THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002402885 THE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT T THS OOMMISSIOKER OF LABOR, Mi^ROEE, 1886. INDUSTEIAL DEPRESSIONS. PROPERTY OF LIBRARY NEW YGC\ £T'.TE J^'^Tn CORN-[^L UNIVERSITY 12584 LAB WASHINGTON: GOVEItNMBNT PRINTING OPPIOBl. 1886 M I ^ U -^ 1 C- I OONTENTS. LUTTER OF TRANSMITTAI. 5 Introduction H Chapter I. — Modern Ikdtistriai, Depressions 15 Great Britain, 1837-86 16 France, 1837-86 35 Belgium, 1837-86 44 Germany, 1837-86 , 49 The United States, 1837-78 55 Chapter II. — The iNDtrsTRiAL Depression in the United States, 1882-86. 65 The Extent of the Depiession 65 Alleged Canaes of the Present Depression 76 Falling Prices 79 Machinery and Oyer-prodnction 80 The Variation in the Cost of Production 90 The Variation in the Hates of Wages 141 Speculative BaUioad Building 243 Crippled Consuming Power, or Under-oonsumption 243 Tariff Inequalities 250 Miscellaneous 252 Chapter III.— The MAsrtrFACTURiNO Nations Considered as a Group in Belation to the Present Depression 254 Chapter FV. — Suggested Bemedies for Depressions 264 The Bestriction of Laud Grants to Corporations 271 The.Bestriction of Immigration 271 The Enactment of Laws to Stop Speculation 273 The Establishment of Boards of Arbitration to Settle Industrial DifficuItieH . 274 The Contraction of Credit 276 A Sound Currency 276 Commercial and Mercantile Conditions 276 The Distribution of Products 277 Profit-sharing 279 The Organization of Workmen; of Employers 286 Chapter v.— SuMMART 290 Contemporaneousness and Severity of Depresslona 290 Causes 291 V Bemedies ....... ....... 292 (N Appendix A. — Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employ^ by Indns- *?■ tries - 295 \ Appendix B. — Earnings and Expenses of Wage Beceivers in Eniope 411 ^ Appendix C. — Syi:.opHls of Labor Leglslatloa in the United States 457 t s: PROPERTY CP LIBRARY . NEW YOHK r;TE SeHCfl ^ CORNSkL UNIVERSITY l.J-0«<5 ' LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Dbpaetmbnt op the Inteeioe, Bukeatt of Laboh, Washington, D. 0., March 17, 1886, Sie : I have the honor to submit herewith the first annual report relating to the information collected and collated by the Bureau of Labor. The Bureau of Labor was established by act of Congress, approved June 27, 1884, which provided for the appointment of a Commissioner of Labor by the President, and a Chief Clerk, to be appointed by the hon- orable Secretary of the Interior, and such employes as might be necessary to conduct the work of the Bureau. No ofl&cers were appointed, how- ever, until January, 1885, when, under a commission received from the President, I assumed the duties of Commissioner of Labor January 31, and February 3 Mr. Oren W. Weaver was appointed Chief Clerk. The policy under which it seemed to me best that the operations of the Bureau should be conducted was submitted February 4 in a communication to the Secretary of the Literior, the features of which policy need not be re- stated. March 11 I submitted for your approval an outline of the first year's work of the Bureau. This outline related to the collection of in- formation relative to industrial depressions, the investigation compre- hending a study of their character and alleged causes, whether contem- poraneous in the great producing countries of the world, and whether, as to duration, severity, and periodicity, they have been similar in such countries. The outUne also comprehended the collection of data relating to the variation of wages in different countries and in different parts of this country, in the cost of living in the same localities, and the cost of production, and, in fact, all such alleged causes of industrial depressions as might offer opportunity for illustration through classified facts. The suggested remedies for such depressions were also comprehended in the outline. March 17, a year ago to-day, you did me the honor to approve this outline of work, when I entered at once upon preparations for carrying it out. Unavoidable circumstances prevented the several 5 6 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. agents of the Bureau getting to their respective fields of operations prior to June 1, as an average^date of the commencement of our work. It wiU therefore be observed that the first year's work of the Bureau has been carried through in less than ten months. The countries comprehended in the investigation other than our own were Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and, to some extent, Switzerland and Italy. Five agents were employed in the foreign coun- tries and fifteen in this, and to those who remained in the field and car- ried out their instructions I am under the greatest obligation for the faithfulness and the assiduity with which they performed the duties as- signed to them. The results of the investigation relating to industrial depressions are not as complete as I could wish to have them, yet they are far more complete than I had any right to expect them to be. The difficulties attending an investigation of the magnitude of the one pro jected are great indeed. In fact, a line of work more difficult than that selected could hardly have been adopted. The statistical illustrations of the various features of industrial depressions as presented herein, unless otherwise stated, are the results of original inquiry, and these statistical illustrations, taken in connection with others, which are all from most trustworthy sources and from highest authorities, constitute a grouping of facts relative to conditions claiming the fullest attention, which, so far as I am aware, is novel not only in the grouping but in the extent of their influence. The agents of the Bureau have, as a rule, been met with courtesy and a desire to furnish the information sought; yet it should be distinctly understood that if the manufacturers of any locality miss comparative data in the construction of tables on cost of production, or other tables of great intrinsic value to them, the lack is due to their own failure or that of their associates to give the informa- tion required. If the tables on wages and cost of production do not present complete comparative data, the lack of completeness is due en- tirely to the apprehension of manufacturers that the information re- quired would do them some harm, or to their positive refusal to furnish such information. As it is, these tables comprehend about forty in- dustries, seven hundred and fifty-nine establishments, and about one hundred and fifty thousand employ6s. Of the seven hundred and fifty- nine establishments, one hundred and eighty-nine reported wages only, one hundred and seventy-seven cost of production only, and three hun- dred and ninety-three both wages and cost of production. It is seen then that wages were reported for five hundred and eighty-two estab- LETTER OF TRANSMIT lAL. 7 lishments, and that the average namber of employes for each estatlish- ment was two hnndred and fifty-six. The organic law of the Bureau provides that the Commissioner of Labor " shall collect information upon the subject of labor, its relation to capital, the hours of labor, and the earnings of laboring men and women, and the means of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity," • • • and he " shall annually make a re- port in writing to the Secretary of the Interior of the information col- lected and collated by him, and containing such recommendations as he may deem calculated to promote the efficiency of the Bureau.". With this statutory instruction before me, and in accordance with my own inclination, the matter presented herewith is largely statistical, whether presented in the text of the work or in tabular form. Theoretical dis- cussion has been avoided so far as possible. AVhen speaking of certain influences resulting from the evolution of industrial forces, it is quite impossible to keep entirely outside of theoretical lines, nor is it always desirable, for the conclusions of one who has had the preparation of a report of this kind, and the opportunity to study closely the relations of all the facts presented, should, if impartially stated, have some value, even if they approach a theoretical basis. Fifteen States in the Union have bureaus with similar duties to those assigned to this office. These State bureaus have been established as follows and in the following order: Massachusetts Bureau of Statis- tics of Labor, 1869; Pennsylvania Bureau of Industrial Statistics, 1872; Connecticut Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1873 (discontinued 1875, re- established 1885); Ohio Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1877; ISew Jersey Bureau ot Statistics of Labor and Industries, 1878; Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspection, 1879; Illinois Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics, 1879; Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geology, 1879; New York Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1883; California Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1883; Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, 1883; Wisconsin Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1883; Iowa Bureau of La- bor Statistics, 1884; Maryland Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1884; Kansas Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, 1885. These bu- reaus are located at the capitals of the States named, and their publi- cations are becoming widely known for the valuable contributions which they make to economic science and literature. They are bu- reaus distinctly American in their character, although some of the European Governments are now contemplating the establishment of kindred offices. 8 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. The law establishing this Bureau, as quoted, calls for such recom- mendations as may be deemed calculated to promote the efficiency of the office. The comprehensiveness of the law precludes any recommen- dation as to the range of work which may be undertaken, but I would recommend that the Bureau be given authority to publish specific re- ports, independently of its annual reports, whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, such special reports might be of value to the public — as, for instance, it might be wise to investigate promptly some great industrial movement and make report thereon — but such a report, delayed until the publication of the annual report of the infor- mation collected by the Commissioner, would lose its value. It should follow the collection of the special facts, a^id at once, in order to possess public value. I have been fortunate in having the services of Mr. Oren W. Weaver as Chief Clerk of the Bureau. Mr. Weaver brought to the service of the Bureau not only excellent native capacity and ability for its pecul- iar work, but ten years' practical experience in statistical duties, and my thanks are cordially extended to him. With the keenest appreciation of your own generous cooperation in the work of the Bureau, and of the kindly confidence which you have always extended to me in the critical work of organizing and carrying out the delicate duties of an office constituted on the basis of the Bureau of Labor, I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, CAEEOLL D. WEIGHT, Oommisaioner. Hon. L. Q. C. Lauab, Swretary of the Interior. INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSIONS. INTRODUCTION. The depressions with which the present generation is familiar belong to the age of invention and of organized industry. Whether these de- pressions are necessary concomitants of present industrial conditions may be a mooted question, but it is certain that they come with such conditions, and that many features of them must pass away when out of the pres- ent status of industrial forces there shall be evolved a grander indus- trial system, a system which must be as much grander than the present as the present is grander than that out of which it was evolved. In- dustrial depressions must not be confused with commercial crises and panics, notwithstanding the effects of one reach into the other; that is, a commercial and financial crisis may take place without immediately producing any industrial depression, although generally, if the effects of such commercial or financial crisis continue for any great length of time, the industries must be involved to a greater or less extent. The present industrial depression is the first of its kind as an entirety, as will appear from the facts to be stated. History is full of accounts of crises of various descriptions, resulting from various causes. Back of the age of rapid transportation, stagnation in any industrial sense might result from various natural causes, such as floods, famines, earthquakes, or from great political catastrophes, or from long and expensive and exhausting wars, but not through the causes which are potent in produc- ing modern depressions; but the regularity and contemporaneity which characterize commercialj financial, and industrial disturbances belong to modern history, and are not seen in the past. Of old, stagnations, when occurring, lasted through long periods. The people might be suffering from depression of some form through a quarter, or a half, or a whole century, and then would come a generation of comparative prosperity. In modern times we have, in the place of the long reaches of the past, short, sharp, and frequent disturbances in the business world ; but whether in the olden or in the modem times, the reality of the depressed periods was aggravated by apprehension, and it is there- fore never quite safe to assume that contemporaneous accounts of de- pressed periods are accurate. The fears of men, the apprehension of direful results, the imagination, all these help to enlarge the reality and to cause the effects of a disturbance to be more widely felt. As in- bUmces in the past, it is necessary to refer to but two authorities. Eich- 11 12 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ard Hakluyt, in his « Discourse Concerning Western Planting," written in the year 1584 for the purpose of urging the settlement of this west- em world, after referring to the discoveries of the French, uses the fol- lowing language: "But wee, for aU the statutes that hitherto can be devised, and the sharpe execution of the same in poonishinge idle and lazye persons, tor wante of sufficient occasion of honest employmente, cannot dehver our commonwealthe from multitudes of loyterers and idle yagabondes. Truthe it is, that throughe our longe peace and seldome sicknes (twoo singular blessinges of Almightie God), wee are growen more populous than ever heretofore ; so that nowe th ere are of every arte and science so many, that they can hardly lyve one by another, nay rather they are readie to eate upp one another ; yea many thousandes of idle persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to be sett on worke, be either muti- nous and seeke alteration in the state, or at leaste very burdensome to the commonwealthe, and often fall to pilferinge and thevinge and other lewdnes, whereby all the prisons of the lande are daily pestered and stuffed full of them, where either they pitifully pyne awaye, or els at lengthe are miserably hanged, even xx** at a clappe oute of some one jayle." The other writer to which reference is made is Sir William Petty, the author of the famous "Political Arithmetick, or a Discourse Concern- ing the Extent and Value of Lands, People, Buildings," etc., published in 1691. Sir William recapitulates the fears of many concerning the welfare of England, as follows : " That the Rents of Lands are generally faU'n ; that therefore, and for many other Eeafons, the whole Kingdom grows every Day poorer and poorer; that" formerly it abounded with Gold, but now there is a great fcarcity both of Gold and Silver; that there is no Trade nor Employ- ment for the People, and yet that the Land is under-peopled; that Taxes have been many and great; that Ireland and the Plantations in America and other Additions to the Crown, are a Burthen to England; that Scotland is of no Advantage; that Trade in general doth lamenta- bly decay; that the Hollanders are at our heels, in the race of If aval Power; the French grow too faft upon both, and appear fo rich and po- tent, that it is but their Clemency that they do not devour their Neigh- bors; and finally, that the Church and State of England, are in the fame Danger with the Trade of England; with many other difmal Sug- geftions, which I had rather ftifle than repeat." Sir William undertook to disabuse the public mind of the fears which he recites. These statements are interesting and valuable at the begin* ning of this report upon industrial depressions, for they teach us to be- ware of imagiaary conditions, to seek leading and direct causes, to study contributory causes, to eliminate remote and incidental causes, to give true value to suggested remedies, and to avoid being led to false conclusions. Under the investigation undertaken by the Bureau the aim has been to group important facts, so far as possible in the time at its command, bearing upon modern industrial depressions. No necessity exists for studying any species of crises existing back of fifty years ago, because INTEODTICTION. 13 the regoiarity with which iepressions and crises occur is apparent dar- ing that period, and because, too, the accompaniments of the depres- sions back of that did not involve the modern industrial conditions; Ho more important and no more vital question could have been selected for the first work of the Bureau of Labor, for the labor question, in a primary sense, stands for the contest between the two elements of pro- duction, labor and capital, relative to the share of the profits of produc- tion to be allotted to each. Any occurrence, whether of a commercial, financial, or industrial nature, resulting either in a decrease of profits to either labor or capital, or in causing serious fluctuation or inequality in the distribution of such profits, becomes in the largest sense one of the most important features of the labor question. So, while the present investigation was begun during the most serious period of the last in- dustrial depression and closes with all the prospects of the early dawn of prosperity, the information gathered is of permanent value and im- portance. The first work, then, is to classify the crises and depressions of the past fifty years for the great producing countries of the world, and to determine how far such crises have been contemporaneous, how far like causes have produced like results, to determine the nature of the pres- ent industrial depression as compared with the crises occurring during the period under consideration, and then to take up the various leading and contributory causes of the present depression and to consider such agencies as may be invoked to modify the severity or shorten the dura- tion of future depressions. The Bureau has addressed itself to this work without the conceit of expecting to evolve any economic law rela- tive to the cause or causes of depressions, or to lay down in any dog- matic way any positive remedial solution of such depressions. OHAPTBR I. MODESN INDUSTRIAL DEPEESSIOlfS. 1837-1886. A panic or a crisis is usually short, sharp, and decisive in its results. A depression is a condition which has duration of time attending it. Panics and crises may occur without a resulting industrial depression, as has been the case many times, and an industrial depression of much severity may occur without producing a financial or commercial crisis or panic, although financial conditions are always more or less disturbed during the continuance of an industrial depression. The terms crises, panics, and depressions are used under these distinctions. As already stated, the features of regularity and contemporaneous- ness of crises and depressions have been apparent since the commence- ment of this century. Crises and panics, with more or less of indus- trial depression accompanying them, have occurred in various countries, but there were not such strong connecting influences and facts and as- sociated conditions as have been observed during the past fifty years. The present investigation, then, has been directed, in a preliminary way, to those panics and depressions which have occurred within the period named, they involving nearly all of the phases and conditions which have been developed since the century opened. The consideration of crises and depressions for one country alone would be very incomplete. The great producing nations of the world, Great Britain, Prance, Belgium, Germany, and the United States, have been so closely allied in industrial conditions that they really constitute a group of nations which should be considered, integrally and as a whole, in any logical study of panics and depressions. Other states and countries have been more or less involved in all the panics and de- pressions which have occurred in the countries named, but the great leading influences which are observable in all depressions and panics belong to one or more, or all, of the states mentioned. The grouping of facts, therefore, which constitute the body of this report wQl, in the main, relate to the great manufacturing countries, with only incidental mention of others. In stating the facts as they have been found by the agents of the Bureau, many terms are used which are capable of varied application — some even are of doubtful meaning when considered metaphysically, 15 16 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. but aU such terms are used in this report in their common acceptation; as, for instance, the term "over-production "is used to indicate that con- dition of a locality, state, or country when more goods have been pro- duced than are sufBcient to meet the ordinary demand. Whether there is any such thing as over-production in the broadest metaphysical sense does not concern the matters in hand. " Cost of production," another ex- pression which invites critical discussion, has been used in accordance with its simplest meaning ; that is, in this report it relates simply to the cost so far as labor, material, and the other positive elements of production are concerned. " Under-consumption," which is often errone- ously used as another term for over-production, only from a different point of view, means, so far as this investigation is concerned, the in- capacity of a people, through crippled power, temporarily, from any cause, to consume what they would in a normal condition be able to consume. It is therefore seen, with these brief statements, that meta- ' physical definitions are not to be applied to the use of terms having a commonly-accepted meaning. The best treatment of panics and depressions as they have occurred, with their nature, alleged causes, attendant conditions, and other fea- tures, seems to be by years or periods, taking up each country involved in turn. GUIEAT BKITAEST. 1 837. — For several years prior to the industrial depression of 1837 there had been a general overtrading with America and China on the part of English merchants, such overtrading having been facili- tated by the expansion of the Bank of England issues and by a large increase in banking facilities consequent upon the formation of a large number of joint-stock banks. During these years unprecedented im- portations of cotton and tea were made, and large amounts of English capital had been invested in American securities. Through this division and absorption of capital there occurred a stringency in the money mar- ket, and the contraction of the issues of the Bank of England precipi- tated a financial panic in the latter part of the year 1836. The conse- quent pressure for money led to numerous failures in the American and East Indian trades, and there was a decline of 50 per cent, in the price of cotton and silk in the spring of 1837. In contrast to the decline in the value of other commodities, the price of provisions advanced so largely that when decreased employment occurred in the manufactur- ing districts the cost of living for wage earners had been greatly aug- mented. When the period of greatest depression occurred wheat stead- ily increased in price, as shown by the foUowing figures of the prices of wheat per imperial quarter in each of the years from 1835 to 1839, in- clusive: 1835, $9.44; 1836, $11.70; 1837, $13.40; 1838, $15.44; 1839, $16.92. The price of wheat was higher in 1839 than it had been at any ime smce 1819. The industrial depression and period of commercial DEPEESSIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1837-86,, 17 discredit continued through the five years succeeding 1837, prosperity having befen much retarded by the poor crops of 1838 and 1839, which necessitated large exports of gold to pay for foreign grain. The iadns- trial depression of this period does not seem to have affected savings bants unfavorably, either as to the number of depositors or amount, of deposits the total number of depositors in savings banks under trustees in the United Kingdom and the total amount of deposits, including in- terest, being for the year ending liTovember 20, 1830, 427,830 depositors, and $70,161,292.80 the total amount of deposits. For the year ending November 20, 1837, the total number of depositors was 636,066, and the total amount of deposits, including interest, $96,195,272. There was a decrease in the number of depositors for amounts exceeding $1,000, but such had been the case for more than a decade prior to 1837, and the decrease in that year was smaller than usual. November 20, 1838, the total number of depositors had risen to 703,529, and the total amount of deposits, including interest, to $107,261,184, and the increase in both number of depositors and amount of deposits steadily continued in about the same ratio as that between 1830 and 1838 until the end of the year 1846. The industrial depression, by many writers, was attributed, first, to competition or the attempts among manufacturers to undersell each other, by which they reduced wages to a low average ; second, to the state of the currency and banking system, which afforded at one time undue facilities to overtrading, and, again, caused fatal revulsions in trade, conditions which aided in the reduction of wages below their nat- ural level ; third, to the corn laws, as keeping up the price of bread by the exclusion of foreign corn, thus giving a monopoly to land-owners and forcing the foreign capitalist to resort to manufacture instead of agriculture, on account of the corn laws preventing an exchange of produce, and enabling foreign manufacturers, from the cheapness of food abroad and its dearness in Great Britain, to undersell the British manufacturer, results leading to the transfer of cotton manufacture to America and the continent of Europe ; fourth, to the faulty methods of manufacture by which large quantities of materials were stolen to such an extent that the sales of goods made from stolen raw material were made at such low rates as to seriously interfere with prices ; fifth (and this many writers deemed the principal cause), to the superabundance of weavers, ascribed to the influx of Irish and others into the textile trades, to the necessity the weavers were under to increase their incomes by putting their children at an early age to the looms, to the effects of combinations in keeping weavers from entering into other trades, and to the application of machinery to many fabrics formerly wrought by hand. The industrial depression beginning in 1837 was the result of finan- cial and commercial causes, the industries becoming involved subse- quently, and it lasted until the year 1843. 12854 LAB 2 18 EEPOET OF THE COMMI88IONEE OF LABOR. 1847.— During 1843 the great dullness in trade which had existed from the time of the panic of 1837 commenced to disappear. A spirit of renewed enterprise was engendered, and notably manifested itself in the direction of railroad construction. December 31, 1842, there were 1,857 miles of raUroad in operation in the United Kingdom. The fol- lowing table shows the additional miles opened in the United King- dom in each of the years from January 1, 1843, to December 31, 1852; also the amount of paid-up capital invested in railroads from December 31, 1843, to December 31, 1852, with the gross amounts of the paid-up capital on the respective dates : KAILEOADS OPKITED Df THE TJlflTED KUfGDOM, 1843-S2. Tear ending Demmber 81— MUes opened. Tear ending December 31— MUes opened. 1843 95 196 293 695 909 1848 1,182 904 690 ' 269 246 1844 1849 1845 1850 1846 1851 1847 1852 Paid-up capital inrested December 31, 1843 $314,547,801 60 ' CapitaliuTeBtedfrom January 1,1844, to December 31, 1852 953,447,424 00 Total amonnt inrested December 31, 1852 - 1,267,995,225 60 For several years prior to 1847 the error of 1835 and 1836, of excess- ive importations of cotton, was repeated. In 1846 there was a failure of the potato crop and a partial failure of the wheat crop, necessitating- an importation of grain to the value of $150,000,000. In 1847 the re- sults of a bad harvest were much more serious than would be the case at the present time. The price of wheat rapidly increased from August, 1846, to May, 1847, but when the apprehension of a failure in the crop of the following year was dispelled the price of wheat declined. The average price of wheat per quarter. (8 bushels, or 660 pounds) in each year from 1846 to 1850, inclusive, was as follows : AVERAGE PEICB OF WHEAT PEB QUAETEK IK GKEAT BBITAIN, 1848-50. Tear. 1848. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. Price per qnarteT. (13 14 16 66 12 12 10 08 9 72 The contraction in the Bank of England circulation from September, 1846, to September, 1847, amounted to $14,050,000, the circulation on the respective dates being: September, 1846, $107,325,000; Septem- ber, 1847, $93,275,000. January 14, 1847, the Bank of England raised Its rate of discount from 3 to 3^ per cent., and January 21 to 4 per cent., and finally, to 5 per cent. April 8 following. The stringency of the money market continued to increase, until October 25 of that year the rate of discount was raised to 8 per cent.; many failures oc- DEPRESSIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1837-86. 19 cnrred in September, October, and November, and the year 1847 closed in great gloom. The commercial crisis of 1847 and the suspension of the bank act at once ended the period of industrial prosperity. The abundant crops on the Continent in the year 1847 and the partial repeal of the corn laws in 1846 stimulated the importation of wheat in large quantities, and the prices of this cereal continued to decline for several years, the average price per quarter in 1851 being the lowest since 1780, All other forms Of enterprise except that of railroad building were al- most at a standstill from 1846 to 1849. As the year 1849 advanced there was a revival of the foreign trade, and this, coupled with the low rate of discount of the Bank of England, which November 22, 1849, dropped to 2J per cent., together with the depreciated price of many raw materials and the low- cost of food, developed great activity in every department of trade. The discoveries of gold in California in 1849, and afterwards in Australia resulted in a demand for shipping and for manufactured goods, and a consequent general rise in prices and wages took place in the years 1851 to 1853. The exports from the United Kingdom doubled in value in five years, and manufacturers and wage earners enjoyed the prosperity resulting from the favorable influences of the gold discoveries, free trade, and rapid transportation. Owing, however, to the excessive and reckless shipments of commodities to the sparsely settled gold re- gions, many of which shipments did not pay the cost of carriage, a large number of failures took place in the United States, in Australia, and in England in 1854, which, with the declaration of war against Rus- sia, created a stringency in the money market, and an increase in the rates of the Bank of England discounts, the rate June 2, 1853, being 2J per cent, and June 11, 1854, 5 J per cent. Trade continued to be prosperous, however, until 1857, the anticipations of a general financial panic not being realized in 1854. The depression of 1847 was much more unfavorable to savings banks, both in regard to the number of de- positors and amounts of deposits, than was the case during the depres- sion of 1837. The following table shows the total number of depositors andthetotal amountof deposits, including interest, in the savings banks under trustees in the United Kingdom on the 20th of November of each year from 1846 to 1856, inclusive : DBPOSITOBS AND DBPOSITS DT SATINQS BJlNKS UNDBE TRUSTEES lif THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1846-56. T»«r endiae Norember 20— NamlDerofde- pcsftors. Amonnt of deposits with interest. 1148 „ 1, 108, 546 1, 096, 086 l,0Er7,422 1,087,909 1,113,685 1, 161, 696 1,209,934 1,260,877 1,271,439 1,305,397 1,342,232 ♦161, 734, 281 60 1847 , 154, 409, 918 40 1848 ^ 144, 505, 300 80 1849 ..... «. 147,073,39« 80 1850 ~ 149, 799, 945 80 1851 150,823,656 00 1852 164, 268, 043 00 1153 171, 593, 928 00 1854 . 172,491,019 20 1855 . 175,216,704 00 list 177, 113, 070 40 20 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. It will be seen from the foregoing table that the decrease in the total number of depositors and total amounts of deposits in savings banks under trustees in 1847 and 1848 was as follows : DBCREASB Df DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS liAlTKS UlTDEK TBUSTEES IN THE TTNITBD KINGDOM. Tear. 1M7. 1848. DepoaitorBde- creftsed. Amonnt ofdepoeitBde- creaaed. 12, MO 87, 324, 3(3 20 38,664 9,844,616 «0 18«!7. — The favorable influences which inaugurated the return to prosperity in 1849 were not destined to continue for a protracted period. The cheap rates for money which ruled from 1849, together with the general prosperity of the country, led to great speculation and expansion of credit. The cost of food also increased in anticipation of war with Prance, and wheat, the price of which in 1851 averaged $9.26 per im- perial quarter, averaged $12.78 per imperial quarter in 1853, and under the influence of the Crimean war the price was $17.28 in 1854 and $17.94 in 1855, the average, $17.94, in 1855 being the highest price since 1818. The rates of the Bank of England discounts were violently affected during the period of the war. September 13, 1855, the rate was 3J per cent., and October 18 following the minimum rate had reached 6J per cent., the average rate for 1855 being 4f per cent., and for 1856 6J per cent., and for 1857 6f per cent. The importations of cereals suddenly increased from $84,042,000 in 1855 to $110,589,225.60 in 1856, and the exports of gold and silver and specie to pay for food imports increased from $119,288,625.60 in 1856 to $161,121,446.40 in 1857. When specie is exported the rate of discount increases, credit contracts, and distrust spreads. The Bank of England rate of discount steadily advanced from 5i per cent. July 16 to 10 per cent. November 9, 1857, and this financial crisis abruptly ended the period of industrial prosperity. There had been a very gradual lowering of wages from 1854 to 1857, but in sym- pathy with the decline in the price of food, and the adverse financial con- dition of the country, there was a fall of about 25 per cent, in wages dur- ing 1858. Notwithstanding the fact that almost every industry in the United Kingdom was severely affected by the depression which fol- lowed the financial panic of 1857, railroad construction was not mate- rially curtailed, the comparatively low prices of labor and materials which ruled from 1853 to 1864 being a great incentive to continued con- struction. The foUowing table shows the miles of railroad opened in the United Kingdom in each year from January 1, 1853, to December 31, 1864, inclusive, also the amount of paid-up capital invested in rail- roads during this period, and the gross amounts of paid-up capital on the respective dates: DEPRESSIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1837-86. BAILEOADS OPBNBD IN THB ITNITED KINGDOM, 1853-03. 21 Tear ending Deoember 31— Uiles opened. Tear ending December 31— Miles opened. 1J53 350 368 282 376 329 603 1859 460 1864 I860 431 1855 1861 432 X85S 1862 68< 1857 1863 771 1868 P«id-np capital inyestod JuiTUTy 1, 1853 $1,267,995,225 60 Capital inrested from January 1, 1853, to December 31, 1863 671,240,624 00 Total amonnt In-reBted December 31, 1863 1,939,235,849 80 In most branches of trade the period from January, 1863, to July, 1857, inclusive, was a fairly prosperous one, the industrial depression being most severely felt during the latter part of 1857 and throughout 1858. In some branches of industry and in the iron-manufacturing trades there were local and short, spasmodic ameliorations even during the latter period ; but the years 1859 and 1860 were decidedly prosper- ous ones in almost every branch of industry. 1 866. — The period from January, 1861, to May, 1866, was fraught with many changes, the trade of Great Britain as a whole, however, being quite satisfactory, even though the leading industry, cotton man- ufacturing, was completely prostrated and the persons employed therein reduced to the direst distress. This period covered what is known as the " cotton famine," which lasted from the latter part of 1861 untU 1864, and was caused by the American civil war, and it constituted one of the most distressing periods of depression and consequent suffering, so far as the cotton industry is concerned, that has ever occurred in the annals of any industry. Of course many other industries suftered through sympathy. The rapid decline in the imports of raw cotton into the United Kingdom from the United States after the blockade of the Southern ports is shown by the following figures : 1861, 819,500,528 pounds ; 1862, 13,524,224 pounds ; 1863, 6,394,080 pounds. In the lat- ter part of 1862 nearly 300,000 spinners, weavers, and other classes of operatives employed in cotton mills were thrown out of work and re- duced ultimately to the severest poverty, many even to starvation. Stimulated by low wages, comparatively light taxation, domestic peace, and general prosperity, there had been a reckless over-produc- tion in all branches of the cotton-manufacturing trades prior to the period under consideration. The condition of the British cotton trade in 1861 was similar to what it is at the present time. Manufacturers had pushed their goods into Bombay, into Calcutta, and, in fact, into every obtainable market, and after overstocking all their customers abroad had repeated the same process at home, so that by the autumn of 1861 it became necessary for many manufacturers to stop production; not, then, so much from a lack of raw material as from a lack of demand for the manufactured preduel The cotton famine consequently inured 22 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. to the benefit of mauufacturers and saved the Manchester trade from a severe crisis. The period of greatest suffering in the cotton-manufact- uring districts was during the last three months of 1862, after which time the number of persons requiring public relief rapidly diminished. The influence of the times from 1857 to 1866 on deposits is shown in the following table, which includes the total amounts of deposits, with interest, in the savings banks under trustees in the United Kingdom November 20 in each of the years named: SAVINGS BANKS UNDEE TETJSTBBS IN THE UNIXED KINGDOM, 1857-66. Year ending NoTember 20 — 1857 1858 1859 1860. 18G1. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. Number of de- positors. 1, 336, 560 1, 108, 664 1, 506, 776 1, 585, 778 1, 609, 852 1, 558, 189 1, 556, 089 1, 492, 251 1, 457, 567 Amonnt of de. posits with interest. $178, 173, 187, 198, 199, 194, 196, 188, 184, 034,678 40 827, 785 60 180, 204 80 040, 166 40 423, 080 00 703, 066 23 354, 473 60 530, 545 60 631, 233 60 The interruption of the cotton industry itself, however, did not pro- duce any great effect on the general prosperity of the country. The continuance of the cotton distress, the demand for money for specula- tive purposes, and the drain of bullion to Egyjit, India, Brazil, and other countries to pay for cotton imports caused the rate of the Bank of England discounts to advance from 3 per cent. May 16, 1863, to 8 per cent, in December following, and although the rate of discount continued to fluctuate most violently throughout the year 1864, even reaching 9 per cent, in May and in September, still a general financial panic was avoided, and from 9 per cent. September 8, 1864, the rate of discount gradually fell to 3 per cent. June 16, 1865. The years from October 3, 1862, to the close of 1865 formed a period of excessive speculation in railroad and other securities, and is particularly mem- orable for the formation of a large number of joint-stock companies, the whole number registered in the United Kingdom for 1862 being 165; for 1863, 790; for 1864, 997, and for 1865, 1,034. In the formation of these joint-stock companies, having a total nominal capital of $3,070,195,072.40, which was about 40 per cent, in excess of the entire paid-up capital of all the railroads in the United Kingdom at the end of 1865, the country became pledged during the short period of three years and three months to the dangerous act of converting an enormous amount of floating into fixed capital. When so much surplus capital had been absorbed by the new schemes, the market for the shares be- came depressed under the influence of continuous sales of stocks, and this fact, coupled with the great fluctuations in the price of raw cotton and the consequent loss to manufacturers, contributed to keep the money market in an unsettled condition, especially during the last quarter of the year 1866. DEPKESSIONS IN GREAT BEITAIN, 1837-86. 23 The closing of the American war brought large ordeis from the United States for all classes of manufactured goods, and this condiiion was followed by an increase in the rates of wages, so that in almost every industry except the cotton trade the year 1865 was one of much activity. The year 1866, however, opened with an exceedingly unsatis- factory condition of the money market, the minimum rate of discount of the Bank of England being 8 per cent, in January of that year. Spec- ulation and over-investment in new enterprises brought Great Britain in this year to a crisis. A series of failures commenced in February, and although there was a temporary lowering of the rate of discount to 6 per cent. March 15, still there were so many causes at work contributing to an unsatisfactory condition of credit in the early part of 1866 that the bank rate of discount advanced May 3 to 7 per cent., May 8 to 8 per cent.. May 11 to 9 per cent., and May 12 to 10 per cent. The failure of Messrs. Overend, Gurney & Co. precipitated a general financial panic, and for fourteen weeks, from May 12, 1866, the minimum rate of dis- count of the Bank of England ruled at 10 per cent. The outbreak of the German war disorganized trade upon the Conti- nent, and in the United Kingdom the cattle-plague, troubles in Ireland, a deficient harvest, and a general election contributed to bring about an industrial depression which greatly impaired the purchasing capacity of a very great body of people. Some of the causes of industrial depressions arise from failure of crops, epidemics in pastoral industry, cholera, and kindred checks to popula- tion and commercial intercourse, unproductive mining and manufactur- ing adventures, undue expansion and subsequent collapse of commercial credit, caution arising from reasonable anticipation of war or great po- litical changes, periods of exhaustion which soon follow the close of act- ual wars, failure of banking institutions, railroad, and other corpora- tions to meet their obligations to the money-lending public. No one of the causes enumerated would probably have been sufiQcient to bring about an industrial depression in 1866 ; but when a large number of these causes suddenly arose contemporaneously with a deficiency in the Amer- ican cotton crop and a bad harvest throughout Western Europe, it ia not surprising that there was precipitated a great and general financial panic, and that a most distressing industrial depression immediately followed. Prices in most trades during 1866 suffered a severe reduction, averaging about 20 per cent. Wages were generally reduced from 10 to 15 per cent., and the decline in wages continued throughout 1867, and as the cost of food had been augmented by the deficiency of the crops — the potato crop being the worst since 1845-46 — much distress resulted. In financial matters the year 1867 was one of decided retrenchment, which greatly aggravated the almost hopeless condition of the numerous joint-stock companies which had been so recklessly organized and foisted upon the general public in the prosperous times from October, 1862, to January 1, 1866. 24 • EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER CF LABOR. The price of wheat averaged $11.98 per quarter in 1866, $15.46 per quarter in 1867, and $15.30 per quarter in 1868. A pood wheat crop in 1868, however, and the large foreign importations of wheat, made food cheaper in 1869 than it had been for several years, the average price of wheat per quarter in 1869 being $11.56, and the cheapening of the cost of food, the low rates ruling for money during that year, and a feeling of greater confidence which followed the successful termination of the Abyssinian expedition, gave trade a more favorable turn. During the summer of 1869 a rise of 6 per cent, in the wages of the persons employed in the iron trades took place, and this increase was followed in Febniary, 1870, by a further advance of 10 per cent, in wages. The iron ship-building trades, however, suffered disastrously from 1864, through intervening years, to 1870, and the cotton industry also suffered, especially in 1869, from the increasing competition and the high price of raw materials, which resulted in a diminution of profits to manufacturers and in the closing of many of the less modem mUls. There was a recovery of activity in 1870 and an expansion of trade throughout the year, during the latter part of which the decline in the price of raw cotton ameliorated the condition of that industry, and in general the year was a prosperous one in all the trades. The sudden outbreak of the Franco-German war in July, 1870, caused a flurry in financial circles, and the Bank of England advanced its rate of discount from a minimum of 3^ per cent. July 21, to 6 per cent. Au- gust 4; but by September 29 the rate had fallen to 2 J per cent. Prices and wages in all branches of trades continued to increase to an unpar- alleled extent, and in February, 1873, the highest price ever paid for Scotch pig-iron was recorded at $33.12 per ton, $30.96 having been touched in August, 1872. As an example of the increase in wages during 1872 and 1873 it may be stated that a miner's wages in Scotland averaged $1.08 per day in 1871, $1.74 per day in 1872, and $2.04 per day in 1873. The average price per ton of Scotch pig-iron in each of the years firom 1866 to 1872, inclusive, was as follows : PEIOB or SCOTCH PIG-IRON, 18«-72. T«u. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. PrlM pert^. tU 6! 12 84 12 66 12 78 13 Ol 14 U 24 U The following table shows the additional number of mUes of raikoad opened m the United Kingdom in each of the years from January 1, 1864, to December 31, 1872, inclusive; also the amount of paid-up capi- tal invested m raUroads during that period, and the gross amounts oi paid-up capital on the respective dates: DEPRESSIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1837-86. 25 KAtLEOADS OPENED IN THE TTNITED KINGDOM. 1864-72. Tear ending December 31— MUea opened. 1864 467 1865 600 1866 666 1867 393 18C8 „ 381 1869 niD ZCf IHB UinTXn EQT&nOM, 1871-84. Milei opened. Tear ending Deosmber 31— MUe* opened. 187S 262 867 209 214 205 266 1879 1880 863 1874 237 1876 1881 242 1876 . . ,„ 1882 282 1877 1883 224 1878 1884 183 &.moTmt of paid-np capital inveited . Bngland and Walea. Scotland Ireland 13,340 2,999 2,626 Total.. 18,864 The total number of joint-stock companies registered in the United Kingdom during the period from January 1, 1873, to December 31, 1884, inclusive, and the total nominal share capital, were as follows : JODfT-STOOK COMTAOTIS DT THE TJMITED KOfGDOM, 1873-84. Year ending Deoember 81— KTamberof companiee. Nominal share oapiteL 1873 1,234 1,241 1,172 1,066 990 886 1,034 1,302 1,681 1,632 1,766 1.641 ♦729,871,416 00 530, 592, 302 40 395,746,464 00 231,907,608 00 320,640,892 80 325,731,480 00 362,726,625 60 808,638,345 60 1,011,416,953 60 1,222,772,788 80 804,864,897 60 664, 768, 864 40 1874 1875 1876 „ 1877 1878 „ _. 1879 1880 1881 „ i883!iriI.""!I!'"II~"".~I"~"IlII."""!!iri""I"lI""I"" U8t 12864 LAB- S4 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The following table shows the total number of accounts remaining open and the total amounts of deposits, including interest, in the sav- ings banks under trustees in the United Kingdom on November 20 in each of the years from 1873 to 1884, inclusive: HA.VrN68 BJhJTES imDBB TBUSTXES IN THB TTNITED ICWSrVOil, 1873-84. Tmut anding Norembei 20— Number of depositora. Amonntof deposits, with inteiest 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1S79.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1,446,489 1, 463, 660 1,479,193 1, 493, 401 1, 509, 847 1, 515, 725 1, 506, 714 1, 519, 805 1,532,486 1, 652, 983 1, 566, 184 1,682,474 $194,524,085 04 199,042,424 04 203, 463, 917 43 207, 761, 261 80 212, 345, 693 90 212, 428, 272 51 210, 229, 466 82 210, 074, 688 06 211, 861, 705 62 214, 140, 387 14 215, 938, 124 83 220,036,268 63 The following table shows the number of accounts remaining open at the close of each year, and the amount, inclusive of interest, standing to the credit of all open accounts at the close of each year, from 1873 to 1884, inclusive, in the post-office savings banks of the United Kingdom: POST-OFFICX SAVINGS BANICS IN THE UNITED EIN&DOM, 1873-84. Tear ending Deoember 81— NnmbeT of depositors. Amount of deposits, with interest. 1»7« 1,558,646 1,668,733 1,777,103 1,702,374 1,791,240 1,892,756 1,988,477 2,184,072 2,607,612 2,858,978 3,105,642 8,883,675 1101,606,196 00 111,155,86120 120,899,256 00 129,583,440 00 137,956,633 60 145,975,602 40 153,858,243 20 161,926,267 60 173, 733, 676 OS ' 187,387,640 80 200,4SO,278 40 214,914,110 40 1B74 U76 1876 ■". 1877 " ■■■ 1878 1878 1880 1881 " 1882 188S 1184 „ This account of the industrial depressions of Great Britain has been made quite extensive because so many of the conditions which have re- sulted in panics and depressions there are found in other countries, and because, again, Great Britain has been and is the leading manufactur- ing country in the world. The results of her enterprise have produced certain conditions, however, which are foundeiisting in the other coun- tries involvedin this investigation, which bring all these countries to anin- dustrial state never before experienced, and which mark the present period as an epoch in industrial development. This condition will b* bnmeht out in the proper place. DEPRESSIONS IN FRANCE, 1837-86. 35 1837. — M. Clement Jaglar, in treating of commercial and other crises, insists that the causes of aepressions must be sought not in the troubles and revolutions of the time, but in the increase of speculation and of production. Eeferring to the period under discussion, it seems to be the opinion of the writer mentioned and of other eminent French authorities that the general liquidation necessary to a revival of com- merce produces crises, and that such crises are the true test of the soundness of commercial houses, these crises being caused by, or this necessity of liquidation being founded on the fact that many have en- gaged in enterprises beyond their means and necessarily succumb, while others, robust enough to resist aU financial storms and freed from the obstacle of imprudent speculation, recommence the course of their op- erations with a new vigor. A manufacturer, the writer says, whose prod- ucts are in demand, cannot be wise enough to limit production to the demand, for, by the natural force of circumstances, he is compelled to extend his operations so long as the demand continues. When sud- denly speculation is arrested, production which has been commenced and carried on upon a grand scale must be lessened, wages must be reduced, and laborers thrown out of employment. Confidence gave credit, and the facilities which it procured warranted operation on a large scale without exciting much solicitude as to prices; but through the difficulty of exchanges specie reserves were drawn upon, and crises consequently occurred, business transactions were arrested, suspensions began, and credit completely disappeared. This condition, however, in the period named in France, was not prolonged for many months, but then fol- lowed the period of liquidation, which lasted for two years or more, during which languor of trade, which was limited entirely to cash ope- rations, prevented speculative production. The former continued in- crease of prices was followed by a rapid fall, so that every trade which depended upon credit for its principal support was partially arrested. The principal cause of these embarrassments was the exaggeration of exterior and interior commerce, resulting from the inflation of prices by speculation. It was found, under such conditions, impossible to dis- pose of productions at constantly -increasing cost while exchanges were embarrassed. Under such circumstances merchandise was offered for sale under rapidly-faUing values. Such decline amounted in a few months to 25 or 30 per cent., thus completely effacing at once the increase of years. Credit tumbled to the ground, premiuuie disap- peared, stocks no longer found purchasers, liquidation became neces- sary, and losses were suffered where fortunes had been expected. 1 847.— The crisis of 1847-48 was a purely financial one, no ques- tion existing or being raised as to an excess of manufactured products. Thtm was a scarcity of capital, and consequent difiaculties of discounts 36 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LaBOB. and the disappearance of coin. The first cause of the evil of the year, as it appeared to the people, arose from the inclemency of the season, from which resulted a deficit in crops ; and inundations, which, by de- stroying property, resulted in partial poverty. Had bad crops been peculiar to France their influence would not have been so great, but sufferings of a similar kind occurred in other countries and had their influence, which was strengthened by speculation in France enhanced by the foreign capital consequently attracted thither. Whatever crisis occurred at this period antedated the poUtical events of 1848, and might be regarded as a contributory cause of such events rather than as a con- sequence. Other influential causes in producing the panic of this period were the exaggeration of Government expenses, the maintenance of an armed peace, and an over-investment in railroads and other great enter- prises. French opinion (a) is that the crisis was first felt in England, then in Eussia and Germany, France resisting its influence for a long time, the power to do this being attributed to national wealth and the nation's metallic currency. The modern system of industry had not taken such deep root in France at this time as to be materially affected. 1856-57.— Prior to this period there had been a very rapid in- crease in the mileage of railroads built, and raikoad shares were to an exaggerated extent floated on the market. Many attributed the crisis of this period to the natural effect of war. France had found it necessary to borrow $300,000,000, and all through Europe similar loans had been negotiated to meet the needs of the situation. AU this money was used in the payment of sterile expenses and to carry on unproductive labors. The industrial enterprises of France had been carried beyond proper limits, while bad crops contributed their influence. Many be- lieved the crisis to have originated in Germany, this country having multiplied its industrial enterprises with insufacient capital, and being obliged to call foreign capital to its aid. The German financial crisis reacted on French markets by raising the rate of discount and reducing prices generally. The change of relationship between gold and sUver also was alleged as a contributory cause of the panic ; but in general the depression in France for the period of 1856-57 was almost whoUy the result of financial difaculties, feverish speculation, war expenses, etc. Some authorities consider that the financial crisis in the United States contributed largely toward producing that of France, through the suspension of numerous banks. One of the authorities of the time M. Baudrillart, in November, 1857, expressed himself as follows: "In virtue of the economic solidarity which exists between nations, the crisis originating in the United States has propagated itself with a rapidity and to an extent without parallel. The whole of Europe has felt the blow. England, as a result of its vast and important relations with the United States, has suffered sooner and worse than any other coun- try. The afEairs of England with the United States amount to an annua) » M. Hoiace Say. DEPRESSIONS IN FRANCE, 1837-86. 37 Ham of $200,000,000, and it is well known that the United States, in purely commercial transactions, is always enormously indebted to Eng- land. Besides, the capital of the United States which has been recently withheld from European enterprises has been engaged to the extent of $400,000,000 or $450,000,000 in the railroads and banks of the United States. Consequently many important failures in London." The same authority considers among the causes of the crisis in the United States, excess in enterprises, abuse of speculation, and the free banking system, while a prominent financial publication of the time gives as the reason of the American crisis a bear speculation audaciously organ- ized in the principal cities of the United States against all investments, the cause of the success of this speculation having been the fault com- mitted ,by railroad companies in the constitution and repartition of their capital, a great many of the railroad bonds being issued for short periods, and falling due in 1857; that American speculators, recogniz- ing this fault, attempted to injure the credit of the companies involved, so that it would be impossible for them to meet their engagements, and that in this the speculators succeeded, and the railroad companies could neither pay their obligations nor renew them. The same authority states that while French capital was not engaged in American enter- prises, the commerce of France with the United States was important, and the consumption of such a market being restrained reflected seri- ously upon French industry. Other authorities, contemporaneous with those just referred to, did not believe that the French crisis was the result of the one in America, but that every crisis results from a want of equilibrium between production and consumption, and that such equilibrium can be destroyed in two ways, by excess of production or by diminution of consumption, and that France was in the latter con- dition. These authorities took the ground that too many railroads had not been built in France, but that traffic hac" ceased to develop, owing to a want of commercial activity. Crippled consumption was attrib- uted to the long agricultural crisis resulting from the bad crops of the few years previous to the period under consideration. From all sources it is safe to conclude that the crisis in France in 1856-57 was like the crises in other countries, and was the result of financial difficulties, and that the United States cannot be considered the source of the generally- prevailing monetary disturbances of the period. 1866-67. — The crisis of this period was largely agricultural in its nature, and it was variously attributed to the amount of money devoted to the maintenance of an armed peace, to the increase in taxation, to the investment of savings in unproductive enterprises, to high rates of wages, and to the low prices of grain and other agricultural products resulting from excessive production. The suspension of a great bank in London caused a temporary monetary panic and affected many es- tablishments. M. Gamier considered that the cause of the difficfulty in London was a development of financial speculations following a seriea 58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. tebU 1,000 Ulosiuu (2,205 ponnds) are considered a ton.] Tens of pig-iron. Ayerage market price. Taan. Raw pie- iron. Kg-irou "moulded in first fu- sion. " Hg-iron. Unck-bar- iron. 1874 1,328,000 1,373,000 1,337,000 1,402,000 1,429,000 1,326,000 1,631,000 1,798,000 1,939,000 1,987,000 88,000 75,000 98, 000 105,000 92, 000 74,000 94, 000 88, 000 100, 000 82,000 ¥22 80 20 60 18 60 17 80 16 60 15 60 17 00 17 00 17 00 15 40 $39 60 1876 1876 35 80 1877 34 60 1878 32 64 1879 35 40 1880 „ 1881 37 60 36 80 1882 37 00 1883 30 80 PXOnirCTIOK and ATEBAOX ICARKXT FRICX 07 UBBCHANT IRON IN 7RANCX, 1874r^. [NOTB.— In this table 1,000 kilegiams (2,205 poinds) are considered a ton.] Tears. Tons prodneed. Arerage market priea. Sails. Sheet^iiem. Other. Total. Sbeet-iron. Other. 1875!'""!^III" I"""!' 161,900 U«,000 82, 000 (0,000 62, 000 40,000 42,000 28,000 27,000 19,000 IK, 000 124,000 128,000 129,000 132,000 137,000 155,000 168,000 163, 000 151, 000 581,000 627,000 627,000 695,000 659,000 680, 000 7(9,000 830, 000 883,000 809,000 858,000 870,000 837, 000 884,000 843,000 857,000 966,000 1,026,000 1,073,000 979,000 $76 00 69 40 65 40 (1 80 58 60 60 80 65 40 67 00 65 40 63 80 «56 40 61 20 187« 46 0* 1877 43 20 1878 40 (0 1879 40 80 1880... 42 80 1881 41 60 1882 42 to 1883 40 40 PXODUGTION AND ATERAGX KARERT PRICR OF STRXL IN TRANCE, 1874-83. [Nvn.— In tUs table 1,*0( kilegraas (2,205 ponnds) are considered a ton.] Arerage market price per ton of Bessemer andUitr- tinsteeL Tons prodnoed. T«n. Bessemer and Mar- tin steel. Other stoel. TotaL Rails. Other. 1874 (58 20 61 80 48 00 47 20 43 40 43 20 43 60 4] 80 39 80 37 40 154,000 178,000 181,000 184,000 231, 000 254,000 280, 000 303,000 336, 000 391,009 28,000 45, 000 30, 000 56,000 52, 000 53, 000 80,000 91,000 97,000 108,000 27,000 33,000 31,000 29,000 30,000 26, 000 29,000 28,000 25,000 22,000 209,009 1876 , 256, 000 1876 242,000 1877 269,000 1879. ~r""""I""II""'III"" 313,000 333, 000 188* 389,000 1881 422,000 1182 - 458,000 1883. .. . 522,000 42 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The following table shows the production of coal, iron, and steel in Prance for each year since 1829. There are slight discrepancies be- tween the amounts given for the years since 1873 and those given on the preceding page, but these are not sufficient to invalidate its general useftdness. It may be here stated, once for all, that errors or discrep- ancies found in tables taken from published documents should not be charged to this Bureau. TBAELT PEODtrCTION 01' COAX, IKON, AND STBKL IN" FKANCB, 1829-«. [NoTX.— In thiB tabl* 1,000 kilognuna (2,205 pounds) are coiuiderad k ton.] T««n. Tons of coal oonemned. Ton* prodnced. Coal. Pig-iron. Uercluuit iron. StML 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 18S8. 1839. 1810. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847- 1848. 1849. 1850. 1861. 1852. 1863. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1861. 1882. 1883. >1, 82, 289, 000 493, 000 301, 000 520, 000 736, 000 214, 000 288, 000 814, 000 091, 000 304, 000 180, 000 256, 000 979, 000 203, 000 293, 000 486, 000 343,000 608, 000 648,000 095, 000 405, 000 225, 000 376, OOO 958, 000 422, 000 856, 000 293, 000 896, 000 149, 000 893, 000 262, 000 270, 000 402, 000 274, 000 513, 000 491, 000 522, 000 057, 000 160, 000 911, 000 432, 000 830, 000 860, 000 233, 000 702, 000 417, OuO 657, 000 472, 000 144.000 656, 000 332, 000 846, 000 444,000 025, 000 439, 000 1, 741, 000 1, 862, 000 1, 760, 000 1, 962, 000 2, 057, 000 2, 489, 000 2, 506, 000 2, 841, 000 2, 980, 000 3, 113, 000 2, 994, 000 3, 003, 000 3, 410, 000 3, 592, 000 3, 692, 000 3, 782, 000 4, 202, 000 4, 469, 000 5, 153, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 049, 000 4, 433, 000 4, 485, 000 4, 903, 000 5, 937, 000 6, 827, 900 7, 453, 000 7, 925, 000 7, 901, 000 7, 352, 000 7, 681, 000 8, 309, 000 9, 395, 000 10, 317, 000 10, 707, 000 11, 201, 000 11, 652, 000 12, 234, 000 12, 533, 000 13, 330, 000 13, 509, 000 13, 179, 000 13, 240, 000 16, 100, 000 17, 479, 000 16, 907, 000 16, 956, 000 17, Oil, 000 16, 804, 000 16, 960, 000 17, 110, 000 18, 804, 000 19, 765, 000 20, 604, 000 21, 334, 000 217, 000 266,000 224, 000 225,000 236, 000 260, 000 294,000 308, 000 331, 000 347, 000 350, 000 347, 000 377, 000 399, 000 422, 000 427, 000 438, 000 522, 000 591, 000 472, 000 414, 000 405, 000 445, 000 522, 000 660, 000 771, 000 849, 000 923, 000 992, 000 871, 000 864,000 898, 000 966, 000 1, 090, 000 1,156,000 1, 212, 000 1, 203, 000 1, 260, 000 1, 229, 000 1, 235, 000 1, 380, 000 1, 178, 000 859, 000 1, 217, 000 1,381,000 1, 415, 000 1, 448, 000 1,435,000 1, 506, 000 1, 521, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 725, 000 1, 886, 000 2, 039, 000 2,069,000 153,000 148,000 141,000 143,000 152, 000 177, 000 209, 000 210, 000 224,000 234,000 231,000 237, 000 263, 000 284,000 309, 000 315, 000 342, 000 360,000 376, 000 276, 000 243,000 246,000 254,000 301,000 450,000 511, 000 557, 000 668,000 559, 000 530, 000 533, 000 532,000 631, 000 734, 000 770, 000 792, 000 769, 000 819, 000 776, 000 813, 000 903, 000 830, 000 667, 000 883, 000 760, 000 742, 000 745, 000 837, 000 884, 000 843,000 857, 000 965, 000 1, 026, 000 1,073, 009 879^000 5,000 5,000 6,000 <,'0(I0 6,000 6,000 6,000 7,000 7,000 8,000 8,000 8^000 10, 000 16,000 12,000 13,000 12,000 7,000 9,000 11,000 14,000 18,000 22,000 24,000 22,000 19,000 25,000 23,000 23,000 80,000 38,000 47,000 !7,000 41,000 40,000 38,000 46,000 80,000 110,000 94,000 86,000 141,000 160,000 208,000 266, 000 241,000 269,000 313,000 333,000 389,000 422,000 468, 00( 522,000 DEPRESSIONS IN FRANCE, 1837-86. 43 IDLES OF BAILItOAD IK OPBBiLTION AISTD UILES BITILT BAOH TEAS TS FBAKOX. 1840-84.a Tut. 1 Tear. m « , Tear. 1^ 3 1840 271 357 374 S17 519 651 825 1,143 1,387 1,782 1,879 2,220 2,417 2,538 2,905 86' 17 143 2 32 274 318 244 395 97 341 197 121 367 1855 3,469 3,875 4,663 5,433 6,672 5,900 0,320 6,934 7,524 8,156 8,477 9,074 9,809 10,200 10, 590 654 416 788 770 139 228 420 614 690 631 322 597 736 391 390 M70 10,804 610,766 11,120 11,576 11,919 12,339 12,687 13,112 13,839 14,228 14,839 15,787 16,455 16,966 18,417 414 1841 1856 1871 M38 1842 1857 1872 354 1843. 1858 1873 456 1844 1859 1874 343 1846 1860 1875.. 426 1846 1881 1876 348 1847 1862 1877 426 1848 1863 1878 727 1849 1864 1879 389 1850. 1865 1880 611 1861 1866 1881 948 1852 1867 1882 668 1863 1868 1883 510 1854 . .. 1869 1884 prises, by showing that a definitive stage of industry never before reached had then come about — viz., that the industrial activity of the last half century had resulted in fully equipping the civilized countries of the world with economic tools, and that the work of the future must neces- sarily be repair rather than construction. With this unique and pre- dominant feature, no basis therefore existed for exact comparison of this with the crises of 1837, 1848, and 1855-56, in each of which periods there had been over-production, an abuse of credit, and a general dis- proportion between engagements undertaken and resources available for prosecuting them. In former crises credit had vanished quickly, and there had been a series of commercial and financial failures, violent contraction of business, and curtailment of new enterprises and of those already in progress. Preceding crises had not been of long duration, yet quite long enough to give the overstocked market time to work off sur- plus stocks of paper and merchandise, and to establish an equilibrium between engagements in progress and circulating capital and credit, resulting in industrial and commercial progress. New enterprises pre- sented themselves'which found favor with the public, and the play of credit was renewed after periods of forced calm. The progress of these preceding crises was always the same, the coming storms ushered in by huge undertakings of industrial speculation, and made evident by the scarcity of credit and the disappearance of disposable capital, and these conditions continued through the period of quiet, while old under- takings were Uqnidated and stocks of cash reconstituted. The crisis be- ginning in Belgium, as in other countries, in 1873, resulting in a depres- sion which lasted untU 1878 or 1879, presented new phases, capital steadily accumulating and a marked disproportion existing between new enterprises and available resources, a feature directly the opposite of any which appeared in preceding crises. The crises of the bourses in 1873, breaking up foreign loans generally, seized all who possessed movable capital, that is, the capitalists of Eng- land, Prance, Holland, and Belgium, and in other countries such banks and financial institutions as existed, not from credit, but by giving credit. Unconsciously all these lenders of capital and credit sought for the return of their loa,ns, called them in, and blamed themselves with having given too much confidence to foreigners. It is said that certain bankers, essen- tially wise and versed in monetary affairs, hold it advisable periodically to "see again their money," and to satisfy this desire they do not hesi- tate to interrupt an enterprise full of promise, give up lucrative rela- tions, and reap before the harvest is fully ripe. It is generally admitted that those who have acted on this policy have never had cause to re- 46 EEPOET OP THE COMMIS8IONEK !>r LA -»»• gret their action, for although at times they may have missed some profit which they might have made, they have more often escaped traps which would have led to ruin. It is also true in the period from 1873 to 1878 that what some did from wisdom or prudent custom, the great majority did from fear, and the whole of lending Europe wished "to see again its money," or, if miscalculations had been made, what remained of its money. Those who held foreign paper realized on it without regard to less; those who made profit from their funds actively employed in for- eign industries or enterprises retired therefrom, and those who had for- eign accounts relinquished their operations. Every foreign account of credit was reclaimed and balanced. From these conditions followed different conditions of exchange and the unimportance of commerce m international paper. The result was that the countries and houses which worked with the aid of the credit and the capital of others saw their resources curtailed. Those who could stand of themselves under the storm found themselves under the obligation of discontinuing works already commenced, to suspend hoped-for progress, to reduce produc- tion, to balance their affairs, and, in a word, to renounce all that was possible beforehand, but which became impossible without the funds furnished by others. This was done under force and compulsion, but the borrowers did not attach great importance to the conditions re- ferred to. " The trouble will pass," the borrowers thought, and the very fact that they were able to stand, to remain in the field, they ex- pected would cause in a short time a return of the capital they so much needed and desired. This hope, however, was not justified, for the lending countries, England,. Prance, Holland, and other countries ac- customed to speculate with their surplus capital, were determined to bring their money into their coffers again, notwithstanding the deception and devices necessary to accomplish this result. Nor were the lending forces content with bringing their money back. They were deceivedby the enchantment, for the sight of their treasures fascinated them and caused them to forget that the function of money was to circulate and to produce again in circulation. Instead of making their capital productive, they preferred to keep it in their own hands, at the cost of a vast sacrifice of interest; so it went either to accumulate the reserve and deposits in the banks, or was offered at a low price for immediate and indisputable sureties. The interest on deposits became one-fourth of 1 per cent., and first-class commercial paper was discounted at three-fourths of 1 per per cent, and 1 per cent. Everything which was sure, maturing early, and always capable of being realized upon, was abundantly aided witli resources resulting from the great amount of capital which had been re- called from foreign countries. The result of these conditions was, on the part of the borrowing countries, a stoppage of works, of progress, and of business, and on the part of the lending countries a plethora of disposable capital, with hardly any avenue at home for its remunerative employment. This excess of capital in the leading countries operated DEPRESSIONS IN BELGIUM, 1837-86. 47 in lowering the cost of production and prices as well. The foreign loans called in seriously crippled the powers of consumption in some of the best markets of the exporting nations. Belgium, being, like England, a great exporting nation, in this state of affairs could not help suffering, and thus the financial difficulties resulted in a long-continued depres- sion, involving the industries of the state, and it was not until 1879 that there came much relief, when the revival of her iron industries enabled her to break partially, if not wholly, the depression. 1883. — The partial revival in 1879, just referred to, was of short duration, but it had the effect of bringing capital of a fixed nature into activity. Belgium has been an industrial country for many years, and the products of her industry have long since passed the limit of do- mestic consumption. Like England, her economic prosperity has de- pended largely upon her export trade, and the very same causes which have operated to restrict the market and depress the trade of the former, in particular the hostile tariffs of neighboring countries, have also af- fected the latter. These conditions are the result of features common to aU manufacturing countries, and to avoid repetition will be discussed in an appropriate chapter comprehending such features for all the coun- tries under considsration. The following tables exhibit the course of trade in Belgium for some of the leading industries : FBODtrOTION, VAXUB, ETC., 07 COAX tCT BSLGIDlf, 1831-83. [Non.— In tbla table 1,000 kilagnuBs (3,205 ponnds) are oonaldered • ton.] Xmployta. Qnmitit; produced. Vklne of product at mine. TMn. It ■5 Number. Toaa. a c 't Warket price pel (on. IJSI »72 8< 75 81 90 102 114 120 115 110 105 103 98 99 105 107 105 92 90 93 98 101 lU 133 118 29,000 28,000 28,300 28,598 28,589 28,937 33, 222 37, 108 37,047 39, ISO 37, 629 39,902 37, 603 38,490 41, 359 45,488 48,847 44,777 46,131 47,949 49, 600 61,873 64,204 62,194 70,980 2,305,016 2,280,833 2,631,405 2,436,876 2,638,731 3,074,461 3,228,807 3,260,271 3,479,161 3,929,963 4,027,767 4,141,463 3,982,274 4,445,240 4,919,166 6,037,402 6, 664, 450 4,862,694 5, 251, 843 6,820,688 6,233,517 6,795,254 7,172,687 7,947,742 8,408,330 79 81 89 86 92 106 97 88 94 lOO 107 104 106 115 119 111 116 109 114 121 126 131 132 128 118 $4, 012, 400 3,893,000 4,337,000 4,192,400 6,002,200 7,667,400 8,468,000 8,662,800 9,024,800 9, 268, 600 «, 502, 200 7,607,600 7,235,400 7, 968, 800 9,429,800 9,484,000 10,461,000 8,233,800 6, 098, 800 9, 294, 200 9,913,400 10,614,000 12,497,600 17,171,600 a0,809,10« «174 1832 1833 1 71 1834 1 72 1835 1 85 1836 2 49 1837 2 62 1838 ..^ 1839 2 59 1840 _ 1841 2 36 2 11 1842 1 84 1843 1 82 1844 1 79 1845 1 92 1846 1 87 1847 1 86 1848 169 1849 1 60 1860 1 ea 1851 : 160 1852 1 66 1853 1 73 1851 2 17 MBS 24f 48 BKPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR l^BODUCTIOlf, VAXtTE, ETC., OF COAL ZN BBIGIUM, 1831-83— CoDCluded. Employia. Kambei. Quantity produced. Tons. Valne of product at mine. Market price per ton. 1856.. 1857.. 1868., 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1876.. 1878.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1881. 1882.. 188S. $143 141 143 146 145 145 138 140 143 157 173 178 161 166 176 173 209 271 237 233 206 167 168 162 184 186 185 201 73,685 72, 577 73, 850 77,293 78, 232 81, 675 80, 302 79, 187 79, 779 83, 368 86,721 93, 339 89, 382 89, 928 91, 993 94,286 98, 863 107, 902 109, 631 110, 720 108, 543 101, 343 99, 032 97, 714 102, 930 101,351 103, 701 106, 262 8, 212, 419 8, 383, 902 8,925,714 9, 160, 702 9, 610, 805 10, 057, 163 9,935, 645 10, 345, 330 11, 168, 336 11, 840, 703 12, 774, 662 12, 755, 822 12, 298, 589 12, 942, 894 13, 697, 118 13, 733, 176 15, 658, 948 15,778,401 14,669,029 15, Oil, 331 14, 329, 578 13, 938, 523 14, 899, 175 15, 447, 292 16, 866, 698 16, 873, 951 17, 690, 989 18 177,754 112 116 121 119 123 123 124 131 140 144 147 137 138 144 149 146 168 146 134 136 132 138 160 158 164 166 170 171 $21, 091, 800 20, 094, 200 20, 675, 400 20,801,200 21, 425, 400 22, 003, 000 20, 897, 000 20,957,400 22, 110, 800 24,779,200 30, 206, 400 31,650,600 26, 774, 200 27, 223, 200 29, 727, 000 30, 760, 600 41,711,800 67,527,400 48,182,000 45,968,000 38, 823, 80O 30, 591, 400 29, 564, 200 28, 999, 000 33,936,000 32, 740, 800 35, 179, 200 36, 955, 600 *3 67 2 39 3 33 2 27 23} 2 10 2 10 2 0J 198 209 3 36 2 48 2 18 3 10 2 17 234 366 4 38 326 30t 2 71 320 108' 188 3 01 194 300 200 PKODUCTION AMD VjLLUB OF HSON AJ!JD SXBEL DT BBLGIDM, 1840-1883. [KoTS.— In thli table 1,000 kUograme (2,205 pounds) are considered a ton.] Iron ore. Pie-Iron. Merchant iron. SteeL Tear. Tons. Talne. Blast for. nacea. Tons. Valne. Estab- Ush. ments. Tons. Value. Kstab. lish. menta. Tons. Valne. 1840 191,812 394,644 299,272 852, 134 809,176 1,018,231 603,829 619, 740 628,046 654,332 697, 272 749,781 603,665 527,050 865,044 269,206 253,499 208,867 ]!16,«70 $283,883 704,619 465,664 1,781,297 1,495,486 1,897,096 1845 1850 66 41 71 51 66 134,663 144,452 294, 270 319, 934 470, 767 $2,812,665 2, 232, 789 6,698,677 5,073,849 7, 145, 705 249 263 263 298 299 75,081 89,924 171,013 271,890 428, 225 $4,110,688 3,618,540 8,394,627 10,573,407 16,459,881 1 2 2 4 4 32 $4,958 1855 1860 1865 .... 1867 47 3,172 3,061 12,159 163,857 234,853 1868 1869 1870 1871 .... 1,120,452 48 666,234 7,962,955 294 689,560 20,803,611 2 9,563 468,480 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 660,662 42 540,473 7,869,718 286 540,613 20,402,072 3 47,200 2,725,«J3 1880 1882 361,876 807, 111 282,169 86 33 36 608,084 726, 946 783,433 7,194,340 8.454,982 8,699,886 281 676,436 19,145,650 2 4 4 09,096 329,273 331,108 s,'4ii;ira 8,376,im 7.706^141 1883 DEPRESSIONS IN GEEMANT, 1837-86. 49 1 837. — G-ermany, meaning by Germany all that now constitutes the G-erman Empire, could not at this time be called a great mannfactnring nation. Prussia was making considerable progress, as were some of the states of Germany, but it was not until 1859 that she could feel that she was taking rank among the great manufacturing nations. Prussia and the German states, therefore, in 1837 simply suffered from the financial shock of that year which affected other countries. Extended credits, speculation in some directions, and the general financial dis- turbances of the Continent had their influence on German financial and commercial affairs. 1 847-48. — The crisis of this period belonged to that of revolution- ary outbreaks, and was entirely financial and commercial in its features, the industries of the country being but slightly involved. 1 SSSSGm — Prussia and the other German states were involved in the financial panics of this period although not participants in the Cri- mean war. Germany was not of sufficient importance as a manufactur- ing state to be in a position to take such benefits as a neutral power as might have been the case had she been generally engaged in pro- duction, and therefore did not have the experience usual under such circumstances of passing through a period of great industrial activity to be followed by one of stagnation. The Austro-ItaUan war, in which Prussia participated, caused local disturbances in Germany. In 1864 the cotton industry felt the effects due to the scarcity of raw cotton, caused by the American war, as did other natioms of Europe engaged in manufacturing cotton goods. Germany also suffered a brief depression resulting from the Prusso-Austrian war, and agaiu in 1870 and 1871 a crisis was caused by the great Franco-German contest ; but while suffering from these varied brief disturbances since 1857, no long- continued general industrial depression prevailed. 1873-79. — Germany became thoroughly involved in the crisis of 1873, and the depression of her industries resulted from such crisis ; but there were other causes than those belonging to other countries which aggravated the depression in Germany. Since 1870 Germany has en- tered the lists as an industrial competitor on foreign ground, and she has consequently sought a wider market than her own territory. She was therefore in a condition in 1873 to be greatly injured by the dis- turbances in monetary affairs which took place everywhere. The cost of production of the principal articles of staple goods of the market reached so high a point that the consumption was crippled. In 1871 German unity, the poetic dream of centuries, became an accomplished fact. The people felt proud of the Empire, and also felt 12854 LAB — PROPERTY OF LIBRARY 50 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. that they iiinst do something worthy of tiieir high position in the world. ThiB purely psychological stimulas was nurtured by the pos- session of ample means to carry out grand ideas. Germany had be- come one of the strongest political communities of the world, and her people determined that she should also be one of the first-rate indug. trial powers. Five milliards of francs in gold had been received from France as an indemnity for losses by the war, and the German Govern- ment took the opportunity to pay off its obligations ; money became plenty, even superfluously abundant; the field of industry was yield- ing enormous profits, and the German people argued that their great opportunity to become a nation permanently wealthy had arrived. The whole country swallowed the deceptive bait and entered vigorously into great industrial, financial, and public undertakings. Old establish- ments were deceived by high prices and lured by lenders of capital into enlarging the capacity of their works. One Silesian firm of iron manufacturers informed the agent of the Bureau that early in 1872 a well-known Breslau bank sent an agent begging it to negotiate a loan at 1 per cent, to enlarge its establishment. The offer was accepted, and ever since the firm has absorbed its profits in paying off the debt. Manufacturers, instead of laying by their enormous profits, applied them to enlarging their facilities for production. Almost everybody of any means, or if they had enterprise and could secure credit, were engaged in some sort of speculation, and of course thrift and economy were laid aside. It is impossible to estimate the enormous sums lost through joint-stock enterprises. The joint-stock companies, however, soon became odious in public estimation, so that designating a man as a director of a joint-stock company was considered so great an insult that it excited the strongest antagonism. In Prussia alone, in 1872, 4:93 new joint-stock companies were founded, with an aggregate capital of $362,082,381; while during the first six months of 1873, 194 were established, with an aggregate capital of $118,963,586. In the latter part of 1873 the crash came. Great fortunes melted away, industry was stagnated, and Germany was in a far worse condition industrially than ever before. Purely artificial and weak institutions went to the wall, while strong ones gathered up the fragments that remained. The result was that German industry was stagnated completely until 1879, when a slight revival took place, but only for a short time. She has been laboring under the heavy burden of excessive means of production, created under the inflaences of what the Germans now caU "the unfor- tunate war indemnity." It is interesting to note, however, the fact that in the great excitement of 3 872-73 the increase of railroad mileage in Germany was not beyond the normal rate. The great sums of money then in the country were mostly invested in manufacturing and purely speculative enterprises! instead of in the development of railroads. DEPRESSIONS IN GEEMAITT, 1887-86. 61 1 8 82-86.— After the brief and slight reaction of 1879, which lasted two or three years, Germany fonnd that she had not recorered from the eflfects of the disasters of 1873 ; yet many features have attended this period which did not attend that following 1873, for the present period is one purely of industrial depression, primarily; while the pre- ceding period had the usual inception, resulting from financial and commercial causes. The general features, however, which have accom- panied the present period of industrial depression in Germany belong to other countries in almost the same degree, and need not be recited in this chapter ; but the statistics of savings banks, of railroad build- ing, and of some of the prominent industries of Germany are properly atated at this point : BAnsoa BANKS or psnssiA. isss-si. Tmv. im. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1858. 1864. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1876. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1889. 1881. KuikcT. SaTlnn buki. 85 94 108 116 129 143 167 178 197 213 220 234 248 246 263 285 823 865 405 453 462 471 478 483 494 604 617 526 642 648 917 832 945 960 1605 1020 1080 1167 1174 1190 ISM Depoiltan. 261,714 278,147 309, 029 389, 112 376,180 897,913 423,642 463,431 616, 826 667, 697 664,986 613, 782 676,101 739, 353 806, 628 864,131 919, 613 900,468 927,931 983,857 1,358, Ml 1,391,970 1,551,639 1, 706, 111 1, 907, 964 2,061,199 2,209,101 2, 371, 632 2,512,019 2,661,882 2, 760, 3*2 2,936,055 8,091,1(4 DeBMita at •u of J [ yiu. 84,838,826 4,872,689 5,490,224 6,867,957 7,190,829 8,093,462 8, 946, 686 10,016,407 11,224,633 10,242,110 U, 822, 976 12,937,675 14,703,439 16,486,651 18, 834, 251 20,832,211 23,054,931 26,706,000 29,293,744 31,911,488 32, 330, 706 36, 027, 231 40,661,608 47, 366, 064 63, 448, 836 68,479,991 63, 749, 269 64, 524, 297 68, 655, 680 74,296,688 112,231,849 117, 964, 820 137, 723, 884 163,976,381 199,004,702 234,962,448 266, 744, 228 290, 674, 256 309, 418, 686 319, 367, 616 361,481,244 369, 102, 952 406,375,167 52 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. SAvnros bahib nr saiont, i845J80. Ammmt Tear. Amonnt. Twr. Bepositoirith- imwn. New deposit*. Depoiiti irith. diamni. IMS $583,449 1,359,911 2,481,256 4,156,572 6,416,699 6,074,039 6,682,624 7,903,988 8,418,581 8,166,742 $426,926 861, 119 2,184,950 3, 314, 516 6, 514, 944 6,047,456 6,668,224 6,289,195 6,992,094 7,026,276 1871 $9,845,782 13,940,00* 17,161,613 20,015,200 19,167,602 19,146,827 17,778,446 18,435,558 19,875,747 20,875,443 $7,472,617 8,027,700 10,256,330 12,275,321 14,211,902 16,460,320 17,440,014 17,726,040 18,000,314 18, 746, 380 1869 J872 1856 1873 1874 1860 1866 1875 1868 1876 1867 1877 1878 1879 1868 „ 1869 1870 1880 OULSSXS OT DBFOSITOBS Dir SATUrOS BAKES IN SATONT, 1846-81. BaiTinc 1b bank— TJndeT$15.. $16 to $37... $37 to $76... $76 to $160. OTer$160.. Totd 1846. ii I 24,679 16,426 10, 309 6,057 2,236 67,707 42.77 26.73 17.87 8.76 3.87 100.60 18Ml I 39,781 24,244 18,043 9,188 8,531 94,787 41.97 25.58 19.04 9.79 3.72 100.00 1866l 74,963 42,298 32, 133 21, 265 9,056 179,705 4L71 23.64 17.88 1L83 5.04 100.00 1860. ^ 116, 802 63,514 45,671 36,235 17,722 278,944 4L51 22.77 16.37 12.99 6.36 100.00 1866. 149, 589 85,421 65,466 57, 561 36,197 394,234 37.94 2L07 16.01 14.00 ».18 100.00 HkTincialMDk— 187*. 1876. I I 1880. Sq 188L 1 Under $16.. $16 to $37... $37 to $76... $76 to $160. OTeT$159.. 181,279 99,820 74,487 •7,087 63,099 S8.14 20.90 16.67 14.12 1L17 232,601 145,356 116,999 112,776 126,319 31.68 19.80 15.94 15.37 17.21 298,469 161, 205 135,857 134,729 179,527 82.81 17.72 14. 14,81 19.73 323,178 170,095 139,137 140,796 185,344 83.73 17.74 14.61 1401 10. ti Tatel. 476,272 loaoo 738,961 100. 00 909,787 100.00 «58,640 ma It is cnrions to see the remarkable increase of the number of deposi- tors since 1870, and to note that this increase has been proportionally far greater in that class which have deposits of more than $150. This illustrates one of the unique features of the present depression, viz., plenty of money in the banks, with low prices prevailing at the same time. While the percentage of the whole of the lowest claas of depositors has decreased from 42.77 in 1845 to 33.72 in 1881, that of the highest class has increased from 3.87 in 1845 to 19.34 in 1881. There is in Germany at present a growing agitation in favor of the institution of postal savings banks on the same basis as in England and Belgium. The majority of savings banks in Germany are municipal DEPRESSIONS IN GERMANY, 1837-86. 53 institations, managed by directors appointed by the town councils. A moderate per cent, is paid to depositors and the remaining profits above the expenses of management are applied to local improvements — the institution of water and gas works, street paving, etc. In this way many improvements have been made which might never have been ac- complished if the money had come directly from the tax-payers. The opponents of the postal savings bank scheme make strong use of this argument. The steady progress of production and of railroad-building in Ger- many is well illustrated by the four tables following: PBODUCTION OF PIG-IEON IN GEEMAUX, 1863-82. (XOTB. — In thla table 1,000 kUogruus (2,205 ponnds) are considered a ton. J Yean. Tons. Value. Tears. Tons. Value. 1863 812,600 904, 700 988, 200 1, 046, 900 1, 113, 600 1, 264, 400 1,413,000 1,391,100 1,536,700 1,988,400 $17, 009, 622 18, 210, 570 20, 018, 894 ■20,509,660 20,1A892 23,111,628 24,927,882 25,314,870 30,215,766 52,917,396 1873 2,240,600 1,906,200 2,029,400 1,846,400 1,932,700 2, 147, eoo 2,226,600 2,729,000 2,914,000 3,380,800 $59,170,870 38,347,038 34, 789, 650 27, 332, 158 28, 563, 414 1864 ■ 1874 1865 1875 1866 / 1876 1867 1877 1868 1878 _ 1879 27, 270, 516 1869 26, 739, 776 1870 1880 38, 886, 820 1871 1881 39, 026, 050 1872 1882 46, 678, 504 PKODUCTIOlf OF COAL TS GBEMAJSTT, 1848-82. [NOTB. — In this table 1,000 Idlograms (2,205 ponnds) aie considered a ton.] Years. 1848.. 1853 .. 1857.. 1862.. 1863'.. 1864;,. 1865.. ■186ft,. 1868.. 1869.. 1870 .. Tons. 5, 800, 10, 770, 14, 867, 20, 660, 22,366, 25, 612, 28, 552, 28, 172, 30, 802, 32, 879, 84.444, 34,003, Valne. 017, 716 883, 746 373, 367 135, 498 955, 414 110, 180 394, 494 766, 564 476, 670 459, 686 087, 206 170,420 Yeais. 1871. 1872. 1878. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879 . 1880. 1881. 1882. Tens. 37,855,100 42, 324, 400 46,145,200 46, 647, 100 47, 803, 100 49,550,400 48, 229, 900 SO, 519, 900 63, 470, 700 59, 118, 100 61,640,500 65,878,200 Valne. $58, 206, 232 77, 627, 032 104, 808, 736 101, 486, 770 79, 680, 060 71, 904, 660 60, 188, 534 67, 685, 250 57, 341, 340 67, 205, 250 69, 109, 012 72, 365, 670 IIILES or RAILEOAD (STATU AlTD PBFVATE) IN OPBEATIOIT DST THE GEBILAN' EM- PIEE AT THE CLOSE OF EACH YEAE, 1835-81. Years. lliles. 1835 3.72 3.72 12.46 87.11 162.76 340.32 512. 31 664.45 904.83 1, 184. 75 1,428.72 2,135.15 2,771.77 3,196.63 3,479.19 3,747.46 1836 1837 1838.. 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1846 1846 1847 1848 1849 USD- Years. 1861. 1852 1868 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 UUes. 012.02 329. 33 656. 94 943. 07 138.06 640.01 893. 69 812. 53 896.75 212. 27 471.49 832.89 258. 18 699. 46 106. 94 674.86 Years. 1867. 1868 1869 1870, 1871, 1872, 1878, 1874, 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 UUes. $10, 203. 01 10, 617. 06 11, 209. 41 12, 136. 50 13,125.27 13, 963. 82 14,789.10 15,807.02 17,317.28 18, 034. 66 18,778.62 19, 429. 06 20,618.46 20, 900. 88 21,239.71 54 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. MILKS OF RAILBOAD (STATE AUD PETVATE) IN OPEEATION IS THE KXCTGDOM OP PEUSSIA AT IHB CLOSE OP EACH TEAE, 1838-81. Teu*. UUm. Tmt*. MUes. Teua. Mfles. 21.51 62.04 ioa»5 222.27 841.37 624.08 658.68 819.70 1,292.76 1,707.72 1,949.84 2,025.04 2,205.65 2,343.53 2,65&30 1853 2,699.17 2,829.68 2,948.65 3,373.79 3, 547. 64 3,672.57 4,004.70 4,198.33 4,311.91 4,529.22 4,741.63 4,844.24 6,083.00 5,429.89 6,740.33 1868 5,969.M 6,153.87 6,770.02 7,440.37 8,019.45 8,495.92 9,138.59 10,024.47 10,403.91 10,77L57 11,275.32 11,967.17 12,194.84 12,423.87 1830 1854 1869 1840 1855 1870 1841 1856 1871 1842 1857 1872 184S 1858 1873 1844 1859 1874 1845 I860 1876 1846 1861 1876 1847 . 1862 1877 1848 1863 1878 1849 1864 1879 1850 1865 1880 1851 1866 1881 1862 1867 The German bimetallists hold pronounced views relative to the cause of the low prices which have in general prevailed in Germany, as else- where, since 1873. The fact that low prices are not confined to the prov- ince of industry alone, but relate to raw material as well as the prod- ucts of labor, has been seized upon by them as a proof of their theory that low prices have been caused by the appreciation of gold in conse- quence of the displacement of silver as a coincident monetary unit. They point to the enormous increase in the volume of business during the last twenty years, and the small relative increase in the absolute amount of gold, in terms of which this wonderful new volume of business must be measured. A fall of prices, they argue, is a consequence of these phenom- ena ; a restoration of silver by means of a strong monetary union com- posed of the leading commercial countries would, in their opinion, result in an advance in prices. While those who hold dififerent views upon the real cause of the depression concede that the increase of products has been relatively much greater than the increase of the supply of gold, they point to the coincident fact that one of the peculiar factors of the present depression, differing in this respect from aU preceding, is that there has been at no time a scarcity of money ; that, in fact, there has been a plethora of money, and a very slight demand for it. The rates of interest and discount have been uniformly low. K there had been a scarcity of money, resulting firom a scarcity of gold, or an insufficieiit new supply of gold to measure the Increased volume of business, the very opposite of this— that is, the rise of the rates of interest and dis- count—should naturally have taken place. A very important point neg- Jected by the German bimetallists in this discussion is the vast increase of the credit system which has taken place contemporaneously with the increase in production. With this extension the importance of coin as a medium of exchange has diminished. The sum of exchanges affected by the Reichsbank in Germany in 1874 was $101,388,000; in 1884, $6,267,730,000. The annual sum of the world's exchanges affected by she credit system is more and more doing away with the necessity for the actual movement of coin. DEPRESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1837-86. 55 THE UNITED STATES. 1837. — ^The depression of 1837 was the result of financial troubles. The expansion of credit brought the train of evUa of this period. There were many circumstances which seemed to aggravate the difficulties of the time, but they were mostly of a financial nature. Speculation, un- satisfactory financial condition of the country, ioflation of the currency, unnatural extension of the system of internal improvements, short crops, overtrading, extension of credits — aU these contributed their in- fluence in causing a crisis, and the crisis, aggravated, grew into an in- dustrial depression, although wages were not materially affected and the volume of production and of general business wpre kept remark- ably steady. The influence of the distribution of the surplus revenue did much to aggravate the depression of the period under consideration. This surplus gave foreign Investors confidence in the credit of the states, and many of them borrowed money for the prosecution of im- provements. Men were taken from productive and put to work in non- productive undertakings, as the result of the existence of a credit based upon the knowledge of the large surplus in the treasury of the country. Thti natural result of the transfer of labor from productive to non-pro- ductive enterprises was the cessation of the production of the commod- ities of Ufe. Great importations necessarily followed, calling for large shipments of specie to foreign countries. These conditions existed until the crash came, and then came the aggravation resulting from the dis- tribution of the surplus itself. Governor Thomas, of Maryland, in his message of December 27, 1842, used the following significant language: "Nothing has influenced more fatally the evil councils by which so many of ttie states have become involved than the delusive expecta- tions — ^rekindled constantly as fast as they are quenched — of pecuniary largesses from the national treasury for state purposes. The distribu- tion law (miscalled the deposit act), which beggared the general gov- ernment, whilst but few of the recipients of its bounties have been en- riched, caused a most unfortunate revolution in public feeling, if not in public opinion. The possession of that fund, stimulating as it did the wUdest speculations, destroyed at once aU those salutary restraints found in the habits of the people and the conditions and powers of their local governments. An inexhaustible fountain of wealth, it was believed, had been opened, which was to flow in perennial streams into the state treasuries. State legislators, it was thought, were no longer to be limited in their operations, or abridged in their expenditures, by the amount of revenue they might be emboldened to take directly by taxes from the pockets of the people. A new source of supply was to come through the breach made in the federal constitution. Private prop- erty was to be obtained for public purposes by a less perceptible, be- cause more circuitous, route. High tariff's were to be levied to supply not only the demands of the national treasury, but, in conjunction with the laud sales, to furnish a surplus for distribution after that deposited 56 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP bABOB. was exhausted. Under iihe influence of these and similar delusions, the large and oppressive debt of Maryland has been contracted."a The depression resulting from the crisis of 1837 continued with more or less severity for four or five years. 1 847. — After the effects of the financial disturbances of 1837 had passed away a reasonable degree of prosperity was experienced,^ ajid then came many changes in the tariff. Prices became reduced,, not en- tirely through the influence of tariff changes, for there were cooperat- ing causes, but certainly there was a decline in prices after the increase of duties in 1841.6 In 1843 imports began to increase. The revival of trade, which came with the reaction, brought the country to a state of considerable prosperity. In 1846 came another change in the tariff, and much agitation and discussion followed. Apprehension arose, fluc- tuation of prices ensued, imports largely increased, and the shipment of gold to foreign countries increased accordingly. The industries of the country became affected in the way of prices and profits, although the general business of the country in volume was not seriously in- volved. The years 184'< and 1848 passed with sufficient d^ression, however, to constitute those years a period of stagnation. The Mexican war had but little if any influence upon the commercial or indnstriajl features of this period. 1 857. — The industrial depression of 1857-58 was incidental to the financial panic. Wages were not affected to any great extent, nor was the volume of business. The total commerce of the country rose to a very high point in 1857, and fell more than $100,000,000 fi-om that point in 1858, but rose again in 1859. Speculation, extension of credit, and all the usual accompaniments of financial disturbances ushered in the period. The only extensive investigation that has been observed relar tive to this period was made by a committee of the Boston Board of Trade, appointed at the annual meeting in January, 1858, " to mdk^ a deliberate and thorough investigation into the causes of the recent mon- etary difficulties and mercantile embarrassments, with a view to the adoption of such remedies as the nature of the case will allow." This committee made its report in April, 1858. The committee, disclainiim^^ all political and partiBan bias, considered among the causes of the dis- turbances the effects of the tariff of 1846, but they remarked : "The injurious effects of this measure have, doubtless, been materially modified by peculiarly marked events; such as the famine in Ireland, de- manding an extraordinary export of breadstuffs from the United States, and by the discovery of the rich and extensive gold mines of California, by which many hundred millions of gold have been rapidly added to the currency of the world." The committee concluded that the discovery of gold in California and Australia were events to be placed among the first and most influential oHistory of the Surplus Bevenue of 1837; by Edward O. Bourne. O.F.Patiuvn'i Sons, New York, 1885. t Fiuiuioial History of the United States; Bolles, page 445. DEPRESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1837-86. 57 causes which, by their excessively stimnlating character, had a tendency toprodncethecommercialembarraBsmentsof theperiod. This committee, which was composed of gentlemen well known in mercantile and mann- factnring circles, after referring to these two great caases as stated, makes some most valuable suggestions as to the general canses of the financial troubles of 1857, and these are so interesting that they are given quite at length, as follows : "We. include the production of the gold mines of Australia, because, from the intimate relations and sympathy between the commerce of England and her colonies and that of the United States the trade of Australia is as open to our ships as to theirs. Some of the effects of these discoveries, together with the nearly cotemporaneous discovery of the vast deposits of guano in the Ghincha Islands, made so opportunely to meet the necessities of agriculture, were immediately shown in a sud- den and unparalleled stimulus to commerce. As if by the power of magic, the style and model of the ships soon after built were almost en- tirely changed, the genius of the naval architect was exercised to its utmost power, and a splendid fleet of clippers, of large class, of symmet- rical proportions, and of hitherto unrivaled speed? were brought into sendee,, contributing largely to the increase of tonnage in the United States,, which increase from the year 1846 to 1856 amounted to 2,309,567 tons, or nearly 92 per cent. "Many of these ships having carried large and remunerative freights from the Atlantic cities to San Francisco, proceeded to China, Manila, and to India, for return freights to the United States or to England, and by their own competition were compelled to accept rates so low as to encourage those merchants already engaged in the India and China trade to import much more freely than before, and also to induce others to embark in that branch of business. Commerce with other ports in the Paciflc was also rapidly extended, and the sudden and unprece- dented increase in tonnage was only equaled by a somewhat correspond- ing development and extent of trade with the Pacific, the Bast Indies and Australia. The transfer, within a short time, of a large amount of labor from the United States to the gold mines and to othef depart- ntents of industry in CaUfomia, caused a rise in the price of labor. The influx of gold changed existing values of property and induced an ex- exgessive expansion of bank loans and issues, as well as of individual credit. This was followed by a spirit of speculation and of overtrading, which steadily increased, untQ the prices of nearly all kinds of property had reached a point too unnatural to be permanently maintained. "Thisextraordinary impulse to commerce was continued and sustained by the war in the Crimea, which required a large amount of tonnage for the transport service; and although British vessels were more gen- erally thus employed, yet a larger ' carrying trade,' from India and China to Great Britain, remained to be prosecuted by American ves- sels. The withdrawal by England and France of a vast amount of cap- ital aiid of productive labor from the ordinary channels of commerce to carry on the war could not fail to create an unfavorable influence on the financial condition of those countries, and by our intimate relations withj them, on ours also. Coincident with and immediately following the preceding marked and peculiar events, the great staple productions of this country, as well as imported merchandise, affected by some of the causes already named, bore prices which required a much larger wpit^ to represent than formerly. This was especially true of cotton, 58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the price of which was also enhanced by moderate crops for several con- secutive years, by an over-stimulated condition of the manufacturing in- terests, here and in Europe, and by the employment of more spindles than was required to meet the demand of consumers. "Another and by no means unimportant cause was the recent short crop of sugar in Louisiana, which led to unusually large importations of that article from those foreign countries to which the exports of the United States are of comparatively small value. High prices, specula- tion and absorption of capital followed, creating a balance of trade against this country, so far as it concerns that branch of business to be paid in specie. " Again, the abuse of the credit system has been one of the most po- tent causes, not only of producing the recent sad commercial embarrass- ments, but of bringing them to a disastrous crisis, and of leading to a general prostration of business. Under that abuse, we include first, and as being more influential than is generally admitted, the absorption of a vast amount of actual capital in railroads, and the creation of an im- mense floating debt, sustained in many cases at high rates of interest, and constiiating a heavy item in our foreign debt. " 'So intelligent and reflecting mind can doubt that the railroads in the United States have advanced and will continue to promote the material interests of the country in a degree not easily overestimated. But it must be admitted that far too many rival lines have been con- structed and that a great amount of capital and labor have thus been injudiciously appropriated. The immense foreign debt of the United Steites may, we think, be regarded in some degree as the abuse of credit. By foreign debt we mean not only balances due from the merchants of America to those of Europe, but also investments of foreign capital in American securities. This cannot have existed without more or less unfavorable influence on our finances. " The cotton and woollen manufacturing corporations of this common- wealth and in some of the adjacent states, established by the enterprise of some of our most intelligent and worthy feUow-citizens, and which have done so much to develop the industry and to promote the interests of the whole community, we think should bear some share of the gen- eral charge of the abuse of credit. The system of conducting their busi- ness with entirely inadequate capital, as has been done in some instances, may have been the result of unforeseen and, to some extent, unavoida- ble circumstances; but we cannot doubt that it has had an injurious effect on public credit. " These effects might have been materially modified by purchases of stock in limited quantity, proportionable to the deficiency of capital and means. Indeed, to us it seems evident that the policy of the proprie- tors of those cotton manufacturing establishments which have not a suf- ficient amount of active capital, by purchasing (as they have done) cot- ton early in the season, and a large portion of the stock required for the whole year, amounting in the aggregate to many millions of dollars, and on terms almost equal to cash by the time the cotton arrived at the mill, with the practice of selling their fabrics on credit of six, of eight, and even of twelve months, and this by borrowing money often at high rates of interest, had the effect to absorb a vast amount of the monied capital of this State, and it seems to us should be regarded as an abuse of credit. "Again, such a policy placed a great amount of cash facilities at the disposal of the cotton producers in the early part of the cotton season, and thus contributed largely to their ability and to that of speculators DEPKESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1837-86. 59 to raise and to maintain prices far too high for the interest o£ the whole community. It is estimated that the cotton manufacturers of the North- em States have required, for a few years past, about one-fifth part of the average crop of cotton raised in the United States, which, if taken at the average production of the last three years, is about 600,000 bales ; and, at the assumed average cost of ten cents per pound, amounts to not less than $25,000,000 annually. The purchases of so large propor- tion of the year's stock by the manufacturers in the United States (which have often been made to a considerable extent previous to 1st of January), have had no inconsiderable effect on the finances of the Northern States, by causing a large accumulation of cash funds in the New York City banks. These banks, for several years past, have been the collection agents between the South and the North, and especially as it relates to Massachusetts, since her banks have been prohibited from allowing interest on deposits of individuals. " The consignment of cotton to New York merchants under advance has created a large amount of funds from that source in New York for the time being, however the ultimate balance may have been between the North and South. May not this fact, added to the effects of the policy of the manufacturers, as before described, and the known prac- tice of the New York banks in making extensive demand loans, based on these deposits, in a measure explain the reasons for the sudden con- traction of their loans just preceding the late suspension of specie pay- ment 1 Having continued the reduction of loans after the cessation of specie shipments to Europe, may it not have been for the purpose of fortifying themselves against their Southern depositors, who, when con- fidence was shaken and a panic existed, were as likely to draw specie as were their city depositors ? " We believe it will be generally conceded that the too liberal and ex- cessive issues of foreign ' letters of credit ' is another abuse of the credit system, and that this, in connection with the causes already men- tioned, did much to encourage importations of merchandise from Europe and India to an extent very far beyond all former precedent, leading to the accumulation of stocks of East India produce, and of European goods also, in violation of the great law of supply and demand and to a consequent decline in prices. "The holding of these immense stocks long before they were required for consumption contributed largely toward creating a balance of trade against the United States to be met in specie. Especially is this true, so far as regards the trade with India, China, and Manila, since our ex- ports to those countries are of little value as compared with our impor- tations from them. " Another instance of abuse of credit may be seen in the business policy pursued by many, and perhaps we may be justified in saying by a majority, of those engaged in mercantile pursuits. An inordi- nate desire either for rapid accumulation of wealth or for means to sustain extravagant expenditure, or, in some instances, an excessive spirit "of enterprise, induced the transaction of business of too great magnitude in proportion to the actual capital and available means. This, with the practice of giving long, indiscriminate, and too widely ex- tended credit, often placed large amounts of property in the hands of inexperienced and enterprising merchants, who possessed superficial knowledge of business, were ignorant of sound principles of finance, and wereoften tempted into speculations and into such investments as placed beyond their reach the very resources which ought to have been paid to theit creditors to sustain their confidence. The whole community, so 60 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. far as this system of credit generally prevailed, became peculiarly ex- posed and sensitive to the first serious disturbing element in commerce, and consequent curtailment of credit and decline in prices of the staple commodities of the country. This, we think, was clearly lUustrated m the late commercial embarrassments which existed between the Atlan- tic cities and the interior of this country." They supplemented the causes, as stated in this long abstract, with a review and criticism of banking systems, of demand loans, of faulty exchange, and of other matters which naturally grow out of a vicious credit system. The conclusions of this committee have been given at considerable length because they seem to embody, so far as research can develop, the accepted facts relating to the great crash of 1857. The rates of wages do not seem to have been much affected during this period, although there were many stoppages and many laborers worked on short time. The volume of business preserved its status to a wonderful degree, yet the period has passed into history as one of the severest depression that has occurred in this country. The revival of business came slowly, until the war gave activity to all branches of trade. 1867.— The year 1867 can hardly be called one of financial panicsor industrial depression, although " hard times " apparently prevailed. The stimulation to all industries resulting from the war, the speculative en- terprises undertaken, the extension of credits, and the slackening of production necessarily caused a reaction, and a consequent stagnation of business; but the period was hardly spoken of by business men as one of any particular hardship. People for awhile began to be conserv- ative ; but the impetus engendered by the war could not be overcome, and it was not until the crash of 1873 that the effects of undue excite- ment in all branches of trade and business were thoroughly realized. 