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A 
 
 GAZETTEER 
 
 OP THE 
 
 STATE OF MAINE 
 
 asaiti) i^umerous JllustrationB. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEO. J. VARNEY, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " THE TOUNG PKOPLE's HISTOET OF MAmE," MBMBBB 
 OF MAIKE HISTOEICAL SOCIETY, ETC. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY B. B. RUSSELL, 57 CORNHILL. 
 
 1882. 
 
 L' i> i'x U I , 
 
A.^^^tX) S 
 
 Copyright 
 
 By B. B. RUSSELL, 
 
 1881. 
 
TO 
 
 THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS OP MAINE, 
 
 WHEREVER THEIR LOT IS AT PRESENT CAST, 
 
 Sijis bolnme ie EeepectMg JDeiricateit 
 
 BT THE 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The historical knowledge of the State which the author acquired 
 in the preparation of " The Young People's History of Maine," led to 
 an increased acquaintance with its people and localities; and the 
 popularity of that work has led to the belief that a Gazetteer of the 
 State, in which every town, plantation, mountain, lake and bay should 
 receive due mention would be welcomed by the intelligent people of 
 Maine. Accordingly, the attempt has been made to present in these 
 pages a clear and concise topographical description, together with a 
 brief historical and statistical notice of the several counties, cities, 
 towns and villages of the State. Three works of a somewhat similar 
 nature had previously been offered to the public ; but the two older ones 
 are rarely to be found and are quite out of date, and therefore wide 
 from present facts, while a recent work is on a plan not suited to the 
 popular demand. It is hoped that the present compilement may meet 
 the requirements of a great number of people ; yet the author is con- 
 scious that the book is not perfect, neither is it so full as it might be 
 made would space allow. To those desiring more of a business and 
 political directory the author wo"uld recommend ♦' The Maine Register," 
 the excellent year book of Hoyt, Fogg & Donham. 
 
 The author takes this opportunity to express his thanks for the full 
 specifications furnished by clerks of cities, towns and plantations by 
 filling our blank circulars and by letters. One city and a few towns 
 have failed to respond, wherefore the articles relating to those places 
 are not so full as they otherwise would be. 
 
 CooUdge & Mansfield's History and Description of New England 
 has afforded much aid ; and many important and pleasing facts have 
 been obtained from the articles in Crocker & Howard's History of New 
 England, prepared by Revs. Mark Trafton, D.D., J. S. Cogswell, E. 
 P. Thwing, J. S. Swift, Henry O. Thayer, Amasa Loring, Geo. B. 
 Ilsley, and Hon. Parker Tuck and Miss C. B. Homer, with WiUiam B. 
 Laphamj M.D., and R. R. McLeod, L. F. Starrett, R. K. Sewall, E. F. 
 Duren, E. P. Mayo, Albert C. Wiggin, and Geo. W. Drisko, Esqs. 
 
 Essential aid has been obtained from E. H. Elwell's " Portland 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 and Vicinity," and his pleasing and useful pamphlet on Aroostook. 
 Acknowledgments are due to the heads of departments in the State 
 government for documents ; and for maps, atlases, sketches of town 
 and county history to Joseph Williamson, Esq., of Belfast ; Rev. H. O. 
 Thayer, of Woolwich; andEsqrs. George A. Emery, "of Saco; Turner 
 .Buswell, of Solon ; Rev. Amasa Loring, Yarmouth; W. S. Gilman, Houl- 
 ton ; H, C. Goodenew, of Bangor ; Geo, H. Watkins, of Paris ; J. E. 
 Moore, of Thomaston ; Dr. J. F. Pratt, of Chelsea, Mass., and numer- 
 ous others, — personal fi'iends, or public spirited persons. 
 
 All the towns and every plantation given in the report of the Valu- 
 ation Commissioners for 1880, as having an organization, together with 
 the counties, noted mountains, rivers, lakes and bays, and all the post- 
 offices given in the United States Postal Register up to January 1st, 
 1881, are to be found under their special headings. It is hoped that 
 articles in the first part of the volume relating to the State in general 
 will also be found useful. 
 
 Boston, Julyl, 1881. 
 
GAZETTEEE OF MAOE. 
 
 THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 NAME, BOmSTOAEIES AJTO AREA. 
 
 In the time of the earliest explorers of America the whole Atlantic 
 coast was spoken of under the term Norumbega. Its application soon 
 began to narrow, and its southern boundary became that of southern 
 New England ; the next bound took it to the Penobscot, " the River of 
 Norumbega," up which it soon retreated to an imaginary semi-civil- 
 ized city. The city melted into a myth, and the 'name has finally 
 found its local habitation at " Norumbega Hall," in Bangor. As soon 
 as the region of Maine began to be noticed by writers, it was spoken of 
 as Mavosheen. Our State first received its present name in 1639, when 
 Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained from King Charles I. the charter of 
 the " Province of JMayne." Governor Sullivan of Massachusetts, in his 
 history of Maine, says that Gorges adopted that name in compliment 
 to the queen, who was a daughter of the King of France, and held a 
 right in the French Province of Maine. The fishermen of New Eng- 
 land, at the time, no doubt thought the name was an adoption of their 
 own term of " main," used to distinguish a coast from the neighboring 
 islands. Its vast product of the noble pine-tree has caused it to be 
 characterized as the " Pine-tree State." 
 
 The boundaries of the Province of Maine were the Piscataqua 
 River to its source, thence northward one hundred and twenty miles 
 — which brings the northern boundary near the latitude of Dead River 
 — and on the east, the Sagadahoc or Kennebec River. Trom this 
 grant Maine obtained its south-western and western boundaries, but it 
 took many surveys to settle it ; and Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
 shire did not agree upon it until 1789. The southerly boundary 
 begins at a point in a line S.S.E. from " the entrance into Piscataqua 
 harbor," and 60 miles distant, and thence extends north-eastwardly, 
 enclosing all the islands within twenty leagues of the main land, to 
 Passamaquoddy Bay. On the east and north, the boundaries of 
 the State are derived in general from the cession of Acadia and 
 Canada by France to England in the treaty which closed the con- 
 quest of Canada in 1760. The treaty of 1783, by which Great 
 Britain acknowledged the independence of the United Colonies, de-- 
 
8 GAZETTEER OP MAINE. 
 
 scribed this boundary to be "from the north-west angle of Nova 
 Scotia, viz., that angle" which is formed by a line drawn due north from 
 the source of St. Croix Kiver to the highlands ; along the said high- 
 lands, which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river 
 St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the 
 north-westernmost head of Connecticut River. This line in its course 
 intercepts near its termination the western line of the Province of Maine, 
 and thus the circuit of the State is completed. As with the western 
 line, it required many surveys, arbitration by the Netherlands, and 
 almost a war to settle it. The British claimed that the true St. Croix 
 was what our government regarded as a western branch of the river; 
 and they also claimed that the line of highlands intended in the treaty 
 were those dividing the waters of the St. John's as well as those of 
 the St. Lawrence from the rivers of Maine. This would take off quite 
 a broad strip on the east and a piece on the north that embraced about 
 one-third of our territory. It was the dispute in reg'ard to these that 
 caused our bloodless " Aroostook War." The lines were settled as they 
 now stand in 1842. By this settlement, the boundary between the ter- 
 ritory of Maine and the British possessions began in the channel 
 between the mainland and Carnpo Bello Island, and passing between 
 Eastport and Deer Island, dividing Neutral or St. Croix Island oppo- 
 site Robbinston, and continuing up the river to its uppermost head, 
 thence due north until it strikes the St. John's River, then following 
 the middle of this river to the St. Francis, and througli the middle of 
 that river to the source of its south-west branch at Lake Pohenaga- 
 mook in latitude 47° 31' 39" and longitude 69° 37' 21" ; and from this 
 point, instead of following the highlands which divide the waters fall- 
 ing into the St. Lawrence from those emptying into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 it went in a straight line south-westerly, to a small tributary of the St. 
 John's, thence southerly to the St. John's River again, and up the 
 stream to the monument near the head of the stream. From this point 
 it followed the highlands that divide the St. Lawrence waters from 
 those that run easterly and southerly to the line between New Hamp- 
 shire and Maine. For this surrender of territory the United States re- 
 ceived from Great Britain territory of greater value on the borders of 
 Lakes Champlain and Superior ; and Maine received from the national 
 government one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The greatest width 
 of the state fj-om Qiioddy Head due west to New Hampshire is 200 
 miles.; and its greatest length is from Kittery Point to the north- 
 eastern angle, a distance of 350 miles. The length of the shore line 
 in a nearly direct course is about 226 miles ; but following the sinuos- 
 ities of the shore, it is variously estimated from 2000 to 3000 miles. 
 The area of Maine is 81,776 square miles (or 20,320,240 acres), which 
 is only 1200 square miles less than all the rest of New England com- 
 bined. The greatest length is 320 miles ; and the maximum width 
 160 miles. Of this territory about one-half is unimproved. 
 
 In the report of the land agent for 1878 occurs the following state- 
 ment ; — " With reference to the matter of settlement in our wilderness 
 domain, it may be proper to note the fact, for general information, 
 that all the public lands of Maine having been disposed of, no further 
 favors are within the power of the State to grant for homesteads to 
 settlers * * * * But still, there remain large tracts of land in Aroos- 
 took and other counties belonging to private owners or proprietors, of 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 9 
 
 the same general productive character as those already spoken of, 
 which the owners ai-e ready to sell for homes and farms, and, too, at 
 prices which give purchasers advantages over other and less favorable 
 localities." 
 
 BATS, HAEBORS, CAPES AND ISLANDS. 
 
 The coast of Maine forms the northern shore of the Gulf of Maine, 
 that broad angle of the sea enclosed between Cape Cod and Cape 
 Sable. It tends north-easterly and south-westerly, thus conforming to 
 the general direction of the rock strata throughout the State. At the 
 middle of its coast line is Penobscot Bay, whence the tide flows up the 
 river to Bangor, thus affording passage to the largest coast vessels 
 almost to the centre of the State. Passamaquoddy is another noble 
 bay, which will find a more extensive use in the future. Caseo Bay is 
 the next in size, and is well protected from ocean swells by numerous 
 islands. Portland harbor, on this bay, is of great excellence, having a 
 depth of water sufficient to float the largest ships, while it remains open 
 throughout the year. The harbors of Eastport, Machias, Boothbay, 
 Rockland and Belfast all afford safe havens through the year; while 
 the river ports of Calais, Bangor, Bucksport, Wiscasset (Sheepscot Bay) 
 and Bath, afford good anchorage, and free access in all seasons in most 
 years. The other large bays, likely to be more used in the future are 
 Frenchman's, Englishman's, Narraguagus, Pleasant River, Taunton, 
 Union River, Muscongus and Quohog. Other notable bays and harbors 
 of our coast are Portsmouth Harbor, Saco and Muscongus bays, St. 
 George's, Castine and South-West harbors. 
 
 The considerable projections of land are Kittery Point, Fletcher's 
 Neck, Libby's Neck, Cape Elizabeth, the Harpswell, Phippsburg, St. 
 George and Brooklin peninsulas, CapeNewagen, Peraaquid, Gouldsboro 
 and Machias (" Point of Maine ") and Quoddy Head. 
 
 The notable islands are Mount Desert, and at Penobscot Bay, Isle 
 au Haute, Deer Isle and the Fox Islands ; Monhegan and St. George's ; 
 at the Kennebec are Georgetown and Arrowsic and Swan's island ; and 
 near Casco Bay, Orr's and Great Island, Chebeague, Richmond, and 
 others. It might at first be supposed that our jagged coast would be 
 the scene of more shipwrecks than any other equal length of shore. On 
 the New Jersey coast, however, there were, in 1879, 48 disasters to 
 vessels against 40 on the Maine coast — which is one-third longer. 
 Again only 7 of the disasters on our coast proved total losses, to 16 on 
 the New .tersey coast. The latter has forty life saving stations to our 
 six ; — while in these 40 disasters on our coast only two lives were lost. 
 Thus, notwithstanding its threatening rocks, our shores do not prove 
 so dangerous to mariners as might be expected. 
 
 The coast is well adapted for defence ; and the remarkable tidal 
 flow in the rocky basin of a coast line 3000 miles in length, can be 
 operated with advantage as a power for 16 hours a day. While the 
 mean tide of New York is 4-8 feet, that of Maine's coast is 11-6 feet; 
 at Eastport it is 18-1 feet. 
 
1Q GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 MOtlNTArNS. 
 
 The most characteristic feature of Maine is its hilliness. The 
 Hydrographic Survey of the State gives 600 feet as the average eleva- 
 tion above the sea of its whole territory. The coast has only three 
 considerable elevations. — Agamenticus, in York, 672 feet, Megunticook, 
 in Camden, 1,457, and Green Mountain, in Mount Desert, 1,533 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The " highlands " along the north-western 
 side of Miine, are bare, barren, and of the uniform height of about 
 2,000 feet above the surface of the sea, which circumstances give the 
 range suitability as a boundary line. But between these and the coast 
 regfon is an elevated triangular tract reaching from B'ryeburg on the 
 south to the Bald Mountain Ridge (at the Canadian border and m the 
 latitude of the northern extremity of Moosehead Lake) and extending 
 from south-west to north-east across the State, decreasing to a point at 
 Mars Hill on the eastern border. The general elevation of the water 
 levels in the region of Moosehead Lake is above 1,100 feet above sea 
 level, falling off somewhat in all directions, but most toward the east. 
 In the whole extent of this tract start up here and there isolated peaks 
 or short ranges. As disposed in its different parts with respect to sea 
 level, the surface of the State shows, firstly, an ascending slope from 
 the shore line 140 miles into the interior ; secondly, a counter slope or 
 declivity extending 78 miles in the widest part to the northern bound- 
 ary ; thirdly, a general falling off in height from west to east. The 
 divide separating the first two slopes has a height above sea-level varying 
 from 1,800 feet in the west, to 600 in the east, affording an average of 
 1,085 feet, according to our report of the North-Eastern Boundary 
 Survey. The area of the Northern Slope is 7,400, and of the Southern, 
 24,100 square miles. The former has a comparative uniformity of 
 elevation over its different parts; the descent from the water-shed 
 ridge on the south to the St. John on the north, is not sufficient to give 
 more than a slow movement to the streams, and the depression of the 
 whole basin to the eastward is so slight that the currents of the St. 
 John itself is moderate. This slope is swampy and devoid of falls as 
 compared with the Southern Slope ; the latter having a decided and 
 uniform descent sea- ward over its whole extent. Our highest moun- 
 tain is Katahdin, whose top is 5,385 feet above the sea. This region of 
 elevation is considered by geolo2;ists to be a prolongation of the great 
 Appalachian, or Alleghany chain of mountains, which rises in northern 
 Georgia, and bends north-easterly along the continent, manifesting its 
 existence in New York in the Catskills and the Adirondacks, losing in 
 elevation by diffusion, until in New Hampshire, the peaks again rise 
 into grandeur as the White Mountains. The mountains of Maine 
 differ from the' Appalachian chain in their middle and southern region, 
 in that they consist not of ridges, but peaks more or less conical in 
 form, generally isolated, but sometimes disposed in clusters. They are 
 comparatively bare of dirt about their summits, being outcroppings of 
 bald rock, and not immense swells of land ; but about their bases 
 they are heavily wooded. Their conical form and dispersement result 
 in a smaller deposit of moisture upon their windward slopes than would 
 occur with continuous ridges ; and in consequence there is a more 
 equal rainfall in all parts. (See article " Mountains " in alphabetical 
 part of this book.) 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. U 
 
 VALLEYS. 
 
 Whatever depression, more or less extended, serves to accumulate 
 the surplus water of adjacent districts into a single drainage channel 
 may properly be designated a valley. In Maine, these partake of the 
 plain rather than of the ravine character. They consist mainly of broad 
 tracts of country depressed along their central axis, and separated one 
 from another by wide, low swells instead of steep slopes and abrupt 
 mountain chains or ridges. Their surface, too, is broken and diversi- 
 fied with local elevations and depressions, disguising somewhat their 
 character, and rendering the scenery more various and pleasing. The 
 ■crest of the divides of these valleys are in many localities so low as 
 barely to determine the flow of the waters in one direction rather th;m 
 another ; and this is especially the case i,n the vicinity of the ridge 
 dividing the great northern and sou-thern slopes. The waters of tlie 
 south-west branch of the St. John and those of the Penobscot are 
 drawn in part from the same swamps ; the Kennebec and Penobscot 
 are separated at some points by only a mile or two of very low coun- 
 try. The headwaters of the Penobscot in freshets actually become 
 commingled with those of the Allaguash, Aroostook and St. Croix ; and 
 the geographical marvel is many times repeated within our limits of 
 rivers interlocking at their sources and flowing off in different directions 
 upon different slopes. The valleygi of the northern part of the State 
 are determined in their line of length by the trend of the Appalachian 
 ridges ; ■while in /he southern part their axes are generally at a very 
 large angle, in many cases amounting to a right angle. Instead of 
 being caused by upheaval, they seem rather to be channels worn by 
 the -waters and icebergs of the drift period, though in some cases 
 formed apparently by a "fault" in the underlying rock. Another 
 feature resulting from the southward currents of the drift period is the 
 numerous "horsebacks " of large or small dimensions found through- 
 out the south-eastern slope of the State, — but largest and most character 
 istic in form in the northern part of the slope. These are masses of 
 sand, gravel, pebbles and sometimes bowlders of the size of a two-quart 
 dish, formed, probably, from glacial moraines in the drift period, or by 
 strong currents, or deposited under an eddy. Our most extended 
 plains are usually tracts of sandy loam, originally covered ■with a 
 growth of pine. 
 
 KIVEES. 
 
 Upon the ofiicial map of Maine may be counted 5151 streams. 
 These ramify into innumerable branches, threading the surface of the 
 state with a fine network of brooks and rivulets, so that all parts of it 
 seem alive and in motion with running waters. Of this large number 
 of streams, only seven connect the interior water-sheds with the sea ; 
 ■while the secondary or seaboard system has nineteen streams ranging 
 froin a dozen miles to upwards of fifty in length. Of the principal 
 rivers, the Piscataqua, Kennebec, Sheepscot, Penobscot and St. Croix 
 admit vessels of two thousand tons for a few miles ; while the Kenne- 
 bec is navigable for coast vessels to Augusta, and the Penobscot to 
 Bangor. 
 
 " The 1,229,200,000 cubic feet, more or less, of ■water annually de- 
 
12 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 livered by our rivers, fall therefore on their passage to the sea through 
 the mean distance of 600 feet, and in their descent yield a gross power 
 of 4429 horse for each foot of fall. This being multiplied by the total 
 average fall in feet, gives 2,656,200 horse-power gross, which are 
 equivalent to the working energy of over 34,000,000 men laboring 
 without intermission from year's end to year's end." * Of course a 
 very considerable fraction of this force exists where circumstances ren- 
 der it of no account as a source of practical power and value ; much 
 of it being consumed in overcoming the friction and resistance of the 
 passage of the waters, while much of it enters the ocean in the form of 
 the velocity of rivers. " As to the actual amount that can be brought 
 into use for the usual working hours of the year, with an expenditure 
 that would be deemed reasonable at now existing prices of mechanical 
 power, it is a sufficiently close approximation to assign a figure between 
 one and two millions of horse-powers." t (See Manufactures; also 
 rivers, under their respective names.) The uniformity of volume in 
 our principal rivers is such that by using available means of storage by 
 dams at the larger reservoirs, nearly the full power can be maintained 
 during working hours through the year, except for a few weeks in 
 excejjtionally dry seasons. A grand circumstance in relation to the 
 rivers of our southern slope especially, is that the lines of stratification 
 of our rocks are generally at almost right angles to the courses of the 
 rivers, thus producing the pitches and sudden descents so important to 
 the availability of the power ; while the hardness of the rocks preserves 
 the condition of the channels, and prevents loss of water by absorption 
 and percolation. 
 
 LAKES AND PONDS. 
 
 On looking at the map of Maine, one of the first observations will 
 be the numerous lakes and ponds that are divided quite evenly among 
 the counties. The total count of those represented upon our maps as 
 connected with our rivers within the State is not less than 1568. This 
 number does not include the multitude of small ponds scattered about 
 in such profusion that almost every school district has one; nor 
 those large and small, in the wilderness districts, that are not rep- 
 resented upon any map. 
 
 The lakes of which we have taken account possess at the lowest esti- 
 mate a combined area of 2200 square miles. Calculating on the basis 
 of the above figures, we have- one lake to each twenty square miles of 
 territory, and one square mile of lake to each 14.3 square miles of ter- 
 ritorial area. Thus Maine contains more lake surface than a million 
 square miles situated in the central and western districts of the United 
 States, south of the lake belt. 
 
 Almost every one of these ponds is connected -with a river by which 
 a constant change of the contents of the basis is kept up, enhancing 
 its purity and supplying industrial motive in its vicinity. It is also a 
 remarkable feature that the lakes of Maine, to an important extent, are 
 situated upon the mountain region of the State, and are obliged to seek 
 a passage for their waters over its broken surface, or through its rug- 
 
 * Hydrographic Survey of Maine, p. 8. \ Ibid., p. 8. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 13 
 
 ged ravines ; by -which circumstance it is rendered possible to use the 
 waters over and over again at the various falls between the source and 
 the sea. 
 
 This great number of ponds and lakes so generally diffused add 
 greatly to the beauty of our scenery, while the purity of the water — 
 often supplied by springs as well as surface streams — contributes vastly 
 to both physical and moral health. (See principal lakes and ponds 
 under their respective names.) 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The State of Maine lies between 43° 6' and 47° 27' 33" N. 
 latitude and between 66° 56' 48" and 71° 6' 41" W. longitilde. 
 The 45th parallel of latitude crosses the State within thirty miles of 
 its geographical centre. Its position is thus almost equi-distant betwixt 
 the equator and the pole, from which results a moderate temperature 
 and variable winds. They prevail successively for a longer or shorter 
 time from every quarter of the compass, bringing therefrom eveiy 
 variety of heat and cold, and of moisture and dryness. The current 
 rarely prevails from one point of the compass for more than three days 
 successively ; and therefore, while the changes are often quite sudden, 
 neither hot nor cold, wet nor dry, weather prevails for many days in 
 succession in ordinary seasons. It results also that the rains are usually 
 gentle, occupying not unfrCquently several days for the deposition of a 
 single inch of water. The sea-fogs of the dog-days, if they do not 
 moisten the soil, impart a grateful coolness to the atmosphere. 
 
 The mean annual temperature of the northern third of the State 
 from the observations of seventeen years is 38°. 55 ; the mean of the 
 southern two-thirds from observations in every section of fi-om six to 
 sixty-six years, is 43°. 21 ; the mean for the whole State being 40°. 88. 
 This temperature for a region situated on the 45th parallel is relatively 
 low. The mean summer temperature for the northern third of the 
 State is 62.°19; for the southern two-thirds, it is 62°.] 8; and for 
 State average, 62°. 185. 
 
 In comparing Maine with the interior districts of the continent in 
 substantially the same latitude it appears that its summer temperature 
 is lower by over twenty per cent, of their temperature, reckoning from 
 the freezing point of water. The mean winter temperature of the 
 northern third of Maine is 14°.01 ; of the southern two-thirds, 22°.90 ; 
 the mean for the whole State, 18°.45. The mean winter temperature 
 of districts west of Maine in the same latitude by observation at many 
 points ranging from Burlington, Vermont, to Fort Ripley, Minnesota, 
 Is 18°. 53. The winter in Maine, therefore, is not so severe as in the 
 corresponding latitudes in the interior. 
 
 The mean summer rainfall in the State is placed in the Hydro- 
 graphic Survey at 11-13 inches; while the fall at thirty stations in the 
 whole extent "of the United States outside of Maine is 10-60 inches. 
 The winter (thi-ee months) fall of moisture in the State, including rain, 
 snow and sleet, is placed at 10-13, inches, reduced to liquid. The mean 
 annual depth of snow in Maine is 83.02 inches. This amount of new- 
 fallen snow corresponds to 6.91 inches of water. The total downfall 
 for the four months and a half which cover the usual actual limit of 
 
14 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE 
 
 Bnowfall is about 15.62 inches ; so that about 44 per cent, of the total 
 downfall during the four and a half months of actual winter in Maine, 
 is snow. The total annual mean depth of snow observed at. Dover, 
 N. H., Montreal, Can.. Worcester, Mass., Amherst, Mass., Hartford, 
 Conn., Lambertville, N. J., Cincinnati, O., and Beloit, Wis., is 44-63 
 inches, which is a little more than one-half of the fall in Maine. 
 
 There is a considerable difference in the precipitation of moisture 
 between the northern and southern slopes, — the mean annual fall on 
 the former being 36-71 inches and on the latter, 43-56 inches. There 
 is, however, no lack of moisture for the sustenance of vegetation on the 
 northern slope ; the soil being less open than on the southern. By a 
 record of eleven years kept at the Agricultural College in Orono, 
 near the centre of the State, we have the following averages. 
 
 The hours of observation for temperature and barometer are the 
 same as those formerly adopted by the Smithsonian Institution, viz. : 7 
 A. M., and 2 P. M., and 9 P. M. 
 
 The warmest day of the year 1879 was July 16th, when the mean 
 temperature was 77°. 8, and the coldest day was December 2l8t, when 
 the mean temperature was 11°. 7 below zero. The highest temperature 
 (88". 0) recorded during the year was on the 2d of August, and the 
 lewest temperature (26°.0 below zero) on the 27th of December. The 
 range of temperature between the two extremes is 114°.0, or 1°.2 less 
 than the average range between the extremes for the last eleven years. 
 The warmest .day within the period covered by the tables was August 
 7th, 1876, when the mean temperature was 85°.3, and the coldest day, 
 January 8th, 1878, when the mean temperature was 17°.2 below zero. 
 The highest temperature (96°.7) occurred on August 6th, 1876, and the 
 lowest temperature (35°.6 below zero) on January 8th, 1878. A com- 
 parison, as regards temperature, of the several months of 1879 with 
 the mean temperature of corresponding months for eleven years is 
 given below : 
 
 Mean temperature from Mean temperature 
 
 Months. 1869 to 1879, inclusive. 
 
 January 15°. 51 
 
 February 18°.75 
 
 March 27°.18 
 
 April 39°.87 
 
 May 52°.30 
 
 June 62°. 20 
 
 July 67°.75 
 
 August 65°. 71 
 
 September 57°.20 
 
 October 46°.29 
 
 November 32°.43 
 
 December 19°. 61 
 
 for 1879. 
 
 
 12°.85 
 
 2°.66 colder; 
 
 15°.26 
 
 3°.49 « 
 
 26°.89 
 
 0°.29 " 
 
 37°.85 
 
 2^.02 « 
 
 55°.78 
 
 3°. 48 warmer. 
 
 59°.66 
 
 2°.54 colder. 
 
 67°.05 
 
 0°.70 " 
 
 64°.53 
 
 I'.IS " 
 
 56°.37 
 
 0°.83 " 
 
 50°.32 
 
 4°.03 warmer. 
 
 33°.41 
 
 0°.02 colder. 
 
 19°.48 
 
 . 0°.13 « 
 
 The following observations at Portland will afford data of comparison 
 in the climate of the southern with that of the central region of the 
 State. The observations extend from April, 1879 to April, 1880 : 
 
THE STATE OF MAIN-E. 15 
 
 Temperature for month. 
 
 
 
 
 18T9. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Prevailing winds. 
 
 Total rain or snowfall. 
 
 April 
 
 42''.6 
 
 62°.0 
 
 23°. 
 
 North-east 
 
 3.68 in. 
 
 May 
 
 57°.7 
 
 89°. 
 
 41°. 
 
 South 
 
 .88 
 
 June 
 
 61°-8 
 
 98°. 
 
 44°. 
 
 South 
 
 6.61 
 
 July 
 
 68°. 
 
 93°. 
 
 55°. 
 
 South 
 
 3.80 
 
 Aug. 
 
 63''.9 
 
 93°. 
 
 53°. 
 
 South 
 
 3.73 
 
 Sept. 
 
 59°.9 
 
 85°. 
 
 39°. 
 
 South 
 
 2.67 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ss^.e 
 
 83°. 
 
 28°. 
 
 North-west 
 
 1.43 
 
 Nov. 
 
 ss^.s 
 
 60°. 
 
 13°. 
 
 North 
 
 4.90 
 
 Dec. 
 
 29°.2 
 
 55°. 
 
 g° below^ 
 
 3.39 
 
 
 
 
 zero. 
 
 
 
 Jan'y 
 
 32''.3 
 
 52°. 
 
 8°. 
 
 North 
 
 6.36 
 
 Feb'y 
 
 30M 
 
 68°. 
 
 ^° b«l°^West 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 
 
 zero. 
 
 
 
 March 
 
 33°.7 
 
 56°. 
 
 8.° 
 
 North 
 
 1.42 
 
 In consequence of its low temperature, malarious fevers are unknown 
 in Maine. Diseases of the respiratory organs — always the forms of 
 unhealth prevailing in countries at once moist and cool — contribute 
 more than any other to the annual mortality of our State ; but even 
 in this our rate is only about the average when considered with 
 England, Wales, Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. But the 
 interior, and especially the northern portion of Maine, is to an unusual 
 degree exempt from the ravages of these diseases ; while new comers, 
 soldiers, settlers and others, already affected, derive immediate and 
 marked benefit from the climate. 
 
 VEGETATION". 
 
 Under this head the noblest forms properly attract our attention 
 first. Almost the first mention of Maine by explorers was Pring's de- 
 scription of it as "a high country, full of great woods " that came 
 down to the water's edge. It is estimated that there are now in farms 
 and wild lands about 20,000 square miles of forest surface. The pri- 
 meval woods of Maine therefore cover a territory seven times larger than 
 the famous "Black Forest" of Germany. "The States of Rhode 
 Island, Connecticut and Delaware," says Walter Wells, " could be lost 
 together in our northern forests, and still have about each a margin of 
 wilderness sufficiently wide to make its exploration without a compass 
 a work of desperate adventure." 
 
 Of the trees that form these forests, the first and noblest is the white 
 pine. It has been seen six feet iij diameter at the base, and two hun- 
 dred and forty feet in height; and those of four feet through are fre- 
 quently found. Until the Revolution, every tree, two feet in diameter 
 at the butt, growing in any part of the State except within the limits of 
 Gorges' Provincial Charter, was the property of the English crown, re- 
 served for masts and spars for the royal navy [Williamson's History 
 of Maine, vol. I. p. 110.] This tree was the lord of the forest, and 
 very properly found its place upon our State seal. Another species is 
 the yellow pine, harder and thicker grained than the white, and has, 
 therefore, been used for flooring and for planking vessels. Norway 
 Pine is another variety of still closer texture, of rougher bark, lower 
 
■j^g GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 stature, Lut of more embowering foliage. A variety called the Pitch 
 Pine is sometimes found. It is extremely full of turpentine, and, when 
 dry, makes exceedingly hot fires. -, -r, ^^ j 
 
 The Pines, with the Plemlock, Elm, Maple, Beech, and Button-wood, 
 are our large tres ; the next in size are the Oak, Birch, Basswood, and 
 Ash ; the thh-d class embraces the Larch, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, Poplar, 
 Black Cherry, and perhaps a few others. Our oldest trees are the Oak 
 and the Pine. By their annual rings it has been ascertained that some 
 of them have been growing from five hundred to one thousand years. 
 We have been too wasteful of our forest treasures, the accumulation ot 
 more than the age of any empire now existing. The forests are still 
 falling with great rapidity, the amount of lumber prepared for market 
 each year being very great. -,^ . , , » , tit 
 
 The principal native shrubs of Maine are the Prickly Ash, Mountain 
 Ash, Black Alder, Barberry, Bayberry, or Wax Myrtle, Boxwood, the 
 Brambles, viz :— the Raspberry, Blackberry, Brambleberry and Pigeon- 
 berry ; the Currant, Gooseberry ; the Brambles and the last two pro- 
 ducino- eatable fruit ; Dogwood, Cranberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, 
 and Bilberry ; the Hardback, Hazle, Ground Hemlock (commonly called 
 the ' low Juniper "), Lambkill (called also Mountain Laurel, Ivy, Calico 
 Bush^, Moosebush (called also Moosewood), Osier, the Plum, the 
 Choke-Cherry, the Wild-rose (called also the Sweet-briar), Sumach, both 
 the poison and the common, Sweet-fern, Thorn-bush, and others. 
 
 Of Plants, we have Agrimony, American Rose-bay, Adders'-tongue, 
 Bear-berry, or Bear's-tongiie, B'itter-sweet, Brake, Bane-berry, Blood- 
 root, Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil, Butterfly-weed, or Pleurisy-root, Cel- 
 andine, Comfrey, Cat-mint (or Catnip), China-aster, Columbine, Cowslip,' 
 Cuckold, Chequer-berry, or Box-berry, Partridge-berry, Chocolate plant, 
 Colt's-foot, or Wild Ginger (Canada Snake-root), Dandelion, Dogsbane, 
 Dragon-root (Indian Turnip or Wakerobin), Elecampane, or Starwort, 
 Evergreen, Fire-weed, Fever-root, or Wild Ipecac, the Flags, Sweet, 
 Cat-tail and Blue, Ginseng, Golden- rod. Golden-thread and many others. 
 An esteemed writer on agriculture (Samuel Wasson, Esq., of East 
 Surry, Maine), states in the State Agricultural Report for 1878, that 
 Maine has one hundred and twenty-five known species of grass. In 
 New Hampshire ninety species are known, and in Massachusetts, one 
 hundred and thirty. Mr. Wasson thinks that there is not a doubt that 
 a proper survey of the State would discover seventy-five species now 
 unknown here. Of the one hundred and twenty-five known, not more 
 than thirty have been tamed and found friendly, and not over fifty 
 are known to be of any agricultural value. Mr. Wasson says, " When 
 the Puritans left England in 1620, clover as a cultivated grass was un- 
 known there, and not till after a century did the English farmers sow 
 the seed, and then only the chaff from their barn floors. Yellow clover 
 was introduced in 1659. Perennial rye-grass was first grown in 1677. 
 This rye, or " ray " grass, as it was called, was the first species of peren- 
 nial grass ever sown artificially in England. It is now the leading 
 grass in France. In 1700 white clover was introduced. At the close 
 of the American Revolution timothy was carried to England by the 
 returning English soldiers. Orchard grass was carried to the northern 
 country from Virginia in 1764. The sowing of grass seed was not 
 practised in Scotland until 1792. In the early settlement of the North 
 Atlantic States, the colonists foraged their cattle upon the wild indig. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE, 17 
 
 enous grasses, such as white clover, red-top, wiregrass, Indian grass, 
 secretary grass, and foul meadow. Foul meadow was found growing 
 in abundance around Massachusetts Bay, as early as 1629. It grew wild 
 at Madawaska befoi-e that place was settled by the Acadian French. 
 Timothy, the herd's-grass of New England, is said to have received its 
 name from Timothy Hanson, of Maryland, who brought it from North 
 Carolina in 1770. According to some, it was first discovered in a 
 swamp by one Hurd, of New Hampshire. In England it received the 
 name of Phleum pratense, or " Meadow cat's tail." Where it origi- 
 nated is unknown, as it is nowhere found in a positively indigenous 
 state. ^ When red clover was introduced is not known. It was culti- 
 vated in Pennsylvania as early as 1770. Blue-gi-ass (Poa pratensis) is 
 no doubt a foreigner, although it is said to have been found here in 
 the days of the Indians." 
 
 The line that marks the limit where Indian corn ripens is very irreg- 
 ular— not conforming to the latitude, being isothermal, and varying 
 considerably with the peculiarity of the season. The northern limit 
 for its ripening will correspond very nearly to a line drawn fromLake 
 TJmbagog across the State to Mars Hill — which marks the higher part of 
 the elevated belt on the south. Yet in some sections in Aroostook corn 
 is found a reliable crop. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat and the 
 roots yield a fair crop all over the State so far as climatic influences 
 go, but in general are most thrifty in the rich soils of Aroostook. 
 Apples, pears, and the small fruits flourish in all parts of the State. 
 
 THE BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 The following list of our birds is that given in the Agricultural 
 Report of Maine for 1861, but without the corresponding scientific 
 names, as found there, — with additons of a subsequent year. Though 
 every bird of the list sometimes nests in the State, there are several 
 that very rarely do so ; and then at the northern or southern portions, as 
 the Tanager, some of the owls, the hawks and the curlows. It is 
 to be doubted whether the Golden Eagle exists at all within the limits 
 of Maine at the present time. On the other hand several birds are 
 known in the southern and western parts of the State which are not in 
 the list; but I am not certain that any of the omitted ones nest in 
 Maine, except the Brown, or Song Thrush, which has come under my 
 own observation, and had been reckoned an inhabitant as far north 
 as Waterville. 
 
 Division I. — Maptores (Robbers). Golden Eagle, White Headed 
 Eagle, Fish Hawk or Osprey ; Great Horned Owl, Mottled Owl, Long 
 Eared Owl, Great Brown Owl, Barred Owl, Tengmalmis Owl, Saw- 
 whet Owl, Snowy Owl, Hawk Owl ; Duck Hawk, or Bigfooted Hawk, 
 Pigeon Hawk, Falcon, Sparrow Hawk, Goshawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk, 
 Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Marsh 
 Hawk. 
 
 Division II. — Incessores (Perchers). Robin, Redstart, Wood 
 Pewee, or Phebe bird. Great Crested Flycatcher, Kingbird, Kingfisher, 
 Chimney Swallow, Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Bank Swallow, 
 Moon-fronted Swallow, or Cliff do, Martin bird, Night Hawk, Whip- 
 poorwill, Humming-bird, Hermit Thrush, Olive-IBack Thrush, Golden 
 
13 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Crown Thrush, Water Thrush, Tit-Lark, Canada Flycatcher, Least Fly- 
 catcher, Traill's Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Olive-sided Fly- 
 catcher, Wilson's Blackcap, Yellow Rump Warbler, Black-poll Warbler, 
 Bay-breasted Warbler, ChesnUt-sided Warbler, Black-throated Green 
 Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Yellow-poll 
 Warbler, Red-poll Warbler, Black and Yellow Warbler, Mourning War- 
 bler, Maryland Yellow-throat, Winter Wren, American Gold-crowned 
 Wren, Ruby Crown . Wren, Blue Bird, Brown Creeper, Black and 
 White Creeper, Black Cap Titraouse,Hudson's Bay Tit,Red-eyed Vireo, 
 Solitary Vireo, Cedar Bird, Bohemian Chatterer, Shrike, or Butcher 
 Bird, Scarlet Tanager, Indigo Bird, Cat Bird, White-bellied Nuthatch, 
 Red-bellied Nuthatch, Pine Grosbeak, Blue Grosbeak, Rosebreasted 
 Grosbeak, Purple Finch, Yellow Bird, Pine Finch, Red Crossbill, 
 White-winged Crossbill, Lesser Red-poll, Bobolink, Red-wing Black- 
 bird, Crow Blackbird, Rusty Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, Baltimore 
 Oriole, Raven, Crow, Blue Jay, Canada Jay, Snow Bunting, Lapland 
 Longspur, Shore Lark, Baywing Bunting, White-throated Sparrow, 
 Chip Bird, or Little Blue Snowbird,Fur-colored Sparrow, Tree Sparrow, 
 Swamp Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Yellow-winged Sparrow, 
 Savannah Sparrow, Yellowbill Cuckoo, Black Cuckoo. 
 
 Division III. — Scansores (Climbers). Pileated, or Black Woodcock, 
 Golden-winged Woodpecker, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Blaekback 
 Three-toed Woodpecker, Banded Three-toed Woodpecker, Downy 
 Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpeck. 
 
 Divison IV. — Gyratores (Whirlers). Wild Pigeon, Long-tailed, or 
 Carolina Dove, 
 
 Division V. — Basores (Scratch ers). Ruffed Grouse, or Birch Par- 
 tridge, Canada Grouse, or Spruce Partridge. 
 
 Division VI. — Grallatores (Wad ers) . Blue Heron, or Crane, Stake 
 Driver or Bittern, Green Heron, Night Heron or Qua Bird, Golden 
 Plover, Kildeer Plover, Piping Plover, Black-bellied Plover, Ring 
 Plover, Ash-colored Sandpiper, Redbacked Sandpiper, Semi-palmated 
 Sandpiper, Little Sandpiper, Pectoral Sandpiper, Purple Sandpiper, 
 Sanderling Sandpiper, Spotted Sandpiper, Solitary Sandpiper, Willet, 
 Yellow-legs, Tell Tale, Northern Phalarope, Hudsonian Godwit, 
 Curlew Sandpiper, American Snipe, Red-breasted Snipe, Woodcock,' 
 Long-billed Curlew, Hudsonian Curlew, Turnstone Curlew, Ruff, Sora 
 or Common Rail, Coot or Mud Hen. 
 
 Division VII. — Anatores (Swimmers). Canada Goose, Brant 
 Goose, Mallard, Dusky Duck, Pintail Duck, Green-winged Teal, Blue- 
 wing Teal, Shoveler, Gray Duck or Gadwell, Widgeon, Wood Duck or 
 Summer Duck, Scaup or Black Head, Ring Neck, Whistler or Golden 
 Eye, Buffle-headed Duck, Hai-lequin IDuck, Old Squaw or Long-tailed 
 Duck, American Scoter, Eider Duck, Goosander or Sheldrake, Red- 
 breasted Sheldrake, Hooded Sheldrake or Merganser, Stormy Petrel or 
 Mather Carey's Chicken, Leach's Petrel, Great Shear-water, Mank's 
 Shear-water, Gannet, Wilson's Tern, Bonaparte Gull, Black-headed 
 Gull, Kittiwake Gull, Burgomaster Gull, Herring Gull, Black-back Gull, 
 American Gull, Arctic Jager, Cormorant, Loon, Red-throat Loon, Red- 
 neck Grebe, Pied-bill Grebe, Razor-bill Auk, Puffin or Sea Parrot, 
 Murre or Guillemot, White-winged Guillemot. 
 
TEE STATE OF MAINE. jg 
 
 NATIVE QUADRUPEDS. 
 
 Order I. of Mammals. Maesupiata — None in Maine. Oedbe 
 II. — Cheiropteea (Bats). Common Bat, Hoary Bat. 
 
 Ordee III. — Insectivoea (Insect Eaters). — Mole Shrew, Star- 
 nosed Mole, Thompson's Shrew. 
 
 Oedee IV. — Caenivora (Flesh Eaters). — Panther or Catamount, 
 Loup Cervier (pro. Loo Serveea) or Lynx, Grey Wolf, Red Fox, Silver 
 Pox, Fisher Cat, Sable (Pine Marten), Brown Weasel, Ermine, Black, 
 Mink, Otter, Skunk, Raccoon, Black Bear, Common Seal, Hooded Seal. 
 
 Oedee V. — Rodentia (Gnawers). — Red Squirrel, Gray Squirrel, 
 Flying Squirrel, Northern Squirrel, Striped Squirrel (Chip Munk), 
 Woodchuck, Beaver, Jumping Mouse, Brown Rat, Common House 
 Mouse, White-footed Mouse, Hamster Mouse, Red-backed Mouse, 
 Musk Rat, Porcupine, White Rabbit, (Lepus Americanus). 
 
 Oedee VI. — Ruminantia (Ruminant Animals). — Moose, Caribou, 
 Deer. 
 
 Oeder VII. — Cetacea, (Air-breathing warm-blooded Sea Animals.) 
 Right Whale, Beaked Rorqual, Northern Rorqual, Black Fish, Por- 
 poise, Grampus. 
 
 THE FISHES OP MAINE. 
 
 The first American legislation in regard to the fisheries was that of 
 Massachusetts in 1639, when the General Court enacted that all vessels 
 and other property employed in "taking, making and transporting of 
 fish, should be exempt from duties and public taxes for seven years ; 
 and that all fishermen, during the season of their business, should be 
 dispensed from military duty. This so stimulated the business that 
 in 1641, the mariners of that colony followed the fishing so well, that 
 there was above 300,000 dry fish sent to market." [Palfrey's 
 History of New England, vol. ii., p. 55.] Almost ever since that time 
 the State, or the national government has stimulated this industry by 
 various bounties and exemptions. In the coast and river fisheries the 
 business has been followed so well that legislation became necessary to 
 protect the fish from destruction, and to re-stock our rivers and ponds. 
 Within a few years past the steps necessary to this end have been 
 taken on all our chief streams and in several ponds, and hundreds of 
 thousands of the young fry have been distributed. The enterprise 
 already shows favorable results and a good promise for the future. 
 The Salmon is the fish for whose introduction the chief effort has been 
 made ; and with such success that they are now observed in streams 
 where none had been noticed for years. Yet in the replenished streams 
 they have not increased so as to warrant any attempts at their cap- 
 ture. In their report for 1878 the Fish Commissioners say " the last 
 lingering hold of the salmon of New England is now the two great 
 rivers of Maine, the Penobscot and Kennebec. In the St. Croix and 
 Denny's rivers they are still taken in considerable numbers, but the 
 day of their utter exterpiination is not far distant." Another fish 
 ■which has been introduced into some of our ponds in the Black Bass. 
 For this numerous calls have been made, mostly to re-stock ponds 
 where the net and spear and grapple of the slouch, and the gluttony 
 of Ma more i-espectable brother, the pickerel, had left nothing but the 
 
20 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 breme and the yellow perch." Some forty ponds and streams have 
 therefore been supplied with black bass. There is already excellent 
 fishing for this fish at Phillips's pond in Dedham, Cobbosseecontee pond 
 near Hallo well, Falmouth pond near Portland, and perhaps some 
 others. 
 
 Many of our ponds in the southern and middle portion of the state 
 have heretofore been stocked with the voracious pickerel, by persons 
 ignorant of their destruction of other fish, or not appreciative of the 
 superior quality of the trout, which it has to a great extent displaced. 
 The latter excellent and much sought fish is still found in most of our 
 ponds and streams, but greatly diminished in size and numbers. In 
 Moosehead lake — though so large and remote — the size and numbers 
 of the trout have considerably decreased, owing partly perhaps to the 
 exhaustion of proper food by inferior fishes and the destructive raids 
 of wholesale fishermen at all seasons. The Rangeley lakes have fortu- 
 nately an excellent supply of food for their superior species of trout in 
 the small blue-backed trout (salmo oquassa). In 1878, the fish com- 
 missioners of the State distributed about 40,000 of the young fry to 
 our different ponds. 
 
 In a memorandum of fly-fishing for brook trout in Rangeley lake 
 by the commissioners between Oct. 2d and 9th, wc find the whole 
 number taken to be 63, — which averaged above 4f pounds each. 
 The largest fish of this catch weighed 10 pounds, two others, 9 pounds 
 each, two, 8 pounds, and none less than three pounds. This year an 
 11 lb. trout v/as taken ; being the largest brook trout {salmo fori- 
 tinalis) ever taken from the Rangeley's, or elsewhere, so far as known. 
 After being exhibited in Boston a few days, it was bought by the 
 direction of Professor Baird of the United States fishery commission 
 and forwarded to the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. The 
 Togue {salmo tomah) has been caught of larger size in Moosehead, 
 while some specimens from Sebago lake (salmo sebago) have compared 
 favorably in quality. 
 
 Successful efforts have also been made toward re-stocking our 
 waters with alewives, which are found to be almost equal to the her- 
 ring for food. The Menhaden or pogy fishery question, which occa- 
 sioned so much discussion in the legislature for several years, seems to 
 have been settled — for the time at least — by nature. Fleets of steamers 
 have for several years swept our coasts, and this not sufiieing, they 
 have entered our rivers also. This continual harrying has apparently 
 had its effect ; and the pogy has mostly forsaken our waters. 
 
 Below is a catalogue of nearly all of the fishes of the interior waters 
 and sea-coast of Maine. So far as the list has any arrangement, it ia 
 according to the classification of Professor Gill. 
 
 St7B-cLA.ss Telbostei Muller. Oedee Teleocephali, Oill. Sfb- 
 OKDBK Physoclisti, Bona. Peecoid Faimly.— Yellow or Brindle 
 perch. Striped bass, White perch, Bream— flat-fish. Red-tailed bream. 
 
 Spaeoids. — Big porgee. 
 
 Solenoids. — Weakfish — squeteague. 
 
 ScoMBEOiDS.— Spring mackerel. Fall mackerel, Tunney or Horse 
 mackerel, Spanish mackerel. 
 
 Caranginoids. — Blunt-nose shiner. 
 
 Seeiolinoids. — Bluefish. 
 
 SCOMBEEESOCOIDS. — Bill fish. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE 21 
 
 Gasteeostoids. — Many-spined stickleback. 
 
 Atheeinoid s. — Sil versi de. 
 
 ScoEPENOiDS. — Norway haddock, Sea raven. 
 
 CoPTOiDS. — Sculpin-Greenland bullhead, Common sculpin or bull- 
 head, Labrador or northern sculpin. 
 
 Agonoids. American aspidophore. 
 
 Teigloids. — Sea swallow. 
 
 Bateachoids. — Toad fish. 
 
 Bleeinoids. — Radiated shanny, Butler fish. 
 
 ZoAECEOiDS. — Thick lipped eel pout* 
 
 Anarbichoids. — Sea wolf. 
 
 Cetptocanthoids. — Spotted wry-mouth, 
 
 LoPHioiDS. — Angler-goose fish. 
 
 SuB-OEDEE Anacanthini, Muller, Gadoids. — Codfish, Frostfish — 
 tomcod, Haddock, Pollock, Hake, Cusk. 
 
 Phycinoids. — American codling. 
 
 Ophidioids. — New York ophidium. 
 
 SuB-OEDEE Phakyngonathi, Midler, Labeoids. — Tautog — ^black- 
 fish, Gunner. 
 
 StTB-OEDEE Heteeosoma, Houa, Pleueonectoids. — Halibut, 
 Toothed flat-fish — summer flounder, Flounder. 
 
 SuB-OEDEE Physostomi, Muller, Cypeinoids. — Goldfish — Golden 
 carp, Shiner, Redfin. 
 
 Catastomoids. — Common sucker. 
 
 Cypeinodonts. — Minnow — killifish. 
 
 EsocoiDS. — Common pickerel. 
 
 Salmonoids. — Salmon, Brook trout, Sebago trout, Togue, Red- 
 bellied trout. Blue back, Whitefish, Smelt. 
 
 Clupeoids. — Herring, English herring. Common shad, Alewife, 
 Menhaden — pogy. 
 
 Engeanlinoids. — Anchovy. 
 
 Oedee Apodbs. Auguiloids. — Eel. 
 
 Oedee Lemniscati, Kaup. Leptocaphalus. — TMnhead. 
 
 Oedee Nbmatognathi, Gill, Pimeloids. — Hornpout. 
 
 Sub Class Ganoidei, (Ag.) Muller. Oedee Chondeostei, MuUer. 
 Stueionoids, — Sturgeon. 
 
 Sub-class Elasmobeanchii, Bona. Oedee Plagiostomi, Cuvier, 
 SuB-OEDEE Squali, {Mullev) Gill, Cetoehinoids, — Basking shark. 
 
 ScYMNOiDS. — Sleeper. 
 
 Sub-Class Deemopteei, Owen. Oedee Hypeeoaetii, Bona. 
 Peteomyzoutoids, Bona. Lamper eel. 
 
 GEOLOGY, MINERALS, METALS, Etc, 
 
 Aroostook county appears to be wholly underlain with calcareous 
 slate, with these exceptions: in the centre there is a tract imperfectly 
 explored ; others are about the Eagle Lakes, where the rocks are Devo- 
 nian ; about the upper lakes of Fish River and of the Allegash, the 
 outcropping is of Trappean and altered rocks; with a tract of the 
 Lower Helderberg group running from Square Lake south-west be- 
 tween Long and Portage Lakes ; near range 14 on the eastern border 
 of the State begins a band consisting, first, of slate — probably of Silu- 
 
22 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 rian or Devonian age ; second, of Devonian rocks ; third, slates similar 
 to first. These run south-west until they meet the granite tract ahout 
 Mount Katahdin. On the east of the Trappean rocks of the Allegash 
 Lakes is also a tract of Devonian rocks, occupying the most of four or 
 five townships. North-west of Katahdin begins a belt of Oriskany 
 sandstone, which sweeps southwest forming the shores of the northern 
 third of Moosehead Lake. After passing the lake the belt broadens, 
 disappearing shortly before reaching Spencer stream, a northern 
 branch of the Dead River. 
 
 Between the Kennebec and the New Hampshire line, from Mount 
 Bigelow southward to Piscataqua River and the sea, the rock is chiefly 
 syenite, gneiss and mica and talcose schists, — which alternate with 
 each other to a confusing degree. 
 
 Sweeping across the State nearly from the eastern border to the 
 Kennebec in a south-west direction, on the south of Katahdin and 
 Moosehead is a belt of clay slate several townships in width. It is from 
 this that our product of roofing slate comes. Its middle section is also 
 highly metalliferous. This belt is, however, cut across by another of 
 argillo-micaceous schist, which comes up from the Penobscot about 
 Bangor, reaching nearly to Moosehead lake. Almost all our coast, 
 also, is of granite and allied rocks. From Rockland to Lewiston 
 tracts of calcareous rock crop out here and there, alternating in this 
 course, with granite, gneiss and mica schist. 
 
 On all sides of the Cheputneticook Lakes, except the western, is a 
 tract of granite. Adjoining this at the north, is a broad belt of mica 
 schist, which extends north-east to St. John's River, and in the oppo- 
 site direction continues to Lee, in Penobscot county. The same is 
 also found on the south of the Cheputneticook Lakes, intruded upon by 
 a belt of granite from the south of the lake that narrows to a point in 
 Topsfield ; but the tract of schist continues to the Schoodic Lakes. A 
 broad band of calcareous slates extends from St. Croix River south- 
 west to and across the middle portion of the Schoodic Lakes. 
 
 South of this is a belt of mica schist, extending in the same direc- 
 tion, which is succeeded by a broad band of granite, extending from 
 St. Stephen's, in New Brunswick, south-west toward the Penobscot. 
 In the northern part of Mount Desert, and at some points on the main- 
 land is found porphyritic granite. 
 
 TJnstratified gravel and clays, in which is usually mingled smoothed 
 and striated boulders, are found everywhere in our State underlying 
 the finer stratified materials. It is the earliest alluvial deposit ; and 
 in the present order of things, always rests upon the solid rock. 
 
 Bowlders of the Oriskany sandstone are found all over the region 
 south of that belt nearly to the sea. It is quite safe to say that their 
 is not a mountain in Maine of which fragments will not be found scat- 
 tered over to the country to the south or south-east. The granite of 
 Mount Katahdin, in boulders of every size, is scattered over the 
 southern part of Penobscot county, and the familiar rocks of mounts 
 Abraham and Blue are recognized among the bowlders of Kennebec 
 county. No bowlders from any eminence are found to the north of it 
 in Maine. We can usually trace them for one hundred and fifty miles 
 from their source. In the east part of Avon is a bowlder of granite 
 which measures 30 by 20 by 15 feet, equal to 9,000 cubic feet, and 643 
 tons in weight. It was probably derived from the Mount Abraham 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 23 
 
 range of mountains, several miles north. There are doubtless larger 
 bowlders than this in Maine. 
 
 Another remarkable effect of the drift action is seen in the smooth- 
 ing, rounding, scratching and furrowing of the ledges. In Maine, 
 almost invariably, the rocks on the north side of the eminences are 
 smoothed and grooved, while the south side is without either. Often, 
 indeed, both sides are covered with drift material and deposits, so that 
 the rocks are hidden. 
 
 There have been alternate depressions and elevations of our whole 
 territory in the past ages. The first which we can trace was at the 
 close of the drift period, when there was a sinking of the land below 
 its present level, — when the waters sifted out the finer matei-ials of 
 the drift, and formed beds of clay and stratified sand. Again, there 
 was a sinking of the land to a greater depth ; and, it is quite likely, to 
 a greater depth in some regions than others. Marine shells have been 
 found in the clays all over the State, showing that for many centuries 
 there were depressions of some 25 feet, and then of a 150 ; and perhaps 
 others to a greater depth. 
 
 Then there was an elevation of the land. The river beds, then full 
 of sand, clay and gravel, were washed out by the dividing flood, as the 
 land emerged from the sea. These sweeping floods gave place, after 
 centuries to many a series of lakes, whose waters, cutting their way 
 through their alluvial barriers, gradually formed the rivers that drained 
 them. These, wearing deeper and deeper into their beds with each 
 successive season, constantly narrowed their streams as the reservoirs 
 diminished. Thus the successive beds of the river became terraces on 
 their shores, forming sandy plains or rich intervals. 
 
 There are various minor details of surface geology in Maine not 
 often observed to which we have not space to allude. Of these, the 
 most notable and common are the " horsebacks," to which allusion was 
 made in the article on Valleys. 
 
 Economic geology must have a little attention. Iron ores in quan- 
 tities that would yield a profit to the miner are found at several points 
 in the State. The Katahdin iron works on Pleasant River in Piscata- 
 quis County, have long produced an excellent metal from an extensive 
 deposit of bog iron ore found in the vicinity. Dr. Jackson discovered 
 a fine bed of red hematite iron ore in Waite Plantation, Aroostook 
 County. Similar beds are found in Hodgdon and Linneus. There . is 
 a bed of bog ore in New Limerick, adjoining the former towns ; also 
 in other parts of the State, in the towns of Newfield, Shapleigh, Ar- 
 gyle, Clinton, Williamsburgh, Bluehill, Lebanon, Union, Canton, Paris, 
 Jewell's Island, Thomaston, Bristol, Buckfield, Dixfield, Dover, Farm- 
 ington, Greenwood, Jay, Rumford and Winslow. Magnetic iron ore 
 is found on Marshall's Island and in Buckfield. 
 
 Lead ores are found in Lubec (where it is mined) at Kezar Falls, 
 Parsonsfield, in Denmark, Dexter, Corinna, St. Albans and other 
 places. In the middle section of the State small boulders of this ore 
 are rich in silver. Zinc and copper ores are found with the lead at 
 Lubec, "West Quoddy Head, in Cutler, and other towns in the southern 
 portions of Washington and Hancock Counties, and in Carroll and at 
 some other points in the eastern part of the Aroostook County. 
 
 Tin is found at Bluehill in the ore called wolfram, and the metal 
 itself at Mount Mica in Paris. Manganese is found in Thomaston, 
 
24 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Bluehill, Paris, Dover, Mount Agamenticus, on the east branch of the 
 Penobscot, Hodgdon, Linneus, Waite, Matagmnon lake, and numer- 
 ous other places. . i? • a i;i 
 
 Arsenic is found in arsenical and iron pyrites at iJlueiiiil, if airneia, 
 Greenwood at Owl's Head in Thomaston, on Bond's Mountain in 
 Newfield, on Titcomb's Hill in Farmington, and other towns. 
 
 Gold is found native on Sandy River and its branches, chiefly in the 
 alluvium It is apparent that the metal must exist in situ in the rocks 
 in the northern part of Franklin county and in the western portion of 
 Somerset. Free gold has also been found in small quantities in Bailey- 
 viUe and Baring, on the New Brunswick line, in Washington County 
 also in Cherryfield, Columbia and Harrington, in the same county. 
 Some of the silver ores found at Bluehill and Hampden are auriferous. 
 
 Iron pyrites occur in valuable beds in Brooksville, Hancock Coun- 
 ty, Jewell's Island, Casco Bay, Troy, Anson, Farmington, New Limer- 
 ick, and other localities. 
 
 Granite and gneiss— more or less excellent— are found in every region 
 of the State. Freestone is obtained from the Devonian sandstones, — 
 Perry and Machiasport being its chief localities in the southei-n part 
 of the State. Mica schist is found of good quality for flagging stones 
 at Phipsburg, Winthrop, Acton, Lebanon, and other towns. Of roof 
 ing slate, a grand belt is found, extending from the Kennebec river at 
 Caratunk nearly to the Penobscot river, a distance of 80 piiles. _ Other 
 deposits of this material exist in the northern and southern portions of 
 the State, but the only quarries which have been worked profitably 
 are in the belt above-mentioned. 
 
 Some of the limestones of the Thomaston belt are fine enough to 
 be termed marbles ; but the use of this stone for making limo is found 
 to yield a surer return than marble quarrying. Union, Sidney, and 
 other places south, yield dolomitio and Lower Helderburg marbles ; 
 while bowlders of very fine statuary marble have been found on the 
 east branch of the Penobscot. 
 
 Serpentine and steatite are found in Deer. Isle, Harpswell Neck, 
 Orr's Island, and Vassalborough. Water lime or cement may be 
 made from the upper Silurian limestones found about Lubec and Pem- 
 broke, and westward in various localities to Maohias. 
 
 Of soils, we have all varieties from pure sand to richest loam. 
 Sandy and gravelly loams are the most common, while clayey loam is 
 frequent, and the intervales of Upper Kennebec, Penobscot and St. 
 John (particularly the latter) abound in rich vegetable loams. 
 
 KAILEOADS AND TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 The first railroad in the State for the running of carriages by steam 
 
 ?ower was the Bangor and Oldtown, or Veazie's Railroad, built in 1836. 
 n the same year a charter was issued for the Portland, Saco and 
 Portsmouth road ; which, however, was not opened for business until 
 1842. 
 
 According to the last report of the railroad commissioners (for 
 1879), we now have 31 railroads (several being branches operated 
 by the larger roads) within the State, whose total length of road 
 is upward of 1,000 miles, which is about 1 mile of railroad to each 33 
 
THE STATE OF MAIl^E. 25 
 
 square miles of territory, to each $230,000 of property, and overy 644 
 of the population. The total capital stock of the roads is 120,412,- 
 874,04,— of which $15,906,505,00 is owned outside of the State. These 
 roads employ nearly 3,500 persons. 
 
 The Aroostook River Railroad runs from the State line, New Bruns- 
 wick, a distance of 15 miles. The guage is Z^ feet. The road was 
 opened 1875-6, and is leased and operated by the New Brunswick 
 Railway Company. 
 
 The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Division of the Grand Ti-unk Railway 
 extends from Portland to Montreal, and thence by connecting roads to 
 Detroit, Michigan. The company has a capital stock of $5,484,000,00. 
 Eighty-two and one-half miles of its hne are in Maine. The construc- 
 tion was begun in 1848, and the road was opened to travel in 1853. 
 
 The Bangor and Pisetaquis Railroad extends from Oldtown to 
 Blanchard, a distance of 63 miles. It is the only route from Bangor 
 to Moosehead Lake, and affords the nearest raih-oad communication 
 from any point, not only with the lake, but with Katahdin iron works, 
 and the principal slate quarries. The capital stock is $357,148,50. It 
 was commenced in 1869, and completed in 1877. 
 
 The Boston and Maine Railroad, extending from Portland to Bos- 
 ton, has 44 miles in Maine. The capital stock is $6,921,274,52. Its 
 construction was begun in 1836, and completed in 1873. 
 
 The Bucksport and Bangor Railroad connects the two places men- 
 tioned, the distance being 18 8-10 miles. The guage is 3 feet. Neither 
 the capital stock nor date of building is given in the last report of the 
 railroad commissioners. 
 
