OLIN =?= 
 
 .S64x 
 1904 
 
 OF . . 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE STATE -THE CITY 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924095195818 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 095 195 818 
 
NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 (2) 
 
GEOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE STATE -THE CITY 
 
 BY 
 
 FLOYD R. SMITH 
 
 AISTD 
 
 ARTHUR C. PERRY, JR. 
 
 oVH<y 
 
 NEW YORK •:• OmOINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
6 PEEFACE 
 
 It is hoped that the book may be of service to pupils through- 
 out the state, acquainting them with the various factors of growth, 
 showing them how these factors have made the state the foremost 
 in the Union, and thus implanting that local pride which in due 
 season shall ripen into a broad and intelligent national patriotism. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAOE 
 
 The State of New Yokk. 
 
 Location 9 
 
 Surface 12 
 
 Drainage 16 
 
 Size 27 
 
 Importance 28 
 
 Resources 28 
 
 Industries and Occupations 31 
 
 Products 36 
 
 Commerce 41 
 
 Manufacturing Centers 52 
 
 Commercial Centers j . . 54 
 
 Advantages of Location 58 
 
 Social Development 60 
 
 Government 64 
 
 Educational Centers 66 
 
 The City of New York. 
 
 Introduction . . 69 
 
 As an Industrial and Commercial Center 72 
 
 Physical Conditions determining its Growth and Importance ... 74 
 
 Means of Transportation and Communication 75 
 
 Public Works 78 
 
 Parks 81 
 
 Public Schools 84 
 
 Other Public Institutions 87 
 
 Great Mercantile Concerns 95 
 
 Financial Concerns 98 
 
 Manufacturing Concerns 101 
 
 Leading Factors determining Public Improvements ..... 103 
 
 New York Harbor 107 
 
 Local History 110 
 
 7 
 
MAPS 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Physical Map of the State of New York ..,,.. 10-11 
 Political j\Iap of the State of New York ...... 46-47 
 
 Map of the City of New York 70-71 
 
THE STATE OP IN^EW YORK 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 New York is the northernmost of the Middle Atlantic states, 
 with Pennsylvania and New Jersey on the south and southwest, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut on the east, and the 
 Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the north and 
 northwest. The general 
 form of the state is that 
 of a triangle, with Long 
 Island added at the south- 
 eastern corner. The Cana- 
 dian boundary line runs 
 through the middle of 
 Lake Erie, Niagara River, 
 Lake Ontario, and the St. 
 Lawrence to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and thence 
 eastward to the outlet of Lake Champlain. The dividing line 
 between the state and New England follows the deepest channel 
 of Lake Champlain for more than a hundred miles, and then 
 extends overland in an irregular southerly line, finally turning 
 eastward through the middle of Long Lsland Sound. The parallel 
 of 42° north latitude and the Delaware River form the Pennsyl- 
 vania boundary line. From Port Jervis, where three states meet, 
 
 Tki-state Rock, Port Jervis. 
 
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 11 
 
12 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 the New Jersey boundary line runs southeast to the Hudson 
 and thence south to New York Bay. South of Long Island 
 spreads the Atlantic Ocean, the great highway for the common 
 use of the nations of the world. 
 
 SURFACE 
 
 If you look at a map of the United States, you will see that 
 the Appalachian Highlands, which for a great distance lie almost 
 
 parallel with the Atlantic 
 coast, extend into and across 
 New York. Hence there are 
 in this state long ranges of 
 mountains and many high 
 peaks. But these mountains 
 have been cut through by so 
 many powerful rivers that 
 the surface is everywhere 
 broken up into highland and 
 lowland. In general, it may 
 be observed that the eastern portion of the state is mountainous 
 and the western much more level. The chief Lowland tracts are 
 three in number. 
 
 (1) The Valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, narrow, 
 but 300 miles or more in length, extends north and south 
 across the state. 
 
 (2) The Valley of the St. Lawrence, a long strip of lowland of 
 varying width, descends from the level of the Appalachian High- 
 lands to the shores of the Great Lakes and their outflowing river. 
 
 Copyright, iy02, by Detroit Photogrflphic Co. 
 
 Long Lake, Adirondack Mountains. 
 
SURFACE 
 
 This descent is made by a series of terraces, two of which can be 
 plainly seen. The lower is called the Lake Ridge, and the higher 
 the Mountain Ridge. 
 
 (3) The Valley of the Mohawk connects these two lowlands. 
 Its length is not much more than a hundred miles, yet it is of 
 great importance, not only as the most fertile valley of the 
 state, but because it is the only break through the Appa- 
 lachian Highlands south of the St. Lawrence and Lake 
 Champlain. In the early days it was used by the 
 
 Indians and fur traders, and to-day, by 
 
 means of canals and railroads, it is the 
 
 MOHAWK => 
 
 iX 
 
 1 
 
 1. Tiicnnic Hif^^hlands. 
 
 2. The Adirondacks. 
 8. The Catskills. 
 
 4. The Alleghanies. 
 
 chief route of travel and commerce to and from 
 the great West. 
 
 These three great valleys together have the 
 general form of a figure 4. The chief Highland 
 regions are four in number. 
 
 (1) The Taconic Highlands extend across the southeastern 
 part of the state and lie mostly on the eastern side of the Hudson 
 
 Eiver. They form the con- 
 necting link between the 
 Blue Ridge Mountains of 
 Virginia on the southwest 
 and the Berkshires of Mas- 
 sachusetts and the Green 
 Mountains of Vermont on 
 
 Highlands of the Hudson. the northeast. At SOme 
 
 places they reach a height of 2500 feet. The Taconic Highlands 
 include the Shawangunk and Delaware mountains, west of the 
 
14 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOEK 
 
 Hudson; the Highlands of the Hudson, on both sides of the 
 river; and the Taconic Range, northeast of the Highlands. In 
 
 the Highlands of the 
 Hudson are many 
 peaks (as the Dunder- 
 berg, Anthony's Nose, 
 Storm King, and Bea- 
 con Mountain), which, 
 though not of great 
 height, are famous on 
 account of their his- 
 tory and their beauty. 
 (2) The Adiron- 
 dacks, the highest and 
 most picturesque mountains of the state, are bounded by all three 
 of the great valleys. The eastern slope, to Lake Champlain, is 
 very abrupt. Mt. Marcy, towering a mile above the ocean level, 
 is the highest peak. Some of the others are Mt. Mclntyre, 
 
 Storm King. 
 
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 Copyright, 1901 
 
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SURFACE 
 
 15 
 
 Copyri',-ht, 1902, by Detroit Photographic Co. 
 
 Fishing in the Adirondacks. 
 
 Mt. Clinton, and Mt. Dix. 
 
 Among the Adirondack 
 
 Mountains are many favorite 
 
 haunts of the tourist. On 
 
 most of the lakes thousands 
 
 of people find accommodation 
 
 in the beautifully located 
 
 hotels, while many others set 
 
 up camps on private or gov- 
 ernment lands. 
 
 (3) The Catskills, rising some ten miles west of the Hudson, 
 
 slope down on the north to the Mohawk Valley. This mountain 
 
 region, second only to that of the Adirondacks in height and 
 
 bea,uty, is one of the 
 most popular of sum- 
 mer resorts. The high- 
 est peaks are Slide 
 Mountain and Hunter 
 Mountain, each vriib 
 an altitude of more 
 than 4000 feet. East- 
 ward from Hunter 
 Mountain is Otis 
 Summit, from which 
 spreads a magnificent 
 
 picture of mountain, valley, and the distant Hudson. The 
 
 Otis Elevating Railway extends from the summit to the valley 
 
 below. 
 
 Copyright, 1902, by Detroit Photographic Co. 
 
 View prom Otis Summit. 
 
16 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOEK 
 
 (4) The Allegheny Plateau extends from the Catskills west- 
 ward across the state to within five miles of Lake Erie. On the 
 north this table-land ends within thirty miles of Lake Ontario. 
 Its elevation above sea level varies from 1000 to 2000 feet^ 
 while a few peaks reach an altitude of nearly 3000 feet. 
 
 In addition to the three main low- 
 land tracts of the state there are many 
 smaller valleys, which in turn divide the 
 highland regions into smaller groups of 
 mountain ridges. Among them are : — 
 
 (1) The valleys of the Central Lakes, 
 which lie north and south in great 
 troughs in the central part of the Alle- 
 gheny Plateau. ' 
 
 (2) The valleys of the Susquehanna 
 and Delaware rivers and their branches, 
 which separate the Catskills from the 
 Allegheny Plateau. 
 
 (3) The valleys of the Hudson and Delaware, which separate 
 the ranges south of the Catskills, the Delaware, Shawangunk, etc. 
 
 Copyright, 19()2, by Detroit Pliotogrnphic Co. 
 
 Kaaterskili, Falls, 
 Catskills. 
 
 DRAINAGE 
 
 River Systems. — The lowland regions are in every case val- 
 leys formed by rivers which through thousands of years have cut 
 their way from mountain top to ocean level. Even the lakes are 
 really only wider rivers. The waters from New York all find their 
 way to the Atlantic Ocean, although through ocean arms as fai" 
 
DRAINAGE 
 
 17 
 
 apart as the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 river systems represented are five in number : the St. Law- 
 rence, the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rivers. — The most important of the rivers are as follows : — 
 
 (1) In the St. Laiorence system there are, first, the border 
 rivers, the Niagara and the St. Lawrence, the one feeding Lake 
 Ontario and the other draining it. 
 
 Then there are the rivers flowing into Lake Ontario. The 
 Genesee River rises in northern Pennsylvania, at an altitude 
 of 2500 feet, and is the only river flowing entirely across the 
 state. It is some 200 
 miles long, and in its 
 lower part, cutting its way 
 down from the Allegheny 
 Plateau, it flows between 
 great sandstone cliffs hun- 
 dreds of feet high. The 
 Oswego, formed by the 
 junction of the Seneca and 
 Oneida rivers, is but 
 twenty - four miles long, 
 yet as the outlet of the Central Lakes it discharges a very large 
 volume of water. The Black River rises in the Adirondacks and 
 is about 120 miles long. 
 
 The other rivers of the system are those flowing directly 
 into the St. Lawrence or through Lake Champlain, all of which 
 have their sources high in the Adirondacks. 
 
 Genesee River. 
 
18 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 (2) In the Hudson system is the Hudson River, the longest 
 river of the state. It lies entirely within the state, and flows 
 350 miles from the Adirondacks south into New York Bay. 
 For the last 150 miles of its course it is navigable for steam- 
 boats, and in the last hundred it makes a fall of only five feet. 
 
 To the lover of nature a trip up the Hudson on one of the 
 river steamers is a never-failing delight. Before leaving New 
 
 The Palisades. 
 
 York city, one may see the lofty Palisades rising on the left. 
 These immense cliffs extend from Weehawken to Nyack and 
 at one point reach a perpendicular height of 550 feet from the 
 river's level. The Palisades are to be kept by the states of New 
 York and New Jersey as a public park, with a fine road run- 
 ning at their base along the river's edge for fifteen miles or more. 
 At the Tappan Zee, and again at Haverstraw, the river broadens 
 to a width of more than three miles. All along, on either bank, 
 
DRAINAGE 
 
 19 
 
 Stony Point. 
 
 are thriving villages, and a mile above Haverstraw there comes 
 to view the lighthouse at the foot of the battle ground of Stony 
 Point. Beyond, at a bend 
 in the river, near the vil- 
 lage of Peekskill, the Dun- 
 derberg Mountain stands 
 sentinel at the southern 
 entrance to the Highlands. 
 North to Newburgh the 
 river winds most beauti- 
 fully in and out between 
 the steep mountains. Be- 
 yond the Highlands it 
 grows narrower, and its banks become more and more level 
 
 until we arrive at the 
 capital city, Albany. 
 At Cohoes, a few miles 
 farther north, its chief 
 tributary, the Mohawk 
 River, empties into the 
 Hudson. 
 
 The Mohawk has 
 an entire length of 175 
 miles, and from the 
 city of Rome descends 
 
 Mohawk Valley. eastward SOme 450 
 
 feet. Many prosperous cities are situated along its banks and 
 are of interest both commercially and historically. 
 
20 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 The other branches of the Hudson are not of great impor- 
 tance. 
 
 (3) In the Delaivare system the principal water course is the 
 Delaware River, which rises by two branches, the east and the 
 west, in New York state. As we have already noted, it forms 
 the boundary line between Pennsylvania and New York for 
 about seventy-five miles of its length. Its chief tributary is 
 the Never sink. 
 
 (4) The Susquehanna system includes the headwaters of the 
 Susquehanna River and its tributaries. This river rises in Otsego 
 
 Lake, within twenty miles 
 of the Mohawk, but hun- 
 dreds of feet above it. It 
 flows into Pennsylvania 
 and back into New York 
 before finally leaving the 
 state for its course through 
 Pennsylvania. It has a 
 large number of tributa- 
 ries in New York, chief of 
 which are the Chenango 
 and Chemung. 
 
 (5) The Mississipjn system. Tributaries of the Allegheny 
 River rise near the very edge of the Allegheny Plateau, within 
 less tlian ten miles of the Lake Erie shore. The waters of these 
 triluitaries tlius flow away from the St. Lawrence system, for 
 hundreds of miles, seeking an outlet which they finally find, 
 through the Mississippi, in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by Uctroit riiutograpUic Co. 
 
 Susquehanna River. 
 
DRAINAGE 
 
 2] 
 
 Scene among the Thousand Islands. 
 
 Islands. — In the St. Lawrence and Hudson river systems 
 are most of the islands of the state, which may be divided into 
 
 two groups. 
 
 The Northivestern 
 Group includes Grand Is- 
 land in the Niagara River, 
 several small islands in 
 Lake Ontario, and a re- 
 
 SuHMEK Residence, Thou-sand Islands. markable Collection of 
 
 rocky patches, known as the Thousand Islands, in the St. Law- 
 rence. The Thousand Island region is a paradise for summer 
 excursionists. In the very 
 heart of the i-egion, on the 
 New York shore, is Alexandria 
 Bay, whose natural beauty 
 has attracted visitors from all 
 parts of the globe. A sail 
 from this point through the 
 island channels presents a variety of scenery nowhere sur- 
 passed. Magnificent hotels, pretty cottages, and summer camps 
 
 NEW YORK 2 
 
 One of the Thousand Islands. 
 
22 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 lie amid the wildest and most picturesque natural surround- 
 ings. 
 
 The Southeastern Group is at the mouth of the Hudson 
 River. Manhattan Island, fourteen miles in length and less 
 than three in width, but the most remarkable island of the world, 
 is separated from the mainland on the north by the Harlem 
 River. Staten Island, three times the size of Manhattan, lies 
 five miles to the south of it._ Long Island, separated from Man- 
 hattan by the East River, 
 which is really only a strait, 
 is about 110 miles long and 
 varies from eight to twenty 
 miles in width. There are 
 also numerous small islands 
 near Long Island. 
 
 Waterfalls. — It must be 
 remembered that very few 
 rivers flow with a uniform de- 
 scent. A river may flow for miles with but a slight decline, and 
 then suddenly plunge over a rocky wall in a number of cascades, 
 or drop in a single fall. Many of the rivers of New York contain; 
 waterfalls of great beauty and often, as we shall see later, of 
 great use. 
 
 The Niagara Falls are the most noted of these. The im- 
 mense volume of water from four of the five Great Lakes passes 
 to Lake Ontario by way of the narrow Niagara River. Over the 
 rocky bed of this river it flows, until in the course of half a 
 mile it descends forty feet, thus forming what are known as the 
 
 Copyright, 18S8, by S. R. Stoddard. 
 
 A Cascade. 
 
DRAINAGE 
 
 23 
 
 
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 Niagara Falls. 
 
 Rapids of the Niagara. 
 Then it drops four times 
 this height in a stupen- 
 dous fall. Goat Island di- 
 vides the mile-wide stream 
 at this point so that the fall 
 is made in two branches, 
 the narrower American 
 Falls, 167 feet high, and 
 the broader, horseshoe- 
 shaped Canadian Falls, 
 158 feet high. Below the falls the river forms what is known 
 as the Whirlpool Rapids, and later, broadening into one of the 
 calmest of streams, empties into Lake Ontario. 
 
 In the Genesee River there are two groups of falls, one at 
 Portage, where there is a descent of 330 feet in three miles, and 
 the other at Rochester, where there is a drop of 200 feet in three 
 
 cascades. At what is 
 known as the Middle Fall 
 at Portage, the river has 
 worn out of the bank a 
 curious cave called the 
 Devil's Oven, large enough 
 to hold a hundred people. 
 In the lower course of 
 the Au Sable River there 
 is a number of swirling 
 whirlpooi, eapids. J^api<is and dashing falls 
 
24 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 beyond which, is the famous Au Sable Chasm where the riTer 
 rushes for two miles between sheer walls of rock a hiindred feet 
 
 in height and only fifty feet apart. 
 
 On the Mohawk there are the 
 CoJioes Falls, seventy feet in height. 
 West Canada Creek, a branch of the 
 Mohawk, by hali a dozen falls called 
 the Trenton Falls, descends 312 feet 
 in two miles. The Kaaterskill Falls 
 (see page 16) and Haines Falls in the 
 Catskills are also worthy of mention. 
 
 Lakes. — New York is noted for its 
 large number of lakes, many of great 
 beauty. Most of them belong to the 
 St. Lawrence River system. In fact, 
 the Delaware system has no lake of 
 any size, and the Susquehanna has only Lake Otsego, which, at 
 an altitude of 1200 feet, is at the source of that river. In 
 the Mississippi system 
 there is Lake Chautau- 
 qua, a beautiful sheet of 
 water in the extreme 
 western part of the state. 
 It is 1300 feet above sea 
 level — 700 feet higher 
 
 than Lake Erie, only Lakk Chautauqua. 
 
 eight miles away. The Hudson River system contains a few of 
 the famous Adirondack lakes, but, as has been remarked, the sys- 
 
 Au Sable Chasm. 
 
DRAINAGE 
 
 25 
 
 tern wMcli includes the 
 
 greatest number of lakes 
 
 is that of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Most important of all are 
 
 the border lakes: Lake Erie 
 
 with its surface nearly 600 
 
 feet above sea level, and not 
 
 navigable in winter ; Lahe ^^^^ champlain. 
 
 Ontario, more than 300 feet lower than Erie, and never frozen over ; 
 
 Copyright, 1890, by S. K. Stoddard. 
 
 Lake Geokge. 
 
 and Lahe Cliamplain, the northern gateway of the state, beauti- 
 fully surrounded by the Adi- 
 
 rondacks and the Green 
 Mountains. Tributary to Lake 
 Champlain is the picturesque 
 Lake George, some forty miles 
 in length, and famed for its 
 clear water, its throng of little 
 islands, and its wild, wooded 
 
 Baby Island, Lake Geokge. 
 
26 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOEK 
 
 Copyright, ]901, by S. R. Stoddard. 
 
 Ruins op Fort Ticondekoga. 
 
 shores. Ticonderoga Creek connects Lake George with Lake 
 Champlaiu into which it empties, after a descent of 200 feet, 
 
 near the crumbling 
 
 ruins of old Fort Ticon- 
 deroga. Also finding 
 their outlet into the 
 St. Lawrence, through 
 either the rivers flow- 
 ing directly into it 
 or those feeding Lake 
 Champlain, are most 
 of the Adirondack lakes, brilliantly set amid the forests of the 
 great mountains. In the central part of the state is the group 
 of lakes which from their shape are 
 often known as the Finger Lakes. 
 We have seen that the Oswego River 
 is their outlet into Lake Ontario. 
 The most important of them are 
 Cayuga, Seneca, and Oneida, all navi- 
 gated by steamboats. At the head 
 of Seneca Lake are the wonderful 
 Watldns Glen and Falls. The for- 
 mer is a great gorge in a rocky 
 plateau, about three miles in length 
 and reaching a depth of 300 feet. 
 Through the Glen a swirling moun- watkins gi.en. 
 
 tain brook breaks its way in a number of rapids, cascades, and 
 falls. Near the western shore of Cayuga Lake are the graceful 
 
SIZE 
 
 27 
 
 Taughannock Falls, fifty feet 
 higher than Niagara, which 
 rush into a ravine whose 
 walls are 400 feet high. In 
 the neighborhood are more 
 than a dozen other impor- 
 tant waterfalls. Indeed, the 
 whole region abont these lakes 
 abounds in attractive scenery. 
 