1873- 78. — The causes alleged for che disturbances in trade and industry during this period are very numerous. The United States felt the results of German overtrading and over speculation as reflected through Great Britain, and these and other exterior influences, com- bined with ample causes of our own, without looking abroad, caused the financial crises of 1873. There had been a period of excessive spec- ulation, especially in railroads and real estate ; large failures following that of Jay Cooke, inflation of the currency, high protective tariff, large immigration, and the unnatural stimulus given to industry by the war, brought the monetary affairs of the country to a crisis, resulting in gen- eral distrust, fall of prices, apprehension, and all the train of evils which follow such crises. The result was an industrial depression, lasting until the latter part of 1878, and this industrial depression was far more severe than any that preceded it or that which has followed it. This depres- sion was so great, and the disturbances resulting from it of such varied and distressing ramifications, that it stimulated the study of panics and depressions to a greater extent than any preceding period. The period was, however, like most of those that had preceded it, so far as DEPRESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1837-86. 61 dLarauter was concerned, being nshered in by financial disturbances, and they followed in turn by industiial depressions. The causes al- leged for the crisis and depression which followed them, as lemarked, were varied indeed. Two Congressional committees, one under the chairmanship of the Hon. Hendrick B. Wright, of Pennsylvania, and the other under the chairmanship of Hon.Abram S.Hewitt, of New York, were appointed, with special instructions to investigate the causes of the depression. Later on, the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, under the chairmanship of Hon. Henry W. Blair, made a wide investi- gation of the affairs of labor and capital, and many of the witnesses who testified before this committee undertook to give the causes of the de- pression existing from 1873 to 1878. The volumes constituting the tes- timony taken before these three committees have been carefully exam- ined, and the causes of industrial depressions as given by the various witnesses classified. These alleged causes constitute a most interesting feature in the history of industrial depressions, and they are given in classified and alphabetical form, as follows : CAUSES or DEPRESSIONS AS BUCITED BT COMMITTEES OF C0NOBB8B. Administrations — change in the policies of. Agitatois — nndae iuflnence of. Bnsineas enterprises — stoppage of, by panic. Capital — rnflnx of foreign. aggressiye inroads of. excessiTe conversion of oironlating, into fixed. centralization of. interests of, not identical 'with those of labor. small capitalists swaUowed np by larger ones. manipnlations of the money power. oombinationB o£ nndne aocamnlation o£ Cigar factories — tenement house. Confidence — -want of. Consumption — under. CorporationB — land grants to. Comiption — in municipal goTenunents. Credits— expansion of. Crises — eommeioUl. Currency — contraction of. inflation of, agitation of. fluctuations of. depreciation of. deficient volume of the. withdrawal of, from circulation fiw speculation. inflation of the, followed by contiao- tlon. destruction of the. faulty legislation regarding. conversion of the Government, into interest-bearing bonds. losses of creditors during the depre- ciation of, and of debtors dnring the appreciation of. losses of workingmen by goods rising sooner than their wages during the depreciation of, and wages falling before goods during the appreciation of. suspension of specie payments. over-issue of irredeemable paper money. distrust of paper money. disturbed value of gold and sUver. resumption of specie payment. changing the measure of the value of money. frand of the finance system. borrowing depreciated money by Gov- ernment and individuals. 62 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF XABOE. Cmrenoy— Continued. demonetization of silver, remonetization of silyer. iasne of greenbacks, refunding act. passage of resamption act in 1875. Bolntion of the labor question turns entirely on the circulation of. Debts- contraction of. contraction of large foreign, prior to 1874. Demand — want of. Depression — prolonged by want of fixed poUoy for return to specie payment. Destitution — caused by sickness. Education — ' lack of. common school, not practical, too exclusively intellectual, indifiference to. defects of system of. want of technical training, want of industrial schools, economic ignorance. Electricity — great utilization of the power o£ Employment — want of. Extravagance — induced by credit, of dress. in Gh>yemment expensea. Fashions — in dress, devotion to. Food- adulteration of. Franchises — Government not receiving enough for. Girls- want of training of, for future duties. Goods — importation of. Immigration — immigration of Chincee. Income tax — repeal of the. Indebtedness — national and other. Indolence — instinctive and widespread. Indulgences— harmfol. I Intemperance. Interest — too high rates of. Invention — the great development of. Knowledge and wealth — lack of material. Labor — inefficiency o£ thriftlessness of. ~ lack of interest of the laborer in his work. lack of combining power o£ too small wages to. una^ustment of. competition of. two many hours of. handicapped by legislation. surplus of, in cities. unjust taxation of, coolie. convict. female. ohUd. cheap imported. want of economy o£ interests of, not identical with those of capital. improvident and misdirected efforts of laboring classes. social differences between the labor^ ing classes and capitalists. neglect of laboring men by the aris- tocracy. Laws — bankrupt. conspiracy. land. navigation. patent. trustee. relative to the goardianship of chil- dren. want of homestead exemption. Legislation — cla«s. faulty. privileged. withholding franchise from women. Machinery — improper use o£ labor-savijig. Miscalculation. Mismanagenunt — flnanoliJ. DEPRESSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1837-86. 63 Monopoly — land. telegraph. news. railToad. interest. invention. National debt — paying tlie, before the development ot the indnstries of the oonntry. Necessaries of life — specTilation in the. Non-prodncert — too many. Panic of 1873. Passes — free. Produce exchange — flnctnationB in. Production — planless. over. Products — competition of, in market. Profits- unequal division o£ Bailroads — speculation in. pools of. trar of rates of. excessive £raight rates of. excessive building of. land grants to. fictitious values in. reformed system of. Reaction. Revenue — faulty collection o£ Sanitary conditions — bad. Speculative era — collapse from. Speculation. Steam — great utilization of the power of. | Stimulation — artificial. Stocks- watered. Systems — monetary. competitive. educational. contract. Government contrast. truck. credit. national banking. political, perversion ^ wage. financial, erroneouB. social, erroneous. Tariff- protective. restrictive. agitation o£ improperly adjusted. unjust discrimination ot changes of. Taxation — indirect. needless. unequaL over, of land. over, of labor. under, of incomes. under, of capital. bonanza farms escaping. capitalists escaping. Telegraph — high rates ot Tobacco. Values — expanded. Wai^ absorption of capital by. destruction of property during. Work- piece. The foregoing cauoes, in their variety, in their contradictory char- acter, and in their extent, show how thorouglily the depression im- pressed itself on men's minds. They also teach the difficnlty of crys- tallizing into any formula those features of an industrial depression which can be considered as constituting any economic law. The industrial depression of 1873-78 was very severe in extent and duration, although, like all other depressions, there was much appre- 64 EEPOET OP THE COMMIS8IONEE OF LAJBOB. hension to be added to the reality. As an instance of this, it was cttr- rently said, and generally believed, although the source of the informa- tion was never given, that there were at least 3,000,000 mechanics out of employment in the United States, and that the state of Massachu- setts alone had at least 300,000 mechanics out of employment. An in- vestigation conducted in June, 1878, and repeated in Noveniber of the same year, through aU the towns and cities of the commonwealth named, showed the number of people out of employment who desired to be employed, and who would have been employed had it not been for the depression, to be about 29,000 (a) instead of 30,000. The absurdity of the statement of 300,000 being out of employment, in consideration of the fact that there were only about 318,000 in the state ordinarily engaged at that time in mechanical industries, stood unchallenged for nearly a year; yet the depression was severe, indeed, and the remark- able industrial activii^ which preceded it extended its influence over into the period of depression in which the country now finds itselC Activity was restored in the latter part of 1878, and contmned, with more or less prosperity accompanying it, until 1882. 188^86. — The depression for this period came in gradually and without the usoal accompainments of financial panics and crises. It is the real period under investigation, and there are so many facts, features, and conditions to be considered, that its elements properly form the subject for a separate chapter. «In Juae Uie number waa 28,608, and in November of the aune year, S3,000. CHAPTER II. THE INDUSIBIAL DEPRESSION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1882-86. The Extent of the Depression.— It is easy, from observation, to understand that an industrial depression exists, but difficult to deter- mine to what extent it prevails. When the agents of the Bureau left their field-work a far different feeling was noticeable from that existing in the summer when they entered upon the collection of information. Prom their observations, and other sources from which it has been possible to form conclusions, it is undoubtedly true that out of the total number of establishments, such as factories, mines, etc., existing in the country, about 5 per cent, were absolutely idle during the year ending July 1, 1885, and that perhaps 5 per cent, more were idle a part of the time ; or, for a just estimate, 7J per cent, of the whole number of such establishments were idle or equivalent to idle during the year named. According to the census of 1880, there were, in round numbers, 255,000 such establishments, employing upwards of 2,250,000 hands. If the percentage stated above is correct, and it is believed to be approxi- mately so, then there were possibly 19,125 establishments idle or equiv- alent to idle, and 168,750 hands out of employment, so far as such establishments were concerned, during the year considered. The per- centage stated, if erroneous at all, is probably too large, because the idle establishments were to a large extent small and poorly equipped. In some industries the percentage of idle establishments would be much greater than the average given, while in other industries the percentage given is much too large. Applying this percentage, how- ever, to the whole number of people employed in aU occupations in the United States, which in 1880 was 17,392,099, there might have been 1,304,407 out of employment; but this is a number evidently too large, because it applies to all occupations — those engaged in agri- culture, professional and personal service, trade and transportation, mechanical and mining industries, and manufactures. The percentage should be applied only to those engaged in agriculture, trade and trans- portation, mechanical and mining industries, and manufactures. There were engaged in these four great branches, as shown by the census of 1880, 13,317,861 persons. Applying the percentage arrived at (7J per cent.), we obtain a total of 998,839 as constituting the best estimate of 12854 J.AB 5 65 66 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the possibly unemployed in the United States during the year ending July 1, 1885 (meaning by the unemployed those who, under prosperous times, would be fully employed, and who during the time mentioned ■were seeking employment), that it has been possible for the Bureau to make. It is probably true that this total (in round numbers 1,000,000), as representing the unemployed at any one time in the United States, is fairly representative, even if the laborers thrown out of employment through the cessation of railroad building be included. This estimate exhibits the extreme possibility of non-employment at the worst point of the depression, but it should be remembered that even in so-called prosperous times there are from two to two and one- half per cent, of the forces considered out of employment. Prosi^erity <*ften shifts employment from one class to another. A miUion of people out of employment, crippling all dependent upon them, means a loss to the consumptive power of the country of at least $1,000,000 per day, or a crippling of the trade of the country of over $300,000,000 per year. The earnings of the people involved in the classes named above would not be far from $600 each per annum, rep- resenting total earnings of $7,990,716,600. Six hundred dollars has been taken as an average income for the number used, because, accord- ing to the best estimates, this constitutes a fair average — $400 as an aver- age for those working for wages, and $1,000 for those who were work- ing on salary. The constituent parts of the total number lead to the conclusion that $600, taking all into consideration, is a fair average. It is also probably nearly true that the potential 1,000,000 out of employ- ment could not earn more than $1 each per day for the subsistence of themselves and families. The wage oarnings, then, of the million that should be fully employed are crippled one-half, or to the extent of over $300,000,000 per annum, a sum sufficient to cause a reaction in business and a general curtailment of expenses, from which result apprehension and timidity among all classes. It is curious to observe, however, that while the severity of the depression causes a crippling to the extent of several hundred millions of doUars per year of the consuming power of the people, the volume of business transacted is not crippled compara- tively to any such extent. The popular idea of the severity of the present depression would lead one to suppose that aU branches of business were severely stagnated, and that failures were the order of the day. An examination of some of the principal commercial and industrial facts available teaches the error of popular opinion in this respect. The following table exhibits the failures in the United States for twenty-nine years ; that is, from 1857 to 1885, inclusive. The figures prior to 1866 are not as trustworthy as one could wish, but since then they are quite complete; at least they are sufficiently so to convey a fair idea of the relative losses by bad debts and disorganized business for the years named. THE EXTENT OF Tbfc DEPRESSION. FATLTTEES IN THE tnraBO STATES, 1857-85.6 67 Tsar*. Nnmber. LlablUtiei). Tear*. NnmTwr. Llalimtlet. AmOTUit. ATeiage. Amauat. Average. 1857 4,932 4,226 3,913 3,676 6,993 1,652 495 520 530 1,505 2,780 2,608 2,799 B,546 2,915 $291,750,000 95,749,000 64,394,000 79,807,000 207,210,000 23, 049, 000 7,899,900 8,579,000 17, 625, 000 63,783,000 96, 606, 000 63,694,000 76, 054, 054 88, 242, 000 85,262,000 $59,^154^- 22, 662+ 16, 456+ 21, 710+ 23, 631+ 13, 952+ 15, 959+ 16,498x 33, 264+ 35, 736+ 34, 771+ 24, 422+ 26, 814+ 24,884+ 29,245+ 1872 4, 0691, $121, 056, 000 6.183 228,499,900 6, 830 155, 239, 000 7, 740 201, 000, 000 9,092 191,117,780 8, 872 190, 669, 936 10,478 234,383,132 6,658 98,149,053 4,735 65,752,000 5, 682 81, 155, 932 6,738 101,547,564 9.184 172,874,172 10,968 226,343,427 10,637 124,220,321 $29,750+ 44,086+ 26, 627+ 25,968+ 21, 020+ 21,401+ 22,369+ 14,741+ 13,886+ 14, 538+ 16, 070+ 18,823+ 20,636+ 11,678+ 1858 1873 1858 1874 I860... 1875 ,--. 1861 1876 1862 1877 1863 1878 1864 1879 1865 1880 1866 1881 1867., 1882 1808 ; 1883 1869 1884 1870 1886 1871 a Throneli the courtesy of B. G. Dun & Co., of New York. The statistics for the years 1862 to 1865, owing to the war, do not comprehend the failures for the Southern states. They are Incomplete also for the years prior to the war, but the table contains the most trustworthy data otherwise obtainable. By the foregoiiig table of failures it will be seen that during the year 1885 there were 10,637, involving $124,220,321 of liabilities, or an aver- . age liability of $11,G78. While the number of failures for 1884 was but little more than the number for 1885, the total amount of liabilities was very nearly double, and the average liability for each failure $20,636. [t will also be observed that the total amount of liabilities for 1885 was (ess than the amount of liabilities for either of the years 1867, 1861, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1883, or 1884. These certainly are very significant facts, when the great increase in the bulk of business transacted is taken into consideration, and they show conclusively that, while there has been widespread depression, the facts as to actual busi- ness disasters, so far as amount is concerned, or even average liability, for the year 1885, present an exceedingly satisfactory exhibit. If from failures we turn to production, we shall find still more grati- fying results. The two tables following show the production of Besse- mer steel ingots and the production of rails, in net tons of 2,000 pounds, for the United States from 1874 to 1885, inclusive : a PKODUOTTON 0* BESSSMBE STBBL INGOTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1874-85. Tons of 2,000 pounds produced In— rsar. Peniuyl- Tllinois. Other States. TotaL 1874 85,625 148,374 258,452 328,699 426,481 614,165 643,894 844,501 933, 631 1,044,396 1,031,484 1,109,034 62,492 136,356 171,963 111, 299 179, 600 250, 980 304, 614 375, 763 397,436 273,325 339,068 366, 659 43, 816 90, 787 95, 581 120, 689 126, 245 163,827 254, 665 318, 893 365, 383 336, 906 170, 043 226,064 191, 933 375, 517 525,996 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 732,226 928 972 1880 1, 203| 173 1,639,157 1,696,450 1,864,627 1, 540, 596 1, 701, 767 1881 1882 1883 1884 .. .. 1885 a The Commercial and JUmjmIbI Chronicle, February 13, 1886, page 200. 68 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. PEODTTCTION OF STBBL AKD lEON BAILS DT THE UOTTED STATES. 1874-86. Tons of 2,000 pounds. Tear. Bessemer ■teeL Open- hearth steel. TotcJ st«eL Iron rails, all kinds. Total lion and steeL Ig74 144,944 290,863 412,461 432,169 650,398 683,964 954,460 1,330,302 1,438,155 1,286,551 1,116,621 1,074,607 144,944 290,863 412,461 432, 169 659,795 698,113 968,075 1,355,519 1,460,920 1,295,740 1,119,291 1,076,007 684,469 601,649 467,168 332,640 322,890 420,160 493,762 488,681 227,874 64,954 25, 560 14,692 729,413 1875 —- -.-.-. 792, 512 1876 879,629 1877 ., 764,709 1878 9,397 9,149 13,616 25,217 22,765 9,186 2,670 1,400 882,685 1879 1,U3,27S 1880 1,461,837 1881 1,844,100 1882 _ _ 1883 1,688,704 1, 360, 604 1884 1,144,851 1885 1,090,609 By the first of the foregoing tables it will be seen that the product of . Bessemer steel ingots for 1885 was larger than for any preceding year, the increase over 1884 alone being 161,162 tons. The table showing the production of rails exhibits a decrease of the total production, but this is owing to the cessation of railroad enterprises. It also shows the in- creasing use to which steel is put, because, by examining these two. tables, we see that there is an increase in the production of steel ingots and a decrease in the production of steel rails. The statistics of railroad building are interesting in this connection. We give the following table of the number of miles of railroad con- structed and in operation in the United States each year from 1830 to 1885, inclusive: MILES OF EAILEOAD IN OPERATION AND MILES BUILT EACH YEAE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1830-85.it Tear. Miles in operation. Increase. Tear. MUesin operation. Inotease. 1830 „ 23 95 229 380 633 1,098 1,273 1,497 1,913 2,302 2,818 3,636 4,026 4,185 4,377 4,633 4,930 6,698 6,996 7,365 9,021 10,982 12,908 15,360 16,720 18,874 22, 016 24,603 1858 26,968 28,789 30,635 31,286 32,120 33,170 33,908 35,085 86,801 39,250 42,229 46,844 62,914 60,293 66,171 70,268 72,385 74,096 76,808 79,088 81,717 86,463 93,349 103, 145 114,713 121,454 125,379 2,466 1,821 1831 72 134 151 253 465 175 224 416 389 616 717 491 159 192 256 297 668 398 1,309 1,656 1,961 1,926 2,452 1,360 1,654 3,642 2,487 1859 1832 I860 1,846 651 1833 1861 1834 1862 _ 1863. — 834 1836 1,050 738 1836 1864 1837 1865 1,177 1 716 1838 1866 1839 1867 2,449 2,979 4,615 1840 1868 1841 1869 1842 1870 1871 6,070 7,379 5,878 4,097 2,U7 1,711 1843 1844 1872 1845 1873 1846 • 1874 1847 1876 1848 1876 2,712 2,280 2,629 1849 1877 1850 1878 1861 1879 4,746 1852 1880 6,876 1858 1881 9,796 1854 1882 11,668 1855 1883.... 6,741 1856 1884 3,825 1857 1885 2; 861 a The statistics of ladliOBd-hnilding as givsn in this table aie from Poor's Mumal, and are appiozi- mately correct. The compiler of that mannal haa found considerable difflcnlty in harmonising stats' menta from year to year, bnt has on the whole been fairly snocessfbl. THE EXTENT OP THE DEPRESSION. 69 It will be noticed by the foregoing table that just previous to the financial panics of 1857, 1873, and 1882 there was an immense increase in the mileage of railroads constructed in the United States, and that, in the years following, there was a very notable decrease in the number of miles bnUt annually. The total production of pig-iron since 1870 and its distribution in each year between furnaces using anthracite coal, bituminous coal, and charcoal as fuel, is shown in the following table: a TEAHLY PEODtTCTION OF PIG-tROlf, ACCOEDING TO FUEL USED IK THB UIOTED STATES, 1870-85. Ymt. Tons of 2,000 ponndB. Anthracite. Charcoal. BltoininonB. TotaL 1870 930,000 956,608 1, 369, 812 1,312,754 1,202,144 908,046 794,678 934,797 1, 092,870 1, 273, 024 1, 807, 651 1,734,462 2,042,138 1, 885, 596 1, 686, 453 1,454,390 365,000 385, 000 500, 587 577,620 576,557 410, 990 308,649 317,843 293, 399 858,873 537, 558 638,838 697,906 571,726 468,418 399,844 670,000 570,000 984, 159 977, 904 910,712 947,545 990,009 1,061,945 1, 191, 092 1,438,978 1,950,205 2,268,264 2,438,078 2,689 650 2,544,742 2,675,635. 1, 866, 000 1, 911, 608 1871 1872 _ 1878 2, 864, 658 2, 868, 278 1874 2, 689, 413 1876 2 266, 581 1876 2, 093, 236 1877 2, 314, 585 1878 2, 577, 361 1879 3, 070, 875 1880 4, 295, 414 1881 4, 641, 564 1882.. , 5, 178, 122 1883 5, 146, 972 1884 4, 589, 613 1886 4, 629, 869 It is interesting to mark the change in prices of pig-iron for a series of years, and this is shown in the next table of prices of No. 1 anthra- citefounderypig-iron in Philadelphia, since 1870: a ATBBAGB MONTHLY PEICES FOE PIG-IEON (NO. 1 ANTHEACITB, AT PHILADELPHIA), 1870-85. Tear. i Price per ton of 2,240 ponndi. Openlag. Highest. Lowest Closing. Arenig*. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 »36i 30i 37 4S| 32 25} 23! 10 25 26 2S 20| 18 $36} Jan. 37i Nov. 53{ Sept. 481 Mar. 32 Jan. 27 Mar. 23i Jan. 20} Jan. 18} Jan. 30{ Deo. 41 Feb. 26 Mar. 26} Oct 25 Jan. 20} Jon. 18} ( ; Oct. {31} Dec. 30} Jan. 37 Jan. se} Deo. 24 Deo. 23} Dec. 21} Deo. 18 Ang. 16} Not. 17} Jan. 23 Jnne. 24 Jnne. 25} Apr. 21 June. Deo. Jnne. 18J $31} 37} 32} 24 18 17 30} 25 26 25} 21 m a The Commercial uidFinanoial Cbioniole, JanuaiySO, 1886. 70 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The total production of coal for the years 1882, 1883, 1884, and 1885 was as follows : PEODUOTION OF BlTUMrUOTJS COAL IN THE UNITED STATES, 1882-88. • Tons prodneed in— state*. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. Pennsylvania 25,000,000 9, 701, 874 », 760, 000 3, 600, 000 8,250,000 1,500,000 2,888,000 1.000,000 2,225,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1, 100, 000 1,283,500 766, 500 481, 800 630,000 300,000 281, 572 136. 000 90, 000 170, 000 547,000 150,000 125, 000 43, 000 185, 000 26,000 10,000 24, 000, 000 10, 101, COO 9, 000, 000 3,903,460 3, 100, 000 2, SCO, 000 2,765,000 2, 260, 000 2, OOO, 000 1, 560, 000 1,334,270 1, 200, 000 1, 100, 000 1,000,000 •100, 000 350, 000 350, 000 307, 000 250, 000 157, 000 300, 000 150, 000 136, 000 125, 000 CO, 000 75,000 32, 000 20,000 24,000,000 10, 508, 790 8, 230, 000 3, 881, 300 2,805,660 2, 250, 000 2, 208, 170 2, 560, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 650, 000 1, OOO, 000 1,000,000 850, 000 700, 000 175,000 225,000 250, 000 260,000 260,000 200, 000 200, 000 75,000 135,000 100, 000 60, 000 50,000 50,000 10,000 22,000,000 9,115,650 Ohio 9,450,000 3,127,100 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,294,300 1,976,470 800,000 1,300,000 Colorado " 948,000 860,000 750, «00 631,000 150,000 100,000 146,400 225,000 Utah Territory 250,000 California - .............-......■■.■■■--■ 200,000 175,000 50,000 130,000 Oregon .. .. 30,000 30, 000 65, 308, 248 68,424,720 65. 081, 820 57,728,820 a For year ending Jnne 39, 1885. b Estimated. If to the above the ofiacial figures of the production of anthracite coal be added, we have the total production of coal: PEODTJCTION Off .ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAl IN THE UNITED STATES, 1882-85. Ton« pTodnoed in— 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. ATlthTft^'it^^, P^^TlPflylTMlf ft 31, 623, 529 65,308,246 30,718,293 68,424,720 31,793,027 65,081,820 29, 120, 196 57,728,920 Total 96, 931, 775 99,143,013 96,874,847 86,849,116 The aggregate production of coal last year was over 2,000,000 tons less than in 1884, larger than the production in 1883, and more than 10,000,000 tons greater than the production in 1882. Iron and coal are the great directing materials which indicate the welfare or the progress of other industries. THE EXTENT OP THE DEPKESSION. 71 In the examiuation of the boot and shoe industry of Massachusetts, the following table becomes instructive: a PKODUOTION Off BOOTS AND SHOES UST MASSACHUSETTS, 1859-85. Tenrg. Cases. Years. Cases. 1859 684,708 648,539 497,777 507,813 568,836 669,263 718, 660 322,750 918, 965 1,010,859 1, 343, 203 1, 350, 201 1, 306, 398 1,431,596 1873 1,336,553 1,390,428 1,449,180 1,521,205 1,758,025 1, 648, 724 1, 959, 577 2,263,890 2,307,731 2,413,531 2. 568, 033 2,487,322 2,633,075 1860 1874 1861 1875 1862 1876 1863... • 1877 1864 1878 1865 1879 1866 1880 1867 1881 1882 . 1868 1869 1883 1884 1870 1871 1885 1872 It is shown by this table that the shipment of boots and shoes from Massachusetts for the year 1885 was larger than for any previous year. If we consult the volume of business done, we shall find figures which indicate that accompanying real depression there is a vast deal of ap- prehension. The following table of imports and exports of merchandise since 1835 is exceedingly interesting and instructive, in showing how the volume of business, so far as commerce is concerned, is preserved: 6 VALTTB or IMPOETS AND BXPOETS OF MEECHANDISE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1835-85. Tenrencltog- Ezports. Domestio. Foreign. Total. Imports. Exports and imparts. Excess of exports. Excess «f imports. Sept. 30— 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. Jtiiie30— 18430. 1844.. 1845.. 1848.. 1847 .. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853 .. 1854.. $100,459,481 108, 570, 942 94, 280, 895 95, 660, 880 101, 625, 533 111, 660, 561 103, 636, 236 91, 799, 242 77, 686, 354 99, 631, 774 98, 455, 330 101,718,042 150, 574, 844 130, 203, 709 131, 710, 081 134, 900, 233 178, 620, 138 154,931,147 189,869,162 215, 328, 300l $14, 756, 321 17, 767, 762 17, 162, 232 9, 417, 690 10, 626, HP 12,008,371 8, 181, 235 8, 078, 753 5, 139, 335 8, 214, 058 7,584,781 7, 865, 206 6, 166, 754 7, 986, 806 8, 641, 091 9,475,493 10, 295, 121 12, 053, 084 13, 820, 120 21, 631, 260 $115, 215, 802 124, 338, 704 HI, 4«, 127 104, 978, 570 112, 251, 673 123, 668, 932 111, 817, 471 99, 877, 995 $136, 764, 295 176, 579, 154 130, 472, 803 95, 970, 288 156, 496, 956 98, 258, 706 122, 957, 544 96, 075, 074 82, 825, 689 105, 745, 832 108, 040, 111 109, 683, 248 166,741,598 188, 190, 515 140, 351, 172 144, 375, 726 188, 916, 259 166, 984, 231 203, 489, 282 236, 959, 560 42, 433, 464 102, 604, 606 113,; 84, 322 117, 914, 065 122, 424, 349 148, 638, 644 141, 206, 199 173, 509, 526 210, 771, 429 207, 440, 398 263, 777, 265 297, 623, 039 $251, 980, 097 300, 917, 858 241,915,930 200, 948, 858 268, 748, 629 221, 927, S38 234, 775, 015 195, 953, 069 125, 208, 219, 227, 279, 286, 281, 317, 399, 374, 467, 534, 259, 350, 224, 497, 165, 829, 657, 885, 686, 424, 266, 582, 25, 410, 226 3, 802, 924 40,392,225 3, 141, 226 34, 317, 249 $21, 548, 493 62, 240, 450 19, 029, 676 44, 245, 38S 'ii,'i46,'67S 7, 144, 211 8, 330, 817 10,448,129 855, 027 29, 133, 800 21, 856, 170 40,466,167 60,287,983 60, 663, 479 a Boston Daily Globe, January 1, 1886. &From the report on the commerce and navigation of the United States, Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington, December 1, 1885. oNine months, from September 30, 1842, to June 30, 1843. 72 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. VALTTE OF IMPOETS AOT) EXPORTS 01" ICBECHANDISB, ETC.— Conolndea Tear ending- Exports. Domestic. Fonign. Total. ImpoTtg. EsportB and imports. Excess of exports. Excess of imports. June 30— 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. $192, 266, 278, 251, 278, 316, 204, 179, 186, W3, 136, 337, 279, 269, 275, 376, 428, 428, 605, 569, 499, 525, 689, 823, 883, 733 804, 724, 751, 135 438, 051 906, 713 351, 033 392, 080 242, 423 899, 616 644, 024 003, 912 604, 027 940, 248 518, 102 786, 809 389, 000 166, 697 616, 473 398, 908 487, 131 033, 439 433, 421 284, 100 582, 247 670, 224 709, 268 340, 790 946, 353 926, 947 239, 732 223, 632 964, 852 682,946 $26, 158, 14, 781, 14,917, 20, 660, 14,509, 17, 333, 14, 654, 11, 026, 17,960, 15, 333, 20, 089, 11, 341, 14, 719, 12, 662, 10,951, 16. 155, 14, 421, 15, 690, 17, 446, 16, 849, 14, 158, 14, 802, 12, 801, 14. 156, 12, 098, 11, 692, 18, 451, 17, 302, 19, 615, 15, 548, 15, 606, $218, 281, 293, 278, 292, 333, 219, 190, 203, 158, 166, 348, 294, 281, 286, 392, 442, 444, 522, 586, 513, 540, 602, 694, 710, 83S, 902, 750, 823, 740, 742, 909.503 219, 423 823, 760 Oil, 274 902, 051 578, 057 533, 833 670, 501 964,447 837, 988 029, 303 859, 522 508, 141 952, 899 117, 697 771, 768 820, 178 177, 586 479, 922 283, 040 442, 711 384, 671 475, 220 865, 766 439, 441 638, 658 377, 346 542, 257 839, 402 513, 609 189,755 $257, 310, 348, 263, 331, 353, 289, 189, 243, 318, 238, 434, 395, 357, 417, 435, 520, 626, 642, 567, 533, 460, 451, 437, 445, 667, 642, 724, 723, 867, 577, 808,708 432, 310 428, 342 338, 654 333, 341 616,119 310, 542 356, 677 835, 815 447, 283 745, 580 812, 066 761, 096 436,440 606, 379 958, 408 223, 684 595, 077 136, 210 406, 342 005, 436 741, 190 323, 126 051, 532 777,775 954, 746 664, 628 639, 574 180, 914 697, 693 527, 829 $476,718,211 691, 651, 733 842,252,102 535, 849, 928 624,235,392 687, 192, 176 608, 864, 376 380,027,178 447, 300, 262 475, 285, 271 404, 774, 883 783, 671, 688 690, 267, 237 839, 389, 339 703,624,076 828, 730, 176 983, 043, 862 1, 070, 772, 663 1, 164, 616, 132 1, 153, 689, 382 1,046,448,147 1, 001, 125, 861 1, 053, 798, 346 1,131,917,298 1, 156, 217, 216 1, 503, 593, 404 1, 545, 041, 974 1,475,181,831 1, 547, 020, 316 1, 408, 211, 302 1,319,717,084 $8,672,620 $38,899,205 29, 212, 887 64, 604, 582 1,313,824 38,431,290 20,040,062 «9,758,70J 13,876,698 39, 371, 368 167,609,295 72,716,277 85,952,544 101,254,955 76, 483, 641 131, 388, 682 43, 186, 640 77,403,606 182,417,491 119,658,288 79,643,481 151, 152, 094 257, 814, 234 264, 661, 866 167,683,912 259, 712, 718 25, 902, 683 100,658,488 72,815,916 164, 682, 426 19,662,72! With here and there a year showing a sudden fall either in exports or imports, the general tendency, as shown by the table, is upward. It shows a great temporary increase of imports prior to periods of depres- sion and a falling off in subsequent periods, but always with a reacting tendency ; and, so far as steadiness is concerned, the commerce of the United States compares quite favorably with that of the United King- dom and of France, as shown by the following table, by which the per cent, of increase since 1860 is seen to be for Great Britain 83, for France 80, and for the United States 106. THE EXTENT OP TEE DEPRESSION. 73 VALITB or mPOKTS AND EXPOETS FOB THE UNITED KINGDOM, iKANCB, AND TH^ UNITED STATES, 1860-84. Tearn^o Imports and eiportg. United Kingdom. France. United States. jgM ♦1,825,191,648 1,835,242,420 1, 907, 108, 888 2, 169, 589, 984 2,372,768,096 2, 384, 117, 140 2,699,664,619 2,438,046,743 2,542,610,289 2,591,290,882 2,663,620,718 2,890,903,111 3, 257, 003, 082 3, 320, 374, 685 3,249,623,447 3,190,243,331 3, 075, 293, 695 3,147,486,288 2,989,270,011 2, 977, 204, 200 3, 395, 084, 677 3, 377, 863, 266 3, 602, 324, 287 8, 663, 877, 370 3,338,351,609 $1, 129, 962, 368 1,118,438,496 1, 158, 051, 806 1,316,446,648 1,426,685,276 1,482,121,774 1, 681, 826, 626 1,650,466,900 1,553,211,606 1,657,727,718 1,353,587,776 1, 407, 669, 190 1,802,201,212 1, 829, 550, 942 1, 776, 194, 636 1, 804, 264, 608 1, 840, 763, 368 1, 740, 396, 662 $687,192,178 608, 864, 376 380, 027, 178 447,300,262 476, 286, 271 404,774,883 783, 671, 688 690, 267, 237 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 639, 389, 339 703, 624, 076 828,730,176 963, 043, 862 1, 070, 772, 663 1, 164, 616, 132 1869 1870 1871 1872 ™ 1873 1374 1, 153, 689, 382 1875 1 046 448, 147 1876 1, 001, 125, 861 1877 1.0.53.798.346 1878 _ 1,791,008,262 i 1,131,917,298 1, 917, 186, 874 1. 156. 217. 216 1880 ..., 2,087,786,898 2, 086, 784, 399 2,087,903,694 2, 033, 885, 644 (6) 1, 503, 593, 404 1, 545, 041, 974 1882 1, 476, 181, 831 1, 547, 020, 316 1884 1,408,211,302 «Tlie oommeTClal year of Great Britain and Erasoe Is tlie calendar year. That of the United States ends J'nne 30. &No data. Tho decrease of imports or of exports, as shown by the tables giren, is observed through prices. A true way of measuring the volume of business would be through the quantities, by units, for the different ar- ticles imported and exported. This, of course, would involve much space, and it is impossible to present such data; but, bearing in mind that there has been a great decline in prices, the values given in the foregoing tables indicate that there has not been any great decline in the volume of business itself. This decline in prices of the leading do- mestic commodities, as given by Mr. Switzler, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, in his annual report for 1885, is exhibited in the following table, relating to the average currency prices in New York, from 1847 to 1884, inclusive : 74 REPORT (XiP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. AVEEAGE CirKKEXCY PKICES OF COTTON AND COTTON GOODS tN NEW TOEK, 1847-84. Middling cotton per ponnd. Price per yard. Tean. Standard Bheetings. Standard drillings. Bleached sheetings. Standard prints. 641)764 pnnt cloths. 1847 |0. 1121 .0803 .0755 .1234 .1214 .0950 .1102 .1097 .1039 .1030 .1351 .1223 .1208 .1100 .1301 .3129 .6721 1.0150 .8338 .4320 .3159 .2485 .2901 .2398 .1695 .2219 .2014 .1795 .1546 .1298 .1182 .1122 .1084 .1151 .1203 .1156 .1188 .1088 $0. 0828 .0678 .0601 .0787 .0708 .0696 .0792 .0796 .0764 .0750 .0890 .0825 .0850 .0873 .1000 .1855 .3604 .5207 .3804 .2431 .1828 .1679 .1619 .1458 .1300 .1427 .1331 .1142 .1041 .0885 .0840 .0780 .0797 .0851 .0851 .0845 .0832 .0728 .■f 0. 0834 .0683 .0690 .0797 .0775 .0770 .0793 .0784 .0777 .0810 .0904 .0870 .0882 .0892 .0958 .1894 .3341 .5302 .3733 .2514 .1879 .1649 .1649 .1498 .1364 .1514 .1413 .1175 .1112 .0871 .0846 .0765 .0757 .0851 $0.1496 .1421 .1421 .1486 .1475 .1450 .1450 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1542 .1550 .1533 .2100 .3533 .4835 .4958 .4590 .3521 .2665 .2479 .2250 .2083 .2066 .1941 .1804 .1512 .1358 .1246 .1100 .1162 .1274 .1274 .1295 .1293 .1046 $0. 1183 .1017 .0933 .1062 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1056 .0980 .0950 .1010 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0971 .1440 .2124 .3325 .2900 .2115 .1658 .1383 .1400 .1241 .1162 .1200 .1137 .0975 .0871 .0706 .0677 .0609 .0625 .0741 .0700 .0650 .0600 .0600 $0.0601 1848 .0435 1849 .0458 1850 .0519 1851 .0459 1852 .0470 1853 .0615 1854 .0581 1855 .0511 1356 .0536 1857 .0598 1858 .0560 1S59 .0567 1860 .0544 1861 .. .0633 1862 .0981 1863 . . ........ .1520 .2342 1865 .4024 .1413 1667 .0912 .0313 18S9 .0830 .0714 1871 .0741 .0788 1873 .0669 1874 .0557 1875 .0533 1878 .0410 1877 .0438 1878 .0344 1879 .0393 1880 .0451 1881". .0395 .0376 1883. .0360 1884 .0336 The decline of prices in other matters is more accurately demonstrated in the following table relating to articles of domestic product, the ex- port price in currency being given for the years indicated : EXPOKT PEICB IN CmtKKNCT OF DOMESTIC PEODUCTS, 1855-85. Tear ending Jnne 30— Pi "3 1 i a o Pi ! i Pi " Pi ■a f4 ID P. 1! i 1 i n M Pi I i A .2 10.3 lb) (6 8,9 (ft .658 1.142 5.640 23.3 21. !1 26.4 7.7 8.4 4.f 6.3 16.6 8.0 lb) lb) 10.0 (ft .667 1.297 6.461 58.4 28.8 17.8 8.6 10.2 6.5 fi.« 19.1 10.0 lb) (ft) 11.2 (ft .820 1.330 7.193 82.4 35.2 52.5 11. il 11.6 8.4 8.6 29.3 11.8 lb) 9.1 14.4 (ft 1.810 1.950 10.414 76.4 40.2 74.2 22. S 20.5 10.8 9.0 33.8 22.0 lb) 9.8 20.1 W .860 1.410 8.427 42.7 29.5 54.2 16.7 19.8 1.5.8 14.7 33.3 16. fl 31.1 9.(1 16.4 16.4 l.OOU 1.27« 9.84E 30.1 34. C 35. S 12.ij 14. fl 1.3.2 12.2 24.1 1,6.1 3,6. f 8.5 10.4 10. tl L18C 1.91C 10.05E 19.2 24. a 29.4 12. fl 14. fl 11.4 11.8 28.1 13,7 29.9 8,4 14.2 11.1 .971 1.390 7.731 25.0 (6) 35.6 16.4 17. f 14.1 8.8 36. f 16.1 (ft) 8.( 13.6 11.3 .925 1.289 6.112 23.6 28.5 30.6 15.7 16.6 1,1.2 7. J 29. f 1.6.6 ,19.6 S.S 12.( 11,3 .75t 1.3ie 8.694 14. ii 25. S 25.7 11.4 13.2 11. C 8.'! 21.6 13,8 28.6 fi,« 13. S 9,2 .696 1.47S 7.141 19.3 23.7 24. £ 8.6 10.1 7.5 7.f 19.4 11,7 20.4 5.( 12. ( 10.8 .617 1.3121 7.565 18.8 25.3 23.61 8.8 9.2 7.i 7.1 21.1 13. ( 26.5 5.i U,e' 10,0 ■ In olndin eSea Islan d. tlTa data. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1850. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1886. 1867. 1868. 1869, 1870 1871 1872 1873 THE EXTENT OP THE DEPKESSIUN. 75 BXPOET PEICE TS CtTEEENCT OF DOMESTIC PEODTJCTS, 1855-86— Concluded. h (^ cs O till II u u u u Year indiiig Jnne P< 1 p. 1 1 Pi 1- P4 1 1 § Pi 1 I-) <0 Pi la 11 1 1 1 ID •4 Pi Q< SSi s p J U n 1 Si ^ S d m CO o B eta. OtK. Ots. ots. OtK. Ots. ots. Ote. Otj>. Ots. Ots. Ots. Ots. 1874 $0,719 $1,428 $7,146 15.4 25.2 17.3 9.6 9.4 8.2 8.2 2,5.0 13.1 22.0 fi.fi 10.4 9. a 1875 .847 1.124 6.001 15.0 2«.0 M.l 11.4 13.7 10.1 8.7 23.7 13.5 25.fi 6.9 10.8 11.3 1876 .672 1.242 6.20* 12.9 26.3 14.4 12.1 13.3 10.6 a. 7 23.9 12.6 28.0 .5.4 10.7 10.4 1877 .687 1.16G 6.478 11.8 2.1.9 21.1 10.8 10.9 9.2 7.5 20. « 11. f 25.9 6.2 11. B 10.2 1878 .562 1.33S 6.368 11.1 21.8 14.4 8.7 8.H 6.8 7.7 18.0 11.4 15.8 4.7 10.2 8.7 1879 .471 1.068 5.252 9.9 20.4 10.9 7.0 7.0 5.7 6. a 14.2 8.! 15.5 4.2 8.5 7.8 1880 .543 1.243 5.878 31.5 23. 3 8.7 6.7 7.4 6.2 6.4 17.1 K5 16.5 4.3 9.0 7.6 1881 .652 1.113 5.fifiE 11.2 22.6 10.3 R2 9.3 7.7 6.5 19.8 11.1 17.2 4.7 9.2 8.3 1882 .668 1.185 6.14S 11.4 20.9 B.l 10.0 11.6 9.0 8.5 19.4 11.0 19.8 4.8 9.7 8.5 1883 .684 1.127 6.956 10.8 23.fi 8.8 11.2 11. fl 10.0 9.0 18.5 11.2 20.9 4.0 9.2 8.3 1884 .611 1.066 5. 586 10.6 20.6 9.8 10.2 9.5 7.9 7.6 18.2 10.3 21.2 4.5 7.1 9.1 1885..- .640 .862 4.897 10.6 19.8 8.7 9.? 7.9 6.3 7.5 16.8 9.3 21.6 4.0 6.4 9.9 alnclndjng Sea Islands The statistics of savings banks offer indicative but not conclusive evi- dence in the same direction. These statistics are those reported from some fifteen states and territories by the Comptroller of the Currency. They are not full and complete, yet as far as they go they show the con- stant progress of deposits and the constant increase in the number of depositors : EXHIBIT OB- SAVHSrGS BANKS TS THE XmiTED STATES, 1871-85. Tear». Nnmber of de- positors. AmOTmt of de- posits. Average to each deposi- itor. 1873-74 2,188,619 2, 396, 182 2,414,952 2,395,314 2,400,785 2,268,707 2,335,682 2,528,749 2, 710, 354 2,876,438 3, 015, 151 3,071,495 $769, 954, 175 849,681,633 892,785,653 866, 218, 308 879,897,425 802,490,298 819, 106, 973 891,961,142 966,797,081 1,024,856,787 1, 073, 294, 965 1,095,172,147 $347 23 1874-75 364 5S 1875-76 389 69 187ft-77 361 63 1877-73 - - 366 60 1878-79 353 72 1879-80 350 71 1880-81 ---.- - - 352 73 1881-82 356 70 1882-83 _ 1883-84 ' . - .- - - 356 29 355 96 1884-85 358 56 The foregoing tables are sufficient to indicate two things: That while, as shown, the extent of the existing industrial depression involves a crippling of the wage-receivers of the country, and a consequent crip- pling of the consuming power of the people, the volume of business has been fairly well preserved — at least not reduced to any such extent as is indicated by the crippling of the consuming power — and that prices have constantly fallen. Along with these two features there has been a constant diminishing of profits until many industries have been con- ducted with little or no margin to those managing them, and a great low- ering of wages in general. Some industries, of course, have been badly crippled temporarily, experiencing a few months of severe stagnation until a temporary removal of the glut in the market brought them up again ; but, on the whole, the volume of business of the country during the depressed period has been fairly satisfactory. 76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. With these statements indicating the extent of the depression and the inflnence it has had upon the basiness of the country, it is well to consider as fully as possible the causes which are alleged as having produced the depression. Alleg-ed Causes of the Present Depression.— In seaifching, whether in Europe or America, for the causes of the industrial disease which has affected the manufacturing world since 1882, it is interesting to note how fully trade, profession, or calling influences opinions given. Bankers and merchants are likely to give as the absolute cause of de- pressions some financial or commercial reasons ; clergymen and moral- ists largely incline to assert that social and moral influences, united with providential causes, produce the industrial difficulties which aflflict nations ; manufacturers incline to give industrial conditions, labor leg- islation, labor agitation, the demands of the workingmen, over-produc- tion, and various features of the industrial system, as causes; while the workingmen attribute industrial diseases to combinations of capi- tal, long hours of labor, low wages, machinery, and kindred causes. The politician feels that changes in administration, the non-enactment of laws that he desires, tariffs or the absence of tariffs, are the chief influencing causes of industrial disturbances. The fact that, as a rule, one's opinion can be foreseen by knowing his calling in Ufe, vitiates to a large extent the value of causes alleged; yet when all classes unite upon a few prominent reasons, and those reasons can be illustrated by facts, it becomes possible to consider the alleged causes of industrial depressions with a fair degree of intelligence and with conclusions that have sufficient soundness in them to indicate partial remedial agencies. The agents of the Bureau, in searching for information as to the origin, course, and progress of industrial depressions, gathered the suggestions of those men most experienced in the chief Knes of business of the coun- tries involved in this investigation. These alleged causes are classified and shown in the following alphabetical list : CAUSES OF SKPBESSIONS AS GATHERED BT AGBNTS OF THE BTTBEAX7. Acts that staitle money-lenders, causing them to withdraw fands and re- fuse loans. Administration — change of. Agricultural products — low prices for. Apprentice system — abolition of the. Banks — failure of. fear of adyerse legislation relatiye to. too liberal lending by. Banking system — erroneous. Business — lack of comprehension of details of. Capital — absorption of, by corporations. aggressiyenesB of. attitude of, versus labor. concentration of, in banking and dis- counting centres, instead of geo- graphical ones. concentration of small interests in larger ones. dead, invested in railroads. farming on borrowed, presence of foreign. relation between, and labor lost. syndicates and pools formed by oap- italists and mannfaotnrersto con- trol labor. timidity of. ALLEGED CAUSES OF THE PRESENT DEPEESSION. 77 Capital ~ Concluded. too mnch, invested in mannfaotnres. too mnch, invested in railroads. Caste — absence of. CMldien— employment of. Competition. Confidence — want of. Congress — unfavorable and leckless legislation in. Comeis. Corporations — creation of large. monopoly of. natural resources of the country in the hands of. Credits- extended commercial. Credit system. Crops — small. Currency — agitation of the sUver question. coinage of the silver dollar. contraction of the. decrease of gold. dishonest. distrust of the silver dollar. faulty financial system. inflation of the. not iucreased in proportion to the uses. over-issue of paper money. scarcity of. uncertain value of the silver dollar. uncertainty of the future monetary standard. unequal value of gold and silver. ■want of, to pay the debts of the coun- try -when due. Demand — decrease of home. Democratic party in power. Depressions are mental diseases. Economy — enforced, of the laboring people. increased public and private. want of, by the working people. Emigration — lack of, to the public lands. Education — too much, and iudiscriminate. Elections — presidential. Enterprises — investments ta unproductive. Goods- inattention to quality manufactured. under- valuation of, ai custom houses. Government — want of confidence in. Idleness — , enforced. Immigration — too much, of the poorer class. Immorality. Importation of what should be manufact- ured at home. Industries — establishment of, before required. Industrial system — erroneous. Industrial plants — enlargement of. Interest — high rates of, charged the producing classes. Labor — attitude of, versus capital. concentration of, in cities. foreign contract. inadequate means for distributing the proceeds of. prison. surplus of. unequal distribution of wages among different classes of. Land-^ cultivating too many acres of, with too little labor. Laws — natural. labor. Living — extravagant. false manner of. variation in the cost of. Machinery — labor-saving. Margins — deahng in. Markets — manipulation of, by speculators. want of foreign. want of, for home products. 78 KEPOEl' OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. Manufaottires — efforts of manufacturers to supply the inordinate fancy and demand of the public for splendid articles. increase of. Monopoly — land. Over-production. Party policy- Exaggerating the effects of. Paupers — importation of. PoUtioal campaigns- reaction after. Political distrust. Prices — inflation of. reduction of, to cost of production. Production — uneven. variation in the cost of. want of adjustment bet-ween, and con- sumption. Prosperity — reaction from. Eailroads — decreased building of. overbuilding of. tqp much capital invested in. Eents — higher. Eepublican party — • extravagance of. Securities — selling valueless. Speculation — engaging in, rather than productive industries. Steel- introduction of Bessemer. Strikes. Tariff- abuse of system of, among importort. discussions of the. discussions on the, in Congress, excessive, fear of Congressional action relative to the. high, protective, legislation on the. low rate of. mode of collecting duties on imported machinery, protective policy of the. reduction of the. revisions of the. unequal duties of the, ui^ust. want of proper construction of the. want of proper protection. Taxation — enormous, unequal. Tonnage duties — manner of determining. Trading- the overdoing of. TrafiBo— liquor. TJnder-consumption. Wages — reduction of. variation in the rates ol Wage system — failure of the. War. Wealth- consolidation of. The foregoing list, under analysis, is easily classified into three great divisions : First, leading or direct causes, such as over-production, cost of production, influence of machinery, crippling of the consumptive power, etc. ; second, contributory causes, such as transportation, distri- bution, exchanges, commercial systems, etc. ; and third, remote, indirect, and trivial causes. Such classification would relate to the influence of alleged causes or of their importance relative to their results. A sec- ond classification might be made, involving simply character of causes, as : First, providential, involving those causes which come from natural phenomena — floods, disasters, earthquakes, etc. ; second, social and moral causes, such as speculative ideas, lack of integrity, lack of con- fidence in government, etc. ; third, political, such as political changes, discussion of commercial systems, legislation, etc. ; fourth, commercial and mercantile, g'^oh as railroad-building, improvements, systems of PALLING PRICES. 7^ taxation, traffic, etc.; fifth, financial, snch as banking systems, credit, currency, interest, etc. ; sixth, industrial and mechanical, involving over- production, displacement of labor by machinery, wages, variation in wages, cost of production, hours of labor, etc. The long list of causes given above wiU readily shape itself in any one's mind in accordance with these two classifications. It i s not necessary that the power and in- fluence of what are denominated providential causes be discussed, nor is it necessary that those which might be classed under remote, indirect, and trivial should be allowed to take up any time or space, but to those which are leading and to some of those which are contributory, and which occupy the largest place in men's minds, and especially to those causes regarding the influence of which the Bureau has been able to col- lect any illustrating facts, not only time but space should be given. Falling Prices. — One of the chief positive causes, as alleged, which produce depressed periods is a fall in prices. It matters not what causes the fall. It may arise from a lack of demand or from too great a supply, or it may be the result of a general tendency or of improved methods of production ; but whatever the cause, the first influence of a fall in prices is an apprehension of loss. Dr. Eobert Giffen (a), chief statistician of the British Board of Trade, in a very able discussion of the influence of low prices upon depressions, comes to the conclusion that it is clearly unnecessary to assign any other cause for the gloom of the last few years, and he cites that just before the beginning of the existing depression, the first symptoms of which were discernable in England about the end of 1882 or the beginning of 1883, there had been a period of prosperity and rising prices, though for a comparatively short time. The period of depression which had lasted from 1873 to 1879 suddenly came to an end ; there was a general boom in the produce markets and a recovery of tone in business, which con- tinued for two or three years ; but at the end of 1882 prices began to fall, production and foreign trade feU off, and since then there has been in Great Britain a steady outcry from the market-place about depres- sion, which has been echoed and re-echoed in political circles, and, as Dr. Giffen says, in a somewhat "unintelligent manner, with more than usual emphasis laid on the assumption, so common at such times, that depression is itself an uncommon and bewildering phenomenon, in- stead of being the most natural thing in the world, and that the pres- ent depression is the worst on record and the beginning of the end of British industrial greatness." Dr. Giffen's language might be used as American entirely and not be out of place ; but in quoting so emi- nent an authority, who backs up his statements with so many facts, it IS not necessary to quote the facts themselves, so far as the cause al- leged is concerned. Along with low prices there must be, of course, re- duced wages, low interest, and small profits. Low prices work to the a "Trade Depressi >n and Low Prices," in the Contemporary Review, June, 188£. 80 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. great advantage of those living on invested funds at permanent rates of interest, because one dollar in a depressed period to such parties has a purchasing power enhanced to the degree of the low prices. It is during such periods that fixed capital is tempted to become active. Surrendered estates are bought at low figures, properties are secured at bargains, and while the parties securing the great bargains are apt to utter the loudest complaints, and thereby keep up the apprehensive features of the depression, they contribute toward the restoration of business activity; so, while low prices may be regarded as one of the chief and one of the leading causes, if not the leading cause, of indus- trial depressions, the influence of the cause is sure to react upon itself and bring about an activity through example, the effect of which is felt in various directions. Machinery awd ©Ter-production. — Machinery— and the word is used in its largest and most comprehensive sense — has been most potent in bringing the mechanically-producing nations of the world to their present industrial position, which position constitutes an epoch in their industrial development. The rapid development and adaptation of machinery in all the activities belonging to produc- tion and transportation have brought what is commonly called over-pro- duction, so that machinery and over-production are two causes so closely allied that it is quite difficult to discuss the one without taking the other into consideration. That labor-saving machinery, so called, but which more properly should be called labor-making or labor-assisting ma- chinery, displaces labor temporarily cannot successfully be denied. All men of sound minds admit the permanent good effects of machinery; but the permanent good effects of it do not prevent the temporary dis- placement of labor, which displacement, so far as the labor displaced is concerned, assists in crippling the consuming power of the community. A few illustrations relative to the displacement of labor by the intro- duction of machinery, if of no value in themselves, are of historic value in preserving the growth of industrial systems and the changes which come with them, and are therefore given in this chapter. It has been very difficult to gather positive information illustrating points so thoroughly apparent ; yet the Bureau has been able, and from original sources largely, to bring together a mass of facts relating to the tem- porary displacement of labor and to conditions of industry and of society which would exist without the presence of power machinery. These illustrations show positively the influence of inventions in bring- ing about industrial depression. In the manufacture of agricultural implements new machinery dur- ing the past fifteen or twenty years has, in the opinion of some of the best manufacturers of such implements, displaced fuUy 50 per cent, of the muscular labor formerly employed ; as, for instance, hammers and dies have done away with the most particular labor on a plow. The MACHINERY AND OVER-PRODUCTION. 81 proprietors of an extensive establishment in one of the Western Statea has furnished the Bureau with the following table: DISPLACEMENT OF MUSCXTLAK LABOK BT MACHrNEBY HT THE MANTrFACTtTRB 01" ageicultheal tuplbments. Department. Nnmber of empl03r6» Keqnlred witlimar chinery. That would be regtiired witnont moohineiy. Displaced by ma- chinery. Proportion. Sneine Bouer Foundry Wood working getting np Blacksmiths Uachlnists Erecting room PaintShop Tenmsters Pattern making Draft room Toolroom Shipping and stock Lumber Bolt and nnt -... Belt Watch 60 70 110 60 SO 45 45 35 30 10 5 15 10 30 10 5 7 . 3 540 210 165 30O 50 90 405 70 30 20 40 150 10 30 10 5 14 480 140 55 240 45 360 35 10 35 135 1 to Ito 1 to Ito Ito Ito 1 to Ito Ito ltd Ito 1 to 1 to 1 to 1 to Ito 1 to 1 to li 5 1 2 9 2 1 2 8 10 1 1 I I 2 3 600 2,145 1,545 1 to 3. 57 By this table it is shown that in the establishment cited 600 employes are doing the work which under former conditions would have required 2,145 employes, a displacement of 1,545. In the manufacture of small-arms, where 1 man, by manual labor, was formerly able to "turn" and "fit" 1 stock for a musket in 1 day of 10 hours, 3 men now, by a division of labor and the use of power machinery, will turn out and fit from 125 to 150 stocks in 10 hours. By this it is seen that 1 man individually turns out and fits the equivalent of 42 to 50 stocks in 10 hours as against 1 stock in the same length of time by manual labor, a displacement of 44 to 49 men in this one operation. In brick-making improved devices displace 10 per cent, of the labor, while in manufacturing fire-brick 40 per cent, has been displaced, and yet in some concerns, in manufacturing various kinds of bricks, no dis- placement has occurred. The manufacture .of boots and shoes offers some very wonderful facts in this connection. In one large and long-established manufactory in one of the Eastern states the proprietors testify that it would require 500 persons working by hand processes to make as many women's boots and shoes as 100 persons now make with the aid of machinery, a dis- placement of 80 per cent. In another class of the same industry the num- ber of men required to produce a given quantity of boots and shoes has been reduced one-half. In another locality, and on another quality of boots, being entirely for women's wear, where formerly a first-class work- 12854 LAB 6 82 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. mau could turn out 6 pairs iu one week, he will now turn out 18 pairs. A well-known firm, engaged in manufacturing boots and shoes in the West states that in the grade of goods manufactured by it, it would take 120 persons working by hand to produce the amount of work done in its factory by 60 employes, and the hand-work would not compare in workmanship and appearance, as expressed by the concern, by 50 per cent. Goodyear's sewing machine for turned shoes, with 1 man, wiU sew 250 pairs in 1 day. It would require 8 men working by hand to sew the same number. By the use of King's heel-shaver or trimmer 1 man will trim 300 jDairs of shoes a day, where it formerly took 3 men to do the same. One man, with the McKay machine, can handle 300 pairs of shoes per day, while, without the machine, he could handle but 5 pairs in the same time. In nailing on heels, by the use of machinery, 1 man and a boy can heel 300 pairs of shoes per day. It would require 5 men to do this by hand. In finishing the bottoms of shoes, 1 man with a sand- papering machine can handle 300 pairs, while it would require 4 men to do the same by hand. A large Philadelphia firm, engaged in the man- ufacture of boys' and children's shoes, states — and the foreman of the establishment corroborates the evidence — that the introduction of new machinery within the past thirty years has displaced about six times the amount of hand labor required, and that the cost of the product has been reduced one-half. On another grade of goods, manufactured in Maine, the facts collected by the agents of the Bureau show that 1 mau can now do the work which twenty years ago required 10 men. The broom industry has felt the iniiueuce of machinery, the broom sewing machine facilitating the work to such extent that each machine displaces 3 men. One large broom-manufacturing concern, in 1879, em- ployed 17 skilled men to manufacture 500 dozen brooms ppr week. In 1885, with 9 men and the use of machinery, the firm turned out 1,200 dozen brooms weekly. Thus, while the force is reduced in this one es- tablishment nearly one-half, the quantity of brooms sewed is much more than doubled. In the construction of carriages and wagons, a foreman of fifty years' experience testifies that the length of time it took a giveu number of skilled workmen, working entirely by hand, to produce a carriage of a certain style and quality was equal to 35 days of one man's labor, while now 1 man produces substantially the same style of carriage in 12 days. In the manufacture of carpets, some of the leading manufacturers in the country, and men of the largest experience, consider that the im- provement in machinery in the past thirty years, taking weaving, spin- ning, and all the processes together, have displaced from ten to twenty times the number of persons now necessary. In spinning alone it would take by the old methods from seventy-five to one hundred times the number of operatives now employed to turn out the same amount of work, while in weaving there would be required at least ten times the present number. A carpet-measuring machine has been invented which MACUINEKY AND OVER-PRODUCTION. 83 brashes and measures the product at the same time. By the use of this device 1 operator will accomplish what formerly required 15 meu. In the manufacture of clothing, where all catting was formerly done by hand, much of it is now done by the use of dies. In cutting out hats and caps, a man working improved cutters is able to cut out a great many thicknesses at once, and he does six times the amount of work with such a machine as could formerly be done by 1 man in the old way. The same is true to a certain extent in cutting out garments. On the whole, in an establishment for the manufacture of hats of a me- dium grade, 1 man does the work now of 3 formerly, and the product is far superior to that produced in the olden times. In the manufacture of some kinds of hats, especially soft and stiff hats, experienced men consider that there has been a displacement in the proportion of 9 to 1. The cotton goods industry offers, perhaps, as striking an illustration as any of the apparent displacement of labor, a Delaware house consid- ering that tJie displacement has been 17 per cent, outside of motive power. By a hand-loom a weaver used to weave from 60 to 80 picks per minute in weaving a cloth of good quality, with 20 threads of twist to each one-quarter square inch. A power-loom now weaves 180 picks per minute of the same kind of cloth. Even in power machinery, a weaver formerly tended but 1 loom. Now 1 weaver minds all the way from 2 to 10 looms, according to the grade of goods. In a large establishment in New Hampshire, improved machinery, even within ten years, has reduced muscular labor 50 per cent, in the production of the same quality of goods. In another line of goods manufactured in the same state machinery has' displaced labor to the amount of one-third the number of operatives formerly required. In the days of the single- spindle hand-wheel, 1 spinner,- working 56 hours, could spin 5 hanks of number 32 twist. In England, at the present time, with 1 pair of self- acting mules, having 2,124= spindles, 1 spinner, having the assistance of 2 boys, will produce 55,098 hanks of number 32 twist in the same time, when the mules are running at the moderate rate of 3 stretches in 45| seconds. It is quite generally agreed that there has been a displace- ment, taking all processes of cotton manufacture into consideration, in the proportion of 3 to 1. The average number of spindles per operative in the cotton mills of this country in 1831 was 25.2. It is now about 72, an increase of 185 per cent. Along with this increase of the number of spindles per operative there has been an increase of product per oper- ative of 145 per cent., so far as spinning is concerned. In the olden time in this country a fair adult hand-loom weaver wove from 42 to 48 yards of common shirting per week. A weaver, tending 6 power looms in a cotton factory of to-day, would produce 1,500 yards a week. In the manufacture of flour there has been a displacement of nearly three-fourths of the manual labor necessary to produce the same prod- uct. 84 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. In the manufacture of furniture from one-half to three-fourths Duly of the old number of persons is now required. In the glass industry no particularimprovements have been mad© by which labor has been displaced to any material extent. What improve- ments have been introduced increase the product in some features slightly, and have improved the quality. In the manufacture of glass jars and some kinds of bottles the introduction of machinery has, how ever, caused a displacement in the proportion of 6 to 1, and in polish- ing plate glass there has been a large displacement, and also in the grinding department of plate glass manufacture. In leather-making, in some grades of morocco, there has been an ap- parent displacement of perhaps 5 per cent., and in the manufacture of patent leather nearly 50 per cent. In the lumber business, 12 co-laborers with a Bucker machine, will dress 12,000 staves. The same number of men, by hand processes, would dress but 2,500. In many departments of lumber manufacturing there has been much displacement of labor. A saving of about 25 per cent, is made in the manufacture of ma- chines and machinery over the hand methods. By the introduction of screw-cutting and boring machines in brass-finishing shops, a given number of hands will secure 40 per cent, greater production, A pneu- matic moulding machine has reduced the number of employes for a given quantity of product. In the production of metals and metallic goods, long-established firms testify that machinery has decreased manual labor 33^ per cent, A great saving has been made in the production of pig-iron during the last half century, Pittsburgh producers placing the saving at 20 per cent, over the simple country furnace. By the use of improvements and in- ventions during the past ten or fifteen years in hammers used in the manufacture of steel, there has been a displacement of employes in the proportion of nearly lO to 1. A first-class journeyman can make from 600 to 1,000 two-pound tin cans per day by hand process. By the use of machinery he can make from 2,000 to 2,500 per day. In making lard paUs, a machine is in use by which 1 man, with 1 boy as tender, can produce as much as was formerly produced by 10 skilled men. In 1876, certain kinds of tinware were made by the old processes by the gross, a skilled workman making a gross in about one and a half days. By the use of improved machinery the workman can now turn out five times as much product in the same time. In the manufacture of bread- boxes, what was done in 1876 by 13 men and women working together, is now accomplished by 3 men. One boy, running a planing-machine in turning wood-work for mu- sical instruments and materials, does the work of 25 men. In the man- ufacture of sounding-boards, 15 men can turn out 5,000 boards pei month, or 278 per day, where a good man formerly could make but 4 in a (? ay by the old method. MACHINERy AND OVER-PEODDCTION. 85 A mining company in Missouri have 100 miners, getting out 200 tons of coal per day. They have 2 machines, which, with 14 men, mine 40 tons per day. If 100 men without machines get out 200 tons per day, 1 man will get out 2 tons per day, or 52 tons per month. If 14 men with 2 machines get out 40 tons p«r day, 1 man with machine will get out 2?^ tons per day, or 74? tons per month. Therefore, 1 man with a ma- chine gets out 22f- tons per month more than the man without a machine. This, worked out fully, shows that the machine displaces 6 men, on the basis of the employment of 100 miners without machines and 14 miners with machines. In a phosphate mine in South Carolina 10 men accom- plish with machinery what 100 men handle without in tlie same time. In the Hocking Valley mining coal by machines is experimental at present. In one place, however, mining machines, employing about 160 men, produce in a month's work about the same amount of coal that 600 men will produce by hand, working the same nximber of days. The oil industry in Pennsylvania has been affected a good deal by in- ventions. In the early days of petroleum every barrel of the liquid had to be hauled from the wells to the railroads, sometimes a distance of ten or fifteen mUes. The railroads then carried it to distant parts of the country or to the seaboard to be refined and shipped abroad, the cost of all this transportation being from $1 to $3 per barrel. All this work is now done by the National Transit Company, controlled by the Standard Oil Company. When a well is completed, the pipe line's agent connects the well in a few minutes with the main line's tanks. The pro- ducer or the owner of the well pays nothing'for having his oil transported through the pipe lines, but pays 50 cents per day storage for every 1,000 barrels he has in the tanks of the company, and the consumer or refiner pays 20 cents per barrel upon the receipt of the oil for transportation, so far as Pittsburgh and vicinity are concerned, while the receiver for New York and distant places pays something more. Some of the pro- ducing territory is quite remote, and 10 barrels per day would be a very liberal average to allow for a team of horses to transport to the rail- roads. On this basis the pipe lines displace 5,700 teams of horses and double that number of men in handling the oil, the production of the country being placed at 57,000 barrels per day. It is very difficult to get at the exact displacement of labor in the manufacture of paper, but a machine now used for drying and cutting, run by 4 men and 6 girls, will do the work formerly done by 100 per- sons, and do it very much better. This is the testimony of one of the leading houses, while another states that the apparent displacement by machinery is illustrated by the fact that 6 men can now produce as much per day on a given sample as 100 men could produce in 1800 of an approximate grade. A well-known firm in New Hampshire states that by tlie aid of machinery it produces three times the quantity, with the same number of employes, that it did twenty years ago. In the manufacture of wall-paper the best evidence puts the displacement . 00300 ' . 16000 I .70000 ! .2S000 $125. OOOOO, I . 83000 3. 50000 1. 12000 27.20 50.60 ')a57 35.71 52.80 30.12 51.43 44.64 20.00 19.28 20.00 19.65 65000 99083 56250 37000 51417 90417 07583 67583 50000 75000 50000 25000 75000 25000 25000 25000 25000 OOOOO 75000 75000 5000O 15000 BOOTS AND SHOES. I $0. 05000 34500 19166 14000 30834 24167 26917 21667 25000 25000 25000 35000 30000 45000 35000 50000 5500O 25000 25000 30000 33333 15000 $2. 15000 20.93 2. 71000 17.50 2. 15666 laeo 2.21000 31.67 3.41334 17.31 2. 67084 19.66 2. 89834 19.09 2.39500 20.98 2. 5U000 30.00 2. 80000 2a 57 2. 50000 30.00 3. 85000 32.47 2. 97000 30.98 4. 95000 45.45 3. 60000 27.78 5.75000 52.17 6. 85000 37.19 3. OOOOO 25.00 2. 75000 27.27 2. 97000 30.98 2. 25000 ia52 2.05000 36.58 76.74 7a 46 72.45 61.99 73.66 71.29 71.62 69.97 60.00 62.50 60.00 58 44 5a 92 45.46 62.50 39.13 53.72 66.67 63.64 6a92 66.67 56.10 2.33 9.04 a 89 a34 9.03 9.06 9.29 9.05 10.00 a 93 10.00 9.09 10.10 9.09 9.72 a 70 a 09 a 33 9.09 10.10 14.81 7.32 94 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Co:.tinued. KOTS. — ^The utablishiueiit zmmbers correspond to those in the table on ^age 2S5, Appendix A, show^ ing number of employds and wages, except as noted below. See explanaticn of table, page 01. BOOTS AND SHOES— Continued. State. Deftoiiption of unit. One pair men'e medium grade machine-sewed domeatic calf button boots. One pair men's first-clasa machine-sewed domeatic calf button boots . One pair men's first-clasa hand-aewed domeatic calf button boots One pair men'a machine-sewed calf button boots One pair men's hand-sewed calf button boots .' One pair men'e machino-sewed kip laced boots One pair men's first-clasa machine aewed Erench calf button boots... One pair men'e first-class hand-aewed French calf button boots One pair men's first-class hand-aewed French calf button boots One pair men's hand-aewed Congress boota One pairmen'a McKay machine-aewed Congress boots One i)air men's McKay machine-sewed Congress boots Oae pair men's hand-sewed calf button boots One pair meij's G-oodyear machine-sewed calf button boots Ouepair men's hand-sewed French calf shoes One ])air men's band-sewed slippers Oao pair women's common Cura^oa kid button boota One pair women's common Cura9oakid button boots One pair women's medium grade Cura9oa kid button boots One pair women's medium-grade Cura9oa kid button boota One pair women's medium-grade Cura^oa kid button boots One pair women's medium-grade Cura9oa kid button boots , One pair women's medium-grade Cura9oa kid button boota , One pair women's medium-grado Curaage 295, Appendix A, show Ing namber of employ6s and wages, except as noted below. See expla^oation of table, page 91. BOOTS AND SHOES— Conctaded. Amount of unit cost. Per cent, of nnlt cost. Estab lish- ment No. Labor. Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. Total 1 1 Ljibor. 1 Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. to. 04500 . 06750 . 067.50 .13100 $0.05500 .08500 .06500 . 35SS0 $0. 00750 . 03000 $0. 10750 . 18250 . 14000 . 68391) 41.86 51.16 36.99 ! 46.58 48.21 1 46.43 19. 15 51. 98 6.98 16.43 5.36 28.87 31 32 .00760 . 19740 31 69 BEICKS. $6.80090 3. 45000 3. 50000 $0. 25000 .45000 1. 00000 $7.05000 ao. 4.'i 88. '16 77,78 3.55 11.54 22.22 74 1 3.90000 a59S .... j 4. 50000 a599 CARPET rN-GS. $0.14000 . 06100 .48100 . 14000 . 14700 7 36000 .05020 .05000 $0.43000 . 13250 . 80000 .48000 .4(1020 . 53210 . 2fl980 .07000 $0.05000 . 01000 .37000 $0. 62000 . 20850 1. 65100 . 62000 . 56820 .94110 . 26000 . 12000 22.58 29.26 29.13 22.58 25.87 37.19 19.31 41.67 69.36 63.55 48.46 77.42 72.19 56.54 80.69 58.33 8.06 4.79 22.41 84 $0. 00500 2.40 95 94 89 .00700 .05000 .00400 .00900 1.24 5.31 .70 .96 91 91 0600 0601 CAEKIAGES AND -WAGONS. $119. 00000 68. 50000 91. 00000 83. 00000 96. 70000 94. 00000 75. 00000 58. 00000 70. 00000 21. 50000 16. 50000 18. 60000 97. 20000 135. OOOOO 77. 50000 115. 50000 81. OOOOO 58. 18000 75. OOOOO 21, 25000 120. OOOOO 113. OOOOO 99. OOOOO 75. OOOOO 120. OOUOO 84. OOOOO 80. OOOOO 17. 60000 284. OOOOO 237. OOOOO 339. 15000 320. OOOOO 183. 60000 188. OOOOO 24. OOOOO 8. 75000 41.00000 IS. OOOOO 339. OOOOO $112. 76. 120. 110. 107. 105. 103. 76. 80. 73. 71. 74. 121. 140. 92. 124. 110. 88. 85. 84. 122. 110. 133. 72. 114. 106. 50000 50000 60000 OOOOO 85000 OOOOO OOOOO 476. 503. 312. 429. 37. 18. 30. 33. 300. OOOOO, OOOOO OOOOO 30000 01000 OOOOO OOOOO 65000 OOOOO 82000 OOOOO 85000 60000 OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO 50000 OOOOO OOOOO 98000 OOOOO 84000 OOOOO 50000 OOOOO OOOOO 80000 OOOOO $15. OOOOO 21. 90000 10. OOOOO 20. OOOOO 40. 84000 15. OOOOO 15. OOOOO 30. 57000 22. 50000 8. 50000 4. 50000 12. 26000 43. 64000 25.00000 19. OOOOO 48. 03000 15. OOOOO 36. 70000 24. OOOOO 14. OOOOO 25. OOOOO 25. OOOOO 18. OOOOO 21. 15000 48. 80000 15. OOOOO 24. OOOOO 4. OOOOO 100. OOOOO 115. OOOOO 180. 42O0O 118. OOOOO 86. 06000 50. OOOOO 2.00000 1. 25000 10. OOOOO 4. OOCOO 90. OOOOO $246. 50000 48.27 166. 9OO00 41.04 221. 60000 41.06 213. OOOOO 38.97 245. 39000 39.40 214. OOOOO 43.93 193. OOOOO 38.86 1C5..25000 35.10 172. 50000 40.58 10?. OOOOO 20.87 91. OOOOO 17.03 105. 16000 17.69 261.85000 37.12 300. OOOOO 45.00 188. 50000 41.11 288. 18000 40.08 206. OOOOO 39.32 183.70000 31.67 184. OOOOO 40.76 120. 10000 17.69 267. 60000 44.84 248. OOOOO 45.56 250. OOOOO 39.60 168.15000 44.60 282.80000 42.43 205.00000 40.97 184.00000 43.48 58. OOOOO 30.17 860. OOOOO 33.02 855. OOOOO 27.72 782. 65000 43.34 867. OOOOO 36.91 516. 40000 35.53 500. OlfDOO 37.60 63. 60000 37.79 28. OOOOO 31.25 81. OOOOO 50:62 52.80000 28.41 725. OOOOO 46.21 45.64 45.84 54 42 51.04 43.95 49.07 53.37 46.40 46.38 70.88 78.02 70.65 46.21 46.67 48.81 43.25 53.40 48.35 46.20 70.65 45.82 44.36 53.20 42.82 40.31 51.71 43.48 62.93 55.35 58.83 39.99 49.48 47.80 52.40 59.06 64.29 37.04 64.01 41.38 6.09 13.12 4.52 9.39 16.65 7.00 I 7.77 1 18. 50 .1 13.04 i 8.25 4.95 11.66 16.67 8.33 10.08 16.67 7.28 19.98 13.04 11.66 9.34 10.08 7.20 12.58 17.26 7.32 13.04 6.90 11.63 13.45 16.67 13.61 16.67 10.00 3.15 4.46 12.34 7.58 12.41 12854 LAB- 98 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. Note.— The estabUshment nnmbera correspond to those In the table on page 295, Appondii A, abow tag number of employfia and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of taole, page »j . CLOCKS AJSTD WATCHBS. Estati- lish. mont No. State. DenRTiptioB «f n»lt. 108 ' Illinoifl i One ftvera-gw watr.h-nioTeraftnt. 109 ' Ohio ! One average watoh-TOOTojnent. CLOTHING. 0608 a60! noted below. See explanafion of table, page 91. CLOCKS AND WATOHES. A.nioiuit of unit rxMt. Labor Mat«rJaln. ti. leoofi 4. 12000 fO. 93500 1.87000 Admlnifl. tration. Per ceDt. of unit oopit. Adminis- tration. to. 55000 1. 60000 $,■>. 64500 7. 49000 73.70 55.01 16.56 24.96 CLOTHTNO. Other, EsTifb ' liah- I ment i No. 9.74 20.03 «2. 06000 ; 2.63000 ; 2.53000 ; 2. 40000 ' 2.02600 i 1.50000 I 1.60000 i 1. 62000 2. 57600 2. 65000 2. 63000 2. 75000 2. 45000 1. 75000 1. 80000 1. 60000 3. 80000 3. 08000 3. 10000 3. 10000 2. 87600 2. 65000 2. 46000 2. 17000 1. 70000 1. 67000 1. 76000 1. 47600 1. 27000 1. 21000 1. 35000 2.45000 L 86000 1.73000 2. 00000 1. 67500 1. 53000 1. 50000 1. 60000 1.25000 1. 60000 1.50000 3. 00000 2.53000 2. 63000 2. 40000 2. 27600 1. 80000 1. 66000 1. 60000 3. 80000 3. 08000 3. 08000 3.46000 3. 02600 2. 45000 2. 40000 2. 30000 2.45000 2. 20000 a. 00000 1. 36009 1. 32000 1.30000 1.200«i) »6 00000 6. 87000 a. 87000 8. 22000 7. 67000 7. 80000 7. 65000 7. 40000 8. 2.^000 9 41000 9. 25000 11.31000 10.66000 10. 10000 10. 10000 9.90000 16. 50000 12. 86000 12. 75000 14. 94000 14. 56500 13. 80000 13. 80000 13. 60000 4. 13000 4. 13000 5.50000 4. 89000 4. 20000 4. 30000 4. 20000 6. 4.5000 6. 42000 6. 1000« 7. 45000 6. 95000 6. 43000 6. 80000 6. 50000 6. 05000 6. 30000 6. 80000 11. 26000 6. 67000 6. 60000 8. 02000 7. 77000 6. 86000 5. 86000 e. 88000 14. 60000 10. 72000 10. 65000 13. 44000 12. 84000 11. 56000 11. 65000 10. 30000 11. 55000 8. 00000 11. 25000 a. 47600 2. 42600 S. 12600 2. 75500 f 0.35000 I .10000 ; .30000 .30000 .69000 .48000 .36000 . 10000 .30000 t .39000 .84000 ■ 1. 06O00 .35000 . lOOOO . 10000 . 64000 1. 00000 1. 50000 .10000 .25000 . 31000 . 22000 . 33000 . 35000 . 20000 .10000 . 21000 . 60000 . 59000 .29000 .63000 .76000 . 35000 . 10000 .26000 .25000 .42000 .68000 .36000 . 10000 0. 30000 L 06000 1. 33000 1. 56000 . 50000 . 50000 1. 09000 . 10000 .20000 $8. 41000 9.60000 9. 40000 10. 62000 9. 99500 9.60000 9. 84000 9. 50000 11.17500 12. 16000 11. 88000 14. 06000 13. 31000 12. 24000 12. 74000 12. 64000 19. 66000 16. 04000 15. 86000 18. 04000 17. 64000 16. 99000 17. 2S000 17. 17000 5. 93000 6. 80000 7. 2.5000 6.61.500 5. 78000 6. 73000 5. 88000 0. 25000 8. 47000 7. 83000 9. 46000 8. 72600 8. 19000 8. 80000 8. 69000 7. 69000 8. 53000 8. 05000 14. (iOOOO 9. 30000 9. 13000 10. 42000 10. 29500 8. 91000 7. 93000 9. 16000 18. 65000 13. 90000 13. 73000 16. 80000 16. 16500 16. 06000 15. 28000 14. 15000 14. 50000 10. 70000 15. 340O0 3. 92500 3. 74600 4. 42500 4. 16600 34.50 27.40 26.91 22.60 20.26 16. 82 16.26 17.06 23.04 21.79 22. 14 19.66 18.40 14.30 14.13 13.37 19.34 19.20 19. .56 17.18 16. 39 16.01 14.20 12.64 28.67 28.79 24.14 22.30 2i; 97 21.12 22.96 26. 49 21.84 22.10 21.16 19.20 18.68 17.05 18.41 16.47 18.76 18.63 20.66 27.20 27.71 23.13 22.10 20.20 20.80 17.47 20.38 22.16 22.43 20.43 18.71 16.27 15.71 18.25 16.89 20.56 19.65 34.39 35.24 29. 38 , 28.88 I 71.34 71.56 73.09 77.40 76.74 81.26 77.74 77.90 73.83 77.39 77.86 80.44 79.34 82.61 79.28 78.32 78. 88 80.18 80.44 82.82 83.04 81.22 80.00 78.62 69,64 71.21 75.86 73.92 I 72. 67 i 75. 04 1 71.43 ! 69.73 ! 75. 80 ! 77.90 78.84 79.66 78.76 77.27 74.80 79.71 73.86 72.05 77.06 71.72 72.29 76.97 76.47 77.00 73.90 76.11 77.74 77.13 77.57 79.57 79.43 76.69 75.59 72.79 79.66 74.77 73.34 68.06 64.76 70.62 ««.31 4. 10 1.04 3.00 : 3.13 ' &00 6.05 ' 1.13 I .82 2.26 3.19 6.69 8.31 1.78 .62 .67 3.77 5.80 8.74 1.69 3.78 i 5.36 i 3.84 i 6.61 I 3.78 ' 2.36 1 1.14 2.66 .5.68 6.79 3.82 7.39 9.32 2.40 1.08 2.43 2.80 5.30 7.42 1.88 .71 1.86 7.04 8.70 10.96 3.46 4.67 7.11 2.56 4.81 100 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. N loTE. — The establishment nmnbers oorreepond to those in the table on page 295, Appendix J :^number of employfia and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. A, shoTT- CLOTHT?^00 62500 62.000 621)00 . 83200 . 75000 .66000 .34680 .31200 .40000 .39000 . 60000 .29000 . 83140 .65000 1.22250 .20126 Oth«r $0. 07000 .06000 .06000 . 03500 .05000 $1. 57000 .63260 .66200 1.42500 1.39500 1. 2000,0 2.58000 .18000 '.mobo .03000 .10000 . 16000 . 06700 .24000 . 26000 . 22000 . 46100 . 19600 . 33250 .29000 . L'9000 . 29000 .47500 .47500 .87500 . 42500 .41260 .35000 .37500 . 50000 . 19800 . 20000 .OSIOOO . 10300 . 35000 .40000 .40000 .00000 .20000 .15000 .15251 .r7000 .25000 .19000 . 83500 .44000 .40000 .41000 .44000 . 22500 . 35O0O . 20000 . 35000 . 41200 .44000 . 17000 . 07000 .08800 . 10000 . 20000 .10000 1. 29280 . 511000 . 61 GOO . 12000 Per cent, of tinlt cost. Total. . 80500 1. 13200 .64000 .66000 . 62000 1. 18500 1. 11000 1. 12750 .86000 .82000 .86000 1. 04500 .87500 . 77500 . 92500 .81250 .75000 .87500 1. 00000 . 87528 .94000 . 47450 .49700 .75000 .80000 .80000 .90000 L 71800 1. 20000 1. 30250 L620O0 L525O0 1. 570OO 1. 56500 1. 00000 .96000 . 97(100 1. OOOOO .85000 . 97500 . 82500 . 97500 1. 04400 1. 35000 2. 30000 1.07940 1. 09S00 1. 92500 1. 08500 1. 90000 2. 87000 2. 124;.'0 I . 25000 1.98250 . 32126 Labor. Materials. Admmis- tiation. Other. ment No. 37,89 5,92 37,50 39.40 36,48 38,90 17,57 20,62 33, 72 35,37 33,72 45,45 54,29 48.39 45,95 60.77 46.67 42.86 50.00 22.62 21.28 18.97 20.72 46.67 50.00 50.00 55.56 1L65 12.50 11.71 53.70 16.39 12.10 66.55 44.00 41.67 42.27 44.00 26.47 35.90 24.24 35.90 39.46 32.69 7.39 6.49 8.00 5.19 10.07 5.26 a683 94.08 62:5» 60.60 64.52 61.10 82.43 79.38 58.14 57.31 !)9. 30 54.55 45.71 51.61 54.05 49.23 53.33 57.14 50.00 77.38 78.72 31.03 78.28 53.33 ,50.00 50. 80 44.44 79.62 87.50 72.83 4«.3(i 81.31 84.71 43.45 56.00 58.33 57.73 56,00 73.53 84.10 75.76 64.10 60.64 65.56 24.35 32.13 28.57 20.78 10.66 3L58 10.10 39.14 52,00 61,66 62.65 1 150 CIG86 «C87 a088 a689 151 152 8.14 7.32 6.98 135 136 137 aWt ami aC92 a693 a694 161 a695 a690 131 a697 163 a698 159 a6Li9 153 160 8.73 155 133 15.36 134 a700 2.30 3.19 o701 a703 a703 a704 162 a705 163 164 165 a706 o707 a708 1L8S a709 68.26 58.60 60.62 74. 0» 70.28 63.16 89.90 ana 2.78 Z7S 153 154 a711 a712 166 a713 60.86 40.00 30.78 37.35 139 8.00 7.56 157 156 132 1 » Mining only ; other labor aside from miiiuis itidudocl in oolnmo headed Othei;, • Prmluftion for ia»3 wh.n th» pri,-. „f »in.i.a ..-racxl 80 coU per ton (188S, (188S, 40 oents per ton). 104 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Contiuned. Hon.— The establiBhineiitnnm'berii correspond to those in the table on page 295, Appendix A, shov- ing nmnber of employis and yngen, except as rotwl below. See explanation of tabu COOKING AND HEATING APPAKATUS. bfo, page 91. Estab lish. mont No. 175 176 176 ^76 176 176 178 178 190 175 178 178 176 a623 185 j a62'l I 188 ■ 184 i mi ; 191 I 172 I 0625 ! 186 j 179 ! 180 i ^8l 183 182 0626 167 171 169 178 174 168 170 187 a623 185 o624 188 0627 191 189 a6^8 a625 186 Sute. Tllinola . ..do . o629 0630 0630 Description of nnit. One square cooking range fbase ontside, oven shelves, back exten- sion, shelf at top, out reed, tin-lined oven doors, nickel trimmings and panels, polished edges, oast-ironasb-pan.andniokel towel-rack, weiring 260 ponnds). One ooolting range (low closet, incased enameled reservoir, out feed, tin-lined oven doors, nickel trimmings and panels, polished edges, and nickel towel-rack, weighing 300 pounds). ..do One cooking range (incased enameled reservoir and base, cut feed, tin-lined oven doors, oven shelves, nickel panels and trimmings, poUshed edges, and nickel towel-rack, weighing 3C0 ponnds). Kentucky (5ne cooking stove (foor holes, and weighing 326jponnda) do One cooking stove (medinm grade, four hole. No. 7, weighing 258 pounds). do One cooking stove (common, four hole. No. 7, weighmg 175 ponnds) . . . do One cooking stove (common, four hole, No. 6, weighing 135 pounds) . - . Michigan One cooking stove (first class, full trimmed, weighing 360 pouuds) . . . do One cooking stove (medium grade, weighing 300 pounds) Pennsylvania--- One cooking stove (weighing 250 ponnds) Illinois One base-burning heating stove (nickel railings, highly polished edges, and brass um). Michigan One tiase-bnming heating stove (first class, nickel trimmings, and weighing 390 pounds). do One base-burning heating stove (weighing 305 ponnds) , illiuois One common heating stove (sliding door, grate, register, and foot railg) do One ton first-class, fight base-burning heating stoves Ohio One ton first-class heating stoves do One ton first-class heating stoves , .. do One ton flrBt-olass heating stoves do '- One ton first-class heating stoves . . ,do One ton first-clayj heating stoves "West "Virginia One ton common heating stoves Illinois One ton medium grade, light heating stoves do One ton heating stoves Ohio One ton heating stoves New York One ton first-class cooking and heating stoves — do One ton flrst-class cooking and heating stoves do One ton first-class cooking and heating stoves do On© ton first-class cooking and beating stoves do - One ton first-class cooking and heating stoves -. Ohio One ton first-class cooking and heating stoves- — ^ ...-. Ulinois One ton medium grade cooking and heating stoves do .-- - One ton, run of foundery, light cooking ana heating stoves do — — One ton, run of foundery, cooking and heating stoves ......... do One ton cooking and heating stoves . . ..do One ton cooking and heating stoves do One ton cooking and heating st.ove8 ...— - do One ton cooking and heating stoves Ohio One ton cooking and heating stoves Illinois — One ton first-class cooking staves Ohio One ton first-class cooking stoves do i One ton first-class cooking stoves do One ton first-cla^s cooking stoves do One ton first-class cooking stoves West Virginia One ton first-class cooking stoves Ohio - One ton medium grade cooking stoves do ' One ton common cooking stoves Illinois One ton cooking stoves — -.- Ohio One ton cooking stoves — COTTON HOODS. France .-.do-. Georgia .. -do .- One yard sliooting (31^ inches wide, 56 by 64, meaanring 2,58 yaitU to the pound). - One yard sheeting (3H iuches wide, 64 by 64, measnring 8.125 ywds to the pound). One yur(I sheeting (36 inches wide, 40 by 40, measuring 3.24 yards to the pound). One yard fllientiiig (36 iuches wide, 44 by 42. measuring 2.21 yards to thtj pound). aThe wat£es of employfts In this esthhlishuifMit wer« not reported; therefore the number will not W fbond in the waee table, Appendii A. VARIATION IN THE COST OP PRODUCTION. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. 105 KOTE. — The estabUshment nmnbers correspond to those in the table on page 2£'5, Appendix A^ show, ins nmnber of employ<)B and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. COOKINO AND HBATIN& APPAEATUS. Anionnt of unit cost. Labor. Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. Total. Per cent, of unit cost. Labor. Materials. AdminiS' tration. Other. $3.70000 5.24000 S. 50000 3. 89000 2. 58000 1. 38000 1.20000 4. 38000 3. 98000 4. 05000 4. 44000 6.74000 5. 12000 2. 25000 56. 40000 36. 5000O 37. 50000 33. 00000 35. 00000 31. 00000 30. 00000 42. 00000 30. 63000 49. 50000 43. 29684 42. 00000 36. 28131 53. 31465 42. 14340 40. 00000 30. 00000 20. OOOOO 46. OUOOO 35. OOOOO 30. OOOOO 37. OOOOO 37. OOOOO 35. OOOOO 33. 50000 31. 50000 34. 50000 33. OOOOO 30.00000 35. OOOOO 31. OOOOO 24. OOOOO 31. 36000 40. 34000 10. 00950 . 00960 .00864 . 01266 $3.60000 5. 50000 6. 50000 3.74000 2. 96000 1. 80000 1. 40000 5. 56000 4. T2000 i. 63000 4. 70000 11. 56000 6. 69000 2. 65000 33. 60000 33. 50000 36. OOOOO 28. OOOOO 38. OOOOO 36. 50000 23. OOOOO 30. OOOOO 34. 60000 24. 50000 29. OOOOO 25. 50000 30. OOOOO «1. 43000 «1. 80000 2.00000 2.00000 1. 63000 1.29000 . 87000 . 67000 3. 04000 1. 77000 .85000 1.60C00 3. 74000 6. 54000 4.63304 3. 06000 4. 91303 40. OOOOO 20. OOOOO 18. 50000 40. OOOOO 25. OOOOO 30. OOOOO 30. OOOOO 27. OOOOO 31. 65000 34. OOOOO 29.00000 29. OOOOO 27. OOOOO 29. OOOOO 26.00000 31. OOOOO 17. 80000 29. 35000 24.50000 41000 40000 OOOOO OOOOO 50000 OOOOO OOOOO 86000 OOOOO OOOOO 85000 OOOOO 38808 88000 70000 95233 88351 OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO 15000 50000 OOOOO 50000 OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO 06000 80000 10000 OOOOO ^9. 10000 14. OOOOO 9. 26000 6. 83000 4. 05000 3. 27000 11. 96000 10. 47000 10. 960O0 10. 74000 22. 03000 14. 22000 6. 30000 120. OOOOO 96. OOOOO 99. OOOOO 90. OOOOO 95. OOOOO 81. 36000 71. OOOOO 90. OOOOO 85. 07000 80. OOOOO B2. 22492 75. 01304 75. 04131 Ml. 18001 647. 02691 100. OOOOO 70. OOOOO 50. 50000 110. OOOOO 82. OOOOO 79. OOOOO 79. OOOOO 80. OOOOO 74. 80000 90. OOOOO 86. SOOOO 89. OOOOO 89. OOOOO 81. OOOOO 80. OOOOO 70. 06000 53. 60000 72. 81000 70. 84000 41.13 39.29 42.01 37.78 34.07 36.70 38.45 38.01 36.95 41.34 30.59 36.00 35.71 47.00 38.02 37.88 36.67 36.84 38.10 42.26 46.67 43.04 61.87 32.66 55.99 48.36 87.14 89.62 40.00 42.86 39.61 41.82 42.68 37.97 40.84 41.11 46.79 37.22 36.42 38.76 37.08 37.04 43.75 44.25 44.78 43.07 56.95 COTTON GOODS. $0. 04801 .03581 . 15248 $0.00044 .00065 *0. 00847 .00847 . 00415 .00605 $0. 06598 14.40 .07143 13.30 .04904 17.62 .07184 17.62 40.39 43.34 44.i!< 42.81 46.49 45.08 42.24 43.76 52.43 47.05 42.07 28.00 34.90 36.36 31.11 40.00 44.86 32.39 33.33 40.68 30.63 35.27 33.99 39.98 40.00 28.57 38.63 36.36 30.49 37.97 37.07 30.00 42.-31 37.78 33.53 32.59 30.34 35.80 32.50 44.25 33.21 40.31 34.59 72.76 74.84 73.02 73. Of 13.05 7.95 6.19 4.08 8.03 8.54 19.78 15.70 14.29 17.60 18.88 21.48 20.49 17.06 16.91 7.76 14.90 16.98 16.95 22.22 25.00 27.08 25.76 32.22 23.16 17.04 25.35 20.00 16.28 7.50 4.12 3.83 7.58 4.83 10.38 20.00 28.57 23.76 . 21. 82 18.29 24.06 15.19 28.89 10.90 25.00 30.05 28.65 32.58 27.16 23.75 11.50 22.01 16.62 8.46 12.84 11.86 8.46 8.42 kMnt tuolndinc matarinl 106 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continuea. Note.— Tbe eBiablishxnent numbers correspond to those in the table on page 295, Appeui^x A, show ing number of employes and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. COTTON GOODS— Continoed. Bstab- Ush- men! No. StAt«. Deseripcion of onit. One yard sheeting (36 incites wide, 44 by 42, meaaDxlzig 3.08 yards to the pound). One yard aheetbig CM inches wide, 44 by 4S, meaeuring 4.5 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting {36 inches wide, 44 by 48, measuriBg 4.08 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 44 by 48, measuring 4.08 yards to tbe pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 48 by 44, measuring 2.99 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 48 by 44, measuring 3.01 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 44 by 44, measuring 4 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 48 by 40, measuring 3.12 yards to the pound). i One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 46 by 46, measuring 4.5 yards to the pound) . One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 50 by 50, measuring 4. 01 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 50 by 50, measuring 3.6 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 incnes wide, 52 by 52, measuring 3.93 yat^ to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, 56 by 64, mfesuring 3.86 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (40 inches wide, 48 by 48, measuring 2.49 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (40 incheH wide, 56 by 56, measuring 3.18 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (40^ inches wide, 88 by 96, measuring 2 88 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, No. 22 yam, measuring 3.6 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (39 inches wide. No. 22 yam, measuring 3 33 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (40 laches wide, No. 31 yam, measuring 3 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (48 mohes wide, Na 22 yam, meaaurinj; 2.777 yards to the pound). One yartl sheeting (58 inches wide, No. 22 yam, measuring 2.5 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (77 inches wide, No. 22 yam, moaauring 1.75 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (86 inches wide, No. 22 yam, measuring 1.538 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (96 inches wide, No. 22 yam, measuring 1.35 yards to tilt) poxmd). One yjiril sheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 3.29 yards to t he pound) . One yard sheeting (31 J Inches wide, measuring 3.31 yards to the pound) One yard aheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 3.75 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, moasurtng 3.4 yards to the pound) . One yard aheetlog (40 inches wide, meaauring 3.80 yards to tlio pound) One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 2.84 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 2.84 yards to the pound) One yard sheeting {40 inches wide, measuring 3.5 yards to the pound) - One yard sheeting (40 inches wid e, measuring 3.5 "yards to the pound) .. One yiird sheotin;; (40 inches wide, measuring 3.5 yards to the pound)-. One yard sheeting (40 inches wide, measuring 3.5 yards to the pound) -- One yard sheeting (36 inohea wide, mejisuring2.85 yards to the pound). One yard sheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 2.85 yards to the pound). One y:ii d sheeting (36 inches wide, measiulng 3 yards to the pound) . ... Onis ymd sheeting (36 inches wide, measuring 3 vards to the pound) . - - . One yard aheetiiit; (36 inches wide, measuring 4 yards to the pound) . ... One yard print cloth (26 inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 7 yards to the pound, One yard print cloth (28 inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 7 yards to the pound. One yard print cloth (28 inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 7 yards to the pound. The wages of employfis in this eutablishment were not reported; therefore the number will n«t b* round in the wage table. A»p«ndix A. a631 Georgia New York Virginia ....do South Carolina . ...do Virginia South Carolina . North Carolina . Georgia .. do Maine France Georgia --.do New York ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alabama ...do Georgia ...do Maine Maryland Massachusetts. . ...do ...do ...do ...do Now Hampshire South Carolina. _ North Carolina . South Carolina. . . do ConneLitiout Maine ...do VARIATION IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION. COST OF PRODUCTION— Coutinnen. 107 ^otE.—ThjB eataWsbment nambers correspond to those in the taUe im wge 295, Appendix I., show- ing nambei of employes and wages, except a» noted below. . See explanation of table, page 91. COTTON GOODS— Continned. Ajuoant of nnlt coet. Labor. ^^^^■•A^iStl other. $0. 00909 . 00914 .ooaes .00842 .00989 .00979 .00964 .00949 t. 01690 .00755 .00933 .01380 .00331 .01126 .00882 . 03434 .01M5 .02100 .02600 .02520 .02800 .04*00 .04550 .85180 . 01114 . 91049 . 00613 . 00676 . 02010 . 01640 . 01296 .02474 . 02229 . 03497 .03572 .G1269 . 00816 . 00937 .00794 . 00883 .00972 .00960 .01110 $0.03770 j $0.00046 -|- .02644 ; .02801 ' . 02893 I .03981 I .03954 i I . 03090 I .03814 I . 02460, ! . 03109 .03463 .035.^2 .04574 .0*667 . 03659 .04«30 .03490 .03770 .04660 .04524 .05026 .07180 .08188 .0929S .03687 . 03575 . 02925 . 03285 . 03390 . 04094 . 04317 . 03969 . 03820 . 04043 . 03963 . 04300 . 04010 . 04101 . 04132 . 01929 . 03010 . 01740 . 00088 . 00124 . 00124 . 00087 .00087 .00084 .00290 .00072 .00080 .00057 .00045 .00220 .00108 .00110 .00130 . 00133 .00146 .00209 .00283 .00271 .00074 . 00073 .00104 . 60114 .00500 .00946 to. 00427 .00585 .00445 . 00291 . 00470 .00466 .00759 .00449 .00580 .00305 .00340 .00145 .00741 .00541 .00433 .00350 .06908 .00980 . 01310 . 01176 .01307 .01867 .02123 .02417 .00271 . 00370 . 00294 .00324 . 00740 . 00106 . 00614 . 00462 . 00314 . 00318 .00449 . 00300 . 00275 . 00414 . 00255 .0U4U . 00381 .00110 . 00150 Total. to. 05153 . 04211 . 04223 . 01150 .05527 .05486 . 04803 .05296 .05020 .04241 . 04816 .04897 .06146 .0€391 .05009 ,06451 .06960 .08600 .08352 .09279 .132Se .15124 . 17167 .05046 . 04907 .031 . 04399 . 06140 . 06340 . 06227 .069W . 06363 . 06858 . 06984 . 05915 . 05101 . 05548 . 05181 . 04105 .03412 . 03080 .03000 Per cent, of nnit coat Labor. Matenals. Adminis- tration. Other. 17. 65 73.17 .89 8.39 21. 71 62.79 2.09 13.41 20. 19 66.33 2.94 10.54 20.29 69.71 2.99 7.01 17.89 72.03 1.57 8.51 17.85 72.07 1.59 8.49 19.86 17.92 64.33 72.02 15.81 1.58 8.48 33.67 49.00 5.78 11.65 17.80 73.31 L70 7.19 19.37 71.91 1.66 7.06 36.42 70.68 2.90 13.52 74.42 12.06 17.62 73.02 .89 8.47 17.80 73.06 .90 8.44 39.77 53.63 2.55 4 05 36.15 54.19 1.67 14 08 30.17 54.17 L58 14 08 30.23 54.19 1.51 14 07 30.17 .5417 1.58 14 08 30.18 64.16 1.57 14 09 30.18 54.16 1.58 14 08 30.99 54 00 1.87 14 04 30.17 54 17 1.58 14 08 22.08 21. 12 15.58 15.37 32.74 25.87 20.81 35.83 35.03 36.41 36.83 21.45 16.00 16.89 15.33 31.20 28.49 71.08 71.97 74.31 74 68 .55. 21 04.57 69.33 57.48 60.03 58.95 36.74 72.70 78.61 73. 92 79.75 68.86 56.53 1.47 1.47 2.64 2.59 7.' 89' 6.37 5.44 7.47 7.36 12.05 1.67 9.86 6.69 4.01 4 64 6.43 .78 i."73' 5.07 5.39 7.40 4 92 9.94 3.81 11.17 31 17 65 26 3.57 37.00 58.00 5.0U Estab- lish- ment 'So. iThe high labor cost of a yard of »heeting in this estabUshment is due to the fact Mw one whioh had been in operation only two months when visited by the agent or tk. atBfllnoT «f the amv^ojit i» lesii. ih»r»f«r«. tha* S> th«» Img •atabliahad- that the mill is a the Borean, and 108 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. NOTB ,— The eatabUshment nnmbera correspond to thosein the table on^page 295, Appendii A, show lug nTUKLber of employ6B and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. COTTON GOODS— Continned. MaaAftclinseUiB. . - ..-do *.-. New Hampsbire . "Vermont New Hampsbire . Great Britain New Hampsbire . Georgia -do Sontb Carolina. . New Tort Maine.. Georgia . do ..,", Firanoe Georgia ...do Connecticut . ...do ....do ...,do ....do Georgia ...do. , New York., Alabama Georgia -_. LoniRiana HisBissippi Delaware. South CaTolina . Georgia -. <\o South Carolina.. .-..do ..,.do , ....do Georgia ...do Soath Carolina One yard print cloth (28 inches wide. 64 by 64, measnring 7 yards to the pound. One yard print cloth (28 inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 7 yards to the pound. One yard print cloth (28 Inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 7 yards to tho pound. One yard print cloth (28 inches wide, SS by 60. raeasuring 8 yards to the poaud). One yard print cloth (30 inches wide, 68 by 72, measuring 6 yards to the poaud). One yard print cloth (32 Inches wide, 64 by 64, measuring 8 yards to the pound). One yard print, cloth (35 inches wide, 68 by 72, mnasuring 5 yards to the pound). One yard shirting (30 inches wide, measuring 5.099 yards to the pound. One yard shirting (314 inches wide, measuring 4.6 yards to the pound. One yard shirting (31J inches vdde, mewsuring 3.61 yards to the pound. One yard shirtiing (36 i-nchea wide, 88 by 96, measuring 3.02 yards to the pound). One yard shirting (40 inches wide, number 32 yam, measuring 3.36 yards Co the pound). One yard shirting (34i inches wide, measuring 5.32 yards to the pound . One yard cotton cloth (27 inches wide, 40 by 40, measuiing 4.73 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (31^ inches wide, 56 by 64, meafluring 3.125 yards to the pound) . One yard couon cloth (31^ inches wide, 48 by 46, measuring 3. 65 yards to tho pound). One yard cotton cloth (36 inches wide, 48 by 46, measuring 3.01 yards One yard cotton cloth (39 inches wide, 68 by 76, measuring 4.5 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (39 inches wide, 80 by 72, measuring 4.25 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (40 inches wide, 80 by 80, meMoring 3.75 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (44 inches wide, 68 by 76, measuring 3.95 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (44 inches wide, 80 by 80, measuring 3.5 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (36 Inches wide, measuring 4.079 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth (measnrin* 3.03 yards to the pound) One yard cotton cloth (unbleached, 48 by 48 picks, measnring 5.11 yards to the pound). One yard cotton cloth One yard cotton cloth One yard cotton cloth One yard cotton cloth One pound cotton cloth (nnbleaohed, number 33 yam) One yard drilling (27 inches wide, 42 by 40, measuring 4.74 yards to the pound). One yard drilling (29 inches wide, 70 by 48, measuring 2.82 yards to the pound). One yard drilling (SOJ Inches wide, 70 by 48, measnring 2.84 yards to the pound. One yard drilling (30i inches wide, 70 by 48, measuring 2.84 yards to the pound). One yard drilling (30J inches wide, 72 by 44, measnring 2.9 yards to the pound) . One yard drilling (301 inches wide, 72 by 44, measnring 2.9 yards to the pound). One yard drilling (30J inches wide, 48 by 43, measnring 3.7 yards to the pound). One yard drilling (31i inches wide, 62 bv 48, measuring 3.08 yards to the pound). " One yard dxUling (31i inches wide, 72 by 50, measnring 3.01 yards to the pound.) One yard drilling (36 inches wide. 72 by 44, measuring 2.39 yards to the pound) . a The wages of employes in this eBtablishment were not reported ; therefore the number will not bt round IS thfl wair« t»b]«. AppendJT k VARIATION IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. 109 KoTH. — TheestAblishmentnTimbers correBpoud to those in the table on page 295, Appendix A, Bhoir< tiig number of empioy6B and wages, except as noted below. See explanati'tn of table, page 91. COTTON GOODS— Continned, Amount of unit cost. Per cent, of tmlt ooet. Estab. Ilsh- Labor. Materi.ilH. AdnuBU' ration. Other. Total. Labor. Ifaterials Adminig. tratlon. Other. ment No. VO. 01035 *0. 01714 $0. 00357 $0. 03106 33.32 55.18 11.50 1 .01000 .00999 .01000 . 01174 .00802 .01408 .01643 . 01712 . 01610 .01998 . 0W18 .02398 .00500 . 00171 . 00180 . 00199 .00294 .00240 . 03143 .02882 .02790 . 03371 .02714 .04046 31.82 34.66 35. &4 34.83 29.55 S4.80 52,27 59.41 57.71 59.27 59.62 59.27 15.91 5.93 6.45 5.90 10.83 5.93 TM 245 201 227 .00664 .00499 .00659 . 02710 . 02356 .02428 .08438 .04870 $0. 00077 .00084 . 00155 .00249 .00212 . 00510 . 03252 . 03260 .04309 . 08220 20.41 15.31 16.29 32.97 72.45 74.48 79.79 59.25 2.37 2.58 4.77 7.63 4.92 6 20 a637 a6S3 a63S . 00130 L58 233 .01978 .00635 . 00613 . 03869 .02243 . 02628 .00054 .00048 . 00512 . 0014S .00254 .06360 . 03081 .93543 31.12 20.61 17.30 60.83 72.80 74.17 8.05 4.84 7.18 208 1.75 1.35 a637 198 .00983 .00810 .05616 .03406 .00654 . 00320 . 07253 .04598 13.55 17.61 T7.43 74.08 9.02 G.96 196 .00062 1.35 198 .00963 .04131 .00075 .00399 .05568 17.29 74.19 1.35 7.17 198 .01513 .03001 .00203 .00592 . 0S309 28.49 56.53 3.83 11.15 193 .01602 . 03177 . 00216 . 00626 .05620 2li50 56.63 3.83 11.14 1S3 .01815 .03601 .00243 .00710 . 06369 2&50 56.54 3.81 11.15 19J .01724 .03419 .00231 .00673 .060(7 28.51 56.54 3.82 11. IB 193 .01845 .03858 .00261 .00760 .06824 28.50 36.53 3.83 11.14 193 .00827 .02929 .00079 .00194 . 04029 20.53 72.70 L96 4.81 a637 .00802 .01017 .00886 .02000 .01750 . 01099 .11250 .00622 .03465 .02390 .02364 . 03500 . 03500 .03731 .12000 . 02511 .04267 .04081 .03250 .05500 .05250 .04830 .25190 .03484 18.80 24.92 27.26 36.36 33.33 22.75 44.67 17.85 81.20 5&56 72.74 63.64 66.67 77.25 47.63 72.07 a638 .00674 16.52 232 unce, French, square preeoriptiou bottles •• One gross flint, IG-ounce, French, square prescnptiou bottles One dozen No. 2, crimp.top, lime, lamp obimneys One dozen No. 2, plain, lime, lamp chimneys One square foot, quarter.incli plate glass One table set (sugar bowl and cover, butter dish and oover, cream jug and cover, and spoon glass). JUTB GOODS. a The wages of employda in this establishment were not reported ; therefore the uamber will not bt found in the wage table. Appendix A. VABIATION IN THE COST OP PRODUCTION COST OF PRODUCTION— Contitraed. 113 D'ora.— The eBtabUshment numbers correspond to those in the table on page 295, Appendix A, abnw- kg number of employ^! and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. rOOD PEKPA:EA.XI01f--Conolnded. Amonirt of unit siMt. Per cent, of unit cost. Sstab Labor. Adminift- tration. Other. Total. Labor. materials. tration. Other. ment No. «0. 16000 .05500 . 15000 .25000 .20000 .16000 .20000 . 12000 .20000 . 10000 .18000 .12000 .20000 .20000 .20000 .14000 .25000 .16500 .14000 .17000 .17000 $3.29500 3.72000 8.80000 8. 85000 4.24000 3. 99000 3.32000 3. 01300 3. 6100O 3. 80000 8.48760 3.61000 4.03000 3.35000 3. 97000 4. 00000 6.20000 »0. 41750 .38250 .44000 .47000 . 35000 .35000 .46500 .48000 . 34000 . 32000 .42000 .37000 . 56000 .40000 .47000 .08000 $3.87250 4. 15750 4.39000 4.57000 4. 79000 4. SOOOO 3. 98500 3.61300 4. 15000 4. 22000 4. 08750 4. 10000 4.79000 3. 95000 4. 64000 4. 25000 6.45000 . 62000 . 62000 .69250 .73000 4.13 1.32 3.42 6.47 4.18 3.55 5.02 3.32 4.82 2.37 4.40 2.93 4.18 6.06 4.31 3.28 4.59 26.62 22.68 24.55 23.29 85.09 89.48 86.56 84.25 88.52 88.67 83.31 83.39 86.99 90.05 85.32 88.05 84.13 84.81 85.56 94.12 95.41 10.78 9.20 10.02 10.28 7.80 7.78 11.67 13.29 8.18 7.58 10.28 9.02 11.69 10.13 10.13 1.89 263 0651 278 272 254 258 256 260 257 261 262 264 to. 08000 *0.71 266 0652 .45500 .48000 .52250 .66000 73.38 77.42 75.45 76.71 275 277 276 I16S3 J GLASS. (0.18600 .1700* .1*000 .23000 .SflOOO L4R,'iflO 1.64340 LC8000 .81000 1.00000 .94500 1.15000 1.09000 .64000 L 48000 1.40168 L 12760 1.50000 2 65400 2.10000 L 26000 L 31000 .97760 8.10000 2,35000 .70000 .78000 .88000 .86000 1 43000 He. 22500 t.260OO ft. 18000 ft. 20000 »2. 25000 .67080 .93872 62.02500 tLS5000 ■M. 87500 .90000 .68000 .43000 .42400 .12500 .29850 .83266 .68090 1.74000 .88400 1.16000 .37200 .38100 .44010 L 23000 L 31300 .40000 .40000 .64000 tl. 85000 tXO200O .04710 .05000 .09460 .06600 tOL 03600 to. 44500 .43000 . 28000 . 53000 8. 65000 8.11770 8.15092 3. 64500 2.4000O 2.66500 2. 00000 1. 93730 2. 13000 2.20200 1.16500 2.34280 2. 16715 2. 12080 6.70000 4.62100 4. 82000 2. 21900 2.26600 2.01250 6. 93000 6. 31300 L 10000 L 18000 1. 50000 2.45000 4. 85000 .25410 .25000 . 66110 . 23500 4LB7 39.53 35.71 43.39 24.66 46.67 48.98 29.63 27.08 31.69 50.00 48.78 63.99 49.60 46.36 63.17 64.68 53.17 26.31 65.26 43.67 56.78 57.81 48.57 52.28 44.23 63.64 66.10 68.67 34.70 29.48 61.00 72.00 56.07 38.30 50.57 60.47 64.29 37.74 61.65 21.62 29.79 66.55 56.25 53.60 45.00 29.94 20.19 19.26 10.72 12.74 16.34 27.39 30.53 19.13 23.86 16.77 16.81 21.87 20.74 24.71 36.36 33.90 36.00 55.10 60.21 18.54 20.00 14.29 2a 40 7.86 290 0654 298 .10000 .50000 .99180 .66880 .54000 .40000 .38000 .10000 .29230 .65000 .68800 .60000 .66430 .43301 .29230 2.46000 1. 18300 L 67000 .58700 . 57500 .59480 1.60000 1.65000 18.87 13.69 81.81 21.23 14.82 16.67 14.81 6.00 16.09 26.82 31.24 42.93 24.09 19.98 13.78 43.16 25.60 32.57 26.45 25.38 29.66 26.98 31.06 o655 o656 301 304 316 a656 315 293 ta 12000 6.19 295 3» MS 0657 288 296 .12000 5.66 295 294 289 305 300 302 303 306 307 292 290 .08000 .25000 .50000 .05200 . 02000 .14840 .09000 6.33 10.20 10.31 20.46 8.00 22.45 38.30 291 o.ieiif! aJi atteoh- ments). e One sewing-machine (two drawers, cover and diop-leof, all attach- mmts). d One sewing-macnine (two drawers, oorer and diap-leaf, all attach- ments). « sThe re-renne tax (924 cents per barrel on beer and 90 cents per gallon on distilled liqoon) and tht reiaeol refuse and the savmg of tax on fractional gallons of spMts are not included. 6 Ihe wages of employ6s m tins establishment were not reported ; therefore the nnmber will not U fonnd in the wage table. Appendix A. VAEIATION IN THE COST OF PEODUCTION. 115 COST OP PRODUCTION— Continued. Kora.— The establishment nnmben ooirespond to those In the table on page 296, Appendix A , shov Ing nnmbeT of employfis and wages, except as noted below See explanation of table, page 91. LBATHER. Amoniit ef nalt eoat. Per eemt. of nnlt cost. X(tab- Uah- ment No. Labor. Materials. Admiols. tratioB. Othw. TetaL Labor. Ibterials. Adminig- tration. Other. $2.00000 3.20000 1.76000 .06000 .06000 .04500 .05500 .04100 $14.42000 13. 00000 6.50000 . 22800 . 16800 . 16800 .23700 . 22120 $1.08000 2. 05000 $17.50000 18. 25000 8.25000 .30800 . 24800 . 23300 .32660 .29620 11.42 17.64 21.21 19.48 24.19 19.31 16.84 13.84 82.40 71.23 78.79 74.03 67.74 72.10 72.57 74.68 6.18 1L23 324 323 323 $0. 02000 .02000 .02000 6.49 8.07 8.59 10.59 11.48 329 829 .03460 .03400 330 LIQtrOES AND BBVBKAGBS.a $0.85700 .97000 1.06000 1.20000 . 91000 1. 00000 2.00000 .90260 . 88000 .00560 .01000 .01290 .01600 .00670 .01650 .02000 .01770 .01000 .02000 .01770 .01000 $2.14360 2. 35730 2. 52000 2.79000 2. 45000 2. 34000 1.85700 3. 00000 2. 30000 2.66000 2.34000 . 10170 .10950 .10690 . 10240 . 12750 . 09940 .17220 .19000 .18440 . 17000 . 16750 .14660 12720 $1. 55270 1. 69500 .81000 L34000 . 78500 - . 97000 68600 . 75000 .92400 1.24000 . 03050 . 03320 . 03050 .02470 . 06500 .02880 .07240 . 06000 .04430 .04210 .06000 .04430 .MIOO $4. 55330 18.82 4. 92230 19.71 4. 39000 24.15 5.23000 22.94 4.21500 23.25 4. 22000 21.66 3.47100 26.73 i. 75000 21.05 4.30000 46.61 4.48660 20.12 4.46000 19.73 . 13770 3.99 .15270 6.64 . 16030 8.59 . 13590 6.47 .20750 7.23 .13490 4.96 .26010 6.96 . 27000 7.40 .24640 7.19 .22210 4.50 .24750 8.08 .20860 8.48 .18020 1.66 47.08 47.89 57.40 53.35 58.12 55.45 53.50 63.16 63.49 69.29 52.46 73.86 71.71 73.12 75.35 61.45 73.69 66.20 70.38 74.83 76.55 67. M 70.28 70.68 34.10 32.40 18.45 23.71 18.63 22.99 19,77 15.79 20.59 27.81 22.15 21.75 20.29 18.18 31.32 21.35 27.84 22.22 17.98 18.95 24.23 21.24 23.87 LT7MBEB. $2.23000 2. 32000 6.00000 2. 25000 3. 00000 3. 00000 t. 50000 2. 76000 3. 26000 3.60000 4. 60000 .06000 .16000 .18000 $11.60000 11. 50000 7. 00000 7.60000 8. 60000 8. 00000 8. 50000 7. 25000 7.50000 7. 00000 7.00000 . 30000 .40000 .90000 $0.80000 .75000 . 76000 .50000 .75000 . 50000 . 75000 . 60000 .75000 .60000 .01500 .02000 .06000 $14. 33006 16. 6< 14. 57000 16.92 12. 00000 41.66 10.50000 21.43 12.00000 25.00 11. 75000 25.63 13. 50000 33.33 10. 75000 25.58 11.25000 28.89 11.25000 31.11 12. 00000 37.50 . 37500 16.00 .67000 26.31 1.14000 15.79 80.26 1.18 6.16 78.93 68.34 71.43 .7,11 4.17 6.38 3.70 6.98 4.44 6.67 4.17 4.00 3.51 5.26 70.83 68.00 62.97 67.44 66.67 62.22 68.33 80.00 70.18 78.95 KACHINBS AND ILLCBISKRY. $30.80000 a. 05000 S.U000 1.66000 $23.25000 8.33000 7.71860 5.7(000 $8.00000 $L 00000 $18.05000 12.38000 10.81660 8.83600 13.29 48.87 28.66 80.81 48.39 51.13 71.34 89.89 6.24 2.08 365 351 «71T J tftt 1 « IVentr pounds of iron and stceL d Twenty-seven ponnds of iron and steel. < Sixteen ponnds of iron and staeL 116 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. COST OF PEODUCTION— Continned. If OTK. — The establiBbment nnmbera ooirespond to tlio«e in the table on page 295, Appendix A, ahoW' Ing niunber of employes and wagee, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. METALS AND METAIilC GOODS. State. Alabama .. Indiana . New York . Ohio ...do ...do. ...do- ...do. Ohio-. ...do. ...do . Pennsylvania. Tennessee .-..do 1%. ...do West Virglma . do Qreat Britain . . Maryland New York Glreat Britain. . Belginm Germany ...... Ohio ...do ...do FennaylTania. . ...do ...do Ohio .do DeuilptioB ef ult. One ton rnn of furnace fonndery pig-iron (Alabama ore) Onetonmliof furnace fonndery pig-iron , One ton run of fnmace foondery pig-iron (New York ore) One ton mn of f omace fonndery pig-iron (Lake Superior ore) One ton nm of fama''.e fonndery pig-iron (Hooking Valley and Lake Superior ore). One ton ran of famace fonndery pig.iron (Hanging Bock ore) , One ton run of fomaoe fonndery pig-iron (Hanging Bock ore) One ton rxin of furnace fonndery pig.iron (Hanging Bock ore) One ton mn of fomaoe fonndery pig-iron (Mahoning Talley and Lake Snperiorore). One ton mn of fnmaoe fonndery pig-iron (Mahoning Valley and Lake Superior ore). One ton mn of furnace fonndery pig-iron (Mahoning Valley and Lake Superior ore). One ton run of furnace fonndery pig.iron One ton mn of fornace fonndery pig-iron (Tennessee ore) One ton mn of fornace fonndery pig-iron (Tennessee ore) One ton mn of fnmace fonndery pig-iron (Virginia ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig-iron (Virginia ore) One ton mn of fnmace fonndery pig-iron (Virginia ore) One ton ran of fnmaoe fonndery pig-iron (Lake Superior ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig-iron ("West Virginia ore) One ton mn of fnmace pig-iron 6 One ton number one fonndery pig-iron One ton number one fonndery pig-iron One ton number three fonndery pig-iron.- ,..., One thousand kUograms (2,205 pounds) white pig-iron One thousand kilograms (2,S05 pounds) white pig-iron One ton Bessemer pig-iron ~~.. One ton Bessemer iron One ton Bessemer iron One ton Bessemer iron One ton Bessemer iron One ton Bessemer iron One ton fonndery pig-iron, soft, silvery (Ohio brown hematite ore) .. One ton fonndery pig-iron, soft, silvery (Ohio brown hematite ore) One ton fonndery pig-iron, soft, silvery (Ohio brown hematite ore) One ton fonndery pig-iron, soft, silvery (Ohio brown hematite are) One ton fonndery pig-iron, soft, silvery (Ohio brown hematite ore)... One ton fonndery pig-iion, soft, silvery (Ohiq brown hematite ore)-.. One thousand IdlogramB (2,205 ponnds) mill pig.iron One ton number one mill pig-iron One ton number one mill pig-iron .— One ton low-grade mill pig-iron One ton cold-blast charcoal pig-iron (Hanging Book ore) _... One ton cold-blast charcoal pig-irou (Hanging Book ore) One ton hot-blast charooal pig-iron One pound pig-lead One pound pig-lead One ton merchant bar-iron . . .... One ton merchant bar-iron One ton merchant bar-iron ^ „... One ton merchant bar-iron One ton merchant bar -iron ., One ton merchant bar-iron One ton aU-puddled bar-iron, based siies One ton all-puddled bar-iron, based sizes One ton aU-pnddled bar-iron, based sizes One ton all-puddled bar-iron, based sizes One ton all-puddled bar-iron, baaed sizes One ton mixed-puddled bar-and-old-rail bar-iron, baaed dzea One ton mixed-puddled bar-and-old-raQ bar-in», based size* One ton muck bar-iron ., , , ......... One ton pipe-iron "'- 11111".!" ""'.1^11".11"""1. One ton bar and plate iron 111111111111 llllllllllllllli One ton flange-iron boilerplate 111111111111111111.11— One ton tank-iron boilerplate 111111111111111 11 1111111... • The wages of employfis in this establishment were not reported. Therefore the number will Mt >e found in ibt wage table. Appendix A. » Seven per cent.Tiematlte, 27 per cent, spiegeleiaen, and «6 per cent, fonndery. do do -...do ....do Germany , Pennsylvania- . -do , .