 The European and North American Railway connects Bangor in 
 this State with Frederickton in New Brunswick. It has 114 miles in 
 Maine, that being the distance along its line from Bangor to Vance- 
 boro, where it crosses the boundary. It was commenced in 1868, 
 completed in 1871. 
 
 The New Brunswick and Canada Railroad runs from Woodstock 
 to St. Stephens, in Now Brunswick, with a branch from Debec Junc- 
 tion, to Houlton, in Maine, — only 3 miles of the road being within this 
 State ; and a branch from MoAdam Junction to Vanceboro, of which 
 three fourths of a mile only are within the limits of this State; also a 
 branch from Watt Junction to St. Andrew. The Houlton branch was 
 built in 1869, and the Vanceboro branch in 1879. 
 
 The Knox and Lincoln Railroad connects Bath with Rockland, and 
 is 49 miles in length. Its capital stock is $364,580,00. It was built in 
 1871. 
 
 The Lewiston and Auburn Railroad connects Lewiston with the 
 Grand Trunk Railway at Danville Junction. Its length is 5|- miles. 
 It is leased and operated by the Grand Trunk Railway. It was built 
 in 1873. 
 
 The Consolidated Maine Central Railroad, comprises the Portland 
 and Kennebec Railroad, running from Portland by way of Brunswick 
 to Augusta, and the branch from Brunswick to Bath ; the Somerset 
 and Kennebec Railroad from Augusta to Skowegan ; the Androscoggin 
 and Kennebec Railroad from Danville to Waterville ; the Penobscot and 
 Kennebec Railroad from Waterville to Bangor ; the extension from 
 Danville to Cumberland ; the Androscoggin Railroad, from Brunswick 
 to Leeds Junction, with a branch from Crowley's to Lewiston ; the 
 
26 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Leeds and Fai-mington Railroad from Leeds Junction to FarmingtoiL 
 The leased roads are the Belfast and Moosehead Lake, from Belfast to 
 Burnham, and the Dexter and Newport Railroad from Dexter to New- 
 port ; making in all 355 miles of railroad under one management, or 
 307^ miles of consolidated and 47^ miles of leased roads. Some part 
 of the road was opened as early as 1848, and the whole in 1870. Its 
 capital stock is 13,620,100.00. 
 
 The Androscoggin Railroad, consolidated with the Maine Central, 
 extending from Brunswick to Farmington, and having a branch from 
 Crowley's Junction to Lewiston, has in all 70^ miles of road. This 
 railroad was opened in 1861, and consolidated with the Maine Central 
 in 1871. The Bath Branch Railroad, connecting Bath with the Maine 
 Central at Brunswick, is 9 miles in length. 
 
 The Belfast and Moosehead Lake Railroad extends from Belfast to 
 Burnham, 88^ miles, and is leased and operated by the Maine Central 
 Railroad. The Dexter and Newport Railroad, 14 miles long, is leased 
 by the Maine Central Railroad. 
 
 The Norway Branch Railroad, 1^ miles long, connects Norway 
 with the Grand Trunk Railway at South Paris. It was built in 1879. 
 The Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad extends from Portland to 
 Lnnensburg, Vermont ; 51 miles of its length being in this State. It 
 was chartered in 1870, and the road completed in 1875. Its capital 
 is $1,052,185.55. 
 
 The Portland and Rochester Railroad is 52 miles in length, 49^ 
 miles being in Maine. It was commenced in 1853 and completed in 
 1871. Its capital stock is 1636,011.86. 
 
 The Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, connecting the 
 places forming its name, is 52 miles long, and of these 51 are in Maine. 
 It was built in 1842. Its capital stock is $1,500,000. The road is 
 leased and operated by the Eastern Railroad Company. 
 
 The Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Branch Railroad extends 
 from Breck's Crossing in South Berwick, Maine, to Conway, New 
 Hampshire, — 72 miles, of which 4| miles are in Maine. The" road is 
 controlled and operated by the Eastern Railroad Company. 
 
 The Rumford Falls and Buckfield Railroad extends from Canton 
 to Mechanic Falls, where it connects with the Grand Trunk. Its 
 length is 27^ miles. It was rebuilt in 1878. 
 
 The Somerset Railroad connects North Anson Tillage with the 
 Maine Central Railroad at West Waterville. Its length is 25 miles, 
 and its capital stock, $377,573.61. It was built in 1874-5. 
 
 The St. Croix and Penobscot Railroad extends from Calais to 
 Princeton, a distance of 22 miles. It was commenced in 1852 and 
 completed in 1856. Its Capital stock is $100,000.00. 
 
 The Sandy River Railroad is 18 miles in length, extending from 
 Farmington to Phillips, 18 miles. Its guage is 2 feet. The last re- 
 port of the railroad commissioners gives the expense of constructing the 
 road at $100,000.00, but does not state whether this includes buildings 
 and rolling-stock, nor giva amount of capital stock. The road was 
 built in 1879. 
 
 The Whitneyville and Machiasport Railroad, connects the mills in 
 the first named town with a shipping point on tide water of Machias- 
 port. Its length is 7^ miles. It is used for the transportation of 
 ireight alone. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 27 
 
 There are on these roads'within the limits of the state, 188 stations. 
 Several of the roads operate a telegraph line in connection with their 
 stations. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence (Grand Trunk) Railway own 
 and operate 149^ miles of line ; the Belfast and Moosehead Lake, 
 Boston and Maine, and the Bucksport and Bangor railroads operate 195 
 miles of line, of which, however, they own but 29. The European and 
 North American Railway operates 114 miles ; the Maine Central, 216; 
 the Portland and Rochester, 52^ ; and the Rumford Falls and Buck- 
 field road, 27^ miles. The total miles operated by the railtoads of 
 the State is 757^ miles. There is in the State about 40 telegraph sta- 
 tions, having a continental connection, beside those on the railroad 
 lines. Of the lines having a general connection, the Western Union 
 Telegrapl} Company is the chief proprietor. There are also numerous 
 Telephone lines in the State; but these rarely exceed a few miles in 
 length. The Portland Railroad was the first horse-railroad in the State 
 run for the use of the public. Lewiston and Auburn now have a horse- 
 raUroad, 
 
 CIVIL DIVISIONS AND POPULATION. 
 
 Maine is divided into sixteen counties ; viz. : Androscoggin, Aroos- 
 took, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kennebec, Knox, Lincoln, 
 Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Sagadahoc, Somerset, Waldo, Wash- 
 ington and York. 
 
 The cities in the order of their population are,. — Portland, Lewiston, 
 Bangor, Biddeford, Auburn, Augusta, Bath, Rocklaiid, Saco, Calais, 
 Belfast, Ellsworth, Gardiner and Hallowell. The cities are governed 
 by a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a common council, who are 
 chosen annually by the people. 
 
 The whole number of towns, exclusive of the fourteen cities, as 
 given in the State valuation report, 1880, is 412 ; and the number of 
 organized plantations 56. The towns, like the cities, choose their 
 officers annually. The princiiaal officers are three selectmen, a 
 treasurer and collector, a clerk, a supervisor or a committee to super- 
 intend the schools, and usually a number of citizens as overseers of 
 the poor, a road surveyor, and other minor officers. At the annual 
 meeting in the spring when the officers are elected, it is usual also to 
 fix upon a sum of money to be raised by taxes upon the property owned 
 in the town, in addition to the usual head tax, for the payment of the 
 town's part of the State and National tax, for the salaries of town 
 officers, the payment of school teachers, the support of the indigent, 
 and other expenses. For school purposes the towns are sometimes 
 divided into districts ; and for voting purposes, the cities are divided 
 into wards. The town or city is, however, the unit of civil authority ; 
 the lesser divisions being dependent upon it, and the town or city only 
 being responsible to the State. Our town municipal system allows 
 more freedom to the citizen than any other form of government in ex- 
 istence. The officers of a plantation are the same as the principal ones 
 of a town, with the exception that there is a board of three assessors 
 instead of selectmen ; but the powers of a plantation are more limited 
 than those of towns. 
 
 At the time of the admission of Maine as an independent member of 
 the National Union, it had a population of 298,335, and 59,606 taxable 
 
28 GAZETTEER OF MAINE 
 
 polls. The number of incorporated towns was 236 ; and the rateable 
 property was valued at 121,000,000. The first state tax was 150,000. 
 The increase of population has been as follows : — ^by the census of 
 1830 it was 399,455; 1840, 501,793; 1850, 583,169; 1860, 628,279; 
 1870, 626,915 : 1880, 648,945. Of the latter number 160,569 are tax- 
 able polls. 
 
 GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, AND MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 The government of the State has three departments, — the execu- 
 tive, the legislative and the judicial. The executive department con- 
 sists of a Governor, seven Councillors, a Secretary of State, Treasurer, 
 Attorney-General and Adj utant-General. 
 
 The Governor is chosen by the people once in two years (annually 
 heretofore) on the second Monday in September; all other executive 
 officers are elected by the Legislature. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate not less than twenty 
 nor more thau thirty-one members, and a House of Representatives, of 
 one hundred and fifty-one members, who are chosen by the people at 
 the same time with the Governor, and hold office for two years follow- 
 ing the first Wednesday in January ; at which time the session of the 
 Legislature commences. 
 
 A bill or resolve, in order to become a law, must receive a majority 
 of the votes in both House and Senate, and receive the signature of the 
 governor — unless he shall fail to return such bill or resolution within five 
 legislative days, in which case it becomes a law without his signature ; or 
 if it should receive his veto, it may still become a law by receiving two- 
 thirds of the votes of each branch of the Legislature. The two United 
 States senators to which the State is entitled are chosen by the 
 Legislature. 
 
 The Judicial Department consists of a Supreme Judicial Court, 
 having a Chief Justice and seven Associate Justices. Each county 
 has a Probate Court and a County Commissioner's Court ; and cities 
 and large towns have Municipal and Police courts. Portland and 
 Augusta, in addition to the Police Court, have each a Superior Court, 
 for the trial of cases of higher importance than comes within the 
 jurisdiction of the Police Court, — thus relieving the Supreme Judicial 
 Court of many of its less important cases. The jurisdiction of the 
 Superior Court extends also over certain adjacent towns. There are 
 in every town trial justices for the settlement of petty cases, and 
 for preliminary action in criminal cases. All the judges are appointed 
 by the Governor, and those of the Supreme Court hold their office for 
 a term of seven years. 
 
 Maine has five congressional districts, each sending a representative 
 to the lower house of Congress. The first district comprises the 
 counties of York and Cumberland ; the second, the counties of Oxford, 
 Franklin, Androscoggin and Sagadahoc; the third, the counties of 
 Kennebec, Somerset and Lincoln, together with the towns of Washing- 
 ton, Union, Warren, Friendship, Cushing, St. George, Thomaston, and 
 the islands of Matinieus, Muscle Ridge, Otter and Cranberry, in Knox 
 county ; the fourth is composed of the counties of Penobscot, Piscata- 
 quis and Aroostook ; and the fifth, of the counties of Waldo, Hancock 
 and Washington, together with the towns of Rockland, South Thomas- 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 29 
 
 ton, Camden, Hope, Appleton, Vinalhaven and North Haven, in Knox 
 county. 
 
 Maine has seven votes in the electoral college for the choice of 
 President of the United States. The Legislature of the State first met 
 in the court-house in Portland, May 21, 1820, and its sessions continued 
 to be held there until 1832. The act fixing the permanent seat of 
 government at Augusta was passed February 24, 1827. The present 
 Capitol was first occupied by the Legislature on January 4, 1832. The 
 building and furniture cost a little over $125,000, about one-half of 
 this being paid from the proceeds of the sale of ten townships of land. 
 The architect was Charles Bulfinch of Boston. The material is the 
 excellent white granite fOr which the vicinity is noted. 
 
 The total valuation of the State in 1880 was : real estate, 1165,908,- 
 182 ; personal, $62,122,474 ; total estates, $228,030,656. The number 
 of polls was 160,569. The amount of shipping owned in the State as 
 shown in the valuation of 1880 was, in tonnage, 471,068, having a 
 value of $8,678,093. Of cotton mills, the number of spindles was 
 641,102, and the value $9,261,245. The number of oxen owned in the 
 State was 34,847, valued at $1,420,464 ; of cows, 141,006, valued at 
 $2,953,644; of young cattle, 147,716, valued at $1,799,902; horses, 
 87,345, valued at $5,037,398 ; colts, 16,654, valued at $559,758 ; sheep, 
 466,626, valued at $1,316,052 ; swine, 44,927, valued at $249,935. 
 
 The number of savings banks on November 3, 1879, was 56, and 
 their deposits amounted to $23,052,663. In 1880 there was a net in- 
 crease of $1,968,183. The number of national banks at the beginning 
 of 1880 was 69, and their capital stock amounted to $10,388,000. 
 
 The Commissioner of Internal Revenue has recently prepared a 
 table showing the amount of collection of internal revenue returned 
 from the several States for a number of years. The returns from 
 Maine were $75,531 for 1879, against 176,767 for 1880. The number 
 of depositors in savings banks in Maine is 75,543 with $20,978,140 
 deposited, or $278 to a depositor. The value of imports at Portland, 
 for 1880, was $1,391,086, and exports $3,569,351. 
 
 The bonded debt of the State on January 1, 1880, was $5,849,900. 
 The total of liabilities over resources at the same date was $6,335,- 
 980.80. The total receipts of the Treasury in 1879 were $1,228,160.94. 
 The expenditures for the same time were $1,316,003.67. 
 
 The volunteer militia consists of a regiment of infantry, five unat- 
 tached companies of infantry, and one company of light artillery. 
 There is also one company of high school cadets, of Bath. 
 
 GOVERNOES OF THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 1820 William King, Bath (resigned). 1841 John Fairfield, Saco (elected sena- 
 
 1821 William D. Williamson, Bangor tor). 
 
 (acting). 1843 Edward Kavanagh, Newcastle (act- 
 
 1822 Albion K. Parris, Paris. ing). 
 
 1827 Enoch Lincoln, Portland (died). 1844 Hugh J. Anderson, Belfast. 
 
 1829 3 mos, Nathan Cutler, Pannington 1847 John W. Dana, Fryeburg. 
 
 (acting). 1850 John Hubbard, Hallowell. 
 
 1830 Jona D. Hunton, Readfield. 1853 W. G. Crosby, Belfast. 
 
 1831 Samuel E. Smith, Wiscasset. 1855 Anson P. Morrill, Readfield. 
 1834 Robert P. Dunlap, Brunswick. 1856 Samuel Wells, Portland. 
 
 1838 Edward Kent, Bangor. 1857 Hannibal Hamlin, Hampden (re 
 
 1839 John Fairfield, Saco. signed). 
 
 1840 Edward Kent, Bangor. 
 
80 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 1857 Joseph H. Williams, Augusta (act- 1871 Sidney Perham, Paris. 
 
 ing). 1874 Nelson Dingley, jr., Lewiston. 
 
 1858 Lot M. Morrill, Augusta. 1876 Selden Connor, Fairfield. 
 1861 Israel Washburn, jr., Orono. 1879 Alonzo Garcelon, Lewiston. 
 
 1863 Abner Cobum, Skowhegan. 1880 Daniel F. Davis, Corinth. 
 
 1864 Samuel Cony, Augusta. 1881 H. M. Plaisted, Bangor. 
 1867 J. L. Chamberlain, Brunswick. 
 
 CHARITABLE AND BEFOEMATORT INSTITUTION'S. 
 
 The State has been mindful of the welfare of the unfortunate within 
 her limits, and of the security of her citizens against the evil-disposed ; 
 and in her prisons she has aimed to reform as well as to restrain the 
 criminal. Accordingly, several institutions suited to these different 
 purposes have been provided. 
 
 The asylum for the insane, at Augusta, affords accommodation for 
 upwards of 400 of this class of unfortunates. At Bath, the State has 
 an asylum for the needy orphan children of those who have served 
 their country in the army or navy. The inmates are freely admitted 
 to the excellent schools of the city, and are regular and welcome atten- 
 dants of the churches and Sabbath schools. At the commencement of 
 the year 1879 there were 66 children in this Home. 
 
 The Reform School at Cape Elizabeth is reaching a condition in 
 which it really deserves its name. The number of boys under instruc- 
 tion at the commencement of the year 1879 was 141, and there were 
 28 received during the year. During the same time 47 have been dis- 
 charged. With respect to the latter, it is hoped that most of them 
 will become not only harmless but valuable members of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 The Maine Industrial School for Girls, located at Hallowell, is a 
 private corporation, but it is in a large degree the beneficiary of the 
 State; the latter being represented in its management by the Governor, 
 the Secretary of State and the Superintendent of Common Schools. 
 The legislature has provided by statute law for the custody and educa- 
 tion of wayward and exposed girls therein, and aids in their material 
 support. The influence of the school on the character of those com' 
 mitted to its charge have already proved quite gratifying. The insti- 
 tution is the object of many donations from benevolent citizens of the 
 State. 
 
 Maine General Hospital, at Portland, was opened for patients in 
 1874. It is governed by a Board of Directors, six of whom are chosen 
 by the corporation, and four by the Board of Visitors. 
 
 The State prison is located at Thomaston. The system now in 
 operation for the treatment of prisoners includes employment, education 
 and religious insti'uction. In the matter of discipline, the Commuta- 
 tion law — by which a deduction is made from the term of service for 
 good behavior — is working very favorably. 
 
 The general government has two charitable asylums in Maine, the 
 Marine Hospital at Deering, and the Togus Military Asylum at Chel- 
 sea, near Augusta. 
 
 EDUCATION, LITERATURE, AND THE PUBLIC PRESS. 
 
 At the time when Maine became a State there were within its limits 
 twenty-four incorporated academies ; that of Portland, established in 
 1784, being the oldest. Probably not one-half as many are now in op- 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 31 
 
 eration ; the town high schools, the Normal schools, the seminaries and 
 colleges have succeeded to their places. 
 
 Nearly every town of above one thousand inhabitants sustains a 
 high school for a portion of the year. The school mill tax on corpora- 
 tions has contributed largely to this result, ^y the report of the 
 Superintendent of Schools for 1879 we find that the estimated value of 
 all public school property in the State in that year was $2,947,655. The 
 number of school houses was 4,263, of which 70 had been built during 
 the year. At the same date the total number of children in the State 
 between the ages of four and twenty-one was 215,724. The amount of 
 money actually expended for public schools from April 1, 1878 to April 
 1, 1879, was 1984.108. ^ 
 
 There are now three State Normal Schools exclusively for the train- 
 ing of teachers. These are located respectively at Farmington, Cas- 
 tine and Gorham. The State also sustains a training teacher in the 
 Madawaska region. The Oak Grove Seminary, at Vassalboro and the 
 Maine Central Institute, at Pittsfield, each graduate a class annually from 
 a Normal department, receiving aid from the State to the amount of 
 $600 each. ■ 
 
 The Maine W"esleyan Seminary, at Kent's Hill, also has a Normal 
 course, as well as a course in almost every desirable department for a 
 school of this grade. The Eastern Conference Seminary and Com- 
 mercial College at Bucksport, like the former, is a Methodist Institu- 
 tion. It is an excellent school and well patronized. 
 
 Westbrook Seminary, a school of excellent reputation, is the prin- 
 ciple institution of learning of the Universalist denomination in Maine. 
 It is pleasantly located at Steven's Plains, in Deering. Other excel- 
 lent schools are the Wendell Institute, in Farmington, for young ladies 
 and gentlemen, and the famous Little Blue School, in the same town 
 for boys only. 
 
 Another institution under State patronage is the State College of 
 Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, opened at Orono in 1868. The num- 
 ber of pupils, male and female, at the close of 1879 was 102. It has a 
 faculty of seven professors and an instructor in iron work. 
 
 Our oldest collegiate institution is Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, 
 whose President is Joshua L. Chamberlain, formerly Major-General of 
 Volunteers in the war of the rebellion, and later, Governor of Maine 
 four years. The institution is under the patronage of the Congrega- 
 tionalists, though the students are not unduly influenced by the author- 
 ities in religious matters. 
 
 The Hallowell Classical and Scientific Academy is the chief fitting 
 school for Bowdoin, and has also finished courses of its own. 
 
 Colby University, at Waterville, is beautifully situated, and is a well 
 appointed institution. It is under the patronage of the Baptists. The 
 Classical Institute, in the same town, is the principal fitting school. 
 
 Bates College, at Lewiston, is a young but flourishing institution 
 under the patronage of the Free Baptist denomination. The Nichols 
 Latin School, near by, is the principal fitting school. A Theological 
 Seminary also forms a department of the college. 
 
 The Theological Seminary at Bangor is the oldest religious school 
 in the State. It was incorporated in 1814 under the name of the 
 Maine Charity School. It went into operation at Hampden in 1817, 
 and removed to Bangor in 1819. The institution is Congregationalist. 
 
1 
 32 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Further facts in regard to schools may be found under the heads of the 
 towns where they are located. 
 
 The libraries in Maine are numerous, but small. There is scarcely 
 a city without a library which is accessible to the public at little or no 
 cost to the patrons. Most of the villages also have private circulating 
 libraries. 
 
 The first newspaper published in Maine was the " Falmouth Gazette 
 and Weekly Advertiser" of Portland ; and its first number was issued 
 on the 1st of January 1785. Its publishers were Mr. Benjamin Tit- 
 comb, a Portland printer, and Thomas B. Waite, who had previously 
 been concerned in the " Boston Chronicle." The paper went through 
 various changes of ownership and title, until about 1826, when it took as 
 its name the "Portland Advertiser." In 1831, the " Daily Advertiser" 
 began to be published consecutively. In 1829, Mr. James Brooks be- 
 came editor of the paper, and continued in that relation until 1836, 
 when he started the " New York Express." Mr. James G. Blaine was its 
 editor in 1858. In 1859 it passed under the control of Messrs Wal- 
 dron. Little & Co. ; and in January, 1861, it was sold to Mr. F. O. J. 
 Smith. In his hands the political attitude of the paper suffered, and 
 its circulation diminished ; and at the date of the great fire in Port- 
 land, its daily issue was suspended. In 1868 it passed into new hands 
 and Republican management, and appeared as an evening paper — and 
 thus continues to the present time. 
 
 The " Christian Mirror " has now reflected its light upon the world 
 weekly for above half a century. It owes its existence to the zeal in- 
 spired by that eminent Trinitarian Congregationalist, Rev. Edward 
 Payson, — its founders being members of his church. Its first editor was 
 Rev. Asa Rand. 
 
 " Zion's Advocate " first appeared about 53 years ago. It was 
 printed by Day & Sumner, and edited by Rev. Adam Wilson. In 
 1859 it passed into the hands of Dr. Shailer and J. W. Colcord, who 
 conducted it with great success. H. S. Burrage has since been the owner. 
 
 " The Daily Eastern Argus " was started in 1835, and has been is- 
 sued continuously, and without change of title since that time. 
 
 In 1866, Mr. G. M. Gage, then principal of the Western Normal 
 School at Farmington started an educational monthly entitled " The 
 Maine Normal." Two years later its place of publication was changed 
 to Portland, where it took the new name of the " Journal of Educar 
 tion." A few years later it was merged into the " New England 
 Journal of Education," — its editor being continued as the editor of the 
 Maine Department of the latter journal. 
 
 The first newspaper in Brunswick was issued by Joseph Griffin, in 
 1820, under the name of " The Maine IntelligenceV." It had a brief 
 but brilUant existence of only six months. " The Brunswick Tele- 
 graph " was started in 1853 by Waldron and Moore, with William G. 
 Barrows, Esq., as editor. 
 
 The " Bridgton News " was established by H. A. Shorey, Esq., at 
 Bridgton Centre in 1870. The " Kennebec Farmer " was started in 
 Winthrop in 1833, with Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, editor. It was published 
 inHallowell in 1857, Ihen again removed to Winthrop. In 1844 it 
 was purchased by Russell Eaton, Esq., and removed to Augusta, where 
 it has ever since remained, its name meantime having been changed to 
 " Maine Farmer." 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 33 
 
 The " Bangor Daily Whig " arose from the " Bangor Courier," es- 
 tablished in 1833 to support the principles of the Whig party, then 
 just organized. In 1834, its founder, Mr. Wm. E. P. Rogers, estab- 
 lished with the " Courier " a daily paper, styled " The Bangor Whig." 
 Before the end of the year, the two names were joined in the daily, 
 forming the present title, which bids fair to continue long unchanged. 
 It is now published by Boutelle and Burr. " The Gospel Banner " was 
 established by Rev. Wra. A. Drew in 1835, as the representative of the 
 Universalist denomination ; which purpose it still retains. Its present 
 owner is Rev. George W. Quinby. 
 
 The " Kennebec Journal " was established in the autumn of 1823, 
 by Luther Severance and Russell Eaton. " The Daily Kennebec 
 Journal " was commenced in 1870, by Sprague, Owen & Nash, who 
 had become proprietors of the weekly. Both are now owned by 
 Sprague & Son. 
 
 The first genuine newspaper published within the limits of the 
 pi'esent county of Androscoggin was the " Lewiston Journal." Wil- 
 liam H. Waldron was its founder ; and it was edited by Dr. Alonzo 
 Garcelon. In 1857 the paper passed wholly into the hands of Nelson 
 Dingley, Jr. In 1861, Mr. Dingley, associated with F. L. Dingley, be- 
 gan the publication of the " Daily Evening Journal." Both this and 
 the weekly have become models of their kind, and have steadily in- 
 creased in circulation. 
 
 The total number of periodicals now published in the State is 114. 
 Of these 11 are dailies, 1 is tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 79 are weeklies, 
 2 are semi-monthlies, 18 are monthlies and 2 are quarterlies. Mention 
 of these various periodicals will be made under the head of the towns 
 where they are published. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 A form of religious polity was first established by law in Maine in 
 1639, by the charter of the Province of Maine. Heretofore there had 
 been no limitations in the matter of religious faith or practice, and this 
 still continued to be the case, east of the Kennebec. Weymouth, the 
 first explorer of Maine, carrying the appearance of government author- 
 ity, set up crosses as a token of possession by the King of England and 
 head of the Christian church in that country. The Popham colony, 
 which located at the mouth of the Kennebec, was spiritually under the 
 charge of Richard Seymour, a clergyman of the Church of England, 
 and the first minister who resided in Maine. 
 
 Though having all the right that could be derived from his govern- 
 ment to control public worship in his province. Gorges seems never 
 to have made any discrimination in religious opinions in respect to 
 property or citizenship ; but the ofiicers of the government he organ- 
 ized appear to have been adherents of the Church of England, yet not 
 generally strenuous in their opinions or practice. The settlement on 
 the Saco effected a sufficient religious organization among themselves 
 to choose a member of their community as an exhorter, — which suggests 
 that the majority of lihe settlers there may have been Antinomian in 
 their views. This is the first mention of a religious minister within 
 the present limits of the State,— except the Roman Catholic. Mem- 
 bers of one or another order of that church were frequently, if not con- 
 
 3 
 
34 GAZETTEER OF MAINE 
 
 stantly, on the coast somewhere from Penobscot to Annapolis in Nova 
 Scotia, after 1604. In 1637, Richard Gibson, a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, ministered to the spiritual wants of the people 
 from Casco Bay to the Isles of Shoals. He was " highly esteemed as a 
 gospel minister, especially by the settlers and fishermen at Richmond's 
 Island and on the Isles of Shoals." He returned to England in 1643. 
 Another Episcopal clergyman, Rev. Robert Jordan, came over from 
 England in 1640, at the age of twenty-eight. He lived in the country 
 thirty-nine years, administering the ordinances under the Episcopal 
 form, and preaching occasionally for thirty-six years. During all this 
 time there was freedom of religious opinion and practice in the province, 
 except when the Massachusetts authorities forbade the administration 
 of the ordinances in the Episcopal form, and interfered with the meet- 
 ings of Baptists and Quakers. 
 
 East of Kennebec the Presbyterians, Lutherans, and such others as 
 held meetings found opposition from the government. After the 
 restoration of Charles II. to the throne of England, the public feeling 
 became effective against any interference of government with worship, 
 except to protect the rights of worshippers of all opinions. 
 
 A noted Puritan minister in Maine at this time was the Rev. John 
 Brock, who principally resided at the Isles of Shoals. He was a man 
 of fervent faith, and a useful pastor. A later member of the Puritan 
 clergy was the Rev. George Burroughs, a graduate of Harvard College 
 in 1678. He began to preach at Falmouth in 1674, but, with other 
 inhabitants, was driven away by the Indians in 1676. Returning in 
 1683, he was again driven away when the town was sacked by savages 
 in 1690. He then took up his residence near Salem, and, two years 
 later, became one of the victims of the witchcraft delusion. He 
 appears to have been a man of learning, piety and misfortune. 
 
 The next clergyman requiring mention is the Rev. Samuel Moody, 
 who graduated at Harvard College in 1697, and was settled as the first 
 minister in York in 1700. He was a " zealous, faithful and successful 
 pastor," remaining in connection with this church until his death in 
 1747 
 
 About 1744, there was a considerable revival of religion in the 
 southern part of the State, to which a few sermons of George White- 
 field contributed much. 
 
 At the time that Maine became a State, there were within its limits 
 three Episcopal churches ; two Roman Catholics, with a membership 
 of about 500 ; in 1750, there were twelve Presbyterian churches within 
 the limits of the State, but in 1820 these organizations had all died 
 out, and those remaining of the members had genei-ally become merged 
 with the Congregationaiist. The last was the permanent form into 
 which Puritanism became cast in this county. At the time of the 
 erection of Maine into a State it had 130 churches, and by estimation, 
 6,000 members. The Baptists at the same time had 9,328 members, 
 and 109 ordained elders ; the Methodists had 73 located ministers, 
 and 6,192 members. The number of Friends or Quakers, at this date, 
 was about 2,000, constituting thirty societies. The Shakers had three 
 societies, at Gorham, New Gloucester and Alfred. 
 
 The religious denominations in Maine at the beginning of the year 
 1880, number thirteen. The Advent Christians have 105 churches, 48 
 ministers, and a membership of about 3,000. The Baptists have 263 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE 
 
 35 
 
 churches, 181 ministers, and 21,165 members. The Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church has 35 parishes and missions, 25 ministers, and 2,107 com- 
 municants. The Free Baptists have 281 churches and a membership 
 of 15,870. The Congregationalists have 243 churches, 190 ministers 
 21,558 members, and 22,131 scholars in Sabbath schools. The Maine 
 conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church has 120 churches, valued 
 at $539,700; 61 parsonages, estimated worth 175,000; 125 ministers- 
 a membership of 11,649 ; and 1,667 probationers. The East Maine 
 Conference of the same body has 111 churches, valued at $325,200; 
 65 parsonages, valued at $62,450 ; 112 ministers, 11 of whom are native 
 Chinese missionaries; 9,435 members, and 3,287 probationers. 
 
 The Universalists have 88 parishes, 4,525 families, and 45 church 
 organizations. Their Sabbath School scholars number 6,477; the 
 value of the church property is $567,450 ; and they have 44 preachers. 
 The Unitarians have 21 churches, but I am unable to state the member- 
 ship or the number of ministers. 
 
 The Neyr Jerusalem Church has five churches in the State, with a 
 membership of 341. The " Christians " have about 60 ministers, and 
 a membership of nearly 6,000. The " Disciples " have 9 churches with 
 a membership of about 500. The Lutherans have two churches, and 
 about 500 members. The Roman Catholic " Diocese of Portland " 
 embraces Maine and New Hampshire. In Maine it has 49 churches, 
 40,000 communicants and 40 priests. Its religious institutions are 4 
 academies for girls, 3 orphan asylums, and 11 parochial schools. The 
 " Church of God " was organized as a church body in 1830 in Pennsyl- 
 vania. Its first ehui-ch in Maine was founded in Palmyra in 1873. Its 
 communicants within the State number about 1,500. 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 The aboriginal inhabitants of Maine constituted the Abnaki nation. 
 The oldest tribe was the Sokokis, who dwelt upon the Saco river. The 
 age of the tribes decreased according to distance eastward fl-om this. 
 The Openangoes, or Quoddy Indians were in fact scarcely known as a 
 tribe until after the Revolution. They were probably made up of a few 
 Tarratines and of some of the Marechites from St. John's river, who 
 favored the American cause at that period. The Tarratine was the most 
 numerous tribe. The Canibas tribe occupied the Kennebec river, 
 havingtheir principal settlement near Norridgewock. The Anasagunti- 
 cooks occupied the Androscoggin river.' During the summer all the 
 tribes spent much time on the searshore, where, like their successors, they 
 subsisted largely on fish. 
 
 With the overthrow of the French power in Canada the Indians of 
 Kennebec and the rivers westward mostly retired to the rivers north- 
 west of Maine on the south side of the St. Lawrence. In 1614, Avhen 
 Captain John Smith visited our shores, their number according to the 
 best estimate must have been about 30,000. Wars with the Mohawks 
 and of the tribes among themselves occurred at about that time, followed 
 by a destructive pestilence in 1616 and 1617, — by which their numbers 
 were greatly reduced. In 1675, when the first war broke out between 
 them and the English settlers of Maine and Massachusetts, they num- 
 bered about 12,000. 
 
 Of the remnants of the Tarratines and of the Openangoes, the first 
 
36 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 reside in Oldtown on the Penobscot, and tlie otlier at Pleasant Point 
 near Perry, and on the Indian townsliip at the Schoodic Lakes. Tliese 
 are the beiieticiaries of the State, having given up all their lands except 
 the tracts about a township in extent each,— assigned to their exclusive 
 use. In 1879, the Penobscots numbered 446; and the amount expended 
 for them by the State Government in that year was $7,554.20. The 
 Quoddy tribe numbered at the same period 52.3 ; and the expenditures 
 of the State on them was 15,547.35. Both tribes have an ample extent 
 of good land, and efforts to induce them to give more attention are 
 meeting with some success. 
 
 CIVIL HISTORY. 
 
 Undoubtedly the shores of Maine were first seen by European eyes 
 — about A.D. 996. The historic records of Norway, Denmark and 
 Iceland show that a Northman named Biarne, sailing for Greenland, 
 was in that year driven by gales far to the south. From his vague 
 descriptions of the voyage, it is surmised that he caught sight of Cape 
 Cod, and after the storm was over coasted back along the shores of 
 Maine and Nova Scotia to Greenland. 
 
 Again in 1008, an expedition from Greenland passed along within 
 view of Maine, on its way to Narraganset Ba}^, where a former expedi- 
 tion had erected huts. Tliis location was known to the Northmen as 
 " Vineland," having received this name from them on account of the 
 wild gr.a])e vines found there. Tlie leader of the expedition was a 
 wealthy citizen of Iceland, named Tliorfinn ; and his company consisted 
 of 160 men, in three ships. The noted stone tower at Newport is 
 
 claimed by some to be a relic of 
 these visitors ; but there exists un- 
 impeachable evidence that it is a 
 portion of a wind-mill erected by 
 _ Governor Arnold, of Rhode Island, 
 _-^__J: not far from the year 1653. 
 -=? The next European who looked 
 
 - =^-. upon Maine was probably Sobas- 
 = - tian Cabot, wlio set out with two 
 - ships from Bristol, England, in 
 May, 1498. He is said to have 
 sailed along the coast of the Gulf 
 of Maine, scanning the shores from 
 his ship somewhat carefully ; yet 
 no definite record exists of his ob- 
 servations here. Gasper Cortereal, 
 a Spanish explorer (who visited our coast in A.D. 1500), did better ; but 
 he only .alluded to the ccnmtry generally as aboundingin forests and lartie 
 rivers, and having its waters well stocked with fish. He adds that tlie 
 region is well adapted for ship-building. In all of these points he was 
 right; but he kidnapped fifty-seven of the natives, intending to sell 
 them for slaves, and therefore sinks in our esteem. One of his A'esscls, 
 containing himself, with alarge portion of his s|)oils, did not reach S])ain, 
 nor was its fate ever known. Ycn-azano, an Italian, was the next navi- 
 gator on the coast. He '\\'as sent out by the King of France in 15'23, 
 returning the next year. It is possible th.at Maine was the scene of the 
 
 OLD STOyK TOWER, OR MILL, NEWPORT. 
 
THE STATE\ OF MAINE. g7 
 
 traffic he carried on with the Indians, who let down from the craggy- 
 rocks with ropes " whatever they were pleased to offer, demanding in 
 return, knives, fishhooks and tools." Charles V. of Spain, in 1525, sent 
 Estevan Gomez to the western seas to find the way to the East Indies. 
 It can only be said of this voyager, that he entered some of the Bays 
 
 of New England, and named the whole country for himself, " The 
 
 Country of Gomez." 
 
 Again in 1556 a French gentleman and scholar, named Andre 
 Thevet sailed in a French ship along the whole coast. He applied the 
 name '| Norumbega " to the Penobscot River, but says that the natives 
 called it Agoncy. He spent several days in the vicinity of Penobscot 
 Bay, where he held conferences with the natives. He also speaks of a 
 fort built on this river by the French in a former time, and named by 
 them the Fort of Norumbega. The Englishman, John Rut, in a ship, 
 " The Mary of Guilford " made a voyage to the coast of Maine in 1567, 
 but no definite record of where he touched or what he did, has come 
 down to us. 
 
 Nearly half a century passes before we hear anything again from the 
 coast of Maine. Bartholomew Gosnold, an English voyager, is said to 
 have touched Maine near Mount Desert in 1602. The next year Mar- 
 tin Pring, with two vessels, " The Speedwell " and " The Discovei-er," 
 Bailed from Milford Haven with goods suited for a trade with the 
 Indians. He entered Penobscot Bay on the 7th of June, being delighted 
 with everything, — anchorage, fishing, beautiful and impressive scenery, 
 and luxuriant vegetation. Seeing some foxes on one of the islands, 
 led them to apply the name " Fox Islands," still borne by this group. 
 From here they sailed past the beautiful islands of Casco Bay, and 
 ascended the Saco River. They are also believed to have visited the 
 /i^ennebunk and York Rivers. Finding in Maine nothing but furs, 
 vhey went further south for sassafras, and reached home with a valu- 
 nble cargo. 
 
 In 1604, De Monts, a Frenchman, came to Passamaquoddy Bay, 
 and settled his company of about eighty on an island in the St. Croix 
 River, now known as "Neutral Island." He had a jiatent.from Henry 
 IV. of France to the region between the fortieth and forty-sixth degrees 
 of latitude, with no western boundary but the Pacific Ocean. This 
 extensive territory bore the name of Acadia ; but its southern limits 
 first slipped back to the Kennebec River, then to the Penobscot, and 
 finally it liftgers only as a historic or fanciful title for the Provinces of 
 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. During the winter, thirty-five of 
 De Mont's colonists died ; and after a voyage along the coast as far as 
 Cape Cod, he returned, and, together with another ship with colonists, 
 founded Port Royal (now Annapolis) in Nova Scotia. 
 
 The next year the English government sent a fine vessel — "The 
 Archangel " — to the coast of Maine. She was under the command of 
 George Weymouth ; and her special mission seemed to be to take pos- 
 session of the country in the name of the king. It is stated that he set 
 up crosses at Monhegan, and at other extreme points of his explora- 
 tions. Sailing westward to the mainland, he entered a fine haven, 
 which he named Pentecost Harbor. Here they planted peas, barley 
 and other seeds, which was the first English planting in Maine. De 
 Monts, the same season, had sown grain on Neutral Island ; so that 
 the French may claim the honor of early cultivation at the border. 
 
38 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 "Weymouth remained on the coast about a month, during which time 
 he explored a river variously claimed to be the Penobscot, St. George's 
 and Kennebec, ascending about sixty miles, and carried on some social 
 intercourse with Indians, as well as trade. He ended his operations 
 on our coast by kidnapping five natives, not to make slaves of them, 
 but Christians. On his return he appears to have discovered the fishing 
 ground at George's Banks,' not known before. 
 
 In 1606, the " North and South Virginia Company " was formed in 
 England for the purpose of colonization. Soon after, the territory 
 covered by their patent was divided, the London members of the com- 
 pany taking the southern portion and the south of England members, 
 under the name of the Plymouth Company, taking the northern portion. 
 The London Company in the following year sent a colony to Virginia, 
 and this was followed the same year by the Plymouth Company's 
 colony under Sir George Popham at Sagadahock. Their two ships 
 were named the " Mary and John " and " The Gift of God." The 
 company consisted of 120 persons, but it is not clear whether this 
 included the crews of the vessels. They built their log huts, a chapel, 
 and a fort enclosing a storehouse on the peninsula of Sabino, — now apart 
 of the town of Phipsburg. A strong fort of stone, built by our 
 national government, now occupies a prominent point of the peninsula. 
 Various misadventures with the savages, the sickness and death of 
 their president so discouraged the colonists, that when one of their 
 vessels arrived from England in the spring all left the place. 
 
 In 1613, a French colony of about 25 persons settled on Mount 
 Desert, but before their slight fort was completed, they were 
 captured or driven off by Captain Argal, of the Virginia colony. The 
 next notable visit to our shores was that of the famous Captain John 
 Smith; who, with two vessels, spent the season of 1614 upon the New 
 England coast, of which he afterwards made a map. Thomas Hunt, 
 the master of one of the vessels, lingered behind and stole 27 
 savages, whom he sold to the Spaniards at Malaga. 
 
 Soon after Smith's visit the Indians were afflicted with a plague 
 which carried oft great numbers of them. An educated physician, 
 Richard Vines, with a small vessel of Sir Ferdinand Gorges, spent the 
 winter of 1616-17 at the mouth of the Saco River, often ministering to 
 the suffering 'natives. In 1619, the coast was hastily visited by Captain 
 Dermer, also in the employ of Gorges, who came to make peace with 
 the natives ; who were justly incensed at the outrages of nearly every 
 English ship which had visited them. 
 
 In December, 1620, the Pilgrims settled at Plymouth in Massa- 
 chusetts ; and in 1623 there was a well-established colony on the Saco 
 River, settled by Vines. There appear, also, to have been some irreg- 
 ular settlements at Monhegan and Pemaquid at about the same time. 
 Ihe first Indian deed executed in America appears to have been that 
 given by Samoset, a Maine chieftain, to John Brown in 1625 It 
 comprised the present towns of Bristol and Damariscotta. 
 
 In 1622 the Plymouth Company granted to Gorges and Mason, under 
 the name " Laconia," the territories extending from the Kennebec to 
 the Merrimac River, and westward to the great lakes. Of this. Gorges 
 took the section north of the Piscataqua River for his portion ; and in 
 this manner was originated the southern boundary of Maine, In 1627 
 the patent of the Massachusett's Bay Company was granted' to a com' 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 39 
 
 pany who proved to be rank Puritans. In 1629, The Plymouth Com- 
 pany granted to the New Plymouth colony a tract of land 15 miles 
 wide on each side of the Kennebec River, and extending from Swan 
 Island to the great bend in the river near Norridgewock. In the same 
 year grants were also made to the settlers on the Saco River. One patent 
 was issued to Richard Vines and John Oldham, of a tract of 4 miles 
 on the shore and 8 miles back from the river, on the southerly side ; 
 and another to Thomas Lewis and John Bonython of a similar tract on 
 the northerly side. 
 
 In 1630 the Lygonia Patent, sometimes called the " Plough Patent " 
 was granted to a company who proposed to devote their energies to 
 agriculture. The patent appears to have been granted under a mis- 
 conception, as it interfered with the rights of Gorges and was the 
 cause of much strife in the early years of the settlements. The terri- 
 tory purporting to be conveyed, was 40 miles square, extending on 
 the coast from the Kennebunk to Royal's River. In the same year the 
 territory between Muscongus Bay and Medomac River was granted 
 to some persons who had trading houses there. This was the Muscon- 
 gus Patent, which, nearly a hundred years later, passed into the pos- 
 session of the Waldo family, and thus became known as the " Waldo 
 Patent." The Pemaquid Patent, issued in 1631, was the last issue by 
 the Plymouth Company in Maine. It included the territories lying 
 between the Medomac and Damariscotta rivers. West of this was 
 the " Sheepscot plantation " in what is now the town of Newcastle. 
 
 In 1632 commenced the troubles with the French, which continued 
 until the fall of Quebec, in 1759, The first act of hostility was the 
 plunder of the Pilgrim's trading station on the Penobscot by a party 
 of French fishermen who thought themselves excused from punishment 
 for the outrage by the French claim to the territory. Another was 
 the plunder of the trading vessel of Dixy Bull ; and this misfortune 
 caused Bull to turn plunderer also. After robbing several small ves- 
 sels he made an attack, in 1632, upon Pemaquid, but was beaten off 
 without having secured much plunder. A force of four vessels from 
 Massachusetts Bay and Piscataqua River was sent in pursuit of the 
 marauder ; but he had left the coast. He was subsequently executed 
 in England. 
 
 In 1635 the Plymouth or New England Company was dissolved, 
 and its territory was divided into twelve provinces, four of which fell 
 within the present limits of Maine. The first, including • the region 
 between the Penobscot and St. Croix, was assigned to Sir William 
 Alexander, and was named the County of Canada ; the second lay 
 between the Penobscot and Kennebec, and was given to the Duke of 
 York, who soon named it the County of Cornwall ; the third embraced 
 the territory between the Kennebec and Androscoggin ; the fourth 
 division extended from the Androscoggin to the Pascataqua. Both 
 the last were given to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who named his province 
 "New Somersetshire." In 1636 Gorges, nephew, William Gorges, 
 came over as Governor ; but he soon returned to England.^ Three 
 years later, Gorges procured a charter from the King, giving him 
 rights of government in his province. Its name he now changed to 
 Maine, — whence wo obtain the name of our State. In 1642 Gorges 
 planned the capital city of his province, locating it on the York River. 
 It had been known as the plantation of Agamenticus, but he now 
 
40 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 changed it to Goigeana, extending its corporate jurisdiction over a 
 tract of twenty-one square miles. It never had over three hundred 
 inhabitants, and ten years later, it was changed to the town of York. 
 Befoi'e long there were conflicts of title and of authority in Maine 
 among so many different claimants. The French made good their 
 claim to the territory east of the Penobscot by holding possession of 
 it ; and upon Gorges' death those holding their territory under the 
 Lygonia ]?atent contended with those who held under the several 
 patents of Gorges. The government of Cromwell during its sway, 
 favored Rigby, the holder of the Lygonia Patent — and a Puritan — 
 against Gorges, who was attached to the Church of England and the 
 royal line. The Massachusetts Bay Government was frequently called 
 upon for protection and adjudication of rights in Maine ; and, on re- 
 examining their charter, and making a new survey, the authorities 
 found they could make a plausible claim of jurisdiction over New 
 Hampshire and Maine as far as the Penobscot. This territory was 
 therefore adopted as a part of the commonwealth, under the name of 
 Yorkshire. In 1652, commissioners appointed by Massachusetts came 
 into Maine, and set up her government with very little opposition. 
 The militia of Maine was organized by the General Court, and magisr- 
 trates appointed ; the people were admitted to suffrage, having the 
 privilege of sending two delegates to the General Court. 
 
 Under the Puritan rule in England, the New England colonies, 
 ■with the assistance of a few vessels and men sent by Cromwell, recov- 
 ered from France the whole of Acadja, — by which term the French at 
 this time designated eastern Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 In 1664, Charles II., who had now iDeen called to the throne of Great 
 Britain, made his brother, the Duke of York, Viceroy of NewEno-land. 
 The Duke also induced his brother to give the portion of Maine lying 
 between St. Croix and the Penobscot, in addition to that between 
 the latter river and the Kennebec, which he held before. At the 
 request of the Duke, the King appointed three commissioners to assist 
 the deputy-governor, Colonel Eichard Nichols, in settling the affairs of 
 New England. When they appeared in Boston, the General Court 
 rejected their authority. They then went to Maine, where in 1665, 
 they ovei-threw the government of Massachusetts and set up one of 
 their own. The King recalled the commissioners in the following year, 
 and when Governor Nichols returned to England in 1638, Massachu- 
 setts immediately took steps to revive her authority. In 1773, the 
 Dutch recaptured New York, and Governor Lovelace, who had suc- 
 ceeded Nichols, returned to England. There being now no superior 
 authority to oppose, the authority of Massachusetts quickly changed 
 the province of Maine back to the county of York and made the 
 county of Cornwall into the county of Devonshire; and now Maine 
 had three representatives in the General Court. 
 
 Then for a short time the settlements were peaceful and flourishing ; 
 so that in the beginning of the year 1675, there were thirteen towns and 
 plantations within the present limits of Maine, while the inhabitants 
 numbered between five and six thousand souls. The Indian popula- 
 tion at this time numbered about twelve thousand. In July 1675, King 
 Philip's war broke out in Massachusetts ; and in September the tribes 
 of Maine commenced hostilities. Their first warlike act was at the 
 plantation of Thomas Purchas, in Pejepscot (Brunswick) , which they 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 41 
 
 plundered. They next fell upon the settlers at Falmouth, burning their 
 buildings, and slaughtering the inhabitants with horrible barbarity. 
 At Biddeford, houses were burned and Major Philip's garrison house, in 
 which the inhabitants had taken refuge, was besieged ; but all succeeded 
 in escaping to the settlement at Winter Harbor. Sixteen men from 
 South Berwick on the way to succor the inhabitants on Saco River, were 
 attacked by a large number of savages, and nine men from Winter 
 Harbor who sought to join their friends, were ambushed and every man 
 shot down. During this time, another band of savages attacked 
 Newichawannock, secreting themselves in the vicinity several days, and 
 effecting much slaughter upon incautious persons, and the armed parties 
 who sought them. The hostilities of the first season lasted about three 
 months, during which time eighty persons were killed by the savages, 
 and several small settlements destroyed. The settlers now organized 
 a considerable force for an attack upon the Indians in their winter 
 quarters ; upon which a number of the sagamores appeared and made 
 a treaty of peace with the English, and promised to restore captives. 
 The winter wore on, but few captives were brought in ; and fears of a 
 renewal of the hostilities increased. There was good reason for it. Major 
 Waldron, one of the Indian commissioners, was so imprudent as to issue 
 general warrants by which any man holding the warrant could seize 
 any Indian who might be accused of killing a white man. Several 
 ship-masters secured warrants, and seized many Indians along the coast; 
 and carrying them to a foreign port, sold them for slaves. To pacify 
 the Indians, Abraham Shurte and Captain Davis met the chiefs in 
 council at Teconnet : The first was the noble and venerable chief 
 magistrate at Pemaquid ; and such was the respect of the Indians for 
 him, and such the good treatment they received from the settlers in his 
 jurisdiction that not a hamlet was attacked during the first year of the 
 war. At the council, the chiefs demanded that their brothers who had 
 been stolen away, should, be restored to them, and that the English 
 should sell them food and ammunition for their hunting. These were 
 reasonable requests, but the agents were unable to conjply with them ; 
 and the council broke up without profit. The death of King Philip, in 
 August, 1676, which ended the war in Massachusetts, only increased 
 the violence of the savages in Maine. The hostilities commenced by 
 an attack upon Falmouth at about the time of- Philip's death; and this 
 was followed in a few days by an attack upon Arrowsic. In ashort 
 time all the settlements east of Falmouth were swept awky. The 
 savages then swarmed about the few remaining settlements between 
 Falmouth and Piscataqua, killing and burning whenever they found 
 opportunity. As before, when the cold weather came on, the Indians 
 retired to their winter quarters ; and as before, the settlers prepared to 
 attack them ; but on marching against them, not an Indian could be 
 found. In Noveniber, a noted Penobscot sagamore, named Mugg, 
 came to Piscataqua, and desired to make a treaty. He promised that 
 all acts of hostility should cease, that all English captives, vessels and 
 goods should be restored, and that his tribe should buy ammunition 
 only of those whom the governor should appoint, and that the Indians 
 of Penobscot should take up arms against the Androscoggins and other 
 eastern natives, if they persisted in the war. The only performance was 
 the buying of ammunition when they could get it, and the restoration 
 of some eighteen or twenty prisoners ; though the tribes must have had 
 
42 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 more than fifty. In February, 1677, majors Waldron and Frost with a 
 hundred and fifty men made a voyage along the coast as far as Penob- 
 scot, to see what the Indians were about, to obtain captives, and obtain 
 renewed pledges. The expedition proved of no advantage. In March 
 the savages began their destructions again, by killing nine of a party 
 of English who visited Arrowsic for the purpose of burying the dead 
 bodies of their countrymen of that place, killed the autumn before. 
 Some of the Indians employed themselves in capturing the fishing 
 vessels and islands, while others attacked at various times, nearly or 
 quite all of the five settlements remaining in Maine — York, Wells, 
 Kittery, Newichawannock and Winter Harbor. In the mjanth of 
 July the savages captured about twenty fishing vessels. When this 
 warfare became known, a large armed vessel was sent to recapture 
 them. Such as they found were abandoned, the Indians not having 
 been able to manage them. The English now had more men in service, 
 they had learned the Indian methods of fighting, and in several engage- 
 ments the savages suffered severely ; in one, their great leader, , 
 Mugg, was killed. Discouraged by the failure of the naval project of 
 capturing Boston, by their defeats, the loss of their leader, and their 
 own exhaustion, the Indians now wished to close the war. Accordingly 
 the next spring the Commissioners of Massachusetts and the sagamores 
 of the Sokokis, Androscoggins and Canibas met at Casoo (Portland) and 
 made a treaty, whose terms were that all captives should be restored 
 without ransom, and that the inhabitants should possess their lands on 
 condition of paying to the natives a peck of corn annually for each 
 family. In this war two hundred and sixty inhabitants of Maine were 
 known to have been killed, or carried into captivity from which they 
 never returned ; while more than half the settlements were laid waste. 
 
 In 1677 the Massachusetts Colony purchased the Province of Maine 
 from the heirs of Gorges for the sum of £1,250 sterling. In 1680, a 
 government was organized for the Province in conformity with the pro- 
 visions of the charter. This government consisted of a Provincial 
 President, chosen annually by the M issachusetts Board of Assistants, 
 a standing Council of eiglit members, and a House of Deputies 
 chosen by towns as in Massachusetts. The Council, appointed by the 
 Board of Assistants, were the judges constituting the Supreme Court. 
 The first president was Thomas Danforth, at that time Deputy Gover- 
 nor of Missachusetts. 
 
 In 1687, Sir Edmund Andros, previously governor of New York, 
 was appointed Governor of New England also. In making an 
 eastern trip he visited and plundered the establishment of Baron Cas- 
 tine at Biguyduce (now Castine), and bestowed liberal gifts upon the 
 Indians whom he met to secure their good-will. Two months later 
 the Indians commenced the hostilities of the first French and Indian 
 war. The settlements destroyed in the first Indian war, but since re- 
 occupied,_were now assailed again, and much havoc was effected. Yet 
 the inhabitants were now better prepared for the foe, many having dogs 
 which gave notice of their approach, while the houses were more gen- 
 erally constructed with a view to defense. Governor Andros still en- 
 deavored to propitiate the tribes, but utterly failing of success-he took 
 another turn, and in November sent eight hundred men along the Maine 
 coast. They suffered much, but were forced to return without seeing 
 a single Indian. In the spring the Massachusetts people heard of the 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 43 
 
 revolution in England, and seizing Andros, sent him home. With the 
 warmer weather came also the renewed atrocities of the war ; the de- 
 structive raids of the French and their savage allies being now ex- 
 tended along the whole interior line of New England settlements. In 
 1690, an expedition was sent against the French in Acadia, under Sir 
 William Phips. Phips was a native of Woolwich in Maine, who by 
 his good parts had risen to eminence. The expedition was entirely 
 successful ; and another expedition being sent against Quebec, the 
 French mostly withdrew from Maine. The Quebec expedition was 
 unfortunate, and returned unsuccessful. The great expense induced 
 the Massachusetts government for the first time to issue paper money 
 for relief. Every town in Maine east of Wells had now been destroyed. 
 While the Quebec expedition was in progress, Major Church, of Mas- 
 sachusets, with a small force of militia, landed at Brunswick, and 
 marching up the Androscoggin, captured the Indian fort at the great 
 falls at Lewiston. There were few attacks from the Indians during 
 the remainder of the season ; and at the last of November six Saga- 
 mores met the Massachusetts Commissioners at Sagadahoc, surrendered 
 a few prisoners and signed a truce. The latter was to be succeeded in 
 May by a treaty; but instead,' the savages were found to be preparing 
 ■to renew the war. The French not coming to their aid they kept up 
 through the season a skulking warfare about the settlements, destroy- 
 ing cattle, burning buildings, and killing or taking captive lone indi- 
 viduals — men, women and children. The next year the French joined 
 them again ; and hostilities were resumed in a sudden attack upon 
 York by two or three hundred savages led by Frenchmen. But the 
 enemy could not prevail as formerly. 
 
 By the charter of William and Mary, Massachusetts, Plymouth, 
 Sagadahoc and the Province of Maine, were united in one, under the 
 name of " The Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay," and Sir 
 William Phips was appointed its Governor by the King. Having an at- 
 tachment to his native region, Phips determined to defend it ; and 
 during the season of 1692 he built a stone fort at Pemaquid. While 
 this was in progress Church ascended the Penobscot to attack the 
 Indian villages, but the savages retired fi-om them before his arrival. 
 Later, he ascended the Kenebec as far as Teconnet, having skirmishes 
 with the savages at the latter place and near Swan Island. In the 
 autumn, Iberville, the new French commander in Acadia, came to Pema- 
 quid with a body of French and Indians, but when he saw the strength 
 of the new fort he retired without making an attack. In the following 
 spring Captain Converse, of Maine, was put in command of three hun- 
 dred and fifty men. He built a stone fort at Saco, hunted the Indians 
 of western Maine to the mountains, and in the other direction, 
 scouted as far as Penobscot. Threatened by the Indians about the 
 lakes, the French now withdrew their men to Canada; and early in 
 August, 1693, thirteen Sagamores, representing all the tribes from the 
 Saco to the St. Croix, came to Pemaquid and made a treaty of 
 peace. French influence, however, prevented them from fulfilling the 
 conditions; and within a few weeks the war was in full tide again, 
 in which the French now joined. In July, 1696, Iberville, with three 
 ships of war, two companies of French soldiers, and two hundred and 
 fifty Indians in canoes came against Pemaquid. He was now sup- 
 plied with mortars and heavy guns ; and the fort was finally obliged 
 
44 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 to capitulate. In the following month Church made an expedition to 
 the Bay of Fundy (where the French were in power again), then as- 
 cended the Penobscot; gaining nothing but a small spoil. The next 
 year Major March was sent eastward, with five hundred men, and had 
 a fight with the Indians at Damariscotta. 
 
 Peace having been made between England and France by the treaty 
 of Ryswick, a treaty was made with the Indians in 1699, at Mare (Sea) 
 Point, in Brunswick. The war had lasted above ten years, and in that 
 time about four hundred and fifty English had fallen, and two hundred 
 and fifty been carried into captivity. It was during the early part of 
 this war that the witchcraft delusion prevailed in Massachusetts ; but 
 Maine did not fall under this affliction. 
 
 Governor Phips died ia 1694, and was succeeded by the Earl of 
 Bellamont, who also died in 1703, and was succeeded by Joseph Dud- 
 Icy. Another war had now arisen between France and England, and 
 Governor Dudley, to prevent the Indians from yielding to the influ- 
 ence of the French, met the tribes at ^almouth in June, 1703. He was 
 attended by several members of the legislature, and a guard of soldiers; 
 and the chiefs were attended by large numbers of their warriors, in 
 their paint and feathers. The most impressive assurances of good will 
 and peaceful purpose were made by the Indians ; but before two 
 months these same Indians with others fell suddenly upon the settle- 
 ments in western Maine. 
 
 Their attack was unexpected, and resulted in great loss to the Eng- 
 lish, three settlements being utterly destroyed. The savages, however, 
 were at several places repulsed with heavy loss ; and late in the season 
 Captain March, with three hundred men, made an attack upon the In- 
 dians' stronghold at Pequaket (Fryeburg). Smaller parties also kept 
 up the warfare on the enemy through the winter ; and in the spring 
 Colonel Church was sent along the coast, eastward with five hundred 
 men in transports. Church captured whatever French people he found 
 on the Penobscot and at Passamaquoddy Bay, but Port Royal proved 
 too strong for liira, and he returned with about one hundred prisoners 
 and much spoil. This expedition frightened the Indians back to their 
 fastnesses about the heads of the rivers, and freed the settlements from 
 their attacks, but not from the fear of them. 
 
 In the winter Captain Hilton with a foi-ce of two hundred and sev- 
 enty men was sent against Norridgewock ; but the Indians had notice 
 of their coming and abandoned their village. Some other hostilities 
 occurred during the winter, but rather to the advantage of the English; 
 and in the following summer an expedition consisting of a thousand 
 men under Colonel March was sent .igainst Acadia. It was unsuccess- 
 ful ; and the French rallied the Indians, and caused Maine to 
 suffer in consequence. During the next two years hostilities continued, 
 but without much damage to the English, other than keeping them 
 from cultivating their lands. 
 
 In the spring of 1710, a fleet with a regiment of marines arrived to 
 assist in the conquest of Acadia. This was joined by one or more 
 regiments from New England, and the whole force under General 
 Nicholson soon had full possession of Acadia. Many of the chiefs now 
 desired peace, but such was the vindictive feelings of the Indians, that 
 they persisted in treacherous attacks upon the settlements. In 1713, 
 the treaty of Utrecht closed the war between France and England, and 
 peace with the savages soon followed. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 45 
 
 This was the second French and Indian war, called also Queen 
 Anne's war. As soon as it was over there was a great rush of settlers 
 to Maine, and many mills were built and thriving villages sprang up. 
 The people were aware of the great influence exerted upon the natives 
 by the French through tlie priests, — one of whom was now resident at 
 each of the principal Indian villages. To offset this influence, the 
 authorities of Massachusetts now sought to extend the Indian missions 
 to Maine ; and in 1717 and later, ministers were provided for this pur- 
 pose at Fort George, in Brunswick, at Fort Halifax, on the Kennebec, 
 at St. George's Fort, on the St. Georges River, and at Penobscot. In 
 1718 Governor Shute with his council met the tribes at Arrowsic ; and 
 the latter promised to inquire into the injuries committed by their 
 members upon the English settlers. Four young Indians were placed 
 in the governor's hands as hostages, and by him taken to Boston and 
 educated. 
 
 Three years later 90 canoes of Indians bearing the French flag and 
 accompanied by several Frenchmen, came to Sagadahoc, warning the 
 settlers there that if they did not remove in three weeks, they and their 
 property would be destroyed. In December a force under Colonel 
 Westbrook was sent to Norridgewock to capture Rasle, who, it was 
 found, had incited this demand. They reached the village, but before 
 they could surround it Rasle had escaped to the woods. The warriors 
 were mostly away on their winter hunt, but the English injured no one. 
 In the spring the government sent gifts and peaceful messages to the 
 tribes; yet in June, 1722, they commenced hostilities by destroying 
 the settlement on Merrymeeting Bay, killing and making prisoners of 
 nine families. At this time and in July, they also attacked the fort at 
 St. Georges, but were repulsed. Their warriors now carried their 
 hostilities over the entire settled portion of Maine, with varying fort- 
 tunes. In September 400 or 500 wari-iors, chiefly from St. Francis, in 
 Canada, and Micmacs from Nova Scotia, made a sudden descent upon 
 Arrowsic, destroying the houses and cattle, but failing to overcome 
 the garrison. 
 