 SIZE 
 
 New York is not by any 
 means one of the largest states 
 in the Union. In fact, of the 
 forty-eight states, twenty -eight 
 are larger than New York. 
 Yet its area is more than three 
 
 fourths of that of all New England, but less than one fifth of that 
 
 of Texas, and its water 
 
 surface is greater than 
 
 Taughannock Falls. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 NEW 
 ENGUND 
 
 the entire area of Rhode 
 Island. The length and 
 
 width of New York are each over 300 miles, 
 and its surface is nearly 50,000 square miles. 
 A most important fact is that the state has 
 a water frontage of nearly 1000 miles. Politi- 
 cally, the state is divided into sixty-one counties, the most popu- 
 lous of which is New York, and the largest in area, St. Lawrence. 
 
 Relative Akeas 
 
28 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 IMPORTANCE 
 
 We have already seen that New York has advantages of 
 location, surface, drainage, and size, which, properly used, woidd 
 make the state one of great importance. As a matter of fact, it 
 is easily the first state of the Union — the Empire State, as it 
 is called. Its area is only one seventieth of that of the United 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 n.y: 
 
 U.S. 
 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 
 Area 
 
 Population 
 
 Manufacturing Fordgn Commerce 
 
 Banking 
 
 States; and yet it has about one tenth of the population, the 
 value of its manufactures is one sixth, it handles one half of 
 the foreign commerce, and it carries on two thirds of the bank- 
 ing business. Since 1820 New York has led the states of the 
 Union in population, having been fifth in 1790, third in 1800, 
 and second in 1810. It now has over 9,000,000 inhabitants. 
 More th"k.n this, the state has a foremost place in literature, art, 
 and education. 
 
 RESOURCES 
 
 We have spoken of the physical advantages of New York. 
 Let us see more closely what they are. 
 
 Water Power. — We have seen that the land is so shaped and 
 located that there is a long water frontage, — on lake, river, and 
 ocean, — that there are rivers upon \vhich boats may be run, 
 
EESOURCES 
 
 29 
 
 Niagara Water Power. 
 
 and yet other rivers wherein are hnge waterfalls. These falls 
 are valuable as sources of power. In some cases, as in the falls 
 of the Genesee at the city of Rochester and in the falls of the 
 Oswego at the village of Fnlton, the falling water is made to 
 turn mill wheels which set in motion all kinds of machinery. In 
 the case of the falls at the 
 city of Niagara Falls, the 
 water is led into great 
 pits, where it drops on big 
 wheels called turbines, and 
 escapes th];ough a two- 
 mile tunnel under the city 
 into the river heloiu the 
 falls. The revolving tur- 
 bines put into motion great 
 
 dynamos in the power Intekiob of power house, Niagara. 
 
30 
 
 THE STATE OE NEW YOEK 
 
 house which make electricity. The power in this form is then 
 distributed through wires to a distance of many miles and used 
 in running factories, railroad cars, and other machinery. 
 
 Climate. — Another advantage which New York enjoys is a 
 temperate climate, neither too warm nor too cold except on a few 
 days in the year or in a few localities. The rainfall is moderate, 
 
 and well distributed 
 
 both throughout the 
 year and over the state. 
 Soil. — Again, a 
 large part of the sur- 
 face of New York has 
 a fertile soil. This is 
 especially true of the 
 great valley regions 
 along the Great Lakes, 
 along the Hudson, Mohawk, and Genesee, about the Central 
 Lakes, and at what is known as the Great Alluvial Plain of the 
 Susquehanna River in the Allegheny Plateau, where the river 
 has left a sediment of rich, fertile soil for miles around. 
 
 Minerals. — In the earth itself are large resources, such as 
 iron ore, salt, petroleum, natural gas, granite, and marble. 
 
 Plants and Animals. — Again, let us consider the plant and 
 animal life of the state. Before Europeans came to New York, 
 dense forests covered the entire region. Chief of the trees is 
 the pine, and in the Adirondacks large quantities of other ever- 
 greens — particularly the spruce and the hemlock. These are 
 found, too, in other parts of the state, but mingled with hard- 
 
 Alluvial Plain near Binghamton. 
 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
 
 31 
 
 woods. Especially plentiful are the oak, maple, hickory, chest- 
 nut, basswood, and elm. Of the larger wild animals, few have 
 escaped the gun and trap. But small game, like rabbits and 
 squirrels, and game birds still abound. Fish there are in 
 plenty — in the fresh-water lakes and rivers, trout, bass, pick- 
 erel, and whitefish ; and in the salt water, shad, bluefish, mack- 
 erel, oysters, and clams. 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
 
 But all these resources would be worthless without the in- 
 dustry of man. It requires effort on his part even to catch fish 
 or trap a wild animal. 
 All the different forms of 
 effort which man makes 
 to turn the resources of 
 nature to his own use we 
 call Industries. The chief 
 of these are : Lumbering, 
 Farming, Fishing, Mining 
 and Quarrying, and Manu- 
 facturing. 
 
 Lumbering. — The peo- 
 ple have been so active in 
 clearing the land of trees that almost all of the useful timber 
 has been cut down, except in the Adirondack region. In 1850 
 New York was the leading state in lumbering, but to-day it is 
 twelfth, and the entire wooded portion of the state is not much 
 
 Copyright, ISSS, by S. R. Stotldard. 
 
 Lumbering in the Adirondacks. 
 
32 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 more than a third of the total area. However, lumbering is still 
 an important industry, which thrives chiefly in the Adirondacks. 
 Here, during the winter, when the lakes, streams, and marshes 
 are frozen into firm roadways, the ax of the lumberman is busy, 
 and the delightful summer camps on the green banks of lakes and 
 rivers give place to the snow-bound lumbering camps, where the 
 huge pine, hemlock, and spruce are felled and dragged to con- 
 venient storing places on 
 the ice-bound rivers. When 
 in the spring the ice be- 
 gins to loosen and melt, 
 and the streams swell 
 into powerful torrents, the 
 exciting and dangerous 
 work of lumbering begins. 
 Agile and skillful lum- 
 bermen, armed with long 
 poles, direct the floating 
 logs in their course down stream, and many are the hairbreadth 
 escapes and deeds of reckless daring told at the evening camp 
 fires. 
 
 But it is necessary that a certain amount of forest land be 
 allowed to remain, as it holds the rainfall and thus keeps up 
 the water supply of the rivers. As the lumbermen in the past 
 were frequently selfish and reckless in destroying the trees, the 
 state government has acquired forest lands from time to time, so 
 that now over 2000 square miles is owned by the state and known 
 as the Forest Preserve 
 
 Locs IN THE River at Glens Falls. 
 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
 
 33 
 
 Farming. — The farmer usually engages in both agriculture and 
 stock raising. The fertile valley regions he uses for raising crops 
 of grain, vegetables, or 
 fruit, while the hills 
 and rough places, which 
 are not so good for 
 agriculture, he uses as 
 pastures for his cattle 
 and other stock. Fully 
 half of the area of 
 New York is devoted 
 to farmmg. There are farming in northern new York. 
 
 over 200,000 farms, and they average each about 100 acres in 
 area. The state is one of the leaders in agriculture, as in so 
 many other respects. The farms of the state are valued at over 
 $1,000,000,000, and their products in one year are worth a 
 quarter of this sum. Only the three states of Illinois, Iowa, and 
 
 Ohio stand ahead of New 
 York in either of these par- 
 ticulars. The leading farm- 
 ing counties are St. Lawrence, 
 Steuben, and Erie. 
 
 Fishing. — New York is 
 excellently situated for the 
 pursuit of fishing either as 
 
 Drying Fish Nets — Lake Ontario. a SpOrt Or aS an industry. 
 
 Lakes Erie and Ontario, the St. Lawrence, the Niagara, and the 
 inland rivers and lakes, the Hudson, and the salt water about 
 
34 
 
 THE STATE OE NEW YORK 
 
 Long Island, all yield great quantities of fish. The Lake Erie 
 fisheries are said to surpass those of any other body of fresh 
 water in the world. Here fishing is done either from small 
 boats, from the shore, or, in the winter, through the ice. 
 
 The state government has made laws fixing the times of the, 
 year when certain fish may be taken and the manner in which 
 they may be caught, whether by line or net or spear. Fish 
 
 hatcheries are maia- 
 tained, where young 
 fish are raised and the 
 waters of the state 
 stocked with millions 
 of them every year. 
 
 Mining and Quarry- 
 ing. — Although New 
 York is not known as 
 a mining state, the fol- 
 lowing industries are 
 important: mining for 
 iron and a few other 
 metals ; quarrying for stone and other minerals ; drilling for oil 
 or natural gas ; mining for salt or getting it from the great salt 
 marshes. 
 
 Manufacturing. — But the products of all these industries are 
 of little value until they have been manufactured into articles 
 of use to us in our daily life. 
 
 Lumbering, mining, and quarrying lead to manufacturing. 
 Of little use are the timber and boards until fashioned into 
 
 Salt Works. 
 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
 
 35 
 
 thousands of articles from a sheet 
 of paper to a steamboat ; of little 
 use is the iron ore until melted, 
 refined, and shaped into its many 
 forms from a needle to a locomo- 
 tive ; of little use is the marble 
 until converted into its countless 
 products from a paper weight to 
 a city hall. Even fishing and 
 farming lead to manufacturing. 
 Fish are salted and preserved as 
 food, or their oil is extracted. 
 Grains are ground to flour, vege- 
 tables and fruits are dried or 
 canned, hops are used in making 
 beer, and tobacco is made into cigars ; and from live stock are 
 produced butter, cheese, condensed milk, and even canned meats, 
 leather, and buttons. 
 
 New York stands far in the lead in the matter of manu- 
 factures. The total value of the products is so great that an 
 exact statement of the number of dollars would give no idea of 
 it, as it reaches far up into the billions. 
 
 Occupations. — While the industries just described employ a 
 great number of the people of the state, it must be remembered 
 that certain other occupations are necessary in any civilized 
 community. So that we find here a great army of lawyers, 
 doctors, ministers, teachers, engineers, iournalists, clerks, railroad 
 men, and others. 
 
 Oldest Sawmill in the State. 
 Built in 1805. 
 
36 
 
 THE STATU OF NEW YOKK 
 
 PRODUCTS 
 
 Let us now consider the products of each of these industries 
 in turn. 
 
 Forest Products. — The forests in New York yield products 
 which in a single year reach a value of nearly $16,000,000. 
 
 The trees, as hewn and 
 trimmed by the ax of 
 the woodman, are 
 taken to the sawmill 
 where they are fm'ther 
 trimmed into beams, 
 sawed into boards, 
 planed into various 
 forms, or cut into shin- 
 gles, or into hoops, 
 staves, and headings 
 for barrels. The prod- 
 ucts of the sawmills and planing mills go to the hands of the 
 builder or tlie manufacturer. 
 
 Agricultural Products. — Among the leading groups of agri- 
 cultural products are the cereals. In the production of buclc- 
 wheat New YorI<; has first place, raising over a thu-d of the 
 total crop of the United States. Great quantities are produced 
 throughout the Allegheny Plateau. In the value of the rye cropi 
 which comes largely from the Hudson Valley counties, Wiscon- 
 sin and Pennsylvania are the only states that outrank New 
 York. Oats, wheat, and corn are also produced in large quanti- 
 
 Interior of a Modern Sawmill. 
 
PKODUCTS 
 
 37 
 
 ties. Another group of important products is the different kinds 
 of hay. Kansas and Iowa are the only states that yield a larger 
 amount than does New 
 York. 
 
 As to vegetables, 
 more than a tenth of 
 the entire United States 
 crop is raised in New 
 York. New York has ^ vegetable farm. 
 
 first place in the production of potatoes, onions, sweet corn, 
 cucumbers, cabbages, and several other varieties. 
 
 Over a third of all the hops in the United States comes 
 from New York, and millions of pounds of tobacco are raised 
 annually. The maple, in addition to furnishing a valualjle tim- 
 ber, is raised for its sap to 
 such an extent that New York 
 produces more mkple sugar 
 than any other state excej)t 
 Vermont. 
 
 In the raising of /r»/V.s, 
 New York is second only to 
 the famous fruit state of Cali- 
 foimia, and in the raising of 
 apples it holds first rank. 
 Millions of pounds of fruits 
 are evaporated for the mar- 
 ket, and cider and vinegar are among the important products 
 of the state. The counties bordering on the Ontario are famed 
 
 NEW YORK % 
 
 luinuiiBiuu) 
 
 (i.VTHEKING GRAPES. 
 
38 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 for their orchards, and grapes and other small fruits are raised 
 in enormous quantities. 
 
 Agriculture includes, too, the cultivation of fruit trees, plants 
 and trees for ornamental purposes, and the raising of farm and 
 garden seeds, and here also New York is the leader, the lower 
 Hudson and Long Island counties selling nearly $3,000,000 
 worth of nursery products annually. Near the city of Roches- 
 ter are nurseries, said to be the largest in the United States. 
 Live Stock. — We have seen that the farmer finds it profit- 
 able to devote his hilly or rough land to stock raising. In a 
 single year the farmers of the state have sold over $15,000,000 
 worth of live animals. In the value of the various dairy 
 products — cattle, milk, butter, cheese — New York is the first 
 state of the Union. Enough milk is produced in a year to sup- 
 ply every person Jn 
 the state with more 
 than a hundred gal- 
 lons. In poultry rais- 
 ing the state has high 
 rank, and in the cul- 
 ture of bees New York 
 is surpassed only by 
 Texas in the value of 
 its honey and wax. 
 
 Fish.— The chief 
 products of the fishing 
 industry are herring, sturgeon, trout, whitefish, catfish, pike, and 
 perch, from the border waters ; trout, bass, pike, perch, and pick- 
 
 Trout Fishing. 
 
PEODUGTS 
 
 39 
 
 erel, from the inland waters; shad from the Hudson; and in 
 the salt water about Long Island are captured great quantities 
 of bluefish and mackerel ; menhaden are caught off the eastern 
 shore ; and the bays are worked for lobsters, oysters, and clams — ■ 
 the famous Blue Point oysters come from the vicinity of Blue 
 Point on the Great South Bay. 
 
 Minerals. — As to the mining industries, iron is the only 
 metal found in any quantity. Fine iron is mined in the Cham- 
 plain district, in the 
 Highlands, and at va- 
 rious scattered points 
 in other regions. 
 
 In quarrying, over 
 $4,000,000 worth of 
 building stone was taken 
 out in 1900. Granite 
 is found throughout the 
 Hudson region, marble in the northern and eastern counties, blue- 
 stone in Ulster, and limestone in ne'arly every section. The hard 
 sandstone from Potsdam is used for paving ; the only place in the 
 country where red slate is found is Washington County; and cement 
 is widely distributed, being found in Erie, Onondaga, and Ulster 
 counties. Along the lower Hudson large clay beds have de- 
 veloped one of the greatest brick-making centers of the world. 
 
 Petroleum is found at many places, chiefly in Allegany and 
 Cattaraugus counties. From Olean the oil is pumped through 
 pipes to distributing points as distant as Buffalo and Long Island 
 City. Natural gas is found in the central and southwestern 
 
 A Brickyard. 
 
40 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 parts of the state, and is used in Buffalo and other places for 
 lighting, cooking, and heating. 
 
 In the production of salt, New York has held first rank since 
 1893. Salt springs of great value are in Onondaga, Wyoming, 
 
 and Genesee counties; 
 
 and in recent years 
 rock salt has been 
 mined in Livingston 
 County. 
 
 Mineral springs, 
 valuable as medicine, 
 are found throughout 
 the state, some of the 
 
 CONGKIOSS PARK, SARATOGA SPRINGS. |^gg^ knOWU bciug thOSB 
 
 at Saratoga, Richfield, Sharon, and Avon. The village of Sara- 
 toga Springs, located two or three miles from the Hudson, is the 
 most famous watering place 
 in the United States. Its 
 population of 12,000 is more 
 than doubled during the sum- 
 mer months by visitors to the 
 hotels, attracted largely by 
 the wonderful mineral waters. 
 Manufactured Products. — 
 The products of manufacture 
 
 are almost countless. The view in Saratoga. 
 
 leading branch is the manufacture of textiles, the products of 
 which exceed a fifth of the entire manufactures of the state. The 
 
COMMEECE 
 
 41 
 
 manufacture of food and like products comes next in importance, 
 followed by what are known as "hand-trade" products. In 
 the manufacture of metals 
 other than iron and steel, 
 New York is the first state, 
 and in this connection it 
 is interesting to note that 
 New York's production 
 of confectionery is now 
 greater than that of iron 
 and steel. The state is 
 first also in the manufac- 
 ture of lumber products, 
 of chemicals, of liquors and 
 beverages, of tobacco, and of paper and printing. Very exten- 
 sive, too, are its shipbuilding, and its manufactures of clay, glass, 
 and stone, of leather, and of vehicles used in land transportation. 
 
 Saratoga Lake. 
 
 CO:\IMERCE 
 
 It is not enough that the different industries shall take the 
 resources of the earth and change them into useful products. 
 These products must next be exchanged, so that each person may 
 work at his occupation and trade off his products for other things 
 which he needs but does not make himself. This exchange we 
 call Commerce, and here, too, nature has done much for New 
 York in determining the routes by which merchandise of varioufe 
 kinds can be most easily transported from one point to another. 
 
42 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOEK 
 
 A Hudson River Steamboat. 
 
 Modes of Transportation. — We have noticed that the state is 
 cut in many directions by valleys, which are of the greatest 
 importance as routes of travel. Along these lines the exchange 
 of farm products for the products of the factory, and the prod- 
 ucts of one town for those of another, has been made for years 
 and years. Roads were early built, that men and produce might 
 
 travel horseback or in wagons. 
 Steamboats were run on the 
 navigable waters. Then in 
 some cases where the rivers 
 could not be used for pur- 
 poses of commerce canals were 
 built. Later came the " iron 
 horse," ready to haul along 
 steel rails great numbers of wagons or cars at a speed far greater 
 than ever before attained. 
 
 Routes of Transportation. — One feature of New York's sur- 
 face gave the state a great opportunity to grow in commercial 
 strength. Year by year the American colonists pushed their 
 settlements farther and farther into the great West and North- 
 west. Year by year their products increased until they had 
 more than they could dispose of near at hand. Then, naturally, 
 they sought the chance to trade with the people of the Atlantic 
 Slope, and even with the European nations. To carry on this 
 export trade it was necessary that in some way their products 
 should reach the Atlantic coast. Many seaboard towns with 
 their excellent harbors — Boston, New York, Philadelphia — 
 were good ports when once reached; but how to reach them? 
 
COMMEECE 
 
 43 
 
 For hundreds of miles there was no break in the Appalachian 
 Highlands through which the loaded wagons might be sent 
 to the coast, bvit well toward the northern end there was the 
 ciit formed by the St. Lawrence and Mohawk valleys. Once 
 through this opening, to the right, lay the navigable Hudson, 
 inviting commerce to its mouth port, — New York. Thus New 
 York city became the great American port, and New York state 
 the commercial leader of the Union. 
 
 Roads. — The means by which commerce has been carried on 
 are the waterways — natural and artificial — and the roadway's, 
 either open roads or 
 railroads. 
 
 In the construction 
 of roads for ordinary 
 use great progress has 
 been made. At first, 
 a road was hardly more 
 than a widened trail 
 through the woods, but 
 from that small be- 
 ginning has gradually -^^ O' '•''^'' Steamer. 
 
 come the miles of well-built roads that to-day are found all over 
 the state. Especially as the bicycle and automobile have come 
 more and more into use, the greater has been the need for smooth 
 and lasting roadways, so that the length of these improved roads 
 is daily increasing. 
 