--.do Ohitf , ....do Maryland HisBonri .-..do Indiana Eentncky New York Pennsylvania. . do Tennessee Ohio ...do - ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do Pennsylvania - Kentnoky Ohio ..-do VARIATION IN THE COST OP PRODUCTION. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. 117 Note. — The estalilishment nambers correspond to those tn the table on page 2y5, Appendix A, show ing nnmber of employes and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS. Amoont of nnit cost. Per cent, of nidt «o«t. Laboi. Materials. AdminiS' tratlon. Other. Total. Labor. Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. $1. 87000 1. 90000 1. 64700 1. 30600 2. 00000 1. 20000 1. 50000 1. 80000 1. 40000 1. 25000 1. 50000 2. 00000 1. 83000 2. 17000 1. 28200 1. 16950 1. 11400 2. 10000 1. 50000 . 96842 2. 48110 2. 17990 . 61214 1. 08000 1. 30000 1. 88830 2. 50000 2.50000 1. 22000 1.14000 1. 5000O 2. 29000 2. 10000 1. 86000 1. 95000 2. 00000 2. OCOOO 1. 30000 1.40000 2. 00000 1. 50000 3. OOOOD 3. 00000 3. 45640 .01531 . 01322 9. 34000 10. 71000 10. 21440 13. 00000 12. 00000 15. 00000 3. 75000 5. 72000 4. OODOO l;3. 00000 13. 00000 3. 76000 7. OOOOO 7. OOOOO 12. 26000 16. OOOOO 12. 50000 12. 50000 $6. 92000 10. 90000 9. 51650 12. 68800 11.30000 10. 15000 9. 80000 11. 95000 12. 17000 12. 62000 13. OOOOO 13. 75000 10. 01000 10. 82000 9. 01000 10. 47590 10. 7OO0O 13. 32500 10. 95000 10. 90971 14. 77310 13. 92790 6. 33296 8. 38000 10. 36000 15. 01470 14. 90000 14. 90000 14. 75800 13.91000 13. 86000 10. 06000 10. 42000 10. 07000 10. 07000 10. 62000 10. 22000 8. 04000 10. 50000 11. 97000 9. 12000 18. 70000 16. 88000 18. 42860 $0. 36000 $2. 34000 21. 65000 19. 43000 19. 29972 18. OOOOO 20. 05000 15. OOOOO • One ton ordinary black sheet-iron One ton sheet and plate iron and steel (run of mill) One ton Bessemer steel rails and merchant iron (mn of mill) One thousand kilograms (2,205 pounds) Bessemer steel raili, waigh- ing 76.6 pounds to the yard. One ton Bessemer steel rails One thousand kilograms (2,205 pounds) Bessemer atael ingots One ton Bessemer steel ingots One thousand kilograms (2,205 pounds) Besaener steel plates for One ton Siemens process steel plates, bttrs, and axles, firom the pig. .. One ton elieU-steel plates - One ton tank-box steel plates One ton fire-box steel plates One ton common spring steel One ton tool steel - One ton plough, steel - One ton numoer twelve biieht coppered wire One ton assorted sizes steelwire One ton assorted sizes iron pipe One twelve-hundred-pound safe ..—--. One hay, coal, and wagon scale, capacity three tone, platfoim 8 by 14 feet. One family scale, capacifcy 240 poHnds, with braee scoop aad denble bPARH beanQ. One portable platform scale on wheels, oapaeity 4W paamda, platfom 15 by 22 inches. One ton horseshoes One pound merchant brass ........... . — .. . — ....... One locomotive head.light One keg iron nails ' One keg iron nails »^ ' One keg iron nails ■ One keg iron naUs One keg iron naUs One keg iron nails One keg iron nails One keg iron and steel nails...... ■ One keg iron and steel nails > One keg steel nails One keg steel nails .«. One ton railroad spikes One thousand sewing.maoliina needlea MUSICAL IN8TRUMEKT8. New York ....do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do One first.class grand piano One flrst.olass grand piano One first-class upright piimo ... One first-class upright piano One first-class square piano .... One first-class sqnare piano , One second-class grand piano One second-class upright piano. OILS AND ILLUMINATING FLUIDS. Oreat Britain. New York Pennsylvania. One gallon illuminating oil made from shale One gallon linseed oil One gallon refined keroaene oil (llOo test) ... One gallon refined kerosene oil (U.0<> test) . . . • The wages of emploT^s in this establishment were not reported. Thenfoie be found In the wage table, Appendix A. fhaaiiMlMrwUlMi VALUATION IN THE COST OF PEQDUCTION. COST OP PRODUCTION— Continued. 119 ITOTi. — The establishmeiit nnmbeis ooneBpond to those in the table on page 296, Appendix A, shoW' lag nTunher of employes and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. KBTALS AND METALXIC OOODS-Gonclnded. AjMnnt of unit Mat. Per oenl of unit ooat. Labor. Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. ■Total Labor. Materials. Adminis- tration. Other. $8.34000 15.00000 12. 50000 15.30000 21.00000 21. 80000 7.50000 1.27000 7.67200 1.10000 2.50000 1.95000 6.07840 12. 60000 12. 60000 12. 60000 17. 00000 64. 82700 25. 42000 5. 96000 15. 60000 16.94000 22. 61000 6. 74000 2.20000 2.88000 11.60000 24.44001 .68400 .80250 1.06900 .93000 .94000 L 03100 .90310 . 73000 .67570 .67000 7.88000 5.00000 »17. 35000 15. 00000 30. 00000 22. 10000 26. 00000 d27. 00000 (227. 00000 18. 39000 21.00000 13. 93000 22.81000 d20. 41000 13. 87213 MS. 00000 !>38. 00000 660. OOOOO 18. OOOOO 61. 25000 37. 44000 42. 24000 39. OOOOO 84. 51000 43. 20000 18.05000 2.S7000 4.00000 19.63000 .11050 22.04536 .90200 1.21310 .96250 . 75000 .76000 .89270 .94600 . 98720 1. 17500 &L 37450 ftl. 32000 17.00000 LSOOOO $5. 10000 $3.20000 15. OOOOO 6.82000 2. OOOOO 3.75000 . 33000 .00026 5.64374 .06000 4.50000 6. 82000 22. 80000 16. 34000 4. 85000 2. 68000 2. 57300 2.50000 1. 95000 6.20000 2. 06692 4. 50000 4. 50000 4. 50000 10. OOOOO 6.00000 7.40000 e. 60000 9. 89000 2. 30000 2. OOOOO 3. 37000 1.10000 1.44000 & 10000 . 01804 2. 80567 . 29700 .34960 .48790 . 81500 .43000 .'48760 . 38900 .47290 . 37500 .36160 . 35200 6. 90000 1.00000 $28.79000 30.00000 47. OOOOO 44. 22000 73. OOOOO 66. 14000 39. 36000 22.34000 31. 14500 17. 63000 27. 26000 28. 56000 22. 01645 62. OOOOO 65. OOOOO 77. OOOOO 45. OOOOO 146. 07700 77. 08000 56. 70000 64. 39000 55.75000 71. 66000 29. 16000 5.67000 8.32000 39. 66000 . 15560 54. 93568 1. 88300 2. 36510 2.50940 1. 99500 2. 12000 2.36230 2. 41500 2. 28000 2. 41170 2.34200 31. 78000 7.50000 60.00 26.60 34 60 28.77 33.46 19.06 6.69 24.31 6.27 9.17 6.82 27.61 20.16 22.73 16.24 37.78 44.87 32.98 10.51 24.07 30.39 31.60 23. U 38.80 31.61 29.07 17.22 44.49 36.33 33.93 42.20 46.62 44.34 41.67 42.69 38.54 32.02 28.02 28.61 24.79 66.67 eo.26 50.00 85.61 41.45 68.61 82.32 67.43 79.47 83.67 7L47 63.00 72.69 69.09 77.92 40.00 41.93 48.57 74.49 60.57 61.90 60.37 65.33 41.80 48.08 49.62 71.02 40.13 47.90 51.29 38.36 37.59 36.38 37.79 39.13 41.28 51.63 56.99 56.36 53.49 20.00 4.39 10.27 8.85 3.59 5.24 .83 .17 10.27 2.07 ICnSICAL DTSTBUMBNTS. $14133000 161. OOOOO 104.47000 119. OOOOO 104. 47000 U9. OOOOO 75.78000 57.34000 $137.23000 121.10000 112. 62000 90. 49000 105. 62000 80.16000 79.44000 61.75000 $4. 78000 4.10000 $22.19000 19. 04000 20. 67000 15. 68000 20. 67000 15. 58000 16. 64000 13.64000 $300.76000 46.99 301.14000 53.47 237.76000 43.94 225.07000 52.87 230.76000 45.27 214.74000 55.41 175. 64000 43.16 136.83000 41.91 45.63 40.21 47.36 40.21 45.77 37.33 45.26 45.13 2.73 2.99 17.72 0.57 16.42 3L23 25.09 12.33 11.99 8.26 14.26 7.16 21.71 9.39 7.26 8.18 5.84 22.22 3.43 9.60 15.00 16.36 4.12 2.79 11.66 19.40 17.81 20.48 11.59 6.11 16.77 14.78 19.44 16.79 20.28 20.64 16.11 20.18 16.45 14.99 15.03 21.72 13.33 7.38 6.32 8.70 6.92 8.96 7.26 8.85 9.97 OILS AND ILLITMINATING PLUIDS. $0.04010 .022U .00310. .00480 $0.03260 .41211 .03000 .03000 $0.00990 .02938 .03560 .03660 $0. 08260 . 46360 .06870 . 07050 48.55 4.77 4.61 6.96 39.47 88.89 43.67 42.55 11.98 6.34 61.82 50.60 i Uaterial is steel slabs. 120 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. ntnnmbe iug number of employAii and vagec, ITo™ — The estobUsImieiit ntmibeni ooReipond to those in tiie table on page 295, Appendix A, show I, except ae noted below. See explanation of table, page 81. PAPXB. State. De*alpti«n of imlt. Delaware Maine Delaware MasBachasetts Delaware Massachnsette -do. ...do ...do One ponnd newspaper paper One pound newspaper paper - , One pound book paper One pound number one sized and super-calendered book paper One pound tinted pamphlet cover paper , One pound engine-sized flat writing paper One pound writing paper, superfine, folded and flat, made &om best number one. white rags, soft dried, anJ both antique and plate finish. One ream glazed, plated, and enameled paper One thousand white envelopes, 31 by 6 inches, engine-sized, rag pa- per ; the ream weight is on a basis of 22} by 3^ 60 pounds to SOO sheets. PKDTT ■WOBKS. Printing one yard Brint-cloth (24} inches wide, 64 by 64) . Printing one yard ^eap dress goods in fugitive colors (27 inches wide, 48 by 48, and measuring 8 yards to the pound). EUBBKB GOODS. New Jersey do ....do ....do ....do One case (24 pairs) light. weight women's rubber shoes One case (12 pairs) women's arctic rubber shoes Oiie case (12 pairs) heavy-weight men's rubber shoes . One oase (12 pairs) men's arctic rubber shoes One pound rubber hose sn^K. Conneotiont New York . . ... do ....do New Jersey One pound machine twist and sewing silk One pound spun silk One pound of silk yam for numnfiictnrera' and honsehoU uje. One pound silk ribbon One yard gros-graln silk TOBACCO.* nilnoii ._ ...do.— ....do ....do Michigan....... nilnois ....do ...do Kentucky Michigan Illinois ....do ...do Kentucky Missouri New York North Carolina . ...do ...do Virginia y^ao .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ...do One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One One pound smoking tobafloo (long out, best grade) pound smoking tobacco (jgranulated, medium grade) . pound smoking tobacco (low grade, stem) pound smoking tobacco (granulated) pound smaking tobacco (granulated) pound fine-cut chewing tobaooo pound flne-cut chewing tobaoco pound fine-cut chewing tobacco pound flne-cut chewing tobaoco pound flne-cut chewing tobacco pound plug chewing tobacco pound plug chewing tobacco pound plug chewing tobaoco pound plug chewing tobacco pound plug tobacco pound plug tobacco - pound plug tobacco pound plug tobacco pound plug tobacco pound plug tobacco pound plug tobacco pound ping tobacco pound plug tobacco b The wages of employfis in this establishment were not reported. Therefore the number will not oe fonnd in the wage table. Appendix A. slaolnding other expenses. VALUATION m THE COST OF PBODUCTION. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continued. 121 SoTB. — The establishment nnmbeTS ooirespond to those in tie table on page 295, Appendix A, show- ing number of employes and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. PAPKB. AmMmt of anlt coat Per o«nt. of vxit emt Estab- lish- ment No. Lab«r. UMeiials. Adminis- tration. Other. Total. Labor. UaterialB. tration. Other. to. 00670 .00634 .00763 .01169 .00750 .01000 .0»60 .80000 .05000 •(0.05340 . 02623 .04399 . 04385 c. 08250 . 04500 . 05500 2. 00000 . 65000 t«. 06010 . 04566 .06754 . 06617 . 09000 .08000 .11550 3. 00000 .95000 11.14 13.88 11.15 17.67 8.33 12.50 23.81 26.67 5.26 88.86 57.45 65.13 66.27 91.67 56.25 47.62 66.67 68.42 456 to. 01309 .01602 .01063 28.67 23.72 16.06 455 460 457 .02500 . 03300 31.25 28.67 463 464 to. 20000 .10000 6.66 10.53 465 .15000 16.79 6746 PBINT WORKS. to. 00470 .00300 to. 00860 .00350 to. 00290 .00243 to. 01620 .00893 29.01 63.08 39.20 17.91 27.21 RireBEK GOODS. to. 80000 1.20000 LCOOOO 1.80000 .02040 t6. 90000 7.30000 8. 90000 8.90000 .01640 t7. 70000 8. 50000 10.50000 10.50000 .03880 10.39 14.12 15.24 15.24 62.68 89.61 85.88 84.76 84.76 47.42 sii:k. to. 85000 . 39290 .27200 2.30580 .40000 t4. 00000 4. 00000 4.258W 4.95979 .38000 to. 80000 .06450 .09740 .53150 t& 65000 15.04 4.45740 8.81 4.62790 5.88 7.79700 2t.67 .78000 51. 2< 70.80 89.74 »2.02 63.61 48.72 14.16 1.45 2.10 6.82 TOBACCa« to. 30000 .15000 to. 05000 .02000 .01000 .04000 .02500 .05000 . 07500 .04500 . 05000 .02500 . 03250 .03250 .02750 .00760 .08000 .10000 .13000 . 25000 .09000 . 20000 .20000 .23000 . 14000 . 07000 . 22000 .24370 .00367 .12170 to. 00530 . 01150 .17851 .00484 . 11977 .15770 .00940 .04940 . 12070 .00750 . 04630 .17852 .00304 .08629 .19000 .00520 .05120 .15720 .00430 .05340 .12914 .00524 .05196 t«. 15000 .05000 .02000 .02000 . 03000 . 02000 .05000 .04000 . 05000 .05000 .05000 . 04000 . 03500 .04000 .02185 . 04370 . 01638 .04850 . 05130 .02539 .02970 . 03890 .03577 cThe revenue tax, 8 cents per ponnd on (an, is not tnolnded in this table. to. 50000 30.00 .22000 22.73 .03750 53.33 .14000 14.29 .15500 19.35 .20000 10.00 .37500 13.33 .17500 22.86 .30000 16.66 .27500 18.18 .31250 16.00 .21250 18.82 .13250 26.42 .26000 15.38 .26922 8.12 . 18220 23.99 .32000 5.28 .28500 18.30 .22580 22.72 .29324 8.66 .27610 10.76 . 25380 15.33 .22211 16.10 60.00 10.00 9.09 6&18 20.00 2a 67 57.14 28.67 16.13 25.00 20.00 64.52 65.00 66.67 51.43 25.71 16.67 9.09 10.40 15.30 20.75 66 67 72.73 73.60 65.88 52.83 84 62 90.52 1.36 66.80 2.90 6.31 55.78 1.51 37.43 59.50 3.55 18.65 ii3. 45 3.32 20.51 60.88 1.04 29.42 68.82 1.88 18.54 61.94 1.69 21.04 68.14 2.36 23.40 chewing and smokiug tobaoos, and t3 per thonsand on oi- 122 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Continned. SoTB. — The establishment immhers oorrespond to those In the table on page 295, Aj^pendlx A, show Ing number of employes and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. TOBAOCO-Conolnded. State. Virginia Conneoiicut .. Illinois .--.do ...do ...do ....do -do ...do ...do ...do ..". ...do .-..do ...do ...do Ohio ...do ...do ...do ...do --.do ---do ...do --.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Bhode Island . Gonneetiont .. Illinois ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do Ohio ...do.... ...do ...do .. ....do ....do._ ....do ... Bhode IsliMd. Ohio ....do West VirjjSnla do Virginia, IfewTerk Illinois Delaware Pennr^lrania . . Debirare , HaiiiaaohuBetiw. ]II>^laiid DeaeiipttoB «f wait One ponnd plug tobacco Oneponnd ping tobacco — One wonaand nye-cent cigars One thonsand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars — One thonsand five.cent cigars One thousand flve-oent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-oent cigars - . . One thousand five-cent cigars . . . One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars - . . One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars — One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-oent cigars . . . One thonsand five-cent cigars . . .. One thonsand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thonsand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars . _ .. One thonsand five-cent cigars One thousand fiVe-oent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars .. .. One thonsand five-cent cigars One thonsand five-cent cigars One thonsand five-cent cigars One thousand five.cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thonsand five-cent cigars One thonsand five^ient cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand five-cent cigars One thousand ten-cent cigars. . . . One thousand ten.oent cigars One thousand ten-cent cigars One thonsand teu-cent cigars One thonsand ten-cent cigars. ... One thousand ten-cent cigars One thousand ten^jent cigars One thonsand ten-cent cigars One thonsand ten-oent cigars One thousand ten-cent cigars One thonsand ten-cent cigars One thonsand ten-cent cigars One thousand ten -cent cigars One thonsand ten-oent cigars One thonsand ten.cent cigars. One thonsand ten-cent cigars One thonsand seed stogie cigars . One thonsand seed stogie cigars. One thonsand seed stogie cigars. One thousand seed stogie cigars. One thonsand cigarettes WOOUJCS GOODS. One yard oassimere (S4 inches wide and weighing 12| oonees). One yard oassimere (54 inches wide and weighing 16 onnoes) . . One yard oassimere (64 inches wide and weighing 18 onnoes) . One yard oassimere (54 inches wide and weighing 18 ounces) . One yard casaimere (54 Inches wide and wei^iing 20 ounces).. One yard oassimere (54 inches wide and weighing U ounces).. One yard fine worsted oassimere (54 tnohes wide) One yard kersey cloth (27 inches wltie and weighing 13 onnoes). ^i5?.."*''Se» of employis in this establishment were not reported : therefore t3ie nranberwUl^Bet "^rrrl in the wage taels, Appendix A. VABIATION IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION. 123 COST OF PBODUCTION— Continned. JiTOTE.— The estebllahment nnmljeTB correspond to those in the table on page 295, Appendix A, skaw- )Dg nnmlter at employto and wages, except as noted below. See explanation of table, page 91. TOBAOOO— Ckmolnded. ABoiuit tf ndt eoai P«v east, of nalt eoai I«bor. $0.02250 .02140 11. 00000 10.50000 12. SOOOO 10. 60000 11. 50000 8. 00000 7. 00000 9. 75000 10. 50000 9. 00000 10. 00000 8. 75000 10. 50000 ». 00000 8.50000 9. 25000 10. 00000 10. 00000 8. 25000 8. 25000 8. 25000 8. 25000 8. 60000 10. 35000 9. 35000 8.25000 7.50000 9.85000 8.40000 8. 25000 8. 60000 8.50000 10.60000 18.25000 16. 60000 16. 60000 16.00000 16. 00000 16.60000 U. 00000 16. OOOOO 12. 60000 13. 50000 11. OOOOO 12.25000 IS. 35000 12. 50000 11 60000 14.26000 3.25000 3.35000 3.28000 8.88000 1.06200 Hateilals. $0.13540 .13290 4.00000 10. OOOOO 11. OOOOO 8.50000 18. OOOOO 12. OOOOO 7. OOOOO 10. 50000 U. OOOOO 6. 50000 9. 50000 6. OOOOO 11. 20000 6. 60000 6. OOOOO 10. OOOOO 7. 30000 10. 25000 6. OOOOO 8. SOOOO 6. OOOOO 8. OOOOO 7. OOOOO 10. 96000 9.69000 13. OOOOO 7. 60000 11. 75000 8. 25000 8. 50000 8. SOOOO 8.00000 U. OOOOO 28. OOOOO 27. OOOOO 23:40000 28. 50000 26. 60000 26. OOOOO 26. OOOOO 25. 75000 27. 50000 26. 62000 27. OOOOO 29. OOOOO 25. 66000 24.00000 22. OOOOO 30. 60000 1. SOOOO 1. 75000 1.60000 2.12500 1.68800 tration. $0.00650 .00740 Other. $0.04620 .04280 3. OOOOO 8. OOOOO 3. 25000 4.60000 4. 50000 4. OOOOO 4. OOOOO 2. SSOOO 3. 25000 3. 25000 3. OOOOO 3. OOOOO 3. OOOOO 3.00000 3. 50000 3. 60000 4. OOOOO 4. OOOOO 3. 20000 3. 20000 3. OOOOO 3, OOOOO 2. 90000 3. 15000 3. 16000 3. OOOOO 3. OOOOO 2. 75000 2. 75000 2. 75000 3. 25000 8.GIM00 3. 50000 6. OOOOO 4. 50000 4. 50000 4.00000 2.56000 t. 75000 8.20000 3.25000 4.00000 4.60000 8.75000 3. OOOOO 3. 16000 8. OOOOO 3.00000 4.75000 .60000 .90000 .47500 .54600 .91170 TotaL Labor. Uatwials. $0.20860 . 20450 18. OOOOO 23. SOOOO 29. 76000 23. 50000 29. OOOOO 24. OOOOO 18. OOOOO 22. 80000 24. 75000 18. 75000 22. 50000 17. 75000 24. 70000 18. 50000 18. OOOOO 22. 75000 21. 30000 24.25000 17.45000 19. 95000 16. 25000 19. 25000 18. 50000 24. 46000 22. 19000 24. 25000 17. 60000 24. 35000 19. 40000 19. 50000 20. 25000 20. OOOOO 25. OOOOO 52. 2500O 48. OOOOO 43. 40000 47. 60000 44.05000 46. 25000 43. 20000 45. OOOOO 44.00000 44. 52000 41. 75000 44 25000 44. 05000 39. SOOOO 39. 60000 49. 50000 6.25000 6.00000 6.33300 6.00000 8.6(270 10.78 10.46 61.11 44.68 42.01 14.68 39.65 42.76 42.42 48.00 44.46 49.30 42.51 48.65 47.22 40.66 46.95 41.24 47.28 41.35 50.77 42.86 46.49 42.32 42.14 34.02 42.86 40.45 43.30 42.31 41.97 42.50 42.00 34.92 3137 35.71 31.58 84.05 8125 82.41 36.56 28.41 80.32 26.35 27.68 84.86 31.65 36.70 28.80 61.90 55.83 61.11 65.50 28.99 64.91 64.99 22.22 42.55 47.06 36.17 44.83 50.00 38.89 46.05 4145 3167 42.22 33.80 45.34 36.14 33.33 43.06 3127 42.27 3139 42.61 30.77 41.56 37.84 4180 43.67 S3. 61 40.00 48.26 42.63 43.59 41.98 40.00 4100 53.59 66.25 63.92 60.00 60.16 57.46 60.18 57.22 62.59 69.57 6167 65.54 68.00 60.76 56.70 61.61 28.57 29.17 2a 09 35.41 46.12 AdminJA- tration. 2.64 3.62 Other. 21.67 20.93 16.67 12.77 10.93 19.15 15.52 16.67 22.22 11.19 13.13 17.33 13.33 16.90 12.15 16.21 19.45 15.38 18.78 16.49 18.33 16.04 18.46 16.68 16.67 12.88 1119 12.37 17.14 1L29 1117 1110 16.05 17.50 1100 11.49 t.38 10.37 8.42 5.78 8.29 7.41 7.22 9.09 10.11 8.98 6.78 7.15 7.59 7.60 9.59 9.63 16.00 8.90 9.09 2189 WOOLLEN GOODS. $0187064 .29000 .30000 .lOOOO .66430 $8.S3738 .80000 .68100 .97600 L 09390 .93000 1 70009 .2e6<0 $0.«3S76 .00940 $0.28177 .29000 .21990 .16050 . 17270 . 18000 .10000 .04260 $1.22555 1. 38000 L 21020 1.86350 1.60320 1.41000 2.40000 .37240 30.24 21. 02 24.78 16.84 20.99 21.27 25.00 17.26 43.85 57.97 »r292 12.99 21.01 18.17 11.12 10.77 12.77 117 11.41 56.27 72.04 .78 68 24 65 96 79.83 71.88 '■"T'"i"r 124 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PRODUCTION— Concluded. KOTE The eBtabUahment nimibeis correspond to those in ihe table on page 295, Appendix A, dunr lug number 6 409 414 o714 0715 408 a7i6 435 a717 439 437 438 i»718 0719 392 400 377 a720 «721 o722 a723 400 0724 424 425 Alabama .. Now York . Ohio ...do ..do ..do ..do ....do ...do. ...do . Tennessee ...do , Virginia , ...io '.'."'.."'.'. West Virginia. do Maryland New York Great Britain. . PennsylTania. . Belgium Germany Ohio ....do Pennsylyttnia. . ....do; ...do -. Onetonmnof ftimacefonnderypiglroB (Alabama are) ~ One ton ran of furnace fonndery pig iron (New York ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Lake Snperior ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Hooking Valley and Lake Sa- perior ore). ' One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Hanging Book ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig Iron (Hanging Book ore) One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Hanging Bock ore) One ton run of furnace fiinndery pig iron (llahoning Valley and Lake Su- perior ore). One ton mn of fnnuoe feandery jHg iren (Kalxaiiig Valley aad Lake Sn- perior ore). One ton run of fomaee foudery pig iron (Maboning Valley and Lake S» perior ore.) One ton run of fhrnaoe foandery pig Iron (Tennessee ere) ..« One ton mn of furnace fonndery pig iron (Tennessee ore) » One ton run of fnmace fonndery pig iron (Virginia ore) «.. One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Virginia ore) One ton mn of furnace fonndery pig iron (Virginia ore) .... One ton run of furnace fonndery pig iron (Lake Snperior ore) One ton mn of furnace fonndery pig iron (West Virginia ore) One ton number one fonndei? pig iroB One ton number two fonndery pig iron One ton number three fonndery pig Iron One ton mn of furnace fonndery pig Iron One thousand kilograms (2,205 ponnds) white pig toon One thonsand kilograms (2,205 ponnds) white pig Iron One ton Bessemer pig iron .. ....... One ton Bessemer pig iron » One ton Bessemer pig iron ....«,. -.— .. One ton Bessemer pig iron One ton Bessemer pig iron « .*«. a The wages of employes in this establishment were mot reported ; tkeraflne the aomber will hot k* found tn tie wage table. Appendix A. VAEIATION IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION. COTTON GOODS— ANALYSIS OP LABOR COST— Concltided. 129 U'OTS.— The eatabUstunent nnmberB coTrespond to those in the preceding table, imd also to those in Ijtie table on page 295, Appendix A, except as noted below. LshoT cost of one 7aid. Xstab- llsh- X* Gaidiag. Cloth-rooHi. Beeling and ' winding. Spinning. Spooling. "WeaTlng. Other. TotaL $0.001480 .001479 . 001408 t«0. 000838 ». 000834 $0.000740 .000738 $0. 001594 . 001589 . 001201 . 001622 .001946 .001832 .001901 .002808 .002246 .002606 .002842 . 002307 . 001279 . 002512 .003013 .003410 .003767 .008862 .008445 . 002300 . 002130 $0. 001035 .001030 .000566 .000396 $0.003621 . 003603 . 003183 . 003941 .004277 .004210 . 004328 .006392 .005116 .005712 .006457 . 005330 .002918 . 005721 .006859 .007764 .008577 .010181 .004167 .008000 .009147 $0.000611 . 000608 .001859 .001852 .003091 .0007U . 000730 . 001078 .000863 . 000963 . 0O1O89 . 001637 . 001180 . 000964 . 001157 . 001311 . 001447 .007222 .002644 . 001400 .003260 $0.009929 . 009881 .008217 .009408 . 011072 .011506 . 011860 . 017518 .014016 . 015611 .017700 . 011623 .007240 . 015676 .018869 , 021278 .023506 .033378 . 013300 .012800 .015790 0630 0630 , 001697 198 199 . 001758 .001729 .001777 .002624 • .002100 .002345 .002651 . 002049 6.000976 b. 001002 i>. 001480 b. 001184 6.001322 ». 001494 .000400 .000128 6.001325 6.001888 6.001797 6.001985 .000845 .000885 . 001308 .001046 . 001131 .001321 .001204 . 001237 . 001828 . 001462 . 001633 . 001846 a630 o630 a630 IM«I (Mt l««>»,2««,(XW 211 219 234 268 309 322 347 308 276 328 261 250 260 267 266 292 327 S67 162 887 m M S3 M«3 1858 39 " TO 1861 46 43 41 41 41 40 47 45 61 66 65 65 67 59 58 61 54 52 61 73 1864 76 1866 70 1888 68 1868 69 1870 69 1871 76 1872 85 1873 1874 1 14 1876 IM 1878 108 1877 197 1878 99 1879 1880 97 99 1881 M 1882 M ina SO VARIATION IN THE COSl OF PBODUCTION. 139 PKODTTCTION OF ILLTTMINATIirG GAS, COKE. AND TAB HT CEBTAUT DBPAETMENT8 01' I'BASTCB.a PSOTM.—Jn this table 1,000 kUograniR (2,205 ponads) ere anaidered a taa.] Xaployto. PioduotioB. Afanscfrioa. Defftrtntmts. 1 1 1 1 ThwiBuidfeet gas. Xmaooke. Tnutu. & 1 1 "8 1 ti, 1 1^ 1 1 i 1 Boaohes-dn-Bhone 262 700 223 369 260 232 990 340 428 3,818 365 365 365 365 365 336 365 365 360 365 to 92 58 68 68 68 70 68 63 1 25 1 60 630, 559 600, 100 148, 260 359,424 240, 040 119. 102 1, 369, 110 338. 103 585, 274 9,742,976 2,025 857 665 974 923 513 1,383 994 1,868 2,655 35,000 53, 000 13,000 29,900 10, 000 6,900 98,000 25, 500 50,200 663,700 133 75 58 81 38 25 98 75 117 174 2,600 4,800 600 2,300 1,000 500 12,000 2,300 5,200 67,700 9.9 «.8 2.7 6.2 3.8 2.1 12.1 6.8 12.1 15.1 »180 109 2 18 1 58 1 37 1 80 137 1 37 1 81 137 »7 72 6 79 482 4 24 7 72 788 4 19 4 82 8 68 5 31 *9 65 965 11 68 9 18 HAranlt Loire Infiiieore . Menrthe-et- Mo- selle 13 61 jford g 70 Fas-de-Calala 9 65 cTwo hnadied and seren establishments are covered by this tab!*, abrat 28 per cent of the whole anmber. PEODtrCTION OP BOLLBD rEGIT IN WBSXPHAIJA, GKRICANT, 1878. « HaBm. Naekwdt. Pounds per emplejt SaUy eanilBgs. Paonds par «- ployt dally. Dally em- lags. 1869. 1873. 1878. 1869. M78 1871 1878. 187«. 1(78. m& Krst pnddler . 3,300 3, mo 9,680 9,680 9,680 9,680 9,680 9,680 20,900 3,300 3,300 9,900 9,900 9,900 9,900 9,900 9,900 20, 900 3,498 3,498 11, 000 11, 000 11,000 11, 000 11, 000 11,000 26,400 26. 400 »11« 85 1 06 68 48 1 06 68 68 92 41 48 44 »184 1 01 1 30 76 60 1 30 86 70 103 48 «3 63 *1 08 82 1 20 79 45 93 59 47 1 01 46 66 4« 2, Ml 2,644 7,689 7,689 2,840 2,840 13,648 13,648 1183 98 1 60 1 11 tl 01 Second pnddler 81 1 20 Second heater Third heater. . 87 Head roller' 7,689 7,689 7,889 13,648 13,648 13,648 1 66 1 13 93 9» 4» 103 1 36 87 Catcher 63 TTfl'Tninflnnan 77 39 Blacksmith . . 80 Laborer .. 44 Ponnds per e daUy, Lippsiadt Wei«b>U. ClMsiaeation. mploy^ Daily eondnga. Poojidaper emplajr* IMOy aamlaga. 1869. 1873. 1878. 1869. 1873. 1878; 1869. 1878. 1878. 18<9. 1873. 1878. Hrst pnddler Second pnddler Krst heater Second heater . . . Third heater Boiler 3,080 3,080 15, 400 15, 400 15,400 15, 400 16,400 U,000 3,300 8,300 16,500 16, 600 16,500 16,600 16,500 11,000 3,300 3,300 24,200 24,200 24,200 24,200 24,209 ii,eo« ♦1 18 < 54 1 35 63 (8 84 13 «0 1 «1 S3 44 80 11 44 76 1 63 1 26 91 1 08 1 18 66 173 101 tt «* ft » tl 08 81 2 16 1 40 74 1 83 110 Catcher 1 20 1 08 Hammerman's help Blaokunitb 85 n Laborer '—■■■■ « J , _^ ^ — , — ! -^- — ii III J alt is asserted by promineat naanfaotoiers and other* la paaltlMr WlBsurlta* Ua imgM !■ IHI rere nibstaBtially the aams aa la 187t. 140 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF PSODUCTIOK OF 1,000 KILOaiLAHS (2,205 POmTDS) OF BAB IBON IN WXgl PHALIA. m 1878.« Hunm. iruhiodt. Lippsta^t Joint itsek eoBpuT. Piivatotm Items of •xpeiuw. 1 1 ■^ 1 u 1 -d ^ 1 ! Coal $2 44 123 16 13 108 5 69 26 2 16 69 96 7.96 4.02 52.64 3.63 18.67 .86 7.05 2.26 B.13 »2 69 1 36 18 63 161 7 73 52 2 12 1 96 148 6.82 3.66 49.05 4.23 20.36 1.37 6.68 6.14 3.89 *2 63 190 17 69 163 6 01 49 186 190 1 19 7.69 6.66 6L45 4.77 14.66 1.43 6.41 6.66 3.48 «2 14 63 17 26 8i 4 86 12 1 08 81 67 7.6» 1.88 61.23 2.91 17.24 .43 3.83 2.87 2.02 $2(2 107 14 17 182 660 60 1 71 133 dot Transportatiou of S.70 49.00 Transportation of raw iron (.29 19.36 Official charges Ordinary expenseB. . MisceUaneons 2.08 6.91 4.60 Total 30 64 100.00 37 98 100.00 34 19 100.00 28 19 loa.oo 28 92 100.00 alt Is asserted by prominent mannfaotorers and otbns in a position to know that the cost of pio- dnction in 1886 tras not very maoh different from whatltwas in 1878. SHAKE OF LABOB AlfTD CAPITAL DT COAL MUSTOTG— PBOTDTCB OF TTATN TATTT.T BKL- OIUH, 1860-83. Tear. Cost of prodnotion. Labor. Other. Total. Market price. Profit AiBonnt going to- Labor. Capital, Par eent. going Labor. CapltaL Avier- age yearly vages of em- ployta. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1866. U68. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1876. 1876 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. |1 16 1 11 1 02 102 98 103 1 U 126 1 12 1 11 1 14 1 14 1 29 1 86 173 1(7 1 61 1 17 108 1 00 108 107 108 114 to 89 1 06 86 83 79 79 87 85 87 90 91 1 29 1 20 1 20 1 10 t2 05 2 17 1 87 1 85 1 77 182 198 2 16 1 98 1 96 2 01 2 04 2 20 3 14 2 93 287 2 61 2 15 1 95 1 83 1 92 1 89 187 1 as $2 31 3 39 2 10 2 01 1 97 300 3 86 2 40 2 14 3 08 3 14 2 22 364 423 321 3(5 264 2 17 1 96 1 84 1 96 1 89 1 95 1 98 (0 36 23 23 16 30 24 88 34 16 13 13 18 44 1 08 38 18 03 02 01 01 04 *1 16 1 U 1 02 1 02 98 1 03 1 U 1 26 1 12 lU 1 14 1 14 1 29 1 86 1 73 1 (7 1 61 1 17 1 08 100 1 08 1 07 1 08 1 14 (0 36 22 23 16 20 24 38 34 16 13 13 18 44 108 28 18 03 02 01 01 «4 06 81.69 88.M 8L(0 86.44 83.05 8L10 74.60 78.76 (7.50 (0.24 80.76 (6.36 74.67 62.71 8a 07 00.27 98.06 (8.32 99.09 99.01 9&43 100.00 (3.10 16. 8f 18.81 1&54 18.40 13.66 16.96 18.(0 25.60 3135 12.60 (l7( 10.24 13. U 25.43 (7.2( U93 9.73 L95 L68 .91 .99 3.57 6.(0 4.10 «14« 144 13( 137 139 162 in 176 1S7 161 169 164 201 271 231 227 200 161 161 165 177 17( 186 m VARIATION IN THE BATES OF WAGES. 141 The following exhibit, drawn from of&cial sources, is given as the av- erage cost of production of a ton (2,206 pounds) of coal in Belgium. These figures represent the average cost for the whole country : Coal Per cent. Liboi 10 24 60.45 PlMit , - - , Fnd fi.88 Otiior onmBMA ................■..........__..... ...... IS 87 Io««l ■- 173 100.00 One of the most important elements in the cost of production, after the actual wages paid, Ues in the ef&ciency of labor; but the difficulties in the way of ascertaining the efQciency of labor are greater than those in the way of ascertaining the general cost of production, and is a task involving such wide and such scientific work that it could not be taken up by the Bureau during its first year. The true element of wages, also, can only be ascertained by the most careful analysis of the ef^ciency of labor in all directions. The attempt wHL be made, when opportunity offers, to make such an analysis. It wiU be seen from the foregoing tables that there is no American standard of the cost of producing a given unit of production, nor, in fact, can any absolute standard be ob- tained for other countries. On the other hand, it is true that an ap- proximate standard can be obtained, not only to a large extent fi?om the data presented, but with ample information a standard could be reached by which the cost of production could be very carefully and very satis- factorily graded. Many corroborating statements have been examined to test the validity of the figures given in the great industries like iron and textiles, and while in some cases there has been found some devia- tion from statements made in trades journals and in the facts and fig- ures published by associations, no deviation sufRcient to invalidate the statements made in the foregoing tables has been observed. The Variation in the Rates of Wages.— If the reader will refer to Appendix A, he will find a table covering 582 manufactur- ing establishments, showing the number of persons engaged in each specific occupation in each establishment, with their daily rates of wages. The wages in nearly all cases were taken direct from the pay- rolls. The table is referred to in this connection since it forms the basis of the summaries which foUow, they having been directly derived from it. These summaries bring out the chief points of value con- tained in the long detailed table. The first shows the number of adult employes and the average rates of daily wages of leading occupations in the industries named in the various states and countries covered by the investigation. The second table shows the average rates of daily wages for children and youth in the same industries and in the same states and countries. The third table shows the number of employes 142 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. in each occupation of an industry for each state, and the percentage of employes in each occupation considered of the whole number of em- ployes in each state and country, so far as the establishments investi- gated by the Bureau are concerned. The fourth summary brings out the number of employes in each industry, for each state and country involved, with the average rates of daily wages and the average run- ning time, both daily and yearly, during the past year. In this sum- mary the states where conditions are more nearly alike are placed together, forming geographical groups, each separated from the other by a white line. The fifth summary shows the total number of em- ployes, average daUy wages, and average daily and yearly working time for the industries involved for all the states covered. A casual examination of these summaries will show that any attempt to prove an American rate of wages must necessarily result in failure. There is no such thing as an American rate of wages. VARIATION IN THE BATES OP WAGES. 143 SUMMARY OP SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS. AGEIOTTLTUBAX IMPLEMENTS. KOTE. — This table la not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only the prino^al oo- aspktioDS in establishments uiTestigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oeoapatloiis and atates. Knmber of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Oocnpations and states. Number ofadnltem. ploy^s. Average rates of daily wages. ITole. rem. Male. Pem. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. BLAOKSIOTHB. minoifl 211 12 4 17« « (2 41 211 2 60 2 15 2 80 lutBOBHBS— conolnded. Kentucky Maine 6 7 2 346 39 «1 20 1 26 1 60 1 30 1 33 NewTork Ohio Ohio Total and average. lUCHDflBIS. nUnois , Total and arerage. 419 2 29 1,186 1 36 BLACKflHITHB' HXLPBlfl. S 18 * 86 8 140 1 30 120 141 1 76 42t 4 1 SM 23« 212 8 00 207 New York Ohio Ohio Femuylvaaia Tetal aad avenge. UOVJJDXJUS. minols 937 222 Total and aT«rage. lis 141 *■"""' 152 181 S 102 22 8 19 176 200 2 61 1 80 VOBUDUr. 22 16 3 3 2 ■29 1 8 20 239 3 00 242 2 (2 3 60 4 00 Ijidiana Kentucky Ohio Mame Total and average. PAIHTSBS. nUnois 466 2 39 Total and aTorage. 76 3 14 138 10 8 270 1 200 172 1 50 180 2 50 aimfssBS. 80 96 16 12 7 69 2 03 148 1 60 1 75 160 207 Indiana Ohio Total and average. WOOD WOBKIBS. Illinois Maine 422 1 89 NewYork.... 80 14 4 177 1 68 134 260 161 Ohio (grinders ; grlsders and pollshnni . . TotoHnd Hverage. 2«9 1 80 744 in lis Ohio Total and avarage. Tnisol* 475 IM MUu . 1 ... 43 1 1 BOOTS AKD 8H0IS. 66 1S( BOTTOHaw— MBslmded. NewYwk 318 325 IW 348 Ohio .*.•-. Total Mdaverac*- 6S 160 Total ud arenge. BKDBBU8. Hew York Total aad avaias*. Bunm. GaltfolBla SH 2 20 BLOcmaa. HnrTmk 17 S26 IS 177 Total aad averag*. IT 326 It 177 Marrla^ ' Ill' M M 1(4 »-... >60 1 t7 138 • I 141 3M MaaMwhiMHa 144 BEPOET OF THE COMMI88IONEB OF LABOR. 8DMMAET OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continned. BOOTS ANB SHOES— Continued. Note.— XhiB table is not a complete exhibit for indnstiieB or states, bat covers only the prindpal os- sapations in establishments Investigated. Bee detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Ooonpations and states. Nnmber of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Oconpations and states. Nnmber of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Hale. Fem. Male. Fem. Hate. Fem. Male. Fem. BiTETBBB- Hxmclnded, New York 27 6 $140 2 SO SDOK TBoaaas. CalifoTnia 9 2 30 49 8 n83 2 26 2 45 2 46 3 49 Pennsylvania Total and average. 42 1 61 NewTork 13 6 7 26 U 12 1 98 3 00 1 SO 1 89 2 27 2 15 Total and average. California 98 248 niinoia 6 ""m 30 128 80 60 '326' 2 08 '2'5o' 1 76 222 2 25 1 69 2 25 136 New York $160 1 00 Tf**=>hTiHylvaTiift 3 7 36 25 9 25 69 89 133 166 Total aad average. 78 2 06 Massachusetts BUTTON-HOIJEC UAKBBS. 8 '"to a 1 S3 i'eo' ♦i'oi' 78 NewTork Oftlifomift , ... Ohio _ 123 New York. Total and average. FOSKMKN. CaUfOTBla 8 179 683 188 1 23 Total and average. 11 79 165 101 6 8 13 70 3 600 312 804 243 3 00 BUTTON BBWBB8. 1 '39' i'si" 1 37 ""90 Sfaryland California New York 4 NewTork Ohio " Total and average. California Total and average. 4 40 1 60 91 IM 2 74 176 2 17 150 2 03 151 267 CHANNBLLSB8. 4 26 163 1 68 16 19 3 46 30 13 Illinois Maryland Total and average. 30 1 66 123 197 1 07 MaseachtiBetts NewTork 22 26 19 Total and average - LABOBSB8. MMsaohnsetts NewTork 116 193 17 84 38 131 1 10 183 Total and average. 47 19 162 1 07 CDTTIBB. 87 8 4 19 876 25 838 40 28 ""24" 2 00 2 67 2 33 186 1 96 2 60 2 28 2 66 2 18 '"'89' NewTork "PftTiiiRylvftnift Total and average. LA0TSB8. niinois 189 119 Kentncky MapylflTifl 77 8 6 20 391 219 110 158 225 200 159 2 17 234 192 New Jersey New York JBLentnoky ......... . Ohio Pennsylvania New Tork Total and average. 876 8 8 86 19 14 24 2 14 1 87 1 66 2 20 260 3 00 89 Pennftylvnnla Total and average. LEVELLIBS. KDSS BBTTEB8. CATifnmla 731 3 9 19 2 10 143 178 266 _. Maryland..-- Maasachnsetts NewTork Pennsylvania Total and aveiace. 80 288 2^^^ 30 225 "•^ VARIATION IN THE EATES OF WAGES. 145 SUMMARY OP SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continned. BOOTS AiTD SHOES— Concluded. IIOTB.— This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only the principal oocn patians in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 29£, whence derived. Occapatious and states. Number of adtilt em- ployes. 1 Average ■ rates of daily wages. Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male.. Fern. UEABimiCBa. New York 17 $1 «6 9BWSBS, U'KAT MACHIBS. 2 11 1 $e 55 1 Total and average. 17 1 86 Total and average. SEWIMG-MACBINE OPEBA- T0K9. 13 2 66 1 UOULDBBB. Massachusetts 1 16 2 25 2 44 24 78 9 29 32 352 988 71 1 37 $1 60 Masaachnsetts 1 78 1 49 17 2 43 New York 1 77 : 1 28 Total and average . 1 78 1 1 32 PACKSBB. 7 1 30 1 3 6 1 93 67 1 97 1 08 1 50 1 00 Total and average. BKIVIEKS. 140 1,443 1 71 ! 1 34 4 29 7 Maryland 1 87 1 14 1 65 ' Massachusetts New York Total aud average. TACKEBS. Maryland Ohio 33 7 Pemisylvania Toialaud average. 48 1 79 1 6 33 4 ""9 1 50 1 73 1 95 1 10 2 7 13 1 67 1 73 1 39 i 04 New York Maryland , Masaachusetts . - . Total and average. TUBKBRS. 44 9 1 83 1 04 New York 2 4 25 57, Total and average. 22 1 52 1 33 2 00 1 51 2 39 15 lis" $1 00 New York "Kkut VnT-t Total and average. VAMPKK8. 6 88 2 10 Total and average. 6 15 1 15 1 00 6 11 62 14 ""2 2 36 2 09 1 73 1 90 BEAT WHKElJtBB. 14 1 19 Massachnaetts New York 1 75 Now York Pennsylvania Total »nd average. Total and average - 14 1 19 93 2 1 84 1 75 BKOOMS. UAUOBXBB. New York 135 1 25 WIMDaBS. New York 98 1 70 Total and average. 135 1 25 Total and average. 98 1 70 CAEPBTINGS. Uassachnsetts ... New York Total and average. 12854 LAB- 13 34 I 47 30 30 88 1 54 72 72 New York Pennsylvaiiia . Total and average. -10 88 2 05 146 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Cpntinned. CAEPE TfirGS— Con tinned. NoTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstrles or states, bnt covers only tbe principal occnpations in eBtabliahments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, pajre 295, wnenoe derived. Oocnpations and states. Number ofadnltem- ployAs. Average rates of daily wages. Occnpations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. rem. Male. rem. Male.i Fem. DE8IGKEB8. &reat Britain 10 37 $1 39 3 36 LABORERS— concluded. New York 136 400 »124 1 25 New York Total and average . LOOM FECBEB. Total and average - 47 2 94 607 1 22 DBA WEBB. 5 194 30 2 03 $1 03 90 4 63 21 2 70 2 44 2 25 New York Total and average. DKSSBEB8. .5 6 101 224 2 03 1 75 1 fU 1 01 Total and average MACHUnSTS. 88 2 40 4 83 16 2 75 2 19 2 25 XewTork New York Total and average. 107 1 55 j Total and average. FEESTERS. Great Britain DTSRe. 10 9 125 63 18 1 75 87 1 08 1 «8 1 50 103 2 22 25 8 254 30 7 1 13 1 08 173 1 50 Great Britain $0 71 New York ...-, Massaohnsetts ■ New York Total and average - 225 1 28 Total and average. BC0UEKR8. Massachusetts 317 7 165 71 EHaimEBS. 15 12 1 1 56 2 66 1 66 28 172 111 1 37 Vnw Vfirlr New York Total and avenge. Great Britain Total and average. 28 2 03 200 1 33 FIKIBSBB8. 10 95 i'os' 1 66 125 94 21 14 356 'i'm' 1 80 75 19 67 140 New York New York - 91 120 1 40 Total and average. 86 105 1 45 97 Total and avenge. BPnraBRS, KULE. 211 391 1 88 1 36 FOBEMEN AKD OVEBBKEHB. 6 170 1 97 2 62 37 124 1 19 1 26 NewYork ....... New York Total and average. 176 2 60 Total and average. BFmNEBS, OTHER. Massachusetts 161 1 25 23 1 78 New York 102 302 60 i'ii' 64 Total and avenge. 23 1 78 NewYork 299 1 07 Pennsylvania — S3 IHBFBCT0B8. 26 29 1 60 1 12 Total and avenge. BPOOLBBS. Massachusetts 299 464 114 94 New York 12 244 80 'i'25" 85 Total and avenge. 26 29 1 60 112 92 New York 62 4 90 LABORERS. 8 63 86 I 01 Pennsylvania S3 Totfil and average. Great Britain 66 836 123 88 Hasaaobnsetts VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WA.GES. 147 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCtTPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. CABPETIN-GS— Conolnded. JiTOTB. — Tbls table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt covers only the prisiiipal oo cupations in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oocnpations and states. Nmnber of adnltem- ploy*B. Average rates of daily wages. Oocnpations and states. Number of ad^t em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. rem. Male. Fem. TWIBTSB8. New York 8 220 30 *1 43 $1 29 90 WBAVBBS — conclnded. 615 $1 67 Total and average. wnrDBRB. 1,221 1,321 1 58 $1 42 • Total and average. 8 259 1 43 1 25 29 84 813 28 'i'29." 1 43 WARPBRB. IS 28 2 126 1 55 135 48 40 36 8tS New York NewXork 1 11 75 Total and average. WOOL eOBTKKS. Total and average. 45 i*M 76 454 1 36 1 00 WKAVKBB. 48 '"359' 914 1 53 1 53 1 56 'i'si' 1 38 28 123 3 178 1 26 1 68 116 64 426 New York Massachnsetts NewYork Total and average. 151 3 1 35 1 68 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. BLA.CKSHITHB. Qonnectiont minois New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average. BLACKSMITHS' HSLFIIB8. Connecticut Bllnois Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average. PORBMKK. Connecticut niinois Ohio Total and average. LABOBXBB. Connect) tnt niinois Ohio Total and average. 55 2 76 52 2 87 16 1 92 70 2 16 4 2 03 197 2 36 58 1 75 37 1 41 14 1 35 6 95 115 1 55 3 3 81 11 3 68 30 2 92 44 3 17 12 1 29 12 1 48 23 136 47 137 PAIHTEKS. Connectiout niinois New Jerae Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average TBOnSBS. Connecticut minois New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average WOOD WOKKEBS. Connectlont (body mak- ers) Illinois New Jersey (body mak- ers) Ohio (wood workers, body makers) Pennsylvania Total and average 306 140 10 225 2 11 1 87 1 75 1 39 2 33 1 79 2 48 2 10 2 25 2 50 2 00 2 33 2 43 2 13 2 50 2 01 1 91 2 22 148 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. CLOTHING. NoTS.— This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt coTers only the princlfal OQti& pations in establishments iBvestigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oocnpatious and states. Nnmber ofadnltem- ployto. Average rates of daUy wages. Occnpations and states. Nnmber of ad nit em- ployes. Average rates of daUy wages Male. Fem. Male. Pern. Male. rem. Male. Fern. BUnOM-HOLS UAlUSa. New York 18 15 $1 75 1 17 LABOUSBfi. New Jersey 7 7 24 3 ?1 50 96 131 1 25 New York Total iftud average. 33 1 49 Total and average. LATrSKS. New York 9 75 41 1 28 NewTark 28 1 00 9 75 Total and average. LOOrEKB. 28 1 00 20 15 2 SI m 1 00 86 curatBS. New York 2 109 1 00 $0 81 17 1 03 Total and average - HEMUKKS. New York 2 109 1 00 0«1 Toinl lidd average . 35 19 ! 1 57 87 86 EHQDffiEEKS. 2 8 3 1 3 25 1 48 2 18 2 00 88 Total and average. SKWIBO-MAOMIHB OFSB- ATOKB. New York 86 New York ...... UD Pennsylvania 180 Tirginia Total and average. 14 192 92 Total aad average . SFIMMEBS, MULB. New York KBnBHKKS. 116 39 136 4 "231' ■■"27' 2 02 1 12 1 70 2 50 '"'95' "'75' 180 82 31 7 1 26 New York Virginia Total and average. sroousKB. Total and average. 295 258 1 76 93 38 1 31 FOKEVEH. 4 45 1 4 3 21 2 40 1 67 1 88 2 6 1 12 87 New Jersey Total and average. TKLAUIKKB. New York (foremen. 2 6 112 87 60 25 120 Total and average. 49 6 2 47 184 100 113 UKUHSKS. 38 82 New York Pennsylvania New York Total and average. WA8U-KOOU HANDS. New York 205 93 Total and average. msrfiCTOBS. 38 16 82 67 49 9 142 1 00 New York Total and average. New York Total and average. IC 67 68 1 35 KfllTTERS. New York 1 2 77 1 76 1 75 1 07 75 6 78 76 Virginia Total and average. Total and average. 3 77 1 75 1 07 81 78 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 149 SUMMARY OP SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. COAL, OOKE. AND ORE. XOTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or Btate8,biitcomotive. Total and average. FIBEHBN. Great Britain Maryland Missonri Ohio Virginia Total and average Great Britain Indiana ■ Maryland Missonri Ohio Pennsjilvania Virginia West Virginia Total and average Mnne bosbicb. Indiana Missonri Ohio Pennsylvania — Virginia West Virginia Total and average tmniBS. Great Britain .. Indiana Maryland Missonri Ohio i Pennsylvania . . Virginia West Virginia . Nnmber of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of doily wages. Male. Fem »1 73 23 01 16 18 49 428 235 49 909 Total and average. Great Britain .. Maryland Ohio Virginia West Virginia . Total and averages 285 1375 762 239 1055 1855 113 662 1 93 97 1 70 2 31 1 44 1 04 1 15 72 1 00 1 24 1 50 1 43 1 21 1 04 1 16 1 15 3 60 2 88 2 86 2 25 1(9 2 71 2 44 6346 18 1 10 1 49 162 1 58 175 1 90 1 23 1 69 167 1 39 1 42 1 38 1 44 1 88 150 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. COAI., COKB, AJSTD QBE— Conclnded. Note. — This table ia not a complete exhibit for indastnes or states, bat covers only the principal oocapations im establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployAs. Average rates of daily wagM, Male. Sem. Male. Fern. Mala 1 Fern. Male. Fern. TBACKLAIZBB. Grieat Britain 25 26 10 5 21 6 26 to 90 2 06 188 2 35 1 73 1 25j 172 WKlUHiHS. S 15 5 1 9 3 7 to 84 1 73 177 2 31 183 2 50 187 ■ Missouri Ohio Ohio "West Virginia Total and average. Total and average. 118 1 63 45 1 74 COOKING AND HBATING APPARATUS. BLACKSUITHS. Qlinois.... , Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average. CASTBHTEBS. Illinois New York , Ohio , West Virginia , Total and average. CUPOI.A UN. Ulinoia New York Ohio West Virginia Total and average. BHQIHIISS. Illinois..-..: Michigan New Kork Ohio Peunsylvania West viigi]lia Total and average. Illinois Miohigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average. SuraDCBS. Illinois Michigan New York Total aqd average. 2 1 82 4 2 16 14 1 91 1 1 75 1 1 75 22 1 92 2 2-29' 38 2 23 4 2 12 1 2 00 45 2 21 16 2 09 13 1 81 3 1 72 1 2 25 33 1 95 6 2 06 2 2 50 6 2 20 4 2 19 1 2 25 1 1 76 19 2 17 4 8 31 27 3 83 29 3 25 9 3 49 2 3 00 71 3 50 4 1 50 51 1 26 36 1 52 90 137 — — ^ "■=■'•■- JAfAKNIBS. Michigan .. New York. Total and average LABOB2BS. Illinois Kentucky Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Total and average. HACHIRIBIB. Uliuois Michigan...- New York Ohio Total and average. UOULDXBS. niiuois Kentucky Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Total and average. uomrrKBS. Illinois Kentucky Michigan Now York: Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Total and average. 11 494 27 267 37 430 945 359 48 23 54 6 151 56 142 12 9 430 2 00 1 84 1 87 1 43 1 77 1 54 133 1 70 1 35 1 25 1 37 2 00 2 38 2 29 1 80 2 07 3 05 225 2 27 3 26 2 60 3 50 2 50 2 88 1 86 2 25 1 89 3 32 2 19 3 00 1 65 VAKIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 151 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS- Continued. COOKTSTG AND HEATING APPARATUS— Concluded. Note. — This table is not a oomplete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only tbe principal oc* Dupatioiis in establlsbments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 205, wbence derived. Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. rem. Male. Fem. Male. rem. HICCXI. rhA.TSSB. rUnni. .... 1 5 18 30 $2 25 1 45 2 79 1 53 POLBHKHB— concluded. 43 13 *2 58 1 43 MicHiean Ohio Total and average. .TEAMBTBBS. Michigan Ohio 155 2 06 Total and average. 54 1 96 18 19 1 1 1 52 1 63 1 50 1 50 12 49 12 19 2 1 3 21 2 27 2 28 2 83 3 00 2 25 New Yort Illinois Ohio Vnw 'foTli Total aad average. TINBMITHB. Ohio 37 ' 1 58 1 94 1 98 2 11 _^__ West Vircrinia. - - 12 58 3 Total and average. 95 2 52 1 98 1 50 1 92 Total and average. TlliTini. 73 1 98 COTTON GOODS. Delaware Great Britain ... Maine Maryland Maesachusetta .. New York North Carolina. Pennsylvania ... Virginia Total.and average. BLACKSUTIHS. Georgia ftfTftinfl ^Maryland Massachusetts . VewToik Total and average Delaware France , Germany.. Great Britain .... Italy Macylimd Massachusetts .. New Hampshire- New York North Carolina . . South Carolina.. Virginia 78 13 Total and average. 13 193 349 1 47 90 2 01 79 $1 48 1 25 1 18 2 00 1 50 1 60 1 88 1 50 2 36 1 75 357 53 57 86 38 71 1 26 96 1 20 77 85 77 1 00 1 IS q^KD GEIltDZSa. Connecticiat France Georgia Germany Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia Total asd average. CAXD STBirrEBS. Connectiant Delaware Georgia -. Maine.......-.....---.. Massachusetts • New Hampshire New York Vermont Total and average CLOTH-BOOM HAHDB. Georgia Great Britain Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire 126 1 25 S» 1 05 82 91 (3 1 36 1 62 1 24 1 37 1 16 1 01 1 54 1 50 1 07 1 19 90 1 33 85 85 92 96 1 02 1 00 94 85 1 20 98 1 34 1 73 $0 85 86 76 1 08 152 EEPOST OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCTTP ATI ONS, ADULTS- -Continued. COTTON GOODS— ContinTied. NoTB.— This table is »o« a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only the principal oo cnpations in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Occupations and states. CLOTH -ROOj; RAHDa — Con eluded. Sonth Carolina Total and average DOFFKRS. Connecticut Total and average. DRAWEES. Connecticut France Georgia Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachnsetts ... New Hampshire . Tfow Jersey New Tort North Carolina . . . Virginia Total and average. DBAWEBS-IH. Great Britain . . Maine Massachusetts - New York North Carolina. Vermont Virginia , Total and average Delaware Germany Maine Massachusetts North Carolina PennB;^lvania Virginia Total and average. EHOnriEXB. Connectlcnt France Georgia Great Britain Italy Maryland Massachusetts Now Jersey NewTork North Carolina Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia »... Total and average. Nnmber ofadnltem- ploy6a. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. 04 Male. Fern. $1 00 $1 00 3 I 66 6 I 27 61 13 105 10 8 17 8 8 301 S 182 87 43 17 10 7 302 77 78 1 60 63 1 19 1 10 75 1 67 1 00 77 2 50 1 08 1 60 1 53 66 1 67 2 04 2 00 2 33 1 40 2 43 4 33 1 13 1 76 60 1 02 41 68 72 29 88 73 91 77 70 68 56 55 77 1 10 77 83 Occupations and states. rlLLDSO HAKD8. Connecticut Maine .' Massachusetts New Hampshire Virginia Total and average. FIKEHKH. France Georgia Germany Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey NewTork North Carolina Vermont Virginia Total and average . F0LDSB8. Connecticut Georgia Germany Maine Massachusetts NewTork North Carolina Vermont Virginia Total and average. rasrxcTOBS. Connecticut Maine — Massachusetts .. New Hampshire. NewTork Vermont .— Total and average LAB0RXB8. Connectlcnt Delaware France Georgia Get many Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire NewTork North Carolina South Carolina Virginia , Total and average. Number of adult em- ploy68. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fem. 85 44 17 16 62 121 26 127 31 HI 2 15 6 633 $1 00 1 14 1 07 42 94 87 Male. Fern. 1 04 !. 74 75 73 93 54 1 38 1 25 1 31 1 35 1 40 94 1 50 1 07 1 OO 1 33 72 42 1 42 86 1 29 1 00 1 10 1 00 73 1 00 83 1 56 1 50 124 1 00 127 68 85 77 88 45 1 06 1 06 1 08 1 28 1 06 75 86 96 99 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 153 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADUIiTS— Continned. COTTOW GOODS— Continued. NOTB.— This table Is fwt a complete exhibit for InduBtriea or states, bnt covers only the principal ooonpatlons In establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oocnpationa and states. Male. Fern. Male. Gonnecticnt Great Britain Maasachnsetta New Hampshire North Carolina Total and average. LOOM FUERB. Delaware .- Italy Mainland ., Massachusetts New Jersey New York North Carolina , .Vermont Virginia Total and average. HACHraiSTS. Connectiont Georgia Great Britain Maine Maryland Massachusetts Nbw Jersey New York North Carolina 'Virginia Total and average OILEBS. Gonnecticnt... France-. Georgia Germany Great Britain Italy Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New York North CaroUna Vermont Total and average OVRBSEEBS. Connecticut Prance Georgia Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia Total and ave-rage. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. 109 U« $0 90 88 118 12 10 10 $0 60 1 40 48 1 54 1 41 1 50 1 78 1 22 1 60 1 32 1 60 1 60 1 47 1 35 1 83 2 13 1 47 2 35 1 94 2 00 2 10 1 73 94 115 76 90 90 2 57 99 3 43 1 annecticut (rreat Britain Maine'. ....... Maryland Maaaachuselts . . New Hampshire. New York North Carolina.., Pennsylvania Vermont .... Virginia Total and average. SPjUIB HANDS. Maine Maasachosetta . . New Hampakiie. New York North Carolina.. Vermont Virginia Total and average aruEDiiBS. Conneotloat. Oecmany..... Number of adult em- ploy6s. Male. Fem. 281 5 17 100 136 13 271 Ul 83 67 147 28 Average rates of dally wages. Male. $1 45 1 49 1 79 1 75 1 77 2 02 1 67 78 1 50 1 26 1 76 1 42 1 08 1 S4 1 4!> 1 48 1 46 1 67 1 22 1 45 1 42 1 60 1 10 97 1 20 1 70 1 28 1 13 96 1 00 1 10 90 1 02 108 Pern. $0 05 1 16 95 78 90 87 72 60 1 12 88 61 78 1 16 1 00 88 1 01 Occupations and states. srsEDSBB— concluded. Great Britain Maine.--- Maryland Massachusetts Now Hampshire. - . New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia - Total and average BJflHKBRS, HULB. Connecticut Delaware France Georgia Germany Great Britain Italy Mame Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Vermont.. Total and average. SriHKKBS, OIHSK. Germany Great Britain Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . . New Hampshire . New York Pennsylvania South Carolina-.. Total and average. SPOOLBBB. Connecticut Delaware Maine ......... Maryland Massachuaetta --. New Hampabire . New York North Carolina. - . Fenna^lvania Virginia Total and average. Italy Masaaohosettg . Total and average. Number I Average of adult em- j rates of ploy^s. daily wages. Male. 14 15 1 7 8 26 172 32 59 2 74 32 14 1 57 12 403 11 Fem. Male. 9 34 106 $0 95 1 00 13 327 244 28 80 1,337 18 3 132 56 329 116 8 50 15 17 7U 20 VARIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 155 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS-Cji tinned. COTTON GOODS— Conoladed. HOTK.—Xhis table is »o« a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only the principal )hglimentB investigated. See detail table. Appendix A, page 295, whence Oerived. secnpations in establishme Oocnpations and states. Male. TJSAldSTIBS Georgia Maine. - Haaeachnsetts New Tort North Carolina Vermont Virginia Total and average. TWisrsBS. Great Britain... Italy Maine Maryland MassachnseUs . New York Nnmber ofadnltem- ploy6s. Average rates of dally wages Total and average WABPEKS. Connecticnt France Georgia Germany Maine Maryland Massachusetts ... New Hampshire . New York North Carolina... Pennsylvania Vfrginja Total and average. 31 68 Fern. Male $1 05 1 24 1 18 1 85 93 1 25 85 145 75 87 1 42 1 52 1 15 67 1 00 1 07 1 30 1 02 Jem. $0 25 1 56 85 1 05 1 85 X 13 1 10 78 Occupations and states. WATCHMSH. Connecticut France.. Georgia Germany Italy :. Maine Maryland Massachusetts . New York North Carolina. Pennsylvania ... Sonth Carolina . Virgmia...* Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male Total and average WEATKKS. Connecticut Delaware France Georgia Germany Great Britain Maine Maryland Maasaohiaaetts ... New Hampshire . New Jersey New York North Carolina. . . Pennsylvania Sonth Carolina . . . Vermont Virginia ' 118 Fem. Male. Fem. 731 14 391 241 Total and average. 2, 047 7,972 235 100 40 91 65 25 97 153 100 158 1,067 152 568 279 2,006 1,500 130 1,169 208 134 SO 201 »1 15 1 00 83 32 48 1 33 1 25 1 39 1 21 94 1 67 1 10 1 14 1 14 1 11 84 1 13 1 07 1 10 75 1 12 92 1 00 1 10 1 07 FOOD PEEPAKATIONS. CLKAMIUIS. minois Indiana Missouri New Hampshire Total and average. COOFSBS. Ohio Total and average - KMOI»£XB8. CaJUfomia Illinois Indiana .' Miasonri Ohio ■West Virginia Total and average. « 1 86 2 1 80 2 1 65 1 85 11 1 72 41 1 22 44 1 22 18 4 80 19 2 48 3 2 40 7 2 90 11 1 72 1 2 00 59 8 09 FIBXMEH. California Illinois Missouri Ohio Total and average LABOKKBS. California Illinois Indiana Minnesota Missouri Ohio West Virginia Total and average. UILLBBS. California Illinois Indiana .... Minnesota Uissoari 33 424 108 77 15 1 700 2 50 1 89 2 28 1 52 186 1 SO 1 53 1 50 1 80 1 49 1 66 1 42 1 55 4 60 3 01 3 60 260 3 58 156 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. ADULTS— Continued. POOD PEEPAEATIONS— Conolnded. Note. — This table is not a complete exliibit tor indnstries or states, bnt covers only the prinulpal oa cnpations In establisliments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, -whence derived. FtrRKlTUKE. CABIlfBT HAKRBS. Indiana Ktiutucky Michigan Total and average - CARVBR8. Kentncky Michigan Total and average. ENOmEERB. Indiana Michigan Total and average. FOREMKK. Indiafla Michigan Total and average. 143 27 118 288 37 1 59 I 1 80 , 1 88 I 2 25 2 33 2 31 2 91 2 55 2 65 3 00 2 99 Indiana — Kentncky . Michigan . . Total and average. MAOBIKE MEM. Indiana .. . Kentncky . Michigan . . Total and average. UFHOLSTESERB. Indiana ... Kentncky . Michigan . Total and average. 187 32 166 385 29 1 08 1 13 1 27 1 18 1 65 1 50 1 73 2 00 1 SO 1 B2 1 79 Occnpations and states. Nnmber ofadultem- pIoy6». Average rates of daily wages. Occnpations and states. Nnmber of adalt em- ployes. -.r Average rates of daily wages. Male. Tern. Male. Fem. Male. 1 Fem. Male. Fern. MILLKRfl— CODClnded, 5 12 2 «3 00 2 52 2 70 6WEEFEBB. 14 2 SO 2 1 2 »1 54 1 80 1 62 1 65 1 25 1 67 "West VirffiJiia Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire Total and average. 153 2 80 PACKERS. 2 1 24 i 2 1 28 1... 3 50 1 76 1 80 9 no ...... Total and average. TEAMSTERS. 71 1 61 6 17 2 4 2 91 i , 1 182 2 1 1 65 8 , ' 1 84 1 j 1 1 67 Illinois 1 63 ...... 2 00 West "Virginia Ohio 1 25 Total and average. Total and average . n \ i 1 91 29 1 87 1 GLASS. HLACKBMITHS. 3 1 7 3 11 1 t3 00 2 25 2 66 2 41 2 33 2 25 BLOWERS AHTi FINISHERS, BOTTLE AND CHIMKET. California (blowers) Kentncky (blowers) New Jersey (blowers)-. Ohio 28 20 207 23 403 18 4 33 4 00 4 60 Pennsylvania - . 4 28 4 42 4 90 West Virginia (blowers) Total and average. CUTTEKS. IHinois Total and average. 2 50 699 444 M 32 37 27 BLOWERS. WINDOW 0LAB8. 6 25 6 20 16 U 5 55 iJew Jersey 4 80 1 5 08 i B 48 i 4 13 1 Ohio 4 64 i 4 16 Total and average. Total and average. 112 ^l 6 26 62 4 4.'> ...... VARIATION IN THE RATES OP WAGES. 157 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. GLASS— CoBoluded. KOTB. — This taUe is not a complete exhibit for indnstnes or stiUses, bnt covers only the principal c pations in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. OcoupatiunB and states. Number of adnit em- ployes. Average rates of ilaily wages. Oconpationa and states. i Number j of adultem-i pIoy6s. Average rates of daily wages Maie. I'em. 1 Male. rem. Male. Fea. Male. Fern. SMOlA'ttSUtl. fialifomia 1 8 1 7 $2 50 1 SO 1 66 2 31 ::::;: MLXJEKB. California .....< 3 1 11 5 28 2 $2 50 3 00 1 87 1 76 1 98 1 66 Kentucky Ohio Ohio Total aud aTerage. 17 1 80 Total and average. FiLucua-m. 2 13 2 00 1 90 50 1 97 MOULD HAiUCAS. 7 23 4 00 3 58 IS 1 93 Total and arerago. Pennsylvania FliATTEHEKS. 4 10 9 8 6 25 4 64 6 35 4 47 Total and average. fACKERfl. California 30 3 68 Dlinoia - - 8 1 13 10 74 5 2 25 2 25 2 80 1 5S 1 93 1 50 Pennsylvania 31 5 01 Total and average. Ohio 1 1 9 1 3 00 4 87 4 00 4 00 FOUKMan. Total and average. rOT MAK£K8. 111 2 00 TS&w Jersey ------ 2 3 8 3 (10 2 80 3 U9 12 3 99 Total and average - New Jersey ' GATHKHERS. 16 40 71 173 4 00 2 09 2 90 2 47 Pennsylvania Total and average - FKESSEBS. Ohio Illinois 13 3 03 NewJersey Ohio 29 41 4 OO 4 41 300 2 73 ToLal and average Total and average. TAAMSTESfi. California »-. 70 4 24 15 21 36 46 435 1 75 1 04 1 20 1 92 1 60 3 1 18 13 2 3 00 1 25 1 42 Ohio Kentaoky -- 1 82 1 66 Total and average. 553 1 59 "Wfiftt V irffinia ...... Total and average. TSASCKfi. LOJSiimiXK. 19 i 17 2 2 48 1 75 ] 60 1 66 37 170 3 2 9 39 2 3 OO 140 1 94 1 96 1 75 Ohio "West Yii-ginia 42 2 01 Pennsylvania 29 2 09 West Virgima Total and aT< rage WATCHMBH. 55 1.99 1 1 12 1 1 15 1 50 1 69 1 66 Total and average 29 2 00 lU^TSB TSABBBS. 3 3 4 60 4 43 Pennsylvania West Virginia Total and average 5 4 46 Total and average 15 1 64 158 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continned. LEATHER. STOTi.— This table is Jtot a complete exhibit for Indnstries or states, but oorers only the principal oo enpations in establishmcaits isTestigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. OccnpatlonB and states. ITnmber of adnit em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Oconpations and states. Nnmber of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. Hale. Fem. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. California 30 38 10 45 »2 16 1 83 1 60 2 07 i,ABORKKS — Gonclnded. Delaware Pennsylvania - - . 37 24 $1 50 1 20 Delaware Total and average. 8HAT1IR8. 98 1 55 Total and average. 123 1 98 18 17 3 16 3 40 1 IM 40 108 2 66 1 72 2 05 2 27 Total and average. TAirNEKS. 33 328 30 10 27 1 67 1 53 1 86 Total and arerage. 333 1 94 37 1 83 Total and average. 67 1 73 LIQUORS ASTD BEVERAGES. KSEWKRS ANT) KAMTIKS. niinoiB Ohio Pennsylvania Total and average - SNomBESS. minols Ohio Total and average'. IflKBKBN. niinols Ohio Total and average. 64 $2 12 72 2 09 12 2 25 148 2 12 9 2 89 4 2 75 13 2 85 22 1 95 4 2 08 26 1 97 KORKHEH. Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania . Total and average. TKAM8TEKS. Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania . Total and average. MACHDTES AND MACHTNERT. BLACKSMITHS. California Indiana Kentucky Maine New Jersey Total and average. BOILER HAKEBB. CaUfomia Indiana Total and average. CARPKNTEBB. California Indiana Total and average. 16 $3 32 29 244 6 2 66 2 2 25 ■i 3 06 56 2 75 32 3 30 114 2 01 146 2 30 7 296 7 2 28 14 2 63 HACHnnSTB. California Indiana ,.. Kentucky Maine Massaohneetts . New Jersey Pennsylvania .. Total and average. HOULDBBB. California Indiana , Kentncky.... Maine New Jersey.. Total and average. 373 43 10 170 66 275 1,004 149 M 05 2 00 3 00 8 70 2 01 2 18 2 00 2 12 *2 97 2 44 2 10 2 50 2 27 2 35 1 86 2 27 3 39 2 30 2 37 2 38 264 2 74 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 159 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continned. METALS AND METAILTC GOODS. Note This taMe Is not a complete exMMt for indHBtries or states, bnt covers only the principal < ccn pations in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Occnpations and states. Hale. Fem. Male. Tern. KKZAKESB. Maryland (limestone, ore) TSew York (ore) Ohio (iron, limestone, ore) Pennsylvania (iron, ore) . Tennessee (ore) Virginia (ore) Total and average. BSICKLATEKB. Belgimn (masons) Great Britain (bricUay- ers, masons) ■ DliDois (bricklayers, ma- sons) Indiana (masons) Kentucky New York (masons) Ohio (bricklayers, ma- sons) Pennsylvania (bricklay- ers, masons) Virginia (masons) West Virginia (masons) Total and average CABFEITEEKS. Belgium California Great Britain .. Illinois Indiana Kentncky.. Maryland Massachusetts . Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania .. Virginia, Total and average Number ■ Average of adult em- 1 rates of ployis. daily wages. Delaware Great Britain (muck, rail) Illinois (catchers ; catch- ers, plate, slab) Indiana Kentucky (bar, plate, sheet) New York Ohio (catchers; catch- ers, bar, butt, muck, plate, 8-inch, 9-inch) .. Pennsylvania (catchers; catchers, bar, muck, 8-inch, lO'inch) Virginia (catchers; catchers, guide) West Virginia (plate) . . . Total and average. 78 93 133 15 46 a 22 40 172 $1 25 1 33 1 28 1 43 90 1 on 1 20 59 1 20 3 90 1 76 3 50 2 61 3 26 3 03 3 00 3 50 60 3 14 1 04 1 83 2 07 1 65 1 75 2 25 2 17 1 99 1 88 2 50 1 57 2 18 1 77 1 22 3 83 3 76 3 25 1 91 2 48 2 72 1 24 2 50 Occnpations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Male. Fem CmDXSIfEH. Alabama Maryland New York Ohio Pennsylvania . Virginia Total and average. DKAO-OUTS. Delaware .,. - . Great Britain New York Ohio (drag-outs i drag- outs, butt,4nuck, plate) Pennsyivania(drag-outs , drag-oots, bar, 10-inch) Total and average ENonrEEKe. Alabama Belgium CaUfomia Delaware Great Britain . . Dlinois Indiana Kentncky Maryland Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania . . Tennessee Vermont Virginia West Virginia . Total and average. Alabama (top).-. Belgium (bottom, top) GreatBritain (fillers ; fil- lers, bottom,.top) .. Indiana Maryland New York (bottom, top) . Ohio (fillers; fillers, bot- tom, top) Pennsylvania (fillers ; fillers, bottom, top) .. Tennessee (bottom, top) Virginia (fillers ; fillers, bottom, top) Total and average. Average rates of daily wages Alabama Belgium GreatBritain Illinois. 120 2 5 1 2 24 10 9 6 8 21 35 118 93 3 5 7 2 351 12 Male. Fern. 1 85 1 85 458 12 1 30 1 13 1 27 1 70 a This does not include establishment 428, (catchers not reported). 160 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continaed. MBTAItS AND METAiLIC GOODS— Continued- Note — XhU table is not a complete exhibit for ijulnstrles or states, but coTers only tlie principal o< capations in estabUshments iuvestigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence deiired. OccupAtionB and states. Number of adult em- ployes. f lusujtii— coucladed. Indiana Kentucky Maryland Ohio PennaylTania - Virginia Toial and average FOKSMKH. Alabama Belgium CaUforuia Delaware Great Britain niiuois Massachusetts MiSROuri Xew York Ohio (foremen, overseers) Peunsylvania Vermont Virginia Total and average. IIJIMHCKMEN. Indiana KyuEucky New York — 01)io Pfmnaylvania . Total and average. UKA'nCBS. Belgium Delaware lUiuoiB (heaters; heat- ers, old rail, plate) Indiana Kentucky (bar, bloom aud scrap, S-iuch, 10- iuch, plate, sheet, slot) . New York Ohio (heaters; heaters, bar, butt, plate, sheet, 8-inoh, 9-inch) Pennsylvania (heaters; heaters, bar, 8-inch, 10. inch) Virginia (heaters; heat- ers bar, guide, plate. 18-innh) West Virginia Male. Fein. . TuLal and average UK-IIKKB' HEUPBEB. Belgium. . Delaware . 2 119 169 >80 (/27 12 . 2 Average rates of daily wages. Male. fern. $1 47 1 60 2 U 1 23 1 65 1 27 1 29 2-25 1 10 4 00 4 00 2 45 3 44 3 20 3 00 3 26 3 65 3 25 3 50 2 41 I 08 4 00 4 13 2 75 3 61 2 95 ,1 11 1 40 3 00 5 25 4 17 5 56 4 03 4 34 5 74 3 50 4 50 4 31 85 1 70 Occupations and states. Number Average of adult em- 1 rates of pIoyiB. daily wages. HBATXSS' HELFSBE — COn eluded. Illinois (heaters' help- ers ; heaters' helpers, plate, old rail) Indiana Kentucky New York Ohio (heaters' helpers ; heaters' helpers, bar, butt, plate, sheet, 8- inch) Pennsylvania (hea4.erB' helper ; heaters' help- ers, bar) , Virginia (heaters' help- ers ; heaters' helpers, bar, guide, plate) "West Virginia (plate) - Total and average HOOKEKS-LT. Belgium Delaware Illinois (hookers-up , hookers-np, plate, slab) New York (hookers-up ; hookers-up, tumble) . Ohio (hookers-up ; hook- ers up, bar, butt, muck, plate) Pennsylvania West Virginia (plate) -- Total and average. Belgium Great Britain.. Indiana Maryland New York Ohio Pennsylvania. , Tennessee Virginia Total and average. KESFUKS' HBUPBBS. Belgium Great Britain. . Indiana Maryland New York Ohio Peunsylvania Tennessee Virginia Total and average. Male. Fem. 140 51 321 67 Male., Fern. $2 47 1 60 2 30 1 85 1 71 1 89 1 50 1 75 1 77 70 1 25 1 71 1 98 1 45 1 80 1 50 1 60 1 00 1 86 1 85 1 60 1 79 1 6S 2 02 1 80 1 93 1 68 64 1 28 1 40 1 25 1 58 1 34 1 56 1 35 1 43 1 26 a Not including 7 heaters in establishment 417, wages being indefinite ; also, 4 heaters tn establlsli- ment 419. i Not including heatA-s in establishment 528, number not reported. VARIATION IN THE BATES OF WAGES. 161 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. MBTAIiS AND METAXJC GOODS— Continued. IT )TB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstiies or states, but covers only the principal oo- gapations in establislunents investigated. See detail table. Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Geonpations and states. Number ofadnltem- PI076S. Average rates of dally wages, Male. Pem. Hale. I'em. Oooapatlons and states. Number of adolt em- ployes. Milt. I'em. Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fern. LABOBEBB. Belgimn Deuware Grreat Britain Illinois Indiana Eentacl^ Maryland Massachusetts Missonri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia West Virginia Total and average UACHnnsTB. 65 12 113 171 163 142 102 18 412 100 12 1,459 1,161 1,936 62 339 IS «0 63 1 11 69 1 33 1 30 1 27 1 02 1 20 1 25 1 25 1 35 1 19 1 08 1 20 1 10 92 1 25 6,272 1 15 Belgium California. ....... Great Brits^ — Illinois Indiana Eentnoky Maryland... Massachnsetts . . . MisBoim New ^impshire . New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont ........ Virginia ......... » 79 2 16 19 1 1 40 3 6 4 283 39 181 10 17 49 3 17 1 08 2 62 2 11 2 60 2 30 2 20 250 2 25 2 00 1 93 2 19 2 36 1 76 2 07 Total and average. 1111J.WBIOHT8. 709 2 21 Great Britain. Kentnoky NewTork Ohio Pennsylvania . Virginia 90 6 00 2 IS 227 3 63 2 25 Total and average. rATTBBN Mi^wiia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Massachusetts... New Hampshire . KTew Jersey Pennsylvania Virgima IM 3 10 226 2 60 2 60 2 50 240 243 2 00 Total and average 2 43 Great Britain (iron) DUnois (old rail) Eentnoky (plate) New York (iron) , Ohio (iron, plate) Pennsylvania (iron) . . . Total and average FUBBUEBa. Delaware ...... Great Britain . . Illinois Indiana KentuclCT NewTork Ohio Pennsylvania .. Virginia West Virginia . 7 4 4 6 •18 tl 08 1 30 2 00 1 42 1 34 3 00 51 1 75 6 240 6 32 83 185 108 318 124 2 60 2 43 4 00 4 00 3 60 284 3 46 3 47 2 36 2 75 Total aad average. FITDDLZSS' HHIiFlIBS. Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky NewTork Oliio Pennsylvania .. Virginia West Virginia . 1,138 « 10 32 84. 168 160 318 204 72 3 02 130 2 25 2 00 1 80 1 51 1 64 2 14 131 1 60 Total and average. Belginm (rollers ; roller, cmef, second, third, fourth) Delaware Great Britain (forge, rail) Dlinois (rollers ; rollers, plate, slab) Indiana (bar, guide, muck) Kentucky (bar, mucl^ plate, sheet, 8-inoh, 10- mch) NewTork(roUers; roll- ers, muck) Ohio(rolleTS; rollers, bar, bloom, butt, hoop, guide, muck, plaiie, sheet, rod, 8-inch, 9- inch, 18-inch, 22-inch) . Pennsylvania (rollers ; rollers, bar, muck, V plate, g-inch, 10-inch) irginia (rollers ; rollers, bar, muck, guiae,plate, 18-inoh) L044 173 43 560 cl7 98 3 04 T72 7 17 «73 6 85 3 64 aNot Including 1 plate piler, with 4 assistants, in establishment 419, the wages of 4 of whom were not reported. • j ,3 ■* 6 Not including 8 rollers in establishment 417, also 1 roller in establishment 419, wages being mdeflnite. e Not inolading 6 rollers in establishment 433, and 5 in establishment 432. 12854 LAB 11 162 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. SUMMAET OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. METALS AND METALLIC (JOODS— Concluded. Note.— This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers on ythe hence principal oe. derived. Number ofadultem- ploy^s. Ill Occupations and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Average rates of doily wages. Hale. Fern. Male. Pern. Male. Fem. Male. Fern. BOunu— MBcluded. West Virginia (amoi, Diatet t «6 00 Ohio (shearmen: shear- men, muck, plate) — 70 32 4 1 $152 265 110 8 00 Total amd average. IM 5 25 Virginia BOIXEBS' BIIJPEBB. 8 4 1( 44 9 10 SI 8 60 420 1 50 2 10 132 2 25 2 19 2 13 Total and average. BTBA1QHTKNEE8. Belgtnm ...... 142 198 6 10 6 26 15 22 64 80 160 2 00 242 230 Kentacky (rolleis' help- ers; lolleis' helpers, bar, muck, plate, sheet, 8-inoh) Great Britain New York (straighten- ers: straightenera, cold bar) Ohio (cold-bai. hot-bar, 8-incli, 9-iiioh) Pennsylvania (straight- eners ; straightenera, cold-bar) New York Ohio (rollers' helpers; Tollera' helpers, bar, Fennayivania — West Virginia (muck, plate) Total and average. TEAUSTEBB. Total iB8. 2 5 167 1 30 1 76 2 47 Total and average- KSTMAKSBS. Maine 165 2 76 New Hampshire (ease 69 227 New York (box-room hands, case maken. Total and average- HAOHUnSTS. Maine 59 2 27 , Total and average. 174 2 43 8 23 1 02 2 65 FraiBHXBS. 10 1 17 New York Maine (finishers, fly fln- ishen) Total and average. 31 239 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 163 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. PAPEE. Note. — This ta1>le is not a complete exhibit for indnstiies or states, bat covers only the principal oo- oapaticns in estabUshments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Ooonpatioiia wad states. Number of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Number of adnlt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. l£ale. Fern. Male. Fem. Hale. Vem. Male. Fern. OALEMSBBBBB. 6 38 ■■i2' (170 172 ♦I'm' Delaware .-.-- -.. X7 20 38 15 »157 1 25 145 1 75 Total uid ayerage. 44 12 1 71 1 30 Total and average . IU.CHIHX TBNDSRS. Delaware. --. KNGIHIBBS. 1 12 a 7 6 4 00 1 82 2 06 2 93 2 23 90 148 42 13 78 30 6 35 163 2 19 2 01 2 00 2 75 2 00 Maine Maine Total and average. 34 224 New Hampshire lUflBHKBa. 13 6 72 8 ...... 28 ....„ 2 89 192 164 2 00 '2'6o' 'i'bo' 96 'i'75' Total and average. SAO-KNOIinE TINSXBB. 203 1 86 Uiaine ^ 19 67 30 48 184 180 160 1 50 New Hampshire Vennont 10 Total and average. 109 34 1 86 108 New Hampshire Vermont FOKBUEN. 1 3 1 12 5 4 3 00 3 25 4 00 2 12 2 70 3 00 Total and average. SEP AIB HAKSS. 194 1 65 21 10 20 2 81 200 2 00 Maine If eW HampBhire New Hampshire Vermont Total and average . Total and average. 26 2 60 51 234 PKINT WOKKS. AGEING AKD STEAMDia HANBB. 37 25 1 08 123 KMOaAVUS. 14 4 25 19 411 428 2 00 3 33 New Hampshire 62 29 30 30 7 114 1 11 132 1 00 1 17 Total and average. Massachnsetts (over- Total and average. 62 3 03 BLEACHBBB. 35 1 2 20 -""• 3 20 4 16 3 00 4 00 New Hampshire New Hampshire New York 96 1 15 Total andaverage. PKINTEB8. Total and average 58 23 14 10 14 '■ 3 48 440 4 30 4 00 4 16 100 37 40 1 18 1 36 125 ■ ■ New Hampshire New Hampshire New Jersey Petmsylvama Total and average. 177 1 23 Total and average. 61 426 164 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS , ADULTS— Continued. TOBACCO. NOTK. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or 8tat<^ but covers only the principal oo onpatlonB in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whenoe derived. Nnmber ofadnltem- ploy£s. Average rates of daily wages. OconpatlonB and states. Nnmber ofadnltem- ploy^s. Average , rates of daily wages. Male fern. Male fern. Male Fem. Male. Fern. BDXOH BKIAKIIS. 69 20 176 $i'27' fl09 75 1 22 LAB0KIB8— conolmded. Ohio 7 1 215 n60 1 60 8« Bhode Island Ohio ; 116 Virginia Total and average. LUMP II1XIB8. Total and average. 116 255 127 1 15 309 36 93 to 80 CIOAS MAXIKB. 16 118 31 348 U 48 "55' 30 222 2 26 1 68 1 81 1 52 2 10 1 50 'i'45' 1 00 1 19 2 69 2 52 326 ....„ 167 1 88 167 1 38 1 16 Illinois Hew Jersey New Xort .......... 1 33 Ohio. Bhode Island Virginia . . . Total and arenge. P1.CEEBS. 451 1 33 23 6 6 6 60 67 1 6 1 29 133 Total aad average. 574 307 168 1 22 "is' "'30' ""so ...... "'75' 2 333 2 17 1 00 2 00 1 60 2 00 60 2 34 2 17 CUTTIM. 10 3 6 10 12 24 25 1 98 1 60 2 00 2 33 2 00 67 1 00 Tllinoifl Illinois 83 Michigan................ 1 10 New York New Vort 1 33 North Carolina North Carolina Ohio Virginia Ilhode Inland »0 1 39 Virginia 83 "Weflt Virfllnia 60 DKH6BU. 12 ...... 4 ...... 1 73 i'so' 2 00 2 00 "i'20' 1 00 "i'33' Total and average. FRXseian. Illinois Tllinnii. 182 174 1 62 102 Kentncky _ 17 5 80 6 16 167 1 60 1 56 1 24 200 112 1 20 12 12 2 Missonrl New York Kentucky....... . Total SKd average. 18 IS 1 76 1 16 New York SHomus. 1 2 1 1 4 2 50 3 91 3 33 150 187 Virginia Total and average Kentucky . . 290 133 Missonrl New York North Carolina 10 "ioo' 3 539 ""eo" 83 310 Total and average. » 2 52 New York 75 2 45 64 7 S S 7 1 21 11 23 1 2 97 2 60 2 00 2 76 2 00 2 26 2 86 1 94 2 60 Virginia Total and average. BTEirPIBfl. Kentucky 812 662 93 09 'M'iq^n^ri 4 6 « 4 10 New Jersey 79 North Carolina Ulinois 1 00 Ohio. 1 00 Virginia Khode Island 1 00 West Virginia Virginia 65 Total and average . WBAjmss. niinois Total and average. 79 2 35 29 81 LUI0BIIU9. 1 12 28 4 ""35 2 00 142 1 25 1 25 20 2 24 ...... "'53' 41 200 200 96 "'so' Tllinniii 2 00 Michigan 67 ani Virginia 1 76 New Jersey ............. S 36 1 13 69 Total and average. North Carolina 47 98 1 44 7« VABIATION m THE KATES OF WAGES. 165 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continued. WOOLLEN GOODS. Note.— Xhls table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but ooTers only the principal oo enpationB in establishments iuvestiaatedc See detail table, Appendix A, page 296, whence derived. Oconpations and states. Number of adnlt em- ployes. Male. Ten. Average rates of daily wages. ICiae. Feau Occupations and states. Number •fadnlt em- ployes. l£al«. V»m. Average rates S daily wages. lUle. Ttm. BDSLIB8. Conneotiont Indiana Maryland MaBsachosetts ... New Hampshire . New York North Carolina. . . Pennsylvania Total and average. CABDSBB. California Conneotiont Delaware Indiana Iowa Eentnoky Maine Massachnsetts ... Missonri New Hampshire . New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Vermont Total and average. DSAWBB8-IH. Connecticnt.... Delaware Indiana Maryland Massachusetts . New York Total and average. DBEBBISS. California Connecticnt Indiana Maine Massachnsetta New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania _.... Yermont Total and average. DBISB8. Maine Massachnsetts New Hiunpshire New York Vermont.. Total and average. DTKBS. CaUfomla Connecticnt Delaware Oreat Britain S3 13 2 4 4 30 «6 1 129 to 89 75 90 1 15 00 70 50 97 249 87 »1 75 1 20 1 42 1 60 125 1 76 116 1 25 1 10 70 85 1 13 108 2 65 1 00 1 35 126 1 60 Tie 1 17 1 14 1 40 15 2 75 137 1 63 1 60 147 176 1 63 2 00 123 16 1 59 85 1 10 1 00 1 15 109 102 1 06 187 1 56 3 00 92 DTKS8— oendaded. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine . Maryland Hassachnsetts Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Vermont Total and average EHaraxiss. Califomia Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Missonri North Carolina New Hampshire New York Pennaylvaaia Total and aveiage. Califomia Connecticnt Delaware Great Britain Illjnois Indiana Iowa Kentucky ~. Maine ......--...---.- - Massachusetts Missouri North Carolina New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Total and average. California Connecticut Delaware Indiana Kentucky Maine New Hampshire New York North Carolina. Pennsylvania Vermont Total and average. tl35 1 35 1 50 1 39 144 1 25 112 125 1 00 1 16 76 1 28 102 291 121 2 76 1 91 2 88 1 75 3 00 2 98 1 50 2 00 194 2 60 1 83 3 00 2 47 2 42 27 2 25 1 00 98 1 64 87 1 40 1 29 1 50 1 43 1 50 99 2 00 77 75 1 26 160 »0 TS 121 76 82 2 00 60 66 216 1 12 96 1 50 1 67 1 16 1 50 1 60 1 60 1 56 1 29 86 1 71 140 24 146 166 REPORT OF THE COMMT 4.SI0NEK OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADULTS— Continned. WOOLLEN GOODS— Contimied. KoTE. — TUb table Is not a complete exhibit for Indnstriea or atates, bnt covers only the principal oe. snpatloBS in establishmeDta investigated. See detail table. Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oeciipati«Bi aad state*. CaUfomla Connectioat Delaware Indiana Maine........... Uarylond Massaohnsetts KewHampshiie NewTork Vermont Total and average GISSIX8. Delaware Maine.... Massaohnsetts New York. ._ Pennsylvania Vermont Total and avenge. LABOBXXa. California Connectioat Delaware Indiana .......... Iowa Kentucky Maine............ Maryland Massachusetts ... MisBonri New Hampshire . New Jersey NewTork Pennsylvania' Vermant Number of adult em- ploy^. Average rates of daily wages. Male. rem. i» 102 Tot«d and aveimge LOOM rzoiKS. California Conneotiout Delaware Qreat Britain Indiana........... Kentucky Maine Maryland Massaohnsetts North Carolina New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Vermont Tetal and average. Conneotlcnt Delaware Hlinoia Indiawk,«»«.. ............ 249 BS Male. Ten. $1 22 1 18 1 41 1 11 1 50 1 43 1 03 1 25 1 09 1 00 114 1 14 1 21 1 9« 1 87 3 00 2 12 2 60 OconpationB and states. Number of adult em- ployes. Male. Fem. lUoamiTB— oonolnded. Maine Maryland Massachusetts .. Missouri New Hampshire. New York Pennsylvania . - . . Vermont , Total and average 0VIB8SIBS. California Connecticut Delaware (foremen, overseers) Illinois Indiana Iowa (foremen) Kentucky Maine -(Ktremen, over- seers) , Maryland (foremen) . .. MassacKnaetts MisaoTiri New Hampshire New Jersey New York (foremen, overseers) North Carolina Pennsylvania (foremen, overseers) Vermont Total and average. ncKExa. 2 23 Delaware Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts . North Carolina. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania . . . Vermont Tetal and average. rRSSSBBS. Delaware Maine , Massachusetts New York , Vermont Total and average. BC0USBB8. California Delaware Great Britain . Maine Maryland ..... 141 18 Average rates of daily wages. Male. Fem. (2 00 2 00 1 96 2 50 2 00 2 18 241 1 78 2 13 3 29 2 48 2 5S 2 62 2 98 3 00 3 09 244 2 68 3 25 2 61 2 60 2 90 2 »3 2 61 2 71 1 58 117 1 13 1 21 1 30 1 14 75 1 00 1 14 1 00 1 02 133 135 1 02 1 30 1 12 1 17 100 1 83 «0 1 20 las VARIAIION TS THE RATES OP WAGES. 167 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, ADtTLTS— Conelnded. WOOLLEN GOODS-Conotaded. Note.— This note Is «ofr a complete exhibit for todnstrleB or states, but covers only the principal oo- onpatlons in estabUshments Investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oeonpations and states. BCOUBIBS — oondnded. Uassachnsetts NeirXork.. Pennsylvania Vermont Total and average BXCOKD HAKSS. Connectlont Illinois T|^i1ia.TTn. ., Maine Massachasetts ■ . . New Hampshire . NewXork Vermont Number of adolt em- ployes. Average rates of daily wages. Male. rem. 16 84 Total and average. SHKABBBS. CaUfomia Delaware Maine. ...-•-■--- Maryland Massachasetts .. New Hampshire- New Tork.—... Pennsylvania. ... Total and average. SFimiBBB, 1CUI.B. Connecticut Delaware Great Britain Indiana - Iowa Maine Maryland Masaachnsetts ... Misaoorl New Hampshire . . New Tork North Carolina . . . Pennsylvania... . . Vermont 107 Male. Fem. $1 30 1 15 2 33 1 06 Total and averaice. BpramBs, orasB. California Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Massadhasette . New Jersey NewXork Total and average BFOOUBB. Conneotioat Delaware TufliMift ....... Maine Maryland New Hampihlie . 29 S 12 4 1 21 4 88 18 18 27 8 35 44 1 17 1 25 1 68 1 65 1 46 1 64 1 70 2 31 1 62 1 68 1 16 1 33 $1 00 1 "" 1 44 1 15 1 50 1 27 66 1 29 2 31 88 1 25 1 26 1 68 1 35 1 31 1 26 1 76 146 126 174 1 30 142 100 1 00 1 02 100 1 00 i"66' 1 00 1 60 1 00 Oeonpations and states. BFOOUEBS— conelnded. Pennsylvania Total and average. TBAHBTEB8. Connectiont Delaware Maine ........ Maryland Massachusetts . . . New Hampshire . NewXork Pennsylvania Vermont 102 75 76 98 1 00 100 89 73 1 00 Number of adult em- ployes. Average ratesof dally wages. Male. Fern. 28 84 Total and average. TWIBTBBS. Delaware Maine .... Massaohnsett* .. Missouri Pennsylvania ... Total and average. WKATBBB. 1 00 85 California ........ C onneotiout Delaware Great Britain — Illinois JnfUnna Iowa Eentacky Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . . Missouri New Hampshire . New Jersey NewXork North Carolina... Pennsylvania — Termont 30 4« Male. Fern. 27 (125 122 128 1 GO 1 26 188 1 59 160 1S6 200 122 143 85 4 161 17 50 60 12S 786 43 Total and average. WOOL BOBTKBS. CaUfomia Delaware Great Britiam Illinois... Tndi ft"^ Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts ... Missouri New Hampshire . New Jersey NewXork North Carolina... Pennsylvania — Vermont-. Total and average 1423 61 85 178 167 16 260 15 69 340 7 45 80 106 17 160 100 16M 100 104 142 i'n 83 152 108 126 10 73 081 0.76 1 00 60 105 186 60 130 106 128 150 1 60 100 108 185 117 187 12 13 168 126 145 120 1 92 1 S3 2 00 166 168 2 20 181 160 178 80 1 65 1 00 161 1 77 101 120 79 123 99 116 160 1 50 100 1 11 75 133 117 1 02 26 162 67 76 71 168 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OK UABOH ST7MMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AJW YOUTH. AGEICTJLTUKAL IMPLEMENTS. ITOTB. — This table Is not a oomplete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only the principal oo- enpatlons in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. i1 l| 1? ^■8 GBHTDBBS. 4 »0 63 1 »0 60 TadlftTift - r ...-- ,^.... 33 68 . 4 53 JPXnnKBB. 3 -"• — ' 82 68 65 LABOBKBB. nilnnia 8 65 BOOTS AJSTD SHOES. FIITBKS. 32 50 BBWmG-IUCHraX OFESATOBS. 25 M 32 50 25 90 TA0KBB8. HSBIMRB. Uassaohnsetts 8 125 1 8 1 25 Total and average 1 PAOKBBS. M'arylftTld ... 1 54 67 72 VAIIPSB8. 1 NeVTork 76 Total andaverago............. Total and avexags....- 65 72 1 75 OABPSTnres. GABDKBS. 67 80 64 76 srranBBB, onms. 9 23 60 New York. .„ 66 Total and average 137 70 31 68 gPOOLBBS. Massachusetts COKBIBS. 60 69 1* 64 66 Total and average 50 69 New York 78 Total and average... 2 92 64 76 TWIffTEBfl. M^Hiv^hTi setts New York 21 Total and average 2 92 70 Total and average. .... . ... LABOBBBS. 23 78 21 70 WIKUEBB. Connectlciit Oreat Britain Masflachnsetts 20 17 80 60 23 78 66 14 33 86 ManHfM>hTisi^tts 80 dreatBiitaln New York 65 Total and av«T«Ew Total and average 14 33 m 66 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 169 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. CHILDREN AND YOUTH-Cont'd. CLOTHING. No™.— This table is not a complete exldblt for mdnatries or states, tat covers only the principal o«- onpatians in establiBixmenta investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Ocoapations and states. Il 3^ if 1 Oconpations and states. II 1^' n 11 BOTTON SEWIBS. BTe-wtork 63 to 66 LOOnUB. New Tork 20 $0 36 Total and average 63 56 20 35 BBWINO-IIACHIKB OPBEATOB8. CARD BOTB. New Tort 60 9 60 60 41 41 Virginia 41 41 Total and average 69 60 SPINiraRS, OTHSB. NewYork 66 TUflSBXBfl. « 50 26 53 53 50 87 New York Total and average BFOOLEBB. New York Pennsylvania ■ _.... 66 87 C 7 Total and average 82 52 9 36 17 56 60 62 67 Total and average 7 67 TBDOCIBS. New York PennRylvania . 12 Virgtniu 60 Total and average 62 51 12 4 65 WUfDKBS. H"ftw York LArriBB. New York 46 65 Total and average 4 66 46 65 COOKING AND HBATDTG APPARATUS. UBOKEBS. Illinois 12 3 76 60 HICKIL PLATBBS. 6 28 75 Michigan Ohio.... 80 Total and average .......--. 15 72 34 79 rAmSBK IU.KEB8. Miflhigan M0UIJ>KK8. Uiohlgan „ 6 66 4 74 Total and average 5 55 Total and average 4 74 KOUHTEEa Illinois 4 < 75 76 POLISHBBB. Michigan 3 Michigan 76 10 76 3 .^ 7S 170 REPORT or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AND YOUTH— Cont'd COTTON GOODS. NOSB. — This taUe is not a complete exhibit tor indnstries or states, but covers onlv the principal oc- •npationa in estabUahments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 21)5, whence derived. "^1 1 1* OoonpationB and states. 1 KA.eKB0T8. 12 « 79 137 29 149 $0 36 32 38 43 39 34. DIL1WIB»-IR. Georgia ,. - 10 6 »0 66 68 Georsia . . . . . . NewTork >r».inA Total and average ....... AfaflflftohnflflttH . . ..... . , . . , , 16 66 Fn.I.INO BMSDB. Georgia KewXort*. 3 13 23 3 2 5 416 38 1 76 MabiB 72 46 76 iU^sfushnsetta New York 76 Total and arerage 1 76 Norti Carolina 38 6 4 17 6 1 99 44 32 70 40 72 38 49 1 2 22 1 F0LDEB8. Maryl^Tid Great Britain Maine 1 00 New York New Tort Vermont ... 75 132 ■ 4 27 43 50 80 28 INSFSCTOBa. Virginia CAKD BTSIPPBIU. 6reorcia 2 76 31 76 Total and average 2 1 7f LAB0BXB8. Georgia CLOTH-BOOH H1M)8. 7 60 47 •7 7 60 33 48 DOFFSBS. U 19 47 9 137 65 230 43 86 60 19 15 32 67 35 27 43 46 S8 58 62 40 36 60 42 39 LAf PEBS. Maine , 2 2? Georgia 76 New York— 60 MaA-net Total and average 22 3 13 10 18 I 9 3 4 62 OIUEBS. Georgia Maine JN ew nampslilre New York T^o^.h nurolinft , , 49 52 Pennsylvania Vermont 50 50 Virginia........... Total and average 763 47 "Narth Cnrntinn, 47 90 55 DKA.irBB8. • 1 13 13 22 47 IfB 3 2 66 48 16 56 67 39 57 67 Virginia ; 61 53 PACXEBS. Italy 2 3 1 3 Maine 60 73 40 63 New York North Carolina Total and arerage Total and average 264 44 > 6S VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 171 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AND YOUTH— Cont'd. COTTON GOODS— Continned. NOTB. — This table is iwt a complete exhibit for indastries or states, but covers only the piinoipal oo- oapations in establishments InTestigated. See detail table, Appendik A, page 295, whence derived. Oconpations and states. 1^ }| 6 I It OoonpatioBfi and states. t 1^ 11 Q««rgia Maine ITewTorfc North Carolina . Virginia Total and averaee. QTJlLIiBBB. Maine.. .-•----- Korth Carolina. Virginia Total and average — BAILWAT HAKDB. Great Britain Maine Maryland Maaaachnsetts .«. New Hampshire... North Carolina Virginia :... Totfkl and average. BBBLEB8. M^^e . Total and average. BOYXBS. Georgia Germany Maine - Maryland Massachusetts . New York Total and average . . . 8CBUBBBBB. M^ne...... .......... . Total and average. . . BECOHD BAUDS. New York Total and average. . . BLABHBBS. NewTork Total and average. . . BLUBBBBB. Maine New York . Tirginia._ Total and average. 65 31 4 64 33 1 60 183 30 $0 62 85 61 30 47 42 69 72 48 45 46 67 87 87 63 BPABB HABDB. Germany Maine Maryland Massachusetts . New York Pennsylvania . . Virginia Total and average. BFBBDEBB. Great Britain . Maryland New York Virginia Total and average. BFimfBBB, OTHBB. Connecticut Delaware Georgia Germany Great Britain Italy Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . . New Hampshire. . New Jersey New York North Carolina . . . Vermont Virginia Total and average. Georgia Italy Massachusetts . New York Virginia Total and average. BWBXPBBS. Conneotiont Georgia Italy Maine............ Maryland Massachusetts ... New Hampshire . New York North Carolina . . . Pennsylvania — Vermont Virginia Total and average. TWIBTEB8. Delaware Maine......... Maryland ..... 23 214 13 262 71 24 27 44 178 439 30 ,108 162 26 92 2,546 31 140 34 147 13 «0 2S 71 64 6e 64 76 64 63 U 60 60 43 40 16 51 46 60 74 46 66 48 47 34 16 42 67 44 163 33 28 IC 35 30 40 4« 60 30 50 43 36 36 43 86 n 172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OP SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AND YOUTH— Cont'd. COTTOU" GOODS— Conclnded. NOTB. — Xhis table Is not a complete exhibit for indastries or states, but covers only the pTinoipaloo- onpations in estabUshments investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, wnenoe derived. Oooupations and states. 1 •^•s Oconpations and states. |t 1 TWiaiBBB— oonoliuled. 63 6 U »oes GO 62 WABFKBS— oonoladed. 8 «0 60 "New Xort Total and average. ............ North Carolina 108 m WBAYBBB. New Xork 91 62 170 WARPBKft. 88 12 48 68 41 New York Total and average North Carolina ... . * 170 41 FtTENITUItB. IklVhicrmn ,,. « 60 LABOBKBa. Miohigan 1 65 6 60 1 66 lUCHIHB HIH. CABTSB8. Michigan 6 67 68 18 68 Minhi£!i.Ti 6 67 76 58 QT.ASS. nnlifiimia U 26 8 39 1 25 100 126 98 FACKXBB. 2 n BTevT Jersev . . Ohio , 2 76 77 106 T.KAXHXK. mnsHiBa. DelawftTA 40 C6 BIUTKBa. Delaware — 1 67 Total and average 46 66 1 (7 MACmKES XSD MAOHDniET. luoxnnan. Indiana 1 tioo ♦ 1 1 00 VARIATION m THE KATEh OP WAGES. 173 SUMMARY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AND YOUTH— Cont'd. MBTAXS AND METALLIC GOODS. NoTK.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstrieB or states, but covers only the principal oo- sapations in establishments investigated. See detail table, Appendu: A, page 295, whence derived. Oconpatians and states. l^ to £ ^1 1^ ^1 It CAST DBTVIBS. Virginia 2 |0 BO 3 $0 75 2 50 3 75 2 1 16 Ohio Total and average. ... 2 1 16 MUSICAL rNSTBUMKNTS AND MATBEIALS. FIHISHEBB AKD FLT FimSEEBa. New York Total and average . 10 1 25 1 25 FAPEB. TOngHSBB. Uaagachnsetts Total and average . i8 PEIKT WOSSS. AGBISa ASD BTSMDSa ILUTDS. 8 75 BLBACHSM— oomelnied. New Hiuttnshire --- 26 82 8 75 5« 73 COLOKKRfl Aim STBBS. BUEAGHSBfl. 31 65 30 71 36 71 TOBACCO. BUNCH BBBAKBBS. Ohio., Total and average. DBE8BKB8. Blinois Total and average . LAJBOBBBB. Xorth Carolina Virginia Total and average . PACKIB8. Morth Carolina Total and average. 50 33 60 33 3 75 3 75 i 35 40 43 39 43 19 36 19 35 BTSlOCEKa. North Carolina . Virginia Total and average. BTBimBS. Illinois Eentacky Miciiigan Missonri New Jersey North Carouna Ohio Virginia West Virginia Total and average . WBAfFEBB. Ttrginia Total and average. 174 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 8UMMAEY OF SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CHILDREN AND YOUTH— Concluded. WOOLLEN GOODS. IfOTE. — This table is not a complete exhibit of indnstiJes for states, bnt ooTers only tbe principal oo onpationa in estoblislinients investigated. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Oooupatious and Htates. 1 1? OconpationB and states. 1 ft BUMLIBS. Delaware 25 30 19 1 173 $0 61 44 62 50 69 LABOBISB. 1 1 7 1 »0 50 85 69 60 Great Britain TTidiftni* New York Massachusetts - "Worfli r!!i,Tol!lTia Vermont ...- 10 67 248 68 FIGKBB6. TniTinin 2 4 1 CABDSaS. 9 9 9 37 i 26 14 OS 8 35 4 3 57 91 58 66 75 66 71 76 45 76 44 61 48 80 65 00TFP«4lti«nt TllinniB 7 67 Iowa PEEflSBBB. Vermont ■... 16 79 Total and aTerage New York "[[[[l\\"\["ViV. 16 79 North Carolina New York U \ 220 70 76 Total and average DBAWBI8-ra. 2 3 60 74 11 75 BFimrERS, OTHER. 86 48 12 41 69 62 43 50 5 64 Kentucky , DKEeBIBS. 5 10 44 67 New York .' "nilnolR Total and average PennsylTania 187 57 15 6 59 66 SFOOLKBS. CnlifnmJB 3 6 7 44 46 12 DUXBB. 75 60 Caameotiont 60 59 52 47 Total ud arerage 6 56 New Xork DTEBS. 4 75 Total and average TWIBTKEB. Narth Carolina 117 55 4 75 6 67 32 34 30 5 7 36 68 64 66 64 New York 62 Great Britain 72 62 Kentnoky WEAVERS. MaRHaoh n flettn 6 22 2 KorOi Carolina 50 50 Total and average 98 63 New Jersey VULLSB8. 6 65 New York..., Total and average 81 Indiana 29 6 7 2 62 WOOL BOBTEBS. Indiana Total and average 6 66 1 76 77 NewTork Kentucky 44 80 1 76 14 61 VAKIATION IN THE BATES OF WA0E8. 176 SUMMAKY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT. AGEXCITLTtrRAL IMPLKMENTS. Ii'OTE. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishmentB Investigated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. - Nnmber of employes. Per cent, of number of employes in eaoh ocon- pation of the whole number considered in the industry in the state. StatM and oconpatloBB. Adult male. Adult female. Children and youth. Total. ILLDTOIB. 219 3 22 80 744 426 162 138 80 468 219 3 22 80 776 426 162 138 80 466 9.27 .13 .93 GriiiiderB - -- _......_. 3.39 32 32.86 MachiBista 18.04 6.43 6.84 3 39 AU others 19.73 Total 2,330 — 32 2,362 100.00 DTDIAifA. 'Rln.nli'Tmit^H .r -- - - 12 18 16 96 42 4 181 10 14 195 12 13 16 100 43 4 181 131 14 237 1.90 2.05 2.63 4 1 16.80 &79 MaoliiiiiBts .63 MonlderB - 28.69 3 2.05 2.22 AUotbcn 42 37.44 Total * 683 60 633 100.00 KINTUCKT. 4 S 3 16 6 8 4 4 6 3 16 6 8 4 a 70 Blacksmiths' helpers........ 13.04 6.52 32.61 13.04 17.39 8.70 Total 4» 8 12 7 8 21 46 ' 100.00 HAiini. 3 12 7 3 21 6.52 ~ 26.09 16.22 Painters 6.62 46.66 Total _ 46 2 7 2 1 52 46 100.00 ^^ MIW TOBK. 2 7 2 1 62 3.13 10.93 3.13 Haohinist 1.66 AU others 81.26 Total 64 176 86 _^^^ — * 64 176 100.00 &63 BUoksmiths' helpers 3.12 176 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. BCMMAKT OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEE CENT.— ContuMwd. AGEICULTUEAL DIPLBMENTS— Concluded. ITOTB.— This table is not a complete erhibit for iiidastiieB or states, bnt covers only establisbmente isTestigated by the Bniean. See detail-.table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number ot employto. Per cent, ol nnmber of employes in each 00C11- Mtion of the whole number considered in the industry in the state. Adnit nude. Adnit female. Ohildien and yonth. Total omo—oonclnded. 29 59 345 606 102 270 377 744 2« 59 346 506 102 270 377 746 Grinders, (grinders, grinders and polishers) 2.19 12,80 18.78 8.79 13 99 2 Total 2,693 2 2,696 100 00 PSmrBTLYAMIA. 8 8 1 39 22 1 2 8 8 1 39 22 1 2 9.88 'RInnlrHinit'hR' liAlTtAm 9 88 ~------- 1.S3 48.16 27 16 1.23 ~ 2.47 Total 81 81 100.00 BOOTS AND SHOES. OALDOBNU.. 6 13 8 .......... 8 13 8 1 4 87 8 9 6 8 16 77 7 68 6 76 L80 3.89 2.40 1 .30 4 87 8 9 6 6 16 77 7 24 6 68 1.20 11.08 2.40 2.69 Fitters -.. 1.80 1.80 4.49 23.06 2.10 Sowinrr-maohine onwators , 32 16.77 Vfuopers ...--- ................................... L80 AUotiieM 7 22.45 Total 294 40 334 100.00 Bnmtelievs .................... 6 8 ~i6' 8 (0 .......... 6 8 60 10 8 90 3.30 439 Fitters 60 32.97 6.49 440 All others 49.45 Total 122 60 182 100.00 Bottomers.-... - ........................ 20 4 3 6 20 4 S3 6 31.76 Gntters so" &36 utters 52.36 Lasters 9.62 AU others Tvtal „ 83 30 63 100.00 VABIATION IN THE BATES OF WAGES. 177 SUMMABT OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continnei. BOOTS AJSTD SHOES— Gontiimed. KOTB.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnetries or Btates, but covers only establishments InyMtigated by the Bnreaa. See detail table, Appendis A, page 295, whence derived. ITiimber of employes. Per cent, of nnmber of employes in each ocoa- patlon of the whole nnmber considered intiie indnstry in the state. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and youHi. Total. KAAXUUDk M 7 U a a 1 t a 20 2 1 3 1 2 72 84 7 18 8 a US 8 2 20 2 2 2 1 a 122 9.42 GiLtteTS , — '.'. 6.26 .83 "Eflpfl trimmmw .66 FjfcteM 128 ~ 37.40 2.22 65 Lasters ....... ........... ~ 6.54 .55 Packer ..--. ..... V .56 SfliTifl'naiinrftiii... .66 .28 .66 All others 2 48 33.80 Total 182 130 49 361 100.00 UABaMsmuBMta. IM 3 28 878 36 80 88 IS 4S 17 2»1 > 1 SO 7 2 78 * 6 4 11 S85 164 8 26 400 86 30 116 18 68 17 291 9 1 30 7 2 465 11 16 4 14 517 7.40 .13 L17 Cutters « 24 18.05 1.62 1.35 Fitters 80 5.28 .58 8 2.38 .77 13.14 .41 .05 L36 .32 .09 862 7 > 26 20.64 Sktvefs .60 1 .72 .18 2 86 1 46 .63 AU others 23.34 Total 1,674 660 81 2,215 100.00 mW JUBUT, 26 26 126 25 85 150 9.62 60 32.69 All others 25 67.69 Total « 176 60 25 260 100.00 ■aw TOKK. 66 17 218 13 27 14 65 17 213 13 27 14 70 4 26 41 838 1.91 .59 7.38 .45 .94 ~- .49 70 2.42 4 26 22 388 .14 .90 Closers Cotters 19 1.43 U..72 12854 LAB- -12 178 BEPOBT OF THE COKHISSIONEB OF LABOK. 8UMHABT OF ElCPLOTfiS, WITH FEB CENT.— Continaad. BOOTS AJTD SHOBS— Conolnded. KoTs — This table is not a complete exhibit for Indnstrles or States, bnt covers only estab Istanents inTestigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. ZTmnber of «mpIoy«s. Per cent, ol niunbeT of employes in each ocon- pation of flie whole number considered in the industry Adult nude. Adnlt female. Ohildren and yonth. lotaL EdgA Mttnra......... - 18 49 S 70 80 84 219 19 17 16 1 18 19 49 9 70 30 84 219 19 17 16 65 13 1& 14 U 997 29 83 26 62 279 .66 1 70 Fitters .31 yorwnen. ... .. ...................... ... 2.48 L04 2.91 7.60 .66 .59 .56 64 A. 91 Sand-papererB .46 15 .52 ii 11 9 29 83 26 62 80 .49 .38 988 84.58 Skivers LOO 1.14 .87 2.16 All nthnm . .. ............ ... 68 141 0.68 Total 1,638 1.160 196 2,883 100. 00 OHIO. 225 40 25 8 8 85 226 40 860 3 3 152 29.11 6.17 Fitters — ... 825 46.28 .39 .39 All others 67 19,66 Total — 881 826 67 773 130.00 FXZnrBTLVAHIA. 6 6 12 12 30 26 28 14 8 91 13 38 110 6 6 100 4 67 14 330 .66 L31 9 89 L31 4.27 2.74 25 28 14 8 69 18 88 110 8 6 29 « W 14 169 S.07 Edge setters — L53 M Fitters « 82 9.97 1.42 XaTjorers ..- .......^ 416 12.06 .66 .66 Sewing-maohine operators. ». ...,. 71 10.95 .44 ft, 25 All nthnm . - M^k^.... «: LM 93 30.14 Total «1 112 lOOi 8j>i 1100.(1 VAEIATION IN THE RATES OP WAOE8. 179 8UMMABT OF EMPLOTfiS, WITH PEE CENT.— ContimMd. BBOOMS. 'Svm.—Tbia table is not a oomplete exhibit for indnetries or states, but covers only establlshnuintk inyestigated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 296, whence derived. Nnmber of cmployto. Per cent, of number of employes in each occu- pation of the whole nnmber considered jnthe industry In the State. BtetM ud Menpatiims. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and youth. Total. BnW TOBK. 186 98 126 136 98 126 Winders 27.30 All others ...... 35 10 Total 8G9 359 100 00 OXSPBTISQa. Dyere « 10 10 10 48 20 U.36 10 48 11.36 "Weavera .......... ........................... 64.55 Winders ........................................ 20 22.73 Total _ 10 68 20 88 100.00 Deaisners........ ............................ 10 1 6 8 25 10 t 6 8 32 35 116 46 136 2.61 2.26 1.51 2.01 7 21 8.04 Setters . ......... .................... 14 8.79 116 n' 29.15 TTindera — All others 29 4 17 81 U.66 34.17 Totid — .- 226 61 112 398 100.00 KAflBACHUnnW. Carders ........... ............ 13 30 67 60 100 60 6 125 15 114 86 4 4 8 28 14 37 111 22 21 15 423 154 31 199 6.38 3.19 6 126 16 19 63 4 i 8 28 .38 7.98 .96 96 7.28 23 6.49 .26 MacluiiiBtB . . .26 .51 1.78 Setters 14 .89 87 2.36 102 12 9 10 21 7.08 1.40 1.34 Warpers 16 64 1» 28 87 .96 359 84 3 70 26.99 30 9.83 1.98 42 12.70 Total- 656 84 26 87 769 242 1,567 100.00 34 103 39 .40 88 1.18 Desicnen. ..._.._.._ i .45 180 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 8TTMMAKT OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEE CENT.— Contmned. OAEPETrNGS— ConclTided. Note, — ^Tbls table 1b not a complete exhibit for industries or states but covers only establistamentt iBTestiKated by the BuieaTi. See detail table, Appendix A, page 29S, trhence derived. ■tatw (Ml •oeKpMmM. Knmber if employes. Adnlt Adult feauJ*. Ohlldren and joath. TotaL Per cent, of ntimber of employes In eacH ooon- patlon of the whole number considered In the Indnstry In the State, Drawers Dressers Dyers En^eers Fmishers.. FcHemen and overseers ■ Harness fixers Inspectors Laborers ~ Loom fixers Machinists Printers Sconrers Setters ~. — Spinners, mnle Spinners, other Spoolers Twisters Warpers — Weavers Winders Wool sorters - All others I in <3 13 87 170 23 20 136 261 172 n 124 299 «2 « 28 426 86 123 1,647 191 29 802 244 229 914 818 60 'i,'204' Tatal. 4,110 3,314 1,332 rBa(«LT.AXIA. Carders Combers Drawers Dyers Engineer Laborers Loom fixers — Machinists I'rinters Setters Spinners, other Spoolers Twisters Warpers Weavers Winders All others 18 1 400 21 16 80 120 to 2 615 810 28 199 101 68 12 67 170 23 6B 138 254 172 447 124 623 360 237 28 1,340 899 128 3,601 8,766 80 6 80 18 1 40* 21 16 80 120 60 84 80 2 615 28 340 Teial. 1,587 263 CABBL4.aXS Aim WAGONS. oonmotiODT. 66 68 8 13 96 73 80 80 ES 68 8 12 96 73 80 30 13.50 ... 14 25 foremen ,73 2.05 23.59 Trimmers --........ 17 94 Woodworkers (body makers) 19.(0 All others ~- 7.38 Total 407 407 100 00 === VABIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 181 BDMMABY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEE CENT — Conthmed. OAKBIAGES AND WAGONS-Couclnded. ITOTE. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bat coveis only establishmei^ts Investigated by the Bniean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employis. Per cent, of nnmber of employes in each oocn- pation of the whole nnmber considered In the industry in the state. Adnlt mde. Adnlt O/mOa. ChlldTen and yontiL Total. njjRom. 63 87 11 12 92 62 73 20 62 37 11 12 92 52 73 43 13.98 9.95 2.96 8.22 24.73 13. 9t 19.62 23 11.56 Total ... 349 23 372 100.00 NZW JIBSICT. 16 18 6 10 2 16 18 6 10 2 30.77 34.61 11.64 19.23 All otherfl 3.85 Total 62 62 100.00 OHIO. 70 14 30 23 97 8 68 278 70 14 30 23 97 8 68 323 1L24 2.26 Poremen — Laborers — 4.82 3.69 15.57 L28 All nthem 9.31 45 51.84 Total 678 46 623 100.00 PKHHBTLVAIOA. 4 6 8 1 4 „ 4 6 3 1 4 4 18.18 27.27 13.64 4.66 18.18 4 18.18 18 4 22 100.00 OXOTHING'. Engineers- Fimshers . I'oremen.. Laborers .. Trimmers - .All others. Total., MXW JII8BT. Bnttou-hole makers . Batton sewers Oudboyi 2 U6 4 7 198 327 15 3 118 4 7 60 249 438 182 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF liABOE SUMMAEY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. CLOTHING— Concluded. IfOTE.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstriee or states, but covers only establlshmentB investigated by the Borean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence denved. KnmbeT of employis. Per cent of number of Bmployfein eaohocoa pation of file whole number oonsidered in the industry inthesUte. States and oconpatiana. Adult male. Adult female. CUIdren and youth. lotaL HBW TOBK— coneladed. 20 1 8B 46 2 22 S 276 49 38 16 87 7 32 131 86 180 81 66 15 37 49 id L27 .46 231 4 38 16 77 6 15.90 2.83 2.18 9' .92 Knitters -. 1 7 28 2 5.01 .40 4 20 1.84 109 86 180 7.55 4.95 10.37 81 L79 56 7 12 3.23 a 6 25 .86 2.13 Wash-room hands ~ Winders - .......----.. 49 2.82 75 125 46 61 6.97 AHotbeis 169 20.45 Total 401 1,001 334 1,736 100.00 FBNItBrLyASU.. 16 17 15 32 3 186 36 24 41 120 9 6 380 1.76 15 3 186 3.78 Engineers — .35 50 36 21.83 4.23 24 2.82 41 4.81 iio 14.08 Wash-room hands ».... Winders ................ 9 1.06 6 17 .70 348 26 44.60 Total 630 176 147 852 100.00 YISeibliA. 9 1 67 19 3 7 17 7.97 1 4 2 3 7 14 .89 27 26 17 60.44 16.81 2.6S 6.19 8 15.04 31 27 55 U3 100.00 COAL, COEX, AND OBE. OBBAT BBTTAIH. a 2 11 4 1 20 23 286 8 2 U 4 1 20 23 MS .45 Blacksmiths* helpers-.....-. .30 Drivers .- L64 .60 Encineer fstatlonarv) .15 G^remen .....^ 1.91 1.41 Miners 4a.M VASIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 183 STIMMAKY OF EMPLOTES, WITH PEE CENT.— ContiBiwd. COAI4 COKE, AST} ORE— Continued. Non. -TUa table is Tu>t a complete exhibit for Industries or states, but covers only establielimenti inTenicated by the Bniean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Nnmber of employto. Per cent, of nnuLber of employes in each occu- pation of the whole number considered In the industry in the state. MatM and aemipatlaBa. Adult male. Adult female. diildren and youth. Total. •SKIT BBiTAlir— eraahided. Stableman ..... 1 25 6 136 1 25 6 290 16 Track layers _ Welghen «..— All others 3.73 .76 164 43 28 Total 51£ 164 670 100.00 niDiAirjL 16 86 26 91 C 1,376 25 16 16 85 26 91 6 1,375 25 16 .97 6.19 1.58 6.65 .37 83.89 1.63 "Weiffhera ......... .92 All others Total ....« ... 1,639 1,639 100. 00 HlllTLAIID. Blacksmiths 6 6 6 83 26 2 1 16 762 7 10 6 6 6 6 5 83 20 2 1 16 762 7 10 6 13 .64 .63 Gaipenters ».... - .53 8.88 2.14 .22 Fireman ... ... ....................... .. .11 L71 8L50 Stablemen _.........._......... .75 1.07 .63 AU^^ers « 8 1.39 Xotel..... t27 8 936 100.00 HXBSOTTBI. TllfinlrflTnltTi 1 1 4 7 7 1 18 1 239 6 1 14 1 1 4 7 7 1 18 1 239 5 1 49 .30 .30 1.20 ~ 2.09 2.10 .30 5.39 .30 71.56 1.60 "Weigher .30 36 14.67 299 .*«....... 36 334 100.00 OMIO. 18 2 5 100 17 13 2 6 100 17 .93 .14 .36 7.17 1.23 184 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. HUMMART OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Contmned. COAL, COED, ADD ORE— Concluded. KOTB This table is not a complete exhibit for IndnBtries or states, bnt covers only establishmenta InTeatlgated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Knmber of employes. Per cent of number of employes in eaohooon- pationof tiie whole nmnher considered in the industry In the stele. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and yoath. Total OHIO— eoBolnded. Sngineerg (engineers t engineers, looomotlTe, 15 8 49 13 1,055 21 9 51 15 8 49 13 1,065 21 9 84 .67 3 61 .93 7562 Stjaiblemen .... 20 Track lavers .... ..................... L61 .65 ATI others 33 6,02 Total 1,362 33 1,396 IOOlOO FBmTaTLTAMIA. 19 18 108 12 14 428 20 ,8» 1,095 19 18 106 12 14 428 20 1.855 1,095 .53 .37 Drivers ..... 2.97 "nn-mppTfl . .34 Bngmeers* (engineers; engineers, looomotlTe, .39 Lauorers. ................. ... .... ... ~ 12.00 .56 62.03 Weiehers .09 All others 39.72 Total , , 8,565 8,665 100.00 vnsiHiA.. Blacksmiths - 4 8 7 7 6 8 235 14 US 2 6 8 4 8 7 7 6 3 236 14 U3 S 6 19 .96 .72 Carpenters ...... ................... L67 L67 L20 ~ .72 Laborers «. 66.22 3.86 Miners...... 27.03 .48 Tracklayers ...... ..................... L44 U 4,56 407 u 418 100 00 WEST YIBODni.. 12 1 12 96 8 8 49 8 862 4 26 7 45 12 1 12 96 6 8 49 8 662 4 26 7 68 1.26 Blacksmith's helper-... ...... ............ ~ 10 ..... 68 Engineers (engineers; englnoers, looomotlTe ; stationarri ............................ — .«. .88 6.U .84 88k 06 Laborers - ........... Miners --- — Stablemen .48 2.71 18 23 7.08 Total 936 23 969 100.08 VABIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 185 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. COOKING- AND HXATINO APPAEATtTS. Note This table Is not a complete exhibit for Indnstrlea or states, but ooveis only eBtablishmentB jiTCstigated by the Bniean. See detail table, Appendix A page 295, whence derived. StatM and oeoapatloBa. Nnabei of employes. Adult male. Adnlt female. Children and youth. TotaL Percent of number of employes im each occu- pation of the whole number considered in the industry in the state Blaolfimltha ■ Oaipenten Cnpola men _ ■ ■ ■ - Engineers Foremen ~« Grinders Laborers Maohinista .*.« Koolders Monnters Nickel plater Pattern makers . - ■ Polisher AH others Total. KXHTUCKT. Laborers Moulders... Konnters .. All others.. Total. BlacksmittLS Engineers Poremen G-rinders Japanners Laborers Machinists ...... Monlders Monnters Hickel platers... Pattern makers . Polishers Teamsters Tinsmiths All others Total. Blacksmiths '. Carpenters... Cnpola men . . Poremen Grinders Japanners Laborers Maohinisti Monlders Monnters Nickel platers... Pattern makers . Polishers Teamsters Tinsroiths All others latal 16 6 4 t 41 10 267 M 1 12 1 102 622 "56 27 51 2 19 6 430 161 6 49 9g 16 12 861 1,222 13 6 29 36 • 383 S 945 66 18 12 43 19 68 348 2,030 12 77 702 729 610 510 2 2 16 6 4 4 63 10 267 68 1 12 1 163 2.67 1.00 .67 .67 8.85 L67 44.57 9.69 .17 2.00 .17 27.21 100. 00 23.21 66.07 10.72 et 4 2 27 61 a 21 « 435 167 11 53 ,101 16 12 1,053 100. 00 .10 1.38 2.61 .10 1.13 .26 22.30 8.05 .66 2.72 5.18 .82 .61 53.97 1.951 6 945 66 18 12 43 19 58 858 3,640 .65 1.50 .61 .21 L14 1.38 .35 15.08 .20 37.20 2.20 .71 .47 1.66 .76 2.2S 33.78 100. 00 186 EBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. SUMMARY OF EMPLOTfiS, WITH PEE CENT.— Continned. COOKHSTG ANB HEATING APPABATUS-Conoluded. Nora.- -This table is not a complete AThiblt for indhstriea or etatee, but coTers only eBtabllghmenta Inreatlgated by the Bmeao. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of emplqyia. Per cent, of nnmberof employes in each ocon- patlon of the whole nnmbei ooneidered in the indnstry Intheitote. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and youth. Total oma 1 4 t 4 9 15 7 S59 142 30 19 13 1 8 167 16 7 859 142 68 19 13 1 3 218 Camentem .47 86 Gapola men ..................................... TW"nTllflftTH «_.. 4L94 MoTlTltf^rH 1 ^■ 16.69 ft 77 2 22 Nickel platen Pattern makers........ ............ .............. Polishers Tnn.nifftor _ ..■«.. n Tinsmiths 61 Total 777 79 866 FBHlfBTLTJUnA. Blacksmith 1 1 2 10 48 12 a 1 1 1 1 2 10 48 12 2 1 1 L28 2.66 MnnTii^rfi. -n.-...^---. , 15.89 Patternmaker* „ 2. 67 Teamster 1.28 All others....................................... 128 78 78 100 00 WI8T TIBOIlflA. Carpenter 1 1 1 13 23 9 1 2 1 1 1 13 28 9 1 14 L6* fTipolft man... 1.59 Xiaborers ............................... . . 30.61 86.61 TWoTintei'ff - - . r J 14.29 1.58 All nthora 12 22.23 Total 61 12 (3 100.00 COTTON GOODS. comnEcnouT. Back boys Card grinders.. Card strippers. Doffers Drawers Engineer Huinghand... Folder , Inspector Iiaborers Lappers Machinists Oiler Oreneeis U 13 15 VARIATION m THE RATES OF WAGES. 187 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. COTTON GMJODS— Continued. Note.— nils table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt covers only establishments Jivestigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix: A, page 295, whence derived. Knmber of employes. Percent, of nnmber of employes in each occn- States andooonpatloiiB. AdTdt mala. Adnlt female. Children and youth. Total tne whole nmnber considered in the indiistry in the state. oomiBCTioin^-ooiieliided. Rftll'WflT hand ................................... 1 1 4 6 1 3 18 16 28 18 4 2 3 2 140 6 38 4 E 1 S 1.62 SlABher ....................... 32 98 18 5 85 16 4 87 28 18 6 85 4 1.30 2 3 .65 ~ 2' 43 5 08 "WfttnliTnftii .65 97 45.46 All others 1.62 Total - 100 163 65 308 100. 00 BfiftTiiftm .*..>... U 83 1 U 33 1 1 6 5 2 1 66 3 2 163 46 3.33 10.00 .30 1 .30 8 6 2 1 1.82 L52 TiOriTTTi flxf^TB . .. .. .. . .81 Spinner, mnlo . . .... ...... . .............. .30 68 20.00 3 .91 Twlstera . .. ... .... 2 .61 163 2 46.86 AU others 22 22 13.94 Total __ 81 168 91 330 100.00 GardeTB . . 2 1 6 2 2 2 2 6 7 6 1 41 2 1 9 2 2 2 2 6 7 5 1 100 U6 .79 .39 Drawers -..._ -. 8 3.54 .79 •♦"T"**!!!™ .... .. «... .79 .79 Oilers . .79 L97 2.76 1.97 .39 100 67 39.37 All others -^I--^ 18 46.67 Total 76 160 18 264 100.00 aiOBOIA. RanVht^n . 9 1 a 1 2 6 6 6 1 19 U L36 .16 2 .30 Bobbin bovH . . 6 ■l" < 2 1 & 4 •^ Cloth-room hand ~ — HoOetB •l6 IS IS iiJ Drawtn .......«».-——•-■—---■«----—------ t 2.71 188 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LASOE. 8DMMABY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEE CEKT.— ContinuwL COTTOIT GOODS— Continued. KoTB. — This table is not a complete exiiibit for industries or states, bnt ooTors only establislmients UTestlgated by the Borean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence deriTea. Nnmber of employes. Per cent, of nnmber of empby6sin each ooon- pation of the whole nnmber considered in the industry In the state. StatMMuid oeonpfttkni. Adnlt mals. Adnlt femal*. Children and yonth. TataL OBOBttiA. ewMhkfcid. 10 10 S3 17 71 31 16 229 116 1.61 1 15 Billing hands. .. ....—-■■.-.-■•. --- ...... 3 .45 2 3 1 3 S 7 1 .30 45 32 MfinhiTiifiji .45 Oilers - - - 3 1.21 Overseers ................................ L06 '" » .15 Pickers 1.21 1 .15 4 .60 Second liands ................................... « 17 t 3 .91 2.56 Slashers .. . . .45 Spinners, mnle...... ............ ........ ...... L21 71 31 1« 10.73 4.68 2.42 1 3 6 71 47 .16 Warpers ..................... ......... ...... 2 .76 Watclunen - ... .91 158 38 34.59 Allothers 31 17.52 Total 199 203 260 662 100.00 OIBlLUfT. Oarflers . . . - j„ ...._■. 23 8 23 8 47 182 27 24 17 1 3 13 68 3 2 17 26 39 18 18 1,067 819 .05 .33 47 1.95 Dyers 182 27 24 17 a 3 13 4 7.63 L12 Folders .99 .70 Oilers .08 .33 Pickers .64 64 2.40 3 .13 2 .08 SpenderH , 17 .70 26 1.08 Spinners, ol^er 16 13 24 L61 ~ !«' .75 'Watchmen .66 1,067 24 44.16 Allothers S46 249 33.81 Totil ««« 1,144 376 2,416 100.00 aBIl.T BBTMn. Beamns 4 "" i' 4 4 24 9 3 9 86 18 t 3 IS .35 .85 Carders 24 » 1 2.08 .78 Cloth-room hands 7 > .00 Drawers se" .78 3.12 Drawers-in 13 ■ 3 U 1 13 Bngtaieers .52 Firemen _^ .21 Laborers , .„.j ......... IK VARIATION IN THE BATES OF WAGES. 189 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WTTK PER CENT.— Continued. COTTON GK)OSS— Continned. Nora.