 In September of the following year a force under Colonel West- 
 brook was sent against the Penobscot Indians ; but this, also, found 
 their villages deserted. 
 
 The next season there were no large movements on either side, the 
 savages carrying on their warfare in a predatory manner. In the 
 winter a third expedition under Captain Moulton was sent to Norridge- 
 wock for the capture of Rasle, but returned unsuccessful. On the St. 
 Georges River, in May, 1724, aparty of 16 men in two whale-boats under 
 Captain Winslow was surprised by 90 savages, and all were killed. 
 
 In the summer another and final expedition was sent against Nor- 
 ridgewock. It was led by Captain Moulton, and consisted of two hun- 
 dred and eight men. This time the surprise of the Indians was com- 
 plete. After firing two or more volleys the Indians fled, and a large 
 proportion of the warriors were shot as they attempted to escape. The 
 French Missionary, Rasle, was also killed. After the English had set 
 out on their return, a Mohawk, who had accompanied the English, turned 
 back and set the village on fire. In the autumn following. Colonel 
 Westbrook and Captain Heath were sent against the Indians east- 
 ward of the Kennebec ; but neither met with them or destroyed any 
 of their villages. In April of the next year Captain Lovewell, with 
 
46 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 forty-six volunteers, set out from Dunstable, in Massachusetts, to m,tack 
 the Pequakets in their haunts about the head waters of the Saco River. 
 At the margin of the beautiful sheet of water since known as Lov- 
 elFs Pond, they met a band of over a hundred warriors; upon which 
 there ensued one of the most sanguinary fights on record. The contest 
 lasted from about ten o'clock in the morning until dark, when the re- 
 maining savages retired, leaving the field to the English. Their loss 
 was ten killed, fourteen wounded and one missing; while that of the 
 Indians is supposed to have been about fifty. Some large pine trees 
 about the margin of the pond had afforded the English much shelter 
 from the bullets of the savages. The Indians were struck with such 
 dread by this fight that they left their ancient location, and retired into 
 some unknown quarter until the war was over. The tribes were now 
 desirous of making peace, and in December following four of the Sag- 
 amores signed a treaty, which was fully ratified the next summer. By 
 this treaty trading houses were to be kept by the English on the princi- 
 pal rivers for the convenience of the Indians, while all the English cap- 
 tives were to be returned without ransom. This war is known as 
 " Lovevvell's War," or the " Three Years War." The number killed 
 and cari-ied into captivity during its progress, including soldiers and 
 seamen, was about two hundred. 
 
 Soon after the close of this war the G-eneral Court laid out a tier of 
 back towns, dividing them into lots ; and on these then settled many 
 of the soldiers who had traversed the region during the wars. In 
 tliese townships generally about sixty lots, of one hundred acres each, 
 were surveyed, and were offered to as many actual settlers, on condi- 
 tion that actual possession should be taken within three years,, to clear 
 from five to eight acres fit for mowing and tillage; also to build a 
 dwelling house at least eighteen feet square, and with seven feet posts. 
 The settlers were also required collectively, within five or six years to 
 build a meeting house, settle a good Protestant minister, and provide 
 for his support. In these allotments there were usually reserved three 
 lots for public uses, namely: the schools, tlie ministry, and one as a 
 gift for the first settled minister. 
 
 In the grants of the territory of Maine and Sagadahoc all trees on 
 crown lands of two feet in diameter at twelve inches from the ground 
 were reserved for the use of the royal navy ; and any person felling 
 trees of that size without license incurred a' penalty of one hundred 
 pounds. During the term of Governor Phips it was found that these 
 trees were being appropriated by those who had no right to them ; and 
 in 1699 John Bridges was appointed surveyor. His jurisdiction em- 
 braced the whole of New England, and he was assisted by four depu- 
 ties. So far as they could they went through the woods bordering on 
 the sea coast and rivers and marked the best trees with the royal 
 arrow. Yet the owners of mills in many cases did not hesitate to cut 
 up even the trees thus marked, though the boards and planks generally 
 showed the transgression by their width ; and there were many violent 
 contests between the lumbermen and the King's Surveyors upon this 
 matter. In 1729 Colonel David Dunbar was appointed as Keeper or 
 Surveyor, and received also a grant of the territories between the Pen- 
 obscot and Kennebec under the name of the Province of Sagadahoc, 
 the King reserving to himself within it three hundred thousand acres 
 of the best pine and oak. The conditions of the grant were that Dun- 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 47 
 
 bar should settle the province with good, industrious Protestants. He 
 did the country service in bringing many settlers of the Scotch-Irish 
 into his territory ; while others of the same excellent people settled 
 about Merrymeeting Bay, at Bath, and in the towns about Portland. 
 
 By former patents, however, a large part of this territory belonged 
 to other parties ; and after three years it was restored to the lawful 
 owners. Samuel Waldo, who was one of these, had, soon after Lovewell's 
 War, built mills, brought in a considerable number of Scotch-Irish, and 
 about 1753, he sought and obtained a large number of Lutherans from 
 Germany as settlers. 
 
 George Whitefield, the Evangelist, first preached in Maine in 1741, 
 and again visited the south-western part of the State in 1745. Rev. 
 Samuel Moody, the most noted minister of his time in Maine, was 
 settled over the church in York in 1700, remaininsr there until his death 
 in 1747. 
 
 In 1744 Spain joined with France in war against England, and as 
 soon as the news reached America -the French and Indians began to 
 plot destruction for the English settlements again. The colonies had now 
 greatly increased in strength, and early in the spring of 1745 an expe- 
 dition was sent against Louisburg, on Cape Breton ; this, next to Que- 
 bec, being far the strongest fortress in America. The armament con- 
 sisted of four thousand men and thirteen vessels, with transports and 
 store ships, carrying in all about two hundred guns. The commander- 
 in-chief was William Pepperell, of Kittery, and the second in command 
 was Samuel Waldo, of Falmouth. Of the force, also, was Lieutenant- 
 Colonel William Vaughn, of Damariscotta, the originator of the enter- 
 prise ; and the commander of the fleet was Edward Tyng, of Falmouth. 
 Mr. Whitefield gave the motto for the expedition of " Nil Desperan- 
 dum, Christo duee." Near Louisburg they were joined by Commodore 
 Warren with four British war ships ; and during the siege six other 
 ships arrived ; so that all told the fleet mounted some six hundred and 
 ninety guns. The fortifications were all of stone, and immensely strong 
 and effective against the small cannon of that period. After a siege of 
 six weeks the fortress surrendered. For the merit of this service the 
 King made Pepperell a baronet and Warren an admiral. 
 
 Great efforts were made to keep the Indians from joining in the 
 war, the authorities meeting them frequently, feasting them and 
 making them gifts, even bestowing pensions upon some of the chiefs ; 
 yet from the first there were some petty acts of malignity. The 
 offending parties were supposed to be Androscoggin and Norridgewock 
 Indians, and the Penobscots were solicited to furnish warriors to chas- 
 tise the offending parties, this being a stipulation in the last treaty 
 with the tribes, made by Governor Dummer. Instead of complying, 
 their next action was an attack in July, 1745, on the settlements 
 between the Penobscot and Kennebec by a body of Cape Sable, St. 
 John and St. Francis Indians. The demand was now made of the 
 Penobscots and Norridgewocks that they should deliver up guilty in- 
 dividuals, or furnish thirty fighting men within fourteen days ; and 
 they were informed that by failure to comply the treaty would be 
 broken. There was no response, and on the 23d of August the govern- 
 ment declared war against the tribes who had joined in the treaty. In 
 order to ensure the efficiency of the force sent against the savages, 
 bounties were offered for each Indian captured or killed, the proof of 
 
48 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the latter being his scalp. Scouting parties of English were now con- 
 stantly out, but met few Indians ; yet unprotected or unwary settlers 
 continued to be killed or -captured, and buildings to be burned among 
 all the settlements until winter. The next spring the garrisons of 
 Maine were increased by 500 men, for the country was swarming with 
 savages. This continued until the summer of 1751, when a new treaty 
 was made. 
 
 Yet there were soon indications that the peace would not be of 
 long continuance, and in 1754 a fortification named Fort Halifax was 
 built on the east side of the Kennebec, at the junction with the Sebas- 
 ticook, opposite Waterville. Encouraged by this, the proprietors of 
 the Plymouth Patent on the river also built a fort at Cushnoc named 
 Fort Western, and another in Dresden, about a mile above Swan 
 Island, both on the eastern side of the Kennebec. The latter was 
 named Fort Sliirley, in honor of the governor. Just as Fort Halifax 
 was at the point of completion an attack was made upon the workmen. 
 The fort was immediately strengthened with guns and a garrison of 
 100 men, and no further attack was made for some time. 
 
 During 1755 an expedition of 2,000 men, part of whom were from 
 Maine, were sent to drive the French from Acadia. The movement 
 was demanded by the English governor, Lawrence, and the force, when 
 it arrived, was placed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Monkton, who added to it his own force of about 270 regulars and a 
 small train of artillery. The expedition set out in May, and before 
 the 1st of September every stronghold in Acadia was in possession of 
 the English. There were in the present Nova Scotia and vicinity 
 about 18,000 inhabitants of French extraction, who, though by the 
 treaties between France and England considered as neutrals, were yet 
 indissolubly attached to the nation from which they sprung. They 
 took no part in the wars, but they secretly afforded aid, harbor and 
 recruits to the enemy; and the resident authorities demanded that 
 those about the Basin of Minas and in Cumberland County adjoin- 
 ing should be removed. Accordingly, nearly 2,000 of them were 
 transported to the western coast, and scattered among the settlements 
 from Maine to Florida. In Cumberland the inhabitants generally dis- 
 obeyed the summons, and evaded the troops, — by whom their houses 
 and crops were burned. The families mostly fled to the St. John's 
 river, where they remained undisturbed until the Revolution ; when, 
 espousing the American side, the advent of a British force caused them 
 to retire up the river to the vicinity known as the " Madawaska Settle- 
 ments." 
 
 Meanwhile the Indians were so active in their movements in Maine 
 that there was scarcely a town where houses were not burned, and 
 men, women and children killed, or carried into captivity, though par- 
 ties of the whites were constantly scouting between their settlements 
 and those of the red men. But when the fall of Acadia became known 
 to them, they retired in alarm to the northern wilds. The Tarratines, 
 or Penobscot Indians, however, had remained neutral through the 
 war ; yet a party raised by a Captain Cargill, finding no Indians else- 
 where, fired on a group of them near Owl's Head on the Penobscot, 
 without stopping to learn whether they were neutrals or hostiles. For 
 this offense Cargill was arrested and kept in prison two years, when, as 
 no Indian appeared against him, he was released. The authorities did 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 49 
 
 what they could to make amends to the tribe by messages of regret 
 and gifts to the relatives of the slain Indians. 
 
 Depredations by members of other tribes still continued, but the 
 Penobscots still refused to take up arms against these, and government 
 therefore, in November, 1775, declared war against them. Three hun- 
 dred men were raised in the following March to act as scouting parties, 
 and during the season the garrisons were strengthened. The savages 
 were on the war-path by the last of March, and from that time to the 
 close of the season they ranged destructively through all the settled 
 portions of the State, being rarely met by the scouts ; and many of the 
 new plantations were abandoned. The limits of the settlements which 
 maintained themselves through this war are marked by New Gloucester 
 on the north-west. Fort Halifax on the north, and Thomaston on the 
 north-east. The following year was a repetition of the last, with but 
 little variation. So many men were required in Acadia and at Louis- 
 burg, and in the operations against the French and Indians about Lake 
 Champlain and on the Ohio, that no large number could be put in the 
 field in Maine. 
 
 In 1758, the capture of Louisburg from the French a second time, 
 and the fall of Fort Du Quesne, at Pittsburg, on the Ohio, revived the 
 spirits of the people. Six hundred soldiers from Maine took honorable 
 part in the capture of Louisburg, while 300 had been raised for tlie 
 defence of the settlements at home. In August, the fort at St. 
 George's was attacked by 400 French and Indians. A timely rein- 
 forcement secured their repulse, and they turned southward and 
 attacked the fort at Meduncook, now Friendship. Here they killed or 
 captured eight men, but failed to take the fort. It was the last notable 
 attack of the Indians upon the English settlements, and with this sea- 
 son the outrages and massacres by the tribes of Maine forever ceased. 
 
 In 1759, Governor Thomas Pownall, who had succeeded Shirley, 
 constructed a fort on the Penobscot, on the Western side of the river 
 in what is now the town of Prospect. While the siege of Quebec was 
 in progress, Colonel Rogers with two hundred rangers was sent from 
 Ticonderoga to destroy the Indian villages about the St. Francis river, 
 just northwest of Maine ; and his mission was successfully performed. 
 In September, Quebec surrendered to the English, and the next year 
 the dominion of the French in the north was finally overthrown. 
 
 The population of Maine in 1742, was twelve thousand, and the 
 towns and plantations were about twenty-five. In 1760, Lincoln and 
 Cumberland counties were formed,— the former then including all the 
 country northward of the Androscoggin and eastward to the St. CroiT. 
 The first English settlements east of the Penobscot were made shortly 
 before 1762. In this year twelve townships lying eastward of that 
 river were granted to several hundred petitioners, a few of whom had 
 already settled there. One lot in each township was reserved for a 
 church, another for the first minister settled, a third for Harvard 
 College, and a fourth for the use of schools. About this time the 
 British government began to bear more heavily upon the resources of 
 the colonies, in the attempt to gain a revenue from America. Not 
 content with enriching her merchants and manufacturers by the "Acts 
 of Trade," by which various manufactures, including those of iron 
 and steel, were prohibited in the colonies, they increased the import 
 tax on molasses and sugar. Then in 1765 the Stamp Act was devised, 
 
50 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 by which all jDapers for ships, transfers of property, college diplomas, 
 marriage licenses, and newspajjers must be made on stamped paper, 
 which was supplied at a high price by the government. Failing to 
 execute this act, it was repealed in the following year ; but only to be 
 succeeded by another act equally obnoxious and subversive of the 
 charter rights of the colonists, and of their rights as Englishmen. The 
 new act laid an import tax greatly larger than was necessary to pay the 
 expenses of the customs service on all paper, glass, colors and teas 
 brought into the country. This tax was opposed by non-consumption 
 and non-importation agreements; and as the English merchants at 
 length found their business falling off on this account, they strenuously 
 petitioned Parliament for the repeal of the law. In 1768, seven hun- 
 dred British soldiers had arrived in Boston to enforce the iniquitous 
 law, and between these and the citizens a feeling of hostility grew up 
 until it culminate4 in the Boston massacre in March, 1770. It was no 
 doubt partly the alarm caused by this occurrence that influenced the 
 repeal ; which was done in 1770, with the exception of the tax on tea. 
 Yet this very repeal, though it lessened the sum of the tax, re-asserted 
 the principle that Parliament had a right to tax the American Colonies 
 without their having a representation in that body. Meanwhile by 
 means of newspapers, orations and pamphlets, patriots like Samuel and 
 John Adams, with Otis and Mayhew, in Boston, Livingston, in New 
 York, and Gadsden, in South Carolina, instructed the people in their 
 rights and stimulated the spirit of liberty. The first act of resistance 
 in Maine connected with the Revolution arose from the seizure of the 
 schooner of Mr. Tyng by the comptroller of customs for a breach of 
 the revenue laws. The crew opposed the King's officers, and the 
 citizens quickly gathered, when the ofiicers were handled pretty roughly, 
 and the vessel set free. In December, 1773, the Bostonians poured 
 into their harbor the tea which was being forced upon them.' The 
 consequence of this act was the passing by Parliament of the "Boston 
 Port Bill," which closed that port to all commerce from the first of 
 June, 1774. In sympathy with the aflJicted city, the bells of Portland 
 (then Falmouth) tolled all that day. On the 17th General Gage dis- 
 solved the General Court, but they had already chosen delegates to a 
 Congress of the colonies of Philadelphia. The people of Massachusetts 
 and Maine soon after chose representatives who met at Salem in Oc- 
 tober, and formed themselves into a Provincial Congress. In this 
 Congress, as in the General Court, Maine had three rejjresentatives. 
 This body elected a committee of safety, a committee of supplies, chose 
 five delegates to represent Maine and Massachusetts in the new Con- 
 tinental_ Congress, and made laws for the formation and drill of military 
 companies in every town. 
 
 In March, 1775, the British sloop-of-war, Canseau, Captain Mowatt, 
 came to Portland to aid in enforcing the several laws. Mowatt soon 
 after sailed for Penobscot, where he removed the guns and ammunition. 
 The next month occurred the battles of Lexington and Concord. The 
 nextday after the news arrived at York a company was formed, and 
 by night it had reached New Hampshire, on the way to Boston. Tiiree 
 days later, Falmouth sent a company; and shortly after Colonel 
 Scammon, of Saco, reached Cambridge with a regiment. New Glou- 
 cester sent twenty men, paying their wages and supporting their 
 families during their absence. The inhabitants eastward were too re. 
 
62 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 mote and scattered to furnish any more soldiers than were necessary 
 to protect their own exposed borders. 
 
 When the news of the Lexington fight reached Bath, the citizens 
 immediately seized the King's dock and the naval agent in that place. 
 A few days later, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson of Brunswick learned 
 that the Causeau was again at Portland ; and raising a company of 
 volunteers he crossed the bay and seized Captain Mo watt as he 
 walked out after dinner. His lieutenant then threatened to bombard 
 the town unless the captain was released ; and on Mowatt's promising 
 to come on shore the next morning, he was permitted to go on board 
 his vessel. Instead of returning, however, he sailed away to other 
 parts. On the 17th of June the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, in 
 which participated Colonel Scammon's regiment, and some others from 
 Maine. 
 
 The news of the battle of Lexington reached Machias early in May. 
 The inhabitants soon set up a tall Liberty pole in the village. About 
 this time the British armed sloop, Margaretta, came into port as convoy 
 to a sloop which was to take a cargo of lumber for the use of the army 
 in Boston. Her commander. Lieutenant Moore, ordered the Liberty 
 pole to be taken down, threatening bombardment if the order was 
 not complied with. The citizens held a meeting and voted not to 
 take down the pole. The meeting was held on Saturday, and on 
 Sunday an attempt was made to seize Lieutenant Moore while at 
 church, but he escaped to his vessel. Early the next morning a party 
 of men armed with guns, pitchforks and axes took possession of two 
 wood sloops lying at the wharf and set out in pursuit of the Margaretta, 
 which had fallen down river. In a few hours, after a sanguinary engage- 
 ment, the Margaretta was captured. This was the firstvessel captured 
 in the Revolution ; and the affair has been generally designated as the 
 " Lexington of the Sea." 
 
 Captain Mowatt, who had broken his parole at Portland, leaving 
 his sureties to make good his defection, came again in October, — 
 the Canseau being accompanied by three other armed vessels. He 
 soon made known that his errand and purpose was to bombard and 
 destroy the city, giving the inhabitants only two hours to escape. On 
 being expostulated with by leading citizens, he agreed to postpone 
 the bombardment until morning, in return for the surrender of eight 
 stands of muskets. He further proposed that if they would deliver 
 him these and four pieces of cannon, with what ammunition they had, 
 he would delay the bombardment until be could hear from the admiral 
 at Boston. The delay until morning appeared a necessity ; and the 
 eight stands of small arms were delivered ; but they declined to give 
 up the cannon. AH the teams which could be procured were at once 
 get at work removing the goods of the inhabitants into the country ; 
 but quantities remained unmoved, so brief was the time. At the 
 Solicitation of tho citizens' committee he postponed the bombardment 
 thirty minutes only. Promptly when the time was up, the guns began 
 to play upon the village ; and at length, under cover of the fire, armed 
 parties came from the ships and applied the torch to the buildings. 
 Some citizens with devoted courage followed them, extinguishing the 
 fires at the risk of their lives. When the assault ceased, there remained 
 of the largest village in Maine only about 100 houses scattered 
 over the peninsula. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 53 
 
 Arnold's expedition against Quebec by way of the Kennebeo 
 occurred in the autumn of 1775. It consisted of about 1,100 men, 
 inchiding three companies of riflemen under Captain Morgan, from 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia, and ten companies of musketry from 
 Maine and Massachusetts. The expedition sailed from Newburyport 
 on the 18th of September, disembarking at Pittston, from whence 
 the voyage was made in 200 batteaux to the Great Carrying Place, 
 twelve miles below the Forks of the Kennebec. A part of the boats 
 belonging to the first division, led by Arnold in person, were drawn by 
 oxen across the carry of fourteen miles to Dead River. During a 
 severe storm their encampment was suddenly flooded, and seven boats 
 upset, by which the stores they contained were lost. They had but 
 twelve days provisions left, while there were still thirty miles between 
 them and the head waters of Chaudiere, and the French settlements 
 where first they would find provisions, were seventy miles further. The 
 sick were now sent back to Colonel Enos, who was in the rear with the 
 second division of the army ; his orders being to forward the invalids 
 to the settlements, and to follow the advance with fifteen days provis- 
 ions. He had but three days provisions ; so instead of going back for 
 supplies, he abandoned the expedition. The rain which had flooded 
 Arnold's camp was quickly succeeded by snow and ice. Thej' reached 
 a small tributary of the Chaudiere on the 27th of October. In making 
 the voyage down the river, they lost several boats, and came near per- 
 ishing by starvation. Their attack upon Quebec was necessarily 
 delayed too long, and failed of success. What remained of the force 
 finally found its way back to the States by way of New York, where 
 several months later, they shared in the movements jpreceding the cap- 
 ture of Burgoyne's army. 
 
 Before the close of 1775, the Continental Congress had established 
 a General Post Office and put it in operation from Georgia to Maine ; 
 Samuel Freeman, of Falmouth (Portland), being the first postmaster 
 in Maine. During the latter part of this year every department of the 
 Provincial Government of Massachusetts which had been susceptible 
 of revolution was given system, form and permanency. New judges 
 and officers of the Courts were appointed, and the militia was arranged 
 anew, Maine forming one of its four divisions. At its session, in May, 
 1776, the Provincial Congress enacted that after the first day of June 
 all civil and military commissions, all writs, precepts and recognizances 
 should be " In the name of the Government and People of Massachu- 
 setts Bay in New England," and bear date in the year of the Christian 
 era, without any mention of the British Sovereign. The oath of office 
 was also changed to accord with the enactment. This is the true date 
 of the declaration of the independence of Massachusetts. On the 4th 
 of July, 1776, the Continental Congress declared the thirteen United 
 Colonies to be free and independent. In Maine the ministers read' 
 the declaration to their people, and the town clerks entered it at full 
 length in their records. The people of the colonies no longer consisted 
 of two political parties, one of which was in rebellion, — but of British 
 subjects or Tories, and of the American nation struggling against a for- 
 eign nation. The people of Maine apprehended their different status, 
 and acquired fresh spirit. 
 
 The town of Machias, on the very confines of the Union, nobly 
 undertook to aid the people of the St. John's river, and of Chignecto 
 
54 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and Cumberland counties, in Nevr Brunswick, to obtain freedom ; and 
 for nearly a year the contest was kept up. Finally, the British re- 
 covered the St. John's and all the country east thereof ; but the noble 
 Colonel John Allan, by great self-sacrifice, succeeded in retaining the 
 attachment of the Penobscot and Passamaqouddy tribes of Indians, 
 and by their means, held the territory as far as the St. Croix for the 
 American Union. In 1777, Machias was made a national military 
 station, and supplied with a garrison of three hundred men under 
 Colonel Allan. Fort Pownal on the Penobscot was also garrisoned by 
 thirty men, ten of whom were Indians. A British force was soon after 
 sent to visit with desolation this spirited section of the country. In 
 August, before the garrison was collected together, a small British 
 force consisting of a sloop, two frigates and a brig entered Machias 
 River and made an attack upon the town. They succeeded in burn- 
 ing a tide-mill and taking a coasting sloop, then sent several barges 
 laden with soldiers up the west branch to effect further destruction. 
 But the inhabitants had gathered in answer to the alarm, and the 
 British were driven from the river with much loss. 
 
 The Continental currency had now fallen in value until it required 
 thirty dollars in bills to equal one in specie. In 1778 the Hon. John 
 Adams was appointed ambassador to the French Court. He was 
 conveyed to France by the frigate Boston, commanded by Samuel 
 Tucker, afterward a citizen of Bremen, in this State. Captain Tucker 
 is said to have captured during the Revolutionary War, more of the 
 enemy's vessels than any other commander. On this voyage he was 
 chased by three armed vessels of the British, who were on the watch 
 to capture the ambassador, but they failed. Later in the voyage, 
 Captain Tucker captured an armed brig of the British. Mr. Adams's 
 mission was followed by the sending of a Fi-ench fleet under Count 
 d'Estaing to aid the American cause. 
 
 Early in June, 1779, the British General McLean with a force of 
 seven or eight vessels and nine hundred men came to Penobscot and 
 took possession of Castine, building a strong fort there. At the last 
 of July they were besieged by a fleet under Commodore Salstonstall, 
 of Connecticut, and about one thousand Maine and Massachusetts mil- 
 itia under General Lovell, of the latter State , and General Wadsworth, 
 of Maine. The operations of the militia wei-e brilliant and would have 
 been successful but for the over caution of the fleet, by which the final 
 assault was delayed until a strong British force from Halifax entered 
 the bay, when the Salstonstall fleet scattered, and were mostly burned 
 or captured ; while the army was obliged to abandon the siege, and 
 make its way through the wilderness to the Kennebec. The British 
 held the Penobscot until the close of the war ; but Machias remained 
 unsubdued ; and the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the 
 United States, signed in September, 1783, placed our boundary at the 
 St. Croix, instead of at the Penobscot. 
 
 The first newspaper published in Maine was the Falmouth Gazette, 
 the first number being issued on New Year's day, 1785. In 1786, a 
 large quantity of the public land in JIaine was disposed of by lottery ; 
 William Bingham, of Philadelphia, by purchase of tickets and of prizes, 
 becoming the possessor of extensive tracts in eastern Maine, — he having 
 purchased also about 1,000,000 acres in what are now the counties of 
 Piscataquis, Somerset and Franklin. In 1790 a census of Maine under 
 Federal authority showed it to have a population of 90,000. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 55 
 
 In the settlement of lands in several portions of the State much con- 
 fusion of title had arisen from overlapping patents and incorrect surveys. 
 Especially was this the case oi> the eastern side of the Kennebec above 
 Merrymeeting Bay,and between the Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers. 
 A large part of the business of the courts for several years preceding 1809 
 arose from disputes in relation to land titles. The " Betterment Act " 
 passed by the Masaohusetts Legislature in 1808, at length settled these 
 difficulties. Yet in the next year, some miles east of the Augusta, 
 a surveyor was shot by a band of disguised settlers ; and these 
 having been arrested on a charge of murder, an armed band made a 
 feeble attempt to rescue them; on which occasion several companies of 
 mUitia were called out. The trial did not show which of the persons 
 on trial committed the murdei-, and all were discharged. This affair 
 was derisively called the " Malta War." The effect of the trial upon 
 this class of disputes was excellent ; and reverence to law and the 
 consequent peace of the community was greatly enhanced by it. 
 
 The United States being still young and weak, France and England, — '■ 
 at this period intensely hostile in their measures against each 
 other paid little attention to American rights on the sea, and their 
 action was exceedingly injurious to Amei-ican commerce. To induce 
 them to recall their offensive edicts, in 1808 an embargo was laid 
 upon our ports by Congress. This was regarded as useless by many of 
 the people ; and after fourteen months it was superseded by the " Non- 
 intercourse Act." This prohibited commerce with J'rance and England 
 only, but France having rescinded all obnoxious edicts, the act ceased 
 on November 2, to have effect against that power. England still con- 
 tinuing her oppressive measures. Congress, in April,.1812, laid another 
 embargo for ninety days upon all vessels in our ports. This was 
 followed in June by a declaration of war against Great Britain. 
 
 General Henry Dearborn, a citizen of Maine, was made commander- 
 in-chief of the National army, and Congress called upon the States for 
 100,000 men of which Maine's quota was 2,500. 
 
 The population of Maine by the census of 1810 was 228,000, while 
 her exports in the preeceding year amounted to $803,619, and the 
 aggregate of her shipping, though it had fallen off, was still 141,057 
 tons. In June, 1812 six banks were incorporated in Maine ; and on 
 the same day the General Court laid a tax upon these new corpora- 
 tions. When they commenced business, the banking capital of 
 Maine was $1,620,000, which paid into the treasury annually a tax of 
 $16,200. 
 
 The first notable affair in this war within the limits of our State 
 was the battle of the American brig Enterprise and the British brig 
 Boxer, near the mouth of the Kennebec, on September 5, 1813. The 
 Boxer carried eighteen guns and one hundred and four men, while the 
 Enterprise carried sixteen guns and one hundred and two men. The 
 battle lasted but thirty- five minutes, when the Boxer struck her colors ; 
 having lost forty-six men killed and wounded, while the loss of the 
 Enterprise was but fourteen. Both commanders, Blythe of the Boxer, 
 and Burrows of the Enterprise, fell early in the action. 
 
 On the 11th of July, 1814, a British force appeared before Eastport. 
 The garrison and fortification were evidently insufficient to withstand 
 the enemy ; and at the solicitation of the citizens, the commander, 
 Major Perley Putnam, surrendered the place. A strong body of the 
 
56 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 British soon after marched to Robbinston. The garrison consisted of 
 but twenty-five men under Lieutenant Manning; who, seeing the 
 hopelessness of defense, destroyed his stores and retired to Machias. 
 During the summer detached vessels of this fleet cruised off %h^ coast ; 
 and several of our privateers were successful in capturing their supply 
 vessels. 
 
 On September 1, the garrison and inhabitants at the little village 
 of Castine discovered a British fleet in the bay bearing toward their 
 port. Any show of resistance would have been folly, and the place 
 was soon in possession of the enemy. 
 
 The armament was under the chief command of Sir John 
 Sberbrook, and consisted of the seventy-four gun ships Dragon, Spenser 
 and Bulwark, the frigates Bacchante and Tenedos, the sloops Sylph 
 and Peruvian, the schooner Pictu, a large tender, and ten transports; on 
 board these were about four thousand troops, under the command of 
 General Gerard Gosselin. On the afternoon of the same day. General 
 Gosselin with two vessels and six hundred men crossed the bay and 
 took possession of Belfast; while Captain Barrie in the Dragon, 
 accompanied by the Sylph and Peruvian, with a small schooner as 
 tender, and having on board about seven hundred troops, ascended the 
 river to Marsh Bay. In the morning five or six hundred troops landed 
 and took possession of Frankfort ; whence they marched up river 
 toward Hampden. 
 
 The alarm had been sounded through the neighboring towns, and 
 the militia rallied to the defense of the village. An excellent plan of 
 defense was formed, but when the guns from the British ships began 
 to play upon them, and the steady column of regulars advanced upon 
 their attenuated line, the militia gave way in a panic ; and the place 
 was lost. Without delay, the vessels and troops proceeded up the river 
 to Bangor. No resistance was made here, but the enemy plundered 
 both public and private property ; and 191 of the citizens were com- 
 pelled to report themselves as prisoners of war. Fourteen vessels were 
 burned and four carried away. There were also four vessels upon tho 
 stocks, which, if burned, would probably have involved the village in 
 a conflagration. To avert this disaster, the selectmen of the town 
 were obliged to give a bond of 130,000 to deliver the vessels at Cas- 
 tine in the next month. On their return, the enemy again subjected 
 Hampden to pillage ; taking away with them two merchant vessels 
 with valuable cargoes, and much other spoil. 
 
 A squadron now set out for Machias, which was garrisoned at this 
 time by about 100 men, including the militia and Lieutenant Manning's 
 company from Robinston. After landing the troops at Buck's Harbor, 
 the vessels ascended the river and opened a heavy fire on the fort, 
 covering the advance of the land force, which was to make an attack 
 in the rear. Finding that they were likely to be surrounded, the garri- 
 son destroyed the guns, set the barracks on fire, and retreated through 
 the country to Belfast. An attempt was now made to bring the 
 people of the district between Penobscot and Passamaquoddy into 
 entire subjection to the British crown. All males above sixteen years 
 of age were requiried to take the oath of allegiance ; General Gosselin 
 was made governor of the new province, and Castine was made its 
 port of entry. Yet the town sent its representative as usual to the 
 General Court ; and the town records show no action produced by the 
 British occupation. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 57 
 
 On December 24th, 1814, a treaty of peace between Great Britain 
 and the United States was signed at Ghent; but Castine was not evac- 
 uated until the following April. 
 
 The winter of 1816-17 was unusually severe, the succeeding spring 
 backward, and the summer cold, — which was very discouraging to all 
 the people ; and there was a great furor for emigrating to Ohio, which 
 was then offering favorable conditions to settlers. It is estimated that 
 Maine lost by this emigration about 15,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In 1820, Maine had nine counties and 236 towns ; while its popu- 
 lation was 298,335, — an increase of about 70,000 in ten years. In 1819, 
 seventy towns joined in a petition to the General Court for the separ- 
 ation of the district from Massachussets ; and the Court passed a bill 
 to forward the measure. Its conditions were that all the public lands 
 and buildings in Maine, except such as were the property of the United 
 States, should be divided equally between the proposed State and 
 Massachusetts. Maine was also to have her i)roportion of the military 
 stock, and one-third of all moneys which might be reimbursed by the 
 general government for war expenses. On the fourth Monday of July, 
 1819, the citizens of the District of Maine voted on this question of 
 separation ; and on counting the votes, above two-thirds were found to 
 be in its favor. Therefore delegates from the towns met at the court- 
 house in Portland on the second Monday in October, and adopted a 
 constitution ; appointing the first Monday in September as the day for 
 the towns to vote for or against this constitution. On the first Wed- 
 nesday of January, 1820 the delegates again met, and finding the instru- 
 ment to have been adopted, made application to Congress for ad- 
 mission to the Union. 
 
 The struggle between the slave power and the party of freedom 
 had already begun in Congress. Missouri, a slave territory, was an 
 applicant for admission to the Union, like Maine. A large number of 
 the people and of their representatives felt that it was time to take a 
 stand against slavery. The party of freedom insisted upon the right 
 and duty of Congress to make Missouri a free State ; the pai'ty of 
 slavery was equally urgent that Congress had no right to interfere. 
 There was also an argument from the members of the two classes of 
 States ; the Union now consisting of twenty-two States, eleven free and 
 eleven slaveholding. Therefore the partisans of slavery sought to join 
 Maine in the same bill with Missouri, and thus overcome the opposition 
 of the House of Representatives to the admission of the latter as a slave 
 State. After a long and violent struggle the Missouri compromise was 
 adopted, and Missouri admitted as a slave State ; then Maine was 
 admitted without opposition. In the election for State officers. General 
 William King of Bath was chosen almost unanimously. 
 
 In 1881 Augusta was made the State capital instead of Portland ; 
 the first session in Augusta being held in 1830. The current of State 
 affairs went on smoothly until 1837. The settlements on the St. John's 
 near the mouth of the Madawaska River were claimed both by the 
 United States and by Great Britain. In June of that year an agent of 
 the government while taking a census of the Madawaska settlements 
 was arrested by a British constable, and taken to Frederictoh, on a 
 charge of exciting sedition. The agent had acted with entii-e propriety ; 
 and the British authorities simply meant to show that Maine would no 
 longer be permitted to exercise authority in that region. The claim of 
 
58 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Great Britain extended southward nearly to the forty-sixth degree of 
 latitude ; which, if allowed, would rob Maine of about one-third of her 
 territory. Governor Dunlap of Maine immediately issued a general 
 order declaring the State to be invaded by a foreign power, and 
 notifying the militia to hold themselves in readiness for military service. 
 But as no other act of hostility occurred, and the agent was set at 
 liberty, the excitement in regard to the boundary was allayed for the 
 time. 
 
 In 1838 was completed the first geological survey of Maine by Dr. 
 Ezekiel Holmes and Dr. Charles T. Jackson. Early in 1839, a deputy 
 of the land agent of Maine reported that a large number of lumbermen 
 from New Brunswick were robbing the disputed territory about 
 Aroostook River of its best timber ; whereupon Sheriff Strickland of 
 Penobscot County was t rdered to dislodge the ti-espassers. He went 
 to Aroostook with a posse of about 20O men ; the trespassers 
 retiring before him into New Brunswick. At Woodstock they broke 
 into the government arsenal and armed themselves, then turned to 
 meet the sheriff. They captured the Maine land agent, and Strickland, 
 seeing that a meeting of these forces would be likely to lead to much 
 bloodshed, if not to a general war, set out for Augusta, and laid the 
 matter before the governor. Very soon after, the proclamation of 
 Governor Harvey arrived, which declared British territory invaded, 
 and asserted his purpose to repel the invasion by force. The Legislature 
 immediately appropriated $800,000 to defend the public lands, and the 
 governor called out 10,000 militia. When the messenger from 
 Maine laid the facts before the National House of Kepresentatives, 
 that body appropriated $10,000,000 to meet the probable expense, and 
 authorized the President, in case Governor Harvey persisted in his 
 purpose of maintaining exclusive jurisdiction, to raise 50,000 vol- 
 unteers for a term of six months. On the 6th of March, General 
 Scott and his staff arrived in Augusta, and opened communications 
 with Governor Harvey. The matter was now soon settled on the basis 
 of a withdrawal of the troops of both parties, and the protection of 
 the lumber of the region by a civil posse of Maine. The question of 
 boundary was finally settled in 1842, by Lord Ashburton, the British 
 ambassador and Daniel Webster, American Secretary of State, to- 
 gether with the commissioners appointed by Maine. The State also in 
 due time received $200,000 from the national government as re- 
 imbursement for the expenses she had incurred in defending the 
 integrity of American territory. 
 
 MAINE IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 When the first gun of the slaveholders' rebellion was fired upon 
 Fort Sumter, Israel Washburn, jun., was governor of Maine; and no 
 one could have pressed the preparations for the defense of the Union 
 more energetically or efliciently than did he. The towns, too, were as 
 prompt in their action as the State authorities. In many, full companies 
 of volunteers were ready to march within twenty-four hours after the 
 tidings were received. The Lewiston Light Infantry was the first 
 company accepted by the governor. Cherryfield enlisted fifty volunteerc 
 within four hours after the roll was opened. Mr Henry B. Humphrey, 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 59 
 
 of Thotnaston, offered to devote $15,000 to the arming and equipping 
 of a company of artillery. 
 
 Maine had an enrolled Militia of about 60,000 men, but they were un- 
 armed and unorganized to the degree that there were only about 1,200 
 men in any condition to respond to a call of military duty. At the first 
 call of the President of the United States for 75,000 volunteers, on 
 the 15th of April, 1861, Maine promptly sent her First and Second 
 regimentsof infantry so thoroughly armed and equipped as to elicit the 
 commendation of the Secretary of War. 
 
 On the arrival of the first call of the President for troops. Governor 
 Washburn found himself without authority of law to meet the emer- 
 gency ; and he therefore immediately convened the Legislature. That 
 body met on the 22d of April, and passed an act for the raising of tea 
 regiments of volunteers to serve two years, unless sooner discharged ; 
 and it authorized a loan of 11,000,000. Ten regiments were ac- 
 cordingly called for by the Governor. The First regiment was must- 
 ered into the service of the United States for three months, the Second, 
 Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, for two years. Subsequent orders 
 from the War Department required all State volunteers to be mustered 
 into service for three years, which made it necessary to contract for an 
 additional year's service with all these regiments except the First and 
 Second. 
 
 In the first battle of Bull Run, about one-fourth of the troops 
 actually engaged on the loyal side were from Maine. The battle in- 
 duced the completion at once of enlistments for the remaining four of 
 the six regiments. Still more troops being found necessary, authority 
 was given by the War Department for the organization of five more 
 regiments of infantry (with power to increase to eight), a regiment of 
 cavalry, six batteries of light artillery, and a company of rifle sharp- 
 shooters; Thus, up to the beginning of the year 1862, Maine had 
 raised and organized for service fifteen regiments of infantry, one regi- 
 ment of cavalry, six batteries of mounted artillery, one company of 
 sliarpshooters, and four companies of coast guards. 
 
 From April 3, 1862, to May 21, the volunteer recruiting ser- 
 geants ceased from their work ; but at the latter date the War De- 
 partment authorized the raising of the Sixteenth regiment of infantry 
 for three years' service. Within a few weeks a requisition was made 
 upon the State for its quota upon the call of July 2, for 300,000 vol- 
 imteers for three years' service under the General Government. The 
 Sixteenth regiment previously authorized, was admitted with the 
 Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth, and numerous 
 recruits for regiments in the field, to satisfy this call. Before the 
 organization of all these was completed, the President, on the 4th of 
 August, called for 300,000 militia to be raised by draft, and to serve 
 nine Ynonths, unless sooner discharged. The quota of Maine under 
 this call was 9,609 ; a small deduction from which was authorized on 
 account of the large number of our enrolled militia who were in the 
 merchant marine and in the navy, with the privilege of furnishing vol- 
 unteers instead of drafted men for the whole or any portion of that 
 number. 
 
 Regulations for ' enrolment and draft under the requisition were 
 issued by the War Department on the 9th of August, in general 
 orders, which directed the designation of rendezvous for the troops 
 
60 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and commandants of the encampments, and also required the enrol- 
 ment of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen and 
 forty-five years, the appointment of a commission from each county to 
 supervise the drafting, and hear and determine the excuses of persons 
 claiming exemption from military duty, — in case no provision was 
 made by State law for carrying into effect the draft ordered, or if such 
 provisions were defective. Our statutes being deemed sufficient, no 
 commissioners were then appointed ; but the other requirements of 
 the War Department were complied with. Portland, Augusta and 
 Bangor were appointed the places of rendezvous for the troops. At 
 the close of October, it being found that a few towns were remiss in 
 furnishing the balance of their quotas upon calls of July and August, a 
 general order was issued, appointing a commission for each county to 
 make a draft on the 29th of November, in such towns as should not 
 by that time enlist the required number of soldiers. Stimulated by the 
 commissioners, the towns filled their quotas, and no draft was made 
 under this order. 
 
 In the year following (1863), the draft was enforced by the General 
 Government under the conscription law. The total result of the draft 
 of this year was as follows : — Drafted and entered service, 808 ; fur- 
 nished substitutes, 1,737; exempted, failed to report, etc., 11,605. 
 Tc tal, 16,087. The only flagrant instance of opposition occurred in 
 the town of Kingfield ; and this was promptly suppressed by the State 
 militia. Following this draft, another call was made by the President 
 on October 17.; for 300,000 volunteers. Pending the draft under 
 direction of the; War Department, Governor Coburn received per- 
 mission to raise the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth regiments of infantry, 
 Second regiment of cavalry, and the Seventh battery of artillery, which 
 were designated veteran volunteers. These troops were raised during 
 the fall and winter, and promptly forwarded to the seat of war. In addi- 
 tion to these corps, recruiting for regiments in the service still continued. 
 Under Governor Cony's administration, six companies of cavalry were 
 raised under the Presidential call of February '2, 1864, for Baker's 
 District of Columbia cavalry; also, the Thirty-first and Thirty-second 
 regiments of infantry. The rebel invasion of Maryland and the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, cutting off communication with Washington, in- 
 duced Governor Cony to issue a proclamation containing a call for 
 volunteer troops for driving back the enemy. A general response was 
 made to this call all over the State ; but action upon it ceased as the 
 danger speedily passed. 
 
 The aggregate number of men furnished by Maine up to July 1st, 
 1864, exclusive of enlistments m the navy, and a greater part of those 
 in the regular army, is 53,281. This includes 7,585 nine-months men, 
 which, reduced to three years men, gives us a credit on their account 
 of 1,896 ; and also 700 three-months men, — so that the whole number 
 of three years men, with which the War Department credited the 
 State, is only 46,812. But this — according to the figures of the De- 
 partment — gives the State an excess of 617 over all calls. Under the 
 act of Congress authorizing credits for enrolled men in the naval ser- 
 vice, it was found that Maine was entitled to credit for 3,436 men. On 
 the 19th of December, 1864, the President issued a call for 300,000 
 additional men to be enforced by a draft after February 15, 1865. 
 The quota of the State under this call was 8,389. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 61 
 
 Until July 2, 1862, no quotas were assigned to the State. The 
 quota under the President's call of that date was 9,609 ; and under the 
 next call (August 4), which was for nine-months m.en, the quota 
 was the same. The quota for the call of February 1, 1864, for 500,000 
 men (which included the draft and call of October 17, 1863), was 
 11,803. The quota for the call of March 14, 1864, for 200,000 men 
 was 4,721. 
 
 The absorption of the most efficient of the active militia of the 
 State into the United States service, led to the organization of numer- 
 ous companies of home guards, several of which, in view of the dep- 
 redations of the rebel privateers, garrisoned the principal forts on our 
 coast. The almost successful scheme of the rebels for capturing the 
 United States Revenue cutter, Caleb Gushing, in Portland harbor, 
 June 26, 1863, demonstrated the necessity of greater vigilance and 
 better preparations for the defense of the seaboard. There were also 
 attempted raids on Calais and Castine. Additional companies of 
 coast guards were therefore authorized, — making, in all, seven com- 
 panies which were raised in the State during the year, and mustered 
 into the United States service. Two of these companies were ordered 
 out of the State, and assigned to guard duty in the defences of Wash- 
 ington. At the request of the governor, the efficiency of the coast 
 defences of the State was increased by the National Government. 
 Strong field works were erected, heavy ordnance mounted, and suitable 
 ammunition and projectiles deposited in their magazines. Forts Mo- 
 Clary (Kittery), Goi-ges, Preble and Scammel (Portland), Pophara 
 and Knox (entrance of Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers) and Sullivan 
 (Eastport), were each placed in a suitable condition for defence ; while 
 at Rockland, Belfast, Castine, Machiasport, Calais and Lubec effective 
 batteries were erected. 
 
 Maine rallied at the nation's first cry of need, and through the war 
 she bore an honorable and conspicuous part. One of her gallant sons, 
 Major General Berry, was the first volunteer officer of his grade to 
 fall in battle at the head of his column ; one of her regiments was the 
 first to bear back the old flag to the soil of South Carolina. Another 
 of her Major Gererals, Chamberlain, conspicuous in several battles 
 for his heroism and cool judgment, held the post of honor at the sur- 
 render of the rebel General Lee and his army. 
 
 THE SWEDISH EMI6EATI0IT. 
 
 The subject of Swedish emigration to populate our wild lands was 
 first officially proposed by Governor Washburne in his message to the 
 legislature in 1861. The troubles of the war diverted attention from 
 it until 1869, when commissioners appointed by the Legislature explored 
 Aroostook County, and in 1870, reported in favor of establishing a 
 Swedish colony in Maine. Accordingly Hon. William W. Thomas, 
 Jr., who had previously resided in that country three years as United 
 States Consul, was appointed a commissioner to visit Sweden and ob- 
 tain twenty-five families. None were to be received but honest and 
 industrious farmers and laborers with their families. He was entirely 
 successful in his mission ; and on July 23, 1870, the emigrants reached 
 their new home, — which they have named " New Sweden." It is the 
 first township on the east of range fifteen, in Aroostook county ; and 
 
62 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 there is said to be no better township in the State. The colony brought 
 by Mr. Thomas consisted of twenty-two men, eleven women and eigh- 
 teen children ; and after paying for their transportation to New Swe- 
 den at a cost of $4,000, they had a remaining |3,000 in cash, and six 
 tons of baggage. On the 14 of September, twelve additional emigrants 
 arrived ; and on the 31st of October twenty more followed, direct from 
 Sweden; so that in December, 1870, five months after the arrival of 
 the first installment, the colony consisted of 114. It is believed that 
 many more of this hardy, moral, industrious and intelligent people 
 will follow, to subdue our northern wilderness and add to the pros- 
 perity and happiness of our State. 
 
 With this scene of peace and promise we lay down the scroll of 
 history, 
 
A GAZETTEER 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OP MAITs^E. 
 
 A.l)lbot is situated in the south-western part of Piscataquis 
 County. It is bounded in the north by Monson, east by Guilford, south 
 by Parkman and west by Kingsbury. The area of the town is 23,040 
 acres. Piper and Greenleaf are the principal ponds, — the first two 
 miles in length and half a mile in width. The soil is superior, being 
 largely alluvial ; and there is more interval than is found in any other 
 town on the river above Dover. The principal rock is limestone. It is 
 the most western of the Bowdoin College townships, granted in 1794 
 by the General Court, and was sold to settlers by the College treasurer 
 and his agents. The first settler was Abraham Moore, who exchanged 
 his farm in Norridgewock for 800 acres of wild land, in four lots of 
 200 acres each. He felled the trees of the first opening in 1805, in 1806 
 raised a crop and built a log-house, and in 1807 moved his family in. 
 In 1808, Peter Brawn and Eaton Richards moved in with their families. 
 In 1810, the township had forty-five inhabitants. It was then called 
 Moorestown. In 1812 settlers occupied " Jackson Ridge, " in the east- 
 ern part of the town. Barnabas Jackson bought the lot and buildings of 
 one of the first settlers and took his residence there in 1815. In 1818, 
 Jeremiah Rolfe, settled in the plantation. He had fought at Saratoga 
 under General Gates and afterward went to North Carolina with him. 
 He was noted for his skill in fruit raising, and the "Rolfe Apple" which 
 he introduced to the region will not soon be forgotten. Other es- 
 teemed citizens of a later time were Hqns. J. S. Monroe, P. S. Lowell 
 and James Foss. There is one citizen in the town above ninety-five 
 years of age, and three who are over eighty. _ 
 
 The Piscataquis river enters the township near its north-western 
 corner, and leaves it near the south-eastern. The south branch of the 
 Piscataquis, issuing from a pond in Kingsbury, passes across the south- 
 ern part of the town. Mr. Moore early erected a saw-mill on the 
 river ; about which Abbot village has grown up. The town — incor- 
 porated in 1827 — was named for Professor John Abbot, a long period 
 treasurer of Bowdoin College. The warrant for the first town meeting 
 was issued by Robert Gower, Esq. to James Gower ; and at the 
 meeting Cyrus Cook was chosen town clerk. There are two covered 
 
g4 GAZETTFEE OF MAINE. 
 
 bridges over the Piscataquis within the limits of the town,— one being 
 100 the other 120 feet long. There are two railroad stations in the 
 town. Much change has been produced in the business by the railway 
 completed in 1874, which gives it an easy connection with Bangor. 
 At Upper village there are a lumber, excelsior and spool mills, a gnst 
 mill, a furniture and a pump factory and a brick yard. There are also 
 one or more lumber mills in other parts of the town. The Congrega- 
 tionalists. Baptists and Free Baptists have each a church in Abbot. 
 There are eifht public school-houses, valued at $1,500. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $155,197. In 1880, it was 1174,669. Tho po- 
 pulation, according to the census of 1880, is 695. In 1870, it was 712. 
 
 Acadia, or Acadle,— a name formerly applied by the French 
 to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and those portions of Maine lying 
 east of the Kennebec or of the Penobscot, according as France at 
 different times thought best to claim one or the other as the western 
 boundary of her Atlantic territories. 
 
 Acton, in York Countj', lies fo"r its whole length of 9 miles 
 along the New Hamshire border, — Salmon Falls River forming the 
 boundary for three-fourths of this distance. On the north is Newfield, 
 and on the south, Lebanon. On the east, it is bounded by Shapleigh, 
 from which it was incorporated in 1830. Consequently much of its 
 early history may be found under that head. Benjamin Kimens, 
 Clement Steel and John York were the first settlers, locating at the 
 center (Acton Corner) in 1776. At about the same time a road was 
 cut nearly through the town from north to south, which soon brought 
 an increase of settlers. The first grist mill was built in 1779. 
 
 A Congregation alist church was formed in 1781, and a pastor 
 (Joseph Brown), first settled in 1796. Theirs was the first meeting-house 
 in town. It was built in 1794, about 2J miles south of Acton Corner. 
 In 1827 the Society erected a new meeting-house at Acton Corner. 
 
 A Baptist church was formed in 1781, by Nehemiah Davis, who 
 was the first minister. In 1802 their house of worship was erected 
 near the first Congregationalist house ; and a new house was erected 
 upon the same site in 1840. 
 
 The present Free Baptist church was formed In 1801, by Gershom 
 Lord, — its first preacher. In 1818, a house of worship was erected in 
 the west part of the town near Milton Mills, near where their house 
 of worship now stands. A second society, called the Union Society of 
 Acton was formed in 1840, and a house built the same year at the 
 south part of the town. 
 
 A Methodist church was formed in 1826. Their first regular 
 preaching was in 1837, by Henry Linscott. A meeting-house was 
 erected at Acton Corner in 1840. 
 
 The parsonage lot, consisting of about 300 acres, was sold in 
 1823, and 1843 ; the proceeds of the sale were divided among the 
 societies mentioned, accordinsf to the number of polls in each. There 
 is now in addition to these a church of the Christian denomination. 
 
 Ralph Farnum, a soldier of the Revolution, died in 1860 at the age 
 of one hundred and four years. The town has sent out many profes- 
 sional men. 
 
ADDISON. 65 
 
 In regard to scenery, the town is diversified with hill and hollow, 
 and woods of oak, beech and maple. West of the centre of the town is 
 a remarkable valley surrounded by hills, and known as " The Hopper." 
 The carriage roads are good, but there is no railroad in town ; the 
 nearest station being that in East Lebanon, on the Portland and 
 Rochester Railroad. The business centres named in the order of their 
 importance are, Acton Corners, Milton Mills, North Acton and South 
 Acton. The number of acres of land in the town is 18,127. Little 
 Ossipee River and Balch Pond form the northern boundary. 
 Mousam River takes its rise from Square and Mousam ponds, at the 
 eastern border of the town. It has also the Hubbard, Bracket and 
 Ricker streams. Its chief water powers are on the Little Ossipee 
 river, — where are a saw and grist mill, and a felt mill — and at the head 
 of Salmon Falls River, where there is a saw mill for general work. 
 
 The bed rock in the town is granite and mica schist. The Acton 
 mineral belt, from 2 to 4 miles in width, crosses the southern portion 
 of the town. The ores consist chiefly of argentiferous galenas. There 
 is also some zinc, arsenic and copper. Several companies are en- 
 gaged in mining these oi"es. 
 
 Acton has fourteen public school houses ; and the school property 
 is valued at HfiOO. The number of acres of land in the town is 18,127. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $329,189. In 1880 it was $363,105, 
 The population in 1870 was 1,007. In 1880, it was 1050. 
 
 Addison is situated on the southern sea-coast of Washington 
 County, 18^ miles west by south-west of Macliias. It is bounded on 
 the north by Columbia, east by Jonosboro and Jonesport, west by Har- 
 rington and south by the sea. Indian River separates it from the 
 towns on the east, and Pleasant Bay and River from those on the west. 
 Cape Split and Moose Neck from the southern points of the town, and 
 between these is Cape Split Harbor. Moose and Sheep are the prin- 
 cipal islands, the last lying at the south and the first at the mouth of 
 Indian River, and near the village of that name. 
 
 The rock is chiefly granitic, and the soil loamy. There is a quarry 
 of black granite, which is considerably wrought. Potatoes form the prin- 
 cipal crop. Spruce is the most numerous forest tree. Elm and balm 
 of gilead are found along the village streets or about the dwellings. 
 The Addison Mineral Spring has a local reputation. 
 
 The villages are Addison at the north-west at the head of Pleasant 
 River Bay, and Indian River* on the eastern side. The Jonesport and 
 Columbia stage line furnishes communication by land. Each village 
 is about 11 miles from the landing of the Portland steamer at Mill- 
 bridge. The manufactures are lumber, carriages, sails, etc. There are 
 2 shipyards. Vessels of 300 tons can load within 20 rods of the mills. 
 
 Addison was settled soon after the close of the Revolutionary War, 
 and was organized as a plantation known as " Number Six west of 
 Machias." It was incorporated as a town in 1796, being named in 
 honor the elegant English writer, Joseph Addison. 
 
 There are Baptist, Methodist and tJniversalist churches at Addison 
 village, and Baptist and Advent churches at Indian River. The town 
 has 12 public schoolhouses, which, with other school property, are 
 valued at $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $263,457, in 
 1880, it was $278,978. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 21 
 
6Q GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 mills. The population in 1870 was 1,201. In 1880, it was 1,239. This 
 town was the birth-place of Hon. Wm. J. Corthell, formerly State 
 superintendent of schools, and recently principal of the Gorham 
 Normal School. 
 
 A.ll)Rliy is situated in the western part of Oxford County 
 south of the Androscoggin river. Greenwood bounds it on the north- 
 east. Mason and Stoneham on the south-west, Mason and Bethel on 
 the north-west, and Waterford and Norway on the south-east. Its size 
 is about 7^ by 10 miles. The northern half of the western border is 
 occupied by the " Albany Mountains " of which the chief is Bear 
 Mountain. 'The middle portion of the eastern side is occupied by a 
 group of seven or more mountains, bearing the names of Lawrence, 
 Long, Round, etc., of which the last is the highest, having an altitude 
 of about 500 feet. At the north-eastern corner is another lofty hill 
 and half way to the center of the town is another. Flint's Mountain 
 stands in the middle of the southern part of the town, flanked by two 
 others in a line to the north-east. Somewhat to the west of the middle 
 line of the town, running through its length from north to south, six 
 hills succeed one another at nearly equal distances. Birch Hill is the 
 most southern, while the fourth — Square Doch — stands about midway 
 of the line. Through the broad valley south of this, Crooked River 
 sweeps westward, forming a semi-circle about the two southern hills. 
 West of Square Doch comes down a tributary to Crooked River, on 
 which are the noted "Albany Basins." These consist of deep cavities 
 worn by the eddying current of the water in the talcose rock forming 
 the bed of the stream. One of these basins, embracing the entire 
 width of the stream, is not less than 70 feet deep. 
 
 Songo Pond, having an area of about 1 square mile, lies in the 
 northern part of the town, forming the source of Crooked River. This 
 stream takes a general sout'hern course through the town, and dis- 
 cliarges its waters into Sebago Lake. Other ponds are Furlong's, at 
 the sofith-eastern corner, Hutchinson, a little west of the last, Chalk 
 Pond, near Chalk Hill, Little Pappoose Pond, near the western border, 
 and Broken Bridge Pond, north of Square Doch, and several smaller 
 ones. About a mile north of this pond is an extensive ledge of pure 
 quartz. 
 
 Albany post ofSce and the factories at the south-west corner of the 
 town are the centers of business. The manufactures consist of lumber, 
 shingles, staves, boxes, spools, boots and shoes. Albany post office is 
 about 8 miles south of Bethel Hill, on the Grand Trunk Railway, which 
 is the nearest railwaj station. The soil of the town is of fair quality. 
 The principal crop for the market is hay. 
 
 Albany was settled soon after the Revolution, being known for 
 some time as the Plantation of Oxford. It was incorporated in 1803. 
 This town is the birth-place of Rev. Asa Cummings, D. D., for many 
 years the able editor of the " Christian Mirror," the organ of the Con- 
 gregationalists in Maine. The churches of the town are a Congrega- 
 tionalist and a Methodist. Albany has ten public schoolhouses, valued 
 together with other school property at $2,500. The valuation in 1870 
 was $167,592. In 1880 it was $139,029. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 2 per centum. The population in 1870 was 651. In 
 1880 it was 693. 
 
ALEXANDER. 67 
 
 AlDlOIl} situated in the north-eastern part of Kennebec County, 
 is bounded on the east by Freedom, in Waldo County ; on the north 
 by the town of Unity and by Unity Plantation — the former in Waldo 
 and the latter in Kennebec County ; on the west by Benton and 
 Winslow ; and on the south by China, in Kennebec County, and by 
 Palermo, in Waldo County. The town is about six miles square. The 
 prevailing rock is granite. The soil in the westerly part is clay loam, 
 free from stones, and quite easily cultivated ; and all parts are produc- 
 tive. The principal crop is hay. The southern portion of the town is 
 much broken by hills, and is well suited to wheat. Lovejoy's Pond — 
 a mile and one-half long and a mile wide — is the principal body of 
 water. The outlet to this, which empties into Fifteen Mile River, fur- 
 nishes power for a saw-mill. On Fifteen Mile River, which runs 
 northwardly through the town, are two or more powers in the southern 
 part utilized for saw-mills. In the northern part is a tannery. 
 
 The principal settlements are at Albion Corner and South Albion, 
 each of which has a post-office. The town is about 27 miles north-east 
 of Augusta, and 44 south-west of Bangor. It is on the stage-line from 
 Fairfield to Belfast. There are two railroad stations at a distance of 7 
 and 10 miles, respectively. 
 
 Tlie first organization of this place was the plantation of Free- 
 town in 1802. In 1804 it was organized as a town called Fairfax, 
 which was afterwards changed to Lygonia, and lastly, in 1824, to 
 Albion. The township was first settled sometime prior to 1690, at 
 which date it contained 6 families. Many of the early settlers were 
 from York County, — among whom were the Shoreys, Prays and Lib- 
 beys. Hon. Artemus Libbey, one of the associate justices of the 
 Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, is a native of this town. Albion 
 sent 100 soldiers into the army during the war of the Rebellion, — of 
 whom 45 were lost. The churches in town are the Christian Disciples, 
 Adventist, and Universalist. Albion has a high school, and its public 
 school-houses are valued at $3,000. The valuation of estate in 1870 
 was $376,791. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 16 mills on one dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,356. In 1880 it had fallen off to 1,193. 
 
 AlGXandCr is situated nearly midway of the eastern part of 
 Washington County. Baileyville and Baring bound it on the east, 
 Crawford on the west, Princeton on the north, and Cooper and Med- 
 dybemps on the south. The surface is uneven, but there is a variety 
 of good farming land. Agriculture is the almost exclusive dependence 
 of the inhabitants. The principal crop for export is hay. The nearest 
 seaport is Calais, 14 miles eastward ; Machias, 30 miles distant, is the 
 nearest on the south. The nearest railroad station is at Baring, 10 
 miles distant. 
 
 The Wapskanegan is the principal stream, running north-east from 
 the west and centre of the town. The sheets of water are Lake Beau- 
 tiful, in the western part of the town ; Burrows, at the south-western 
 corner ; Shining Lake, lying on the northern, and Meddybemps Lake, 
 on the eastern border. Lake Beautiful has an area of about 500 acres, 
 and furnishes power for a saw and shingle mill about half the year. 
 
 Alexander was first settled about 1810. Among the first who made 
 the place their home were Solomon Perkins, Caleb Pike, George Hill, 
 A. Bohanan, William P. Crockett, Paul Morse, Cyrus Young and 
 
68 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Samuel Cottel. The early settlers were mostly from Massachusetts 
 and New Hampshire. The titles to their lands were obtained from 
 Colonel John Black, agent for the Binghams. The town was incorpo- 
 rated in 1835, and may have received its name in honor of Alexander 
 Baring, a son-in law of William Bingham. He was about this time 
 made Lord Ashburton ; and it was he who, as British Ambassador, 
 settled — together with the American Secretary of State, Daniel Web- 
 ster — our north-eastern boundary. In this town are two small villages 
 — Lanesbrook and Alexander. There is a church edifice of the Meth- 
 odists only at present. Alexander has five public school-houses, which, 
 with other school property, are valued at $1,500. The valuation of the 
 town in 1870 was 173,997. In 1880 it was $71,085. The population 
 in 1870 was 456. In 1880 it was 439. 
 