 Water Routes. — The easiest kind of route for man to establish 
 is a boat line, for nature has provided the " roadbed," as it were, 
 
44 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 and man has only to furnish the vehicles. Steam, of course, is 
 almost entirely used to-day as the motive power, and so we find 
 steamboats plying regularly on all of the important inland and 
 border rivers and lakes. The great shipping center, not only of 
 New York state, but of the western hemisphere, is the port of 
 New York city. Thence the vessels go out to the north, the east, 
 and the south. Many of the steamboats are of great size and 
 speed and as comfortably and richly furnished as any hotel. 
 
 Canals. — We have already remarked that many of the valleys 
 are traversed by unnavigable streams. While large boats may 
 readily sail up the Hudson, their farther progress — up through 
 the Mohawk Valley — is made impossible by the shallowness of the 
 ]Mohawk River and its rapids and falls. Again, even if this river 
 were navigable, there are many breaks in the chain of rivers and 
 lakes as you cross the state. Large ditches might be built to 
 connect these, you may say. Yes, but they could not be laid 
 out across entirely level country, and they would soon become 
 
 rapid - flowing rivers. 
 Even were a river 
 bed dredged and the 
 river thus deepened 
 and the falls cut out, 
 it would still remain 
 unnavigable on account of the swiftness with which the water 
 would flow. Thus it was necessary for man to devise some 
 kind of artificial river, on the plan of a large ditch, and to find 
 some method by which boats could be taken easily from one 
 level to another. What he did contrive was a form of " lock " 
 
 CASCADE 
 
 FALLS 
 
 RAPIDS 
 
 ""^'^^^^^^P^^ 
 
COMMENCE 
 
 45 
 
 LEI^EL C 
 
 FLOo/f or LOCfr 
 
 by which a boat as it stands in the water can be raised or 
 
 lowered from level to level — made, in fact, to go uphill or 
 
 downhill. If you study carefully the following description, 
 
 you can understand how this is done. 
 
 If a boat is to be taken from level C to level D (downhill), 
 
 gate B is closed ; water from level C is admitted until it stands 
 
 in the lock as high as 
 
 it does on level C ; 
 
 gate A is opened and 
 
 the boat floated into 
 
 the lock ;■ gate A is 
 
 closed ; the water in the lock is let out gradually into level D, 
 
 so that' it falls slowly to the level of that in level D ; gate B is 
 
 opened ; the boat now 
 passes out on level D 
 and is drawn on until 
 another lock is reached. 
 To go uphill from D 
 to C the operation is 
 reversed : B is opened ; 
 the boat goes into the 
 lock ; B is closed ; water 
 is gradually admitted 
 into the lock from C ; 
 A is then opened and 
 the boat is on level C. 
 It was on April 15, 1817, that the legislature of New York, 
 
 under the leadership of Governor Clinton, voted to build the Erie 
 
 Canal Locks, Lockport. 
 
48 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 Canal, from Albany to Buifalo. In spite of the ridicule which 
 greeted the '' Big Ditch " on all sides, it was completed by 
 October 26, 1825. Since then the canal lias been used constantly 
 except during the winter, when navigation is closed, and has 
 been improved from time to time in many respects. The original 
 length of 363 miles has been reduced to 352, the number of 
 locks from 83 to 72, and the canal and locks have been enlarged 
 so that larger boats may be used. It is proposed to expend 
 many more millions of dollars to enlarge and improve the canal, 
 in order to permit the floating of more modern freight vessels. 
 The Erie Canal fixed the path of commerce from the West 
 through the state of New York, and made the city of New York 
 the chief port for foreign shipment. In addition, many thriving 
 towns have been developed all along the route of thfe canal. 
 
 Other canals, which, like the Erie, have been constructed by 
 the state, are : the Champlain Canal, the Black River Canal, the 
 Oneida Lake Canal, the Oswego Canal, and the Cayuga arid 
 Seneca Canal. 
 
 These canals, all of which, since 1884, have been fi-ee for any 
 one to use, carry over 3,000,000 tons of freight annually, of 
 
 which two. thirds goes 
 eastward and one third 
 westward. 
 
 Railroads. — Within 
 six years after the comple- 
 tion of the Erie Canal the first railroad in New York was run 
 between Albany and Schenectady. Since then the building of 
 railroads has been steadily carried forward, so that to-day over 
 
 First Railroad Train. 
 
COMMERCE 
 
 49 
 
 Through eourleay of N. Y. C. & H. B. E.B. 
 
 A Modern Railroad Train. 
 
 8500 miles of steam roads are operated in the state. The roadbed 
 and rolling stock have been greatly improved. One may now board 
 a train at one end of the state in the morning and arrive at the 
 other before evening ; 
 throughout the entire 
 trip, during which he 
 has had at his com- 
 mand the comforts of 
 parlor and dining room, 
 he need not leave his 
 train. 
 
 The chief railway systems of the. state are : the New York 
 Central and Hudson River, and the Erie, each operating over 
 800 miles of road ; the West Shore, the Rome, Watertown, and 
 Ogdensburg, and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, each 
 with over 400 miles ; and the Long Island, and the New 
 York, Ontario, and Western, with about 300 miles each. 
 
 It will be seen that the same natural routes which have been 
 used by canals have been used by the railroads, and that the 
 railroads generally follow the valleys whenever they can. Man 
 has not, however, folloAved these highways of nature altogether, 
 but has daringly laid his iron rails across the mountain ridges, 
 cutting through the mountains or building long bridges over the 
 valleys between. . 
 
 The main line of the New York Central follows the east 
 bank of the Hudson from New York city to Albany. Here it 
 turns westward through the Mohawk Valley and follows very 
 closely the route of the Erie Canal to Buffalo. 
 
50 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOKK 
 
 Tlie West Shore runs along the west bank of the Pludson, 
 and from Albany to Buffalo along a route about the same as that 
 of the Central. 
 
 The Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg skirts the shore of 
 Lake Ontario and connects with many summer resorts on the 
 Lake. 
 
 The Erie, completed in 1851, is a wonderful piece of engi- 
 neering work. Its original western terminus was Dunkirk, on 
 
 Lake Erie. It now 
 runs west to Chicago, 
 and has branches to 
 Buffalo and many 
 other points. If you 
 follow the Erie from 
 Jamestown, a hand- 
 some city on Lake 
 Chautauqua where the 
 road makes its west- 
 ern connections, and 
 continue to New York. 
 you will notice how it has to cross all five of the river systems , 
 of the state, and yet how it does this almost entirely by fol- 
 lowing up or down the river valleys. First it travels up the 
 Allegheny (Mississippi system), then down a branch of the Gene- 
 see (St. Lawrence system), then up the main stream, and finally 
 up an eastern tributary, passing out of the Genesee Valley, at 
 an altitude of nearly 1800 feet, into the Susquehanna system, 
 by way of the valley of the Canisteo River. Next it goes down 
 
 View on the Erie Railroad. 
 
COMMERCE 51 
 
 the Chemung, then up the Susquehanna, then crosses the divide 
 into the Delaware watershed, following very closely the Delaware 
 River for the entire length of its boundary between New York 
 &nd Pennsylvania. At Port Jervis the road turns eastward to 
 climb over the Shawangunk Mountains down to the valleys of 
 the Hudson Eiver system. In many cases, where the moun- 
 tains come down to the river's edge like this, 
 the roadbed for the railroad had to be cut for 
 miles out of the solid rock, thus 
 
 The New York, Ontario, and 
 Western follows the tracks of ^ ^•^' V^/*'^"'^ 
 
 the West Shore from Weeliaw- x yP/Ko? 
 
 ken to Cornwall. From here it 
 strikes westward across Orange County to the mountains and 
 lakes of Sullivan and Delaware counties, and beyond to the 
 city of Oneida, where it again connects with the West Shore, 
 and also with the Central. 
 
 The Long Island Railroad runs from Brooklyn, in New York 
 city, throughout the length of the island along both the north 
 and south shores and also through the middle of the island. 
 
 The last few years have seen great progress in the use of 
 electricity, which has taken the place of horses as power for 
 street railroads, and replaced steam for local travel between 
 neighboring towns. Over 1300 miles of such roads are 
 operated in New York. In some cases the power is led 
 through underground wires, in others by overhead wires, and in 
 others, mainly on elevated street railways, by a third rail along- 
 side the tracks. 
 
52 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 MANUFACTURING CENTERS 
 
 In New York, as in every other state or country, the people 
 have gathered themselves together into villages or into cities, 
 which are really only villages of a larger growth. In some cases 
 this is because these particular places were better fitted for carry- 
 ing on manufacturing ; in other cases because they made good 
 
 centers for trade. All of 
 the cities and many of 
 the villages now are both 
 manuf acta ling and com- 
 mercial centers. But most 
 of them owe their first 
 growth to one only of 
 these causes. The cities 
 of New York are forty- 
 nine in number. In order 
 of their rank as manufac- 
 turing centers the leading 
 ten are : New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Troy, Albany, 
 Yonkers, Utica, Binghamton, Cohoes. New York is by far the 
 greatest of these — so much so that we are to devote nearly one 
 half of this book to that city. 
 
 Buffalo, at the western end of the state, has immense manu- 
 factures of iron, steel, brass, and copper goods, machinery, lumber, 
 oil, flour, sugar, beef, leather, shoes, etc. Slaughtering and meat 
 packing are extensively carried on. In the neighborhood of Buf- 
 falo are the manufacturing cities of Niagara Falls, Lockport, and 
 
 Grain Elevator, Buffalo. 
 
MANUFACTURING CENTERS 
 
 53 
 
 North Tonawanda, and the scarcely less important village of 
 Tonawanda. 
 
 Rochester, too, has many millions of dollars invested in 
 manufacturing, over a third of which is in the manufacture of 
 boots and shoes and men's 
 clothing. Flour, beer, to- 
 bacco, furniture, and pho- 
 tographic goods are among 
 the other products. 
 
 Sijrufuse not only has 
 high rank as a manufac- 
 turing city, but it is rapidly 
 growing. Men's clothing, 
 machinery, manufactures 
 of iron and steel, and malt 
 liquors are the leading 
 products. Auburn, to the southwest, and Oswego, to the north- 
 west, are both important manufacturing cities. 
 
 Between Syracuse and Troy are the cities of Rome, Utica, 
 
 Little Falls, Gloversville, Johns- 
 town, Amsterdam, Schenectady, 
 and Cohoes, all important cen- 
 ters of manufacture. 
 
 Troy and Albany, only six 
 miles apart, are extensive manu- 
 facturers of machinery, mathe- 
 matical instruments, and shirts, 
 „ T, „^ collars, and cuffs. 
 
 A Collar Shop, Tkoy. ' 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by Detroit Photograpliic Co. 
 
 Salina Stkeet, Syracuse. 
 
54 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YOKK 
 
 Between Albany and New 
 York are the cities of Hudson, 
 Jvingston, Pouglikeepsie, New- 
 burgh, Yonkers, and Mt. Vernon, 
 all engaged in manufacture. 
 
 In the south central part of 
 the state is a group of manufac- 
 turing cities, including Ithaca, 
 Hornell, Corning, Elmira, and 
 Binghamton. The last two are the most important and have 
 large flour mills, rolling mills, tanneries, breweries, iron works, 
 car shops, and factories of many kinds. 
 
 A Stuekt in Ithaca. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTERS 
 
 We next consider the cities 
 as commercial centers. The lead- 
 ing lake ports are Buffalo and 
 Oswego. Buffalo is called the 
 " Queen City of the Lakes" ; for 
 not only is it one of the most 
 important cities of all the Great 
 Lakes, but, with its broad, well- 
 paved, and beautifully shaded 
 streets, its many artistic resi- 
 dences, its well-kept lawns, its substantial public buildings, and 
 its system of public parks, it is one of the handsomest cities 
 of the northern country. It has a water front of seven miles 
 
 North Street, Buffalo. 
 
COMMERCIAL CENTERS 
 
 55 
 
 on lake and river, and its harbor, protected by breakwaters, is 
 one of the finest on Lake Erie. As a lake port, as one terminus 
 of the Erie. Canal, and as the junction of a score of railroads, 
 it has an immense trade, especially in live stock, coal, and lum- 
 ber. Grain is brought in enormous quantities from the West 
 and stored here, and later reshipped to its final destinations. 
 
 Dunkirk, also a manufacturing city, has a large Lake Erie 
 trade. 
 
 Osioego is the chief port on Lake Ontario. It has an excellent 
 harbor, protected by a large breakwater, and has miles of wharves 
 and many large grain 
 elevators. It has a large 
 trade with Canada in 
 lumber and grain and 
 in coal, which comes 
 across the state from 
 Pennsylvania. Its im- 
 portance dates back to 
 the days of the French 
 and Indian War, when 
 the English fort was captured, in 1756, by General Montcalm. 
 
 All the cities along the line of the Erie Canal and the Central 
 and West Shore railroads are important trading centers. The 
 Mohawk Valley is famous as a dairy region, and besides its 
 immense exports of butter and cheese, ho]3s and broom corn are 
 raised in large quantities. To the west is the great grain and 
 fruit producing region about the Finger Lakes and the Great 
 Lakes. The products of the farms for miles around are brought 
 
 The Hakbor at Oswego. 
 
56 
 
 THE STATE OE NEW YOEK 
 
 Lower Falls, Rochester. 
 
 to the cities, where they are shipped by canal or railroad just as 
 they are, or after they have been manufactured into other products. 
 
 At Rochester, the Erie 
 Canal crosses the Genesee 
 River on a great bridge of 
 cut stone over 800 feet 
 long. Rochester is con- 
 nected by a branch of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad 
 witli the plateau region to 
 the south, so that the city 
 is the center of trade for 
 tlie whole Genesee Valley. 
 Syracuse is a railroad 
 center, and here the Oswego Canal connects with the Erie. 
 Rome is an important market for cheese and lumber. 
 Utica, beautifully located on a slight elevation, is the metropo 
 lis of the Mohawk Val- 
 ley and a busy railway 
 and canal center. It 
 is the most important 
 cheese market in the 
 United States. 
 
 Sclienectady is an 
 important railroad cen- 
 ter from which the 
 Delaware and Hudson 
 
 Canal Company runs canal bridge, Rochester. 
 
COMMERCIAL CENTERS 
 
 57. 
 
 trains to Lake George and ' Lake Champlain and southwest to 
 the famous summer resorts in Sclioliaz'ie and neighboring counties. 
 
 Albany, the capital city, with 
 its population of 100,000, is located 
 a few miles below the mouth of 
 the Mohawk and at the junction 
 of the Erie and Champlain canals, 
 near the head of the Hudson 
 River navigation. It is connected 
 by rail with New York, Boston, 
 Montreal, and Buffalo, and has governor's residence, Albany. 
 alwajs been a city of great commercial importance. It is the 
 greatest lumber market in this part of the country. On the oppo- 
 site bank of the Hudson from Albany, connected by a railroad 
 bridge, is the city of Rensselaer, formerly East Albany. 
 
 Troy has excellent com- 
 mercial advantages, connected 
 as it is by canals with Lakes 
 Champlain, Erie, and Ontario, 
 and located near Albany and 
 its railroad systems. Oppo- 
 site Troy is the city of Water- 
 vliet, where the lumber trade 
 is the chief industry. At 
 Watervliet is located a United 
 States arsenal. 
 
 At Poughkeepsie, an important railroad junction, the Hud- 
 son is spanned by an immense bridge. Trains passing 
 
 The Poughkeepsie Bridge. 
 
 over 
 
58 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 this bridge connect the Pennsylvania coal region with Few 
 England. 
 
 Newhurgh is one of the leading commercial cities on the 
 river, dealing in the produce of the rich farm lands to the west. 
 
 In Newburgh is located 
 the Hasbronck House, fa- 
 mous as the headquarters 
 of Washington during the 
 last years of the Revolu- 
 tion. Many relics of the 
 War of Independence are 
 to be found in the house 
 and on the surrounding 
 grounds, now preserved 
 as a state park. New- 
 burgh is connected by ferry with Fishkill. 
 
 The most important of the many railroad centers of south 
 central New York are Binghamton and Ehnir'a, trading largely 
 in flour, lumber, and coal. 
 
 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF LOCATION 
 
 But it must be remembered that good reasons fix the loca- 
 tion of all cities, and that they do not grow up at random, 
 Even if you did not know that there is a city called Buffalo, 
 as soon as you had learned of the Great Lakes and the many 
 people that live near and beyond them, and of the remarkable 
 valley that extends from Lake Erie across New York to the 
 
ADVANTAGES OF LOCATION 
 
 59 
 
 Hudson Eiver, you would expect to find a large city on the lake 
 at the head of the valley. And, further, you would expect to 
 find it at that point on the lake shore which has the best harbor 
 for trading boats. 
 
 Again, we have seen that in the Genesee River are great 
 falls which can be used to run machinery. And at this point 
 on the river has grown up the city of Rochester. 
 
 The city of Syracuse owes its first growth to the salt springs 
 in the neighboring marshes which were known to the Indians, 
 it is said, as far back as 1653. 
 
 These cities and those of the Mohawk Valley all owe their 
 later rapid growth to the building of the Erie Canal and then 
 to the railroads, which 
 enabled them to ship 
 their products to dis- 
 tant markets and to 
 develop into great com- 
 mercial centers. 
 
 Many other centers 
 owe their manufac- 
 turing importance to 
 waterfalls — among 
 them, Niagara Palls, Cohoes, Glens Falls, Little Falls, Fulton. 
 
 Then there are the cities on the Hudson. Kingston, for 
 example, is the most convenient point at which the bluestone 
 from the quarries to the west can be taken and shipped down 
 the river. Large quantities of ice taken from the Hudson are 
 shipped from this port. Again, Kingston is the natural southern 
 
 Cohoes Falls. 
 
60 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 gateway to the popular Cats kill Mountain region, and so it gains 
 prominence as a railroad center. 
 
 At the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers, in 
 the center of that fertile alluvial plain, there could not fail to 
 grow up a town of importance as a manufacturing and trading 
 
 center — Binghamton. 
 
 Olean and Wellsville 
 became important on ac- I 
 count of the great oil field 
 in the neighborhood. 
 
 These instances are 
 enough to show you that 
 cities do not spring up by 
 chance. In every case, the 
 Binghamton. large city has had some 
 
 great advantage of location — near powerful waterfalls, near 
 natural waterways, or perhaps at the junction of two of them, 
 or at the central point of an extensive farming district, or near 
 natural resources. 
 
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
 The Early Settlers. — Think of the early settler in New York 
 as he pushed into the woods, cleared the trees off a little tract 
 of land, built a log cabin, and becaine farmer, fisherman, quarry- 
 man, and manufacturer, all in one. He and his family raised 
 their own grain, vegetables, and fruit ; they trapped game, 
 caught fish, raised stock ; they made their own cloth and manu- 
 
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
 61 
 
 Log House. 
 
 factured their own clothing and whatever else they needed in their 
 daily life. Soon, however, others settled near them, and then 
 each man began to devote 
 himself to doing the thing 
 he was best fitted to do. 
 If he could shoe horses, 
 he set up a blacksmith 
 shop ; if he could make 
 clothes, he set up a tail- 
 or's shop ; if he was a 
 miller, he built a mill at a 
 convenient waterfall, and 
 groimd into flour the grain which the farmers brought him. 
 Others devoted themselves to carpentry, others to masonry, others 
 to manufacturing of one kind or another. 
 
 Naturally these different people grouped themselves together 
 in a village, and then was established the village store, where one 
 could make a great variety of purchases — an iron pail, a lace 
 handkerchief, dried fish, or a box of axle grease. 
 
 The doctor and the minister and the lawyer settled in the 
 village, and schools and churches were built. Before many years 
 elapsed, the little village grew to a large town, or perhaps, if it 
 was fortunately located so that railroads or waterways made it a 
 commercial center, it became a great city. 
 
 Country Life. — All this while, many other people preferred 
 to remain in the country, making their living as farmers, so that 
 to-day, within the state of New York, we find miles after miles 
 of rich farm laud and again hundreds of cities and villages. 
 