— This taUe is not a complete exhibit for indtiBtries or states, but oovers only establtehmeiits inrestlt^ted bj tLe Bniean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. StetM-asd oeempatteu. Nnmbw of employta. Adnlt Adult feuul*. Children and yoatli. TotaL Per oent. of number of employes in each ooon- nation of the whole number oonaideied in the industry in the state. «BAI MOT IT c— nhwleil Lsppers.. Haohlnist Uaob Oilers. Overseers Packers Bailway hands.. Hovers Slobbers Speeders Spinners, mule. . Spinners, other. . Twisters Weavers All others 13 2S 172 ..... 'iii' 102 33 2B 152 <2 27 31 1 4 14 • 3 127 32 62 172 33 8 1S2 400 Total. Carders Card grinders . . Drawers Engineers Firemen Laborers Loom fixer Oilers Overseers Keelers Spinners, mnle . Spinners, olher . Spoolers Sweepers.. Twisters Watohmen AH others 4<3 431 281 27 18 82 10 2«0 3 187 44 140 4 163 1,166 82 » 40 6 9 62 1 13 16 200 32 44 140 11 86 3 366 Total.. 354 476 217 1,047 Baokboys Beamers Blacksmiths Bobbin boys Card grinders Card strippers Cloth-room haada . Soffers Drawers Drawers-in Dyers Ruling hands « Firemen Folders Inspectors Laborers Lappers Machinist* Oilers Overseers Packer Painters Pickers Qnillers BaU way hands 87 8 4 8 "ia 64 78 "m ■'27' 'isr' 23 "is' ..... "is' "ie 23 • 78 27 4 17 28 47 8 1S7 77 « 37 16 4 3 64 121 2 22 46 19 1 7 42 23 • 190 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SDMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WlXn PER CENT.— Continnod. COTTON GOODS— Continued. NOTB.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only establisnmenta investigated by the Borean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employes. Per cent of number of employes in each occu- pation of me whole nnmber considered in the Indnstry In the state. Stfttes and oooupatioiu. Adnlt male. Adult female. Children and youth. TotoL MAINE— oouoluded. j[^][epg ,. . 6 1 . 83 30 6 44 37 96 100 13 21 34 9 59 264 132 51 8 10 30 16 1,299 279 .18 11 4 57 .31 8 39 100 13 .11 2.88 3.00 Slashers ..-.- .39 19 2 9 2 29 .63 3 L02 .27 69 L77 86 132 178 7.91 3.95 61 L53 8 3 U 15 731 135 .24 2 16 6 .30 .00 .45 668 60 84' 38.90 8.36 Total 1,486 1,086 767 3,339 100.00 Beamera .- 14 1 14 1 6 68 10 66 13 3 23 1 1 25 14 1 10 20 22 17 6 1 3 18 9 36 194 56 17 39 15 3 293 124 1.25 .09 6 .54 36 10 32 6.08 .89 55 4.02 13 1.16 3 .27 23 2.06 1 .09 1 .09 25 14 1 2.24 L25 MachiniBt .09 10 .89 Overseers ...-. 20 20 17 1.79 2 1.97 Pickers — 1.62 6 1 .54 Kover .09 8 .27 Slubbers 18 1.61 8 2 32 .81 Speeders 34 162 66 3.22 17.35 5.00 17 U 1.52 Twisters - 28 3.49 16 8 14 35 1.34 Watchmen .27 279 28 26.21 61 11.09 Total 232 660 236 1,118 100 00 UASBAUHUUVIB. Back boys 187 187 8 4 178 61 1.94 1 .11 4 87 6« .08 8< 2.48 Cardgrindera .n VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES 191 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYfiS, WITH PER CENT.-Contiaiied. COTTON GOODS-Contmued. 'SorCB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishiuentB InveBtigated by the Boreaa. See detail table, Appendis A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employ^ Per cent, of number of employes in each occu- pation of we whole number considered in the industry in the state. StatM and oooapatlons. Adnlt male. Adnlt femtde. Children and youth. Total S8 It , 8 11 64 27 230 152 65 43 11 28 18 6 13 127 2 IS 43 88 68 3 19 18 12 2 60 40 94 140 32 32 35 168 274 609 366 24 10 52 59 31 2,397 1,218 .91 .38 DnfFflrs --- .................... . 230 47 3.26 105 55 2.16 .78 48 U 20 18 4 2 127 2 13 4S 70 «8 .61 .16 Williner hamdt ...... 3 .33 .26 2 .09 11 .18 1.80 .03 .17 .61 is' 1.26 .97 3 .04 IS 18 .27 Pickers ................................. .26 Railway handB ..................■>.............. 12 .17 2 .03 60 .71 40 .57 •4 186 32 1.34 4 1.99 .45 SlubbeiB 32 13 166 .45 8 2 274 14 .50 2.38 Spimters, mule » 3.89 389 329 13 220 34 11 8.64 Spoolers' . ... ................. .. 3 6.19 .34 10 2 IS 31 391 321 .14 60 44 .74 Warpers ..................*..--. ... .84 .43 2,006 701 84.01 196 17.28 Total 2,000 4,071 977 7,048 100.00 29 29 240 13 11 74 43 13 1 1 32 4 8 36 12 1 16 20 61 .81 47 13 U 35 193 6.66 .36 .31 39 2.05 43 1.19 3 1 1 81 4 8 36 12 10 .36 .03 .03 Laborers ......... 1 .89 .11 oiftfs .:; ~:"":"::.;:::::"."."".::" .22 LOO Pickers "" " » .33 1 .03 Kovew ... - 14 2 20 .44 .55 51 13 7 1 1.42 13 .36 Slasheni 7 .19 1 .„ 6 .14 192 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF EMPLOTfiS, WITH PER CENT.— Continaed. COTTOir GOODS— Contmned. Kon. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments tnresUgated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appondiz A, page 295, -vrhence derived. Nnmher of employ6B. Per cent, of number of employes in each occu- pation of the whole nnmber considered in the Industry In the state. Adidt male. AdTdt female. uid youth. Total Hxw KAMP8HIBB— concluded. 8pf^r4>ttiAiidn 7 • 82 1 8 8 32 766 lie 9 53 18 1,741 229 .22 22 Speeders .................. ......... .... .. Spinners, other...... ..................... 827 116 439 21.25 Spoolers ......................... ..... 8 23 9 63 .25 Twisters L47 13 1,500 141 211 45 48.29 A 11 nttiern ^ , 43 6.35 Total « 622 2,365 618 3,605 100.00 HEW JXBJ9BT. 1 1 6 8 S 8 30 180 28 8.28 .41 "irir«Tt>fl,n .. _, _ .41 2.46 Mftftliinlt^tfl .... 1.23 Pickers L23 20 8.19 fitpiTinAi's, niTlIf^ U 6.74 pinners! other 30 12.29 ~ «' 130 63.28 Ail others 20 1148 Total 86 168 60 244 100.00 mew TOBK. Back boys 149 149 2 2 99 365 31 28 86 180 le < a 10 28 8 Ul 20 26 28 • 51 S 18 82 186 84 60 123 « 266 167 1,766 163 10 20 2.23 2 2 .03 Blacksmiths .03 99 L48 Carders 6 81 28 840 6k 32 .46 .42 Doflfers.... 86 163 6 1.29 "nrftWOFH ^^ 17 11 2.70 .24 Engineers , ., • .09 TCilfiTi^ hanHg 2 .03 Foreman _.. . . , , . 10 « 2 Ul .16 22 .42 Inspectors ...................... 1 .05 L66 Lappera.-. ., 20 .30 26 28 6 SI 8 13 20 2 82 49 78 3 .89 Mn/ 3 3 3 121 2 3 424 3 2 2 2 213 .31 .46 Laoorera ...». HillgjB 65.18 .46 .31 .31 31 All others - 02 S2.71 Tstel..... SSg 92 651 100.00 w -=!- "' ^ ' ' ' ■ — ' 196 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. FOOD PKEPABATIONS— Concluded. BToi E.— This table is not a complete exhibit for induatriee or states, but covers only estabUshmimti Investigated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employis. Percent o/ numberof erapJoyfis in each occu- pation of the whole number considered in the industry in the state. States and oooupationB. Adult miile. Adult female. Children and youth. Total. ■czmnwoTi. 108 83 28 SO 74 108 83 28 50 74 31.49 SLfillfira ■.. 24.20 B.l« 14.58 All nther« . 21.67 M3 343 100. 00 laeeouBi. 2 7 6 77 12 4 2 10 2 7 6 77 12 4 2 10 1.67 5.83 5.00 64.17 10.00 3.33 1.67 8.33 Total --- 120 120 100. 00 NBW HUlf 8BI&S. 1 5 2 1 1 5 2 1. 11.11 55. 6€ 22.22 11.11 All othnra » 9 100. 00 44 11 14 15 12 8 2 4 87 44 11 14 15 12 8 2 4 87 22.34 5.58 7.U 7.61 6.09 4.06 1.05 2.03 44.16 Total . 197 19 7 100. 00 wsurr TiEGimA. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 16.67 16.67 33.34 16.66 16.66 6 6 100. 00 FuitiaTxraB. INDIAKA. (cabinetmakers Engineers Foremen Laborers 143 2 4 48 148 2 4 48 .71 8.48 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 197 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.—Contimied. PTTKNlTtTRE— Conolnded. No™.— This table is not a complete esiibit for indTwtrieg or states, bnt oovern only esta blnhTOentu InTegtlgated by tlie Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence deriTed. ' Number of employes. Per cent of number of employes in each occu- Adult Kale. Adult female. Children and youth. Total. pation of the whole number considered in the industry niDlABA— e« eatherers „ _ ......™.. VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 193 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. GLASS— Ooncladed. NoTK.— TUB table is not a oompleteexhiWt for indnatries or states, bat covers only estabUshmenta tsTeetigated by tbe Bnreau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 205, whence derived. XTimber of employee Per cent, of number of employfis in each oocn- pation of the whole nnmber oonsidered in the industry In the state. State* and oocupatioas Adnlt male. AdTJt femsde. Childreu and youth. Total. PBNKSTLTAJnA— concluded. 43S 17 3 28 23 74 8 41 13 39 12 145 435 17 3 28 23 74 3 41 13 39 12 834 19 61 13 I 26 3 34 .58 1 70 AU others 27 662 37.60 Totsil 1,500 27 691 2,218 100. 00 WEffT TIBGDnA. Blacksmith . . 1 18 1 2 3 6 2 2 1 U 1 18 1 2 2 6 2 2 1 62 i 16 Blowers and flniBhers, bottle and ohlxaney (hlow- 20.93 1.16 2.33 2.33 Pftokers — . 5.81 Teamaters . _., .... — 2.33 2.33 1.16 All others - - . ."" 38 60.46 48 38 86 100.00 LXATHXX. CALIFOKKIA. 30 1 37 84 30 1 37 86 19.48 FinlRher . - -. .65 24.03 Allothers ..... 2 55.84 Total ... 152 2 154 100. 00 ViinyriBM. 88 184 37 1« 30 32 38 230 37 17 30 48 9.50 ■■" '46 57.50 Laborers 9.26 1 4.25 7.50 14 2 12.00 Total -..-- 337 14 49 400 100.00 Beamamen FiniBhe™ .... 10 40 10 66 10 40 10 65 8.00 32.00 Taxmera „..-..... 8.00 Allothera ... 52.00 Total 126 125 100. 00 »• w ^= ===== 200 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBK OF LABOK- SUMMAKY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEE CENT.— Continued. IjEATHER— CoDolnded. STOTE.— This table iamo« a oenipletee-riii'bit for indnstries or states, but covers only establishmentu InvestlgatBd by tbe Burean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employes. Per cent, of nnmherof employes of each occu- pation of the whole nnmber considered in the indnstry in the state 8tate« and ooonpationa. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. ChUdien and yonth. Total. pwrasTLVAjnA. 4S 108 24 17 27 34 45 108 24 17 27 49 16.66 40.00 8.89 6.30 10.00 All oihers 14 1 18.16 Total 25S 14 1 270 lOO. 00 LIQTJOES AND BBVBRAGBS. ILLINOIS. S4 » 22 7 20 144 64 9 22 7 20 144 24. Ub 3.38 8.27 2.63 7.52 54.14 268 266 100. 00 omo. 72 4 i 1 45 S» ^ 72 4 4 1 46 39 43.64 2.42 2.42 .61 27.27 All othera 23.64 Total les 166 100.00 PSHKBTLTAHIA.. 12 1 4 85 12 1 4 85 11.77 .98 3.02 83.33 Total 102 102 100.00 ItACHHTES AND MACHESTBET. CAurossik. 16 82 7 68 48 320 16 32 7 68 48 383 2.89 6.79 1 26 12.27 ...... 8.66 All nthern 63 69.13 491 63 654 100. 00 iixnoD. AU others «7 20 117 106.00 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 201 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. MACHINES AND MACHnTERT— Concluded. JSTOTK.— Tiis table is not a complete exMMt for indnstries or states, bat ooTers only estabUshments aventigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 205, whence derived. atea and eoospations. Nnmber of employes. Per cent, of anmboi oi' employfis in each ocon- 8t Adnlt male. Adnlt female. CUldron and youth. Total. the whole nnmber considered in the industry in the state. Blacksmiths.. DTBUHA. 2* 114 7 373 43 1*7 28 114 7 874 43 186 ;).8« 15.16 .93 49.73 5.72 24.60 Boiler Bakers Carpenters Machinists ; 1 Moulders AJl others 18 Total... 733 S 43 10 s& 19 762 100.00 KnmjoKT. Blacksmiths . 8 43 10 61 5.00 36.83 Machinists *11 ntheTR . « 50 84 Total .. 114 6 120 MifllS. 2 19 18 23 2 10 18 28 Machinists Mnnld^ff^ , 31 OB All Others-... 6 Total... 63 5 58 170 161 100. 00 lUMAOSUSBTTg. WlnMnlntji 170 161 51.36 All 0th<>TS 48.64 Total.... 331 331 100. 00 nw jmmn. 8 85 30 B9 3 85 3« 68 1.91 Machinists 41.40 Moulders.... ... .. ..-.....-.- 19.11 All nth«Ttl 37.68 Tetal.... 157 167 100. 00 raMMTLTAHIA. Wsnblnlafi 276 106 275 186 ' 58. 39 All Others M 4L61 Tetal... 381 DO 471 100.0* MITAIS AlTD JCKTAI/lIC GOODS. . AX.kltAUk. 10 2 4 S 4 2 71 10 2 4 6 4 2 71 16.21 2.04 Filfava /fn-nl 4.08 Firemen ....*. 5.10 4.08 Teamatem 2.04 All others 72.46 Total 88 98 100. 0« 202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. StrMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continned. MBTALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Con tinned. NOTB.— Thia table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only eBtabllshmenta luTestigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A , page 295, whence derived. Nnmber of employes. Percent, of nnmber of employes in each occn- paidon of the whole nnmber considered in the industry In the state. Stetea and OMnpatioaa. Adnlt iiale. Adnlt female. Chlldres and yonth. Total. Biii«nni. 12 12 18 «6 12 511 4 5 12 11 7 g .47 .59 1 41 FillorB (top, bottom) 1.29 .82 .70 1.40 .94 Foremen . .- Heaters' helpers 12 8 8 18 65 » 2 12 Keepers' helpers _. 2 11 ...... MaRhiTiiBt* . , ,, 1 0"^ .23 Boilers (rollers ; roller, chief, second, third, fourth) Hollers' helpers , g 94 I Straighteuers All others 33 110 663 Total 702 33 119 864 100 00 GAUVOBNU. Carpenters — U 1 1 79 841 11 1 1 79 341 2 54 Foreman... .. ... 23 Machinists -. ...... 18 25 All others Tot^ 433 433 inn M\ Catchers 8 2 2 -1 2 2 2 12 • « t 11 6 2 2 1 2 i 12 8 8 8 11 10 00 Engineers _ 3 33 Heaters 3.33 Heaters' helpers — 3 33 Pnddlers Poddlers' helpers 10.00 All others 18.34 Tetal 60 60 100. 00 GBBAT BBITJklH. Bricklayers (brioklaysrs, masons) IB 2 IS 2 24 74 1« 1< 10 10 lis 2 10 7 3 10 2 IS 2 24 74 10 16 10 10 113 .87 .17 Catchers (muck, rail) 1.30 17 Bngmeere 2.08 FiUers (flllers! flUers, botto», top) 6.41 Firemen..: 87 1.38 Keepers .87 87 Laborers Q 70 2 ) 17 Millwrights • 10 7 240 1 87 .61 Pnddlers ■■■ 20 80 EoU6rs(fsrge,r»U) .21 VARIATION IN THE RATER OP WAGES. 203 SUMMARY OP EMrLOYfiS, WITH P15R CENT— Continued METALS AJ>rD METALLIC GOODS— Coutiimed. No'fE.— 'ITils table ia not a, complete exhibit for industriefl or states, Irat covers only establislini exits inTeatlgated by the Enrean. Seo detaU table, Appendix A, page 295, whenee derived. • lirnmber of employes Per cent, of number of employfis in each occn- pation of the whole nnmber considered in the industi'y in the state. Btat«s ftnd oocnpatloiu. Adnlt male. Adult female. Children and youth. Tetal. GREAT BBITAIN— oonolnded. 16 10 48 501 15 10 46 535 1.30 Straighteners 87 Wheelers (coal^ fettling, metftL slag) 3.98 Allothera. ' "^ ... .'Z 10 24 46 iJ6 Total „... 1,180 10 24 1,154 ILLINOIS. 2 8 8 1« 10 3 20 24 14 171 16 1 4 a 10 u 4 11 7 3 2S3 2 3 8 10 10 3 20 24 14 171 16 1 4 6 10 '\ 11 7 3 354 29 Carpenters -...1 -■,... 43 Catchers (catchers; oatohers, plate, slalv) 1 16 1 45 1 45 43 Heaters (heaters ; heaters, old rail, plate} Heaters' helpers (heaters' helpers; heaters' 2.89 3.47 Hookers-np (hookers-np ; hookera*np, plate, slal»} Laborers ' ,..~. 2.02 24.71 2.31 . 14 Filers (old rail) .58 .86 1.45 1.59 .58 1.69 1.01 .43 AUothera 102 51.16 Total . 580 102 692 100. 00 JXDUMA. 8 2 t 10 a 2 12 • 2 2 163 19 2 2 S2 32 t 16 a 4 •5 49 5 2 9 10 « 2 12 9 2 2 163 19 2 2 32 32 3 16 6 4 5 49 1.31 .52 2.36 raw" ;"™;::::::::::::;::;;;;; 2.62 1.57 .52 Heaters . 3.14 2.36 .52 .52 40.05 4.97 .62 .52 Puddlers , 8.38 8.S8 Rollers (bar, guide, maofe) « .79 4.19 1.57 1.05 1.31 12.83 Total 382 382 100. 00 KBHTUOKT. Bricklayer 1 1 > 1 1 t .19 _.„ .13 Oatohen (bat, plat*. ihMt) --- .48 204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. SUMMARY OF EMPLOYfiS, WITH PER CENT.— Contmned. METALS AlO) METALLIC GOODS— Continued. Note. — Tliis table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers oal r establishmenta investigated by the Buiean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived • Nnmber of employes. Per cent, of number of employes in each occu- pation of the whole number considered in the industry \iithesUte. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and youth. Total. KENTUCKT— ooBeluded. 6 3 4 13 3 U2 1 1 1 4 83 84 13 44 11 13 6 1 148 k 6 3 4 13 3 142 1 1 1 4 83 84 13 44 11 13 5 1 185 .96 ' .48 64 Heaters (bar, bloom and sorap, 8-inoh, lO-inob, 2.09 .48 22.83 Machinist 16 .16 .16 .64 13.35 13.51 EoJlers (bar, mnck, plate, sbeet, 8-incli, 10-inoh).. Rollers' belpers (rollers' helpers ; rollers' helpers, 2 09 7.08 Roughors (bar, plate, sheet, 8-inoh, lO-inch) Shearmen (shearmen ; Bhearmen, plate) I 77 2.09 .80 Teamster (cart driTor) . ... .16 37 29.75 Total 685 37 622 100.00 Breakers (limestone, ore* . .... 21 102 11 SO 7 1 i B 21 2 S 9 J 02 1 11 59 2.99 .43 1.71 ^ngineere ., i 3.42 8.97 Firemen ............ .85 3.85 Keepers' helpers. ....... 3.85 43. ED .43 Teamsters (teamsters, cart driTeni) 4.70 All nthftra 25.21 Total 234 234 100. 00 KASBACHUBSm. Carpenters _ B 1 18 40 2 24 5 1 18 40 2 24 5.56 1.11 20.00 44.44 2.22 26.67 Total M 90 100.00 15 21 10 412 3 G68 15 21 10 412 3 568 1.46 2 04 Foremen .^... .97 40.04 .29 All others -- ' 55 20 Total 1,029 1,029 100.00 inwHAimmu. LaborerB IH 100 II 53 4t xr VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 206 SUMMARY OP EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continned. JOITAIS AOT) MEXAU.IC QOODS-Continned. SroTB.— TliiB table is not ;i complste exhibit for indnstries or states, but oovera only efitablislimeiite IBveitigated by the Bureaa. See detail table. Appendii A, page 295, whence derived.' Number of employes. i Per cent, of : number of iemploy6a in each ocou- St»t«H and-oconpatlona. Adult male. Adult female. Children and youth. Total. - nation of the wholH number ■ dOBBidercd in the 1 industry ^In the atato. Pattern makdrB ,... .„ 7 7S 7 75 d. 74 40.11 AUothers , Total '. 187 187 100. DO NBW JIBSBT. 12 1 4 8 82 12 4 4 8 -82 10.81 3.60 S.80 8.11 73.88 Machinists Pattern makers _. Teamsters * All Atlierfl Total 111 111 100.00 NSW YORK. 6 8 28 12 8 35 38 27 7 42 42 87 a s 1,458 283 4 2 « 186 168 43 8 26 10 26 B 37 1,214 6 8 28 12 8 35 38 27 7 42 42 37 6 8 1,459 283 4 2 6 185 168 43 8 26 10 37 1,469 .15 .20 .60 .30 .20 .87 .94 .67 .18 1.04 1.04 92 Carpenters Catchers -. — ,-... Engineers .16 20 Machinists 7 01 Masons. - . - ..---. - 10 Millwrights , 15 Puddlers 4 59 1 07 Rollers' helpers 22 Shearmen 25 .65 92 255 36 40 3,781 255 4,036 100. 00 omo. 39 5 21 46 60 32 118 ITS lit 39 S 21 46 SO 32 118 175 119 49 6 .73 .09 .39 Catchers (catchers ; catchers, bar, butt, muck, .86 .94 Drag-outs (drag-outa; drag-outs, butt, muck, plate) .60 2.22 inilora ffillnrfl. fillnrn hottnn) innl 3.28 123 4» 6 ,92 „... . 11 206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Contunwd, ItETALS A^TD METALLIC GOODS— Continued. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit ibr industiles or atates, but covers only establiaiimont& Investigated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Number of employes, Per cent, of number ot employes in each occn. nation of the whole number considered in the industry in the state. States and ocoupattons. Adult male. Adult female. Children and youth. Total. OHIO — concluded. Heaters (heaters; heaters, bar, butt, plate. nolm4«d. 19 41 76 85 126 650 9B 167 707 3.43 1 41 &03 27.68 Total 802 741 1,228 2,771 100,00 WEST TXEGIWIA. Cigar makers (oigar makers, rollers) 48 1 48 1 2 10 78.69 L64 2 3.28 StriD'oera — ... - 10 16,39 Total 49 2 10 61 too. 00 WOOLLBir Q3 101 56 250 100. 00 lCAfl81.CHUBBTra. Barlers - 4 3 8 16 65' 4 86 8 34 11 67 4 61 18 40 31 10 6 38 20 6 16 47 6 88 • .27 18 5.76 Drawers-in .54 1> 11 67 4 61 18 40 24 10 « 38 'I 16 47 « 88 2.27 Driers .74 3.81 .27 Finishers 10 4 06 Fullers 1.26 2.68 7 2.07 67 Machinists .40 2.54 Pickers 4 1 34 34 1.07 Second hands 3 14 40 S.8S Rpinnors, other..,. ., 8 .54 VARIATION IN THE RATES OP WAGES. 217 SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continned. ■WOOLLEN GOODS— Continued. Note.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstrles or states, bnt covers only esttblishments iDvestigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Nnmber of employes. Per cent, of number of employes in each occu- pation of the whole number considered in the industry in the state. States and oeoapatienA. Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and youth. Total. 44 44 4 4 506 24 315 2.94 4 4 161 24 107 .27 TwiBters.- - .27 340 6 33.84 1.61 166 62 21.06 Total 774 544 177 1,495 100. 00 MIB0OUBI. 17 11 1 9 3 1 5 18 17 11 1 22 3 1 5 18 4 24 9 6 14.05 9.09 .83 13 18.18 2.48 Machinist . - .... .82 4.13 Spinners, mnle , 14.88 Twisters - 4 7 3.31 17 9 « 19.83 7.44 4.96 Total 97 24 121 100. 00 NEW HAMTSHIBB. 30 19 30 19 6 2 1 2 8 38 6 8.24 5.22 S 2 1 2 8 S8 6 3 21 9 6 18 1.65 .66 ,27 .65 2.20 10.44 Loom fixers .- 1.65 3 i .82 21 i 5.78 9 ! 2.47 6 1 1. 66 18 1 4.95 14 14 ! 3.84 a 60 20 49 2 1 .55 46 96 ' 20 10 20 3 49 AH others 15 64 ! 17.58 Total 241 123 364 1 iOO.OO NEW JBBSKT. 10 8 24 18 12 18 18 18 50 1 32 1 6 i 17 i 5.21 8 48 18 12 18 18 36 102 ■ 13 36 2.46 24 14.73 5.52 3.68 Pickers ■••-■ S.52 5.52 6 30 12 12 22 11.04 31.29 3.99 All others ™ 4 11.04 Tot»;..... 209 73 44 326 100.00 218 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 8ITMMABT OF EMPLOYES, WITH PEB CENT— Continued. WOOLLEN GOOBS-Continned. NOTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit foi indnstriea or states, but covers only estabb'shmentf ioTestigated by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Nnmber of employes. Percent, of nnmberof employes ii eachoocn- pation of the whole nnmber considered in the indnsti'y in the state. atate* and •oeapatlmu. Adult uale. Adult female. Children and yoTith. TotaL nw TOSS. 66 19 35 85 51 8 5 20 40 3 2 5 10 16 12 6 7 19 8 6 22 8 11 38 65 45 3 67 233 44 274 7.71 1( 2 5 20 40 3 2 6 10 IS 12 6 7 19 8 S 22 1 11 27 4 62 6 73 45 3 63 .27 .18 .45 .91 I 1 45 54 63 1.72 73 Pressers .54 1.99 Second hands...... .73 1.00 u' 11 41 45 3.44 Spinners, other............. 4.99 4.08 Teamsters 3 .27 Twisters 67 2 6.07 Weavers " 126 44 74 105 21.12 3.99 AUothers- , 78 122 24.84 Total 491 269 343 1,103 100. 00 NOKTH CASOLIHA. 1 1 4 4 1 7 1 4 5 2 3 17 2 10 1.64 Carders ..... ....... .. .. 4 6 66 4 1 4 1 4 6 2 3 6.56 1.64 Finishers 3 11.47 1.64 Loom fixers .v.^. ....... 6.65 8.20 Pickers 3.28 4.92 17 27.87 Wool sorters ............ 2 3 3.28 AUothers 7 16.38 Total 29 21 11 61 100. 00 PlKNSTLVAinA, 129 129 10 18 49 3 31 2 20 61 19 4 17 10 1 10 3B 5.75 10 t 49 3 31 2 20 61 1» 4 17 60 1 ID 36 .45 Dressers 10 .80 2.18 Engineers .—................. 13 1.38 Firemen . 09 89 2.72 ,85 Machinists; .'..... .18 .76 Pickers _ 2.23 05 Shearers rt— ~ .45 tM ViJttlATION IN THE RATES OP WAGES. 21? SUMMARY OF EMPLOYES, WITH PER CENT.— Continued. WOOLKN GOODS— Concluded. NOTi.— This table Is not a complete exhibit for Indnstriea or states, but covers only eetablitoments inrestlgaled by the Bnrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 205, whence derived. Nnmber of employes. Per cent of number of employes in each occu- pation of the whole number considered in the Industry in the state. States and ooenpatloiui, Adnlt male. Adnlt female. Children and yonth. Total. pimhitlVanu.— ooBcladMl. Spoolers 'feamster - 28 1 25 736 27 509 27 55 2? 886 40 776 2.46 .04 2 ISO 13 73 1.20 "Wpavera 35.02 1.78 A-llothera 104 34.58 Total 1,616 394 204 2,244 100. 00 y»BIIOIIT. 173 3 173 17 4 4 24 2 16 22 2 8 6 23 14 20 8 17 44 12 4 143 255 21.15 U 1 4 24 2 1« 22 1 8 6 23 13 5 8 17 44 2.08 .49 Driers.. .... .49 2.93 .25 PnllerH .. ...- 1.96 GiggOM " 2.68 1 .25 .98 .73 2.81 Pickers - .«- i 15 1.71 2.45 .98 2.07 5.38 12 1.47 4 43 134 .49 100 30 17.48 Allothers - 91 31.17 •Sttai. „ as2 130 21i« 818 100.00 220 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF I^ABOE. SUMMARY OF ALL EMPLOYBS, WITH WAGES AND TLMB, BY STATES. NoTK.— This table is not a complete exliibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishmenta investigated by the Enrean. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. ladnstries and states. AORICUI.TUS>J, DIPLSlCBnTB. Maine New York Pennsylvania . Eentnoky Ohio . . . . Indiana . Illinois.. ARMS AND AMMDHTnOM. Massachusetts ARTISANS' TOOLS. Indiana .- BOOTS AHD 8H0BB. Massachnsetts New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania . Maryland Kentucky. Ohio Illinois California . BOXM. New York Virginia BBICK. New Hampshire .. New Jersey . Delaware Missouri . New York . CABFXTINOB. MassachnsetiD . Connecticut New l?ork Pennsylvania . Great Britain CASRIAOBB Am) WAQ0H8. Conjieoticut New Jersey... Pennsylvania . Number of employes. Adult male. 46 46 2,693 S83 2,330 437 1,674 1,538 176 601 182 381 122 294 <3 200 73 125 ; Chil- ' youth. I 656 10 4,110 1,637 226 1,150 60 212 130 30 325 60 40 287 769 68 3,314 263 Adult male. 195 25 100 49 31 242 20 1,332 80 112 4« 46 2,695 633 2,362 437 2,215 2,883 260 913 361 63 773 182 334 67 373 200 81 125 359 1,667 8,766 1,880 407 62 22 Average rates of daily wages. $1 76 1 83 1 69 1 81 1 81 1 65 1 99 2 02 2 06 1 98 2 46 1 96 1 70 2 36 2 40 1 81 2 40 2 12 1 56 1 67 142 1 47 1 31 1 76 1 54 1 47 1 20 2 28 2 03 1 69 Adult fern. (1 34 1 25 1 66 1 03 1 00 1 24 1 50 1 47 1 14 1 51 1 23 81 Chil- dren and youth. A.verage running time. DaUy. Hours. $0 80 80 76 60 10 VARIAnON IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 221 SUMMAKT OF ALL EMPLOTES, WITH WAGBS AND TIME, BY STATES— (iontinued. IfOTil.— This table ia not a complete exhibit for indnBtries or states, but covers onH establishments mvestigated by the Bureau. See detail table. Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. ludnstrieB and states. 5 OS • "I as CXaRIAQES .UID WAGOH»— cunolnded. Ohio.... Illinois. CLOCKS iSD WATCHES, Ohio Illinois. NewTork New Jersey. -- Ponnsylvania . Virginia COAL, COKB, AHD OBS. Pennsylvania . Maiyland Virginia West Virginia. . Ohio Indiana.. MisBouri- Great Britain. COOKING AND HBATDtO AT- PAEATCB. New York Pennsylvania . . West Virginia . Eentncky Ohio Illinois Michigan COTTON COMPttEBBING. Arkansas COTTON QOODB. Maine New Hampshire . Vermont MaBsachasetts - . . Connecticut New York New Jersey ... Pennsylvania . Delaware Maryland Virginia . North Carolina. South Carolina. Number of employiB. Adult male. 1 Georgia ; 2 France , 2 Germany 1 GreatBritain 5 Italy ] 678 349 69 712 401 327 530 3,685 927 407 1,3«2 1,638 299 516 2,030 78 61 56 777 522 26 1,486 622 129 2,000 100 1,615 36 144 81 232 124 275 168 199 463 364 Chil- Adult drea fern, and youth, 45' 40 365 1,001 06 175 1,086 2,365 72 4,071 153 2,177 158 202 158 650 266 371 124 203 160 1,144 431 476 334 16 U7 164 510 12 79 77 729 767 618 78 977 55 2,880 60 51 91 236 207 326 18 376 201 217 Total Adult male. 623 372 109 1,067 1,736 438 852 113 3,665 936 1,395 1,639 334 2,B40 78 63 66 599 1,951 Average rates of daily wages. Adult fern. $1 79 2 03 2 29 1 98 1 50 2 16 1 60 1 68 1 72 1 61 1 17 1 64 1 73 1 49 1 68 1 02 2 46 3 03 1 97 2 14 2 21 2 41 1 94 1 70 «1 15 3,339 3,605 279 7,048 308 6,672 244 397 330 1,118 597 972 292 662 254 2,416 1,156 1,047 Chil- Daily, dren youth. Hours. ^■ 1 00 1 67 90 1 08 75 1 23 1 38 1 16 1 37 1 35 1 23"" 1 44 1 27 1 19 1 32 1 24 96 06 1 02 1 17 46 Average running time. «0 76 84 1 06 82 . 79 75 71 74 75 64 46 73 25 70 74 1 25 10 222 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. St rM1VfAB ,Y OF ALL BMPLOTTflS, WITH WAGES AND TIME. BY STATES- Contlme*, NOTI. — This table la nol a completo exhibit for indnstrieB or states, but covers onlv establlshmenta luTestlgated by the Bnreau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived." Indnstriea and atatee. uteaxTiHa axd rEiHTmQ, New Jersey KX)D nua-ABATIOMS. New Eampshire West Tirgiaia Ohio Indiana Illinois Minnesota ■ Missonri . . . California . . I "4 Number of employes. IXrftNiTUJl£, Eentaoky Indiana Michigan New Jersey Pmnsylvania .. West Virginia., Kentucky Ohio llliaois California . JXJTE QOOIW. New York... New Jersey. CftHfomla LKATHEB. MassAohosettfl Pennsylraaia Delaware .. California Belgium Great Britain. 15 PennsylTftnlft Ohio.... niioois. Uaine West Virginia . Arkansas Adult male. 77 « 197 659 201 t43 120 108 117 508 707 1,600 48 60 365 12 22 125 255 337 162 25« 130 102 165 226 Adnlt fern. 27 177 62 62 560 599 Chil- dren and youth, Total. Average rates of daily wages. Adult male 308 691 19 106 «5 77 9 2 27 6 2 03 197 ] 43 651 1 72 201 1 92 343 2 07 ISO 1 92 110 2 47 566 776 797 2,218 574 42 148 402 127 125 270 400 164 816 729 102 166 226 «3 36 95 1 50 1 66 2 79 3 04 2 38 8 10 «5 29 1 49 1 37 2 04 2 14 1 81 2 11 2 12 1 22 1 78 Adult fern. $1 85 1 00 1 67 1 13 Chil- dren and youth. Average running time. DaUy. $0 75 Hours 59 67 1 83 10 10 ! 10 10 ... . 12 10 itO 10 12 11 io' 10 30 10 10 • This average is for bloTrers, outtere, flatteners, and gathercre of a single eetabliahioeiit, other occn- pfttioBS Bot DomK roportod. VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 223 SFMHAKY OF AiL BMPLOY:ftS, WITH WAGES AND TIME, BT STATES-Contlnu»d. Note. — This tabl& is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishnieniw investigated by the Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. 1. Number of employes. Average rates of daily wages. Average running time. Indastries and fitates. Adult male. Adult fern. Ohil- dren aaid youth. Total. Adult male. Adult fem. ChU- dren and youth. Daily. ii Hours. Win- utea. It LUMBBE— 00 Qoluded. 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 12 1 3 6 1 1 3 1 19 2 2 2 3 5 8 1 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 591 84 63 331 157 381 114 733 97 491 187 237 90 3,781 111 05,303 60 234 1,477 333 98 585 27 5,069 382 590 1,029 433 702 1,120 40 24 1,738 115 78 93 174 177 691 84 58 331 157 471 120 762 117 554 187 237 90 4,036 111 5,316 CO 234 1,619 358 98 622 27 5,331 382 692 »164 1 69 2 01 1 96 2 17 1 71 1 82 2 18 1 76 2 61 1 49 1 86 2 00 1 74 1 83 1 86 1 83 124 1 60 2 29 1 29 2 19 1 37 61 75 2 02 2 56 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 mn Michigan 176 S $0 86 MasBacliiiaettB 308 New Jersey Ron 90 e i» 20 63 67 87 61 73 84 300 Kentucky 300 ?S5 Califomia USTALB AND METALLIC GOODS. New Hampshire 300 300 NewYork 256 87 11 9 10 10 12 10 10 12 10 12 11 10 10 8 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 "'io' 40 327 300 Pennsylvania 13 69 267 as8 Maryland « 42 26 3or 36 54 303 "West Virginia Kentucky 37 64 9 221 350 Ohio 262 72 284 234 niinois........ ... 102 69 251 Missouri 1,029 1 ^^ . 433 864 1,154 40 24 1,»15 115 78 13C 210 202 2 52 66 1 34 1 63 1 96 2 12 IBS 1 82 1 68 1 62 6 29« 33 10 119 24 (0 33 63 32 48 .... . .-■ ICUBICAL INBTfiUMENTB AND UATERIALB. 308 260 New York FLUIDi. 18 159 1 50 69 300 304 30V PAPKB. 32 36 25 11 87 1 00 70 Ilaine New Hampshire 1- --. Vermont .... a Not moludimg 2 shinglers and 11 roUers, whose wages as reported were inseparably combined with '^^Sfirm^/u^S^^Srerage there were excluded 1 gutterman, M^vS',.,*^?g*«,S; Z^estf biers, 1 pla^e pifer, and 1 plate roller, whose wages were inseparably o°™^'°«* ;^™Ji* ^ellotlv theirhelpers; also 7h6»ters, Broilers, and 60 drag.ontB and straighteners, whose warns were meiaotly 224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF ALL EMPLOYES, WITH "WAGES AND TIME. BT STATES— Continued. Note. — Tliia table is not a complete exhibit for induatries or states, but covers only establislmieiiCB investigated by tbe Bureau. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, ■whence derived. InduBtries and states. PAPBB — conolvded. Maasachasette Delaware Oregon California PKINT WOHKfl. Now Hampshire Maasachiisotts New York New Jersey Pennsylvania KAILKOAli UOMSTRUCnON, Vermont Virginia North Carolina Tennessee BUBBES. MassachBsette New Jersey BILK, Conneotioat New York New Jersey Maine T9BAOCO. Bhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Virginia West Virginia North Carolina Kentucky Ohio Hiinois Michigan Missouri ..^ VXBBBL0. Maine Delaware WOODBN QOODB. Yirginia il Niuuber of employes. Adult male. 688 148 301 489 14 206 346 105 288 129 37 644 IS 87 813 16 17 39 43 802 49 294 60 648 240 66 842 301 2,276 132 ■ Chil- Adult ; dren fern. and youth, 600 344 232 826 4 4 159 60 741 2 127 401 148 4 86 97 224 65 346 118 28 10 1,228 10 217 59 184 178 89 30 Total. 189 457 739 43 205 757 302 146 37 1,225 1,006 99 366 1,199 194 22 21 226 103 2,771 61 638 135 1,133 666 158 957 301 2,837 81 203 1 34 Average rates of daily wages. Adult Adult male. fern. »1 67 1 84 2 06 1 58 1 65 1 78 1 66 1 32 1 66 1 57 1 77 1 67 1 60 1 85 1 62 1 78 1 76 2 44 2 07 2 30 2 02 1 69 1 11 1 62 1 02 1 43 1 57 1 75 1 42 1 28 1 73 1 77 $0 97 95 1 16 1 00 87 1 46 Cha- dren and youth. to 73 87 1 00 79 97 90 60 60 60 1 13 j 1 20 ' 1 17 1 00 1 04 70 1 00 67 S3 60 39 79 46 49 72 1 00 74 :age nmmng time. D»Uy. Horns. 10 • 10 10 10 VARIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 225 STTMMAKT OT ALL EMPLOYES, WITH WAGES AND TIME, BX STATES— Conolnded. Nora.— TMb table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establislimei Investigated by the Bnreati. See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. Indastries and states. Si Nmnbex of employes. Adult male. Adult fern. Child- ren and yonth. TotaL Average rates of daily wages. Adnlt male. Adnlt fem. Child- ren and yonth, Average ranaing tune. DaUy. Hoars. Min- WOODBS Qoocg— conolnded. Indiana Califamia WOOIIBH GOODS. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachnsetts Oonneotioat New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland ..... North Carolina Eentncky Indiana Illinois 'Iowa Missouri Califomia Great Britain MlBCEIXAmOUfl. Maine New Hampshire Ma^achnsetts New Jersey... Great Britain 58 103 226 241 392 774. 109 491 209 1,646 166 29 72 207 60 21 97 100 181 107 10 37 540 20 33 123 130 544 87 269 73 394 43 101 21 300 197 19 21 24 224 296 177 17 343 44 204 11 112 173 16 9 '"256" "'i» 10« 157 « 273 364 818 1,495 213 1,103 326 2,244 298 250 61 484 577 95 51 121 103 107 29 287 $2 13 2 45 1 42 1 61 1 31 1 35 1 46 1 38 1 21 1 65 1 63 147 1 07 1 69 1 42 1 65 1 81 1 S3 1 45 83 1 77 1 29 2 17 2 00 1 U $0 96 1 15 1 11 1 03 96 94 83 1 10 1 27 70 79 97 80 1 07 1 69 48 $0 71 1 07 19 IS 30 55 300 275 305 270 304 287 291 300 278 304 302 300 310 275 300 200 300 300 267 12864 LAB 15 226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SUMMARY OF ALL EMPLOYES, "WIIH "WAGES AUD TIME, BT INDUSI.arES. IfOTE,— This table 1b not Investigated \>j the BoreaiL a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but qovers only . See detail table, Appendix A, page 295, whence derived. establishiaem 1 Number of employes. Average rates of daily wages. Average rmming time. InduBtEleft. Adnit male. Adult fem. Chn- dren and youth. Total. Adult male. Adult fem. Chil- dren and youth. Daily. i Hours. Min- utes. Agrioaltnxal Implenients Arms and ammnnitioii 20 1 1 48 3 5 5 10 2 12 2 21 34 2 25 1 48 2 1 5 1 1 28 8 29 3 12 1 1 11 7 15 65 6 8 7 3 16 6 5 4 6 i 3 38 1 7 1 5,843 437 91 4,900 112 461 359 6,213 225 1,404 781 1,289 9,135 616 4,736 26 7,211 76 896 463 354 77 1.543 1,332 2,680 161 869 256 130 493 834 2,357 20, 026 702 1,120 1,802 193 1,220 1,355 559 1,169 419 194 3,005 2,676 283 4,933 181 694 30 84 5,927 437 99 7,984 430 469 369 12,291 398 1,476 1,176 3,139 9,245 670 6,143 26 25, 803 254 2,416 1,155 1,047 77 1,637 1,459 3,934 675 949 816 729 493 834 2,660 20,762 854 1,154 1,979 193 1,762 2,201 690 2,231 1,664 194 6,791 2,638 364 8,870 510 1,226 36 $1 86 2 02 1 59 2 05 2 26 1 49 1 47 1 51 1 20 1 93 2 00 1 72 1 64 1 02 2 28 1 70 1 26 69 ■ 60 1 17 46 3 36 1 86 1 69 2 98 1 55 1 92 62 73 2 01 1 68 2 12 1 80 66 1 35 2 22 1 65 1 64 1 66 1 68 1 70 2 27 2 18 1 33 1 77 1 DO 1 49 88 1 96 1 54 $0 69 9 10 10 9 10 67 "'66' 271 '2,' 567' 287 ....... 8 617 31 8 $i"24' 65 1 12 75 64 60 260 W8 297 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 10 12 11 11 9 9 10 10 12 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 10 ID 11 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 ...... ?73 Carpetinga {United States) . . Carpetinga (Great Britain) . . Caniages and wagona 4,404 61 46 395 1,299 1,674 112 27 """551' 110 154 1,407 1 19 62 1 15 1 60 91 .63 40 77 ""hs 66 52 72 258 ...... 30 298 H75 Clothing 2,99 Coal, coke, and ore (United States) ... 2J9 Coal, coke, and ore (Great Britain) Cooking and heatingappara- 269 Cotton goods (United States) Cotton goods (France) Cotton goods (Germany) Cotton goods (Great Britain) 12, 056 160 1,144 431 476 6,596 18 876 261 217 87 54 46 73 25 48 32 32 45 17 58 "'45' 53 42 10 10 30 "'ss' 30 42' 6 297 300 303 300 29? Engraving and printing 308 '"'27' 301 28 660 519 94 127 1,327 213 52 'i'sh' 85 1 35 40 36 77 67 62 68 70 218 285 240 301 ?«9 Linen (Great Britain) Licinors and beverages 302 101 ?41 MacliineB and macbinery 33 10 18 203 736 119 24 159 33 63 1 50 69 74 33 48 69 300 270 (Belgimn) Metals and metaUic goods Mnaical instruments and materials Oils and Ulaminating fltiids. "■45' 10 '26 294 306 500 176 "'944' 1,138 32 670 31 118 107 96 91 i'io' 1 31 73 66 61 1 04 87 299 Pnnt works Railroad conatmotion 300 300 278 1,751 "2,'379' 224 356 6 2,035 62 81 1,864 105 176 85 'i"bo' 48 81 65 B3 70 74 62 43 1 04 60 "46' 296 300 293 Woollon goods(UnitedState8) WooUcu goods(GreatBritain) Miscellaneo as (United States) UiaceUaneooB (Great Britaiit) 289 9 263 £82 84,021 32, 375 20,18« 149,182 i t VARIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 227 As with facts relative to cost of production in foreign countries, so it has been in some degree with rates of wages in such countries. They were not obtained on a basis which enabled the Bureau to classify them in the preceding summaries ; yet these rates, being obtained from the best possible sources and being authoritative, are of great value to em- ployers and employes, and are therefore presented in the form in which they were secured, together with such explanatory matter as seems of value. The system of payment for counts of yarn spun in Oldham is an equitable one, the prices being fixed in accordance with the circum- stances of individual firms, and not on an inflexible scale. When an order is received at a mill for yarn which can be satisfactorily pro- duced from an inferior grade of cotton, the manager puts it in, reduces speed, and pays the spinners a small increase in price. But should a manufacturer improve his machinery, or by the use of superior talent keep the machinery in first-class order, or by the use of superior grades of cotton be enabled to increase the speed of his mUl without too severely taxing the spinners and piecers, he is granted a reduction. By this equitable system of payment employers are stimulated to constantly improve their machinery and keep it in good condition, and reap their rewards in increased production and diminished cost, thus gaining an important point over competitors in other localities who are hampered by a fixed scale of prices, and who consequently possess but little or no inducements to make improvements, as they would have to pay the same fixed price for their yarn as some neighboring mill using old-fashioned machinery. Workmen in cotton-spinning mills were formerly paid by the length of yarn spun ; but this method has been superseded by the weight sys- tem, as the length system was open to serious abuses owing to the man- ner in which the lengths of yarn were registered. It is now in turn alleged by the operative spinners that the weight system is some- times unscrupulously abused by managers, and mills using the system are compelled to pay 5 per cent, additional to the computed weight to their operatives. A spinner spinning, say number 32, although aver- aging full on his counts, not infrequently drops to 31 or goes up to 33, which by the weight system makes a difference of fi'om 75 cents to $1 per week in his wages. The number of turns per inch in the yarn and the weight of the doffing skijis are also grounds for difference of opin- ion between operatives and employers, and not infrequently terminate in local strikes. The Oldham method of payment for yam sptm gives general satis- faction to all concerned, and operatives in the Oldham district are in no way aftected by the objectionable points in the weight system, for without regard to thickness or hardness the Oldham operatives are paid by length, which is registered by an indicator attached to the machines and with which it is not possible to tamper. 228 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The places comprised in the Oldham district to which the Oldham list of wages applies are Chadderton, Hollinwood, Littleborough, Lees, Middleton, Oldham, Eoyton, Shaw, and Crompton and Waterhead, the whole containing in July, 1885, almost as many spindles as there are in United States. The standard list of wages and conditions was established in January, 1876, it bei ng at that time agreed to by both employers and employed. This list only applies to the wages of oper- ative spinners, but as that body has a powerful and complete organ- ization of over five thousand members, other classes of hands are gen- erally guided by its decisions. The trade depression of 1877-78-79 caused reductions to be made from this list amounting in all to 20 per cent. Improved trade in 1880 and 1881 restored 10 of this 20 per cent.a ISo change has been made in the list since 1881, so that wages stand at this time (July, 1885), at 10 per cent, less than the standard list. October 22, 1877, a reduction of 5 per cent, wais made from the hst ; and May 27, 1878, a further reduction to the same extent. Two other reductions, each of 5 per cent., the one November 29, 1878, and the other October 29, 1879, were also made. On the other hand, two advances, each of 5 per cent., were made, the first February 9, 1880, and the second on the last making-up day in Jan- uary, 1881, thus leaving a net reduction, since the list was framed in 1876, of 10 per cent. It does not follow that wages are less now than ten. years ago, the workmen having derived some of the advantage of quicker speed in machinery, the maximum rate of speed being even not yet reached, A mill running three draws in fifty seconds in 1876 is probably run- ning three draws in forty-four seconds in 1885, so that on a pair of 1,200 spindle mules six seconds would mean an addition of Si per week to a spinner's earnings, the work of the spinner being, however, consider- ably more arduous under present circumstances than it formerly was. In the following table is shown the standard list of wages per week of fifty-five hours paid at Oldham, England, to operative spinners on self-acting mules, running three draws in fifty seconds, with 63-inch draw, for any counts, twist, or weft, each spinner having the care of two mules. The amounts shown for two piecers are the amounts for both, and not for each : a By this is meaut that one- half the loss was restored. Thronghont what is said in this connection as to cnt-down or advance in wages in the Oldham district, the per cents, mnat be taken in their familiar meaning and not in a strict arithmetical aenie. VARIATION IN. THE KATES OF WAGES. sphoteks' wages at oldham, England, 1885.0 229 Bplndles W»ge». Feroentage. Spindles ■Wages. Percentage. to each mule. One ■pin- ner. Two piecers. Total. One spin- ner. Two pieoers. to each mnle. One epia- ner. Two piecers. TotaL One spin- ner. Two piecers. 432 )6 12 $2 76 $8 88 68.92 31.08 924 $7 76 $6 48 $14 24 64.49 45.61 444 6 16 2 76 8 92 09.06 30.94 936 7 80 648 14 28 54.62 45.38 456 6 20 2 76 8 96 69.20 30.80 948 7 84 6 48 14 32 54.75 45.26 468 6 24 2 76 9 00 69.34 30.66 960 7 88 6 48 14 36 54.87 45; 13 480 6 28 2 76 9 04 69.47 30.63 972 7 92 6 48 14 40 55.00 45.00 492 6 32 2 76 9 08 69.60 30.40 984- 7 06 6 48 14 44 65.12 44.88 504 6 36 2 76 9 12 69.74 30.26 906 8 00 6 48 14 48 65.25 44.75 516 6 40 2 76 9 16 69.87 30.13 1,008 8 04 6 68 14 62 64.99 45.01 528 644 2 76 9 20 70.00 30.00 I, 020 • 8 OS 6 72 14 80 64.69 45.41 S40 6 48 3 24 9 72 66.67 33.33 1,052 8 12 6 72 14 84 54.72 45.28 532 6 52 3 24 9 76 66.80 33.20 1,044 8 16 6 72 14 88 54.84 45.16 564 6 66 3 24 9 80 66.94 33.06 1,056 8 20 6 72 14 92 64.96 45.04 576 6 60 3 24 9 84 67.07 32.93 1,068 8 24 6 96 15 20 64.21 45.79 588 6 64 3 48 10 12 65.61 34.39 1,080 826 6 96 15 24 64.33 45.67 600 6 68 348 10 16 65.76 34.24 1,092 8 32 6 96 15 28 54.45 45.55 612 6 72 3 48 10 20 65.88 34.12 1,104 8 36 6 92 15 28 64.71 45.29 624 6 76 348 10 24 66.02 33.98 1,110 8 40 7 20 15 60 63.85 46.15 636 6 80 3 84 10 64 63.91 . 36. 09 1,128 844 7 20 15 64 53.96 46.04 648 6 84 384 10 68 64.05 35.95 1,140 8 48 7 20 15 68 64.08 45.92 660 688 384 10 72 64.18 35.82 1,162 8 52 7 20 15 72 54.20 45.80 672 6 92 3 84 10 76 64.31 36.69 i;i64 8 66 7 92 16 48 61.96 48.06 684 6 96 4 80 11 76 69.18 40.82 1,176 8 60 7 92 16 52 52.06 47.94 696 7 00 4 80 11 80 69.32 40.68 1,188 8 64 7 92 16 66 52.17 47.83 708 7 04 ■4 80 1184 59.46 40.54 1,200 8 68 7 92 16 60 52.29 47.71 720 7 08 4 80 11 88 69.60 40.40 1,212 8 72 8 64 17 36 60.23 49.77 732 7 12 5 28 12 40 67.42 42.58 1,234 8 76 8 64 17 40 50.34 49.66 744 7 16 5 28 12 44 57.56 42.44 1, 236 8 80 8 64 17 44 60.46 49.64 756 7 20 528 12 48 57.69 42.31 1,248 8 84 8 64 17 48 60.57 49.43 768 7 24 528 12 52 57. S3 42.17 1,260 8 88 8 64 17 52 60.69 49.31 780 7 28 6 00 13 28 54.82 46.18 1,272 8 92 8 64 17 56 60.80 49.20 792 7 32 6 00 13 32 54 96 45.04 1,284 8 96 8 64 17 60 60.91 49.09 804 7 36 6 00 13 36 65.09 44.91 1,296 9 00 8 64 17 64 61.02 48.98 816 7 40 6 00 13 40 66.22 44.78 1,308 9 04 8 76 17 80 50.80 49.20 828 7 44 6 24 13 68 64.39 45.01 1,320 9 08 8 76 17 84 60.90 49.10 840 7 48 6 24 13 72 64.52 45.48 1,332 9 12 8 76 17 88 61.01 49.99 852 7 62 624 13 76 54.65 45.36 1,344 9 16 8 76 17 93 61.12 48.88 864 7 56 6 24 13 80 64.78 45.22 1,356 9 20 8 76 17 06 51.23 48.77 876 7 60 6 24 13 84 64.91 45.09 1,368 9 24 8 76 18 00 51.33 48.60 688 7 64 6 24 13 88 65.04 44.96 1,380 9 28 8 76 18 04 61.44 48.66 900 7 68 6 24 13 92 65.18 44.82 1,392 9 32 8 76 18 08 61.65 48.45 912 7 72 6 24 13 96 66.30 44.70 a In spinning pin oops spinners earn 24 cents a week more than these wages. In cases where self- acting mules are run at a quicker speed than three draws in fifty seconds, with 63-inch draw for any counts of yarn, twist, or weft, one-half of the advantage of the difference arising from quicker speed is added to the total earnings. The amount of this in. crease may be seen in the table which follows. There would be a pro- portional increase for other lengths of draw: INCEEASB OP WAGES POK QUICKEB SPEED. Spindles to each mnle. Wages increased. Spindles to each mole. Wages inoreas ed. Spindles to each mnle. Wages increased. Spindles to each mnle. Wages increased. 432 480 538 576 ^4 $0. 090 .090 .095 .100 .105 .110 720 768 816 864 . 912 960 $0. 120 .126 .130 .135 .140 .145 1,008 1,056 1,104 1,162 $0,145 .150 .160 .155 1,248 1,296 1,344 1,3»S $0. 176 .176 .180 .180 672 1,200 .166 230 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. The following clauses of the agreement between the employers, and operatives' associations explain the list and its applications and work- ings: " Clause Fo. 1. The mode of calcnlating the length of yam spun by self-acting mules to be as follows : "From fifty-six and one-half hours shall be deducted, (a) an allow- ance of one and one-half hours per week for cleaning and accidental stoppages ; (6) an allowance for doffing time, as follows : For each pair of mules of less than 720 spindles, five minutes ; for each pair of mules of 720 spindles and less than 1,080, six minutes ; for each pair of mules of 1,080 spindles and upward, seven minutes ; number of doflings reckoned off one mule only; (c) an allowance of 2^ per cent, for breakage. "Clause No. 2. Mule indicators to be so constructed as to allow 2^ per cent, for breakage. " Clause No. 3. The above list of total earnings does not apply to firms using a low quality of cotton and 'v^aste, requiring more piecers, or to firms using a superior quality of cotton, requiring fewer piecers. In such cases, if any dispute should arise, arrangements must be made with the consent of the two committees. "Clause No. 4, In case of a dispute arising on account of quick speed, or from bad work, the question shall be referred to the two secretaries, and in event of their failure to agree the dispute shall be referred to the two committees for a decision. "Clause No. 5. If spinning number 24 and under, 24 cents to be added to the list of total earnings ; but in cases of mules running three draws in fifty seconds, slower, 24 cents to be added for counts from numbers 24 to 21, inclusive ; 48 cents for number 20 and all counts below. "Clause No. 6. The above list of total earnings does not apply to double-decked mules, to odd mules, or to hand mules." The conditions regulating extra work are as follows : (1) If no bobbin-carrier is employed, 3 cents per 100 pounds of yarn weighed in to be added to the list ; but if a hoist is in use and no bob- bin-carrier employed, 2 cents per 100 pounds to be allowed. (2) If minder is employed on double- decked mules, 36 cents per week to be added to total earnings. (3) If minder is spinning from double rovings, 24 cents per week to be added to the list ; this to apply where the mules are adapted with tin guides for double rovings, though not always working double rovings. (4) Breaking out rovings or turning strings: (a) For mules up to 432 spindles, inclusive, 24 cents per pair of mules to be allowed ; (6) for mules upward of 432 spindles, 1 cent per 12 spindles per pair to be added ; (c) for breaking out double rovings, double the above rates to be paid. (5) Tubing to be left for individual arrangement. (6) For resetting or leveling up mules, minder, if he is required and in attendance, to be paid at the following rate : (a) For mules up to 672 VARIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 231 spindles, inclusive, 10 cents per hour ; (6) for mules from 684 to 912 spindles, inclusive, 11 cents per hour ; (c) all larger mules, 12 cents per hour. Piecers, if required and in attendance, to be paid their usual wages by the employer, an equivalent for the yarn spun on one mule while the other is being reset." The following exhibit shows the manner in which the calculations from the list and conditions are made. Let us take the example of a pair of mules spinning number 32 twist, 3 draws in 48 seconds, 63-inch stretch, 2,000 spindles : One week of factory time, in hours 561 Less for accidents, etc., in hours 11 Making spinning time, in hours .55 Which equals, in minutes 3, 300 Deduct for clofflng nine times off each mule, at six minutes each, minutes. 54 Deduct for breakage 21 per cent., which equals, in minutes 81 Total deduction, in minutes - 135 Leaving, in minutes 3, 165 Which equals, in seconds 189,900 1 89,900 seconds X 63 inches stretch x 3 draws x 2,000 spindles _ ' 840 yards X 36 inches X 48 seconds ~ *-''*°'^ hanks. The Ust price is 114.50000 Add for two seconds extra speed 29000 Making the wages for 49,453 hanks 14. 79000 Or for 1,000 hanks 29910 Deduct 10 per cent., which is 02991 Leaving as net wages for 1,000 hanks 26919 Below is shown the standard prices paid per 1,000 hanks for spinning medium and fine counts of twist, weft, and reeled yarn or bastard twist on self-acting mules in Bolton, England, and neighborhood. The Bolton district to which these prices apply comprises Atherton, Bolton, Chorley, Eeddish, and Tyldesley. The Ust is based on self-acting mules of 420 spindles, subject to a reduction of one-half of 1 per cent, for each addi-. tional 12 spindles. But from the whole list of prices there is now (July, 1885), a reduction of 5 per cent. COST or spuranro twist in the bolten disteict, England. Numbers. Wages for 1 000 hanks. Nninbera. Wages for 1,000 hanks. Numbers. Wages for 1,000 banks. Numbers. Wages for 1 ODD hanks. 32 $0. 3364 3468 55 and 56. ... 67 and 58 $0. 4462 .4532 77 and 78 79 and SO .... $0. 5268 .6322 99 and 100.. 101 and 102.. $0. 594-1 33 and 34 35 and 36 3570 59 and 60 .4610 81 and 82 .5388 103 and 104.. .3668 61 and 62 .4684 83 and 84 .5454 105 and 106- . 39 and 40 .3764 63 and 64 .4776 85 and 86 .5518 107 and 108.. .6182 41 and 42 .3856 65 and 66 .4834 87 and 88 . 5508 109 and HO.. 43 and 44 .3946 67 and 68 .4906 89 and 00 .5646 Ill and 112.. 45 and 46 .4034 69 and 70 .4978 91 and 92 .5708 113 and 114.. .6354 .4142 71 and 72 .5048 93 and 94 .5770 115 and 116.. 4Band5o" .4208 73 and 74 .5118 95 and 96 .3830 117 and 118.. .6070 51 and 52 .4285 75 and 76 .5186 97 and 98 .5890 119 and 120.. .6518 53^nd54 .4372 ^ 232 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. COST OF pPHsTSraSTG W^¥T IS THE BOLTON DISTKICT, ENGLAND. Wages ■Wages Wages Wages Nmnters. for 1,000 Nnmbers. for 1 000 Nnmbers. for 1 000 hanks. Numbers. foi 1,000 hanks. hanks. hanks. 36 $0. 3150 57 and 58 to. 4000 79 and 80 $0.4698 101 and 102.. $0.5300 87 and 38 .3236 59 and 60 .4066 81 and 82 .4754 103 and 104.. .6352 89 and 40 .3212 61 and 62 .4132 83 and 84 .4813 105 and 106.. .6400 41 and 42 .3402 63 and 64 .4200 85 and 86 .4868 107 and 108.. .5454 43 and 44 .3408 65 and 66 .4268 87 and 88 .4924 109 and 110.. .6500 45 and 46 .3416 67 and 68 .4328 89 and 90 .4980 Ill and 112.. .6560 47 and 48 .3636 69 and 70 .4392 91 and 92 .5036 113 and 114.. .5604 49 and 50 .3712 71 and 72 .4454 93 and 94 .5090 115 and 116.. .5652 61 and 52 .3784 73 and 74 .4516 95 and 96 .5144 117 and 118.. .6700 63 and 54 .3852 75 and 76 .4576 97 and 98 .5196 119 and 120.. .5758 65 and 56 .3928 77 and 78 .4636 89 and 100.... .5252 COST or SPINNING HEELED TAEN OE BASTARD TWIST IN THE BOLTON DISTEICT, ENGLAND. Wages Wages Wages Wages Nnmbers. for 1,000 Nmnbeis. for 1,000 Nnmbers. for 1,000 Nnmbers. for i;ooo hanks. hanks. hanks. hanks. 34 $0. 3264 .3360 55 and 56 $0.4190 .4266 $0.4946 .5010 P9and 100... $0.5600 .5654 35 and 36 57 and 58 79 and 80 101 and 102.. 87 and 38 .3450 59 and 60 .4338 81 and 82 .5070 103 and 104.: .5708 S9and40 .3542 61 and 62.... .4404 83 and 84 .6132 105 and 108. . .5762 41 and 42 .3628 63 and 64 .4480 85 and 86 .6192 107 and 108.. .6818 43 and 44 .3712 65 and 66 .4550 87 and 88 .5246 109 and 110. . .6870 45 and 46 .3796 67 and 68 .4616 89 and 90 .5312 Ill and 112. . .5922 47 and 48 .3888 69 and 70 .4684 91 and 92 .5372 113 and 114.. .6978 49 and 50 .3960 71 and 72 .4750 93 and 94 .6430 115 and 116.. .6030 61 and 52 .4034 73 and 74 .4816 95 and 96 .6486 117 and 118.. .6084 63 and 54 .4112 75 and 76 .4380 97 and 98 .5542 119 and 120.. .6132 Tlie standard is $0.4208 per 1,000 hanks for number 50 twist, with 25.5 revolutions per spindle per inch of yarn on mules of 420 spindles each, one-half of 1 per cent, being deducted for each additional 12 spin- dles up to 800. Mules of IJ-inch gauge spindles and over are consid- ered "twist mules," and discount up to 800 spindles only. All counts below number 32 twist are paid the same price per 1,000 hanks. The standard revolutions per spindle per inch of yarn for number 50 weft is 25.5, and is calculated in proportion to the price paid for number 50 twist on mules of the same size, one-half of 1 per cent, being deducted for each additional 12 spindles up to 900 only. Mules of ^-inch gauge spindles and below are considered "weft mules," and discount up to 900 spindles. All counts below number 36 weft are paid the same price per 1,000 hanks. An additional 5 per cent, is allowed above the list price when spinning "pin-cops wefts" on aU mules over IJ-inch gauge spindles. The revolutions per spindle per inch of yarn for number 50 bastard twist, and the price for the same, are the medium between twist and weft of the same counts on mules of the same size, one-half of Iper cent, being deducted for each additional 12 spindles up to 800 twist mules , and 900 weft mules. AU counts below number 34 bastard twist are paid the same price per 1,000 hanks. VARIATION IN THE BATES OP WAGES. 233 There is a discount from these lists for every 12 spinclies above-420. TMs is shown in the following table : DISCOUNT rEOM THE BOLTON LISTS. Spindles. DlBconut (per cent.) SpindleB. Diaconnt (per cent.) Spindles. Disoonnt (per cent) 432 S.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.S 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 588 7.0 7.6 8.0 8.6 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.6 11.0 11.6 12.0 12.6 13.0 744 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 444 600 456 012 ... 768 468 624 780 480 636 638 792 492 804 504 660 816 516 672 828 17.0 628 084 840 540 696 852 18.0 18 5 652 708 864 * 564 720 876 19 676 732 888 The standard speed of the spindle for number 50 is 4,700 revolutions per minute, including backing off and putting up. If running below the standard speed for any count, the spinner receives two-thirds dififer- ence in price extra for loss entailed. If working above the standard speed, the spinner is paid the same price per 1,000 hanks as if working only standard speed. The revolutions per spindle per inch of yarn on self-acting mules is shown in the next table, the standard for number 60 twist being 26.5, and for number 50 weft 22.5. BEVOLUTIOITS PEE SPINDLE PEE INCH OF XAEN ON SELIT-ACTING MULES. Nnmbeis. Twist. Eeeled yam. Weft. ■ Nnmbers. Tiriat. Eeeled yam. Weft. 30 19.76 20.40 21. 02 21.64 22.23 22.81 23.37 23.92 24.45 24.98 25.50 26.00 26.50 26.98 27.46 27.93 28.39 28.85 18.58 19.20 19.78 20.36 20.92 21.47 22.00 22.61 23.01 23.51 24.00 24.47 24.94 25.39 26.84 26.28 26. 72 27.15 17.42 18.00 18.65 19.09 19.61 20.13 20.62 21.10 21.58 22.04 22.50 22.94 23.38 23.81 24.23 24.54 25.05 25.45 66 29.29 29.73 80.17 30.60 31.02 3L44 3L85 82.26 32.65 33.05 33.44 33.83 34.21 34.59 34.96 35.33 35.70 36.06 27.68 27.98 28.39 28.80 29.19 29.59 29.97 30.36 30.73 31.10 31.47 31.83 32.19 32.55 32.90 33.25 33.60 33.94 25.87 32 68 26.23 34 70 26.62 36 72 27.00 38 74 27.37 40 76 27.74 42 78 28.10 44 80 28.47 46 82 28.81 48 . 64 29.16 50 86 29.50 52..... 88 29.84 54 . . 90 30.18 66 92 30.52 68 94 30.^5 60 98 31.17 62 98 31.50 64 100 31.83 When working mules with single and double speeds an additional 5 per cent, is allowed. An additional 5 per cent, is allowed also when spinning on double-decked mules, but they discount for total number of spindles as if single mules. One cent per 1,000 spindles each mule is allowed for large cops. For pin cops one-fourth cent per pound of yarn is paid, weight of tubes being included and weighed in as yarn. The 234 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. above prices are extra for spinning any count vith tubes up to numbei 100 twist, reeled yarn or weft, 6 cents per dofflng being added for every ten hanks of fine numbers above 100. Full-length tubes are paid for at double price. The prices paid for stripping creels on mules containing 500 spindles or less is 72 cents per pair. For mules with over 500 spindles 6 cents is allowed for each additional hundred. The prices on all counts are calculated in proportion to the revolutions per spindle per inch required in the yarn, all counts being paid for according to what they are set. No deductions are made from the foregoing prices for gas, broken bobbins, or for carriage of goods. The proportion of the total prices per 1,000 hanks to piecers is not so large in Bolton as in the Gldham district. In Bolton, as in Oldham, the spinner draws the money for yarn spun and pays his piecers and creeler, side piecers, youth, receiv- ing about $2.25 per week, and little piecers or creelers $2.15 per week, of flfty-six and a half hours. WAGES PEB HOtTR DT IROy MOTTLDHfG TS GEBAT BRITAIN IW 1885. Locality. Wages per hour. High- eRt. Stand- ard. LoTvest. Bate for overtizne. Accrington.. Banbnry Bamsley Barrow Belfast Bilston Birkenhead. - Birmingham. Blackburn. -- Bolton , Bradford Bristol Bnmley Burton Bury Batterley Cardiff. Carlisle Chatham Chelsea Chester Chesterfield . . Cleckheaton. Cork Crewe Darlington... Dartford Darwen OTor . . Derby Devonport Dewsbnry Dublin Dudley Dumfries East London... Exeter Gainsborough . Gloucester Grantham Greemrioh Haliffti $0. 159 .168 .168 .133 .168 .159 .168 .168 .141 .159 .150 .141 .159 .159 .199 .159 .150 .141 .133 .168 .150 .194 .155 .185 .133 .133 $0. 150 .124 .150 [ :IU .141 .133 .159 .159 .150 .159- .141 .133 .150 .141 .150 .133 .141 .133 .146 .168 .150 .133 .133 .124 .141 .133 .159 .159 .141 .159 .133 .150 .133 .120 .168 .133 .136 .168 .150 $0,150 .106 .124 .141 .124 .115 .159 .124 .106 .141 .133 .124 .124 .133 .106 .111 .930 .970 .133 .139 .106 .120 .115 .106 .124 .128 .146 .133 .106 .124 .124 .124 .115 .133 .124 Actual time to actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one. fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and fiYe-eighths. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one.eighth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-eighth to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-eighth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-foui*th. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one- fourth to actual time and one-balf. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fontth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time. Actual time and one.fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fonrth. A ctual time and one.fourth. Thirteen cents per hour to actual time. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth to actual tim4 and one-half. Actual time to actual time and one^fourth. Actual tixto and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. VAEIATION IN THE RATES OP WAGES. 235 WAGES PBE HOTTE DT IBON MOTTLDHfO OT GREAT BEITADr IK 1885— Ccnolnded. Locality. Wages per lionr. High- eat. Stand- ard. Loireat. Kate for OTertime. Hanley Hartlepool — UaBlingden.. . . Heywood Hnddersfield. HtiU Hyde IpB'wich Lancaster ... Leamington . Leetls Leicester Leigh Lincoln Little Bolton Liverpool Llanetly LoDdozL Macclesfield Maidstone Mancbester Mansfield Middlesborongh - Newcastle Newport Nortnampton Nottingham Oldham Portsmouth Preston Beading Eetford ^.... Kochdale Eotherham Salford St. Helen's Sheffield Smithwick Southampton ... Sowerhy Bridge. Staly bridge Stockport Stockton Stonibridge Snnderland Swansea Swindon Todmorden Trowbridge "Wakefield "Warrington Wednesbnry "Widnes "Wigan "Woolwich Worcester Workington.... Fork 10. 141 .163 .168 .169 .150 .199 .168 .159 .133 .141 .150 .155 .141 .188 .177 .141 .177 .159 .168 .146 .177 .141 .159 .168 .104 .168 .159 .141 .159 .177 .169 .168 .168 .168 .168 .155 .159 .185 .150 .165 .146 .168 .141 .168 .168 .185 $0. 141 .177 .159^ .150$ .159 .141 .150 .159 .133 .141 .133 .133 .141 .150 C .169) i .160$ .133 .133 .150 .1591 .150J .150 .150 .133 .133 .150 .159 .159 .159 .150 .159 .159 .133 .141> .1335 .150 .133 .141 .159 .133 .159 .159 .159 .141 .189 .133 $0. 124 .128 .150 .115 .106 .159 .970 .133 .106 .106 .120 .141 ,133 .800 .155 .106 .106 . 159 .124 .133 .970 .890 .106 .124 .141 .133 .141 .970 .106 .124 .106 .141 .159 .159 .141 .890 .890 .124 .124 .124 .133 .106 .106 .141 .890 .133 .106 .106 .159 .159 .133 .106 .116 .115 Actnal time and one-fonrth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actnal time and one-fourth. Actu.il time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth to actual time and one-half. 20 cents to 32 cents per 6our. Actnal time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time to actual time and one- fourth. Actnal time to actnaJ time and one-fourth. Actual time. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. 16 cents to 20 cents per hour. Actual time to actual time and one-fourtlu Actnal time and one-fourth. Actual time to actnal time and one-eighth- Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actnal time and one-half. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actnal time and one-fourth. {ActuaJ time and one-eighth to actual time I and one-balf. Actual time to actual time and one-fonrth. Actnal time and one-eighth to actnal time ■ and one-fourth. Actual time to actnal time and one-fonrth. Actual time to actnal time and one-fonrth. Actnal time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time to actual time and oue.fourth. Actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actnal time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actnal time and one-eighth. Actual time and one-fonrth. Actual time to actnal time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time and one-fourth. Actual time to actual time and one-fourth. 18 cents per hour. 18 cents per hour. Actual time and one-fonrth to one-half. Actnal time and one-fourth. Actnal time. Actual time to actnal tljne and one-fourtli. 236 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. WAGES PEE HOUE Df THE MAlTtlPACTUBE OF MACHTNEEY IN BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND, IN 1885. Oocmpatlon*. Air-fiimaoe men Anglesmiths Apprentices Boilermakers iJorers Brass flnishers Brass monldeiB Carpenters Carters Coppersmiths .'. Core makers and dressers (men) Core makers and dressers (lads and boys) Draughtsmen Drillers Engineers Engine fitters Firemen - Fitters Wages per hour (cents). 12 12 to 16 4 to 9 13toU 13 to 14 12 to 13 14 to 151 13 8to 9 13 to 15 11 to 12 4to 9 25 to 57 9 to 10 12 to 14 12 to 14 9 14 to 16 Occupations. ^ Foremen, wortliig Grinders and glaziers Holders-up -. Ironmonlaeis Laborers MUlvrrights Painters Patternmakers Planers Platers ; Eiveters Eivet heaters (youth and boys) Shapers Screwers Slotters Smiths' strikers Steam-hammer men Stokers Tinsmiths .............. Wages per hour (cents). 18 to 20 12 to 14 9 to 10 12 to 16 to 8 12 to 15 9 to 10 13 to 16 10 to 12 14 to 17 12 to 13 4to 5 12 to 13 8to 9 10 to 12 9 to 10 23 to 25 8to 9 12 to 13 DAILT WAGES, OEDrNAEY, MAXIMUM, AND MJNIMITM, EST PAEIS, PEANCE. Ooonpationa. 1844. 1853. 1860. Ord. Max. Miiv, Ord. Max. Min. Ord. Max. Min. $0 77 48 58 77 Tilfi/^lfHinitha $0 70 $0 80 $0 65 $0 82 $1 06 $0 67 GaTDentera. . . - -....- 96 96 Grlaziers. 77 68 Hatters 68 68 68 88 68 87 cToiners ........... . . .. ........... 77 1 06 91 1 06 63 48 87 58 84 91 91 1 16 68 63 96 77 77 96 58 Plumbers.... .. .. Printprfl 77 48 77 1 16 96 91 68 77 68 48 87 58 68 1 06 1 35 67 Shoemakers -. . ...... TailoiB 68 87 87 96 96 77 Tanners........... 68 67 Oocnpations. 187L Ord. Max. Min. 1875. Ord. Max. Min. 188L Ord. Max. Min. 1882. Ord. Mn.Y Min. Bakers Blacksmiths. -- Brewers Butchers Carpenters Glaziers Hatters Joiners Locksmiths Masons Metal -workers - Painters Plumbers Printers Shoemakers Stonecutters... Tailors Tanners $1 27 96 $2 04 1 06 96 $0 46 82 67 1 16 1 06 1 25 96 87 96 1 16 1 16 1 35 1 06 1 74 1 00 1 16 1 06 1 64 1 16 1 06 96 77 87 77 82 77 1 16 67 1 16 96 1 26 1 16 1 35 1 54 1 36 1 06 48 1 06 68 87 $1 28 97 82 1 16 1 16 1 01 1 25 97 87 97 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 67 1 16 $1 93 1 06 96 1 35 1 25 1 06 1 73 1 06 1 16 1 06 1 35 1 25 1 25 1 25 116 1 35 78 1 18 $0 65 77 67 96 1 06 96 77 87 77 82 1 06 97 1 06 1 06 48 96 48 77 $1 35 1 16 96 1 16 1 51 1 06 1 25 1 35 1 25 1 45 1 35 1 35 1 16 1 25 68 1 54 96 $1 93 1 35 1 16 186 1 64 1 09 1 74 1 64 1 35 1 54 1 74 1 45 1 35 1 73 1 16 2 51 1 54 1 16 $1 16 1 06 77 96 1 49 96 77 1 16 1 16 1 35 1 16 1 16 1 00 1 06 48 1 35 58 77 $1 44 1 16 96 1 16 1 74 1 06 1 25 1 35 1 25 1 54 1 35 1 35 1 16 1 25 67 2 02 96 98 $2 24 1 35 1 16 1 35 1 93 1 16 1 74 1 64 1 35 1 74 1 74 1 40 1 35 1 74 1 16 2 32 1 54 1 16 $1 22 1 06 77 96 1 54 101 77 1 32 116 1 35 1 16 1 16 1 06 1 06 48 1 54 58 77 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. 237 DAILY WAGHS, OEDDfABT, MAXIMCM, AJSTD MUflMTrM;, TS PErNCIPAI, CITIES OT FEAISrCE, NOr nfrCLTJDING PAEIS. Ooc^pationB. 1853. 1857. 1871. Ord. Max. Min. Ord. Max. Min. Ord. Max. Min. Bakers . ........ $0 37 37 42 33 42 40 41 89 42 40 49 42 43 46 32 46 38 39 $0 45 45 53 40 51 48 53 47 51 48 62 $0 31 32 35 27 37 32 33 33 33 34 39 $0 41 42 47 38 49 43 46 44 47 46 55 $0 51 60 59 48 60 53 59 55 69 55 7a $0 35 35 39 31 43 36 38 38 38 39 46 $0 56 .to 68 $0 48 54 55 50 64 56 58 65 58 59 67 60 60 63 43 67 55 53 64 73 61 77 67 75 69 73 70 86 72 75 89 65 83 72 66 44 46 42 65 50 46 46 45 50 55 47 49 59 43 69 48 47 37 25 38 30 32 51 34 53 42 44 67 50 77 54 54 42 29 45 34 37 48 38 stonecutters Tailors -. 5C 42 44 1875. 1881. 1882. Occnpations. Ord. Max. Min. Ord. Max. Min. Ord. Max. Min. $0 64 57 62 53 70 57 61 61 63 63 72 65 64 66 52 71 60 $0 77 71 79 64 85 69 82 75 79 76 0% 79 SO 89 69 92 78 74 $0 62 48 52 40 58 48 49 53 52 63 60 55 54 53 a 60 48 U $0 68 62 66 60 75 61 67 67 67 68 75 69 68 72 59 74 62 63 $0 80 76 80 78 80 73 84 81 83 82 94 87 84 91 76 92 79 77 $0 56 64 57 50 64 52 54 56 56 58 63 53 58 69 48 64 50 • S2 $0 68 63 66 60 76 62 69 68 68 70 76 70 68 74 59 76 63 M $0 80 77 80 73 90 74 84 82 84 87 95 88 85 91 76 94 80 78 $0 66 55 57 51 64 53 Hatters . 55 58 57 00 65 69 60 59 48 66 T.'UlOTB • 51 63 238 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. BMPlOTfiS AND AVERAGE rOKTMTGHTLT WAGES DT SPINNIBQ Tmt. Foremen. Spinners. Tiers, winders cylinder oov- erers, etc. Care takers and winders. Packers, oil- ers, ilremen, watchmen, porters, la- borers, etc. Carding de- partment No. Fort- nightly wages. No. Fort nightly wages. No. Fort- nightly wages. No. Fort- nightly wages. No. Fort- nightly wages. No. Fort- nightly wages. 1855 f 6 7 9 9 9 a 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 12 13 12 12 12 12 11 • f $8 50 8 38 8 CO 8 85 9 00 9 00 9 04 9 18 8 90 880 9 04 9 16 9 71 9 87 10 23 10 55 10 00 11 10 11 75 11 70 12 26 12 60 12 82 12 74 12 00 12 16 12 24 12 44 12 07 13 66 14 17 45 50 50 49 49 49 49 49 49 45 40 41 40 41 40 30 28 30 30 32 35 35 37 40 43 43 43 41 41 41 41 $7 47 7 50 7 68 7 37 7 24 7 57 8 04 7 94 7 14 7 07 7 02 7 43 8 00 8 13 8 34 8 16 6 80 9 08 9 24 9 37 9 30 9 46 9 58 9 24 8 92 82 8 88 8 78 8 74 8 56 8 48 110 124 123 114 111 114 118 118 113 117 119 125 130 120 110 107 80 84 81 85 94 83 88 101 106 106 113 119 120 " 123J 122 $1 89 2 02 2 12 2 17 2 27 2 52 2 63 2 59 2 49 2 72 2 90 3 10 3 21 3 48 3 00 8 CO 3 20 4 27 4 09 4 87 4 88 5 4'.; 5 49 5 30 5 20 5 20 4 82 4 80 4 94 4 87 4 85 34 36 35 34 35 39 40 42 45 52 53 52 52 54 60 53 62 65 58 57 50 00 65 66 69 70 70 69 70 71i 70 $2 69 2 70 2 81 2 80 2 84 2 97 3 10 3 08 3 02 3 25 3 33 3 56 3 69 3 74 3 80 3 83 3 26 4 39 4 55 4 82 4 98 4 99 5 06 5 21 5 18 5 20 5 20 5 10 6 20 5 20 6 30 28 30 32 30 29 30 30 27 25 25 26 26 28 32 37 61 65 60 60 60 60 64 00 63 61 05 78 78 80 80i 82 $4 08 4 00 4 19 4 39 4 39 4 65 4 54 4 69 4 81 5 00 5 17 5 52 5 52 5 55 5 62 5 30 5 50 6 OO 6 05 6 49 6 67 6 67 6 95 C 84 7 OO 6 82 6 46 6 34 6 46 « 50 6 58 55 60 64 61 64 60 61 64 60 69 66 61 60 63 66 67 60 70 70 70 65 70 80 85 87 89 88 83 80 81 85 $2 98 3 23 3 38 3 68 3 84 3 86 1858 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 3 91 1 1862 3 94 1 1863 18G4 1865 1866 1867 3 83 1 3 95 3 84 3 94 4 10 1868 4 38 1869 4 43 1870 4 73 1871 4 00 5 20 5 41 6 47 5 8D 6 12 6 24 43 6 35 6 33 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 rt 1882 6 24 6 26 ■ 1883 6 46 1884 6 44 1885 6 39 alutrodKGod ring spinuuig this year, for which women and giria only aro employed. SiiT gradual decroaso of ^agea for spiuuera since. Thts acconntfl VAEIATION IN THE KATES OF WAGES. 239 AND CAEDIHe COTTON IN THE EHIN]S DISTEICT OF GEBMANY, 1855-85. Machinists, oar* i penters, join- Iklaaons. ers, assistants. Fort- Total em- ployes. nightly wages foraU Days of labor. Amonnt of wages. Pounds of yam spun. Spin- dles. Yeai. employes. Fort- Fort- No. nightly wages. No. nightly wages. 46 $6 10 5 $5 47 326 $3 79 306 $32, 144 17 692,868.66 21,600 ....1865 56 6 49 12 4 88 372 4 01 315 40, 269 66 822,368.68 2i,300 ..-.1866 48 6 54 12 5 28 369 4 09 306 39,323 36 867, 940. 37 24,300 --..1867 47 6 82 9 5 65 347 4 20 306i 37,903 22 837, 824 90 24, 300 ...1858 50 6 51 13 5 40 345 4 26 3041 38. 192 28 823,403.13 24,312 ....1869 63 7 01 19 5 56 378 4 58 29SJ 44,843 01 874, 092. 89 24,312 ... 1860 56 6 72 16 5 75 374 4 57 304 44, 579 17 1,019,697.03 24,312 ....1861 69 7 09 26 5 21 389 4 61 305 46, 556 11 1,044,271.91 24,312 ....1862 SO 7 00 18 5 20 365 4 37 303 41,437 29 961,365,34 24,300 .-..1863 57 7 10 28 5 30 399 4 63 306i 46, 960 88 1,128,680.31 27, 200 ....1864 42 7 44 15 5 66 370 4 51 308 43, 429 35 1,000,437.46 29, 025 ....1866 36 7 43 14 6 68 364 4 64 317 45, 504 58 1, 346, 853. 53 83, 150 ....1866 46 7 44 27 5 04 392 4 82 305 49, 219 33 1, 483, 200. 73 34,644 ....1867 58 7 32 35 5 56 412 5 14 305 55, 028 38 1, 689, 797. 11 35, 340 ....1868 54 7 47 32 5 80 414 5 22 301i 56, 168 71 1, 723, 381. 22 35, 340 ... 1869 56 7 16 31 6 00 420 5 24 306 57, 305 29 1,731,486.79 35, 140 ....1870 45 6 30 18 6 50 347 4 76 246 42,941 13 1, 067, 709. 39 30, 230 ....1871 60 7 50 26 6 13 400 5 84 304i 60, 075 84 1, 563, 880. 68 33, 107 ....1872 60 8 28 23 7 20 391 6 23 304i 63, 295 93 1, 687, 482. 38 32, 670 ....1873 55 8 53 12 8 15 381 6 40 305 63, 295 93 1, 790, 217. 66 36, 362 ....1874 50 8 31 10 8 74 380 6 61 305i 64, 281 26 2, 048, 256. 10 38, 340 .--.1875 54 8 82 18 8 59 394 6 83 317i 72, 584 63 2,281,133.93 39, 692 ....1876 54 9 06 14 9 24 410 6 95 305^ 74, 108 00 2, 448, 242. 72 40, 192 ....1877 64 9 09 20 9 04 462 6 98 305i- 82, 049 24 2, 799, 771. 04 42,972 ....1878 56 884 12 9 63 445 6 80 304i 78, 710 13 3, 001, 995. 81 41, 307 ...1879 53 8 94 10 10 29 448 6 77 304J 78, 862 96 3, 259, 654. 09 42,807 ....1880 53 9 12 12 9 27 469 6 61 306 80, 472 17 3,406,049.35 42, 372 .-..1881 67 8 64 14 9 54 473 6 48 307 79, 675 10 3, 235, 034. 99 41, 720 ....1882 50 8 65 10 10 40 462 6 55 304 78,719 12 3,436,490.76 41, 636 ....1883 m 8 80 14} 10 00 470 6 52 304 79, 899 16 3, 568, 190. 34 42, 211 ....1884 62 8 80 13 10 32 44S 6 68 306 81, 03« 42 3, 660, 805. 26 42,401 ....1885 240 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. EMPLOYES AND AVERAGE FOKTNIGHTLTT WAGES HI WEAVING Tear. I'oremen end assiaconts. No. Fort, nightly wages. Print weav- ers. No. Tort- nightly wages. Moleskin weavers. No. Fort- nightly wages. Winders, warpers, knit- ters, etc. No. Fort- nightly wages. Bmshera, sizers, and glners. No. Fort- nightly wages. Bnrlers, etc. No. Fort- nightly wages. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873- 1874. 1875. 1876 . 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884 . 1B86. 5 5 6 7 10 13 13^ 13 14 14 12 14 17 18 18 17 18 19 21 21 20 18 20 30 34 «7 05 6 86 7 28 7 76 8 16 7 89 8 43 8 74 8 93 8 78 9 00 9 92 9 63 9 60 9 83 10 16 9 01 9 87 10 34 10 06 10 54 10 74 11 25 11 17 10 22 10 12 10 18 10 17 10 00 ID 24 10 3S 81 74 58 70 130 151 170 216 222 211 222 222 209 208 224 220 216 263 269 268 273 270 272 310 392 453 500 511 527 530 478 $2 17 1 97 2 10 2 29 3 11 3 43 3 76 3 42 3 27 3 14 3 30 4 00 3 94 4 01 4 03 4 11 3 57 4 79 5 01 5 27 5 40 5 26 5 43 5 34 5 34 5 43 5 55 5 32 5 33 5 47 5 40 37 68 101 119 114 140 191 195 199 194 140 181 235 298 332 330 248 205 330 317 347 345 360 374 384 400 401 .394 400 413 474 $3 72 3 59 .3 78 3 76 3 70 3 75 3 60 3 71 3 65 3 69 3 69 4 54 4 42 4 26 4 32 4 45 3 55 4 61 4 84 4 86 5 10 5 41 5 32 5 38 5 30 5 35 5 55 5 50 5 57 5 80 S 60 60 60 64 69 76 80 63 73 83 72 72 72 71 76 85 95 96 95 102 100 101 $2 51 2 41 2 49 2 61 3 04 3 10 3 20 3 24 2 95 3 17 3 10 3 56 3 60 3 7"! 3 80 3 77 2 96 3 98 4 15 4 30 4 41 4 71 4 71 4 60 4 73 4 70 4 73 4 81 4 8S 5 04 4 aa 6 08 5 66 5 82 6 20 6 40 6 60 6 67 6 38 6 69 6 80 6 67 6 96 7 36 7 00 6 84 6 60 7 85 8 09 8 00 8 00 8 10 8 45 8 56 8 95 9 29 9 06 9 31 9 49 9 71 174 $1 72 160 2 82 2 34 3 02 2 91 2 71 2 92 3 08 3 25 3 69 3 70 4 00 4 17 4 17 3 68 2 93 3 48 3 40 3 46 3 41 3 36 3 17 3 34 3 50 3 62 3 69 3 69 3 70 3 75 384 VARIATION IN THE RATES OF WAGES. COTTON GOODS IN THE RHINE DISTEICT OF GEEMANT, 1855-85. 241 Driers, dl6SB6ra. etc. Oilers, fire- . men, laborers. etc. Total employes. rortnlghtly wages for all Days of labor. Amount oi annual wages. Looms. Pieces of cloth woven. Tear. Tort- Fort- employes. No.. nightly wages. No. nightly 'ff-ages. 8 n 97 S $4 25 204 »3 05 306 $16, 197 65 240 12,421 185J 15 1 79 5 4 66 244 2 96 309 18, 865 30 276 12, 301 1859 17 2 38 6 5 00 252 3 30 306 21, 633 20 305 15, 069 185T 13 3 14 8 5 64 274 3 43 305J 24, 443 22 344 17,985 .1868 M 2 93 11 6 06 343 3 65 305J 32, 622 01 461 26, 656 1859 18 2 94 14 6 20 416 3 81 318i 42, 814 45 544 34,466 1850 20 3 37 16 6 00 516 3 90 304i 52, 320 48 694 48,891 1861 18i 3 84 17 6 31 571 3 85 306) 67, 142 14 812 48,549 1862 19 3 85 19 6 14 580 3 70 301J 55,739 80 823 57,279 1863 22 3 60 19 6 27 660 3 70 304 53, 802 84 815 57,769 1864 18 3 88 19 6 00 502 3 75 307* 48,886 64 736 45, 086 1865 18 3 80 19 6 14 546 4 35 305 61, 674 65 800 55, 814 1866 20 4 01 20 6 15 694 4 36 304i 67, 304 89 859 60, 640 1867 29 4 32 23 6 21 671 4 37 304 76, 257 42 982 64, 420 1868 32 4 17 25 6 40 743 4 41 305i 86, 168 71 1,100 73, 336 1869 85 4 16 25 6 49 747 4 46 318 90, 163 44 1,093 76, 416 1870 25 4 12 23 5 81 625 3 77 301 61, 248 45 914 46, 679 1871 28 5 03 30 6 67 740 4 82 304jk 93, 894 39 1,065 68, 990 1872 28 5 05 33 6 77 813 5 00 304^ 105, 850 60 1,154 75, 670 1873 SI 5 22 37 7 02 789 5 17 304^ 105, 912 31 1,123 76. 752 1874 24 5 06 39 7 13 830 5 33 305 114, 926 97 1,141 82, 359 1875 25 5 11 40 7 34 830 5 44 305 117, 559 79 1,163 87, 060 1876 24 5 25 43 7 47 850 5 47 304 120, 857 61 1,149 89, 235 1877 21 5 49 45 7 80 906 5 48 304i 129, 142 39 1,223 96, 269 1878 19 5 56 42 7 88 1,017 5 49 304 144, 978 09 1,390 113, 094 1879 IS 5 43 43 7 90 1,107 564 304} 159,417 22 1,523 124, 257 1880 1 S 09 45 7 89 1,122 5 67 317 176, 224 22 1,621 142,478 1881 47 48 49 49 T 83 8 01 7 78 786 1,155 1,188 1,203 1,213 5 58 5 60 5 78 680 306} 304 304 303 167, 631 61 172, 958 29 180, 662 74 183, 018 64 1,660 1,703 1,761 1,779 134, 112 137, 550 135,223 129, 397 1882 1883 1884 1886 12854 LAB- -16 542 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The influence of the cost of living in creating differences in the rates -of wages should be considered in studying rates. When such influences are carefully observed it will be found that the variation in the rates of wages has but little weight in causing industrial depressions. De- pressions disturb wages : wages do not create depressions; yet, as a remotely-disturbing cause in the matter of prices, the variation in the rates of wages has a legitimate place. In Appendix B, page 411, there is presented some exceedingly valuable data relative to cost of living and wages of work people in different countries in Europe. The data there given, however, are not of suflicient extent, or do not cover a sufficient number of industries or of occupations in industries, to warrant their presentation in tabular form, or to admit of any very valuable sum- maries being drawn therefrom. For this reason the facts relative to cost of living are given as individual " budgets " of family expenses in detail, and of family earnings. As budgets they are exceedingly val- uable and thoroughly interesting. The Bureau has no such collection of budgets for the United States, because it has been contemplated to make a sufficient collection of facts relative to cost of living to enable the Bureau to ascertain to what extent climate may affect the rate of wages. The budgets given, however, offer most excellent opportunity, tentatively, to observe the variation in expenses, the differences in diet, the habits of life, and other elements affecting the standard of living in the several countries from which they were obtained, and when it is stated that all such budgets are the result of living among the people furnishing the facts, eating and lodging with them, during the past year, their value is readily seen.o. Speculative Railroad Building. — The statistics of railroad building, as heretofore given, show that just prior to periods of depres- sion, especially the later periods, there has been an enormous exten- sion of railroad building, a large part of which must be considered as speculative. When times are good and profits are large, those who are making the large profits seek to increase their wealth through specu- lative investments, and railroad building, since the days of the rail- road, has been one of great attractiveness. The idea seems to take possession of men that by running a line into the wUderness business can be developed. The truth always comes at last, and the original in- vestors pay heavy tuition bills, while those who buy up the railroad for a small percentage of its cost can afford to wait until business does de- develop. K the effect of this was only felt by those who lose directly the damage to the community would be of no consequence; but as these projected, speculative lines have become of greater extent, and vast areas of territory are to be covered, the consumption of material and of labor has been of like proportions. It has been estimated by an eminent authority, & and the estimate has not been doubted, that, as- a Such data were collected by Mr. Lee Meriwether, of SaintLouis, and by him kindly famished to the Bureau of Labor b Mr Kdwftrd Atkmnon. UNDEB-CONSUMPTTON. 243 Burning the railroads built in 1882 to have cost, with the equipment, an average of $30,000 per mile, more than 766,000 workmen of all classes must have been employed in connection with railroad build- ing in that year, while in the building of the greatly-reduced mileage of 1883, with a reduction in wages, say, of 11 per cent., and of 16| per cent, in the cost per mile, only 250,000 persons were employed ; a great army of 516,000 men employed in all the ramitications of railroad build- ing thus being discharged from railroad work in one year. Two rail- road projects alone resulted in the discharge of nearly 20,000 men, who had been brought from Southern Europe for the very purpose of building the roads, so wheu discharged they must to a large de- gree have served to increase the idle class. If the estimates given above of the number of men discharged through cessation of railroad building during the last few years are sound, and there is every reason to believe they are fairly so, the effect must have been serious in- deed. Probably a very large proportion of the half million men found other employment ; perhaps all found something to do, but at greatly reduced rates and in a desultory way, so that their consuming power must have been crippled to a very serious degree, and the crippling of the consuming power of a body no larger than that referred to has its influence, which, combined with other influences that tend to cripple consuming power, involves the industries of a community. In this subject of excessive railroad building is more clearly shown than in any other direction what is sometimes called the over-consumption of labor and material. The vast quantities of steel and iron and all other ma- terial necessary for the equipment of speculative roads have been over- consumed, or consumed to no immediate purpose, and when that over- consumption ceases because it has been illegitimate, legitimate production suflers correspondingly, and what then is called over-production can be denominated bad production ; but, of course, along with what may be denominated an over-consumption of iron in the direction specified there must have been an over-consumption of labor, that is, a consumption of labor that resulted in no immediate benefit, but in positive, immediate harm, because such a large proportion of the over-consumed labor was brought in from abroad, and after the cessation of the over-consumption could not readily assimilate itself with the industries or work of a de- pressed community. The crippled consuming power arising from the over-construction of railroads is only one influence, however, in the great grouping of influ- ences which tend to produce the economic condition known as under- consumption. Crippled Consuming: Power or Under-consumption. Some of the causes which tend to cripple the consuming power of a large body of our people are remote indeed, and yet have a direct bear- ing upon the question in hand. Any disturbance in the monetary aflairs of our country by which the purchasing power of money is de- creased cripples the oonsnmiKg power of the people, and when tne 244 REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. people, through apprehension or through real results, feel that their consuming power is crippled in ever so slight a degree, individual re- trenchment begins, and corresponding stagnation follows. The same results are reached through a lowering of wages from any cause whatever. If manufacturers find their warehouses overstocked, there must take place a cessation of production or a lowering of wages, in either case the consuming power of the workers being crippled. Short crops will often, and usually, result in crippling the purchasing power of a large body of people ; so, too, a very large crop which cannot be sold readily and at good prices reduces the consuming power of great communities. In mining and manufacturing districts where the truck system prevails there inevitably results a crippled consuming power of the operatives concerned. Some company stores, so-called, are of real benefit to the employes of the concerns owning such stores, but in order to be of benefit the company or the proprietors of the works must see that the stores are well stocked with supplies at the lowest market prices, and that the customers — their own employes — can purchase goods for cash at an advance simply large enough to pay expenses. An instance of such a store in Connecticut represents what is meant. A large manufacturing company in that state owns and runs a store for the benefit of its operatives. All goods are purchased for cash, at the lowest prices, and of the best qualities. The store is conducted on the basis of simply paying expenses and a very smaU percentage of margin over expenses, which margin is devoted to the support of a free library for the use of the operatives. The reverse of this is found in many mining districts of the country, where at the companies' stores the miners purchase their goods oftentimes at a higher price than they could purchase for elsewhere, and under duress ; that is, in many lo- calities employment depends partially upon taking goods out of the companies' stores. When wages are lowered this necessity becomes more apparent. Laws in several states have been passed aiming at the removal of the truck and company-store system, and in many places with success. There is yet, however, too much evasion of these laws, and much remains to be done in the future. Truck stores conducted in the interest of greed, and not of the men, are simply contributory influences in localities to the crippling of the consuming power of the work people. One of the most serious causes tending to cripple the consumptive power of a people, and an influence which has been especially felt dur- ing the last four or five years, results from the cessation of railroad building. This matter, however, has been sufflciently treated under alleged causes of the depression and under the preceding heading. The employment of contract labor of foreign importation, and rapid immigration generally, are features which have a positive influence in crippling consuming power. The influence of foreign immigration is best exhibited by the following table, showing the foreign population ten years of age and over, and the percentage engaged in agriculture at the last two census periods : ira DEK-CONSUMPTION . 245 THE FOEEIGN-BOEN. TEJT TEARS OF AGE AND OTEE, ENGAGED IN AGEICTTLTURE, MANtTFACTITEES, ETC., IN 1870 AND 1880. 1870. 1880. 28,228,945 6,307,887 36, 761, 607 6, 491, 301 Per cent, of foreign-l5om of total population (ten years and over) . . . IS. 80+ 17. 65+ 619, 108 929, 581 812, 821 1, 225, 787 Total foreign-bom engaged in sigricaltnre, manuf actnreB, etc 1, 548, 689 2,038,616 Fbr cent, of foreign-bom engaged in agricnltnxe of total foreign-bom — Fer cent, of foieign-bom engaged in mannfactnrea of total foreign-bom . 11. 66+ 17. 51+ 12.62+ 18.88+ Per cent, of foieign-bom engaged in agrlonltnie, mannfaotures. 29. 17+ 31.4e+ This table offers some points of interest and of value at the present time. For instance, it will be seen that there were 812,829 of the for- eign-born population engaged in agriculture. By the census of 1880 the whole number of people engaged in agriculture in the United States was 7,670,493. Into the total number then engaged in agriculture there had been absorbed but 812,829 foreign-born ; that is, the foreign-bom con- stituted 10.6 per cent, of the whole number employed in agriculture. The total number employed in the country in manufactures, mechani- cal, and mining industries was 3,837,112. Into this number had been absorbed 1,225,787 of the foreign -bom, or 32 per cent, of the whole number engaged in such industries. It will be seen at once that the tendency of immigrants is to assimilate with our mechanical indnstries. This increases the supply of labor in comparison to the demand, lowers wages, contributes to whatever over-production exists, and cripples tem- porarily the consuming power of the whole. The progress of immigra- tion has been very steady. This is best shown by the following table: a IMMIGEATION INTO THE UNITED STATES. Tears. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1826. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. Immi- grants. 8,385 9,137 6,911 6,354 7,912 10, 199 10, 837 18, 876 27, 382 22, 520 23, 322 22, 633 60, 482 58. 640 65, 363 45, 374 76, 242 79, 340 38, 914 68, 069 84,066 80, 289 104, 565 62, 496 Tears. 1844. 1845. 1846- 1847. 1848. 1849. 1860- 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1867. 1858. 1859. 1860- 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1866. I 1866. i Immi- grants. 78, 615 114.371 154, 416 234, 968 220, 527 297, 024 369, 980 379, 466 371, 603 368, 645 427, 833 200, 877 195, 857 246,945 119, 501 118, 618 160, 237 89,724 «9, 007 174, 524 193, 195 247,453 167, 757 Ye*tre. Jv/neZa — 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 ; 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 Total-, Immi- grants. 298,067 282, 180 352, 768 387, 203 321, 350 404, 806 459, 803 313, 389 227, 498 169, 986 141, 867 138, 469 177, 828 467, 257 669, 431 788, 992 599,114 S18, 692 395, 346 13, no, 23a oProm the Report of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington. D. G 246 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR lu examining this table one sees that prior to each period of depres- sion since 1837 there has been a large increase in immigration, and fol- lowing the inception of the depression a sharp falling off. As times be- came prosperous after each period, immigration has set in and been followed up to an abnormal degree, and as soon as prosperity ceased temporarily the foreign mechanic or laborer has remained at home. This constant artificial augmentation of the number of laborers durihg prosperous years has had its full share in bringing in the following period of depression. The Forty-eighth Congress, at the second ses- sion, enacted a law aimed at the restriction and prevention of the im- portation of foreign labor under contract, which will be found in the chapter on remedies. The effect of this law cannot be appreciated, if it has any eff&it, until the country reaches a period of prosperity and those engaged in Industrial enterprises, raUroad-building, etc., seek to gain the greatest possible advantage during the season of prosperity. At the present time the law is practically inoperative, because no desire exists to break its provisions. The agents of the Bureau were not able to learn of a widespread importation of labor under contract. The cases which have occurred have been local, and although accompanied by many aggravating features such importations have not involved Indus, tries as a whole. It is undoubtedly true that during the past fifty years immigration has been of inestimable value as an element in American industrial prog- ress, but it cannot be said now, and probably not to any great extent in the future, that America is the home of the oppressed of all nations. This advertisement will undoubtedly be withdrawn, as well as that other, that there is room enough in the United States for all. This would not be so if this country was not one of the great family of nations now given to mechanical production. So long as it was largely an agricult- ural country the advertisement worked its good, for it brought wealth and labor and the wealth that comes of labor. Immigration in the fut- ure win continue to bring the same elements. The trouble comes in too rapid immigration. Fo one would probably consider for a moment the propriety of preventing immigration, but it is a subject for wise consid- eration whether or not it may not be regulated by equitable legal pro- visions. The present practice certainly results in the freest possible importation of labor, which profits by the prosperity of the country and aids materially in bringing about a condition where profits are not only reduced to a small margin but labor finds its power to consume crippled. Many instances might be given to illustrate the ill effects of the inop- portune importation of foreign labor — the employment of Hungarians in mining districts, the padrone system in some localities, and other features, not only of foreign 'contract labor, but of the employment of foreign labor which comes freely on a certain kind of solicitation to in- duce" it. So far as the investigation in hand indicates, the employment of foreign labor under contract to take the places of dissatisfied home UNDEE-CONSUMPTION. 247 laborers has been, a miserable failure for all parties coucerned, except^ perhaps, the parties imported. The contractor here has gained no ad- vantage beyond a temporary one, and in a large proportion of cases has met with permanent disadvantage; the home laborer has been thrown out of employment or obliged to work on a crippled basis, and the consumer has not been able to secure products at any appreciable discount. To some extent the imported man has been benefited, for he has been able, by continuing his old style of living, to secure what were to him mar- velous wages, and after saving a few hundred dollars felt that he could return to his old associations with a fund which, with little work, would enable him to live in comparative afluence. The conclusion is inevita- ble that the consuming power of many communities is crippled through rapid immigration, and whatever cripples communities in respect to their consuming capacity cripples all in any way affiliated with such communities. The decrease of the public domain suitable for farming purposes has probably had something to do in preventing immigration in recent years. If so, it may be expected, with farming land at a higher price than formerly, that immigration will not be abnormal in the future ; that is, immigrants wUI not come to this country in such large num- bers as to influence in any material degree the stability of our industries. About three-fifths of the public domain already has passed out of the ownership of the Government, whUe the remaining two-fifths embraces a very large proportion of desert and mountain lands unfit for habita- tion, a The reduction of the area of available public lands is, of course, only a contributoiy cause of the decrease of immigration, because, as has just been seen, the number of the foreign-born absorbed in the agri- cultural classes is only about two-thirds as large as that absorbed in mechanical industries. It is in this latter respect that the effects of immigration are felt. It is probable that this country could, with benefit to all its industries, absorb from 200,000 to 250,000 new-comers annually, but a much larger number coming in can be considered as one of the precursors of depressed business. The population of the United States directly and indirectly dependent upon the success of agriculture is, in round numbers, 26,000,000. Any- thing that causes the agriculturists of the country to apprehend a ces- sation of exports of food products cripples to a greater or less extent the consuming power of the population involved. Apprehension is one of the most potent factors in producing and continuing industrial de- pressions. If apprehension leads people to believe that there is to be stagnation, they immediately begin to practice a severer economy a,nd almost to adopt parsimonious habits. The opening of the Suez Canal has led to an increased development of the agricultural interests of India, and these interests have been so fully developed that at the present time the grain acreage of India is, aKeport afthe Secretary of the Interior for the year euding .June 30, 1885. 248 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. under artificial development, rapidly approaching the graia acreage of the United States, in India the wheat acreage being, in round numbers, 30,000,000, and in the United States 40,000,000. a The direct result of this Indian development has been an increase in the imports of Indian wheat by Western Europe and a decrease in the imports of American grain. So far as the United Kingdom is concerned, this condition is shown by the following English data : mPOBTS OF WHEAT INTO GREAT BKITAJF AND IBBLAND. Wheat Imported into Great Britain and Ireland— Tear. From United States. (CTtS.) From India. (Cwts.) 1880 36,190,814 36,083,468 35,137,173 36,128,761 22,641,050 1881 7,444,375 19,901,006 14,193,763 21,001,412 1882 ; 1883 1884 These figures are borne out by those taken from the reports of the United States Bureau of Statistics. The following table shows the values of our exports of domestic merchandise to foreign countries during the years indicated, subdivided into products of agriculture, of manufacture, of mining, etc., and of specie : VALUE, ETC., OF AiL PEODUCTS EXPOETBD FROM THE UNITED STATES. Tear ending Agrionltiire. MannfactoreB. Mining, forestry, fislieries, etc. Total value. Gold and June 30— Valne. Per cent. Valne. Per cent. Value. Per cent. silver. 1860 $256,660,972 361,188,483 430,306,570 458, 113, 615 459, 734, 148 536, 192, 873 646,476,703 686, 961, 091 730, 394, 943 562, 219, 819 619, 269, 449 636, 316, 318 630, 172, 966 81.14 79.34 76.95 76.67 72.63 77.07 78.12 83.25 82.63 76.31 77.00 73.98 72.96 $45,658,873 47,921,154 75,765,432 81,374,077 88,007,773 91, 416, 576 89, 117, 215 79,510,447 89, 219, 380 103,132,481 111, 890, 001 111, 330, 242 117, 259, 810 14.43 10.63 13.65 13.68 13.91 13.14 12.74 9.65 10.10 14.08 13.91 15.35 16.14 $14, 022, 688 46, 098, 704 63, 175, 636 57, 430, 123 86, 238, 933 68,140,481 63, 944, 824 68, 474, 815 64, 211, 624 77, 887, 432 73, 064, 182 77, 319, 293 79, 250, 170 4.43 10.13 9.60 9.66 13.46 9.79 9.14 7.10 7.27 10.61 9.09 10.67 10.90 $316,242,433 455, 208, 341 659, 237, 638 694, 917, 715 632, 980, 864 605,749,930 699, 538, 742 823,946,363 883,925,947 733, 239, 733 804,223, 632 724, 964, 852 726,682,946 $56,N6,85I 43,883,803 83,857,129 50,028,691 43,134,738 27,061,885 17, 656, 035 9,347,893 14,226,944 43,480,271 21,623,181 50,225,636 24,376,110 1870 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 oThe wheat acreage of the United States in ISSSwas 34,189,000 ; of India, '27,620,223. The acreage of the United States in 1884 was 39,475,885. The round figures, 30,000,000 and 40,000,000, are fairly representative of the wheat acreage of the two countries named at the present time. UNDER-CONSUMPTION. 249 TALtTE OF LXaDIN'G AGEICtTLTURAX PKODTTCTS EXPORTED FKOM THE UNITED STATES. ^eai ending June 30— Kaw cotton. Breadetuffe. Leaf to1>acco. Meats and dairy piodncts. Cattle, sheep, and hogs. Total. 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867, 1868 1869 1870 1871, 1872, 1873 1874, 1875 1876, 1877, 1878 1879 1880, 1881 1882, 1883 1884 1885 $191, 34, 1, 6, 281, 201, 162, 162, 227, 218, 180, 227, 211, 180, 192, 171, 180, 162, 211, 247, 199, 247, 197, 201, 806, 655 051,483 180, 113 662,405 895. 864 836,400 886, 223 470,423 820, 733 833, 052 027. 624 327, 109 684, 595 243, 069 223, 580 638. 625 659, 262 118, 608 031, 484 304, 260 535, 90S 695, 746 812, 644 328, 721 016, 204 962, 458 $24,422,310 72, 162, 366 84, 183, 764 89, 180, 332 63,400,606 53, 941, 231 41, 249, 054 41,288,804 69, 024, 059 63, 724, 154 72, 250, 933 79, 381, 187 84, 686, 273 98, 743, 161 161, 198, 864 111, 458, 265 131, 181, 555 117, 806, 476 ISl, 777, 841 210, 355, 528 288, 036, 835 270, 3.^2, 519 182, 670, 528 208, 040, 850 162, 544, 715 160, 370, 821 $15, '906, 647 13,784,710 12, 325, 356 19, 752, 076 22, 845, 936 41,625,226 29, 456, 145 19,620,159 22, 898, 823 20, 552, 943 21, 100, 420 19, 908, 797 24, 136, 166 22, 689, 135 30, 399, 181 25, 241, 549 22, 737, 383 28, 825, 621 24, 803, 165 25, 157, 364 16, 379, 107 18, 737, 043 19, 067, 721 19, 438, 066 17, 765, 760 22, 025, 786' $16, 934, 363 22, 483, 213 37, 198, 672 58, 623, 679 61, 379, 801 54, 015, 841 29, 653, 730 27, 224, 060 31, 078, 598 30, 326, 781 30,992, 306 39, 748, 796 64, 306, 139 82, 911, 660 83, 511, 275 83, 100, 065 92, 325, 308 118, 579, 676 124,845,137 119, 867, 692 132, 488, 201 156, 809, 840 122, 020, 530 109, 217, 119 114, 353, 788 107, 332, 456 $1, 463, 643 254, 930 255, 181 372, 414 243, 665 244,148 426, 305 378, 170 432, 566 (a) 724,933 561, 769 1, 193, 464 1, 591, 057 2, 936, 429 2, 028, 198 1, 951, 846 2, 526, 740 4, 497, 676 10, 162, 400 14, 657, 931 15, 639, 173 8, 913, 656 9, 768, 803 19, 333, 121 13, 998, 441 $260, 633, 418 142, 726, 702 135, 143, 076 174, 680, 806 147, 765, 862 156, 662, 846 382, 770, 457 289,981,616 276, 254, 779 267, 236, 939 352, 096. 215 367, 917, 658 354, 906, 637 433, 178, 07S 489, 269, 329 412, 464, 702 440, 865, 354 438, 866, 921 615, 955, 203 627, 837, 234 663, 297, 979 709, 514, 321 532, 485, 079 693, 793, 569 511, 012, 688 505, 689, !)62 ttXArn animals not separately stated. The facts as to wheat alone, relative to decreased exportations, are shown by the following table : Tear. Valne. TeM. Value. 1878 $96, 872, Oie 130,701,079 190,646,305 167,698,485 1882 $112, 929, 718 1879 1883 119, 879, 341 1880 1884 75, 026, 678 1881. , 1886 72, 933, 097 The facts shown in the foregoing tables are by no means startling. The fear, however, that Indian wheat and cotton and Egyptian cotton are rapidly taking the place of American wheat and cotton has caused pro- ducers to feel that the future has no prosperity for them. The reduc- tion in the exportation of grain and cotton has been sufficient, however, to induce those immediately engaged in their production to curtail ex- penditures, and to this extent practically, and to a larger extent by apprehension ; thus the consuming power of one-half of our population has been crippled in a measure. Whatever can remove this apprehen- sion wiU aid in restoring proaperity. It should, therefore, be understood that several things have contrib- uted to the decrease of exportations in food products as well as the development of the wheat crop in India, such as the increased ef- fort to stimulate the crops of Western Europe, and especially the in- crease in meat products, induced partly by industrial depression and 250 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. partly through the desire of the conntries of Western Europe to be more independent of America. Again, the restrictive measures of European countries as against American meats must be considered. While, there- fore, the prospect from the influence of Indian development may cause serious consideration on this side the Atlantic, it is not probable that such development need to be considered as alarming. It has probably had its worst influence so far as crippling the consuming power of a large body of the population of the United States is concerned. The influence coming Irom cheap wheat is one of a mixed character. If it be argued that the lowering of the price of wheat and flour would be an advantage to the working classes of this country, it may be answered that this is true only in a small degree, for, as it has been seen, if the producers of food products do not get fair prices for such products their power to purchase is crippled correspondingly, and so the influ- ence is felt in all directions. By short crops or reduced prices the agri- culturist is precluded from buying the products of mechanical indus- tries except in a limited degree. Thus the disturbing influences result- ing from stimulated development of industrial interests abroad act in a contributory way to produce and continue American depression. It not necessary in this connection to consider the differences in qual- ity between American and Indian cotton and wheat, or the effect of short crops in America. Tariff Inequalitie!!. — Very many well-informed business men allege that high duties on imported goods constitute a serious disturbing influence in manufacturing, but they complain more of the inequalities in rates than of high or low rates of duty. An illustration of the exist- ing inequalities is given in the following table relating to woollen and mixed goods manufactured at Leeds, England, or having Leeds as the point from which distribution begins. This table ■ states the descrip- tion of the goods ; their width in inches, and the weight per yard of each kind ; the price of the goods at the factory ; the rate and the amount of duty per pound and ad valorem, and the total amount of duty levied under the compound rate ; and also the per cent, which the total vemment give attention to the individual needs of its citizens. Let Congress cease framing laws for the industrial interests of the country. Encouragement of the mail service by Congress. Political — Concluded. Adoption of measures to aid and eff^ courage agricultural interests. More frequent changes in party ad- ministrations. Electing men of better judgment to Congress. Less frequent meeting of Congress. Cease granting lands to corporations. Extension of the Presidential term. Abolishment of the " spoils system." Restrict immigration. Extend the system on which the Postal Department is managed to the more important industries. Fewer state and national elections. Social and moral- Economy in all directions. Better education of the people. Enactment of laws to stop specula- tion. Economy and prudence. Put honest men in ofSce. Well-defined classification of society. Educate men for specific duties or sta- tions in life. Cessation of speculation. Self-improvement of the workingmen. Allow no man to own more land than he can use himself. Establish industrial schools. Harmonious action between labor and capital. Teach laborers and employers that the decrease of wages and pro&ts means fewer luxuries. Honesty in all business transactions. Suppress gambling that is carried on in the necessaries of Ufe. Time. Boards of arbitration to be created by legislation to settle differences be- tween capital and labor by divid- ing the profits of the business, above interest, equally between them. It is neither advisable nor possible to treat aU the foregoiag remedies extensively or to attempt to illustrate their value. A few, however, stand out prominently, and it may be profitable to consider such at some length, and in such treatment, as in the treatment of causes, purely theoretical and metaphysical suggestions are allowed to stand as such. The first suggested remedy in the foregoing list which attracts atten- tion is that relating to — THE RESTRICTION OF IMMIGRATION. 271 The Restriction of liand Grants to Corporations.— It has been shown under causes that three-fifths of the public domain has been exhausted or taken up, either by settlers or by grants to cor- porations, but to a very large extent by the latter, and that the remain- ing two-fifths is made up largely of undesirable lands. These being the facts, a halt should be made in freely granting lands to corpora- tions, for however valuable such grants may be to the public interest in developing great lines of railroads, the result is that the lands consti- tute a basis to a greater or less extent for speculative purposes. Had a halt been made at an earlier period in our history it would have been well for the country. If there are to be no restrictions upon immigra- tion, the Government should keep control of as large an amount of lands suitable for actual settlement as possible consistent with a progressive policy. So the remedy suggested, to " cease granting lands to corpo- rations," has a practical bearing, and casual consideration takes such suggested remedy out of the realms of theory. Closely connected with this suggested remedy is the following: The Restriction of Immigration. — Under causes the re- sults of too free immigration have been pointed out. Legitimate vol- untary immigration may be too rapid to enable a country developing its industries to assimilate labor from the outside ; but when immigra- tion becomes a subject of inducement, of contract, for the purpose of displacing a higher grade of labor, the result is indeed pernicious, and all the authority of law should be called in to prevent the continuance of the wrong. This Congress has undertaken to do, as will be seen by the tbllowing law : AN ACT to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States, its territories, and the District of Columbia. Be it enacted hy the Senate amd House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the pas- sage of this act it shall be unlawful for any person, company, partner- ship, or corporation, in any manner whatsoever, to prepay the taMins- portation, or in any way assist or encourage the importation or migra- tion of any alien or aliens, any foreigner or foreigners, into the United States, its territories, or the District of Columbia, under contract or agreement, parol or special, express or implied, made previous to the importation or migration of such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreign- ers, to perform labor or service of any kind in the United States, its territories, or the District of Columbia. Seo. 2. That aU contracts or agreements, express or implied, parol or special, which may hereafter be made by and between any person, company, partnership, or corporation, and any foreigner or foreigners, alien or aliens, to perform labor or service or having reference to the performance of labor or service by any person in the United States, its territories, or the District of Columbia previous to the migration or importation of the person or persons whose labor or service is contracted for into the United States, shall be utterly void and of no effect. Sbo. 3. That for every violation of any of the provisions of section one of this act the person, partnership, company, or corporation violating the same, by knowingly assisting, encouraging or soliciting the ndgra- 272 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. tion or importation of any alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, into the United States, its territories, or the District of Columbia, to per- form labor or service of any kind under contract or agreement, express or implied, parol or special, with such alien or aliens, foreigner or tbr- eigners, previous to becoming residents or citizens of the United States, shall forfeit and pay for every such offense the sum of one thousand dollars, which may be sued for and recovered by the United States or by any person who shaU first bring his action therefor including any such alien or foreigner who may be a party to any such contract or agreement, as debts of like amount are now recovered in the circuit courts of the United States ; Mie proceeds to be paid into the treasury of the United States ; and separate suits may be brought for each alien or foreigner being a party to such contract or agreement aforesaid. And it shall be the duty of the district attorney of the proper district to prosecute every such suit at the expense of the United States. Sec. 4. That the master of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on any such vessel, and land, or permit to be landed, from any foreign port or place, any alien laborer, mechanic, or artisan, who, previous to embarkation on such vessel, had entered into contract or agreement, parol or special, express or implied, to perform labor or service in the United States, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- demeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such alien laborer, mechanic or artisan so brought as aforesaid, and may also be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months. Seo. 5. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent any citizen or subject of any foreign country temporarily residing in the United States, either in private or offtcial capacity, from engaging, under contract or otherwise, persons not residents or citizens of the United States to act as private secretaries, servants, or domestics for such foreigner temporarily residing in the United States as aforesaid ; nor shall this act be so construed as to prevent any person, or persons, partnership, or corporation from engaging, under contract or agreement, skilled workman in foreign countries to perform labor in the United States in or upon any new industry not at present established in the United States : Provided, That skilled labor for that purpose cannot he otherwise obtained ; nor shall the provisions of this act apply to pro- fessional actors, artists, lecturers, or singers, nor to persons employed strictly as personal or domestic servants : Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed as prohibiting any individual from assisting any member of his family or any relative or personal friend, to migrate from any foreign country to the United States, for the purpose of set- tlement here. Seo. 6. That all laws or parts of laws conflicting herewith be, and the same are hereby, repealed. Approved, February 26, 1885. To undertake to regulate voluntary immigration is an exceedingly delicate matter. The policy of the Government in the past, the prin- ciples on which the United States Government is founded, and all the traditions of the country furnish arguments against any such regula- tion, and yet free, voluntary immigration may do the industries of the country great harm. If so, the past and its precedents should not influ- ence the future and its good. As stated under " OauSes," the industrial world haying arrived at what may be called a crisis period through the ENACTMENT OF LAWS TO STOP SPECULATION. 273 rapid extension of machinery and the consequent over development of the industries of the world, makes the doctrine that the United States offers an asylum to the world somewhat dangerous, or, at least, renders it a doctrine now largely out of place. The constitution of the forces employed in the mechanical industries offers the sharpest argument in favor of wise regulation of immigration^ for it will be remembered that 31.9 per cent, of all those employed in such industries in this country are of foreign birth, a;nd however much foreign immigration has aided the development of railroad building, public works, rivers, and other enterprises, the industries have been obliged to assimilate labor faster than the demands for products have warranted. These statements are made with a thorough understanding of the great value which foreign citizens have brought to this country — value not only in their own labor, but in the aggregate wealth which has been brought with them — and as their assimilation as citizens with those of longer residence be- comes more and more felt, the value of their presence becomes more and more enhanced. Their interest, however, is involved in this ques- tion of over-immigration. The Enactment of Laws to Stop iSpecnIation.