 Alf I'Cd, the shire town of York County, is situated very near 
 the geographical centre of the county. It is on the Portland and 
 Rochester Railroad, 32 miles from Portland. The surrounding towns 
 are Waterborough on the north and north-east, Lyman on the east, 
 Shapleigh and Sanford on the west, and Kennebunk and Sanford on the 
 south. Tlie town is about 12 miles long from north-west to south-east, 
 and 4 miles wide at the middle, and contains 12,989 acres of land. 
 The northern part is hilly, and abounds in granite rocks and hard- 
 wood forests, while the southern portion is comparatively level, with 
 evergreen and hard woods. The soil is a gravelly loam in higher 
 lands and sandy loam on the plains. The chief eminence is Yeaton'a 
 Hill. The town has good roads, and the general appearance of the 
 buildings indicate thrift. The principal bodies of water are Shaker 
 and Middle Branch, or Bungernuck Ponds, the first in the eastern 
 and middle part of the town, and the latter at the north. The princi- 
 pal streams are Hay Brook on the west, and the outlets of the ponds — 
 all running southward and joining with the Mousam River on the 
 south-west. The manufactories are woollen, saw and grist mills at 
 Littlefield's Mills, and the Shaker's saw-mill. The business centres are 
 Alfred Village, Littlefield's Mills, North Alfred and the Shaker Village. 
 The early history of the town is involved in that of Sanford, and it 
 formerly bore the name of the "North Parish of Sandford," and the 
 Indian name of Massabesic. It was incorporated in 1794, being named 
 in honor of Alfred the Great. The territory of the town was included 
 in several quit-claim deeds purchased in 1761-4 of the Indian chiefs 
 Fluellen, Hobinowell, and Captain Sunday, by Major William Phillips, 
 of Saco. 
 
 The first settler was Simeon Coffin, who in 1764, dwelt for a time 
 in an Indian wigwam, a few rods south-west of the present residence 
 of Colonel Ivory Hall. There were, at that time, several Indian fam- 
 ilies about Shaker Pond and the Hill. Other settlers soon followed. 
 The first saw mill in town was built in 1766, by Charles and John 
 White, a Mr. Ellenwood, Thomas Kimball, Seth Peabody and Benja- 
 min Tripe. 
 
 In 1782 a few families of Shakers settled at Moosebesic or Shaker 
 Pond and Hill, and at Mastcamp, a few miles north. They were at 
 this time, fanatical in religion and intemperate in their indulgences. 
 They were organized as a body in their present order and discipline 
 in 1793. In 1782 a Congregational church was organized in Alfred, 
 
ALNA. 69 
 
 forming the North Parish of Sanford ; but in revivals some became 
 excited and joined the " Merry Dancers " (as the Shakers were then 
 called), so that a minister was not settled until 1791. In 1834 the 
 present house was erected, and an organ added in 1854. The Baptists 
 built a churcli on the Back Road in 1818, and another at Littlefield's 
 Mills soon after 1855. A second church was organized at the Gore in 
 1841, and a church built there in 1847. The first permanent meeting 
 of Methodists was in 1830, by Rev. John Lord, at the court-house ; 
 and in 1834 a church was built. There is now an Advent Society also. 
 
 Alfred became a half shu-e town in 1802 ; and a court-house was 
 erected in 1807, which was remodelled and enlarged in 1852. The 
 present fire-proof wings were finished in the fall of 1854. A log jail 
 was built in 1803, and the present stone jail in 1870. The town-house 
 was erected in 1854, and burnt in 1861. The new one was built in 
 1862. The Academy building was erected by private subscription in 
 1828. W. C. Larrabee was the first preceptor. It was kept in opera^ 
 tion for some time each year until the erection of the graded school 
 building in 1862. The High School is at Alfred village. There are 
 now seven school-houses in the town, and the value of the school prop- 
 erty is estimated at $5,500. The population in 1850 was 1,319 ; 1870, 
 1,224 ; 1880, 1,102. Valuation of 1870, 1427,140 ; of 1880, 1421,418. 
 Rate of taxation in the latter year, about 19 mills on a dollar. 
 
 The most notable citizens have been Hon. John Holmes, who was 
 United States Senator from 1829 to 1833 ; Hon. Daniel Goodenow, a 
 judge of the Supreme Court of Maine, from 1855 to 1862 ; Hon. 
 Nathan D. Appleton, attorney-general of the State from 1857 to 
 1860 ; Hon. William C. Allen, judge of probate for the county of 
 York from 1847 to 1854 ; Hon. Jeremiah Goodwin, State treasurer in 
 1839 ; Hon. Joshua Herrick, representative in Congress in 1843 ; Hon. 
 Nathan Dane, State treasurer in 1860. Among other valued citizens 
 should be mentioned Dr. Abiel Hall, George W. Came, Esq., Major 
 Benjamin J. Herrick, Israel Chadbourne, Esq', Deacon Nathan Ken- 
 dall, Hon. Ira T. Drew, Caleb B. Lord and others. Among the na- 
 tives of the town who have attained to eminence in their callintr, are 
 Usher Parsons, M. D., William Lewis, M. D., Daniel and John Lewis, 
 Hon. N. S. Littlefield, of Bridgton, David Hall, Alvah Conant, Henry 
 Farnum, William Parsons, Dr. Usher P. Leighton, Benjamin Emer- 
 son, Esq., Rev. John Parsons, Edwin Parsons, Dr. Frank B. Merrill 
 and many others. 
 
 Allen's Mills, a village and post office in Industry, Frank- 
 lin County. 
 
 Alnji is situated in the western part of Lincoln County, on the 
 western side of Sheepscot River. It has Whitefield on the north, New- 
 castle on the east, Wiscasset on the south, and Dresden on the west. 
 The town has a length of about six miles north and south, and four 
 miles east and west. The surface is uneven, the western part back 
 from the river being quite broken, while the other portions abound in 
 ledges and bogs. Good soil is found in many parts, however, espe- 
 cially along the river. In the centre of the town is a pond receiving 
 two considerable streams, and discharging into Sheepscot River. This 
 
70 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 stream forms the eastern line of the town, and crosses its northern 
 part. The water powers are Sheepscot Falls carrying a saw and grist 
 mill, and " Head-of-the-Tide Falls," in the northern part five miles 
 above the first, having a grist, a stave and a shingle mill. Two miles 
 above this are the " Rapids," which afford a good privilege. The vil- 
 lages are at the first two falls mentioned, that at the head of the tide 
 being the largest. It is eight miles north of Wiscasset, and is the 
 terminus of the stage line from Gardiner, on the Kennebec. 
 
 The town was formerly the north precinct of Pownalborough. It 
 was set off in 1794 and incorporated as New Milford ; which name it 
 bore until 1811, when this was changed to Alna. The first church 
 was formed in 1796, Jonathan Ward being chosen first pastor. There 
 are now a Congregationalist and a Baptist church. Alna has six pub- 
 lic school houses ; the school property being valued at |3,300. The 
 valuation of estate in 1870 was 12.33,610. In 1880, it was $206,339. 
 The population in 1870 was 747. In 1880, it was 687. 
 
 Alton is situated in the southern part of Penobscot County, 18 
 miles north of Bangor. Lagrange lies on the north, Bradford and 
 Hudson on the west and Oldtown on the south. The Bangor and 
 Piscataquis Railroad runs north-westward through the town. Alton is 
 the terminus and rafting-place of the Upper Penobscot boom. Dead 
 Stream in the north-western part of the town, Pushaw Stream, in the 
 south-western part, and Birch Stream, forming the eastern line of 
 division from Argyle, are the principal water-courses. The ponds bear 
 the names Hallen Large and Hallen Small, Pickerel and Mud. The 
 surface of the town is quite level. What rock appears is of a slaty 
 charactei'. The soil is in general a reddish loam, hut in some places 
 is a dark muck. Hay, potatoes and oats are the principal crops. The 
 forests contain the varieties of trees common to the region. There is 
 a saw and grist mill at Alton Village Mills, on Dead Stream, in the 
 north-western part of the town. In the western part is a large tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Alton was formerly a part of Argyle, which adjoins it on the east. 
 It was incorported in 1845. The town has four public school-houses, 
 and its school property is valued at $1,000. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $116,362. In 1880, it was $78,959. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 3 per centum. The population in 1870, was 508. In 1880, 
 it was 419. 
 
 AmllGrst is situated on Union River, 22 miles north-north-east 
 of Ellsworth, and about midway of Hancock County. It is bounded on 
 the north by Township No. 2, east by Aurora, south by Mariaville, and 
 west by Clifton, in Penobscot County. Its territory is 6 miles square. 
 It has several good water powers, improved by one saw, one clapboard, 
 one grain, and two shingle mills. There is also a sole-leather tannery, 
 using hides from South America and Mexico principally. The village 
 is near the centre of the town. It is on the stage-lines from Ellsworth 
 and Aurora to Bangor. The river divides the town diagonally into 
 two nearly equal sections, the north-west and the south-east. The land 
 on the east side of the river is favorable to orcharding ; but on the 
 west, excepting intervals, the soil is granitic and the surface hilly. The 
 principal hills are known as the Springy Brook Mountains. Near the 
 
AMITY. 71 
 
 Corner is a high ledge some acres in extent, thought to be porphyritic, 
 and containing crystals of iron pyrites, with compact feldspar. Crystals 
 of quartz are also found. There is some slate in the town. Amherst 
 is remai-kable for its improved domestic cattle ; and this is due mainly 
 to the energy and enterprise of A. B. Buzzell, Esq. 
 
 This town was a part of the Bingham purchase. It was set off from 
 the plantation of Mariaville in 1822, and incorporated in 1831. Amherst 
 N. H. is said to have been honored in the selection of its name. Settle- 
 ment began about 1805. In that year Capt. Goodell Silsby came in, 
 and in 1806-7 his parents came and took the lots now known as the 
 " Old Silsby Place." Before 1808 closed there had come in, also, Mrs. 
 Kimball, Asahel Foster, Jesse Gils, Joseph Day, Judah West, and 
 Elisha Chick. 
 
 Amherst has four public schoolhouses, valued at $425. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870, was $57,276. In the valuation of 1880, it was 
 $72,524. Rate of taxation, about 2 per cent. The population in 1870 
 was 350. In the census of 1880 it was 362. 
 
 Amity is situated on the eastern line of Maine, in the southern 
 part of Aroostook County. It is bounded on the north by Number 11 
 of Range A., on the west by Leavitt, on the sout?i by Orient and 
 Number 9, and east by New Brunswick. The Laroc Monument, No. 1, 
 marking the source of the St. Croix River, stands at the north-eastern 
 angle of this town. It is in 45° 56 N. latitude. The St. Croix River 
 forms the eastern boundary line ; and Mattawamkeag River has its 
 source in the south-western part of the town. In the northern part 
 a branch of the St. John has its rise. The surface of the town is 
 rolling, and it is still well covered with hard-wood. The outcropping 
 rocks are granite and slate. The soil is gravelly and clayey loam. 
 Hay is the principal crop exported. The forest trees are chiefly maple, 
 birch, hemlock, basswood and spruce. The streams mentioned attain 
 within the limits of the town sufficient depth to float lumber. The 
 manufactories of the town consist qf one mill running an up-and- 
 down saw, and a small grist mill. The nearest railroad connections 
 are at Houlton on the north and Danforth on the south, — each about 
 15 miles distant. 
 
 Amity was incorporated in 1836. The township had previously 
 been known as No. 10, first range. Settlement was commenced in 1826 
 by Jonathan T. Clifford, Jonathan Greenleaf and Columbus Dunn. 
 The early settlers bought their lands for twenty cents per acre, payable 
 one half in cash and one half in work oh the public highways. Since 
 the incorporation of the town, the remaining lands were bought of the 
 State by speculators. This has retarded the growth of the town, as 
 the prices asked have been much higher than those of the State for 
 lands at other points in the county. 
 
 The First Baptist society have here a very good church newly built. 
 The moral tone of society is excellent for a border town. The public 
 entertainments are lectures, lyceums, and lodge meetings of I. O. of 
 G. T. Amity has three public schoolhouses, and her total school prop- 
 erty is valued at $1,200. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $44,- 
 675. In 1880 it was $44,476. The rate of taxation in the latter year 
 was 3 per cent on a low valuation. The population in 1870 was 311. 
 In 1880, it was 432. 
 
72 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 AndOVer is situated midway of the length of Oxford County, 
 and is bounded on the east by Roxbury and Byron, on the north by 
 Andover North Surplus, west by Newry and Andover West Surplus, 
 and south by Ruinford and Newry. The town is surrounded by moun- 
 tains and is a region of grand and beautiful scenery. It has within its 
 own borders Gregg Mountain in the northern part, the extended ridge 
 of Long Mountain in the western, and Lone Mountain near the middle 
 of the town. Vfyman Hill, in the North Surplus, sends a considerable 
 section down over the border. In the south-eastern corner of the town 
 are Farmer's Hill, and a lesser neighbor. Yet the surface of the town 
 in the broad valleys between these mountains is quite smooth, consist- 
 ing of elevated pine plains and extensive intervales ; and there is a large 
 quantity of good land in the town. Ellis River, the outlet of Ellis 
 Pond, in Roxbury on the east, receives its branches near the centre of 
 the town, then runs in a southerly course through this town and Rum- 
 ford adjoining, to the Androscoggin River. Its tributaries here are 
 West Branch, Sawyer's and Black Brooks, and the outlet of Horse- 
 shoe Pond, situated in the south-east corner of the town. The villages 
 are Andover Corner and South Andover, — the first a little north, and 
 the last a short distance to the south of the centre of the town. Bry- 
 ant's Pond Station, 20 miles south, is the railroad connection. A 
 line of stages runs between the two places. 
 
 Andover Corner is a favorite resort for city people, and is the head- 
 quarters of fishermen, who, in the season, resort to the Rangeley Lakes, 
 a short distance northward. The general plane of the town is 500 feet 
 above the sea, and much resembles North Conway, N. H. The village 
 has an excellent hotel, a town-hall capable of seating 300 persons, a 
 trotting park, an apothecary store, etc. There are very attractive 
 drives in the neighborhood — as Black Brook Notch, White Cap Moun- 
 tain, — which has a good carriage road to near its top ; Farmer's Hill, 
 Bald Pate Mountain, Sawyer's Notch, Ellis River Falls, the Devil's 
 Den, Hermit Falls, Silver Ripple Cascade, the Cataracts, etc. 
 
 The manufactures of the town are lumber, doors, sash and blinds, 
 starch, cheese (factory) boots and shoes, edge-tools, carriages and har- 
 nesses. 
 
 This township was purchased in 1791 of Massachusetts, by Samuel 
 Johnson and others of Old Andover. It was incorporated in 1804 
 under the 'name of East Andover, but in 1821 became Andover^ 
 simply. The first settler was Ezekiel Merrill, who in 1789J came with 
 his wife and six children from Andover, Mass., to this place, — having 
 stopped by the way at Pryeburgh. He and his three sons drew their 
 effects on hand-sleds through the woods, the only guide being the 
 spotted trail of the Indians. Mrs. Merrill lived here for three years 
 without seeing the face of any white female save her own three daugh- 
 ters. The next settlers were Jonathan Abbott, Samuel and Sylvanus 
 Poor, Theodore Brickett, Francis Swan, Josiah Wright, John Abbott, 
 Jeremiah Burnham, and others from Andover, Mass. These were of 
 the most respectable families of Old Andover ; and this namesake on 
 the borders of civilization has ever been noted for its good society and 
 high standard of morals. 
 
 The first mills were erected in 1791 })y Colonel Thomas Poor. The 
 first church was formed in 1804. The first minister settled was Rev. 
 John Strickland, in 1806. There are now a Congregational and a 
 
ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY. 73 
 
 Methodist church in the town. Andover has six public schoolhouses, 
 and the school property is valued at $3,000. The valuation of the 
 estates in 1870 was $114,712. In 1880, it was $122,252. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 757. In 1880 it was 781. 
 
 AndOVGr. — North, "West, and C Surplus, are unincorporated 
 and mountainous tracts north and west of the town of Andover. Al- 
 together they contain scarcely more than half a dozen dwellings. They 
 have several high hills, of which Wyman's Hill and Moody Mountain 
 are the chief. The west branch of Ellis River rises in Dunn's Notch 
 and its neighborhood, in the western part of Andov^er North Surplus. 
 
 AndrOSCOg'g'in County lies in the midst of the south- 
 western section of Maine, having its greatest length from north to 
 south. The Androscoggin River passes through it longitudinally, 
 dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The county derives its name 
 from that of the river, which is a corruption of Anasagunticook, the 
 name of the Indian tribe which formerly occupied the region. It con- 
 tains the larger proportion of the practically available water power of 
 the Androscoggin and its tributaries, including three of the greatest 
 powers on the main river. 
 
 The county buildings are at Auburn, where, too, the courts are 
 held. The county was organized March 18th, 1854 ; having gained 
 its territory from five other counties. Auburn, Danville (the latter 
 since annexed to the former), Durham, Poland and Minot were taken 
 from Cumberland County ; Livermore and Turner from Oxford 
 County; East Livermore, Leeds, Greene, and Wales from Kennebec; 
 and Lewiston, Webster and Lisbon, from Lincoln. The county con- 
 tains eleven towns and two cities, most of them thrifty and several of 
 them exceedingly flourishing. These are the cities of Auburn and Lewis- 
 ton, and the towns of Durham, East Livermore, Green, Leeds, Lisbon, 
 Livermore, Minot, Poland, Turner, Wales and Webster. 
 
 The area of the county is about 400 square miles. The population 
 in 1870 was 35,866 ; in 1880, it was 45,063. The value of estates in 
 1870 was $17,592,555. In 1880, it was $20,776,973. 
 
 The surface of the country is in general very uneven, having many 
 high hills, but no mountains. Its ponds, springs and ' rivulets are 
 numerous. Within its limits are Auburn Lake, Androscoggin, Sabat- 
 tus, Taylor, Thompson and Trip Ponds, and the noted mineral springs 
 of Poland, West Auburn and Lewiston. There are few extensive bogs, 
 and there is little other waste land. The agricultural qualities of the 
 county are not surpassed in the southern half of the State, and its 
 manufactures are more extensive than that of any otlier county. The 
 Grand Trunk Railroad, with its Lewiston and Auburn branch, the 
 Buckfield and Rumford Falls Railroad, the Maine Central Railroad, 
 with its Androscoggin and Farmington branches, afford superior facil- 
 ities for travel and commerce within and beyond its borders. Un- 
 usual interest has been taken in education. Bates College is rapidly 
 advancing to a first-class institution ; and to it is now added a Theo- 
 logical and a fitting-school. Hebron Academy, in Hebron, has long 
 had an excellent reputation, while the Auburn and Lewiston schools 
 from primary to high are probably not surpassed in the State. One 
 
74 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of the most excellent and influential newspapers of the State is publishedl 
 within its borders, and through its public men it has for several 
 years had a marked influence in the nation. There is still greater 
 development and a happy promise of the future before it. 
 
 AndrOSCOg-grin River. See articles on Oxford and 
 Androscoggin counties, and the towns of Brunswick and Topsham. 
 
 Alison is situated about midway of the western side of Somer- 
 set County. Madison bounds it on the east, Embdeu and New Port- 
 land on the north, Starks on the south, and Industry and New Vine- 
 yai-d, in Franklin County, on the West. The Kennebec river separates 
 it from Madison, and the Carabasset River passing through the north- 
 east corner of the town forms a junction with the Kenebec at North 
 Anson village. Carabasset Falls and Rapids at this place afford 
 several interesting views. The strong whirling currents near the 
 bridge at the village have worn the slatey rocks into many peculiar 
 forms, and the scene is very striking to the stranger. This village, 
 being the northern terminus of the Somerset Railroad, is the centre of 
 business for a wide extent of country, and is, therefore, very thriv- 
 ing. It is about 33 miles from Waterville and 100 from Portland by 
 railroad. The manufactories of the town are clustered at this point. 
 They consist of boots, shoes, leather, bricks, lumber, flour, wool rolls, 
 etc. The are two saw mills, and three boot and shoe manufactories. 
 The most extensive manufacturer is S. Bunker. The company doing 
 the most business is Carrabasset Mills. On the Kennebec in the 
 southern part of the town is Anson Village. It is opposite Madison 
 Village on the eastern side of the river, and is connected therewith 
 by an excellent bridge. 
 
 The surface of the town is moderately level, but broken by high 
 hills in the central and western part, known as Lane, Gamage and 
 Collins hills. There is much rich alluvial soil in the town. Agricul- 
 ture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants, and is profitably followed. 
 
 Settlements were made here at about the same time as at Norridge- 
 wock ; adventurers pushing up the river in order to take possession 
 of the rich alluvial lands on the banks of the Kennebec. When 
 surveyed, Anson was found to be ontside the limits of the Plymouth 
 patent, and it was accordingly called Township Number 1, west of the 
 Kennebec river, north of the Plymouth patent. It was incorporated 
 in 1798 under its present name. In 1845 it was divided, and North 
 Anson incorporated out of it ; but a re-union of the parts took place in 
 1855. 
 
 North Anson has in the " Union Advocate " a valuable local and 
 county paper. It is issued every Wednesday by Albert Moore & Son. 
 Its politics are democratic. The Congregationalists, Free Baptists, 
 Methodists and Universalists each have churches in Anson. The town 
 has twenty-one public schoolhouses ; the total school property being 
 valued at $3,500. Anson Academy, located at North Anson Vil- 
 lage, is a well-established and thriving institution. Many able and 
 successful business and professional men have received here a large 
 part of their education. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $554,- 
 407. In 1880, it was $585,080. The population in 1870 was 1,745. 
 In 1880, it was 1,557. 
 
ARGYLE. 75 
 
 ApplctOIl is the most northern town in Knox County. It is 
 bounded on the south-east by Hope, on the south-west by Union, on 
 the northwest by Liberty, in Waldo County, and north-east by Sears- 
 mont in that county. The Medomao and St. George's rivers run 
 through the town. Sennebec Pond is the principal body of water, 
 being two miles in length and one in width. Appleton Ridge — which 
 has a height of about 300 feet — is the greatest elevation The ledges are 
 generally of a brittle, gray rock. The soil on the uplands is generally 
 rocky, and clayey in the valleys. Hemlock, spruce, beech and maple 
 form the mass of the woods. The principal crops are corn, potatoes, 
 wheat, oats and hay. Medomao River drains the western part and St. 
 George's the eastern part of the town. 
 
 At Appleton village are a grist mill, a lumber and stave mill, fac- 
 tories for the manufacture of carriages, hand-rakes, cultivators, leather, 
 boots and shoes, etc. Some lime is produced for export at this place. 
 At North Appleton are a lumber mill, lime quarry, etc. At North 
 Union P. O. is a lumber mill. The Appleton Mining and Smelting 
 Company is an enterprise of this town. 
 
 The inhabitants are generally thrifty, and most of the build- 
 ings are in good repair. In the village some of the streets are pleas- 
 antly shaded with trees ; many of the elms being upward of forty years 
 of age. The climate is salubrious, and the town boasts a number of 
 inhabitants upwards of ninety years of age. The longest bridge in the 
 town is about 120 feet in length. It is of wood, with stone abutments. 
 The principal public entertainments are Temperance Reform Club 
 meetings. These, when supplemented by some literary exercises, be- 
 come more generally useful and improving ; and the increased variety 
 sustains the interest for many seasons in succession. 
 
 The Methodist and Baptists each have a church edifice in town. 
 Appleton has ten public schoolhouses, which, together with other 
 school property, are valued at 14,950. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $284,278. In 1880 it was $320,664. The rate of taxation in 1880 
 was 2^ per cent. ' The population in 1870 was 1,485 ; in 1880 it was 
 1,348. 
 
 ArgfylC, in Penobscot County, is situated on the west bank of 
 the Penobscot River, 20 miles west of Bangor. Greenbush, on the oppo- 
 site side of the Penobscot, bounds it on the east, Edinburg on the 
 north and Oldtown on the south. On the west is Alton, separated from 
 it by Birch Stream. Hoyt Brook and Hemlock Stream, running south- 
 ward through the north-eastern part of the town, each furnish water 
 power. The surface of the town is generally level, with consider- 
 able swamp. Granite and a hard, shaley stone are the principal rocks. 
 The soil is a clay loam, and yields well of hay and potatoes, which 
 foi-ni the chief crops. Pine, spruce, hemlock and cedar are found in 
 the woods. There is a shingle mill on ITemlock Brook, and a saw mill 
 with shingle machine on Hoyt Brook. The buildings are generally in 
 good ' repair, and the town has a fair degree of prosperity. Argyle 
 village is on the Penobscot River, about midway of the eastern side of 
 town. The county road to Oldtown passes through it. The nearest 
 railroad connection is with the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad at the 
 Alton Station, about 4 miles west. 
 
76 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Argyle was incorporated in 1839. The Methodists have a conven- 
 ient church at the village. The principal public entertainments are 
 temperance meetings, lyceums and lectures. There are four public 
 schoolhouses. The school property is valued at $500. The town val- 
 uation in 1870 was $51,502. In 1880 it was $50,389. The population 
 in 1870 was 307. In 1880 it was 285. 
 
 Aroostook County embraces the north-eastern portion 
 of the State ; having New Brunswick for its eastern boundary, and the 
 Province of Quebec for its northern and western boundary, — both 
 states of the British Dominion of Canada. On the south its boundaries 
 are within the State ; and consist of Washington County on the east ; 
 succeeded in order by Penobscot, Piscataquis and Somerset. The 
 St. John and its branches, viz : the St. Francis, Allagash, Fish and 
 Aroostook are its principal rivers. The St. John has its ri§e in the 
 western part and the adjacent territories, and sweeps through and 
 around its entire breadth from east to west, forming also about two- 
 thirds of its northern boundary. In the south-eastern part, the St. 
 Croix and the Mattawamkeag have their sources. 
 
 The entire northern part of Aroostook county might be denomin- 
 ated the valley of the St. John in Maine. It is a valley as respects the 
 western interior of the State, but a nearly level elevated plateau, with 
 respect to the lower part of the river. The St. John leaves our terri- 
 tory with an elevation at the boundary of 419 feet, and the Aroostook 
 at 345 feet ; this amount of fall being lost to the State. At the mouth 
 of the St. Francis, on the extreme north, the elevation of the St. John 
 above tide water is 606 feet. The mean slope on the boundary (70 
 miles) is therefore 2.6 feet per mile. The elevation of the stream at the 
 point of its formation in the south-western part of the county, viz : 
 at the junction of north-west, south-west St. John and the Woolasta- 
 quaguam, is probably about 750 feet. The distance thence to the point 
 where the St. John leaves the State boundary is 158 miles, showing a 
 mean slope in that distance of 1.8 feet per mile. Accordingly the St. 
 John is navigable in its whole length in Maine, and is, therefore, of 
 comparatively little value for power. Sufficient of this, however, is 
 found in the tributary streams for all ordinary purposes. The AUaguash 
 falls from Chamberlain Lake to the St. John, about 308 feet, — very little 
 over three feet to the mile. The total number of lakes in the St. John 
 basin in Maine appearing upon the official map of the State, is 206. 
 The number due to its size, in proportion to the number in the rest of 
 the State, is 307, showing a numerical deficiency of 45. Such, 
 therefore, is the general levelness of the surface in the interior of this 
 country that quite extensive districts are permanently swampy. The 
 principal bodies of water are Upper Schoodic, Eagle, Allegash, Portage, 
 St. Francis, Squapan, Pleasant, Mattawamkeag, Wytopitlock and 
 Mattaceunk lakes. There is a line of greater elevation across the east- 
 ern part of the county — marked on the boundary by Mars Hill (1,800 
 feet in height) — dividing the waters of the Aroostook from those of the 
 southward running rivers. Yet the borders of the county and many 
 portions of the interior are undulating. Nearly the whole of the 
 county is underlaid by a stratum of calcareous shale that is generally 
 not far from the surface. [For a detailed account of the rocks of this 
 county and of the State consult the article on Geology, Mineralogy, 
 
AROOSTOOK COUNTY. 77 
 
 etc., in the early part of this volume.] The face of the country ia 
 peculiarly marked by long ridges of gravel and sand, varying in height 
 from 50 to 300 feet, and running, sometimes, 50 miles in a direct course. 
 They are known as "horsebacks," and are probably memorials of the 
 close of the glacial and beginning of the drift period. The soil is, 
 largely alluvial, rich in vegetable matter, exceedingly fertile, and 
 easily worked. It takes a great deal of dry weather to seriously dam- 
 age the grass and grain crops. Potatoes constitute a large part of the 
 crop in the eastern part of the county, and are highly esteemed for their 
 superior dryness and flavor. 
 
 Where the land has not been cleared, it is covered by forests of 
 spruce, pine, cedar, birch and maple. The settled portions are chiefly 
 along the eastei-n border; and so small a proportion do the settlements 
 bear to the territory that there is hardly a township or plantation whose 
 borders are not touched by the vast forest running back to the shores 
 of the St. Lawrence without a clearing. In the vast extent of woods, 
 and far back among the lonely lakes, moose are still plentiful, and 
 great herds of caribou range over the country. Many other wild ani- 
 mals, now rare in other parts, are common here ; and foxes, bears, deer, 
 wolves, lynxes, beavers, fishers, otters, sable, and mink, are still 
 trapped and hunted in Aroostook county with abundant success. In 
 most of the streams, especially the more remote, trout are abundant, 
 and some of the lakes offer fine fishing for land-locked salmon, pickerel 
 and perch. 
 
 Aroostook was formed in March, 1839, from parts of Penobscot 
 and Washington counties, with Houlton for its shire town. The first 
 settlements were by Acadian French, refugees from the Bay of 
 Minas, Nova Scotia, after the invasion by Colonel Monckton in 1775. 
 But though the earliest settlements these were not the most important. 
 The honor of initiating the movements which have led to the present 
 development of the county belongs to the settlers of Houlton, on the 
 Meduxnekeag River at the eastern border, and 120 miles north-east of 
 Bangor. In 1826 arose the north-eastern boundary dispute, which 
 brought this region into much prominence ; and it became the scene of 
 the bloodless Madawaska and Aroostook wars. Until 1812 there 
 was no controversy about the boundary, — the St. Croix being agreed 
 upon as the proper division ; but beyond the monument which marked 
 the head of this river, all was undetermined. After the treaty of 
 Ghent a commission of English and American engineers was appointed 
 to run the boundary line. It was to run due north to the highlands, 
 from which the waters flow toward the Atlantic and toward the St. 
 Lawrence. They found no difference of opinion until they reached 
 Mars Hill, an isolated mountain about 40 miles north of the monu- 
 ment, 30 miles north of Houlton, and 4 or 5 miles west of St. John's 
 River. The English engineers then claimed that they had reached 
 the " highlands," while the Americans dissented ; and both parties re- 
 turned to report to their respective governments. To provide for an 
 emergency, the United States ordered a body of troops to Houlton, 
 ■where they arrived in October, 1826. Barracks and officer's quarters 
 were provided for them on Garrison Hill ; and the troops remained 
 there until the final settlement of the boundary dispute in 1842. In 
 1828, Congress made provision for a military road from Bangor to 
 Houlton, which was completed in 1830. This formed an excellent 
 
78 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 highway, and did much to open this fine region to pioneers. In 1837 
 an agent of the Federal Government, while engaged in taking a census 
 of the French near the Madawaska river, was arrested and imprisoned ; 
 but on conference between the government of New Brunswick and the 
 United States government, he was released. Again in 1839, it was 
 reported to the State authorities that New Brunswick lumbermen 
 were engaged in taking away large quantities of timber from the dis- 
 puted territory. This was the opening of the " Aroostook war," an 
 account of which will be found in the article on the civil history of the 
 State, in the first part of this volume. Following this disturbance the 
 settlement of the county received a great impetus. In 1843 the county 
 was enlarged by additions from Penobscot, and in 1844 from Piscata- 
 quis and Somerset counties. The county is divided by the State sur- 
 vey into 181 townships, and into tliree registration districts. There 
 are now 34 incorporated towns and 28 organized plantations. The 
 towns are Amity, Ashland, Benedicta, Blaine, Bridgewater, Caribou, 
 Easton, Fort Fairfield, Fort Kent, Frenchville, Grand Isle, Haynes- 
 ville, Hersey, Hodgdon, Houlton, Island Falls, Linneus, Limestone, 
 Littleton, Ludlow, Madawaska, Mapleton, Mars Hill, Masardis, Mays- 
 ville, Monticello, NewLimerick, Orient, Presquelsle, Sherman, Smyrna, 
 Washburn, Weston, and Woodland. The valuation of these in 1870 
 was $4,995,685. In 1880 it was $5,225,834. The taxable polls in 1870 
 was 5,212. In 1880 they numbered 7,734. The population in 1870 
 was 29,609. In 1880 it was 41,700. 
 
 ArrOWSiC, in Sagadahoc Qounty, is a town and an island sit- 
 uated in the Kennebec river, near its moutli. The small portion of 
 the Kennebec that turns eastward around this island, then southward 
 between Georgetown and Arrowsic, is called Sasanoa. On the 
 north of Arrowsic is Woolwich, on the west of the northern part is 
 Bath, and west of the southern is Phippsburg. The island is nearly 7 
 miles in length from north to south, and averages about 1 mile in 
 width. It contains some 5,000 acres. There is a considerable hill at 
 the southern part, and the middle of the island is generally highest, 
 but the elevation is small. The southern point bears the name of Bald 
 Head. There is very little marsh, several inlets, and near the middle 
 of the island is Sewall's Pond, — a sheet of fresh water about three- 
 fourths of a mile long and one-fourth wide. Fisher's Eddy, near the 
 middle of the western side, forms a small harbor. Iron ore is found 
 on the island, and a mineral was for some time mined here, which was 
 ground in a crushing mill at Bath, for use as a substitute for emery in 
 grinding and polishing metals. The town has four saw mills, all oper- 
 ated by tide power. The soil is a clay loam. Potatoes, corn, barley, 
 beans and wheat yield well. 
 
 This island was purchased of the Indians by Major Clarke and 
 Captain Lake in 1654. At this time there was a fort on the N.E. side 
 of Arrowsic or in Woolwich which was occupied by one Hammond, 
 an old Indian trader. This fort was captured in August of the second 
 year of the first Indian war by the treachery of some squaws, who begged 
 for, and obtained, lodgings within it. The resentment of the Indians 
 is said to have been directed against this place on account of the loss 
 of furs and arms stolen by the English from some of their tribe. On 
 Arrowsic Island, about two miles distant from Hammond's, Clark and 
 
ASHLAND. 79 
 
 Lake had constructed a larger and stronger fort. They had also in the 
 vicinity a mansion house, mills, out-buildings, cultivated fields and 
 domestic cattle. This flourishing establishment was surprised and 
 destroyed in the same incursion and by the same savages who destroyed 
 Hammond's. Captain Lake in attempting to escape was mortally 
 wounded. In answer to a petition of 26 men in their behalf, in 1679, 
 Governor Andros assigned to them the lower part of Arrowsic for a 
 compact settlement. Here they established themselves, therefore, and 
 built a fort, naming the place Newtown. In 1689 this settlement was 
 burnt by the Indians, with the exception of a single house. Again, a 
 short time before the building of Fort Halifax on the river opposite 
 the present Waterville, the Norridgewock Indians made a descent 
 upon Arrowsic, killing a Mr. Preble while he was at work in his field, 
 in what is now Woolwich, — then murdered his wife and three 
 children, and carried three more to Canada. After peace was made in 
 1761, Captain Harnden, a relative of theirs, visited Canada and ob- 
 tained the release of the children. The Island was three times (in 
 1676, 1689 and 1722) swept nearly clean of inhabitants by the savages. 
 Remains of cellars and dwellings are still to be seen memorials of the 
 pioneers and of Indian savagery. 
 
 Arrowsic was ■ originally embraced in Georgetown, but in 1841 it 
 was set off and incorporated under its present name. The first known 
 house of worship in the Sagadahoe region was erected probably about 
 1660, at the northern point of the island. In the southern part was 
 built, in 1761, the meeting house of the first parish of Georgetown. 
 The present house of worship in Arrowsic belongs to the Methodists. 
 Arrowsic has two schoolhouses, valued with their lots, at $400. The 
 valuation of the town in 1870 was $103,093. In 1880, it was $86,398. 
 The rate taxation in the latter year was 22 mills on a dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 252. ' In 1880 it was 255. 
 
 AslldLalG, a post-office in Sagadahoc County. 
 
 AshlB/Ild is situated near the middle of Aroostook County. 
 Buchanan plantation bounds it on the north, andJMasardis on the south. 
 In the township at the east stands Haystack Mountain, and about two 
 townships distant, at the south-west, is the Aroostook range of moun- 
 tains. The surface of the town is generally even. The Aroostook 
 river runs in an oxbow form through the town, with the principal bend 
 toward the west. The Little Machias, forming the outlet of Portage Lake, 
 comes in at the north-west corner of the town, and Big Machias, hav- 
 ing its source in several lakes in the southern interior of the county, 
 comes in at the middle of the western line. On the first are Kendall's 
 Mills, and the second Flint's. Numerous streams rise and run south- 
 ward in the eastward part of the town, emptying into a tributary of 
 the Aroostook river. The manufactures are lumber, starch, cheese, 
 etc. The settlements are principally along the Aroostook River. The 
 village is on the east side of the river near the middle of the town. 
 There is a bridge across the Aroostook near this point, which is 850 
 feet in length. This point is 66 miles northwest of Houltan, by stage- 
 road via Presque Isle, and is also the terminus of stage-lines from 
 Patten to Fort Kent. The nearest railroad connection is at Caribou, 
 80 miles distant. 
 
80 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The settlement was begun about 1835 by William Dalton, who in 
 that year made his habitation at the junction of the Big Machias with 
 the Aroostook. Benjamin Howe followed a year or two afterward, 
 settling on the Aroostook a short distance above Dalton. The 
 township was lotted by Noah Barker during the years 1839-40. The 
 Fairbanks road, leadinsj to Presque Isle, was opened at the same date. 
 The Aroostook road, which extends from the military road 7 miles 
 above Mattawamkeag Point to the north line of this township, though 
 cut through a year or two previous, was not made passable till about 
 1843. The Fish River road, surveyed and opened in 1839, runs from 
 the terminus of the former noi-therly to the mouth of Fish River. 
 There is also a road running from this point to the Allagash River. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1862, under the name of Ashland. 
 Tn 1869 the name was changed to D.alton, in honor of the first settler, 
 but it was changed back to Ashland in 1876. The town is favored 
 with churches of the Episcopalians, Congregationalists and Free Bap- 
 tists. Ashland has five public school-liouses, and the total school prop- 
 erty is valued at $2,000. The valuation of the town in 1870 was 
 $98,531. In 1880 it was 190,725. The population in 1880 was 505. 
 
 AtllGllS is situated m the southern part of Somerset Countyj 
 the south-western angle of Piscataquis county resting on the north- 
 eastern angle of the town. It is bounded on the north by Brighton, 
 east by Harmony, south by Cornville and Hartland, and west by Solon. 
 The northern, middle and southern portions of the town are generally 
 level, but there is a group of hills in the east and broad hills or elevated 
 plateaus in the south-western part. Tlie latter is above a square mile 
 in area, und has numerous dwellings. The hills in the eastern part 
 bear the names of Lord's and Stickney's hills and Porcupine Mountain 
 the last being the highest. The principal slieets of water are Went, 
 worth and Barker Ponds ; the first having an area of one by three miles, 
 the last of one by two miles. The Wesserunsett River formed in the 
 southern part of the town by the union of its several tributaries, fur- 
 nishes the water power at Athens village. Wentworth Pond, situated 
 upon the northern part of the western line, furnishes by its outlet 
 several powers, including that at Fellow's Mills, near the centre of the 
 town. On this stream and on the Wesserunsett, at Athens village, are 
 two circular saw mills, three shingle mills and two grist mills. Other 
 manufacture sare carriages, harnesses, boots and shoes, cabinet work, etc. 
 Athens is 12 miles north north-west of Skowhegan, which affords the 
 nearest railroad connection. The town is on the Skowhegan and 
 Moosehead Lake and the Skowhegan and Athens stage lines. It is 50 
 miles from Augusta. Athens village has several streets well shaded 
 with maple and elm, and attractive for their pleasant residences. Gran- 
 ite is the principal rock in the town. The soil is chiefly clay loam. The 
 chief agricultural product is hay, but good crops of grain and potatoes 
 are obtained. Pease Spring has a local celebrity, and should be better 
 known. 
 
 Athens was settled about 1782, and was incorporated in 1804. 
 The town has a good Union church. Somerset Academy is an insti- 
 tution of good repute and furnishes the high school instruction of the 
 town. The number of public school houses is fourteen ; which, with 
 ihe connected property, are valued at $4,000. The valuation of the 
 
AUBURN. 81 
 
 town in 1870 was $428,069. In 1880, it was $367,878. The rate of 
 taxation in 1880 was 13 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 1,540. In 1880, it was 1,310, 
 
 Atkinson is situated in the southernpart of Piscataquis 
 county. It is bounded north by Sebeo, east by Orneville, west by 
 Dover, and south by Charleston, in Penobscot county. The surface is 
 rolKng and the soil generally good ; the poorer portions mostly lying 
 in a body along Alder Stream. The titles are from Vaughn and Merrick, 
 of Hallo well, who purchased of Massachusetts at twenty-five cents an 
 acre. They commenced selling lots about 1801, but soon after disposed 
 of what remained to Judge Atkinson and Oliver Crosby, of Dover, 
 New Hampshire. It was lotted out for them in 1807 by Andrew 
 Strong into one hundred acre lots. The town was incorporated in 
 1819, and named in honor of Judge Atkinson, who had given the 
 inhabitants a library of one hundred volumes. What water-power the 
 town has is near the centre, on Alder Stream, and on Dead Stream 
 near the south-eastern part. 
 
 Upon the first of these, in 1807, the Colcord brothers, from Bangor, 
 put up a saw miU and grist mill ; and similar mills are still in operation 
 there. 
 
 The first settler was Bylcy Lyford, who called the first town-meeting 
 on a warrant issued by W. R. Lowney, Esq. In 1820, Oliver Crosby, 
 one of the two principal proprietors, moved into town and commenced 
 farming on a large scale; holding for his own use 700 acres. His 
 buildings were large and elegant, his orchard and grounds adjoining 
 were laid out in a tasteful manner, and his farming was skilful and 
 successful. Mr. Crosby was a native of Billerica, Massachusetts, and 
 a member of the bar in that commonwealth. He reared a large family ; 
 of whom two at least have been widely known and esteemed, — ^the late 
 William C. Crosby of Bangor, and Hoa Josiah Crosby of Dexter. 
 
 There are a Methodist and a Free Baptist church in the town. 
 Atkinson has a school fund of $2,000 arising mainly from the sale of 
 land reserved for educational purposes. It has ten public school houses, 
 valued at $4,000. The valuation in 1870 was $234,271, In 1880, it 
 was $180,902. The population in 1870 was 810. By the census of 
 1880, it was 828. 
 
 AUDUrn, the shire town of Androscoggin lies on the west side 
 of Androscoggin River opposite Lewiston. Durham bounds it on the 
 south-east, New Gloucester on the south-west, Poland lies west of the 
 middle portion, Minot, on the north-west and Turner on the north. It is 
 upwards of 12 miles in length, 6 miles above the falls on the Andros- 
 coggin and 6 below, and having an average width of about 4|- miles. 
 Its area is something over 50 square miles, about one-sixth of which ia 
 covered by its two larger ponds. The Indians formerly had a fort on 
 the high ground at the junction of the two rivers, which was destroyed 
 by Major Church in 1690. It is stated in one of the published 
 accounts of this expedition, that a number of Indians ran out of the 
 fort toward the falls as Church's men entered it from the side next the 
 Little Androscoggin. The white men followed after, but lost sight of 
 
82 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 them near the falls. At length they were led to suppose that the 
 savages were hidden behind the falling sheet of water, and discharged 
 their guns into it. when the body of an Indian was seen floating away 
 over the boiling waters, staining them with blood. Traces of their 
 cornfields were formerly observed on the plain above and westward of 
 the falls, and several skeletons have been exhumed in the vicinity of 
 Goff's Block. The skeletons were generally in a sitting posture with 
 wampum and their war clubs in their hands. The Little Androscoggin 
 crosses the middle of the town from the west to the larger river. 
 About one-fourth of a mile from its mouth it descends 70 feet in a short 
 distance, furnishing a water power equal to 2,870 horse-power, or 
 114,800 spindles. About 2^ miles above this there is a descent 
 over ledges where 20 feet head could be obtained, which would 
 yield about 800 horse power, or 33,600 spindles. At Deer Rips, on 
 the Androscoggin, Little Wilson Pond, Auburn Lake, and Taylor Pond 
 are also powers, several of which are improved by saw and grist mills. 
 On the lower fall of the Little Androscoggin is a cotton mill of about 
 20,000 spindles, called the Barker Mill, and another is contemplated. At 
 the outlet of Lake Auburn are a peg, saw, grist and box mills, and a fur- 
 niture factory. This pond is 4 miles long and 2 wide, its area being 
 about 1,968 acres. It is a beautiful sheet of water, and is becoming 
 quite a pleasure resort. There are numerous boats, and one or 
 more small steamers at the service of pleasure parties, and two or more 
 hotels furnish comfortable entertainment. Auburn mineral spring is 
 near by. The face of the country at a little distance from the river is 
 generally elevated, and good roads wind among the hills and valleys 
 and the small tracts of woodland, and past neat farm houses and thrifty 
 farms, affording many agreeable drives. The four principal villages 
 are known as Auburn, West, North, and East Auburn. 
 
 There were in January, 1880, fourteen large shoe factories in town. 
 One of these is at "West Auburn, another at North Auburn, and the 
 remainder at the principal village, at the falls of the Androscoggin. 
 These factories give employment to upwards of 2,000 persons, includ- 
 ing both sexes, young and old. The amount of capital employed in 
 the shoe business is about $1,000,000, and the annual payroll is 
 about $630,000. The number of cases of boots and shoes made in 
 1879 was 67,334 ; their value being $8,750,000. The number of pounds 
 of leather received during the year was 5,580,842. In 1880 the shoe 
 product of the city was carried up to four and a half million pairs, an 
 increase of 500,000 pairs over 1879. The Barker Mill, manufacturing 
 cotton cloth, in 1880 increased its product 200,000 yards above that of 
 tho previous year, bringing the figures up to 4,000,000 yards. In 
 addition to the manufactures already mentioned are a large tannery, a 
 last factory, a shoe-findings factory, the workshop of the Auburn Valve 
 Company, including a brass foundry and a machine shop, a box fac- 
 tory, making shoe and other boxes, a carriage and sleigh factory, a 
 large brick yard, a paper box factory, and several other lesser manu- 
 factories. 
 
 The capital employed m other manufactures is equal to that in 
 ihe shoe business, and the annual product is about $400,000. The 
 total value of manufactures in Auburn for 1878 was $4,100,000. It was 
 larger in 1879, and will probably be larger still in 1880. The number 
 of females employed in the shoe manufacture is given at 589 ; and in 
 
AUBURN. 83 
 
 manufacturing of all kinds, 800. The number of males employed in 
 the shoe business is stated at 1,508 ; and in manuf actui'ing of all kinds, 
 1,700. The total number of persons employed in manufactories in 
 town is about 2,500. Auburn has two savings banks and two national 
 banks. 
 
 The Grand Trunk railroad has a branch (Lewiston and Auburn 
 Railroad) passing through the middle of the town, while the Maine 
 Central passes through northward, sending brandies up and down the 
 river, by which easy connection is furnished to all parts of the State. 
 There are many fine residences about the villages ; the height on the 
 west of the city being notable for these and for its charming views 
 along both rivers. Auburn is lighted by gas from the Barker Mill, and 
 from the Lewiston Gas Light Company ; and an aqueduct furnishes 
 spring water to the houses. 
 
 The high school building (formerly the Edward Little Institute, 
 and earlier, the Lewiston Falls Academy) is a handsome edifice of brick, 
 in a fine situation. In the school grounds in front of this building is a 
 fine statue in bronze of Edward Little, the principal benefactor of the old 
 Lewiston Falls Academy. The statue is by Simmons. It occupies an 
 eminent position, and is an elegant addition to the vicinity. The city 
 has for several years sustained a system of graded schools which re- 
 ceive the earnest support of the inhabitants. The county building, 
 containing the court-room and offices, — a handsome edifice of brick, — 
 was erected in 1856-7, at a cost of about $100,000. "Adjoining is the 
 county jail and workshop, also of brick. Near by is an excellent two- 
 story building of brick, built by the city for the accommodation of its 
 government. Hon. C. W. Walton, formerly representative in the 
 national Congress, now a popular judge of the Supreme Judicial 
 Court of Maine, resides in Auburn. 
 
 In the early period of the town the titles were conflicting. When 
 incorporated, it included a large part of Bakerstown (now Poland), 
 Minot, and only the northern half of what is now Auburn. The whole 
 of this territory was first incorporated as the town of Poland, in 1795. 
 In 1802 that part now Minot and a part of the present Auburn was set 
 off. The two were separated, and Auburn incorporated in 1842. In 
 1869, the small portion of Danville lying north of the Little Andros- 
 coggin River was annexed to Auburn. In 1867, the remainder of the 
 town of Danville was annexed. Its name still lingers in the minor 
 village of Danville Junction, and the post offices of West Danville and 
 Danville Corners. In 1868 Auburn was incorporated as a city. 
 
 The General Court of Massachusetts in 1736 made a grant of a 
 township of land to certain officers and soldiers as pay for their ser- 
 vices in an expedition to Canada under captains John March, Stephen 
 Greenhall and Philip Nelson, in 1690. The first township assigned 
 them under the name of Bakerstown was found to be in New Hamp- 
 shire , and on their petition another was granted them of seven and a 
 half miles square, occupying in part the present city of Auburn, — the 
 location not to interfere with the Pejepscot claim or the town of New 
 Gloucester. It having been found that there was an interference with 
 the former, a new location was ordered, and Mr. Amos Davis was ap- 
 pointed to make the survey at the expense of the proprietors, which 
 was done. Two years later it was discovered that the new location 
 also was wrong ; and the General Court ordered Davis to revise his 
 
84 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 survey. In 1787, the State of Massachusetts sold to John Bridgham 
 and John Glover all the land belonging to that commonwealth lying 
 between the towns of New Gloucester, Gray, Otisfield and Shepherd- 
 field (now Hebron and Oxford), and appointed Samuel Titcomb to 
 survey the same. As surveyed by him, the tract included all of 
 Bakerstown, excepting about 1,100 acres. There was also the settler's 
 claim ; so that Colonel Moses Little (who had been the agent of the 
 Bakestown proprietors from the first) found it neither a small nor a 
 pleasant matter to secure what he deemed to be his rights. Finally 
 he held his own against later grants, while Massachusetts purchased of 
 the Pejepscot proprietors that portion of their territory which she had 
 given to the Bakerstown proprietors. 
 
 Colonel Little's son Josiah succeeded him in the management of 
 his lands in Maine, which included a large extent of Bakerstown and 
 of the Pejepscot Patent. Josiah's son Edward became his successor 
 in respect to the Maine lands, and eventually became a resident of the 
 vicinity of Lewiston Falls. Here he was active in all public affairs, 
 and was a chief mover in the formation of the first Congregational 
 church in this place. In 1835, he and eleven others became the cor- 
 porators of Lewiston Falls Academy, — to which Mr. Little gave nine 
 acres of land in a suitable location as a site for the school. He also 
 contributed to erecting the building, and later, gave to the institutioit 
 a new house and a large lot valued at that time at 13,000. 
 
 West Auburn village is, situated upon a broad elevated ridge on the 
 west side of Auburn Lake, about 5 miles from Lewiston Falls. It was 
 settled in 1789. The first meeting-house in town was erected at this 
 place in 1805. During the lifetime of Jonathan Scott, the first minister, 
 it was occupied exclusively by the Congregationalists. After his death 
 in 1819, the house was used by the Baptists and Universalists, also, 
 according to the amount owned in it by each. 
 
 East Auburn situated about 3 miles from the Falls, at the outlet of 
 Lake Auburn, was settled in 1797, by William Briggs. The first grist 
 mill in town was built at this place before 1793, when a saw mill was 
 built. A second gi-ist mill was built in 1799. The first Baptist meet- 
 ing-house was built in 1819. The first school was taught by Daniel 
 Briggs in 1798. 
 
 The southern portion of the present city of Auburn was incorporated- 
 in 1802 as the town of Pejepscot. It was included in the Pejepscot 
 purchase, except a gore of about 4,000 acres, sometimes called the Little 
 Gore. In 1819 its name was changed to Danville. In 1852 it re- 
 ceived a small addition of territory from the eastern part of Poland. 
 Later the whole was absorbed in Auburn, as has been stated. The 
 first settlement in Pejepscot is reputed to have been by one family in 
 1764, and the Gore in 1777 by James Wagg, from Brighton, England. 
 Mr. Eowe came in from Cape Ann in 1780. Thomas Bailey built a 
 saw mill on the Little Androscoggin River in 1780. It has been 
 known as ZSTason's mill ; and it supplied the inhabitants with lumber 
 for 52 years. Hon. Robert Martin, born in New Gloucester in 1800, 
 came into Poland — now Auburn — in 1809 with his parents, and settled 
 on the place he now occupies. He has therefore lived in two states, 
 two counties, three towns, and one city, without change of residence. 
 
 In the war of the Rebellion, Auburn sent into the army of the 
 Union 430 real flesh and blood men, and also paid for 5 " paper men." 
 
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86 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 All these real men were obtained by voluntaiy enlistment except 15 
 who were drafted. Of the 15 drafted, 4 entered the service, 4 fur- 
 nished substitutes, and 7 paid each $300 commutation money. Seven 
 residents of Auburn enlisted in the navy. Of the whole number fur- 
 nished by Auburn, only 13 are known to have been killed in 
 battle, but there were some missing after battles who have never been 
 accounted for. One man lost a leg another an arm. Twenty died 
 while in the army, or soon after getting home, of disease contracted in 
 the army. The town paid in bounty money $62,365.60 for enlistments, 
 and to drafted men $2,376,91. The portion of Auburn which was then 
 Danville, sent into the army, according to the Adjutant-General's re- 
 port, 148 men. 
 
 Auburn has in the central village. Baptist, Free Baptist, Congrega- 
 tional, Methodist and Universalist churches, three or more of them 
 being imposing edifices. A public library in the city has about 4,000 
 volumes. The number of public school-houses in town is twenty- 
 eight. The estimated value of the school property is $86,200. The 
 total amount of money actually expended for schools by the city in the 
 in the year commencing April 1, 1878 to April 1, 1879, was $13,507. 
 The valuation of estates in Auburn in 1870, was $2,918,101. In 1880 
 it was $5,099,446. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 17^ 
 mills on a dollar. The population at the same date was 6,169 ; in 1880, 
 9,568. The city has two national and two savings banks. A news- 
 paper called the " Greenback Labor Chronicle " has been published iu 
 the city for a few years. Its publishers have recently changed. Its 
 day of publication is Thursday. (See Lewiston.) 
 
 AugllStci, the capital of the State and shire town of Ken- 
 nebec County, is situated upon both sides of the Kennebec River, its 
 north-western part being near the centre of the county of Kennebec. 
 The towns of Sidney and Vassalboro form its northern boundary, 
 Windsor, the eastern, Chelsea and Hallowell the southern and Man- 
 chester the western. The territory extends about 10 miles from east 
 to west, and 6 from north to south. Its principal streams are 
 Kennebec River, Bond Brook, and Woromontogus Stream. The 
 pond of the same name in the eastern part of the town, is the largest 
 of the ponds, containing If square miles. Others are Three-cornered 
 Pond, Spectacle, Dam, Tolman, Greely, Little Togus, and several smaller. 
 The surface of the town is uneven, but there are no liigh hills. The 
 underlying rock is granite. The soil is productive, and the town has 
 long been noted for the excellence of its agriculture, and the fine qual- 
 ity of its domestic animals. There is but one village. The Maine 
 Central (formerly Kennebec and Portland) railroad follows the river 
 on the west side from Brunswick to the principal station, then crosses 
 the river diagonally on a graceful iron bridge, and ascends on the east 
 side. The two parts of the town are also connected by a free bridge 
 450 feet in length. It is of wood, but of large timbers well put to- 
 gether, and kept in the best repair. 
 
 The chief manufactures of Augusta are cotton cloths, lumber, sash, 
 doors and blinds, broom-handles excelsior steam engines, railroad 
 cars, stone cutters' tools, shoes, butter-salt, box-tubing, cemetery 
 monuments, furniture, flour and meal, etc. Water is the principal 
 motive power, but three or more factories use steam power. The 
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88 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 ■water-power is furnished by B ^d's Brook, which enters the Kennebec 
 at this place, and from a fall of 15 feet in the Kennebec, which forms 
 the head of the tide. The volume of water passing the fall, as measured 
 in 1866, was 175,000 cubic feet per minute for the mean run through 
 the summer. 
 
 The Freeman's National Bank, in this city, has a. capital stock of 
 $100,000. The capital of the Granite National Bank is $150,000. 
 Augusta Savings Bank at the commencement of the fiscal year of 1880, 
 held in deposits and profits, $2,877,529,41. The Kennebec Savings 
 Bank held at the same time $334,644,73. 
 
 Several newspapers and weekly journals are published at Augusta. 
 Of these, the " Maine Farmer," " Gospel Banner," and " Kennebec 
 Journal" are the oldest, and each is excellent in its department. The last 
 has also a daily edition throughout the year. The two first are neutral in 
 politics, the latter republican. The " Home Farm " is a new eight page 
 paper, devoted, as its name indicates, to the improvement and profit of 
 the home and farm. It is an attractive sheet for a small price, and 
 is published weekly by Boardman and Owen, The leading democratic 
 paper is the " New Age." Others are the popular " People's Literary 
 Companion," published weekly by E. C. Allen & Co., and devoted chief- 
 lytostories; the "Illustrated Family Herald," which has someverygood 
 points, — published monthly by True & Co.; the "Fireside Visitor," a 
 pleasing paper for the winter evenings, another monthly, published by 
 P. O.Vickery; the " Illustrated Monthly," and " Illustrated Family Mag- 
 azine," — published monthly by Shaw & Co., — both excellent in their way. 
 The "Maine Farmer's Almanac" is now published here by Chas. E. Nash, 
 
 The public buildings of Augusta are the State House, an imposing 
 edifice of white granite, on a commanding site ; the State Insane 
 Asylum, the county court-house and the jail, both of granite, — the 
 latter of an elegant architecture. Among the handsome private build- 
 ings are St. Catherine's Hall (the building of the Episcopal School), the 
 Augusta House, Granite Block, Meionaon Hall, and several notable 
 private dwelling-houses. The finest business edifices in the city are 
 those constituting the publishing establishment of E. C. Allen & 
 Co., illustrations of which are given. The main building is hand- 
 some and very substantially built. Its ground dime.nsions are 65 by 53 
 feet. The addition — completed a few months since — is of equal size 
 and height. It is constructed of granite, brick and iron, the walls being 
 two feet thick. Though over 100 tons of rapid machinery are 
 in it, yet scarcely the slightest tremor can be perceived. Each story is 
 supplied with a fire apparatus, and sufficient water can be instantly 
 turned on to extinguish any fire that can originate in the building. A 
 steam elevator runs from the bottom to the top capable of carrying a 
 load of five tons from the first floor to the sixth story in thirty seconds. 
 The buildings contain sixteen presses ; seven of which are Hoe's largest 
 and most rapid machines, being capable of printing over five tons of 
 paper daily. In these buildings are also composing rooms, a bindery and 
 a superior electrotype foundery. The machinery is run by three engines, 
 one of which is a Corliss machine weighing some 50,000 pounds, and 
 costing $10,000. The cost of the buildings and machinery has been about 
 $300,000. Nearly 500 persons are employed in connection with this 
 establishment. The steam whistle upon the top of the extension, which 
 calls the employes to their labor and releases them from it, is sounded 
 
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THE PUBLISHING HOUSE 
 
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 E. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Me. 
 
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AUGUSTA. 91 
 
 on perfect time, wherefore the clocks for many miles around are quite 
 generally regulated by it. 
 
 Handsome shade trees of all sizes and ages adorn the streets, and 
 groups and even groves of them are here and there seen clustering 
 about some ancient mansion. The village of Augusta occupies the 
 successive terraces on each side of the river, so that the business portions 
 are little above the surface of the river, while others seem at an almost 
 mountainous elevation. That part of the city proper lying on the 
 western bank of the river is supplied with water by two aqueducts, — one 
 of them fed wholly by boiling springs. The upper terraces along the 
 river are regarded as very healthy localities. There are many persons 
 living the city who are between eighty and ninety years of age, and 
 some above the latter age. 
 
 Among the objects of interest in the town is a portion of old Fort 
 Western, on the east side of the river, a short distance below the 
 bridge. This was built in 1754 by the proprietors of the Plymouth pur- 
 chase, to whom the ownership of the grant of territory to the Ply- 
 mouth colony had finally come. This grant was made to the Plymouth 
 colony. North Virginia (or New England) Company in 1629. They 
 immediately made use of it for the fur trade ; and as early as 1629 had 
 erected a trading house at Cushnoc — now Augusta. A powerful sub- 
 tribe of the Canibas Indians then resided in the vicinity. In the 
 second Indian war all the improvements on the river were laid waste 
 After the peace of 1713, a stone fort, said to be the strongest then in the 
 country, was built under the direction of Dr. Noyes. The succeeding 
 wars again devastated the place ; and so little was left of the stone fort 
 that Fort Western was constructed wholly of wood. Though in 1675 
 there were reckoned to be 100 inhabitants on the Kennebec — many of 
 whom must have been at Cushnoc — the place was desolate so many 
 years that James Howard, who commanded Fort Western, is con- 
 sidered by local historians as the first settler. Others of the early set- 
 tlers were James Page and Moses Greely, Ephraim Cowan and Daniel 
 Hilton, Williams, Hamlin, Sewall, Titcomb, Bridge, Fuller, Robin- 
 son, Flagg, Cony, Stone, Ingraham, Dillingham, Smith, North, Savage, 
 Church, Rice, Gage, Chandler, Emery, and Dorr. The j)lace was 
 incorporated as a part of Hallowell in 1771, but was set off and in- 
 corporated under the name of Harrington in 1797, the change to the 
 present name (Augusta) being made the same year. It became the 
 shire town of the county in 1798, and the cai^ital of the State in 1828. 
 The capitol was finished in 1832, the Insane Asylum in 1840, and the 
 corner stone of the Arsenal was laid in June, 1828. The dam of the 
 river at this point was completed in 1838, and the first cotton mill 
 erected in 1845. In 1849, Augusta was incorporated as a city, Alfred 
 Reddington being the first mayor. Subsequent mayors have been J., 
 A. Pettengill, Samuel Cony, Joseph W. Patterson, Albert G. Dole, 
 James W. North, Sylvanus Caldwell, Wm. T. Johnson, Daniel Wil- 
 liams, Samuel Titcomb, J. J. Eveleth, Daniel A. Cony, and Chas. E. 
 Nash, and Peleg O. Vickery. 
 
