12 3-36 
 12 9-52 
 12 9-73 
 
 10 10-66 
 9 10-10 
 9 4-43 
 8 4-44 
 8 10-79 
 8 908 
 7 6-32 
 7 3-64 
 7 47 
 
 7 9 9i 
 
 11 1-94 
 
 12 1-37 
 12 3-89 
 12 2 06 
 11 10-74 
 
 11 8-28 
 
 12 0-12 
 
 8 6-36 
 6 9 55 
 
 8 11-97 
 
 9 6-40 
 9 6-71 
 9 3-72 
 
 □ 
 ea 
 
 & 
 
 tona. 
 
 1,468,961 
 
 216,397 
 
 308,213 
 
 368,862 
 
 342,067 
 
 476,522 
 
 433,889 
 
 649,012 
 
 686,626 
 
 774,238 
 
 770,012 
 
 964,231 
 
 919,774 
 
 868,564 
 
 898,784 
 
 1,012,426 
 
 1,192,862 
 
 1,304,612 
 
 1,3-29,729 
 
 1,319,918 
 
 1,444,271 
 
 1,575,497 
 
 1,583,381 
 
 1,466,180 
 
 1,769,697 
 
 2,109,282 
 
 2,621,457 
 
 2,749,109 
 
 2,878,868 
 
 Home 
 con- 
 sumption. 
 
 ;ons. 
 68,961t 
 02,870 
 34,278 
 34,935 
 34,287 
 67,740 
 36,851 
 76,646 
 02,557 
 33,333 
 96,665 
 196,195 
 !24,221 
 90,17* 
 33,366 
 43,316 
 19,783 
 31,632 
 02,7-22 
 61,101 
 28,644 
 69,077 
 86,332 
 12,824 
 39,753 
 47,737 
 09,012 
 58,346 
 22,507 
 
 -- -— .,...,„.„„.^^^ 
 
 a 
 
 1^ 
 
 £ 
 
 ' 88,956 
 132,984 
 183,761 
 160,965 
 246,422 
 2-20,181 
 212,488 
 214,168 
 300,688 
 263,269 
 202,201 
 298,196 
 267,681 
 256,690 
 307,861 
 6-26,089 
 632,247 
 671,483 
 626,211 
 648,977 
 708,406 
 694,707 
 426,299 
 417,630 
 647,033 
 829,662 
 931,046 
 968,668 
 
 II 
 
 -< ft 
 
 a. d. 
 
 5 ' '8-05 
 
 5 3-49 
 
 6 8-67 
 6 6-92 
 5 10-75 
 4 9-30 
 1 4-91 
 
 LI 2-20 
 1 1-37 
 LO 8-40 
 796 
 
 0-16 
 9 3-07 
 9 0-96 
 9 2-42 
 
 3 7-32 
 
 4 5-82 
 4 5-84 
 4 4-70 
 4 2-08 
 4 0-93 
 3 11-06 
 
 1 3-48 
 8 1-30 
 3 09 
 
 11-65 
 
 1 0-15 
 1 09 
 
 ,_ ^_,^^^„^„^„„ „„^„^^^„ _,„„^ 
 
 
 tons. 
 
 113,527 
 
 173,935 
 
 233,877 
 
 207,780 
 
 308,782 
 
 298,038 
 
 372,466 
 
 382,968 
 
 640,906 
 
 473,367 
 
 548,036 
 
 695,653 
 
 578,389 
 
 566,429 
 
 669,110 
 
 773,079 
 
 872,980 
 
 9-27,007 
 
 868,817 
 
 915,727 
 
 1,006,420 
 
 998,049 
 
 753,356 
 
 1,029,844 
 
 1,261,546 
 
 1,612,446 
 
 1,690,768 
 
 1,766,366 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 Is 
 
 >- 
 
 £ 
 
 ' 12432 
 
 38,672 
 
 79,290 
 
 41,632 
 
 98,403 
 
 73 649 
 
 66,289 
 
 68,029 
 
 141,413 
 
 107,148 
 
 136,226 
 
 149,136 
 
 126,025 
 
 94,220 
 
 136,914 
 
 263,979 
 
 312,128 
 
 317,409 
 
 263,166 
 
 262,237 
 
 280,452 
 
 273,509 
 
 116,296 
 
 161,968 
 
 274,699 
 
 381,306 
 
 398,107 
 
 441,220 
 
 II 
 la 
 
 ^ .Sg5SftS5SSSSS;SSK;SSSgS^S?SgSS?52g 
 
 ^ ; rH ,H rH rH rH 
 
 ■ O [-- SO®t-t--* lO -* M (N rH O 01-*U3iO US -^-^-^rH GO OrHrHrH 
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 --S 
 
 g 
 
 tons. 
 
 ' 12,639 
 
 44,349 
 
 93,694 
 
 50,502 
 
 113,365 
 
 84,129 
 
 88,927 
 
 90,304 
 
 196,711 
 
 161,256 
 
 218,984 
 
 255,087 
 
 242,825 
 
 186,538 
 
 276,068 
 
 347,142 
 
 405,442 
 
 408,164 
 
 325,865 
 
 351,970 
 
 383,097 
 
 376,962 
 
 202,684 
 
 372,709 
 
 601,319 
 
 656,741 
 
 696,676 
 
 764,432 
 
 1 
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 •«! 
 -S 
 -S 
 
 I 
 
 Is 
 
 > 
 
 76,824 
 94,312 
 04,471 
 19,433 
 47,019 
 L46,632 
 L46,199 
 46,129 
 L69,175 
 46,111 
 56,975 
 49,069 
 42,666 
 62,470 
 70,947 
 !72,110 
 !20,119 
 i64,074 
 !72,046 
 586,740 
 127,954 
 121,198 
 !09,004 
 >65,572 
 i72,334 
 148,.356 
 32,938 
 26,443 
 
 
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 -,3 
 g 
 
 tons. 
 
 101,488 
 129,686 
 140,183 
 157,278 
 196,427 
 213,909 
 283,.539 
 292,664 
 344,194 
 312,101 
 329,062 
 340,466 
 336,564 
 378,891 
 394,062 
 425,937 
 467,638 
 618,853 
 642,962 
 663,757 
 623,323 
 621,087 
 560,672 
 667,136 
 760,226 
 355,704 
 994,087 
 991,924 
 
 
 ■JB»A 
 
 To end 
 of— 
 
 1858 
 1869 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1876 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
99 
 
 P 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 |3 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 & 
 
 
 3" 
 
 ri 
 
 13 
 
 
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