— The effect that such laws would have, if they could be applied specifi- cally, would be for the public good. The facility with which stock com- panies can be organized in most of the states, and the means which such companies offer for the aggregation of small sums into large capital for the purpose of developing great movements, have been referred to. Probably any laws which might prevent such employment of small sums would be pernicious in their effects, but it might be wise to consider whether existing laws have not been too loosely drawn, and whether they do not grant too great privileges in the way of watering stock and of launching enterprises upon the public that have not money or prop- erty back of them. It might be well to enact laws allowing no organ- ization to put its stock upon the market unless the full value of its capital stock is paid in, either in the currency of the country or in ab- solute property. Many corporations are organized for the purpose of floating stock, and with a glowing prospectus the stock is floated. The result, under such circumstances, is disastrous to aU engaged, and the morals of the community in which such transactions take place are more or less damaged. Certainly in this suggested remedy there may be found practical steps which can be taken. Under this head, too, would come the question of corners and trading in futures. The attempt to make any law which shall be eflQcacious in preventing men from en- gaging in the unholy work of speculation in food products especially, and in bringing pecuniary responsibility to operations in futures, wiU be found to tax the ingenuity of the law-maker. The diffliculties in the way have been well stated by Justice Fenner, of the supreme court of Louisiana, in a recent decision, in which he presented the following points: 12854 LAB 18 274 BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. "(1) Sales of property for future delivery, with the bona Me inten- tion and obligation to make actaal delivery, are la^rful contracts ; but, if under the form of such a contract the real intent be merely to specu- late upon the rise and fall of prices, and the goods are not to be de- livered, but the contract to be settled on the basis of difference of prices, the transaction is a wager and is non-actionable. " (2) In order to affect the contract the alleged illegal intent must have been mutual, and such intent by one party, not concurred in by the other, will not avail. " (3) The law presumes lawful purpose until the contrary is proved, and when one party charges illegal intent the burden of proof is im- posed upon him. " (4) The validity of the contract depends upon the state of things existing at its date, and is not affected by subsequent agreements under which the parties voluntarily assent to a settlement on the basis of differences. " (6) The mere fact that at the date of his contract the vendor had not the goods and had made no arrangements for obtaining them, and had no expectation of receiving them unless by subsequent purchase, does not suffice to impair the contract. The contrary doctrine once an- nounced is now thoroughly overruled. " (6) It tbUows that the failure to identify the particular goods sold does not affect the matter, because the sale is not of ascertained articles but of articles of a designated kind, quantity to be selected thereafter, which is a lawful contract when the obligations are reciprocal." The difficulties so clearly stated by Justice Fenner arise every time the attempt is made to prevent corners by law. It is not probable that trading in futures and the making up of corners on food products, or on products of manufacture, create or bring about industrial depression, but they are often serious aggravating accompaniments of such depres- sion, and as such should be regulated, if it is in the power of law so to do, and it is to be hoped that some efficient means may be found which shall destroy the abUity of men to work public harm through such kinds of speculation. The Establishment of Boards of Arbitration to Set- tle Industrial Difficulties.— Industrial arbitration, and, in fact, all arbitration, is the result of high moral perception of right and wrong in the parties resorting to it. The laws of most states, if not all, offer facilities for the settlement of suits at law by sending the matter, on proper agreement of the parties involved, to a referee or referees, the decision of the referee or referees, when entered on the records of a court, having the binding force of a judgment by that court. To reach such a reference or arbitration, however, a party aggrieved brings an action in the ordinary way, by which the defendant is brought before a tribunal under the pains and penalties of law. The two parties then are before the court as parties, the defendant, brought there by the process of law served on him by an officer of the court, and he must appear or subject himself to judgment by default. When the two parties are before a court then the law allows them a more speedy way, BOABD8 OF ABBITBATION. 275 if tfiey elect, to settle their difaculties than by trial; that is, by sub mitting the matter to a referee or referees. The adjastment of in dustrial difficulties in this way could have but one result, which, al- though an indirect result, would have all the features of a direct judg- ment at law. If the employer or the employes in an industrial estab- lishment, feeling that they have cause of complaint, either against the other, could summon the offending party in the way described before a board of arbitration or any tribunal which might be established for the purpose of settling the difficulty, and after a hearing of all the facts bearing upon the case by both sides, or of ex pa/rte testimony in case the party summoned did not appear, a decision should be entered hav- ing any binding force whatever, even for a definite and clearly-defined period, such decision must of necessity carry with it a penalty for non- conformance. The condition of ^ings then leaves the parties in the position, if an employer, of being obliged to manufacture goods under conditions established by law ; that is, he must pay wages which the law directs or suffer the penalty; if an employ^, he must accept the wages decreed by law, whether too low or otherwise, or incur the penalty imposed. This is simply establishing the rates of wages and prices of goods by law, and is a result which neither the employer nor the employ^ can for a moment desire, although, without looking to the logical results of a board having the powers designated, such a board is freely demanded as a solution of labor troubles and a remedy foi industrial depressions. Now, Industrial arbitration, in order to be sue cesBful in the least degree, must be purely voluntary on the part of those intending to submit their grievances to the decision of others. The disposition to submit points in controversy to the decision of parties outside of those immediately concerned is almost arbitration in itself, and the parties are not far apart in their opinions. The creation of a board of arbitration by law, for the sake of having convenient machinery ready by which parties can have their differences adjusted by the good offices of arbitrators, would undoubtedly facilitate the growth of the spirit of arbitration, and in this direction the suggested remedy has vital force; but boards of arbitration created by law must be so con- stituted as not to make them obstacles to industrial peace instead of helps in bringing the workingman and his employer to a higher plane and a better appreciation of each other. It is the highest moral senti- ment in man which leads him into arbitration, and when he is possessed of such sentiment he should have every facility given him for its activity; Industrial arbitration has done much in England toward preventing strikes, for in those trades where the men are most thoroughly organ- ized, and where they have adopted or established by voluntary action boards of arbitration, the fewest strikes occur. The English statute relating to the establishment of such boards has not, however, been re- sorted to in many instances. In fact, to-day it is almost a dead letter, but it stands on the statute book as the reflection of a moral sentiment, 276 BEPOBT Of THE COHHI8SIOMEB OF LABOB. and as such has stimalated the growth of the idea of adjusting ciffl culties on clearly-constituted and well-defined rights and privileges of both partiies to a controversy. The Contraction of Credit.— A very potent cause in pro- ducing financial difiaculties, resulting it may be in industrial depres- sion — certainly in producing falling prices, the opening symptoms of industrial depression — ^is the great expansion of credit, and the rem- edy suggested by some of the bankers of the country of " checking the expansion of credit " has great force, but such check is exceedingly difficult of accomplishment. So far as law is concerned, the most direct way, probably, would be to make the collection of debts more difacult under legal process, thereby stimulating men to depend upon honorable action for the payment of debts and not upon the fi)rce of an execution. The difficulty is more in the way of free transaction of business than in practical legal obstacles. A Sound Currency is often suggested as one of the remedies for industrial depressions, but industrial depressions have occarred with a sound currency existing as well as when the currency was de- moralized in any way. The present industrial depression, novel in its completeness, as has been pointed out, not only originated but has progressed along with the existence of what popularly has been con- sidered the finest banking system of the world, and with a currency as stable as coin. It cannot be denied, however, that both inflation and contraction disturb values, and thereby disturb industry, and certainly a sound currency is demanded by labor in order that the laborer may know the value of his earnings at all times, and it is demanded by the producer that he may calculate with reasonable accuracy the cost of production. So, while a sound currency might not prevent an iadns- trial depression or remedy it after it had commenced, it is one of the regulating influences which help largely to modify the severity of any industrial depression. The discussion of purely financial crises or monetary disturbances would develop far different considerations. Commercial and ]!Iercantile Conditions.— Under this general classification many remedies have been suggested. They nearly all relate to the tariff, ocean transportation, foreign trade, navi- gation laws, and public works ; but under none of the topics suggested in the above general classification of commercial and mercantile is there much if any opportunity for illustration, and the remedies suggested are very largely confined to theoretical views. Nearly all have some bearing on the question, and some an important bearing, but it is difS- cult to see how any of the features suggested under commercial and mercantile remedies could, if adopted, prevent an industrial depression, because industrial depressions occur under the conditions referred to in such suggestions. The general view under the chapter relating to the manufacturing nations of the world shows clearly the impossibility of preventing or remedying industrial depressions by the adoption of any THE DI8TEIBUTI0N OP PBODUCTfe ill of the suggestions under this head. The opening of i>. reign a^rkets would, of course, relieve this country of its surplus goods, but its sur- plus would then increase, and the relati ve position of the United States to the other nations in the family of manufacturing units would remain substantially the same. The increase of ocean transportation at a time when the means of transportation in Great Britain are a burden to that country, would hardly remedy depressions in this or any other commer- cial or industrial nation. The continuance of a protective tariff, or the abolition of a protective tariff, in the light of the conditions of other countries where as severe or severer depressions prevail than in this, would not remedy the depression nor prevent it. The judicious revision of the tariff, regulating duties on a just and equitable basis, in so far as it removes apprehension and puts all interests on a fairer basis, would be a remedial measure. Nor can a definite settlement of the tariff for a long series of years be accomplished, because changes in condition vary the cost of production, and would disturb any schedule which might be adopted. So far as a wide study of this subject would indicate, it seems that if a tariff having any of the elements whatever of protection in it is to be sustained, it should, as suggested under causes, be adjusted on a basis of the cost of production. Such adjustment would bring sta- bility, would relieve manufacturers of anxiety, would satisfy labor, and would keep the treasury supplied with funds. Practically these are the ends sought, it is presumed, by any adjustment of the tariff, or even by its abolition. Any adjustment on the basis of the cost of production would inevitably result in a constant enlargement of the free list, and in so far would have a moral effect in the community which could not be otherwise than healthful. The Di$itribution of Products.— Beform in the methods of distributing supplies would, if rightly directed, bring great relief to consumers. Cooperation, in its distributive form, is suggested as a remedy in this respect ; but cooperative distribution is only a half measure, because this method is organized, economized, and made ef- fective for consumers almost entirely, and producers as such are not materially benefited. This has been the case in England, where the Rochdale system has been carried to such magnificent proportions. Under this system the societies, as purchasers, keenly appreciate and follow the rule adopted by the private trader, buying at the lowest pos- sible competition prices, and in their transactions with producers mak- ing use of the same expedients as those employed in private trade to drive good bargams and thus swell profits for the benefit of their cus- tomers. The maxim that " goods well bought are half sold " is kept constantly in view, and the importance of keen and shrewd buying is so well understood that employes possessing the requisite ability in this direction are highly prized and liberally paid. To the producer, therefore, the system of cooperative distribution offers no special ad- vantages ; on the other hand, it tends to lower prices, and in so far aa 278 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE this is the result depression is aided, bo that the work or progress re- salting from cooperative distribution may react against consumers so far as they are producers ; and the attempt to remove the middleman from the channels of trade fails. The cooperative stores pay competi- tion prices and manufacture goods at the lowest possible labor cost, but its workmen, unless members of a cooperative store, can have no share in the profits. A recent writer indulges in the following criticism on the system : " The cooperative wholesale society is a gigantic middleman ; in its workshops it pays the lowest of competition wages ; in the language of one of the workers in one of the shoe factories, ' the workmen have to work for what they can get; they know there is no true cooperation.' In its transactions with other producers it pays the lowest of competi- tion prices ; the profits made out of the retail prices are distributed amongst the members, labor is depressed. In short, it is as far from displaying a single feature of real cooperation as any private trader is who uses the weapons of competition and capitalism for his personal ends, regardless of the interests of others. " The cooperative labor association, whose principal object is to rec- ognize the combined interests of capital and labor in productive enter- prise, is largely composed of members of the cooperative movement. In a conference just held, a resolution was passed asking ' the committee of the labor association to point out in a fraternal spirit to the whole- sale cooperative society the grave injury they are doing to the cause of cooperation by their failure to carry out cooperative principles in their productive works, and to offer their services in placing the whole- sale workshops upon a true cooperative basis.' " a So far, then, as relates to removing the evils which it is alleged spring from competition in the distribution of supplies, cooperative societies in England have not yet conspicuously succeeded. This does not, of course, indicate failure, for but little has been attempted in this direc- tion, and the criticism is only introduced here to show that coopera- tive* distribution without the alliance of cooperative production in some form is only a half measure as a remedy for bad distribution. The worst features of the distribution of goods are to be found, of course, in the enhanced price paid for products on account of the existence of intermediate handling by middlemen. A man who weaves cloth for ' which he receives less than 4 cent* a yard as a producer, may have to pay 75 cents a yard as a consumer, the profit to the retailer in such case being at least 25 cents a yard ; that is, the retailer, for handling one yard of goods receives 25 cents compensation, where the weaver, for weaving that same yard of cloth received less than 4 cents compensa- tion. This single illustration is sufficient to show how far distribution is at fault in matters of depression and as an obstacle to the best inter- ests of wage-receivers. In the production of goods cost has been greatly reduced by wise distribution of raw material ; in fact, such distribution has been almost entirely reformed. The right honorable Mr. Goschen, M. P., in an address before the Manchester Chamber of Commerce in a Distribution Eeform, by Thomas Illiugwoitli. Casaell St, Co. PROFIT-SHABINa. 279 June last, stated to his audience : " You all know that between Man- chester and India there has been an elimination of a great many middle- men. Now, in London that is the case to a still more extraordinary ex- tent. Let me teU you how the cotton ttade, for instance, used to be conducted between New Orleans and the interior of Germany. The New Orleans man consigned his cotton to New York or to a New York house, the New York house consigned it to Liverpool, Liverpool to Lon- don, London to Hamburg, and Hamburg to spinners in the interior of Germany. But now the German spinner goes direct to New Orleans, the agent visits him in his home, and a number of intermediate profits and commissions are swept away." Mr. Goschen also makes a very wise remark when speaking of the comparatively small profits which have been made in manufacturing : " It is true of a great portion of the coun- try (Great Britain) that trade in which profits have been small has been sound, and comparatively less has been lost by bad debts." A careful examination in all directions, so far as production is con- cerned, whether of agricultural or manufactured products, leads clearly to the conclusion that production increases faster than population, so that one of the great economic problems in this matter is, not how shall production be made to keep pace with population, but how shall pro- duction be more equably distributed. Faulty distribution, then, and not over-production, is the truer term, but to the community involved over-production more clearly expresses the difficulty. Cooperation, as applied to distribution, might remedy this difficulty by reducing the share secured by the party who handles the yard of cloth, but it would in no wise raise the amount received by the weaver for weaving the same goods ; so that cooperation, in order to effect the best results to the two forces, the producer and the consumer, must join the two in the same transaction ; that is, cooperation, in order to be complete, must, as a principle, surround production as well as con- sumption. As a partial remedial agency, cooperative distribution, when successful, is influential. Its completed relationship involves — Profit-sharing^. — This is not only an attractive but a most in- structive theme. It is the whole principle of cooperation applied to the production of goods. Simple, pure cooperation cannot succeed when applied to manufacturing, for two reasons : First, under it the worker must wait till the last for the profits which may come to him in the place of wages, and if no profit comes his labor has gone for naught ; on the other hand; the management would receive its share in salary at the outset, as a rule. In the second place, a score of men, operating on the simple basis of each doing a full day's work on some kind of pro- duction, cannot make such cooperation a success, because some out of the score wiU find themselves doing more than others, while those who produce less receive the same amount of profits. Human nature, indi- vidual development, skill, ambition, are opposed to such cooperation. The advantage the present system has over simple cooperative pro- 280 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. duction is that wages are paid from the outset and iiianagemet.t waits for its compensation till the goods are sold and the books balanced. These fundamental difClculties prevent simple cooperation from being considered seriously as a remedy for industrial depressions or of labor troubles. This is the crude popular conception of cooperation in pro- duction as a plan to get rid of the employer and the wage system. The workers under it are supposed to employ a manager to be subject to their will, and, if necessary, hire capital at usual rates of interest. Then, pooling their services, they are to divide among themselves whatever profit there may be after fixed charges are paid. This scheme is purely visionary and utterly impracticable. Workers cannot wait till an in- definite future for their reward, neither can they run the risk of getting no reward at all. They must be guaranteed something, to be paid at frequent intervals, and the only party that can so guarantee is the cap- italist employer, who alone can run risks and wait indefinitely for re- wards. The capitalist employer may be an association of the workers themselves, but it is none the less an employer, a moral personality, pos- sessing all the powers over individual workers that an individual em- ployer would have. The more efficient and prosperous members become inevitably the controlling power in the association, and they wiU not consent to divide profits irrespectively of the value of services or to guarantiee employment to inefficient members. The valid idea in this crude conception of cooperation is that in the degree that workmen de- velop the necessary quaUflcations and acquire the requisite capital they may become self-employers, and that, whether as self-employers or other wise, they should as workers participate in the profits of industry in proportion to their efficiency. This ideal is in process of realization through various forms of cooperative organization and profit-sharing. Industrial partnership instituted by capitalist employers, and cooper- ation instituted by capital-owning workmen, work toward the same re- sult from different directions. Each has its own proper field, and each will probably acquire increasing prominence in social economy .a What is known as industrial copartnership, involving profit-sharing and embodying all the vitality there is in the principle of cooperation, offers a practical way of producing goods on a basis at once just to capital and to labor, and one which brings out the best moral elements of the capitalist and the workman. This system has been tried in many instances, and nearly always with success. The leading experi- ments in Europe are well known, among them being tlie system adopted by Leclaire, a Parisian house painter ; the methods in vogue with the Paris and Orleans Eailway Company ; the industrial partnership es- tablished by M. Godin at GuiSfe, France ; the experiments of Messrs. Briggs Brothers in Yorkshire, England, and other places. In the United States but little has been done in this direction, but wherever a Cf. " Fioflt-shartng," Seventeentli Annnal Bepoit of the MassaoIiTiBettB Boiean of Statistics of Labor. PBOPIT-SHAEING. 281 the principle has been tried there have been three grand results : La- bor has received a more liberal share for its skQl, capital has been bet- ter remunerated, and the moral tone of the whole community involved raised. Employment has been steadier and more sure. The interest of all has been given for the general welfare. Each man feels himself more a man. The employer looks upon his employes in the true Ught, as associates. Conflict ceases and harmony takes the place of disturb- ances. Sometimes the experiments in profit-sharing have been aban- doned for one cause or another, but so long as they have existed no strikes have occurred, and no labor troubles have been experienced. This feature, as a suggested remedy for industrial depressions, has so much in it of hope for the future that specimen articles of agreement, which have been adopted by manufacturing concerns, are printed foi the benefit of all : " First. On all orders executed during the year 1886, commencing January 1 ultimo, both capital and labor in proportion to the amounts or values contributed by each shaU share in the net profits made on such orders during the year. " Second. The net profits shall be determined in the following,man- ner, viz: Out of the gross receipts, or from the capital employed shall be drawn, first, the wages of the men employed as journeymen, whether by day's work or piece-work, at the rates mutually agreed upon or otherwise established, which shall be paid monthly. Second, all other expenses of conducting the business, including superintendence, trav- elling expenses, clerk hire, taxes, insurance, and legal interest on the capital employed, shaU then be deducted and paid out of the gross prof- its, and the balance remaining shall be treated as the net profits from which a dividend shaU be declared and paid in manner and form as here- inafter provided. " Third. The net profits having been determined, the entire amount sh^U be divided into three parts, one part to be appropriated and paid as|a dividend to labor, one part to be appropriated and paid as a divi- dend to capital, and one-third to be reserved as a guarantee fund, to which fund shall be charged aJl losses by bad debts, or credits given for materials and labor during the year. " Fourth. The labor dividend shaU be made and paid before any div- idend is paid to capital, and such payment shall be made at the end of each fiscal year, or as soon thereafter as the books can be written up, an inventory taken, and the net profits determined. " Fifth. When the net profits have been determined as aforesaid, the same may be verified by a competent accountant or auditor, to be se- lected and agreed upon by the parties in interest ; and when such ac- countant shall certify that the net profits have been correctly and fairly determined, then the dividends may be paid ; but such accountant or auditor shall not be at liberty to disclose or make public any other facts concerning the business audited than a simple verification of the ac- counts and the sum total of the net profits for the year, available for the purpose of a dividend. " Sixth. As the labor dividend is intended for labor only, no officer, superintendent, overseer, clerk, agent, or other employ^ drawing a salary, or however otherwise paid, nor any contractor or subcontractor, who, for their own account and profit, contract or agree for a " lump 282 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR sum " to do and perform the whole or certain specific parts of the work upon a building, monument, or other structure, such work being outside of and not subject to an established or agreed bill of prices, either for day's work or piece-work, therefore no such officer, superintendent, clerk, apprentice, or contractor wiU participate in any dividend paid to labor as hereinbefore stated. " Seventh. No workman whoduring the yearshall have been discharged for good and suflacient cause, such as drunkenness, iusubordination, bad workmanship, etc., or who leaves the employment of the company without the consent of the superintendent in writing, shall be entitled to par- ticipate in any dividend of profits for the year during which such dis- charge has taken place. " Eighth. No workman shall be deprived of his dividend who has been discharged arbitrarily or without good cause, or who has been discharged for the reason that the superintendent has not sufiBcient orders in hand to justify his further employment. " Ninth. The value of all labor contributed to the business for the year shall, for the purpose of a dividend, be treated as so much capital, which capital, having been returned to the laborer in the form of wages, is stiU entitled to a share of the profits in just proportion to the amount con- tributed during the year iu which such profits are made. " Tenth. The true value of all labor contributed as aforesaid shall be determined by the amounts earned, and credited to each workman as wages for labor performed during the year ; and the dividend to each wiU be declared upon the exact amount thus earned and credited to his indi- vidual account. For example, suppose the entire amount of capital em- ployed to be $100,000, and the entire amount paid for labor during the year to be $150,000. Such an amount of capital employed and wages paid ought, with the added cost of transportation and delivery, to in- sure an output of $400,000 and a net profit of $25,000. Of this amount one-third, or $8,333.33, would be credited to guarantee amount to pro- vide for an assumed loss of about 2 per cent, on the entire output ; the balance would remain'for a dividend to capital and labor in proportion to their respective contributions, in this example : Two-thirds to capi- tal, $6,666.67, and three-fifths to labor, $10,000, or 6.66 per cent, on each ; thus the workman whose wages for the year amounts to $1,000 would have a dividend of $66.66, and he whose wages amounts to $600 would have $39.96. This dividend to labor would also be materially increased, owing to the fact that all those who take work by contract, superintendents, clerks, apprentices, etc., do not participate ; so that if each man's labor be treated as so much capital contributed to the busi- ness, that capital is not only returned to its owner as wages at the end of each month, but at the end of the year it is again reckoned and re- warded with a high rate of interest. '' Eleventh. At the end of the year all outstanding accounts and bills receivable will be treated as good under the guarantee account, and therefore available in determining the net profits. If the guarantee ac count does not prove to be sufiBicient to cover the losses the amount must be made up by the stockholders, but when it is more than sufficient the surplus will belong to the stockholders. " Twelfth. The control of the business must necessarily be in the hands of the stockholders. Men employed every day in mechanical labor cannot watch the markets, or possess the aptitude for business management on a large scale which is requisite to success : but they can do much in stopping the leaks caused by inefficient and bad workman- 4liip. PEOFIT-SHARING. 283 " Thirteenth. All work done or money earned by the employment of machinery will be counted to the credit of labor and capital alike, and the profits made thereby will be subject to the same rule for distribution as for profits otherwise made. " Fourteenth. No officer, director, or stockholder shall receive any salary or compensation, except for services actually rendered, and time actually spent in the service of the company, aU of which shall be as fully stated as the amount of service contributed by any other person in the employment of the company. " Fifteenth. The rate of wages per diem, the bill of prices for piece- work, and the number of hours to constitute a day's work shall be de- termined by mutual agreement on or before the 1st day of January in each year, and any disagreement which may arise during the year be- tween the superintendent and workmen in regard to the same shall be settled by arbitration. " Sixteenth. The rate of wages per diem and the bill of prices for piece-work shall not be reduced by the superintendent to affect any contract on hand, or taken upon the rate of wages or bill of prices pre- vailing at the time such contract was made, neither shall the rate of wages or bill of prices be advanced by the workmen to affect such con- tracts, and if so advanced the difference in cost by reason thereof may be adjusted in making up the dividends." That inquirers may have the advantage of the experience of one of the oldest cooperative stock associations in the country, the by-laws of the Somerset (Mass.) Foundery are given: "Aeticle 1. This company shall be known by the name and title of the Somerset Cooperative Foundery Company. The business of this company shall be the manufacturing of iron castings. "Aet. 2. The capital stock of this, company shall consist of $15,000, divided into one hundred and fifty shares, of $100 each, and no person shall be permitted to hold an amount to exceed ten shares. "Aet. 3. All stock shall be paid for within thirty days from the time of subscribing, and no one shall be a member of this association or en- titled to vote in its meetings until he shall have paid an amount equal to one share. "Art. 4. The salary of the officers shall be fixed at the yearly meet- ings. "Aet. 5. The officers of this company shall consist of a president, treasurer, and of not more than thirteen directors, who shall be styled a board of managers ; they shall also have a corporation clerk and foreman. "Aet. 6. The board of managers shall have power to make such prudential by-laws as they may deem proper for the management and disposition of the capital stock and business affairs of the company, not inconsistent with the laws of this state, as they may elect, and of the prescribing the duties of officers. "Aet. 7. It shall be the duty of the president to preside at all meet- ings of the directors and stockholders ; he shall make and execute all contracts as directed by the board of managers ; he shall be the author- ized agent of the company, and his signature, when attested by the clerk, shall be the bond of the company. "Aet. 8. The clerk shall keep a correct record of the meetings of the stockholders and the board of managers ; he shall be chairman of the finance committee, and perform such other duties as the board of man- agers may prescribe. 284 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. "Aet. 9. The treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the company} he shall receipt for all money received by him, and deposit the same in such place as the board of managers may designate ; before entering upon the duties of his office, he shall give bonds in the penal sum of $5,000 for the faithful performance of the duties of his office, said bonds to be acceptable to the board of managers. "Art. 10. There shall be annual meetings of the stockholders for the choice of officers held on the second Monday in January of each year, and special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the president at any time by giving seven days' notice of the lime, place, and object of the meetings, by mail or otherwise, to all the stockholders, and in the absence or inability of the president to perform the duties of his office, it shall be the duty of the clerk, upon the application of five or more of the stockholders of the company in writing, setting forth the object of the meeting, to notify the stockholders in the satne manner prescribed by the president. " Aet. 11. The board of managers shall hold regular meetings at least once in each month, or when ordered by the president, for the transaction of any business that may require their attention ; it shall require a majority of the board to constitute a quorum for business. " Aet. 12. There shall be such distribution of the profits or earnings of the association among the workmen, purchasers, and stockholders as shall be described by the by-laws, at such times as therein prescribed and as often as once in twelve months, provided that no distribution shall be declared and paid until a sum equal to at least 10 per cent, of the net profits shall be appropriated for a contingent or sinking fund, until there shall have accumulated a sum equal to 30 per cent, in excess of such capital stock. "Aet. 13. Members employed by this company shall conduct them- selves properly, and for the interest of the company; failing to do so they subject thetoselves to dismissal by the foreman or superintendent, and they shall not be again employed without the consent of two-thirds of the board of managers. " Aet. 14. In taking apprentices, sons of stockholders shall have the preference. "Aet. 15. No member shall be considered a working member except he shall hold five shares, but may be employed by the agent or fore- man. « Aet. 16. This company shall not be bound to redeem any share of its capital stock within two years of the date of its corporation, and then it shall require four months' notice from any stockholder desiring the redemption of stock, but the same may be transferred at any time by any person acceptable to the board of managers. "Aet. 17. Any member having shares to sell shaU first offer them to the company. " Aet. 18. No person not a stockholder shall be eligible to office. " Aet. 19. These by-laws may be altered or amended at any regular meeting of the stockholders, but any alteration shall require a vote of two-thirds of the stockholders present." - The system of profit-sharing means just this: That the proprietor receives for the capital he invests the ruling rate of interest, as part of the legitimate expense of production. He puts in as his share, other than capital, his managerial skill, his business accomplishments, and his knowledge of the industry in which he is engaged. The men who PBOFIT-SHAEING. 285 work for him receive for their time and for the ordinary display of the skill required, the ordinary rate of wage. The workman also contrib- utes, under profit-sharing or industrial copartnership, his liveliest in- terest, his best skill, and the care of tools and materials. For the skill, knowledge, and management of the proprietor, and for his being liable for the risks of the establishment, he is entitled to the larger share of profits under this system, while the workman, taking no risks of the enterprise beyond that of employment, is entitled to the smaller share of profits ; but the two forces together arrange for a division of profits on some just and equitable basis. This system, simple in itself, humane in all its bearings, just in every respect to aU the parties concerned, is the combination of all that is good in the wage system and all that is good in cooperation as applied to production. This compound system is becoming a necessity. Under it the workman receives something more than has been accorded to him on account of the improvements in machinery; he becomes a part of the individuality of the establish- ment; he is lifted to a higher scale; his intelligence, his moral charac- ter have weight in the establishment in proportion to his interest in it, and the whole concern has a better chance for prosperity, for weather- ing depressions, and for general happiness, than under the present wage system alone. It is this compound system as the outgrowth of the wage system, that was referred to in the introduction of this volume as being grander than the wage system. It is a pleasure to be able to state that the proprietors of many influential manufacturing establishments in this country are contemplating the organization of their establishments upon this basis. They see the success of the enterprises where this system already has been adopted, and are glad to follow in so just a path. An indirect method of sharing profits is through benefits of various kinds, as insurance, schools, libraries, and beautiful surroundings, where such are maintained by employers out of their profits and enjoyed by employes as an addition to what their wages would purchase. Such participation helps to preserve the stability of labor, and has been offered to workmen by many proprietors and in dtfiferent countries. The erection of healthful residences, which are rented to operatives at a low per cent, on cost, has been resorted to in many places. This is true of great productive establishments like the works of Herr Krupp, at Essen, in Khenish Prussia ; of several establishments at Miilhausen ; of Saltaire, founded by Sir Titus Salt, in Yorkshire, England; of the efforts of Fairbanks Brothers, at Saint Johnsbury, Vt.; of the Ludlow Company, in Massachusetts; of the Willimantic Linen Works and the Cheney Brothers Silk Works, in Connecticut ; and of Pullman, in Illinois. AU such undertakings help the workman up in his surroundings, and he secures indirectly a participation in the profits of production outside and beyond his wages ; yet these are not experiments at profit-sharing as such, but they lead to profit-sharing, and surely indicate the results which might acorue when the principle is carried to a greater extent. 286 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Many peculiar institutions illustrative of this idea may be found in Bel gium, especially in the coal, iron, and woollen districts. Most of these are voluntary in their origin, except the " Oaisse de Pr^voyance en fa- veur des Ouvriers Mineurs," which is obligatory upon every one receiv- ing a mining concession. The object of this and of the numerous " Caisses particuUferes de Secours" is to set aside a sum equal to a cer- tain per cent, (generally 3 per cent.) of each member's wages for pro- vision against accidents, sickness, death, and for pensions for disabled and aged workmen. Besides these there are municipal institutions for similar purposes, such as baths, industrial, technical, day, Sunday, and night schools, and schools to educate laborers' daughters to become good and thrifty housewives, and many good and useful institutions, all vol- untary in their character and chiefly supported, in many cases entirely- supported, by individual manufacturing establishments for the benefit of their own laborers. The beneficiary institutions of the establishments "Soci6t6 Anonyme de Marceneille et de Couillet" and Soci6t6 Anonyme des Oharbonnages de I'Ouest de Mons" will well repay the study and challenge the commendation of the social philosopher. Similar efforts are made by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company and other great corporations in the United States, varying only in their char- acter. Such institutions cannot be too highly praised, and their effect is almost instantly noticeable in the morale and spirit of the workman toward his employers. They have an excellent influence, and add much to the hopefulness and cheerfiilness of labor. The laborer who participates in these benefits feels that, notwithstanding the wide social gulf which separates him from his employer his employer at least cares something for him. The voluntary character of such institutions make them all the more effective. They are certainly stimulative of an active appreciation of the benefits to be derived from a more direct system of profit-sharing. It must be concluded that participation by workmen ia profits in addition to wages is a true harmonizer of the interests of cap- ital and labor. It does, in fact, identify the interest of the employ^ with the interest of the employer. It converts thein dustrial associa- tion of employer and employes into a moral organism in which all the various talents, services, and desires of the component individuls are fused into a community of purpose and endeavor .a The Orgranization of UTorkmen, of Employers.— Nearly all the remedies suggested under the class " industrial " might be treated under " organization." The suggested remedies other than co- operation and profit-sharing relate to checking the tendency to over-pro- duction, the manufacture of goods on demand only, less production, more even production, the equalization of supply and demand, and the reduc- tion of the hours of labor. It is probable that none of these features or suggested remedies can be experienced wittiout organization, and yet or- aCf. Frofit-Bharmg, Seyenteentli Annaal Report Massaohnaetts Bnrean of Bta- tistios of Laboi. OBOANIZATION. 287 ganization at the present day seems to constitute the chief bugbear in the public mLad. The organization of capital or of the employing forces frightens the labor forces, and in return the rapid organization of labor forces frightens capital, and yet these two kinds of organization are sug- gested as remedies for industrial depressions, and it is probably true that much importance can be attached to the suggestions. Many manufactur- ers have said, in the course of this investigation, that if the employers in any industry would combine under an organization that should have positive coherence there would be no dififtculty, so far as that industry is concerned, in regulating the volume of production in accordance with the demand, and that with this regulation of supply on a scientific foundation there would be no opportunity for labor troubles or depres- sions to occur. Such men recognize the fact of the too large supply of power machinery relative to the demand for the products of such ma- chinery. On the other hand, workingmen almost universally are of the opinion that if they could organize on a strong, comprehensive basis, and in such a way as to preserve the coherency of their forces, they could regulate the rates of wages so that there would be uniformity and stability in their rates and uniformity in the hours of labor. If these results of the organization of employers on one hand and the organization of workmen on the other could be secured, depressions would have but little effect, either in severity or in duration. The manufacturers, so far as all the facts which can be observed indicate, are correct in their position. The workmen would be correct in their position if they embodied the amount of production in their view. This many of them do. There cannot, then, be much to fear in the complete organization of the employers on one hand and employes on the other; in fact there is great hope in such complete organization, for when or- ganization is complete on each side, each force must treat with the other through intelligent representatives, and such treatment would result in doing away with passion, with excitement, and aU that comes of the endeavor of a great body of men to treat with the proprietors indi- vidually. In addition to such a result would come the opportunity to reduce manufacturing, so far as production relative to supply is con- cerned, to a science. Any one great industry, under complete organi- zation, can be regulated by aU the forces acting understandingly and together, and it is only through such organization that production can be wisely regulated on the basis of necessity to supply the market. Hours of labor, through complete organization, can become uniform so far as uniformity is desirable. The rates of wages cannot be governed to a very full extent, because the rates of wages depend upon so many conflicting conditions ; yet under complete organization, with the em- ployer and employ6 working to one end, the success of the whole could secure far greater stability to the rates of wages and far greater stability to employment itself than can be secured under the present system, or, it might be said, under the present want of system. There 288 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. may be some theory in this consideratiou of what would be the re- sulst of complete organization, because no such complete organiza- tion exists ; but the wisdom of many men, and those the most thought- flil among employers and employes, indicate the tendency of things, and these men have full faith that out of complete organization will come a better state of affairs than now exists. It was said under causes, in treating of machinery, that the workman had not yet received an equitable share of the results growing out of the free introduction of power machinery. Profit-sharing and organization of aU the forces of industry would aid in securing a more just division of the profits of production, and one of the first advantages to be gained would be a reduction in the hours of labor, considered by many as the only solu- tion for labor troubles and the great panacea for industrial depressions. Probably these ideas are extravagant as to the complete potency of a general reduction of the hours of labor, but it is certain that under the present conditions of manufacturing through the aid of machinery the hours of labor ought to be reduced, because the drafts on the human sys- tem necessary to enable machinery to be well operated is so much greater than under hand processes. The manufacturing world is doing all in its power to build up industrial schools. Evening schools are looked upon in great towns as among the chief blessings of the poor, but there is little use in the establishment of evening schools and all the auxiliaries of industrial education unless time is given for their use, and in such a way that the evening does not add to the fatigue of the day. Long hours of labor in the presence of power machinery and evening schools cannot well go hand in hand. The establishment of the hours of labor by law cannot bring any such benefit to the working masses as can come to them through a voluntary reduction of working time. Law so far, where hours of labor have been established by it, has followed the general reduction and not preceded it. The law has been the re- flection of the public sentiment which said that the old time was too long. Under complete organization of labor and capital, as represented by the proprietor and the employes, the hours of labor could be ad- justed on a basis far more satisfactory than by law. Another benefit of such complete organization would be the enlarge- ment of the freedom of contract. Muieh is said of the freedom of con- tract ; that the workman has the same power to make contracts for his labor as the merchant has for the sale of his goods. This idea is purely fallacious, for the merchant need not sell his goods to-day, while the workman must his labor, and he is, as a rule, at the mercy of the pur- chaser instead of being free to keep his labor if he cannot get his price. These are some of the features which would result, it is thought, from the fullest organization of the forces of industry, and it must be ad- mitted by all that the results are to be desired. The value of a sliding scale of wages, adjusted to meet the market price of products, has often been suggested as a remedy for disagree- OKGANIZATION. 28S meats as to rates of wages. Such a scale requires not only great in- telligence to adjust it, but excellent moral attributes to enable both sides to abide by it. Whatever of value there is in the adoption of a sliding scale, and there is undoubtedly virtue in such a measure, would result in the highest benefits of which it is capable under such complete organization as that indicated. Quality as well as quantity would be an element affected by thorough organization, and the community at large would reap a benefit equal to that brought to the workman and to the capitalist. The constant divis- ion of labor, as it has grown through the past century on the one hand, has stimulated the combination of industrial forces on the other, and this combination, resulting from the still finer subdivision of labor, may be confidently expected in the future. There is no contest between labor and capital, nor between the laborer and capitalist as such, but there is a contest between the latter as to the profits of capital and wages of labor, or, in simple terms, as to the profits each shall receive for his respective investment, and this contest will continue so long as the purely wage system lasts. It is absurd to say that the interests of capital and labor are identical. They are no more identical than the interests of the buyer and seller. They are, however, reciprocal, and the intelligent comprehension of this reciprocal element can only be brought into the fullest play by the most complete organization, so that each party shall feel that he is an integral part of the whole working establishment. 12854 LAB 19 CHAPTER V. SUKMAEY, Tho eudeavor throughout this report has been to present facts truth- fully and fairly as brought to the attention of the Bureau through its original investigation, and to present the spirit of the testimony offered, fearlessly and impartially. It is therefore fitting that the treatment of the subject of industrial depressions, but more especially of the present industrial depression, should be summarized, that the reader may have whatever benefit accrues to one in the closest contact with the whole material collected. €onteinporaneou§ness and iSeverity of Itepvessions. It has been clearly shown that the depressions of the past in the manu- facturing nations of the world have been nearly or quite contempora- neous in their occurrence. Summarized as to dates, the following table is deduced : YEAKS OP DEPRESSIONS. Conn tries. Years. The TJnited States 1814 181S 1813 1818 1818 1818 1826 1820 182tf 'im 1830 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1847 1847 1847 1848 1847 1857 J857 1856 1855 1855 1867 1866 1366 1864 1873 1873 1873 1873 1873 1882 1883 1882 1882 1882 Great Britain 1803 1804 ieio 1810 G-ermany As to the severity of the present industrial depression and its dura- tion, it can safely be asserted that the depression commenced early iu 1882 and has continued until the present time. Prom the time the agents of the Bureau entered the field in prosecuting their investiga- tions to the time they left it, a period of five or six months, there had been a marked change in the condition of business. At the present time (March, 1886), the effects of the depression are wearing away, and all the indications are that prosperity is slowly, gradually, but safely returning. The extent of the depression has not been so great as the popular mind has conceived it. An industrial depression is a mental and moral malady which seizes the public mind after the first influences of the depression are materially or physically felt. Falling prices, or any of the other influential causes by which an industrial depression is inaugurated, create apprehensiveness on the part of all classes, and the result is that the depression is aggravated in all its features. The • severity of the present depression, while real and tangible, should be 290 CAUSES. 291 considered as in part moral in its influences. The nations particularly involved, in their relation to each other, and as to severity stand in the following order : Great Britain, the United States, Germany, Prance, Belgium. It is worthy of remark that in those countries where machin- ery has not been largely adopted the depression in its peculiar features, as shown between 1882 and 1886, has not been felt to any material ex- tent. In connection with the order of nations just given it is interest- ing to note the order of the same countries with reference to other points. In the rate of wages and earnings the rank is as follows : The United States, Great Britain, Prance, Belgium, Germany ; in regard to the introduction of machinery. Great Britain, the United States, Belgium, France, Germany ; in regard to the cost of production, the United States, Great Britain, Prance, Belgium, Germany ; in regard to the cost of living, the United States, Great Britain, Prance, Belgium, Germany ; in regard to the standard of living and the condition of work people, the United States, Great Britain, Belgium, Prance, Germany ; with reference to popular education, the United States, Belgium, Ger- many, Great Britain, Prance; efficiency of labor, the United States, Great Britain, Belgium, Prance, Germany. If Italy had been added in these gradings it would have been named last in every instance, and Spain would have come after Italy. Austria would have preceded Italy in nearly every case, but Austria and Spain have not been included in the investigation, and Italy only to a certain extent. Causes. — The causes of the present depression, so far as the United States is concerned and as they have been alleged, are varied indeed. The most potent and those most susceptible of illustration have been giveii. A chain of causes, or rather a combination of coacting causes, has probably worked to produce the present industrial depression in this country. These causes might work in a legitimate track. Good crops in England and other countries of Western Europe have caused considerable decrease in the exports of American breadstnffs. This has been aggravated by increased supplies of wheat from India by the Suez Canal, and to some extent by short crops here. The pro- hibition fuUy or in part of American meats by some countries has resulted in an injury of the export trade in food products. These in- fluences tend in some degree to cripple the consuming power of the larger part of the population of the United States. The influence of the loss of exports in these ways to the United States has 'been ag- gravated through the cessation of railroad building, whereby a large nnproductive force has been thrown upon the resources of the country, and the consuming power of which force has been necessarily reduced. Rapid immigration has aggravated the accumulated influences by a sur- plus of labor, which, with the presence of too great a supply of ma- chinery, has rendered over-production easy. The decrease in Europe of the consumption of American cotton, in connection with the corre- sponding decrease in the United States, has helped to cripple the con- 292 REPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. suming power in the regions given to cottan-raising and thrown on the labor market a considerable number of laborers in those regions, this, crippling coming at the same time of the increased importations and large numbers of immigrants, the other influences affecting the East. Thus these wide-reaching and widely-separated causes, in their initial influence, have combined to make the industrial depression of the past few years a reality. These influences have received contributions from the various minor causes described, and so the ball has rolled until the period of readjustment set in, and now, as that' period of readjustment is passing away, prosperity dawns on the country. The lessons to be learned from these causes are what have been denominated as — Remedies. — Probably no human device or combination of devices can be instituted powerful enough to prevent the recurrence of finan- cial and commercial crises and industrial depressions, but this should not prevent men seeking devices which will mitigate the severity or shorten the duration of such calamities. When it is considered that each great manufacturing nation of the world is struggling for indus- trial existence as against the fierce competition of every other nation engaged in like pursuits, some of the questions which seem to absorb the minds of individual employers and employes seem trivial indeed; yet it must not be assumed, nor can it be assumed with reason, that the workmen of the United States or their employers wish to cripple in any degree the implements of industry. Therefore it is well to con sider those remedial agencies which have been suggested. Which of these agencies can be reduced to practice in any degree ? There is no universal panacea, no absolute remedy for depressions ; but if the public, through sentiment or through its agents in the legis- latures of the country, can stimulate any methods for the mitigation of the severity and the shortening of the duration of the industrial depres- sions, certainly the effort should be made. And first, what can be done by legislation ? With a healthy public opinion behind it, the law-mak- ing power can prevent to a great degree the unholy speculation in food products. It can indulge in a conservative care in extending railroad building and in facilitating the organization of manufacturing corpora- tions. It can restrict the grants of the public domain. It can enact uniform bankruptcy laws, extending the provisions of such laws so that the poor man indebted but a few hundred dollars shall be able to read- just his financial affairs as readily as the larger debtor. It can abridge the provisions of laws relating to the collection of debts, to the end that the credit system shaU not be abused. It can regulate transporta- tion on a just and uniform basis, to the end that the stockholder shall not be robbed by ruinous competition, and that the workman may, cal- culate with some degree of certainty the cost of his living and the pro- ducer the cost of production, so far as transportation is concerned. Itcan see to it that the tariff shall be regulated on the basis of justice and science and not on a haphazard basis which affects only individual interests and oftentimes inflicts general harm. It can see that a stable currency BEMEDIE8. 293 oe guaranteed, that the workman may know the purcliasing power of his stipulated earnings. It can consider what reasonable and humane regulations may be adopted relative to immigration, and see to it that labor is not lowered either in standard or through earnings by the per- nicious method of importations by contract ; that every lawful endeavor be made to stimulate industrial education in all parts of the country; that the necessity shall be recognized of the industrial development of aU partsoftheland that there may result a legitimate increase in theconsum- ing power of the people. It can stimulate the growth of the principle of industrial copartnerships through methods of profit-sharing by wise, permissive laws. Public sentiment can encourage the perfect organi- zation of tlie forces involved, to the end that each shall treat with the other through representatives, and that production shall be regulated by the demand and not by the ill-advised eagerness of men to push their work individually, to the detriment of others ; that there may come the universal adoption of shorter hours of labor, and demand that after capital and labor shall have received fixed and reasonable compensa- tion, each for its investment, the net profits of production shall be divided under profit-sharing plans or methods, or through industrial copartnerships, to the end that all the forces of production shall be equally alive to mutual welfare. It can ask that the contracts of labor be as free as the contracts for commodities, under fair agreements for services rendered, to the end that the workman shall not be obliged to make contracts on terms not accei>table to him, and it can hold the party which declines to resort to the conciliatory methods of arbitration morally responsible for all the ill effects growing out of contest. These remedial agencies or remedial methods, alleviatory in their design, are all possible by the reasonable acts of men. They are not chimerical schemes, but measures adapted to practical adoption. They demand simply a fair recognition of a part only of the truth bound up in the rule which insists that all men shall do unto others as they would have oihers do unto them. iLPPEISrDIX ^. OCCUPJ riONS, WITH NtTMBKR AND WAGES OP EMPLOTAs, BY INDUSTBLBO. NoTB. — This tabls is not a, complete exhiMt for indnstries or states, bat covers only estallisliments Investigated irj the Buieaa. See page 91, also snmtnaries, pages 143 to 226. One or two leading articles made are mentdoned for eacli estaolislmient. For lack of space others are omitted. AOSICULTUKAI. IM7LBMBNT8 (PLOUQHB), Tt.t.t . MOIS.— ESTAB. No. 1. I^inw, 10 Kourtper day; — days the past year. Ocoapations. Namber. Ddily wages. Male. r«m. Male. rem. Blacksmiths 100 2 3 2 50 126 iO 25 50 200 16 26 60 ■■ $3 50 3 50 .3 00 2 50 1 75 1 30 1 60 2 75 1 76 2 00 3 00 3 00 1 50 Loaders Moulders ... ... Plongh fitters Polishers Wood workers Agricultural Implsuentb (ploughs), NOIB.— ESTAB. Ko. 2. ILLI- Time, 10 hoviraper day; — days the past year. Blacksmiths Grrinders Laborers Moulders Painters Plongh fitters Wood workers Wood- workers' help- ers 2 60 1 25 2 25 1 76 2 25 1 75 1 36 Agricultural Implkmbmts (mowers, EosAPKRg, HABVBBTBSfl), iLLniOIa.— ESTAB. No. 3. Time, 10 hours per day; 270 dayt thspast year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths -Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Carpenters- . Carpenters . . Carpenters-. Carpenters . . Carpenters., Carpenters . . Carpenters.. Carpenters.. 3 $i 00 3 3 75 i 3 00 2 2 50 9 2 25 11 187 14 1 60 3 4 00 1 3 60 6 3 00 8 2 50 13 2 25 26 2 00 33 1 75 7 1 60 Agricultural Implxueiits (mowxbs, reapers, HARVKflTEES>, Illimois.— EsTAB. No. 3— Conol'd. Time, 10 hours per day; 270 days the pott year. Oooupations. Draaghtsman . . . Draughtsmen - . . Draughtsmen - .. Engineer Engineer Foreman Foremen Foremen Foremen Foremen Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinirite Machinists MacIiixLists Monldera Monldors... Moulders Moulders Moulders Moulders Painter Painter Painters Painters Painters Painters Painters Painters Painters Painters Pattern makers . Pattern makers . Pattern maker . . Teamsters Teamsters Teamsters Undesignated . . . Watchmen Number. Male. Foni 35 51 136 51 234 al4 5 4' 20 136 67 69 64 27 32 32 27 6 14 14 4 1 1 6 13 7 6 4 13 2 5 3 6 1 2 3 2 1 Daily wages. Male. Fern. $4 00 2 75 2 26 4 60 2 26 6 00 4 60 3 25 3 00 2 60 •2 25 2 OO 1 75 1 00 1 50 1 37 1 25 1 12 1 00 75 60 4 00 3 60 3 00 2 70 2 50 ■2 26 2 00 1 76 1 55 4 00 3 75 3 50 3 25 3 00 2 87 4 00 3 75 3 50 3 00 2 75 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 76 1 50 3 00 2 76 2 50 1 75 1 62 1 60 2 50 2 00 a Youth, 29fi 296 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op EmplotiSs, bt Industries— Cont'd. NOTK.— This table is net a complete exlilbit for indastries or states, bnt covers only eetablislimeiit* iuvestigatod by the EnreaTi. See page 91, also smnmafies, pages US to 226. AGHICULTUBALlMPI.KMKN'l-B(I'T,OUanB),lNI>IAMA.— ESTAK. No. 4. Time, 10 hourtper day; 250 days the past year. AGBICirLTUBALlMTLEMENTB (PLOUOaS), INDIANA ESTAB. No. 4— ConolndeiL Tvme,Whouriper day; 250 daj/i tJ>e pott year. Occnpatlons. Number. Dailywages. Occupatioua. Number. Dally wages. 1 Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Apprentices a2 5 1 3 1 3 4 6 5 2 ol ai 2 1 e 4 ""ai a1 '"ai $0 75 1 75 2 75 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 70 1 40 1 25 1 13 70 50 2 00 1 50 1 38 1 25 "2'o6" 1 25 1 50 3 00 1 63 1 38 2 15 1 65 1 60 1 40 1 25 3 00 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 76 1 65 1 00 1 70 1 50 1 38 1 25 60 60 1 50 1 13 46 1 30 1 15 1 00 60 2 12 1 25 2 26 2 00 1 60 2 60 1 25 1 25 2 00 1 78 1 63 1 15 1 50 1 16 "■2'25' 2 00 1 75 1 60 1 60 io'sb 65 '""eo 1 a3 1 1 1 5 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 I 6 12 4 cl 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 Wages op Employi^s, by Industries — Cont'd. KoTX. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indDBtrles oi states, bnt covers only establishmenta Investigated by tbe Buieau. See page 91, nlno snmmaries, pages 143 to £26. AGRICULTUKAL lUFLEUEIITS (FARM RNGIHES, THI1SBHBB8), OHIO.— £bTAB. No. 13. Time, 10 hauraper day; 250 dayt the past yea/r. Occnpatious. Number, Daily wages. Uale. Fern. Hale. Fem. Blacksmiths lilackstoiths Blacksmitha* helpers 15 15 15 7 20 30 20 15 10 10 15 5 5 2 2 102 10 5 20 15 35 20 30 40 15 15 10 15 18 30 5 3 15 35 $3 50 2 00 I 40 1 30 2 50 1 75 1 35 1 00 2 60 3 50 1 85 4 00 3 50 2 50 2 00 1 25 1 40 1 30 3 50 3 00 2 00 1 40 ■2 37 1 40 2 50 1 50 2 50 2 00 1 40 1 40 1 75 1 60 2 00 1 40 Boiler makers Boilermakers Boilor-makers' help- Draiightsmea Erectors Foremen Foremen ilacbiniflts Machinists' helpers - Moiilders' helpers . . . Painters Pattern makers Tool makers ■VVood workers Wood workers AUIliCULTURAL IMPLEMENTS (HAT EAKBS, TID- DBES), Ohio.— Bbtab. No. 14. Time, 10 hmirs per elMy; 300 dnyg the pant year. Foreman ,.. Laborers Machinists Monlders and helpers Painters Woodworkers — $3 50 1 26 1 75 1 90 1 40 1 80 AOKICULTUUAL IMPLBIDEMTB (HAT RAKBB, TKD- DEBB), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. IS. Time, 10 houriper day; — days the past year. lllncksmitha Ironworkers Painters 5 35 10 16 $1 75 1 60 1 75 1 60 Woodworkers AOBICirLTTTUAL IMFLEMBNTS (HAT BAKES, TED. DBRB), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 16. Time, 10 hours per day; 250 days the past year. Occapations. Niunber, Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Blacksmiths Iron workers Laborers .... 9 23 6 12 18 19 26 .'. , $1 90 1 37 1 42 187 2 19 1 62 1 72 Moulders and helpers Pn.ipt*^rR Woodworkers A6BICDLTURAL IMFLEMBSTTB (FLOUSHB), OHIO.- Ebtab. No. 17. Tijne, 10 hours per de/y; — da/ys the past year. Blacksmiths . . . Engineer Grinders Laborers Moulders Painters Polisher Pattern maker . Undesignated . . Wood workers . 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 a2 3 »1 75 1 50 1 75 1 25 2 40 1 50 1 75 3 50 80 1 75 AGHI0Ul.inKALljCLEMENTS(rLOUGHB),0HIO.— Eg. TAB. No. IS. Time, 10 hoxM-a per day ; 275 days the past year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths* helpers Dressers Foreman Grinders and polish- ers Laborers Moulders Houlders' helpers... Painters Painters Pattern makers Plough fitters Stookers 5 5 5 1 10 4 15 •! 15 4 4 3 10 5 $2 50 1 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 1 50 3 00 1 50 2 25 1 50 2 50 2 00 2 50 AOBIOULTUKAL ImPLBMESTS (PLOUGHS), OhIO.- ESTAB. No. 19. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths . . Fitters Grinders Laborers Moulders Painters FoUshers Woodworkers $2 00 1 50 1 90 1 25 2 25 1 90 1 90 1 90 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 299 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Emflotbs, by Industries — Cout'd. NOTX.— This table is not a oomplete exhibit for ludaatries or states, bat covera only eatabiiahments inrestigated by the Boiean. See page 81, alao aammaries, pages 143 to 226. AGRICULTUHAL iMrLBMSNTS (FLOCOBB), PKHNBTL- VAKA.— Ebtab. No. ao. Time, 10 A*urc fer day ; — d»yi tltepMt yar. Oocupatious. Nnmber. Daily wagea. Ifale. Fo«. Male. S»m. Blacksmiths BlacksmithB' helperu i 8 I 22 1 2 $2 SO 1 75 4 00 1 SO 1 25 1 80 2 SO 2 SO Plough makers A£li8 AND AHUUMinON (BIVOLTKKH), MABSACBU- BETIB ESTAS. No. !}1. Ivme, 10 hours ftr d*y i 302 i»yi theft yecr. Assemblers Bench workers Bench workers Bench workers Carpenters Drillers Engineer rirenjan foreman Forgers Inspectors Machinists Machinists MiUing men, hand. Milling men,machine Platers Platers Polishers Polisher Profilers Stockers Yard hands 24 20 10 10 2 25 1 1 7 10 25 3 22 50 150 2 5 9 1 40 15 5 $2 75 2 75 1 75 1 SO 3 00 1 75 2 75 2 25 4 50 2 00 3 00 4 00 3 25 1 75 1 40 2 75 1 75 2 50 2 00 2 00 2 75 1 76 Abtisajsb' Tools (saws), Imbiaha.— Ebtab. No. Time, 10 hows jitt i»y ; 260 Anyt the past y<«r. Engineer Fireman Grinders Laborers Laborers . . - . MachiDists . . Saw filers . - Sixw makers . Saw makers . Saw m.ikers - 1 1 3 20 41 3 10 12 a3 a6 t2 00 1 25 3 60 1 26 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 1 SO 1 00 Boots asd Shoes (usk'b boots and sbobs), CalUuukia.— Bbtab. No. ii3. b Time, 10 hours per day; 270 d»y» thepMit year. Boffei's Bnrnishers — Button sewer . $1 25 1 37 «1 37 Bootb and SnoKS (mbh'b bootb and buokb), Califobnia Ebtab. No. 3:t— Concluded. Time, 10 howeper day; 270 days the put year. Uocupations. Button-hole makers . Ghannellera Cutter Cnttera Dressers Edge setter Edge setters Edge trimmers Engineer Finishers Fireman Heelers Heelera Lasters Packers Pasters Pasters Porters Sewing-machine op- erators Sewer, McKay ma- chine Treers Undesignated Vampers Number. Male. Fern Daily wages. Male. Fern. $1 25 1 37 3 00 137 1 25 2 00 1 50 1 50 2 00 125 1 25 1 50 1 25 1 37 1 50 1 25 1 37 1 37 «1 37 1 50 1 25 1 00 2 58 Boots ahd Shobs (men's and women's boots and SHOES), Califobnia.— EsTAB. No. it4. Tiiae, 10 heure per dmy; 270 day the pott year. Bufi'era Burnishers Button-hole makers . Channeller Cutters Cutters Dressers -.- Dressers Edge setters Edge trimmers Engineer Finishers Fitters Fitters Foremen Heelers Heelers Ironers Lasters Nailers Packers Pasters— Porter Sewer, McKay^ ma- chine ! Sewing-machine op- erators Stampers Teamster Treera Vampers Watchman 3 '«42 3 4 "i 1 SI 87 2 25 1 62 2 00 3 00 1 25 2 25 2 00 2 00 2 00 3 75 2 60 2 25 2 00 5 00 2 50 1 no 2 '"i'75 1 62 2 25 (!1 37 3 "2' 25 2 00 1 25 32 1 50 2 37 .-•■.-• 2 00 3 00 2 25 2 00 • Youth. . ,. _. b Employes all Chinese, except one outter, iwo Tampers, two pasters, and one button sewer. e Chinese 300 KP:P0RT of the COMMISSIONtfi OV LABOR. Occupations, with Number am) Wages of Emploti^s, by iNBtrsTKins—Coiit'd. NoTR. — This table Is not a complete exhibit for indnRtrieB or statea, but covers only establi^Toents Investigated by the Bareaa. See page 91, also snmmariefr, pages 143 to 226. Boots and Shoes (men's shoes), iLLraois. — issTAB. No. as. Time, 10 hounper day; 275 days the pott year. OconpatioDS. Number. Daily wa^es. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. 6 8 e '""eo" $3 00 2 67 2 67 2 33 2 2.5 2 50 2 33 2 50 2 33 Cutters Fitters $1 50 Heelers 10 80 8 8 30 10 e Lasters Sewers, hand >.. Treers Boots akb Shoes (women's shoes), Kentuckt.- BSTAB. Ko. 36. Time, 10 hours per day; 235 days the past year. 20 4 3 6 "'"30" $2 50 2 33 2 60 2 00 Cuttere Fitters $1 00 Boots and Shoes (women's and giem' shoes), Martland. — EsTAn. No. 37. Ti/tM, 10 hours per day; 240 days the past year. Burnishers Cotters Edge setters Edge trimmer Ed^e trimmer Finisher Fitters Foremen Heeler Laster Lasters SewerSj Goodyear machine Shankers. Shanker's helper.. .. TJndesignate< slpe id -. 1 1 7 3 3 al 30 $1 33 1 67 1 33 2 50 2 00 1 67 3 33 1 50 2 00 1 67 2 60 1 67 50 1 16 $0 83 Boots and Shobb (iniir's and women's shoes), MABTLAin).— ESTAB. No. 38. Time, 10 hours per day ; 270 days per day ,- — days the past year. Fitters 9 40 «1 50 Sowing-machine op- erators c tl 00 sTonth. b Children. BottomlBg don* outside by oontraot OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 301 Occupations, with Number aud Wagbs of Employ^is, by Lsdustribs— Cont'd, J!fOTB. — Tills table la 7U>t a complete exhibit for Indnstries or states, bnt coveTs only establlsliiuenta iiiveati^ated by tbe Burean. See page 01, also sununaries, pa^es 143 to 226. Boots and Shoes (youths' shoes), Mabsachu- BETTB.— ESTAB. Ko. 33. FLme, 10 hours per day; 292 daye the past year. Oocupatious. Number. Daily wages. Male. I'em. Male. rem. 2 3 al 1 1 6 1 8 a' 03 $2 23 2 05 gs 2 50 2 40 1 97 2 23 2 40 2 23 Cutters Cutter's helper Vlmsher -., Laeters Sewmg-iuaclmie op. orators.. $1 20 Sewmg-macMne op- 3 2 Shaukers 85 tJudeslgnated - , . 68 Boots and Shoes (womem's and youths' shoes), Mabbaohusbtts,— Ebtab. No. 34. Tiine, 10 hours per day; 306 dteys the past year.- Cntter Heeler Sewing-machine op- erators Uudeaignated $1 25 1 75 »1 UO Boots and Shoes (women's shorb). Mabbachu- sB'n's.— EsTAii. No. 35. TiTiM, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Bottomers Cutter Cutters Catters Cutters Cutters Cutters ■ Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge- setters Eiuishers Finishers Finishers ■ Finishers Heelers Heelers' helpers Peggera and nailers Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators 4C hours per day; — days the past year. Cutter Cutters Cutters -- Edge setters ... Edge trmuners . Engineer Finishers Fitters Heelers Heelers Heeler Laborers Laaters Packer Teamsters TreerB $1 17 a Touth. 1 ■ $2 75 10 2 50 2 2 00 2 2 eo 2 2 66 2 20 2 75 30 "i'2s" 2 60 2 20 1 75 16 2 48 2 50 1 25 1 .50 $1 20 30-2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number ajst) Wages of EmplotJSs, by Inddstries— Cont'd. ^OTB. — This tahio is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishmente InTestigatef. hy the Burean. See page 91, also stumnaries, pages 143 to 220. Boots and Shoes (women's bhoeb), Massachu- BItTTS.— BSTAB. Ko. 39. Time, 10 hoursper day: 28t days the past year. OcoupatloDB. Number. Dailj-wageB. 1 Male. 1 Fem. Male. Fem. 3 8 44 1 30 38 i $2 44 1 76 1 35 1 87 1 48 "2"23' 2 10 2 33 2 13 2 64 2 33 2 37 1 84 1 63 "i'eo' BtrmisherB Cutters Cutters 5 $1 iiO Edge trimmers 5 32 Heelers 2 1 60 ' 4 3 6 7 34 . --- Nailers Sewing-machine op- erators 5 3" 79 Treers ., .. 16 VamisherB 1 11 ■ Boots akd Shoes (mek'b boots ast> bhoeb), MaBBAOHUSBTTS.— ESTAB. No. 40. Tmie, 10 hourg per day ; ~ days the past year. Cutters , Edge Bettors EiuisherB Fitters Heelers Lasters Packer , Pastor Paster Sewiog-maohine op- erator Sewing-machjiie op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sewers, hand Treers $1 90 2 33 2 62 2 82 2 33 1 97 1 25 2 67 2 00 2 25 2 25 SI 42 70 Boots akd Shoes (women's boots), Mabsaohu- setts.— Ebtab. No- 41 . Ti/me, 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. 12 '"'so' ♦2 60 Sewing-machine op- erators. $1 33 Boots and Shoes (women's shoes), Massachu- setts.— Esxab. No. 43. Time. 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. 67 22 '"'25' '"'es' $2 23 2 43 "2'66" Guirters — - . Fitters %\ 50 13 Sewing-machine op- erators. 1 40 Boots and Shoes (men's and women's shoib), MASSACHnSETTB-— Estab. No. 43. Tmv.. ] hmirs per day ,• 290 days the past year. Occupations- Number. Dailywages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 2 4 7 14 3 5 1 10 al 5 j- 36 2 $2 00 1 97 2 37 2 50 2 37 2 50 .3 00 1 87 62 ""3'33' "2 50 2 25 2 00 2 60 3 00 2 75 2 00 2 50 "i'so' 22s Cutters Cntt6rs Edge setters Edge trimmers Finishers $140 1 Heel flier 1 17 Heeler 1 34 2 1 1 2 3 1 Nailer Sandpaperers Sewer, McKay ma- chine . Sewing-machine op- Taokers 1 25 Treers - ... 10 8 Vampers Boots and Shoes (men's and women's shoes), Massachusetts.— Ebtab. No. 44. Time, 10 hours per day; 240 days the past year. 2 3 1 11 6 2 9 2 1 2 22 aS 2 2 I ....... "03" 15 2 i' ....... $2 75 2 00 3 00 2 25 175 1 60 3 50 2 60 2 00 2 25 2 17 76 2 00 2 60 266 "it ho 200 "'i'25" "i'so' 2 60 Buffers Burnisher Cutters Cutters Edge setters Edge trimmers Heelers . - Lasters-.... .... Nail stickers Packers to 58 Peggers Screw nailer Sewing-machine op- erators -. 1 66 Shanker I Skiver Stringers 1 50 Taokers Tacker - 4 'i'25 Teamster 1 2 Treers Booth AND Shoes (men's boots), Massaohd- bettb.— Ebtab. No. 45. Time, 8 hoars per da/y; 233 days thepast year. Cutter Finishers Fitters Heeler Lasters Sewing-machine op- erators Treer Vamper $2 50 2 00 1 75 1 50 1 SO 1 60 260 1 33 •Tonth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 303 OcCXJPATlONSj WITH NUMBKR AND WAGES OF EmPLOTiSS, BY iNDUSTRHiS— Cont'd. Note.— This taWe is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, hut covers only ostahlishmenti Investigated by the BnreaTi. See page 91, also snmmaiies, pages 143 to 226. Boots akd Shoes (men's shoes), Mabsaohu- settb.— estab. n}. 46. Time, 10 hours per day; 281 d^vys the past year. Occnpations. TJnmber. Daily -wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 4 2 4 14' 3 5 9 5 2 2 2* 21 2 ""as 2' »3 62 2 50 2 00 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 50 1 25 "2'b6' 2 60 "2'25' "i'87 "si's 2 50 2 00 87 "2'25 1 50 1 50 2 75 2 75 2 25 60 2 75 2 25 2 76 1 62 1 75 "2'25' 1 50 75 2 00 $1 35 3 6 Edge trimmers 'i 26 1 1 50 1 87 2 1 50 3 2 5 Kme, 10 howraper day; 300 days Otepast year. Apprentices Bottomers and fin- o25 125 25 25 ""&)' $0 58 2 SO 2 50 2 25 Fitters Ktters $1 66 Boots axd Shoes (youths' seioeb), New Toek. — Ebtau. No. ax. TiTue, 10 hours per da/y; 300 da^s the past year. 9 2 35 1 2 2 1 2 15 7 5 i' ISO IP 8 $1 67 2 25 1 92 2 00 1 44 1 33 2 29 '"i'58" 1 00 "2'67' 2 42 2 00 1 50 67 2 67 2 50 1 67 167 3 00 2 60 1 50 1 25 2 50 1 SO 2 67 1 50 2 67 "i'33 1 00 2 67 "i'H' 2 67 "i'67" Bruaher Buffers $1 00 1 17 Buttonhole makers . i' 2 Chanuellers Cutters '26 1 25 2 olO 2 7 1 1 2 2 4 23 35 2 3 1 1 Cutter Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge setters Edge trimmers Elevator tender Fitter Heelers .. Lasters ATfrtsnT-**]. Pasters 1 00 Sandpaperer 1 2 1 Screw uaUer Seam rubber "i"6o Seat \vhei;lers Sewers, McKay ma- 2 3 Sewin^^-machine op- 1 33 96 Sowiu^ machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- SltiverB 2 Stayers 1 17 BooTB AND Shoes (youths' shoes), New York,— Ebtab. No. 51 — Concluded. Kme, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Occupationa. Number. DaUy wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Stock rollers a2 1 4 3 2 ol 03 "aio $0 83 2 17 1 67 1 00 1 50 96 67 ■■i-75- Tackera . . Timekeepers TJndeaignated Undesignated $b'67 "Vampers 11 Boots and Shoes (yohthb' shoes). New Yobk.- Ebtab. No. 53. Tirm, 10 hours ptr day; 300 days the past year. Beadera 5 ' 2 $1 58 2 2S 1 92 2 00 1 44 1 33 2 29 "'2'00" 1 67 1 00 2 33 2 17 1 50 67 2 67 1 16 2 42 1 50 3 00 2 67 2 50 2 00 1 50 1 25 2 33 1 50 2 67 2 25 1 SO 2 67 67 "i"33 83 2 SO 'in' 2 67 "i'h¥ 2 25 2 00 91 150 75 175 19 1 1 1 1 ■■■■-■ 2 3 75 8 Brasher Tinff^r ButtOD-hole makers ■ Button markers $100 1 00 1 1 5 17 17 1 ae 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 7 19 2 2 1 1 1 •8 Channeller Cutters Gutters Cutter Cutters' helpers Edge-setters' helpers Edge trimmers Fitter Foremen Foremen Heelers .. Laborers ....... . Laaters Lasters MeftflUTer . ... Mpasnrer Packers - . - - . . . Pasters 1 00 Sandpaperer Scourer ■ 1 • 1 1 Screw nailer i o6' Seat wheeler Sewers, McKay m»- 1 2 Sewiug-mnchiue op- erators 1 33 Sewing-machine op- 83 2 1 3 2 2 «1 8 Taoker Tackers Timekeepers Turners OndesiKiinted a Youth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 305 Occupations, with Numbbk ajstd Wages of Employes, by IimirsTRrES — Cont'd. Note, — This table la not a complete exMlilt for mdnstrleg or states, btit ooTers only establlshmenta investigated by the Barean. See page 91, also anrmtiaries, pages 143 to 226. Boots amd Shoes (youths' shoes), ITew Yosk.— ESTAB. :So. 53. IfnM, 10 Aourt per day ; 300 dayt tht past year. Ooonpatloiu. Beaders Blookei Bottomets Brasher Buffers BnmiseT Bnttonmotkei... ChannelleTS Closeics.... Cntteis Cutters Cntteis' helpeiB.. Bdge setter Bdge-setteis' belpeis .Edge trimmers roremen foTeman Foremen Heelers Heelers' helpers Heelers' helpers — Laborer* Lasters Laster Leveller Measurer Moulders Faokera — Sandpaperer Scourers ■■ Seam rubber Seat.vheeler Sewlng-machiae op erators Sewing-maobine op erators Searing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators SMvers Tacker Time-keeper Turners Undesignated , . Vampers Number. Male. Fern 38 Daily wages. Male. Fem. $1 SO 2 29 2 01 1 67 1 50 2 25 1 67 2 33 2 17 75 2 67 1 17 2 42 2 67 2 SO 2 00 1 60 1 00 79 1 00 2 37 1 50 2 60 2 17 2 67 79 1 42 1 17 $0 96 1 15 1 00 1 67 2 00 92 1 60 1 75 75 Boots amb Shoes (ivomen'b amb tocthb' shoes). New Toek.— Estab. No. 54. Time, 10 hour$ per day ; 300 du^a the pott year. Beader Blocker Bottomers Bmsher Buffer Burnisher Button marker - Button sower . . Channeller Gutters Edge setters . . - Edge trimmer . . Ed^e trimmer.. Finishers Foremen Foremen Heelers Lasters Larellet $1 60 2 26 2 08 1 67 148 2 25 1 "i'Bb' 1 67 2 33 2 17 2 50 $0 96 2 33 «- .- 5 "2'5b 2 00 1 50 2 46 2 46 82 Boots and Shoes (women's and tocthb' shois), New Yokk.— Estab. No. 54— Concluded. Time, 10 hour* per dayi 300 days the past year. Occnpations. Measurer Packer Sandpaperer Seat wheeler Sewiug-macbine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-maobine op- erators Skiver Skiver Taoker Timekeeper Turner Undesignated Number. Male. Fern. 1 •1 1 1 Daily wages. Male. F< $196 12 1 48 129 176 1 «7 1 00 2 00 92 1 (7 *126 «3 Boots akd Shoes (youths' shoes). New Yobk.- Ebtab. No. 55. Xime, 10 howrtper day; 300 days thtpMStvear. Beaders Blocker Bottomers Brnsher Buffers Burnisher Button-hole maker . . Button markers ChanneUer Channeller Closers Cutters Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge setter Edge trimmers Fitter Foremen Foreman Foreman Heders Laborers Lasters Laster — Leveller Leveller's assistaat Measurer Measurer... Moulder Packers Pasters Sandpaperer Scourers Screw nailer, McKay machine Seam rubbers Seat wheeler Sewing-machine op- erators - Sewing-machines op- erators Sewer, McKay ma- chine Skivers Tackers Timekeepers Turners Undesignated Yampeis 1 1 4 13 15 •5 1 8 1 a 1 1 3 i 16 1 1 •1 1 1 1 at 1 c2 *1 68 a 26 1 92 3 00 1 33 2 29 3 00 1 «7 1(6 2 83 2 17 67 2 79 2 42 1 50 3 87 3 60 2 00 1 60 1 29 2 83 1 60 aC7 76 200 1 60 267 87 tlOO 1 08 88 1 83 83 2 6* 287 187 200 83 1 58 19S 1 TS 1 00 1 00 133 S3 12854 LAB- -20 e Youth. 306 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSION EE OF LABOK. Occupations, with Number and Wages of EmplotiSs, by Industkibs — Cont'd. ITOTE. — TMb table is not a complete exhibit for industries oi states, but coveis only establishment! Inrestlgated by the Bnreaa. See page 91, also snmmariea, pages 143 to 226. Boots Ain> Shom (todthb' bhobb), Niw 7obk EgTAB. No. SO. ]Sm», 10 hmn ftr dcy / 300 dayi the ptut year. OecnpattoBA. Nnmber. Datlyirages. Hale. Tern. liiie. Fern. S 2 27 1 2 1 1 ■"'ii' 2 e" i" i" m 17 i' »167 225 1»2 2 00 144 133 2211 "i'oo" 1 68 "i'ia 2 00 1 60 67 2*7 2 60 2 00 1(7 1 00 2 76 250 1 50 2 42 160 2 67 1 60 267 67 ■'i'as 1 00 200 "in 200 "in 225 167 02 160 200 1 76 Buffers Bntton-liole maken . . $1 00 1 00 2 1 22 t •9 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 4 IT S t 1 •1( Closers 104 Gntters Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge Betters Edge trimmers Eitter Fitter Eoreman Iiaeters .. - ...... lievellers Packers 1 00 Sandpaperer 1 «2 Screw nailer Seam rubber 'i'66 Seat wheelers Sewing-maehlme op- erators 1 1 83 Sewlng-maoUn* mp- «t SkiTers s I 17 Stock roUers •2 1 4 «3 S 1 u Taokers Timekeepers Turners - Undesignatsd "Viunp^^TS . , . . Boon AHD SwMM (womn'B bootb), Niw Tosc.- ESTAB. No. St. tlmm,lthmnferiavi tOOimgeOup—tyemr. Bcaden... 'Blocker... Bottomen Bmshar... Buffers.... Bnmisher . Bntton-hole makan Bntton qwrkei Channel Channel Closeia Cutters Cntters' helpen. Edge setter Edge-setters' hdpus. Edge tiimmera SllSer iqwrk leUar .. elm.. tl64 2 29 1 83 1 87 1 33 22» a 00 1 60 1 25 283 85 263 1 17 2 60 1 87 $1 00 1 00 Boots and shoes (womem's boots), Kxw Toes.— EsTAJB. No. 57 — Conclnded. Time, 10 lumn per day; 300 days the poet year. Ooonpatlons. Foremen Foreman Foremen Foreman Heelers Laborers Lasters Laster Leveller Ueasorer Measnrer Monlders Packer Packers Pasters Sconrers Screw nailer, MoEAy machine...^. Seam rubber' Seat wheeler Sewing-maohine op- erators Sewhig-machine op- erators Sewer, UoKay ma- chine Skivers Tackers Timekeeper Turners Undesignated Tampers Number. Male. Fern, 1 3 2 2 2 c2 4 50 Dailywages. Hale. Fern. $2 79 260 2 00 176 1 60 1 00 2 35 167 246 242 1 60 262 108 76 267 "i"83 2 79 167 200 83 160 75 176 noo IM 188 Boots ADD Shoes (woken'b boots), NxwToek.— Ebtab. Na S8. Time, 10 hmirt per iay / 300 dayt ttte part year. Beader 8 1 12 1 1 1 1 s' 1 2' ♦153 2 29 1 92 167 146 133 2 25 "i'm 1 60 124 2 60 229 2 18 67 2 67 117 260 187 267 260 2 00 160 100 233 160 26* 1 60 2 67 79 i83 83 : Bntton-hole maker . . Bntton markei «100 1 w 1 1 ( 1 13 8 as 1 2 8 1 2 1 8 2 > U 1 1 1 2 at Channeller ...... Closers Cutter Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge setters Edge-setter'shelpen Edge trimmers Foremen Foremen Heelers Lasters Laster .............. Monlders Packers 1 w Sandpap^rer Scourers 1 aZ ...t.. • Tenth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 307 Occupations, with Numbbk and Wages of Emplot;68, by Industbibs — Cont'd. Note.— This table Is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, tnt covers only establlshmenla biTestlgated by the Bnrean. See page 01, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Boots ahd Shobs (wombn'b boots), 'Sum Toek.— Bbtae. No. S8— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days thtptut year. Oconpations. Screw nftUer SeominbbeT Seat wheeler Sewer, McKay ma- chine Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sldvers Taoker Tacker Timekeepers Tnmers Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated Vampers Watchman . . Number. Male. Fern. 2 1 1 •2 2 6 a2 a3 i 1 DaUy wages. Male. Fem. t2 67 1 17 2 67 1 67 2 25 2 00 83 1 50 1 00 92 67 1 67 1 00 tl 00 1 33 1 25 Boots and Shoes (women's boots). New Tobk.— Estab. No. Time, 10 TumrM per dayt 300 dayi (he pan year. Besders Blocker Bottomers Brusher Buffers "^Burnisher Buttonhole makers. Button marker ...... Channeller Ghanneller Closers Cutters Cutters' helpers Edge setter Edge-setters' helpers Edge trimmers Fitter Foremen Foremen Heelers Laborers.. Lasters Laster Iieveller Measurer Measurer Moulder Packers Pasters Sandpaperer Scourers ,.. Screw nailer Seam rubber Seat wheeler Sew*ig-maohine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erator Sewer, McKay ma- chine Skivers lackers Timekeepers Turners Undesignated Vampers 1 1 3 22 ai 1 5 3 1 S 2 2 6 12 1 1 1 1 1 OS $1 58 2 25 1 92 1 67 1 33 2 29 2 00 1 50 1 00 2 25 67 2 67 117 2 42 1 67 2 67 2 25 1 50 1 00 2 33 1 50 2 60 2 42 1 50 2 67 75 1 33 75 2 67 1 17 2 67 1 67 2 00 83 1 50 1 08 1 67 tl 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 Boots and ShoES (women's boots). New Tobk.- Estab. No. 60. Time, 10 hourt per day; 300 dayi thepait year. OooupatlonB. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 1 1 9 1 1 1 i i' i 1 25 (1 50 2 25 2 04 1 67 148 2 25 "i'so' 1 75 2 33 1 96 2 33 76 "2' 56' 1 60 1 00 2 46 2 40 2 04 1 50 1 08 1 33 1 25 1 67 2 00 83 1 67 1 00 1 42 Brusher (0 0« Button sewer 1 1 10 1 2 •1 Cutter Edge trimmers 80 Foremen -• . 3 1 4 7 1 1 1 1 Lasters Sandpaperer 88 Sewing-machine op- 1 Sewing-machine op- erator 88 Sewing-machine op- 1 1 a2 1 3 1 Tacker Undesignated Boots and Shoes (women's boots), NewToek.— Estab. No. 61. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 dayi ihepttt year. Beaders Blocker Bottomers Brusher Buffers Bomisher Button marker ... Channeller Channeller Closers (gutters Edge trimmers — Edge setter Edge setters' helpers Foremen Foremen Heelers Heelers' helpers Laborers... Lasters Laster Leveller Measurer Moulders Packers Sandpaperer .... — Scourers Screw nailer Seam rubber Seat wheeler Sewing-machine ep- erators 40 $154 329 2 00 1 67 1 60 225 2 00 1 70 1 24 2 25 2 50 2 67 1 17 2 60 200 1 50 83 1 00 238 1 50 2 60 2 33 266 79 1 42 83 2 67 1 17 «100 100 . 148 c Tenth. 308 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number akd Wages op EMPLO'rfs, by Industkies — Cont'd. JfOTit,— This table is nnt a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishmentf investigated by the Bureaa. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Boots jjto Shoes (women's boots), JJbw Tobk.— EsTAB. No. 61— Gonuladed. 2\m«, 10 hourt j>«r day; 300 dayt On pott year. Ooenpatioiu. Number. Daily wages. Ual*. Fern. Male. Fern. Sewlng-maehine op- 3 6 4 i' $2 67 1 76 "2"66 87 1 50 1 75 1 00 $1 21 Bewing-machine op- 1 03 Sewing-maobine op- 83 Sewer, Maokay ma- 1 2 Skivers 7» Taokers 2 al 2 4 1 Boon ASD RH0X8 (WOMEN'S BOOTS) , NBWTOBK.— E8Ti.B. Ko. 63. Time, 10 hourt per day,- 300 day the past year. 1 1 » 1 1 1 i i 41 2 ""a3 »1 57 2 29 2 08 1 67 1 46 229 ' 'i'so 1 00 2 29 Blocker Brasher Buffer , $0 98 Button sewer 1 1 13 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 5 8 1 1 1 03 1 1 Cutters Cutter 2 00 Sdge settera . . 262 2 46 2 67 260 1 96 1 60 1 OO 2 60 1 SO 2 46 2 60 79 146 1 00 "i'68 2 00 92 1 60 87 71 Edge trimmera Foremen V'n^ider Sandpaperer Sewing-machine op- Sewing-machine op- erators 83 Skiver 1 1 1 1 2 «3 Turner Undesignated Undesignated "■"66 Boots ahb Shoeb (meh'b and women's shoes), New TOBK.-BBTAB. Ko. 63. Time, 10 houre per day i 300 dayi the pott year. Beaders ■ * 6 1 18 1 1 1 ■""'io' 3 11 58 2 26 1 92 1 44 1-33 2 29 Blocker Buffer Buffer Burnisher Button-hole makers . Bnttou marktn ..... «1 00 1 00 Boots and Shoes (men's and women's shoes), New'Eoek.— EsTAB. Ne. 63— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 dayt the pa»t year. Ooonpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. 1 1 3' 3 2 72 6 *2 00 167 "2'33' 76 2 62 117 2 42 160 2 79 267 2 00 2 17 160 100 233 1 60 242 75 2 00 160 2 00 67 "i'33' 83 2 60 "in' 2 87 *100 34 al 2 2 6 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 17 1 1 al 1 1 1 •4 Cutters' helper Edge setters Edge-setters' helpers Edge trimmers Heelers Leveller's assistant . Measurer Measurer Moulder 1 00 Sandpaperer 1 a2 1 Screw nailer . . - Seam rubbers i 60 Seat wheeler Sewing-machine op- 1 1 83 Sewing-maehine op- erators 81 Sewer, McKay ma- 1 3 3 2 2 7 Skivers Tacker 167 2 00 83 1 60 1 7S Turners ' Boots and Shoes (men's and women's shoii). New Yobk.— Ebtab. No. 64. • Tratk. Time, 10 Iwurt per day; 300 dayt the pott year. Beaders .... Blocker 2 1 U 1 1 1 1 16 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 10 1 1 1 a3 1 1 $1 60 2 29 2 08 167 2 25 1 50 167 2 29 2C2 250 267 260 2 00 1 83 1 60 1 00 2 42 160 260 268 79 142 100 "i'w' Bottomers Brasher Burnisher Button sewer .' ChannelLer Cutters Edge setters Edge trimmers frnreman Heeler Heeler .- Lasters liOveller llfnTililer Scourer Seam mbber «100 Seat wheeler i OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 309 OcctnPA.TiON8, WITH Number anb W a.gk8 of EMPl.OTfis, nr Indttstbieh — (Cont'd. Note.— This taWe is nnt a complete exhibit for IndustrieB or states, but oorers only establistunCBts lurestigated by the Borean. See page 01, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Boots abd Shoes (men's ahd women's shoes), New Tobk.— Ebtab. No. 64— Concluded. Tims, 10 A*ur« per day: 300 day$ thepa»t year. Oconpatioiu. Sewing-maohlBe op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators SkiTers Timekeepers Turner Taoker Undesignated Numher. Mai*. ToL 2 3 1 1 alO Daily wages. Male. Fen. $1 71 1 «7 92 1 60 2 00 83 «1 33 BooTB AND Shoes (wombh'b shoes), Omo.- ESTAB. No. OS. Time, 10 hour$ per dayj — dMyi the pa»t year. al5 175 20 25 al2 "'236' $125 2 50 2 75 2 25 75 Bottomera Fitters $1 33 Fitters' helpers Boots and Shoes (women's bhobb), Ohio.— Fbtab. No. 66. Time, 10 heure per day; — days tlie pott year. 40 6 ""35" •15 $0 58 2 60 2 60 Bottomers and fln- Outters . Fitters »1 17 50 Boots amd Shoes (women's bhobb), Omo.- EsTAB. No. 67. Time, 10 hours per day ; 300 day» the past year. Bottomers and fin- ishers 30 ""36" $2 00 Fitters »0 85 Boots and Shobb (ken's and women's shoes), Ohio.— Bbtab. No. 68. Time, 10 houre per day ; — dayi the pott year. •20 50 15 3 ""'36' f 1 00 2 17 2 33 3 00 "I'm' Boomers CnttoM Fitters $1 00 Packers 3 Boots and Shobe (youths' and children's SHOES), Peknstlt AHIA.— Bbtab. No. 69. Time, 10 hmri per day ; 240 days the past year. Beaters-out. Beaters BnjIbTS .... $3 10 1 25 2 50 Boots AND Sboeb (touthb' and children's shoes), Pbnhbtlvania.— Estab. No. 69— Concluded. Time, 10 heuri per day; 240 day the past year. OcoopatianB. Number. Daily wages. Ual*. Fern. Male. Fan. 7 3 ■""39' "•32' t2 10 1 60 "i'85 2 36 1 66 3 00 3 80 1 66 1 05 "2"b0 1 in Buttonhole makns- Closers.... Closers 19 6 20 14 16 30 28 Edge setters Fitters Fitters Fitters 60 « 20 3 68 « 2 « 7 18 10 ] Tiaborers .r 1 9J5 .. ^.. 1 78 1 00 3 00 1 16 3 26 1 a« 1 M *6« "i'36" 1 10 8 OS 1 CO 260 1 M Packers Scoui'ers Seam rubbers Sewers, McKay ma- ohine Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- Sewer, StanduA BU- Stayers 90 Stitchers, Uiung 11 4 7 5 35 14 Boots and Shoes (women's shoeb), Pmknbtlta- NiA.— Ebtab. No. yo. Time, 10 hewrt per day , 250 Aayt (he pan year. Burnishers Button-hole soakers Cutters ... 5 "28 8 21 10 2 6 16 42 9 ""n 71 ♦3 28 i'ii' >49 2 2» 2 78 2 «8 288 1 2S 324 3 65 2 06 2 85 164 1 64 3 95 80 "»0'78 Edge trimnMrff FinisherB 88 Sewing-machine op- 3 17 5 6 3 22 468 1 82 Sewers, hand Turners Undesignated BOXES), New iSTo. ri. Yosx.— BaTAX. Boxes (wooded Time, 10 hours per day ; 300 days (he pott year. Box makers - . . Engineer . . . . Fireman Lumber handlers - Planers 27 (2 33 1 8 04 1 20« « tM 2 J 17 • YODtb. 310 EtPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op Emplcyics, bt Lnbustriks — Cont'd. IfOTB.— Thie table is not a complete exMbit for industries or states, but covers only establishmenta iBTestigated by tbe Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 14B to 226. BOXXa (WOODEN BOXES), JUSYf ZOBK.— BSTAS. No, 71— Concluded. Hm», 10 h»uriper iMin; 300 d«y« a tht ptut ymr. Engineers ...... 2 111 3 4 8 8 ..b... . «3 26 1 25 2 25 2 50 2 00 2 60 Laborers Retort makers Trap makers.. Uleuiakan Bucks, New Hampshibe.— Ebtab. No. 76. Time, 10 h*ur»ptr Hay; — day the pott year. Oocnpatiras. Number. Daay wages. Hale. Fern. Male. Fen. 2 1 « 6 48 tt23 6 69 2 42 142 127 Wbeelers and car- riers Bbiccs, New Jsbbet ^Ebtab. No. 77. Time, 10 k«ur> jwr (toy/ 175 d*yt the past year. Burners Clay grinders Engineers Laborers Moulders Pressors Setters Wboelers and tossers 2 2 1 101 14 11 $8 25 1 76 2 00 1 60 2 60 2 00 3 00 176 Bucks (fibe bbickb). New Jebsbt.- 78. -BsTAB. Na. Time, 10 hturt per-imy; 175 day th» pott yeur. Blacksmith Brick burners. . Diggers Engineer Laborers Moulders Pipe pressmen . Preseers Setters Wheelwright .. $2 12 1 50 1 12 2 12 1 00 162 1 20 1 30 1 60 2 12 Bboomb, New Toek.— Estab. No. 79. Time, 10 hmire per day; 273 daye the pott ymr. Foremen 3 2 15 17 23 6 2 9 2 6 3 1 17 19 (3 00 167 1 35 1 26 117 83 1 37 1 54 13B 142 1 12 1 60 176 167 Foremen, assistant.. Laborers ... Laborers Packers Sewers Sewers Sizers Sizers Trimmer.. Winders Winders • Tonth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 311 OocuPATioNS, WITH Number and Wagbs of Employes, by Indttstribs— Cont'd. ITOTE.— This table is not a complete exblbit for indnstries or states, Init coTen only establialuaeBti inrestiGiated by the Bmean. See page 91, also anmmarles, pages 143 to 226. BbOOHS, m-aw TOBK.— EsTAS. Ko. SO. Time, 10 hmrtper d»y; 273 doya (he put year. OoonpatioBS. Number. Doily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fern. 3 2 16 40 « 2 12 3 4 2 6 3 1 1 8 22 6 $3 00 1 76 1 33 1 21 83 137 1 67 1 68 1 48 1 33 1 42 1 12 162 1 60 1 79 1 71 1 60 Foremen Packers Sewers......... Sewers Sizers..-. Sorter Winders Winders - Bbooks, New Tokk.— Ebtab. No. 81. Timt, 10 hewn per day ; 273 day» the past year. Foremaa _... Foremen Foremen, assistant . . Laborers Packers Sewers Sizer Siser ^ Sorter Irimm^ and ucker Winders t3 00 2 67 1 67 1 26 83 1 60 1 25 1 12 1 58 1 42 1 75 Bboou, Nsw Tobk ^Ebtab. No. 89. Time, 10 hewreper day; 273 4»yi the past year. 1 8 6 6 1 2 2 2 1 1 $3 00 1 75 1 33 1 20 83 1 37 1 12 141 1 68 1 60 1 33 1 60 166 Foremen ...... Laborers Laborers.. ^. Packers Sacker Sizer Sizers Sewers Sewers Sewer trimmer Winders Bboohb, Niw Tobk.— Ebtab. No. 83. Time, 10 hewn per day ,- 273 day the past year. Foreman Foremen Laborers Laborers Packers . Bewers.. leweia.. 1 «3 00 2 1 75 4 ] 33 5 1 21 2 83 4 1 62 a 1 60 Bboohb, Nkw Tobk.— Ebtab. No. 83— C<» olnded. Time, 10 howrt per day; 273 dayt tkepait year. Occupations. Sewer Sizers Sorter Trimmer and saoker. Winders Winders Number. Hale. Fem. Daily wages. ICal*. FeoL tl 83 142 1<7 1 60 1 75 IM GABFBTIHaS (GXTBA BUTEB mSBAIM), COWnOtl- CUT.— Ebtab. Na 84. Time, W hovri per day i 300 dayt the paHyemr. Dyers Finishers . Weavers . . WeaTcrs . . Winders .. 10 10 12 3« •20 $176 «12S 17S 160 <6 Cabfetihqb (Bbubsei^), Gbbat Bbitahi.— Ebtab. No. 85. Time, 10 houra per day, sen houre per teeek; — AHW thepaat year. Alterers Designers Designers' assistants Dyers Dyers' helpers Foremen Laborers Packers Bepair hands Sizers Sizers' assistants — Stampers Stampers' assistants Undesignated XTndesignated Weavers Winders Winders «38 7 a4 » •4 4 S 6 13 4 03 to 60 1 41 42 87 88 2 08 86 77 104 126 37 64 42 1 40 «0 83 88 44 87 CABPETIHQB (TAPBSTET),G-BEATBBnAIl«.— Egli*. No. se. Time, W homrs per day,56iheun per taeek ; —dayi the pott year. Color hands Color hands Designers Designers' assistants Foremen Printers Setters Setters trndesignated Weavers Winders Winders •10 •16 3 •5 2 26 7 21 •14 ■10 $0 87 83 133 33 1 76 1 17 83 125 «0 71 76 St n • Youth. 312 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Number aud "Wages of Employes, bt Industries — Cont'd. XOTi. — This table ia not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but ooveis only establishmenfi InTestigated by the Bniean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. CAsnrraos (Bsubssls, Wiltoh, abs masAiN), Massachubkitb.— EsiAB. No. 87. Time, 10 homrtper day ; — daye On pait yemr. Ooospatioiu. Carders Combers Cotton-reom hutds .. Dyers En^eers Finishers.. Finishers Laborers Kulers Scourers Scrubbers Section hands — Spuiners, mule Spinners, other toolers - arper* — ... Waate pickers ._... "Weavers Weavers Weavers Winders Wool sorters Number. Kale. Fea. •51 036 •1« 100 12 7 7 46 1 19 "m 37 •9 16 OS 22 21 21 19 1* 20 al4 19 11 12 5 111 111 HI Daily wages. Hale. Fern. $0 64 69 69 1 00 1 20 92 87 1 00 1 03 1 00 1 29 1 19 1 26 60 2 03 165 98 84 168 $0 64 59 87 "i'67 2 03 1 55 CASFsmss (BBUB8EU1 isD Wilton), Uassachu- 8ETTB.— £btab. No. 88. Time, 10 ttmur$ ftr day 1 SOO ity fhepml year. 13 A VI Fng^eers and tepali 3 Finishers 6 4 g TTwiaters' . . . Undesignated Undesignated Winder 16 •39 1 Winders Wool sorters 1 10 •12 7 $0 88 2 00 1 40 S 00 1 60 1 33 90 3 00 60 1 60 "2'6o *0 88 60 80 1 60 70 1 60 90 OAmrmas (TArx8TBT),lUs8A0iinBBTrB.— Sbtab. No. 89. Time, 10 hemiftr dmyi — dmyt ihe pott year. 4 •8 2 •3 5 1 • 14 •10 26 $150 68 125 58 1 10 1 08 1 33 Ijaborers Pickers Setters 66 1 33 CABPBTDfGS (BEUBSBLB AND WiLTOH), MABBACBD- bbttb.— EsTAB. No. 90. JSme, 10 Jumrt per day ; — day the patt year. OooupationB. Number. Daily wages. Mikle. Fem. Uale. Fem. Card cutters 2 12 5 •20 4 4 20 •30 »170 140 1 00 76 2 70 2 76 170 80 Wiuders CABFimiaB (Bbubbblb and hoqtxettb), Niw ToBK.— Ebtab. No. 91. Time, 10 hows per day ; 100 day* the patt year. Adjusters . . Analyst Bankers Beamers Beamers — Blacksmiths. Blacksmiths' helpers Bobbin boys.. Brushers Carders Card boys Card cleaners Card cleaner - Card grinders Card writers . Carpenters .— Carriers Carriers.-.. . Color hands . . Color hands . - Color bands . - Color hands . . Combers Designer Designer Designer Designer Designers Designer Doffers Doublers Drawers Dressers Drum strippers. Dryers Dryers Dyers . • Touth. Dye preparers - Elevator tenders . . . Elevator tenders . . . Engineers i... Feeder's breaker . . - Feeders Fillers Finishers Fioishers Firemen Floormen Foremen Hacklers Samess fixers Harness fixers Laborers luspeotors » Children, 1 16 » 48 7 7 »32 •6 19 VJi 3 1 6 3 4 49 18 •8 2 27 67 18 17 •16 10 8 8 3 6 2 8 3 5 6 218 120 5 3 6 3 17 iil5 Ml •30 20 20 33 12 $2 00 183 85 146 112 2 33 1 60 68 75 1 46 60 1 25 1 00 1 60 83 2 00 1 20 142 68 1 60 50 2 00 2 40 8 00 6 66 6 00 4 00 2 50 1 67 115 1 50 1 50 1 30 58 146 2 17 1 35 83 1 00 1 60 195 1 20 143 2 21 1 30 1 50 2 21 1 25 1 37 S3 55 123 100 130 10< OCCUPATIONiS AND WAGES. 313 Occupations, with Numbek and Wages of EMPLorfis, by Industries— Confd. ITOTii. — This table is not a complete extubit for indtietries or states, bnt corers only establishmenta ISTestigated by the Bniean. See page 91, also ennuaaries, pages 143 to 226. ClBFETraGS (BBUSSELS AND UOQUBTTB), !N'BW YOBK.— Bbtab. No. »1— Concluded. Time, 10 lumrsper duy; 100 days 1)u put yemr. Ooonpatlan*. InspeetoTs Laboms Laborers Iiappers Loom fixers Machjnists Machinists' appren- tices Uanglers Matimers Menders Measnrers Oilers Oil extractors Overseers Pattern starters — Pickers Picker feeders Printers Bnlers ............. Scourers Scourers Scourers Scourers Scrapers Scrubbers Section baads Separator Separators Setters Setters Shearers Sizers Sizera Spare hands Speokers Spinners, mule Spinners, other Spoolers Spoolers Spoolers Suction-fan tenders . . Sweepers Teamsters Tinsmiths Twisters Undesignated Warpers "Warpers "Waste gatherers "Waste gatherers "Watchmen "Weavers "Weavers "Weighers "Weighers Weighers "Winders "Winders Wipers Wire and reed fixers Wool boxers Wool sorters Tarn bleachers Yamnumberers ... Yam steamers S"nisber. Male. Peai 3 7 164 5 10 4 8 175 90 100 81 •54 7 025 12 4 8 a371 7 12 aZ •It 12 "m 4 81 4 12 4 3 81 8 olfi 2 17 2> 164 21 8 "isi Dailyirages. Male. Fern. 200 48 164 20 858 (2 42 1 15 1 00 1 20 2 54 2 25 58 1 26 1 87 2 00 m 88 4 00 2 60 1 60 1 00 1 66 1 60 1 40 1 86 1 10 1 00 1 68 1 90 200 1 75 1 60 1 25 1 05 1 20 1 00 78 1 26 68 144 2 17 1 60 68 1 50 1 43 67 62 1 50 1 60 2 60 1 87 1 25 1 67 1 60 1 25 1 20 1 25 75 142 $1 37 1 03 1 00 89 86 1 12 1 62 1 00 1 12 87 1 00 .1 12 OaBPETIHGB (BED8BEL8 AND VBLTBT), NBW TOBK.— EsTAB. No. 9a. Time, 11 hmnperitv; 300 iayi the pott yemr. Ooonpattoiis. Bankers Beamers Beltlacer Blacksmiths Bobbin boys Breakers Card boys Carders Card cleaners Card writers Carpenters Carriers Color hands Color hands Color hand Color hands Combers Cooper Coupler Designer Designer Designer Designers Designers Doffers Doubler Doublers Drawers Dressers Dressers Drum strippers Dryers Dryers Dye preparer Dyers Engineer Engineer Engineer Feeders Finishers Finishers Firemen Foremen Foremen Foreman Foreman Harness fixers Harness fixers Harness fixers Inspector Inspectors Laborers Laborers Lappers Loom fixers Loom fixers MachlmstB Matchers Measurers Menders Oilers and carriers Oil extractors Overseers Overseer Painters Pattern makers ■ . . Pattern itarteis . . . Nonber. Mile. Fem. 6 1 4 ■30 4 •28 12 12 8 10 18 •45 10 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 t 5 17 7 8 20 1 16 1 1 1 8 66 2 ( 2 12 1 1 8 4 4 1 8 20 43 6 11 6 14 4 3 "\i 45 •5 10 21 •90 38 Dallywagea. Male. Fem. 61 «2 00 2 03 2 17 68 1 46 76 1 46 1 25 90 2 26 98 84 140 2 00 2 00 2 42 1 50 2 25 ( 00 600 4 17 3 00 125 1 42 1 03 1 68 1 49 1 60 1 17 1 20 2 43 1 26 6 83 2 60 1 70 1 40 1 60 1 96 1 54 4 00 2 60 2 33 2 00 2 29 1 60 1 00 1 37 1 60 1 61 1 24 1 46 2 17 176 1 88 2 00 2 00 "iei' 1 17 6 00 3 00 2 00 2 33 22»- •Yonth. 314 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. OccoPATiONfl, WITH Number and Wages oif Employes, by Industries— Cont'd. ITOTE.— This table ia not a complete exhibit for indnstiries or states, bnt covers only establlelunento Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Cabfetihos (Bbubssls akd tblvet), N'bw TOBK.— BsTAB. No. 99— Concluded. Km<,llA«ur the past year. OoempatlK Winders Winders Winders Winders Winders Wire hand Wire and reed hand. Wire andreed hand. Wool blender Wool dusters Wool sorters Yam layers Yamloopers Yam nomberars Nnmber. Hal*. Feit. 10 a2e 024 Daily wage*.. Ual*. EsM. $1 90 1 65 1 50 2 10 127 1 80 160 1 75 tl 40 6 75 5S 1 30 1 eo caamtnos (bkuhsbl8, tapbbtbt, and tiltst), Pensstlvabia.— Ebtab. No. 94. Time, 10 Kounptr day; 260 day the poet year. Carders Color huda Combers Do£fers Donblers Drawers Dyers ■ Dye and weol-honss hands Laborers Loom fixers Machinists Oil extractors Printers Setters Scrapers Spinners, ether than mnle ■ Spoolers Twisters Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers •80 I 20 200 400 21 16 30 30 120 30 36 110 186 186 $0 75 1 00 1 83 "i"50 1 25 1 25 2 25 3 25 1 00 1 50 1 80 1 00 2 00 1 50 1 80 1 06 $1 16 60 80 83 83 80 CAxnrnHcie (hcokaihi, PEinnTi,TAinA.— En.u No. 93. Time, 10 Jumriper day; — day* tAepoHyear. Engineer. Spoolers.. Warpers . Winders . Weaver! . 1 4 3 '"'a' $1 <6 85 135 "i'eo' 103 40 76 Cabbiaoib akd Waqoks, Cokhboticdt.- Ektab. No. 96. TtiiM, 10 hmrt per day ; 300 dayi the paH year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Body makers Body makers Body makers $3 60 2 75 2 00 2 00 3 25 2 60 2 00 i Yenth. 316 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op Employes, by Industkies— Cont'd. Note.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnatries or states, bat covers only establislmieiits Inyestigated by the Barean. See page 91, also STUmuaries, pages 143 to 226. CABBIAaES AND Waqonb, ComniCTicuT.— Estab. No. 96— Coaolnded. Time,10h»unperdai/; 300 day the pait ytar. Oeeapatieiui. Ntimber. Dally wages. Hale. Tem. Male. Ttm. 3 1 »4 17 » 25 2S0 2 00 1 67 2 00 3 00 2 SO 2 25 Foreman Painters Trimmer ......... .. GABKIASSS AMD 'WAeOHB, COHHSCTICUT. -ESTAB. No. 97. Timt, 10 kour« per day; 300 dmyt the pott year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers ' Blacksmiths' helpers Body makers Body makers Body makers Laborers Painters Painters Painters Painters Trimmers Trimmers Trimmers ■WTieelwrights $3 SO 2 75 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 75 1 50 1 25 1 25 2 60 2 00 1 25 3 25 2 50 2 00 1 «7 1 00 2 60 2 25 2 25 GABXiAssi AKB 'Wagoiib, Co«ii»cncnT.- No. 98. -Ebtab. Tim*, 10 houreptr dam '08 day* thepaH year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Body makers Finishers , Laborers Machine men Painters Painters Sawyers Trimmers Trimmers , Trimmers Wheelwrights .... |3 25 2 75 2 00 2 50 2 SO 1 60 3 60 3 60 2 00 2 26 3 00 2 SO 2 00 3 60 Cabbiaoib Aiii) Waoons, CoMsicTienT.— Ebtab. No. 99. Time, 10 houri per i«y; SaSdayi the patt year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Body makers Bcdy makers $2 60 2 00 1 60 3 00 2 60 Cabriagbb and 'Wagonb, Conkbctiout.— Bbiab. No. 99— Concluded. Time, 10 hourtpeir day; 308 dayt the put year. Ooospatlons. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fern. 1 8 . 8 $100 2 00 2 00 Painters Gabkiageb ahd Wagons, Illinoib.— Ebtab. No. 109. Time, 10 houri per day; 300 dayt the pott year. Apprentices Apprentices Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Finishers Foreman Foremen Painters Trimmers Wood workers ftlO olO 5 5 6 1 to 83 67 2 17 1 00 1 60 3 00 2 60 2 00 2 17 1 67 Casbiagxb and Wagons, Illinois.— Estab. No. lOl. Time, 10 heuriper day; 310 dayt the patt year. Blacksmiths 7 15 6 6 8 5 1 9 16 4 10 12 3 4 10 15 6 10 6 2 6 ;:::::: $3 00 2 60 2 25 2 00 leo 1 00 3 00 2 35 200 160 100 3 00 2 26 175 1 15 3 00 2 50 2 15 162 1 25 100 Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers Painters .... Pp.iTitArfl Painters Trimmers Trimmers ....... Wood workers Wood workers Wood workers Wood workers Wood workers Wood workers Cabkiaqxb and Wagonb, Illinois ^Bbiab. No. 199. Time, 10 hovr* per day ; 300 dayt the pat year. • Tonth. Apprentice .- al cl 1 2 3 2 2 7 3 2 2 1 4 2 S $0 75 1 00 2 25 2 00 1 60 175 3 00 150 2 00 125 1 25 Apprentice. . - . Blacksmith Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Fitters Foremen Laborers Shippers JU. Wood workers Wood workers 225 1 60 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 317 OCODPATIONS, WITH NXJMBKR AND WaGKS OF EMPLOTrfS, BT iNDt STBTES— Cont'd. IfOTE. — Tbis taUe is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only eBtablislunents Investigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, alxo sammaries, pages U3 to 226. Gabbiaqib add Wasonb, Ilukois.— Bstab. Ko. 103. Time, 10 horn t per days 300 daya the poet year. Number. Dally wages. OooupatloziB. Uale. I'em. Male. Fsm. al 11 6 6 6 3 2 1 2 8 3 2 3 26 10 2 2 4 4 2 3 4 7 »0J5 2 25 2 00 1 78 1 00 5 00 4 00 3 SO 2 75 187 176 1 00 2 87 2 00 1 62 125 287 2 SO 2 12 1 50 3 26 2 50 1 87 Blacksmithfl Blaoksmitlis' helpers Blacksmitlis' helpera HomesB makers Harness makers Woodworkers Woodworkers Woodworkers QABBIAaBS AND 'WAQONa, NEW JKEBET ESTAB. No. 104. Time, 10 hmraper day; 300 dayt fhepatt year. Blaokamiths . Body makers . . Painters TriTtimeTB Wheelwrights 16 «1 92 10 260 18 175 e 2 25 2 2 60 Cabbiaqeb AMD Wagostb, Ohio Ebtab. No. 105. Time, 10 howiper dayi — dayt the pott year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Foremen Gear finishers Laborers Painters Trimmers Vamishers Wood workers Wood-workers' help- ers 7 12 76 14 1 35 • 4 3 00 6 180 8 1 35 14 135 8 2 60 13 2 00 9 2 60 1 36- Cabbiaqbs and Wagons, Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 106. Time, 10 hmwrt per day; 300 days the poet year. Blacksmiths 63 «2 10 Body makers 26 2 25 Body makers Dash-ftame makers. ." 23 IbU 19 1 40 Dash polishers 17 $i 16 Cakbiagkb ahd Waoonb, Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 106— Condnded. Time, 10 htmrt per day; 300 day the poet year. Oconpations. Einlshers, varnish . . Finishers, iron Finishers' helpers, 13 22 12 5 Foremen 17 4 G-ear workers Gear and wheel work- 42 32 Gear and wheel work- ers, macliine Hangers Hangers helpers liaborers 18 7 37 16 83 Sewing-machine op- g 21 Vamishers' helpers . 15 1 Watchmen 4 Nnmber. Male. Fem. 28 Daily wages. Male. Ewt. «2 7S 130 176 3 33 300 2 00 176 200 140 225 135 137 1 40 "iho 2 00 125 3 50 260 $1 16 Cakeiaoim and Wagoms, PBSHBTLVAiriA.- Ebtab. No. lor. Time, 10 hourt per day; 250 dayt the poet year. Apprentices Blacksmitlis Blacksmitlis' helpers Painters Trimmer Woodworkers — to 83 2 03 95 2 33 200 1 *1 Clocks and Watchbb (MoviMKinB), Illdioib.- Ebtab. No. 108. Time, 10 hmrt per day; — dayt (he pott year. Balance makerr Dial makers Engineers Engravers Escapement makers - Finishers Finishers, nickel Eorge-room hands. . . GUoors Hand makers Jewellers Laborers Machinists Main- spring makers - Motion hands Pattern makers Platers Staff turners Steel and screwhands Stock-room hands- . Train hands 29 48 2 14 46 108 5 12 14 1 SB 20 76 20 69 18 33 7 53 13 87 2 128 »1 73 2 17 2 60 223 1 89 2 40 2 29 1 45 141 3 00 1 64 1 60 2 86 193 167 220 1 SO 348 1 56 1 74 147 tl73 2 17 223 189 2 40 "i'ii 170 160 "i'e7 190 1 56 1 74 147 aTsvtli. 318 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op EMPLOTis, by Isdustkiks — Coni'd. XOTB.— This table is not a complete exhibit for IndTutries or states, but covers only establlahmenta Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Clocks Ain> Watchbs (movbhbitis), Ohio.— Eb- TAB. No. 109. Time, 10 homriper day; 276 dayt thepait year. Oeenpatloiu). Blacksmith Finishers Foremen Foremen, assistant Machinists Machine operators Nnmber. Male. Fern. 40 Dally wages. Male. Fern. $2 75 3 00 6 00 3 60 2 75 1 50 $1 00 OliOTHINa (HATS AlfD CAPS), N'BW JSBSET.— HBTAB. No. IIO. Tinu, 10 lum/n per d«yi 300 dayi the past year. 4 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 9 2 70 7 70 ""as i ■"■"«6' »4 17 1 00 1 83 3 00 3 3a 2 00 3 75 3 00 2 00 387 2 00 1 60 2 33 '"2'60' 2 00 S 33 Blowers Engineers Former $0 83 Finishers. , . Makers-up Overseer 1 67 7 12 1 Ponnoers -- 1 00 CLOTHUfa (HATS AHD CAPS), TSlCW JEBSKT.- ESTAB. No. 111. Time, 10 Kovr$ per day; 300 dixye the ptt year. 4 4 1 40 4 2 15 08 20 7 8 $2 60 186 3 60 200 1 80 3 33 2 60 83 "i'so" 2 60 200 200 180 3 00 91 200 Golorers .. TPiniRhflrB . Plangers ...... .... I'ormerii «1 83 100 1 00 rormerfl Packer 1 9 1 60 2 1 •3 1 FolisheTH Porter StifFener 'Watr4^hnlft1l , CLOTHUfS (HOBIEBT), ITSW TOKK.— BSTABL Ko. 113. Time, 11 heuri per day; 800 dayi the poet year. Bmsher Button sewers Button-hole makers Card boys Caidoleanw 7 •4 $115 aS $0 W 4 170 82 1 70 i iso Clothing (hosibkt), New Yoek Ebtab. No. 113— Concluded. Tiitne, 11 lumreper day; 300 dayt thepait year. OcoupatioiiB. Number. BaUy wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Cutter..*. 1 ....... 2 2 2 4 1 ...... 7 2 8 9 ....... '"'is' o7 $1 98 "Too' "'2'50' 1 75 1 50 163 125 ""'si' 87 1 53 '""62" $0 91 87 85 66 87 125 Hemmers Kniftters Knitter 2 79 74 Menders 1 1 1 9 1 Overseer Pressers and packers. Second liand Sewing-machine op- Sewing-machine op- 06 Sewing-machine op- erators 70 ae Hi 3 Spoolers Undesignated "Winders ""56 62 Winder ... .1 Clothing (hobubt), N'ew Yobe.— Ebtab. No 113. Kme, 11 hmur§p»r day; 302 dayt thepait year. Button seweis , a2 1 — -„- 2 2 1 6 6" 1 6 1 7 i' 1 •1 '"""•4 $0 62 133 198 125 '"""m" 183 87 "i'oo" 1C2 160 """"«' "i"63 71 $0 51 1 70 Card boys .... •2- 1 I 1 Card cleaner Cutter Engineer .... 92 87 85 66 Knftters 1 25 Laborer i 2 •1 Xioopers 79 74 i s 1 Pressers and paokera Secondhand Sewing.maohine op- 96 Sewlng-maohlne op- erator Sewing-maohine op- 86 70 Spinners 6 87 1 87 Trimmer 60 Undesignated Undesignated Wash-room hands . . . Winders 1 ae. 2 ij a Tenth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 319 OccoPATiosrs, WITH Number ajstd "Wages of EmplotiSis, by Industries— Cont'd. IfOlE. — This table is not a oomplbte exhibit fcnrindnstries or states, bnt coveis only establiiilimentg tnyestlgated by the Baiean. See page 91, also sammarles, pages 143 to 226. GLOTBraG (HOBIEEY), KBW TOBK.