 Many eminent persons have been natives or residents of Augusta. 
 Hon. Reuel Williams, a native and resident, was twice chosen a mem- 
 ber of the national Senate. Luther Severance, founder of the " Ken- 
 nebec Journal," served with marked ability as representative in Con- 
 gress. Hon. James W. Bradbury, a native of Parsonsfield, but a resi- 
 
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92 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 dent of Augusta for about fifty years, has filled with ability prominent 
 positions under the State government, served a term in the national 
 Senate. Lot M. Morrill, formerly governor of the State and national 
 Senator, became a resident in early manhood. Hon. .Tames G. Blaine, 
 became a resident when a young man, represented the district in Con- 
 gress for several terms, and served as speaker of the House with dis- 
 tinguished ability. He was one of the principal candidates for the 
 presidency of the nation in 1876, and was in the same year elected to 
 the Senate. Hon. R. D. Rice, formerly a judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the State, is a resident of Augusta. Among present 
 eminent citizens are Hon. Artemas Libbey, a judge of the same 
 court, Hon. James W. North, historian and, for several terms, mayor 
 of the city ; Hon. William P. Whitehouse, judge of the Superior 
 Court; Hon. Joseph H. Williams, once governor of Maine; Hon. 
 John L. Stevens, formerly minister to Paraguay and later minister 
 resident at Stockholm; and Hon. Selden Connor, a brigadier-gen'- 
 eral in the war of the Rebellion, and governor of Maine for three 
 terms. Edward Stanwood, Esq., managing editor of the "Boston 
 Advertiser," was a native of this town. Augusta sent about 1,000 
 men into the army during the war of the Rebellion, of whom some 200 
 were lost. Their monument consists of a bronze figure of Liberty 
 mounted upon a granite pedestal. Upon the faces of the latter are 
 bronze dies representing the career of the volunteer soldier, and bronze 
 emblems of State and Nation. The total height of the monument is 
 about forty-eight feet. 
 
 The leading denominations all have church edifices, and sustain 
 regular preaching. The granite church of the Congregation alists is a 
 noble building and occupies ample and attractive grounds. The de- 
 nomination siistained meetings long before there was a church edifice 
 in town. 
 
 The educational facilities of the city are supplied by the Dirigo 
 Business College, and a graded system of public schools. The school- 
 houses belonging to the city number 33, and are valued at $55,000. 
 
 The valuation of Augusta in 1870 was $4,881,135. In 1880 it was 
 $5,168,964. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 21 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 7,808. In 1880 it had increased to 8,667. 
 
 Aurora is situated on a branch of Union River, in the 
 
 northern part of Hancock county. It is on the " Air Line " road, 24 
 miles from Ellsworth, and 25 from Bangor. The territory is six miles 
 square, giving an area of 23,040 square miles. Its soil is a gravelly 
 loam, and can be worked earlier in the spring than than that of any 
 other town on Union River. Wheat is the principal crop. The pre- 
 vailing rock is a coarse granite, which is decomposed by infiltration, 
 and is used to " gravel " the highways. Spruce Mountain is the 
 greatest eminence. In the eastern part of the town is one of those 
 alluvial ridges known as " horsebacks," bearing the name of Whale's 
 Back. The " Air Line " road passes over it for a distance of 3|^ miles. 
 The longest bridge in town — 100 feet — is of stone. The roads run 
 over the hardwood hills, which were principally occupied by the first 
 settlers, and afford pleasant views. The woods are generally of pine, 
 spruce and hemlock. The " Middle Branch Ponds " are about a mile 
 in length by half a mile in width. 
 
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BAILEYVILLE. 93 
 
 Aurora was one of the " Lottery Townships," and was organized aa 
 Plantation No. 27 in 1822, and incorporated as a town in 1831. 
 Its name is from the mythological name for morning. Its first settlers 
 were four brothers, Samuel, Benjamin, David and Roswell Silsby, who 
 took up their abode in the township in 1805. Aurora furnished 27 
 soldiers in the war for the Union, paying bounties to the amount of 
 $1,983. There are two public schoolhouses, one of which is of brick ; 
 both having the value of $600. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $32,052. In 1880, it is $41,953. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 19 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 212. In 
 the census of 1880, it was 218. 
 
 Avon is a central town in the southern part of Franklin County- 
 Phillips bounds it on the north. Strong on the east. Weld on the west> 
 and Temple on the south. The form of the town is nearly square, 
 having an angle toward the N.N.E. Across this northern part, nearly 
 from west to east, runs Sandy River. At the south-west corner of 
 the town, with its precipitous southern front in Temple, stands Mount 
 Blue, whose summit is 2,804 feet above the ocean. Near it, at the 
 north-west, is Little Blue Mountain. From Mount Blue a line of peaks 
 extend eastward, decreasing in height until it terminates in the steep 
 bluff of Stubb's Mountain, forcing a right angle in the course of Sandy 
 River. Spruce Mountain is also in this line. South of Stubb's is 
 Day's Mountain, also on the border of the town. Temple Stream rises 
 on the southern slope of the range. Solitary eminences in other parts 
 of the town bear the names of Bald Hill, whiqh rests on the north- 
 western angle ; Phillip's Hill, south of the former ; and Sylvester Hill, 
 E.S.E. of the last. By the side of Sylvester Hill is the principal pond 
 in the town. There is no considerable village, and the nearest post- 
 offices are those in Strong and Phillips, not far from the town border. 
 There are two saw mills in the town, manufacturing all kinds of house 
 timber, plank, boards, joists, clapboards and shingles. 
 
 Avon is 15 miles north-west of Farmington. The Narrow Gauge 
 railroad from the latter town to Phillips passes through Avon. 
 
 The surface of the town is very uneven in the southern part. The 
 principal forest trees are maple, white birch, poplar and spruce. The 
 principal crop for market is hay. 
 
 Avon was settled soon after the Revolution, the first settlers being 
 Captain Joshua Soule and Captain Perkins Allen. These were soon 
 followed by Moses Dudley, Ebenezer Thompson, Mark Whitten, 
 Thomas Humphrey, Charles Dwelley, and Samuel and Jesse Ingraham. 
 The town was incorporated in 1802. Avon has eleven public school 
 houses ; and the school property is valued at $2,200. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $149,693. In 1880, it was $149,347. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 5 mills on a dollar. The population in 
 1870 was 610. In 1880, it was 571. 
 
 Bag"a<illCG, the early name of the peninsula and region about 
 Castine, in Hancock County. 
 
 Baileyville is situated midway of the eastern side of Wash- 
 ington county, on the west bank of the St. Croix river. It is bounded 
 on the south by Baring, west by Princeton, and east by New Bruns- 
 
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94 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 wick. In dimensions it is about 15 miles in lengtTfi north and south 
 along the river, and about 4 miles in width. The St. Croix and Pen- 
 obscot railroad, connecting with Calais, runs across it from north-east 
 to south-west. The southern part of the town is 35 miles north of 
 Machias, on the stage-line from that place to Calais. There is a bridge 
 across the St. Croix here about 200 feet in length. 
 
 The principal sheet of water in the town is Bobbin's Pond, having 
 an area of about 1 acre. Wapskehagan Mountain is the greatest ele- 
 vation of land, having an altitude of about 300 feet. Tho rock in 
 the town is granitic in character. The soil is divided between clay and 
 gravelly loam. Oats, wheat, potatoes, yield good crops. Trees of 
 hemlock, beech and gray birch constitute most of the forests, 
 
 William Anderson and Richard Lawler were prominent and 
 esteemed citizens of Bailey ville. Hon. William Delesdernier once re- 
 sided for some time in this town. 
 
 The principal religious society in town is the Baptist. Baileyville 
 has six public schoolhouses, and expends about 1700 per year in support 
 of schools. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 153,641. In 1880 it 
 was $53,061. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 3 per cent. 
 The population in 1870 was 377. In 1880 it was 376. 
 
 Baileyville, a small village in Winthrop, Kennebec County. 
 
 BOjldwin is situated on the south-western shore of Lake 
 Sebago, and constitutes the south-western corner of Cumberland 
 County. The town of Sebago bounds it on the north, Standish on the 
 east and south-east ; Hiram, in Oxford Cv^unty, on the west ; and Cor- 
 nish and Limington, in York County, on the south. The Saco r'ver, 
 in a curving line, forms almost the entire western, south-western and 
 southern boundary-line. Saddle-back Mountain is the principal emi- 
 nence, being about 2,000 feet in height. It affords fine views .of 
 Sebago Lake, its islands, and distant shores, with other ponds and 
 mountains. Upon it is a striking precipitous rock, 300 or 400 feet in 
 perpendicular height. The surface of the town is considerably broken, 
 but the soil is favorable to the growth of grass and grain. Much 
 attention is paid to the cultivation of fruit. At East Baldwin there 
 has recently been put in operation a factory for drying apples. There 
 is also a corn factory at this place which does considerable business. 
 The stock-farm of Colonel Mattocks is an establishment of much value 
 to the town, and of interest to visitors. 
 
 Baldwin has several small bodies of water, none exceeding half a 
 square mile in extent. The largest are Sand, Ingalls and Half-Moon 
 ponds. Quaker, Dug Hill and Break Neck brooks, respectively at the 
 southern, middle and northern parts of the town, next Saco, furnish 
 power for one or more board, stave and shook mills, each; and there is 
 a fine power on the Saco, called " Highland Fall," at about the middle 
 of the north line of Limington adjoining. West Baldwin and, at the 
 south, Baldwin Corner, are the principal villages. Along near the 
 Saco river, for the whole length of the town, runs the Portland and 
 Ogdensburg railway. At Baldwin Station this connects with stages 
 for Cornish, Kezer Falls, Porter and Freedom — the latter in New 
 Hampshire. At East Baldwin there is a flag station, and at West 
 Baldwin is a telegraph ofiice. 
 
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BANGOR. 95 
 
 The township of Baldwin, together with that of Sebago, was 
 granted m 1774 to the survivors of Captain Flint's comjjany, of Con- 
 cord, Mass. The town was incorporated in 1802, being named in 
 honor of Loammi Baldwin, one of the early settlers. It had previously 
 been called Flintstown, for the leader of the company before men- 
 tioned. Something was done for the establishment of religion and edu- 
 cation as early as 1800, but religious meetings were not frequent or 
 permanent until some twenty-four years later, when Rev. Noah Emer- 
 son was settled as pastor of the Congregational Church. At the same 
 time, the Methodists formed themselves into a society, and claimed a 
 part of the ministerial fund of the town, but the court decided 
 adversely to them. Each of these denominations, also the Baptist, has 
 its church edifice — the Congregation alists at East Baldwin, and the 
 Methodist at West Baldwin. The town has twelve public school- 
 houses, valued at $2,700. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $256,225. In 1880 it was $312,101. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 about 1^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,101. Bv the census 
 in 1880 it was 1,123. 
 
 Bancroft Plantation is situated in the south-eastern 
 part of Aroostook county, 30 miles south-south-east of Houlton. 
 The township is irregular, but about 6 miles square. The Matta- 
 wamkeag runs through the township in a general north-east to south- 
 west course; receiving on its way Brattle Brook, Baskahegan Stream, 
 and Hawkins Brook. The European and North American Railway 
 runs across the southern part of the township, having a station at Ban- 
 croft village in the south-eastern part. 
 
 The principal occupations of the people are farming and lumbering. 
 The forests have the usual varieties of woods. Kelly Hill is the princi- 
 pal eminence, having an altitude of about 1,000 feet. The soil is loamy 
 in some parts and sandy in others. Hay, wheat, oats and potatoes 
 yield good crops. 
 
 The first settlement was by Charles Gellerson, from Brighton, Me., 
 in 1830. The plantation was organized in 1840 — being named in honor 
 of George Bancroft, the historian. The Methodist denomination is the 
 only one tiiat has a church in the plantation. There is a public 
 library of about 100 volumes. There are three public school-houses ; 
 these, with other school property being valued at $1,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $35,093. In 1880, it was $48,961. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was one cent on a dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 177. In 1880, it was 247. 
 
 Bang'OI' is situated in the southern part of Penobscot County, 
 on the Penobscot River, about 60 miles from the sea and 30 from 
 the head of the bay, and has a harbor deep enough to float the largest 
 vessels. It is 250 miles from Boston and 140 miles from Portland. 
 It is the shire town and the only city in the county. It stretches 
 along the bank for six miles, and has an area of about 20,000 
 acres. The surface of the town is generally uneven. The city proper 
 occupies the shores of the Kenduskeag and the western bank of the 
 Penobscot at the junction of the two rivers. The latter river forms 
 the south-western boundary, separating it from Brewer, while the 
 
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96 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 course of the Kenduskeag through the town is from the north-north- 
 west. 
 
 The outcropping and underlying rocks are mostly slate. The soil 
 is clayey loam, with small areas of gravelly loam, while there is gener- 
 ally a hard pan of clay ; so that much of the land is relieved of water only 
 by thorough drainage. The water power of Bangor is a marked feature. 
 On the Penobscot, one mile above the harbor proper, is " Treat's Falls," 
 where in the dryest time, besides the quantity required in the sluice for 
 the passage of rafts of timber, there is available about 2,000 feet of 
 water per second for manufacturing purposes. It is calculated that 
 by the excellent dam of 15 feet in height, with flash-boards, the amount 
 of flowage available in the dryest time will reach 9,000 horse-powers. 
 On the Kenduskeag the powers are, — first,' "Drummond's Mills," 
 " McQuestion'8 Mills," "Bruce's Mills, "Hatch's Mills," the "Four 
 Mile Falls " and " Six Mile Falls." The power of this series may be 
 apprehended by the fact that Bruce's Mills (now flour mill) could saw 
 3,000,000 feet of boards annually. Bangor stands midway between the 
 great Maine forests and the sea. Her vesssels spaa the latter, while her 
 rivers gather in their branches, and bring down the vast product of forest 
 and mills from a wide belt extending nearly across the State. The 
 booms to hold the logs extend for miles along the river. Up to 1855, 
 there had been 2,999,847,201 feet of lumber surveyed at Bangor; be- 
 tween 1859 and 1869, 1,869,965,454 feet of long lumber were shipped 
 hence ; in 1868, 274,000,000 feet of short lumber (clapboards, laths and 
 shingles) were shipped ; and in 1872, there were 246,500,000 feet of 
 long lumber surveyed here. The total lumber crop of Maine in 1872 
 was about 700,000,000 feet of which 225,000,000 floated down the Penob- 
 scot. To transport these vast amounts of lumber to its markets, hun- 
 dreds of vessels must ascend this great thoroughfare of Maine, the 
 lordly Penobscot. 
 
 As might be supposed, many industries dependent or connected 
 with the lumber business floui-ish here. There are one or more saw 
 and water-wheel manufactures, three iron foundries, two brass foun- 
 dries, three machine shops; edge-tool, belting and boiler factories, 
 ship-yards, a door, sash and blind factory, seven barrel factories, five 
 brick-yards, a coffee and spice mill, four boot and shoe factories, three 
 carriage factories, a broom and brush factory, etc. 
 
 Besides the lumber manufactures within her own borders, Bangor 
 is the common shipping-place for the numerous mills and quarries up 
 the river and its branches, and has therefore extensive exports of 
 lumber, roofing slate and agricultural products. The city has been 
 the. second lumber mart of the world. Besides her coastwise business, 
 she has a large commerce with the West Indies and European ports ; 
 there are large entries as well as clearances at her custom house. No 
 other city of New England is the trade centre of so large a number of 
 rural towns as Bangor. The head of navigation in winter is at Bucks- 
 port, about 18 miles south, — with which Bangor is connected by the 
 Bucksport and Bangor railroad. The city is connected with the 
 southern interior and south-western portion of the State by means of 
 the Maine Central railroad and its branches; with the central section 
 of the State, embracing the slate region of southern Piscataquis 
 County, by the Bangor and Piscataquis railroad ; with the eastern, 
 north and south-eastern parts and with New Brunswick and the St. 
 
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BANGOR. 97 
 
 Lawrence valley by the European and North American railway ; with 
 Mount Desert and intermediate points, and with Portland, Boston and 
 New York, by steamboat lines ; and with the surrounding regions by 
 stage routes. Bangor is a central point of departure for Mount Desert, 
 the Provinces, and Katahdin and the Maine Wilderness. 
 
 Naturally, under such conditions, much wealth would accumulate in 
 the hands of prudent citizens, and such we find to be the case with 
 Bangor. The numerous banks, the fine residences, the finished ap- 
 pearance of the city, and the style of living show it. The land gradu- 
 ally rises from the rivers, affording fine views from several points, 
 especially from Thomas' hill, on the west side. Just at the shore of 
 the Penobscot there are level spaces, whereon stands most of the busi- 
 ness portion of the city; but as it recedes from the larger river, the 
 Kenduskeag forms a deep ravine, in which from the Valley road, 
 and still within the compass of the city proper, are to be seen steep, 
 woody banks and wild, almost insurmountable precipices. The heights 
 on either side of the stream are lined with streets well-shaded with 
 noble elms, and have many handsome residences. There are here, 
 also, many churches of good architecture and construction, fn the 
 business part of the city are many massive and substantial buildings, 
 conspicuous among which are Norombega Hall, a large wooden 
 building resting on piles in the midst of the Kenduskeaig. The lower 
 part of this building is used for a market, while in the upper part is a 
 hall capable of seating 2,000 persons. Opposite, on a bridge across 
 the river, is the United States building, containing the Customs and 
 Post Offices, — a neat structure of granite. Near by, in the broad, 
 deep, quiet stream of the Penobscot, anchor the largest as well as the 
 smallest ships, bearing the flags of all the great maritime nations ; 
 while beside them-, floating down with the current, may be a great 
 raft of logs or of sawed lumber, come down from the Upper Penobscot 
 for a market or the mills. 
 
 The locality of Bangor seemed to attract the early voyagers of the 
 French, Dutch, Spanish and English nations. As early as 1539 it was 
 spoken of under the name "Norombega," and was thought to be the 
 site of a famous city of that name. The name is perpetuated by the 
 principal hall of the city. Later it was known as Kenderquit, Con- 
 deskeag, and Kenduskeag ; and in 1769, it was " Kenduskeag Planta- 
 tion." The earliest record preserved in the archives of the city, is 
 dated March 27, 1787. The aboriginal inhabitants of the region were 
 known to the English as the Tarratines. Their principal seat in the 
 vicinity was near what is now known as the Red Bridge, near Treat's 
 Falls, where, later, was the business quarter of the early settlers. 
 The first post-ofBce of the town was here (established in 1800)', and 
 the post-master was Major Treat, from whom the falls have their 
 name. Jacob Bussell, Buzzell, or Buswell, from Salisbury, Mass., was 
 the first settler ; removing his family to the place in 1769. At this 
 time there had been born to him nine children. His son, Stephen 
 Bussell, with his wife, Lucy Grant, and Caleb Goodwin with his wife 
 and eight children, from Castine, followed in 1770. In 1771-2, the 
 settlement contained twelve families, many of them from Woolwich 
 and Brunswick, Maine. The first physician who practiced in Bangor 
 was John Herbert, in 1774. From this time until 1779, Dr. Herbert 
 led the meetings as exhorter, and taught school in the plantation. 
 
 7 
 
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98 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 In 1799 and 1800, to make up a deficiency in the lands held under the 
 Waldo patent, the General Court assigned the township to General 
 Knox, one of the proprietors of the patent, reserving, however, 113 
 lots of 100 acres each to the settlers. In 1779, a portion of the broken 
 fleet of Commodore Saltonstall was pursued and captured at the 
 mouth of the Kenduskeag ; but the victors, appear not to have harmed 
 the inhabitants. In 1814, however, Bangor was taken possession of 
 by a British force, ten vessels were burned ; stores, offices and deserted 
 dwellings were pillaged ; and the inhabitants weie rudely, and in some 
 cases, outrageously treated. In 1791, having acquired! 576 inhabi- 
 tants, the plantation, through its representative, the Rev. Setli Noble, 
 procured from the General Court an act of incorporation. They had 
 chosen for it the name, Sunbury, as being descriptive of the attractive 
 appearance of the place ; but when the speaker called for the name of 
 his town, Mr. Noble replied, " Bangor," — which was the name of his 
 favorite tune, — and this accidently or otherwise became the name of 
 the town. It was first represented in the General Court in 1806, by 
 James Thomas. The first bridge over the Kenduskeag was built in 
 1807, at a cost of $4,000; the Bangor Bridge Company was incorpor- 
 atcJ in 1828 ; and the first bridge over the Penobscot was completed 
 by them in 1832. It was 440 yards in length, and cost $50,000. A 
 portion of this was carried away by the great freshet of 1846, and was 
 rebuilt in 1847. The court-house was built in 1812. Peter Edes 
 established the first printing press in 181^ ; and near the close of the 
 same year he began the publication of the first newspaper, named the 
 "Bangor Weekly Register." He died in Bangor, March 29, 1889, 
 aged eighty-three years, being at that time the oldest printer in the 
 United States. The Bangor Theological Seminary received its char- 
 ter in 1814. It was at first located at Hampden (1816), and bore the 
 name of "Maine Chanty School;" but in 1819 it was removed to 
 Bangor. A classical school was connected with it for several years. 
 The buildings front on a broad, grassy slope in the highest part of the 
 city. It has five professors, about 600 alumni, and a library of 14,000 
 volumes. An academy was established in 1817, and the first bank in 
 1818. Bangor received her city charter in 1834, — the first mavor 
 being Allen Gilman. The business of the place increased rapidly" in 
 1833-4, and there was much speculation. In common with other 
 parts of the country the business of Bangor received a severe check, 
 but by 1840 it had mostly recovered. Since the latter date the busi- 
 ness and growth of the city have been steadily augmenting. Bangor 
 became a port of entry in 1847, and the custom house was built in 1 853-6. 
 The Bangor Orphan Asylum was organized in 1839. By the aid of a 
 legacy left by Mrs. Mary F. Pitcher, a larger and more substantial 
 edifice was built, and dedicated in 1869. The Bangor Gas Company 
 was incorporated in 1850, and the Bangor and Piscataquis Slate Com- 
 pany in 1855. The Home for Aged Women was incorporated in 1872. 
 The Holly Water-works at Treat's Falls went into operation in July, 
 1876. ■ _ _ ^ 
 
 Among the more distinguished residents of Bangor we should men- 
 tion, Francis Carr, member of Congress, in 1811 ; James Carr, son of 
 Francis, congressman in 1815; William D. Williamson, governor of 
 Maine in 1821, later a member of congress, and author of a history of 
 Maine ; Hannibal Hamlin, vice-president of the United States with 
 
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(continued on next leaf.) 
 
 BANGOE HOUSE. 
 
 The hotel accommodations of the city have been considered as quite 
 superior. The houses are the Bangor House, Penobscot Exchange, 
 Bangor Exchange, Fi'anklin House, and National House. The first is 
 an elegant structure, mainly of brick, occupying an entire square. The 
 railroad and steamboat depots are near it. Mr. F. O. Beal is proprietor 
 of both this and the Penobscot Exchange. 
 
 Bangor furnishes the only all-land route from the westward to Mount 
 Desert. Coaches are run daily (except Sunday), during the season, 
 from the Bangor House to Bar Harbor, affording what is said to be one 
 of the most beautiful drives of the country. 
 
 Here, also, is the most convenient starting point for some of the best 
 fishing-grounds in the world ; while along the north side of the Bangor 
 and Piscataquis railroad, which conveys the traveler to the vicinity of 
 Moosehead Lake, is some of the wildest and most picturesque scenery 
 of the continent, east of the White Mountains. In a grove of elms on 
 the hillside before the Bangor House is the beautiful Unitarian church. 
 Near by is the Opera House, with a unique front and beautifullv 
 designed interior. Music Hall is a few doors distant. A business col- 
 lege and Crosby's School for boys supplement the excellent public 
 schools. 
 
 The Bangor Whig, published by Boutelle and Burr, and the Com- 
 mercial, published by J. P. Bass & Co., are the leading newspapers. 
 The first is Republican and the latter Democratic in politics. Each has 
 daily and weekly editions. Other weekly journals are the Freeholder 
 and the Messenger, — both Greenback in politics, — and the Dirigo Rural, 
 a farm journal. 
 
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"'III I 
 
 ■?i^i¥Jr 
 
 EVNGOR (KLMiusKi \a IrANr4rlc)^) nC9 
 
 MAIN Sil:l^i:,T, liA^G<Jll. 
 
 ClIV Oi' BANGOK. 
 
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BARING. 99 
 
 Lincoln, collector of the port of Boston in 1865, then United States 
 Senator, and, later. Minister to Spain ; Jonathan P. Rog;ers and George 
 W. IngersoU, once attorney-general of the State ; Edward Kent, a 
 former mayor of the city, governor of the State in 1838 and 1840, and 
 justice of the Supreme Court from 1859 to 1873 ; G. Parks, a member 
 of Congress and United States minister to Peru; Elisha H. Allen, 
 United States congressmaa in 1841-2, since chancellor of the Sandwich 
 Islands, and now representative of the Islands at Washington ; John 
 Appleton, chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court from 1862 to the 
 present time ; Cliarles Stetson, member of congressia 184-9-50, Joshua W. 
 Hathaway and Jonas Cutting, justices of the Supreme Court; Samuel F. 
 Hersey, late United States congressman ; John A. Peters, formerly member 
 of Congress, now a judge of the Supreme Court ; H. M. Plaisted, now gov- 
 ernor of the State; John Godfrey, a valued citizen and local historian. 
 
 The first settled minister in Bangor was Rev. Seth Noble, who was 
 installed by Rev. Daniel Little under an oak in 1786. He had been with 
 Col. John Allan in Nova Scotia and Machias; and in 1791 represented 
 the Kenduskeag plantation in the General Court. The first meeting- 
 house was built in 1788. Mr. Noble was succeeded in 1800 by James 
 Boyd, who resigned the next year. In 1811 Rev. Harvey Loomis was 
 settled, and retained the office until his death in his pulpit in 1825. 
 His successor was Rev. Swan L. Pomroy. A new meeting-house was 
 built in 1821-2, burnt in 1830, and rebuilt in 1831. It cost $12,500 
 including the organ. The first Unitarian meeting house was built in 
 1828, and those of the Methodists and Baptists the same year. The 
 religious societies of Bangor are now the Congregationalist, Episcopal, 
 Ba]-)tist, Free Baptist, Methodist, Unitarian, Universalist, Christian 
 and Catholic. The first have four church organizations and edifices ; 
 and some of the others have excellent buildings, that of the Catholics 
 being especially noble in its architecture. 
 
 Bangor has a superior high scljool, and fifty-seven of a lower 
 grade. There are thirty-six public school-houses, which together with 
 their grounds, apparatus, etc., are valued at $125,000. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $10,036,561. In 1880 it was $8,738,605. The 
 population in 1870 was 18,289. In 1880 it was 16,857. 
 
 B^l* IVIillSj — a post-oflice in Buxton and Hollis, York County. 
 
 BOjriHg" is situated in the eastern part of Washington County. 
 On its northern side it adjoins New Brunswick, from which it is 
 separated by the St. Croix river. Calais bounds it on the east, Char- 
 lotte on the south, and Meddybemps town and lake on the west. The 
 town is about 6 miles in length, north and south, and about 4 in 
 width. The surface is without high hills, Bunker Hill being the 
 greatest elevation. A gray granite rock forms the ledges which crop 
 out. The soil is clayey. Hay and potatoes are the principal crop. 
 The forest trees are beech, birch, maple, pine, spruce, hemlock and hack- 
 matac principally. A few elms have been set along the public ways 
 by considerate and public spirited individuals. The Moosehorn Branch 
 running south to Pemaquan Lakg, is the principal stream. A sheet of 
 water called " Little Lake " lies in the western part of the town. The 
 3entre of business is on the St. Croix, where a dam furnishes a 
 
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100 ' GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 power carrying several saw mills and other machinery. The manu- 
 factures of the town are chiefly of lumber in its various forms. The 
 St. Croix and Penobscot railroad passes through the town and crosses 
 the river into New Brunswick at this point. 
 
 Barmg was incorporated in 1825. The name was probably adopted 
 in honor of the Baring family, of London, a member of whicli married 
 a daughter of William Bingham, of Philadelphia, who owned immense 
 tracts of land in this and other parts of Maine. The husband of this 
 daughter became Lord Ashburton, who, with the American Secretary 
 of State, Daniel Webster, in 1842, settled our eastern and northern 
 boundary. 
 
 There are Baptist and Advent societies in the town; and the former has 
 a church and, vestry. The Masonic body here have erected a monu- 
 ment of Italian marble to those of their members who fell in the Union 
 cause in the Rebellion. Baring has two schoolhouses. The total school 
 property is valued at $500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 196,169. In 1880, it was $76,316. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 21 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 364. In 
 1880, it was 303. 
 
 Bar Harbor,— a village and post-oflBce in Eden, Mount 
 Desert Island, Hancock County. 
 
 Barker's Mills— a locality m the outskirts of the city 
 of Lewiston, Androscoggin County. 
 
 Barnard Plantation (No. 6, r. vm)is situated in the 
 
 southern part of Piscataquis county, having Sebec as its southern 
 boundary. Williamsburg lies on the east, Bowerbank on the west, and 
 Katahdin iron mines in the north. It has a fair quantity of land suit- 
 able for farming, and a considerable extent of hemlock, spruce and 
 cedar. Bear Brook and its branches pass through the town southward. 
 On these are a saw and grist-mill, a board and shingle mills and on 
 the west branch a saw-mill. Near this is Egery and William's slate 
 quarry. Slate ledges are numerous, and much of the slate is of su- 
 perior quality. There is a great quantity 'of excellent lumber in town, 
 especially of spruce, hemlock and cedar. 
 
 Mark Pitman, John Thompson, Benjamin Miller and B. Bunker 
 were the earliest settlers, having come about 1809 or 1810. Barnard 
 was formerly a part of Williamsburg, but was separated from it and in- 
 corporated as an independent town in 1834. A large swamp extends 
 between the two towns, forming a division between them. The town 
 of Barnard, by petition of its citizens, was restored to the plantation form 
 in 1877. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $28,753. In 1880 it 
 it was the same. The population in 1870 was 149. In 1880 it was 139. 
 
 Barter's Island,— a post office in Boothbay, Lincoln 
 County. 
 
 Batn is situated on the Kennebec River near the centre of Saga- 
 dahoc county, of which it is the shire town. Woolwich and AiTowsic — 
 both separated from it by the Kennebec — bound it on the east ; West 
 
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BATH. 101 
 
 Bath, Brunswick, Topsham and'Bowdoinham lie on the west, — the two 
 latter being separated from it by Merrymeeting Bay ; and West Bath 
 and Phipsburg lie on the south. The length of the town along the 
 river from north to south is about 5 miles, and its average width is 
 about 1|- miles. The surface is much broken by low ledgy hills. The 
 principal eminence is North Hill, said to be several hundred feet 
 in altitude. Lily and Mill Ponds, each about three-fourtlis of a mile 
 in length, are the principal insulated sheets of water. The rocks are 
 granite and mica schist, and the soil a clay loam. Hay is the largest 
 agricultural product. The forest trees most abundant are beech, 
 birch, pine, spruce and fur. Witch Spring is a mineral spring of some 
 local note. 
 
 There are three valuable water-powers, — two on Whiskeag Stream, 
 one of which is a tide power ; and the Winnegance Dam Company's 
 pOwer, lying at the south of the town, between it and Phipsburg. Its 
 capacity is 333 horse power, of which two-thirds belong to the latter 
 town. There are two lumber-mills on Whiskeag Stream, with a capacity 
 of manufacturing about 500,000 feet of lumber annually. On the same 
 stream is a grist-mill with a capacity of grinding 10,000 bushels of 
 grain annually. Other mills are a barytr s and a coffee and spice mill. 
 In the northern part of the town, on a point projecting eastward oppo- 
 site Lane's Island is Varney's steam saw mill, employing several small 
 vessels in conveying the lumber to market. 
 
 The chief industry of the city, however, is ship-building; and the 
 product of its yards is of an excellent quality. It is said to be sur- 
 passed in the extent of this manufacture only by Boston, New York 
 and Philadelphia, and to excel all in the number of wooden ships built. 
 During the year ending June 30, 1852, there were forty ships, five 
 brigs, and three schooners built here, having an aggregate of 24,339 
 tons. In 1854 there were fifty-six ships built, besides thirteen other 
 vessels amounting to 58,454 tons. Following this date there was a 
 g -eat falling off in production. The number of vessels built in 1879 
 was thirty-five ; aggregating 17,383 tons. In 1880, forty-one vessels 
 were built with an aggregate measurement of 22,186 tons. There were 
 launched this year four ships, three barks, two brigs, twenty-six 
 schooners, two steamers and four sloops. The number of vessels now 
 belonging in theU. S. collection district of Bath is 294, with a tonnage 
 of 156,978. The following table gives the product of Bath in this 
 article for the century past, including 1880 : 
 
 Number. Tonnage. Value at $50 per ton 
 
 Ships and barks, 
 
 1,094 
 
 793,785 
 
 
 
 $39,689,250 
 
 Brigs, 
 
 669 
 
 126,357 
 
 
 
 6,317,850 
 
 Schooners, 
 
 1,068 
 
 139,031 
 
 
 
 6,951,550 
 
 Sloops, 
 
 133 
 
 8,046 
 
 
 
 402,300 
 
 Skows and barges, 
 
 11 
 
 1,583 
 
 
 
 79,150 
 
 Steamers, 
 
 47 
 
 9,357 
 
 (jflOO per 
 
 ton) 
 
 965,700 
 
 Total 
 
 3,022 
 
 1,078,159 
 
 
 
 $54,375,800 
 
 Yearly average 
 
 investment for the 100 
 
 years. 
 
 
 iS543,758 
 
 There are also in the city manufacturers of boats, anchors and ship 
 machinery, boilers, engines, iron, brass, rail cars, drain-pipe, bricks, 
 carriages, clothing, sails, lumber, meal and flour. There are four ice 
 
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102 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 companies, a steam towage company, etc. The extent of the maritime 
 business of Bath is shown by the arrival during the year previous to 
 June 30, 1H80, of 21 vessels from foreign ports, and of 1,515 vessels in 
 coastwise business. Bath has connection with Portland and Boston 
 by steamer, and is the terminus of a branch of the Maine Central rail- 
 road on one hand, and of the Knox and Lincoln connecting with Rock- 
 land on the other. The cars of the latter road are conveyed across 
 the river by means of an immense steam ferry boat. Bath is situated 
 on the west bank of the Kennebec, twelve miles from its mouth, but 
 with a safe passage for all the distance, and rarely frozen over. The 
 river is here about half a mile wide, and deep enough for the largest 
 vessels. The compact portion of the city is stretched along the river 
 for about three miles, having an average width of about half a mile. 
 The site of the city is very uneven, but it has several beautiful streets, 
 well shaded with elms, horse-chestnut and plane-trees, and with many 
 handsome residences. There are here a substanital city hallthe county 
 buildings, and a neat government building containing the customs 
 and post offices. The banks are the First National, having a 
 capital of $200,000.; the Bath National, capital, $125,000; Lincoln 
 National, $200,000; Marine National, $100,000 ; and Sadagahoc Nation- 
 al, $100,000. The Bath Savings Institution held at the close of the 
 fiscal year in 1879, in deposits and accrued profits, $1,275,600,48 ; the 
 People's Twenty-five Cent Savings Bank, held, at the same date, de- 
 posits and accrued profits amounting to $377,154,13. The "American 
 Sentinel " is a long established weekly of excellent character, now pub- 
 lished by Elijah ijpton and Son. The " Bath Daily Times," issued by 
 the same publishers, is a very convenient and reliable sheet ; ar d cred- 
 itable alike to its publishers and to the city which it serves. 
 
 Christopher Lawson, Robert Gutch and Alexander Thwait, were 
 prominent in tlie early settlement of this town. The first obtained a 
 right to the northerly portion and Lynde's Island at a date probably 
 not earlier than 1640. Thwait and Guteh both obtained their titles 
 of Robin Hood, an Indian sagamore, on May 29, 1660. Thwait's was 
 that portion extending from Winnegance, at the southern part, to the 
 rope walk, in the city proper. Mr. Gutch took the intermediate por- 
 tion from the cove at the rope-walk to Harward's. He had emigrated 
 from England, and after residing for several years in Salem, came here 
 at about 1657. There is undoubted evidence that he was a minister 
 of the Gospel. He was drowned in 1667, while crossing the river to 
 keep an appointment to preach on the Sabbath. In 1738 the few fam- 
 ilies then resident were granted town rights and privileges in a union 
 with the older Georgetown of Arrowsic. The owners of the Kennebec 
 purchase at length extended their claim over this town and quite to 
 the sea; and about 1750, while suffering from the Indian wars, the 
 the inhabitants of this region were further distressed by litigation, 
 leases and ejectments, by the company. An indignation meeting was 
 at length held by the citizens, to see " what they should do to preserve 
 their English rights and liberties ; " and a vigorous petition was sent 
 up to the General Court and prevailed. The famous suit of Jeffries 
 vs. Donnell was a test case under the Plymouth Company's claim. 
 Jonathan Donnell (sometimes spelled Dwinel) held from Robert 
 Gutch, and Jeffries from the Plymouth Company through the pro- 
 prietors of the Kennebec purchase. The courts affirmed the right of 
 
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BATH. 103 
 
 the heirs and assigns of Mr. Gutch ; but when judgment was affirmed 
 against them the wealthy proprietors found means to carry the case 
 to the King's Privy Council. Their case was found to be weak, and 
 they never gained so much authority as warranted them in further 
 disturbing the settlers. 
 
 In 1753 the territory of Bath and West Bath — derisively called by 
 opponents the " Twenty-Cow Parish " — in answer to a petition, was 
 set off under the name of the Second Parish of Georgetown. They 
 had heretofore attended on the worship of the Kirk of Scotland in the 
 old meeting-house at the head of Phippsburg ; but in 1762 they finished 
 a house of their own. Merriman, Pai-ker, Page, Adams and Wyeth, 
 were the the earliest temporary supplies, and Rev. Francis Winter, 
 settled in 1757, the first permanent minister. Rev. Hugh Wallis, Asa 
 Lyman, and Rev. John W. EUingwood — the latter in 1812 — were his 
 successors. Just at the time when Greene was campaigning against 
 Cornwallis in the Carolinas, the Second Parish petitioned to be made a 
 town. It was, therefore, in 1781, incorporated as Bath. For this name, 
 commemorating the famous watering-place of English Avon, the city is 
 indebted to Dummer Sewail, Esq., at that time representing this region 
 in the General Court. Bath was the first town incorporated after the 
 new constitution of Massachusetts was adopted. Between the day of the 
 incorporation and the date when the inhabitants assumed their rights 
 the confederation of the thirteen States became a Union of States. 
 
 The warlike incidents in Bath and its vicinity were a skirmish of a 
 force under Major Church with the Indians near Swan Island (now 
 town of Perkins) in 1692, in which the Indians were routed ; the cap- 
 ture of the King's Dock and its commandant by the citizens at the 
 breaking out of the Revolution ; and the repulse of two armed vessels 
 of the British in 1780 by a small battery on a bluff nearly opposite the 
 head of Arrowsic Island. 
 
 In 1844 the south-western portion was set off as West Bath ; in 
 1847 Bath received a city charter ; and on the establishment of Sagar 
 dahoc county in 1854, it became the county seat. 
 
 The pioneer in the ship building industry of Bath was Captain 
 William Swanton, who had been a soldier in the French wars, serving 
 in the reduction of Louisburg in 1758. He took up his residence in 
 Bath in 1762, and from this time the population and business of the 
 place steadily increased ; and on the acknowledgement of American 
 independence by Great Britan the inhabitants became extensively and 
 profitably engaged in lumbering and ship building. An eminent citizen 
 who was engaged in the same industi-y, and also was a great promoter of 
 commerce, was William King, who became the first governor of Maine. 
 Of a later day were E. K. Harding, James Drummond, David Owen, 
 Geo. F., John, J. F. and J. T. Patten, David C. Magonn, Freeman H. 
 Morse, Bernard C. Bailey. Dr. Israel Putnam, Johnson Rideout, William 
 Torrey, Ammi R. Mitchell, William M. Rogers, JohnT. Gilman, Galen 
 Clapp, J. D. Robinson, Otis, Kimball, William M. Reed, William V. 
 Moses, Jeremiah Ellsworth, William Drummond, William Rice, John 
 Hayden, Edwin Reed, John G. Richardson, Thomas D. Hyde, and 
 many others highly esteemed. The latter names of these have been 
 mayors of the city. 
 
 Rev. Samuel F. Dike, Levi P. Lemont and Joshua Philbrook have 
 written historical accounts of Bath. The address of Rev. H. O. Thayer 
 
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104 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 on the occasion of the Centennial celebration of the city ; and the full 
 and clear information furnished by the city clerk, S. O. Kogers, Esq., 
 have been of much service in preparing this article. 
 
 The climate of the tovt^n is salubrious, as is shown by the consider- 
 able number of residents above ninety years of age. Bath sent 765 
 soldiers to aid the Government in the preservation of the Union, of 
 which 117 are known to have been lost. To commemorate this sacrifice 
 there has been placed in city square an elegant monument, consisting of 
 a shaft of Georgetown granite on a heavy base ; the height of the 
 whole being of about thirty-five feet. 
 
 There are in the city two church edifices belonging to the Congre- 
 gationalists, one to the Baptists, three to the Free Baptists, one to the 
 Universalists, two to the Methodists, one to the Episcopalians, one to the 
 Swedenborgians, one to the Roman Catholics, and there is one Union 
 church. The charitable institutions of the city are a Military and 
 Naval Orphan Asylum and an Old Ladies' Home. Besides the common 
 organizations, Bath has a Board of Trade, a Medical Association and a 
 Maritime Exchange Association. The only public library, the Patten, 
 contains about 3,000 volumes. The city proper has thoroughly graded 
 schools, and the high school has long borne a reputation equal to the 
 best. The number of schoolhouses is fifteen, valued with other school 
 property at $60,000. The valuation of the city in 1870 was $6,402,- 
 713. In 1880 it was $5,913,192. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was $25 on $1,000. The population in 1870 was 7,371. In 1880 
 It was 7,875. 
 
 Bay YieW, a post-office at Old Orchard Beach, in York Co. 
 
 Bean's Corners, a-small village in the north-eastern part 
 of Jay, in Franklin county. 
 
 Bedding'ton is situated on the western line of Washington 
 County, on the road between Bangor and Calais. The town of Deblois 
 joins it on the south. The area is 23,040 acres. The Narraguagus 
 and two other ponds in the town form the head waters of the Narra- 
 guagus i-iver, and a lake in the north-eastern part of the town is the 
 chief source of the Wescogus, or Pleasant River. The soil is loamy, 
 but wet. Potatoes, corn and wheat yield well when cultivated. The 
 principal elevations of land are Humpback and Spruce Mountains, 
 respectively 2,200 and 2,000 feet in height. The town has one saw and 
 shingle mill. 
 
 Beddington was incorporated in 1832. Israel Dorman and Benja^ 
 min Milliken were formerly valued citizens. This town furnished 12 
 soldiers to the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion, of whom 4 
 were lost. The Free Baptists have the only church in Beddington. 
 The town has two schoolhouses. The entire school property is valued 
 at $1,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $32,034. In 1880 it 
 was $32,605. The population in 1870 was 134. In 1880 it was 129. 
 
 Belfast, a city and shire town of Waldo County, is situated 
 at the north-western angle of Penobscot Bay, about 20 miles from its 
 mouth, and 10 west of the mouth of the Penobscot. This portion of 
 
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BELFAST. 105 
 
 the large bay is known as Belfast Bay. The city is bounded on the 
 east by Searsport, north by Swanville and Waldo, west by Morrill and 
 Belmont, and south by Northport. Its dimensions in an easterly and 
 westerly line are about 8 miles, by 5^ north and south. The surface is 
 uneven, rising into considerable hills in the western and southern 
 parts. Mount Percival, within the Northport border, has summits 
 respectively 400 and 600 feet above the level of the sea. The 
 rock in town is generally granitic in its character, and is quarried in 
 several localities. The soil is loamy and quite fertile. The principal 
 crops are hay and potatoes. The forest trees are mostly maple, beech 
 and birch. The streams are the Passag-assawa/-keag, having its origin 
 in a pond of the same name in the town of Brooks ; Goose River which 
 rises in a pond in Swanville; and Little River, rising in Belmont and 
 running eastward to the bay across the southern part of the town. 
 
 The Passagassawakeag is navigable to 3 miles from its mouth, at 
 which point is a small village known as the " Head of the Tide." At 
 the mouth of this river on the western side of the bay, is the compact 
 portion of the city. Goose River, which empties into the bay opposite 
 the city, furaishes the larger part of the water-power in use. On this 
 stream are a paper factory, two axe-factories and a grist-mill. The 
 dam at the outlet of the fountain pond and the tide-power dam near 
 the mouth of the stream, are of stone, and very solid. The little vil- 
 lage, Poor's Mills, is situated on a power of the Passagassa-wakeag 
 at the western angle of the township. Little River also has powers 
 which are improved. The city has several grain mills, a sash and 
 blind factor3'-, employing from 30 to 50 persons, and a shoe-factory, em- 
 ploying from 150 to 200. Other manufactures are ships and boats, 
 blocks, pumps, brass and iron castings, sails, spars, staves, men's cloth- 
 ing, tanned wool-skins, bricks, etc. 
 
 Belfast and Moosehead Railroad, which connects with the Maine 
 Central at Burnham, has its terminus in the city. Belfast has a steam- 
 boat connection through the year with Portland and Boston, also to 
 Castine and other towns eastward. In former times shipbuilding was 
 a large business in this city, and many residents are still largely inter- 
 ested in navigation. The business portion of the city is compact, and 
 the buildings principally of brick. The streets devoted to residences 
 are wide and well-shaded with elm and maple trees. The city lies 
 along an undulating acclivity that rises gradually from the water, each 
 successive street along the hillside having a little greater altitude than 
 the last, until at the summit of Congress Street, the elevation is 178 
 feet above tide-water. From this point the eye commands a beautiful 
 view of Penobscot Bay with its islands, with Blue Hill and the lofty 
 peaks of Mount Desert in the distance. 
 
 The territory comprising Belfast was a part of the Muscongns or 
 "Waldo patent. The first settlers here purchased their lots in 1769 at 
 the low price of twenty-five cents an acre. A surveyor named John 
 Mitchell seems to have been the founder of the town. The next year 
 a company of Scotch-Irish extraction, but last from Londonderry, N H. 
 arrived; andtheplace was from this time permanently inhabited. It is 
 paid some of the pioneers, on their arrival became discouraged and re- 
 turned in the vessel which brought them. Among those who remamed 
 were James Miller and wife, two sons and a daughter, who first 
 landed at the foot of the Frothingham lot. Years later the descendants 
 
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106 GAZETTEER OF MAINE 
 
 of Miller, for a considerable period held annual, celebrations on the 
 spot of the landing. In 1773, the inhabitants numbering 200, the town 
 was incorporoted under the name of Belfast, at the wish of Mr. Miller 
 whose native town in Ireland bore that name. When the war of the Rev- 
 olution commenced the inhabitants of Belfast took a decided stand on 
 the side of independence ; some refusing to take the oath of allegiance 
 to the King, they were driven from their homes, and did not return 
 until peace was declared. In the war of 1812, the inhabitants again 
 suffered from the enemy, but not so seriously as in the Revolution. 
 The first settlement in Belfast was on the eastern side of the river, 
 but the greater convenience for communication "with the country south- 
 ward diverted business to the site of the present city proper. 
 
 The first bank in the city was incorporated in 1832. The Belfast 
 National Bank has a capital stock of $150,000. The Savings Bank at 
 the close of 1879, held in deposits and accrued profits the sum of 
 $559,432.07. The " Progressive Age," published by William M. Rust, 
 is an able and successful newspaper. It is democratic in politics. The 
 " Republican Journal," published in this city, has long held the reputa- 
 tion of an able and witty sheet. It has always done effective service 
 for whatever cause it espoused. It is now republican in its aifiliations. 
 The " Hancock Gazette," begun in 1820, was the first newspaper in this 
 city. The first post-office was opened in Belfast in 1797, and in 1818 
 this was made a port of entry. Belfast was made the shire town of the 
 county in 1828. In 1845 a portion of the town containing about 500 
 inhabitants was set off, and joined with the western part of Prospect to 
 form Searsport. In 1853 the city charter was adopted, Hon. Ralph C. 
 Johnson being chosen the first mayor. An extensive fire afflicted the 
 city on October 12, 1865, and a second more severe raged in the after- 
 noon and evening of Sunday, Aug. 24, 1873. The loss by this fire w^as 
 $350,000. 
 
 Belfast cherishes the memory of many excellent citizens, eminent 
 among whom were ex-governors Hugh J. Anderson and William J. 
 Crosby, Judge J. G. Dickerson, A. G. Jewett, for some time consul in 
 Pern, and others. 
 
 Two meeting-houses were erected in Belfast in 1792, one on each 
 side of the river. Four years later Rev. Ebenezer Price, the first 
 pastor, was settled. There are now in the city six church edifices,, two 
 or more of them being large and elegant structures. They belong to 
 the Congregationalists, Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians and Universal- 
 ists. Belfast has in the city proper a system of graded schools, in which 
 the scholarship has been maintained at a high standard. The number 
 of public schoolhouses in the entire city is eighteen. The total school 
 property is valued at $11,000. The value of estates in 1870 was 
 $2,660,879. In 1880 it was $2,463,677. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 23 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 5,278. In 1880 it was 5,308. 
 
 BGlgraQG lies in the north-western part of Kennebec county, 
 about 10 miles from Augusta. It is bounded on the east by Sidney 
 and West Waterville, south by Manchester and Mount Vernon, west by 
 the latter town and by Rome, and north by the latter and Smithfield 
 in Somerset county. It was within the limits of the Plymouth patent, 
 from which the titles are derived. The first settlements were made 
 
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BELMONT. 107 
 
 about 1774. Its early names were Prescott's also Snow's Plantation, 
 and Washington. It was incorjjorated imder its present name in 1 196. 
 Anson P. and Lot M. Morrill, both ex-governors, and the latter for 
 fifteen years a national senator, and later secretary of the United 
 States Treasury, are sons of Peaslee Morrill, an early settler and 
 native of the town. Other early settlers were James and David 
 Wyman, Cyrus Weston, John Richmond, Nathaniel Pinkham, Calvin 
 Stuart, John Pitts, John Kichardson, John Page, Dr. Hemmingway 
 and James H. Mosher. It is claimed that there are in town 100 
 persons who are over seventy years of age. The principal centers of 
 business are Belgrade and North Belgrade, in the eastern part of the 
 town — at each of which are a station of the Maine Central railroad and 
 a post-office — and Belgrade Mills, in the north-west, which has a post- 
 office. The public ways at the villages are improved by many rock- 
 maples and elms, and the town offers much agreeable scenery. Tlie 
 surface of the town is uneven, but there are few high hills. Belgrade 
 Hill is the most elevated of these, being about 500 feet in height. 
 Granite "rook crops out here and there. Of woods, beech, birch, maple, 
 hemlock and cedar abound. There is a connected system of lakes 
 in and about the town, all of which empty into the Kennebec. These 
 are Great Pond, in the north-west, having an area of 9 square miles ; 
 Snow Pond, on the east, with an area of 5.15 square miles ; Long 
 Pond, on the west, 4.85 square miles ; Richmond and McGrath Pond, at 
 the north-eaSt, .85 and .75 square miles, respectively. Many islands are 
 in these lakes, one of which has an area of 200 acres 
 
 The soil of the cultivated parts is chiefly clay and gravelly loam. 
 Agriculture is the largest industry of the town, and potatoes are the 
 largest crop. The principal manufactures consist of a spool, excelsior 
 and rake factory, a saw, shingle and grist-mill, at the Mills ; a saw- 
 mill and a factory for making scythe and axe boxes, spade-handles and 
 rakes, at North Belgrade. The spool-factory produces about 4,800 
 gross of spools per week, and the excelsior mill sends out about eight 
 tons of its product in the same time. Tliere are a Baptist, Free Bap- 
 tist and Methodist churches in town. The old " Titcomb Belgrade 
 Academy " was established by Samuel Titcomb and John Pitts about 
 1816. Judge Titcomb, of Augusta, was a son of Samuel. There are 
 eighteen public schoolhouses, valued at $3,600. The valuation of the 
 estates in 1870 was $461,468. In 1880 $493,631. The rate of taxation was 
 34 mills on $1. The population in 1870 was 1,485. In 1880 it was 1,321. 
 
 jBGlmOnt is situated in the southern part of Waldo county, 
 Belfast and Searsport bound it on the east, Lincolnville on the south, 
 Morrill on the north, and Searsmont on the west. Its area is about 
 10,000 acres. The town has neither high hills nor deep valleys. The 
 rock is generally granitic in character. The soil is usually clay loam, 
 but there is some sand and sandy loam. Agriculture is the principal 
 occupation of the inhabitants. Hay and potatoes are the chief crops. 
 Spruce, oak, birch and maple constitute the forestsgenerally. Tilden 
 Pond is the largest sheet of water, being .about three miles in circum- 
 ference. The outlet of this pond, with Green Stream and Cross Stream, 
 each afford good water-powers. The two mills which are in operation 
 manufactu7-e lumber and staves. The nearest railroad station is at 
 Belfast (city proper), about six miles from the town line. The post 
 
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108 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 offices ai'e Belmont and East Belmont. Ihe town furnished 42 men 
 for the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion, — of whom 11 were lost. 
 Belmont has five public schoolhouses ; the entire school property 
 being valued at $2,600. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $101,708. 
 In 1880 it was $103,296. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 23 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 628. In 1880 it 
 was 520. 
 
 BCllliS, — a post-office in Franklin County. 
 
 BdlGO-ictBi is situated on the 'western side of the southern 
 portion of Aroostook county. Sherman bounds it on the north. Silver 
 Ridge plantation on the east, Penobscot county on the west. On the 
 south is an unnamed township, next south of which is Molunkus, 
 forming the south-western corner of the county. It is 44 miles west 
 of Houlton, on the stage line from Mattawamkeag to Patten. It is 
 formed of the west half of No. 2, Range 5. Plunkett Pond, in the 
 south-western part of the town is the principal body of water. It is 
 about 3 miles long and 1 wide. Several tritutaries of the Molunkus 
 river take their rise in this town. The soil is a yellow loam; the 
 chief crop is hay. The hemlock is the principal forest tree. 
 
 Most of the lots in town ai-e taken up by settlers ; but there is a 
 considerable tract in the north-east and another in the south-east belong- 
 ing to Bishop Healey. The business centre is near the centre of the town, 
 where there is a boot and shoe shop, two or more stores, a hotel, 
 Roman Catholic church and parsonage, and a post-office. 
 
 The" town was incorporated in 1872 ; being named in honor of 
 Bishop Benediota Fenwick, of Boston, who purchased the township of 
 the State of Massachusetts. It was first settled in 1834 by David 
 and Joseph Leavitt. Benedicta sent 11 soldiers to aid the Union 
 cause in the war of the Rebellion, — of whom 6 were lost. The town 
 has two public schoolhouses. The entire school property, including 
 these, with two lots of land are valued at $1,000. The valuation of 
 estates 1870 was $41,741. In 1880 it was $42,810. The rate of 
 taxation in 1880 was 22 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 413. In 1880 it was 392. 
 
 BGntOIl, in the north-eastern part of Kennebec County, lies on 
 the east side of the Keimebec River, about 25 miles from Augusta. 
 The town was originally a part of Clinton [which see], from which it 
 was set off in 1842, when it was incorporated under the name of 
 Sebasticook. In 1850 the name was changed to Benton. It was a 
 part of the Plymouth patent, and the first settlement was made about 
 the year 1775. Benton is bounded north by Clinton, north-east and 
 east by Unity Plantation, south by Winslow and Albion, and west by 
 Fairfield, in Somerset county. The Kennebec river forms the western 
 line, Sebasticook River passes through the town near the middle, and 
 Fifteen Mile Brook crosses the eastern part. The rock is principally 
 slate, and the soil a clay and slaty loam. 
 
 Along each of the streams are many fine farms. The principal 
 occupation is agriculture, and the chief crop is hay. The woods common 
 to Maine flourish here. There is a lumber mill on the Sebasticook at 
 Benton Post Office, another at East Benton, on Fifteen Mile Brook. 
 
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BERWICK. 109 
 
 At the Falls, on the Sebasticook, the Kennebec Fibre Company have 
 a wood paper-pulp mill eriploying from fifteen to twenty hands There 
 is also here a mill producing lumber, and wooden shoe-soles, and a 
 manufactory of potato -planters. The Maine Central Railroad passes 
 through the town, having a station at Brown's Corner. 
 
 On the hill overlooking Benton Falls many Indian relics were 
 formerly found. There is a Union church edifice, which is occupied 
 principally by the Congregationalists. There are also Christian and 
 Methodist societies. The town has ten public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $2,000. There are 398 children of school age, of whom 301 are registered 
 as pupils. The total amount of money actually expended for schools 
 from April 1, 187.8, to April 1, 1879, was $1,587. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $248,128. In 1880 it was $376,601. The rate of 
 taxation was about 13 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 1,180. By the census of 1880, it was 1,173. 
 
 Berry's Millj— a post office m Carthage, Franklin County. 
 
 jSerTVlCk, in York County, first known as a part of Newicha^ 
 wannock, was incorporated in 1713, being the ninth town in the State. 
 The territory then included also the present North Berwick and South 
 Berwick. Settlements appear to have been made here as early as 1624. 
 Thetitles are derived from SirFerdinando Goi'ges and Rowlcs, sagamore 
 of the Newichawannock tribe of Indians. In 1643 Humphrey Cliad bourne 
 purchased of the sagamore a part of the land on which the village of 
 South Berwick now stands. Spencer and Broiighton also purchased 
 land of Rowles the same year. Among the names of residents about 
 this time are the well-known Frost, Shapleigh, Heard, Plaisted, Spen- 
 cer, Broughton, Leader and Wincoln. Tlie Bostorl and Maine railroad 
 passes across the southern part of the town, and the Portsmouth, Great 
 Falls and Conway railroad connects at GreatFalls with the former road. 
 The town is bounded on the north by Lebanon, on the east by North 
 Berwick, on the south by South Berwick, and on the western side by 
 New Hampshire. The extent of surface is 13,071 acres, exclusive of 
 water. Its boundary line with the latter is formed by the Salmon 
 Falls river. Little River runs across the northern part of the town. 
 Boundary Brook forms one-third of the eastern line of the town ; and 
 parallel to the latter is Beaver Dam Brook. Love's Brook, fui'ther 
 west, runs in the same direction, and Worster Brook runs south- 
 west to the Salmon Falls River. Tare-shirt Hill, midway of the 
 town, on the east, and Pine, opposite, near the western side, are the 
 principal elevations. Knight's Pond, four or five square miles in 
 extent, is the largest body of water in town. The rock is principally 
 granite, and the soil is generally a good sandy loam. The manufactories 
 are a boot and shoe factory employing about 200 persons when in full 
 operation, a machine-shop employing twelve to fifteen persons, a soap- 
 factory, employing about a dozen hands, saw and carpentry mills, a 
 candv-factory, a tannery and numerous small establishments. The 
 business centres are Berwick and South Berwick village. Its railroad 
 connections are just outsideof the town at Salmon Falls and Great Falls 
 villages, in New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine, and Portland, 
 Saco, and Portsmouth railroads, and for the north part of the town, 
 at South Lebanon, on the Portland and Rochester railroad. 
 
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110 ' GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Berwick suffered greatly in the Indian wars. In September 1675, 
 the Indians entered the town and assailed the house of John Tozier, 
 which sheltered at that time fifteen women and children. The master of 
 the house had started with Captain Wincoln the day before to repel an 
 attack of the savages upon Saco. A girl of eighteen years discovered 
 the npproach of the savages just in time to close the door in their faces. 
 The fastening being imperfect, she held the door until the savages had 
 cut it through with their hatchets. Finding that the inmates had 
 escaped, the maddened savages wreaked their vengeance by a multitude 
 ot blows upon the poor gii'l. The fort or garrison was about 150 rods 
 from the house, and the pursuing savages overtook and captured two 
 young children. The next day they burned some buildings, but were 
 driven of by the men of the garrison, — who pursued them until dark. 
 One of the children captured was killed at once, the other kept in cap- 
 tivity six months; the heroic gii-1 who held the door finally recovered 
 from her wounds. In the following month the savages again assailed the 
 house of Tozier, killed him and carried his son into captivity. Nine 
 men sent to his aid from the garrison fell into an ambush, and three 
 were shot down. A team was soon after sent out under a guard of 
 20 men to bring in the bodies of the fallen, when they were assailed 
 by about 150 savages. Several of the company fell ; among them 
 Lieutenant Plaisted, commander of the garrison, and his two sons. 
 This garrison was on the place now occupied by John Spencer, Esq. 
 The place revived after this war, so that in 1690 it contained 27 houses. 
 
 In March, 1690, the place was again attacked by a force of French 
 and Indians under M. D'Artel and the cruel chief, Hopehood. The 
 assault was made at daybreak at three points. The attack was 
 a surprise, but the garrison flew to arms and fought until thirty-four of 
 their number had fallen, when the remnant surrendered from necesssity. 
 The Indians secured fifty-four prisoners, mostly women and children 
 and carried away much plunder. They burned the dwellings, barns 
 and mills, consuming a large number of cattle. In retiring, the savages 
 set firo to the house of Tliomas Toogood, murdered his wife and chil- 
 dren, and made him a prisoner. While the Indian who had captured 
 Toogood was preparing strings to tie him, the captive snatched the gun 
 of the savage, and threatening him with death if he gave any alarm, 
 retired across the river, while the defeated savage could only revenge 
 himself by shouting " Nogood " at his recent prisoner in the distance. 
 At sight of the smoke of the burning village, the inhabitants of neigh- 
 boring towns to the number of about 150 gathered at the place and set 
 out in pursuit of the enemy. They overtook them at a narrow bridge 
 over Worster River, where a sharp conflict ensued that lasted until night. 
 Four or five of the English were taken prisoners and several killed, and 
 the enemy suffered to about the same extent. Probably in all the annals 
 of Indian warfare there is not a record of greater cruelties than were 
 perpetrated by this band upon their English captives of all ages. In 
 July, Hopehood again led his company against the ill-fated town, 
 -when the barba/ities were repeated to such an extent as they found 
 possible. In 1690 four men mowing in a meadow were attacked by 
 the savages with tomahawks, and three of them cut down. This war 
 continued until January, 1699. 
 
 Another war commenced in 1703 ; and all through the autumn 
 inhabitants were killed or taken captive by the ambushed savages. 
 