62 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 Modern Farmhouse and Barns. 
 
 And how different is the farm life from that of the city! 
 The boy who lives on the farm gets up very early, — perhaps at 
 four o'clock in summer, — helps with the " chores," milking the 
 
 cows ; feeding the horses, 
 cattle, pigs, and chickens 
 and other live stock ; fetch- 
 ing water from the well 
 or spring, carrying it by 
 the pailful several rods to 
 the house ; and bringing in 
 great armfuls of firewood. 
 The farmer's family, with 
 perhaps a " hired man " or 
 two, are the only persons 
 living in the good-sized, 
 two-story house, and the nearest neighbor is probably a quarter 
 of a mile away — often farther. After breakfast, the boy, with 
 
 A Country Schoolhouse. 
 
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
 63 
 
 his lunch pail in hand, will trudge a mile or so to school. The 
 schoolhouse is a one-room frame building, and if there are 
 twenty pupils present, it is considered a large attendance. If the 
 country boy wishes to mail a letter or get any mail which may 
 have been sent him, he often has a long walk or ride to the 
 nearest village post office. If he goes out for the evening, unless 
 it is a bright moonlight night, he 
 will have to carry a lantern or 
 fasten one on his carriage or 
 sleigh. But he usually gets to 
 bed early so as to rise the next 
 day with the sun. 
 
 City Life. — What a different 
 story is the life of the city boy 
 or girl, who lives perhaps in a 
 house not more than twenty feet 
 wide, with other houses close up 
 on each side, and maybe with a 
 back yard some forty feet long, 
 or else in an " apartment " or 
 " flat " house where from three 
 to a dozen families all live. In this case each family has some 
 half-dozen rooms where its daily life is carried on. The city 
 boy's "milking" is not more than going to the front door and 
 taking in the bottle or pail of milk which the milkman left 
 there ; there is no fetching water, because the city reservoir sup- 
 plies every house ; there is probably no firewood to bring in, 
 because coal or gas is generally used as fuel. And so the city 
 
 An Apartment House. 
 
64 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 boy has few " chores," and he does not get up so early as his 
 country cousin. The school which he attends may be but a few 
 rods away — a four-story building of brick and stone with 2000 
 or more pupils in daily attendance. Living so near the school, 
 he can go home to his lunch. If he wants to call on his friends 
 or go " down town " to the large shops, he can go by street 
 car, electric or cable, or perhaps by an elevated road or a "sub- 
 way." If he goes out at night, he finds the streets well lighted 
 with public lamps, and there are many places of amusement open 
 every evening. His letters are brought to his house by a letter 
 
 carrier, who makes sev- 
 eral trips a day, and to 
 mail a letter requires 
 but a few steps to a 
 letter box. 
 
 GOVERNMENT 
 
 In every govern- 
 ment a few of the peo- 
 ple are selected to make 
 laws for the good of 
 all and to see that 
 
 The Senate Chamber at Albany. 
 
 those laws are obeyed. The government of the state of New 
 York, like that of the United States, has three branches. First, 
 there is a legislative branch consisting of a Senate of 50 mem- 
 bers and an Assembly of 150 members, elected by the people of 
 the various districts into which the state is divided. The legis- 
 
GOVERNMENT 
 
 65 
 
 The State Capitol. 
 
 lators make the laws for the state. Second, there is the execu- 
 tive branch, consisting of a governor and other state officers who 
 are elected by all the people of the state. The governor, who 
 appoints many assistants, sees that the people obey the laws. 
 Third, there is a judicial branch, consisting of judges and other 
 officers of the courts, all of whom are elected by the people. The 
 duty of these is to settle disputes about the laws, and also to 
 punish people who break the laws, thus administering justice to 
 all the inhabitants of the state. 
 
 Besides this state government, each county has a govern- 
 ment to look after matters which relate only to its own county 
 
66 
 
 THE STATE OE NEW YOKK 
 
 — a board of supervisors for law-making, a sheriff and other 
 officers for law enforcing, and county courts for law judging. 
 
 As each county is divided into towns, there is another set 
 of officials to attend to the matters of purely town government, 
 and in the same way each of the cities of the state has a city 
 government. 
 
 The headquarters of the state government is in the capito] 
 bmlding at Albany. This magnificent granite structure, located 
 on the principal height of the city, is visible for miles around. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL CENTERS 
 
 One of the causes of the importance of New York state is 
 the attention given to education. To-day not only has every 
 
 child an opportunity of 
 getting a free schooling, 
 but he is compelled to go 
 to school whether he and 
 his parents wish it or not. 
 Forty millions of dollars is 
 spent upon public educa- 
 tion every year. Through- 
 out the state are more 
 
 Columbia University. .i ^ .i t 
 
 than eleven thousand coun- 
 try schoolhoiises. In the larger villages there is usually what is 
 known as a Union School, which contains a high-school depart- 
 ment. In the cities, boards of education make laws and require 
 raents suited to the needs of the local schools. 
 
EDUCATIONAL CENTERS 
 
 67 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by Detroit Photographic Co. 
 
 Cornell University. 
 
 Besides these, there are 
 the colleges, most of which 
 are private institutions, in 
 which the students pay for 
 their instruction. When 
 a student graduates from a 
 college or university he re- 
 ceives a diploma on which 
 is written the degree or 
 standing which he has at- 
 tained. In New York there 
 are twenty-seven colleges that confer degrees on their graduates. 
 Of these colleges, Columbia University, organized as King's 
 College in 1754, the largest in the state, is situated on Morning- 
 side Heights in New York city. New York University, organ- 
 ized in 1831, situated on University Heights, and the College of 
 the City of New York, organized in 1848 as the New York Free 
 
 Academy, are the next in 
 size and importance in New 
 York city. Cornell Uni- 
 versity, beautifully located 
 at Ithaca, on Cayuga Lake, 
 is the second college of the 
 state. Poughkeepsie is the 
 seat of Vassar College, one 
 of the leading schools in 
 the United States for the 
 
 VASSAL College. education of WOmCU. 
 
68 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 There is at Albany the State Normal College which prepares 
 its pupils to become teachers, and eleven normal schools at dif- 
 ferent points throughout the state carry on the same work. 
 
 At West Point, commanding the Hudson to both north and 
 south, is the United States Military Academy, which is governed 
 
 by the War Department of 
 the United States. Here 
 young men are trained to 
 become army officers, and 
 each graduate receives a 
 second lieutenant's com- 
 mission in the regular 
 army. 
 
 But schools are not 
 the only educational insti- 
 
 Uniteb States MILITARY Academy. West POINT. ^utions. At Albany are 
 
 located the State Museum and the State Library, containing 
 thousands of volumes. There are many other large and impor- 
 tant libraries, all of which, together with museums and other 
 opportunities to increase one's knowledge, do their great work 
 in the education and refinement of the people. 
 
 This study of our state, though brief, will serve to show how 
 well New York merits its proud title of Empire State. 
 
THE CITY OF I^EW YORK 
 
 IXTRODUCTION 
 
 The city of New York is divided into five boroughs. 
 
 Tlie borough of Manhattan includes all of Manhattan Island, 
 vphose northern boundary is the Harlem River. It includes also 
 Governors, Bedloes, Ellis, Oyster, Blackwells, Randalls, and Wards 
 islands. The borough of The Bronx lies north and east of Man- 
 hattan and extends to the northern limits of the city. The 
 borough of Brooklyn covers the area of Kings County, and is the 
 old city of Brooklyn. It is surrounded by the East River, the 
 borough of Queens. New York Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. 
 The borough of Queens extends from Brookl^'n to Nassau County 
 on the east. The borough of Richmond comprises all of Staten 
 Island. 
 
 The city of New York is governed by a mayor, who is 
 assisted in each borough by a borough president. 
 
 The area of the city is 318 square miles, of which the largest 
 borough, Queens, covers 124 square miles, and the smallest, Man- 
 hattan, 22 square miles. The vast city has 4,767,000 people, 
 about half of whom are in the little borough of Manhattan. Rich- 
 mond has the smallest population, although it outranks in area 
 both the borough of Manhattan and the borough of Brooklyn. 
 
 69 
 
72 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 NEW YORK CITY AS AN INDUSTRIAL AND COMMER- 
 CIAL CENTER 
 
 Although we generally think of New York as a city chiefly 
 devoted to trade or commerce, we must not lose sight of the fact 
 
 that it is a great indus- 
 trial center as well. 
 
 Of course the indus- 
 tries common in the rural 
 parts of the state are not 
 found here to any great 
 extent, although it is true 
 that within the limits oi 
 the city of New York we 
 do find good fishing, and 
 even some farming is still 
 done. But every year sees 
 more and more of the old farms in the outskirts of the city 
 giving place to the real city life and to those industries that are 
 more common in a great city. The most important of these 
 industries is manufacturing, and it is due to this especially that 
 New York leads as an industrial center. When we consider that 
 in manufacturing, New York is the leading city of the world, we 
 have one of the best standards by which to measure its greatness. 
 This alone would lead to a vast commerce ; for we must dispose 
 of the manufactured prodticts, and so we send them by land and 
 by sea to all parts of the globe. These we call oiu' exports, and in 
 
 Loading Goods fob Export. 
 
AN INDUSTRIAL AND COMMEECIAL CENTER 
 
 73 
 
 the total exports of New York city we must include those goods 
 that come through it from the north, the south, and the west, 
 bound for foreign lands. The commerce of the city includes also 
 the great import trade, goods brought in ships to New York 
 from foreign ports, some of it to remain there and some to pass 
 through on the way to the inland cities of the United States. 
 These imports are taxed by the United States government, which 
 has what is known as a Customhouse, in New York city, where 
 the customhouse officers collect taxes, known as customs or 
 duties, on the goods brought into the port from foreign countries. 
 The receipts of the New York customhouse are enormous, more 
 than those of all the other 
 customhouses of the 
 United States together. 
 
 The post office of the 
 city distributes about 
 4,000,000 letters a day, 
 which shows us in another 
 way what an enormous 
 amount of business must 
 be done in the city. 
 
 An important aid to the business of the city is the 200 
 or more banks, where merchants and others may deposit 
 their money and draw against it by check, borrow money when 
 they need it, and transact other business. 
 
 With all these signs of the business activity of New York 
 before us, it is not difficult to realize that in industry and wealth 
 it is truly the Imperial City of the Western Hemisphere. 
 
 The New Customhouse. 
 
74 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING ITS GROWTH 
 AND IMPORTANCE 
 
 Situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, New York 
 naturally receives from the north and west much of its commerce, 
 and most of the European trade reaches or goes through the city. 
 Its location on one of the finest harbors of the world made it 
 
 even from the very first a 
 natural trading post. Its 
 climate is uniform and 
 moderate, both in winter 
 and in summer, and it is 
 remarkably free from un- 
 healthful or weakening 
 surroundings. Again, the 
 city with its borough har- 
 bors and coast indenta- 
 
 Grand Central Depot, Manhattan. tionS, haS a Water front 
 
 of some 350 miles, which gives it by far the greatest shipping 
 and docking advantages of any city in the world. When we 
 consider, further, that New York city is so located that it is 
 easily reached by all railroad lines, from north, west, south, 
 and east, it is not difficult to understand why it is the me- 
 tropolis of the Western Hemisphere, nor to prophesy with cer- 
 tainty that some day it will become the great world city, of a 
 size and importance far beyond that of any city the world has 
 hitherto known. 
 
TKANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 75 
 
 MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 
 
 We have already seen how man m his efforts to make trade 
 and travel easy has improved the advantages offered him in 
 New York state ; how he has built highways, raih^oads, canals, 
 bridges, steamships. New York city shows, even more than 
 the rest of the state, what wonders the mind and hand of 
 man may accomplish. 
 
 The ordinary means of travel within the limits of New York 
 city to-day are : elevated roads, surface cars, underground rail- 
 ways, ferries, and bridges. 
 
 Elevated roads, of which the first was built in 1876, are 
 found in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Brooklyn. 
 These were the earliest means of rapid travel in New York city. 
 For five cents, one may travel from the Battery by way of 
 Second or Third Avenue through Harlem, and well into The 
 Bronx ; or, from the same starting point, by way of Sixth or 
 Ninth avenues, to the Harlem River at 155th Street, where con- 
 nections are made with the trains of the New York and Northern 
 Railway for the city limits and the suburban towns. From the 
 Manhattan end of the Brooklyn Bridge one may journey on 
 the elevated road to Coney Island, to Ridgewood, or to Jamaica, 
 and from the Manhattan end of the Williamsburg Bridge, an- 
 other route to Jamaica and Ridgewood is open. The trains on 
 the elevated roads are now operated by electricity. 
 
 Surface cars on most lines are run by electricity, though 
 in a few cases by cable or even by horses. A great network of 
 
7G 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Early Stkam P'euryboat. 
 
 surface cars spreads over the city, raaliing it possible for people to 
 
 travel about with speed and convenience to all parts of the town. 
 
 If the tracks of elevated and surface roads in New York city 
 
 were in one straight line, they would reach to Kansas City, while 
 
 the surface lines alone would 
 take us well beyond Chicago. 
 The Subway. — Another 
 system of rapid transit is 
 known as the Subway. Start- 
 ing from the post office in 
 Manhattan, one branch runs 
 underground to 42(1 Street and Fourth Avenue, then along 42d 
 Street and out Broadway to Kingsbridge. A branch from 104tli 
 Street tunnels the Harlem 
 River and extends to West 
 Farms. Tlie Subway also 
 runs under Broadway and 
 Whitehall Street, under the 
 East River, and to the corner 
 of Flatbush and Atlantic 
 avenues, in Brooklyn. An- 
 other system connects Man- 
 hattan with Jersey City and ferryboat of the present time. •: 
 Hoboken by tunnels under the Hudson. No one who has not 
 traveled during " rush hours " can form any idea of the vast 
 throng of people tliat crowd the cars and ferries of the great city. 
 Ferries. — As the boroughs of the city are separated mostly 
 oy bodies of water, the ferries, of which there are fifty, do a 
 
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 
 
 / i 
 
 very important work. The oldest ferry in New York, dating 
 back to Dutch colonial times, is the present Fulton Ferry, con- 
 necting Fulton Street, Manhattan, with Fulton Street, Brooklyn. 
 
 Brooklyn Bridge. 
 
 Bridges. — Finding tliat the ferries woiild soon be unable to 
 carry the increasing crowds between New York and Brooklyn, 
 the people of those cities decided to have a bridge, and, in 1870, 
 the famous Brooklyn Bridge was 
 built to span the East River. This 
 remarkable structure was one of 
 the world's wonders. Its entire 
 lengtli is over a mile, and the 
 central span measures 1600 feet, 
 lis ftoor at the highest point is 
 135 feet from the river, so that 
 sailing craft can manage to go 
 under it easily. It has a road- 
 way, a promenade, and tracks 
 for elevated trains and surface 
 
 cars. Tlie Williamsburg Bridge Williamsburg bridge. 
 
78 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 crosses the East River between Delancey Street, Manhattan, and 
 South 5th Street, Brooklyn. Manhattan Bridge crosses the East 
 River between Canal Street, Manhattan, and Nassau Street, 
 Brooklyn. The Queensboro Bridge crosses the East River 
 between 59th Street, Manhattan, and Crescent Street, Queens. 
 High Bridge, crossing the Harlem River at 175th Street, was 
 bailt in 1842 to carry the water from the Croton Aqueduct into 
 New York city. Washington Bridge, a handsome structure sup- 
 ported by massive but graceful arches, connects West 181st Street 
 with The Bronx. Other bridges are planned to span the East 
 and Harlem rivers, and one is even projected to cross the Hudson, 
 
 High Bridge. 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS 
 
 Water Works. — Probably the most difficult of our public 
 problems is to supply about 5,000,000 people with good water 
 in sufficient quantities for daily use. The supply in Manhat- 
 tan is drawn from the Croton River, and from a number of 
 lakes in Putnam and Westchester counties. Immense dams have 
 
PUBLIC WORKS 
 
 79 
 
 been built on the Croton River and on these lakes, which raise 
 the water in some places over 100 feet. This brings an immense 
 quantity of water into the city. It is pumped from the main 
 reservoir in Central Park through iron mains laid under the sur- 
 face of the streets. The higher portions of the city are sup- 
 plied from the High Bridge 
 reservoir, and the one at 
 97th Street and Ninth 
 Avenue. Brooklyn is sup- 
 plied mainly through the 
 Ridgewood reservoir, from 
 the streams and lakes of 
 Long Island. An immense 
 reservoir at Jerome Park 
 will contain 1,500,000,000 
 gallons of water when 
 completed. It is estimated 
 that over 250,000,000 gallons ai-e consumed daily in Manhattan 
 and The Bronx, and 100,000,000 in Brooklyn. 
 
 All this water must in one form or another be disposed of, 
 and for this purpose immense sewers or drains, some of them 
 fifteen feet wide, extending under the streets of the city, back 
 and forth and across some 1500 miles, carry off the waste and 
 deposit it far out in the rivers. The fact that water is not 
 allowed to lie stagnant in the city prevents a great deal of 
 
 disease. 
 
 Streets and Driveways. — Different commissioners are ap- 
 pointed to look after the opening of new streets and the closing 
 
 Reservoir, High Bridge. 
 
80 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Washington Bridge and Harlem River Driveway. 
 
 of old ones, to see that 
 the streets are kept 
 clean and free from 
 snow, to bnild boule- 
 vards (like the Riverside 
 Drive in Manhattan, 
 the Southern Boule- 
 vard in The Bronx, and 
 the Eastern Parkway in 
 Brooklyn), speedways 
 (like the Harlem Eiver 
 Driveway in Manhat- 
 tan), and cycle paths (like that on the Ocean Parkway in Brook- 
 lyn, extending from Prospect Park to Coney Island). 
 
 Docks and Piers. — The docks and piers of New York city 
 are controlled by one of the departments of the city government, 
 which builds, repairs, 
 and rents the wharves 
 that line the shores of 
 Manhattan and Brook- 
 lyn. There are about 
 130 piers on the island 
 of Manhattan. Be- 
 tween 12th and Canal 
 streets are located the 
 piers of most of the 
 great ocean liners, and 
 
 near and below Canal Driveway in central park. 
 
PARKS 
 
 81 
 
 Street are the river and coastwise steamers. Fartlier down tlie 
 river the docks are mainly those of the ferries and freight lines. 
 Extensive shipping is carried on also on both sides of the East 
 River. At the foot of 
 Canal Street the Ocean 
 Steamship Company 
 has a steam heated 
 wharf for the storage 
 of southern fruit. A 
 tour of the water front 
 of New York city would 
 be a trip of great value 
 even to the city boy 
 or girl. In such a 
 walk he might study 
 many things of inter- 
 est ; the names and nationalities of the ships painted at their 
 sterns, the different cargoes loading and unloading, and the flags 
 of the different nations afloat at the mastheads. 
 
 Piers and Docks, East River. 
 
 PARKS 
 
 The people of a busy commercial city whose lives are passed 
 in the hurry and rush of exciting events, must find some means 
 of refreshing body and mind. Foremost among these means are 
 our parks, many of them in the very heart of the crowded city, 
 where the people may enjoy open fields, green grass, and shaded 
 walks, without having to go out into the country. The most 
 
82 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 famous of these city 
 breathing places is Cen- 
 tral Park, which lies 
 almost in the center of 
 Manhattan, extending 
 in length from 59th to, 
 110th streets, a distance 
 of two and one half 
 miles, and half a mile 
 in width. Central Park 
 View in centkal pakk. has been in existence 
 
 for nearly half a century. In the center of Brooklyn is Prospect 
 
 Park, over half the size of Central Park, and scarcely less famous. 
 
 Adjoining Prospect Park is what is known as the Parade Ground, 
 
 where one may see thousands of 
 
 men and boys playing baseball or 
 
 football during the season. Each 
 
 of these large parks has acres of 
 
 beautiful meadow and woodland, 
 
 with miles of well-made, wide, 
 
 and shaded driveways, and charm- 
 ing paths across the fields, over 
 
 hills, and through ravines. Each 
 
 has a lake of several acres, on 
 
 which are launches and rowboats 
 
 in summer, and which, when 
 
 frozen over in winter, are thrown 
 
 open to thousands of skaters. Maryland monument, prospect park. 
 