— ESTAB. NO. 114. Time, U houn per day; 300 day$ thepcM year. OoonpationB. Brasher Button sewers Bntton-hole makers . Card boys Card cleaner Cntter Engineer IFinishers , Finishers Hemmers Inspector Emtters Lappers Loopers Menders Overseers Pressers and packers Second hands Sewrng-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erators Sewing-machine op- erator Spinners, mnle Spooler Trimmers Trimmers Undesignated Undesignated 'Wash-room hands. .. Watchman Winders Nnaiber. Male. Tern, 1 2 aS Doily wages. Male. Fern. tl 15 76 1 25 2 80 1 60 1 75 1 12 3 00 1 02 1 08 1 00 1 26 1 60 1 50 $0 69 2 97 1 24 1 00 85 1 00 1 00 1 17 1 08 60 1 70 76 1 67 87 CLOTHDia (hobubt), Nbw Yoek.— Ebtab. No. 115> lime, 11 honriper day; 302 days the pott year. Bmshers Batten sewers Bntton-holemarkers- Cardboys Gutters I'inishers Inspectors Knitters Lappers Lappers Loopers Menders Menders Pressors and packers Sewing-ma4!lune op- qperators gunners, mnle O^inmiers Wash-room hands . ■ . Winders a9 $1 16 62 1 98 1 00 87 1 «2 121 "i"53 $0 69 1 70 92 67 1 25 79 76 Clothmq (hobubt). New Xobk.— Bbtab. No. lie. Thne, 11 howrgper day; 302 daye the past year. Brasher Batton sewers Batton-hole maken . $1 15 $0 66 1 70 Clothimo (HosmET), New Tobk.— Bbtab. No. 116— Conclnded. Time, 11 Aouriper day; 302 dayt the put year. Ooonpatlons. Card boys Cuttor Finishers Foremen Hemmers Inspector -- Ejutters Knitter Lappers Loopers and seamers Menders Overseers Pressors and packers Spinners Spooler Trimmers Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated Wash-room hands... ■Winders Number. Male. Fern •9 Sally wages. Male. Fem $0 62 1 98 204 1 00 2 60 162 64 i'ra $0 92 85 66 87 1 21 79 95 60 83 56 37 CLOTHIKa (HOBUBT), NEW 117. Time,U.h»arsper day ; 300 Tobk.— Ebtab. No. dayttht pat year. Brasher Batton sewers Batton-hole maker. Card boys Cntter Finishers Hemmers Inspector .--. Kjuttera Lappem Loopers Menders Overseers Fressers and packers Sewing-machine op- erator Sewingmaohine op- erators Spinners Trimmers Undesignated Winders «1 16 ""62 1 00 a 60 ir t7 $0 69 1 67 86 76 95 1 16 T6 68 56 73 GLOTHIHa (H08IBBT), NEW 118. Time, 11 heweper day; 30: YOBK.— BSTAB. Ns. Idayefhepattyevr. Brasher Batton sewers Bntton-hole maker . Card boys Card cleaner Cntter Engineer Fimshers Finisher Foreman Henuuen •3 1 1 1 c4 1 «1 16 62 1 25 1 98 1 60 1 GO to 68 170 92 87 8C •Traih. 320 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. Occupations, with ffuMBER and Wages of Employes, bt Indtjstribs — Cont'd. HOTX. — This table is not a complete esJiibit for Indnstries or states, but covers only establishmentg inTestigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also Bnmmaries, pages 143 to 226. Clothihg (hobiebt), New Tobk ^Estab. No. 118— Concluded. Time, 11 hourt per day; 302 doj/f the poet year. OoaapatioM. N'nraber, DaUywagea. Hale. rem. Uale. FesL Knitters 3 1 8 5 1 « 4 .. 2 •4 ■■"is '»3"o6 1 75 1 62 1 75 "i'63 117 126 (0 87 1 25 Knitter I^oopers.. ........... 79 Menders .... , . ., 74 Overseer 1 1 7 1 Overseer i. Fressers andpMkem Secondhand Sewing-machine op- emtor 96 Sewing-machine op- Sewing-machine op- erators ..'. 1 16 •5 87 l^immers .......... . 1 87 Undesignated Wash -room hands . . . ■Watchman "Winders 1 2 1 56 67 CLOmnie (hosdest), Nxv Tobk.— Estab. No. 11». 2Vm«, 11 heure per day ,■ 802 iuyg the pott yetur. Bmsher ..... 1 '"•3 1 "■'ii' 1 1 1 2 1 7 4 1 6 4 i' •1 1 •2 ""•i" $1 00 "'82' 125 1 98 1 60 "'i'oo' 176 1 60 163 ""87 "i'is' 117 1 26 Button sewers *0 69 1 70 Card boys - . OS 1 1 1 Card cleaner Catter Engineer Finisher ., 87 Inspector Knitters 66 87 Knitter Loopers 79 1 1 1 « Overseers Packers and pressors Sewing-maokme op- 1 16 70 96 Sewing-machine op- Sewing-maoUns op- erators Spinners . ....... •4 87 60 1 70 Tiinmier ......... Undesignated Wash-room hands ... Watchman 1 2 1 Winders 67 Clothdis (hosiibt), N«w Tobk Ebtab. No 130. Time, U A«ur< per day,- 800 day§ the poet year. Button sewers Button, hole maker . Card buys $0 63 torn 1 70 Clothiko (hosibbt), New Tork.— Ebtab. No. 130— Concluded. Time, 11 hour/ per day; 3O0 dayathepaityeur. Oconpations. Nnmber. Dailywages. Uale. Pern. Uale. Fern. 2 ....... 4 1 1 (188 (0 92 85 67 126 92 Knftter ■RTnittArn . as 2' 4 2 3 14 11 i' 48 03 i' 68 Teo' 1 68 133 '"87." "i'ra' Loopers and seamers 79 ""■""' Packers Sewing-machine op- erators -.. 96 Spinners •5 83 Undesignated Undpiigpftt^d 10 80 66 Wash-room hands. . . Winders 10 '""to Clothinq (hobdebt), New Tobk.— Ebtab. No. 191. Tvme, 11 hourt per day; 302 d*yi fhepait v3 a20 •80 1 80 14 4 2 •2 4 20 8 1 160 •25 a20 OOAL, OOEB, AND OBE (IBON OBB), OBBAT BBI- TAiN.— Ebtab. No. 139. Time, 9 hours per day ; — dayt the past year. Bankman Blacksmith Cartman Depnties Drivers Dampers Engine plane men.. . Engine wright Fan-engine men Firemen Greaser Hanling«ngine man- Joiner Laboms to 90 96 72 1 08 62 96 74 68 96 72 48 96 08 72 • TsBth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 323 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industribs— Cont'd. Note.— This table Is not a complete exhibit for indastries or states, bnt ooTers only establlsbinenti inyestigated by the BuTean. See page 91, also snmmailes, pages 143 to 226. Coal, Cokb, and Obb (iboh obb), Gbeat BbtT' Am— Ebtab. No. 133— Gonolnded. Time, 9 hotaraper day; — day* tht poet year. OooupationB. Number. Dally wages. Hal*. Fem. Male. Fem. 12B S 1 1 1 1 2 ai 1 1 1 1 $108 96 72 76 80 50 80 22 48 100 80 104 PrunDmaii striker Timber leaders Wmding-engine man Coal, Coei, and Obb (coal), TsDTksx ^Ebtab. No. 133. Time, 10 hourt ptr day; 220 doj/a tA« ptiM year. Blaoksmiths Drivers Engineers ... LaDOTers.—. Miners b Track layers ■Weighers ... 10 60 20 82 1200 18 e «1 80 1 60 2 00 1 00 1 45 2 00 1 75 Coal, Cokb, and Obb (coal), Indlajia ^Estab. No. 134. Time, 10 hmm per day; 225 iayt the poH year. Blacksmiths Drivers Engineers... Laborers Mine boss ... Hlnerstf Track layers Weighers ._ 175 7 «1 50 1 2B 2 50 1 00 3 50 175 2 20 1 70 Coal, Cokb, ANDOBE(coAL).li!ABTLAin).— Bbtab. No. 133. Time, U hourt per day ; 225 daye Ihepait year. Blacksmiths Blacksmith's helper Carpenters Drivers Dumpers Engineer Fireman Fm^naoeman Laborers Miners d Stablemen Tracklayers Undesignated ■Weighers 2 $190 1 1 60 8 170 31 1 60 1 35, 225 170 175 1 35 247 173 133 2 00 eS 70 3 1 70 a Children. I Miners receive 80 cents per ton of 2,000 pounds, block coal (sliding scale). CCAL, Cokb, and Obb (coal), 'Uabtland.— Bsiab. No. 136. Time, 11 limreper day ; 230 daye tkepait ^ear. Ooonpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Pern. Fem Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers 2 2 86 < 3 3 315 1 2 4 1 1 «190 13S 1 60 1 35 1 65 1 35 1 56 1 84 129 2 00 2 00 176 Fnmacemen Minersd Track layers Goal, Cokb, asd Ose (coal), Mabtland.— Bbtab. No. lay. Time, 11 htunper day ; 227 d«y< thepaetyar. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Brakeman Carpenters Drivers Dumpers Engineer Laborers Minersd Stableman Stableman Track layers 2 1 2 16 5 1 7 200 1 1 3 t2 00 1 60 1 50 180 1 60 1 35 2 16 1 10 1 67 1 67 1 00 1 60 Coal, Cokb, amd Obb (coal), Mibsousl— Estab. No. 13S. Time, 10 htwri per day ,- — daye tMf poet year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper Drivers Engineer Fireman Laborers Miners, machine . . . Miners Mine boss Pumper Teamster Tracklayer Track layers ■Weigher 1 1 7 1 1 18 14 100 1 1 1 1 4 1 »2 31 1 93 2 00 288 2 31 1 60 246 1 88 288 1 93 1 93 26« 131 131 Coal, Cokb, and Okb (ibon obb), Mibboubl— Bbtab. No. 139. Time, 10 hours per day; —day the pait year. Carpenters ■ - ■ Engineers Machinists ■ - - Miners Undesignated 4 $2 00 « 1 76 12 2 75 125 125 <35 76 c Miners receive 77 cents per ton of 2,000 ponnda, block coal, d Miners receive 40 cents per ton of 2246 lbs. • Tenth. 324 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. Occupations, with Number ajto Wages of Employes, bt Industries — C'c aVA. Sots.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or etatea, but covers only estabUshmenti InTestigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also emnmarieB, pages 143 to 226. Coal, Cokb, ahd Osx (coal), Ohio.— Bbtab. ITo. 140. Timt, 10 houriper day; 211 day$ tktfmit year. OeomoKtlou. K-uaber. Dally wagM. Kale. Tarn. VaU, Fan. Blaoknlth 100 U ■■■-•-- n 7s 175 2 00 1 35 1 75 160 135 3 00 1 76 1 35 176 St 1 8S 3 00 Cagers -..--..... Drivers ............. ^Jngineers IjaboreTB......... . Oiler Tracklayers Weigher Coal, Cokc, and Osx (coal), Omio.— Ebtab. ITo. 1«1. Time, 10 \ntnperi»yi 208 tmyi thepait yemr. Blacksmith... Caeer Drivers Engineer Engineer Firemen Laborers Mine boss Minersa Fninper, mine . Pnmper, mine . Tract layers . . Trappers Weigher t2 00 1 GO 1 75 1 85 1 50 1 36 135 3 00 1 0« 1 85 1 25 1 75 80 1 75 Coal, Coki, ahd Oki (coal), Ohio.— Bstab. No. 149. Time, H Antra jwr day; 238 d»y the pmt yemr. Blacksruth.. Drivers Engineer Engineer Mine boss Minersa Topmen Track layers . Trappers Weigher «2 00 1 76 1 00 1 75 3 00 1 00 1 35 1 75 CO 1 76 Goal, Cokb, and Oiui (coal). No. 143. Ohio.— SaiAB. Time, *1t»wi per i»y! 1V> iMyt (he ftut yeur. Blacksmith Blacksmith's hel]>er. Drivers engineer C (coal), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 14S. Tim», 9 howeptr day; 200 daye (he pott year. Cager Drivers Damper Engineer Mine boss Miuersfl Water hanler . Weigher $1 35 1 35 1 25 1 60 2 00 1 38 1 85 1 60 Coal, Coki, ahd Obs (coal), Ohio ^Estab. No. 146. Time, 10 how per day; - daye the past year. Blacksmiths Blacksmith Bmkeman Carpenters Drivers Drivers, boss Dumpers Engineer, locomotive Engineer, stationary Furnace man Laborers Machinist Mine bosses Mine boas Minerse Slack hanler Teamster Track layers Trimmers Water hanler 2 4 1 1 1 12 1 2 1 160 1 1 4 3 1 (2 60 2 25 1 60 2 60 1 60 2 00 1 60 260 300 1 25 1 60 a 76 3 00 a 60 1 76 160 1 60 17S 1 SO 2 00 *^a*^"°*'" """ """^ ^^ *"'' "^ ^°"" ponj,.ia, Inmp coal (Tuscarawas Valley district), dMhlt™3i?.?iTt° P^' !™ "^.^i""" VO^'is, lump coal (Jackson County district). •Minors receive 60 cents per ton of 2,000 pounds, lump ooal (Hooking VaUey Strict) OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 325 OCCUPAMONS, WITH NUMBKK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYES, BY LNUUSIBIES — Cont'd. KoTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but oorers only establishments investigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also sununaries, pages 143 to 226. Goal, Coke aud Obb (coal), Ohio.— Estab. No. 147. Time, 10 h»ur§ fer duy; — doyf ilnptut yiur. Ooonpatlsms. Xubff. Daily irves. Ifal*. I'm. Hate. Tea. Blaaksmith . . 61 U ....... (2 26 1 32 2 00 1 25 140 1 TS 1 SO 126 1 25 2 60 120 200 1 40 1 25 60 260 Engineer MineboBB Miners 25 »7 2 2 13 3 26 27 • « $1 75 1 00 1 75 60 76 1 25 1 00 95 2 00 1 75 1 25 1 25 1 25 Coal, Cokb, AND Obi (ibon obx), Ebtab. No. 156. TiBomiA.- Kme, 10 h»wr$per deny; 300 detyethepatt yemr. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Carpenters Engineer Foreman Harness repairer .... Machinist Mine bosses Mine boss Miners ., Stablemen Timbermen *2 35 1 38 1 67 3 20 8 00 1 92 1 45 1 67 2 25 1 05 1 38 2 00 Coal, Coke, and Oke (ieon obb), Vibqinia.- EsTAB. No. 157. ISmne, 10 houn per day / 300 daye the past year. OccnpationB. Number. Daily Wage*. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 60 1 M (1 35 1 00 1 35 . 1 75 118 113 1 13 135 1 00 90 45 Brakemen Carpenter Feeder Laborer Mine bosses Teamster Coal, Coke, and Oeb (coal). West VmonnA.- Ebtab. No. 158. Time, 10 houn per day; 200 dayi the pait year. Blacksmiths . Drivers Dram runners Laborers Mine bosses . . Minerso Tracklayers . Trappers ■Weighers 105 2 $2 00 1 60 1 71 1 20 2 60 140 1 80 50 1 80 Coal, Cokb, and Obb (coal), Wbst VmonnA.- Estab. No. 159. Time, 11 houreper day; 240 days thepatt year. Blaclramith . . . Carpenter Driver Drivers Drivers Laborers Mine boss Miners e Tracklayer... Undesignated . $2 25 2 00 1 60 145 1 25 1 10 3 60 1 60 IM 60 Coal, Coke, and Oeb (coal). West VmaiNiA.- ESTAB, No. 160. Time, 10 hturi per day; 300 daye the pott year. 1 1 5 i>3 U 1 63 1 »2 00. 125' 140 76 60 8 00 1 20 1 60 Blacksmith's helper. Drivers Incline brakemwi . . . Teamster Coal, Coke, and Ore (coal), Wbbt VmoraiA.- ESTAB. No. 161. Time, » houre per day ; 200 days thepatt year. Drivers Laborers Minersd .... Track layer . tl 00 1 10 1 60 1 25 a This establishment mines its own coal. The miners receive 23i cents per ton of 2,000 pounds ran ol mine coal (Connelsville district). 6Touth. cMiners receive 40 cents per ton of2,240 pounds run ^mine coal (NewEiver district). Heatinq Affabatub (stovbb), UjcmoAH ^EsiAB. No. trS— Concluded. Knw, 10 hoan per day; 260 day» the poet year. Ooonpatioiii. J'apanner Japannex'saulBtant. LaoDier LaboreiB Laborers LaboieTB Xaborers Machinist Machinists . .. Monlder Moulders Moulders Moulders Moulders' helpers-. - Moulder and pattern maker Moulder and pattern maker Moulders and pat- tern makers Mounters Mounters Mounters Mounters Mounters Nickel plater Nickel platers Nickel platers . Nickel trimmers Nickel trimmers Nickel trimmers . - - Nickel trimmers . . - Pattern maker Patternmaker Pattern makers Pattern maker Pattern makers Pattern makers Pattern makers Pattern makers Pattern makers Polishers Polisher Polisher Polishers , Stove blaokener Teamsters _ Teamsters Teamsters Tinsmiths Tinsmiths Tinsmith Tinsmith.. Tinsmiths Tinsmith's helper . . Undesignated Watchmen Watchmen Wheelers and clean- Wheelers and clean- ers Wheelers and clean- ers , Wheelers and clean- Wlieel^ and imD familt cloth), Dela- WAim.— Ebtab. No. lOS. Time, 10 AourtjMr day; 300 doyt a«pw(v«ar. 11 33 • « 4 6 '"'•«■ U7 *147 8S 1 60 100 1 25 1 86 Carders to 60 Weavers CoiTOH GooDg (PBnra cloth), Fbasce.— Hbtib No. 196. Km«, 11 hmmperiay; — doWf the pott /Mr. Ooenpations. Nnmber. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Drawers Drawers' assistants . S 66 1 1 1 4 2 2 14 6 1 ■""iso" to 60 20 120 80 80 1 00 108 62 60 67 1 00 """eo" Oiler Sixers Sizers' assistants - . . Undesignated Warpers ».... $0 64 Winders 10 CoTTOB Goods (tabk), Feahoe.— Bbtab. No. lV7« Time, 12 heurt per day ; 800 iaye the past year. Adjnster .- 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2' 1 1 7 al 7 o7 i i" 8 """06 to 86 62 63 86 60 96 96 67 62 96 63 40 96 43 Blowing-room hands. to 45 Card grinders Card strippers Engineer.-. Jack-£rame tenders.. Ijaborers ........ 60 OUer Flecers... Spinners, mnle Winders 26 CoTTOH Goods (obilliiio), Gxobsia.— Ebtai, No. 198. Time, 111 hounpardav; 310 dayi the part year. Back boys t>9 2 al 1 1 04 03 4 2 7 1 611 """oii" olO ■—-■ to 32 86 76 150 170 47 55 1 05 86 125 86 80 '"i'eo" 65 86 70 " ""86 60 32 170 Balers...; Bolt maker . Blacksmith Brush boys........ Card grinders Card strippers Carpenters Cloth-room hand Drawers to 48 55 Drawers-in .......... Engineer rilling hands Fireman ....... .. 1 OS 1 2 2 •19 a3 a Folders Fly-frame tenders. . . 72 Uaohlnists oTonth. b Children. Estimated average wages. The agent's retnm gives 43 weavers (male), at 92 cents to tl.67per day. 4 Xstimatecl •venw* waeea. The agent's retnm Kives 97 weavers (female), at 83 oents to tl.20 per day. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 335 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, bt Industkiks —Cont'd. Note.— Thia table la not a complete exhibit for indastries or states, bnt coTers only establishmenta InYBBligated by the Bniean. See page 91, also snmmaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (dbilling), Georgia.— Ebtab. No. 19S— Conolnded. Tim*, Hi hoviraper day; 310 days (he past year. Ooonpatioiw. Mason Klxers OileTa OUer Overseers Overseer Openers Painter Pickers Eovers Second hand . . . Second hand . . . Second hand . . . Section hands . ■ Slashers Spinners, mnle . 8piniiei8,otliflr. Spoolers Stampers Stitchers Teamster Tinsmith Undesignated . Undesignated . Undesignated . Undesignated . Warpers Watchmen Weavers Winders Nnmber. Male. Fem. 1 a3 6 61 3 1 a2 1 04 a3 1 1 1 10 03 al bU 1 1 1 9 3 030 »24 al3 110 Daily wages. Male. Fem. $2 2S 75 80 32 4 25 1 90 58 1 00 75 76 1 70 1 50 1 25 1 15 1 25 85 44 70 65 40 27 1 05 1 05 85 70 60 1 00 85 85 75 «0 44 40 75 Corroif Goods (dmlumo), Gbobsu — Bbtab. No. 199. IXme, m tumrtper day,- 310 days the past year. Baler Bander Blacksmith Bobbin boy Card grinaers- ■ Card strippers . Carpenters Poffers Brawers Fireman Folder..: Laborer Laborers Machinist Oiler OUer Overseer Overseer Overseer Pickers Bailway hands.. Eover Scmbber Second hand . . ■ Second hands ... Section hands. . Section hands ... Slasher Spinners ^odleEL 1 1 1 al 2 a4 2 OS a2 1 1 1 olO 1 al al 1 1 1 04 1 ol al 1 2 3 4 1 ol3 to 75 65 1 60 30 105 60 90 42 5 50 66 75 $0 68 17 "'85 47 1 00 65 50 4 26 3 40 170 50 80 60 60 2 00 125 70 120 1 16 68 o22 37 37 o7 ....... 48 Cotton Goods (deilliko), Gboboia.— Bstab, No. 199— Gonclnded. IHme, 11} homt per day; 310 dayt (he past year. Occupations. Stamper Stitcher Sweeper Undesignated . Undesignated . Undesignated . Undesignated . Warpers Watchmen Weavers . - . - Yam carrier .. Knmber. Male. Fem. 1 1 i>l 1 2 o4 M 48 Daily wages. Male. Fem. »0 75 76 95 «0 65 COTTOS Goods (pbint cloth, mombkin), Gbe- UAST.— Estae. No. 300. Time, 12 hours per day; ! days (he past year. (tam- Back tenders bonrs) — Bleachers Bobbin winders Calenderers Carders Card grinders - . Card makers . . . Carpenters Carpenters Chemists Cleaners and oilers. . Doffers Drivers Driers Dyers Dyers Engineers and ma- chinists Firemen Floor hands Folders Foremen Foremen Gas makers Greasers Harness repairer . . - Joiners Laborers Locksmiths Masons Masons MeaBurerfl Oilers Openers and prepar- ers Packers Pantographers Pickers Porters Preparers Printers Printer Boilers Bovers Eovers Scrubbers Sizers ai0 24 Spare hands. aTonth. Spinners, mole 6Chlldrem. 8 3 167 15 37 27 16 24 9 20 2 11 1 8 17 6 BO 20 19 a47 a28 3 $0 46 54 57 67 75 35 64 44 70 73 61 42 1 16 70 60 68 80 79 77 90 78 50 58 77 56 51 42 1 13 76 46 61 26 17 «0 25 40 22 48 3t 336 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of EmplotiSs, by Industries— Conf d. K'OTE. — Thi» table is not a complete exhibit for ijidnstriea or states, but covers only establishmentfl Investigated by the Borean. See page 91, also summaries, pages U3 to 226. Cotton Goods (pbimt cloth, moleskim), Gkk- MAKT.— Bbtab. No. aoo— Concluded. Tim4, 12 hourtper day; 303 dayt tKepatt year. Ocoupatioiui. Nnmber. Daily wages. Mftle. Fern. Male. Fem. 16 a24 ""■■35 ....... 8 "■491" 576 '"'49' '♦o'si' 61 80 '"'35' 66 54 "ie 62 ....... 45 «0 49 25 Spinners, other iS 12 40 TTndeslgnated •226 3 21 WarehoTue men 69 "Warpers - . 37 12 16 "Watchmen Weavers ^ . 48 "Wtiirers 45 "White-room hands . . 5 60 M 1 CoTTOH Goods (pehit cloth), Geeat Bbttain.— Ebtab. Xo. aoi. Time, 10 houra per day ; 300 dayt the past year. 4 04 1 '"'as' 3 9' 2 9" 3 "■■(•27 2)29 '"'m 19 $0 90 32 80 ""37" "i'26" 88 85 32 84 1 E2 144 ""63' "i'is" ■■"ei 1 40 72 Bobbin boys Card clothieiB ■»6'45 o7 Drawers 64 Engineers ..... 2 1 3 Grinders and strlp- Lappers ........ 55 1 al 1 8 5 Machinist's helper . . oner Overseers (over- Overseers (over- Rovers - . . . . ... ... 66 8 75 40 Spinners, mnle Spinners, other 9 Tenters 5 2 6 Undesignated Warehonae men ""'90 54 Cotton Goods (bhektinq), Gekat Bbttain.— Ebtab. No. 309. lime, 10 hourtper day ,- — dayt the patt year. Bobbin tenders Card feeders Card grinders Card grinders Cloth-room band ^loth-room hands . . . aTouth. 2 «0 64 a2 64 7 92 2 88 1 1 20 al 60 Cotton Goods (bhbktino), Gebat Bbitam.— Bbtab. No. aO» c— Concluded. TvniM^ 10 howraper day ; — dayt the patt year. OoonpationB. Nomber. DaUy wages. Male. Fern. Male. Pern. aSt ...... U 3' ....... 10 s e i' (0 65 "i'zi' 86 148 180 117 108 94 87 "i'if 88 76 107 60 "i're Too' 140 102 90 74 68 88 (0 41 76 8 1 3 1 3 1 a 13 Foremen Foremen, assistant.. Lappers 62 Mixer 1 I 1 2 Oiler Kovers.. -...-- 07 Slnbbora .. Spinners, mule Spinners, other Sweepers 42 13 Tapers a 1 1 2 8 3 1 Taper Twister "Warpers ... . "Winders 60 Cotton (}oodb (task), Gbbat Bbitaiii.— Estaji. No. 903. Tine, 10 hourt per day ,- — dayt the patt year. Bobbin carrier (Ian tftndors 1 3" 9' 4" 2 "20" aie 9 $116 'I'W 104 92 76 "i'so" 96 115 80 06 72 92 72 100 2 21 2 00 1 70 68 108 "i'«' '(o'm Cardolothler Carders ,..- 1 2 6 4 Drawers 72 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 36 Fireman .... Laborer LaDners 64 73 Oiler Overseer (overlooker) Over866r{overlooker) Overseer's assistant. Packers ....... 68 4f, n Speeders 72 Spinners, mnle 34 i Children. < Weavers not reported. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 337 Occupations, with Number and Wages of EmployiSs, by Industries— Cont'd. NoTB. — This taUe is Twt a complete exhibit for indaatrles or states, hnt coTers only eatablishmenta iiiTestigated by the Barean. See page 91, also summaries, page 143 to 226. COTTOH Goods (taeh), Great Bbitain.— Ebtab. No. 304. TiTTie, 10 haursp&r day; — days the past year. Ouctipations. Carders Drawers Eogineer Iceman Lappers Mixers Oiler Openers Overseers Oreiseers' assistants Flecers Plecers, little Hovers - Slnbbers Speeders Speeders Spinners, mnle Number. Male. Eem, 41 ii41 41 Daily wages. Male. Fem. »0 72 65 2 00 96 1 90 80 96 3 2 00 1 20 76 47 27 10 7 al 1 51 $0 64 64 Cotton GfooDS (tarn), Geeat Beitaik.— Estab. No. 205. Time, 10 houra per day ; — days the past year. 1 1 12 ....... 2 '"'ii' 13 5 4 al6 ...... $1 60 1 20 96 ""88 80 2 00 68 60 52 44 ""so' "i'eo 1 44 Card grinders and $0 72 4 4 1 a28 al8 a28 al8 68 Overseer (overlooker) Plecers Piecers Plecers, Uttle ""39, Bovers.... 25 fi? 64 Speeders .... 72 Speeders 40 Spinners, mnle Spinners, mnle Slabbers 28 18 ""72 Cotton Goods 24 1 1 I>2 2 2 1 ai 62 4 4 al2 5 1 1 1 alO <(2 al4 a28 15 a3 I «8 $125 35 1 33 90 40 90 1 50 1 75 90 45 1 50 1 25 80 2 00 1 75 1 15 1 50 50 "70 $0 SS 42 85 65 «0 12854 I.AB- .22 338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. 'Occupations, with Number jtsro Wages of Employes, by Inbusteibs — Cont'd. !NoTE. — This table is not a complete exhibit for iudnstries or states, but covers only estahlishmentB ' investigated by the Bnreaa. See page 91, also smnmaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (sHKETraG), Mainb.— Ebtab. No. 20y— Conoliided. Kme, 11 houraper dayi — days the patt year. Occnpations. Number. Dally wages. Kale. rem. Male. Fern. 3 3 """34 2' 11 "02 ....„- 6 S 6 ""12" --- ■■"'as' •72 64 8' '" '«i' '" "m" 60 32 *1 32 ] 90 1 i 2 ai 1 »1 80 Elevator tenders 1 00 1 10 90 1 10 '"i"6o' 2 50 "i'W 1 75 1 75 137 1 00 80 60 90 1 00 1 60 1 76 85 1 76 ■"■"72" ' 65 45 "2'25" 1 T5 1 60 1 33 1 75 1 50 1 00 "i'io" 85 1 40 ''i"25' DO 65 40 "iii" '"'"42' 1 10 40 1 50 80 85 1 76 1 15 90 65 60 99 1 25 90 60 1 35 1 16 1 06 1 00 72 Folder Fly-f r'ame tenders 1 00 1 1 Harness repairers - . . 80 75 10 11 1 i s 04 a2 3 1 2 1 •16 1 ■Oilers ■Oilers Packer Pattern maker Railway hands 70 al a8 Jlovers 1 20 Scrubbers -.... 50 ■Secondhand Secoud hands Second hands Second hands Section hands Section hands Section hands Se-wing-machine op- 1 8 8 4 11 16 11 Shafting man Sizer 1 •1 1 Slashers Slnbbers 1 1 a2 !>2 SpflTA bp.7ifli^ Spinners, mnle 23 Spinners, other 60 Spool carrier Stamper al 1 •12 2 •4 •S 2 1 1 •4 •10 5 1 1 •2 6 34 60 4S 2 Teamsters Twisters Undesignated TTndeaignated Undesignated Undosigoated 'Undesignated Warpers ...... ... '""99 Waste hand Waste hands ■"Watchmen . . 50 Weavers 1 00 Winders COTTOH Goods (sheeting, bhietihg, etc.), Maine.— Ebtab. No. SOS. Time, 11 hours per day/ — days the past year. Occnpations. Back boys Blacksmiths Blacksmith's helper Bobbin boy BiTiah boys Carpenter Carpenters Card clothiers Card ginders Card strippers Cleaners Cloth-room hands - - . Cloth-room hands . .. Doffers Doffers Doffers Doffers --. Donblers Drawers Elevator tenders Filling hands Firemen Foremen Harness repairers. . . Inspector Inspectors Laborers Laborers Lappers Macninist Machinists Macbioists' appren- tices Oilers Oilers Overseers Overseers Painters Pickers Pickers Piecers.in Piper Pressmen Hovers Hovers Hovers Scrubbers Scrubber Second hand Second hands Secondhand" Section hands Section hands Slashers Slashers* helpers Slubbers & speeders Spinners, mnle Spinners, other : Spinners, other Spinners, other Spoolers Stampers Sweepers Sweepers Teamsters Undesignated Undesignated Warpers Watchman Weavers Wpigher Winders Nnmbex. Male. Fem. a44 2 1 al •3 1 7 a 12 20 bio 2 2 •2 •2 ai bse •2 4 4 •3 2 15 66 6 S 3 2 11 "i 3 aS a5 bl2 3 •1 1 2 1 24 11 6 •2 13 28 4 117 1 •3 31 •98 14 44 10 226 Daily wages. 9 Yauth. kOUliireli. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 339 Occupations, with Numbbr and Wages of EMPLoy:fis, by iNDtrsTEiKS— Cont'd. Note.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only estabUslrments investigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goodb (araoKUi), Mainic Ebtab. THo. 309. Kme, 11 hourt per day; 308 iayt the past year. jeMtk-^i^^i^ii^. Nnmber. Back boys. , Balers Band boy . Beamers . ., Belt maker Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Bobbin boys Bobbin boys Bolt cutter Caxd clothier Card fixer Card fixer Card grinders Card strippers Calendercr Carpenters Cleaners Cleaners Oloth room hand Cloth room hand Cloth room hands . . . Doffer Doffers Doffer Doffers Donbler boys Drawers Dressers Dyers Dyers Elevator tender Filling hand Filling hands Filling hands Finisher Firemen Folders Gas maker Gate tender Harness repairer Inspectors Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Machinist Mason Oflor Oilers Oiler Overseer Overseer Overseers Overseer Overseer Overseer Painter Painter Pattern maker Picker Picker Pickers Piper Piper's helper Presaer Qnillers Kailway haads Bailway hands Beelers -. Male. fern. all &9 111 17 3 1 1 1 67 »3 1 1 1 M 8 US 1 7 alO all 61 2)3 61 a9 64 63 7 25 11 1 1 2 610 1 2 2 1 1 2 13 13 68 1 1 1 7 61 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 623 62 62 6 DaUy wages. 629 a2 68 Male. Male. $0 36 67 60 2 24 1 48 2 60 2 18 1 10 62 90 1 28 1 58 1 09 80 1 37 80 1 19 1 80 45 S3 80 73 54 39 62 42 91 1 iO 90 1 05 1 53 95 70 1 66 1 61 1 58 1 36 75 1 58 1 35 1 05 90 2 03 1 13 1 05 95 64 6 44 4 75 3 15 2 75 2 37 2 00 2 03 1 58 2 03 1 58 1 19 80 2 03 1 80 1 58 67 64 52 2 21 ■ ChlldrviB- $148 Cotton Goods (gdjoham), Miiira.— Estab. No. 309— Conclnded. Time, 11 hov/rB per day ; 308 days the pott year. OccnpationB. Number. DaUy wages. Male. Fem. Male. Male. 64 63 1 2 13 3 17 10 1 1 1 3 1 "'hih' '"'hi' 2 2 3 2 ""ie 9 25 i i' 1 ""'5i' "'"'73' 25 ^03 $0 48 44 2 75 2 10 1 92 1 45 1 80 163 1 19 1 58 1 58 1 40 85 "45" 1 16 80 53 37 1 60 1 50 73 "'""eo' 30 1 18 2 50 81 1 80 1 50 ""i'25' 1 08 1 13 1 12 "i 36 1 18 1 11 "lis' 95 $0 44 "'"95 Second hand Second hands.... Second hands Second hands Section hands Section hands Sowing-machine op- Slasher Slasher's helper 97 67 80 62 1 621 61 a3 7 1 68 1 16 Spare hands Spinners, mnle Spinner, mule Spinners, other "'"73 84 Spoolers 71 61 a23 4 1 62 1 2 Ticketers 99 T'wister 1 70 Twisters 1 1 8 1 1 42 AVastehand 44 "Watchmen 6 385 90 1 38 1 20 1 17 Winders '. . . 52 1 Cotton G-oodb (bhbetimg, dbiiiLIng), Mabt- LANQ.— Ebtab. No. 310. Time, 11 hours per day ; 300 da^ the past yea/r. Seamers Bohbin boys Carriers Card grinders Doffers Doffers Drawers Engineer Fillin g hands Laborers Loom fixers Overseers Packers -.• Pickers Hallway hands . - - Bepair hands fc Yfttttt. 2 $1 25 66 40 3 80 4 1 50 64 50 a6 olO 30 5 1 50" 1 64 50 6 1 25 6 1 25 3 2 25 ■ 6 125 6 1 10 64 60 6 1 75 $0 30 75 340 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER Ol' LABOR. Occupations, with Number ajud Wages op Employ^, by Industkibs — Cont'd. IfOTE.— This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments iixyestigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (sheetims, DBiLLrae), Makt- LAOT).— EsTAB. No. 210— Conolnded. Time, 11 hourt per day; 300 day t the pa»t year. Oconpatious. Kover Second hands.. Slubbers Speeders Speeders Spinners Spoolers Sweepers Twisters Undesignated . Undesignated . Warpers Wearers Number. Hale. Fern a2 bl5 '"«5 Daily wages. Male. Fern. $0 75 1 75 1 30 $0 75 75 35 Cotton Goods (bhietino, dbillotq), LAUD.— ESTAB. No. 311. Uakt- Timt, 11 hounprr day,- — dayitht pott year. Blacksmith 1 15 1 "'is' '""l6" '66 '"'ao' tl 50 70 1 60 '"i"76' 1 00 1 75 2 13 2 25 2 25 60 "i'so 1 25 $0 70 Carpenter ..._ 80 1 «1 2 1 8 1 •2 Machinist 70 1 1 Watf.liTTiiin . . . 81 OOTCOH GOODe (DCCK), MABTI.AirD.— Ebtab. No. 319. TvtM, 11 hours per day; 300 da^a tkepagt year. Carders 18 a9 3 1 1 1> « 5 17 ""is '" "4i o20 '"'is' $0 70 45 80 1 75 1 25 1 00 1 50 1 65 ""45 45 1 25 B4 »0 70 Dressers --. 80 Repair hands 70 al2 ai 2 U 45 tfndesignatod Weavers 84 Cotton Goobb (duck), Mabtulkd.— Ebtab. No' 913. Time, 11 Hows per day/ 305 dayt the past year. Beam era . Card "boys Card {frindere . Doffers Drawers Filling hands . Loom flxera . . . 12 »0 71 all 66 « 1 54 »12 623 42 8 U9 46 ( 1 76 «0 40 71 Cotton Goods (duck), Mabti.and.— Bbtab. No. 313— Concluded. JSitm, 10 howrt per day ; 208 da/yt the past year. Occupations. Oilers Overseers Overseers Packers Pickers Sailway hands . Slubbers Spare hajids Speeders Spinners Spoolers Spoolers Sweepers.- Twisters Undesignated . . Undesignated - . Undesignated . . Weavers Number. Male. Fem. alO 6 3 7 11 a2 &6 a4 13 12 aa 12 al4 Daily wages. Male. Fem, $0 60 2 25 175 1 47 1 27 77 54 75 2 10 1 84 64 $0 79 " "84 79 75 42 Cottoh Goodb (BnBXTnra), Massachubettb.— Ebtab. No. 314. Time, 10 houre per day; 308 day» the pott yectr. •35 1 a8 1 15 29 ■"ai2" ""•26" 12 19 '"•7 ■"""i«" """is" 7 39 """58' 62 4 16 8 "382" $0 68 2 12 45 1 90 1 34 91 ""i"29 '"i"26' 1 14 1 47 1 00 1 18 1V20 103 4 00 89 ""i"75" 78 66 ""i"»8" 1 70 145 106 1 20 1 38 1 06 ""i"27' ■■""98' "i'so" Card clothier Card grinders Card strippers '$6"40 SO Cloth-room hands . . . 11 61 80 Elevator tenders FilliTTg hands 2 11 2 8 2 1 4 6 2 Laborers - . , . . oif^ :'"':".::'"■■ Oilers Pickers 60 Kepair hands 17 ae as Scrubbers 56 Second hands Section hands Seotlon hands Section hands 13 2 25 3 1 6 2 Slashers ■ Slabbers 80 Spare hands 1 01 84 Spinners, mule Spinners, other 33 67 a 78 Ije-overs 67 Undesignated. ... 88 92 Watchmen < Weavers 83 a Toath. bCUldrsn. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 341 Occupations, with Number ai^d Wagbs of EMPLOTfis, by Industries- -Cont'd. ItTOTE.— Thid table is not a complete exhibit for indns'^es or states, but covers only establishments Uiveatigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also sninmaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton GtOOds (bheetino), Massachubettb. — EsTAB. Ko. 313. Tvme, 10 hours per da/y; 305 days the past year. Occnpationa. JTnmber. Daily wages. Male. Vem. Hale. Fern. Card grinders Card strippers 4 •B S ■10 ""ie 5' 27 "■o44' l>34 4 S 49 4 $1 00 76 126 60 "i'75" 117 1 00 92 125 3 00 1 25 *(>. 1 25 'Too" 43 '"i'i2' 1 17 92 1 00 $0 67 2 3 4 20 10 4 4 «25 4 Second hands """84 67 Spinners, mnle Spinners, other 20 oSO """'43 42 67 72 13 44 14 6 1 17 "Weavers . 92 "Weavers Cotton GrOODS (shbetdjg), Masbachubetts.- Ebtab. :N'o. 316. Kme, 10 hourt per day; 305 dayt the pout year. 68 2 2 6 as '""bi 6 s" 16 ■"■"is" •2 9 »1 2 1 i' 24 4 4 $0 38 38 1 26 1 00 1 67 70 "'i'ra' 125 go 83 1 50 1 60 1 60 3 00 2 75 1 50 1 26 1 00 63 1 60 1 29 96 1 60 '"'"os" 1 42 48 69 ■""29" 42 ""i'69 1 69 1 46 125 104 84 Card boys Card grinders Card strippers Carpenters . - Doners $0 38 83 1 14 2 4 4 3 2 1 8 1 3 2 ttS, 1 1 2 1 Laborers - Laborers TiOnm fiTers . Machinists Overseers Overseer Pa.iTit<»rn Pickers Kailway hands Secondhand Secondhand Second hands Slasher Spare hfl.n'ls 1 00 Speeders 2 7 i>3 C4 95 Spinnera, mole Spinners, other Spinners, other Spoolers """"48 69 66 38 Sweepers . »2 ae Undesignated """82 Warper 74 "Watchmen 1 3 11 29 1 4 Weavers "Weavers i « Weavers 1 25 1 04 a Cotton Goods (sheeting). Mabsachhbbitb.— Ebtab. No. air. Tijne, 10 hours per day; 301 days the past yM/r. Occnpations. Blacksmith Card grinders .- Card strippers.. Carpenter Carpenters Carpenters Doners Drawers Engineer Fireman Laborers Laborers Loom fixers Machinist Machinists Overseers Bovers Second hand .-. Second hands .. Section hands .. Speeders Spinners, mnle . Spinnera, other . "Warpers Watchman Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers Nnmber. 1 Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. 1 Fem. $1 SO 1 00 1 00 2 60 1 60 1 29 59 60 S 77 1 60 1 25 1 00 1 75 2 50 1 50 3 00 60 1 68 1 SO 76 1 25 1 00 1 63 1 39 1 21 1 06 87 $0 50 1 00 """70 1 20 1 06 87 69 Cotton Goods (sheeting), MABSACHiiaKTrs.- Bbtab. No. 318. Time, 10 hours per day ; 307 dayt ihepaat year. Card grinders . . Card strippers . Carpenters Doffers Engineer Fireman Laborers Loom fixers Overaeers Overaeers Paintera Second hands... Spare hands Speeders Spinners, mule . Spinners, other . "W eavers Weavers Weavers 6 •21 10 28 13 14 a30 12 10 18 $0 90 1 17 1 50 45 2 00 1 84 80 1 08 3 25 3 00 1 25 1 59 82 1 29 59 1 54 1 34 1 17 *0 75 92 1 60 1 26 1 08 Cotton Goods (feint cloth) Massachusetts.— Ebtab. No. 310. liirw, 10 hours ptr day ; 308 days the past year. Back boys Sandboys Beam fixer Card boys Card boys Card grinders - (iard strippers . Chainer , Cleaners Doffers Drawers $0 44 67 1 30 75 40 1 42 95 60 (l3 76 •25 B9 9 ........ $0 45 73 1 JJ «¥oittt>.. bChJldreB. 342 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Occupations, with Ntimber aud Wages of Employes, bt Inbustkies— Cont'd. IfOTE.— This table is not a complete exhibit foi industries or states, bnt covers only establishiuentv juveatigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (peiht cloth), Masbachusettb.- EsTAB. No. 319— Concluded. Tiyne, 10 hounper day; 308 days the pott year. OcoupatioM. Number. Dally wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. 03 4 4 " "oi 02 4' «" ■■""is' 41 42 ' "i 3' s 'i'23' 99 1 69 8 '$i'25 82 75 ■"i"o6 1 18 69 95 2 16 1 35 1 DO 80 60 6 00 6 00 2 50 1 45 1 06 90 65 1 25 185 1 50 70 50 76 "4' 66 2 65 2 48 2 00 2 20 1 91 1 60 1 45 145 1 66 1 20 1 21 "i'ei' 47 70 1 10 "i'so" 1 24 70 1 13 85 1 08 1 08 ""76" 1 10 $0 65 Filling hands 2 2 1 Harness bmsher 83 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 •3 3 1 1 1 6 2 03 1 1 1 a2 a2 ol 1 00 Xiapper...... Machinist Oiler Oilers Oiler Oilers Overseer Quillers Kaaway hands Repair hand ""'76 70 'i'ie "'"9i "i'66 83 80 '""85 ■""78 "i'is "i"69 1 00 91 86 Rovers Scrubbers Secondhand Second hand Secondhand Second hands Section hands Section hands Section hands Section hands Shaftor 1 1 1 3 S 22 1 3 1 8 2 1 Slashers Slashers' helpers Slubber ....:. Spinners, mule Spiimers, other 17 03 o4 Sweepers Twister 1 1 02 2 6 1 3 Twisters Undesignated Warpers Waste hand Weavers Weavers Weavers .-- alS 1 Weigher Cotton (Joods (print cloth), Mabbachusbttb.— Bbtab. No. 330. Time, 10 hourt per dny ; — dayt the poet yeear. Carders Cloth-room hands . .. drawers and dressers 060 7 8 »1 17 1 67 1 33 «T»iith. Cotton Goods (pbint ci.oth), Mabbachdsettb.- Ebtab. No. 330— Conclnded. Fime, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Oooapations. Number. Daily wages. Male. • Fern. Male. Fem. Overseers 16 2 ....... 033 '""97' «125 '""95' 48 "i'si 93 '»6'62 ■■"76 70 Spinners, mule Spmuers, other Spoolers and warpers Undesignated 60 al6 '"'26' 68 Cotton Goodb (pedit cloth) MAssACHUBBrre.— • EsTAB. No. 331. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Back boys Band boy Bobbin DOT Card grinders Card strippers — Cleaners Dofiers Doffers Boublers Drawers Drawers Elevator tender . . Elevator tenders Filling hands Fly -frame tenders . Oiler Oilers Overseers Overseers Pickers Rovers Scrubbers Scrubbers Second hands Second hands Second hands Second bands Section hands Section hands Si«PT Slashers Slubbers Spare hands Speeders Spinners, mule Spinners, other Sp inuers, other Spoolers Spoolers Sweepers Tubers Undesignated Warpers Weavers Xarn hand o46 ol ol 8 9 K al8 3 "oii 2 17 2 "'""is" 6' 3 8 ■-■-- """24" o7 30 23 U 6 4 3 60 (0 35 35 72 1 25 95 35 60 '"'"75 1 00 82 75 1 07 1 25 90 3 25 175 85 80 "'i'es' 160 1 50 1 46 1 60 103 95 1 45 ■"i"i2" '"i"65" """"23' "i"i3' ""'95' '»6'95 '"» 87 75 75 "i"o6 ""io 55 "i"i2 ""87 ■""80 45 70 55 82 ■""75 1 OS 95 Cotton Goodb (calico), Mabbachubbtts.- Ebtab. No. 333. Time, 10 hours per day ; 266 days the past year. Back tenders . Back tenders. Back tenders. Back tenders. oil o7 a5 &8 kCMMm. $1 20 1 02 73 46 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 345 Occupations, with Ntjmbbk and Wages of Employes, bt Indtjstklbs — Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establlshmentB Investigated by the Boxean. See page 91, also snmmaries, pages 143 to 226. COTTONGOODS (calico), MABBACBUBKTTB.—E8TAB. Ko. 333— Continued. Time, 10 koura per day; 266 days the past year. Ooeupatlons. Nomber. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Uale. rem. a25 s' "'670" 618 ....... 7 8 2" ....... $0 37 "i 7i' 2 96 2 00 1 00 63 75 1 26 1 96 1 a 3 00 1 05 60 52 1 26 117 1 00 52 3 75 1 90 4 00 92 1 65 1 33 90 62 1 65 1 25 1 00 "i'25" 95 1 57 1 n 1 37 1 08 82 2 17 1 15 1 05 5 50 5 33 3 75. 3 50 3 33 3 00 90 50 72 2 00 142 147 4 83 190 '"'so' "2'o6" 1 80 1 60 1 50 1 46 1 30 1 10 1 20 54 5 00 2 50 $1 00 Belt fixers 3 2 1 5 be bi 16 2 U 1 16 Ml U2 7 16 20 blO 1 2 8 7 1 11 2 62 7 7 26 Blacksmiths Bleachers Bleachers . . . - Cardgrindera Doflers 60 Drawers ............. 62 Dyers Filling hands Folders Folders - . . . Folders and packers. Folders and packers. Folders and packers - Harness bmshers ... ""63 68 Laborers 10 20 10 7 6 67 62 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 2 3 53 615 62 1 7 1 8 1 Machinists Machinists Machinists' helpers . Mac binists' helpers . . Mason Mason's helper Overseer Overseers Overseers Oilers Packers Pantographers 1 00 75 Eovers 62 60 Second hands Second hands Second hands Section bands Section bands Section bands Selectors and stamp- 2 12 3 17 21 6 U 4 66 3 1 Sketch makers Skfttoh taftk«T CoTTost Goods (CALICO), MABSACHUBB'rre.—EBTAB. No. 283— Concluded, Time, 10 hoiireper day; 266 dayt the pott yta/r. Occupations. Slashers Slashers' helpers . Spare hands Speederfl Spinners, mnle . . . Spinners, other . - - Spoolers Steamer and stELrcher Steamers and staroh- ers Steamers and starch- ors Steamers and starch- ers Steamers and staiTch- ers Sweepers Teamsters Ticketers Undesignated Warpers Watchmen Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers Weavers Nnmber. Uale. rem. 11 10 614 18 67 125 67 13 31 70 72 300 20 17 Daily wage*. Hale. rem. $1 35 1 05 60 1 37 2 00 1 27 1 00 75 60 'i'io 'i'46 1 46 1 20 $0 63 71 71 72 83 7» 1 02 9S 81 Cotton Goods (chick), Massachubettb.— Bbtab. No. 333. Time, 10 howriper day i 308 dayi the pott year. Carders Cloth-room hands - . Drawers-in Spinners, mnle Spinners, other Spoolers and warp ers Weavers 15 4 1 36 622 6 70 24 108 $1 01 1 41 75 1 03 57 1 18 1 16 $0 75- 7* 83 75- 1 21 Cotton GOODB (THBBAD), MABBACHUSKTTS. — £btab. No. 334. Time, 10 hourt per day ; — dayi the poet year. a Children. Beamer Boiler tenders Boiler tender Carder Carders ■ Doffers Drawers Drawers Dressers ■ Dyers and bleachers. Engineer Grinders Laborers Laborers Packers and meas- nrers Painter Painter Piecors Picker Pickers iToath. 61 2 1 1 60 617 $0 90 2 42 1 50 1 50 1 37 610 45 $0 45 60 1 00 5 ■"2"66 1 60 67 t 00 1 37 1 50 1 28 65 ■2'66 1 76 77 1 60 1 00 54 344 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. Occupations, with Numbek and Wages of Employes, by Industries— Cont'd. IfOTB. — This table is noi a oomplete exhibi t for indnstries or states, but covers only establishinenta investigated by the Buxeaa. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 22G. Cotton Goods (thread), MASSAoausBTTB.- EsTAB. No. a34U-Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past yewr. Occupations. Repair bands. Scrubbers sweepers Second hands . - Section hands . . Spinners, mule. Spinners, other. Spoolers Spoolers Spoolers Spool turners.. Teamsters Third hands Ticket cutters. Ticketors Twisters Twisters Warpers .. Watchmen Weavers Winders Winders and Hnmber. Male. Fern 16 20 Daily wages. Male. Fem. $2 50 2 25 1 16 1 40 2 25 1 60 1 50 1 25 1 50 $0 60 95 1 00 75 54 60 1 05 go 1 50 1 10 1 25 1 15 COITON OOODB (THBEAD), MASSACHUSETTS.- USTAB. ISO. 333. Tline, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Dressers Engineer Inspector Machinist Overseer Overseers Overseer Packer Spoolers Undesignated . Winders Wrapper 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 al $1 83 2 00 1 00 1 25 3 00 2 50 1 25 75 75 "i'66' $1 00 50 1 00 Cotton Goods '(sheeting), New Hampbhire.- ESTAB. No. 330. Time, 10 J howrs per day; 309 days the past year. ■ Bleachers 5 47 35 25 5 30 a95 al02 117 39 93 '""lis al85 53 a53 52 158 $1 50 96 1 73 96 82 1 30 96 69 ""'so' $0 87 1 08 Cloth-room hands . . . Harness repairers • - . 69 rwisters Weavers . - i27 93 Cotton Goods (print oloth), New Hampshire.- EsTAB. No. a»y. Time, V)% hours per day ; 308 daj/a the past year. Band boys Band boys Ba«k boys Card boys Card clothier-.- Card g!-iadera . . Card strippers . a>2 62 529 oA 1 13 11 $0 57 40 39 50 1 59 1 37 96 Co'rroN Goods (raniT cloth), New Hampshiue.— EsTAB. No. 337— Concluded. Kwi«, 10| hov^eper da/y; 308 days the past year. Oocnpationa. Number. Daily (rages. Msle. rem. Hale. rem. Doffers a9 a3 aS, 1 a2 2 a2 aS. a\ e21 4 6 ""'io' 2 6 6 2' 4' al6 3" i" ""'36' 36 20 43 ""al ....... ....... 3 08 413 83 1 $0 80 65 50 1 17 62 1 00 75 50 42 ""'83' ■""83" 67 96 65 1 00 85 4 00 3 00 1 12 96 87 62 96 80 75 "2" bo' 1 75 1 so 2 00 1 SO 1 15 1 60 96 1 25 1 00 87 1 00 1 62 1 25 '""76 """'56' "i'os' 91 83 ""45" '""03" $0 76 SO Doffers-.- 1 00 62 laevator tenders . . _ . Elevator tenders — Elevator tenders Filling hand "i'ie Fiy-frame tenders . . . i 100 IntermedMifees 87 1 a\ 3 1 S 3 15 2 2 4 7 al 6 4 4 Lappers Oilers Pickers Railway hand 96 1 00 Scrubbers 49 Second hands Second hands Second hands Seotion hand Section hands Section hands Slashers 14 2 4 1 10 2 7 2 1 5 1 8 16 16 Slubbers Spare hand 87 Spare hands 96 Speeders Spinners, mule Spinners, mule SpirniftTB, nfber 92 Spinners, other Spoolers al2 72 67 54 a2 45 Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated 2 6 1 ""n 'i"i7 87 Waste hands Weavers oA 45 95 Weavers 47 91 Yam carrier 50 COTTON Goods (calico), New Hampshire.— Es- TAB. No. 338. Time, 101 /low" P'r day ,-309 days the past year. 76 '"143" 794 $4 39 2 12 62 1 55 $0 94 Overseers 19 31 a45 67 Second hands 74 Weavers 1 OS Youth. fc Children. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 345 Occupations, with Number and Wages ok Employes, by Industkies— Cont'd "SOTR, — This table ia not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt covers only establiskmeniB Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also snmmaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (sBBETraa), New Jbkbet.— Es- TAB. No. 339. Time, 10 hours per day ; 800 dayi the past year. Oocapations. Drawers Dressers Engineer lireman lioom fibers Machinists..: Pickers Speeders Spinners, mule . . - Spinners, other . . . Spoolers and warpers Undesignated Weavers Weavers Nnmber. Male. Eem. U 20 a20 125 5 Daily wages. Male. Fern. $1 64 2 00 135 1 60 2 35 1 25 «0 70 85 CoTiON Goods (shebting), Nbw Yoke.— Ebtab. No. 330. Time, 11 hours per day; 298 days the past year. 611 al 2 1 5 6 1 1 U al2 6 3 b' 12 f 4 6 3 6 ""w 8 to 42 55 1 25 1 50 1 37 1 31 2 75 1 50 45 "2" 88' 76 1 44 1 25 1 25 1 50 125 67 46 175 2 75 2 00 2 25 1 50 1 00 62 3 00 187 1 56 1 00 1 12 2 00 1 00 187 1 37 1 00 "i'75" "'i"25" $0 45 67 1 00 Card grinder Card grinders Card strippers Doifers ,.,. Bncineer . . . 1 •2 3 4 3 1 t •2 K 7 1 1 2 1 1 •2 4 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 Fillers Folders Frame apinning ten- HarnesB repairer Lanners -.... Loom fixers Alaohiniftt Machinists Oiler Oiler Oilera Picker Picker Pickers Second hands Sizer Slashers Slasher Spare hands 75 Speeders 90 Spinners, mnle g ""87 75 67 Spoolers 70 1 00 Twisters 6 40 Warpers 75 Cotton Goods (bhbetinq). New Yohk.— Estab. No. 330— Concluded. Time, 11 hours per day,- 298 days the past year. Oocapations. Waste hand Watchmen . Weavers . . - Weavers . . . Number. Male. Eem. Daily wages. Male. Fern. $1 00 1 38 1 04 1 00 $1 04 75 Cotton Goods (sheeting), New Tokk.— Ebtab. No. 331. Tijne, 11 hours per day; 305 days the past year. Back boys Carpenter Carpenter Card boys Card grmder . . - Card grinders .. Card strippers . Doffers Drawers Drawers-in Fireman Firemen Inspector Laborers Laborer Loom fixers Machinist Mule fixer Overseers Overseers Overseer Pickers Piecers Eover Second hand — Second hands ■ ■ . Slasher Slasher Sizer Speeders Speeders Spinners, mule . . Spinners, other . Spinners, other.. Spinners, other - Spoolers Teamster Trimmers Twisters Undesignated . - Warper Warper Watchman Waste hand — Waste pickers . Weavers Weavers (t9 1 1 <(2 1 2 7 ai $0 42 2 50 1 87 67 1 67 1 56 1 25 50 2 00 1 37 1 50 1 25 83 1 75 2 25 1 67 4 50 2 12 1 SO 45 42 1 33 2 00 1 87 87 1 67 1 31 'i'i2 1 37 1 25 1 00 75 $0 45 62 90 1 12 1 00 1 00 90 75 70 45 1 00 83 45 1 00 76 Goods (biibeti!(q, bhiktinq), New TOKK.— Estab. No. 339. Cotton Time, 11 hours per day; 276 days the past year Baler Bobbin boy . . Boiler tender - Brush boy 1 $1 00 61 37 1 1 33 Hi 50 A Youth. b Children. 346 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONT-E OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number akd Wagks of EMProY:^8, by IsmuiXKiES — Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a oomplete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishmenta iBTestigated by the Boxeaa. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. CoTTOif Goods (bhbetinh, BHiKTiHa), New YOEK.— Bbtab. No. 338— Concluded. Time, 11 hourtper day; 276 dayi the past year. Occupations. Number. DaUy wages. Hale. rem. Male. Fern. Card grinder (^ard stripper Cainpenter 1 1 1 al al a2 «1 1 1 al 1 4 ....... 2 "" «3 6' 3' ■■■■52' *1 00 100 2 00 76 60 56 65 1 00 2 SO 1 00 1 50 2 25 '"'so' 1 25 1 DO 75 2 DO 37 1 62 1 50 1 25 1 80 1 13 1 60 95 75 "i'so' 1 00 1 00 60 "Tis Doffers »0 37 Elevator tender Folder 1 00 tapper al 4 3 1 1 64 1 2 2 1 1 8 3 al2 Second baud Second bands Second bands Slasber Slubber Spinners, mule Spinners, other Spinners, other Store room band i 2 1 al Undesignated Undesignated Warpers 80 WaticTiTnan 1 Cotton Gtoods (bheetino, bhieting), New YOEK.— Ebtab. No. 333. Fime, 11 hourt per day ,- 300 iayt the past year. !>13 1 2 C3 5 2 6 1 4 8 i>8 '""'lis ""m" 6 64 to 44 2 25 1 75 62 112 94 81 2 50 1 87 1 50 33 "i"25' 1 00 2 12 1 37 3 00 1 66 1 12 1 00 75 1 87 1 25 1 00 1 87 1 00 2 60 Blacksmith Blacksmiths Card boys '$6'62 Card gnndera Card Btrippers Card strippers Carpenter (foreman) . Carpenters .,. Dolfers 33 75 45 Drawers Dressers 3 2 2 2 3 Engineer Inspectors Laborers Machinist's helper .. Orerseers Cotton Goods (sheeting, shirting), New YOEK.— Ebtab. No. 333— Concluded. Tone, 11 hours per day; 300 days the past year. OocnpationB. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. rem. 1 1 1 1 1 1 oS 9 11 7' ....... 8 """is' 1« al2 """(18 '"i35 $2 25 2 25 2 12 1 87 1 12 1 25 60 1 00 1 56 "i'iz" "i"33' '"i"i2' ""i 1 25 86 Painter Painter Painter Painter . Picker Pickers . - . Scourers Second hands Slubbers . . "»6'76 ■■"■42 75 Smash mender 1 Speeders Spinners, mule is' 65 Teamster 1 ■"■■50 Undesignated Undesignated 66 68 3 10 WeATSrs 86 Cotton Goods (bhebtikg, bunting). New York.- Ebtab. No. 334. Time, 11 hours per day; 302 days the past year. a Youth. Baler.... 1 al 1 2 2 62 65 65 2 3 s" 2" i' 4 2 a6 62 al 45 4125 100 2 00 112 100 45 33 "■2"66' 1 18 1 26 "■i"25' 1 26 1 65 2 13 1 75 1 62 1 12 90 1 50 87 1 62 ""m ""'76' 62 Carpenter Card grinders Card Btrippers .-.:.'. Doffers ... ... . $0 42 33 Doffers 60 1 2 1 Folder Intermediates ... 62 Xjaborer 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 a2 1 Loom fixers . Overseer .... Overseers ..^ Picker Picker Second hand Second hands Slasher Slubbers m Spare hands a2 Speeder 75 a2 67 Spoolers 71 67 Warper 83 Warper 67 Weavers 89 6C!hliarBn. OCCDPATIONS AND WAGES. 347 Occupations, with Number and Wages of EMPLOYtfis, by Industries— Cont'd. Xoi'E.— This table Is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only establisbmento Investigated, by the Bureau. See page 91, also Bmumarles, pages 143 to 226. CoTTOK Goods {calico), New York.— Bstab. Ko. 335. lime. Hi hours per day; 304 days the past year. Occupations. Back boys Back tendeiB Bobbin boys Caidera Card gciuders Cuvd strippers Carpeniers BesigJifir Besiguor's assistants Doffers Drawers Drawers Dressers, machine. . . Folders Toremen Foi'emeii Intermediates Laborers Lappers Xoom fixers Machinista Overseers Overseers Overseers Painters Pickers Printers. Rovers Second hands Second hands Sizers Slashers Slashers Slashers' helpers Slashers' helpers Slnbbers Slubbers Spinners, mule ... Spinners, other... Spinners, other... Spinners Spoolers Sweepers Teamsters Undesignated Warpers Watchmen Weavers Weavers Weighers Wheelwright Number. llale. 7em, •116 !>44 o97 12 6 14 1 2 U4 621 all9 7 £22 2 14 al4 75 28 28 65 14 28 a29 77" 116 400 18 21 688 14 90 6110 7 1 649 349 618 5119 165 610 6175 al8 636 6214 (il,078 6120 68 660 Daily wages. Male. ITem. $0 31 42 38 S2 69 1 46 5 00 1 92 40 45 33 1 68 69 2 17 1 87 35 1 04 1 92 1 92 2 62 2 31 1 85 1 83 1 00 1 21 1 92 1 45 48 1 21 92 35 1 00 "i'23 1 92 1 04 48 1 15 I 29 44 1 80 2 31 $0 42 '""87 1 00 60 50 COTTOS Gk>ODB (TABU). NEW TOEK.— EBTAB. No. 336. lime, 11 hours per day 1 304 days tht past yemr. Box maker ... Carders Card grinders Engineer Fireman Oiler Overseers Packers Pickers Hovers P.eGond hands 1 «125 6 1 20 2 1 50 1 2 00 1 1 67 1 1 25 2 3 00 3 1 15 2 1 25 2 1 25 2 1 87 COTTOM GrOODB (rABN), Nkw Tobk.— Estab. No. 336— Concluded. Him, 11 hoars per day ; 304 days the past year. Occupations. ' Spare hand Speeders Speeders Speeders' helpers. Spinners, mule — Sweepers Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated Waste hand Number. Male. Fem. Daily wage*. Male. Fern. $1 25 42 1 25 $1 OS 75 32 50 1 00 7« COTTOH GOODB (SHEBTIlfG), NOETH CABOLIHA.— Ebtab. No. 337. Time, Hi hours per day: — days the past year. Card boys Card grinder . Dofiers Drawers Engineer Filling hands ■ Fireman Laborers Loom fixers ■ . Oilers Overseers Packers Packer Picker Picker Second hand. . Slashers Slnbbers Speeders Spinners Spoolers Sweepers Warpers Watchman . . - Weavers 2 » 620 7 34 $0 40 1 00 35 60 1 50 85 1 00 75 1 50 60 1 75 76 1 25 1 25 35 75 1 00 |0 60 60 45 50 75 CoTTOM Goods (sheetmq). North Cakouna.— Ebtab. No. 338. .KtiM, Ui hews per day 1 262 days the past year. Beamer Carders Card grinder DofFors Drawer DrawerB-in Elevator tender . Filling hand Loom fixers Oilers Overseers Packers Packer Picker Picker Kover Slasher Slubbers Speeders •10 »«75 75 75 60 65 75 50 i 00 40 2 50 75 40 75 25 75 90 |0 3fr 60 M a Children. 6 Yisnth. (Child. 348 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industkibs — Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indtiBtTies or states, but covers only establishmenta Inrestigated by tbe Bnieau. See pages 91, also snnmiaTiea, pages 143 to 226. Cotton G-oods (shbkthig), North Cabolina.— SSTAB. No. 338— Condnded. Time, Hi houraper day ; 262 d,wyt thepatt year. Occupations. Spinners. . Spinners . Spoolers . . Sweepers. "Warpers - "Weavers - Nninber, Male. Fern. 62 dlO 0,2 3 62 a2 25 Daily wages. Hale. Fem. $0 30 $0 45 50 55 30 50 70 Cotton Goods (FLAro), Noeth CAEOLiifA.- EsTAB.No.339. Time, 11 J hourtper day; 225 dayi the past year. Beamers 3 4 2 68 2 "mU 16 al e' 1 7 a60 10 '"'46' $0 75 80 1 00 40 '""'75' 1 00 90 60 1 13 3 00 1 75 1 00 75 90 '"'eo' 75 '"'30' 60 90 67 Card grinders $0 60 7 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 3 Overseer Packers Qnillers. 50 Heelers 60 Bail way hands Second "hands • 1 2 60 Spare hand 60 Spinners 45 Spoolers 60 Sweepers 62 • 6 1 40 "Weavers 67 CoTTos Goods (plaid), North Caboliha.- TAB. No. 34M>. -Es- Time, llj hturtper ieuy , 300 iwyg the past year. 1 2 3 4 1 alO 64 2" 5 tl 25 1 67 1 00 75 1 60 30 '""75' 76 1 50 2 00 75 75 2 DO 1 13 35 1 00 35 50 Beamera Card grinders Carders Doflers ""■" ■" Doffers Drawers $0 55 Dyers 3 1 3 1 3 1 5 2 62 2 62 ffil Loom fixers Machinist Overseers PacTicra' helpers Pickers QuilJera Kail way hftnd Kesiiira '""53 CoTTOs Goods (plaid). North Caeolika ^Es- TAB. No. 340— Conclnded. Time, lli hours per dayi 300 days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 1 4 2 8 a24 14 'is' 1 "is' 10 $0 75 40 60 1 00 1 00 90 $0 60 50 60 50 55 Spare haudB .. . I Spoolers ..- Spool carrier Sweeper al al a2 6 1 18 "Warpers 60 "Winders 75 CoTToir Goods (plaid, ToyraLS, ahd basb), North CASOLraA.— Estab. No. 341. Time, Hi hours per day; 306 days the past year. Baler 1 1 3 2 1 610 62 3' 3 s oSO s '""•2" '"'61 $100 2 50 1 00 80 150 30 40 ""'75' 75 1 00 1 00 100 50 2 50 1 60 75 40 ...... 1 00 '"i'25' 100 1 00 75 75 Carders Card grinders Doffers-. Doffers $0 90 Drawers.in _ . . . . 4 7 3 1 2 •3 2 5 2 68 Oilers Qnillers 50 60 Spinners 46 Spoolers - 50 Sweepers »6 1 Twisters Warpers 2 2 2 26 4 "Weavers Weavers Winders ""75 Cottok Goods (taem), North Carolesa.— Estab. No. 343. Itow, 111 hours per day; 302 days the past year. aTouti,. Baler 1 al 3 2 as """03' 2 $0 90 40 75 95 42 '"2'66' 1 00 1 00 45 2 50 80 Balor Carders . Card grinders Doffers '$6*42 60 Engineer 1 1 1 a2 2 2 Oilara I'iftkerii. SOhUdren. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 349 OCCUPATIOKS, WITH NUMBEK AND WAGES OP Em;PLOY:^S, BT INDUSTRIES — Oont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishmenta investigated by the Boreaii. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Cotton Goods (TARN), NorthCabolina.—Bstab. Ko. 243— Concluded. Time, Hi Jumreper iwy; 302 ittiy$ fhtpatt year. Ooonpations. Bailway, hands . Eeelers Second hand . . . Slubbers Spare hand Speeders Spinners Spoolers Sweeper Teamster Twisters "Warpers Watchman Number. Hale. Wvm. Daily irages. Uale. Fern •0 55 8 86 2 1 „ 5 aia u 40 80 sS 1 00 1 00 to 60 Cotton G-oodb (gdioham), PmraBrLTANiA.- Ebtab. No. 243. Time, 10 Tiov/ra per day; 30! doj/a the past year. Beamers ....... 12 a3 2 ""oi9' a2 2' '""12 2 a5 28 15 $2 00 78 1 54 ■"i'67" 97 2 43 63 90 2 25 2 18 94 "2'i7' ""56" 50 1 85 1 67 1 12 66 Card "boys Caidgrmders "$0'56 67 Drawers 10 aS 2 as a3 15 2 2 Engineers OUers Overseers Picl:&rs . 90 KepaiT hand 1 Slobbeifl Spare hands 75 Speeders . . 1 12 88 90 Sweepers a2 ai 5 4 40 49 Undesignated Warpers Wfiavers Winders , . . 1 12 Cotton Goods (deillinq), South Casolina.- Ebtab. No. 344. Time, 11 hourg per day; 306 daye thepa*t year. Carders ... 42 7 ----- 8 "" 44 ■"so" $0 85 1 00 "85' 2 00 "lib' 92 Cloth-room hands . .. Dressers and spoolers Laborers io'io Eepair hands ""65 5 91 Weavers Cotton Goods 8 2' 2 i 3' J 10 «21 5 2' ■■"■58" $0 70 90 1 00 40 "'i'i2' 1 20 2 00 2 26 1 25 1 12 1 80 1 00 65 "'i'76" ■■■■90' '"'40' 30 "i'is' Card griudera $0 55 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 cl MacLinist 55 Picter 55 1 Slabbers 65 1 55 45 65 45 55 b2 75 2 75 CorroN Goods (shektino), VmoniiA Estab. No. 348. nme, 11 h»wriper dMy: 302 dayt the pott year. 2 2 610 i" "'»2 3' 6 «36 a« "ii' "ei' $0 75 90 40 '"i"66' 1 21 2 00 50 2 50 1 60 i oe' so 1 26 """45" "'i'25' Card grinders Boffers $0 83 1 2 1 «3 3 2 I»aborer8 Machinist-- Oilers ]Pacters 55 2 al 3 Kailway hand Second hands Slubbers "63 Spinners 66 b2 Warpers 55 1 Cotton Goods (plaid), Vibginia.— Bbtab. No. 340. Kme, 11 haura per day; 306 days the past year. Baler 1 b2 1 •3 8 1 1 »1 00 30 1 76 50 Card boys Card grinder Doflfers to 60 1 10 Drawer-in _.,. Dra-werin 75 Cotton Goods (plaid), VniGnnA ^Ebtab. No. 349— Concluded. Time, 10 kvursper day; 306 dayg the past i/ear. Ooonpatioiia. Number. Daily -wages. Male. Fem. Hale. Pem. LTeaser al al 7 1 1 1 e2 2 1 al 3 2 1 1 al 1 U U a2 ""ih 2' 1 a2 3 OS 12 3" ...... «0 76 50 100 83 110 1 00 75 150 2 75 100 250 2 00 1 75 1 25 76 100 80 SO 75 60' ""50" '"'36' "i'oo" 1 00 1 10 Elevator tender Folder Oiler Overseers Overseer Picker Picker ♦0 50 75 !]£ailway bauds Keolers Slubber - . 75 60 75 Spare bands Speeders a2 ai 50 67 Spoolers redesignated .' Warpers ........ ill ""'06 Waflte band 1 1 25 Watchman . Weavers 1 10 EKGBAvnia and PBmrraa, New Jebset.— Estab. No. 350. Time, 11 heurt per day; 308 days the past year. A.rtiat8 Carpenters Cutters Electrotypers Engravers Glossers Lithograph printers. Machinists $4 87 2 78 272 2 02 5 62 1 62 3 24 2 92 Food Phepakations (repined beet bugab), Cau. FOENIA.— Ebtab. No. 3S1. Time, 10 *our« per day; 217 days the past year. Battery men Beet-room men Bone-black men Chemist Coal passers Engineers Engineer Evaporator men Firemen Firemen's helpers. . . Foreman Foreman Laborers Liquor men Osmogeners Sugar packer Teamster Watchman $2 00 2 00 1 15 4 00 1 25 5 00 8 00 1 00 2 50 1 00 200 1 50 100 1 76 1 26 1 25 too 100 tOUldnn. occijpations and wages. 351 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employi^s, by Industkibs — Cont'd. NottE.— This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt eovers only establiebmenta mvestigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also STunmarieB, pages 148 to 226. rooD Pbkfabations (flous), Caiifobnia Es- TAB. No. 352. Time, 24 lumrs ftr day {two turns) ,- 300 dayi the paat year. Oooapations. Kunnber. Daily wages. Hale. Fem. If ale. rem. 1 1 1 3 1 2 J 1 4 $3 56 2 50 2 50 5 00 3 00 2 SO 2 60 1 75 2 50 2 56 Millers Packer tJndesignated Wheat dumpers rooD Pketaeahosb (fiodr), CALirosHiA.— Eb- TAB. Ho. %53. Time, 24 howl per day («w« (wiu) ; past year. ' da/ye the Engineei Laborers Millers Packers Teamsters Watchman Wheat dumper $5 00 2 60 4 00 3 50 3 33 2 50 3 SO Food Pkspabatiohs (ploub), Illisoib.— Ebtab. So. 334. Time, 24 houn per day (two tvinu) ; 300 dayt the poet year. Engineers 2 2 10 5 2 4 1 1 $3 58 2 33 1 50 2 60 2 00 1 75 1 75 1 60 2 00 Laborers . . MiUers Pa^jkers HoU tender .. 2 Food Pbefabatioiib (j'LonB), Illinois.— Ebtab. Ho. iSS. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; 260 days the past year. Cleaner 1 2 2 4 1 2 4 1 $1 50 2 50 2 00 1 SO 5 00 3 00 1 60 160 _, Laborers liiller.head Millers.. Packers Teamster Food Pmpabahonb (flouk),Illiko!s.— Ebtab. Ho. 356. Time, 24 hom-s per day (iwo turns); 250 days (he past year. Oooupations. Number. Daily -wages. Male. Fem. Mai*. Fem. Cleaners 2 2 6 1 2 2 2 3 -----■■ $1 60 2 00 1 SO SOO 2 00 1 50 1 60 ■ 1 50 Laborers MiUer, head MiUera Packers Teamsters Food Pbkfabatiokb (floub), iLLiifOig.— Bstab. , Ne. 357. Time, 24 hows por day (two turns) ; 275 days th4 past year. iEnglneer 1 1 2 2 1 |2 00 1 60 1 00 3 00 2 31 1 83 MiUers, head MiUers Teamsters Food Pkkpabatiohb (ixour), iLLurois.— Bbtae. No. 358. Time, 24 hows per day (two turns) ; 300 days the past year. Engineers . Firemen... Laborers - - Millers Packers . . - Sweepers. - Walohmen $2 6* 2 00 1 76 2 76 2 00 1 76 2 W Food Pkbpakationb (ploub), Illinoib.— Ebtab. No. 359. Time, 24 h»ws per d*,y (two twms) ; 250 days Utt past year. Engineer. . . Engineer — Laborers . . . Miller, head Millers OUer Packers Teamsters . Watchman . t3 SO 2 00 1 50 6 76 2 90 2 00 176 1 75 1 » • Youth- 352 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industmes— Cont'd. Note.— This table Is not a complete exhibit for indtistries or states, bnt covers only establishmenta txiTesti^cated by tbc Barean. See page 91, also snmmarieB, pages 143 to 226. Pood Fkitakationb (floub), Illihoib.— Estab. Ko. 369. Titne, 24 kouTf ptr day (two tumg)'; 280 ila)/i the poet year. Oocnapatlonfi. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fein. Male. Tem. 3 2 «3 20 3 00 2 00 1 00 5 20 1 02 2 31 1 50 1 92 Miller kead Miller Miller .. Food PkbfaraSiohb (floub), Illihoib. —Estab. Ne. aei. 2tnM, 24 bowrt ptr day (evw tunw); 275 da^ tka poet year. Cleaners Engineer Engineer. .. Firemen Laborers Miller, bead Millers Packers Sweepers Teamsters . . $1 73 2 88 1 82 1 SO 1 26 6 00 2 31 1 92 1 60 1 50 Pood FBBPAXAnoin (iLomt), Iluhoib.— Estab. No. !l«3. Timt, ia kovn ptr day,- iX day Ou pott ytar. Barrel nailer . Engineer Fireman Laborers Miller Packer Sweeper Spontsman... Teamster Watokman... $1 33 2 17 1 25 1 17 2 70 1 60 1 26 1 50 1 17 1 25 Food PsBrAKAnomi (tloub), Iluhou.— Ebtab. N*. a«3. Time, 24 houre ptr day (tuo tttmt); 247 doyi Ote pattytar. Barrel nailer . Engineer Laborers Miller Packer Packer .« Boll tender... Spontsman... Sweeper Teamsters ... WatchiaaB... tl M 8 00 1 40 S 25 1 66 1 50 1 60 1 60 1 26 1 60 1 26 Food Pkepabations (floub), Indiaka ^Esiab. No. 364. Time, 24 Aouri per day (tao twms) ; 300 dayt the pott year. OccnpatioBB. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 f 1 80 2 40 ISO 6 00 240 3 00 1 80 1 80 2 00 MiJler,head Millers Millwright Teamsters Food Prepasatiohb (cused and packed heads), INDLU^A.— Ebtab. No. 365. Time, 10 hovn per d ay; 300 dayt the past ifear. 75 420 45 a32 $2 50 1 60 2 26 MA^^hanies Undesignated ■ 060 76 $0 76 Food Fkifakatiohb (flous), Estab. No. 366. Tim*, 24 howt per day (two tame) ; past year. MlKNESOTA.- 313 iMiys &» Laborers Laborers Macbiniets . . Miners Millwrights . Oilers Packers Sweepers SO $2 60 1 62 2 37 250 262 2 12 200 1 62 Food Pup AKATiONB (floub), Mibsoubi— Ebtai. No. ser. Tvne, 24 kowj per day (tws turns) ; — days the patt year. Engineers... Firemen Laborers — MiUer,head. Miller MiUers $3 00 2 00 1 60 6 92 8 84 288 Food Psbfasatiohs (floub), Mibboubi,- No. 368. .Estab. Time, 12 hottri ptr day; — dayt the poet year. Barrel nailers ... Cleaners Engineer Firemen Laborers MiUer.head Millers Millers' helpers . a Tenth. 2 $1 65 2 1 65 1 4 80 2 2 85 15 1 60 1 4 80 2 386 2 260 OCCUPATIONS 4.ND WAGES. 353 Occupations, with Number and Wages of EMPLOTis, by Inbustries— Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for inflastrieB or states, bnt coTers only establisluneuts investigated by the Bnieaa. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Pood Pkkpabations (ploce), Missouri Bbtab. No. 268— Conotaded. ^ Time, 12 hours p&r da/y ; — days the past yea/r. Occupations. Unmber. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Oilers 2 2 2 2 1 2 $1 85 2 00 1 65 1 65 1 65 2 00 SweeDors Undesignated Wheat inspectors . . . Food Pbepabations (floue), Missonia.— Bbtab. No. SS69. 'Imiie,2ihoiwnptrdAiy(l'W)o turns); 300 days the past year. Engineer Engineer Laborers Miller... MiLLer 1 n 92 1 1 58 2 1 00 1 2 90 1 1 58 Food Peetarations (flour), Missouri.— Bbtab. Ho. 370. Time, 24 hmtrs per day (two turns) ,- past year. ■ days the Engineers. . Firemen Foreman... Laborers . . . Miller, head Millers $3 00 2 00 6 92 1 50 3 83 2 88 Food Peeparationb (FLOtTE), New HAMPsmEB.— Bbtab. No. »ri. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) s 275 days the past year. Cleaner MiUer, head Millers Miller Miller Packers Sweeper f 85 3 85 3 08 2 69 2 31 1 65 1 25 Food Pekpabatiohs (flour), Ohio — ^Ebtab. No. Time, 11 hours per days 250 days the past year. Engineer . Miller Packer... Porter Teamster . fl 50 175 1 25 1 00 1 25 Food Pbepaeatiohb (flour), Ohio.— Estab. No. No. 273. lime, 24 hours per day (two turns); — days the past year. OccnpatioBa. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 2 2 8 8 7 2 $3 50 2 33 1 67 2 66 1 92 1 67 Firemen . ....... Millera Packers Food Pkkpaeations (floue), Omo.— Bstab. No. 274. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; — days the past year. Coopers ... Bngineers . Laborers . . Millers Packers . . . Teamsters $1 60 1 60 1 50 2 50 1 75 1 25 Food Prbpaeationb (balt), Ohio. — Estab. No. 27S. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); 300 dmys the past year. Ash hauler Brine tender ... Bromine maker Coopers Bngmeers Firemen Fnmaoeboss... Salt lifters Salt maker Salt packers — «1 26 1 25 2 00 1 25 1 25 1 25 3 00 1 00 2 00 1 25 Food Pbbparations (salt). No. 376. Ohio.— Estab, Time, 24 hours per day (two turru) past year. 163 days the Barrel nailers Coopers Drivers Engineers Firemen Fnmace boss Laborer Mine boss.... Miners a Salt lifters ... Salt maker . . . Salt packers.. 2 »1 00 12 1 25 ■ 2 1 25 2 1 25 4 1 25 1 2 00 1 1 00 1 2 00 15 1 50 7 1 00 1 1 25 5 100 12854 LAB- aThis establishment mines its own coal. -23 354 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number ajtd Wages op Emplot^s, by Industries— Con'td. Note.— This table 1b not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt coveis only estabUshmestt ■investigated by tbe Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Food PBSPABATioMa (salt), Ohio Ebtab. No. ary. Time, 2i hvart per day {two turnt) ; 300 daya the patt year. Oooupations. Brine tender Coopers Cooper Drivera Drivers a Engineers... Fireman Firemen Mine boss a . Miners a Salt lifters . . Salt maker . . Scaffold man Well tender . Number. Ual«. Fern. Daily wages. Hale. Fem $1 25 1 00 1 33 1 25 1 00 1 26 1 50 1 25 1 67 1 25 1 10 2 00 1 00 1 50 Food Pbkpakatigns (floub), 'Wkst Vieqihia.- ebtab. No. ars. Time, 11 houri per day; 300 dayi the poet year. -Engineer... :Laborer Miller, head Miller -Packer ^Weigher ... $2 00 1 42 3 S3 1 87 1 67 1 67 I tFURNITUKB (CHAIBS), IHDIAHA.— ESTAB. No. 279. Time, 10 houri per day; 306 days the patt year. Cabinet makers Chair makers .. Engineer Foremen Laborers Laborers Machine men. . . Machine men... Turners Varnisher Vamiahers $2 00 2 00 2 50 3 00 1 50 1 00 1 50 2 50 2 00 1 50 1 25 FURiflTirBB (CHAIBS), ISDIANA.— ESTAB. No. 380. Time, 10 hourijier day; 300 days the past year. Chair maker . Chair makers Finishers Finlshets Laborers Laborers Machine men. Machine men. ' Upholsterers . $2 SO 2 00 1 50 1 00 1 25 80 2 50 1 50 2 00 FOHNITUEB (SEWDJG.MACHIKE FURNITURE), IKDI ANA.— ESTAB. No. aSl. Time, 10 hours per day ; 265 dayi the patt year. Occupations. Cabinet makers Engineer Firemen Gate keeper Laborers Machine men . . Machine men... Machine men. . . Machine men... Machine men... Machine men... Machine men. . . Packer Packers Packers Vamishers ■Watchmen Number. Male. Fem. 118 1 5 1 23 25 20 10 35 12 bl8 1)40 1 3 20 Dally wages. Male. Fem, $1 50 3 33 1 50 1 25 1 00 2 00 175 1 50 1 35 1 00 75 SO 1 75 140 1 10 1 SO 1 50 FUBNITURB (BEDKOOM, PARLOR, ETC.), KEM. TUCKT.— BsTAB. No. 388. Time, 9 hours pffT day ; 253 days the past year. Cabinet makers Carvers Laboreru Machine men — Packers Teamsters Upholsterers ... Vamishers $1 80 2 25 1 13 1 50 1 35 1 35 1 60 1 26 Furniture (centeb tables), Michigan Ebtab. No. 383. Time, 10 hours per day; 295 days the past year. Apprentices Cabinet maker Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Engineer Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Fireman Foreman Foremen Laborers Laborer Machine man Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine man Machine-man's help. er - Teamster .. Trimmer... Trimmers . . Trimmers .. Watchman . 2>3 1 7 2 1 2 7 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 a 7 4 4 1 61 1 1 3 2 1 $0 67 2 25 1 55 1 25 2 00 1 90 1 SO 1 20 1 00 1 2S 3 34 3 00 150 125 2 50 2 25 2 00 175 1 65 1 15 50 2 50 2 00 175 1 25 1 SO I This establishment mines its own coal. b Touth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 355 Occupations, with Number and Wages of EmployiSs, by Industbies — Cont'd. KOTQ. — This table Is tiot a, complete exhibit for indastries or states, bat covers only establishments investigated by the Burean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. FimNITUBS (BEDBOOU), MiCHiaAN.— ESTAB. NO. 384. Km*, 10 bown per day; 300 days the past year. Occupation*. Nomber. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Garrer .............. 1 1 a2 1 2 2 8 17 tA 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 10 8 4 S b2 I>2 i>2 $3 00 2 50 40 2 75 1 75 150 125 1 15 75 1 25 3 25 2 25 2 00 1 75 1 60 1 25 2 50 2 00 175 1 50 125 1 00 1 10 40 35 35 Carver .............. Elevator tenders Finishers Finishers FiTii(ilmTi| Finishers Foremaoa Laliorers Machine man Majhineman Machine men Muchinemen Machine men Haohiuemen Planers . , « . < Sawyers....... FUBNTTUSB, MiCaiGAN.— EbTAB. Ko. 3SS. Time, 10 lumraptr day; 290 dayt the poet year. Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Carvers Carvers Carvers Carvers Carvers Carvers Engineer Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Firemen , Foreman Foreman Foremen Foremen Foreman Foremen Foreman, assistast. Laborer Laborer sTonth, 3 $3 00 15 2 5» 14 2 25 12 2 00 11 1 67 4 1 50 12, 1 25 5' 1 00 aS 60 12 2 60 2 2 25 2 1 60 2 1 25 a2 80 al 60 1 3 25 1 1 3 5 2 75 2 50 2 25 2 00 2 1 80 17 1 65 21 1 25 24 1 05 2 2 00 1 ■ 1 25 1 i 50 3 4 00 2 3 50 1 2 75 3 2 50 1 1 75 1 2 50 1 2 00 FuRNnuBE, MiCHiSAH.— EsTAB. 'So. 38S— Con- cluded. Time, 10 houriper day; 299 days the pott year. Oconpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fern, . 6 2 12 al 1 2 5 6 18 17 7 7 5 a2 al6 1 2 « S 2 3 8 3 1 3 2 8 2 $1 67 1 60 1 25 66 3 00 2 75 2 SO 225 2 00 175 1 55 1 20 100 80 56 2 60 1 75 1 55 125 2 25 2 00 175 150 125 2 00 1 75 1 50 1 00 Laborers .......-.-.- Machine man Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Packer :::::: Packers.. Packers ...... ...... TriTTlTnorR Trimmers Upholsterers Upholsterers Upholsterers Upholsterers FUBMITUBE, MicmaAH EsiAB. TSo. 386. Time, 10 houraper day; 280 dayi thepaat year. Apprentice Apprentices Cabiuet makers Cabinet makers Cabinet makers Carver Carvers Engineer... .> Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Finisher Finisher Laborer .' Laborers Laborers.. Laborers Laborers Laborers ... Laborers Lumbermen Lumbermen Lumbermen Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Machine men Macliine.men's help- ers $0 50 90 2 60 1 83 1 25 2 75 2 25 2 00 1 80 1 50 1 25 1 00 75 50 2 00 1 76 1 50 1 25 1 00 75 65 1 75 1 25 1 00 2 00 1 75 150 1 40 1 25 1 10 6 Children. 356 EEPOKT OP TECE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. Occupations, with Numbek and Wagbs of Employes, by Industeibs— Cont'd. ITOTE. — This table la not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establisliineBts Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also snnuuaiies, pages 143 to 226. FOEHiTUBB, MicmoAH.— JffisTAB. No. 38&— Con- claded. Time, 10 hourt per day; 289 days the pout year. Occupations. Hachine-men's help- ers Machine-men's help- er Machine-men's help- ers Packers Packers Packer Packer Trimmers Trimmers Upholsterers Upholsterers Upholsterer Upholsterers Veneerer _. Veneerers Veneerer Veneerers Veneerer... Watohman NnmbeT. Male. Fern. • 3 •1 ltl3 2 6 1 1 2 6 2 3 1 3 1 4 1 7 1 1 Daily wages. Mole. Fern. $1 00 65 no 17!; 1 50 125 80 1 75 'l 60 3 00 2 50 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 175 1 ."iO 125 1 75 OULBS (QBIXIf BOTTLIB), OALIFOSNLA..— DbTAB. So. 387. jKnw, 10 houriptr iay; 230 iuya the pott year. Blowers Carrying boys Demyohn coverers. Snnneer , Gatherers Laborers Machinists and blacksmiths Mixers Oven boys Packers Pot makers Teamsters , Teaser Teasers Undesignated 28 040 IS 1 al4 15 8 3 08 8 2 3 1 2 S $4 33 50 1 50 2 60 1 25 1 76 3 00 2 60 1 25 2 25 3 00 3 00 4 00 2 50 2 26 Glass (window glass), Illcioib.— Ebtab. No. 388. h lime, 10 hmuri per desy ,■ 240 iayt the past year.e Blowers Cutters .. . . 16 6 4 16 $6 25 6 65 8 26 400 Platteners GlABB (OHBIM BOTTLBB), KBHTnCKT.— Bbtab. No. 389. Time, 10 hour a per K»y,- day) the past year. Blacksmith 1 20 1 $2 26 4 00 3 00 Blowers Poieman Glabb (oeeen bottles), Ebntuckx.— Ebtab. No. 289— Conolnded. Time, ID hourt per day; — dayith»paityear. Occupations. Number. DaUy wages, Male. FenL Male. Pen. Foreman, assistant.. Laborers ........ 1 3 18 1 1 a2 1 2 OS al2 1 ♦167 125 100 3 00 2 25 75 1 25 140 83 33 115 ■if/ Mixer Packer Teamster . Tender boys... ...... Glabb (gkeeh bottles). New Jebsey Ebtab. No. 290. Time, 9 hours per days 240 days the past year. Tt1ftn>;j:)iTlithS 4 132 2 2 a24 10 1 4 12 1 8 a216 10 4 3 $3 00 450 1 60 1 75 100 1 25 1 50 2 50 175 3 60 1 75 50 1 50 125 140 '■" Clay grinders Engineers .- . Laborers .......... MiXAT-S . . Packers . .. Snap-up boys * Glabb ( wihdow olasb, gbebn bottles). New Jib- bet.— Ebtab, No. 391. Time, 9 hours per day ; 260 days the past year. Blacksmith .... Blowers Blowers Box makers.... Cutters ««. Engineers...... Foreman....... Gatherers...... Laborers ....... Master shearer- Master shearers Mixers ......... Packer Packers Pot maker Shearers Undesignated . . 1 46 8 2 4 2 1 8 20 1 2 2 1 6 1 a 052 t2 62 4 77 4 00 1 64 4 00 167 4 87 2 97 1 17 1 60 3 33 1 97 1 80 1 17 2 70 1 80 68 Glass (gbeen bottles). New Jsbset. No. 393. Ebtab. Time 8 hours per day ,- 260 days the past year. Blowers Box makers . Gatherers - $4 16 1 33 1 00 o Youth, b Other occupations not reported. o Blowers, gatherers, and flatteners worked 180 days- OCCUPATION AND WAGES. 857 Occupations, with Number and Wages of EjtPLOTiis, bt Industkibs — Cont'd KoTE. — This table la not a complete exMbit for indastrieB or states, but Mivers only establishmeiits Investigated by the Bm:ean. See page 91, also sununaxles, pages 143 to 226. SLUB (QBBEN BOITLEB), KEW JeBSBY.— ESTAB. N'o. 302— Concluded. Time 8 hourtper day ; 200 days the past year. Ooonpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Yem. Male. rem. Laborers 2 2 1 1 2 alS 1 $117 1 50 3 00 1 33 1 50 60 1 66 Master shearer Wi-jrer Snap-up boy s Wareman -- ...... Glass (wesbow glass). New Jksbbt Bstab. No. 393. Tmie, 7i Jumrt per day ; 260 day a the past year. Blacksmiths Blowers Box makers Clay grinder Cutters Engineers Flatteners Matteners Gratherers Laborers Leersmen and ahoT- ers Master shearers . . . . Mixers Packers Pot maker Shearers Teamsters Treader $2 00 4 50 1 33 1 16 4 16 1 33 4 80 4 00 3 00 1 17 2 66 3 33 1 33 1 16 2 50 1 33 1 33 1 25 Glabb (qbxen BoriLEg), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 394. lime, 9 Tunirs per day ; 210 dayi the past year. Blacksmith Blowers Bo2 maker Chip^ers Engmeer GaUierers Grinder. Inspector Laborer Laying-np boys Master teaser . . Mixers Packers Filer Boiler boys..... Teasers Waremen . Washers ■Waterboys 1 $3 00 16 4 50 1 166 3 1 80 1 1 66 (tS 1 25 al 83 1 1 33 1 1 50 ai 1 25 1 6 00 2 175 4 1 60 al 60 be 25 3 1 SO 2 125 2 100 a2 50 Glass (wnroow qlabb), Ohio.— Estab. ^0.395. Time, 10 hourtper day; 180 days tin past year. Blowers Cutters Flatteners ... Gatherers Undesignated 8 t6 08 4 6 04 2 6 31 8 4 01 24 2 25 Glabb (wmoow glabb), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 396. Time, 10 hours per day y (c) 168 days the past year. OccupationB. Blowers... Cutters ... Ilatteners Gatherers . Laborers.. Number. Male. ram. Daily wages. Male. I'em. $5 00 460 5 50 3 00 200 Glass (window glass), Ohio ^Ebtab. No. 39T. Time, 11 hours per day; 220 days the past year. Blacksmith ... Blowers Box makers ... Coal wheeler . . Cutters MllerB-in Matteners Gatherers Laborers Layers-out Leersmen Lime sifter Mixer Packer Holler boys.... Teaser, master Teaser 1 11 2 1 4 2 3 10 3 3 2 1 1 1 8 10 1 Tanners TBani«t«i. Leather (morocco), Penkstlvania. — Estab. No. 339. Time, 10 hmirsper day; 280 days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 10 1 32 5 2 4 $2 15 1 70 2 50 170 1 70 "s'oo' 180 67 $1 35 S 8 al Leather (harness leather), Pennstlvania.- Ebtab. No. 330. Time, 10 houri per day; 300 dayi the pott year. Beamsmen Engineer Finishers .. -. Foremen Laborers Liquor man Shavers Stock-room hands Teamster Watchman $1 80 2 00 1 60 3 75 1 20 1 50 3 00 1 50 2 00 1 50 Linen (tarh, number 36 Engluh), Belgium Estab. No. 331. Time, 12} hours per day ; — days the pmit year. Beamers and fillers. . fiundlers Carders, tow Dressers Dryers Engineers and firemen Hacklers Overseers (overlook- ers) Overseers* assistants (overlookers) Overseers' assistants Preparers Preparers Beelers Heelers Eovers Spinners Spinners Spinners Spreaders Undesignated Warehouse hands .. Warehouse hands - - Warehouse hands ■ . Workshop hands - . . Workshop hamds- . . 16 40 16 12 672 16 I 17 29 017 68 60 dl2 35 14 694 610 140 620 48 270 alio 6103 30 $0 60 66 ""52' 1 00 40 40 30 20 40 20 40 40 31 20 38 35 « ToBth. i OhUdrea. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 363 Occupations, with Number and Waqbs of EsiPLOYifis, bt Industries— Cont' Bevbraoeb (malt liquobs), Illi- nois.— Estab. No. 333. Time, 12 luni/riper day; 300 day a the poet year. Bottlers 6 30 1 2 I 3 2 12 $1 72 2 30 2 50 3 20 192 6 00 1 72 1 64 2 12 Oooxier .......... .. . T'O'^Tnftll . . _ Laborers T^^ftTiiRtflrR LiquOEB Aim Bevbragbs (malt ltquobb) NOIB.— ESTAB. No. 334. ILLI- Time, 12 houraper day; 300 days the past year. Brewers ---......... 2 1 1 1 2 2 $2 50 2 13 1 92 4 00 192 1 73 Brewer. foreman Maltsters LiQuoKa AND Bktebasss (malt liquors) Illi- KOIB.— ESTAB. No. 335. lime, 12 hours per day ; 313 days the past year. Bottlers Brewers and malt- sters Engineer Engineer Firemen Foreman TMmsters $1 25 2 00 3 00 2 00 ISO GOO 1 75 LlQUOBS AND EEVBRAQES (DISTILLED LIQUOBS), Illinois.— EsTAB. No. 336. IKme, 12 Jumrgper day; 300 days the past year. Occnpations. Number. DaUy wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Ash wheeler 1 1 4 3 4 6 3 1 1 12 2 a 1 n 50 3 00 2 15 2 85 2 00 1 76 2 00 3 00 2 00 150 2 00 1 50 5 00 Engineers Firemen -, .. Mflflh hanflfl Miller EeoLifler Stablemen Yard bands Teast maker Liquors and Beverages (distilled liquors), Illinois.— ESTAB. No. 337. Time, 12 hours per day; 313 days the past year. Beer runner.-. Carpenter..... Charcoal hand Coopers Engineer Firemen Foreman Laborers Mash hands.. ■ Meal man Miller Mill hand Spirit runners . ■watphman Yeast maker . . $2 00 2 25 1 67 1 83 4 17 2 00 3 00 1 67 1 75 1 75 3 00 1 67 2 91 1 71 2 33 Liquor and Beverages (distilled liquors), Illinois.— EsTAB. No. 338. Time, 12 hours per day; 284 days the past year. Beer runners . . Carpenters — Charcoal band Coopers Dry ganger.... Firemen Foremen Foreman Laborers Maltsters Millers Mill hands Spirit runnera. Teamster ■Watchman — $3 00 2 50 2 33 1 83 3 67 2 00 3 67 3 00 2 00 1 83 2 67 2 17 3 50 2 60 1 71 Liquors and Beverages (malt liquors), Omo.- Ebtab. No. 339. Time, 12 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Brewers Teamsters . $2 10 204 364 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op EMEiiOY:6s, by Industries— •Cont'd. NoTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnatries or states, but covers only estaLlishmenti investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, page 143 to 229. Liquors juid Bevbbaoeb (hxlt liquobs), Ohio.— ESTAB. No. 340. Time, 12 Aours per day ; 300 days the past year. OccnpationB. Nnmber. Daily wages. Male. rem. Male. Tem. Brewers ... _. 6 1 1 1 3 30 10 $2 28 3 84 288 228 2 28 2 00 2 88 Engineer .... - . Flpeineer ^Firemen .......... Teamsters ..... Liquobs ans Bevbeaqbb (halt uquobb), Ohio.- ESTAB. No. 341. Time, 12 hours per day / — days the past year. Bottlers ae 20 1 1 8 ::::::; $0 83 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 Brewers..- Engineer and fireman foreman. ........... Liquobs akd Beyebageb (distilled liquobs), Ohio.— ESTAB. No. 343. Time, 12 hours per day; 300 days the past year. 2 '.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'. $1 50 1 25 6 00 1 50 2 00 1 50 1 00 2 00 1 60 1 25 2 00 125 Distiller Engineer ........ . Eireman Ferment i n g-r o o m hand Maltster Masbhand Millor Teamsters Liquobs and Beyebageb (ualt liquobs), Penh- STLYANIA.— -ESTAB. No. 343. TiTtie, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. 6 1 6 4 50 25 6 4 t2 60 3 00 2 00 1 66 1 60 12S 2 00 2 00 Foreman Laborers.... ...... LUMBEE (STATES, HBADMGB), ABKAKBAB.— BbTAB. No. 344. Time, 10 hours per day; 291 days the past year. 2 1 4 20 2 tsoo 2 00 2 25 1 50 2 25 Foi-aman Sawyers LUMBEB (SAWED LUUBEB), iLLHrOIS.— EsTAB. No, 345. Time, 11 hours per day; 220 days the past year. Occnpationa. Number. Daily wages. Male. Eem. Male. Fern. 2 8 4 6 80 2 4 80 4 2 8 $3 13 383 825 1 80 140 2 63 2 85 150 3 00 2 00 1 65 raii!.:.::::::::;;: Millwrlffhta Pliers and wheelers . . Setters LUHBEB (SAWED AND FLAKED LUSIBEB, LATHB, SHINGLES), ILLIKOIB.— ESTAB. No^. 346. Time, 11 hours per day; 220 days the past year. Blacksmiths . Engineers Filers Firemen Foremen Foreman Loaders Laborers Laborers Laborers Mniwrigbts ffiUwright Oiler Planers Sawyers Shingle and lath makers Truckers and pUers- $2 25 2 60 3 60 2 50 175 4 00 2 00 1 34 1 56 1 45 1 25 3 60 3 00 1 75 1 00 3 60 1 37 1 36 LUMBEB (SAWED LUUBEB), MAINE ^ESTAB. No. 347. Time, lOJ hours per day; — days the past year. Laborers.. Loggers... LogpUers. "Mill men . . Mill men .. Baiters ... Saw filers . Sawyers Sawyers... $1 50 2 00 1 75 1 75 2 00 2 00 2 50 3 00 2 00 LUMBEB (SAWED LUMBEB), MICHIGAN.— ESTAB. No. 348. Time, 11 hours per day ; 175 days (he past year. Blacksmith . Boom men... Edgers Engineer Engineer Fireman Fireman Laborers.... Logjacker .. a Youth. 1 $2 25 2 1 50 a 1 75 1 4 75 1 2 25 1 2 25 1 200 ss 140 1 183 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 365 Occupations, with Number ajjo Wages of EMPLOYtfis, bt Indtjstribs— Cont'd. Note. — This table la not a, complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishnienti Investigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. LUHBEB (SAWED LTJMBEK), MiCHiaAN ^BBTAB. THo. 348— Concluded. Itow, 11 hours per day; 175 dayi the past year. Occupations. Millwright . Saw fliers . . sawyers — Sawyer Sawyer Sawyers — Teamster . . Trimmers . . Watchman. Number. Hale. rem. Sailywages. Mule. Fern. $2 25 4 60 3 25 2 75 2 00 1 75 1 60 175 1 63 LUMBEE (SAWED LUMBER), WEST VrRGINIA— Es- TAB. No. 349. Time, 10 hov/n per day i — days the past year. Choppers DustroUer Edger I'ireman and en- gineer Loaders Loggers... Lumber bearers — Eatchet worker Bead makers Sawyer Stackers $1 10 1 00 1 25 1 25 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 25 1 10 2 75 1 10 LUMBBB (SAWED LUMBEB), "WEST VlKQIHIA.— ESTAB. No. 350. Tiine, 10 hours per day t 300 days the past year. Edgers SHieman Laborers Lumber pHers. Sawyer Watchman 2 $1 25 1 1 25 i 1 25 3 125 1 2 00 1 1 00 Machines and Machinbrt (boilkbs, ENGtsES), Califoenia.— EsTAB. No. 351. Kme, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Boiler makers Boiler-makers' help- ers Laborers Machinists Moulders Moulders' helpers- - - Pattern makers $3 75 2 25 3 25 2 00 2 no 2 00 3 50 2 15 3 50 MACnmEB AND MAOHINEET (BOIIiBKB, EKQINKB), Califobnia.— EsTAB. No. 353. Kme, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Boiler makers Boiler-makers' help- ers Carpenter 3 $i 25 2 00 3 50 Machines and MAcmKEBT (boilebb, engikes), Califobnia.— ESTAB. No. 353— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. 1 2 4, 1 $3 00 2 00 3 00 175 Laborers ............ MACmNBB AND MAOHIKBBT (BOILEBB, ENGINEe), CALIF0BNL4.— EsTAB. No. 333. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Apprentices Apprentice Apprentices - Apprentices Beltflxer Blacksmiths Blacksmith Blacksmiths ....... Blacksmith Blacksmith Blacksmiths' helper Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers Boiler ra-akers Boilermakers Boiler maker Boiler makers Carpenters Carpenter Carpenters Carpenter Caulkers Core makers Core maker Core makers Core makers Chipper Chippers Chipper Chippers Cranemen Cranemen Ilraughtsman Draughtsman Draughtsmen .... Draughtsman. ... Draughtsmen Draughtsman Engineer Foreman Foreman Foremen Foremen Foreman Foremen Foreman Foreman .- Flange turner Laborers Laborers Laborer Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists a 10 al dlO 030 1 i 1 3 1 1 1 15 10 2 8 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 $1 33 1 50 1 00 67 2 00 3 50 3 25 3 00 2 50 2 00 2 50 2 25 1 67 3 50 3 25 3 00 2 75 3 50 3 00 2 50 2 25 3 25 3 75 3 SO 2 75 2 50 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 75 2 00 1 75 4 50 4 25 4 00 3 50 2 50 1 33 3 00 8 00 6 00 5 50 4 60 4 25 4 00 3 00 2 50 3 SO 2 00 175 1 50 4 00 3 75 3 50 3 25 3 00 2 75 sTouth. 366 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages oi" Emploti4s, by Industries— Cont'd. Note. — Tlijs talkie is not a complete exhibit for indnatries or states, bnt covers only establislmifints laveatigated by the Bureau, idee page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Hachikbs akd Maohdiebi (noiLBBS, KNanras), Caufobnia.— Ebtab. No. 3S3— Concluded. Time, 10 hourt per day; — dayi the past year. Occupations. Sfachinists... Machinists Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers . Machinists' helpers - Machinists' helpers - Machinists' helpers . Machinists' helpers - Machioists' helpers . Melter Moulders Moulders Moulders Oiler Fainter Pattern maker Pattern makers Pattern makers Patternmaker Pattem-makers'help- ers Plate worker Plate -workers Plate workers Plate- workers' helper Plate-workers' help- ers , Plate-workers' help- ers Biggers Sweeper Sweepers Ship carpenters Ship carpenter Ship carpenter Ship carpenter Teamsters Teamster Teamsters , Watchman Watchman Watchmen , Weigher Number. Male- 7 3 3 7 2 13 IS 13 al2 1 2 4 22 1 1 1 3 12 1 2 1 6 4 1 I'eni. Dailywages. Male. $2 50 2 00 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 67 1 33 1 00 67 3 00 3 75 3 50 3 25 2 50 2 25 4 00 3 60 3 25 2 50 2 50 3 50 3 25 3 00 2 50 2 25 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 75 4 00 3 75 3 50 2 50 3 00 2 25 2 00 2 75 2 25 2 00 2 75 Pem. MaCHIKEB and MACHIKERT (8EW1NO MACHIHEB), iLLmoiB ^Ebtab. No. 334. IVme, 10 hounper day ; 285 dayt the past year. Abater . A^uster - Atyusters Ktters-.. Ktters... Utters-.. Ktters... fitters - . . iForemau . I'oremen . Japanner. Japanners Japanner.. JTapanners Laborer . . . Laborers . $3 00 2 50 2 00 1 95 1 75 145 1 00 60 3 25 2 25 3 00 2 25 1 00 75 1 75 1 50 Machxhes Ami Maobinebt (sewing uachikes), iLLDiOis.— EsiAfl. No. 354— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; 285 days the past year. Occupations. Number. Baily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Laborers --. ... 4 a5 03 3 9 14 3 a4 1 3 1 al 1 2 6 2 al $1 00 75 50 1 75 150 1 25 100 60 185 225 2 00 115 3 00 3 25 2 40 175 1 15 Laborers Machine handa Machine hands Machine hands Machine hands Machine hands Nickel plater PoUsher Screw maker Tool makers Machines ahd Machhiebt (boilebs), Isdiasa.- EsTAB. No. 35S. Time, 10 hours per day; 120 days the past year. Apprentice. . . = Boiler makers Boiler-makers' help- ers $0 75 2 60 Machdibs and Maohinebt (boilebb, enqinis), Indiana.— EsTAB. No. 3Stt. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths Boiler makers 15 100 3 67 298 13 4 $2 50 2 00 2 00 140 250 2 50 3 50 Laborers -,.-.. "Wnnldprs Pattern makers Maohineb and Machinebt (ehqines, bhaitins, ETC.), Indiana ^Estab. No. 35'J'. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Apprentices, mould- ers' Apprentice, mould- era' Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helper. Cupola man Engineer Laborer Machinists Machinist Millwrights Moulders Pattern makers al 2 1 1 1 1 10 al 4 3 2 $0 75 1 25 2 75 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 2 00 1 00 2 50 2 40 2 SO aYouth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 367 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industries— Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt coTers only establlslmients Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also smnmaiies, pages 143 to 226. Machines ahd MAcnraERT (portable ekqikks, FARM MACHniERY), INDIANA.— BSTAB. No. 358. Time, 10 hours per day ;, 300 dayi th» past year. OccapatioDB. Number. Daily Trages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Blaoksmiths Blacksmitha' helpers Boiler makers Burrinakera Dranghtsmen 8 8 10 2 3 1 2 32 all 43 12 15 4 3 4 '.'.'..'.'.. $2 20 1 35 2 00 2 80 3 50 2 10 1 BO 1 15 50 2 30 2 10 2 20 3 00 1 78 2 00 Aldchiiiists MiUwriglitB . , Pattern makers . . -'. . Sheet-iron workers . . Machines and Maohesert (misceuuineous ma- chinery). Indiana.— EsTAB. No. 339. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths -.. Carpenters Laborers Machinists Monlders Pattern makers $2 CO 2 50 1 30 2 20 2 20 2 50 Machbs'eb and Maohinebt (engineb), Kbs- TUCKT.— Ebtab. No. 3GO. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Apprentices Apprentices Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers Gnpolaman Iron breakers Laborers Machinists Machinists Machinista Machinists..^ Machinists Machinists' helpers . Monlders Moulders Moulders' helpers - . . Pattern makers a2 ai 2 4 8 2 1 2 20 2 3 3 20 IS 10 5 5 $1 00 80 3 00 2 60 1 35 1 00 2 50 1 50 1 35 3 50 3 00 2 75 2 00 1 75 1 00 2 75 2 00 1 00 2 50 Machines and Maohinbet (btationaet e GESEB), Maine.— Ebtab. No. 3C1. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the last yea/r. Apprentices Blacksmiths ••. Blacksmith's helper. oS $0 85 2 2 25 1 133 Machineb and Machinert (stationary en- gines), Maine.— Ebtab. No. 361— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the pott year. Occupations. Engineer Furnace man Machinists Machinists' helpers ■ Monlders Moulders Moulders* helpers- . - Mounters Pattern maker nndesignated "Wood workers Number. Male. Fem, Daily wages. Male. Fem. $1 75 2 00 2 50 1 33 2 50 2 00 1 33 1 40 2 25 85 2 25 Machineb and Machinbry (textile machineey), Massachusetts Ebtab. No. 36ii> Time, 10 hours per day ; 308 days the past year. Machinists Machinists' helpers Wood workers 150 100 50 $2 25 1 25 2 25 Machines and MAoHiNERr (wood-wokkesg ma- chines), Massachubetts— Ebtab. No. 363. Time, 10 hours per day; ZOS days the past year. Engineer Laborers Machinists Watchmen Wood workers 12 50 1 50 2 50 1 75 2 SO Machineb and Machineby (stationary engines). New Jersey— Ebtab. No. 364. Ktm, 10 hours per day; SOOdays the past year. Blaotsmiths 3 45 65 30 14 $3 06 145 2 35 2 64 2 44 Pattern makers Machineb and MACHrsEET (textile machinery), Pbnnsylvajsia.- Ebtab. No. 363. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Apprentices Foremen Laborers Laborers Machinists Machinists Macliinists Undesignated 040 6 75 25 25 100 150 a50 3 00 1 25 1 10 2 60 2 00 1 66 50 aToath. 368 llEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages oi' Empi-ot;6s, by Industries — Cont'd, IfOTE.— This taWe ia not a complete exhibit for industries or states, bnt covers only establishmento Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also snmmarieB, pages 143 to 226. Metalb and Metallic Goods (pig ikoh), Ala- BAHA.— BSTAB. No. 366. Time, 24 hours per day (tioo tumt) ; — days the past year. Occnpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. rem. Breakers and loaders Cast- house men Cindermen — 10 13 10 2 4. 6 2 2 *0 2 2 2 1 10 1 40 2 00 1 60 1 25 3 00 1 SO 1 50 1 10 1 50 1 25 1 50 Iron carriers Stock-house men Metals aud Metallic Goods (fiq ibok), Bel- gium.— Estab. No. 36T.a Time, 24 howrt per day (two tumt); — days the past year. Blackamitlis 4 30 15 ....... ...... foeo 39 70 65 '""eo' 48 44 62 80 ""65" 61 71 1 00 64 65 45 21 38 54 73 40 59 45 45 62 32 66 C alcinera $0 34 Carpenters 4 2 5 Coal carriers Drivers mrors, bottom ...... 32 Fillers top 12 5 25 8 18 17 12 M 6 15 65 76 75 2 3 24 »32 12 Firemen «. Gallery cutters "Keepers ........ Keepers' helpers .... Lamp tenders ...... Miners .... Koadmen Sorters . .... Stock-house men ITndeBignated Weighers Metalb and Metallic Goods (bar ebon), Bel" Qiuu.— Estab. No. 368. Time, 24 hours per day (two tumt) «,- pott year. -days the Foreman Foremen Foremans' assistant. Machinists Machinists' helpers . . Masons. .>, Pnddlfirs $1 30 1 00 60 40 22 69 1 20 Metalb and Metallic Goods (bak ikon), Bel- gium.— Estab. No. 36S— Concladei. Time, 24 hours per day ^tiao tumt) e,- — days the pas' year. Occnpations. Fnddlers' helpers . . . Boilers Boilers' helpers Boilers' helpers Shinglers Wei^ers and labor ers Number. Ttmie. Fem. se 2 8 »16 e IS Daily trages. Male. Fem. $0 80 85 60 24 100 66 Metals and Metallic Qoode (steel isgotb). Belgium.— Estab. No. 369< Tvme, lOi hours per day; — days thepatt year. Chemist Chemist's assistant Foreman Laborers Laborers Melter Melters' helpers... 1 1 1 30 610 1 4 $0 65 40 1 10 75 27 1 10 52 Metals and Metallic Goopa (steel plates), Belgium.— Estab. No. 370. Time, lOi hours per day ; — dans the past year. Firemen Foreman Foreman Hammerman Hammerman's helper Heaters Heaters' helpers Heaters' helpers Hookere-np Laborers Machinist Machinist Marker EoUer, chief Boiler, second EoUer, third Boilers, fourth Shearman Shearman's helper . . Shearmen's helpers. . Shearmen's helpers. . Shearmen's helpers . . Sweeper Sweeper's helper »0 70 1 30 100 1 60 80 140 100 70 70 60 60 50 120 140 1 16 86 70 1 20 80 . 70 60 34 52 30 Metals and Metallic Goods (steel baoi!,, Belgium Estab. No. 371. Tims,10ihouTsperday!— days the past 960*1. Buggymen . Foreman . . . Firemen ... Firemen's helpers. $0 60 1 00 70 30 a This establishment mines its own coal and makes coke, c The actual working time of empIoy<» b Youth. is lOi hours per day. OCOUPATIONS AND WAGES. 369 OocuPATiosrs, WITH Number aitd Wages of EMPLOY:fis, by lNDUSTKiBS--Cont'(l. Note.— This table is not a complete exliibit for industriea or states, hut oorers only eetablieliments investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also snmmaries, pages 143 to 226. Met ALB AUD Metallic Goods (steel rails), Belgium.— BsTAS. No. 371— Conolnded. Km4, lOJ hours per day; — daya the pott year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Tern. 3 3 3 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 i $1 40 1 00 70 70 64 60 50 1 40 1 00 90 64 80 60 Heaters' helpers Heatcra' helpers Hookera-Tip (croche- teurs) Machiiilat ......—--. Machiniat . Ttoller cliief KoUera, second EoUers, third Stralghtener Straighteners Mbtalb and Metallic Goods (electiiottpkb), Califoknia.— EsTAB. No. 373. Time, 10 howrtper day; 300 dayt this year. Engineer Einisher . Einishers' helpers.. Moulders '. $2 00 3 33 1 25 3 00 Metals ahd Metallic Goods (ikon ahd steel BARS AND BAILS), CAI-IFOBNIA.— ESTAB. No. 373. Time, 10 hours per day ; 280 days tht pait year. Blacksmiths . Carpenters . . . Eorgemen Machinists... Mill hands . . . Steel workers Tard hands . . $3 25 3 25 3 00 3 25 2 75 2 75 1 75 Metals and Metallic Goods (basbbd wire, OTHEK WIHE B00D8), CALIFOBNIA ESTAB. No. 374. Time, 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. Barb.fenoe maker.. Barb.fence makers. Barb-fence makers. Carpenters Carpenters' helpers Foreman Galvanizers Machinists Machinists* helpers Wire drawers "Wire drawers Wire drawers "Wire workers Wire.workers' help- ers 1 $3 50 3 2 00 7 1 15 5 3 00 6 175 1 4 00 13 2 62 12 2 75 4 1 00 12 3 25 12 2 75 11 2 00 20 3 00 20 1 25 Metals and Metaluo Goods (sheet iron), Delawabe.— EsTAB. No. 375. Time, 10 hoviri per day ; 288 days the past year . Occnpations. Annealer Annealer's helper . . . Bnndler Catchers Brag-outs Engmeers Foreman Fnmacemen Heaters Heaters' helpers Hookers-np Laborers Laborers Puddlers Puddlers' helpers — KoUers Kollers -.. Scrap man Spanner men Trimmer Number. Male. Fern. Baily wages. Male. Fenv $1 85 1 50 1 70 1 77 1 35 1 80 4 Ofl 2 00 3 00 1 70 1 25 1 40 1 05 2 SO 1 30 2 75 2 15 1 60 2 00 3 00 Metals .and Metallic (Joods (fio iron), Great Britain.- EsTAB. No. 376. Time, 24 hours per day {two turns); — days the past year. Blacksmiths Boiler cleaners Boiler makers Brakesmen Bricklayers Bymen Carpenters Engine cleaners Engineers Engineers Engineers Fillers Fillers Fillers Fillers Firemen Hoistmen Iron carriers Iron samplers Keepers Keepers' helpers . . . Laborers Machinists Machine men Masons Moulder Ore dischargers Platelayers Koad cleaners Slag tippers Spare brakemen Spare keepers Steam-crane men . - ■ Stove cleaners Storemen Sweepers Tube cleaners 2 4 6 2 10 2 2 3 6 3 22 30 8 6 5 « 10 2 10 10 90 2 8 2 1 80 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 t 4 $1 04 1 32 1 28 92 1 20 84 1 04 60 1 20 84 1 13 1 26 1 08 84 76 80 76 1 20 96 1 86 1 28 68 1 08 84 1 20 1 08 78 72 64 84 76 72 84 64 96 60 96 12854 LAB 24 370 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industries— Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covera only establishmenti Investigated bj the Bureau. See page 91, also sunxmaries, pages 143 to 226. Metals aot) Metallic Goods (piq irok), Gkeat Bbitaim.-Estab. No. 377. Time, 24 hourt per day (two twmt); — days the poet year. Oconpations. Number. Dally TTages. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Barro-w runners 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 $0 96 1 00 98 82 1 08 98 1 08 96 1 20 80 2 40 1 00 1 16 1 66 72 72 90 S6 1 00 98 98 Dropman Engineer Bnjifineers ...... Fillers, bottom Fillers top...... ITiremen Gasman Iron carriers Keepers' helpers Ore cleaaer. ......... Table loaders Table loader Truck emptlers MBTAL6 AND METALLIC GOODS (BAK IBON), GBEAT Bbitaik.— EsTAB. No. 378. Time, 12 hours per day; — days the past year. Ashmen Asli-lift driver ... Banknien Bar caiTiors Bar dra-^ers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Blooming men ,. . Boiler men Bricklayers Bricklayers' helpers Catchers, muck Catchers, rail Coal tippers Cntters-doim Donkey man Drag.outs Engineers Engineers Fillers Firemen Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foremens' assistants Furnace men Laborers • Loaders Metal tippers Milhraights Painters Pilers,iion Puddlers , Eigeers Eoll turners Rollers, forge Boiler, rail Boughers, forge . . 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 14 20 4 3 10 3 7 240 5 2 2 1 12 $0 96 96 1 12 1 12 1 36 1 20 88 80 1 08 1 20 72 1 20 1 32 1 20 1 32 1 12 1 20 1 08 96 1 12 80 3 20 2 40 2 00 1 93 1 44 1 60 72 1 44 1 20 90 96 1 08 2 43 1 32 1 26 2 16 4 80 1 30 Metals and Metallic Goods (bab ihon), Gbsai Beitain.— EsTAB. No. 378— Concluded. 2Ymc, 12 hours per day ; — days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Rough ers, rail 3 2 1 1 2 9 10 1 17 6 17 6 $] 60 1 20 1,20 3 60 2 88 1 92 80 1 20 88 88 1 12 88 Shinglers, level hand Shtnglers' helpers- .. Straighteners Wheelers, coal Wheelers, fettlin's- . . Wheelers, metal Wheelers, slag Metals and Metallic Goods (cast hails), Great Bbitain.— Ebtab. No. 379. Time, 10 hours per day / — days tlie past year. 1 2 1 12 (tl ""'ai' $1 30 1 60 2 90 2 20 90 Journeymen «O50 1 oc Underhande 12 Metals and Mbtallic Goods (steel plates), Gkeat Bkitaih.— Estab. No. 380.!i Titne^ 24 hours per day (two turns) ; — days the past year. Melters Melters Melters' first helpers Melters' first helpers Melters' second help- ers Melters', second help- ers Pit men Pit men Weighers $1 41 1 08 85 67 ■ 76 58 85 67 72 Metals and Metallic Goods (brass castings), Great Britain.— Estab. No. 38 1. Time, 10 hours per dav; — days the past year. 2 6 12 a6 3 3 3' 2' $2 40 1 20 85 45 2 60 2 00 "'i'36' 85 45 »O70 Moulders 2 1 a2 Moulder's helper Moxilders' helpers -.- 45 aToath. h Employes In tMs establUhnient are not all reported OC'CUPATiOXS AND WAGES. 371 0CCUPATI0»,'8j WITH NtTMBER AND WAGES OP EmPLOY]68, BY INDUSTKLES — Cont'd. NOTB.— This table ia not a complete exhibit for indastriea or states, bnt covers only establisbmonts Investigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also summaries, pages U3 to 226. Metals and Metai..ic Goods (bkabb cabtihgb), Gkeat Beitain.— Estab. No. 3S2. Time, 10 haun per day; — dayi the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. rem. 1 2 1 1 1 a3 ol 3 i' $2 20 1 77 4 30 1 75 1 33 80 53 2 40 "i'55' 1 70 Chaser .. ....... roremen .... . $0 80 3 1 Moulder llETALB AKD METALLIC GOODS (BRASS CASTINGS), GrBEAT Bbxtain.^Estab. No. 383. Time, 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. Adjusters Casters Core maker Eoreman Lathe men Lathe men Lathe men-.. Moolders, brais Moulders' helper, brass.. Moulders' helper, brass Moulders' helper, brass Vise boys !i2 $0 25 3 2 30 1 i 1 05 1 3 33 4 2 20 3 1 33 5 95 3 1 25 cl 30 al 62 al 80 as 33 $0 70 Mbtals akd Metallic Goods (nailb), Illinois.— EsTAB. No. 3S4. Time, 10 hourtper day; — daye the past year. Annealer Blacksmith Blacksmiths Blacksmiths* helpers Bluers Bluer helpers Buggymen Buggymeu Bricklayer Carpenters Catchers, plate Catchers, slab Chargers Engineers ITiremen Furnace-door tenders Heaters, plate Heaters, old rail Heaters' helpers, plate Heaters' h e 1 p e rs, old rail ,.. Hookers-up, plate. . Hookers-up, slab . - . Laborers Machinists Machine tenders . . . 1 1 2 3 2 mi 2 2 1 2 d2 2 10 4 4 aA 4 $1 25 3 70 2 75 1 30 2 30 85 1 90 1 35 2 80 1 75 6 30 2 00 1 40 1 65 1 55 70 6 25 4 15 2 50 o Youth. tCnudien. 1 80 2 00 1 50 1 25 1 65 2 00 cChUd. Metalb akd MetallioGoods (nails), Illinois Ebtau. No. 384— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; —days ihepatt year. Occupations. Machine tenders . . . Master mechanic . . . Nailers Nailers Nailers L. Nail feeder Nail feeders Nail feeders Nail feeders , Packer Packer's helpers .., Packer boys Picker boys , Filers, old rail Filers, scrap Rollers, plate Rollers, slab Rollers' helpers plate Scrapers, plate Shearman, plate — Shearman's helpers Shearman' s help ers . . Shovers-under, plate. Shovers-underjplate. Telegraph|men Tenders, self.feeders "Warehouse men Watchmen Number. Male. Fern. dlO d20 dl de dl2 d78 dl d5 ol5 bia 4 64, 2 d2 d4 a2 dl 2 15 2 4 2 a57 3 2 Daily wages. Male. Fem. $1 50 3 70 11 16 9 20 6 70 4 50 3 SO 2 25 1 70 10 85 1 65 50 35 1 30 SO 11 65 6 30 4 20 85 12 00 2 75 1 50 2 45 1 87 1 75 85 1 35 1 40 Metals and Metallic Goods (spikes, T sailb), Illinois. — Estab. No. 385. Time, 10 hours per day; 250 days the past year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Bolt cutters Carpenter Catchers Engineers Firemen Foreman Foremen .'. Gas makers Heaters Heaters' helpers Hookers-up Laborers Machinist Machinists .......... Mason Hut cutters Nut maker Pattern maker Pnddlers , Pnddlera' helpers Rollers Roll turners Roughera Scrapmen Shearmen Sp ike makers Sti-audsmen 'Teamstera Watchmen 4 6 1 4 6 6 1 2 2 10 14 8 139 1 10 1 2 1 1 6 10 7 3 11 4 6 6 8 3 3 $2 80 1 80 1 75 2 00 3 50 2 80 1 80 4 33 3 00 2 15 5 50 2 75 1 75 1 35 4 00 2 80 5 00 1 50 5 00 3 10 4 00 2 25 7 00 3 30 3 50 1 25 2 25 2 50 2 00 1 60 1 55 d All nail mill employes work only 5 J days per week. 372 EEPOEl OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOK. Occupations, ■with Number axd Wages of Employes, by Industries — Cont'd. NoTB. — Tfais table is not a complete exhibit for isdnstries or states, bnt covers only establishmenta Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Mbtals and Mbtaluc Goods (bak akd pig ikon), Indiana— Ebtab. No. 3S6. Time, 10 hourt per day ; 289 dayt the poet year. Occnpatiaiis. Nmmber. Daily wages. Male. 7eni. Male. I"em. Blaoksmitbs BlacksmitliB' helpers 2 2 2 2 2 6 10 2 2 2 4 9 2 2 53 2 2 32 32 1 1 1 16 I i 7 S 2 3 $2 00 1 25 1 80 3 75 1 60 1 75 1 35 1 20 1 25 4 00 4 50 160 1 85 1 40 1 20 3 00 1 75 4 00 2 00 10 00 7 00 4 50 1 50 3 00 3 75 4 00 1 50 1 40 1 35 1 50 Crane tenders I-iUers Hammermen Heaters .. Heaters' helpers Keepers -... Keepers' helpers Puddlers Puddlers' helpers ... KoUer.gmde Holler, mnok KoUera' helpers Konghers Shearmen's helpers.. Warehonsemen Metals aot) Metallic Goods (steel kails), In- DLIHA.— ESTAB. No. 387. Time, 10 hours per day ; 200 days the pott year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Oftrpenters Engineers Firemen Heaters Laborers Laborers Machinists Moulders Pattern makers Boll hands $2 00 1 50 2 25 2 50 1 60 4 00 1 50 1 00 2 00 2 25 2 25 3 50 Mbtals and Metallic Goods (bak amd plate ikon), Kentvckt.— Ebtab. No. 388. Time, 10 howri per day: 160 dayi the past year. Hammerman Heaters, bar Heaters, bl<«dm and scrap Heater, 8-inoh Heater, plate Heater, sheet Heater, slat Laborers Pnddlers Paddlers' helpers ... 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 100 60 40 $6 00 5 00 5 50 4 75 5 00 5 25 5 OC 1 25 3 75 2 00 Metals antj Metallic Goods (bar add plate ikon), Kentucky Estab. No. 388— Conol'd. 2Vm«, 10 hours per day; 150 days the pastyear. Occnpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Pem. 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 s 6 7 5 «7 00 6 00 4 00 3 50 9 00 9 00 2 00 2 25 2 00 2 25 2 25 Roller, 8-incli Koller, muck: Roller, muck Eollet, sheet Boilers' helpers, bar. EoUers' helpers, Boilers' helpers, Boilers' helpers, plate EoUera' helpers. Metals and Metallic IKON), KBNTUCKT.- GOODS (BAB AND PLATE Ebtab. No. 389. Kme, 10 hours per day; 213 days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmith Blacksmiths' helpers Bricklayer Bricklayer's helper. . Bundler Bnndler's helper Carpenter Cart driver Catcher, bar Catcher, plate Catcher, sheet Catchers' helpers Catchers' helpers Engineer Engineers Firemen Hammermen Hammermen's helpers Heater, plate Heater, 10-lnch Heater, 8-inch Heater, sheet Heater, bar Heater s helper Heater's helper Heater's helper Knobblers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers _ . . Machinist Millwright Millwright's helper Pattern maker Piler, plate Piler, plate Pliers, plate Puddlers Puddlet Puddlers' helpers ... Puddlers' helpers ... Roller, sheet Boiler, plate 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 14 23 5 aZ al 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 22 1 22 22 1 1 «Youtt, $3 00 2 50 1 50 3 50 1 50 3 00, 1 25 1 65 2 50 4 00 3 00 2 75 2 00 140 2 25 1 60 1 50 3 50 2 00 8 00 7 00 6 00 6 00 4 25 2 75 2 50 1 65 4 00 1 60 1 25 1 00 75 65 2 50 5 00 1 50 2 50 4 00 1 50 1 25 3 25 2 50 2 00 1 25 » 25 B 60 "*4i OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 37*5 OCCTTPAHONS, WITH NUMBER AND WAGES OP EMPLOT^S, BY InDUSTJHKS— Cont'd. XOTK. — This table is not a complete exhibit for iudnstries or states, bnt covers only establiahmenti Inyesiigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also sumioaTies, pages 113 to 226. Mbtalb and Metallic Goods (bar and platb lEON), Kentucky.— EsTAB. No. 389— Concl'd. Time, 10 houraper days 213 days the past year. Occupations. Number. DaUy irages. Hale. Fern. Male. Fern. Holler, lO.inch Holler, 8-inoh Boilers, muck Boiler bar 1 1 2 1 'I 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 4 aS 4 o2 1 1 1 2 6 2 2 2 1 5 2 2 4 1 $8 50 8 50 5 00 4 25 2 00 7 00 3 00 3 00 2 75 2 50 2 50 175 2 00 1 75 60 1 30 50 7 00 2 00 1 85 1 65 1 30 1 10 2 00 1 65 1 10 1 60 2 00 2 SO 1 50 2 SO Rollers' helpers Eougher, plate Bougher, sheet Eougher, bar Eoughers, 10-inoh . . . Boughers, 8-inoh Roughers, 8-inch Eougher's helper Scrappers' helpers. . . Shearman, plate Shearmen's helpers . , Shearmen's helpers . . Shearman's helper. . . Straighteners "Watciiinen - . - . Metals and Metallic Goods (wikk goods), Kentucky.— EsTAB. No. 390. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the pctst year. Cage framers Cage makers Cage wirers Engineer Iron workers Loaders Machine hands Sieve and riddle ■workers Wire work6rs(heaTy} Wire weavers i Wire workers(fancy ) I Wire- workers' helper 10 a5 10 1 35 3 1« 5 16 8 oil al $2 00 75 1 60 1 50 2 00 1 75 1 00 1 00 1 50 1 25 75 50 Metals and Metallic Goods (pio ieon), Maby land.— ESTAB. No. 391. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); 291 days the past year. Breakers, ore Cart drivers. Cart drivers. Coal burners Engin^rs .. Klfera I'iremeB 3 $125 3 1 17 4 1 25 4 171 2 2 57 8 1 50 2 2 14 Metals and Metallic Goodb (piq ieon). Mast LAND.— EsTAB. No. 391— Conoluded. Time, 24 hours per dap (two turns); 291 days tht past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Pern. Male. Fern. 10 2 tl 35 1 50 1 25 1 26 125 1 42 1 30 107 1 50 1 50 Ore drawers Ore roasters Watchman Wood loaders Metals and Metallic Goods (fig ieon), Mart LAND.— EsTAB. No. 393. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); 312 days tht past year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths' helper Brakeman Breakers, limestone . Carpenter Cinder men Engineers Fillers Guttermen Keepers Keepers' helpers . . Laborers Machinist Machinist's helper Stableman »1 75 100 1 30 1 25 1 75 1 25 1 45 13 1 25 1 27 1 50 1 25 25 1 25 2 30 137 1 00 Metals and Metaluo Goods (piq iron), Maey- land.— estab. no. 393. nme, 24 hours per day (two turns); — days the past year. Blacksmiths Charcoal buiaars ■ Engineers Founderynum ... Keepers Keepers' helpers . Laborers $1 50 1 SO 1 60 3 00 1 50 1 25 95 Metals and Metaluc Goods (bbabs goods), Masbacbubetis.— EsTAB. No. 394. Time, — hours per day / — i»ys the past year. Blacksmiths — BiasD moulder . . . Carpenters Foreman Laborers Machinists Moulders Pattern makers . $2 40 3 60 2 25 3 20 1 20 2 20 2 00 2 M a Youth. 374 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number ajtb Wages op Ei\irLOY:fis, bt Industtiies— Oonr/d. NOTB.— This table is not % complete exhibit for indnatries or states, bnt covers only establishmenti Investigated by the Bureaa. See page 91, blso summaries, pages 143 to 226. Mktals and MbtalliC Goods (pio lead), Mib- BOUBI.— ESTAB. No. 395. Time, 8 hnrt per day; — day> the past year. OccnpatiOHB. Nnmber. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Tom. Blacksmiths 6 12 200 12 362 2 10 200 $2 00 2 25 1 25 2 00 1 25 2 50 1 10 1 25 Drillers Engineers Machinists' helpers . Metalb and Mztallic Goods (fig lead). Mis. BOURI.— BSTAB. No. 396> Time, 8 hovrtper day,- — dayt the past year. Blacksmith Carpenter Carpenters DrillerB Engineers Engineers Eoremen Laborers Machinist Machinists' helpers Miners a 1 1 2 45 2 7 10 BO 1 6 100 $2 00 2 50 1 50 1 25 2 CO 1 35 2 00 1 25 2 50 1 10 1 10 MiTALB AHD METALLIC GOODS (BUILDERS' HARD- WARE), New HAmpbhiki.— Estab. No. 397. Time, 10 hourt per day ; — daye the past year. Ktters 50 100 5 25 7 »1 50 1 25 2 25 2 00 2 50 Machinists Pattern makers Metam akd Metallic Goods (pipe casttngb), New Jeeset ^Estab. No. 398. Time, 9 hours per day; 300 dayt the past year. Blacksmiths 3 2 12 1 8 30 38 4 9 1 $2 10 2 10 1 35 2 00 2 50 2 37 1 41 2 40 1 37 1 66 Monlflers Monlders' helpers . . . Pattern makers Undesignated Metalb AMD Metallic Goods (pig iron), New TOKK.— EsTAB. No. 399. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; — days the past year. Blacksmith. .^ Blacksmith's helper. Brakemen Breakers, are Carpenter Cindermen $2 25 1 25 1 33 1 33 2 60 1 33 Metals and Metallic Goods (pig iron). New TOEK.— EsTAB. No. 399— Concladed. Time, 24 hours per day; — days the past year. Occupations. Engineers Fillers, top Fillers, bottom Foreman .: Keepers Keepers' helpers — Maoninist Machinist Machinist's helper. . . Stable man Stove men Watchman Waterers, iroii Weighers Yard hands Number. Male. Fem, Daily WBges. Male. Fem. $1 66 1 50 1 33 2 31 1 67 1 50 3 00 2 00 1 33 1 15 1 05 2 00 1 33 1 33 1 00 Metals a>T) Metallic Goods (pig iron). New York.— Ebtab. No. 400. Time, 24 hourt per day {two tumi) ; 365 days thi past year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Engineer Engineers..- Fillers, top Fillers, bottom Iron carriers Keepers Keepers' helpers Laborers $2 00 1 70 3 30 2 50 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 85 1 65 1 35 Metals and Metallic Goods (bar iron). New York.— Ebtab. No. 401. Timte, 10 hours per day ; — days thepatt year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Bnndlers Carpenter Engineei? Engineers Heaters.- Heaters Heaters' helpers Heaters' helpers Laborers Machinist Master mechanic ... Mason Maeona' helpers Filer, iron PudiUers Puddlers' helpers. -. Peddlers, level hand Pnll-nps Hollers Eollers Boll tnmer Scrapman Scrapman Shearman Squeezer tender Watchman Waterers Wheelers $1 91 1 43 1 55 1 50 1 70 2 00 4 00 3 SO 2 00 1 75 1 00 1 51 3 25 2 95 1 10 1 50 3 15 1 57 2 36 56 6 00 6 25 3 65 1 75 1 00 1 80 1 30 1 20 1 60 1 07 A This establishment mines its n^m ore. »YontK OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 375 Occupations, with Number akd Wages of EMPLOTfcs, b-y Indusiribs— Cont'd. IToTE. — This table ia not a, complete eiliibit for indtLBtTies or states, but covers only e8tablishraent« investigated by tbe Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Metals Akd Metallic Goods (stubl bails), ITew TOBK.— ESTAB. No. 403. Time, 24 hours per day {two turns); — days the past year. Occupations. Blacksmiths Erakeraen BuggymiBn Carpenters Catchers Chargers Cinder men CouTerters Cupola men Drae-otitB Brillers Drop men Engineers ■ Finishers Firemen Foremen Gaggers Gate men HaDdm6rmen Heaters Heaters' helpers - . . Hookers-np Hookers-up Hookers-up, tumble Hydraulic men Laborers Ladlemto Leverm&h Loaders Machinists Molters Mould men Pitmen Punchers Kollers Ronghers Eonghers Sawmen Scrapmen Shovers-np Stockors Straighteners "l^hbleman Teamsters Tool-room m sn Trimmers ■JJndes jgnated ■Watchmen Wheelers, coke WTioelers, limestone Kumber. Hale. Fem. 10 12 4 18 15 8 2 7 5 5 6 2 4 8 36 6 1 16 12 4 12 22 4 2 2 6 2 2 6 28 10 1 4 2 8 10 2 4 2 Daily wayes. Male. Fem. $1 67 1 75 2 50 1 67 2 60 2 07 1 25 2 08 2 25 1 62 1 80 2 00 1 77 1'80 1 34 2 70 2 52 1 54 2 75 5 00 2 60 2 87 2 52 3 58 1 50 1 38 2 14 2 10 1 35 2 00 4 31 1 98 2 12 2 52 5 67 3 15 3 00 2 39 1 25 1 77 1 95 2 67 2 50 1 00 1 27 2 54 2 12 1 54 1 25 1 25 Met AM AAT) Metallic Goods (horbeshoes). New Tokk Estab. No. 403. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Bailers Bnndlers Carpenters Catchers Chargers Bngineers... ..- f2 90 2 50 1 95 1 37 3 60 1 80 2 25 1 72 2 00 3 00 Metals and Metallic Goods (horseshoes), New York.— EbtaB. No. 403— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Occupations. Engineers Firemen Fitter febders Fixers Foreman Foremen Foremen Foremen, assistant .. Furnace men Furnace men Gate men Heaters Heaters' helpers Hookers-np Hookera-up Hookers-np Horseshoe finishers . Horseshoe nailers --- Horseshoe punchers - Horseshoe runners .. Iron carriers Laborers Laborers Master mechanics.. Machinists Machinists Machinists' helpers Masons Maaone' helpers — Millwrights Moulders Mounters Nail-rod heaters Oilers Filers, iron .; Pnddlers Puddlers' helpers . - - KoUers Rollers, muck RoU turners Eoughers Scrapmen Shearsmen Squeezer tenders Straightoners Straightenera, cold . . Hndesignated — Undesignated — "Watchmen "Watchmen ^ "Waste gatherers Waterers, iron — "Wheelers, coal ... Number. Male. Fem, 8 4 100 2 1 2 4 3 4 86 2 32 4 18 200 50 53 14 9 1,014 354 2 22 244 27 3 2 2 7 3 50 2 5 164 147 26 8 4 13 150 9 6 13 3 16 a243 2 2 2 4 22 Daily ivages. Male. Fem. $1 90 1 50 3 00 1 50 5 50 4 60 4 00 3 00 1 90 1 50 1 25 4 23 1 75 2 40 1 50 1 30 2 40 2 25 2 57 3 00 1 50 1 25 1 00 4 00 2 15 1 90 1 50 2 50 1 13 2 15 2 50 2 25 2 00 1 00 1 40 2 80 1 50 4 84 4 40 3 60 2 50 1 50 I 40 I 1 30 1 67 1 50 1 30 88 1 25 1 00 1 00 1 60 1 60 1 Metals awd Metallic Goods (merchant brass), New York.— Es'.'ab. No. 404. Time, 10 hours per day; 290 days the past !/«ar. Anuealers Annealers' helpers . Blacksmith Brass melter Brass-melters' help- ers Brass workers •4 »2 00 112 2 43 3 00 1 62 IMI • Youth. 376 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, -vtith Number and Wages of Employes, by Industkibs— Conrd. XoTK. — This table is not a complete exliibit for indnstries or states, but covers only establ'Islunentr investigated b j the Bnrean. See page 91, also sammaries, pages 143 to 226. Metals and Metallic Goods (muechakt brass), New York.— Estab. ITo. 404— Conoladed. Tim*, 10 hours per day; 290 days the past year. Occapations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Brazier .,.. 1 3 6 a2 al 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 8 1 1 al 1 2 i a2 1 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 ol 2 3 2 5 »1 50 1 25 1 00 75 60 1 80 3 00 2 40 4 78 1 00 3 00 1 62 1 00 1 12 3 00 1 75 50 1 62 1 12 1 05 67 1 50 2 67 2 00 1 12 1 62 1 48 2 DO 1 40 75 2 40 1 85 1 50 1 25 Braziers Coppersmith Engineer Foreman, assistant.. Ijaborers Machinist.--- Machinist Packer Pickler Pictler's helpers Press hands... Eivet maker Eollers Hollers' helpers Hollers' helpers Slitter "^^atchman ...-.- "Waterer Wi re dra-wera "Wire drawers "Wire drawers Wire drawers Metals and Metallic Goods (fiq iron), Ohio.— Estab. No. 405. Time, 24 hours per day (two turnip ; — days the p»st year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Coal cleaners Engineer Engineer Fillers, bottom Fillers, top Gufcterman (con- tractor) Hot-blast men Keepers Keepers' helpers Laborer, boss Laborers Loaders Screeners and carters Unloaders Watchman Weighers $2 00 1 60 1 25 2 77 1 76 1 25 1 35 4 97 1 25 1 76 1 36 1 98 1 00 1 40 1 26 I 25 1 66 1 00 Metals and Metallic Goods (piq iron), Ohio Estab. Ho. 406. Time, 25 hours per day (two turns) ; 232 days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem, Male. Fem. 