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BERWICK. Ill 
 
 In 1723, another war, sometimes called Lovewell's war, broke out. At 
 this time there was not a house between Berwick and Canada. All 
 those built in the town between 1690 and 1745 were of hewed logs, and 
 an effectual defence against small arms. There was a block -house on 
 the western side of Salmon Falls, a mile above Keay's garrison ; and 
 next was Wentworth and Goodwin's block-house. In 1750 there was 
 a fort of this period still standing on Pine Hill, called Hamilton's 
 garrison. It was made of poles twenty feet high and pointed at the 
 ends. A band of savages laid in wait about the town in May, but 
 finding the English so well defended they forsook the place, carrying 
 away two captives, and having killed six persons. In the French and 
 Indian war which commenced in 1744, Berwick was garrisoned, but 
 was not attacked. It appears that the town furnished 150 men and 
 several commissioned officers for the capture of Louisburg, which 
 occurred in 1745. Of this matter, Pepperell, commander of the expe- 
 dition, wrote to Major Hill, under date of February 21, 1745 : " Yes- 
 terday I heard that Capt. Busteed had enlisted fifty brave soldiers in 
 Berwick. This news is like a cordial to me. The commissioned officers 
 of Berwick are as brave and as good men as any in the province. 
 Please tell them all that I sincerely value and love them. If any of 
 them wish to go, give them the offer and tell them to be with me to- 
 morrow." 
 
 When the war of the Revolution approached, the people of Berwick 
 were ready to support their brethren to the utmost of their ability. 
 Meetings were frequently held during the war, in which large bounties 
 were offered to encourage enlistments. Two full companies were sent 
 under captains Philip Hubbard and Daniel Wood. A historian- of the 
 period writes : " To their everlasting honor be it said that they furnished 
 as many men, according to the number of inhabitants, as any town in 
 the country. There are but few ancient homesteads in the town that 
 are not honored by the grave of some Revolutionary soldier." 
 
 In the war of 1812 the government was well supported, although 
 some in town held meetings in which they denounced the war as unjust 
 and unrighteous. In the war of the Rebellion Berwick furnished for the 
 Union army 138 men, mostly her own citizens, while 78 Berwick men 
 enlisted in neighboring towns. Berwick paid out for bounties and 
 incidental expenses connected with enlistments $44,802. 
 
 The town has had many citizens of eminence, while several distin- 
 guished citizens of other towns and cities had their nativity within its 
 borders. One of the most noted founders of families was John 
 Sullivan, an Irishman by birth and education. He arrived in 
 Maine in 1723, and opened a school in Berwick soon after. 
 During the voyage from Ireland he made the acquaintance of 
 a young girl nine years of age, named Margery Brown ; who by 
 some strange means was on board the vessel without friends. 
 Neither had she the money to pay for her passage ; and Mr. Sullivan 
 assumed the debt, and took the girl as his ward. In 1763 when she 
 was about 21 years of age and he was 44, they were married. He soon 
 after purchased a farm in Berwick, upon which he lived more than 
 60 years. He died in 1796, in his 105th year ; and his widow died in 
 1801, aged 87, On this farm were born to them 4 children, of whom 
 were John and James Sullivan. The first was a leader in the first 
 overt act of the Revolution, a general in the war, and a governor of 
 
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112 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the State of New Hampshire ; the other, the acknowledged leader at 
 the bar, a governor of Massachusetts, and one who contributed by his 
 speeches and writings to the establishment of our national liberties. 
 
 Newichawnanock was incorporated as the Parish of Unity in 1673, 
 and ia 1702, John Wade was settled as minister. 
 
 The Baptists began their activity in the town in 1764, and in 1768 
 a church was formed at Great Hill, and a meeting-house built soon 
 after. This was the first Baptist Church organized in Maine. Joshua 
 Emery was their preacher for many years, though he was never or- 
 dained. He was succeeded by William Batchelder, who was ordained 
 as pastor in 1796. A new house was built in 1844 ; and in 1867 it 
 was removed and rebuilt. 
 
 The Methodists began to have considerable influence in the town 
 about 1810. John Lord was one of their early preachers. The first 
 house was built about 1840, and it was buj-ned before completion; but 
 another was soon after built in the neighborhood to replace it. Ber- 
 wick has sixteen schoolhouses ; and its school property is valued at 
 $16,750. It has also a free high school. The valuation of the town 
 in 1870, was $641,329. In 1880 it was $821,629. The rate of taxation 
 in 1880 was $13 per $100. The population in 1870 was 2,291 ; in 1880 
 it was 2,774. 
 
 xjGXIigI is situated on both sides of the Androscoggin, a little 
 west of the centre of Oxford County. The Grand Trunk railway also 
 passes through the town, following the course of the river to near the 
 centre, when the road turns away to South Bethel, and thus out of the 
 town oh the south side. The greatest length of the town is from north 
 east to the south-west. The area is 25,920 acres. The Androscoggin 
 river enters the western side to near the centre, then turning north- 
 ward forms the dividing line on the north-east between Bethel and 
 Hanover. Chapman River and Sunday River are the principal tribu- 
 taries of the Androscoggin on the north, and Mill Stream and Alder- 
 Brook on the south, within this town. The surface of the country is undu- 
 lating and hilly. The principal eminences, beginning at the north- 
 west, are Ellingwood Mountain, then Sparrowhawk Mountain, at an 
 equal distance south of the River ; Paradise Hill, near Bethel Hill 
 village (Bethel Post-Office), Walker's Mountain, just north of South 
 Bethel ; Waterspout Mountain and Swan Hill, north of the last, in the 
 north bend of the Androscoggin; and in the east, a group of five hills. 
 There are several more that bear no names on the town map. The 
 principal rock is granite. Though so hilly. Bethel has much interval 
 and meadow-land as well as upland. It is one of the best farming 
 towns of the State. Hay and potatoes are the chief crops. The most 
 numerous forest trees are maple, birch, beach, oak, pine, hemlock, 
 spruce, fir and cedar. The scenery of Bethel, like that of many Qther 
 towns in Oxford county, is very attractive. The winding course of 
 the larger river through intervals and between lofty hills affords 
 numerous bold and picturesque views, as well as many of quiet beauty. 
 From the summits of any of these hills the eye commands an extensive 
 landscape. 
 
 Bethel, West and South Bethel are the post-offices and centres of 
 business. There are four steam mills of from twenty-five to sixty 
 horse-power in the town, together with several mills using water 
 
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BIDDEFORD. 113 
 
 power. The manufacturers consist of lumber, spools, flour and meal, 
 leather, furniture, boots and shoes, carriages and harnesses, marble and 
 granite work, etc. 
 
 Bethel was originally granted to Josiah Richardson, of Sudbury, 
 Mass., and others, for services in the French war. Being well on to- 
 ward Canada, and being granted for services there, it gained the name 
 among its settlers and others of " Sudbury-Canada." 
 
 Nathaniel Segar, of Newton, Mass., in the spring of 1774, made the 
 first attempt to clear land for the purpose of making a settlement in 
 the region of Bethel. The revolution drew him away until 1779; when 
 he returned accompanied by Jonathan Bartlett and a boy named Aaron 
 Barton. Samuel Ingalls removed from Andover to this town in the 
 fall of 1796. His wife, who accompanied him, was the first white 
 woman in town. The last hostile incua-sion of the Indians into Maine 
 was made in August, 1781 ; when a party from St. Francis made an 
 attack upon the outer settlements, taking all the plunder they could, 
 and carrying away captive, Benjamin Clark and Nathaniel Segar, 
 whom they detained until the war closed, sixteen months later. Set- 
 tlers came in rapidly after the close of the Revolution. Among the 
 first were the six stalwart Bartlett brothers, from Newton, Mass. In 
 1789, Rev. Eliphaz Chapman came in with a large family of sons. The 
 town was incorporated under its present name in 1796, and the first 
 religious society was organized the same year. Rev. Daniel Gould, 
 the first pastor, was settled in 1799. Dr. John Brickott was the first 
 physician, coming in from Haverhill in 1796. He returned in a short 
 time, and was succeeded in 1799, by Dr. Timothy Carter, who prac- 
 ticed in this town forty-six years. William Frye was the first lawyer 
 in Bethel. Gould's Academy was incorporated in 1836. Isaac Rari- 
 dal was the first precepter ; and under Dr. N.T. True, preceptor from 
 1848 to 1861, it attained to high rank. Some of our ablest men have 
 attended this school. In 1881, the old edifice gave place to anew one, 
 costing $4,000. Bethel has twenty-five public school-houses, valued, 
 with other school property, at $7,000. There is a library of 300 
 volumes. There are in the town two Congregational churches, one 
 Methodist, a Universalist, a Free Baptist and a Calvinist Baptist. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870, was $712,871. In 1880, it was 738,586, 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 21 mills on the dollar.. 
 The population in 1870, was 2,286. In 1880, it was 2,077. 
 
 Biddcf Ord, in York County, includes the site pf the earliest; 
 permanent settlement in Maine of which we have a conclusive record. 
 In furtherance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges' plans of settlement, Richard 
 Vines, a physician, passed the winter of 1616-17 at a place at the 
 mouth of the Saco which he called Winter Harbor. Vines performed 
 several voyages for Gorges, and appears to have made this a place of 
 usual resort. The first dwellings were built on the north side of the 
 Pool. Old cellars covered with apcient shrubbery, and partly filled 
 well-cavities until a recent time, told of its early occupancy. Apple 
 trees decayed with age, and the English cherry, dispute the place with 
 oak and sumach. In describing the boundary uf an estate here in 1642, 
 "Church Point" is one of the landmarks referred to, — from which in- 
 ference is made that it was then or had been the site of a church. Rev. 
 
 7 
 
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114 
 
 GAZETTEER. OF MAINE. 
 
 Richard Gibson, resirling on tliis coast, appeared in a snit-at-Iaw in 
 1086. Between 1660 and 1666 a meeting-liouse was built at Winter 
 Harbor, and it is recorded that in tliis house the people were seated ac- 
 cording to rank. A point of land near the head of the Pool is said to 
 have been occn)oied by a court liouse in the period of Maine's early 
 settlement. The town is situated upon the sea-coast on the southern 
 bank of Saco River, by which stream it is separated from Saco, — of 
 which it was formerly a part. The latter bounds it on the north-east, — 
 on the east is the sea. Keunebunkport lies on the south and south- 
 west, and Dayton on the north-west. Its greatest length is 10 miles in a 
 north-west and south-west direction, and it contains, according to the 
 "York County Atlas," 9,653 acres of land. Its territory was originally 
 granted by the Plymouth Council to John Oldham and Richard Vines in 
 1630, and was described in their yiatent as "that tract of land lying on 
 the south side of the River Swanckadocke (Sacoj, containing in breadth, 
 bv the sea, fourmiles, and extending eight miles up into the main land." 
 Vines was an inhabitant until about 16-15, when hesoldhis right to Dr. 
 Robert Child, of Massachusetts, and removed to Barbadoes. Dr. Child 
 Sold the same to Major William Pliillips, of Boston in 1659, for £90 
 sterling. Phillips, to make his ownersliip secure, soon after jnirchased 
 anothei- title to it from the Indian sachem, Mogg Megone. It was in- 
 cluded with the other side of the river in a ccrpoi'ation under the name 
 of Saco from 1653 to 1718, when it was iucorjiorated by itself, receiv- 
 ing the name of Biddeford, — a town in England whence some of the in- 
 habitants had emigrated. 
 
 A grant for the fii-st saw-mill on 
 Saco River was made by the corpora- 
 tion in 1653, to Roger Silencer, on con- 
 dition that the mill be comjileted within 
 one year, and that the townsmen have 
 boards l'2d. cheaper than strangers, 
 and that townsmen be preferred as 
 employes. It is to be supposed that 
 this grant included the right to certain 
 tnnber lands al)o^•e the falls. John 
 Da^is had a similar ]ii-i\'ilege granted 
 m 1054 ; but he was allowed two and 
 iue-half years in which to finish his 
 mill, and was to furnish boards lOd. 
 ler 100 less than current rates to 
 luliabitants of the to«-n. People were 
 idmitted to be inhabitants by vote of 
 the town, and some were warned not to 
 settle there. Captain Samuel Jordan, a 
 giandson of Rev. Robert Jordan, 
 opened a store near Biddeford Pool 
 ni 1717. His home ^A'as secured against 
 attacks from the Indians by a strong 
 
 ^_^_ 1 stone wall which surrounded it. Major 
 
 ps^ —s^s^ lM Phillips' garrison was a few rods below 
 the lower falls of the Saco. 
 Duiing the fiist centuiy of the Saco settlements a numerous tribe 
 of Indians dwelt on the upper waters of the river. Squando, their 
 
 BlriDEFOBD POOL 
 
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DIDDEFORD. 
 
 115 
 
 chief sncheni, be came deeply ineense<l against the English, because of 
 an experiment made by some English sailors, who overset llie canoe 
 containing his squaw and child in the river to see if the infant would 
 swim, — according to the reports of Indian children. Tlie child died 
 not long after, and Squando determined on war. In September, 1675, 
 warned by the burning of a house on the Saco side, the mliabitants 
 gathered into Phillips' garrison. A body of savages «oon after made 
 an attack upon the place, wounding Major Phillips, and burning his 
 mill and one of his tenant houses. Failing to effect anything by direct 
 assault, they, on the second day, ])re])ared to burn tlie garrison by 
 thrusting against it a cart loaded with combustibles. One of the wdieels 
 stuck in a mud-hole, swinging the cart abiuit and exposing to \'iew the 
 Indians who were moN'ing it, when a dischai'ge from tlie garrison 
 killed 6 and wounde<l 15 of them. At this repulse the Indians 
 left the place for some days ; and the 50 persons in the garrison iiouse, 
 lacking supplies, retired to Winter Harbor. Al)out a fortnight later 
 the garrison-house and all the houses up the river from Winter Harbor 
 were burned by the Indians. In 1693, Major Converse, under direc 
 
 JORDAN'S GARRISON. 
 
 (Now ResideiK-e of TriHtram (.ioldtbwait). 
 
 tion of the Massachusetts government, built a stone fort a short dis- 
 tance below the Falls ; but at the first attack in 1703, it appears to 
 have been taken, as 11 of the inmates were killed and 24 carried cap- 
 tive to Canada. The garrison at Winter Harbor had previously sur- 
 rendered. A month later, while the fort was undergoing repairs, a 
 body of Indians attacked a garrison near by and were repulsed. In 
 1707, an engagement occurred at Winter Harbor between a fleet of 50 
 canoes manned liy about 150 Indians, and 2 small vessels, manned only 
 by Captain Austin, Mr. Harmon, Sergeant Cole, 5 other men and a 
 boy. One of the vessels was captured, but its crew escaped to the 
 other, which they held. The action lasted three hours, and the Eng- 
 lish lost but one man. In 1708, the garrison was removed from the 
 stone fort, and a new fort commenced near the entrance of the Pool. 
 It was named Fort Mary. Remains of it are still visible, and the point 
 where it stood is yet called Fort Hill. These were all the consider- 
 able engagements within the limits of Biddeford ; but numerous per- 
 sons were at one time and another killed or ca]itured by the savages 
 all along the river. In 1744 the old garrisons were repaired and sev- 
 eral new ones built. The town records show a vote to build a strong 
 frame garrison about the j)arsonage, sixty feet square, planked 
 
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116 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 up with two-inch plank, and having two flankers. At Winter Har- 
 bor, near the shore, four houses situated on a square, were strongly 
 garrisoned, and occupied by a number of families. Captain Smith's 
 public house was protected by a brick wall on the inside, with flankei-s 
 at each end. After the peace of 1748 the town suffered no further 
 from the Indians. 
 
 The action of the town during the Revolution was highly honor- 
 able. Colonel John Smith and some 30 other citizens entered the 
 Continental army for the war, The privateer "Thrasher," com- 
 manded by Captain Benjamin Cole, belonged to Biddeford. Captain 
 Phillip Goldthwaite, inspector of the port, was the only person in town 
 who opposed the war. 
 
 During the war of 1812, the British destroyed shipping at the mouth 
 of the river, including some ships on the stocks at Captain Thomas 
 Cutts' shipyard at the Neck. 
 
 The first bridge leading from Biddeford to Saco was built by 
 Colonel Thomas Cutts, Deacon Amos Chase, Thomas Gilpatrick, Jr., 
 and Benjamin Nason, in 1767. It spanned the west branch of the 
 river to Indian Island, and was made a toll bridge by act of General 
 Court in 1768. Colonel Cutts bought out Chase and Nason, when it 
 began to be called Cutts' Bridge. Previous to this a bridge (paid for 
 by a lottery) had been erected, connecting the island with Saco side, 
 a ferry over the western bi-anch completing the passage until Cutts' 
 Bridge was built. 
 
 A post office was first established in town in 1789, the postmaster 
 being Benjamin Hooper. In 1855, Biddeford was incorporated as a 
 city, Daniel Somes becoming the first mayor. Its population by the 
 first census, in 1790, was 1,018 ; in 1850, 6,095 ; 1860, 9,350 ; 1870, 
 10,285; 1880, 12,653. 
 
 Rev. Richard Gibson, a clergyman of the Church of England, is 
 believed to be have been the first ordained minister resident in York 
 county. He was on that coast as early as 1636. Rev. Robert 
 Jordan succeeded him about 1640. Both must at some time have 
 officiated in Biddeford. Rev. Thomas Jenner, a Non-conformist, 
 preached in the town in 1641, remaining about two years. He is 
 thought by some to have been the first Puritan preacher in Maine. 
 Rev. Seth Fletcher is the first minister of Biddeford of whose engage- 
 ment any record is preserved. The town employed him from 1666, 
 and he appears to have continued there until the settlement was de- 
 stroyed in 1675. A parsonage was built about 1685. The first Con- 
 gregational Church was formed in 1730, and Samuel Willard, ordained 
 in the same year, was its first minister. Biddeford was separated into 
 two parishes in 1797, and a new edifice built soon after ; Rev. John 
 Turner was the first minister of this second Congregational Church. 
 The Pavilion Church was organized in 1857, and the Rev. Samuel M. 
 Gould became pastor from the date of organization. The first 
 Methodist meeting-house was built in 1847. Thefirst Catholic church 
 (St. Mary's) was built in 1855. Christ Church (Episcopal) was organ- 
 ized in 1869. There are now eight church edifices within the village 
 portion of the town, five of them being of brick, and two or three, 
 large and elegant structures. 
 
 Biddeford schools have for several years been graded from primary 
 to high. The number of schoolhouses is 21 ; and the value of the 
 
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BT DDE FORD. 
 
 117 
 
 property is estimated at $30,000. The total amount actnall}' expended 
 for public scliools from April 1, 1878 to April 1, 187'J, |;16,246. The 
 value of estates in 1870 was 15,682,402. In 1880 it was 15,877,867. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 jier eeut. The [lopu- 
 lation in 1870 was 12,652. In 1880 it was 10,282. The city hall is a, 
 handsome brick edifice three stories in height. The lower story is oc- 
 cujiied by stores and the j)ost office ; the second, by private and go v- 
 ernmeut offices and rooms ; and the third, by an excellent hall. Tlie 
 building also contains a public library of about 3,000 volumes. 
 
 There are small ])0\\'ers on Swan Pond Creek, iu the noi-th of the 
 town, and on Little River, at the south ; but the business centre; and 
 the manufacturing power is at the falls of the Saco river. The river 
 has liere a descent of forty feet, divided into two falls, about one- 
 eighth of a mile a[iart, the upper being eight feet and the lower 
 thirty two At this ]ioint are located seven cotton mills aggregating 
 lbo,0 )0 spindk^ Ot thchc the L iconu Oomp my (oi_,inize 1 in IS-lo) 
 
 ^SSi_si:e^ 
 
 
 has 75,000 and the Peppeiell Company (organized 1850) 00,000. The 
 Hardy Manufacturing Company, incorporated in 1865, manufac- 
 tures card-grinders, cotton and woolen machinery, gas fixtures, etc. 
 The Saco Watei'-Power Machine Shop Company was incorporated and 
 went into opei-ation in 1867, with a capital of $300,000. It manufac- 
 tures cotton and woolen machinery, and gives employment to about 
 500 men. There are also three boot and shoe factoi-ies, three foun- 
 dries for brass, iron and stoyes respectively, loom picker and harness 
 manufactories, several lumber and grain jnills, granite quarries, brick- 
 yards, and other lesser manufactures. The Boston and Maine, and 
 the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroads each have a station in 
 Biddeford ; and steam and sailing vessels ascend the river to w^ithin a 
 short distance of the lower fall. Biddeford is a port of delivery in the 
 Saco Customs District. The city has one daily and two weekly news- 
 papers, and one humorous and one religious monthly. The " Union 
 and ,Tournal"is an excellent and well-established paper, now ]iub- 
 lished on Friday of each week by G. A. Ilobbs. It is Republican in 
 
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118 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 politics. The " Biddeford "Weekly Advance " is a new publication, 
 but receives a goodly patronage. It is a lively paper and has been 
 independent in politics. Saturday is its date of publication. The 
 " Biddeford Daily Times" is also independent, and is a good local 
 paper. The humorous monthly, the " Monthly Miniature," is published 
 by Will H. Watson. The " Church and Home " is published by J. J. 
 Hall. The city has two national banks and banks for savings. 
 
 The surface of the town is quite hilly, and many portions quite 
 rocky, — granite being the prevailing ]-ock. fet the soil is good, and 
 the farms are generally productive. Corn and hay are the leading 
 crops. There are many small tracts of forest, having the usual variety 
 of trees. The roads are good, and the town affords many attractive 
 drives. The Pool has become largely patronized as a seaside resort, 
 and has several hotels. At Fletcher's Neck is a life saving station of 
 the TJ. S., and at Wood Island, at the mouth of the harbor, is a light- 
 house of the same name. It has a flashing red light. The tower is of 
 stone, and the dwelling, a story and a half wooden building. It is 
 connected with the tower by a wooden porch, all being whitewashed. 
 
 The eminent men of Biddeford in the days gone by, are James Sul- 
 livan, who became judge of the Supreme Court and, later, governor 
 of Massachusetts ; Hon. George Thacher, representative in Congress 
 from Massachusetts, and judge of the Supreme Court of that com- 
 monwealth ; Hon. Prentiss Mellen, United States Senator from Mas- 
 sachusetts, and afterward chief justice of the Supreme Court of Maine ; 
 Hon. Samuel Hubbard, judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ; 
 and D. E. Somes, a manufacturer of the city, who represented the Fii'st 
 Maine district in the National Cougress in 1859. — (See Saco).* 
 
 Blllg'liaill is situated on the east bank of the Kennebec River, 
 near the middle of the southern half of the county. It is bounded on 
 the east by Brighton, south by Solon, north by Concord, and west by 
 Moscow. The area is 23,040 acres. Johnson Mountain, situated in 
 the north-eastern part, is the princi|)al elevation, estimated to be 
 above 1,000 feet in height. Fall Brook and its brandies occupy the 
 southern part, and Austin Stream crosses the north-western part to the 
 Kennebec. Tho Soil is generally red and gray loam, and yields good 
 crops of hay, potatoes and various grains. Beech, birch, maple and 
 spruce constitute the forests. The centre of business is Bingham vil- 
 lage, situated on Austin Stream, near the Kennebec, and close upon the 
 Moscow line, on Austin Stream. The mills are mostly over the Mos- 
 cow line ; but there are saw and grist-mills in Bingham ; and on Falls 
 Brook there are one or more sau-mills. The manufactures consist of 
 all varieties of lumber, driving calks and sets, carriages, harnesses, etc. 
 The town is 22 miles N. N.W. of Skowhegan on the stage line to the 
 Forks. The nearest railroad station is at Anson, 16 miles distant. 
 
 The first settlement was made in this town as earlv as 1784, and 
 was surveyed in 1801, by Philip Bullen. It was incorp'orated on the 
 6th of February, 1812 ; taking its name from William Bingham, in 
 whose purchase ot 1,000,000 of acres in this region, it was included. 
 
 There is a Congregational society in the town, and a Union meet- 
 ing-house. Bingham has nine public schoolhouses ; these, with other 
 
 * We aie indebted to Mr. .7. S. Locke, author and publisher of the excellent guide-book 
 to Old Orchard Beach, lor several cuts illustrating this vicinity. 
 
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BIN GRAM P UR CHASE. 119 
 
 school property, having a vahie of $4,000. The valuation of estate in 
 1870 was $201,017. In 1880 it was $201,471. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was two per cent, for the , money tax. The population 
 in 1870 was 826. In 1880 it was 828. 
 
 Bing-liam Purchase refers to two tracts of land in 
 Maine, secured about 1785 to 1790, for the eastern one, and 1793 for 
 the western, by William Bingham, a wealthy merchant and banker of 
 Philadelphia. These tracts consisted of about 1,000,000 acres each ; 
 one lying in south-eastern and the other in western Maine. The 
 boundaries of the eastern tract was as follows : — Beginning at the 
 north-western corner of No. 8, at Union River, thence north 30 miles 
 and including one tier north of the end of that line, excepting tlie 
 corner township ; thence east to the St. Croix ; thence south by Den- 
 ny's River to the north-eastern part of Whiting, thence westward 
 north of Machias to the starting point, — embracing a total of 50 town- 
 ships. In western Maine the north line of the purchase is the same 
 . with the north Ime of townships in Range VII, which strikes near the 
 middle of Moosehead Lake on tlie western side ; thence southward on 
 the eastern line of the western tier of towns in Piscataquis County, to 
 the south-eastern corner of Wellington, the south-western town of the 
 county ; thence westward on a line with the southerly line of that 
 town, to the south-western angle of Mount Abraham township ; thence 
 northerly to the boundary line first described, striking it about one 
 mile and a quarter west of the eastern line of the north-eastern town- 
 ship of Franklin County, on the Canadian border. This comprised 
 about 1,000,000 acres, — above 40 townships. 
 
 The history of these purchases is as follows : The title of most of 
 the unsettled lands in Maine was in the Commonwealth of Massachu- 
 setts. Needing money, that government, in 1786, took steps to dispose 
 of a large quantity of land in eastern Maine by lottery, in the hope 
 that the drawers of prizes would settle their lands. This hope was not 
 realized ; and soon after the drawing, Mr. Bingham, who also had 
 drawn many of the townships, purchased most of the remainder. The 
 western tract was contracted for by General Knox, by the advice of Gen- 
 eral Lincoln, of Massachusetts, who had explored the territory. Lack- 
 ing funds to pay for his purchase, and being so much occupied with 
 his duties as Secretary of War that he was unable to attend to this 
 jiroperty, he transferred his contract to his friend Mr. Bingham, who 
 deserved well of the country, having rendered much financial aid dur- 
 ing the Revolution. Mr. Bingham died in Bath, England, in 1806, 
 leaving one son, who settled in Montreal; two daughters, who mar- 
 ried the brothers, Alexander and Henry Baring, of the eminent bank- 
 ing-house of that name, in London, and two other daughters who 
 married J. R. Ingersol and William Miller, of Philadelphia. Soon 
 after Mr. Bingham went to England, he appointed a young man 
 named John Black as his agent to manage his lands in Maine ; 
 and this duty he attended to until his death in 1856. Alexander 
 Baring eventually became a peer of the realm, with the title 
 of Lord Ashburton. Without the approval of her cabinet the queen 
 of England appointed him as Envoy Extraordinary to the United 
 States, in 1842, to settle the northern and eastern boundary question ; 
 hence the treaty framed by him and Daniel Webster, — at that time 
 
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120 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 American Secretary of State — is known as the WelDster-Ashburton 
 treaty. William Allen, Esq., of Norridgewock, was employed by 
 Colonel Black as early as the summer of 1828 in overseeing the mak- 
 ing of roads and settling taxes in this territory, and continued in the 
 employment and in making sales more or less until 1855 ; at which 
 date much land was still held by the heirs. No explanation of the 
 transactions of the General Court with the devisees and records was 
 publicly made until 1868, when a brief statement of the facts was 
 placed on file in the collections of the Maine Historical Society. 
 
 Birch Harbor,— a post-office in Hancock County. 
 
 BlaillG is situated on the eastern border of the State and 
 county, 26 miles north of Houlton. It vi^as formerly Alva planta- 
 tion. It was incorporated as a town in 1874, and named in honor of 
 Hon. James G. Blaine. It is bounded east by New Brunswick, south 
 by Bridgewater, west by unnamed townships, and north by Mars Hill. 
 The lattertown contains the eminence of the same, name celebrated as a 
 land-mark in the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. The 
 surface of the town is not varied by high hills except in the south- 
 western corner, whence a group spreads away to the south-west. The 
 principal streams are Presque Isle Stream, which runs southward 
 across the middle of the town, and its eastern and western tributa- 
 ries. Young Brook and Three Brooks Stream. The centre of business 
 is at the northern side on the Presque Isle road. The town jDost-office 
 a hotel, and several stores are at this point. The manufactures are 
 shingles, carriages, and boots and shoes. The Free Baptists have estab- 
 lished a church in the town. Blaine has four public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $1,300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $35,093. In 
 1880 it was $49,860. The population in 1880 was 646. 
 
 BlanCharO. is situated in the south-western part of Piscata- 
 quis county, 20 miles north-west of Dover. The town is at present 
 the terminus of the Bangor and Piscataquis Railway. The State 
 road from Athens to Moosehead Lake passes through Blanchard, — over 
 which has gone much of the travel to that point. The township was 
 a part of the Bingham purchase, which was locally known as the 
 " Million-acre Tract." Its area is 28,000 acres. Russell Mountain covers 
 quite a portion of it, and other high hills greatly diminish its tillage 
 surface. It is bounded on the north by Shirley, on the east by Monson, 
 south by Kitigsbury, and west by Somerset county. 
 
 The west branch of the Piscataquis is the principal stream. The 
 ponds are Mud, Thanksgiving, Bracket and Whetstoue. The town- 
 ship formerly abounded with pine timber ; and at Blanchard village 
 one of its mill privileges has long been oceu])ied by saw^-mills. Several 
 slate quarries have been opened in town, and there appears to be good 
 promise of profit from the stores of this material. The slate is of fine 
 quality, and susceptible of a high polish. 
 
 Ebenezer Deane was the first settler, making his first clearing in 
 1818. The township was purchased a fe\r years later by Charles Blan- 
 chard, Esq., of Portland, and Hon. Thomas Davee, of Dover, for the 
 Bum of $4,000. A number of settlers came in soon after. The town was 
 
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BLUE HILL. 121 
 
 incorporated in 1831, being named in honor of the largest proprietor, 
 Mr. Blanchard, who owned three-fourths of the townshijj. Mr. Davee 
 moved his family into town in 1832, and with Mr. Blanchard, bought 
 and rebuilt the mills and dam, adding a grist-mill. A good covered 
 bridge was soon after built across the river. A Congregational church 
 was organized, and in 1834 a minister was settled over it. A church 
 was built the same year. There is now a Methodist and a Free Baptist 
 society in town. Abner Coburn and his brothers in 1835 bought 
 14,000 acres in the town at $2 per acre. The railway was extended 
 to Blanchard in 1876. 
 
 Mr. Davee, while residing in Blanchard, was speaker of the Maine 
 House of Representatives, sheriff of Somerset County, and twice a re- 
 presentative of his district in the national Congress. Another esteemed 
 citizen was Ozias Blanchard, member at different times of both branches 
 of the State legislature ; also Ephraim Packard, judge of Probate. 
 The town sent 16 men to the army of the Union in the late war, — of 
 which number 3 were lost. 
 
 Blanchard hasbut one school-district, andits school property isvalued 
 at $800. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $83,142. The rate of 
 taxation in 1880 was two and a half per cent. The population in 1870 
 was 164. In 1880 it was 166. 
 
 JjlllG Hill is situated on Union River Bay, in the south- 
 western part of Hancock County. It is 14 miles S. S. W. of Ellsworth, 
 and 36 miles from Bangor, and is on the stage-lines from Bucksport to 
 Sedgewick and from Castine to Ellsworth. Surry bounds it on the 
 north-east, Penobscot on the north-west, Brooksville and Sedgewick on 
 the south-west. On the south-east are the waters of Union.River Bay, 
 from which Blue Hill Bay pushes up into the town. The name. Blue 
 Hill, comes from a coramandmg elevation of land near the centre of 
 the town. Tiie ascent begins at the shore of tire bay, continuing in a 
 gradual ascent for about a mile, and thence is quite abrupt to the huge 
 mass of rock which forms tlie top. The height above high water is 
 950 feet, — so that thehill affords extended and charming views on every 
 side. It was formerly covered with trees — principally evergreens — 
 which, at a distance, gave a very dark blue tint, — whence its name. 
 The soil of Blue Hill is clay loam and gravel. The principal rock is 
 granite. There are also extensive deposits of manganese and limestone. 
 Other minerals found in town are fluor spar, iron ore, copper ore, 
 gold, lead ore in a form of galena, wolfram, the ore of tin, hydrate 
 of silica, used in the making of fire-proof brick, phosphate of lime, etc. 
 The town has an excellent quality of granite, of which at some times 
 large quantity have been quarried. In 1876, these quarries afforded 
 employment for 30 yoke of oxen and 300 laborers. East River 
 Bridge, at New York, wns constructed of Blue Hill granite. At the 
 present time there are also 22 mining and smelting companies owning 
 territory in the town. 
 
 Mclieard's, Xorris, First, Second, Third and Fourth are the prin- 
 cipal ponds, being from half a mile to a mile in diameter. The 
 outlets of these ponds furnish power for several small saw and grist- 
 mills. One of the bridges, constructed of wood and granite, is 200 feet 
 in length. 
 
 Blue Hill was first settled in 1762 near " Fire Falls," where Blue 
 
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122 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Hill Bay communicates with a salt-water pond. The pioneers were 
 Capt. Joseph Wood and John Roundy. The third family in town was 
 formed by the marriage of Capt. Wood's daughter with Col. Parker, 
 who had served at the siege of Louisbourg. The family of Samuel 
 Foster was the fourth, and the next were Col. Nicholas Holt, Ezekiel 
 Osgood, and Nehemiah Hinkley. The first child, Jonathan Darling, 
 was born in 1765 ; the second child, Edith Wood, in 1766. Several 
 citizens of Blue Hill served in the Revolutionary war. Christopher 
 Osgood, one of the first setlers, was at the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 Nehemiah Hinkley served through the war, and was honorably dis- 
 charged at West Point. The town furnished 196 soldiers to the fjnion 
 army during the Rebellion, and paid out in bounties 117,995. Among 
 the notable citizens of a later period, but now deceased, were John 
 Peters, Eben. Floyd, Nathan Ellis, and Andrew Witham. There are 
 several residents above eighty years of age, and one over ninety. 
 
 The township was first known as "Number 5." The plantation name 
 was " Newport. ' It was incorporated as a town in 1789. A Congre- 
 gational church was formed in 1772, and a Baptist church in 1806. 
 There is now an additional Baptist church, at East Blue Hill. The 
 first post-office was established in 1795. Jonathan Fisher was the 
 settled minister from 1796 to 1837. He was somewhat eccentric, but 
 a worthy minister. Blue Hill Academy was incorporated in 1803, 
 being endowed by a grant of one half of Number 23, in Washington 
 county. This property was sold in 1806, for $6,252. The academy 
 has a library of about 500 volumes. The income from the fund (now 
 about $5,000) and tuition fees sustain instruction for about half the 
 year. Blue Hill has an excellent academy, and seventeen public 
 schoolhouses, the school property being valued at $7,800. The valua- 
 tion of real estate m 1870 was $397,620. In 1880, it was $449,497. 
 The rate of taxation the latter year was 16^ mills on the dollar, 
 including the highway tax. The population in 1870 was 1,707. In 
 the census of 1880 it was 2,213. 
 
 Blue Point, a small village in Scarborough, Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 Bolster's Mills, a post-office in Otisfield and Harrison, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Bonny ljjQ<g'le, a post-office in Standish, Cumberland County 
 
 BOOkertO"Wn, a small village in Gardiner, Kennebec County. 
 
 BOOtllD^jy, one of the most southerly towns of Lincoln 
 County, is situated between the Damariscotta and Sheepscot rivers, 
 having the town of Edgecomb on the north. The surface is moder- 
 ately irregular, without high hills. Agriculture is largely followed, 
 and fair crops are obtained in return for thorough cultivation. The 
 principal occupation of the inhabitants, however, relates to the fish- 
 cries. Barter's, Sawyer's and Hodgden's islands lie near together on 
 the .west side of the town ; and at the south is Squirrel Island, which, 
 though without other than the family of the keeper in winter, is in 
 
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BOOTHBAT. 123 
 
 Slimmer quite a populous village, being a convenient and agreeable 
 sea-side resort. The harbors are Boothbay Harbor, midway of its 
 southern shore ; Linekin's Bay, east of the former, and separated from 
 it by the promontory of Spruce Point ; and Pleasant Cove, off Dam ar- 
 iscotta River, in the north-eastern part of the town. Linekin's Neck 
 is a long projection of the south-east part of the town curving west- 
 ward, and forming Linekin's Bay. The principal ponds are Adam's, 
 in the centre of the town ; and south of this, Campbell's Pond, with 
 its outlet, Campbell's Creek, running southward to the sea. Oven's 
 Mouth River is a little more than an arm of the sea. It extends 
 from a little north of the centre of the town to its northern boun- 
 dary, whence it turns westward, joining Back River, and the Sheepscot 
 beyond. Back River is but a channel of the Sheepscot, separating 
 Barter's Island from the main land. 
 
 Boothbay is noted for its fine harboi-s, and its extensive business 
 in the menhaden or porgie fishery, and the extraction of the oil and 
 the preparations of guano from this fish. Boothbay Harbor is es- 
 teemed one of the best in the eastern country. It has four entrances, 
 is of ample size and depth, and is well protected. In 1779 it was the 
 rendezvous of the American expedition against the British at Castiiie. 
 In recent years it has sometimes in time of- bad weather held four or 
 five hundred vessels at a time, consisting chiefly of fishermen, who sought 
 its shelter, or came in for supplies of bait, etc., Boothbay Harbor is a 
 port of entry in the Wiscasset District. At the beginning of 1881, 
 there were doing business at Boothbay village, one fishery and oil com- 
 pany, an ice company, two marine railways, a company manufacturing 
 fertilizers, a factory for canning lobsters, and several manufactures 
 carried on by single parties. At East Boothbay, (Hodgdon's Mills) 
 two firms and an incorporated company are engaged in preparing oil 
 and guano from porgies ; and there are also a large saw-mill and two 
 shipbuilding firms. The other village is North Boothbay, situated 
 at the centre of the town. There is here an establishment of the 
 Knickerbocker Ice Company. Boothbay village is 12 miles south of 
 Wiscasset, with which it is connected by a stage-line. It is tlie term- 
 inus of the daily steamboat line from Bath in the summer, and from 
 Wiscasset in the winter. 
 
 Boothbay was formerly known as a part of Cape Newagen. It is 
 supposed to have been oocuj)ied as early as 1630. Boothbay Harbor 
 (formerly Townaend) is considered by many to be the " Pentecost 
 Harbor," on whose shores the crew of Captain Weymouth planted and 
 raised a crop of garden vegetables in 1605. Henry Curtis, in 1666, 
 purchased of the famous sagamore, Robin Hood, the right to settle 
 here ; but in the second Indian war (1688) the savages destroyed the 
 settlement. It lay waste and almost desolate for 40 years subsequent. 
 In 1730, it was revived by Colonel Dunbar, who gave it the name of 
 Townsend. It was incorporated under that name in 1764, retaining 
 the old name until 1842, when it received the name it now bears, in 
 memory of Old Boothbay, in Lincolnshire, England. It formerly in- 
 cluded Southport and the western part of Edgecomb. The hardships 
 of that early period were sometimes almost beyond belief. The set- 
 tlers brought in by Duiibar were largely Presbyterians from the north 
 of Irelapd, some of whom had been actors in the scenes of the Eng- 
 lish Revolution of 1688. The simple faith of these emmigrants is well 
 
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124 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 illustrated in an anecdote related by Willis, [see his account of the 
 " Scotch-Irish Immigration " to this country] of Andrew Reed, an 
 uncle of the celebrated Presbyterian, Rev. John Murray. During the 
 last Indian war the residents of Boothbay Harbor withdrew to the 
 westward for safety. Mr. Reed alone refused to go, and, in defiance 
 of all persuasion, persisted in remaining in his rude log cabin. Con- 
 trary to all expectation, the fugitives, on their return in the spring, 
 found him alive and unharmed. To their Mondering inquiries lie 
 calmly replied that he had felt neither solitude nor alarm. " Why 
 should I? Had I not my Bible with me?" cried the old man. Rev. 
 John Murray, to whom allusion has been made, was settled at Booth- 
 bav in the years just preceeding the Revolution. After removing 
 from Boothbay, he was settled over the " Whitefield Church " in New- 
 buryport, where his services were often attended by audiences of 2,000 
 people. Early iu the war of the Revolution, British cruisers sometimes 
 put into Boothbay Harbor, where the sailors frequently went ashore to 
 rob the people. The plundered inhabitants remonstrated with the 
 officers, but to no effect. As a last resort the people requested Mr. 
 Murray to make an effort for their relief. They embarked Lim in a 
 capacious boat, and paddled out to the British ship, whose crew were 
 at this time bearing so heavily upon them. The a2:)proaching boat 
 challenged the attention of the whole ship's company, who were on the 
 alert to know its business. Their surprise was great when they beheld 
 upon the deck of their vessel the noble figure of the clergyman, clad 
 in the full canonicals of the Presbyterian order. They gazed upon 
 him in silent wonder, while he set forth the sad case of his struggling 
 and suffering parishioners with such force and pathos that the town 
 was no more afflicted by those attached to this vessel. 
 
 The Boothbay Savings Bank held in deposits and profits at the 
 close of 1879, 135,795.87. At Boothbay village there are now Con- 
 gregationalist. Free Baptist and Methodist churches ; at North Booth- 
 bay is a Congregationalist and Free Baptist, and at East Boothbay 
 a Methodist church, and on Barter's Island, a Free Baptist church. 
 Boothbay has sixteen public schoolhouses, and the entire school 
 property is valued at $20,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $642,819. In 1880, it was $769,760. The population in 1870 was 
 3,200. In 1880 it was 3,576. 
 
 BOWdOin is situated in the north-western part of Sagadahoc 
 county. Bowdoinham bounds it on the east, Topsham on the south, 
 Litchfield, in Kennebec county, on the north, and Webster, in Andros- 
 coggin county, on the west. In dimensions, the town is about 8^ 
 miles north and south, and b^ east and west. The surface is some- 
 what uneven and rolling, and in the north-eastern part there is a group 
 of six considerable hills. Caesar's Pond, having an area of about 75 
 acres, is the largest sheet of water. The principal streams are Cath- 
 anco and Little rivers, the first running southward through the eastern 
 part of the town, and the second running in the same direction at the 
 western part, and forming partof the boundary. The rocks are granitic. 
 The soil is about equally divided between clay and sandy loam. Good 
 crops of hay, grain, corn, potatoes and a])ples are obtained. Hemlock 
 and spruce are the soft woods. Maple, beecih, birch and elm are plenti- 
 ful, with a sprinkling of oak and poplar. There are two saw-mills aud 
 
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BO WDOINHAM. 125 
 
 two grist-mills, — all employed on custom work. Bowdoin Centre, Bow- 
 doin and West Bowdoin are the business points. It is about 2 miles 
 from the town line to the railroad station at Lisbon Falls, and about 
 4 to the station at Bowdoinham village. 
 
 Bowdoin is supposed to have been settled some years previous to 
 the Revolutionary war, and was known for several years under the 
 name of the " Plantation of West Bowdoinham." It was incorporated in 
 1788, when, — according to Williamson — it contained about 120 families. 
 It was named in honor of Governor Bowdoin. The people were prin- 
 cipally of the Baptist denomination, and one of the first ministers 
 settled there was Elden James Potter. There are now three meeting- 
 houses in the town, and two societies fully organized and holding reg- 
 ular services, namely, — the Free Baptists and the Friends. Rev. Nath- 
 aniel Purinton and his son, Rev. Albert W. Purinton, were highly 
 esteemed citizens of Bowdoin. There are nineteen persons in town 
 between eighty and ninety years of age, and one over ninety. Bowdoin 
 has fifteen public schoolhouses, valued with other school property at 
 $4,500. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $406,550. In 1880 it 
 was $394,901. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 16 mills on 
 the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,345. In 1880 it was 1,361. 
 
 BOTrdoinllOjlll, in Sagadahoc County, is situated en the 
 west bank of the Kennebec river, at its junction with Androscoggin. 
 It is bounded north by Richmond, west by Bowdoin, south by Tops- 
 ham, and east by the Kennebec. Woolwich and Bath lie opposite the 
 southern part. The town lies about 8 miles along the river, with 
 an average width of about 5 miles. The principal streams are the 
 Abagadusset and Cathance rivers. The former rises in the northern 
 part of Richmond and runs southward through the eastern part of 
 Bowdoinham, parallel with the Kennebec. The Cathance rises in the 
 northern part of Bowdoin, runs south into the middle of Topsham, 
 then north in Bowdoinham until it receives the "West Branch," then 
 south to Meri-ymeeting Bay. Bowdoinham village is situated in the 
 southern i:)art of the town, near the junction with the West Branch. 
 There was formerly considerable ship-building carried on at this point, 
 and the business has not yet wholly ceased. There are in Bowdoinham 
 three saw-mills, a grist-mill, a plaster-mill with capacity to grind eight 
 tons per day, two clothing manufactories, a cheese-factory and about 
 one dozen ice companies. Other manufactures are boots and shoes, 
 tinware, carriages and harnesses, etc. East Bowdoinham, near the 
 Abagadusset, has a railroad station and post-office. 
 
 The principal rock in town is a felspathio granite. The soil is chiefly 
 clay, with some sandy loam on the uplands. The principal crop for 
 export is hay. Maple, birch and ash flourish in the woods. 
 
 The Indian sachem, Abagadusset, had his residence on the point 
 which now bears his name. It lies between the river of the same name 
 and the Kennebec. Alexander Thwait purchased land of the In- 
 dians and lived at this place before 1656. He rer^oved to Bath for a 
 few years, but i-eturned in 1665. It is said that during the first Indian 
 war nine families living on the north shore of Merrymeeting Bay were 
 destroyed or made captive by the Indians. Remains of orchards 
 planted before this date have been mentioned by later inhabitants. 
 
 The township of Bowdoinham was claimed by the Plymouth pro- 
 
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126 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 prietors, who conveyed 3,200 acres of it to William Bowdoin, of Bos- 
 ton, but Sir Ferdinando Gorges had, in 1637, granted to Sir Richard 
 Edgeeomb a tract of 8,000 acres, situated near Merrymeeting Bay — 
 then called the " Lake of New Somerset." In 1718 John Edgeeomb, of 
 New London, appeared for the heirs of his name, and entered a minute 
 of the grant in the book of claims. In 1756 the claim was again re- 
 vived by Lord Edgeeomb, one of the heirs, who entrusted his business 
 to Sir William Pepperell, of Kittery. The latter having died without 
 settling his claim, his lordship empowered Nathaniel Sparhawk to pur- 
 sue it. Mr. Bowdoin, claiming from the Plymouth proprietors, brought 
 an action to sustain his claim, showed title from the Plymouth propri- 
 etors, and a quit-claim from Abagadusset. The court ruled that this 
 should prevail against the obsolete and indefinite grant made by 
 Gorges, and Mr. Bowdoin won the case. This ruling and decision 
 were in 1758 and 1763 ; but some years later the Superior Court 
 ruled that this town was not included in the patent, the north line 
 of the town beiag fixed as the southern boundary of the patent. 
 It is also said that the Pejepscot proprietors claimed this territory and 
 built mills within it. The settlement of Bowdoinham began soon after 
 the building of Port Richmond ; but its increase was much retarded by 
 the wars with the Indians, and the disputes about the title to the land. 
 The National Bank of Bowdoinham has a capital of 150,000. Orrington 
 Lunt and Samuel Gray are among the most valued of former citizens. 
 The salubrity of the climate of this town is shown by the number of 
 old persons living here, there being thirty-three over eighty years old. 
 It was incoriDorated in 1762, being named in honor of the Bowdoin 
 family. 
 
 The Free Baj)tists have two churches, the Baptists one, and the 
 Methodists one. Bowdoinham has fifteen schoolhouses, the entire 
 school property being valued at $6,000. The valuation of the estates 
 in 1870 was $646,422. In 1880 it was $610,409. The rate of taxation 
 in the latter year was twenty-four mills on a dollar. The population in 
 1870 was 1,804. In 1880 it was 1,681. 
 
 BOWerlbank, (No. 7, R.VIII.) in Piscataquis county, lies 
 directly north of Foxcroft, but separated from it by Sebec Lake. Its 
 boundary on the east is Barnard, and on the west, Howard. Its area, in- 
 cluding a part of the lake, within its limits, is 26,880 acres. Birch Moun- 
 tain is its highest elevation. About one-third of its soil is suitable for 
 cultivation, and some parts have proved highly productive. Mill Brook, 
 the principal stream, has a saw mill and a grist mill. 
 
 Mr.Bowerbank, a London merchant, was the first owner of the town- 
 ship who took effective steps to procure its settlement. The first actual 
 settler was a Mr. Robinson, who put up a framed house and barn in 1825, 
 and married and moved in in 1826. William Newell, a blacksmith 
 from Hallowell, was the next ; William Heskith, the third, and Deacon 
 J. Brown, the fourth. 
 
 Religious meetings very early began to be regularly held, and in 
 1836 a Baptist church was organized. The settlers soon voluntarily 
 took measures to build a schoolhouse, and opened private schools 
 for their children. The township was permanently incorporated in 
 1839, taking the name of its English owner. There were then but 
 about thirty voters, upon whom were imposed the burdens of muni- 
 
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BRADLEY. 127 
 
 cipal regulations and high taxes. The town organization allowed of 
 their selling the public reserves, by which they secured a school fund of 
 $580, which still aids in sustaining their schools. The population de- 
 creased so that in 1850 it numbered 173, with a valuation of $17,376; 
 in 1870 it was eighty-three, with a valuation of $15,000. In 1880 the 
 population was eighty-six, with a valuation of $25,000. In 1869, at the 
 instance of a petition of the inhabitants, the act of incorporation was 
 repealed, and the township lost all organization. 
 
 BO^Wery Beach, a post-office in Cape Elizabeth, Cumber- 
 land County. 
 
 Boyd's Lake, a post-office in Orneville, Piscataquis county. 
 
 Bradford, in Penobscot County, is situated 20 miles north 
 of Bangor ; and on its northern, side adjoins Piscataquis County. 
 It is bounded on the east by Lagrange and Alton, on the south by 
 Hudson, on the west by Charleston, and on the north by Orneville, 
 in Piscataquis County. The middle branch of Dead River runs 
 south-east through the middle of the town, furnishing several water- 
 powers. The centers of business are Bradford Village, Center, East 
 Bradford and North Bradford, each of which has a post-office. There 
 are a saw-mill, three shingle, one planing and one stave-mill in the 
 town. Other manufactures are carriages, harnesses, sole leather, etc.. 
 The nearest railroad station is in Lagrange, about five miles distant. 
 The surface of the town is gently undulating, and there is scarcely any 
 outcropping rock. Some pebbles and bowlders are found in the soil, 
 which is a deep loam. Potatoes, corn, wheat and oats are chiefly cul- 
 tivated, and yield well. The principal forest trees are majDle, birch, 
 beech, hemlock, spruce and cedar. 
 
 The first clearing was made in the summer of 1803, by James White 
 and Robert Marshall, the first moving his family in during the spring 
 of 1805. Jemison and Rogers settled in the south part of the town 
 in 1804, and Wilson and Hildreth became residents in 1806. The set- 
 tlement was organized as a plantation in 1820, and was incorp irated 
 as a town under its present name in March 12, 1831. Bradford has a 
 Baptist, a Free Baptist and a Methodist church. There are thirteen 
 public schoolhouses, the total school property having an estimated 
 value of $7,000. There is a high school sustained a part of the year at 
 Bradford Village. The valuation of estates in 1870, was $233,734. 
 In 1880 it was $252,413. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 about two per centum. The population in 1870 was 1,487. In 1880 
 it was 1,460. 
 
 Bradford Villag'e, a small village in Turner, Andros- 
 coggin County. 
 
 Bradley is situated on the eastern bank of Penobscot River, 
 11 miles above Bangor, and on the south-eastern border of the county. 
 Its dimensions are about 7 by 10 miles. The surface is uneven, but 
 without high hills. A very small proportion of the land is suitable for 
 cultivation, that portion lying principally along the Penobscot. Pine 
 
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128 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 once grew here in large quantities, but fire and the lumberman's axe 
 have swept it mostly away. Nichols Pond, 3 miles long by 2 wide, 
 is situated at the southern angle of the town. On the outlet are seven 
 of the eighteen water-powers in the town, the other eleven being on 
 Great Works Stream emptying into Penobscot in the northern part of 
 the town. On these powers are one lumber, shingle and lath mill, one 
 heading, stave and broom-handle mill, and five shingle-mills. On the 
 Penobscot just above and below the town, are also numerous mills. 
 By a bridge near its north line, Bradley has access to the European 
 and Noi'th American Railway, on the western side of the river. 
 
 Bradley was incorporated in 1834. The Free Baptists have a 
 church in town, but the churches in Orono and Oldtown are so near 
 that the worshippers resort thither largely. There are four public 
 schoolhouses, the entire school property being estimated at $1,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $158,166. In 1880 it was $118,998. 
 The population in 1870 was 866. In 1880 it was 829 
 
 Branch Mills, a post-office in China, Kennebec County. 
 
 BrGHlGn. is situated a little south of the centre of Lincoln 
 County, on the western side of Muscongus Bay. On the north is 
 Waldoboro, on the west Damariscotta, and on the west and south, the 
 town of Bristol. Bremen is 5 miles in length by 3 in breadth. Pem- 
 aquid and Biscay ponds lie on its western line, separating it from 
 Damariscotta. Broad Bay in the north-east and Greenland Cove on the 
 south-east are the harbors; and at the heads of these are the princijial 
 settlements. Muscongus Pond, in the southern part, and McCurdy's, 
 in the western part of the town, are the princii^al sheets of water. 
 The surface of the town is uneven. Granite is the rock that appears 
 in view. The soil is clay and sandy loam. The principal crop is 
 potatoes. On the outlet of Muscongus Pond is a saw, shingle and grist 
 mill. There are two porgy-oil factories. The occupation of the 
 inhabitants is principally fishing and farming. Bremen is 16 miles 
 east of Wiscasset. The nearest railroad stations are at Waldoboro 
 and Damariscotta. 
 
 The territory of Bremen originally belonged to the Pemaquid Patent. 
 It was once a part of Bristol, but was set off and incorporated in 1828. 
 William Hilton, from Plymouth, Mass., was the first settler, having 
 moved in with his family, consisting of four sons and three daughters, 
 in 1735. He was, however, soon driven away by the Indians ; but at 
 the close of the war in 1745, he returned. Being an heir by 
 marriage of the Brown claim,* he took possession of a lot on that 
 claim ; and on this he resided until the last Indian war broke out 
 (1754), when he removed his family to the block-house at Muscongus 
 Harbor. Though this was 5 miles from his home, he still continued 
 his labors upon the farm. In May, 1755, while he and his three sons, 
 William, Richard and John, were landing from a boat, they were fired 
 upon by the Indians, who were in ambush. William was killed out- 
 right, the father and Richard were severely wounded, the first 
 
 * John Brown, who settled at New Harbor, in Bristol, bought, in 162S, of the Indian 
 sagamore, Samoset. for fifty skins, a tract of land between Broad Bay and Damariscotta 
 River, extending 25 miles into the country. (Sea Annals of Warren, p. 17. 
 
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BREWER. 129 
 
 mortally ; but John, the youngest, (about seventeen years of age) was 
 unharmed, and returning the fire, killed one of the Indians. Then 
 assisting his father and Ricliard into the boat, he returned with them 
 to the block-house. Commodore Samuel Tucker, of Revolutionary 
 memory, was a resident of this town, spending here tiie later years of 
 his life. During the Rebellion Bremen furnished the Union cause 
 with 27 men, of whom 12 were lost. Mrs. Mercy Studley, a resident 
 of this town was, in 1880, one hundred and two years of age, — one 
 hundred and six, she herself says. 
 
 Bremen }ias a Methodist and a Congregational church. There are 
 nine public schoolhouses in the town, and the total school property is 
 valued at 15,600. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $162,437. In 
 1880, it was $190,387. The rate of taxation in 1880 was sixteen and 
 one-half mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 797. In 1880 
 it was 839. 
 
 Brewer is situated in the southern part of Penobscot County, 
 on the eastern side of the Penobscot River. Its dimensions are about 
 6 miles along the river, with a width of 3 miles. Holden bounds 
 it on the east, Orrington on the south, and Bangor lies on the north- 
 west, with the Penobscot as a dividing line. The surface is quite even, 
 the soil generally a clayey loam, and considered good for agricultural 
 purposes, especially along the river. The principal crop is hay. The 
 highest eminence is Meeting-house Hill. The sti'eams are the Segeun- 
 kedunk Stream, emptying into the Penobscot' at the southern part of 
 the town ; Felt's Brook, flowing through the middle of the town to the 
 river ; and Eaton. Brook, discharging into the Penobscot, near the north 
 part of the town'. The centers of business are Brewer, on the river 
 near the middle of the town ; Brewer Village, at the mouth of Segeun- 
 kedunk, at the south of the town, and North Brewer, near the northern 
 line. The first two villages have each a post-office. Brewer has seven 
 water-powers, all on the Segeunkedunk Stream. The height of the 
 falls, beginning with the first on tide water, are 20, 14, 4, 12, 10, 14 
 and 12 feet respectively. There are five saw-mills in the town, one 
 using steam-power. These cut in the aggregate about 4,000,000 feet 
 of long lumber annually. There are at Brewer Village two grist-mills; 
 and here and in other parts are shingle and clapboard-mills, two planing 
 and moulding-mills, three or more shipyards, two mast and spar makers, 
 one boat-builder, thirteen or more brickyards, two makers of brick- 
 machines, three carriage-makers, a churn and spinning-wheel factory, 
 one machine-shop, one tannery, three shoe manufacturers, two stove and 
 furnace makers, three ice companies, a marine railway, etc. At the 
 beginning of the present decade. Brewer Saving's Bank held deposits and 
 profits amounting to $39,922,07. Brewer is on the Bangor and Bucks- 
 port Railroad, and is connected with Bangor with a covered toll-bridge. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Orrington and incorporated 
 in 1812. The name was in honor of Col. John Brewer, who, in 1770, 
 made the first settlement at what is now Brewer Village. Other set- 
 tlers of this period were Isaac Robinson, Elisha Skinner, Lot Rider, 
 DeodatBrastow,andBenJamin Snow, the Holyoke, Farrington and Burr 
 families. At the date of the Revolution there were already 160 
 inhabitants. The first post-ofBce was opened in the village in 
 1780, with Colonel Brewer as post-master, — an office which he held thirty 
 
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130 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 years. The mail was then carried on horseback, and but one vessel 
 was owned in the town. The " Briiumer Flats " opposite the mouth 
 of the Kenduskeag River, is supposed by some to have been the site of 
 the mythical Indian city, Norumbega, of which early voyagers to the 
 Westei-n Continent spoke rather indefinitely. 
 
 Among former residents of Brewer we should not forget to mention 
 General Joshua L. Chamberlain, formerly governor of the State, now 
 for some years president of Bowdoin College; also Mr. Quimby, editor 
 of " Detroit Free Press " ; Dr. B. F. Tefft, well known in the northern 
 part of the State ; Mr. B. A. Burr, publisher of the " Whig and Courier," 
 Bangor. Brewer has erected a monument of Italian marble in memory 
 of her soldiers who fell in the war for the Union. 
 
 The Congregation alists have two churches in the town, and the 
 Methodists one. The number of public schoolhouses is eleven ;. and 
 the value of the entire property is estimated at $11,000. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $669,867. In 1880 it was $735,169. The 
 population in 1870 was 3,214. In 1880 it was 3,170. 
 
 Bridg^CTrater is situated on the eastern border of the State, 
 and of Aroostook County, 22 miles north of Houlton, on the stage-line 
 from that place to the Upper Aroostook. It is bounded on the north 
 by Blaine, south by Monticello, west by an unnamed township and 
 east by New Brunswick. The township is near 6 miles square. The 
 Presque Isle and St. John's road crosses the north-eastern part of the 
 town. The Presque Isle River runs south-easterly across the northern 
 part, receiving, near the eastern line, a tributary called Whitney Brook, 
 from the Western part of the town. At the junction is a small 
 village, and on a dam just below are a saw-mill and a grist-mill. One 
 of the bridges at this place is about 500 feet in length, and is built of 
 cedar. 
 
 Bridgewater Post-Office is in the northern part of the town, midway 
 from east to west. The sheets of water are two ponds lying near 
 together, in the northern part of the town, called the " Bridgewater 
 Lakes," and Portland Lake. Each of them contains about 150 acres. 
 The town has lumber mills, a tannery, a starch-factory, a steam flour- 
 mill, a buckwheat-mill, and other manufactures common, to small 
 villages. The principal underlying rock in this town is limestone. 
 The soil is a compound of gravel and light loam. Hay, wheat, oats, 
 bnrley, buckwheat and potatoes are cultivated and yield well. This 
 township was originally granted by Massachusetts, the northern portion 
 to, Bridgewater Academy and the southern to Portland Academy. It 
 was incorporated March 2, 1858. The town sent 25 men to 
 put down the Rebellion, of whom 4 were lost. The churches in 
 town are Free Baptist and Methodist. Bridgewater has five public 
 schoolhouses, the entire school property being valued at $1,000. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $83,263. In 1880 it was $103,406. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was about 2 per cent. The 
 population in 1870 was 605. In 1880 it was 722. 
 
 Brid^tOH forms the north-western corner of Cumberland 
 County, and lies between Long Pond and the town of Denmark, in 
 Oxford County. It is bounded on the north and north-west by 
 
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BREWER. 181 
 
 Sweden and Waterford, in Oxford County, north-east by Harrison, 
 south-east by Naples and Sebago, and south-west by Denmark. 
 Long Pond separates it from Harrison, and extends nearly through 
 the town of Naples to Lake Sebago, with which it is connected by 
 Brandy Pond and a short stream called Songo River. Crotched, Upper 
 Moose, Wood's, Ingalls, Otter and Beaver Ponds are wliolly within 
 the town. Kezar Pond lies on the north-western line of the town, and 
 together with its feeder and outlet form the boundary between Bridgton 
 and Fryeburg. The principal streams are Steven's Brook, the outlet 
 of Crotched Pond and Willett's and Martin Brooks. The first furnishes 
 the power at Bridgton Village, where are situated the Cumberland, 
 Pondicherry and Forest woollen-mills, two grist-mills, two saw-mills, 
 a shovel-handle and sash and blind factory, a foundry, machine-shop, 
 hamraei- and cabinet-shops. I'here are on this stream ten or more 
 available powers, of which not less than eight are improved. Within 
 a distance of a mile and a half this stream makes a descent of about 
 150 feet. The village is busy, thrifty and intelligent. The houses are 
 neat, and generally have spacious grounds which are often ornamented 
 with trees, shrubbery and flowers. The village has church edifices of the 
 Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist, and IJniversalist denominations. 
 The schools are graded from primary to high, and their standard is 
 well maintained. 
 