PARKS 
 
 83 
 
 Each, too, is made more beautiful by the addition of many 
 
 handsome stone arches and bridges, ornamental rustic houses, 
 
 and monuments of bronze 
 
 and of marble. Among 
 
 the monuments in Central 
 
 Park the most striking is 
 
 the Egyptian obelisk, 
 
 known as Cleopatra's Nee- 
 dle, which was presented to 
 
 the city by the Khedive of 
 
 Egypt in 1877. It is about 
 
 3500 years old, dating back 
 
 before the time of Moses. 
 
 In The Bronx there are entrance to frospect park. 
 
 several parks, two of them. Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay, 
 
 much larger than Cen- 
 tral Park, but as yet 
 not fully developed. 
 Van Cortlandt Park, in 
 the western part of the 
 borough, is a beautiful 
 forest of 1100 acres in 
 which is located the old 
 Van Cortlandt Manor 
 House, now used as a 
 
 View in Central Park. mUSeum. BrOnX Park, 
 
 which contains the botanical gardens, the zoological gardens, the 
 fairjous rocking stone, and the Lorillard Mansion, bids fair to be 
 
84 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Van Cortlandt Manor House. 
 
 the most beautiful of all, 
 especially in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Bronx River. 
 Pelham Bay Park, twice 
 the size of Central Park, is 
 in the northeastern part of 
 the borough, and stretches 
 along by the Sound to 
 the northern city limits. 
 These three parks are con- 
 nected by magnificent road- 
 ways. 
 In addition to the large parks, there are more than a hundred 
 
 small parks or squares, each of only a few 
 
 acres, yet scattered about in such a way that 
 
 nearly every inhabitant has one of these open 
 
 spots somewhere near his home. Of these. 
 
 Union Square, Madison Square, Tompkins 
 
 Square, Bowling Green, Stuyvesant Square — 
 
 all in Manhattan — are perhaps the best known. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 The history of education in New York city 
 may be said to have begun when the first 
 Dutch schoolmaster, Adam Roelandsen, set up 
 his little school in New Amsterdam in 1633, 
 and began to ring bells, comfort the sick, and (^t^aTfarL 
 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 85 
 
 A New York School Building. 
 
 take in washing to eke out a poor living. From this small begin- 
 ning, our great school system of to-day has grown, in which 600,- 
 000 children attend the 
 public schools in 500 differ- 
 ent buildings where 13,- 
 000 teachers do their daily 
 work. In this vast system 
 pupils from the kindergar- 
 ten to the college are edu- 
 cated at the expense of the 
 city, and the money for this 
 purpose is raised almost' 
 entirely by a tax on the 
 property owners of the city. 
 
 Some of the buildings used by the New York public schools 
 
 are magnificent and pos- 
 sess every advantage for 
 the comfort and education 
 of the school children. 
 Many of them seat 3000 
 children. One of the new 
 schools is a six-story struc- 
 ture designed to seat 5000 
 pupils, and a number of 
 elevators will convey the 
 children to the upper floors. 
 In the public schools, besides the regular studies, English, 
 arithmetic, geography, history, etc., the girls are instructed in 
 
 A Class in Carpentry Work. 
 
86 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Hall op the Boakd of Education. 
 
 sewing, and where possi- 
 ble, the girls learn cooking 
 and the boys do carpentry 
 work. 
 
 The High Schools, of 
 which there are twenty, 
 furnish a more complete 
 education to those desir- 
 ing it, and prepare many 
 of their pupils for college. 
 The College of the 
 City of New York is free 
 to the graduates of the city high schools. 
 
 The elementary schools, high schools, and the college are 
 under the control of the Board of Education, whose imposing 
 building is located at 59th Street and Park Avenue, Manhattan. 
 This Board, consisting of forty-six members, elects a City Superin- 
 tendent of Schools, whose 
 duty it is to see that the 
 laws of the Board are en- 
 forced. 
 
 Summer schools and 
 summer playgrounds are 
 supported by the city for 
 the children of the more 
 crowded sections ; and in 
 the different boroughs there 
 are eighty or more evening at an evening lecture, 
 
OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 87 
 
 schools, where men and women, as well as working 'boys and 
 girls, are given a chance to get an education. In many of the 
 schools, public evening lectures on all subjects are given, which 
 the parents of the pupils attend in large numbers. 
 
 OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 
 
 Libraries. — New York city has many other means besides 
 public schools and public lectures for the education of her citizens, 
 and probably next in importance comes the vast system of public 
 libraries. The efforts to provide free books for the reading 
 public of the city has resulted in the union of five great sources, 
 — the Astor Library, in Lafayette Place, the Lenox Library, 
 on Fifth Avenue and 71st Street, the Tilden bequest, the for- 
 mer New York Free Circulating Library, and lastly the fund 
 of over $5,000,000 given by Andrew Carnegie. The central 
 building of the new library, which has branches in all the 
 boroughs, is being erected on Fifth Avenue, extending from 40th 
 to 42d streets, and it will be the largest library building in the 
 world. 
 
 Museums. — The American Museum of Natural History 
 occupies the long block on 77th Street, between Central Park 
 and Columbus Avenue. This mammoth building, now only 
 about one quarter complete, has a frontage of nearly one sixth of 
 a mile, and is a most imposing structure. Here may be seen a 
 wonderful collection of stuffed birds and other animals, and 
 many curious collections of fossils and mummies and relics of 
 livino- and extinct nations and tribes. It would take years to 
 
88 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 The Museum op Natural History. 
 
 study carefully all that is here exhibited, but even a single visit 
 
 to it is very profitable. 
 
 The Metropolitan Miiseum of Art is located in Central Park 
 
 on the Fifth Avenue side, fronting on 83d Street. In it one may 
 
 see the works of the greatest of the world's sculptors, workings in 
 
 bronze, famous histori- 
 cal tapestries, vases, 
 pottery, and porcelains 
 of all ages. Paint- 
 ings by Rosa Bonheur, 
 Meissonier, Breton, 
 and many of the old 
 masters, Van Dyck, 
 Velasquez, Rubens, Ho- 
 garth, Rembrandt, are 
 
 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
 
 he 
 
 re. 
 
OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 
 
 89 
 
 The Botanical Garden. 
 
 The New York Botanical Garden occupies 250 acres of land in 
 Bronx Park on tke Harlem Railroad. The garden is being filled 
 with hardy plants, 
 both American and for- 
 eign ; the more delicate 
 specimens of plants, 
 not adapted to our cli- 
 mate, are exhibited in- 
 doors. Near by are 
 the New York Zoolog- 
 ical Gardens, where 
 many varieties of birds and other animals are kept in immense 
 cages, large enough for them to continue their accustomed habits 
 
 of life. Ranges are 
 made for buffaloes. 
 
 dens for wolves and 
 bears, ponds for beaver, 
 seals, and alligators, 
 houses for monkeys, 
 and for all kinds of 
 reptiles. 
 
 While making the 
 round of the musemns 
 one must not fail to 
 visit the New York 
 Aquarium at Battery 
 Park in the old immigrant building. Castle Garden. Here are 
 found fishes from all the waters of the United States, and 
 
 The Zoological Gardens. 
 
90 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 the hundred and mor( 
 tanks occupied bj 
 them furnish subject! 
 for study and amuse 
 ment 
 
 Among the othei 
 free amusements fo: 
 the 
 
 IT ,. ^liiiiiiilii 
 
 The Aquakitim — ExTEEIOK. 
 
 Recreation Piers, immense 
 halls built out over the 
 entire length of some of 
 the large piers on the 
 rivers, where 
 the people of 
 the crowded 
 districts may 
 enjoy on the 
 
 hot summer nights the breezes that blow over the 
 river and the music which the city furnishes for 
 their pleasure. 
 
 Monuments. — To keep before the minds of our 
 busy people the memory of great men who have 
 died, many monuments have been erected 
 throughout the city. There are statues of 
 Columbus, Stuyvesant, Washington, Lafayette, 
 Status OF Nathan Hale. Franklin, Webster, Lincoln, Grant, Shake- 
 
 Thb Aquarium — Intkkiok. 
 
OTHEE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 
 
 91 
 
 The Washington Abch. 
 
 may be treated for disease 
 The Navy Yard of the 
 Wall about Bay on the 
 East River, in B rooklyn . 
 The immense grounds, 
 covering nearly 150 
 acres, present many 
 interesting sights. 
 Among them are can- 
 non and trophies of 
 many wars. The stone 
 dry-docks, capable of 
 launching a first-class 
 battle ship, are of spe- 
 
 speare, Irving, Scott, Morse, and 
 many other famous soldiers, states- 
 men, authors, and inventors. The 
 Washington Arch, at the foot 
 of Fifth Avenue on Washington 
 Square, was erected soon after the 
 centennial celebration of Wash- 
 ington's inaugural. 
 
 Charities. — An important 
 branch of the city government, 
 established to protect the health of 
 the poorer classes, is the Depart- 
 ment of Public Charities, which 
 provides stations where patients 
 
 or undergo operations. 
 
 United States is located at the head of 
 
 Entkancb to the Navy Yard. 
 
92 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 New York Post Office, Manhattan. 
 
 cial interest. Many vessels of the 
 navy are stationed here at differ- 
 ent times, and may be boarded 
 by visitors by permit from their 
 captains. The yard was founded 
 in 1801, and is under the control 
 of one of the rear admirals of 
 the navy. 
 
 Baths. — Many public baths 
 are located along the river 
 fronts. During the summer 
 months the daily average of bath- 
 ers is 60,000, who are thus en- 
 abled to enjoy the benefits of salt-water bathing without expense. 
 Public Buildings. — The New York Post Office building, com- 
 pleted in 1875, is located at 
 Broadway and Park Row. This 
 office has many stations and sub- 
 stations scattered throughout 
 Manhattan and The Bronx, and 
 handles millions of letters a day. 
 There are departments for the 
 care of city mail, domestic mail, 
 foreign mail, registered letters, and 
 special delivery letters. Several 
 mails are distributed ddily, and 
 several collections are made dur- 
 ing the day from the thousands of Brooklyn post office. 
 
OTHEE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 
 
 93 
 
 letter boxes along the streets. The Brooklyn Post Office occupies 
 
 a fine, large building at the corner of Washington and Johnson 
 
 streets. With its stations and substations, the service is as good 
 
 as that in Manhattan. 
 
 The other boroughs are 
 
 also provided with post 
 
 offices. 
 
 In the City Hall 
 Park, between Broad- 
 way and the Brooklyn 
 Bridge, and just north 
 of the Post Office, is 
 located the City Hall, 
 
 City Hall. 
 
 built a hundred years ago, 
 one of the most perfect ex- 
 amples of early nineteenth- 
 century architecture to be 
 found in the state. In this 
 building are the offices of 
 the mayor and his assist- 
 ants, of the borough presi- 
 dent and other officers of 
 
 Brooklyn Bokough Hall. 
 
 the borough of Manhattan. Near by are the County Court House 
 and the new Hall of Records which was built to take the place 
 of the former building which had existed since colonial times. 
 
94 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 The former City Hall of Brooklyn, now known as the Brook- 
 lyn Borough Hall, is located in the triangle bounded by Fulton, 
 Joralemon, and Court streets. This fine, white marble building 
 faces a well-kept small park, and contains the offices of the 
 borough president, and of the other borough officers. The County 
 Court House is near by. 
 
 The State Arsenal, used for the storage of arms and ammu- 
 nition, is located at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 35th 
 
 Street, Manhattan. The city 
 has eighteen armories which 
 the various regiments of the car 
 tional guard, the signal corps, 
 squads of cavalry, etc., use for 
 meetings, drill, and storage of 
 arms and ammunition. The 
 national guard is composed of 
 enlisted citizens, who may be 
 called out to protect the citizens 
 of the state, and to quell riots or other disturbances. The finest 
 armories in the city are those of the 7th, 22d, and 71st regiments 
 of Manhattan, and of the 1.3th and 23d regiments of Brooklyn. 
 Police. — For the purpose of preserving law and order and for 
 the protection of life and property. New York has established what 
 is generally known as one of tlie best police depai'tments in the 
 world. There are nearly 8000 uniformed police on the force, and 
 the system is divided into eighty precincts, with a captain in 
 command of each. The Central Police Office is in Mulberry Street, 
 Manhattan, where the chief of police makes his headquarters. 
 
 tH'i'liilifeii 
 
 'A-irti^xir*! 
 
 Armory of the 12th Regiment. 
 
GEEAT MERCANTILE CONCERNS 
 
 95 
 
 GREAT MERCANTILE CONCERNS 
 
 From the very beginning of cities and large communities, the 
 different trades, or as they were once called, the guilds, lived in 
 localities by themselves. This was true in the old Dutch Colony 
 days in New Amsterdam, where different trades located in partic- 
 ular streets, that took 
 their names from the 
 trade or occupation of 
 the dwellers in it. 
 
 This grouping of 
 occupations, the growth 
 of nearly three centu- 
 ries in New York city, 
 is also true of the great 
 mercantile concerns of 
 to-day, especially in the 
 borough of Manhattan. 
 For example, the great 
 wholesale dry-goods houses are along and about Broadway, be- 
 tween Prince and Reade streets. This district of about 135 
 acres is said to have stored in it a larger amount of merchandise 
 than can be found within an equal area anywhere else in the 
 
 world. 
 
 On the east -side of Manhattan, south of the Brooklyn Bridge, 
 is the district known as the " Swamp," which is the center of 
 the trade in hides and leather. 
 
 In and near Maiden Lane is the wholesale jewelry district, 
 
 Lower Bkoadway. 
 
96 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 while up town are the fashionable retail shops, in which are dis- 
 played rich collections of precious stones and metals. 
 
 About lower Fifth Avenue are most of the important book 
 and magazine publishing concerns. 
 
 Most of the great newspaper offices are grouped in Park 
 Row, near the City Hall, in what is known as Printing House 
 
 Copyright, 1897, by C. C. Lamgill. 
 
 Printing House Square and City Hall Park. 
 
 Square, in the center of which stands a statue of Benjamin 
 Franklin, the greatest of all printers. 
 
 Other districts are especially devoted to the sale of cutlery 
 and hardware, of furniture, of clothing, of wooden ware, etc. 
 
 While retail shops of all kinds are to be found throughout 
 the city, there are certain central localities where have grown up 
 what we call "department stores." These concerns, occupying 
 
GREAT MERCANTILE CONCERNS 
 
 97 
 
 Herald Square and Intersection op Broadway and Sixth Avenue. 
 
 buildings of many floors and immense area, sell imder a single 
 roof almost any line of articles you could imagine — dress goods, 
 jewelry, hardware, furniture, groceries, and even meats and fish. 
 The main department-store district of Manhattan is along Sixth 
 Avenue from 14th to 33d Street. That of Brooklyn is centered 
 on Fulton Street below Flatbush Avenue. 
 
 Most of the goods which we have considered are staple 
 articles which may be kept in stock for a long time, but much 
 of our food, such as vegetables, fruits, and fresh meat, has to be 
 
98 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 brought to the city daily in fresh supply. The retail grocer or 
 butcher goes every morning to one of the markets where he buys 
 
 his day's supply for his 
 local trade. There are a 
 number of these markets, 
 the chief of ^vhich is Wash- 
 ington Market, located in 
 lower Manhattan, where 
 more business is carried 
 on than in all the others 
 combined. In Brooklyn, 
 by far the most important 
 market is the Wallabout, 
 which occupies a convenient location on Wallabout Bay, and in 
 its blocks of stores constitutes a little village of its own. 
 
 Wallabout Market. 
 
 FINANCIAL CONCERNS 
 
 In any great city it is necessary that business should be car- 
 ried on quickly anil easily, and those concerns that help in this 
 respect are very important. There are the regular business banks 
 where the business man deposits his money. By doing this he is 
 able to pay his bills by writing" checks," which are simply orders 
 to the bank to pay out a part or all of the money he has de- 
 posited there. This is easier and more convenient than keeping 
 large amotmts of money on hand. These same banks, too, loan 
 money to the business man when he wishes to buy quantities of 
 goods and cannot pay for tliem until after he has sold them. 
 
FINANCIAL CONCERNS 
 
 99 
 
 There are many of these banks 
 m New York city, and some 
 of them are housed in very 
 handsome buildino-s. 
 
 Besides this kind of bank 
 there are Savings Banks, where 
 peoj)le of limited means may 
 deposit their money, and by 
 lea^'ing it with the bank for 
 months at a time earn interest 
 money on it. 
 
 There are so many banks 
 in New York that they have 
 
 what is known as a Clearing Brooklyn savings bank. 
 
 House where the messengers from the different banks meet daily 
 to exchange the checks which their banks have received and 
 cashed for one another. The Clearing House is located in a 
 
 substantial building on 
 Cedar Street, the chief 
 feature of which are the 
 three wonderful vaults or 
 safes which it contains. 
 These safes are of great 
 size and strength, and are 
 provided with a most re- 
 markable system of pro- 
 tection against fire and 
 
 BowBET Savings Bank. DUrgiary. 
 
lUO 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 A Bank Vault. 
 
 Wall Street is known the world over as the financial center 
 of the United States. On the corner of Broad Street is the new 
 
 building of the Stock Ex- 
 change. It is in this 
 exchange that the stocks 
 of the great railroad, 
 steamboat, and manufac- 
 turing companies are 
 bought and sold — mil- 
 lions of dollars worth every 
 day. In and about Wall 
 Street are many banks and 
 the offices of brokers who 
 act as agents for people 
 who wish to sell or buy stocks. On the street is the granite , 
 building of the United States Subtreasury, where millions of 
 dollars are stored. It was in the old Federal Hall which formerly 
 stood here, that Washing- 
 ton was inaugurated first 
 President of the United 
 States, and a statue of 
 Washington in front of the 
 present building commem- 
 orates the event. 
 
 For many hours in the 
 day this Wall Street dis- 
 trict is in a feverish excite- 
 ment of business bustle wall street. 
 
MANUFACTUEING CONCERNS 101 
 
 and worry. It is only as you look at the stately old Trinity 
 Church at the head of the street, with its peaceful graveyard and 
 its memories of two hundred years, that one is reminded that 
 hfe is not all money getting. 
 
 MANUFACTURING CONCERNS 
 
 The city of New York is by far the greatest manufacturing 
 center of the United States. It produces more than one half of 
 the manufactures of the state and more than one tenth of those 
 of the entire United States. New York and Pennsylvania are 
 the only states in the Union whose manufactures are as extensive 
 as those of this one great city. A total of 40,000 manufacturing 
 concerns gives employment to half a million people. Even on 
 Broadway, whicli at first sight seems to be devoted entirely to 
 commerce, an immense amount of manufacturing, especially of 
 clothing, is carried on. This is the leading product of the city, 
 and clothing is made to the value of quarter of a billion dollars 
 annually. When we stop to consider that 100,000 persons are 
 engaged in this line of work, we can begin to get an idea of its 
 importance. Workmen of all grades are employed, from the 
 half-starved, poorly paid toilers in the East side sweat shops to 
 the most fashionable of Fifth Avenue tailors. There are in the 
 city several large hat factories, the greatest of which are in the 
 borough of Brooklyn. 
 
 Next in importance to the clothing industry is the refining of 
 sugar and molasses. Immense refineries are located along the 
 East River front in Brooklyn, where boats laden with crude cane 
 
102 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 SuGAE, Refineries, Brooklyn. 
 
 sugar from the far south deposit their cargoes. Here it is boiled 
 in immense pans, and thousands of barrels of sugar ready for use 
 are produced daily. Seven eighths of the city's refining is done 
 in Brooklyn. 
 
 The printing and publishing of books, magazines, and news- 
 papers is one of the main industries, and in it New York leads the 
 
 cities of the United States. 
 Some factories make a 
 special business of setting 
 up the type and making 
 the plates from which 
 books are printed ; others 
 do only the press work; 
 others only bind books; 
 while some concerns carry on the whole operation from the type 
 to the printed and bound book. All the leading newspaper offices 
 do their own printing, using presses, into one end of which is fed 
 
 A Newspaper Press. 
 