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 i 2 4 1 1 1 $1 50 1 25 150 135 1 15 175 1 15 105 1 05 1 15 135 110 1 00 1 25 1 25 150 Breakers, limestone . Breakers, ore Engineers ....... Engineers Fillers top Fillers, bottom Keepers Keepers' helpers — Ore setter Watchman ......... Metals abd Metallic Goods (piq ibon), Ohio.— Estab. No. 407. Time, 24 h^mrs per day (two turns) ; 359 days thi poet year. Breakers, limestone. Carpenter Cart drivers Engineer Engineer Fillers, top Fillers, bottom Firemen Foundery man Iron carriers Keepers Keepers' helpers Laborers $125 1 30 1 15 175 1 15 1 20 1 10 100 2 70 1 15 1 40 1 10 1 00 Metals AND Metallic Goods (pig iron), Ohio.— Estab. No. 408. Kme, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; 340 days thi past year. Blacksmith Breakers, iron Breakers, ore Cindermen Engineers Engineers Fillers, bottom Fillers, top Firemen Foundery man Iron carriers Keepers Keepers' helpers . - . Laborers Machinist Overseer, night Sand man Waterers, iron $2 10 1 60 1 20 1 35 i 80 1 40 1 35 1 50 1 65 5 60 1 30 1 60 1 35 1 10 2 00 2 17 1 10 90 ( Toath. ilBclnded in this sum are the wages of two aesistuDts. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 377 Occupations, with Number akd Wages op Employes, by Industries— Cont'd. Note.— This table is not a complete eiWMt for Industries or states, but corers only establishmonts investigated by the Boreaii. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Metals and Metallic Goods (pig isom), Ohio.— Bbtab. 13^0. 409. Time, 24 howrt per day (two tumt); 350 daf/e the past year. Occapations. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper Breakers, limestone. Cagers Carpenter Cart drivers Cart drivers Cinder men Crib tender Engineers filTers, top Fillers, botton. Firemen Gnttennen Hot-blast man Keepers Keepers' helpers . . . Loaders Overseer, night Screeners Nnmber. Male. Fem. Daily vrages. Male. Fem. $1 50 1 00 1 00 1 12 1 50 1 08 1 25 1 12 1 12 1 82 1 10 1 12 1 00 1 90 1 00 1 40 1 15 1 68 1 75 1 00 Metal amd Metallic Goods (pis irok), Ohio.— ESTAS. No. 410. Time, 24 hotirt per day [two turne) ; 285 daye the past year. Blacksmith Bk«ksmith's helper. Boiler cleaners Brakeman Carpenters Cinder men Conductor Clay mixer Dock-brake boys. . . Engineer Engineers Engineers Engineers Fillers, top Fillers, bottom Firemen Foremen Hot-blast men Iron carriers Keepers' helpers . Laborers Machinist Sailor Scrapman "Watchman Yard hands 1 $2 00 1 125 2 1 32 1 1 50 ?, 1 87 14 1 35 1 175 1 1 32 2 1 00 1 2 25 2 1 83 2 1 75 2 1 20 6 1 65 24 1 32 4 1 35 2 2 25 2 1 48 14 1 75 2 1 76 10 1 48 20 1 10 1 1 75 1 1 65 1 1 10 1 21 1 25 1 32 Mettals AMD Metallic Goods (pig iron), Ohio.— Eetab. Ho. 411. Time, 24 hours per day (two twmt); — days the past year. Breakers, iron Cindormen Co.al cleaner Fillers Founderyman Keepers Keepers' helpers . . Laborers ._- Metals and Metallic Goods (pig ikok), Ohio EsTAB. No. 413. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; 285 days the past year. Occnpationa. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fom. Male. Fem. Blacksmith 1 1 1 2 5 5 1 10 2 3 2 24 6 6 10 4 8 29 14 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 $2 50 1 25 1 75 1 m 1 25 1 30 1 85 1 32 1 00 2 25 1 83 1 35 1 65 1 40 1 60 1 60 1 35 1 20 1 10 1 75 1 50 1 65 1 10 1 25 1 10 1 35 1 50 1 30 1 10 Blackamitli's helper. Boilei- maker :. Breakers, limeBtone . Breakers, ore Dock-brake boya Fillera, bottom Fillers' ton Firemen Iron carriers Keepers' helpers Sailor Track repairer Weiffhera Metals akd Metallic Goods (pigieok), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 413. Tirm, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; 225 days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper Breakers, limestone Breakers,ore Cagers Carpenters Cart drivers Cart drivers Engineers Fillers, top Fillers, bottom Fireman Iron carriers Keepers Keepers' helpers .. Laborers Overseer, night Overseer .- Scrapman Teamster $2 00 1 15 1 25 1 20 1 40 1 75 1 20 1 40 2 00 1 50 1 40 1 30 1 82 2 00 1 40 1 15 2 50 2 00 1 20 1 25 Mjstalb akd Metallic Goods (pig iroh), Ohio.— EsTAB. No. 414. Tirae, 24 hours per day (two turns) past year. ! — days (he Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Breakers, limestone. Cagers Cart drivers Cindermen En£inee» 1 $2 00 1 1 00 2 1 00 2 1 1 25 3 1 00 2 125 2 175 378 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. OCCTTPATIONS, WITH NUMBBR AlW "WAGES OF EMPLOYES, BY iNDUaXRIBS — Cont'd. Nont.— This table is not a complete exhibit for mdnstriea or states, but covers only estnblishmentt Inveebigated by the Borean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Mktals akd Mktaluo Goods (pio ikom), Onic- Ebtab. No. 41 the past year. Occnpations. Nranber. Daily wages. :Uale. rem. Male. Tem. 10 2 2 OlO 2 $3 60 1 65 1 40 80 1 60 Shearmen's helpers. . Straighteners llitTAi.3 AKD Metallic Goods (hoop ikon, cot- ton TIES), Ohio.— Ebtad. No. 417. Time, 10 hours per day; 225 days the past year. Blacksmiths Biealeis, iron Breakers, ore Bnndlers Catchers Drag-outs Engineers Firemen Heaters Heaters' helpers Laborers Laborers Machinists Masons Millwrights Puddlers Pnddlers' helpers ... Hollers EoU turners Eoaghers Straighteners and drag-onts "Warehonse men "Waterers $2 25 1 25 2 no 1 ,53 2 50 3 00 2 50 1 33 m I 70 1 30 1 10 2 00 4 00 1 60 4 00 1 33 (0 a 00 4 00 (d) 1 40 1 20 Metals and Metallic Goods (steel rails, kods, DtGOTS), Ohio Estab. No. 418. Kme, 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths Blowers Boilermakers Boiler-makors' help- ers Boiler-makers' helper Bottom man Brakemen Bricklayer Brickmakers Briokmaker'shelper Enlldog men Bullhead men Buggymen Bundlers Bnndlers Buttraen Catchers Catchers Catchers Catchers Clitohers' helpers ... n Yonth. 1 $2 50 8 1 95 2 228 11 1 76 12 1 50 1 1 35 1 2 76 8 1 60 1 1 50 2 3 00 1 1 25 2 2 26 12 2 25 1 22 8 2 00 4 1 20 2 1 00 12 S 50 6 2 15 4 1 69 a2 1 25 4 75 Metals and Metallic Goods (steel kails, rods, INGOTS), Ohio.— Estab. No. 418— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Occupations. Number. Male. Eem. 4 11 63 1 2 3 1 1 9 1 10 2 10 4 10 8 12 1 4 67 8 15 6 8 14 8 S 4 27 369 12 4 2 6 2 1 18 1 7 Daily wage*. k »5 to $8 per day. Chargers 24 Chargers 46 Chippers 6 Cindermen 12 Coremaker 1 Cupolamen 18 Drag-outs 12 Drillers 8 Electric-light man .. 1 Engineers 6 Engineers 7 Engineers 30 Engineers Engineers Engineers Eiremen Eoreman Foremen Foremen Foreman Foreman Foremen Foreman Gasmen , Hammermen Heaters -.-.- Heaters Heaters Heaters Heaters Heater Heaters' helpers - Heaters' helpers. Heaters' he>pers. Heaters' helpers- Hookers-np - Hookersup Hookers-np Hookers-np Hot-bed men Laborers Laborers Laborers Ladlemen Ladlemen Large crab men . Lead-outs Lever men Machinist Machinists Machinist Machinists' helpers . . Machinists'^ and blacksmiths' help- ers Melter Melter Melters' helpers ..- Moulder Moulders Moulders Moulders' helpers . . Pitmen Pitmen Kail runners Beelers Eeversers Rollers, hoop Rollers, rod 2 &ollera,rod 6 « $5 to JIO per day. d 50 cents to SI per day. 380 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. Occupations, ■with Number aitd Wages op Empi ay^s, by IirousTKiES — Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments .'nvcstigatod by the Bureau. See page 91, also sum:aaries, page 143 to 226. MiTALS AKD MBTALUO GOODS (STEEL EAII.S, EODB, niGOTB), Ohio.— EsTiB. No. 418— Concluded. ITime, 10 hours per day; —daya the poet year. Occupations. Boilers, guide Kollers, muck Boilers, 18-iuoh Boilers BoUers' helpers Boll turners Boughers Boughers ..' .'. Boughers Boughers Bunnersmen Saw men Screw men Shearmen, scrap Shearmen Shearmen Slatters Small crab hoys Splice finishers Stockers Spelgel soalesmen.. Steel watchers Stiokers-in Stiokers-ln StickeK-in Stockmen Strandsmen...: Straighteners Straighteners, oold . Straighteners Telegraph men Telegraph men Throw-overs Tongsmen and hoolc- ers Tongsmen Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated , Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated Unloaders, coal Yesselmen Watchman "Waterers Weighers Weigher Weigher Weighers Weighers Wheelers, coal and ash Number. Hale. Tan. 2 2 2 4 2 13 12 6 le 4 12 2 4 29 4 14 8 a2 8 22 2 a2 12 2 4 6 2 4 2 aS 28 13 2 20 2 8 al2 (I24 a36 »13 bis 15 6 1 4 2 1 1 a 9 82 Daily wages. Male. Fern. $6 00 4 25 3 60 2 17 3 00 2 25 2 78 2 63 2 29 1 62 1 84 1 80 1 67 1 02 1 52 1 14 1 90 GO 2 00 1 28 1 20 75 2 60 1 82 1 30 1 27 1 25 4 00 2 00 1 08 1 77 124 1 60 3 12 2 00 1 25 1 02 85 63 45 32 1 20 2 09 1 20 1 20 1 20 2 40 2 00 1 80 1 15 1 03 Metals and miTALUo Goods (flats irok, plate STEEL), Ohio.— EsTAB. Ho. 410. Time, 10 hours per day; 280 dayt the pcut year. Blacksmith 1 $3 08 Blacksmith 1 1 9a Blacksmith'shelpers 2 1 35 Buggymen 2 8 14 Carpenters 3 2 30 Catchers, muck 2 4 84 Catcher's helpers . . 2 2 42 a Youth. b Children. • TMa sum includes wages of 12 assistanta. Metalb and Metallic Goods (plate ikon, plats STEEL), Ohio.— ESTAB. No. 419— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; 280 days tliepast year. Occupations. Cinder men Cinder man Cold roller Cold rollers' helpers Drag -outs, muck . . . Drag'Outs, plate — Dra§-out, helper . . . Bngmeer Engineer Engineers — Firemen Fireman Fnmaoe-door tenders Galvanizer Heaters Heaters, plate Heaters, sheet Heater's helxiers, plate Heater's helpers ... Heater's helpers ... Heater's helpers, sheet Heater's helpers . . - Hoister Hookers-np Knobblers Laborers... Machinist Machinists Mason Marker Marker's helpers. - . Matchers oner Pack openers Painter Pilers, iron Pilor, plate Pud dl ers Paddlera' helpers ... Boiler, plate Boilers, sheet Rollers, muck KoUers helperB,mnck Boll turner Sorapmen Sorewman Scorer Shearman Shearman, plate Shearman, muck Shearmen, scrap Shearmen B helpers, plate Shearman's helper, muck Shearman's helper . . Shearman's helper . . Shinglers Shin^lers' helpers. .- Stocker Watchmen Weigher Weighers Wheelers, coal Wheelers, coal Kumber. Male. Fern. 2 1 1 a2 6 2 al 1 1 3 3 1 a2 cl di 4 1 04 «17 100 1 3 1 1 a2 4 1 2 1 8 dl 16 16 2 4 1 a4 1 1 1 1 1 Daily wages, Male. Fern $1 SO 1 29 1 64 69 1 78 2 65 90 2 86 2 60 2 12 1 70 1 10 69 46 15 6 13 6 80 4 70 2 33 2 03 1 49 2 03 1 70 1 10 1 24 5 44 1 00 3 4C 2 60 3 08 1 38 59 154 134 1 67 3 85 1 35 13 27 3 35 2 23 27 88 8 87 8 42 2 09 3 85 80 2 30 1 65 4 60 3 27 3 08 1 73 1 93 1 79 1 67 1 10 7 84 3 92 1 69 1 60 3 15 1 35 1 46 1 35 d This sum moludes the wages of 4 helpers. e includes wages of assistanta. / This sum includes wages of help«r«. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 381 OCCTTPATIOKS, WITH NUMBKR AND WAGES OT EMPLOT^S, BT INDUSTRIES— Cont'd. XOTB.— This table la not » complete exUbit for industries or states, but corers only establislimenti Investigated by the Bnreaii. Seepage 91, also snnunaries, pages 143 to 226. HETALS AJi1> MBTALLIC GrOODS (BTBEL ^nilE), Onio.— Ebtab. No. 430. Time, 10 hourg per day ; — dayi the patt year. Occnpations. Kmnber. Daily wages. Male. Vem. Male. Teni. Blacksznithi S 63 8 210 27 5 U 20 43 95 400 7 S4 43 20 62 375 nse 118 1 86 128 167 1 67 1 08 3 80 1 18 1 08 1 08 2 25 1 18 1 23 1 38 1 18 2 10 I^iremen ............ Enmace men and Wire draTrers Metal and Metallic Goods (ckuciblx steel), Ohio.— EsTAB. jS^o. 421. Time, 10 howiper day; — dayi the patt yec/r. Foremen Hammermen Hammermen's help- era — Heaters LaboieTS Machinists Melters Melters' helpers . . ■ BoUeis Bonghers and finish- ers Straightcners 2 $3 09 i 4 16 6 1 44 5 2 75 26 1 25 4 2 16 3 4 89 16 1 84 3 8 09 17 1 87 (tl6 76 Mktals and Mhtallio Goods (nails), Ohio.— Ebtab. No. 439. Time, 10 hours per day,- — days tJupo^t year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths .. Blacksmiths' helpers Bluer Blner's helper... Catchers Cropper Croiiper's helper Engineer Engineers Engineer Firemen Heaters, plate. . . Heaters' helpers. Hookera-np Lahorers HachiiuBt Hachine tenders ITailers Kail feeders Packer Pliers, iron PuU-oveiB 1 $3 25 2 2 50 2 175 1 4 65 1 1 50 2 4 80 1 2 75 ftl 75 1 3 50 2 2 50 1 2 00 6 1 50 8 5 62 8 2 50 2 2 70 15 1 15 1 3 60 a 2 50 37 8 48 61 2 04 1 1 00 a8 1 00 2 325 Mktam and Metallic Goods (natls), Ohio.- • EsTAB. No. 43»— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Occnpatlons. Nnmher. Daily wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Hollers 2 2 1 1 I an $9 25 3 50 6 15 3 25 2 40 3 20 75 Shearman, plate Sheaiman's helper.. . Shearman's helpers. - Shovers-nnder Tenders, self-feeders mjbtals and iletallic goods (nails), ohio.— Ebtab. No. 433. Time, 10 hours per day ; <— days Uie past year. Bluer 1 02 3 2 3 2 3 • 6 2 3 5 S 23 81 1 •17 2 42 42 42 3 2 2 2 1 5 4 2 3 $4 00 50 2 50 3 20 2 00 3 00 1 50 5 00 2 00 160 1 50 2 50 1 10 850 1 50 6 00 50 1 25 3 00 a 00 1 25 5 00 7 eo 3 00 1 85 7 00 1 60 2 00 1 35 1 60 Bluer's helpers Catchers, muck Catchers, plate Heaters Heater's helpers Hookers-np, plate- -- Hookers-xip, mnck . . Hot-machine tenders Nail feeders Packer's helpers Puddlers Puddlers' helpers... Pnddlers' helpers... Eollera, muck Hollers, plate Konghers, plate Shearman, mnck — Shearman, plate Shearmen's helpers . ShOTers-nnder, plate Wheelers, aah Wheelers, iron Mbtalb aitd Metallic (Joods (pio ibon), Penn- STLTAUIA.— Ebtab. No. 4*4. Tvme, 24 hovrt ptr day (tmo turiu); 365 days the past year. 1 1 10 1 1 6 2 4 16 2 10 2 « 20 2 $2 50 1 60 1 30 2 75 2 00 145 2 20 1 80 1 65 1 45 1 80 2 25 1 70 1 20 1 to Blacksmith's helper. Breakers, iron Fillers top rulers, bottom Iron carriers Keepers' helpers flYonth. 382 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. Occupations, with Numbbr ajsd Wages or Employes, by INBCSTBIBS—Cout'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exbiibit for indnstrieB or states, bat corera only ostablishmenti lurestigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Metals and Metallic Goods (riu ikon), Phnn- BTLVAKIA.— Ebtab. 2^0. 423. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns), past year. 185 days the Oooupations. Number. Daily 'wages. Male. Fern. Maid. Fern. Engineers S 10 2 2 5 40 $2 20 1 65 1 50 2 00 1 30 1 15 Fillers Firemen Laborers Metals and Metallic Goods (pig iron), Penn- sylvania,— Estab. ^o. 426. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); 150 days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Brakemen Breaker.ore Breaker,ore Cart driver Cinder snappers Dumper Engineer Engineers Fillers, bottom Fillers, top Hot-blast men Incline brakeman . . Keepers Keepers' helpers ... Laborer Laborers Stock-house men Wheelers, ore $2 00 1 35 1 35 1(5 1 S5 2 25 1 35 1 30 2 C5 1 60 1 35 1 65 1 25 2 25 1 80 1 35 1 70 1 10 1 20 1 52 Metals and Metallic Goods (bas iron), Penn- siLVANli.— Estab. No. 427. Time, W hours per day ,- 260 days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths' helpers -Carpenter , 'CJatcher, bar Catchers, 8-inch . . Catchers, ID-inch . Catchers, muck . . . Catchers' helper . , Cindermen Drag-outs, 10-inch Drag-out, bar Engmeer Engineers Firemen.. Greaser Grease dlstribater .. Heaters, 8-iiioh Heaters, 10-inoh Heaters, bar Heaters helper, bar. Laborer Laborers , Laborers millwright ♦3 50 1 70 2 00 4 00 3 00 3 00 2 50 2 50 1 66 2 00 1 65 3 50 2 00 1 65 2 00 1 15 6 00 6 00 6 00 1 35 1 45 1 35 1 25 3 15 Metals and Metallic Goods (bar iron), Penh- srLVANU..— Estab. No. 427— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; 260 days the past year. Occupations. Number. Daily irages. Male. Fem. Male. Fern. Filers and chargers, bar Filers and chargers, 1 0-iuch 3 2 68 2 68 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 5 \ 6 1 4 2 8 3 »1 58 1 58 3 50 4 00 2 00 8 00 7 00 6 00 3 50 3 00 3 00 3 25 2 50 2 00 1 75 1 65 1 35 3 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 Puddle bosses Pnddlers' helpers . . . EoUers, 8-inch Rollers, 10-inoh Holler, bar EoUers, muck Ronghers, 8-inch Roughers, 10-inch . . . Roughers, bar Roughers, muck Rougheiv' helpers. . . Shearmen Stacker Stocker's helpers Straighteners Straighteners Metals and Metallic Goods (bar iron, nails, etc.), PENKBiTLVANLA.— Estab. No. 428.a Tim*, 10 hours per day; 250 days the past year. Blacksmiths aud helpers Bricklayers Cold-roll men Engineers Firemen Laborers Laborers Laborers Machinists Millwrights and car- penters Moulders Pattern makers Puddlers Puddlers' helpers 202 33 130 25 22 45 120 300 135 40 90 20 152 152 $1 75 3 00 2 00 2 40 1 70 2 00 1 25 1 12 2 40 2 30 2 3D 2 40 3 35 2 13 Metals and Metallic Goods (wrought ieos I'iPE), Pennsylvanla.— Ebtab. No. 420. Tim^, 10 hours per dam 300 days the past year. fire- Blacksmiths . Boiler makers Carpenters . . . Engmeers and men Heaters and welders Laborers Machinists and help- ers , Masons Moulders , Pattern makers 15 30 20 35 450 700 157 6 45 ID aBollen, heaters, catchers nailers, etc., were not reported. $2 00 2 00 2 25 2 00 2 00 1 15 2 00 3 50 2 25 2 60 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 383 Occupations, with N jmbek axd Wages op EMPLOTfis, by Industries- Cont'd. KOTE. — ThlB table ia not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments Inyeatigated by the BtLrean. See page 91, also summaries, pages U3 to 226. Metals akd Metallic Goods (ibon safeb), FENKBYLVAinA.— ESTAB. Ho. 430. Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Oooupations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. rem. 2 101 3 2 1 $2 50 1 go 1 25 3 00 2 00 L:on workers Metals and Metallic Goods (pipe iron), PE^^^- SYLVAKLA.— ESTAB. N'o. 431. ISme, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths Bricklayers Carpenters Cupola man Engineers Firemen Heaters Heaters' helpers . Laborers Machinists Filers, iron Puddlors Fuddlers' helpers ... Beflners Boilers, plate Boilers, muck BoUers' helpers . . . Shearmen Shearmen Shearmen's helpers . . Shinglers 4 7 4 1 6 4 18 36 300 7 12 $2 45 3 25 2 30 5 00 2 00 1*50 6 00 1 85 1 15 2 90 1 80 3 62 2 24 5 00 10 00 5 00 2 20 5 10 3 00 1 86 12 00 Metals aud Metallic Goods (ce0cible steel), PeHNSTLVAMIA ESTAB. No. 433. Kme, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Blacksmith Blacksmiths' helpers Bricklayers Bricklayers' helpers. Bricklayers' helpers. Carpenters Charcoal grinder Engineers Engineers Engineers Firemen Foreman Foremen Foremen Foreman Foremen Foreman Hammermen Inspectors Laborers Laborers Laborers Macliinists Medicine man Millwright 1 $2 25 2 1 70 3 3 SO 2 2 00 3 1 65 6 1 95 1 1 30 2 3 25 5 1 90 3 I 30 3 1 70 1 5 00 4 4 OD 2 3 60 1 3 00 3 2 50 1 2 00 7 4 50 17 1 75 9 1 35 15 1 00 !>3 75 4 2 37 1 1 20 1 4 00 Metals Am) Metallic Goods (ceuciblb steel), PENKBrLVANiA.— EsTAB. ITo. 432— Concluded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Occupations. Number. DaUy wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Millwright'a helpers. 1 aS 2 1 2 3 1 1 ....... $1 70 30 00 1 45 2 25 1 35 1 70 1 30 3 70 Testers "Watcliniaii "Watchmen Weiffhers ■Weigher ■Wire drawer Metals and Metallic Goods (ceuoible steel), Penmstlvahu.— EsTAB. No. 433. Time, 10 hours per day; 29G days the past year. Blacksmiths Carpenter Die grinder Engineer Foreman Foreman Greaser Hammermen Laborers Laborers Melters Millwright Millwright's helper. Plumber Boiler, 18.uich Boiler, bar Boiler, 22-inoh KoUer, bloom Boiler, bar Boiler, muck BoU turner Stockman "Watchmen "Weigher 8 $3 00 2 75 1 70 5 75 5 75 1 60 1 58 20 3 00 46 1 50 100 1 25 a4 31 23 1 3 7S 1 2 48 1 3 50 al 173 52 al 112 75 al 71 85 al 32 95 al 12 40 «1 9 00 1 5 08 1 1 35 7 1 90 1 1 35 Metals akd Metallic Goods (steel bails), Pennstlvanla.— EsTAB. No. 434. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns) ; — days the past year. Blacksmiths .. Blacksmiths' helpers Blowers Brakemen Bricklayers Buggymen , Bnggyman Carpenters Catchers Catchers Chargers Chippers and filers . Cinder men C/leaners-up Converter bottom builders Converter hands . . ■ Dcor hands 7 $2 10 9 1 25 2 2 80 5 1 60 10 2 70 18 2 48 1 1 65 7 2 30 9 2 80 3 2 07 9 2 93 12 1 80 21 2 25 '6 1 35 9 3 40 9 2 85 6 99 a Pay helpers out of earnings. i Youths. 384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. OccuPA.iioirs, wiTB Number and Wages of Emplot^s, by Industries— Cont'd. N'OTB.— This table ia not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only establishmenti Investigated by the Boreaa. See page 91, also sammaries, pages 143 to 226. Hbtalb akd Meta^llic GtOODB (steel iuilb), PEiiiiSTLyAiiiA.— EsTAB. No. 434— ConclTided. Time, 24 hours per day (three tumt); — dayt the patt year. Occupations. Door hands Door hand Drag-onts Drawers Drillers Drillers Engineers Engineers Foremen Foremen Foremen Forge man Hammerman Hammermen Heaters Heaters' helpers Heaters' helpers Hookera-np Hot- bed hands Hot clippers Hydrauho hands Hydranlio holsters . Inspectors Laborers Laborers Ladle men and pit men Lever men Machinists Hachinists' helpers. . Markers Masons Monkey Ball loaders Becorders Kecorders Eegnlators Boilers Boilers' helpers Boughers Banner hands Shearmen Spiegel melters Stockers Straighteners, cold. . Straightening-preas hands Strikers Telegraph men Undesignated ■Waterers "Waterers "Weighers Nnmber. Hale. Fem. •6 al 6 15 2 12 2 41 1 2 2 1 1 12 3 10 4 2 12 3 03 a3 2 50 160 61 3 35 10 2 2 1 18 2 2 12 3 3 S 15 « 3 24 12 18 3 3D 90 9 2 2 Daily irages. Male. Fem. 10 72 62 1 15 2 39 2 25 1 88 2 10 1 60 5 20 2 50 187 2 70 2 70 1 98 4 68 2 25 1 50 1 80 2 SO 2 32 60 eo 2 40 1 35 1 20 2 85 1 35 2 07 1 25 1 62 2 IS 1 15 2 60 2 34 1 62 1 60 4 32 2 07 4 00 1 95 2 39 3 5S 2 12 3 22 1 35 1 53 1 67 90 1 80 1 35 1 80 Metals and Metallic Goods (pig ibon), Ten- nessee.— Ebtab. So. 433. Time, 24 hourtper day {two tumt)/ 350 dayt the patt year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper. Breakers, ore Engineer Engineer Engineer Fillers, top Fillers, b :ttom $1 35 90 90 2 10 1 80 1 35 1 30 1 10 Metals amb Metaluc Goods (piq ikoh), Tek- ^'ESBEE.— EsTAB. No. 433— Conclnded. Time, 24 hours per day (two tumt); 350 days the patt year. • Occnpations. NmnbeT. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Fonnderymen 2 2 2 $3 00 1 80 135 Keepers' helpers Metalb and Metallic Goods (scales), Vee- mont.— EsTAB. 'So. 436. Time, 10 hours per day ; 300 days the past year. Blacksmiths Engineers. .......... 8 5 13 62 10 52 31 15 17 24 $2 10 2 30 3 50 1 10 175 2 20 2 25 ISO 1 75 1 90 -— .— Laborers-... Machinists Metal workers Moulders Painters- Wood workers Metalb amd Metallic Goods (pio ieon), Vb. QINIA.- ESTAB. No. 437. Time, 24 hourtper day {two turns); 300 dayt the past year. Blacksmith Breakers, ore Cinder men Engineers imers Foundery man Keepers Keepers' helpers Iron carriers Laborers Watchman $1 50 1 00 1 00 1 50 1 10 6 00 1 50 1 15 1 00 90 90 Metals amd Metallic Goods (pio ieoh), Vie- OIHLA.— ESTAB. No. 43S. Tim^, 24 houri per day (two turns); 320 daystkl past year. Blacksmith Blacksmith's helper Cart drivers , Cart drivers Cindermen Dumpers , Engineers Fillers, bottom , Fillers, top , Firemen, , Foundery man , Gutter men , Iron carriers , Keepers Keepers' helpers Laborers Machinist Siableman Unloaders Weighers a Tenth. $2 05 90 1 13 50 1 13 1 08 1 68 113 1 30 1 08 4 00 1 17 1 10 2 00 1 45 95 2 50 1 IS 1 00 1 35 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 385 Occupations, with Number and Wages op Employes, by Industrebs— Cont'd. KoTX.— This table is not a ooihplete exMMt for indastries or states, but covers only establislimeiits investigated by the Bniean. See page 91, also saininaries, pages 143 to 226. Mbtalb and Metallic Goods (fig ibon), Ym- QINIA.— ESTAB. Ho. 439. Time, 21 how$ per day (two turns) i 360 days the past year. OoonpationB. Kninber. Daily wages. Male. Tern. Male. Pem. Blacksmith. ..... - . -. 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 10 3 4 30 3 1 1 1 13 8 2 6 1 1 i 4 2 6 1 2 $3 00 1 50 1 40 2 13 1 75 140 1 05 1 10 2 00 1 30 1 10 140 2 35 2 00 1 40 1 00 1 16 2 30 1 50 95 1 10 95 1 00 1 70 95 1 60 1 40 Blacksmith' a helper. Unffiaeerfi Pillersj bottom Grradera Iron camera Keepers' helpers.... Laborer Weieber ....... Metals akd Mktallic Goods (bar ibon, hails), VlBQINIA.— ESTAB. No. 440. Kjim, 10 hours per day ,- — days the past year. Apprentices '■ . Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Fainace men Foremen Heater, bar Heaters, pliate Heater's helper, bar . Heaters' helpers, plate Laborers Machinist Machini^t'6 helper . . Millwright Nailers Nail feeders Pnddlors Pnddlers' helpers . . . Boll hands, muck . .. Boll hallds, plate Boll hands, bar . . Shearmen Wheelers (tlO $0 50 2 2 00 2 1 10 2 1 50 3 3 00 1 3 50 2 3 50 1 1 25 3 125 25 1 10 1 2 76 1 1 60 1 2 25 6 4 60 22 1 30 20 2 35 20 1 40 10 1 50 8 2 60 8 2 00 4 1 10 2 1 10 Mbtalb asd Metallic Goods (bah ikon, nails), VlBQIOTA.— EsTAB. No. 441. Kjjm, 10 hours per day ,- 260 days the past year. Catchers Heaters, plate... Heaters, bar Heaters' helpers 20 $1 60 15 4 00 16 3 43 15 1 60 Metals and Metallic Goods (bak ikon, nails), TmonnA.— Ebtab. No. 441— Conclnded. Time, 10 hours per day; 260 da/yi the past year. OcoupatioiiB. Nnmber. DaUy wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Ifailers 37 148 79 169 6 8 24 030 $4 40 120 2 36 1 40 4 25 3 75 1 60 30 Pnddlers' helpers Rollers, plate Undesignated Metals akd Metallic Goods (spikes, bab ikon) YiBGnaA.— Estab. No. 44Si. Time, 8 hours per day; 275 days the past year. Blacksmiths Boiler maker Carpenters Carpenters' helpers Catchers, guide Foremen Heaters, 18-inch Heaters, golde Heaters, guide Heaters' helpers, guide Heaters' helpers, guide Laborers Machinists Masons Millwrights Moulders Pattern makers Pnddlers Pnddlers' helpers. . . Boiler, guide Boilers, 18-inoh Boilers, guide BoUers BoUers, mnck BoU tamers Eonghers, 18-inoh . . Bonghers, guide ... Bonghers, golde — Scrap men Spike catchers Spike feeders 8 10 2 10 2 300 16 4 2 25 3 26 26 1 4 5 4 2 2 6 20 4 20 14 10 $1 90 1 84 1 60 86 1 38 2 26 3 60 3 02 2 43 1 60 1 23 90 2 00 3 00 2 26 2 00 2 00 2 40 1 10 4 50 3 60 3 50 3 20 2 30 3 25 2 50 2 26 2 06 1 60 2 25 1 86 Metals and Metallic Goods (NAma), Wes» VrsQiMA.— Ebtab. No. 443. Time, 10 hours per day ; — days the past year. Blacksmiths Bluer Bluer's helpers Catchers, plate Engineers Heaters Heaters' helpers Hookers-np, plate- -- Hot-machine tenders Laborers Masons 2 $2 50 1 4 00 aZ 1 00 2 2 50 2 2 60 7 4 50 7 1 75 2 1 60 5 2S0 15 125. 2 3 60 13864 LIB 25 a Tenth. 386 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Empioy^s, by Industries — Confd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but ooyers only eatabllshmenfeto inreetigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. UxTALS Atn> Metaluc Ooodb (nails), West TIBQIMU.— Ebtab. No. 443— Concluded. Timt, 10 h*uriper day; — dayt the patt year. Ooonpaticu. Nnmber. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Hale. Tern. 32 126 1 023 36 36 36 2 2 6 2 1 3 5 teoo 1 BO 7 00 60 2 75 1 75 1 25 BOO 7 00 2 00 2 BO 8 00 2 00 2 00 Nail feeders Packer's helpers — Pnddlers Pnddlers' helpers ... Pnddlers' helpers ... Boilers, muck Boilers, plate Boilers' helpers. Boilers' helpers. Shovers-under UUSICAL iKETBUHIirrB ADD MATEBIALS (ORGANS), Mamb.— ESTAB. No. 444, Time, 10 heuri per day ; SOS dayi the past year. Action maker Action maker Bench -room hands . . Box-room hand Box-room hand , . Engineer Finishers Fly finisher Fly finisher Foreman Machinists Teamster Tuner Turner Turner's helper Watchman $1 SO 1 00 1 62 1 50 1 10 1 60 1 12 1 60 1 25 2 00 1 62 1 62 3 00 2 60 1 50 1 35 Musical IiraTBUMBNTs and Matbeialb (obgahb). New Hampbhibb.— Estab. No. 445, Time, 10 hmriper day; 250 dayt Oiepaat year. Action maker CsBe makers Engineer .... $2 00 1 75 1 66 2 00 175 2 00 2 60 2 60 1 26 2 00 Fly finishers ■Mill hartfln Packers Tuner T^nAr VflTiiiflln^r . „ Musical Ikbtbdmbnts amd MATEBUse (pianos). New Yoek.— Bbtab. No. 446. Time, 10 hoitriper day; 300 days the patt year. Belly men Box-room hands . Cabinet makers . Case makers .... 16 »3 26 2 2 50 8 2 76 18 3 33 Musical Ikbtbumentb and Matbeialb (pianos). New Yobk.— Estab. No. 446— Concluded. Time, 10 hourtper day; 300 dayt the patt yewr. OoonpationB. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Case makers Case makers 16 U 14 2 2 2 2 8 8 , 18 1 5 3 6 2 dS 28 1 2 :::"; »2 91 2 50 3 00 3 33 1 66 3 33 3 30 2 66 2 66 158 2 66 2 68 2 53 1 64 3 28 3 00 2 75 2 33 3 33 2 66 71 2 33 1 50 1 16 Fireman Fly finishers Key makers Piano moTers Polishers... Begulators ....... Teamsters Tuners and fitters .. Undesignated Watchman Musical Inbtbdmknts and Mateblals (pUlNos), New York ^Estab. No. 44f . Time.,VihourtpeT day; 3O0 dayt the patt year. Action adjusters 2 1 6 43 4 10 2 26 71 32 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 16 36 10 19 4 6 4 12 7 1 21 3 9 12 6 2 ] $2 16 3 66 3 83 2 97 2 37 1 53 2 00 1 66 1 50 1 79 2 00 1 50 3 00 2 60 2 00 1 66 2 29 2 21 2 33 3 33 2 60 2 25 8 31 2 91 2 66 2 25 166 1 60 2 50 2 16 2 62 6 66 4 00 3 33 2 72 183 2 41 2 16 208 Belly men Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Blookers-out Blockers-out Blockers-out Bolt and nut maker . Cart drivers Carvers Case makers Caae makers Casting cleaners Dnllers Dowel makers Engineer Engineers Finishers Finishers Finishers Firemen Fitters Fitters Fly finishers Foremen Foremen Foremen .......... Fonndery hands Frame makers, steel. (Jluer • Youth. OCCUPATIONS Airo WAGES. 387 OccxjPATiONS, WITH Number akd Wages oi' EMPLO"rfs, bt Inbustbies— Cont'd. N'OTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for IndnstTiea or atates, but oorers only estalillBhments inTestigated by the Bniean. See page 91, also stuumaries, pages 143 to 226. Mdsical Inbtbdments ahd Mateeials (pianos), Nkw Yobk.— Bstab. No. 447— Ocncluded. Time, 10 howtper day; 300 d«y> the pott year. Oocnpatioiui. GHuera Hammer maker . . iTory cutter* Japannera Jomers Key makers Kiln driers Laborers Laborers Locksmiths Lomber handlers Machinists Machinists Melters Monlders, compeai tlon Monlders Oilers Omamenters Painter Pattern maker Planers Plate grinders Polishers Polishers Porters Pressmen Eepairers Begnlatora Begnlators Begnlators Sawyers - Saw-mill hands Scrapers Sonnding-board bind- ers Sonnding-board mak- ers Stesuners Stringers Teamsters Tdne-pnlsator mak- ers Top makers Top makers Tuners Toners Turners Undesignated TTndesignated Vamiahers Vamishmixer Veneer cntter« Watchmen "Watchmen Windlass tenders ... Kniaber. Male. Feu. « 2 12 24 2 i S 3 12 2 63 «108 47 1 6 4 4 2 Dailywages. Male. Fen. $1 MnaiCAL iNSTETIMEKTg AND MATBEIALS (MANOB), Niw TOEK.— ESTAB. 'So. 448. Time, 10 hmrt per day ; 300 doj/B Hie pait year. Belly men Belly men Belly-man's helper . . , Box-room hands Cabinet makers «3 88 3 96 1 00 2 37 2 72 Musical iHBTBiiuBirrB add Matibialb (fiakos), Nbw Yobk.— Ebtab. No. 448— Conclnded. Time, 10 htm per duy; 300 iayt the poet yeur. Oooapatlons. Case makers . - Case makers . - Case makers - . Case makers . - Case maker . . - Engineer Finishers Finishers - Finishers Fitters Foremen Foremen Foreman Key makers... Kim driers Laborers Laborers Machinist Piano movers . Polishers Porters Begnlators BegnlatoDB Begnlators Begnlator Sawyer Stringers Sweeper Teamsters — Tnners Tnner Tnmers Undesignated - Undesignated - Undesignated - Vamishers Watchman Wrapper Number. Male. FcK. SaUy wages. Male. $3 00 2 64 2 20 2 04 1 67 3 00 3 99 t 33 2 85 2 67 4 00 3 37 2 17 2 66 3 00 1 60 133 i 67 2 50 2 52 163 4 49 3 33 3 17 2 19 3 00 2 63 06 2 37 3 23 2 «0 2 67 2 50 1 63 1 25 2 24 1 83 1 00 MUBIOAL iHBTEtlMBMTB AMD MaTBSIALB (PIAHOS), New Yoek.— Estab. No. 4M9. Time, 10 htwrs per duyi 300 dmye the past yea/r. Belly men Box-room hands . Case makers Fly finishers Foremen Key makers. Piano movers ... Begnlators Teamsters Undesignated . . . Vamishers 25 2 22 16 3 10 2 « 3 •13 $2 83 1 50 2 37 2 41 2 67 2 00 2 17 3 00 2 00 76 2 00 Mdsical iNBTBDiraini! and Matbeialb (piahob), New Yobk.— Ebtab. No. 4SO. Time, 10 hvarsper day/ 300 d»v tlupeut y»mr. AasoTtera Aasortera' helpers. Blacksmiths n 50 2«« • Tonth. 388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of EMPLOTfis, by Inbustribs— Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indastries or atates, bnt coTerB only eBtabliahmenti inTestigated by the Enrean. See page 91, also sammaries, pages 143 to 226. MVBICAL INBTBUMSNTS Am) MaTEBIALS (PIABOS), New Tobk.— Estab. No. 4S0— Conclnded. Time, 10 haurt per day; 300 duyii the put year. OccnpatioBB. Number. Doily wages. Ible. Tern. Hale. Fem. Carders 18 '"tftrmftTi ... Lumber handlers Lumber handlers Overseers Overseer's assistant - Sawyers and planers Sawyers and planers Sawyers' helpers Saw filer Saw filer Sewers, hand l^eamsters . Undesignated Undesignated One AHD iLLUMiMATiHa Fluids (linseed oil), New Tobk.— Estab. No. 431. 2V«iw, 10 htvri per dMy; 304 dtyt the patt yemr. BarrelleTS, oil Boilers, oil Barrel washers ... Cake monldera ... Carpenter Coopers Engineers Laborers Machinist Packers Painters Pressmen Seed-room haads . Spare hands Teamsters Trimmers Watchmen »1 25 1 25 1 26 1 33 2 00 2 00 1 60 1 25 2 00 1 25 1 26 1 66 1 25 1 25 1 60 1 33 1 26 Oils amd iLLUMnjATniQ FLtnDg (BEFiltED oil, 110° TEST), Penmsiltahia.— BsTAB. No. 4aa. Time, 10 h*wt per day i 304 cUty the poet year. Coopers 32 2 2 7 n 76 1 92 2 88 1 60 Firemen Laborers.. Oils akd iLLUMiHATraG FLtnus (behked oil, 110° TEST), PBMH6TLVANIA.— Ebtab. No. 4SI»— Con- cluded. Time, 10 heureper day; 304 dayt the pait year. Oocnpatisns. Number. Daily wages. Hale. Fem. Male. Fem. Fainter 1 4 3 *2 60 2 37 2 16 Stillmen Undesignated OlU AHD iLLUmHATraO FlUIDB (BEFIKED OIL, 110° TEST), PENHBTLyAinA.— BSTAB. No. 433. Time, 10 h*ur§ per day ; 310 dayi thepatt year. Coopers ... Glner , Laborers .. Stillmen — Teamsters. Treater »176 2 00 1 60 2 25 1 66 2 60 Pateb (PBnrrraa fapeb), Caldobhia ^Ebtib. No. 454. Time, 24 houri per day (two tumt) ; pait year. 2m days the Engineer 1 1 3 > 3 18 44 00 3 00 2 00 1 35 2 00 1 35 . Hachine-room hands Pickers Pulp makers Bag-room haads PAPBB (FBIKTIHO rAFEB), DBLAWABX.— BBTiB. No. 4U(3. Time, 24 htnire per day (two turn*) ; 292 (fsyt the pait year. Blacksmiths aadmill- 5 6 13 17 ""io' 17 $2 50 1 70 180 2 80 400 190 160 • 1 70 "i'ro' 1 60 Engineers ... Finishers Machine tenders Maohlne-room hands 70 "Washers Papeb (fbdctino fapeb), Delawabe. — Ebtab. No. 456. Time, 24 hourt per day (two tumt) ; 300 dayi the poet year. Engineers Finishers Foreman Laborers Machinists Machine tenders . . Machine tenders . . •Tenth. tzoo 3 00 384 1 60 2 60 176 1 M OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 389 OoOTJPAiioNS, WITH Number and Wages o* EmployiSs, bt Industries — Cont'd. ITOTB.— This table Is not a, complete exhibit for indnstries or states, bnt oovexs only establishments Investigaited by the Bnrean. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. F.APEB (FBrarmo fafsb), Delawabe.— Ebtaib. 'So. 436— Gonclnded. Timt, 24 honn per day (two tumt); 300 dayt the • ptutyear. Ooenpaititnis. Knmber. Daily vages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Maobhie tenders Racr cntter .......... 12 1 6 6 2 8 a2 e' $100 2 00 1 60 2 33 1 83 1 60 66 Kag cutters ......... Bag-engine tenders . Kag-engine tenders . Eag-englne tenders . Itag-room hands '$6' TO Pafbb (wbappino papeb), Dblawabe.— Bstab. Ifo. 457. Tone, 24 houn per day {two turns); 300 days the past year. Engineers LaboreTB Machine tenders M^hine-room hands Bag-engine tenders . . $1 SO 1 65 1 80 $1 76 Papeb (pbintikg papeb), Maihb.— Ebtab. No. 458. Time, 24 houri per day (two tarns); — days the past year. Finishers Foremen Foreman Laborers Machine tenders - . . Machine tendera' helpers Bag cutters Bag-room hands Warehonse men an 25 «2 00 2 00 1 35 4 00 1 25 2 40 1 40 70 1 76 $0 90 Papeb (wbappinq papeb), MAnra.— Ebtab. No. 459. Time, 24 hours per day (*wo turns); — days the past year. Beaters.. Bleacher Bleachers Cotters Engineer Finisher Finisher Finisher Fireman Machinist Machine tenders . Machine tenders . Machine tender . . Teamsters Wheelwright Wheelwright TardhBuOa $1 90 1 50 175 1 50 _ . 6 "2' 56' 2 00 1 50 $0 75 1 "ill' 2 60 2 50 1 80 125 1 50 2 50 1 75 150 1 00 Papeb (pbihtiiiq papeb), Massachusetts.— Eb- TAB. No. 460. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); 300 days the past year. Ooonpatione. Number. BailywageB. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. 28 al S 6 4 8 17 12 ■"■■52' »1 64 48 3 BO 1 64 3 00 1 62 1 32 "i'20" 2 70 f 1 08 Machine tenders Machine tenders Eag-engine tenders . . Bag-engine tenders. . Bag- room hands 90 1 4 Bepair hands Papeb (WBimja papeb), Masbachubbttb.— Bs- TAB. No. 461 . Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); year. -days the past Calendererg Goxmters and folders ■ Engineers FiDishers Foreman Foremen Jogglers Laborers Machine tenders — Machine-tenders' helpers Overlooiers . Platers Bag-room hand Bag-roonr hands : Bag-room hands Rnlers Bepair hands Sorters Sorters Stamper and sealer.. Watonman and flre- $3 00 2 00 2 25 1 60 1 25 1 25 3 30 2 75 1 25 2 2S 2 40 $1 30 1 60 90 90 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 26 1 50 Papeb (WBrmtG papeb), Mabsacmubetts.— Es- TAB.No.463. Time, 24 hours per day (two turns); — daft the past year. Bleachers Boiler tenders . Boiler tenders . Calenderers . . . Calenderer Calenderer Calenderer Calenderers Calenderers Cntter.. Cutter (Jntter Catters Finishers Finishers Finishers Finishers Laborer fl 64 2 40 1 98 2 10 3 60 2 70 1 80 1 64 1 60 2 10 1 80 1 64 1 60 2 70 1 98 1 80 161 3<0 $1( •Tratk. 390 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. OcctrPATioNS, WITH Number and Wages of EMPL0"rt8, bt Imbustbibs— Conf d. IToT^. — This table Is not a complete exhibit foi indnstries or states, but corers only establishments Inrestigated by the Bnrean. See page 91, also snmmaiies, pages 143 to 226. Patib (wbithiq pafib), Masbachubxtib ^Eb- TAB. No. 46a— Concluded. Time, 24 heart fer day {two turn*),- — dayt the putt year. OMmpatims. Nutber. DallywaKes. ICala. Fan. Male. rem. Laborers Uaolune tenders Machine tenders Machine tenders — Machine tenders — Bag-engine tenders. Eag-engine tenders- Sag-engine tenders. Eag-room hand Bag-room hands Bag-room hands Eepalr hand Bepairhand Bepair hands Bepairhand 10 19 12 "so" «164 3 60 180 1 64 1 60 2 70 180 164 3 30 1 50 1 20 3 60 3 00 2 40 1 «4 1 60 "♦i'os PaTBB (WBimfOPAPBB), Massachubettb.— Eb- TAB.KO. 463. Time, 24 hturt per day (two turns) ; 300 dayt the pott year. Finisher E'inisher Finishers Finishers FinisherB Finishers Laborer Laborers Machine tender — &f achine tenders - - - Machine tenders . - ■ Machine tenders Rag-engine tenders . Rag-engine tenders . Rag -engine tenders - Rag-engine tenders . Bag-room hands Bag-room hands Repair hand Kepairhand ttepair hands Repair hand Rmer Rnler Rnlers Rnlers Rnlers 1 1 2 7 11 c2 1 8 1 4 4 4 2 2 4 12 10 •5 1 1 3 1 1 1 • 2 ...... "is" '"'ie' . 10 $2 76 2 60 160 1 60 100 80 2 00 1 10 3 90 8 60 160 120 3 to 1 80 160 138 140 75 6 00 3 60 2 60 225 600 3 60 1 50 140 to 80 1 20 1 06 PAFBB (WBITIMO rAPBB), MAMAOHUaSTTB.— Bb- TAB. No. 464. Time, 24 hourt per day {two tumt) ; 300 dayt the pott year. Boiler tenders Box maker Oalenderer Calenderers Engineers Engineers' lwlp«n .. roreman $2 40 2 00 2 76 1 60 3 00 187 460 PAPXB (WBITDIG FAFBB), MaBBACHUBETIB Eg- TAB. No. 464^Concladed. Time, 24 hourt per day (two tume),- 306 dayt (he pott year.. OeonpatieBB. Foreman Foreman Jogglers Laborers Laborers Machine-tenders Machine -tenders' helpers Bag-room hands Bepairhand Bepairer's helpers . . . Bmer Bnler's helper Sealer Trimmers Trimmer Undesignated Undesignated Warehouse men Tardmen Nnmber. Male. Fem. 10 76 Daily irages. Male. Fern. $3 00 2 00 1 60 164 1 26 3 30 1 60 1 37 3 60 2 00 3 00 1 50 1 60 3 00 2 00 1 60 100 1 60 1 25 $0 90 PAPXB (XHAHBLLBD AND FAHCT PAPBB), MiEBA- CHUBETTB.— EBTAB. No. 463. Time, 10 hourt per da/y; — dayt the pott year. Engineer...... 1 4 $2 60 "i'so" 2 50 150 140 $110 1 2 6 3 Foremen „— Laborers.......... . Packers PAPXB (XHVILOPBB), MABBACETOBBTTS.— BSTiUI. No. 466. Time, 10 hturt per day; — dayt the past year. Cutters Foremen Machine tenders .. Packer* 'Watchman $1 75 1 40 125 1 60 1 60 Papeb (pbihtiko papee), Nbw Baxpbhibi.— Ea- TAB. No. 467. 2\iin«, 24 htiurtper day (two tumt); pott year. dayt (hi 8 3 2 25 30 30 30 10 11 25 '"'hi' $2 00 3 00 2 25 140 2 00 1 50 1 40 2 00 140 140 Foremen Machine tenders Bag-engine tenders . Bag-room hands..... Bepair hands ■$iM Yard hands ■ Trath. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 891 Occupations, with Number anb Wages of Employes, bt Industries — Cont'd. NOTB — TMa table la not a uomplete exhibit for industries or states, but ooTers only eatabllshmente InTsstigated by the Bxuean. See page 91, also smumaries, pages 143 to 226. Paper (WBATPma papee), Obegon.— Estab. No. 46S. Time, 24 Aour« per day (two turns) ; — dayt the patt year. OcoupationM. Nnmbei. Dally wages. Uale. I-em. Uale. rem. OutterB ■aS S b' ....... $0 87 2 25 "i¥b 2 75 »1 75 Laborers ...... ... 15 5 Haohine tenders 1 00 Papbb (cabd, PRDramG, wbapping papbb), Veb- UOHT.— Xbtab. ISo. 469. Time, 24 Aourj per day (two turns) ; — days the past yea/r. Finiahers Foremen Machine tenders Bag-engine tenders ■ Bag-room hands Bepair hands Yard hands 25 $2 00 3 00 2 00 1 50 1 40 2 00 1 40 $0 75 PeIHT WOBKB (rKIMTIKG), Mabbachubbtts.- TAB, No. 470. -Bs- Time, 10 hours per day ,• — days the past year. Ageing and ateam- mg hands . . 31 024 21 031 36 a2 2 2 58 034 7 3 06 30 ol4 26 14 6 27 2 3 3 i a 3 6 1 7 6 1 18 a4 1 2 19 « 4 i 7 $1 05 76 115 65 1 20 80 4 50 2 20 1 15 70 4 30 3 80 1 60 1 20 85 65 1 60 1 10 1 80 2 40 6 90 6 50 4 00 3 50 8 00 2 75 2 85 2 00 1 70 140 1 20 65 1 60 140 4 80 1 70 4 30 120 Baofe tenders Bleaohera - . ... . . . - Bleachers Golorera ......... !Die makers ......... Die-mahei's helpers. Dyers . ..... ... ... EngraTora ~ Engravera — EngraTer's helpers.. Finishers .— Folders Folders Iron workers Hasona Overseers ........... Overseers Overseers ........... Overseers ........... Overseers ......... Overaeera ........... Packers $0 00 Painter , Polishers Printers' helpers Boilers Boilers' helpers Pbimt Wobkb (pedjting), Masbaohusbtib.— Eb TAB. No. 470— Conolnded. Time, 10 hours per day; — days the past year. Oconpations. Number. Daily wages. Uale. Fem. Hale. Fea. Singeing.room hands Sketchera 18 5 03 12 70 a24 30 al7 30 e28 19 2 $1 10 4 60 150 1 40 1 10 75 1 05 65 1 10 60 1 60 Sketohers' helpers .. Undesignated Undesignated Undesignated '$090 White-room hands .- White-room hands .. Wood workers PSIHT Wokkb (pbimting), Mabbachdsbttb.— Ebtab. No. 471. Time, 10 hems per day; — days the past year. Ageing and ateam- mg hands Backtendera Bleachera Calenderera and fln- ishera Calenderera and fold- era Colorera Driers Engravers Pantographers Platform boys Printers Shearers and winders o4 4 $1 25 1 33 1 00 1 33 1 00 4 00 75 2 SO 1 16 $1 OO 91 oToath. t Xhii MtabllshBent Is PKIHT WOBBB (PBIIJTINO), NEW Hampbhikb.- Ebtab. No. 473.il Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Ageing and steam- ing minds Ageing and steam- ing hands Ageing and ateam- ing hands Back tenders Bleacher Bleacher Bleachers Bleachers Bleachers Carpenters Carpentera' helpers Clammer Clammer's helper . . Colorer Colorer Colorers' helpers .. - Colorers' helper Die cntter Die-cutter's helper - Dyers Dyers Dyers' helpers Dyers' helpers (waneoted with No. 306. 2 $1 eo 23 1 20 o8 75 12 1 25 1 2 60 1 200 28 1 25 09 95 0l6 75 3 160 8 135 4 00 1 66 2 75 2 25 31 1 20 ol 1 00 4 66 1 00 1 50 28 1 25 o7 86 03 60 392 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Industries — Cont'd. Note. — This table ia not a c jmplete exhibit for indastries or states, bat corers only establislunents Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, tilso sommaries, pages 143 to 226. Peikt Wobks (printing), New Hampbhibe.- EBTA3. No. 473 — Oonolnded. Kme, 10 h per day; — dayt the patt year. • Tomth. Blacksmith 3 Blacksmiths* helpers 3 Carpenters 3 Goremaker i Cupola man 1 Engineer ; 1 Fvretaen 2 »CUldx*B. $2 10 1 00 1 68 1 35 1 36 1 25 S 25 OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 393 OCSTTPAWONS, WITH NUMBBR AND WAGES OF EMPLOTlftS, BY INDUSTRIES— Cont'd. Note. — This table is not a oomplete exhibit for indastries or elates, bat covers only e8t4blifiliment« laTsatlgated by the Bureau. See page 91, also smmnarieB, pages 143 to 226. BAILBOAD GONBTBUCTION (FBSIQBT CAKB Ain) CAB WHEELS), TSNNBBBEB EBTAB. So. 478— Conclnded. Time, 10 howt per day ; — days the past year. Oooupatloiis. ITomber. Dally wages. Hale. I'em. Male. Fern. 1 I 2 i 3 3 2 $2 50 1 60 90 2 25 1 00 2 25 1 00 2 50 Maohiniats Machiniata' helpers - Uonldera' helpeis. . . Pattern makers BAILBOAD COHBTBUCnOM (PASBBN0BECAE8), VER- MONT.— ESTAB. No. 479. Time, 10 houri per day; — days the past year. Apprentices Blaoksmitlis Blaeksmiths' helper . Boilermaker Engineer Foreman Foreman Foreman Laborers Maohinlst Machinists Machinists' helpen ■ . Painters Patternmaker ... Repair hand Repair hands Tinsmith. Tinsmith's helper Undesignated Watchmen Woodworkers ... 2 $1 13 1 50 1 12 1 80 190 2 48 2 26 2 16 1 12 3 46 16 2 26 1 65 3 00 2 26 1 80 32 1 25 1 S8 1 25 2 45 2 1 12 U 1 50 BAILBOAD CONBTBUCTION (FEEISHT AND PABBBN- GEB CABS), YlBOINU.— EbTAB. Ko. 480. Time, 10 hmreper day; 300 days thepast year. Apprentices Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers. Boiler makers Boiler-makers' help- ers Bricklayer Carpenters Engineer, stationary. Laborers Machinists Uonldbrs.. Painters Pattern makers Planers Pipefitters Shop hands TlnsmithA -- ■ al4 $0 70 17 2 30 19 1 30 12 2 30 12 1 30 1 3 00 38 2 10 7 1 80 68 1 10 41 2 30 22 2 20 7 1 80 3 2 70 3 2 30 7 2 30 25 1 40 • 2 11 BUBBEB (RUBBEB BOOTS, SHOES, ABCTICS), MASBA CEUSETTS.— Ebtab. No. 481. TiTnt, 10 hours per day / 300 days the past year. Ooonpations. Boot makers Cntters Cutters Dyer Engineers Firemen Grinders Heaters Laborers Machinists and car* penters Shoemakers Teamster Vamiahers Number. Male. Fern. 200 100 76 1 4 11 150 4 47 12 Daily wages. Male. Fem, $2 30 2 40 1 30 2 75 2.50 1 75 1 25 2 50 1 35 2 25 2 25 1 83 $1 16 eubbeb (eubber boots, shoes, aecticb), new Jebbei.— Ebtab. No. 483> Time, 10 hours per day ; 292 days thepast year. Boot makers . Box makers . . Cutters. Mill hands . - . Packers Packers Shoemakers . . Slioemakers . . Vamisbers . - . 47 7 55 82 6 dlO a65 16 141 $1 50 1 60 1 75 1 25 1 75 86 1 26 1 75 $1 00 BCBBEB (EUBBEB BOOTS, SHOES, AECTICB), NEW Jerbet.— EsTAB. No. 483. Time, 10 hours per day; 292 days the past year. Boot makers Boot makers Cutters Cutters Mill hands . . Mill hands . . Packers Shoemakers. Vamishers. . 45 a22 55 ol7 36 04 9 42 16 9 194 $1 60 1 00 1 67 60 1 25 67 1 84 1 25 2 00 $0 84 1 00 EUBBEE (EUBBEB BELTISG, HOSE), NEW JEESET.- ESTAB. No. 4&<» Time, 10 hours per day; 300 days the past year. Hose makers . . Laborers Mill hands — $1 75 1 33 1 76 aTsuth- 394 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op Empi-ot:6b, by Industkies — Ccrnt'd. Note. — This table is not a oomplete exhibit for indostries or atates, bat coTers only establishiDentit investigated bj the Bureau. See page 91, also smnmaries, pages 143 to 226. Silk (machine twist, bbwihg), Cokhbctiout.- ESTAB. mo. 48S. Time, 10 Iwvrtper day; 300 days thepagt yea/r. OeoapatloDS. Donblers Dyers Dyers Engineer Engineer HalcheTs Overseers . . . Overseers Knlers Spare hands.. Spare hands.. Spoolers Stretchers. -- Twisters Twisters Watclunan-.. Winders Knmber. Uale. Fern. 10 25 36 Dally wages. Hale. Fem. $2 00 1 60 2 62 2 00 4 00 2 SO 75 1 17 HO 2 00 $1 00 I 00 1 00 1 00 76 1 00 1 00 Sii;k (sdbohb, dbesb goods), New Jebsst ESTAB. ^o. 486. I'ime, 10 htiurt ptr day; 292 dgyt the past year. Blockers . . 4 4 '"'so' ■""26' 180 16 75 76 »1 60 5 00 "i'oo" "2"33" 2 66 Pickers $1 43 060 Weavers ...- 60 60 2 00 Winders Winders 84 Sax. (SIBBONB, DHE8B OOODB), HeW JEBBET.— Ebtab. TSo. 487. Time, lOJmirtperday! 26C dav^ the past year. 30 '"'36' 30 300 60 $2 00 2 25 2 00 2 50 2 60 $1 00 Dyers...... 30 20 10 60 76 Mn^hfTifstfl Pickers 1 12 1 66 Winders 1 00 SUiS (BIBBOHB, mOE GOODS), Ebtab. N*. 488. New York, Tinw, 10 hvuriptr day; 302 diiye (he past year. Carpenter..-..-- 1 1 6 '""26" i" 7' 17 $2 00 2 60 1 60 "s'ss' "2 60" 2 SO 2 00 2 00 '"eo' Engineer Mnishers $0 76 Foreman .--. 1 1 17 Mniihininf, 1 1 2 2 Overseer Pickers Kibbon cleaners. - . . . 83 06 Spoolers wad donb- 75 Slut (EIBBOHB, PIECE GOODS), NEW TOHK.— Ebtab. No. 488— Conclnded. Time, 10 hourt per day; 302 days the past year. Ooonpatioiui. Number. Daily wage* MiOe. Eem. Male. Tern. Twisters . .. 3 2 1 57 '"'28' — .„. 6 »1 50 167 1 43 1 70 Warpers to 80 1 U Silk (twist), New York ^Ebtab. No. 489. Time, 11 hourt per day ; 211 days the past yemr. Bnndler Bnndler Carpenter Doublers Drier Foremen Heater and steamer . Machinist Preparer Keelers Eeelers Sorter and slzer Spinners Watchman Weigher Winders Winders 07 a9 OS 1 oS t2 33 87 1 60 56 2 08 1 50 2 50 1 06 86 79 1 60 to 77 1 00 1 00 79 81 61 Silk (twibt). New Yobk.— Ebtab. No. 490. Time, 11 hows per day ; 302 days the past year. Foreman Machinist ■ - - Spare hands. Spinners Spinners Spinners Spoolers Twisters Watchman . . Winders olO 6 19 20 tS 00 2 00 to 50 75 83 83 Stone (QBAiaTEMONUUEiiTB), Mainb.— Ebtab. No. 491. Time, 10 hours per day ; — dayt the past year. Architect Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Engineer Foreman Foremen Laborers Polishers Qaarrymen. , . Stonecutters ■ Stonecutters . Stoneoutters . Teamsters ... Teamster. ... t3 25 2 26 1 76 1 75 3 50 8 00 1 65 1 7B 1 60 8 76 2 50 175 1 73 1 00 • Y«uth. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 395 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Emplot^s, by Industrtes — Cont'd. I^oix. — This table is not a oomplete exhibit for indastries or states, but coTers only establishmeuta Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. Tobacco (cigabs), Gomraancur.— Ebtab. No. 403. Tim* 10 houriper dayi 300 dayi the pant year. Oocnpatioiu. Cigar makers ■ Laborer Packer Stripper Stripper Strippers Number. Hale. Fem. Daily wages. Male. Vtan. $2 25 2 00 3 33 $1 17 83 58 Tobacco (cioabs), Illihois.— Sbtab. No. 493. Time, 10 hourtper day; 288 dayi the past year. Bnnoh breakers ■ Bnnch breakers . Cigar makers Cigar makers Packers Stripper 6 ol M3 $3 00 83 $1 33 100 2 00 133 33 Tobacco (ciqabs), Illinoib.— Bbtab. No. 494. lime, 10 hourtper dtiy; 300 dayi the past year. Bimoh breakers . Cigar makers Packers Strippers 2 08 t2 17 3 00 75 $1 33 Tobacco (ciqabs), Iujkois.— Ebtab. No. 493. Time, 10 htmriptr day; — dayi thepait year. Bunch breakers . Foremen Packers.. Boilers Strippers treper day; 300 dayt the pott year. OoovpatioBB. NambfT. DaUyTragea. Male. Tern. Ifal*. Fms. BT4ce fitters 7 30 7 8 1 8 2 i 1 32 6 1 6 4 •1( 12 87 172 7 2 3S to •16 10 6 38 5 2 1 1 4 ...../- tl 67 2 27 1 56 196 1 87 4 00 117 178 1 26 1 67 3 26 3 26 2 60 142 69 130 2 00 1 14 2 25 233 226 176 67 2 60 1 26 1 60 1 60 1 50 183 1 33 1 17 CMppera and canlk- Core makers Draughtameu Prillere Fitters . . .. Fomaoe men, shaft - Furnace man, scrap . Fnmaoe men. angle . Fnmace-men's help- Joiners Pattern makers ^feSl" :::::-.:;.::; Sawyer's helper . MAnn.— EsTAB. N*. K«w, 10 havrip*r day; — dayt thepatt year. TE8BEL8 (BAILIH9 TESSIM), 530. Blacksmiths Carpenters, ship Fasteners Foremen Joiners Painters Spar makers $1 75 1 76 1 62 200 175 1 60 1 76 Maoe.— Ebtab. No. Time, 10 hourt per day ; — day tktpatt year. VEBBELS (BAILIN8 TEBBBLB), 531. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helper . Caulkers Carpenters, ship Fasteners Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman, assistant.. Joiners Mill hand Mill hands Painters $2 60 1 26 1 75 1 62 1 62 4 56 4 00 126 360 1 62 2 0« 1 S7 1 17 •Tonth. 400 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages op Employes, bt Industries— Cont'd, No'rB.— This table ie noC a complete exhibit for indnstties or states, bat coTOrs only establislODeDt Investigated by the Bureau. See page Ul, also siimmaTies, pages 143 to 226. Vbbsbls (bailikq vbbbbls), Maihb.— Estab. No. Time, 10 htweper day ; — iayt tht poet year. OconpBtioiiB. Hninber. Dally wages. Male. Tern. Uale. Fem. Dranghtsirtaii 1 1 S 1 6 2 1 1 50 2 00 1 60 2 OC 2 25 1 50 JB'ouiideryiiieii laborer Pattern makbrs Teamster ■WOODKH GtOOIW (BABSBLB), CALIF0BMIA.-E8TAB. No. 533. Time, 10 he%trtper day ; 275 iwya the poet yen/r. 60 a6 2 5 •17 3 2 2 8 $2 50 6 00 2 25 4 00 3 00 2 25 75 3 00 2 60 2 00 85 2 00 2 40 2 60 2 25 2 50 2 25 2 60 2 00 1 75 Foremaji Maohine hands. .' Machine hands Machine hands Nailers and liners . . . OUer Sorter Tressers Watchmen . . . Yard hands WooDEi Goods (sash, doohb, blikbb), Indiana.- EsTAB. No. 934. Time, 10 hmtrtper day; ) dttye the poet year. Carpenters — Engineer Laborers Machine hands Painters $2 26 2 00 1 60 2 00 2 20 Wooden GIoodb (wooDEifwABE), Vikginia.— EsTAB. No. 935. Time, 10 heura per day; 300 dtyi the piut ye»,r. Bottomers Bottomers' helpers . Driers Engineer Fireman Laborers Machinists Machinists' helpers Matchers Packers Packers Planers Sawyers Turners Watohnaaa 7 •5 6 2 2 18 6 a2 a84 9 •10 4 20 47 2 $1 50 60 1 00 2 00 63 75 1 10 83 1 26 1 00 1 60 1 26 WOOLI.EH Goods (cloth), Califobnia.— BatjiB. No. 536. Time, 10 howtptr duy; 300 days thepdet year. OoonpatloBB. Number. DaUywage* Male. Fem. llale. Fem. I •3 39 2 «17S 2 75 187 2 76 100 160 2 00 112 100 175 3 87 360 2 50 1 DO 118 100 75 167 150 1 00 125 Finishers Firemen roller Loom fixer . Scourer Weavers . Wool sorters Woollen Goods (women's dbebb goods), Gon- NECTICHT.— ESTAB. No. 53T. Time, 1 li hours per day ,- 275 days thepaat yewr. 4 i' .-..„. 1 5" "26 ♦lis" 200 "i'so' 75 3 00 2 00 125 125 90 1 60 110 ""2' 00" 3 00 2 00 1 75 "\"sa ""i'36" '"i'66" $0 9C 8 1 Carpenter 1 2(1 2 •2 1 1 3 1 « 2 2 Dyer Dver FiniqhArS . . Firemen FuUers 40 Mf^flbiniwtr 1 3 1 2 Second hands Sewing-machine ope- 75 Spinuers, mule Spoolers 12 75 1 1 16 Weave-room iands . . 4 Woollen Goods (women's dbebb goods), Con- NECTICDT.— ESTAB. No. 538. Timie, 11 hours per day; 800 days the past year. aTouth. ft Child. Borlers Carders , ... _" a9 9 i $1 16 57 1 50 'i'so' 43 800 1 87 $0 60 Carpenter Drawers-in 1 1! Dressers c3 Driers Dyer Dyer < Children. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 401 ©CCUPAT10N8, WITH Number and "Wages of EmplotSs, by Industries— Cont'd. IfOTB. — This table is not a complete exhibit for IndastrieB or states, but covers only establlsliments -Investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also snmmarles, pages 143 to 226. WooLLBN Goods (women's dress goods), Comrao- rrouT.— EsTAB. Ko. 538— Coolnnded. Time, 11 hmtraper dayi 300 dayt the pcut year. OoonpatioxiB. Number. DaQy wages. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. "'ai' 1 i" ...... 18 $1 00 1 00 2 00 1 36 ■■i'25' 1 35 1 75 2 60 2 25 2 10 2. 00 "i'lh' ■"i'66" 1 25 1 25 MlOT,.^.^ '$6'46 Loom &isr nwHTseer *]OveraQ^ ,- 'gewing-jnacliiiie op- 75 Spjnnoacs, :iutile ""to Second'ihaiids ._ Wlatchsi^ "i'26 70 ■WOOtLEN OOODB (OLOTH), DBI.A'WABB.— ESTAB. No. S39. Kme, 10 hourt per day ; 30S days the paatyewr. Enrleis. Carder,. Carders . Carder -- Carders . Soffers Doffers Donblers.-.. Drawevs-Jn.. ^Prawers-m.. Dyer , X'uiisher.. FiiusherB . £*irem^. . . I'oremtQi Fullers Inspector Laoorei^s Loomwers ... Overseer Packer Picker Pressor.. Shearers Spinner, mnle . Spinner, mnle . Spinner, mnle . Spoolers Spool oarriers . Teamsters l^ime keeper . . Twisters WarpetB .'Watchmen — Weavers Wool sorters . ■ 1 2 1 be 1 2 »2 2 &2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 7 2 1 1 1 1 alO 3 1 MO $3 00 150 1 25 1 do 225 1 00 70 $0 66 53 "i'25" 60 3 00 183 3 00 125 116 66 3 33 ,2 68 133 .1 83 1 25 2 00 .1 =60 1 26 200, 1-33 2 "2'50' 2 00 1 66 1:00 8 ""50' 1 60 1,60 1.00 i3 "s"66" 76 1 12 5 2 00 1 26 2 00 a Children. "WOOLLBH Goods (cloth), Dblawabe.— Bstab. No. S40. Thne, 10 hourt per dayi 300 dayt the past year. Occupations. Bobbin carrier Burlers Carders Carders Carders Carpenter Carpenters Cloth carriers Drawer and twister Drawers and twisters Engineer FrillerB Giggers Inspector Laborer Laborers Laborer Loom fixers Machinist Measnrer Overseer Pattern starter ..... . Pickers Piecers Pressor and breaker. Pressor and breaker. Soonrers Shearer Sheai;er's helper Spinners, mnle Spool carrier Spoolers tfndeeignated Warpers Watchman Weavers Weigher Wool sorters Number. Male. Fern. »3 1 2 6 1 &2 1 2 3 1 1 8 SI 3 1 1 1 1 5 610 1 61 2 1 61 2 61 615 .66 .610 DaUywages. Male. Fem. «1 35 1 33 1 00 72 2 00 1 50 1 00 3 00 41 2 00 1 60 133 183 150 116 60 2^5 3 00 160 2 70 2 00 1 60 45 1 33 83 1 33 1 33 83 2 70 72 72 166 166 1 25 1 25 1 68 to 68 50 68 12S WOOLLEN Goods (ctloth), Gkbat BioTAra.— Eg. TAB. No. 541« Time, 10 home per day; — dayt the poet year. Beamers Borlers Card cleaners Donblers Dyers .^ Fmiahers --.. Finishers" ...i LayerS'On Loom fixers Loom-fixers' helpers Menders Piecers ■ Eepairihands Scourers ■ Scourer and dyer . - . Scourers and rollers Spinners, mule aSmterB Tenters Warpers -. Weavers Woolsorter 80 37 632 636 6 7 1 8 12 3 4 67 3 1 $0 73 44 80 16 ■■■■92' 87 36 $0 44 6 'i'33' 80 44 20 ■"'46' 115 80 «) ,92 88 1 58 118 40 4 56 40 178 83 1 20 50 1 kYciatb. 12854 402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Number akd Wages of Employ^Sb, by Inbustruis — Cont'd. Xonc. — This table is not a complete exhibit for indnstries or states, but covers only establishmenta inrestlgated b; the Bureau. See page 91, also snmmaries, pages 143 to 226. Woollen Goods (casbimicbe), Illihois.— Ebtab. No. 543. Time, lOi hvnnper day; 300 days the fast year. Ooeupatioiu. Nnmber. DaQy irages. Uale. rem. Hale. Fern. a* OS ....... 6' $0 68 'i"35' 2 88 140 2 12 2 88 240 1 92 1 44 48 1«8 1 02 1 60 212 147 1 92 $0 68 44 Dyers at 2 26 3 Fmishers 72 Overseer ...---... Secondhand i 02 Watchman Weavers ..-.--...... Wool sorters WOOLLBBT Goods (jkaus), Ihdiika.— Bstab. No. S43. Time, 11 Aoun ^er day,- 300 dayt th^paat year. Bnrlers.. ........... 2 "'"o3 ■"■"20" ""'20' 30 '*6'76' "i'25" 2 00 125 3 00 2 60 125 "i'so" "i'25" $0 75 al2 3 1 2 4 1 2 .. Finishers ........... Overseer ... ..... Pickers 75 W^t^bmftTi ....... .. Weavers .«*... '"i"6o 83 Wool sorters 2 Woollen Goods (jzanb, rLANNEL), Indiana.- ESTAB. No. S44. Time, 11 houri per day ,- 300 day$ the put year. Carder al »5 •2 14 '"'ii' (0 68 42 260 2 00 2 60 1 25 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 60 68 108 1 25 Carders Dyer - "Firnflbftr IBUnislLers ....... liaborers ............ Secondhand $0'42 W'eavers ........ Woolsoitn ... Woollen Goods (flannel, blankets), Indi- AKA.— Ebtab. No. S4S. Timte, 11 hourt per day ; 300 da/yt the pott year. Ooonpations. Number. Daily wages. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 1 a2 aZ all aA 1 4 2 1 1 8 2' 1 4 i ....... a2 $100 83 76 67 58 160 1 >6 lOV 250 176 92 "i'hb 150 133 167 1 60 133 125 116 100 67 60 1 50 1 50 116 112 100 84 76 67 58 150 133 125 117 1 00 83 58 133 1 17 1 00 85 2 00 176 167 1 60 325 2 50 2 25 1 25 460 400 367 3 83 300 2 60 176 1 16 1 00 84 60 200 1«7 GardeTB Carders ..... Carders Card cleaner . - Card cleaners Card cleaners DraTvers-in . $0 84 67 50 Drawer-in Dresser i 1 1 4 3 6 U 1 4 6 OS 1 1 1 1 4 2 aZ a20 a\ 4 1 1 6 6 al aS 1 1 6 al 2 1 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 18 al ■2 1 2 Dresser '........... Dvers Dyers Dyers Dyers' helpers Dyers' helpers Engineer . 121 Knisher Finisher """"■" Finishers -. Finisher Firemen............. Fuller Fuller... Fullers... FuUers Fnll«r """67 FnllftTft . . . ■ '■ ' ■ ■ T,nnjn flTers .... Ti4Mmi fixer Machinist Machinists ........ Oiler Overseer Overseers Overseer Pickers and driers .. Pickers and driers .. Picker and drier Pickers and driers .. Second hand Second hands •Tmth. iChUdren. OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 403 Occupations, with Number and Wages of Employes, by Lnbustkibs— Cont'd. NOTB,— This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establiehmenti iuTestigatod by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226. ■Woollen Goods (flabkel, elankbtb), Ihdi- AKA.— BsTA?. No. S45— Oonclnded. Time, U hm/rs per day; 300 days tht pott yoncladed. Ti/me, 11 houri per day; — daye the mitt year. Oocnpatlons. Nmnber. DailywageB. Male. Fein. Male. Fem. Secondhand Spinners, mule 1 13 6 1 2 36 6 tl76 150 100 1 26 2 00 116 1 50 l^amster.... Wool sorters Woollen (jtooDs (cloth), Maetlans.— Xbiab. No. 554. Time, 11 hourtper day; 302 dayi the paat year. Baler 1 4 J2 i' 2' 9" 8 6' ""■36" 39 $126 1 60 40 '"2'66" 100 176 160 62 "i'25' 2 00 80 56 3 00 2 60 2 00 175 135 126 1 25 175 200 130 80 "45' 125 1 60 "i'35' 1 26 '"'46' 1 26 1 60 1 15 1 00 1 10 90 2 20 80 Beamers ....... . to 90 Carpenter >.......... 1 1 2 4 06 Carpenters 80 Draivers-in helpers. . ....... 2 (t2 OS 1 6 2 I 4 1 4 2 2 12 04 37 Engineers .... Finishers Foreman Foremen Fuller Fullers Loom fixers Pickers Pickers Pickers 68 Piecers »31 4 1 Sconrers .... 67 Spinners, mule Spool carriers Spoolers 4 2 i'60 Ei2 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 a2 Tenters Teamsters Waste grinder Weavers i io 00 Wool sorters Woollen Goods (cabsbhere), MASBACHUSErrs.- Ebtab.No. 555. 21w««, 10 hours per day; — days the pott year. Carders... Dyers Finishers - Fnllers ... ■Tenth. to 85 1 00 1 15 1 00 IO*' tOUldnm OCCtJPATIONS AND WAGES. 405 OOOirPATJONS, WITH NUMBUB AND. WaGHS OF EMPI,OY:tf8, BY INDUSTRIES— Cout'd. If 0TB. — This table ia not a complete exhibit for indnstriea or staiies, bat coTeiB only establishments Investigated by the Bnieaa. See page 91, also smumaries, pages 143 to 228. WooLuatGooDa (cabbimbbb), Mabbachoshttb.— BsTAB. Kg. SSS— Conclnded. Time,lOhours^par d»y; — dayi the paat yemr. Ooonpationfl. ITnmber. Daily wages. Male. rem. Hale. Fem. 10 6 3 6 8 '"'26' 2' 18 '""is as $1 00 2 60 100 1 80 1 68 "i'io ■"i'2s 75 1 15 Fiokeis Bepotc and watch hands. Second hands Speoherfi- $6 80 Spinners, mnle 14 65 Tmdesignated ....... Undesignated 26 al3 20 70 i 06 so Woollen GK)Odb (cabsimebb), Mabbachubettb.— EsTAB. Ho. 556. Xlme, 10 hotirt per day ,- — days the past year. Bobbin carriers a2 1 3' 1 g- '"'03' '"'29' »0 70 1 37 "i'io' 1 25 1 SO' 150 1 75 2 00 3 60 3 00 2 SO 2 00 1 00 1 25 1 00 125 "i'37' 67 1 00 1 00 67 1 25 1 60 125 1 60 tl 25 Urawer-in 1 37 5 1 Filling carrier UnUer Machinist Overseer -. Secondhand Second hands 65 Spinners, mnle Spoolers 2 as 2 M iiniflt ...... Overseer ... ...... Overseer ...... . .. Overseer ............ Spinners, mule Twisters 1 00 17 9 160 Wool sorters, Woollen Goods (casbikebs). New Hahf. BHIBB.— Ebtab. No. 564. Time, 11 hours per day; 305 days (he past year. •Tooth. Bobbin tenders 5 "'so' 19 7 ""ii' i' 4 ...... $125 'i'25' 2 37 175 115 125 3 00 176 137 125 1 37 125 1 90 2 00 ■'s'so' 8 00 2 50 225 200. 2 75 2 00 125 125 1 60 120 180 1 60 116 176 "i'50' "i"87 160 1 87 1 00 'io'oo Carders --- 80 Card strippers Carpenters ..... 7 4 6 2 16 1 1 1 8 12 26 6 3 Driars Dyers and scourers. . Engineer ....... Fullers Iiaborers ....... Loom fixers Mftn^inifitS Menders 1 36 Overseers . . . 5 6 1 1 t 3 4 2 1 7 7 1 1 5 1 18 Overseers Overseers ...... Overseers Packers Painters Pattern maker Pickers and driers . . Second hands Secondhand Secondhand Shearer Spinners, mnle Spoolers '""85 2 Warpers 1 m Warpers 1 00 8 60 18 2 1 60 Wool sorters Wool sorters OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 407 Occupations, with Number ajto "Wages of Emplot^Ss, bt Industkibs— Cont'd. 19'OTB.— This table is not a complete exUblt for industries or states, bnt coTers only establiahmsnta investigated by tbe Bnrean. See page 91,. also sommaries, pages 143 to 226. WooujEH Goods (cloth, blankets), New Jeb- SBT.— IlBTAB. ISo. 56S. Time, 10 howiper day; 300 daiy$ the put year. Oconpatioas. Garden Carders Dyers Jmisbers Fallers and glggers ^Fnlleis and giggers Laborers Loom fixers Overseers Hckeis Sepair bands Bepair hands Spmners Spinners Spinners weavers Weavers Wool sorters Nnuber. Hale. rem. 10 as 8 24 18 04 18 12 18 18 7 7 18 ai aS al2 50 1 24 alO 30 12 Dally wages. Male. Fern. $1 13 45 1 00 76 1 00 75 1 00 1 88 2 50 1 00 2 00 1 50 1 00 55 37 60 1 00 80 $0 90 1 00 60 1 00 67 Woollen Goods (cloth), New Xork.— Bbtab. No. S66. Time, 11 bowriper day; 300 dayi the p»»t year. Baekboys Back boys.... Blacksmith Bobbin carriers alO 014 1 •4 a3 Bnrlers Card boys Card stripper Card strippers .} Carders - . a7 1 6 1 1 1 3 8 «3 1 ChMnbnilder Chain bnUders Designers Drawer 2 1 18 1 1 6 21 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Drier Driers Drier Dyer Fireman . . Fireman Foremen . ..... Foreman FuUer Machinist Machinist 1 1 1 Overseer Overseer ' .- ...... 1 1 PaiTitffr 1 Kcker 1 $0 66 42 2 00 67 67 66 '""to" 1 54 121 $0 70 al7 ""2'26" 175 1 32 94 1 66 60 3 00 68 6 "Tio" 1 26 110 75 1 50 125 116 2 00 1.25 1 38 1 10 4 00 3 00 2 30 1 65 1 50 160 1 21 3 25 2 25 2 00 3 00 2 20 154 160 1 40 WooLLBM Goods (cloth), New Tobk Bstab. No. S66— CoHClnded. Time, 11 howiper day; 300 k*«r« thepaitymr. Ooonpatioiii. Number. Daily wages. Hale. Fem. Hale. Fem. Picker 1 6 3 2 22 1 3 9 1 30 7 S "'aii' "'ais' •12 1 ""hi »121 1 06 1 35 138 115 1 10 2 00 188 1 66 ""i"i6" 1 10 76 50 133 """"65" 176 132 67 125 150 1 02 140 143 Pickers ... Rovers - Scourers Second hands Section hands Section hand "$i'io 1 00 Sewers 83 6 3 all alO 1 Spinners, mule Spinners, mule 60 75 Twisteri 67 2 00 Xrndesignated a2 7 1 (t2 1 2 84 16 1 Waiters' helpers "Watchman 1 02 "Wool sorters Woolleh Goods (cloth). New Tobk.— Bbtab^ No. se7. Time, 11 h»un per dmy; 266 dvya tkepatt year. sYouth. Baekboys Bnrlers Card boys Carders Carpenters Designer Designer Drawers-in Dressers Dyers Engineer Filling carriers - - ■ Firemen • Foreman Foremen Foremen, assistant.. Fnllers Gas maker Gigger Giggers Gigger Laborers Loom fixers Machinists Measurers -. Overseer Overseer Percher Pressors Second hands Sewers-in Shearers Spare hands kChildiUb 08 »18 16 4 1 1 2 3 12 1 3 2 1 9 1 1 13 al 10 6 3 2 1 1 1 3 6 4 5 3 """019" 50 1 08 1 55 600 2 50 1 60 162 112 ■»6'6i 175 ■>>>»■ 100 132 SOO 341 96 1 05 126 175 .«... 1 03 ..--.. 76 1 00 2 16 176 .— .-- 1 19 460 4 00 1 50 125 260 100 1 15 160 408 fiEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Occupations, with Numbbk and Wages or Employes, by Industries — Coat'd. NoTB.— This table is not a complete exhiljit for industries or states, but covers only establishinentt ioyestigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaTies, pages 143 to 226. WooLLHs Goods (cloth), New Tobk.— Bbtab. No. 56*— Gonotaded. Time, 11 hours per day; 266 dayt the pa/t yewr. Occupations. Specters Spinners, ninle . Spinners, mule Spinners Spoolers Spoolois Teamsters Twisters Undesignated . . TTndeBignated . . ■Watchmen "Weavers "Weavers Weavers Wool sorters . . Number. Male. Fern. a21 7 17 U aW 617 al 53 Daily wages. Male. Fern. $0 87 1 76 1 40 1 37 62 50 1 44 1 37 1 20 81 1 84 $1 00 60 50 1 20 Woollen Goods (woested tarn). New Tobk.— ESTAB. No. 56S. Time, 10 hours per day; 306 days the past year. Carders <>18 1 M2 '"aii' ...... a41 a26 *0 83 2 08 37 "i'W 133 3 00 2 75 2 60 2 25 1 67 1 50 2 50 '""83" 1 75 Doffers Drawers $0 58 Fireman Foreman Mar.hiTiif^t Keelers 67 60 iTwisters 58 Undesignated Wool sorters 1 18 Woollen Goods (cloth), Nobth Cabolesa.— EsTAB. No. 569. Time, \\\ hours per day; 300 days the past year. Back boys 63 2 i a" ....... $0 40 75 "'"so" 38 75 1 83 85 75 85 85 76 2 25 1 76 76 1 25 46 "i"66" Burler $0 60 Carders 52 62 2 8 64 Dyers Finisher . . . Finishers 50 Loom iixers . Loom fixer Pickers Spinners, mule u ndesignated Weavers ""75 Wool sorters 2 Woollen Goods (cloth), PBNHffri;*A»ifc- Ebtab. No. S99^ Time, 10 howrt per day; 304 (Joj/j'ftepdn* year! Occupations. Sandboy Bobbin carriers Bobbin winders Bnrlers and speokers. Carders Carders' assistants . . Card feeders Card grinder Card strippers Carpenter Cloth-room hands . . . Condensers and winders Creel winders Drawers and twisters Drawers' and twist- ers' helpers Dressers Dye-house hands Electrician Engineer FilBng carriers Fireman Fullers and washers. Giggers Harness repairers . . . Inspectors Inspector Laborers Laborers Laborers Loom fixers Machinists Mechanics, engin- eers, and firemen - . Menders Oiler Overseers Overseers Overseers Overseers Overseers Overseer Packers Packers Piecers Beelers Scourer Shearers Spinners, mule Spoolers Spool carriers Spool carriers Spool stripper Stock earners Twisters Warehouse man Warehouse-man's as- sistant Warpers- Warpers' helpers Waste hands Watchmen Weavers Wool sorters iTamhand Number. Male. Fern. 105 2 4 5 1 10 1 5 10 12 021 9 2 al 1 ""^i^r $0 45 1 69 50 1 81 "i'60" 100 Blatiksmiths Bobbin carrier $0 69 Carders Oardgtfiiders 14 6 61 WOOLUtlf GlOODB (cloth), VEBMOMT.— EBTAB No. S74— Conclnded. Time, 11 htwrs per day; 270 daye the paet year. OcoapationB. Card strippers ... Carpenters Doners Doubler Donblers Drawers Drawers Dressers Driers Dyers Dyer boys Firemen Filling carriers .. Mockers FnUers Gas maker Giggers Inspector Inspector Inspectors'assistauts Inspectors Lappers Laborer Laborer Loom fixers Machinists Marker Mason Master mechanio — Menders Overseers Overseers Overseers Packers — — Painter Picker Pickers Picker Piper Pressor Pressors Preasers Hovers Beelers Soonrers Second hands Second hands Second hands Slnbbers Spare hands Speeders Splmiers, mnle Spoolers Steamers Stock keepers Sweepers Teamsters Teaael setter Undesignated TTndesignated Waste sorters Watchmen Weavers Weavers' helpers .. Winders Wool sorter Wool sorters Wool sorter Yard hand Tard hands Number. Male. Fern. 1 1 •U 5 10 8 3 1 1 12 5 'too Dadly wages. Male. Fem. $100 1 92 60 1 00 1 23 1 02 1 02 53 140 1 10 70 1 00 1 15 1 10 2 75 2 02 1 25 1 00 1 00 110 50 186 1 78 6 60 77 6 00 2 60 1 25 1 SO 175 1 25 1 00 56 2 00 1 50 1 02 79 90 1 Of 2 00 1 40 1 00 1 00 'i'30 1 00 1 25 60 1 22 126 94 50 140 117 86 400 167 100 1 26 1 10 •TmtUi. tCblldran. 410 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Occupations, with Number and Wages of Emplot^s, bt Industries— Cont'd. NoTB. — ^Ibis taUe is not a, complete exhibit for industries or states, but coTers only establlstamenti Investigated by the Bnieftu See page 91, also sommaries, pages 143 to 22fi. HlBCSLLAiniOUB (BDTTOHB), GBKAT BbITAIII.— E TAB. ISO. S7S. Timt, 10 h»wrtpeT imy; — iMyi thefmtt year. OoonpatioBS. ]ei. Dally wages. Ifale. FOL ICale. ■Bum. S S ■»2'86' 3 20 140 1 80 120 2 40 $0 65 DriUerB 65 1 1 20 6 1 1 Tool aliarpemer Xnmers Staiuer MiaOEUilBIOUB fBTABCH), UADTE.— ESTAB. TSa. 976. Time, 12 hovmptr iuy; — day* OnfOtt year. Driers... Foremen Laborers $2 25 3 60 1 60 MlBCBIiLAiniOUS (BUTTOKB), IdABSACHUBITTS.— Fbtab. Ko. 577. Time, 10 lUur* jMf Hay; 300 days Oiepcut year. Button onttws . . ■ Carpenter Fn^eer Foremen Haohine tenders . Ifaohinists Teamster WatohmaB 16 $1 60 1 260 1 100 « 8 00 250 '"260' 12 1 2 00 1 2 40 «0 80 MiacBU.Aineu8 (matches), Xbw Haxfshibb Ebtab. No. 578. Uiy, - d»ye the pmttyear. Boiler men 2 2 1 1 4 '"'•ii' cS »160 1 76 1 SO 126 90 ""is Dippers Laborer ------ Laborer Laborers .--..--.-... «0 90 75 Undesignated 04 MlBCELIiAmOUB (CHSfA DECOSATIORB), NEW JBB- BBT ^EBTAB. XTo, 579. Time, 10 hmrtper iM/ys 300 dcyf tA« jmmC yewr. 1 4 1 2 1 i' i 2' »5 0* 3 31 3 00 2 60 2 33 "i'oo' ■"I'm' iDeooratora .......... Decorator Deoorator Decorator ........... $2 00 3 Decorator ........... 1 66 a Decorators 160 Mibcellaseoub (china dbcobationb), Nbw Jek- BBT.— Ebtab. No. 579— Conolnded. Tim*, 10 A*ur< r" ^*V / ^^ <'*!/' <^ J""' y*r- OoonpatieBS. NBBber. DaUywageiL ICale. Fan. Male. Fen. Deoorator 1 a3 i' as ""is' oS M tl60 1 33 "'83' 66 SO 33 Decorators «116 83 Decorator •1 a2 a2 • 62 6( 60 33 MlBCBUiAMBOUB (QUEEHBWABE), NEW JBEBET.— Ebtab. No. 580. Tim*, Of hrnvrt per Auy ; 300 ieiye thefaet yeur. Decorators Engineer Engineer Jiggers Jiggers' helpers tttiti men Laborers Mould makers Mould-makers, help- ers Packers Fressers Pressers' helpers Sagger maker Sagger-makers' help- er Slip-honse men 2 4 25 Il25 $2 83 2 17 366 105 2 00 1 25 3 06 181 3 16 227 160 6 00 13S 1 58 $0 78 MlSCELLAHXODB (TKUHKB, BATCHBU), NEW JEB- BEY.— Ebtab. No. 581. Time, 10 haw per day; 300 d»yt thep»it year. Box makers Engineer Foremen Laborers Imnk makers Tmnk-makers' help- ers Satchel makers Satchel-makers' help- ers 40 $2 00 1 2 50 « 266 20 183 40 233 «40 117 20 200 «3 76 Mibcellaheoub (tbudkb, batchbu). New Jeb- BBY.— Ebtab. No. 583. Time, 9| hourg per duy; 292 dayt the pott year. Box makers Engineer Fkemon Foreman Satchel makers Satohel-makers' help- ers Tronk makers Tnmk-makera' help- ers 45 1 1 1 70 •15 120 a45 60 $2 33 2 16 1 83 4 16 2 16 1 00 176 1 00 »0I mYmctk. tOhUdniL -A-I>I>EISrDIX B. KASNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE BEOEIVEBS IN EUROPE. Norm— With referenoe to these fSunlly badgets, etc., »ee page 212. ITALY. Kbmabks.— The condition of the laboring class in Italy, especially in the southern portion of the state, is one of extreme poverty and hardship. The habitation of the laborer and the mechanic la generally a room in a damp, Ul-smelling bmlding, on a street ten or fifteen feet wide, and rarely visited by the sun by reason of the height of the buildings on either side. Economy is practised such as prevails in few other countries. The coffee grounds ftom the wealthy man's kitchen are dried and resold to the poor. In a similar way oU is twice and sometimes three times used, the drippings, after successive ftyings, being gathered from the pan and sold to the poor. There are markets of second-hand articles of food and clothing. Old shoes, hats, clothes, candle- ends, dried coffee grounds, second-hand oil, etc., are spread out upon the broad stones of the plaza, or square of a town, and it is in such places, to a considerable extent, that the workingman buys his supplies. In Lombardy and Tuscany a slightly better condi- tion is becoming apparent. The general character of the workman's surroundings is su- perior to that of the workman in other sections of the state. Some of the manufectureis of Milan have recently taken a step toward the improvement of the habitations of their operatives. Owing to the high octroi, or gate tax, prevailing in aU cities and towns, the cost of liv- ing is ftom 20 to 25 per cent, greater in towns than in villages and in the country without the walls of towns. On this account a considerable portion of hand-machine manufac- turing (such as weaving, spinning, etc.), is carried on in villages and rural districts. To bring a quart of wine into Milan costs the laborer 2 cents; a chicken or goose, 3 cents; breai is taxed about 20 per cent., and milk and some other articles of food at a similar rate. The tax at the gates of other cities will average the same as that at Milan. The making of iron bedsteads is an occupation constantly encountered. These bedsteads are in almost universal use among the lower classes, and also to a great extent among the middle and upper classes. The beds are manufectured, as a rule, in the dwelling of the workman — usually a room from 15 to 20 feet square, level with the street, with no windows, the insufficient light coming in through the doot opening into a narrow street. In favorable weather the workman sets his tools and bench upon the street in &ont of his loom, and works there. No. 1. IBON-BBDSMAD MAKBB— NAPLES. Candition. — Family numbers six: Parents, son aged 18, son aged 16, children aged 12 and 7. Diet. — Break£et: Coffee or wine, black bread. Dinner: Macaroni, beef stew, or tripe, potatoes, fimnochio (a), wine, bread. Supper: Coffee or wine, and bread; sometimes macaroni. a Fannoohlo 1» a kind of rank or coarse celerj, very much In fevor with Southern Italian*. 411 412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Earnings of father - $168 00 Earnings of oldest son 130 08 Earnings of rest of family , 178 75 Total „- 476 75 Oosl of lAmng. Coffee, sagar, and milk $32 85 Macaroni 80 30 Bread and flour 73 00 Potatoes, fiinnochio, etc 73 00 Wine 65 70 Clothing, towels, sheets, etc. 52 00 Shoes 12 00 Rent $18 00 Incidentals 18 75 Expenditnreg 425 60 Earnings 476 75 Surplus 5115 No. 2. Ibon-bedstead Maeeb — Naples. Condition. — Single man, about 25 ; is skilled workman. Sleeps in a lodging house with from fifteen to twenty others in the room; surroundings damp; no window; has never been to school, but can read a little; gets his meals at cheap macaroni eating houses. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and oil, or ftmnochio, eaten on the way to work. Dinner: Macaroni, tripe, or beef hash, red wine, and bread. Supper: Wine or coffee, and bread. Average cost of breakfast fO 06 Average cost of dinner — 14 Average cost of supper 6 Cost of food per day 26 Earnings $150 00 Cogl of Living. Clothing $16 00 Incidentals 15 00 Expenditures 148 80 Earnings 150 00 Lodging $14 60 Bread 21 90 OU 10 95 Macaroni 29 20 Wine : 24 20 Coffee 10 95 Shoes-— 6 00 Surplus 120 No. 3. Ibon-bedstead Makee — Naples. Condition. — Fannly of five: Parents, brother of vrife, and two children, aged 4 and 5. Occupy a room in dingy house on a dark, narrow street. A cheap curtain divides it into one large and one small compartment; brother occupies small compartment, parents and children sleep in large part. During the day the beds are roUed up and stacke^l in one comer, and work carried on in sleeping room. The father is a good workman and earns on an average 70 cents per working day. The mother cooks, cares for the children, and does a little washing. Family are saving to emigjcate to the United States. Diti. — Breakfest: Coffee, milk, bread. Dinner: Wine, macaroni or rice, tomatoes, bread, occasionally dried figs, chestnuts, onions, tripe, fish, etc. Supper: Coffee, milk, bread. Earnings of father {203 00 Earnings of wife's brother 145 OO Earnings of mother 29 00 Total 377 qo EARNIKGS AND EXPENSES OP WAGE EECE TEES IN EUROPE. 413 Cost of Limng. Rent. $12 00 Bread 80 30 Coffee, milk, and sugar 73 00 Macaroni 36 50 Vegetables, pork, cheese, etc 66 00 Wine 36 50 Clothing, including shoes $5160 Incidentals 4 75 Expenditures 360 65 Earnings 377 00 Surplus 16 35 No. 4. Wbatee — Siena. Oondition. — ^Family of four: Parents, wife's sister, and child, aged 6. Woik is carried on in a large basement, poorly lighted. Twelve hand looms, earth floor. Habitation of fiunily consists of one room in tenement house, up one flight of crooked stairs, payed with brick, -with large open ehimn&y in which cooking is done. Principal fuel is brush- wood gathered by chUd, and at odd hours and on Sundays by the mother. The family all sleep in one room. The husband and wife and sister work at looms, making each fi:om ten to twelve yards per day, and earning each from 35 to 35 cents per day. Child gath- ers brushwood, also begs. Eamingsof flither $105 00 Earnings of mother 72 50 Earnings of sister 72 50 Total 250 00 (hst of Umng. Rent $12 00 Bread 58 40 Macaroni 29 20 Coffee and milk 29 20 Vegetables, cheese, wine, etc 69 20 Caothmg 32 00 No. 5. Weavbe- Shoes $6 50 Incidentals 10 20 Expenditures ,-_„ 246 70 Earnings 250 00 Surplus - -Eaciqliostb. 3 30 GondiUon. — Family of five: Parents, two children, 5 and 6 years of age, and mother of the &ther. Parents work at hand looms, the grandmother spins (at home), attends to the children, and to two goats, the mUk of the goats being sold at 4 cents per quart. Occupy a room with earth floor, on a level with the ground; room divided into two com- partments. Weaving room on same street, up .a steep hili; only six looms; level of room three feet below level of the street; no windows, lighted by the door. Earnings of lather $126 00 Earnings of mother 97 50 Earnings of grandmother (spinning) 48 75 Earnings of grandmother (sale of milk) 43 80 Total 316 05 Cost of Living. Rent $14 40 Bread 53 00 Macaroni 69 40 Groceries, funnochio, olives, eggS- '72 50 Wioe 51 00 Cffififeea ■ 17 25 Wooden clogs and leather shoes.- 7 50 Clothing $19 65 Iron bedstead, chairs, etc 8 70 Expenditures 313 40 Eaminga 316 05 Surplus . 2 65 oltem for coffee always Includes the mllfe and sugar u«ed In coffee. The Italian laborer ugea a good deaiof laUk In hisoofffec. The su^ar used is mostly beet sugar imported from France or Ctor. 414 REPORT OP" THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. No 6. Weaver — Acquapendkntb, Centeai. Italy. Oandition — Young woman aged 18, engaged to marry a stone mason, and both stinting themselves to save money to emigrate to South America. Lives with parents, who are field hands; room on narrow street, two windows, brick floor; girl works ten to twelve hours per day at loom in a cellar, earth floor, poor light; earns from 20 to 30 cents per day; makes from nine to eleven yards of cloth per day. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and wine, or coffee. Dinner: Artichokes, onions, or macaroni, and bread, and occasionally salt pork or eggs. Supper: Bread and coffee, or wine. Average cost of breakfast $0 04 Average cost of dinner 7 leverage cost of sapper . 4 Cost of food per day 15 EamingB $81 25 Cost of Lmng. Clothing, including shoes $12 40 Renta $00 00 Bread 18 25 Coffee 7 48 Wine 6 95 Macaroni 10 95 Artichokes, pork, eggs, ftumochio, eaten only on extra occasions, feast days, etc 14 60 Expenditures 70 63 Earnings 81 25 Surplus 10 62 Remaeks. — The basement-like rooms in which weaving is done are not provided with stoves or fire places. Each operator has a small bucket or jng of hot ashes or coals. This the women put under their dresges; the men place them at their feet. There is aJso, in quite cold weather, a large pan of coals set in the middle of the room. The weavers quit their work occasionally to sit for a few minutes around this pan and warm their hands and feet. The fuel for this primitive heating arrangement consists to some extent of brushwood, clippings fix)m old grapevines, etc. Coal is imported from England. Price per ton at West Mediterranean ports, $5 to $6. Price in interior, but on railroads, $7 to $10. Price in towns distant from sea and railroads, $10 to $15 per ton. No. 7. OsTHEiA Keefbb — Monte Rosa. Oradiiiow.— Family of eight: Parents; son aged 22; three daughters, aged 14, 15, and 21; boy aged 10, and girl aged 9. Father keeps an osteria, or place where wine is sold, and lodging house for peasants. Lodgers pay 4 eents per night per bed. Several beds to the room. Wife spins wool, milks goats, washes bed clothing, Unen, etc. , cooks, and caies for sUk worms. Daughter aged 21, weaves; daughter aged 15, weaves; daughter aged 14, assists her mother in housework, care of the sUk worms, etc The boy and girl pick brushwood from the roads and gather mulberry leaves for the silk worms. Son, aged 22, works at odd jobs, in fields, etc. Occupy house of six rooms, not including entrance room, used as wine and eating room, on ground floor opening on the street. To the back of this entrance room is an open court through which the rear half of the house is reached. Lower part of rear half of house used as stable for goats and asses. Five rooms on second floor— two used by femUy, one for care of silk worms, and two rooms, several beds each, for transient lodgers. House of stone, floors of brick, windows looking on open court. Surroundings better than in large cities, but street is narrow and crooked, and location, on the whole, not pleasant. alAvttt with parenU, pnyln); no rent, henos not Included in thta, an Indlvldnal estimate. EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OP WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 415 Diet. — Break&st: Bread, coffee or wine,- and occasionally pork or cheese. Dinner: Ueef stew, or macaroni, beans, bread, wine, sometimes cheese, eggs, or beef. Supper: Bread, coffee or wine; sometimes cheese, onions or fannochio. Earnings of father $311 00 Earnings of wife, spinning 41 00 Earnings of daughter, aged 21 91 80 Earnings of daughter, aged 15 79 30 Earnings of son, laborer (not steadily at -work) 71 00 Earnings of boy, aged 10 , 25 00 Sale of silk cocoons 99 00 ! of goats' milk '. 73 00 Total 791 10 Cost of LMng. Rent $84 00 Clothing, inclnding bedding, etci 93 50 Wine 116 80 Coffee 58 40 Bread and flour 146 00 Groceries, etc 187 60 Shoes (leather) 23 00 Incidentalfl $58 50 Expenditoica 767 80 Earnings 791 10 Surplus 23 30 No. 8. S A T.K3M * N— N APU8. Condition. — Family of four: Parents and two small childrea. Father is salesman in gloTe store; mother works in gloTe manufactory. Occupy two rooms, one large, the other quite smaU. Large room used for sleeping and Uving in; small room for cooking. Sleeping room has two windows, brick floor, but partly covered with mats; no conve- niences of gas or water. Water closet in house very offensive; otherwise habitation tolerable. Factory room, where mother sews gloves on machines, small and crowded ; bad air and poor light. Diet. — Breakfest: Croatfl' milk, bread, and figs; occasionally onions or cheese. Dinner: Macaroni, onions, bread, and wine, and on occasions eggs or fish or salt meat. Sup- per: 'teread, coffee or milk; sometimes chestnuts, figs, or simiUu; food. Earnings of father *180 40 Earnings of mother ^ ^ Total 2™ « CM •/ Lieing. Bent $24 00 Bread 43 80 Macaroni 43 80 Coffee 20 00 Wine «iii*29"20 Groceries 37 90 Clothes, including shoes 52 00 Incidenlals $19 20 Expenditiurea 269 90 Earnings 270 40 Surplus 50 No. 9. Stonb Mason— Pozzuoli, Southebn Italt. OmdiefOTi.— Family of sir: Parents, boy aged 15, girl aged 14, boy aged 9, and baby. Bob aged 15 assists his ftther; boy of 9 carries stones; mother cares for baby, sews, cook% 416 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. etc. Occupy room on level -mtli street, keep goat and kid and dog in room; pan of coals for heating and cooking; surroundings dingy and unpleasant. Father works on a build- ing short distance from his habitation. The stone used is a kind of porous, pumice stone, quarried not fei from the building. Sand obtained from wells in vicinity. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and oil or coffee. Dinner: BoUed chestnuts, or macaroni, onions, fdnnochio, bread and wine; sometimes salt pork. Sapper: Bread and coffee, or cheese. Earnings of fether fl83 60 Earnings of sons 132 20 Total 315 80 OoBt of Living. Rent $15 00 Bread 65 70 Macaroni 43 80 Coffee 21 90 Wine 43 80 Groceries 61 00 Clothing 59 00 Incidentals $20 00 Expenditures 330 20 Earnings 315 80 Deficit — 14 40 Ekuabes. — Building trades in Italy are conducted on a very solid basis, but not with much push or rapidity. There is no steam elevator to shoot up halfa ton of bricks or stones at one time to the mason, and not even a hod carrier. The blocks of stone are carried by boys and girls, either one block at a time, on their backs, or, when the stones are smaU (about one and one-half times the size of an ordinary brick), in baskets. Girls carry sand and mortar in buckets. When the stone and mortar carriers are delayed the mason waits, idling. As a result of this method of procedure, the laying of 500 to 600 stones (size about 6 inches by 6 inches by 5 inches) is considered a good day^s work for an average mason. The pay of a mason ranges from 40 to 70 cents per day of ten to twelve hours. He is abteito exist upon this sum, and nothing more. A family of father and mother and half a dozen diUdren wiU inhabit one room, with an earth or brick floor, damp, and even though having windows looiking on a street, yet poorly lighted on account of the nar- rowness of the street and the great height of the surrounding buildings. During the day the beds, that at night cover perhaps every inch of the floor, are rolled up and piled in a comer. The workman's breakfast is often but a pone of black bread, eaten on the way to work; a plate of macaroni, onions, boiled chestnuts, wine, and bread is consid- ered a good dinner. The bricklayer's food may be computed to cost on an average 15 to 25 cents per day; his room costs $12 to$15 per year; asuitof clothes$2to $6 (or second- hand, $1.50) ; shoes from 20 cents to $1.50. Boys who carry mortar, sand, or blocks of stones receive from 10 to 20 cents per day of ten to twelve hours. No. 10. Skillbd Shokuae^B — Floeenok. Condition. — Family of four: Parents and two babies. Works in ceUar, pursuing his business on Sundays as well as week days. Diet. — Break&9t: .Bread «nd onions, or cofGee. Dinner: Macaroni, sometimes pork- black bread, salad, fiuinochio, etc. Supper: Bread and coffee— sometimes cheese. Earnings ._ |195 qq EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 417 Cost of lAmng. Bent Bread Macaroni Groceries Clothing (including shoes) . $12 00 43 80 43 80 33 80 36 00 Incidentals . $24 00 Expenditures . Earnings 193 40 195 00 Sniplns . 1 60 No. 11. Shoemakeb — Ploeeince. Condition. — Tonng man about 21; ordinary workman; without family. Lodges in crowded lodging house, a dozen or more in one room; workshop is on narrow street, poorly lighted, and bad air. ' Diet. — Breakfest: Coffee and bread. Dinner: Macaroni, bread, wine; sometimes fdn- nochio, onions, or other vegetable. Supper: Coffee and bread; or black bread and one- third to one-half pound dried figs. Average cost of brea.kfast $0 03 Average cost of dinner 9 Average cost of sapper 4 Average cost of food per day i 16 Earnings $110 00 Cost of lAmng. Lodging Bread Macaroni Wine Onions, figs, chestnuts, etc. - Clothing, etc Shoes $14 60 18 25 18 25 7 30 6 00 16 00 4 00 Incidentals . $15 00 Expenditures - Earnings 99 40 110 00 Surplus - 10 60 No. 12. Shbphbbd xn the Roman Campagna. Condition. — ^Man about 50 years of age; lives in haystack-Uke hovel; leads a solitary life; cannot read; possesses but a slight degree of intelligence. i)ie«.— Breakfast: Black bread, oil, water. Dinner: Black bread, oil, water. Supper: Black bread, oU, water. This meagre and monotonous diet is varied at infrequent in- tervals by a very small piece of bacon, salt pork, or macaroni, an onion, or a little fun- nochio; on great f@te days by a Uttle wine. Earnings, at Tcents a day ?2^ ^^ Cogt of Living. Bread . OU Other food snppUes. $14 60 5 47 1 82 Clothing and incidentals. $3 66 Expenditures . Earnings 25 55 25 55 No. 13. Shepheed in the Roman Campaqna. Qmdaioft.— Family of four: Parents, boy 9 and girl 8 years of age. Occupy a squalid hovel in open field. Parents herd sheep; boy and girl attend to drove of hogs. All knit socks or similar articles. Shoes consist of pieces of raw cowhide bound, sandal- like, to the feet by strings. Earnings of family ^^' ^ 12854 LAB 27 418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Bread ■Other fond (mostly oil) . Cost of Living. $58 40 21 90 Clothing and incidentals $7 30 Expenditures 87 60 Earnings --- 87 60 No. 14. Shbphebd in the Roman Campagna. Condition. — Single man; earns 2 cents per day; bread and oil found for him. Has herded sheep ten years. Very low order of intelligence; cannot read, and has never been to Rome, although not above twenty miles fligtant. Earnings per year $7 30 Expenditures (clothing, etc.) 7 30 Eemaeks. — The shepherds of Italy, especially those in the campagna surrounding Rome, are among the lowest and most miserable of mankind. Their condition is hardly better than that of the North American Indian, sleeping in a tepee by night and roam- ing the plains by day. The Roman shepherd's habitation is constructed in a fashion similar to the Indian tepee. A dozen or so poles, each 20 to 25 feet long, are bunched together, forming a conical frame work on which a thatching of straw is put to protect from heat andcoldand wind and rain. A bundle of straw is the shepherd's bed; liis fnr- niture consists usually of a three-legged stool; and the fire to warm him, made of scanty brushwood, bums in a hole scooped out for the purpose in the center of the earth floor of the apartment. While herding sheep the shepherd knits stockings; his clothiug often consists of goat or sheepskins, and one suit lasts for years. The wages of a shepherd, he finding his own food, are from 7 to 8 cents per day. When food is foxmd for him, the pay is from 2 to 3 cents per day. No rent is paid for the thatched hovel, and usually when a new sheep or goatskin is needed for a jacket or pair of trowsera, it is fiimished by the employer gratis. No. 15. Stonbcuttkb. Condition. — Family of seven : Parents, son aged 15, boy aged 11, girl aged 14, two children. Occupy two brick-floored rooms; fair amount of comfort and tidiness; two windows and good light in front room. Father is a skilled stonecutter; son helps; boy learning. The mother and daughter dress neatly — do sewing, cooking, and general household work. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, coffee, milk. Dinner: Bread, soup, macaroni, vegetables, sometimes wine. Supper: Bread, coffee, milk, occasionally figs or chestnuts or bit of pork. Earnings of father $250 00 Earnings of son 83 30 Earnings of daughter 40 00 JIamings of boy 52 00 Total ._ 425 30 Cost of Living. Rent $24 00 Bread 106 85 Coffee 18 15 Milk 33 85 Macaroni 36 50 Vegetables, etc 113 15 Clothing, etc 71 20 Fuel and incidentals $19 00 Expenditures 422 70 Earnings 425 30 Surplus. EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE EECEIVEES IN EUROPE. 419 No. 16. Stonectjttbe. Condition.— Faxany of three: Parents and child. Father is an ordinary stonecutter. Mother is cook in private femily ; femily savii^ to emigrate to South America. Occupy single room in lodging house; damp, badly lighted, generally uninviting. XWei.— Breakfest: Bread and onions, coflfee and milk, occasionally salami or a little cheese. Dinner: Soup, macaroni, vegetables, bread, sometimes salt pork or salami or cheese, wine. Supper: Bread, coflfee, milk.. Earnings of father ^150 jjq Earnings of mother, including board 60 00 Total. 210 80 Gost of lAmng. Bread $32 86 Coffee and milk 21 90 Groceries, etc 73 00 Rent 12 00 Clothing 38 40 Fuel and incidentals $1,5 00 Expenditures 193 15 Earnings 210 00 Surplus 16 85 No. 17. Stonkcitttee. Condition. — Family of four: Father,^ son aged 20, daughter, and a little girl. .Expert chiseUer; puts all but the finishing touches to statues and delicate marble work. Oc- cupy two rooms, plank floor; has windows in front room looking on street and one window in back room overlooking court. Both rooms plain but neat — look comforta- ble. Family can read; dress neatly and generally respectable in appearance and mode of life. Diet. — Breakfast: Coflfee, milk, bread. Dinner: Macaroni, vegetables (as onions, beans, potatoes, etc.), bread and wine, and sometimes a little salami or pork; cheese, chestnuts, etc. Supper: Coflfee, milk, bread or macaroni. Earnings of fether $480 00 Earnings of son 174 00 Tot»l 654 00 Cost of Living. Rent $28 00 Bread and flour . Coffee MUk Macaroni Meats Clothing and bedding $87 00 Fuel and incidentals 66 56 Expenditures 540 71 Earnings 654 00 Surplus 113 29 54 75 10 95 _--_ 29 20 25 55 19 80 Vegetables, fruits, etc 218 90 Rbmabks. — For fine stonecutting, such as chiselling the sculptor's statue from the rough block, long apprenticeship is necessary. A man 25 years of age who has been apprenticed ten to twelve years can earn $5 per week; higher than this he wiU not go unless unusual skill be developed. If, in addition to the skill imparted by years of practice, the workman has a quick eye and natural talent, be may become a "fin- isher," earning from $1.80 to $2 per day. Men of this class are generally intelligent, saving, and industrious, and many of them have considerable amounts laid by in savings banks. Boys of 13 to 15 years of age get from $1.30 to $1.60 per week. 420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. No. 18. Glass Woekee — Venice. Condition. — Family of four : Parents and two children. Occupy third-floor room; one window in room, overlooking canal. Father is a skilled worker in glass; makes delicate articles, as glass eyes, colored vases, etc. Mother attends to home and babies. Both father and mother can read. Earnings of father $275 40 Cost oflAving. Rent $15 00 Bread 36 50 Cofifeeand milk 36 50 Meat 14 40 Groceries, etc 105 95 Clothing 31 14 Fuel, lights, etc... $13 00 Expenditures 252 49 Earnings 275 40 Surplus 22 91 No. 19. Glass Woekee — Mttbaito, Disteict of Venice. Condition. — Family of five: Parenta, son aged 19, son aged 18, girl aged 12. Occupy two small rooms, no ornamentation or comforts. Father ordinary glass maker, son the same, mother and girl also work in glass manufactory. Diet. — Break&st: Bread and milk orcofiee or sometimes dried fruit, as figs, etc. Din- ner: Soup — ^macaroni or rice, onions, sometLmes fish, tripe, or salt pork, eggs, salad or funnochio, wine. Supper: Bread, milk, and coffee. Earnings of fether l , $145 25 Earnings of sons 146 00 Earnings of mother ^ 90 00 Earnings of girl 25 00 Total. 406 25 Cost of Living. Rent $16 00 Bread 62 05 MUk and coffee 47 45 Fish 10 95 Meats 9 36 Groceries 142 45 Clothing and shoes 47 00 Fuel and light 12 00 Religion and incidentals $18 00 Expenditures 365 26 Earnings 406 25 Surplus ' 40 No. 20. Weavke — Piedmont. Condition. — Family of three : Parents and child. Father and mother are weavers. Father can read a Kttle; otherwise no education. Live in one room — not well fur- nished. Earnings of father $120 00 Earnings of mother . 87 00 Total 207 00 Cost of Living. Rent $12 00 Bread 32 85 Oofliee and milk 25 55 Cheese 10 95 Groceries, etc 91 25 Clothing 28 00 Fuel and light $15 00 Expenditures 215 60 Earnings 207 00 Deficit . 8 6* EAKNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 421 Following is a general statement deduced from the preceding examples and from othera not reproduced here : AvEEAQE Daily Wobking Time and Rates of Wages in Italy— 1885. Occupation. Number of hours. DaUy wages. TaUor Stonemasons Carpenters Boys 12 to 15, working as hod carriers 10 to 13 10 to 12 10 to 12 SO 70 to»l 00 50 to 70 4e to 60 10 to 20 SO to 80 40 to 60 25 to 40 20 to 30 25 to 40 50 to 80 40 to 60 a02 to 607 20 to 35 c30 to 33J c20 to 25 cl2 to 16} Mechanics : skilled 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 11 to 14 10 to 12 ordinary Weavers : hand-loom men „ liand-loom women "" steam-loom women Shoemaker : skined ordinary Shepherds Day laborers Cook: man woman, wealthy family man, In ordinary family Lady's maid, In wealthy family Servantof officer In army d03 to 05} fiOl t,A 02 Soldier in army Soldier, In Vatican (Pope's Quard) el4?to 80 to 1 00 Glass maker : skilled ordinary Stonecutter : after not less than six years' apprenticeship 80 to 1 00 ordinary 50 to 60 . . . 60 to 70 o With board. 6 Without board. e With board and lodging. d In addition to army pay, uniform, and rations. « With board, lodging, and uniform. Peioes of Commodities in Italy — 1885. Article. Price. Article. Price. Milk, per quart '. Wine, per quart Eggs, in winter, per dozen summer, per dozen Bread, conmion, per pound superior, per pound Figs, dried Strawberries (in season), per pound Cherries (in season), per pound.... Cheese, Swiss, inferior good , very best. to. 04 to $0.06 .08 to .16 .24 .12 to .14 .02 to .03 .03 to .04 .02 to .06 .05 to .10 .03 to .05 .08 .13 .18 New potatoes, per pound Butter, ordinary, per pound good, per pound Coal, at seaport towns, per ton.... in interior, on railroads, per ton off railroads, per ton Mutton, per pound One sheep Pork, salted, per pound fresh, per i>ound Macaroni, first grade, perpound., seeond grade, per pound SO. 02 to SO. 03 . 16 to .20 .20 to .40 5.00 to 6.00 5.00 to 8.00 8.00 to 15. 00 .16 to .18 3.00 .13 to .15 to .05 to .03 to .IS .18 .06 .04 Cost of Clothing.^— A. suit made to order by a fashionable tailor can be had : No. 1 wool; durable, stout cloth; stylish cut and appearance, for $10. No. 2 wool (Italian manu- fiictnre), neat in appearance and good in wear, $7.50. A laborer's suit, consisting of breeches, jacket, vest, flannel shirt, underweai, socks, neck tie, costs from $4.45 up; to which must be added for shoes, if leather, $1.25 to $1.50; if wooden, 20 cents. Abrick- layer's clothing outfit comprising breeches, jacket, vest, shirt, underwear, hat, hand- kerchie&, shoes, costs at a minimum, $10 to $12.50. 422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Diet. — Articles in moat general consumption — onions, macaroni, ftinnocliio, tomatoea, oil, bread, milk, coffee, wine; when any meat, most generally salami (a kind of sausage), salt pork, tripe — rarely beef, mutton, or fresh meat. In Southern Italy, to the list of articles in very general use should be added, dried figs, chestnuts, and dried fruits of various kinds. A laborer expending 20 cents x)er day for food would divide it about thus: Bread $0.04 Milt and coffee 4 Macaroni (or tripe) and onions 8 Wine 4 Total 20 Taxes and Tabiffs in Italy. Raw material, hides, silk coc oons, wool, hemp, flax, jute are duty ftee. Dutiable articles axe taxed at the following rate, according to make, color, and quality: Wool mannfactnies, per 224 lbs |10 00 to $60 00 Woven goods, per 224 lbs 4 60 to 60 00 Blankete, per 224 lbs 22 00 Velvet, per kilogram (about 2J lbs) ^ 1 60 Silk manufactnxeB, per kilogram 1 1 1 20 Leather, tanned hides, per 224 lbs 5 00 Furs, per 224 lbs 12 00 Total importations into Italy were vaJued for 1877, at $230,244,556.80. ; for 1882, at $269,080,235.60. Income on importations into Italy amounted in 1882 to $28,508,016.40. Municipal Taxation — MiLAjr.a Awnings, per year $6 00 Houses, per year, per room 6 00 Servants, per year 1 00 Wine, octroi duty, per quart 2 Geese, chickens, etc., octroi duty, per head 3 Bread, per kilogram , 1 cent to 2 Milk, per quart .- 1 Vegetables and eggs Aee Income tax, 13J per cent. CONOLUDIHG EbMARKS. As dark a coloring as this report may seem to give, the general condition of the labor- ing classes in Italy is better to-day than for years past. It must be remembered that the climate is genial and mild, and that what in other lands might be extreme hard- ship is in Italy at mast a mere inconvenience. Except among the. high lands of the Appenines, and in Lombardy and Piedmont, and the northern section of the state, in- ability to purchaee fuel does not occasion suffering or even hardship. In most large places, as Naples, Rome, Florence, etc., there exist what may be termed public kitchens, whither the frugal housewife takes a pound of macaroni to be cooked, or a quart of a The Municipal Government of Milan pays to the General Government, from Ita receipts from octroi duties, In round numbers, per year $120,000. Naples, Kome, Genoa, and other cities pay to the General Government a similar tax, the amount being proportioned to the size of the city, and the sum received from octroi duties. EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 423 chestnuts to be boiled, or a ponnd of pork to be fried, so that lack of fuel is little de- privation for the Italian laborer's family, independent both of cold and cooking. Very simple and primitive methods yet prevail in most paria of the country. A large amount of the manufactures is still the product of hand looms and hand machinery. Agricultural implements are of the oldest and simplest makes. A change, hovrerer, is becoming apparent. American machinery, notably improved agricultural implements, as reapers, ploughs, etc., is being introduced, and woollen and silk manufacturies, es- pecially in Lombardy and Piedmont, are using improved machinery and employing skilled workmen. A general and radical change in the entire method of labor may be looked for within the next few years. BELGIUM. Rbmaeks. — The Belgian laborer is as industrious, perhaps, as the laborer of any other country in the world; two circumstances, however, operate U> lessen the results which his energy and labor should produce. First, the extreme density of popidation, and consequent great amount of competition, and secondly, his habits of intemperance. Beer, among the Germans, and light wines among the French and Italians, are con- snmedalmosttotheexoluaion of other beverages; but in Belgium the workingman drinks not only a very unwholesome and inferior qualily of wine and beer, but, to a consider- able extent, rum and gin as well. Rum and gin drinking are on the increase, and many workmen lose Mondays through their Saturday night and Sunday dissipations. In the matter of habitations the standard is considerably better than that in Italy. A moderately thrifty workman will rent a tenement house of from two to four rooms, the rent of such a house ranging from $3 to $6 per month, depending upon locality and other drcnmstances. In rural districts houses are generally provided with a small plot of ground for gardening. In the large cities this is wanting; the houses in Antwerp and Brussels, are built solidly together; the hallways opening into the houses are generally dark and narrow, and the stairs leading to the upper stories exceedingly crooked and steep. Often a rope is provided to hold to when going up the steps, it being impossible, or at least dan- gerous, to ascend otherwise. The system of ' ' Bauer-dorfs, " or " peasant villages, ' ' so uni- versal in Germany and some other European states, does not prevail in Belgium. The peasant's house is usually detached, is one story high, and thatched. In addition to gar- dening, the peasant generally raises a little poultry, a pig or two, and cows, all these ani-r mals being housed either in one of the rooms of the peasant's house or in small sheds adjoining. The women treat animals under their charge with the greatest care. In cold or rainy weather they are particular to put a kind of rough blanket on the cows ; they give them warm food, and in many ways care for small details which in other countries are more neglected. In some of the large glass-manufacturing establishments expert glass blowers earn as much as $3 per day; others engaged in making large glass vessels or other work requir- ing particular skill earn from $1.50 to $2 per day. Men of this class frequently own their own homes, or, if not, rent comfortable tenement houses of the better class, costing from $10 to $15 per month. The number, however, who receive the above-mentioned wages bear but a small proportion to the whole. Skilled paper makers, iron workers, woollen weavers, and similarly engaged workmen, wiU not average more than 50 to 65 cents per day. Some of the larger manufacturers are taking steps toward the betterment of the hab- itations of their operatives, such as founding or encouraging social clubs, reading rooms, furnishing plain, wholesome dinners in large dining halls, etc. Women engage in work quite as arduous as men; their pay, however, is always from 10 to 30 per cent. less. 424 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. No. 21. — Papke Makee — ^Vicinity or Antweep. Condition. — Family of three: Parents and small child. The parents both work ir paper mill, earning together, on an average, 80 cents per day. Eent small house in com mon with another family; occupy the two rooms on upper floor. Rooms small, but tol erably comfortable; decorated with curtains and a few cheap pictures. During the daj child is left in care of occupants of lower floor. The father is a young man, rathei more intelligent than the average; reads and writes; belongs to workman's club; does not drink gin or mm. Diet. — Breakfast: Rye bread, coffee, milk. Dinner: Beef soup, potatoes, bread, and occasionally sausage or pork, salad or other vegetable. Supper: Bread, coffee, milk, sometimes prunes or other cheap dried fruit. Earnings of father $188 60 Earnings of mother 75 00 Total 258 60 Cost of Living. Kent $24 00 Bread 41 94 Coffee, with milk 18 25 Beer and sour wine 11 00 Eice, prunes, etc. (for Sundays). 8 32 Sausage, corned meat, pork 47 32 Groceries 55 67 Clothing 37 35 Shoes (leather) $8 00 Religion and incidentals 13 00 Expenditures 264 85 EamingB 258 60 Deficit 6 25 No. 23. — Papke Makke — Vicinity op Antweep. Condition. — Family of five: Parents, son aged 14, boy aged 11, and girl aged 8; fether and mother work in paper mill, the father earning on an average about 51 cents per day; the mother, 25 cents. Son aged 14, working in paper mill, averages 25 cents per day. The boy and girl work in cigar factory, making centers, putting on inner wrappers, etc. ; boy averages 17 to 20 cents per day, girl averages 10 to 15 cents per day. Occupy tenement of three rooms, crowded, dirty locality, not pleasant, offensive smells from canal. Not much furniture in house and but little attempt at decoration. Front room vised as dining and sitting room and kitchen, cooking being done upon a kind of fire- place stove. Parents work in fiictory along with about 200 other hands. In bnsy seasons factory runs day and night. Mother complains of night work as hard on eyes. Boy and girl in cigar fiictory. in delicate health, say work is too confining and unwhole- some; can read a little, but not much. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, coffee, or sometimes beer, and cheese. Dinner: Meat soup, potatoes, onions, rice, bread, and often beer, occasionally sausage, corned meat, etc. ; on rare occasions, iresh beef. Supper: Bread and coffee. Earnings of lather $147 90 Earnings of mother 72 50 Earnings of son of 14 54 00 Earnings of boy of 11 45 00 Eamtngs of girl of 8 29 90 Total 349 30 EAKNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE KECEIVEKS JN ETTUOPE. 425 Cost of Living. Rent ._. J28 80 Bread and flour 73 00 Coffee or chicory 18 20 Groceries, etc. 63 92 Meat, salted, comed, and fi:esh__ 15 60 Beer and liquors 36 40 Fuel and lights 15 60 Clothing, including table linen, sheets, etc _. 64 00 Shoes $11 00 Religion and incidentals 12 00 Expenditures 337 52 Earnings ' 349 30 Surplus 11 78 No. 23. Weavees — Antweep. Condition. — FamUy of seven: Parents, daughter aged 20, husband and children o' daughter; daughter aged 15. Father -weaves sUk, earning about $5 per week. Married daughter weaves, earning 30 cents per day; daughter aged 15 also weaves. Husband of daughter stone mason, but not steadUy at work. The mother stays at home, sewing, cooking, caring for children, etc. Occupying tenement house of four rooms; neat and comfortable; matting on floors, curtains and other evidences of neatness; father belongs to workman's club; older members of family can all read. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, coffee, milk. Dinner: Meat soup, salt pork or sausages, vegetables (as potatoes, cabbage, etc.), and on fSte days, or Sundays,' beer or wine. Supper: About same as breakfast. Earnings of father $249 70 Earnings of married daughter 77 00 Earnings of unmarried daughter 61 00 Earnings of daughter's husband 130 00 Total 517 70 Cost of Living. Clothing $63 96 Fuel , 12 00 Incidentals - 24 00 Rent $36 00 Bread .. 109 50 Coffee 51 10 Groceries 109 50 Meats 25 50 Wine and beer 14 00 Furniture, etc 21 00 Expenditures 466 56 Earnings 517 70 Surplus 5114 No. 34 Weavees — Aktweep. Condition. — Family of four: Parents and two small children. Occupy lodgings in upper part of tenement house. Two rooms. Front room has window and closet; back room small, used for kitchen and dining room. Father and mother both weavers; children too small to work. Earnings of father— $174 00 Earnings of mother 105 00 Total 279 00 Cost of Living. $18 66 54 75 Rent Bread Coffee, mUk, etc 29 20 Meat (about once a week) 10 40 Groceries 64 53 Beer and tobacco 21 90 Clothing and shoes 41 00 Fuel and Ughting $12 00 Furniture, etc 7 20 Incidentals 17 00 Expenditures 276 64 Earnings 279 00 Surplus . 2 36 426 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. No. 25. COLLIBE — LlEGB. Condition. — Family of six: Parents, daughter aged 15, boy aged 11, two girls aged 9 and 8. The father is a coal collier, mother shovels coal, girl of 15 carries coal on her back, the two children sweep manure off tte streets. Occupy small house with three rooms — dingy, dirty localijty — no effort at ornamentation. Family illiterate. Father gets drunk. A poor quality beer is the ordinary drink, but a considerable amount of gin is also consumed. The mother is coarsened by hard work, the daughter becoming so, while the two manure sweepers, living in the slums, rapidly lose whatever little re- finement of nature they may have originally possessed. Father works twelve hours per day — six hours on and six hours off. Diet. — Breakfast: Eye bread and coffee, and occasionally a little cheese. Dinner: Soup, beans, bread; sometimes varied with potatoes or rice, cabbage, etc. About once a week bacon or salt pork and beer. Supper: Eye bread and coffee or beer. Earnings of father $156 00 Earnings of mother 87 00 Earnings of daughter 58 00 Earnings of two children 72 50 Total 373 50 Cost of Lining. Rent $24 00 Bread 87 60 Meats 18 25 Coffee, mUk, etc 43 80 Beer and spirituous liquors 43 80 Groceries 76 65 . Clothing and shoes 62 00 Fuel and light fl5 00 Expenditures 371 10 Earnings 373 50 Surplus 2 40 No. 26. CANiiroii FotTNDEE — Liege. Condition. — ^Family of three: Parents and child. Occupy three rooms of tenement house; carpet in bedroom, which is also used as parlor or receiving room; kitchen and dining room are one and the same. The third room very small, used as pantry. The father is a good workman; belongs to workman's club, and does not drink gin or rum. The mother works in a cloth manufactory. Both mother and father can read, and child is learning; air of neatness about the house above the ordinary. Diet. — Breakfast: Coffee, milk, bread sometimes in addition, cheese, or a little dried fruit. Dinner: Soup, beans and pork, and bread — sometimes cabbage (sauerkraut), eggs or bacon, etc. Supper: Coffee, milk, bread. Earnings of &ther $241 00 Eaa-nings of mother 116 00 Total 357 00 Cost of Living. Rent $36 00 Bread and flour 65 70 Coffee and mUk 25 55 Meats 36 50 Groceries 91 23 Clothing 41 00 Fuel and UghtH 15 00 Furniture, etc $30 00 Incidentals 7 50 Expenditures 348 48 Earnings 357 00 Surplus 8 52 EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE EECEIVEES IN EUROPE. 