 At the little village called " Pinhook " or " Sandy Creek," south of 
 the former, are a grist-mill, a saw-mill, carriage and boot and shoe 
 factories. The Baptist church at this place is very pleasantly situated. 
 
 South Bridgton consists principally of one pleasant street, on which 
 are a Congregational church, and an excellent public schoolhouse. 
 The manufactures are carriages and boots and shoes. 
 
 North Bridgton is a prettily laid out village at the northern extrem- 
 ity of Long Pond. This is the northern boat landing for the west 
 side of the pond. The manufactures are cabinet-work, leather, lumber, 
 meal, flour, boots and shoes, etc. The public edifices are the neat 
 church of the Congregationalists, and the well-known Bridgton 
 Academy, which continues to flourish, though so many schools of its 
 kind have ceased to exist. West Bridgton, at the north-western corner 
 of the town, has a schoolhouse and post-office. 
 
 The scenery in this town is delightful, both within and about the 
 town ; and the pleasure and comfort and safety of inland sailing may 
 here be enjoyed to the full ; the boats running from Harrison, at the 
 extreme north of Long Pond, to all points on Lake Sebago. It is now 
 probable that by the summer of 1881, a narrow-gauge railway will con- 
 nect Bridgton directly with Portland, which must prove a means of 
 much advantage and pleasure to the town and its visitors. Bridgeton 
 was granted in 1761, by Massachusetts, to Moody Bridges and others, 
 being divided into eighty-six shai-es. Sixty-one of these were held by 
 individual proprietors ; one was set apart for the support of the minis- 
 try ; one, for the first settled minister ; one, for Harvard College,; one, 
 for the support of schools ; one, for the first settler in the township. 
 In 1767 the proprietors named their town Bridgton, in honor of Moody 
 Bridges, one of their number. It had previously been called Pondi- 
 chorry. This is the name of a town in Ireland, but is said to have 
 been humorously given to a tract lying between Long Pond and Pleas- 
 ant Mountain on account of its numerous ponds and abundance of wild 
 
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132 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 cherries. Captain Benjamin Kimball, in 1768, in return for the grant 
 of a tract of land, bound himself to build a convenient house of enter- 
 tainment, to keep a store of goods, and to hold himself in readiness 
 with a boat of two tons burthen, rigged with a convenient sail, to carry- 
 passengers and freight from Piersontown to the head of Long Pond 
 and back, at a specified rate whenever called upon by the proprietors, 
 for the term of seven years. The same year, the proprietors in like man- 
 ner, contracted with Jacob Stevens to build and keep in repair a saw-mill 
 and a corn-mill — which he did upon the outlet of Crotched Pond, ever 
 since known as Steven's Brook. In 1782, certain lots on the shore of . 
 Long Pond were given to those settlers, who by greatest progress in 
 clearings and building, merited reward ; and these lots therefore have 
 since been known as the " merited " lots. It was at the same time 
 arranged to build a public mill at the locality now known as "Pin- 
 hook." Bridgton was incorporated as a town in 1794. There being a 
 steady increase in wealth and population. In 1805 that part of its 
 territory, lying on the easterly side of Long Pond, comprising about 
 8,500 acres, was set off from Bridgton to form in part the new town of 
 Harrison. Again, in 1834, a tract of about 2,500 acres at the south- 
 east corner of the town was set off to form a part of the new town of 
 Naples. In 1847, to restore Bridgeton, as far as possible, to its former 
 dimensions, there was acquired on the west, by annexations from the 
 towns of Fryeburg and Denmark, a tract of about 3,500 acres — which 
 territory is known as Texas — perhaps in reference to the State newly 
 annexed at that time. The present area of the town is about 80,000 
 acres. The soil in general is very productive ; and the town can boast 
 of many excellent and well cultivated farms. 
 
 The " Bridgton News," published weekly by its editor and proprie- 
 tor, H. A. Shorey, Esq., is an able and spicy sheet. 
 
 The first minister settled in Bridgton was Rev. Nathan Church, 
 who died in 1836, aged eighty-two. The Methodists, Universalists and 
 Bajjtists each have a church in the town, — the Methodists have two 
 and the Congregation'alists three. Bridgton is unusually well supplied 
 with public libraries ; Bridgton village, and North and South IBridg- 
 ton each possessing one. 
 
 Bridgton has twenty public schoolhouses, valued at $18,300. The 
 valuation of real estate in 1870 was $855,197. In 1880 it was $1,102,- 
 613. The population in 1870 was 2,685. By the census of 1880, it was 
 was 2,863. 
 
 Brig"llt011 is situated on the eastern border of Somerset 
 County, 20 miles north of Skowhegan. It is bounded north by 
 Mayfield, west by Bingham, south by Athens, and east by Wellington 
 in Piscataquis County. The only considerable eminence in the town 
 is a high hill_ in the north-west corner. Kingsbury Pond, the 
 head of Sebasticook River, lies partly within the town at the north- 
 eastern corner. Wyman's Pond lies in the south-western part of the 
 town, and Week's Pond, a square mile in area, lies just north of 
 Brighton Centre. The latter is a small village, but the largest in town. 
 The Wesserunsett River, outlet of Week's Pond, has a fall near the 
 centre, where its stream descends thirty feet in four rods. There is a 
 stone dam at the head. Thei-e are also powers on Wyman Brook. In 
 the town are a saw-mill, shingle-machine and flour-mill, run by water- 
 
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BRISTOL. 133 
 
 power, a steam saw-mill and a shingle-mill. Brighton is on the stage- 
 line from Skowhegan to Moosehead Lake. 
 
 This town was originally a part of Bingham's purchase. It was in- 
 corporated in 1816. The town has Congregationalist, Free Baptist, 
 Methodist and Christian churches. Brighton has eight public school- 
 houses, valued with other property at |2,200. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $91,727. In 1880 it was $71,930. The population 
 in 1870 was 627. In 1880 it was 585. 
 
 Bristol, in Lincoln County, occupies the peninsula between 
 the Damariscotta River and Muscongus Bay. The towns of Damaris- 
 cotta and Bremen bound it on the north, and Newcastle, Edgecomb, 
 and Boothbay lie on the west, separated from it by Damariscotta 
 River. John's Bay, and the irregular sheet of water extending inland 
 from it, called John's River, make a peninsula of the westei-n part of 
 the town. East of this, Pemaquid River, connecting with Biscay and 
 Pemaquid Ponds at the north, liivides the town into nearly equal sec- 
 tions. Other harbors are Seal Cove on the south-west side of the 
 peninsula, Muscongus Harbor, forming a part of the north-eastern 
 boundary, and New Harbor on the eastern side, opposite the mouth of 
 Pemaquid River. The long projection seaward of of the south-eastern 
 part of the town is known as Pemaquid Point. Rutherford's Island, 
 south of the western peninsula, contains a small harbor called " Christ- 
 mas Cove." On the eastern side of the town, and separated from it by 
 Muscongus Sound, is the long Muscongus Island. The territory of 
 the town is very large and the territory very uneven. There is much 
 granite, but of a coarse quality. The soil is largely a clay loam. 
 Potatoes form the largest crop. The prineijial pond is Biscay, form- 
 ing part of the boundary at the north, and Burns' Pond, near the 
 centre of the town, — both connected with Pemaquid River. The river 
 itself expands into a harbor and empties into John's Bay. Bristol 
 embraces the ancient Pemaquid, a place justly celebrated in the early 
 history of New England as one of the earliest and most important 
 settlements on the coast. The town forms about dne-third of the 
 Pemaquid patent, which was granted by the Council of Plymouth 
 (England) in 1631, to Robert Aldsworth and Gyles Elbridge, two 
 merchants belonging in Bristol, England. The patent covered the 
 entier peninsula between the Damariscotta and Medomac Rivers to 
 the sea, including the Damariscove Islands, and all others within 
 twenty-seven miles of the mainland. The pi-oprietors commenced the 
 settlement on the peninsula on the east side of the Pemaquid River, 
 between its basin and John's Bay. This peninsula contains 27 
 acres ; which, at that time, was covered with heavy forest trees. 
 By 1632, there was quite a village at this point, and a fort of palisades 
 had been erected. It was at this date that Dixy Bull, the renegade 
 English coast trader, attacked and plundered the village. 
 
 In 1664, Bristol was claimed by the Duke of York to be within the 
 patent he held from the crown, including also Sagadahoc and New 
 York. Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New York, and later of New 
 England, ruled in this part of Maine from 1674 to 1682. In order to 
 secure English control in New York (New Amsterdam), he transported 
 many of the Dutch settlers of that place to Pemaquid. Here some of 
 them were seii,t to garrison Fort Charles. This structure stood at the 
 
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134 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 south-western angle of the village, in such a position as to commana the 
 entrance to the harbor. Gyles in his " Tragedies of the Wilderness," 
 says that he built a city at the mouth of Pemaquid River, and named 
 it Jamestown in compliment to the proprietor, the Duke of York, 
 subsequently James I. The government of the region was for many 
 years located here. The great number of old cellars that have been 
 found, and some paved spaces as of a street, from time to time discovered 
 beneath the soil, seem to corroborate this statement. Gyles also says 
 that Andros built a fort here, which he named Fort Charles, and gar- 
 risoned with " a considerable number of soldiers." In the spring of 1675, 
 King Philip's war broke out in Massachusetts, and by autumn had 
 extended to Maine. The attitude of the Indians toward Pemaquid 
 was threatening. By the untiring exertions of Abraham Shurt, a 
 magistrate and very influential man at Pemaquid, the chiefs of the 
 tribes dwelling at the heads of the rivers were induced to meet him in 
 council. He promised them just remuneration for the furs which 
 had been stolen from them, and security from future aggressions. The 
 savages had great confidence in his probity, and the destruction of 
 Pemaquid and the neighboring settlements was for a time averted. 
 Neither side wholly observed their pledges; and several measures 
 adopted by those having the control in Maine, the most important of 
 which was the orders for the seizure of every Indian known to be a 
 manslayer, traitor or conspirator." A ship-master having got possession 
 of one of these warrants decoyed several Indians of this region on 
 board, and carried them away with the intention of selling them as 
 slaves. Shurt had warned the Indians of the designs upon them but 
 to no effect ; and the warriors made no discrimination in their rage. A 
 murderous attack was at once made upon all the settlements, and 
 trading stations along the coast, and they were destroyed relentlessly. 
 " Pemaquid, the centi-e of civilization in the wilderness — one of the first 
 born cities of the new world, was to meet its doom. The torch was 
 applied, and the infant city soon enveloped in one devouring mass of 
 flame." The settlers returned at the close of the war, in 1678 ; but the 
 settlement had scarcely been p)laced on a comfortable footing when the 
 English Revolution of 1688 began, and England was again at war witli 
 France. The colonies of each nation in America were quickly involved, 
 and the savages again burned with rage against the English. Pemaquid 
 was attacked by the French and Indians and destroyed ; the fort being 
 battered down, and most of the inhabitants either killed or taken pris- 
 oners. In 1692 the place was again in the control of the English ; and 
 Sir William Phips, a native of this region, and first governor of Massa- 
 chusetts under the second charter, commenced its reconstruction ; 
 erecting a strong stone fort on a point of land whose extremity is 
 marked by a large rock. Though so strong, the fort was in 1696 
 captured by the French by means of artillery, from the vessels and on 
 the opposite shore. During Lovewell's war (1722-6) the fort became 
 a rendezvous for the returned inhabitants of Pemaquid and vicinity, — 
 though considerably decayed. Colonel Dunbar repaired it in 1729-30 ; 
 but during the war of the Revolution it was destroyed, lest it might 
 become a stronghold of the enemy. 
 
 An engagement between the British and the Pemaquid people 
 actually occurred in 1814. On account of various annoyances which 
 they had received from the venturous j-eomen of the place, the British 
 
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BROOKLIN. 135 
 
 had for some time threatened Pemaquid. Accordingly on the 29th of 
 June, the frigate Maidstone anchored in Fisherman s Island Harbor, 
 whence 8 barges containing 275 men, set out for Pemaquid Harbor. 
 Captain Sproul with about 100 men met them in the night; a dense fog 
 enveloping the rival forces, so that neither the barges nor the men could 
 be seen, except by the flashes of musketry. It is not known that any 
 person was injured during the engagement, which lasted about an hour ; 
 but the British gave up the attempt on Pemaquid, and turned their 
 boats toward New Harbor, one mile distant by land and seven by water. 
 At their approach, the two boys stationed on guard fired the signal 
 gun, and Captain Sproul and his men hastened to the rescue. William 
 Rodgers, who lived near, called from the shore, warning them that a 
 hundred Bristol boys would soon be upon them. They received his 
 friendly counsel with ridicule, and the officer in command uttering an 
 oath, ordered the bow gun to be discharged at him. The promised 
 force was soon at hand ; and from the shelter of the rocks along the 
 shore, they sent havoc among the English forces. The foremost barge 
 being disabled, fell back, and another took its place. But finding they 
 were suffering considerably while their enemies were secure, they gave 
 up the contest, and returned to their ship without having inflicted any 
 serious injury upon the Americans. The Maidstone hovered about the 
 coast for a few weeks after this affair, when she returned to England, 
 where the captain was court-martialed and discharged from the service 
 " for making an attack upon Bristol without orders." 
 
 The inhabitants of Bristol are mainly of Scotch descent, with a 
 mixture of Scotch-Irish. There are also descendants of the Dutch, 
 some of whom were transported here from New Amsterdam (New 
 York) by Governor Andros. There is also a sprinkling of German 
 stock, who emigrated under the patronage of Waldo. 
 
 At Bristol village are a lumber-mill, a grist and threshing-mill, a 
 block-factory, cooper's-shop, etc. At Pemaquid are lumber, grist and 
 carding-mills, a fish-oil and scrap factory, etc. South Bristol has three 
 oil companies, a shipyard and a lobster-canning factory. Round Pond, 
 on the eastern shore, has five oil and scrap companies, a sail-factory, 
 and a granite quarry. 
 
 The nearest railroad stations are those at Newcastle and Damaris- 
 cotta. There is a stage-line from those points to Round Pond, Bristol 
 and Pemaquid. The other business points are New Harbor, South 
 and West Bristol. There are two churches of the Methodists, one 
 church of the Congregationalists, and one of the Advents in the town. 
 Bristol has twenty public schoolhouses, and its school property is 
 valued at $10,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $488,125. 
 In 1880, it was $589,159. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 2,916. In 1880 it was 3,196. 
 
 Br03<Q. COVG, a post-ofl[ice in Bremen, Lincoln County. 
 
 BrOCkway'S Mills, a post-office in Sangerville, Piscata- 
 quis County. 
 
 BrOOklin is the most southerly part of the mainland of Han- 
 cock County, being also near the western side. Sedgewick bounds it 
 
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136 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 on the north-west, from which it extends south-eastward into the sea, 
 and north-eastward toward Bluehill Bay. It is 26 miles from Ells- 
 worth and 50 from Bangor. The town has good harbors. In 1856, a 
 lighthouse was erected on Flye's Ledges, but it does not now ajspear in 
 the list of the national lighthouses. The town is rather rugged in its 
 appearance, and its rocks show evidence of a paying deposit of phos- 
 phate of lime. The soil is gravelly, but strong and productive, and 
 the inhabitants are giving more attention to agriculture than formerly. 
 Hay is the principal crop ; and porgy chum has been largely used for 
 dressing the land. There was formerly a large porgy business, but 
 little is done in it at present. Smoked herring are produced in con- 
 siderable quantities ; there is a lobster-canning factory, a barrel-fac- 
 tory, and the manufacture of boots and shoes is also quite a business. 
 The first permanent settler of Brooklin was a Mr. Black. Ilis daughter 
 Elizabeth, the first child born in the town, lived to the age of one hun- 
 dred and two years. In 1688, there were two families at Naskeag, 
 Cfharles St. Robins and La Flour. Naskeag Point is frequently men- 
 tioned in documentary history, and there are -said to be " signs " of its 
 occupation at a time and by a people now unknown. The territory of 
 Brooklin was set off from Sedgwick, and incorporated in 1849 under 
 the name of Fort Watson. One month later its name was changed to 
 Brooklin. 
 
 There are in the town nine stores of general goods, one of fancy, 
 and one of millinei'y goods. The town-hall is a large building of three 
 stories, crowned with a mansard roof. The Baptists have a very good 
 church edifice, that is much frequented. Brooklin has nine public 
 schoolhouses, valued at $4,500. The valuation of estate in 1870 was 
 1186,899. In 1880 it was $177,534. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 $14.50 on $1,000. The population in 1870 was 966. In 1880 it was 
 977. 
 
 Brooks is situated near the centre of Waldo County. Monroe 
 and Swanville bound it on the east, Waldo on the south, Jackson on 
 the north, and Knox on the west. The area is about 25 square miles. 
 The hilliness renders the scenery quite varied and pleasing. There 
 are several fine bluffs, and some very beautiful views. Among the 
 highest elevations may be mentioned Sprout and Oak hills, estimated 
 to be from 500 to 800 feet in height. The ponds are Passagassawa- 
 keag, Half-moon, Corson and Clements. The first is the largest, hav- 
 ing an area of about one mile in length and half a mile in width. It 
 is the source of the river of the same name, M'hich empties into Belfast 
 Bay. 
 
 The rock is generally mica schist. The soil is a granitic gravel 
 loam, and quite fertile. Hay and potatoes ai-e the largest crops, but 
 apple orchards yield well. The forests comprise a variety of trees, — 
 maple, birch, beech, ash, hemlock, spruce, fir, cedar, oak, basswood, 
 poplar, &c. 
 
 The post-ofiices are Brooks and South Brooks. There are several 
 small saw-mills on Marsh, Sawyer and Ellis streams. At Brooks vil- 
 lage is a clothing manufactory, a grist-mill and saw-mills. The Brooks 
 cheese-factory is well supplied by the farmers, and sends out large 
 quantities of excellent cheese. South Brooks has mills manufacturing 
 staves, shingles, long lumber and barrels. The Belfast and Burnham 
 
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BROOKSVILLE. 137 
 
 branch of the Maine Central Railroad passes through the town, having 
 a station at Brooks village, a little north of the center of the town. 
 
 The territory of Brooks was embraced in the Waldo patent. Its 
 plantation name was Washington. It was incorporated in 1816, and 
 named in honor of Governor Brooks, of Massachusetts. Joseph Rob- 
 erts, from Buckfield, who built the first mills in town, was said to have 
 been a resident here in 1799. In 1801, he, with his two brothers, 
 John and Jonathan, were settled in town. Not long after Benjamin 
 Cilley, with his sons, Benjamin, Peter and Simon, from the same town, 
 took up their residence here. The first lawyer was Phineas Ashmun, 
 who came as agent for Thorndike, Sears and Presoott, proprietors of 
 most of the land in this and adjoining towns. He was also the first 
 post-master. Jacob Roberts was the first physician. This town was 
 awhile the home of Hon. Woodbury Davis, formerly a judge of the 
 Supreme Court of Maine. It is claimed for Brooks that no town of 
 its size has done more for the cause of freedom and' temperance. 
 
 The religious societies in Brooks are the Congregationalist, Baptists, 
 Methodists and Friends. The town has seven public schoolhouses, 
 and its total school property is valued at $2,100. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870, was $200,176. In 1880, it was $229,437. The popu- 
 lation in 1870, was 868. In 1880 it was 877. 
 
 BrOOkSVille, the most south-westerly town of Hancock 
 County, is bounded on all sides by Penobscot Bay and its connected 
 waters, except on the south-east where it joins Sedgewick, — being al- 
 most an island. The next towns to the northward are Castine and 
 Penobscot, and on the east, Bluehill. The south-western projection 
 bears the name of Cape Rozier, in honor of James Rozier, the compan- 
 ion of Weymouth in his voyage to the coast in 1805, and the historian 
 of that voyage. The Indian name of this cape was Mose-ka^chick, sig- 
 nifying a moose's rump. Mr. A. W. Longfellow, of the Coast Survey, 
 gives this legend respecting the locality. In very early times, as an 
 Indian was pursuing a moose over the peninsula upon which Castine is 
 situated, it came to the shore, and leaping in, swam toward the oppo- 
 site side of the harbor. The dogs were unable to follow the game, but 
 the hunter himself followed in a canoe, and succeeded in killing it upon 
 the shore. On his return, he scattered the entrails of the animal upon 
 the water, where they may be seen even to this day, in the shape of 
 certain rocks strung along at intervals. 
 
 The waters of Castine Harbor and North Bay wash its shores on 
 the north, and Bagaduce River, running northward from its ponds in 
 Sedgewick, forms the boundary line on the east. The town is 22 miles 
 south-west from Ellsworth, and 40 miles south of Bangor. The Deer 
 Isle and Bucksport stage-line passes through it. The principal eleva- 
 tions of land are Perkin's and Kench's Mountains and Wasson's and 
 Clapboard hills. Perkin's Mountain is said to abound in minerals, 
 yielding also alum and copperas. It is said that seventy or eighty years 
 ago some mineral resembling coal was taken from its bed near the foot 
 of the mountain and tested in a blacksmith's forge. At the foot of 
 the mountain on the western decli^'ity is a chalybeate spring. The 
 granite quarry at the foot of Kench's Mountain affords a fine quality 
 of stone. In 1875, about $26,000 worth of worked stone were shipped 
 from this quarry. The " Devil's Track," a peculiar formation in the 
 
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138 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 I 
 solid granite of this mountain, and the clana shells lying high upon 
 Dodge's and Haney's points, and the mound on Henry's farm, afford 
 themes for the curious. Walker's Pond is said to be a sheet of en- 
 chanting loveliness. It is also one of the best alewive fish pastures in 
 the country. Parker's and Smith's ponds are also attractive sheets. 
 
 A large proportion of the male population of the town are engaged 
 in coasting and the fisheries. There is a porgy-oil factory at- Buck's 
 Harbor ; and in other parts of the town are two saw, two shingle, 
 two grist-mills and a planing-mill, and one wool-carding, cloth and yarn- 
 factory. The soil of the town is chiefly clay loam, and the principal 
 crops are wheat and potatoes. 
 
 Brooksville was formed from parts of Castine, Penobscot and 
 Sedgewick, having been set off and incorporated in 1817. It took 
 from Sedgewick an eighth, and from Castine and Penobscot each a 
 fifth of their taxable property. It was named in honor of Governor 
 Brooks, of Massachusetts. Its history is largely included in that of 
 Castine and of Penobscot. James Rozier was the first explorer, and 
 1605 was the year of his visit. The first settlers were John and Samuel 
 Wasson and David Hawes, Revolutionary soldiers. They found three 
 squatters already in possession, a Mr. Roax, Eben Leland and Arch 
 Haney. About 1780, William Roax and Elisha Blake settled upon 
 the cape. The first white child born within the present town limits 
 was Mary Grindle, May, 1765. Upon Henry's Point and near Oliver 
 Bakeman's, the British, in 1779, erected six-gun batteries. Both have 
 been nearly obliterated by time. The first corporate meeting was held 
 in John Bray's house. Col. John Hawes, Col. David Walker, John R. 
 Redman and David Wasson, esqs. were eminent citizens. 
 
 The Methodists, Congregation alists and Baptists each have a church 
 edifice. Brooksville has nine j)ublic schoolhouses, valued at $5,000. 
 The town valuation in 1870 was $238,987. In 1880 it was $207,443. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was 2 per cent. The population in 
 1870 was 1,275. In 1880 it was 1,419. 
 
 BrCWnfidcl is situated in the south-western part of Oxford 
 County. Denmark lies on the east, Fryeburg on the north, Hiram 
 and Porter on the south, and the New Hampshire towns of Eaton and 
 Conway on the west. The Saco River comes down through the 
 northern part, then turning eastward, forms part of the eastern boun- 
 dary. The Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad passes through the 
 town, following the general course of the river. There is much fine 
 interval land along the course of the Saco, through the eastern part of 
 the town, and along the course of its tributary, the South Branch, 
 through the middle of the town from the south- west. The ponds are 
 Burnt Meadow, Dyer's and Rattlesnake, each about half a mile in 
 diameter. From near the centre to the southern line is occupied by a 
 group of seven hills. Burnt Meadow Mountain, near Brownfield Centre, 
 is the highest, variously estimated from 500 to 2,000 feet. South 
 Mountain is next in size. On the opposite side of the stream, in the 
 northern half of the town is a line of three mountains. Frost's Moun- 
 tain, the eastern one, being estimated variously from 300 to 1500 feet in 
 height. The western in this line is Tibbet's Mountain, and the middle 
 one is Peary's Mountain. Whale's Back is a solitary eminence near 
 
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BROWNVILLE. 129 
 
 the Bouth-western angle of the' town. These mountains are much f re. 
 quented in the season by the lovers of picturesque and extensive 
 views. 
 
 Farming is the principal occupation, yet there are many fine water 
 powers iu the town and many mills. The manufactures are long lum- 
 ber, staves, shooks, tubs and kits, basket-bottom rocking-chairs, meal 
 and flour, clothing, carriages, sleighs and harnesses, etc. The princi- 
 pal business centres, are Brownfield Centres, (Brownfield P.O.), and 
 Brownfield Depot (East Brownfield P.O.) An eye has been had to 
 beauty as well as comfort in planting many shade trees, chiefly elm 
 and maple, both in the villages and about single residences. Brown- 
 field is connected with Portland, 41 miles distant, by the Portland and 
 Ogdensburg Railroad, and with Bridgton by stage line 
 
 Brownfield was conveyed by Massachutetts in three several grants 
 to Capt. Henry Young Brown in consideration of his services in tlie 
 French "War. He was to settle 38 families therein by June 10, 1770 ; 
 and in three years from that time to have a minister settled in the planta- 
 tion. He made the first clearing of land in 1765. The settlement was 
 organized as "Brownfield Plantation," in 1787, and incorporated as a 
 town in 1802. The name was in honor of the proprietor. At the 
 opening of the war of 1812 the population was less than 900, yet 25 
 persons, including 1 captain and 3 lieutenants, entered the American 
 army. Of these, 4 died in the service from sickness, and 18 returned, 
 2 of whom were wounded. The first settled minister in Brownfield 
 was the Rev. Jacob Rice, a "graduate of Harvard College, who was 
 ordained in 1805. " Master Simeon Colby, the first schoolmaster, taught 
 seven years in the single school-district, and was ever after held in rever- 
 ence in the town. Eminent names of a later date are Daniel Bean, 
 Isaac Spring, Joseph 'Howard, Samuel Fisher, Daniel Goodnoe, Rufus 
 K. Goodnoe, Judge Joseph Howard, et als. There are women now living 
 in the town at above ninety years of age. Several other persons are over 
 eighty-five. The Congregationalists,IJniversalists and Free Baptists each 
 have a church in this town. Brownfield has fourteen public school- 
 houses, valued, with other school property, at $7,000. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $249,166. In 1880 it was $252,346. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was 2^ per cent. The population in 
 1870 was 1,321. In 1880 it was 1,229. 
 
 BrOTVllVilliG lies in the south-eastern part of Piscataquis 
 County. Pleasant River runs from north to south through the western 
 part. The area of the town is 21,320 acres. The stage route from the 
 Bangor and Piscataquis station in Milo to Katahdin Iron Mines runs 
 through the town. Brownville is bounded on the north by Township 
 Number 5 (next east of Katahdin Iron Mines), west by Williamsburg, 
 south by Milo, and east by Schoodic Pond township, — the pond lying 
 on a portion of the boundary line. The upland ridges constitute the 
 chief portion of the town. On these the soil is stony but productive. 
 Along the stream it is a light, rich loam. The productions consist 
 chiefly of slate, of which three or more quarries are wrought. The 
 Bangor and Piscataquis Slate Company opened the first in 1843. This 
 quarry has sent out from 8,000 to 12,000 squares of slate annually, 
 which sold in Bangor at from $35,000 to $40,000. When fully operated, 
 it employs about 60 men, paying out in wages $25,000 a year. Merrill's 
 
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140 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 quarry was opened in 1846. Mr Merrill owns in connection 1,500 acres 
 of land and has put up the buildings to prepare annually 30,000 squares 
 Oi" roofing slate. About 80 men are steadily employed. This quarry is 
 about 2 miles from Brownville Village, on the narrow gauge railroad to 
 Katahdin Mines. The Highland quarry, more recently opened, shows 
 slate of superior quality. Many of the inhabitants are Welsh, having 
 been brought in to work the slate, to which they were accustomed. 
 They are industrious, and in most cases excellent citizens. 
 
 The principal manufactories of the town are saw, clapboard and 
 grist mills, a shovel-handle and a carriage factory, — at the village in the 
 southern part of the town. 
 
 The first two or three purchasers of the township failed to meet their 
 engagements, and it reverted to the State. In 1805, a Mr. Holland 
 explored it, and soon after this it was purchased by Moses Brown, 
 Esq., and Major Josiah Hills, of Newburyport, who commenced its 
 settlement. In 1806, they built a dam and rnills on Pleasant River, 
 ■where the mills at the village now stand ; and Major Hills, moved in 
 and took charge of the business. Dr. Isaac Wilkins moved his family 
 in in 1808, or earlier; Rev. Hezekiah May, a Congregationalist, came 
 in the same year, preaching on Sunday through the year, and teaching 
 school winters. Deacon Francis Brown, from Newbury, Massachu- 
 setts, who came into town in 1812, was the first trader in the place, 
 and a man who exerted a healthful influence upon the community. 
 
 The inhabitants organized as Brownville Plantation in 1819, and 
 in 1824 it was incorporated as the town of Brownville. 
 
 The town now has a Congregational and also a Methodist church. 
 It has eight public schoolhouses, valued at $4,400. Its valuation in 
 1870 was $157,626. In 1880 it was $212,452. Its population in 1870 
 was 860. In 1880 it was 896. 
 
 }BniIlS"Wick is the most easterly town of Cumberland 
 County. On the south it is bounded by bodies of water connected with 
 Casco Bay. On this side lies Harpswell, connected with Brunswick by 
 a bridge and a neck of land scarcely more than fifty rods in width. 
 On the east lies West Bath, in Sagadahoc County, separated from 
 Brunswick by New Meadows River. The Androscoggin River, in the 
 form of a bent bow, separates Brunswick from Topsham, in Sagadahoc 
 County. Freeport lies on the west, and Durham, in Androscoggin 
 County, on the north-west. In the southei-n part of the town are 
 several good havens for vessels, — of which are Maquoit and Middle 
 bays. The Androscoggin soon after passing the falls in this town 
 broadens and becomes navigable for vessels. Many of these have 
 been built at Brunswick in the Narrows, and more in Topsham, 
 on the opposite bank of the river. This stream is spanned by 
 two elegant iron bridges, one of which is for steam cars. There 
 is also a wooden bridge for both teams and steam cars. The 
 scenery about the falls is quite picturesque, and the vicinity 
 probably affords more pleasing drives than any other town in 
 New England. There is here a natural fall of 40.83 feet (easily to 
 be increased to 55 feet) within a horizontal distance of 1,980 feet. The 
 rock occasioning these falls is a coarse graphic granite with gneiss, and 
 shows some fine crystallization ; among others, large garnets, green fel- 
 spar, quartz, etc. Oak Hill in the western part of the town,the Pinnacle, 
 
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M »J <»» 
 
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142 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 in the extreme ■west, and Ham's Hill, on the eastern side, are the prin« 
 cipal though not great elevations of land. The eastern half of the town 
 is level, and the soil a sandy loam, with a numerous growth of Nor- 
 way pine. The western part is much varied with moderate elevations 
 and depressions. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam. All parts of the 
 town are tolerably productive. The chief crop is hay. The manufnc- 
 tnres are cotton cloth, wood-paper pulp, paper boxes, lumber, carpentry, 
 jmmps, soap, marble and granite work, carriages and harnesses, leather, 
 finiiiture, boots and shoes, washing-machines, meal and flour, confec- 
 tionery, ships and boats. The Cabot Manufacturing Co., organ- 
 ized in 1857, owns most of the water-power on both sides of the river. 
 The factory of this company employs upward of 500 hands, and pro- 
 d;ices fine and coarse sheeting and drills. Below this are a grain mill, 
 a lumber and carpentry mill and a wood-pulp paper factory. There are 
 also in the village one or two paper-box factories, gas works, a grain- 
 mill run by steam-power, and in the western part of the town is a 
 plow-factory. Some 110,000 has recently been invested in a corn-can- 
 ning factory. Brunswick was formerly a great lumber-producing, 
 place, having had, half a century ago, thirty saw mills, besides cotton, 
 woolen and grain-mills. It is situated at the head of tide water on the 
 Androscoggin, and is midway between Portland and Augusta, being 
 connected with these places, and also with Bnth and Lewiston by 
 railways. Brunswick is the seat of Bowdoin College, the oldest and best 
 furnished educational institution in the State. It was named for James 
 Bowdoin, governor of Massachusetts at the date of its incorporation, 
 June 24, 1794. Five townships, situated in what is now Piscataquis 
 County, were granted by the State for its support. Hon. James 
 Bowdoin, son of the governor, some years later gave the college 7,000 
 acres of land, £1,100 in money, his library, collections of minerals, 
 paintings and philosophical apparatus. Rev. Joseph McKeen was the 
 first president, and the first class entered in 1802. His successors have 
 been _Drs. Jesse Appleton, William Allen, Leonard Woods, Samuel 
 Harris and Joshua L. Chamberlain. The scholarship has always been 
 maintained at a high standard. Besides the classical course, there are 
 scientific departments open to the undergraduate, and four schools 
 to the graduate, viz.: letters, (including fine arts"), science, philosophy 
 and medicine. There is a military professor, and the lower classes are 
 trained in military science and tactics. The library has about 35,000 
 volumes. There are some 250 students. The college haa recently re- 
 ceived gifts to the amount of 1110,000.* 
 
 Brunswick's oldest newspaper, the "Brunswick Telegraph," is 
 edited and published by A. G. Tenney, of the Bowdoin class of 1835. 
 
 * Among the many eminent names associated with the college, not one is more worthy 
 than that of Phebe Ann Jacobs, mentioned in Prof. E. C Smith's " Three Discourses '" 
 Diiriug many years Phebe was a servant in tlie families of three college presidents but 
 came to be ti'eated in many respects as their equal. She had once been a slave, but was 
 long known ni cojle^e circles for her humble but absorbing zeal in religion. One year the 
 meeting in February for colleges was appointed at six o'cloclc in the morning. Rev. Dr 
 Adams, her pastor, went at five o'clock to the vestry to make suitable preparations. He 
 says: Phebe was there before me, had been two hovrs on the doorstep, waiting for the 
 rocim to be opened, meanwhile lifting up her soul in prayer ! Precious seed, sown in faith 
 and watered with tears beneath tliat wintry .sky! How it bore fruit a hundred-fold in her 
 pastor's strengthened heart ; in many souls renewed ; in spirits made strong to brave the mis- 
 sionary's life; on labors on the hillsides of New England, on the prairies of the west, in the 
 great metropolis, wherever hearts then replenished have carried the messages of God's 
 grace!' 
 
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C3 
 
 O 
 
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144 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The other is the Brunswick Herald, conducted by J. Dike, a recent gradu- 
 al e. The press of Joseph Griffin, so long associated with the college, has 
 more than a local reputation. Numerous journals and newspapers have 
 been at one time and another issued by him, and up to 1873, he had 
 published works of the different presidents of the college to the 
 number of seventy-eight. In addition to the noted men of Brunswick 
 already mentioned we must name Hon. Robert P. Dunlap, Joseph 
 McKeen, Esq., William S. Perry, and Professors Parker Cleaveland, 
 Thomas C. TJpham and William Smyth. 
 
 Brunswick was first settled by Thomas Purchas some time previous 
 to 1628. His later dwelling appears to have been on Stevens's or New 
 Meadow River, near the head of sloop navigation. He engaged exten- 
 sively in the salmon and sturgeon fishing on the Androscoggin River, 
 having a fish-house between the falls and " The Landing " at Bruns- 
 wick village, and another at Lisbon Falls. The one in Brunswick was 
 of stone. In this business he was associated with a London house. 
 He also engaged in trade with the Indians. Before the breaking out 
 of the first Indian war, in 1675, he had become a large producer of 
 corn ; and, after the flight of his family, the crews of a sloop and a 
 boat, whichhad come to his store-house on the shore of New Meadows 
 River to carry away the corn, were attacked by the Indians while 
 loading. In 1631 he married Mary Gove, said to be the cousin of Sir 
 Christopher Gardner, who was for some years in Massachusetts and 
 Maine as the agent of Gorges. Gardner was sent back to England 
 by the Massachusetts authorities in 1631 on charges which were not 
 sustained. Within two years he was again in New England, spending 
 a part of the time with Purchas, at Pejepscot. It ajipears that the 
 patent of land on the Androscoggin to Thomas Purchas and George 
 Way was issued during Gardner's presence in England. This tract 
 was four miles square on the river Pejepscot toward the sea. In 
 1636-8 Purchas was one of the councillors in Gorges' government of 
 Maine. In 1639, fearing the Indians, he placed himself under the pro- 
 tection of the Massachusetts Bay government. In 1654 he submitted 
 to the New Plymouth government on the Kennebec, and was one of 
 the two assistant councillors and justices under that government in that 
 part of Maine. In 1663-4 he was one of Archdale's justices under 
 the King's commissioners. At the date of his first marriage he was 
 about fifty years of age. His second wife was Elizabeth Williams, of 
 Essex County, Massachusetts. He died in Salem in 1676, aged 101 
 years, leaving four children. His heirs sold his share in the patent (ex- 
 cept a certain reserve near the present village of Brunswick) to Richard 
 Wharton, a merchant of Boston. Wharton also purchased Mericoneag 
 Peninsula (Harpswell) of the Indians. He soon after purchased of 
 Warumbee and other Androscoggin chieftains a quit claim of the terri- 
 tory four miles on each side of the river to the Twenty-Mile Falls, 
 nowLewiston Falls. From Wharton, the patent and the purchase from 
 the Indians passed into the hands of a number of gentlemen (mostly 
 residing in Boston) who associated themselves under the name of the 
 Pejepscot Proprietors; and from these and General Waldo, who had 
 purchased the reserve of the Purchas heirs, the present titles are de- 
 rived. 
 
 After the desolation of the first Indian war, the settlement was 
 revived ; but it was again destroved in the spring of 1690. The settle- 
 
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BUCKFIELD. 145 
 
 ments were resumed in 1713-14 ; and in 1715 a stone fortification 
 named Fort George was erected near the falls by the government. 
 There was also a block-house furnished with small cannon near Mare 
 (^Sea) Point about this time. Yet in Lovewell's war, in 1722, the dwell- 
 ings were a third time reduced to ashes. The town was again re- 
 peopled in 1727. In 1735 there were thirty or forty men in town. In 
 1790 the census was 1,387. The town was incorporated in 1737, taking 
 the name of one of the twelve States of the German Confederation. The 
 first minister of the town, Rev. Robert Rutherford, was settled at this 
 time. He was succeeded by Rev. Robert Dunlap, a graduate of the 
 University of Edinburgh, who was ordained to this pastorate in 1747 by 
 a presbytery in the French Protestant church of Boston. There are 
 now in the town churches of the Congregationalists, Methodists, 
 Baptists, Unitarians, Universalists, Episcopalians, Free Baptists, and 
 Roman Catholics. Brunswick village has excellent schools, graded 
 from primary to high. In the town are twenty-five public school- 
 houses, valued at $35,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $2,305, 
 806. In 1880 it was $2,684,374. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 16^ mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 4,687. 
 In the census of 1880 it was 5,384. 
 
 i>ry^Ilt S POUQ., a post-office and railroad station on the 
 Grand Trunk Railroad in Woodstock, Oxford County. 
 
 Suckficld is situated in the south-eastern part of Oxford 
 County, having Sumner and Hartford on the north, Paris on the west, 
 Hebron on the south, and Turner, in Androscoggin County, on the 
 east. Its dimensions are abou,t 8 miles east and west, and 5 north and 
 south. The area is 2,323 acres. The Nezinscot, or Twenty-Mile River, 
 is formed from the union of its east and west branches, at Buckfield 
 Village near the center of the town, and passes out in a south-easterly 
 course. North Buckfield, the other village, is on the west branch. 
 Falls Brook, a tributary from the western part of the town to the west 
 branch, has a picturesque fall not far from its mouth. The Buckfield 
 and nimford Railroad passes through the town in a nearly north and 
 south course, having a station at Buckfield Village. About one mile 
 south of Buckfield Village is South Pond, about three fourths of a 
 mile in length, and half a mile in width. Mud Pond and Jersey Bog 
 lie near together in the eastern part of the town. Between these and 
 the village is Federal Corner. There are more than a dozen isolated 
 hills of considerable height in the town. The highest are Streaked 
 Mountain which stands at the south-west angle of the tow^n ; South 
 Hill, in the south-east corner, North Hill, near South Pond ; Owl's 
 Head Hill, south-west of the pond ; and Dean's Hill, on the north side 
 of the town. The surface, especially at the western part is quite 
 uneven. Along the streams there is some fine alluvial land. The soil 
 is generally deep and dark, good for grain and Indian com. There 
 are in the town several beds of magnetic iron ore, and a mine of yellow 
 ochre has been opened. A limestone is also found yielding a fine quality 
 of quicklime. • 
 
 Nezinscot, or Twenty-Mile River, and its branches have several 
 fine water-privileges, furnishing power for several saw, grist and other 
 
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146 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 mills. The manufactures of the town are long lumber, shingles, 
 staves, box-boards, flour and meal, shovel-handles, snow-shovels, hand- 
 sleds, drag-rakes, brushes and brush blocks, powder-kegs, leather, 
 harnesses, cutting-blocks, men's boots, etc. Buckfield Village is the 
 principal centre of business, not only for this but for several adjacent 
 towns. 
 
 The first attempts at settlements in this town were by Benjamin 
 Spaulding in the summer of 1776. Abijah Buck and Thomas Allen 
 moved in with their families during the spring following. Others 
 joined them, until in 1785 they procured a survey of the town, and 
 purchased it soon after, or the owner, the Commonwealth of Mass- 
 achusetts, paying at the rate of two shillings per acre. The deed bears 
 the date of November 13, 1788. Abijah Buck was agent of the pro- 
 prietors in making the purchase ; and this, together with the circum- 
 stance that he and his brothers were large owners, led to tlie adoption 
 of the name " Bucktown " for the plantation. In 1793 it was incor 
 porated as Buckfield. Its first representative in the General Court 
 was Enoch Hall, and the date was 1807. In 1816 great fires swept 
 over this and other towns, doing great injury to the forests. The first 
 preacher in Buckfield was probably Rev. Nathaniel Chase, who, having 
 served until mustered out, in the army of the Revolution, made his way 
 through the wilderness on foot, in search of a place to locate. The 
 farm which he took up here has remained in the family, and 
 is now occupied by his grandson. Mr. Chase was of the Baptist 
 denomination and much respected among his people. He travelled 
 and preached among the early settlers in Paris, Woodstock, Green- 
 wood, and in other places. He left a large posterity, among whom 
 are the well-known firm of Chase Brothers, nurserymen, of Rochester, 
 New York. The Baptist denomination has remained the leading one 
 in town, having its house of worship at the village. There was a 
 Baptist society formed in the town as early as 1821, of which Elder 
 Nathaniel Chase was in that year the minister. There are now in 
 addition, Universalist, Methodist and Free Baptist churches. Seba 
 Smith, author of the famous " Jack Downing Letters," and well known 
 as a poet and journalist, was born in this town in 1782. Virgil D. 
 Parris, a prominent politician in his day, a member of Congress for 
 two terms, was a native of Buckfield. Hon. John D. Long, at this 
 time in his second term as governor of Massachusetts, the son of 
 Zadoc Long Esq., of this town, was born and spent most of his 
 minority here. 
 
 Buckfield has twelve public schoolhouses, valued together with 
 other school property, at $6,000. The value of estates in 1870 was 
 $554,673. In 1880 it was $397,598. The population in 1870 was 1,494. 
 In 1880 it was 1,379. 
 
 Buck's Mills, a post-office in Bucksport, Hancock County. 
 
 BUCkSpOrt is the westerly town of Hancock County, and its 
 most northerly town on the Penobscot. It is beautifully situated on 
 the east bank of the river at the " Narrows," forming a lovely picture, 
 with its streets and houses rising on a gentle slope from the water. 
 The summit of the hill is crowned by the buildings of the East Con- 
 
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BUCKSPORT. 147 
 
 ference Seminary, •which, standing in bold relief against the sky, makes 
 the most prominent figure of the village. The streets are very reg- 
 ular ; for which the town is largely indebted to Stephen Peabody, Esq., 
 one of the early citizens. Bucksport has the only railroad in the county, 
 the Bucksport and Bangor Railroad, which, in the winter season, gives 
 Bangor an open port. A railroad to Ellsworth is also projected. A 
 bridge of stone and timber 650 feet in length, connects it with Verona, 
 formerly Orphans' or Wetmore's Island, in the Penobscot. It is 
 popularly said that Bucksport is 18 miles from everywhere, being that 
 distance from Bangor, Ellsworth, and Castine. The centres of busi- 
 iness are Bucksport Village, North and East Bucksport and Buck's 
 Mills. The soil is uneven but not mountainous, and is beautifully 
 diversified with ponds and streams. The principal elevations of land 
 are Harding's and Picked Mountains, the first of which is 350 feet in 
 height. The majestic stream of the Penobscot forms the western 
 boundary ; its shore being fringed with a narrow village for almost 
 the entire length of the town. The soil is chiefly clay and clay loam, 
 and the principal crops are hay and potatoes. The business in which 
 the largest capital is invested is shipbuilding. Other manufactures are 
 lumber in its various fcjrms, carpentry-trimmings, ship pumps, blocks, 
 plugs, wedges and wheels, boats, cooper's-ware, carriages, leather, 
 boots and shoes, stone work, etc., 
 
 Bucksport was one of the six townships originally granted by the 
 sovei-eigns, William and Mary, to David Marsh, of Haverhill, Mass., 
 and 350 others, citizens of Massachusetts and New Hampshire whose 
 title was confirmed in 1764 by the General Court of Massachusetts. 
 In August, 1762, Col. Jonathan Buck, James and William Duncan, 
 Richard Emerson, and William Chamberlain came to the place from 
 Haverhill, Mass., and began the survey of the town. Col. Buck built 
 a saw-mill upon Mill River, a small stream passing through the present 
 village. Laughlin McDonald and his son Roderick, from Greenock, 
 in Scotland, came in and took up lots the next year. In 1766-7, Asahel,. 
 Harriman, Jonathan Frye, Benjamin Page, Phineas Ames and others 
 came in and settled according to the condition of the grant, which gave 
 to each actual settler 100 acres of land. The first preacher was Rev. 
 John Kenney, who came in 1795. In 1803, Rev. Mighill Blood, became 
 the first settled minister of the town. The village was partially burned 
 by the British in 1779. Many of the inhabitants had previously been 
 driven away by their incursions. The town was incorporated in 1792, 
 as Buckstown, in honor of the leading citizen. Colonel Buck. The 
 name was changed to Bucksport in 1817. A post-office was first 
 established in 1799. The Gazette of Maine, one of the earliest news- 
 papers in the State, was published here in 1804. The Penobscot 
 Bank was established in 1804, continuing six years. The town has 
 now the Bucksport National Bank, with a capital of 1100,000. Its 
 public library contains about 1,700 volumes. Eminent among the 
 later citizens of Bucksport, but now deceased, were .John N. Swazey, 
 Jotham Moulton, Joseph Lee, Stephen Peabody, Samuel M. Pond, 
 Moody Pilsbury, Henry Darling, Enoch Barnard, and Rufus Buck. 
 The town furnished 367 men for the Union forces in the late Rebellion, 
 66 of whom were lost. A beautiful monument of Scotch granite has 
 been erected to their memory. 
 
 The East Maine Conference Seminary was established in the village 
 
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148 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 in 1851, and has done a good work for eastern Maine. Bucksport has 
 three Methodist churches and one Congregationalist. The village 
 schools are graded. The town has nineteen public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $9,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,219,881. 
 In 1880, it was $1,057,500. The rate of taxation in 1880 was $27,40 on 
 $1,000. The population in 1870 was 3,433. In 1880 it was 3,047. 
 
 BuilkGr Hill, a post-ofEce in Lincoln County. 
 
 Burling'tOIl is situated in the eastern part of Penobscot 
 County, 45 miles north-east of Bangor. It is bounded on the north by 
 Lincoln, west by Lowell, and on other sides by unnamed townships. 
 It embraces an area of about 48 square miles. The bodies of water 
 are Madagascal, Suponic, Eskutassis and Little Eskutassis ponds, all 
 of which are head-waters of the Passadumkeag, The two latter lie on 
 and near the western border, the second in the southern part, and the 
 first in the north-eastern. The three first have an area of about two 
 square miles each. The principal streams are the Passadumkeag, 
 which crosses the south-westerly corner of the town and empties into 
 the Penobscot, and the Madagascal Stream, tributary to the first. 
 Sunday Hill, which has an altitude of nearly 2,000 feet above the sea, is 
 the highest elevation of land. The bed rock is mostly granite. The 
 soil is loam and loamy gravel, and yields good crops of hay. Much of 
 the town is still covered with forest, consisting principally of maple, 
 birch, beech, pine and spruce. 
 
 Burlington is on the stage line from Enfield, on the European and 
 North American Raihvny. The extension of the St. Croix and Penob- 
 scot Railroad is expected to pass through the town. The church 
 edifice is used by the different societies in common. Burlington has 
 seven public schoolhouses, and the school property is set at a high figure 
 in the school reports. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $91,507. In 
 1880 it was $89,041. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 17 
 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 553. In 1880 it was 
 536. 
 
 Burnhaill is the north-westerly town of Waldo County, dis- 
 tant 30 miles from Belfast. It is bounded on the enst by Troy and 
 Detroit, north by Pittsfield, west by Pittsfield and Clinton, and south 
 by Unity and Unity Plantation. Sebasticook River forms the boun- 
 dary line on the north. The town is about 8 miles in extreme length, 
 north and south, and the same east and west through the middle. The 
 surface is quite level, and rather swampy. The few hills hardly reach 
 100 feet in height. Twenty-five Miles or Unity Pond in the south-east 
 part of the town is about 4 miles in length, and 3 in its greatest 
 width. Its outlet discharges into Sebasticook River at Burnham Vil- 
 lege, in the northern part of the town. The other village is Hutchin- 
 son's Corner, situated a short distance from Unity Pond. The Belfast 
 and Burnham Railroad passes along the western shore of Unity Pond, 
 near Hutchinson's Corner northward to Burnham Village, where it 
 joins the Maine Central. 
 
 Burnham Village has a large tannery, a lumber, and a shingle and 
 Btave mill, a shoe-factory, a brickyard, etc. The occupation of the in- 
 
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BUXTON. 
 
 149 
 
 habitants is principally agricultural. The soil, in general, is a clay loam. 
 The largest crops are hay and potatoes. 
 
 Buviiham was formerly called the Twenty-five Mile Pond Planta- 
 tlon. It was incorporated under its present ii;ime in 1824._ Clinton 
 Gore, on the north-west side, was annexed \\\ 1873. Among its valued 
 citizens have been Dennis and Elias Milliken, Ejjhraim Hatch, and 
 others. 
 
 Burnham has two churches, belonging to the Free Baptists and the 
 Methodists. Tlie town has ten public schoolhouses, and the total 
 school property is valued at 83,000. The estates in the valuation of 
 1870 amounted to 1175,007. In 1880 the amount was $204,248. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 per cent. The population 
 in 1870 was 788. In 1880 it was 967. 
 
 Buxton is the most north-eastern portion of York County, 
 having Gorliam on its own north-east, Scarborough and Saco on the 
 south-'east, Dayton on the south, Ilollis on the west, and Standish on 
 the north-west. The town contains about 16,224 acres of^ land. 
 Round Hill is the principal eminence in town. The surface is gen- 
 erally level and well suited for farming. Saco River forms the divis- 
 
 BONNT EAGLE FALLS. 
 
 ion between it and Hollis. The principal body of water is Bonny Eagle 
 Pond, in the northern part of the town. It iias an area of about 190 
 acres. The outlet of this pond affords two powers which are utilized 
 by a saw-mill and a shingle-raill. There is also a saw and grist-mill on 
 Little River near the centre of the town. The lower power on Saco 
 
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150 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 River in the town is at Union Falls, or Pleasant Point, where the Saco 
 Water-Power Company in 1856 erected a good stone dam, affording 
 a power sufficient for 40,000 spindles ; but as yet it is utilized only by 
 a small saw and grist mill. Two miles above, at Salmon Falls, are 
 saw-mills, with a capacity of turning out 4,000,000 feet of lumber an- 
 nually. There are sites and sufficient power for many more mills. 
 Clay and sand for bricks, and granite are near at hand. One and a 
 third miles above are Bar Mills, where a narrow granite ledge nearly 
 bars the passage of the water. The power is partially improved by 
 heading, box and grist mills. Five miles above this are Moderation 
 Falls, at the Village of West Buxton, where there are woolen, saw and 
 heading mills. One proprietor at this place manufactures 7.000,000 
 feet of lumber annually. Clay and sand of excellent quality, and 
 plenty of granite are near at hand. The woolen mills employ about 
 25 liands, and manufacture annually about 936,000 yards of cloth. 
 One and a fourth miles above are Bonny Eagle Falls, with a power 
 equal to 3,000 horse power, or 13,000 spindles for 11 hours a day. It 
 is improved by a saw-mill with a capacity of turning out 4,000,000 feet 
 of lumber annually. 
 
 There are four villages in the town, Salmon Falls, Bar Mills, West 
 Buxton and Buxton Centre. The town was incorporated in 1772 
 being named by the first minister, Rev. Paul Coffin, for his native place 
 in England. Previously to that date it had been known as Narra- 
 gansett. No. 1, being one of seven lots assigned to the soldiers in the 
 war against the Narragansett Indians in 1675. The number of soldiers 
 was 840 ; and when the grant of No. 1 was made in 1728, nearly half 
 were living. No attempt was made to settle the Township until 1740 
 or 1741, when Deacon Amos Chase, from Newbury, Joseph Simpson, 
 Nathan Whitney, a Mr. Gage and a Mr. Bryant entered the plantation 
 and began to fell trees and build log cabins. No one remained 
 in 1745 when the French and Indian war commenced. It was 
 not until the fall of 1750 that 7 men, with their families, commenced 
 a permanent settlement near Salmon Falls. The dangers from the 
 Indians were even then not wholly over. The season previous to 
 moving in, these settlers had made some clearings and put in crops, 
 mostly, it appears, on the river below Little Falls, whence they went to 
 visit their openings occasionally to see if all was right. One day they 
 found the door of their little fort open, which they had left shut. An 
 experienced fighter of the Indians had told them that they should not 
 approach and return by the same path ; and they now heeded his ad- 
 vice. After the war ended some Indians who came one day to trade 
 told the settlers a party of Indians were hiding in the fort at the time 
 the door was found open ; and tliat they had ambushed their path the 
 next day and missed them. At a later time while they were still living 
 in the fort, the men being absent one day and a night, there was an alarm 
 given that savages were approaching. Mrs. Elden, wife of the cap- 
 tain, was quite equal to the occasion. She arrayed herself in regi- 
 mentals and taking a rusty sword, while the other women similarly 
 donned male attire, arming themselves with old muskets and bayonets, 
 whom Mrs. Captain Elden marshalled about the premises, giving orders 
 in the most stentorian voice she could command, as if to officers and 
 soldiers. This performance was repeated at intervals through the 
 night and succeeding day until their husbands returned. The town 
 
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BYRON. 151 
 
 has two Congregational churches, three Free, one Baptist, and one Metho- 
 dist. The first public school was established in 1761-2, under Mr., 
 afterwards. Rev. Silas Moody. The number of schooljiouses in town 
 at this time is 17 ; and the school property of the town is estimated at 
 16,000. Tlie valuation of real estate in 1870 was $829,899. In 1880 
 it was $666,901. The population at the same date was 2,546. In 1880 
 it was 2,230. 
 
 Byron is situated on the north-eastern side of Oxford County, 
 forming an angle projecting into Franklin. On the south of it is 
 Roxbury, on the west Andover ; other townships surrounding are un- 
 organized. In dimensions it is about 8 miles long by 6 wide. Swift 
 River forms from its tributaries in the northern part, and runs south- 
 ward through the east part of the town. The western part is largely 
 drained by the numerous small streams that gather at the southern part 
 in one stream, and empty into Ellis Pond. There are nine or ten 
 mountains in the town ; of which the double-peaked Mount Turk (local 
 name Turk and Broad) is the highest, being nearly 3,000 feet. Other 
 names are Whale's Back, Pleasant Mountain, Durham Hill and Hedge- 
 hog Hill. Garland, or Little Ellis Pond, lies west of Mount Turk and 
 Broad, and just beside the centre of the town. A portion of Ellis' Pond 
 lies in the town near the south-west corner 
 
 Byron Post-Office is located on Swift Rivei-, south-west of Whale's 
 Back Mountain. Above, on different powers, are two saw-mills. The 
 nearest railroad is the Grand Trunk, with which it has connection by 
 means of the stage from Andover to Bryant's Pond Station, 26 miles 
 distant by road. It is about equally distant from Jay Station, on the 
 Maine Central Railroad, with wliich it is connected by stage via 
 Mexico. Byron is replete with wild scenery. Tlie soil of the settled 
 portion is quite good, yielding good crops of corn, potatoes, wheat, 
 oats, etc. 'The forests of maple, birch, spruce and pine are still exten- 
 sive. 
 
 The first settlers of this town were Samuel Knapp, Jonas Green, 
 James Bawn, John Thomas, J. Stockbridge, Richard Morrill and 
 AbrahamReed. The land was purchased by the settlers of a Mr. 
 Brown of Newburyport, Mass. Skillertown is said to have been the 
 Indian name. 
 
 Byron has three public sohoolhouses, valued with land, at $500. 
 The estates were valued in 1870 at $42,195. In 1880 they were set at 
 $39,000. The population in 1870 was 242. In 1880 it was 191. 
 
 Calais is situated at the eastern extremity of Washington 
 County at the head of the tide on the St. Croix River. It is bounded 
 by Baring on the west, Robbinston on the south, and on the east and 
 north by St. Andrews and St. Stephens, in New Brunswick. The St. 
 Croix River forms the dividing line hetween Calais and the two latter 
 places. The area of the town is 19,392 acres. The sheets of water 
 are West Magurrewock Lake in the south-west, and East Magurrewock, 
 stretching from the centre of the town southward, and about these, 
 Beaver, Vose, and Round Lakes. Granite and slate are the prevailing 
 rocks. The territory was formerly covered with dense forests of pine 
 timber. When Napoleon excluded the British from the Baltic, they 
 resorted to Calais for the supplies of timber necessary to their ship 
 
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152 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 yard. From that day to the present the place has been noted for its 
 lumber business. Within city limits are eight valuable water-powers, 
 of which five are improved. These improvements consisted, in 1860, 
 of saw-mills having a total of twenty-one gangs of saws, capable of 
 cutting annually 55,000,000 feet of long lumber ; nineteen lath-machines, 
 cutting 49,000,000 laths ; shingle-machines, capable of cutting 2,500,000 
 shingles. There are also two planing-mills, one run by steam-power, 
 one planing-machine factory, one saw-factory, two axe-factories, and 
 four grain-mills. The aggregate annual production of the last is 70,000 
 bushels of grain converted into meal and flour, and of the axe factory, 
 600 dozen axes. The value of the annual production of Calais mills is 
 about $2,000,000. There remains a large surplus of power unused, and 
 a cotton-mill and other industries are projected. Other manufactures 
 are bricks, bedsteads, brooms, carriages, plaster, ships, etc. There ai-e 
 two marine railways and one dry-dock. Being a port on waters navig- 
 able by large vessels, and having a harbor open nine months in the 
 year, the facility of transportation enables the products to be placed in 
 sea-coast markets at a lower cost than those of almost any other 
 lumber-making place. At Red Beach are immense deposits of varie- 
 gated granite, which are extensively wrought, and about which quite 
 a village has sprung up. In 1872, besides laths, clapboard and shingle- 
 mills, there were in operation at Calais and Baring thirty-eight mills, 
 mostly owned by residents of Calais. Calais is connected with the 
 towns up river as far as Princeton by the St. Croix and Penobscot 
 Railway, which will probably, in a few years, be extended to a con- 
 nection with the European and North American. A connection of 
 Calais with the latter road is already made by means of the St. An- 
 drews branch, which here crosses the river by a bridge. There are 
 also three highway bridges connecting Calais with St. Andrew and St. 
 Ste],hens. Surrounding towns including Eastport, 30 miles south, are 
 reached by stages ; and various sea-ports, east and west, by the Fron- 
 tier and international steamboat lines. The Post-Offices are Calais, 
 Milltown at the northern, and Red Beach at the southern border. The 
 telegraphic connection is also good. 
 
 C.alais is a small, but pleasing city. There are many tasteful and 
 handsome residences. Several of the streets have shade-trees of recent, 
 and others ancient of growth ; and some have charming vistas. There 
 •is an odor of pine lumber about the city, with just enough of the pro- 
 vincial character accompanying to give a fresh and attractive flavor 
 to the place. 
 
 The first permanent white settler of Calais was Daniel Hill, from 
 Jonesboro, Me., who made a clearing on Ferry Point. He v,as an 
 athletic and fearless man, and had served in the Indian war of 1758-60. 
 The Indians about him knew this fact, and greatly feared him, though 
 he kindly aided and instructed them in their farming. Samuel Hill 
 came in 1781. In 1782 Daniel Plill, Jacob Libby and Jeremiah Frost 
 built the first saw-mill, the location being near the mouth of Porter's 
 Stream. There were so few men that the women assisted in raising 
 the frame. Daniel Hill brought in the first oxen and did the first farm- 
 ing. By order of the General Court of Massachusetts, the territory 
 along the southern part of St. Croix was, in 1789, divided into town- 
 ships. In June of the same year the township which is now Calais was 
 sold to Waterman Thomas of Waldobrough, Me., for the sum of £672. 
 