FACTOfiS DETERMINING PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 103 
 
 paper in large rolls, and from the other end of which are sent out 
 the finished newspaper of a dozen or more pages, all folded and 
 even counted, ready for selling to the newsdealers. 
 
 There are gas plants in which gas is manufactured for light- 
 ing, heating, and cooking, and sent out by pipes into residences 
 and other buildings to a distance of many miles. 
 
 Foundries, cigar factories, breweries, machine shops, bakeries, 
 carpenter shops, coifee and spice grinding mills, and many other 
 concerns, are to be found in large numbers, and often occupying 
 buildings of immense size. 
 
 Many of the large manufacturing concerns are located on the 
 water front, where the work is more easily carried on because 
 scows may land at their very doors, to bring coal for their great 
 furnaces and to carry off ashes, to land raw materials and to take 
 away the finished manufactures. 
 
 LEADING FACTORS DETERMINING PUBLIC 
 IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 The public improvements of our city are of such magnitude 
 as to lead us to inquire further into the causes that have deter- 
 mined them. The situation and physical features of the several 
 boroughs are so entirely different, that different methods liave to 
 be followed in planning improvements. In Manhattan, whose 
 shape is long and narrow, avenues have been laid out running in 
 many cases parallel to the greatest length of Manhattan Island. 
 Madison, Lexington, and the numbered avenues are straight 
 roads, each of them several miles in length. Except in the 
 
104 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 lower part of the borough and in a few sections settled before the 
 rapid growth of the city really began, most of the cross streets 
 are known by numbers and run at right angles to the avenues. 
 
 This makes it very 
 easy to find most places' 
 in Manhattan, and it 
 determines the loca- 
 tion and direction ofj 
 the main lines of trans- 
 portation. 
 
 In Brooklyn, fan- 
 like in shape and 
 
 Copyright, IWIO, by Detroit Phntoi,'rftphic Co. 
 
 Mulberry Bend, before Im- 
 provements WERE MADE. 
 
 formed by the union of 
 many growing villages, 
 we find a very different 
 arrangement of streets. 
 In fact, the original 
 cow paths, lanes, and 
 roads, irregular and 
 crooked, form the be- 
 ginnings of many of 
 the important streets. 
 
 Mulberry Bend at the Present Time. 
 
 Brooklyn therefore is much more difficult 
 to travel around in, and its shape requires many intersecting 
 car-lines. 
 
NEW YORK HARBOR 105 
 
 The streets in both Manhattan and Brooklyn have been laid 
 out in regular order by squares whenever this has been possible, 
 and the tearing down of rows of wretched old buildings, irregu- 
 larly located, has given room for new small parks. One of the 
 most noted instances of this kind of improvement is the Mul- 
 berry Bend Park, in lower Manhattan. The Building Department 
 of the city has condemned buildings in many other overcrowded 
 sections. 
 
 The ferries, of which we have spoken, are made necessary 
 of course by the fact that the boroughs are largely surrounded by 
 water. Bridges came about naturally when the ferries were 
 unable to handle the rapidly increasing traffic. 
 
 The increase in wealth and population of our city has made 
 possible the building of the immense libraries, museums, and 
 schools for the education of the people, and has made not only 
 possible, but necessary, the system of water supply, drainage, 
 and the other comforts and luxuries that we find necessary 
 to our life of to-day. 
 
 NEW YORK HARBOR 
 
 New York Harbor, one of the largest and most beautiful 
 in the world, excites the wonder and admiration of all strangers 
 who gaze upon its beauties for the first time. As it has been 
 a very important factor in the growth of the city, we will 
 devote a space to the study of its most interesting features. 
 The harbor consists of the Lower Bay, outside of the Narrows ; 
 the Upper Bay, from the junction of the Hudson and East 
 
106 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 NOKTH FROM BkOOKLYN BeLDGE. 
 
 rivers to the Narrows ; the lower Hudson, and the East River. The 
 Lower Bay, in which there are nearly 100 square miles of anchor- 
 age, includes Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and Jamaica Bay. 
 
 Two channels near 
 
 Sandy Hook give en- 
 trance into the Lower 
 Bay to vessels from 
 the Ocean. The great 
 International Yacht 
 Races are held here. 
 The Upper Bay 
 may be entered from 
 the ocean in three ways, — through the narrow straits on the 
 western and northern sides of Staten Island ; through Long Island 
 Sound and the East 
 River ; and through 
 the Narrows from the 
 Lower Bay. The Staten 
 Island entrance is nar- 
 row and cannot be 
 used by heavy vessels, 
 and the East River is 
 turbulent and treach- 
 erous, so that most 
 vessels enter by way 
 of the Narrows, which 
 is guarded by Forts Wadsworth and Tompkins on the Staten 
 Island side and Fort Hamilton on the Long Island shore. 
 
 South from Brooklyn BRrooE. 
 
NEW YORK HAEBOE, 107 
 
 The entrance to the East River from the Sound is pro- 
 tected by Fort Schuyler, located on a long peninsula called 
 Throgs Neck, and by the fdrt at Willetts Point on the other 
 side of the river. Five miles farther on are North Brother and 
 South Brother islands, on the former of which smallpox patients 
 are quarantined. A beautiful sail of a mile or so brings us to 
 Randalls Island where are located schools, hospitals, and a House 
 of Refuge for children. Just south of Randalls is Wards Island, 
 which contains the city hospital for the insane. Blackwells 
 
 Blackwells Island. 
 
 Island farther south is a long, narrow strip of land, on which are 
 many buildings, used mostly as prisons and erected by convict 
 labor. The island, in spite of the gloomy uses to which it is put, 
 is beautiful in appearance, especially in summer. 
 
 In the Upper Bay are located Governors, Bedloes, and Ellis 
 islands, that look at a distance like little green dots in the glisten- 
 ing bay. All these islands belong to the United States govern- 
 ment. Governors Island, with an area of sixty-five acres, contains 
 a fort and is beautifully laid out with shade trees and walks. A 
 parade ground is used by the government troops quartered here. 
 Here also is fired the " sunset gun." ElHs Island is now used as 
 the landing place of immigrants to New York. Castle Garden 
 
108 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 near the Battery was formerly used for this purpose. On Bedloes, 
 or Liberty Island, is located the famous Bartholdi Statue, pre- 
 sented by the people of France to the United States in 1886. This 
 magnificent figure of Liberty Enlightening the World is a bronze 
 
 statue 150 feet high and 
 located on a pedestal as high 
 as the figure itself. Espe- 
 cially at night, when the 
 torch in the hand of the 
 figure gives forth its bril- 
 liant light, it may be seen 
 for miles around, a fitting 
 
 Liberty Island. symbol of the giant city, 
 
 that in its growth of three centuries has witnessed the struggles 
 of brave men for liberty of speech and liberty of action. 
 
 Having now studied the metropolis as it is to-day, we will 
 look back and see how it grew from the little settlement of New 
 Amsterdam into the imperial city of New York. 
 
 LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 Discovery. — Nearly three centuries have passed since Henry 
 Hudson, on his famous cruise along the eastern coast of Amer- 
 ica, first gazed upon the wild region where the greatest city 
 of the Western World now stands. As he sailed through the 
 Narrows into the Bay there rose before him a beautiful island, 
 forestrcovered and crossed by streams that flowed, some to the 
 left into a mighty river, and some to the right into a wave-tossed 
 
LOCAL HISTOEY 
 
 109 
 
 strait. Behind him a range of protecting hills that seemed to 
 extend from the Jersey shore approached so close to Long Island 
 that they formed an excellent harbor. 
 
 It was on September 12, 1609, that 
 Hudson with his crew of the Half Moon 
 sailed past Manhattan Island and the 
 Palisades, and began his trip up the river 
 beyond the Highlands to the site of Al- 
 bany. Upon Hudson's return to Holland, 
 Hendrick Christiansen and Adrian Block, 
 stirred by his accounts, soon after fitted 
 out trading-ships and came to this coun- henrt Hudson. 
 
 try. Others followed, until the fur trade with the Indians be- 
 came an important Dutch industry. A fort was erected in 
 1613 at the very southern point of Manhattan Island. This 
 
 was not only a fur depot 
 
 but a point from which the 
 exploring and trading expe- 
 
 ^tp-^ 
 
 ditions started along the 
 coast. Thus early we see 
 that Europeans were drawn 
 to New York mainly for 
 purposes of trade. A ware- 
 house, protected by a fort, 
 was built at Albany in the 
 year 1614, and the United 
 New Netherlands Company thus began the work that later 
 changed the little colony into the Empire State. 
 
 ; The Half Moon on the Hudson. 
 
110 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 First Settlements. — It was nearly ten years later, in May, 
 1623, that the good ship, New Netherlands, brought a number 
 of colonists to this country. Most of them were Walloons, people 
 of Holland whose fathers had fled from France on account of 
 religious troubles. Eight of these thirty families remained at the 
 fort and settled the village of New Amsterdam, the beginning of 
 New York city ; others settled in Albany, New Jersey, and Con- 
 necticut, while a few crossed the East River, and, at Wallabout, 
 where the Brooklyn Navy Yard is now located, built up a little 
 settlement, which, however, disappeared soon after. The first 
 permanent settlement on Long Island was made thirteen years 
 later at New Amersfoort, afterward called Flatlands. 
 
 Flatbush. — One of the most interesting of the former Dutch 
 towns within the present limits of New York city is Flatbush, set- 
 tled just before the middle of the seventeenth century, and known 
 as Midwout by the early Dutch. As long ago as 1654 it had a 
 church where the settlers came for worship from Amersfoort, 
 from New Utrecht, and from Brooklyn, then a mere hamlet near 
 the site of the present borough hall. It now comprises many 
 acres in Brooklyn, east and south of Prospect Park, where in 
 certain sections are still to be found some very old houses of the 
 Dutch style. 
 
 Peter Minuit. — For nearly forty years the Dutch West India 
 Company sent out governors to manage the affairs of the colony. 
 The first of these was Director General Peter Minuit, who arrived 
 at New Amsterdam in 1626. He was a shrewd merchant and was 
 very successful in directing the trade of the colony. But by far 
 the greatest bargain that he made, and probably the most re- 
 
LOCAL HISTOKY 
 
 111 
 
 PuKCHASE OF Manhattan Island. 
 
 markable real-estate transaction in history, was the purchase of 
 
 the island from the Manhattan Indians for twenty-four dollars' 
 
 worth of beads and 
 
 trinkets. And the 
 
 strangest part of it is 
 
 that both Dutch and 
 
 Indians were probably 
 
 equally sure that they 
 
 had the better of the 
 
 bargain. During the 
 
 six years of Minuit's 
 
 rule the coasting trade 
 
 became a great in- 
 dustry, and the town rapidly increased in wealth and prosperity. 
 Peter Stujrvesant. — Governors Van Twiller and Kieft, the 
 
 successors of Minuit, managed affairs so badly that in 1647 Peter 
 Stuyvesant was sent over by the company to 
 straighten out matters. He was the last and the 
 greatest of the Dutch governors, a very strict 
 ruler, and a very just man, according to his own 
 ideas of right and wrong. His idea of right was 
 to serve his employers, the Dutch West India 
 Company, no matter what the colonists wanted 
 or deserved. The people, not getting their rights 
 
 from Stuyvesant, appealed to the company, and succeeded, in 
 
 1653, in getting a city charter. This charter gave them the right 
 
 to govern themselves through officers — called burgomasters and 
 
 schepens — selected from the citizens of the town. Although 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant. 
 
112 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Governor Stuyvesant kept the reins of power in his own hands 
 by appointing tlie officers from his own circle of friends, a step 
 had been taken in the right direction — New Amsterdam had 
 become a city. 
 
 In his dealing with the Indians, Governor Stuyvesant showed 
 great courage and common sense, and through his wise efforts 
 in this direction, the colony grew much stronger and better 
 able to defend itself against attack. 
 
 New Amsterdam in 1656. 
 
 The English for many years had claimed this region by 
 right of the discoveries of the Cabots. Taking advantage of 
 the discontent of the Dutch under Stuyvesant, they sent Colonel 
 Nichols with a fleet to demand the surrender of New Netherlands. 
 It was found that most of the Dutch were glad to yield, and in 
 spite of the angry protest of Stuyvesant, the surrender of the 
 fort and city of New Amsterdam was made on September 8, 1664, 
 the control of New Netherlands was quietly transferred to the 
 English, and New Amsterdam became New York. 
 
 After the surrender Stuyvesant went to Holland, where he 
 remained a short time. Upon his return to New York he re- 
 tired to his "bouwerie," or farm, which covered a large tract 
 
LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 113 
 
 Stuyvesant's HonsE on the Bowery. 
 
 of land extending from the present Fourth Avenue to the 
 East Eiver, in the neighborhood of 14th Street. Here the 
 doughty old governor passed the 
 rest of his life in peace and hap- 
 piness. He died in 1672 at the 
 age of eighty, and lies buried in 
 the vaults of Saint Mark's Church 
 on 10th Street and Second Ave- 
 nue, where, among the monu- 
 ments of many great men, there 
 is a tablet to his memory. 
 
 New York in 1664, — A 
 strange pictm'e indeed this quaint little town of New Amsterdam 
 makes in the background of our city's history. At its north- 
 ern extremity a wall, bixilt to 
 keep out the English and the 
 Indians, extended from river to 
 river. At the eastern end was 
 the Water Gate, and at the west- 
 ern end stood the City Gate, de- 
 fended by a blockhouse and a 
 Httle half-moon battery of two 
 guns. This wall was made of 
 twelve-foot logs, embedded three 
 feet deep in the earth, and strengthened here and there by towers 
 and blockhouses. Inside of the wall, to the south, were a ditch, 
 a rampart, and a broad lane, now known as Wall Street, bordered 
 by the rude cabins of the lowest class of the people. The princi- 
 
 The Old Wall. 
 
114 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 pal street of the city was De Heere Straat, now Broadway, Wj 
 
 extended to the wall from the Bowling Green. 
 
 Bowling- Green is one of the most interesting landmark 
 
 the city. It was laid out early in the history of New Am; 
 
 dam as a commoi 
 meeting ground 
 the people. Here 
 curred the market 
 the signing of t 
 ties with the Indi 
 the parades of 
 militar}', and the ( 
 bration of victo 
 
 Bowling Gkekn in Dutch Times. 
 
 Here the boys and girls 
 met for play, and on a 
 summer afternoon even 
 the quiet and dignified 
 burgliers indulged in their 
 favorite game of " bowls." 
 It continued to be a fash- 
 ionable promenade for 200 
 years, and in spite of all the 
 changes that have taken 
 place in the city, the Bowling Green remains a public par 
 this day. In the old days one could step from the grassy w 
 of the Green into the inclosure of the little fort, within w 
 
 CopyrigJit, 1900, by Detroit Photographic Co. 
 
 Bowling Grken at Present. 
 
LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 115 
 
 The Fort in 1664. 
 
 were the governor's 
 
 mansion, the jail, and 
 
 the stone church. 
 
 East from the fort, 
 
 a road known as the 
 
 Bridge Street led to 
 
 the bridge across the 
 
 principal canal which 
 
 flowed along what is 
 
 now Broad Street. On 
 
 the other side of the 
 
 canal this road became the High Street and ran north to the wall 
 
 at the Water Grate. Here began the river road to the Long 
 
 Island Ferry, which 
 was located at the 
 present Pecks Slip. 
 
 The entire city 
 then, in 1664, lay 
 south of the present 
 Wall Street. It con- 
 tained some 250 
 houses and had a pop- 
 ulation of about 1400. 
 The Bowery. — It was in 1660 that the Indians caused so 
 
 nuch trouble that the people living outside the city limits were 
 
 lirected either to come within the wall or to assemble in a 
 This led to the formation of a little settlement called 
 Bowery " near the present location of 13th Street and Third 
 
 Broad Street, 1664. 
 
 allage 
 ,he ' 
 
116 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 Avenue, not far from Stuyvesant's country house. A lane 
 necting the settlement with the city was also known as 
 Bowery on account of the bouweries or farms that dottec 
 length. Just below Canal Street was the famous Bull I 
 
 Tavern, managed di 
 the Eevolution by I 
 ard Varian, a famous 
 On the site of the 
 tavern was erected in . 
 the fashionable Bo' 
 Theater, rebuilt in 
 
 The Bowery Sixty Years 
 Ago. 
 
 and known to-day as 
 the Thalia. The Bow- 
 ery's history is one of 
 great changes. Begin- 
 ning as a forest road, it 
 became a country lane 
 and then a village 
 street; later, a broad 
 avenue, the fashiona- 
 ble driveway and shop- 
 ping district of sixty years ago. To-day, with its four tracl 
 cars, its elevated roads, its numerous cheap stores and placi 
 amusement, it presents a scene busier than ever, perhaps, 
 in sad contrast to its appearance of years ago. 
 
 The Bowery at Present. 
 
LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 117 
 
 Harlem. — In 1661, the road that extended from New Amster- 
 dam out through the Bowery to the Httle village of Harlem, 
 just established on the bank of the East River, was little more 
 than a forest path. For nearly two centuries the only direct 
 approach to Harlem 
 
 was along this forest 
 road, and the growth 
 of the village was of 
 course very slow. To- 
 day Harlem is a part 
 of New York city. It 
 has a splendid system 
 
 
 Old Harlem. 
 
 of broad streets and 
 avenues, and contains 
 many elegant public 
 and private buildings, 
 and important manu- 
 facturing and mer- 
 cantile concerns. Its 
 population would 
 make it, by itself, a 
 city of the first rank. 
 Dutch Customs and Industries. — New Amsterdam, as we 
 have seen, was mainly a commercial city ; but on account of its 
 distance from large manufacturing centers, it was necessary that 
 its citizens should ixiake many of the articles which were needed 
 
 Haklem at Present — 125th Street, Manhattan. 
 
118 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 for daily use — so we find all the trades flourisliing ; and fre- 
 quent mention is made in the early records of brewers^ bakers, 
 butchers, carpenters, glass makers, coopers, tailors, etc. Dairy 
 and farm products were brought in from the Long Island farms, 
 but each citizen had his own little garden alongside his house, 
 where he raised many of the necessities of life. 
 
 The shop of the tradesman was generally on the lower floor 
 of his house. We hear of one great department store owned by 
 Cornells Steenwyck, where shopping in all lines could be done. 
 It occupied the second floor of the owner's fine house on Bridge 
 Street, and offered bargains in meats and groceries, hardware, 
 cloths, silks, and "notions." 
 
 The tavern keepers, of whom Martin Cregier, of No. 11 
 Broadway, was the most famous, did a thriving business. Daring 
 adventurers penetrated far into the interior to trade with the 
 Indians, bartering worthless trinkets for valuable furs. The 
 coast trade brought the burghers of New Amsterdam into con- 
 tact with Massachasetts on the north, and Virginia on the 
 south, and enabled them to exchange with the English colonists. 
 But by far the greatest and richest of the New Amsterdam in- 
 dustries were its shipping and foreign trade. Their ocean vessels 
 imported hardware and dry goods from Holland, sugar and 
 molasses from the Barbadoes, dyestuft's and fruits from Curaqoa, 
 and numerous other articles from distant foreign ports. 
 
 The old-fashioned Dutch house was built with the gable end 
 facing the street, and the front was generally of stone. The 
 houses of the better class, with their large rooms, sanded floors, 
 and heavy furnishings, were very comfortable and even elegant. 
 
LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 119 
 
 There were, however, on the outskirts many very cheap and 
 wretched houses, made of wood, the front yards often serving as 
 hogpens. The average monthly rental of the New Amsterdam 
 house was about |1.25. 
 