427 No. 27. Window-glass Bloweb— Disteict of Chaeleeoi. Condition. — Family of six: Parents, son aged 18, daughter aged 17, boy aged 15, giri aged 7. Father is an expert blower; son, glass flattener, boy of 15 worlis in glass, daughter same. The mother is oconpied only with household duties. Occupy house of five rooms, a small garden attached; clean, tidy appearance. Floors scrubbed and pol- ished, mats in parlor and large bedroom. All the family, excepting small gu?l, can read and wriie. Father saving and thrifty ; has money in savings bank. Diet. — Breakfast: Coffee, mUk, bread; sometimes eggs or bacon. Dinner: Vegetable ,or beef soup, potatoes, sauerkraut; occasionally beef, more often pork, bacon or simitar meat, rice or bread pudding. Supper: Coffee, milk, bread; occasionally prunes, dried fruit, or honey. Earnings of father $639 00 Earnings of son i 210 10 Earnings of daughter 99 00 Earnings of boy 75 00 Total 1, 023 10 Cost of lAvimg. Bent $75 00 Clothing 121 60 Bread ,_ 65 70 Coffee 18 25 Milk 29 20 Meats 62 50 Vegetables and groceries 255 50 Furniture, etc.a 65 00 Fuel and light $52 00 Incidentals 25 90 Expenditures 770 65 Earnings 1,023 10 Surplus 252 45 No. 28. WufDow-GLAss Makes — Disteict of Chaeleeoi. Condition. — Family of five: Parents, lioy aged 9, boy aged 8, girl aged 6. All but child work in glass manufactory. Occupy part of tenement house, two rooms — ^about 15 feet by 12, and one small room or pantry. Rooms clean but bare and nnattractire. Family save money and have a small sum in savings bank. Diet. — Breakfast: Coffee, rye bread. Dinner: Soup, potatoes, beets, cabbage, or simi- lar vegetable, sometimes pork or bacon, on feast days occasionally fresh meat. Supper: Coffee, rye bread. Earnings of father $193 00 Earnings of mother 130 00 Eaxnragaof two sons 120 00 Total; 443 00 Cott of Living. Fuel and light $3120 Religion and inddentalB 24 00 Rent $36 00 Bread 54 75 Coffee 14 60 Milk 32 75 Meats 9 60 Beer, wine, etc 18 25 Groceries, etc 146 00 Clothing and shoes 49 20 Expenditures 416 35 Earnings 443 00 Suiplns 26 65 a This item extraordinary ; not expended every year. 428 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. No. 29. Stone Mason— Beussbls. Condition. — Family numbers three: Parents and small child. Father is a stone mason, mother works in Unen manu&ctory. The father begins work in summer at 5.30 a. m. and works until 7 p. m., with two hours rest during the day. In winter begins at 7 a. m. and quits at 5.30 p. m., stopping during the day for rest and meals about one hour. Occupy lodgings, two rooms in crowded house — sleep and live in one room, cook and eat in the other. Booms plain and bare. Father can read and write, but does not belong to any club; drinks too much. Did. — Breakfiist: Rye bread, coffee, milk. Dinner: Soup, beans, cabbage, bread, cheese, . occasionally beer, bacon, salt pork, or fresh meat, cheese, rice pudding, etc. Supper: Eye bread, coffee, milk, sometimes dried stewed fruit. Earnings of father (290 days) ^ $261 00 Earnings of mother 130 50 Total 391 5C Cost of Living. Rent $28 00 Bread 32 85 Coffee and chicory 10 95 Milk 14 60 Meats 7 30 Beer and spirits 2175 Groceries 153 30 CaothLng 39 00 Shoes 6 25 Bedding, etc $12 33 Fuel and light 15 71 Religion and incidentals 15 00 Expenditures J57 04 Earnings 391 50 Surplus 34 46 No. 30. Weavee and Sugab Rbfinee — Lillb. Condition. — Family of four: Parents and two children. Occupy two rooms in tene- ment house. First room used for bedroom and parlor — looks neat. Second room used as kitchen — small and uncomfortable. The father works in the sugar refinery; the mother is a weaver in a manufactory of cotton cloth. Neither have much education. Children are being sent to school. Diet. — Breakfast: Rye bread, coffee, occasionally some potatoes. Ditmer: Soup, veg- etables (as beans, potatoes or cabbage, sauerkraut, etc.), bread, and occasionally salt pork or bacon, cheese, beer or buttermilk. Supper: Eye bread, coffee or beer. Earnings of father $188 5C Earnings of mother 116 00 Total ^ 304 50 Cost of Living. Rent $36 00 Bread 54 75 Potatoes 21 90 Coffee, milk, etc 43 80 Lard, butter, pig's fiit, etc. 10 92 Meats, groceries, etc. 58 40 Beer and spirituous liquors 28 25 Clothing and shoes ..- Fuel and incidentals _ $36 40 20 80 Expenditures 311 2Ss Earnings 304 50 Deficit . 6 74 No. 31. Lace Makbe and Ftjenittieh Joinee — Beussels. Co«diMo».— Family of seven: Parents, daughter aged 16, daughter aged 15, boy aged 12, girl aged 10, girl aged 9. Occupy three-room tenement house. Pleasant locality. The front room is used as dining room and parlor, and is carpeted Room to rear o/ JEAKNING8 AND EXPENSES OF WAGE KECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 429 parlor nsed for kitchen, bedroom apstairs. The father is a faimtnre maker. The mother makes lace; two oldest daughters work with mother. Family dress neatly; older members can read; drink a good deal of beer, but manage to save money; have an account in savings bank. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, coffee. Dinner: Vegetables, as sauerkraut, potatoes, beets, beans, etc., occasionally pork orsausage, cheese, bread, and beer. Supper: Bread, coffee, occasionally some sort of stewed dried irnit. Earnings of father J211 25 Earnings of mother 146 25 Earnings of other members of family 174 25 Total 531 75 Coat of Living. light and fuel $22 97 Incidentals 36 00 Expenditures 481 42 Earnings 531 75 Rent $45 00 Bread 91 25 Coffee, milk, etc 51 10 Meats J 17 66 Groceries and vegetables 129 69 Spirits, beer, etc. 26 50 Clothing-^ 6125 Surplus.. 50 33 No. 32. PUDDLEB — SEBAING. CbndtMom. ^Family numbers three: Parents and small child. Occupy tenement house, four rooms — kitchen, parlor or dining room, and two rooms on second floor; one large room used for sleeping apartment, one small room nsed as closet or store room. Parlor or dining room is carpeted, looks neat and cheerfdl. Bedroom plain but comfortable. Mother was formerly a wooUen weaver, is occupied now only by sewing and general household duties. Father is a puddler in iron works. Diet. — Breakfest: Bread, coffee, sometimes potatoes, or cheese. Dinner: Meat soup, vegetables, as beans, rice, potatoes, cabbage, etc. ; sometimes pork, fresh meat, or eggs, bread and wine or beer. Snpx)er: Rye bread, coffee, mUk, sometimes a little stewed flried fruit. Earnings of father $450 00 Co»t of Living. Bread $54 60 Meats 24 44 CoffeeandmUk 25 55 Groceries and vegetables 17155 ClothiQg 39 00 Shoes 11 00 Rent 48 00 Lightandfael $18 00 Incidentals 21 00 Expenditures 413 14 Earnings 450 00 Surplus 36 86 Eemaeks. — At this place are works comprising every branch of industry connected with the manufecture of iron, as coal mines, iron-stone mines, puddling furnaces, cast- steel works, engine factories, etc. In these various departments of iron and mining in- dustries, from nine to eleven thousand workmen are employed. The employ^ of the ' ' CockeriU Works ' ' at Seraiog enj oy in every way comforts and conveniencies greater than the ordinary. The hospital erected for the employfe of the works is kept up at a cost offrom $9,000 to $10, 000 per year. There are savings banks, sick fandS; good elementary schools, public kitchens and dining halls for such as desire to use them, and generally an air of thrift and well-being in gratifying contrast to the less favorable condition of the worljman elsewhere. 430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER 6V LABOR No. 33. Laboeee in Rolling Mill— Seeaing. Condition. — Family numbers five: Parents, son aged 15, son aged 14, girl aged 10 Occnpy tenement house of three rooms — ^two bedrooms and one small room ; use both an kitchen and dining room ; the house is not well furnished, but is clean and neat. Father is considered a good laborer, but not skilled. Diet. — Breakfest: Rye bread, ooflFee, sometimes potatoes or beans. Dinner: Soup (sometimes meat soup, sometimeB vegetable), potatoes, onions or cabbage, occasionally salt pork or bacon; on some Sundays and fiSte days, fresh meat or eggs; some kind of pudding, beer. Supper: Rye bread, coffee, milk. Earnings of fether $171 00 Earnings of mother 105 00 Earnings of other members of the family 153 00 Total 429 00 Rent |39 00 Bread 73 00 Coffee and milk 38 60 Meats 32 85 Potatoes 23 72 Groceries, vegetables, etc 112 20 Clothing 67 25 Lightandfhel , fl5 00 Incidentals 21 90 Ezpendituies 411 42 Earnings 429 00 Surplus 17 58 No. 34. WoKKMAN IN Machine Shops — SEBAiNa. Condition. — Single man, aged about 26. Hires lodgings and boards oat. Several lodgers in one room, but condition nevertheless feirly good. He is reckoned to be a good mechanic. Is thrifty. Has money in bank. Diet. — Breakfast: Rye bread, coffee, sometimes sausage or cheese. Dinner: Soup, meat, and potatoes, or other vegetables, as sauerkraut, onions, rice, etc., bread and pud- ding, or occasionally stewed dried fruit, and bread, beer, sometimes wine. Supper: Rye bread, coffee, milk. $191 40 Expenditures $159 66 Earnings 191 40 Surplus 31 74 Cost of Living. Lodging and fuel $18 00 Board 87 36 Clothing 25 35 Beer and spirits 10 95 Religion and incidentals 18 00 Itemited Cost of Workman' » Dinner. Piece of bread $0 01 ^up , 03 Meat and potatoes , 04 Dessert of rice, or bread pudding, or dried fruit 02 Beer 02 Total 13 No. 35. COLLIEB — Sebaing. Cbndaion.— Family numbers four: Parents and two children. Occupy tenement houM containing three rooms— house bare, but clean and neat ; no carpets, but front room, used as parlor and dining room, is provided with mats. The two children go to elementpiy school. Father works on an average ten hours per day. EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE EECEIVEES IN EUEOPE. 431 Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, coffee, sometimes potatoes or onions. Dinner: Sonp, vege- tables (as beans, cabbage, potatoes, or rice), sometimes sausage, pork, or bacon; once or twice a week a pudding of bread or rice; bread and beer. Supper: Bread, coffee, and milk. Earnings of father j226 00 Earnings of mother 90 oo Total... 315 00 Coat of Living. Clothing and shoes 543 75 Rent $36 00 Bread 51 10 Potatoes 18 25 Coffee and milk 40 15 Meats 12 77 FnelandUght 16 00 Groceries and beer 83 35 Incidentals 21 25 Expenditures 322 62 Earnings 315 00 Deficit 7 62 ENGLAND. Eemaeks. — The following figures, condensed by Sir John Lubbock, M. P., from the latest ofiGicial statistical report of the United Kingdom, are given as showing in a, general way the comparative state of affairs in England in 1860 and in 1885. Amounts are given in round numbers. Population in 1860 was under 29, 000, OOO Population in 1885 was over 36, 000, 000 Paupers in 1860 850,000 Paupers in 1885 780, 000 Crimimils convicted in 1860 14, 000 Criminals convicted in 1885 11, 000 I banks deposits in 1860 £40, 000, 000 I banks deposits in 1885 90, 000, 000 Income tax, schedule D, in 1860 120, 000,000 Income tax, schedule D, in 1885 291, 000, 000 National debt in 1860 822, 000, 000 National debt in 1885 740, 000, 000 Exports in 1860 165, 000, 000 Exports in 1885 296,000,000 Imports in 1860 — . 210, 000, 000 Imports in 1885 390,000,000 Shipping in 1860, tons 4,600, 008 Shipping in 1885, tons 7, 400, 00< Notwithstanding the evidence of these figures that affairs are more prosperous now than formerly, and notwithstanding the fact that the condition of the English workman is undoubtedly superior to that of his brother on the continent, much is yet to be de- sired, and in many ways his condition is in a far from prosperous state. Certainly a not unimportant cause of this is the extent to which the evU of intemperance prevails. The inquiry into the itemized expenses of laborers' families showed in some instances that 36 per cent, of the earnings of the head of the family (from 10 to 16 shillings out of a wage of from 25 to 30 shillings) went for beer, ale, or spirituous drink. Expenditures under this head of from lO to 20 per cent, appeared quite the rule. In most of the manufacturing cities and centers, workmen's clubs have been organized. These clubs are provided with reading rooms, lecture haUs, billiards, etc, ajid inqnit} 432 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. npon the subject provoked a cotomon opinion that they have exerted and are exerting a considerable influence for good. The detailed statements of earnings and expenditures which immediately follow are for the families of some employes of two mills at Hali&x. These mills, employing 800 operatives, are the largest cotton mills in Yorkshire. Raw cotton :&om Egypt and America is converted into hanks and warps at the rate of 60,000 pounds of yam per week — or about five hundred miles of yam per minute. The machinery used is of the most approved patterns, and for the most part is made in Lancashire, not above thirty miles distant. Three engines give an indicated power of 1,600 horse. The steam is gen- erated in five large boilers fed by mechanical stokers, consuming 5,000 tons of coal per year (wholesale price per ton, $1.80 to $1.92). A large quantity of the products of these mills is sold and manufactured into cloth in the vicinity of Hali&x. A consider- able proportion, however, is exported to Germany, Austria, and Italy, notwithstanding the high tariffs existing in those lands. In Grermany the tariff on every pound of foll- woisted yam is 2J cents. The other countries mentioned have similar or higher tariffe npon this article. Before going into the details of receipts and expenditures, a few words regarding wages of factory operatives at the tune these inquiries were made (December, 1885), may not be out of place. The rule is to pay by amount of work done. Taking the number of hours at 56J per week, the weekly earnings of a young woman (16 years of age and upward) of ordinary ability will average $2.40; one of extra ability wiU average $3.60. A young man (14 to 17 years of age) will earn, depending on skill and indxistry, from $2.88 to $3.12 per week. Mule minders earn from $7.20 to $8.16 per week. This work in England is considered unfit for women, a woman's skirt being apt to become caught in the machinery. In Scotland, however, in some mills women wear bloomers and fill the positions of mule minders, it is said, as satisfactorily as men. Children are, by act of Parliament, forbidden to work before the age of 10. Between the ages of 10 and 13 they are required to attend school half the day. If, at the close of his thirteenth year, the pupil fails to pass the examination fixed by law, he is re- quired to continue another year at school. If attendance at school be missed one day the child must make up for it by attending the whole of the next day, instead of one- half. Thus, up to the age of 10 the English laborer's children are not permitted to work at all; and from 10 to 13, and sometimes 14, the maximum number of hours he is per- mitted to work per week is thirty. Wagesof child just turned 10 years, 28J- hours $0 42 Wages of child 12 to 13 years, 28^ hours 84 Wages of child just turned 13 years, 56} hours 1 80 Wages of child just turned 13 years, 56} hoxus 2 44 Overlookers who understand machinery earn from $6 to $9.60 per week. In the two millH under consideration there are ten overlookers, or sUghtly over 1 per cent, of the total number of hands employed. Superintendents, one to each mill, average per- week $14.68. Pbioes m Halifax, EiraLAKD, Decembeb, 1885. Flour: No. 1 perpomid-.$0 02} to $0 03 No.,2 per pound— 02f to 02} per dozen.. 24 (in summer) , per dozen.. 12 to 18 Beef: No. 1 per pound.. 20 No. 2 per pound-. 12 to 16 KAUNJUS'GS ASB EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 433 Stlj^ar: White granulated per pound— $0 05^ BroiA-u granulated per pounds- 03 to f 04 Coal per ton— 3 60 House rent, two to three rooms..: per week.. 88 Gas per 1,000 cubic feet— 54 Shoes ■_ 1 92 Stoat working suit 6 00 to 8 73 No. 36. Spinnke — Halifax. Condition.- — Family numbers three : Parents and child. Occupy tenement house con- taming parlor and one bedroom, each about 15 by 12 feet, one small bedroom, and one kitchen or wash loom. Parlor is also used for dining room, has window opening on street, is carpeted, and looks clean and comfortable. The grate is adapted for baking bread and simple cooking, saving expense of extra fires. Father reads and writes, and is generally intelligent. Wife was formerly weaver, but does not work now. She has a brother in the army, and sister emigrated to New Zealand. Family are saving, have small account in savings bank. The father belongs to a social and reading club. On Saturdays work stops at 1 p. m. afternoon spent at foot ball, cricket, or other outdoor sport. Family dress well, look contented and cheerful. Diet. — Breakfast: Tea or cpfl'ee, bread and butter, sometimes bacon or eggs.' Dinner: Piece of beef or chop, bread, butter and potatoes, sometimes other vegetables and cheese, and several times a week pudding. Supper: Bread and butter, tea or coflee, occasion- ally dried fruit. Earnings of lather $411 32 Cost of Living. Gas, or other Ught $5 51 Fuel 14 25 Clubdues 1 44 Incidentals 11 96 Expenditures 412 23 Earnings 411 32 Rent $45 76 Bread 32 95 Meats 43 80 Coffee and tea... 14 56 Milk 21 90 Vegetables 25 55 Fmit 7 30 Groceries 149 65 Clothing 37 60 Deficit 91 No. 37. Mule Spinnee— Halifax. Condition. — Family numbers four: Parents and two children. Occupy four-room tenement house. Faiily comfortable. Father is a good workman ; but drinks too much, and often loses Mondays. Childxen go to school ; mother is a weaver. Diet. — Breakfast: Tea, bread and butter, sometimes pork or bacon. Dinner: Soup, roast beef or chop, potatoes, pickle, ale or beer, sometimes rice or plum pudding. Sup- per: Bread and butter, tea, coffee and milk, and what is left over from dinner. Earnings of father $312 00 Earnings of mother 218 40 Total 530 40 12854 LAB 28 4^4 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Coat of Rent $54 75 Bread and flour 69 45 Meats 62 05 Lard, butter, and cheese 69 45 Limng. Groceries — $29 20 Educational, amusements, etc.— 12 77 Clothing 53 25 Furniture, etc — 31 00 Milk.. Coffee . Tea__- 18 25 7 30 9 12 10 95 5 47 Beer, spirits, and tobacco 94 90 Light (gas and oil)- ExperiditureS — 527 91 Earnings 530 40 Surplus . 2 49 No. 38. Spinnee — Halifax. Condition. — Family numbers five: Parents and three children. Occripy house of three rooms, not including kitchen or wash room ; parlor used also as dining room ; is carpeted and looks neat. Two bedrooms on second floor ; one about 12 by 14 feet, the other smaller, occupied by the children. Viet. — Breakfast: Tea or coffee, bread and butter, sometimes potatoes and bacon. Din- ner: Meat or fish, vegetables, ale or beer, occasionally pudding. Supper: Bread and butter, tea or coffee, occasionally dried stewed fruit. Earnings of father I $374 40 Earnings of mother 187 20 Earnings of boy of 11 and girl of 12 64 48 Total 626 08 Cost of Liwng. Kent. $41 60 Bread 76 65 Coffee and tea 20 07 Meat and fish 98 55 Vegetables— 32 95 Milk 27 37 Groceries 186 15 Clothing 71 24 Fuel and light $23 44 Incidentals .— 29 50 Expenditures 607 52 Earnings 626 08 Surplus 18 56 No. 39. MuLB Sfinneb — Halifax. Condition. — Single man, aged about 23. Boards with family of mill operatives — four others in same room, which is, however, large and well ventilated, ha\ing two windows looking on the street. Young man has average skUl and industry. Belongs to Liberal club. Spends a good deal on biUiards and ale. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and biitter; sometimes bacon or pork, tea or coffee. Dinner: Soup, roast beef and potatoes, occasionally rice or cabbage, or other vegetable, and once or twice a week some sort of pudding. Supper: Bread, coffee, tea; sometimes potatoes warmed over: dried fruit. ' • 30 Earnings . $344 Cost of Living. Board, light and fael $182 52 Beer, ale, and tobacco.' 60 96 Clothing.. 21 75 Amusementa, club dues, etc 29 60 Shoes 4 76 Incidentals- _: $11 00 Expenditures 300 59 Earnings 344 30 Bnrplns. 43 71 RARNING8 AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERH IN EUROPE. 435 No. 40. OVEELOOKKR — HALIFAX. Conditimt. — Family numbers seven: Parents, girl aged 17, girl aged 15, three children from 5 to 12. Two oldest girls work in mills, the one as a spinner, the other as twister. Occupy tenement house of two floois, three rooms to the floor. The parlor is carpeted and the walls papered; looks neat and inviting. Bedrooms are comfortably furnished, and two of them have windows looking on the street. The family dress well; go to church. The father is member of a social club, is thrifty, and has money in the bank. Children go to school. The mother attends to household work, sewing, cooking, etc. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter, tea or coffee, occasionally potatoes, or remnants of dinner of day before, as piece of cold meat, beef, or bacon. Dinner : Chop with bread and potatoes, one other kind of vegetable, pudding. Supjier: Bread, tea or coffee. Earnings of &ther $468 00 Earnings of two daughters 260 00 Total. 728 00 Oogt of Living, Rent $62 40 Bread 91 25 Meats 94 90 Coffeeandtea 16 42 Milk 18 25 Vegetables 45 62 Beer and tobacco 74 82 Groceries 175 00 Clothing 71 50 School fees f6 24 Furniture a 39 25 Incidentals .?] 60 Expenditures 727 25 Earnings 728 00 Surplus 75 No. 41. Spinnee — Halifax. CondiHon.r—Faxaily numbers four: Parents, two children. Occupy tenement house, containing on second floor one bedroom, size 14 by about 12 feet; one small room, or rather large closet, over hall. On the first floor, one room with window looking on street, used as parlor and dining room, and smaU kitchen or washroom. Both the bed- room and parlor are neatly and comfortably fttmished. The children go to school. The father is skilful and industrious. The mother is a twister in cotton mill. Diet. — Breakfiiat: Coffee or tea, bread, and butter, sometimes bacon or pork. Dinner: Vegetables, as potatoes, cabbage and onions, meat (salted, or, several times a week, fresh beef, or chop), bread, and sometimes pudding, ale or beer. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee. Earnings of the father $405 60 Earnings of tiie mother 202 80 Total 608 40 Ooit of lAmng. Rent $49 92 Bread . 58 40 Meats 73 00 Coffeeandtea 20 81 Vegetables 32 85 Uioceries 185 92 Beer and tobacco . 38 37 Finit (gieen and dried) 10 95 light and fuel $23 86 Clothing and shoes 52 00 Incidentals 21 40 Expenditures . Earnings Surplus . 567 48 608 40 40 92 aBztTabrdlniUT expenses, not incurred every year. 436 REPORT OF THE. COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. No. 42. Mill tJnPKEiNTKNDENT— Halifax. Cmuiiiwit — Family uombers five: Parents, three children from 4 to 8 years old. Oc- cupy tenementhouse of fiverooms; pleasant locality; house is kept clean ; well famished ; is supplied with water and gas. Parlor is carpeted ; oil cloth in kitchen. Oldest child goes to school. Family dress well; possess more than average intelligence. The father earns about $14 per week. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter, tea or coffee; occasionally potatoes and fried ba- con or eggs. Dinner: Soup, roast beef, chop, or veal cutlet, vegetables (potatoes gen- erally, though sometimes rice, cabbage, onions, etc.), bread, and several times a week pudding. Supper: Bread and butter, coffee or tea, dried stewed fruit. Earnings of father $719 72 Cost of lAviti^. Rent and water rates $62 40 Bread 73 00 Meat and fish 89 43 Lard, butter, cheese, etc 65 70 Fruits (dried and fi:esh) 33 80 Coffeeand tea 27 37 Milk 20 07 Groceries, etc 112 00 Gas and other light 7 20 Fuel $23 40 Caothing 76 00 Incidentals— 39 25 Expenditures 629 62 Earnings 719 72 Surplus.— — 90 10 No. 43. Spinnee — Halifax. Omdition. — Family numbers eight : Parents, wife's sister, five otiildren 6 to 15 yearsof age. Occupy tenement house of four rooms. Rather dingy locality, house not well fur- nished. Parents and younger children occupy second-floor bedroom, size about 11 by 13 feet. Wife's sister and eldest daughter occupy smaU hall room adjoining. On the first floor one room, 11 by 13 feet, used as parlor and dining room, and in the rear a small room use,d as kitchen and washroom. The family dress poorly. Father drinks too much and often loses Mondays. The eldest daughter, aged 15, and vrife's sister also work in cotton mill. Earnings of father $322 40 Earnings of wife's sister 187 20 Earnings of daughter 104 52 Total 614 12 Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, tea or coffee, sometimes American bacon. Dinner: Bacon or pork, once or twice a week&esh meat, potatoes, etc. ; on Sundays a pudding, ale or beer, and bread. Supper: Bread and butter, coffee or tea; occasionally a little cheese. Cost of Ldmng. Fuel and light $18 75 Ed ucation and incidentals 13 40 Expenditures 623 76 Earnings 614 12 Rent $44 20 Breadand flour 116 80 Vegetables 65 00 Meats 46 50 Groceries 182 00 Beer, ale, and tobacco 87 60 Clothing 49 51 Deficit 9 64 No. 44. Oabpet Wxavkb — Halifax. Condition. — ^Family numbers tour : Parents and two smaU children. Occupy two- rtory house, two rooms to each floor. House plain but clean. The fionily dress neatly EARNIA'GS AND KXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 437 and live woll. The liither is oober and industrious. Can save money ordinarily, bnt ia cramped now because children are very young and the mother ia not able to work. JHet. —Breakfast: Bread, coffee, milk. Dttiner: Soup, bacon, cheese, several times ,1 week- fresh meat, as beef or chops, potatoes, rice or beans, bread, and beer. Sup- per: Bread and butter, tea r coffee, sometimes potatoes, cold meat, or other remnant of dinner. .-TQinga j3g4 ^o Coal of lAiring. Rent.-- $42 12 Bread— 47 45 Milk 18 25 Coffee and tea 21 90 Grocerips 133 05 Meats 31 20 Beer, ale, and spirits 14 60 Clothing -. 31 00 Fuel aad light $17 25 Incidentals 32 40 Expendituim 389 22 Earnings 364 00 Deficit . 25 22 No. 45. Cabpet Weaves — Hai.ikax. Condition. — Family numbers six: Parents, three children, and mother of the father. Occupy tenement house of four rooms; unattractive locality. The rooms are bare and poorly famished. The mother also is a carpet weaver. The father averages fifty-six and one-half hours per week; the mother is delicate and unable to work full time. Diet. — Breakfest: Bread, coffee or tea, occasionally molasses. Dinner: Lentils, i)0ta- toes, pork or bacon, or several times per week beef, bread, ale, or beer ; Sundays a bread, rice, or other pudding. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee. Earnings of father ?;.'{74 40 Earnings of mother = 144 00 Eamingsof boy- 31 20 TVital 549 60 Cogt of Living. Kent $41 60 Bread and flour 87 60 Coffee and tea 23 72 Milk 21 90 Groceries, ale, beer, and tobacco-- 223 60 Meats 41 32 Clothing, shoes, and hats 69 40 Light and fuel |21 16 Education and incidentals 22 37 Expenditures 542 67 EamingB 549 60 Surplus . 693 No. 46. Wool Soeteb — ^Halifax. -Family numbers eight: Parents, five children, aged &om 3 to 13 years, and girl aged about 17, sister of the father. Occupy four-room tenement house, plainly fttr- nished and altogether too small for the family. Three rooms are used for sleeping apartments; the fourth room serves for kitchen, dining and wash room. The sister and two eldest children work in the same mill, which produces carpets. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter, coffee or tea. Dinner: Meat and potatoes, rice or lentils, bread and butter, beer; sometimes bread, rice or other pudding. Supper: Bread; butter, tea or coffee; occasionally dried fruit, or leavingB of dinner. Earnings of father ^12 00 Eamingsof sister-' 209 04 Earnings of two childreB 66 58 Total *^ *» 438 KEPORT OF THE COMMiaSlONEK OF LABOlt. Cost vf Limiiy. Rent $46 28 Bread and floTua ,. 105 85 Beer, spiritfi, and tobacco 54 38 Teaandcofifee 19 24 Milk 23 12 Gas and othei light 6 24 Fuel 13 40 Vegetables 26 77 Meats 49 92 Groceries $189 lb Clothing 57 50 Incidentals, etc 22 50 Expenditures 614 96 Earnings 587 64 Deficit 27 32 No. 47. Caepbt Wbavee — Halifax. Condiiion. — Family nnnxbers three: Parents and child. Occupy upper half of tene- ment house of four rooms. The father is industrious and thrifty; has small sum in sav- ings bank; is a member of reading and social club. The mother dresses neatly, and works half time. Diet. — Breakfest: Bread, butter, sometimes bacon, coffee or tea. Dinner: Soup, bacon, pork, or often fresh meat (mutton or beef ), potatoes, rice, ale or beer; Sundays, a pudding. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee, occasionally potatoes warmed over, or cheese. Earnings of father $375 00 Earnings of mother 113 36 Total 488 36 Cost of Living. Rent $24 96 [ Bread and flour a 49 27 Meate 73 00 j Lard, butter, etc 40 15 | Teaaud coffee ,. 18 20 ■ Milk 19 42 i Beer and ale - 23 73 Groceries 145 65 j Caub dues 1 44 '■ Fuel and light $16 50 Clothing 37 40 Carpet 155 Incidentals 23 30 Expenditures 474 57 Earnings „ 488 36 Surplus 13 79 No. 48. Spinnee — LajcDS. Condition. — Family numbers five: Parents, and three children from 4 to 11 years of age. Occupy tenement house of three good-sized rooms, and one haU room. First floor front room used as dining room and parlor; is carpeted and looks cheerful and inviting. Family drees well; seem saving and industrious. Two older children go to school. Diet. — Breakfast : Bread, bacon, sometimes cheese, coffee or tea. Dinner : Beef, veg- tables, bread, and beer; once or twice a week, pudding. Supper: Bread, coffee or tea, occasionally molasses, or remnants of dinner. Earnings of father $395 20 Earnings of mother ; 172 80 Earnings of boy, half time . 23 40 Total 591 40 . a The mother bakes her own bread, aud frequently has for breakfast or aupper ' soones," a kind of hot broad or cnke. EAKNIIJGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE KECJ'UVEES IN EUROPE. 439 Coxt of IJnititj. Rent $51 40 Bread and floni— 80 30 Milk 18 25 Teaand coffee— 22 88 Cheese 9 90 Meats 76 65 Spirits and tobacco 36 50 Groceries 182 50 Clothing $49 75 Fuel and light 21 05 Religion and incidentals 19 70 Expenditures 568 88 Earnings 59140 Surplus 22 52 Remaeks. — The same general conditions prevail here as at Halifax. The workman's home consists ordinarily of a tenement house containing three to six rooms. There is no material difference in the wages of this district and of Halifax. An industrious man weaver may average 30 shillings C$7.20) per week; a woman weaver from $3.60 to $5 per week, according to skill and industry. A bricklayer averages 5 to 6 shillings ($1.20 to $1.44) per day, and generally wages are about as stated in the figures for Halifax. No. 49. Engineer in "Woolen Mill — Leeds. Condition. — Family numbers seven : Parents, three children 5 to 10 years of age, and two girls aged 12 and 13. Occupying comfortable cottage containing four rooms and a small kitchen or wash room. The bedrooms are comfortably furnished ; two of them have windows looking on street. Family dress well and go to church. The father does not absolutely need the assistance of the two older children, but prefers that they grow up industrious. They go to school half of each day and work in mills the other half, excepting on Saturdays and Sundays, when they neither work nor attend school. The father is industrious and saving, has account in savings bank, is member of club, and does npt drink to excess. Viet. — Breakfast: Bread, tea or coffee; sometimes bacon and potatoes. Dinner: Soup, and the meat of the soup (several times a week fresh meat), rice or lentils, potatoes, bread, ale or beer. Supper: Bread and butter, coffee, tea, mUk, and occasionally a little dried fruit. Earnings of :&ther ^386 88 Earnings of mother 1^2 40 Earnings of two girls '■ ^* ^° Total ^^^ '^^ • Coat of Living. Rent $62 40 Bread and flour 87 60 Meats 91 25 Tea and coffee 20 02 Milk 16 47 Vegetables 33 85 Groceries 164 25 Clothing 69 90 Fuel and light $23 50 House ornaments, etc 17 50 Incidentals 31 40 Expenditures 618 14 Earnings 643 76 Surplus 25 62 No. 50. Beicklathe— Leeds. Condition.— Femsilj numbers six : Parents, son aged 16, girl about 15, and two children. .Occupy cottage with four rooms, not including smaU wash room or kitchen. House is not weU furnished, and general appearance is not inviting. The father is a good brick- layer, but drinks a good deal and does not work full time. The son and oldest daughter work in wooUen nulls. Family dress poorly. 440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOSTER OF LABOR. Earnings of father $288 00 Earnings of son 162 24 Earnings of daughter 156 00 Total 606 24 Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, bacon, coffee. Dinner: Bacon or pork, or occasionally ham or beef, potatoes, ale or beer, bread; on Sundays a pudding of some sort. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee; sometimes potatoes warmed over, or other remnant of dinner. Coat of lAving. Rent $49 92 Bread and floni 91 25 Coffeeandtea 17 68 Milk 14 60 Meats 52 86 Beer, ale, gin, and tobacco 102 20 Groceries 193 45 Clothing 40 20 Shoes 11 50 Light and fuel $19 75 Bedding, etc l 12 49 Education and incidentals 18 20 Expenditures 624 10 Earnings-^ 606 24 Deficit. 17 86 No. 51. DOCK-YAED LABOEEE— LrVTESPOOL. Condition. — Family numbers five : Parents and three children. Occupy two small rooms in large tenement house. Surroundings are uncomfortable and uncleanly. The family dress miserably. All drink too much, and their general condition is one of hardship and poverty. The father is a " substitute ' ' dock-yard laborer. When working earns 10 cents an hour, but does not average above five or six hours per working day. The mother goes out house cleaning, scrubbing, etc. The children for the most jiart left to care for themselves are growing up, apparently, to become either beggars or criminals. , Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and coffee. Dinner: Bread, potatoes or beans, sometimes bacon or soup and soup meat. Supper: Bread and coffee; occasionally potatoes or beans warmed over, or a little cheese. Earnings of father $155 95 Earnings of mother 100 00 Total 255 95 Cost of Living. . Beer and spirits $22 00 Rent $24 96 Bread and fionr 76 65 Coffee and chicory 13 00 Milk Meats Cheese Potatoes - Groceries - 10 95 16 42 8 34 12 72 49 27 Clothing 21 90 Light, fdel, and incidentala 17 00 Expenditures 273 21 Earnings 255 95 Deficit . 17 26 Rkmaeks. — This class of labor is as poorly paid, and is in as miserable a condition, as perhaps any class of labor in the kingdom. Though the absolute sum received by the regularly employed navvy is greater than the wage of a laborer or even a skiUed mechanic in Italy, yet the former has a more inclement and trying climate, his wants, fancied or real, are more numerous, and he is less able to maintain health and happiness on 80 cents a day than is done in Italy on half that sum. EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 441 The condition of the irregularly employed navvy is, of course, even more deplorable. The docks of London, Liverpool, and the other large ports are crowded with these mis- erable men awaiting the uncertain chance of a few hours' employment. Through the fogs and drizzling rains of the long English winters they stand around shivering, and when a vessel arrives to be unloaded a hundred men apply where perhaps only ten are needed. In short, this class of men, though willing, even anxious to work, may be re- garded as in a state little short of beggary. Within the last iive years charitable societies have turned their attention in some de- gree toward this large and needy class, and now, at many places, especially the London docks, stands have been established where are furnished at nominal prices plain but nourishing meals, consisting ordinarily of hot soup, beef hash, coffee, bread, and, when any desert, a piece of pie or bit of pudding. Were it not for this charity, it would be difficult to understand how many of the London and Liverpool and other dock-yard nav- vies succeed in existing. No. 52. Navvy — Liveepool. Condition. — ^FamUy numbers six : Parents, boy aged 14, and three children 7 to 11 years of age. Occupy two rooms on third floor of large lodging house ; one room has a window looking on dim cottrt; other room opens on hallway at head of steps and has no window; bad light and bad air; general appearance unfavorable. The father is "first hand " navvy, that is, is regularly employed when there is work ; boy of 14 works in a grocery store; the mother does some washing, cooks, and attends to household. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter; occasionally cheese, molasses, coffee. Dinner: Bread and potatoes, pork or bacon, and sometimes soup and the meat of the soup. Sup- per: Bread and coffee. Earnings of father $223 00 Earnings of mother 99 84 Earnings of boy ^2 40 Total 385 ^ Oogt of Living. Rent $31 20 Bread and flour 87 60 Coffee and tea 15 42 Milk 10 95 Meats 43 80 Vegetables 3102 Groceries 76 17 Clothing and shoes 39 90 Beer, ale, and tobacco $26 30 Education and incidentals 23 55 Expenditures 385 91 Earnings 385 24 Deficit . 67 No. 53. DocK-TAED Labokee — Liveepool. OTOdiMom.— Family numbers four: Parents, child, and mother of the husband. Oc- cupy two rooms looking on court. The rooms are rather bare, but are kept neat and clean. The father works at the docks, the wife sews on rough work for ready-made clothing firms. The grandmother, who is feeble, looks after the house and child. The head of this family may be considered doing as well as the average industrious navvy. Diet—BveakSast: Bread, coffee or tea. Dinner: Bread, potatoes, salt pork, and beans, or sometimes soup and soup meat, or fresh meat, coffee or beer. Supper: Bread and butter, tea or coffee. „ . , „ ^, L $225 36 Earnings of Either Earnings of mother 180 54 Total- 405 90 442 REPOiJT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Goat, of Living. J{ent $31 20 Bread and floui 65 70 Coffee, chicory, and tea __. 16 60 Meats 44 75 Cheese, butter, and eggs 21 86 Groceriea 142 35 Clothing 43 00 Fuel and light $17 25 Incidentals 20 95 Expenditures 403 66 Eainings 405 90 Surplus . 2 24 No. 54 BeICKLAYBE— LiVEEPOOL. Condition. — Family numbers five: Parents, and three children liom 1 to 5 years of age. Occupy small cottage of four rooms; surroundings good. The father is in- dustrious; ordinarily could save money, but with present large young family is just able to make both ends "meet. Family dress neatly; the mother, in addition to caring for the children, cooks and does all household work. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter, coffee or tea, sometimes cheese or molasses. Din- ner: American bacon, or, several times per week, fresh beef, potatoes, or beans, beer; Sundays a pudding. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee, and occasionally meat or po- tatoes left from dinner. Earnings of father ...: $384 40 Coat of Living. Rent $53 04 Bread and flour 63 61 Meat 54 38 Groceries, beer, and ale 95 46 Tea and coffee :.- 15 62 MUk : 15 16 Fuel and light 18 44 Clothing (including shoes) $39 50 Incidentals, including medical at- tendance 29 20 Expenditures 384 40 Earnings 384 40 No. 55. Beicklaybe — Manchestee. Condition. — Family numbers four: Parents and two children. Occupy cottage ol three rooms and small kitchen; pleasant locality; general air of the place, one of com- fort. The femUy dress neatly; mother attends to house ajid children and sews; the father is a good and industrious bricklayer, making on an average 32 shillings 6 pence ($7.80) per week. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread, butter, coffee or tea; sometimes bacon and molasses. Dinner: Bread, potatoes, rice or beans, pork or beef, ale; once or twice a week (generally Sun- days) a pudding. Supper: Bread, tea or coffee, now and then cheese, or remnants of dinner, as potatoes warmed over, etc. Earnings of father $405 60 Cost of Living. Rent $62 40 Bread and flour 49 32 Meats 51 66 Coffee and tea 14 60 Milk 12 77 Vegetables ,... 18 25 Groceries 92 87 Oil and other light 3 65 Fuel $14 40 Beer, tobacco, etc 18 72 Clothing 42 00 Religion and incidentals 24 96 Expenditniea 405 60 EaminjtB— , .. 405 60 BAKNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE. 443 No. 56. Cabpentee — Disteict op Manchestdr. Condition. — Family numbers seven: Parents, and five children from 3 to 14 years of age'. Occupy five-room tenement. House plainly but comfortably furnished. The parlor, used also for dining room, has carpet and a lew cheap pictures. This room is also used for light cooking, the "fireplace stove" being arranged for that purpose. There is, however, a small room used as kitchen and ■wash room. The boy of 1 4 works in cotton miU, though not full time. The father is a good carpenter; averages f 1.44 per day, or $8.64 per week. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and butter, tea or coffee; occasionally cheese or bacon or potatoes. Dinner: Soup, meat of the soup, several times a -week fresh meat, potatoes, bread, and beer, and Sundays rice or other pudding. Supper: Bread, butter, tea or coffee, and occasionally cheese or molasses. Earnings of father $432 00 Earnings of son 93 00 Total 525 00 Coat of Living. Rent $67 60 Bread and flour 101 92 Meats 57 67 Coffee and tea 20 87 MUk 11 52 Sugar and molasses 14 79 Vegetables 24 28 Cheese 6 30 Lard 7 30 Butter $9 95 Other groceries 103 85 Light and fuel- 21 75 Clothing and shoes 63 45 Incidentals 13 75 Expenditures 525 00 Earnings 525 00 No. 57. Blacksmith— Disteict of Bibmingham. Condition. — Family ntunbers five: Parents and three children. Occupy cottage con- taining three rooms. House is passably comfortable, though rather too small for the size of the family. Two rooms are used for sleeping; the third room serves as dining room, kitchen, and parlor. The father is a horseshoer. Diet.— Bieakfaat: Breadand butter, or cheese, tea or coffee. Dinner: Pork and beans, potatoes, or rice ; sometimes fi:esh meat and pudding ; bread. Supper : Bread, tea or coffee, \ occasionally molasses, or potatoes or other food warmed over from dinner. EamiQgs of father $364 00 Coat of Living. Kent $44 20 Breadandflonr 69 45 Meats 31 07 Coffee and tea 12 77 Milk 18 85 Vegetables ^ 19 90 Cheese and butter 16 16 OU and other light — 3 12 Fuel 13 48 Groceries $106 49 Clothing 34 56 Incidentals 9 60 Expenditures 379 65 Earnings 364 00 Deficit— 15 65 No. 58. Shokmakeb— DiSTBicr of Lkbds. OmdttoK.— Single man, aged about 23. Boards with workman's family in tenement house. Is a "cutter," and earns per day, on an average, 4 shillings and 5 pence ($1.06). E^i,^ »330 7a 444 REPORT OK THK COMMISSIONER OK LABOR. Cott of Living. Incidentals $30 60 Expenditures 252 69 Earnings 330 72 Board, with light and fuel $149 24 Clothing 16 09 Shoes 3 84 Other clothing (shirts, imdervrear, etm 1 to 7 years of age. Occupy two small and miserably famished rooms. Un- pleasant locality, poor light, and bad air. The mother and sister work in the fields. Diet. — Breakfast: Bread and coffee. Dinner: No regular dinner; the fether takes lunch to work; the women carry food to the fields; consists usually of rye bread, beer, occasionally bit of sausage. Supper: Eye bread, beer, potatoes, or cabbage in various forms (sauerkraut, etc.), sometimes cheese, egg cakes, or sausage. Earnings of father $168 48 Earnings of mother and sister 190 20 Total 358 68 Cost of lAving. Bread and flour $65 70 Coffee and chicory 18 72 Milk 16 16 Potatoes and cabbage 36 40 Groceries, etc 89 16 Bent 25 92 Clothing 41 90 Fuel and light $16 43 Luxuries (beer and tobacco) 52 56 Incidentals 5 73 Expenditures J 368 68 Earnings 358 68 Deficit . 10 00 No. 68. Mason— DiSTEioT of Cologne, Peussia. Condition. — Family numbers seven: Parents and five children. Occupy two rooms on narrow street. The rooms are bare, but clean. Family seem thrifty and industrious. Father is a good workman; the mother averages about 30 cents a day, sewing in shirt . factory. 2)ie<.— Breakfest: Black bread and coffee. Dinner: Soup, soup meat, bread and beer, and potatoes. At 4 o'clock bread and beer. Supper: Bread, beer or coffee, sometimes potatoes (left over from dinner). Earnings of father $262 08 Earnings of mother 108 00 Total 370 08 12854 LAB ^29 450 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Oo^ of Living. Bread $52 56 Vegetables (mostly sauerkrant] „ 49 92 Coflfee 15 60 MUk 12 48 Meats 24 96 Groceries 49 92 Beer —^ 28 25 Kent 34 56 aothing 544 79 Furniture 7 20 Fuel and light 12 95 Incidentals 19 28 Eipenditnres 352 47 Earnings 370 08 Surplus 17 61 No. 69. Caepkntke— Cologne. Condition. — Family numbers six: Parents and four children. Occupy two rooms; poor light and bad air; rooms most meagerly famished. The father is an industrious carpen. ter, gets feir ■vrages, and condition would be better were his family not so young, and were not the mother in too feeble health to do steady work. IHet. — Breakiast: Bread and coffee. Dinner: Soup, soup.meat, potatoes or cabbage, bread and beer. Occasionally, instead of soup, bacon or sausage. At 4 o'clock, lunch of bread and beer. Supper: Eye bread and beer. Earnings of the father _ $268 32 Earnings of the mother 31 20 Total 299 52 Cost of Limng. Bread $51 10 Coffee amd chicory 13 52 MUk - 15 60 Eggs 6 24 Meats- — — 17 47 Potatoes, cabbage, etc 37 44 s of any kind in which employes or operatives to the number of thirty or more are' steadily or casually at work, such factories, etc., being three or more stories high, 8u«h persons employing shall provide such buildings vrith safe external means of escape, so arranged that in case of fire the ground can be readily reached from the third or higher floors. Fire inspectors must designate the number and kind of and the-manner in which said external fire escapes are to be ereo ted, and give notice of the same to such employer!. LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 473 Failure or refbsal to comply with notice after ninety days after receipt thereof is pun- iahable by fine up to $300, and the violator is liable in damages for death or personal injury from fire. (Public Laws 1882, chapter 110, p. 142.) No boy under 12 or girl under 14 years of age shall be employed in any fiictory, mine, workshop, or establishment where the manu&cture of amy kind of goods whatever is carried on. No child between 12 and 15 years of age shall be so employed unless such child has attended public day or night school, or weU-recognized private school, at least five days or evenings in each week for at least twelve consecutive weeks in the twelve months next preceding employment; such attendance may be divided into two terms of six consecutive weeks each, so far as the arrangements of school terms will permit, and unless such child or his parent or guardian shall have presented to the employer a certificate, to be signed by the teacher, giving the name of the parent or guardian, the naMieandnumberofschoolsattended,andnumberof weeks' attendance: Provided, That if age be not known, teacher may certify to the best of his abUity ; and. Provided, That in case of orphan children, where necessity may require, the inspector may permit employ- ment upon the application of the guardian. This act does not apply, so far as hours of employment are concerned, to persons en- gaged in preserving perishable goods in fruit-canning establishments. Governor, with advice of senate, shall appoint a " factory and workshop inspector," who must report annually to the governor by or before October 31. He shall appoint, with the governor's approval, two ' ' deputy inspectors. ' ' His salary is $1 , 800 a year, with the right to travel free on railroads. The salaries of his deputies are fixed at $1,000 each annually. It is the duty of these oflicers to enforce this act and all laws relating to the sanitary conditions of factories and workshops, and the employment, safety, pro- tection, and compulsory attendance at school of minors, and to institute suits in the name of the inspector. They have power to demand from physicians certificates of the physical condition of minors, and may prohibit the employment of minors who cannot obtain such certificates. They may require parents and guardians to furnish certificates from the registry of births, or an affidavit of the age of minors, false swearing in which is perjury. Employers violating act forfeit $50 for each offense, recoverable in an action of debt. Parents or guardians knowingly permitting wrongful employment forfeit $50 in an action by the inspector, execution in which to run against the person. Affidavits of parents and guardians as to age conclusive in trials against employers. Inspector or dep- uties finding minor working under false certificate may compel him to desist. (Public Laws of 1884, chapter 137, p. 200, supplementary to Public Laws of 1883, chapter 57, p. 59.) It is not unlawful for any two or more persons to unite, combine, or bind themselves by oath, covenant, agreement, alliance, or otherwise, to persuade, advise, or encourage, by peaceable means, any person to enter into any combination for or against leaving or en- tering into the employment of any person or corporation. (Public Laws of 1883, chapter 28, p. 36.) Manufecturers requiring fi»m«mploy&, under forfeiture of wages, notice of intention to qnit, shall be liable to like forfeiture if they discharge employes without similar no- tice, unless in case of a general suspension of business. Accidents in workshops, mines, and factories must be at once reported to workshop inspector at Trenton and city or district physician. Belting, shafting, gearing, and drums in factories and workshops dangerous to em- ployes to be securely guarded when possible, otherwise notice of danger to be conspicu- ously posted. No minor under 18, or woman, shall clean ge»'Tng or machinery when in motion, oi work between traversing part of any machine while in motion by mechanical power. Openings of hoistways, etc., on floors in factories and mercantile buUdings must ba pnvtected by trap doors, self-closing hatches, or guard rails three feet high. 474 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Explosives or inflammable compounds not to be nsed so as to render hazaidons egnea in case of flie. No minor nnder 16 employed more tban ten hours a day or sixty hours a week in any mannfacturing, mercantile, or mechanical establishment. Snitable places to be provided, where females perform unclean work, for them to wash and dress, and stairways used by them must be screened. Separate water closets for the sexes must be provided. Inspector may have power to prohibit overcrowding in fiwitories when he, supported by a physician's opinion, believes it to exist. Inspector may order fim or mechanical apparatus to prevent the inhalation of dust in establishments where dust is generated by the work. Factories and mines must be ventilated, to be as near harmless as possible. Provision is made for the construction and ventilation of bake houses. » Workmen and others must not sleep where bread is made. Violation of act subjects offender to a penalty of $50 for each offense in an action of debt, execution to run against the body. (Public Laws of 1885, chapter 188.) Parents, guardians, or other persons controlling chUdreiifi-om 12 to 16 years old, tem- porarily discharged from employment to receive instruction, must send them to school while so out of employment, unless excused by Inspector or school board, under fine of from $10 to $25 for first oflfense, and a fine of $25 or imprisonment from one to three months for each subsequent offense, fines to go to the school fund. When no school within two mUes of factory or shop where child under 15 is employed, or of his residence, attendance at school temporarily approved by inspector is compliance with the law. (Public Laws of 1885, chapter 217. ) By Public Laws of 1880, chapter 138, page 170, provisions were made for the arbitra- tion of labor disputes before an arbitrator selected by employers, another by employes, and a third by the other two. Arbitration is voluntary, but after submission the award is binding. Other legislation was adopted up to 1880, but it is mainly covered by subse- quent enactments. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. An act similar to the Colorado act provides for the safety and health of miners and the inspection of coal mines. There must be at least two shafts, slopes, or outlets sep- arated by natural strata of 150 feet in breadth. The amount of ventilation required is not less than fifty-five cubic feet per second of pure air, or 3,300 feet per minute, for every fifty men working, and as much more as circumstances may require. There is no mine inspector, but his duties are performed by an inside overseer for every mine, appointed by the owner or agent thereof. Any neglect on the part of the overseer wilfnlly is a misdemeanor, and if death ensue he is guilty of manslaughter. (Compiled Laws of 1884, sections 1575 to 1585, inclusive; Laws of 1882, chapter 57.) By Compiled Laws of 1884, section 1568, Laws of 1876, chapter 38, it is provided that in estimating the worth of labor required to be performed upon any mining claims to hold the same by the laws of the United States, in the regulatioBof mines, the value of a day's labor is fixed at $4, provided that in the sense of this statute eight hours of labor actually performed upon a mining claim shall constitute a day's labor. NEW YORK. Employers of females in any mercantile or manufacturing business or occupation must provide and maintain suitable seats for the use of such female employ^ to such an extent as may be reasonable for the preservation of their health. Violation is a miademeanor. (Raviaed StatutM, p. 1089; Laws of 1681, chapter 398.) LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 475 No conspiracy is punishable criminally unless it is one of those eumnerated in the last two sections, and the orlerly and peaceable assembling or cooperation of persons em- ployed in any calling, trade, or handicraft for the purpose of obtaining an advance in the rate of wages, or compensation, or of maintaining such rate is not a conspiracy (Laws of 1882, chapter 384, amending section 170, Penal Code.) Nothing in this code shall be so construed as to prevent any person Ixom demanding an increase of wages, or from assembling and using all lawful means to induce employ- ers to pay such wages to all persons employed by them as shall be a just and fair com- pensation for services rendered. (Laws of 1882, chapter 384, amending section S75, Penal Code.) The manufacture of cigars or the preparation of tobacco in any form on any floor or in any part of any floor in any tenement house is forbidden in cities having over 500.000 population, if such floor, or any part of such floor, be by any person occupied as a home or residence for the purpose of living, sleeping, cooking, or doing any household work therein. Any house, building, or portion thereof occupied as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another, and doing their own cooking upon the premises, is a tenement house. The first floor, if cigars or tobacco be there sold, is exempt from the provisions of this act. Violation of act is a misdemeanor punishable by fine of from $10 to $100, or by im- prisonment from ten days to six months, or both. (Laws of 1884, chapter 272, super- ceding Laws of 1883, chapter 93. ) A person employing or directing another to perform labor in the erection, repairing, altering, or painting of any house, or building, or other structure, who shall knowingly or negligently furnish and erect, or cause to be furnished for erection, for or in the per- formance of such labor, such unsuitable or improper scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, or other mechanical contrivances as will not give proper protection to the life and Umb of any person so employed, Ls guilty of a misdemeanor and may be fined up to $500, or be imprisoned from thirty days to six months, or both. (Laws of 1885, chapter 314). By Revised Statutes, page 2354, Laws of 1870, chapter 385, it is provided that eight hours shall be a day's work for mechanics, workingmen, and laborers, except in farm or domestic labor, but overwork for extra pay is permitted. This act applies to those employed by the state or municipality, or employed by persons contracting for state work. Violation of act by officers subjects them to removal, and violation or evasion by contractors is pxmishable by fine of from $100 to $500, and, at option of the state, a for- feiture of the contract. By Eevised Statutes, page 1206, Laws of 1874, chapter 421, no child of less than 14 years of age shall be employed during school hours, unless such child has attended a public or private day school or been satisfactorily instructed at home for fourteen of the pre- ceding fifty-two weeks of every year. The usual certificate of attendance is provided for, and a fine of $50 is made the penalty for each violation of the act. omo. It is the duty of the owners or agents of factories or workshops, if more than two Btories high, to provide convenient exits from the different upper stories, easily accessible in case of fire. Mayors of cities or viUagea must require owners or agents of such facto- ries or workshops to provide such exits within sixty days after receipt of written nottee from them. Owners or agents refusing compliance with such notice forfeit from $50 to $300 a month, recoverable by action for the use of the city or village where building is situated. M»yor», or ohiefi, or other heada of poUce, as inspectors of fire escapes, must ssunina 4V6 EEPOEf OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOE. bnildiags covered by this act once a year and report to city councUa. (Laws of 1883, p. 187, amending sections 2573, 2574, and 2575 of the Revised Statutes.) An act similar to the Colorado act provides for the inspection of mines. The following is the legislation thereon since 1880: All safety lamps in coal mines must be property of mine owner and in charge of mine agent ; in all mines doors used lor assisting ventilation must shut of their own accord and not be able to stand open; mining boss must keepcarefnl watch over ventilation and measure it once a week at the inlets, outlets, and faces of all entries; measurements must be recorded and furnished mine inspector monthly. (Laws of 1881, p. 80, amending sec- tion 301, Revised Statutes.) Miners and land owners shall have access to mines and examine machinery and scales and apparatus to test their accuracy; may designate persons, one for each, to see weights, measures, and accounts; and miners may appoint two of their number to inspect once a month mines and machinery and measure ventilating current; owners shall afford every facility, and committee must report within ten days to mine inspector. ( Laws of 188] , p. 129, amending section 305, Revised Statutes. ) Ventilation of all coal mines shall be not less than 100 cubic feet per minute, per per- son employed, so circulated as to render harmless gas in working place.s, and no working place shall be driven more than 120 feet in advance of a break-through, all which, ex- cept those last made, shall be closed up air tight, so that air currents shall sweep through the mine; artificial means of producing ventilation must be provided, such as suction fans, exhaust-steam furnaces, etc. ; mines generating firedamp must be kept free from standing gas and examined every morning by competent persons with safety lamps be- fore workmen are allowed to enter. (Laws of 1881, page 148, amending section 298, Re- vised Statutes.) Owners or agents of mines having excavation 15,000 yards wide must make map, 200 feet to the inch, showing actual condition of mines, lines of adjoining lands and names of owners, to be annually improved to show changes of condition during preceding year, or semi-annually when mine inspector directs; map to be kept at mine office and a copj filed, when requested by inspector, at Columbus; inspector makes map at owner's cost when owner refuses; owner refusing, after sixty days' notice from inspector maybe fined $5 a day until map or addition is made; when mines are exhausted or abandoned, maps must be made, before pillars are drawn, showing the last workings, to be filed vrith the county recorder within ninety days, with sworn certificate of its correctness from engi- neer making map and mining boss. (Laws of 1883, p. 57, amending section 296, Revised Statutes). The state is divided into three mining districts, governor to appoint a chief inspector for four years at $5,000 bond, and the latter three district inspectors for three years at $2,000 bond. Chief must have knowledge of chemistry, mineralogy, and the geology of Ohio, so far as such knowledge relates to mining, and a practical knowledge of mining engineering, the different systems of working and ventilating mines, and the nature and property of noxious gases. Inspectors must give their whole time to their duties, examine the condition of all mines as often as possible, and make a record of the date of examination, condition of mines, extent to which laws are observed, progress in imrove- ment, and in security of life and health sought to be secured by this chapter, number of accidents, injuries received, and deaths. Loss of life occurring, inspector and coroner hold inquest. Formerfilesrecordmonthly and has free access to mines. Chief inspector makes rules and regulations and annual reports to the governor; has office in state- house, and keeps maps and plans of all mines in the state, and records of his work. District inspector has office in the central part of the district, and keeps maps and rec- ords. Where the voice cannot be heard throughout mine the owner must provide a metal speaking tube to cany sound from top to bottom. He must provide an approved safety catch and sufficient cover overhead on all carriages used for hoisting or lowering persons, and at top of sh aft an approved safety gate and an adequate brake to every dram LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 477 or machine iised for hoisting or lowering persona in shafts or slopes, and in every shaft a passage way from one side to the other, so that persons do not hare to pass under de- scending cages. (Laws of 1884, p. 153, amendiog sections 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, and 299, Revised Statutes. ) No minor under 12 years of age shall be employed in any factory, workshop, or es- tablishment where goods are manufactured, nor under 18 years of age more than ten hours a day, and in no case shall hours of labor exceed sixty a week. Employers must post in every room notices stating the number of hours labor required each day. Viola- tion punishable by fine of from $50 to |100, or imprisonment not less than thirty nor more than sixty days, to be prosecuted by inspector of shops and factories for the benefit of the school funds. (Laws of 1885, April 27, repealing original section 6986, Revised Statutes. ) Persons or corporations employing female employ^ in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment shall provide suitable seats for their use, and permit them to use such seats when not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed. Violation punishable by fine from $10 to $20 for each offense. (Laws of 1885, April 16.) The chief Inspector and the district inspectors of workshops and Victories shall carefhlly inspect the sanitary condition of all workshops and factories in their respective districts; examine the system of sewerage in connection therewith, the situation and condition of water closets or urinals in and about the same, the system of heating, lighting, and ventilating all rooms therein where persons are employed at daily labor, the means of exit in case of fire or other disaster, and all belting, shafting, gearing, elevators, drums, and machinery of every kind and description in and about the same, and see that they are not located so as to be dangerous to employes when at work, and that they are, so far as practicable, securely guarded, and that every vat, pan, or structure filled with molten lead or hot liquid shall be surrounded with proper safeguards for preventing ac- cident or injury to those employed, and that all such shops and factories are in a proper sanitary condition, and adequately provided with means of escape in case of fire or other disaster. Inspectors, if they find upon such inspection that the heating, lighting, ventilation, or sanitary arrangement of such shop or factory is such as to be injurious to the health of persons employed or residing therein, or that the means of egress, in case of fire or other disaster, is not sufficient, or that the belting, shafting, gearing, elevators, drums, and machinery therein are dangerously located, or that structures filled with hot metal or Uqnid are not surrounded with proper safeguards for preventing accident, shall notify own- ers or agents of such shops or factories to make necessary alterations within thirty days, or some reasonable time. Failure to make alterations is a misdemeanor punishable by fine of from $10 to $200. District inspectors must make a record of all examinations, showing date, condition of shops and factories, changes ordered, number of shops and factories, number of men, women, and children employed in. each, with such other facts as they think proper, which record must be filed weekly with the chief inspector, to be by him recorded, and so much as is of public interest to be included in his annual report. (Laws 1885, amend- ing and repealing sections 2573a, 25736, 2573(r, supplementary to section 2573, Revised Statutes, being Laws of 1884, p. 153.) By sections 297, 300, 302, 303, 304, and 306, Revised Statutes, it is provided that in mines worked by shaft where 15,000 square yards have been excavated, no person shall work unless to every seam of coal there are two separate outlets separated by 100 feet of natural strata, and in all other mines after 15,000 square yards of excavation there must be two such outlets within twelve months after such excavation and antU second outlet be made no more than ten persons shall ivork at once. There must be sober and competent engineers, and no more than ten persons shall ride on a cage at 478 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. once, and no one on loaded cage in any shaft or slope. Ko boy under 12 shall he allowed to work in any mine, nor any minor between the ages of 12 and 16 nnless he can read and write. Inspector may enjoin mine owner fi:om employing over ten miners nntil second outlet is completed. On written charges of gross neglect or malfeasance against an inspector, signed by fifteen miners or one operator, a board of examiners appointed by governor, consisting of two practical coal miners, one chemist, one mining en- gineer, and one operator, hear the case, take testimony, and report to the governor. This chapter does not apply to mines with no more than ten employ^, bnt the inspector may make regulations for them upon the application of the owners. Section 4024, Kevised Statutes, forbids employment of children under 14, residing in the state during preceding school year, under control of parent or guardian, not de- pendent upon their own resoiirces for support, during school hours, nnless they have at- tended school twelve weeks of preceding school year. A certificate of attendance is re- quired. Such employment must not be over forty weeks in the year unless such children famish employers with certificates showing their exemption from this section, which section does not apply when the nearest school is over two miles from residence. Section 4029, Revised Statutes, makes two weeks attendance at half-time or night school equal to one week at day school. Section 6986, Revised Statutes, fines from $5 to $50 employers compelling women, or children under 18, or permitting any child under 14, to work more than ten hours a day in any place used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes. Section 7015 fines from $5 to $100 employers who issue in payment of wages orders payable in anything but money, or by intervention of such orders pays wages in goods at higher prices than cash rates, or sell goods to laborers on orders issued by employers, or do any other thing by which wages are paid in goods at higher prices than cash rates. Section 7016 fines from $20 to $100, or imprisons not more than sixty days, or pun- ishes in both ways, those compelling or attempting to coerce employes to purchase goods from particular firms or corporations. Section 4365 makes ten hours a legal day's work in any manufacturing or mechanical business, when the contract is silent, and all contracts shall be so construed. Sections 307, 308, 309, and 310 provide for the appointment by the governor of a com- missioner of statistics of labor for two years, with the usual powers and duties; with $2,000 allowed for annual salary, by section 1284, and $500 for annual expenses, by section 1296. OREGON. By sections 670, General Statutes, Acts of 1864, sections 655, it is provided that persons preventing or endeavoring to prevent, by threats, force, or intimidation, em- ployes from continuing or peribrming work, or accepting new work, or preventing or endeavoring to prevent employers from employing any person, or compelling them to employ any person, or forcing or inducing them to alter their modes of carrying on business, or limiting or increasing employes' wages or term of services, may be fined from $20 to $300, or be imprisoned from one to six months. There has been no labor legislation since 1880. PENNSYLVANIA. Presiding justices of commom pleas courts, upon petition or agreement, shall issue li- cense for the establishment of tribunals to settle disputes in iron, steel, glass, textile fabrics and coal trades. Petition must be signed by fifty workman or five separate firms, individuals, or corporations, within county of petitioners, or by five employers each employ- ing at least ten men, or by the representatives of a firm, individual, or corporation employ- ing not less than seventy-five men, and the agreement shall be signed by both of said speci- fied numbers and persons: Provided, That if there be a strike or dispute at the time, and LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 479 tuspensioB exists, or is probable, the juc^e shall require testimony as to the representa- tive <-haracter of petitioners, and if they do not represent at least half each party in dis- pute license may be denied. Workmen signing must be resident of judicial district one year, engaged in branch of trade they represent for two years, and be citizens of the United States. Employers signing must also be citizens, and engaged in some branch of the different business mentioned for one year, must each employ ten workmen of such branch and each may be a firm, indiTidual, or corporation. Petition must be sworn to by at least two signers. If petition be correct and contain names of an equal number of arbitrators on each side, and of an umpire mutually chosen, the judge shall issue a license authorizing the existence of a tribunal, and fixing the time and place of meeting, which shall be re- corded in the court of common pleas. If petition have sufficient number of signers on one, but not both sides, license may issue conditioned on assent of delinquent side in writing, with names of arbitrators, umpire, etc. ; if no assent within sixty days, petition to be dismissed. One tribunal may be created in each judicial district for each of the trades named, to continue for one year, and take jurisdiction of any dispute between employers and work- mgmen, who have petitioned, or been represented in petition, for tribunal, or who submit disputes in writing. Vacancies in tribunal are to be filed by the judge from three names presented by remaining members of same class. Removal to adjoining county creates no vacancy in arbitrators or umpire, and disputes in one county may be referred to tribunal in adjoining county. The position of umpire can only be filled by the mutual choice of all the representa- tives of both employers and workingmen, and he acts only after faUnre of tribunal to agree in three meetings. His award is final only upon what is submitted to him in writing signed by all members of the tribunal, or by parties submitting the same, and upon ques- tions affecting the price of labor. It shall in no case be binding upon either employer or workmen, save as they may acquiesce or agree therein after' such award. Tribunal shaU consist of not less than two employers, or their representatives, and two workmen, the exact number being inserted in the petition or agreement, and they shall be named in license. There shall be a chairman and secretary. Tribunal shall receive no compensation from city or county, but expenses, other than fuel, light, and the use of room and furniture, which are furnished by city or county, may be paid by voluntary subscriptions, which tribunal may receive. When there is no umpire a chairman chosen administers oaths, signs subpoenas, etc., as umpires do when acting. No lawyers or agents are to appear on either side, and the proceedings are voluntary. Umpire's decision as to admission of evidence is final. Committees from the tribunal, an equal number from each side, may unanimously de- cide questions. Rules are to be made by tribunal a ndumpire to govern proceedings. Umpire shall be sworn and make his award within ten days, which is made a matter of record by producing same to the Judge within thirty days, who approves it. The act is to be cited, ' ' Voluntary trade-tribunal act of 1883, " and forms are given for petition, Ucense, submission, and award. (Brightley's Purdon's Digest, 1883; Public Laws of 1886, p. 15.) Persons mining and manufacturing, or either, coal ore or other mineral shall pay then employes In lawful money, or by order redeemable at its face value in lawful money by the issuer within thirty days. Violation a misdemeanor, punishable by fine up to $100, to go to school fund. Employers interested in merchandising are not to make a greater profit on goods than outside dealers in like art^icles. Violation makes the debt uncol- lectible from employ^. Employers refusing for twenty days to pay employes regularly or to redeem orders shall pay 1 per cent, a month if suit be brought for amount due. (Public Laws of 1881, p. 147, June 29. ) Miners are to be paid for the quantity of coal mined, whether nut or lump coal, seventy six pounds being a bushel and 2, 000 pounds a ton, but other contracts may be made Car. 480 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. aie to be of nnifoim capacil^ and branded by mine inspector. No onbtanded cars caL enter mine longer than three months without being branded; this provision not to ap- ply to mines using no more than ten cars. At eyery bitaminons mine the miners have a right to employ a check weighman.and measnrer, who has the right to examine scales, measure cars, and to be always present at weighing and measuring, examinations and measurements to be at seasonable hours, so as not to interfere with work. Interference with him is punishable by fine of fix>m $30 to $100, or imprisonment. He shall credit each miner with merchantable coal mined by him in a book kept for the purpose. Disputes between him and owner to be settled by the mine inspector, and cheating by him is punishable with three months' im- prisonment. Misdemeanor for owner to switeh cars before dumping. Violation is punishable by fine of $100, and restitution must be made to miner for sums lost. (Public Laws of 1883, p. 63, June 1.) UnlawAil for persons or corporations engaged in mining or manufacturing coal, or both, to employ or permit to be employed female labor or laborers in or about any coal mine or manufactory. Violation punishable by fine of from $100 to $500, or imprisonmentup to six months, or both, one half of fine to go to informer and one half to the school fond of the district. The act does not affect the employment of females in ofSce, or clerical work. (PubUc Laws of 1885, No. 165, p. 303, June 30.) In addition to fire escapes provided by the act of June 11, 1879, Public Law 138, which must be safe, permanent, and external, and satisfactory to fire commissioners, it is made the duty of owners of buildings used for ^ctories, manu&ictories, work shops, or tene- ment houses more than two stories high, to provide and cause to be securely afOxed to a bolt through the wall over the window head inside of at least one window in each room on the third or higher floor a chain at least ten feet long, with a rope at least one inch in diameter fastened thereto long enough to reach the ground, or such other appliances aa may be approved by fire or county commissioners. When third or higher floor is not subdivided into rooms, at least six windows on a floor must be provided with chains and ropes or other appliances. Whenever rooms on third or higher floor have more than three windows each, at least one out of three windows must have chain and rope, and these arti- cles must be kept in an unlocked box near the inside sill of the window. In all places mentioned in this act hallways and head and foot of stairways must be kept lighted at night with a red lamp, and alarms and gongs, easy of access and ready for use, shall be kept in such buildings. Penalty for violation is a fine up to $300 and imprisonment irom one to twelve months, and in case of fire resulting in death or per- sonal injury, persons or corporations violating act are liable additionally in an action for damages. (Public Laws of 1885, No. 41, p. 65, June 3.) Fire escapee provided by act of June 11, 1879, Public Laws 138, for buildings in which employ^ are usually employed in the third or higher stories, must be independent of in- tomal stairways, number and location to be governed by the size of the building and the number of inmates, and arranged so as to be readily accessible, safe, and adequate. They must consist of outside, open, iron stairway of not more than 45° slant, with steps not less than six inches wide and twenty-four inches long. Buildings accommo- dating more than 100 persons shall have two such escapes, and more if necessary. Ownera may put up other escapes subject to ofScial approval. Fire marshals and fire com- missioners, or, where there are none, school directors, must examine fire escapes, and, if approved, give certificates. Violation of act punishable by fine up to $300 and by imprisonment from one to two mouths. In case of fire, in the absence of escapes, re- sulting in death or personal iivjury, violators subject to imprisonment finm six to twelve months and civilly liable in an action for damages. Act not to apply to approved fire escapes now in use. (PubUc Laws of 1885, No. 48, p. 68, June 3.) LABOE LEGISLATION IS THE UNITED STATES. 481 No boy under 12 years shill be employed in any bituminous coal miue, or under fourteen years in any anthracite coal miae, nor shall women or girls of any age be em- ployed in either class of miues, or in or about the outside workings. No boy under 10 years shall be employed in or about the outside workings of a bituminous mine, or under 12, of an anthracite mine; but all such boys, women, or girls may be employed in office and clerical work. (PubUc Laws of 1885, No. 169, p. 217, June 30; No. 170, p. 233, June 30.) Persons controlling bituminous coal mines must k eep at mouth of drift, shaft, or slope, or wherever mine inspector directs, properly-constructed stretchers to carry away in- jured employes. (Public Laws of 1885, No. 169, p. 217.) Engineer of breaker engine in anthracite mines must be 18 years old. No person under 15 years of age shall be appointed to oil machinery. (Public Laws of 1885, No 170, p. 229, June 30.) Persons controlling anthra^dte coal mines must keep at each mine an ambulance, and at least two stretchers, to carry injured persons to their homes. Each ambulance must have easy springs, windows on sides or ends, large enough for two persons with two attendants, and provided with mattresses or bedding or roller frames, with sufficient covering. Stretchers must be of such material and construction as to afford the greatest comfort to injured persons. Injured persons unable to walk must be sent home or to a hospital. No ambulance necessary if workmen live within radius of a half mile. Two mines within one mile of each other, connected by telegraph or telephone, need have but one ambuhmce, nor need any mine employing less than twenty persons. C!on- veyance of injured persons may be by railroad, but under cover if more convenient. (PubUc Laws of 1885, No. 170, p. 230, June 30.) No. 169, Public Laws of 1885, page 205, June 30, relates to bituminous coal mines, and provides for the lives, health, safety, and welfare of persons employed therein. No. 170, Public Laws of 1885, page 218, June 30, provides for the health and safety of persons employed in and about anthracite coal mines and the protection and preservation of property connected therewith, and relates to mines employing more than ten persons. Specific sections of both acts are quoted above. They are similar to acts of other states elsewhere mentioned, and contain provisions, besides those quoted, relating to arbitra- tion between mine inspectors and owners; boards of examiners of candidates for inspect- ors; regulations for boUers; deaths in or about mines; inspection districts; qualifica- tions, appointments, duties of inspectors; quaUflcations and duties of foremen; injunc- tions to restrain workings of mine; regulations for machinery; maps, plans, and surveys of mines; openings, outlets, and slopes; props and timbers for miners; notices in case of accidents or deaths; ventilation and regulations connected therewith; making openings on adjoining lands; wash honsea for miners, etc. By PubUc Laws of 1872, p. 1175, Brightley's Purdon's Digest, 442, it ia made lawful for employes, as individuals or members of associations, to refuse to work when- ever, in their opinion, wages are insufficient or treatment offensive or further labor would be contrary to the rules of their society, without subjecting them to prosecution for perjury; but act not to apply to members of organizations not in strict conformity to Federal or state constitutions, nor does it prevent prosecution of those who hinder others from working or seeking work. By Public Laws of 1849, p. 672, Brightley's Purdon's Digest, 771, ten hours are made a day's work in cotton, woollen, silt, paper, bagging, and flax factories, and no minor under 13 to be employed therein under penalty of $50 each offense— half to person suing and half to county. No minor between 13 and 16 to be employed more than nine months in the year, or who has not attended school three consecutive months in same year. Parents and guardians permitting employment of children contrary to act, forfeit $50 as above. By Public Laws of 1855, p. 472, no operative under 21 can be employed more than ten 12854 LAB 31 482 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. hours a day or sixty bonis a week in cotton, silk, woollen, flax, bagging, oi paper &ctoiy Persons so employing forfeit $50 to school fund. By Public Laws of 1879, p. 128, Brightley's Purdon's Digest, 813, every building of any kind in which work is done above the second story must have permanent, safe, ex- ternal means of escape in case of fire satisfactory to fire commissioners and fire marshal of the district. In case of inj ury or death an action accrues for damages and a penalty is incurred of ?300. By Public Laws of 1868, p. 99, Brightley's Purdon's Digest, 1009, eight hours between rising and setting of the sun are made a day's work in the absence of an agreement for longer time, which any person may make. Act does not apply to £irm labor or service by the year, month, or week. RHODE ISLAND. No child under 10 years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechanical establishment ; parent or guardian permitting employment being liable to a fine up to $20. No child under 1 4 years of age shall be so employed except during the vacation of the public schools, unless during preceding year he has attended some pubUo or private day school for at least twelve weeks, nor shall such employment continue unless there shall be a like attendance each year; but no chUd can be employed who does not present cer- tificate of such attendance made by or under direction of the school committee. Owners, superintendents, and overseers must require and keep on file certificates of place and date of birth of children under 15 years of age, as nearly accurate as may be, so long as em- ployment of such children continues, and the amount of school attendance for the year preceding employment. The form of the certificate is determined by the state board of education, and it is made by the school committee. Owner, superintendent, or overseer employing, or parent or guardian permittiiig em- ployment of children under 14 years of age, contrary to this act, are liable to a fine up to $20. Truant officers, at- least once every school term, must visit all establishiuents to see if the law be carried out. They must demand the names of children under 15 years of age employed in their towns and require certificates to be produced. Owner, superintendent, or overseer permitting employment of children under 15 years of age while pubUc schools are in session, who cannot write their names, ages, and places of residence, are Uable to a fine up to $20. (Chapter 363, Acts of January, 1883.) Town and city councils may make, regulate, and paas ordinances in reference to the construction and location of stairways, and the putting up of fire escapes upon buildings where workmen are employed, and provide for punishment for violation of ordinances not to exceed $10 for each day's continuance. They may also pass ordinances and make regulations as to the construction, location, and operation of elevators and hoistways, and the approaches thereto, naed for the carriage of persons and merchandise; penalty incurred for violation being $5 for each day's continuance. (Chapter 340, Acts of Jan- uary, 1883.) By title 20, chapter 69, section 26, Public Statutes, labor performed in any manu- fecturing establishment and all mechanical labor during ten hours is a legal day's work, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. By same chapter, section 23, no minor between 12 and 15 can be employed in anj manufacturing establishment more than eleven hours a day, nor before 5 a. m., nor after 7.30 p. m. Violation by owner, employer, or agent of factory, or parent, or guardian of child, punished by fine of $20 for each oflfense, one-half to complainant and one-half to school fund. By title 30, chapter 141, section 8, Public Statutes, every person who alone, or in concert with others, attempts by force, violence, threats or intimidation to or does pre- LABOE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 483 vent anotjher from entering upon or pmsning any employment apon aatis&ctoiy terms to employ^, may be fined up to $100, or be imprisoned up to ninety daya. The statutes quoted since 1880 do not differ in very many particnlara from others re- lating to the same subjects recently before adopted. TENNESSEE. An act providing for the yentUation and operation of coal mines is mmilar in ita gen- eral tenor to those heretofore quoted. Alterations in maps are to be made by the 1st of January and July of each year. The two shafts, slopes, or outlets, must be separated by natural strata of not lees than 150 feet. Ventilation to be not less than fifty-five cubic feet per second of pure air, or 3,300 cubic feet, per minute for every fifty men at work, and as much more as circumstances may require. Owners or agente must have "inside boas" to take charge of mine. No boy under 12 years of age shall work in or enter any mine. Proof of his age must be given by certificate or otherwise before he shaU be employed, and no £ither, or other person, shall knowingly conceal or misrepresent the age of any boy. No person is allowed to ride on a loaded cage, and no more than ten persons -at one time on any cage. All machinery in and about mines, especially in coal breakers where boys work, must be properly fenced off, and tops of shafts must be so fenced by vertical or flat gates, covering area of shafts. Duties of inspector to be performed by the geologist of the bureau of agricultural sta- tistics and mines, who has his office at Cihattanooga, employs snch assistants as may be necessary, and is allowed yearly $600 for salary as inspector and $1,000 for expenses. He must examine aU coal mines in the state at least once in six months. (Chapter 170, Acts of 1881, p. 234.) The following note appears to section 2370 of the Code of 1884: " ITie act of 1881, chapter 170, regnlating the ventilation and operation of coal mines is omitted, be- cause it is adapted to mines entered by shafts, whereas, with a single exception, the mines in this state are drift minee." TEXAS. By title 9, chapter 1, article 289, Penal Code, it is made unlawful for persons to the number of three or more to assemble for the purpose of preventing any person tem pursuing any labor, occupation, or employment, or to intimidate any person from following his daily vocation, or to interfere in any manner with the labor or em- ployment of another. Persons violating are snbject to a fine up to $500, and if they eanse a riot, to imprisonment from six months to one year. VERMONT. By lection 673, Bevised Laws, Acts of 1867, Na 35, it is provided that no child between 10 and 14 years of age, who has resided in the state one year, shall be employed in a null or fikctory unless such child has attended a public school three months during the preceding year. A person employing a child in violation of this section shall forfeit from $10 to $20, one-half to go to the complainant and one-half to the town. Section 4320 Revised Laws, acts of 1867, No. 36, provides for the punishment of owners, superintendents, or overseers of manufacturing and mechanical establishments, who knowingly employ, or permit to work, children under 10 years of age, or employ children under 15 more than ten hours a day, by a fine of $50. Parents or guardians consenting to such employment, punishable in like manner. Section 4226 Revised Laws, acts of 1877, No. 6, provides for the punishment of persons who threaten violence and iiyury to others with intent to prevent their employment in a 484 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF LASOB. mlH, moQu&ctoiy, shop, quarry, mine, or lailioad by unprisonmeiit np to three months, or a fine up to $100. Section 4227 Revised Laws, acts of 1877, No. 6, provides for the punishment of per- sons who, by threats, intimidation, or force, affright, drive away, and prevent other per- sons from accepting, nndertaking, or prosecuting snch employment, with intent to pre- vent the prosecution of work in such mill, shop, manufactory, mine, quarry, or laUioad by imprisonment up to five years, or a fine up to $500. WASHINGTON TEERITOET. The act providing for the inspection and ventilation of coal mines, and securing the health and safety of miners, is much the same as those of states heretofore referred to. The inspector of mines is appointed by the governor for two years, at a yearly salary of $1,800, to be paid, so far as it will go; out of the mining fond, which is raised by a tax of four mills a ton of coal, to be paid quarterly by operators into the territorial treasury. Workings of mines up to date to be reported every four months. Ventilation in mines worked by shaft, slope, drift, or tunnel, to be not leas than 100 feet per minute per per- son employed, and as much more as the inspector may direct. Inspector is empowered to make all needful regalations for the security of the health and Uves of miners. (Laws of 1883, p. 25.) WEST VIEGmiA. The act providing for the appointment of a mine inspector and the inspection of coal miners has the same general provisions as those heretofore quoted. The governor ap- points a mine inspector for two years, at a yearly salary of $1,200, and a yearly allow- ance of $500 for expenses. Owners of mines employ fifteen or more men, to make map. Workings of mines up to date to be reported the Ist of January and July of each year. Inspector must make an examination once a year, or oftener, if necessary. There must be a proper and sufficient system of ventilation by pure air, so that mines shall be kept in healthy condition for men working therein. Owner must have practical overseer, or mining boss to keep careful watch over the mines and their working, especially as to the ventilation and supports overhead. Owners, agents, lessees, or operators, being themselves competent, may be their own " mining bosses." Inspector must make a special examination when requested by owner, operator, etc., or ten miners, and if mine be not properly drained, or ventilated, or found otherwise io bad condition, he suggests remedies, which the owner, operator, etc., must apply, subject to a fine of from $20 to $100. Inspector must rex>ort to the governor annually by Janu- ary 1 the condition of every mine in the state in operation two months previous to the report, stating particularly the number of persons employed, the number of accidents, ii\juries, and deaths, if any, with suggestions as to the proper legislation necessary to remedy any defects in the law. He may be removed by the governor for any good cause. (AclB of 1883, chapter 70). WISCONSIN. In all mana&ctories, workshops, or other places used for mechanical or manu&ctur- ing purposes, the time of labor of children under the age of 18 and of women employed therein shall not exceed eight hours in one day and every stockholder, employer, director, officer, overseer, clerk, or foreman who shall compel any woman or any such child to labor exceeding eight hours or who shall permit any child under 14 years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he have con- trol over such chlLd sufficient to prevent it, or who shall employ at Tnamni^l labor any child over 12 and under 14 years of age in any such factory or workshop for more than LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 485 seven months in any one year, is liable to a fine of from $5 to $50 for each offense. (Acts of 1883, chapter 135, supplement to Revised Statutes, p. 375, amending section 1728, Revised Statutes. Amendment consists in changing penalty from a forfeiture to a fine.) Any person, persons, or body corporate owning, occupying, or controlling any fectory, workshop, or structure three or more stories high, in which several persons are employed in any kind of labor on or above the third story or floor shall provide and keep connected with the same one or more good and substantial metallic fire-proof ladders, stairs, or stairways, ready for use at all times, reaching from the cornice to the ground on the out- side of such building, and placed in such position as to be easy of access to the occupants of such building in case of fire, and sufficient to furnish reasonable means of escape to the persons employed therein from each and every floor and story. Failure to provide and keep such means of escape from fire punishable by fine up to $100 or imprisonment up to three months. (Chapter 50, acts of 1885, p. 42, amending section 4575o, Revised Statutes). Churches, public and private school houses, hotels, &ctories, or other manufacturing establishments hereafter constructed must have doors so hung as to swing outward or both in and out. (Chapter 190, Acts of 1885, p. 165.) The commissioner of labor statistics, deputy, or &ctory inspector shall have power to enter any factory or workshop where labor is employed for the purpose of gathering &cts and statistics, or of examining the means of escape from fire, and the provisions made for the health and safety of operatives therein, and in case the officer examining shall discover any violations of, or neglect to comply with, the law in respect to child labor, hours of labor for women and children, fire escapes and similar enactments now or hereafter to be made, he shall notify the owner or occupant of such fectory or workshop in writing of the offense or neglect, and if such offense or neglect be not corrected or remedied within thirty days after service of the notice, he shall lodge formal complaint with the district attorney of the county in which the offense is committed or the neglect occurs, whereupon that officer shall proceed at once against offenders according to law. Factory inspector, or other officer, may post in any factory or workshop examined by him, the laws in respect to child labor, hours of labor, fire escapes, or other matters per- taining to the health and safety of artisans, the mutilation, destruction, or removal of which is punishable by a fine of $50 for each offense. Commissioner of labor statistics furnishes blank forms to employers, who must fill fhem out under oath, and return them to commissioner within a reasonable time, to be prescribed by him. Owner, occupant, or agent, refrising to admit a burean officer to fiictoiy or workshop, forfeits $10 for each offense, and for neglecting to fill out blanks, swear to same, and return at proper times, $10 for each day's delay, forfeiture suit by district attorney, upon complaint of bureau officer, or citizen, for the benefit of the school fund. (Chapter 247, Acta of 1885, p. 212, amending chapter 319, Acts of 1883. ) By section 1729, Revised Statutes, p. 504, in all engagements to labor in any mann- fecturing or mechanical business where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work shall consist of eight hours, and all engagements or contracts for labor in TOch cases sbaU be so construed; but the act does not apply to contracta for labor by the week, month, or year. INDEX. Agrioaltaral Implementa, omt of pTodnotlon of, 92, 93. sammikry of selected occnpiktionii, 143, IM. all employ^B, by statca, 220. with per cent., 17B, 178. Agricnltnial prodnots, valne of leading, exported &om the United States, ISOO-gS, MS. AgiionltnTe, foreign-bom engaged in, 1870 and 1880, 246. Alaaoe, cost of spinning one ponnd of cotton yam in, 132. Arbitration, eetabUshment of boards of, 274-276. Arms and amnmnition, cost of prodnction of, 92, 93. summary of all employes, etc., by state*, 220. Artisans' tools, cost of prodnction of, 92, 93. Bommary of all employes, etc., by states, 220. Bank of England, contraction in cLrcalation of the, 1846-47, 18. Banks, postal, niunber of, in the United Kingdom, 1873-84, 34. Banks, eavingB, depositors and deposits in, in France, 1835-83, 43. deposits in, in Saxony, 1845-70, 52. decrease in deposits in, ander tmstees in the United Kingdom, Ig47-4S, 20. exhibit of. In the United St8t*», 1874-85, 75. number of depositors, etc., in, in Pmssia, 1839-81, 51. nnder tnutees in the United Kingdom, 1873-M, 34. 1846-56, 19. 1857-65, 22. 1862-72, 28. In post-office, of the United Kingdom, 1866-72, :•, Belginm, average cost of prodnction of a ton of coal in, 141, earnings and expenses of wage receivers in, 423-431. indnstrial depressians in, 44-47. prodnction and valne of coal in, 1831-83, 47, 48. Iron in, 1840-83, 48. steel in, 1840-83, 48. shore of labor and capital in coal mining. Province of Hainanlt, 18M-8S, 140. Boards of arbitration, establishment of, 274-276. Boots and shoes, cost of prodnction of, 92-97. prodnction of, in Massaohnsetts, 1859-85, 71. summary of selected occupations, 143-145, 168. all employes, by states, 220. with per cent, 176-178. Boxes, iammaxj of all employes, etc., by states, 220. Bricks, oost of^roduction of, 96, 97. summary of aU employes, etc., by states, 220. Brooms, summary of selooted occupations, 145. all employes, by states, 220. with per cent., 179. California, synopsis of labor legislation in, 457. Carpetlsgs, cost of production of, 96, 97. summary of selected occupations, 145-147, 168. all employes, by states, 220. with per cent., 179, 180. OuTlages and wagons, oOBt of production ot 08, 97. siunmary of selected oconpations, 147. all empViySs, by states, 220, 22L ■irith percent., 180, 1 S3. m 488 INDEX. GaiUM of present depression, 201, 292. depressions as elicited by oommittees of Congress, 61-48. agents of the Bniean, 78, 78. Clooks and watches, cost of production of, 98, 99. sommaiy of aU employds, etc., by states, 221. Clothing, cost of production of^ 98, 101. snmmary of selected oconpatlona, 148, 169. all employes, by states, 221. with per cent., 181, 182. Coal, aTerage cost of a ton of, in Belginm, 141. prodnctlon and value o^ in Belgium, 1831-83, 47, 48. cost of, in France, 1853-83, 135. yearly, in France, 1829-83, 42. five mines in France, 1883, 137. largest producing districts in France, 1883, 136. and value of; in Grermany, 1848-82, 53. of anthracite, in the United States, 1882-85, 70. bituminous, in the United States, 1882-85, 70. ■bare of labor and capital in mining. Province of Rainault, Belginm, 1860-83, 146. Coal, coke, and ore, cost of production of, 100-103. summary of selected occupations, 149, 150. all employes, by states, 221. with per cent., 182-18*. Colorado, synopsis of labor legislation in, 457-459. Commercial and mercantile conditions, 276, 277. Connecticut, synopsis of labor legislation in, 460, Consuming power, crippled, 243-250. Contraction of credit, 276. Cooking and heating apparatus, cost of production of, 104, 105. summary of selected occupations, 150, 161. all employes, by states. 221. with per cent, 185, 186. Corporations, restriction of land grants to, 271. Cotton, employes and wages in spinning and carding in the Khine district of Germany, 1855-85, 238, 230 weaving, in the Bhine district of Germany, 1855-85, 240, 241. Importations of; into the United Kingdom, 1861-3, 21. eompressing, summaiy of all employes, etc., by states, 221. goods, analysis of labor cost of, 126-129. cost of production of, 104-111. summary of selected occupations, 151-155, 170-172. all employes, by states, 221. with per cent., 186-195. value of exported from Great Britain, 30. and cotton goods, average currency prices of, in New York, 1847-84, 74. mannfkctures, value of, of Great Britain, 30. yam, analysis of cost of producing, at Oldham, England, 134. cost of producing, at Oldham, England, 134. system of payment for spinning of, at Oldham, ]Sngland,227, 228. cost of spinning one pound of, in Alsace, 132. England 133. variation in market price of, in Great Britain, 1867-72, 25. 1873-86, 81. Credit, contraction of, 276. Currency, 276. Dakota, synopsis of labor legislation In, 461. Delaware, synopsis of labor legislation in, 461 Depressions, modem industrial 15, 16. alleged causes of, as gathered by agents of the Bnreau, 7(-7t. causes of present, 291, 292. as elicited by committees of Congress, 61-63. contemporaneousness and severity of; 290, 291. in Great Britain, 16-34. France, 35-43. Belgium, 44-48. Germany, 49-64. the United States, 1837-86, 65-64. INDEX. 489 Dspresglons, remedies for, enggeSitod, 292, 293. as elicited by agents of the Bureau, 269, 270. committees of Congress, 2M-2W- years of, 290. DUtribntlon of products, 277-279. Domestic prodnots, export price of, in onrrenoy, 1856-85, 74, 78. Employes, occnpation of, irith nnmber and wages, by indiutrieft— agricnltnral implements, 295-299. arms and ammonition, 299. artisans' tools, 299. boots and shoes, 299-309. boxes, 309,310. bricks, 310. brooms, 310, 311. carpetlngs, 311-315. carriages and wagons, 316-817. clocks and watches, 317, 318. clothing, 318-322. coal, coke, and ore, 322-327. cooking and heating apparatus, 327-»no« Indnttrial depressions In, 35-43. prodnotion, etc., of coal in, 1853-83, 138. yearly prodnotion of coal in, 1829-83, 44. piodnotion of coal In largeat prodnoing distrlcta In, 1813, 138. five coal mines in, 1883, 137. the department of Pas-de-Calais. 1883. 138. Ulnmlnating gas, coke, and tar in certain departments ot ISt. and aTerage market price of merchant iron in, 1874-83, 41. yearly production of iron in. 182&-83, 42. prodnotion and average market price of pig-iron in, 1874-83, 41.^ cost of production, etc.. of iron ore in, 1853-83, 138. 1883, 138. prodnction and average market^rice of steel in, 1874-83, 41. miles of railroads in operation and miles built each year in, 1840-84, 43. daily wages in Paris, 1844, 1853, 1860, 1871, 1875, 1881, and 1882, 238. principal cities of, not inclnding Paris, 1853, 1857, 1871. 1876, 18(1. u4 IMS, 387. depositors and deposits in savings banks in, 1835-83. 43. vajne of imports and exports for , 1860-84, 73. Pumiture, snmmary of selected occnpations, 156,172. all employes, by states, 222. with per cent., 196,197. (Jas, coke, and tar, prodnotion of. In certain departments of France, 139. Georgia, synopsis of labor legislation in, 461. (Jermany, cost of prodnction of bar iron in Westphalia, 1878, 140. prodnction of rolled iron in Westphalia, 1878, 139 employ6s, and wages in weaving cotton in the Rhine district of, 1856-86, 240, 241. spinning and carding cotton in the Rhine district of, lt51-86, 238, 23li earnings and expenses of wage receivers in, 444, 452. yearly prodnction and valneof coal in, 1848-82, 53. pig-iron in, 1863-82, 56. industrial depressions in, 49-54. German Bmpire, miles of railroad in operation in the, 1835-81, 63. Glass, cost of prodnction of, 112, 113. analysis of material cost of, 130, 131. summary of selected occupations, 156, 157, 172. aU employ6B. by states, 222. with per cent., 197-19fc Great Britain, wheat acreage of. 1870-84, 28. average price of wheat in, 1835-39, 16. 1846-60, 18. gazette prices of wheat, in 1870-84. 29. importation of whfiat into, 1880-84, 248. value of cotton manufactures of, 30. variation in market price of cotton yams in 1867-72, 26. 1873-8^3^. value of exported cotton goods ot 30. land system of. 29 wages per hour in iron moulding in, 1885, 234, 235. industrial depressions in, 16-34. Hours of labor, rflrtnotion of and uniformity in, through organization, 387, 388. Illinois, synopsis of labor legislation in. 461. 462. Immigration, restriction of. 271-273 into the anitcil .States, 1821-85, 246. Importation of wheat Into Great Britain and Ireland, 1880-84. 248 Import* and exports, value of, for France, 1860-84, 73. the United Kingdom, 1860-84. 73 United States, 1860-84, 73 of merchandise of the United Stotes, 1865-85, 71, 73. for the United Kingdom. 1860-84, 73. of merchandise of the United States, 1835-85, 71, 73. all, from the United States. 1860. 1870, 187.'i-8.5. 248. rndiana, synopsis of labor legislation in, 462-464 Industries, oceupations, with number and wases of employes In various, 295-418. summary of all employes, with wages and time, by, 226. 492 INDEX. bwtt, lynopsli of laboT legislatdon in, 404. Iron, produotion and valne of. In Belgium, 1844-83. 48. 7early prodnotion of, in Prance, 1829-83, 42. bar, coat of production of, in Westphalia, Germany, 1878, 140. pig, average monthly prlcea for, at Philadephla, 1870-76, 69. yearly production of, according to fael need in the United States, 1870-^, n rolled, prodnotion of, in Westphalia, Qermony, 1878, 139. ore, coat of prodnotion, etc., of. In France, 1853-86, 138. 1883, 138. moulding, wages per hour in, in Great Britain, 188S, 234, 236. Ireland, Importation of wheat into, 1880-84, 248. Italy, arerage run of wages in, 1885, for various occupations, 421. earnings and expenaes of 'wage receivers In, 411-423. prices of commodities in, in 1885, 421. taxes and tariffs in, 422. Joint stock companies, number of, registered In the United Kingdom, 1873-44, 33. Jut* goods, cost of production of, 113. summary of all employes, etc., by states, 222. Kansaa, synopsis of labor legislation in, 464, 465. Labor, reduction and uniformity in honrs of, through organizations, 287, 288. Land gtanta, restriction of, to corporationa, 271. Lawa, enactment of, to stop speculation, 273, 274. Leather, cost of production of, 114, 116. summary of selected occupations, 158, 172. all employee, by states, 222. with per cent., 199, 200. Linen, aommory of all employ^a, etc., by atates, 222. Liquors and beverages, cost of production of, 114, 115. summary of selected occupations, 158. all employes, by states, 222. with per cent., 200. Locomotives, number of, in the United States, 87. Lumber, cost of production of, 114, 115. ■ammary of aU employes, etc., by states, 222, 223. aery, dlaplaeement of muscular labor by. In the manufacture of agricultural implements, 8(1 arms and ammunition, 8L bricka, 81. boots and shoes, 81-82. brooms, 82. carriages and wagons, 82. carpets, 82-83. clothing, 83. cotton goods, 88. dour, 83. furniture, 84. glass, 84. leather, 84. lumber, 84 machines and machinery, 84. metals and metallic goods, 8( musical instruments, 84. mining, 85. 011,85. paper, 85. I>ottery, 86. railroad supplies, 86. rubber boots and shoes, 84. saws, 86. alUcSt. ■01^ St. tobaeeo, 86. tnuika,88. veiMlfl, 86. wln^86. wooden goods, 86. wooHen goods, 86, 87. INDEX. 493 Macblnerj wages per hour In the mannfaotnre of, in Birmingham, England, 1885. 23« Haohinea and machinery, cost of prodnotion of; 114, 115. anmmary of selected occnpations, 158, 172. all employes, hy states, 223. with per cent., 200, 201. Uichigan, synopsis of labor legislation in, 468, 469. Minnesota, synopsis of labor legislation in, 469. Miscellaneoos, sommary of aU employes, etc., by states, 225. Missonrl, synopsis of labor legislation in, 469-471. Modem industrial depressions, 15. Mnsical inatraments and materials, cost of prodnction of, 118, 119. snmmary of selected occupations, 162, 173. all employes, by states, 223. with per cent., 2W. Maine, synopsis of labor legislation in, 465. Manufactures, foreign-bom engaged in, 1870 and 1880, 245. Mannfactnring nations considered as a group, 254-263. Maryland, synopsis of labor legislation in, 465, 466. Massachnsetts, production of boots and shoes in, 1859-85, 71. synopsis of labor legislation in, 466-468. Merchant Iron, production and average market price of, in Stance, 1874-83, 41. Metals and metallic goods, cost of production of, 116-119. analysis of material cost of, 128-131. summary of selected occupations, 159-162, 173. all employes, by states, 223. with per cent., 201-208. Nebraska, synopsis of labor legialation in, 471. New Hampshire, synopsis of labor legislation in, 471, 472. New Jersey, synopsis of labor legislation in, 472-474. New Mexico Territory, synopsis of labor legislation in, 474. New Yort, average currency prices of cotton and cotton goods in, 1847-84, 74. synopsis of labor legislation in, 474, 475. Occupations, snmmary of selected — agricultural implements, 143, 168. boots and shoes, 14S-145, 168. brooms, 145, carpetings, 145-147, 168. carriages and wagons, 147. clothing, 148, 169. caal, coke, and ore, 149, 150. cooking and heating apparatus, 150, 151, 16ll cotton goods, 151-155, 170-172. food preparations, 155, 156. furniture, 156, 172. glass, 156, 157, 172. leather, 158, 172. liquors and beverages, 158. machines and machinery, 158, 172. metals and metallic goods, 159-162, 173. musical instruments and materials, 162, 178 paper, 163, 173. print works, 163, 173. tobacco, 164,173, woollen goods, 165-167, 174. with number and wages of employ*8, by industries, 295-410. Ohio, synapsis of labor legislation in, 475-478. Oils and illuminating fluids, cost of production of, 118, 119. summary of all 6mploy6s, etc., by states, 223. Oldham (England), analysis of cost of producing cotton yam at, 134. clauses of agreement between emplof fe and operatives' asaoolatioD* at, 23», 28L cost of producing cotton yam at, 134. spinners' wages at, 1885, 229. increase of wages of spinners at, for quicker speed, 229. system of payment for spinning cotton yam at, 227, 228. Oregon, synopsis of labor legislation in, 478. 494 INDEX. PapeT, cost of prodnction of, 120, 12L ganunary of selected occupations, 163, ITS. all employes, by states, 223, 224 vlth per cent., 208, 20(. PennsylTanla, synopsis of labor legislation in, i78-iS2. Pblladelpbia, average montbly prices for pig-iron at, 1870-76, W. Pig-iron, average price of iScotcli, per ton, 1866-72, 2L prodnotian and average marlcet price of^ in Prance, U74>M, 41, yearly production and value of, in G-ermany, 186^-62, U. Postal banks, number of, in the United Kingdom, 1873-^ M. Print works, cost of production o^ 120, 121. summary of selected occupations, 163, 173. all employAs, by states, 224. with per cent., 210. Pradnction, cost ot, of agricultural implements, 92, 93. arms and ammunition, 92, 93. artisans' tools, 92, 93. boots and shoes, 92-97. bricks, 96, 97. carpetings, 96, 97. carriages and wagons, 96, 97. clocks and watches, 98, 99. clotliing, 98-101. coal, coke, and ore, 100-108. cooking and heating apparatus, IM, Itk cotton goods, 104-llL food preparations, 110-113. glass, 112, 113. jute goods, 112, 113. leather, lU, 115. liquors and beverages, 114, 116. lumber, 114, 115. machines and machinery, 114, 11&. metals and metallic goods, 116-llS. musical instruments, 118, 119. oils and iUimiinating fluids, 118, lit. paper, 120, 121. print works, 120, 121. rubber goods, 120, 121. sUk, 120, 121. tobacco, 120-123. woollen goods, 122-126. Production, variation in the coat of, 90, 91. Products, distribution of, 277-279. Preflt-sharing, 279-286. Prussia, number of depositors and amount of deposits in savings banks in, 1839-Sl, 61. Dumber of miles of railroad in operation in, 1838-81, 54. Bailroad construction, summary of all employes, etc., by states, 224. Bailroads, amount Invested in the, of the United Kingdom December 31, 1852, 18. cost per annum of operating the, of the country with 8t«am power, 87. horse and man power necessary to perform the work of, 87, 88. miles of, in operation and miles built each year in Prance, 1840-84, 43. the United States, 100-15, ( opened in the United Kingdom, 1843-52, 18. 1863-83, 21. 1864-72, 26. 1873-84, 33. in divisions of the United Kingdom. 1884, 33. Prussia, 1838-81, 64. operation in the German Bmpire, 1836-81, 68. speculative building of, 242,243. Bails, iron, yearly production of, in the United States, 1874r-85, 68. steel, yearly produotion of, in the United States, 1874-86, 68. Bates of wages, variation in the, 141, 142. Keeled yam, cost of spinning, in the Bolton district, England, 232. INDEX. 495 Bcmeaies snggested for depre^Biona, 292, 293. aa elicited by agents of the Bureau, 269, 270. committees of Congress, 261-269. BMtriotion of immigration, 271-273. Bbode Island, synopsis of labor legislation in, 482, 483. Knbber goods, cost of production of, 120, 121. summary of aU employes, etc., by states, 224. Savings banks, depositors and deposits in, nnder trustees. Id the United Bjngdom, 1846-56, 19. number of depositors, etc., in, under trustees, in the Uniteil Kingdom, 1857-86, 22, 1866-72 26. 1873-84 34. decrease in deposits in, under trustees, in the United Kingdom, 1847-48, 20. number of depositors, etc., in post-ofBoe, of the United Kingdom, 1862-72, 26. in Trance, 1835-83, 43. in FroBsia, 183»-81, 61. in Saxony, 1845-70, 62. exhibit of, in the United States, 1874-85, 75. Saxony, classes of depositors in saTinga banks in, 1845-81, 52. deposits in savings banks in, 1845-70, 62. Silk, oost of pToduction of, 120, 121. summary dt all employes, etc., by states, 224. Speculation, enactment of laws to stop, 273, 274. Steel, production and value of, in Belgium, 1840-83, 48. yearly production of, in France, 1829^3, 42. production and average market price of, in France, 1874-83, 41. Bessemer, yearly production of, in the United States, 1874-86, OT. Stone, summary of all employes, etc., by states, 224. Switzerland, earnings and expenses of wage-receivers in, 452-456. Tariff ineqnalities, 250-252. Tennessee, synopsis of labor legislation In, 483. Texas, synopsis of labor legislation in, 483. Tobacco, cost of production of, 120-123. Bummary of selected occupations, 164, 173. all employes, by states, 224. with per cent., 210-213. Twist, cost of spinning, in the Bolton diatrict, England, 231. Under-consumption, 243-250. United Kingdom, amount invested in railroads in the, December 31, 1853, U. railroads opened in the, 1843-52, 18. 1853-83, 21. 1864r-72, 25. 1873-84, 33. miles of railroads in divisions of the, 1884, 33. capital invested in railroads of the, December 31, 1872, 25. depositors, etc., in savings banks under trustees in the, 1846-56, 19. 1857-65, 22. 1866-72, 26. 1873-84, 34. decrease in deposits in savings banks under trustees in the, 1847-48, 26. number of depoaitora, etc., in post-office savings banks In the, 1863-72, 2A. 1873-84,14. Joint-stock companies in the, 1868-72, 25. number of, registered in the, 1873-84, 33. value of imports and exports for the, 1860-84, 73. importation of cotton into the, from the United States, 1861-63, 21. United States, export price in currency of domestic products of the, 1855-85, 74, 75. immigration into the, 1820-85, 245. LQdnstrial depressions in the, 1837-86, 55-64. 1882-86, 66-76. miles of railroad in operation and built each year in the, 1830-85, 68. number of failures in the, and amount of liabilities, 1857-85, 67. locomotives in the, 87, prodnction of anthracite coal in the, 1882-85, 70. bituminous coal in the, 1882-85, 70. yearly production of pig-iron, according to fuel used, in the, 1870-85, (9. iron rails in the, 1874-85, 68 496 INDEX. C7nit<