 The Dutch as a class were very hospitable and enjoyed the 
 good things of life with their friends. Oiu- merry Santa Claus 
 celebration at Christmas, our 
 New Year's calling, and our 
 coloring of Easter eggs are all 
 inherited from the Dutch of New 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 New York under the English. 
 — When the colonists in 1664 
 yielded the control of their gov- 
 ernment to the English, it was 
 with the hope that they would 
 enjoy greater freedom under 
 their new rulers. There was 
 some improvement, to be sure, 
 but it did not come without a 
 continued struggle to secure their 
 rio;hts from the English kina;s and their governors in New York. 
 
 In 1689, the lower class of the people rose in rebellion against 
 the city government, seized the fort with the aid of the militia, 
 and placed Captain Jacob Leisler in power, as governor. Leisler 
 ruled wisely at first, but as he gained in power, he began to op- 
 press the people, throwing some into prison, depriving others of 
 life and property, and insulting in the most violent way all who 
 
 Old Dutch Houses. 
 
120 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 were opposed to him. Many complaints against him were made 
 to the English king, and Governor Sloughter, after a long delay, 
 was sent over to take command of the colony. Leisler at first 
 refused to yield, but was finally arrested and tried for treason, 
 of which he was found guilty. He was executed, and peace was 
 restored to the city that had suffered his misrule for nearly two 
 years. 
 
 In the latter part of the seventeenth century the ocean was 
 infested with swarms of pirates, who attacked trading vessels, 
 robbed and murdered their crews, and then boldly returned to 
 New York to boast of their exploits. Lord Bellomont, the new- 
 governor, was ordered to suppress them. He fitted out a man- 
 of-war and selected for its captain, William Kidd, a respectable 
 resident of Crown Street (now Liberty), with orders to sail 
 against these sea robbers. 
 
 The governor's choice of Kidd was unfortunate, for within 
 a year this respectable gentleman ran up the black flag and de- 
 clared himself a pirate. In this career he was very successful, 
 and the story of his evil deeds soon spread throughout the world. 
 It is said that he buried immense quantities of gold which many 
 foolish people have sought for to this day, but in vain. After a 
 rather brief career of murder and robbery, he was captured and 
 sent to England for trial. His execution followed without waste 
 of time. 
 
 In 1725 occurred a most important event in the history of 
 the city — the founding, by William Bradford, of the first New 
 York newspaper, the Weekly Gazette. As this paper took the 
 side of the governor in all his disputes with the people, the 
 
LOCAL HISTOEY 
 
 121 
 
 people naturally felt the need of a paper of their own. This 
 paper, the New York Weekly Journal, was started in 1734 by 
 Peter Zenger, a pupil of Bradford. The Journal began with the 
 Gazette that fierce newspaper war which is still going on, though 
 less bitterly, in New York city to-day. But Zenger was not 
 satisfied with fighting the Gazette only — he attacked the gov- 
 ernor, the mayor, and others in authority, for which he was 
 brought to trial. The result was a glorious victory for the 
 
 ii-fS^Mt^ 
 
 rr^f^^^ 
 
 .-^^r J?-" S^,-^«;^ 
 
 Shipping in New York Harbor, about 1776. 
 
 people, for Zenger was acquitted and the papers won the right, 
 for all time, to discuss freely any public question. Since that 
 time the press has been of great service in guarding the liberties 
 of the people. 
 
 And so the struggle for liberty went on, the people fighting 
 stubbornly against all kinds of setbacks and obstacles, until in 
 1776 they felt that they were strong enough to stand up in 
 bold and open defiance of their oppressors, and to claim in full 
 that for which they had been struggling for over a hundred 
 years — liberty to think, to act, and to govern themselves as a 
 free and independent people. 
 
122 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YOEK 
 
 At the very outset of the Revolution disaster came to our 
 city. The British were victorious in the bloody battle of Long 
 Island, so that Washington and his army were compelled to give 
 up New York city, which remained under British control for 
 seven year«. Not long after Washington had retreated, a terrible 
 
 fire swept over the city, and 
 fully 500 houses were laid in 
 ruins. 
 
 Trinity Church. — In its 
 mad rush this fire completely 
 destroyed Trinity Church, 
 which stood on Broadway 
 at the head of Wall Street. 
 This famous church had been 
 built in 1697, when the Eng- 
 lish Episcopalians wished a 
 better place of worship than 
 the old stone church in the 
 fort. It was not rebuilt un- 
 
 ToMB OF Alexander Hamilton. til after the War. The pres- 
 
 ent building was erected in 1846. In the churchyard are 
 many tombstones dating back to the time of the first church. 
 Alexander Hamilton, New York's greatest statesman, lies buried 
 there. 
 
 St. Paul's. — Trinity Church exercised from the start a 
 great influence in New York city, and its power has continued 
 to increase. To-day it has a number of chapels or branches 
 scattered throughout the town. The most famous of these is 
 
LOCAL HISTORY 
 
 123 
 
 St. Paul's, built in 1764, on the upper end of 
 
 the land belonging to Trinity, and now the 
 
 oldest church building on Manhattan Island. 
 
 An added interest is given to St. Paul's 
 
 from the fact that Washington ^vorshiped 
 
 there when President of the United States. 
 Fraunces' Tavern. — Prominent among 
 
 our relics of the past is the old tavern of 
 
 Sam Fraunces, "Black Sam," a patriot of 
 
 the Revolution. This old hostelry, built in 
 
 1730, still stands at the corner of Broad 
 
 and Pearl streets. It was in 1762 that 
 
 Fraunces became the proprietor, and from 
 
 that time until 1776, when the British got 
 
 control of the city, the tavern was a favor- 
 ite resort of those patriots who were combining in the cause of 
 
 American liberty. In its famous " Long Room," Washington 
 
 dined that glorious November day 
 in 1783, when at the head of his 
 army he took possession of the 
 city and saw the last of the Brit- 
 ish soldiers leave our shores. In 
 this room also occiirred the final 
 scene of the Revolution — Wash- 
 ington's affecting farewell to the 
 brave officers who had toiled and 
 suffered with him through the 
 Fraunces' tavkrn. dark days of that gloomy war. 
 
 Old St. Paul's. 
 
124 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 It is interesting to note that the building was purchased in 
 1904 by the Society of the Sons of the Eevolution, many of 
 whose members are descended from the very officers who were 
 present at the farewell. By this society the old tavern is to be 
 preserved as an historical museum — a constant reminder of the 
 time when our country was struggling for the liberties which we 
 enjoy to-day. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 Population, 1900 
 Area, Land 
 
 Water 
 No. of people to 1 sq. 
 
 Population, Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Native 
 Foreign 
 
 White 
 Colored 
 
 7,268,894 . . (1910) 9,113,614. 
 47,654 sq. mi. 
 1,550 sq. mi. 49,204 sq. mi. 
 . . . 191. 
 
 mi. 
 
 No. of farms in 1900 
 
 Acreage of farms in 1900 
 
 Value of farm property in 1900 
 
 Value of farm products in 1900 
 
 Capital invested in manufacturing, 1905 
 
 Value of manufactured products, 1905 
 
 No. of manufacturing establishments in 1905, 
 
 NEW YORK — 8 126 
 
 (1900) 3,614,780. 
 (1900) 3,654,114. 
 
 (1900) 5,868,469. 
 (1900) 1,900,425. 
 
 (1900) 7,156,881. 
 (1900) 112,013. 
 
 226,720. 
 
 . 22,648,109. 
 
 11,069,723,895. 
 
 1245,270,600. 
 
 $2,031,459,615. 
 
 12,488,345,579. 
 
 37,194. 
 
126 
 
 APPENDIX 
 COUNTIES 
 
 County 
 
 Albany 
 Allegany 
 
 Broome 
 Cattaraugus 
 Cayuga 
 Chautauqua 
 
 Chemung 
 Chenango 
 
 Clinton 
 Columbia 
 Cortland 
 Delaware 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 Erie 
 
 Essex 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Genesee 
 
 Greene 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Kings 
 Lewis 
 Livingston 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, 1910 
 
 173,606 
 41,412 
 
 78,809 
 
 65,919 
 
 67,106 
 
 105,126 
 
 54,662 
 35,575 
 
 48,230 
 43,658 
 29,249 
 45,575 
 
 87,661 
 
 528,985 
 
 33,458 
 45,717 
 44,534 
 37,015 
 30,214 
 4,373 
 56,356 
 80,297 
 
 1,634,351 
 
 24,849 
 38,037 
 
 Land 
 
 Area 
 
 Sq. Mi. 
 
 528 
 1,018 
 
 696 
 1,330 
 
 722 
 1,062 
 
 394 
 
 847 
 
 1,041 
 647 
 486 
 
 1,531 
 
 800 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,834 
 
 1,717 
 
 486 
 
 484 
 
 644 
 
 1,747 
 
 1,426 
 
 1,252- 
 
 77 
 
 1,265 
 
 035 
 
 Chief Agricultdkal Products 
 
 Poultry and eggs, buckwheat, rye, onions, 
 
 fruits. 
 Live stock, dairy products, eggs, honey, wool, 
 
 buckwheat, oats, potatoes, maple sugar, 
 
 forest products. 
 Live stock, milk, eggs, strawberries, sugar 
 
 beets. 
 Live stock, eggs, honey, maple sugar, apples, 
 
 dairy and forest products. 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 
 honey, wool, tobacco, grains. 
 Live stock, poultry and eggs, corn, oats, dairy 
 
 and forest products, maple sugar, apples, 
 
 grapes, small fruits. 
 Buckwheat, tobacco. 
 Live stock, dairy and forest products, eggs, 
 
 maple sugar. 
 Live stock, buckwheat, potatoes. 
 Live stock, poultry, wool, corn, rye, fruits. 
 Live stock, dairy products, maple sugar. 
 Live stock, dairy and forest products, eggs, 
 
 honey, buckwheat, maple sugar. 
 Live stock, milk, poultry and eggs, corn, rye, 
 
 fruits. 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 
 potatoes, onions, grains, fruits. 
 
 Live stock, milk, potatoes, hops. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Live stock, wool, beans, grains, fruits. 
 
 Butter, rye, apples, pears. 
 
 Live stock, milk, cheese, strawberries. 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 
 grains, maple sugar, strawberries, peas, 
 
 forest products. 
 
 Live stock, milk and cheese, maple sugar. 
 Live stock, cheese, wool, grains, onions, beans, 
 nursery products. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 127 
 
 COUNTIES — Continued 
 
 No. CODNTT 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, 1910 
 
 Land 
 Area 
 
 Chief Agricoltoral Products 
 
 
 
 
 Sq. Mi. 
 
 
 26 
 
 Madison 
 
 39,289 
 
 649 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, eggs, honey, grains, 
 onions, hops, blackberries. 
 
 27 
 
 Monroe 
 
 283,212 
 
 643 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 potatoes, onions, beans, nursery products, 
 grains, fruits. 
 
 28 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 57,567 
 
 399 
 
 Blilk, cheese, corn. 
 
 29 
 
 Nassau 
 
 83,930 
 
 252 
 
 Corn. 
 
 30 
 
 New York 
 
 2,762,522 
 
 63 
 
 
 31 
 
 Niagara 
 
 92,036 
 
 522 
 
 Live stock, ppultry and eggs, wool, onions, 
 grains, fruits. 
 
 32 
 
 Oneida 
 
 154,157 
 
 1,180 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 grains, hops, strawberries. 
 
 33 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 200,298 
 
 794 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 wool, honey, potatoes, onions, tobacco, 
 alfalfa,' grains, small fruits. 
 
 34 
 
 Ontario 
 
 52,286 
 
 652 
 
 Live stock, poultry and eggs, wool, potatoes, 
 onions, beg,ns, hops, nursery products, 
 grains, fruits. 
 
 35 
 
 Orange 
 
 115,751 
 
 849 
 
 Live stock, milk, poultry and eggs, corn, rye, 
 onions, fruits. 
 
 36 
 
 Orleans 
 
 32,000 
 
 306 
 
 Live stock, wool, beans, grains, fruits. 
 
 37 
 
 Oswego 
 
 71,664 
 
 974 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
 corn, tobacco, pears, strawberries. 
 
 38 
 
 Otsego 
 
 47,216 
 
 978 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, forest products, 
 poultry and eggs, corn, oats, maple sugar, 
 hops, forest products. 
 
 39 
 
 Putnam 
 
 14,665 
 
 239 
 
 
 40 
 
 Queens 
 
 284,041 
 
 129 
 
 Onions. 
 
 41 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 122,276 
 
 664 
 
 Dairy products, poultry, wool, corn, rye, 
 potatoes, strawberries. 
 
 42 
 
 Richmond 
 
 85,969 
 
 57 
 
 
 43 
 
 Rockland 
 
 46,873 
 
 180 
 
 
 44 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 89,005 
 
 2,810 
 
 Live stock, dairy and forest products, poulti-y 
 and eggs, wool, corn, oats, maple sugar. 
 
 45 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 61,917 
 
 830 
 
 Poultry and eggs, strawberries, grains. 
 
 46 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 88,235 
 
 210 
 
 Rye. 
 
 47 
 
 Schoharie 
 
 23,855 
 
 648 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, eggs, buckwheat, 
 rye, hops. 
 
 48 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 14,004 
 
 339 
 
 Wool, buckwheat, wheat, plums, grapes. 
 
 49 
 
 Seneca 
 
 26,972 
 
 328 
 
 Grains, fruits. 
 
 50 
 
 Steuben 
 
 83,362 
 
 1,401 
 
 Live stock, dairy and forest products, poultry 
 and eggs, honey, wool, potatoes, onions, 
 tobacco, grapes, grains. 
 
128 
 
 APPEISTDIX 
 
 COUNTIES — Continued 
 
 
 
 
 Land 
 
 
 No. 
 
 County 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, 1910 
 
 Akea 
 Sq. Mi. 
 
 Chief Agkicultural Products 
 
 51 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 96,138 
 
 918 
 
 Poultry and eggs, corn, potatoes, fruits. 
 
 52 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 33,808 
 
 967 
 
 Live stock, cheese, poultry and eggs, buck- 
 wheat, rye. 
 
 53 
 
 Tioga 
 
 25,624 
 
 518 
 
 Live stock, milk, buckwheat. 
 
 54 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 33,647 
 
 477 
 
 Live stock, eggs, honey, wool, buckwheat, 
 
 wheat. 
 Live stock, milk, poultry and eggs, forest 
 
 55 
 
 Ulster 
 
 91,769 
 
 1,128 
 
 
 
 
 
 products, onions, nuts, grains, fruits. 
 
 50 
 
 Warren 
 
 32,223 
 
 895 
 
 
 57 
 
 Washington 
 
 47,778 
 
 797 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, poultry, wool, corn, 
 rye, potatoes. 
 
 58 
 
 Wayne 
 
 50,179 
 
 624 
 
 Live stock, dairy and nursery products, 
 poultry and eggs, onions, tobacco, beans, 
 sugar beets, grains, fruits. 
 
 59 
 
 Westchester 
 
 283,055 
 
 450 
 
 Poultry, apples. 
 
 do 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 31,880 
 
 603 
 
 Live stock, dairy products, eggs, wool, wheat, 
 maple sugar, beans, apples. 
 
 6i 
 
 Yates 
 
 18,642 
 
 348 
 
 Live stock, wool, corn, wheat, fruits. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 129 
 
 CITIES 
 
 No. 
 
 City 
 
 County 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Chief Manufactures 
 
 
 
 
 tion, 1910 
 
 
 1 
 
 New York 
 
 New York, 
 Kings, 
 Queens, 
 Richmond, 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 Clothing, sugar, printing and 
 publishing. 
 
 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Erie 
 
 423,715 
 
 Meat packing, machinery, linseed 
 oil, cars, beer. 
 
 3 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Monroe 
 
 218,149 
 
 Clothing, boots and shoes, ma- 
 chinery, tobacco, flour. 
 
 4 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 137,249 
 
 Clothing, machinery,' iron and 
 steel, beer. 
 
 5 
 
 Albany 
 
 Albany 
 
 100,253 
 
 Cars, beer, machinery. 
 
 6 
 
 Yonkers 
 
 Westchester 
 
 79,803 
 
 Machinery, patent medicines. 
 
 7 
 
 Troy 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 76,813 
 
 Men's furnishing goods, shirts, 
 machinery, beer. 
 
 8 
 
 Utica 
 
 Oueida 
 
 74,419 
 
 Clothing, hosiery and knit goods, 
 heaters. 
 
 9 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 72,826 
 
 Machinery, electrical supplies. 
 
 10 
 
 Binghamton 
 
 Broome 
 
 48,443 
 
 Tobacco and cigars,flour,clothing. 
 
 11 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Chemung 
 
 37,176 
 
 Lumber products, cars, hosiery 
 and knit goods. 
 
 12 
 
 Auburn 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 34,668 
 
 Agricultural implements, ma- 
 chinery. 
 Worsted goods, furniture, photo- 
 
 13 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 31,297 
 
 
 
 
 
 graphic materials. 
 
 14 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 31,267 
 
 Hosiery and knit goods, carpets 
 and rugs, linseed oil. 
 
 15 
 
 Mt. Vernon 
 
 Westchester 
 
 30,919 
 
 
 16 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 Niagara 
 
 30,445 
 
 Electric power, flour, paper. 
 
 17 
 
 New Rochelle 
 
 Westchester 
 
 28,867 
 
 
 18 
 
 Poughkeepsie 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 27,936 
 
 Machinery, patent medicines, 
 tobacco and cigars. 
 
 19 
 
 Newburgh 
 
 Orange 
 
 27,805 
 
 Clothing, machinery. 
 
 20 
 
 Watertown 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 26,730 
 
 Machinery, paper and wood pulp, 
 carriages, flour. 
 
 21 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Ulster 
 
 25,908 
 
 Worsted goods, furniture, photo- 
 
 
 
 
 graphic materials. 
 
130 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 CITIES— Continued 
 
 No. 
 
 City 
 
 County 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, 1910 
 
 Chief Manufactures 
 
 22 
 
 Cohoes 
 
 Albany- 
 
 24,709 
 
 Hosiery and knit goods, machin- 
 ery, house furnishing goods. 
 
 23 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Oswego 
 
 23,368 
 
 Machinery, hosiery and knit 
 goods, malt, starch. 
 
 2-t 
 
 Gloversville 
 
 Fulton 
 
 20,642 
 
 Gloves, mittens, leather products. 
 
 25 
 
 Rome 
 
 Oneida 
 
 20,497 
 
 Brass, copper, mach'ry, knit g'ds. 
 
 26 
 
 Lockport 
 
 Niagara 
 
 17,970 
 
 Pumps, paper, canned goods. 
 
 27 
 
 Dunkirk 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 17,221 
 
 Locomotives, lumber products. 
 
 28 
 
 Ogdensburg 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 15,933 
 
 Lumber products, flour, boats. 
 
 29 
 
 Middletowii 
 
 Orange 
 
 15,313 
 
 Saws, hats, leather, condensed 
 milk. 
 
 30 
 
 Glens Falls 
 
 Warren 
 
 1.5,243 
 
 Paper, lumber, collars and cuffs. 
 
 31 
 
 Watei'vliet 
 
 Albany 
 
 15,074 
 
 Iron goods, woolens, cars, steel. 
 
 32 
 
 Ithaca 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 14,802 
 
 Farm implements, paper, glass. 
 
 33 
 
 Glean 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 14,743 
 
 Refined petroleum, leather, glass. 
 
 3-t 
 
 Lackawanna 
 
 Lrie 
 
 14,549 
 
 Iron and steel products. 
 
 35 
 
 Corning 
 
 Steuben 
 
 13,730 
 
 Glass making and cutting, terra 
 cotta, brick, lumber products. 
 
 30 
 
 Hornell 
 
 Steuben 
 
 13,617 
 
 Silk goods, furniture, shoes, 
 leather. 
 
 37 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Ontario 
 
 12,446 
 
 Stoves, optical instruments, malt. 
 
 38 
 
 Little Falls 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 12,273 
 
 Knit goods, dairy products, yai'ns. 
 
 39 
 
 North Tonawanda 
 
 Niagara 
 
 11,955 
 
 Iron, steel, engines. 
 
 40 
 
 Cortland 
 
 Cortland 
 
 11,504 
 
 Wire goods, vehicles, wall paper. 
 
 41 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Columbia 
 
 11,417 
 
 Knit goods, wheels, machinery. 
 
 42 
 
 Plattsburg 
 
 Clinton 
 
 11,138 
 
 Lumber products, iron. 
 
 43 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 10,711 
 
 Leather, felt, oil cloth, shirts. 
 
 44 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Oswego 
 
 10,480 
 
 Woolen goods, paper, flour, ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 45 
 
 Jolmstown 
 
 Fulton 
 
 10,447 
 
 Gloves, mittens, leather products. 
 
 40 
 
 Oneonta 
 
 Otsego 
 
 9,491 
 
 Cigars, shirts, silk, flour. 
 
 47 
 
 Port Jervis 
 
 Orange 
 
 9,314 
 
 Glass, saws, shirts. 
 
 48 
 
 Oneida 
 
 Madison 
 
 8,317 
 
 Coffins, chairs, cigars, canned 
 goods. 
 
 49 
 
 Tonawanda 
 
 Erie 
 
 8,290 
 
 Lumber products. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 131 
 
 LARGER VILLAGES 
 
 HAVING A POPULATION OF OVER 5000 IN 1910 
 
 
 
 Popu- 
 
 
 
 Popu- 
 
 A^ILLAGB 
 
 County 
 
 lation 
 1910 
 
 Village 
 
 County 
 
 lation 
 1910 
 
 Albion 
 
 Orleans 
 
 5,016 
 
 Medina 
 
 Orleans 
 
 5,683 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Genesee 
 
 11,613 
 
 Newark 
 
 Wayne 
 
 6,227 
 
 Canandaigua 
 
 Ontario 
 
 7,217 
 
 North Tarrytown 
 
 Westchester 
 
 5,421 
 
 Catskill 
 
 Greene 
 
 5,296 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Chenango 
 
 7,422 
 
 Fredonia 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 5,285 
 
 Ossining 
 
 Westchester 
 
 11,480 
 
 Haverstraw 
 
 Rockland 
 
 5,069 
 
 Peekskill 
 
 Westchester 
 
 15,245 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 7,520 
 
 Port Chester 
 
 Westchester 
 
 12,809 
 
 Hoosick Falls 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 5,532 
 
 Salamanca 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 5,792 
 
 Hudson Falls 
 
 Washington 
 
 5,189 
 
 Saratoga Springs 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 12,693 
 
 Ilion 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 6,588 
 
 Seneca Falls 
 
 Seneca 
 
 6,588 
 
 Malone 
 
 Franklin 
 
 6,467 
 
 Solvay 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 5,139 
 
 Mamaroneck 
 
 Westchester 
 
 5,699 
 
 Tarrytown 
 
 Westchester 
 
 5,600 
 
 Matteawan 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 6,727 
 
 White Plains 
 
 Westchester 
 
 15,949 
 
 Mechanicsville 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 6,634 
 
 
 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adironaacks (ad-i-ron'daks) , 14, 15, 17, 18, 
 
 24-26, 30-32.' 
 Albany (al'ba-ni), 19, 48, 50, 52-54, 57, 64, 
 
 66, 68, 109, 110. 
 Alexandria Bay (ai'egs-an'drl-a), 21. 
 Allegany County (al'e-fa'nl), 39. 
 Allegheny Plateau, 16, 17, 20, 30, 36. 
 Allegheny River, 20, 50. 
 Amsterdam (am'ster-dam'), 53. 
 Anthony's Nose, 14. 
 Appalachian Highland (ap'pa-la'ohi-an) , 12, 
 
 13, 43. 
 Assembly, 64. 
 Atlantic Avenue, 76. 
 
 Ocean, 12, 16, 69. 
 
 Slope, 42. 
 Auburn (a'birrn), 53. 
 Ausable Chasm (o-sa'bl), 24. 
 
 River, 23. 
 Avon (a' von), 40. 
 
 Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz), 110. 
 Battery, 75, 100. 
 
 Park, 89. 
 Beacon Mountain (be'kon), 14. 
 Bedloes Island, 69, 107, lo8. 
 Bellomont, Lord (b61'a-mont), 120. 
 Binghamton (blng'am-ton) , 52, 54, 58, 60. 
 Black River, 17. 
 Black River Canal, 48. 
 Blackwells Island, 69, 107. 
 Block, Adrian (blok), 109. 
 Blue Point, 39. 
 Blue Ridge Mountains, 13. 
 Boston, 42, 57. 
 Bowery, 115, 116. 
 
 Theater, 116. 
 
 Bowling Green, (bo'ling), 84, 114. 
 
 Bradford, William, 121. 
 
 Bridge Street, 115, 118. 
 
 Broad Street, 100, 115, 123. 
 
 Broadway, 76, 92, 93, 95, 101, 103, 114, 118, 
 
 122. 
 Bronx (bronks). Borough of The, 69, 75, 
 
 78-80, 8'3, 92. 
 Park, 83, 89. 
 River, 84. 
 Brooklyn (-lin), 51, 69, 75, 77-80, 82, 91, 
 
 94, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 110. 
 Buffalo, 39, 40, 48, 50, 52, 54, 57, 58. 
 Bullhead Tavern, 116. 
 
 Cabots, the (kSb'ots), 112. 
 California (kai'i-f5r'ni-a), 37. 
 Canada (kSn'a-da), 55. 
 Canal Street, 80,^81, 116. 
 Canisteo River (kan'Is-te'6), 50. 
 Catskills (kSts'kils), 15, 16, 24, 60. 
 Cattaraugus County (kat'ta-ra'giis), 39. 
 Cayuga Canal, 48. 
 
 Lake, 26, 67. 
 Cedar Street, 99. 
 Central Lakes, 16, 17, 30. 
 
 Park, 79, 82, 83, 88. 
 Champlain Canal (sham-plan'), 48, 57. 
 
 Lake, 9, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 39, 57. 
 
 Valley, 12. 
 Chautauqua Lake (sha-ta'kwa), 24, 50. 
 Chemung River (she-iriiing'), 20, 51. 
 Chenango River (she-nS,n'f-o), 20, 60. 
 Chicago (she-ka'go), 50. 
 Christiansen, Hendrick (krlst'yan-s6n), 109. 
 City Gate, 113. 
 City Hall Park, 93. 
 
 132 
 
INDEX 
 
 133 
 
 Clinton, Governor (klin'ton), 45. 
 Cohoes (ku-lioz'), ]9, 52,6'J. 
 
 Falls, 2J-. 
 College of the City of New York, 67. 
 Columbia University (ko-lum'bi-a), 66. 
 Columbus Avenue (k6-liim'biis),"H7. 
 Coney Island (ko'ni), 75, 80. 
 Connecticut (kon-net'i-ktit), 9, 110. 
 Cornell University, 67. 
 Corning (kor'ning), 54. 
 Cornwall, 51. 
 County Courts, 66. 
 Court Street (kort), 94. 
 Cregier, Martin (kre-ger'), 118. 
 Croton Aqueduct (kro'ton), 78. 
 
 Kiver, 78, 79. 
 Crown Street, 120. 
 Curasao (koo'ra-so'), 118. 
 
 De Heere Straat (de hir'e strat), 114. 
 Delancey Street (de-lan'se), 78. 
 Delaware County (dgl'a-wlr), 61. 
 
 Mountains, 13, 16. 
 
 River, 9, 16, 20, 51. 
 
 Kiver System, 17, 20, 24. 
 Devil's Oven, 2.3. 
 Dunderberg Mountain, 14, 19. 
 Dunkirk (diin'kerk), 50, 55. 
 
 East Albany, 57. 
 
 Eastern Parkway, 80. 
 
 East River, 22, 69, 76, 77, 91, 101, 106, 107, 
 
 110, 113. 
 Ellis Island (el 'Is), 69, 107. 
 EJmira (61-mi'ra), 54, 58. 
 England (in'gland), 121. 
 Erie CanafCe'rl), 45, 48, 55-57, 59. 
 
 County, 34, .39. , 
 
 Lake, 9, 16, 20, 24, 25, 34, 50, 55, 57, 
 59. 
 
 Finger Lakes, 26, 55. 
 Fishkill, 58. 
 Flatbush, 110. 
 
 Avenue, 76, 97. 
 Flatlands, 110. 
 
 Fort Hamilton (bSm'il-ton), 106. 
 
 Schuyler (skl'ler), 107" 
 
 Tompkins (tomp'kinz), lOG. 
 • Wadsworth (Wodz'wurth), 106. 
 France, 110. 
 
 Fraunces, Sam (frou'sez), 123. 
 Fraunces' Tavern, 123. 
 Fulton, 29, 59. 
 
 Street, 77, 97. 
 
 Gazette, The Weekly, 121. 
 Genesee County (j6n'e-se'), 40. 
 
 River, 17, 23, 29, So", 50, 59. 
 
 Valley, 50, 56. 
 George, Lake, 25, 26, 57. 
 Glens Falls, 59. 
 Gloversville (gluv'erz-vil), 53. 
 Goat Island, 23. 
 Governor, 65. 
 Governors Island, 69, 107. 
 Grand Island, 21. 
 Great Alluvial Plain, 30. 
 Great Lakes, 12, 22, 54, 55, 58. 
 Great South Bay, 39. 
 Green Mountains, 13, 25. 
 
 Haines Falls, 24. 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 122. 
 Harlem (har'lem), 117. 
 
 River, 22, 69, 75, 76, 78. 
 
 Driveway, 80. 
 Hasbrouck House (haz'brook), 58. 
 Haverstraw (hav'er-stra), 18. 
 High Bridge, 78, 79. 
 Highlands of the Hudson, 14, 19, 39, 
 
 109. 
 High Street, 116. 
 Holland, 110, 112, 119. 
 HorneU (h6rn'el), 54. 
 Hudson, city of, 54. 
 
 Henry, 109. 
 
 Highlands of the, 14, 19, 39, 109. 
 
 River, 12-15, 18-20, 22, 30, 33, 38-40, 42- 
 44, 50, 57, 59, 60, 78, 81, 106, 106. 
 
 River System, 17, 18, 21, 24, 51. 
 Hunter Mountain, 16. 
 
134 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Illinois (il-ll-noiz'), 33. 
 Iowa (i'6-wa), 33, 37. 
 Ithaca (ith'a-ka), 54, 57. 
 
 Jamaica (ja-ma'ka), 75 
 
 Bay, 100? 
 Jamestown, 50. 
 Jerome Park (je-rom'), 79. 
 Johnstown, 5-i. 
 Joralemon Street (je-rol'p-miin), 94. 
 
 Kaaterskill Falls (kaw'ter-skil), 16, 24. 
 Kansas (kan'zas), 37. 
 
 City, 7<>. 
 Kidd, William, 120. 
 Kieft, Governor (keft), 111. 
 Kingsbridge, 76. 
 King's College, 67. 
 
 County, 61). 
 Kingston (kingz'tgn), 54, 59, 00. 
 
 Lafayette Place (la^fa-ef), 87. 
 Lake Ridge, 13. 
 
 Leisler, Captain Jacob (lis'ler), 120. 
 Lexington Avenue, (lek'smg-ton), 103. 
 Liberty Island, 108. 
 
 Street, 120. 
 Library, State, 68. 
 Little Falls, 53, 59. 
 Livingston County (liv'Ing-stnn) , 40. 
 Lockport, 52. 
 Long Island, 9, 22, 33, 38, 39, 77, 79, 109, 
 
 110, 118, 122. 
 Long Island City, 39. 
 
 Sound, 9, 106. 
 Lorillard Mansion, 83. 
 Lower Bay, 105, 106. 
 
 Madison Avenue (mad'i-son), 103. 
 
 Square, 84. 
 Maiden Lane, 95. 
 
 Manhattan, Borough of (man-hat'an), 69, 
 75-80, 82, 84, 86, 92-95, 97, 98, 103- 
 105, 117. 
 Indians, 111. 
 Island, 22, 69, 103, 109, 123, 
 
 Maryland Monument, 82. 
 
 Massachusetts (mas'a-chu'sets), 9, 13, 118. 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of (meks'i-ko), 17, 20. 
 
 Midwout (mid'wowt), 110. 
 
 Military Academy, U.S., 68. 
 
 Minuit, Peter (min'u-it), 110, 111. 
 
 Mississippi River (mis'is-sip'pi), 20. 
 
 System, 17, 20, 24, 50. 
 Mohawk River (mo'hak), 19, 20, 24, 30, 
 44, 57. 
 
 Valley, 13, 15, 43, 44, 55, 56, 59. 
 Montcalm, General (mont-kam'), 55. 
 Montreal (mont're-al'), 57. 
 Morningside Heights, 67. 
 Mountain Ridge, 13. 
 Mount Clinton, 15. 
 
 Dix, 15. 
 
 Marcy, 14. 
 
 Mclntyre (mac'In-tir'), 14. 
 
 Vernon, .54. 
 Mulberry Bend Park, 105. 
 
 Street, 94. 
 Museum, State, 68. 
 
 Narrows, the, 105, 106, 108. 
 
 Nassau County (nJs'a), 69. 
 
 Neversink River, 20. 
 
 New Amersfoort (am'erz-foort), 110. 
 
 New Amsterdam, 95, 108, 112, 113, 114, 
 
 117-119. 
 Newburgh, 19, 54, 58. 
 New England, 9, 27, 28. 
 New Jersey, 9, 12, 18, 78, 110. 
 New Netherlands (neth'er-landz), 110, 112. 
 New Utrecht (u'trekt), 110." 
 New York Bay, 12, 18, 22, 69. 
 
 City, 18, 42^4, 50-52, 54, 57, 67, 69- 
 124. 
 
 County, 27. 
 
 Harbor, 105. 
 
 University, 67. 
 
 Weekly Journal, 121. 
 Niagara Falls (n!-ag'a-ra), 22, 29, 52, 59. 
 
 River, 9, 17, 21, 2.3", 33. 
 Nichols, Colonel, 112. 
 Normal College, State, 68, 
 
INDEX 
 
 135 
 
 North Brother Island, 107. 
 
 Tonawanda (tSn'a-wan'da), 63. 
 Nyaok (nl'ak), 118." 
 
 Ocean Parkway, 80. 
 Ohio (o-hl'o), 33. 
 Glean (o'lS-Sn'), 39, 60. 
 Oneida (6-nI'da), 61. 
 
 Lake, 26. 
 
 Lake Canal, 48. 
 
 River, 17. 
 Onondaga County (on'on-da'ga), 39, 40. 
 Ontario (on-ta'rl-o), 9. 
 
 Lake, 9, 16, 17, 21-23, 25, 26, 33, 50, 55, 57. 
 Orange County, 51. 
 Oswego (os-we'go), 29, 53-55. 
 
 Canal, 48, 56. 
 
 River, 17, 26. 
 Otis Summit, 15. 
 Otsego Lake (ot-se'g6), 20, 24. 
 Oyster Island, 69. 
 
 Palisades (pSl-i-sadz'), 18, 109. 
 
 Parade Ground, 82. 
 
 Park Row, 92, 96. 
 
 Pearl Street, 123. 
 
 Peek Slip, 115. 
 
 Peekskill, 19. 
 
 Pelham Bay Park (pgl'am), 83, 84. 
 
 Pennsylvania (pen'sil-va'ni-a) , 9, 17, 20, 36, 
 
 51, 55, 58, 101. 
 Philadelphia (fll'a-d61'fi-a), 42, 
 Portage Falls (port'aj), 23. 
 Port Jervis, 9, 51. 
 Potsdam, 39. 
 
 Poughkeepsie (pg-kTp'si), 54, 57, 68. 
 Prospect Park, 80, 82, 83, 110. 
 Putnam County (put'nam), 78. 
 
 Quebec (kwe-b6k'), 9. 
 Queens, Borough of, 69. 
 
 Randalls Island, 69, 107. 
 Raritan Bay (rar'it-an), 106. 
 Rensselaer (r6n'se-ler), 57. 
 Rhode Island (rod),'27. 
 
 Richfield, 40. 
 
 Richmond, Borough of, 69. 
 
 Ridgewood, 75, 79. 
 
 Riverside Drive, 80. 
 
 Rochester (roch'es-ter), 29, 38, 52, 53, 59. 
 
 Palls, 23. 
 Rome, 19, 53, 56. 
 
 Saint Lawrence County (la'rens), 27, 33. 
 
 Gulf of, 17. 
 
 River, 9, 13, 17, 21, 26. 
 
 River System, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 50. 
 
 Valley, 12, 33, 43. 
 Saint Paul's Church, 122, 123. 
 Sandy Hook, 106. 
 Sandy Hook Bay, 106. 
 Saratoga Lake (s3,r-a-to'ga), 41. 
 
 Springs, 40. 
 Schenectady (ske-nSk'ta-di), 48, 53, 56. 
 Schoharie County (sko-har'i), 67. 
 Senate, 64. 
 Seneca Canal (s5n'e-ka), 48. 
 
 Lake, 26. 
 
 River, 17. 
 Sharon (shar'gn), 40. 
 Shawangunk Mountains (shSn'giJm), 13, 
 
 16, 51. 
 Sheriff, 66. 
 Slide Mountain, 15. 
 Slough ter, Governor (slaw'ter), 120. 
 South Brother Island, 107. 
 Southern Boulevard (boo'le-vard') , 80. 
 Staten Island (stat'en), 22, 69, 106. 
 Steenwyck Cornells (sten'wik), 118. 
 Steuben County (stii'ben), 33. 
 Stony Point, 19. 
 Storm King, 14. 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter (sti'vg-sant), 111, 112, 
 116. 
 
 Square, 84. 
 Sullivan County, 51. 
 Supervisors, Board of, 66. 
 Susquehanna River (sQs'kwe-hSn'j), 16, 20, 
 30, 51, 60. 
 
 System, 17, 20, 24, 50. 
 Syracuse (sir'a-kus'), 52, 53, 66, 59. 
 
136 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Taconio Highlands (t4-k5n'ik), IS. 
 
 Range, 14. 
 Tappan Zee (tap'an ze), 18. 
 Taughannock Falls (ta-gSn'ok), 27. 
 Texas, 27, 38. 
 
 Thalia Theater (thal'e-a), 116. 
 Thousand Islands, 21. 
 Throgs Neck, 107. 
 Ticonderoga Creek (ti-kSn'dgr-O'ga), ! 
 
 Fort, 26. 
 Tompkins Square, 84. 
 Tonawanda (t5n'a-won'da), 53. 
 Trenton Falls, 24? 
 Trinity Church, 122, 123. 
 Tri-State Rock, 9. 
 Troy, 52, 53, 57. 
 
 Ulster County, 39. 
 Union Square, 84. 
 University Heights, 67. 
 Upper Bay, 105-107. 
 
 Van Cortlandt Park, 83. 
 Van Twiller, Governor, 111. 
 Varian, Richard (var'j-an), 116. 
 Vassar College, 68. 
 Vermont, 9, 13, 37. 
 Virginia (ver-jinl-a), 118. 
 
 Wallabout (wol'a-bowt), 110. 
 Bay, 91, 98. 
 
 Wallabout Market, 98. 
 Walloons (wol-loonz'), 110. 
 Wall Street, 100, 115, 122. 
 Wards Island, 69, 107. 
 Washington Bridge, 78. 
 
 County, 39. 
 
 Market, 98. 
 
 Square, 91. 
 
 Street, 93. 
 Washington, George, 77, 122, 128. 
 Water Gate, 113. 
 
 Street, 115. 
 Watervliet (vfa'ter-vlgf), 57., 
 Watkins Falls,' 26. 
 
 Glen, 26. 
 Weehawken, 18, 51. 
 Wellsville, 60. 
 West Canada Creek, 24. 
 Westchester County, 78. 
 West Farms, 76. 
 West Point, 68. 
 Whirlpool Rapids, 23. 
 Whitehall Street, 76. 
 Willetts Point, 107. 
 Williamsburg Bridge, 75, 77, 78. 
 Wyoming County (wi-o'mmg), 40. 
 
 Yonkers (ySnk'grz), 52, 54, 
 
 Zenger, Peter, 121. 
 
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