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CALAIS. 153 
 
 About six years later Mr. Thomas sold half the township to Shubael 
 Downes, of Walpole, Mass., one quarter to Edward H. Robbins, of Mil- 
 ton, Mass., and one-quarter to Abiel Woods. Subsequently Edmund 
 Monroe bought a large portion of the lands of Downes and Woods. A 
 few years later Samuel Jones re-surveyed the township and divided it 
 into settlers' lots of 50 to 100 acres each ; and Jones's lines still remain 
 the boundary and farm lines. In 1801 Jairus Keen, from Duxbury, 
 Mass., built at Calais the first vessel launched on this river, naming it 
 "Liberty." In 1803 a saw-mill was erected at Milltown by Abner 
 Hill and others ; the machinery working so effectively that this be- 
 came known as the " Brisk Mill." Stephen Brewer, Esq., of Boston, 
 who became a resident of Calais in 1804 or 1805, was the first to ex- 
 port sawed lumber from Calais. He was educated, of good' jiroperty, 
 and soon became influential. He presided at the first town-meeting, 
 was the first justice of the peace, and first post-master. He introduced 
 the first wagon, and aided liberally in fitting and furnishing the first 
 church. His widow, in 1815, received a chaise from the Boston friends 
 of her late husband ; and this was the first carriage of the kind seen in 
 Calais. Shubael Downes, Jr., a proprietor, constructed the first grist- 
 mill, and kept the first hotel. The first bridge acrosS' the , St. Croix 
 was at Milltown, built in 1825. The bridge between Calais and St. 
 Stephen was erected in 1826. In 1849-50 a railroad was built con- 
 necting Calais with Baring, and a few years later it was extended up 
 the St. Croix to Princeton. Calais was originally township No. 5. It 
 was incorporated as a town in 1809, and was granted a city charter in 
 1850. 
 
 In a later period, Frederick A., James S. and Charles E. Pike, sons 
 of William Pike, an early settler, became distinguished in finance 
 authorship and politics. Frederick represented his native district in 
 Congress eight years, and James S. was several years on the editorial 
 staff of the New York " Tribune." Another resident of Calais, the wife 
 of Hon. F. A. Pike, before mentioned, is the author of the novels, 
 " Ida May," " Caste " and " Agnes " ; and Harriett Prescott Spofford, 
 of Newburyport, Mass., the popular i)iagazinist, was a native of this 
 place. 
 
 Calais was incorporated as a town in 1809, and as a city in 1850 ; 
 Hon. George Downes being chosen as the first mayor. Calais Savings 
 Bank, at the beginning of the present decade, held in deposits and 
 profits the sum of 1172,651.47. The Calais National Bank lias a cap- 
 ital of $100,000. The " Calais Advertiser," issued every Wednesday 
 by John Jackson, Esq., is a sterling newspaper. It is republican in 
 politics. The "Times" is a newsy sheet published every Friday by 
 Messrs. Whidden & Rose. It is an organ of the greenback party. 
 
 The first minister who preached in Calais was Rev. Duncan McCall 
 in 1790. The Congregational society, was organized in 1825, and the 
 first church edifice was built in the year following. Revs. Mark Traf- 
 ton and Jeremiah Eaton were among the' first itinerant preachers in 
 these parts. There are now several handsome houses of woi'ship in 
 Calais, and the usual religious societies to be found in a place of this 
 size. The city has seventeen public schoolhouses, and the school pro- 
 perty reaches a valuation of 150,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $1,523,452. In 1880 it was $1,732,056. The population in 1870 
 was 5,944. In 1880 it was 6,172. 
 
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154 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Camlbridg'e is the north-eastern town of Somerset County. 
 It is the northern half of a six miles square township, the southern half 
 being Ripley. Main Stream, a tributary of the Sebasticook River, 
 passing through the original township diagonally toward the south- 
 west, forms the dividing line between the two towns. It adjoms 
 Harmony on the west. Dexter, in Penobscot County, on the east, and 
 Parkman, in Piscataquis County, on the north The surface of the town 
 is generally undulating, with few high elevations. Ham Hill having the 
 greatest altitude. The maple is the most numerous tree in the forests 
 The soil is loamy, and yields good crops of wheat, corn and potatoes. 
 Cambridge Pond, about midway of the western part of the town, is 
 the principal sheet of water. Ferguson Stream, rising in large bogs 
 at the north, runs southward across the southern part of the town, 
 furnishing at Cambridge Village a power sufficient to run a saw-mill 
 and a ilour-miU. This village lies between Ferguson Stream and Cam- 
 bridge Pond, and is the principal centre of business. The place is 70 
 miles from Augusta, and 24 north-east of Skowhegan. It is on the 
 stage-line from Pittsiield to Harmony. The nearest railroad station is 
 at Dexter, 10 miles east. 
 
 There are B'aptist, Free Baptist and Christian societies in the town, 
 and a Baptist and a Union church. Cambridge has five public school- 
 houses, valued with the other school property at $1,200. The valua^ 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $109,182. In 188'0 it was $117,312. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 16 mills on th deollar. The pop- 
 ulation in 1870 was 472, and in 1880 it remained exactly the same. 
 
 CajIUQGIl is situated on the west side of Penobscot Bay, and is 
 the north-eastern town of Knox County. Rockland bounds it on the 
 south, Hope on the north-west, Penobscot Bay on the east and Lin- 
 colnville, in Waldo County, on the north. The area is 26,880 acres. 
 The surface is broken and mountainous, and the Indian name of the 
 place (Megunticook) signifying great sea-swells, is properly descrip- 
 tive. There are grouped within the town five mountains, spoken of in 
 early times as Mathebestucks Hills. Mount Megunticook is 1,265 feet 
 in height ; and of Mount Beatty, Bald Mountain, Ragged Mountain 
 and Mount Pleasant, no summit falls below 900 feet above the sea. 
 They range in general from north-east to south-west, and are more or 
 less clothed with forest trees quite to their tops. The summit of 
 Megunticook affords one of the noblest of marine prospects, embracing 
 Penobscot Bay with its islands. Mount Desert at the east, and a vast 
 sweep of the ocean on the south-east. These are possibly the moun- 
 tains mentioned by Captain Weymouth, as seen in his voyage in 1605, 
 and by Captain Smith in 1614. They are visible 20 leagues distant. 
 They are supposed to have been the boundary between the great 
 Bashaba's dominions, situated on the west, and those of the Tarj-atines 
 on the east and north. Mount Beatty, 900 feet in height and three- 
 fourths of a mile from the village, was during the war of 1812 furnished 
 with a battery consisting of one 12 and one 18 pounder. Though there 
 were no gunners qualified to manage the battery, and few soldiers in 
 town, this appearance of readiness for defense kept the British in 
 check. 
 
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CAMDEN. 155 
 
 In the war of the Revolution the place did not escape so easily. 
 After the British, in 1779, occupied Castine, Camden became the only- 
 place upon the Penobscot of general rendezvous for the Americans. A 
 small force was encamped here, believed to have been under the com- 
 mand of Captain George Ulmer, afterward major general of militia, 
 state senator and sheriff. In one of their descents on the place, the 
 British burned the saw mill on Megunticook Stream. They also set 
 fire to the grist-mill, but it was extinguished by Leonard Metcalf and 
 and a small party, who bravely drove the assailants to their barges. 
 
 Camden was a part of the Waldo patent, and the township passed 
 into the ownership of the " Twenty Associates," becoming Megunticook 
 plantation. It was surveyed by David Fales, of Thomaston, in 1768, 
 and settlements were commenced a few years after on Goose River, 
 Clam Cove and Megunticook, and mills erected. The first settler was 
 James Richards, who commenced a settlement at the mouth of the 
 Megunticook in 1769. Robert Thorndike together with Peter Ott, 
 Paul Thorndike, Harkness and Ballard, about the same time commenced 
 one at what is now Rockport village. Gregory, Buckland, Porterfield 
 and TJpham were the pioneers of the settlement at Clam Cove. The 
 town was incorporated in 1791, being named in honor of Lord Camdeii 
 a j)arliamentary friend of the colonies in the Revolution. 
 
 Camden has six ponds, — Lily, Hosmer's, Canaan, Grassy, Rocky, 
 and Oyster, containing from 65 to 900 acres. There are five con- 
 siderable streams and twenty-one water-powers. Fourteen of these are 
 on Megunticook Stream, the outlet of Canaan, or Megunticook Pond, 
 situated about 2^ miles from Camden Harbor. The stream is, however, 
 some 3|- miles long, and in this distance has a fall of about 150 feet. 
 The manufactures at Camden village consist of foundry products, rail- 
 road cars, woolens and paper-mill feltings, anchors, wedges, plugs and 
 treenails, planking, powder-kegs, excelsior, mattresses, powder, barrel- 
 head machines, tin-ware, oakum, wool-rolls, carriages, boots and shoes, 
 leather, flour and meal, ships and boats. At Rockport, the manufac- 
 tures are ships, boats, sails, capstans and windlasses, lime, bricks, tin- 
 ware, meal, boots and shoes, patent clothes-dryers ; and a considerable 
 business is done in ice. At West Camden, are made corn-brooms, 
 carriages, cooperage, meal, lime, etc. At Rockville, the products are 
 carriages, and boots and shoes. There are operated in town sixteen 
 lime-kilns, three shipyards, four grist-mills and six saw-mills. Lime- 
 stone is the principal rock underlying the soil. The latter is generally 
 sand and clay, — a diluvial formation. Hay is the principal crop ex- 
 ported. Camden village is on the stage line from Bangor to Rockland, 
 and is 8 miles from the latter place. The nearest railroad station is 
 at Rockland. Camden is also on the steamboat line from Portland and 
 Boston to Bangor. 
 
 Each of the villages has its peculiar attraction in elegant buildings, 
 fine situation, or streets shaded with trees of elm, locust, maple and 
 horse-chesnut. The post-ofiices are at Camden village, Rockport, West 
 Camden and Rockville. Camden Saving's Bank at the close of 1 879, 
 held deposits and profits to tlie amount of $145,672.72. Camden 
 National Bank has a capital of $50,000. The " Camden Herald " is a 
 spirited and ably conducted sheet, a good collector of local as well as 
 national and foreign news. At this date it advocates the measures of 
 the greenback party. It is issued every Saturday by W. W. Perry. 
 
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156 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Among the eminent citizens were Hons. Jonathan Thayer, Erastus 
 Foute, E. K. Smart, Joseph Hall, and William Merriam. Camden 
 furnished 300 men for the armies of the Union during the war 
 of the Rebellion, of whom 90 were lost. The churches of the town 
 number three Methodist, two Episcopal, four Baptist, two Universalist. 
 At Camden village is an excellent new town-hall, having an audience- 
 room capable of seating 600 persons. The cost of the building was 
 $12,000. In the villages are three libraries, and two book-clubs. The 
 larger villages have graded schools. The town has sixteen public 
 schoolhouses. The total school property is valued at $11,650. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,497,631. In 1880 it was $1,676,536. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was 17 mills on the dollar. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 4,512. In 1880 it was 4,386. 
 
 CO/llBiJMl lies in the southern pai-t of Somerset County, and is 
 bounded by Clinton, in Kennebec County, on the south. On the west 
 is Skowhegan ; north, Hartland ; east, Pittsfield; all Somerset towns. 
 Canaan is about 10 miles long, north and south, and 4 wide. Its 
 area is 15,891 acres. The surface is generally rough. The north- 
 eastern part is occupied by an extensive bog ; the north-western, by 
 pine plains. The chief eminences are Goodwin and Chase hills and 
 Barnes's Ledge, each about 600 feet in height. Sibley, Long and Round 
 are the principal sheets of water. The first l^es across the eastern 
 border, and is two miles long by one wide. Lond Pond lies on the 
 western line, and is one and a half miles long by one wide. The 
 water surface of the town is about 500 acres. The outcropping rock 
 is principally granitic. The soil is a clayey loam, and yields excellent 
 crops of hay and potatoes. The town has four saw-mills manufac- 
 turing long and short lumber, and one grist-mill. Canaan village, on 
 the outlet of Sibley Pond, a little south-west of the middle of the town, 
 is the centre of business. The place is 8 miles east of Skowhegan. 
 being on the stage-line to Pishon's Ferry, on the Maine Central Railroad; 
 6 miles dijtant. 
 
 Canaan was a pai-t of the Plymouth Patent, and was settled about 
 1770. Peter Hey wood was the first settler; and from him the locality 
 became known as Heywoodstown. John Jones surveyed it for the 
 proDrietors in 1779. Its jilantation name was Wesserunset, from the 
 stream entering the Kennebec a few miles to the west. The name was 
 chosen because the place seemed to them fair and fertile, like the land 
 of promise. It was incorporated in 1788, at which time it embraced 
 Skowhegan. The latter was set off from it in 1822, A post-ofRce was 
 first established in the town in 1793. The plantation records com- 
 mence in 1783. Benjamin She])herd was it first representative in the 
 Legislature. Among the valued citizens of a later period should be 
 mentioned Wentworth Tuttle, Levi Johnson, Sullivan liolinan, and 
 others whose full names are not yet forwarded. The town lost 18 men 
 of her quota engaged in the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 The Rev. Nathan Whitaker was settled in 1784, and dismissed in 
 1788 ; Rev. Jonathan Calef succeeding him in 1794, and remaining five 
 years. Rev. J. Cayford filled the pastoral office from 1809 to 1813. 
 There are now in the town Universalist, Free Baptist, Advent and 
 Christian societies, who use the church edifice in common. Amateur 
 theatricals and band concerts are the ■principal public entertainments. 
 
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CANTON. 157 
 
 There is a public library of about 350 volumes. Canaan has twelve 
 public schoolhouses, valued with the other school property at $5,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $346,395. In 1880 it was $350,- 
 573. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 13 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,472. In 1880 it was 1,281. 
 
 CO/IlRdR Itoadj a post-office in Somerset County. 
 
 Canton is the most easterly town in Oxford County. It 
 is about 6 miles in width at the middle, and its greatest length is, 
 north and south, about 9 miles. From west to east, through the 
 midst, flows the Androscoggin in a zigzag course. In its great southei'n 
 bend at the centre of the town is Canton Point village and post-office. 
 On the southern side, at this point, the Androscoggin receives Whitney 
 Brook, the outlet of Whitney Pond, which occupies a portion of the 
 south-western area of the town. At a fine water-power on the outlet 
 near the pond is Canton villags and post-office. Here are Canton 
 Mills, consisting of a saw-mill manufacturing short lumber, a shook 
 and stave mill, and a grist-mill. Other manufactories are the steam- 
 mill of the Canton Steam Mill Company, a carriage and zinc wash-board 
 factory, a foundry, a furniture and moulding factory, a tannery, the Den- 
 nison Paper Manufacturing Company, and several small establishments. 
 
 The surface of the outskirts of the town is quite uneven, while the 
 centre is smooth and level. Along the river and Whitney Pond and 
 Brook is much fine interval, and the town is not surpassed by any for 
 agricultural'purposes. At Canton Point, the RocJeomeko oithe Indians, 
 there is a large and beautiful tract of interval, which, at its first 
 occupation by white people, showed the hills which usually mark 
 long-forsaken cornfieldti. The mountain situated north of the point was 
 also called by the Indians "Rockomeko." The tribe which inhabited 
 here were probably a clan of the Fequakets, whose principal residence 
 was Fryeburg. The Rockoinekos were entirely exterminated by the 
 small pox, during the war with the French and Indians, in 1757. 
 Implements such as they used have frequently been turned out of the 
 soil at this point, and a burying ground, containing many of their 
 skeletons, has also come to light. 
 
 Whitney Pond received its name from a hunter who had been 
 wounded by the savages and left for dead, but had revived and crawled 
 to a camp beside the pond. His companions, while in search of him, 
 came upon the camp, and supposing the figure they saw within to be 
 an Indian, they fired upon him, but on entering, found they had 
 killed their comrade. 
 
 The first efforts at settlement were made in 1790 or 1792. William 
 Livermore, William French, Joseph Coolidge and Alexander Shepherd 
 were among the earliest settlers. This township was included in the 
 tract which first became known as Phipp's Canada. It was first in- 
 corporated as a part of Jay in 1795, but was set off and incorporated 
 under its present name February 5, 1821. It is 20 miles north- 
 east of Paris, about 60 miles north of Portland, and 25 miles north 
 north-west of Lewiston and Auburn. It is the terminus of Rumford 
 Falls and Buckfield Railroad. , 
 
 Canton has Baptist, Free Baptist and Universalist societies, all of 
 which have good church-edifices. The number of public schoolhouses 
 
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158 
 
 GAZETTEEn OF MAINE. 
 
 in town .s nine, valued, with other school j.i-operty, at |4 000 The 
 vnhKition of estates, in 1870, was 1395,903. In 1880, it was 1367,693 
 Ihe ])0]..uhition in 1870 was 984. In 1880 it was 1,030. 
 
 Cape Elizabetll is the most seaward town of Cumberland 
 County. It_ constitutes a broad peninsula lying between Fore Kiver, 
 Spurwink lliver and the sea. Scarborough is the adjoining town on 
 the south-west, Westbrook, Deering and" Portland, on the north, and 
 around the soutliern and eastern pai-ts flows the sea. It is separated 
 from Portland by Foi-e River, and Spurwink Ki\er cuts deeply into its 
 south-western side. Its north-eastein jirojeclion forms the southern 
 shore of Portland Harbor. The t.^wn, incl'udinirpiehmond Island, has 
 an area of 12,881 acres. The suil is \ arious, being in different parts a 
 red, brown, and a black loam, with some sand ;iik1 clay. Being near 
 so good a market as Portland, the buildings of ihe nirardistrictsliave a 
 neat and thrifty aspect. Great Pond and" Small Pond, m the southern 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 $ 
 
 t 
 
 V^ -- 
 
 ^..^g-^ 
 
 part, are the principal bodies of water. Ilichmond Island, lying a mile 
 from the southern shore, was the first locality occupied by Europeans 
 on this part of the coast. The first settler was Walter Bagnall (called 
 " Great Walt,") who came here in 1628, occupying the island without a 
 title. His principal jiurpose ajipears to have been to drive a profitable 
 trade with tlie Indians, without much scruple about his methods. At 
 length his cupidity drew down upon him their vengeance and they 
 put an end to his life in October, 1631. Two months later, the 
 council of the Plymouth Company granted the Island and certain 
 other teri'itory to Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyear, merchants 
 of Plymouth, England, who soon made it the centre of their American 
 trade. The island was convenient to the fishing and coasting business, 
 and it soon became a place of much importance. There is a record 
 that, before 1648, large ahips took in cargoes for Europe there. In 
 
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CAfE ELIZABETH. 159 
 
 1638 a ship of 300 tons was sent here laden with wine, and the same 
 year Mr. Trelawney employed 60 men in the fisheries. In the 
 following year, John Winter, the agent of Trelawney, sent to England, 
 in the bark Richmond, 6,000 pijie-staves. After the death of 
 Winter, about 1648, its business declined, and at the breaking out of 
 the first Indian war came entirely to an end. The island contains 
 about 200 acres, .and now constitutes a single farm. In 1637, 
 by the aid of the proprietors, Rev. Richard Gibson, an Episcopal 
 minister, was settled on the island, and the necessary appurtenances of 
 worship in the English form were provided. Mr. Gibson removed to 
 Portsmouth in 1640, and in 1642 lie returned to England. Many years 
 ago an earthern pot was exhumed upon the Island, and within was 
 found a number of gold and silver coins of the 17th century, and a 
 heavy gold signet ring, richly chased, and marked by two initials letters. 
 This ring has given the title to an historical novel by Dr. Ilsley, the 
 chief action of which is placed upon this Island. 
 
 The next residents within the limits of Cape Elizabeth were Richard 
 Tucker and John Cleeves, who located upon Spurwink River in 1630, 
 carrying on together the business of planting, fishing and trading. 
 Two years later they were driven off by the agent of Sir Alexander 
 Rigby, who had become the owner of the Plough, or Lygonia Patent, 
 covering all this section of the coast. They removed to Casco Neck, 
 where in 1632, they built the first house within the limits of Portland. 
 Gibson's successor in bis religious charge was Rev- Robert Jordan, who 
 married Winter's daughter and succeeded to his estate. In administer- 
 ing upon this, for money due Winter on account of services rendered 
 Trelawney, Jordan obtained an order from the Lygonian government 
 to seize upon all the estate of the latter, and in this manner he acquired 
 a title to a large tract of land, including Cape Elizabeth, which has 
 never been shaken. The first settlers of Porpooduck (that part of 
 Cape Elizabeth which lies upon Fore River), whoever they may have 
 been, were driven off in the first Indian war, in^ 1675. The first re- 
 settlement appears to have been in 1699 by a few families only. When 
 the French and Indians under Beaubarin were foiled in their attempt 
 upon the fort in Scarborough, they turned to Spurwink and Porpooduck. 
 At the former place, inhabited principally by the Messrs. Jordan and 
 their families, 22 persons were killed or taken captive. At 
 the latter place were 9 families unprotected by any fortification, 
 and at the time of attack not a man was at home ; and the savages 
 here slaughtered 25, and carried away 8 persons. It is said that 
 the crew of a visiting vessel first discovered these corpses, burying 
 all in one vault- at each place. The settlement upon Porpooduck 
 Point commenced forty-four years prior King Philips' war (1775). 
 Among them were several families by the name of Wallace. After its 
 destruction in the third Indian war (1703), there seems to have been 
 no settlement until 1719 or 1720. In 1734 a church was formed, and 
 the Rev. Benj. Allen settled as minister ; and in 1752 the inhabitants 
 wei-e formed into a parish. Cape Elizabeth was incorporated as atown 
 in 1765, but only with " District " privileges, which did not allow of a 
 representation entirely its own in the legislature. The town, therefore, 
 joined with Falmouth in the choice of representatives until 1776. It 
 was represented in that year for the first time, the member being 
 James Leach. 
 
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160 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Cape Elizabeth is the most interesting of the environs ofPortlnnrl 
 for its historic associations, its coast scenery, and its industries. It is 
 connected with that city bv a fei-ry at Ferry Village, at the north- 
 eastern part of the town. Near this is the breakwater, having a light- 
 house at its outer extremity. A short distance east is Cushing's PoiTit 
 Village, beyond which, at Old Spring Point, is the lawn-covered 
 masonry of Fort Preble. Tlio manufactures at these places are marine 
 craft of" all sizes, from boats to ships, boots and shoes, medicines, oils, 
 extracts and fountain-syrups, etc. Knightville, on the next ]ioiiit 
 west^\ard, is connected with Portland by a horse, carriage and foot 
 bi-idge. On the right, looking toward the city, are about 25 acres, oc- 
 cupied with the works of the Portland Dry Dock Company. One of 
 the docks is lUO by 42 feet, with a depth of 2U feet, — said to be tha 
 
 y^^. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^sstiu..^^xajtasa»sff 
 
 "WTTJTriTr vr> n irr«?. 
 
 largest in the country. The manufactures of Knightville are meal and 
 flour, boots and shoes, harnesses, tree and jdant ]irotectors, etc. The 
 next point west is Turner's Island, whence the Portland, Snco and 
 Portsmouth (Eastern) Railroad crosses to Portland. Tlie Boston and 
 Maine Pailroad reaches Cape Elizabeth from Portland by a shorter 
 bridge at the little Village of Ligonia, on a point north-west of the last. 
 Here are the works of the Portland Kerosene Oil Co., occupying 2 
 acres of ground. The product of this factory is upwards of 4,0(J0,O00 
 gallons of oil annually. The other manufactory at this point is the 
 extensive Kolling-mill of the Ligonia Iron Co. The mill employs about 
 200 men, and turns out some 14,000 tons of rails animally. 
 
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CAPE ROSIER. 161 
 
 The numerous shade trees along the public ways are a noticeable 
 feature of the town. Most of the roads bear names well-known to the 
 people of the neighboring city, whose gay equipages whirl along their 
 smooth lines toward summer residences, or some of the numerous points 
 of interest. The old Ocean House road, the Hannaford road, Spur- 
 wink road, and Cottage road, are the principal ones. The last skirts 
 the eastern shore, and affords chai-ming views of pretty cottages and 
 sail-swept sea. A short ride from Portland Bridge brings the visitor 
 to Cliff Cottage, and then to the fine residence known as " Glen Cove." 
 Passing Willow Cottage, we reach Cape Cottage Hotel, built by the 
 poet, John Neal. Near by is the stone castle-like edifice of the late 
 Col. Goddard ; and beyond is Grove Hall. A little further on is Port- 
 land Head Light, the oldest on the Maine coast, having been built in 
 1791. It is 100 feet above the sea-level, and can be seen 17 miles 
 away. On the south-eastern angle of the town, is High Head, with 
 the Cape Light a little to the east. The shore in the vicinity of 
 Portland Head Light is high, rocky and picturesque. After storms 
 many drive out to the Light to see the huge waves dash upon the shore. 
 A few years since two hackmen ventured out upon the rooks too far, 
 and a great wave leaped up and swept them away. Their remains 
 were recovered several days later, but fearfully mangled. The State 
 Reform School, established in 1853, is located in Cape Elizabeth, and 
 its fine building is a well-known land-mark. 
 
 Parson Smith, settled over the first parish in Falmouth (Portland) 
 in 1727, preached half the time on the adjacent part of Cape Elizabeth. 
 The second church of Falmouth was the first of Cape Elizabeth, and 
 was organized with 11 members in 1734. Rev. Benj. Allen was in- 
 stalled in November of that year, and remained until his death in 1754. 
 Rev. Ephraim Clark succeeded him, and filled the pastoral office until 
 his death forty-one years later. 
 
 Capt. Arthur McLellan, born in this town in 1751, died in Portland 
 in 1833. He was widely known as a successful shipmaster and a 
 wealthy merchant. Other respected citizens have been Col. Charles 
 Hannaford, and Esquires Samuel Haskell, Scott Dyer, Thomaa E. 
 Knight, and John Fickett. 
 
 The churches at present are four Methodist, two Congregation alist, 
 one Free Baptist and the Welsh Church, — ^the latter society being 
 chiefly the workmen in the Rolling-mill and their families. Gaipe 
 Elizabeth has an excellent town-hall, a brick building two stories in 
 height. The town high school occupies a portion of the second' story, 
 and above' this is the Masonic Hall. The town has fifteen public 
 schoolhouses, valued at 14,000. The valuation of estates in 187t) was 
 $1,784,831. In 1880 it was $1,869,199. The rate of taxation in 1880 
 was $1.72 on $100. The population of Cape Elizabeth in 1870' was 
 5,106. The census of 1880 fixes it at 5,315. 
 
 Cape NeddOCk, a post-office in York, in York County. 
 
 Cape Porpoise, a post-office in Kennebunkport, York 
 County. 
 
 Cape Hosier, a small village in Brooksville, Hancock 
 County. ' 
 
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162 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Caratunk Plantation lies on the eastern bank of Ken- 
 ebec River, 40 miles north of Skowhegan, on the stage-road to Canada. 
 This township is nearly one-third larger than its neighbors. The sur- 
 face is quite uneven. A range of highlands runs along the river, 
 Mo xie Mountain occupies the central part of the township, and Pleas- 
 ant Pond Mountain stands in the northern part. West of it lies the 
 sheet of water from which it is named, having an area of 3 square 
 miles. The Baker Ponds lie in the eastern part of the town, the 
 Heald Ponds in the south, and in the south-west are the Bog Ponds. 
 The principal settlements are on Pleasant Pond Stream, and along the 
 road to the Forks, between the highlands and the river. The planta- 
 tion has three lumber-mills, and a small axe and cant-dog factory. 
 There are four public schoolhouses, and the school property has a 
 value of $1,000. The first settlement was in 1810 ; the organization 
 in 1840. The population in 1870 was 214. In the census of 1880 the 
 figures were massed in the returns with those of Carrying Place, 
 Pleasant Ridge, the Forks and Moxie Plantations, making in the 
 aggregate 981. 
 
 CariDOn is situated in the north-eastern part of Aroostook 
 County, at the junction of the Madawaska with the Aroostook River. 
 It comprises two contiguous townships ; the northern one having for- 
 merly been Forestville Plantation, while the southern comprised Lyn- 
 don on the west, and the Eaton Grant, lying in the north-eastern ben d 
 of the Aroostook. The principal hills, and these not Jarge enough to 
 have a name upon the map, are a little south-east of the middle of the 
 town, enclosed in a bend of the Aroostook. Limestone is the prevail- 
 ing rock. The soil is a dark loam, yielding excellent crops of wheat, 
 oats and potatoes. Maple, birch, cedar and spruce form the bulk of 
 the forest trees. The Aroostook River passes up through the southern 
 half to the centre of the town, then turning to the south-east, passes 
 out on the eastern side. Caribou Stream enters from the west, dis- 
 charging into the Aroostook at Caribou Village, near the center of 
 the town. The Little Madawaska River comes down through the 
 northern part of the town, forming a junction with the Aroostook 
 near the eastern line. Otter Bi-ook flows in from the north-west be- 
 tween the two other streams ; while near the southern line of the 
 town Hardwood Creek comes into the Aroostook from the west. There 
 are several other streams of considerable size, forming a remarkable 
 confluence of water-courses, several of which afford some available 
 water-power. There are mills on the Little Madawaska near the 
 middle of the town, on the eastern side, and on Otter Brook, near its 
 junction with the Aroostook ; but the large number are on Caribou 
 Stream, at Caribou Village. There are here saw, planing, carpentry, 
 shingle and grist mills, and a starch-factory, four of which are run by 
 steam-power. Boots and shoes and harnesses are the principal other 
 manufactures. This town is the terminus of the New Brunswick 
 Railway from Frederickton and Woodstock, N. B., and of stage-lines 
 to Van Buren, New Sweden, and Fort Fairfield. It was incorporated 
 April 5, 1859. 
 
 There are meetings of the Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists, 
 Universalists and Episcopalians, some of which societies have houses of 
 worship. There is a high-school at the village a part of the year. 
 
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CARROLL. 163 
 
 The town has sixteen public schoolhouses, valued with other school 
 property at $6,800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $155,702. 
 In 1880 it was $337,388. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 2 per cent. The population in 1860 was 297 ; in 1870 it was 1,410 ; 
 and in 1880, near 2,500. 
 
 C^/rmGl has its location in the south-western part of Penobscot 
 County 14 miles west of Bangor. It is bounded by Stetson and Levant 
 on the north, Hermon on the east, Etna on the west, and Newburgh 
 on the South. It is square in form, and has an area of 23,040 acres. The 
 surface is undulating, and formerly bore a heavy growth of pine. The 
 woodlands now contain the usual variety of trees. The rock is chiefly 
 schistose. The soil is a clay loam, and yields good crops when proper- 
 ly cultivated. Along the streams is much fine alluvial land. Potatoes 
 and hay are the principal crops. 
 
 In the north-west corner of the town is Parker's Pond, a partially 
 separated section of Etna and Carmel Pond. From it flows the Sowa- 
 dabscook Stream in a south-eastern course through the midst of town ; 
 furnishing at Carmel Village, in the centre of the town, a power occu- 
 pied by lumber, grist and cloth mills. There are three other powers on 
 this stream; three upon the Ruggles Stream; four on the Kingsley 
 Stream, which flows from the southern part of the town to the centre ; 
 four on the Harvey Stream ; and two on a branch of the Kenduskeag, 
 at the north-eastern corner of the town. In heavy rains the waters of 
 the latter and Sowadabscook often mingle in the swamps, but flow off 
 in different directions. The manufactures, besides that of cloth, are 
 boots and shoes, furniture, carriages and harnesses, etc. There is a de- 
 posit of antimony in the town which has been partially developed. 
 The Maine Central Railroad passes through the town. 
 
 Carmel Village has a neat church, a good town-hall, and many 
 tasteful residences. Some portions of the streets are well laid out and 
 beautifully shaded with elms, generally from thirty to fifty years old. 
 
 This township was purchased of Massachusetts in 1.695 by Martin 
 Kinsley, of Hampden. Paul and Abel Ruggles were first settlers. The 
 town was incorporated in 1811. There is a Union church-edifice at Car- 
 mel village. The societies are the Methodist, Baptist, and Free Baptist. 
 The public entertainments are chiefly temperance-meetings. Carmel 
 has eleven public school-houses; and the total school property has 
 a value of $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $260,118. In 
 1880 it was $291,073. The. rate of taxation in the latter year was 18 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,348. In 1880 it 
 was 1,220. 
 
 Carroll is situated in the eastern part of Penobscot County, 
 75 miles north-east of Bangor. It is on the stage-road from Lincoln 
 to Princeton. It is bounded on the north by Prentiss, west by Sring- 
 field, south by an unnamed township, and east by an unnamed town- 
 ship in Washington County. The township is square, except a pro- 
 jection southward at the eastern side. It contains an area of about 38 
 square miles. The surface is hilly, but mostly susceptible of cultiva- 
 tion, and the soil is generally fertile. The drainage is by the branches 
 of the Mattagordas Stream, which flows north into the Mattawarakeag, 
 and by other small streams which flow southward into the Schoodic 
 
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164 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Lakes. The town has three saw-mills and a grist-mill. There is one 
 lime quarry which is wrought. 
 
 Carroll was formerly township Jfo. 6, second range, north of the 
 Bingham Penobscot purchase. The first settlements were made about 
 1831 or 1832. It was incorporated under its present name March 30, 
 1845. The are a Congregationalist and a Baptist society in the town. 
 Carroll has seven schoolhouses ; and the total school property has a 
 valuation of $1,850. The value of estates was placed in 1870 at |103,- 
 498. In 1880 it was $112,464. The population in 1870 was 632. In 
 1880 it was 625. 
 
 Carryillg"-Place Plantation, in Somerset County, lies west 
 of the Kennebec, between that river and the southward bend of Dead 
 River. It is an Indian carrying-place on the route to Canada, by 
 which the passage of Kennebec and Dead Rivers is shortened. Three 
 of the largest ponds in the township lies in the line of the Carry, and 
 greatly reduce the land travel. The place has been made famous by 
 the passage of Arnold's expedition against Quebec over this route in 
 1775. It is 40 miles from Skowhegan, on the Canada road and stage- 
 road from Skowhegan to Quebec. 
 
 In the north-east and south-west are high hills. The western range 
 is called " Carrying Place Mountains." Granite is found in Carrying- 
 Place Pond Stream, in the southern part of the township. Gold is 
 found in small quantities in Pierce Pond Stream, in the northern part 
 of the township. The nearest post-oflBce is Carratunk Plantation. 
 This plantation was organized July 20, 1871. It was formerly No. 1, 
 Range 3, West of Kennebec River. The plantation sent 12 men to 
 the aid of the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion. It sustains a 
 public school in summer and winter. Though no church is reported, 
 many religious meetings are held. The valuation of estates at the 
 date of organization was $15,000. In 1880 it was $9,980. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 2 per cent. The polls at the date of 
 organization numbered 42. The population in 1880 was given in the 
 preliminary report of the census with that of Pleasant Ridge, Forks 
 and Moxies Plantation, all together being 981. 
 
 CRrtllR^G is the south-western town of Franklin County. Its 
 form is nearly that of a triangle having its acute angle to the west. 
 It is bounded on the north by Weld, east by Perkin's Plantation, 
 Number Four, and Wilton, and south by Mexico and Dixfield, in 
 Oxford County. Across the broad pine-covered plain in the northern 
 and middle part, runs, in a tortuous course southward, Webb's 
 River, the outlet of Webb's Pond. The eastern part of the town is 
 hilly, but the soil in general is moderately good. There is much lime- 
 stone in the town ; and near the centre is a quarry which has been 
 worked to some extent. Running nearly north and south in the east- 
 ern part of the town is a range of lofty hills, variously known as the 
 Bear, Saddleback, or Blueberry. The principal village is Berry's 
 Mills, on Webb's River, in the western part of the town. It is 29 miles 
 south-west of Farmington, and is connected by stage-line with the An- 
 droscoggin Railroad at North Jay. There are here a gi'ist-mill and 
 two lumber and box-mills. 
 
 Carthage was formerly Number Four, Abbott's Purchase. Later, Dr. 
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CASTINE. 165 
 
 Pertins, of Farmington, became the proprietor of the unsold land. The 
 first settlers were William Bowley and a Mr. Winter, the former of 
 whom built what are called " Bowley 's Mills" on Webb's River. The 
 town was lotted by Samuel Adams in 1803. There are two post-offices, 
 South Carthage and Berry's Mills. There are Baptist and Free 
 Baptist societies in the town. Carthage has six public schoolhouses. 
 valued with other school property, at |2,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $96,070. In 1880 it was $107,823. The population in 1870 
 was 486. In 1880 it was 507. 
 
 CH-ry, a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 CO/SCO) in Cumberland County, lies between Thom]ison's Pond, 
 and the northern side of Lake Sebago. Raymond lies on the east, and 
 Naples and Otisfield on the west. Crooked and Songo rivers separate 
 it from Naples ; Thomas Pond lies on the south-eastern line adjoining 
 Raymond ; and across the northern part of the town is a semicircle 
 of small ponds. The first on the western side is Pleasant Pond, which 
 is partly in Otisfield. To this succeeds Owl, Parkers, Coffee, Dumplin, 
 Edwards and other ponds, while Thompson's Pond covers about one 
 tliird of the northern line. Crooked and Casco rivers, and the outlet 
 of most of the ponds furnish small powers. The total number of 
 powers in town is twenty-one, of which nearly all are improved. The 
 manufactures are house-lumber, boxes, shocks, axe-handles, spokes, 
 staves, meal, flour, clothing and carriages. The surface of the town is 
 uneven, and the soil is hard and rocky, but moderately productive. 
 Quito Hill — about 500 feet in height — is the principal elevation. The 
 business centres are Casco Village and Webb's Mills. Casco is 30 
 miles north-west of Portland. It is on Davis stage-line from Oxford, 
 on Grand Trunk Railway, to Naples. Casco was formely a part of 
 Raymond, from which it was taken and incorporated in 1841. It is 
 one of the smallest towns of the county, containing but little above 
 three square miles. 
 
 There are societies of the Congregationalists, Gen. Prov., Baptists, 
 and Free Baptists in this town. Casco has eight public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 1241,486. 
 The population at the same date was 998. In 1880 it was 908, having 
 lost 90 of its inhabitants during the last ten years. 
 
 CftSCO Bay for description, see article on Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 CH/StlllG occupies a peninsula in the south-western portion of 
 Hancock County, overlooking the eastern entrance of Penobscot River. 
 The town of Penobscot bounds it on the north-east, and Castine 
 Harbor separates it from Brooksville on the south and south-east. On 
 the west is Penobscot Bay. Castine is 30 miles from Ellsworth, 18^ 
 miles from the railroad station at Bucksport, and 86 miles from Bangor. 
 The Boston steamers run regularly to this port through the year, 
 rarely missing a trip. The foundation rocks are slate, trap, mica schist, 
 gneiss and granite. The soil is a sandy loam. The principal crops 
 are hay and potatoes. 
 
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166 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 The village of Castine occupies a commanding position on the 
 eastern side of the peninsula, which gradually ascends from the shore 
 to the height of 217 feet. On the north the shore is more precipitous. 
 At the summit is a rectangular line of hillocks, the remains of Fort 
 George. On the southward shore below are the nearly effaced ruins 
 of Castine's fort, built as early, probably, as 1626 ; and at several 
 points are the remains of batteries erected during the Revolution. The 
 lighthouse and an old block-house are also points to be noted. Jhe 
 whole southward side of the peninsula formerly abounded in ancient 
 relics, articles of Indian manufacture, cannon balls, shells, etc. There 
 is an orchard in town, planted in 1784, which still bears good fruit. 
 The streets of the village are set with shade trees of all ages, and the 
 buildings are in good repair. Many of the dwellings are large and old, 
 and there is an air of elegance and repose. Before it spreads out the 
 grand harbor, dotted with islands. The depth of the water and the 
 movement of the tide, make it an open harbor for large vessels at all 
 seasons, with rare exceptions. The business is chiefly related to the 
 fisheries. There is one saw-mill and one grist-mill, a large brickyard, 
 two canning-factories for putting up lobsters, clams and other fish ; a 
 rope-walk, and a cod and nuxckerel line factory, — the latter doing a 
 business of $20,000 annually. At the head of the peninsula is a light- 
 house of stone, ha-\-ing a flashing, white light. For a quiet sum- 
 mer resort, Castine is equal to any point on the coast. The climate 
 is very healthy, and old people abound. It is now made the terminus 
 of numerous summer excursions ; and picnicing parties find it a very 
 convenient and attractive locality. 
 
 The history of Castine goes back to the earliest settlement of our 
 coast. The French explorer, Thevdt, who visited the Penobscot in 
 1555, refers to an old French fort in this vicinity. Its neighborhood 
 was explored by James Rosier in 1605 ; and in 1626 a trading house 
 was established here by Isaac Allerton, under the direction of the 
 Plymouth colony of Massachusetts. In 1632, the house was surprised 
 and rifled by the French under Rosillon. Having been re-stocked, in 
 1635 it was attacked and occupied by another Frenchman, D'Aulney, 
 deputy governor in Acadia. From 1648 to 1651, it was sometimes the 
 scene of the conflict waged between D'Aulney and La Tour, rival 
 proprietors, the first a Romanist, the latter nominally a Huguenot. In 
 1648 Friar Leo laid the corner stone of a Capuchin chapel. The place 
 was taken by the English again in 1654. In 1667 Baron Castine 
 arrived upon Penobscot Bay, the region being then known as Penta- 
 goet; and in 1670 Fort Pentagoet, at what is now Castine, was 
 was formally surrendered by Colonel Temple to Grandfontaine, who 
 represented the French government. In 1673, the place had 31 white 
 inhabitants ; and the next year it was taken by a Flemish vessel com- 
 manded by Captain Jurriaen Aernoots. 
 
 Yet in 1687, we again find Castine in possession, when he was noti- 
 fied by the Government of New England to surrender the place to 
 them. Two years later, it is said this peninsula was the scene of 
 the torture of Thomas Gyles by the Indians. The locality began about 
 this time to be called Biguaduce, later, Bagaduce, from Marche-£ig- 
 uatus, an Indian term supposed to mean " no good cove." Sir Wil- 
 liam Phips took possession of the place in 1690. In 1693 Castine was 
 again in possession, and temporarily gave in his adhesion to the Eng- 
 
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CASTINE. 167 
 
 lish. In 1703, the English plundered the house of Anselm Castin, 
 eldest son of the baron, the latter having returned to France. Anselm 
 himself in 1722, went to France, to succeed to his father's estate, and 
 another son, Joseph Dabadis St. Castin, was left in possession of the 
 Acadian estate. In 1779, Bagaduce was assailed by General Francis 
 McLean with 700 men, in a fleet of seven or eight sail. Their landing 
 was made in front of Joseph Perkins' house, which stood on what is 
 now the south-east corner of Maine and Water streets. Having forti- 
 fied the j)lace, the British were attacked late in the following July, by a 
 force fitted up by Massachusetts, consisting of a fleet of 19 armed vessels 
 and 24 transports, carrying 344 guns, under Dudley Saltonstall, and 
 aland force of about 1,200 men, under Gen. Samuel Lovell, seconded 
 by Gen. Peleg Wadsworth ; Col. Paul Revere having charge of the 
 ordnance. The most striking action of this siege was the storming of 
 the bluff by the Americans, by which they gained a permanent lodge- 
 ment on the peninsula, but with the loss of over 100 of their number. 
 They advanced their works, with continued success, upon the exten- 
 sive fortifications of the enemy ; and the siege failed of its object only 
 by the insubordination of the captains of the fleet, and the over-caution 
 of the commander. At length a fieet of British ships arrived, and Sal- 
 tonstall's ill-governed vessels made haste to escape, and were in con- 
 sequence nearly all captured by the British, or run ashore and burned. 
 The land force escaped across the river above, and thence through the 
 woods to the Kennebec. This was the noted " Penobscot expedition," 
 the greatest display and the greatest failure of the Americans in ISTew 
 England during the war. The escape of Gen. Wadsworth and Colonel 
 Burton from their imprisonment in Fort George in June, 1781, is one 
 of the oft-related incidents of Castine history. A fort was built here 
 about 1811 by the Americans, which was occupied by the British in 
 1814-15, and called by them Fort Castine. During the late civil war 
 it was rebuilt and garrisoned by a company of U. S. troops. It was 
 at one time called Fort Porter. 
 
 The town of Penobscot, which included Castine, was incorporated 
 in 1787 ; and in 1788 it was first represented in the General Court, the 
 representative being Gecrge Thatcher. Penobscot was made a collec- 
 tion district of the United States in 1789. The town of Castine was 
 set off and incorporated in 1796, and was also made the shire town of 
 the county. 
 
 In 1814, the town was again occupied by the British, who held it 
 undisturbed until April 28, 1816, more than four months after the treaty 
 of peace. No place in Maine has experienced so many vicissitudes as 
 Castine. It has been held successively by the Indians, French, Dutch 
 and English ; and many naval engagements have taken place in its 
 harbor. After the Revolution, Castine became rapidly settled, and for 
 a long time.it was the most important mart of business in the eastern 
 part of Maine. Shipbuilding was formerly a leading industry, and the 
 fitting out of vessels for the Grand Banks was carried on largely. In 
 1838 the courts were removed to Ellsworth; later the bounty act for 
 fishermen was repealed and shipbuilding declined, all contributing to 
 the commercial injury of the place. 
 
 Isaac Parker, of Castine, was the first lawyer in the county, and 
 represented the district in Congress from 1796 to 1798. Hezekiah 
 Williams, also a respected member of the Hancock bar, was represen- 
 
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168 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 tative from 1845 to 1849. William Abbot, who settled in the town 
 in 1801, was a sound, able and honorable lawyer. Dr. Joseph L. 
 Stevens was for many years the leading physician and a valued citizen. 
 Dr. G. A. Wheeler, author of the excellent history of Castine, has suc- 
 ceeded to his practice. Others highly esteemed are C. J. Abbot, Esq., 
 Deacon Samuel Adams, William Witherle, a well-known merchant. 
 The town furnished 106 soldiers and 19 sailors for the Union in the 
 war of the Rebellion, of whom 18 soldiers were lost. 
 
 Rev. William Mason, the first minister of Castine, was ordained as 
 a Congregationalist, but became Unitarian ; and Castine has now one 
 of the two Unitarian churches in the county. There are now also 
 Congregationalist (Trinitarian) and Methodist churches in the village. 
 The church-edifices are fine buildings. A State Normal School was 
 opened here in 1873, with accommodations for 200 pupils. It is well 
 patronized. The schools of the village are graded, and a high-school 
 is sustained. The town has six schoolhouses, and the school property 
 is valued at $10,000. The valuation of real estates in 1870 was $461,- 
 343. lu 1880 it was $362,754. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was $2.14 to $1,000. The population in 1870 was 1,303. In 1880 
 It was 1,215. 
 
 Caustic Hill Plantation is situated near the middle of the 
 eastern part of Aroostook County, 55 miles north-west of Houlton. 
 It is on the stage-line from Presque Isle to Ashland. Its boundaries 
 are Wade Plantation on the north, Mapleton on the east, and Sheridan 
 Plantation on the west. On the south is the township containing 
 Haystack Mountain and Squawpan Lake. The township is without 
 high hills and large ponds. The highest land is near the middle of the 
 southern side. The surface is well drained ; the Aroostook River run- 
 ning eastward through the north-western part, receiving within the 
 town Well's Brook and several other streams from the south. Sawyer 
 and Libby brooks empty into Presque Isle Stream, in the southern 
 part of Mapleton, and others drain the southern and eastern parts. 
 
 The Universalists and the Baptists have societies in the town, and 
 sustain ministers a portion of the time. The plantation has six public 
 schoolhouses ; and the total school property is valued at $2,500. There 
 are six lots reserved for school and other public purposes. The valu- 
 ation in 1870 was $20,053. In 1880 it was $27,636. The population 
 in 1870 was 237. In 1880 it was 419. 
 
 CRSWGII Plantation lies at the north-eastern angle of Aroos- 
 took County and of Maine, having New Brunswick for its eastern 
 boundary. The eastern line of the town is but two or three miles distant 
 from Grand Falls, on the St. John, from which point a railroad is pro- 
 jected to pass through the plantation to Caribou. The surface of the 
 township is very level, with a few vei-y small ponds. The soil is a 
 deep reddish loam. Wheat, buckwheat, oats and potatoes yield well. 
 Maple, birch, spruce and fir constitute the bulk of the forests. The 
 Plantation has a saw-mill manufacturing 2,000 feet of long lumber a 
 day. 
 
 This plantation was organized in 1878 as Pleasant Ridge Plan- 
 tation. In 1879 it was reorganized as Caswell Plantation, but it appears 
 on the maps under the former name. There is a Christian society in 
 
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CHARLESTON. 169 
 
 the plantation which maintains public worship. The number of 
 children in 1880 of school age was 123, and a school is maintained in 
 both summer and winter. The valuation of estates in 1880 was $17,379. 
 The population in 1870 was 67. In 1880 it was 326. 
 
 Centerville, in Washington County, lies 15 miles north-west 
 of Maohias. The township is nearly square in form, its dimensions 
 being between 6 and 7 miles in each direction. Milton and Peaked 
 Mountains, in the western part of the town, are the principal eleva- 
 tions. Machias River runs through the eastern part southward, and 
 Chandler River and its branches drain the western part of the town. 
 Great Falls, on Machias River, have a descent of 20 feet in 60 rods. 
 Peaked Mountain Pond is two miles long and half a mile wide. 
 There is a railroad connection with Machias from Whitneyville for 
 freight only. The manufactories of the town consist of two shingle- 
 mills. The soil is mostly clear of rocks, and consists of sandy and 
 clayey loam. There is a large percentage of intervale. Hay and 
 potatoes are the chief crops. The usual variety of trees are found 
 in the forests. 
 
 Centa-ville was incorporated in 1842. The Methodists sustain 
 worship a large part of the time. Centerville has one schoolhouse, 
 kept in good repair ; and this, with other school property, is valued at 
 $1,000. The valuation of the estates in 1870 was $42,091. In 1880 it 
 was $40,278. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 15 mUls on a 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 145. In 1880 it was 32. 
 
 Chapman Plantation is situated near the middle of 
 the eastern part of Aroostook County. It is bounded on the north by 
 Mapleton, on the east by Presque Isle, and south and west by un- 
 named townships. The area is about 42 square miles. The surface is 
 moderately uneven. At the south-west part is one of the eminences 
 called Horsebacks. The south branch of the Aroostook River drains 
 the southern and western parts of the town. At the middle of the 
 western part is a pond of about one mile in length by half a mile in 
 width. There should be abundance of water-power in the township. 
 This plantation is N.N.W. of Houlton, and 45 miles distant ma Presque 
 Isle. It was organized in 1874. The valuation in 1880 was $11,815. 
 The population in 1870 was 40, including a few in Township 11 Range 
 4, adjoining on the west. In 1880 it was 166. 
 
 CuarlGStOn is situated on the south-western part of Penob- 
 scot County. It is 25 miles north-west of Bangor on a daily stage- 
 line. The nearest railroad station is at South Sebec, about 6 miles 
 distant. The town occupies a place on the northern line of the 
 county, being bounded on the north by Atkinson, in Piscataquis 
 County. The other boundaries, Bradford on the east, Corinth on the 
 south, and Garland on the west, are in Penobscot County. The ter- 
 ritory is 6 miles square. The entire surface of the town has a consid- 
 erable elevation above the sea, but is without high hills, or deep valleys. 
 There are a few very small ponds, but numerous streams, — all running 
 south-eastward. In the western part of the town several brooks 
 unite and form the northern branch of the Kenduskeag ; other streams 
 
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170 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 form themselves into the west branch and the east branch of Pushaw 
 Stream, each of which have one or more good water-powers, and all 
 were formerly occupied by mills. Three powers are thus occupied at 
 present by saw-mills. The other manufactures are those common in 
 small villages. The principal occupation of the people is agricultural. 
 There are many fine farms in the town, a large product being horses 
 and domestic cattle. Charleston, a little north of the middle of the 
 town, is a pleasant village, and the principal business centre. West 
 Charleston is the other post-office. A little south of the centre of the 
 town is a stream and pond, with a mDl and a small collection of dwell- 
 ings and a schoolhouse. 
 
 The township was granted by Massachusetts, July 14, 1802, to John 
 Lowell. The settlement was commenced as early as 1795, by Charles 
 Vaughan. It was incorporated February 16, 1811. as the town of 
 Charleston. The first settled minister was Elder Henry Hale, of the 
 Baptist denomination, ordained in February, 1811. Charleston has 
 ten public schoolhouses, which with other school property, have a 
 value of $5,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $290,279. In 
 1880 it was $277,883. The population in 1870 was 1,191. In 1880 it 
 was 1,111. 
 
 CJl£irlotitiG is situated in the eastern part of Washington 
 County, 35 miles north-east of Machias, and 13 south of Calais. It is 
 on the stage-road from Calais to Bangor. Robbinston lies on the east, 
 Pembroke and Dennysville on the south. Baring and Meddybemps on 
 the north, and Cooper on the west. The surface of the town is undu- 
 ating, and the soil is quite productive. Round Lake lies near the 
 center of the town, and in the south-eastern part is Pemaquan Lake, 
 225 square miles in area, both reservoirs of the Pemaquan River. 
 The Moosehorn Stream comes down through the north of the town to 
 the latter lake. The principal manufactures are lumber and cooper- 
 age. The post-offices are Charlotte and South Charlotte. 
 
 The first settlement in this town was about 1807-10, by Bridges, 
 Damon, Truesdell and Fisher. It was incorporated Jan. 19, 1825. 
 There are Baptist and Methodist societies in town. Charlotte has five 
 public schoolhouses. The total school property is estimated at $1,675. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $66,938. In 1880 it was $60,293, 
 The population in 1870 was 467, In 1880 it was 489. 
 
 Chase's Mills, (West Turner) a post-office in Turner, An- 
 droscoggin County. 
 
 Chebeag"Ue Island, a post-office and island in Harps- 
 well, Cumberland County. 
 
 ClielSea) in the south-eastern part of Kennebec County, lies 
 on the eastern bank of the Kennebec River, by which it is separated 
 from Hallowell and Farmingdale. Augusta bounds it on the north, 
 Pittston on the south, and Whitefield, in Lincoln County, on the east. 
 Prior to its incorporation in 1850 it was a part of Hallowell, and its 
 early history is comprised in that of the latter town and of Augusta. 
 Chelsea iS hilly, but without lofty elevations ; the highest are Ledge 
 
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172 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Hill and Winter Hill, each about 100 feet in height. The rock is 
 granitic, and the soil clay and sandy loam. There are several fine 
 farms in town, and the chief occupation is agriculture. The principal 
 stream is Worromontogus, or " Togus," which runs southward through 
 the eastern part and falls into the Kennebec. 
 
 There is a saw and grist mill on this stream, toward the southern 
 part of the town. In the northern part is one of the United States 
 military asylums. The mineral spring at this place formerly had some 
 notoriety, and Mr. Beal, of Boston, erected a large hotel near it. The 
 enterprise did not prove profitable, and the property was sold to the 
 United States ; the territory also being ceded to the Government for 
 the purposes of a Home for the disabled soldiers of the war of the 
 Rebellion. A fire destroyed the old buildings, which were of wood, 
 and substantial brick buildings were soon after erected, of size sufficient 
 to accommodate 1,000 men. Belonging to this institution are a brick- 
 yard, saw-mill and shoe-shop, which are operated by the ifimates of the 
 "Home." 
 
 Aside from Togus, the principal settlement is near the bridge con- 
 necting the town with Hallowell. Along the river are a few ice-houses, 
 and near the southern line is one of the large houses owned by the 
 Knickerbocker lee Company. The Maine Central Railroad, on the 
 opposite side of the river, is accessible by bridge or boat. 
 
 Chelsea sent 98 soldiers into the war, of which number 28 were 
 lost. There is an Adventist and a Methodist society in town. Chelsea 
 has nine public schoolhouses, valued at $2,525. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was 1184,980. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 19 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,238. In 1880 it 
 was 1,538. 
 
 Cherryfield is situated on the south-western border of 
 Washington County, on both sides of the Narraguagus River. It is 
 30 miles from Machias, and is on the stage-line from that place to 
 Bangor. Columbia bounds it on the east, Deblois on the north. Mill- 
 bridge and Steuben on the south, and Hancock County on the west. 
 The western portion of the town is hilly. Burk's Hill, at the south- 
 western corner, and Young Tunk Mountain, near the western line, are 
 the chief elevations. Big Tunk Mountain lies just outside the line, at 
 the north-west of the town. Schoodiac Pond lies at the north-eastern 
 corner of the town. Cherryfield has six valuable water-powers. At 
 the head of the tide, at Cherryfield Village, are a grist-mill, planing- 
 mill, sash, door and blind factory, a foundry and machine-shop, a gang- 
 saw, edge and lath mill. Other manufactures are ships, carriages, har- 
 'nesses, shoes, furniture, clothing, etc. For the three years previous to 
 1869, the annual product in long lumber has been worth at the wharf 
 in the village $400,000, and the shingles $30,000. Vessels ascend to 
 Millbridge, within 5^ miles of Cherryfield Village, and lumber is 
 floated to that point in scows and rafts. The river is open to naviga- 
 tion eight and one-half months of the year. 
 
 The Cherryfield Silver Mining Company have opened a silver mine 
 in the town, and erected the necessary machinery for working it. 
 
 This town was originally No. 11 of what were known as the 
 "Lottery Townships." It was incorporated February 9, 1816. Cher- 
 ryfield was first settled in 1757 by Ichabod Wiley and Samuel Colson. 
 
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CHESTERVILLE. I73 
 
 The first meeting-house was built on the east side of the river, near the 
 Campbell mill. Cherryfield Academy was incorporated in 1829, and 
 the present Academy building was erected in 1850. Union Hall, in 
 this building, is a credit to the town. The Academy has done much 
 good work, but it has now an excellent substitute in Cherryfield High 
 School. The town has ten public schoolhouses. The entire school 
 property is valued at $5,800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $434,483. In 1880 it was $404,576. The population in 1870 was 
 1,764. In 1880 it was 1,743. 
 
 Chester is situated on the west bank of the Penobscot River> 
 near the middle of Penobscot County, and 56 miles N.N.E. of Bangor- 
 The town is triangular in form, its base extending about 10 miles along 
 the river. Opposite, on the eastern side of the river, are Winn and 
 Lincoln, — ^the latter having a station of the European and North Ameri- 
 can Railway. Other sides are bounded by unnamed townships. 
 Katahdin Horseback, about 200 feet in height, is the most notable 
 eminence. A large stream runs through this, catting a notch down to 
 its base. The principal streams are Medunkeunk and Eber Horse 
 Stream, the latter a tributary of the first. Medunkeunk has a pretty 
 cataract of 12 feet, and both streams afford water-powers which have 
 been improved, in time past, by several mills. The underlying rock 
 is slate. The soil is a clayey loam, and quite fertile. Potatoes are the 
 crop chiefly cultivated. The forests are composed mainly of poplar 
 and white birch. Along some of the highways grow rock maple, elm 
 and English willow, from a dozen to forty years old. 
 
 Chester was incorporated in 1884. It has nine residents who are 
 above eighty years of age. Of former residents, Samuel and Samuel 
 H. Chesley, David Bunker and Friend Brown have been highly 
 esteemed by their fellow-citizens. The town sent 82 men to aid the 
 Union against the rebels, — of whom 11 were lost. The religious denom- 
 inations of the town are Baptist and Free Baptist. Chester has six 
 public schoolhouses, valued, with other school property, at $600. The 
 value of estates in 1870 was given in the State report as $47,108. In 
 1880 it was $42,760. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 21 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 350. In 1880 it 
 was 362. 
 
 Chesterville, the south-eastern town of Franklin County, 
 is bounded north by Farmington, east by New Sharon, west by Jay, 
 and south by Fayette, in Kennebec County. The town is about 8 
 miles long, and nearly 6 in width at the northern end, — the area being 
 about 19,000 acres. In the centre of the town the land is mostly flat 
 and low. There is considerable swamp and bog as well as meadow 
 land. The hills are generally stony, and lie at each end of the town. 
 Moose Hill, in the south-west corner of the town, is about 800 feet 
 above sea-level, but its highest point is in East Livermore. A spur of 
 Blabon Hill is supposed to be the highest land in Chesterville. It is 
 composed almost wholly of granite, large quantities of which are 
 annually quarried and wrought into building material. Another emi- 
 nence called "The Bluff" lies near Sand Pond, and is an almost per- 
 pendicular ledge, being about 100 feet high and 30 rods long. There ia 
 
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174 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 a horseback in the town 5 miles long and 25 feet high. Granite is the 
 principal rock, of which there is much of a fine quality quarried. The 
 Boil is sandy, or a sandy loam. Pine is the most numerous wood, but 
 alternating with hemlock, maple, birch and poplar. The town is 
 marked by numerous small ponds, of which there are said to be 
 upwards of twenty. The largest of these is Parker's Pond, lying at 
 the south-eastern boundary of the town. Norcross Pond, the next in 
 size, has an area of about one-third of a square acre. The others are 
 Sheldrake, McGurdy, Lock's, Sand, Parkhurst, Moosehorn, etc. The 
 streams are Wilson's, which forms the line of division from Farming- 
 ton ; ' McGurdy's, which marks the line between Chesterville and 
 Vienn.i, also the former and New Sharon ; Little Norridgewock, which 
 rises in Norcross Pond in the south part of the town, running north- 
 ward midway of the territory to Wilson's Stream, which discharges 
 into Sandy River. 
 
 The village of Farmington Falls is partly in Farmington and 
 partly in Chesterville. The manufactures here are lumber, sash and 
 blinds, spools, wrought granite, pumps, excelsior, potash, etc. At 
 South Chesterville, situated on Parker's Pond, there are a lumber-, 
 mill and a grist-mill. North Chesterville, or Keith's Mills, on Wilson's 
 , Stream, is the centre of the wholesale manufacture of wagons and 
 sleighs, which have a reputation throughout the State. The machine 
 work is done at the village, but the larger part of the labor is 
 performed on the neighboring' farms ; thus mingling the labors of the 
 farm and the shop. The village is partly in Farmington, and is charm- 
 ingly situated, being surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, through 
 which the stream winds like a silver thread, or anon spreads out 
 broad and pond-like. Other industries are carding and cloth-dressing, a 
 grain-mill, cabinet and furniture making. There is here a beautiful village 
 Union church, containing a bell that was given by Rev. Jotham Sewall, 
 — widely known as "Father Sewall," and sometimes spoken of as the 
 " Apostle of Maine," — whose remains lie entombed in the outskirts of 
 the village. There is a small library here. Chesterville Centre is a 
 pretty village, with a fine church, situated on the Little Norridgewock. 
 Here also is a large tannery for sheepskins, which are carried in 
 through and out of the great vats of tanning liquor on huge reels 
 moved by water and steam power. There are 20 residents of Chester- 
 ville over eighty years of age, and 1 over ninety. The town sent 65 
 men into the army of the TJnion during the war of the Rebellion, of 
 which 23 were lost. 
 
 When the region was first explored by the settlers, they found at 
 the rapids or falls at Chesterville Centre, on the Little Norridgwock, 
 remains of palisades enclosing an area of some 3 acres where the village 
 now stands. The enclosure included an Indian burying-ground, where 
 bones, wampum, and other Indian relics are often dug up. 
 
 Chesterville was first known as Wyman's Plantation from its pio- 
 neer settler, Abraham Wyman, who commenced his plantation in the 
 southern part of the town in 1782. He was followed in 1783 by 
 Samuel Linscott and Dummer Sewall, who built mills near the centre 
 of the township, designating their settlement as Chester Plantation. 
 The title of the lands was from Massachusetts. The township was first 
 surveyed in 1788. Some of the early settlers were from Bath, others 
 from York, and a few from New Hampshire and Massachusetts, Rev. 
 
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Jotham Sewall and William Bradbury, the financier, commenced their 
 fortunes here. Among the trials and hardships of these two pioneers, 
 ■was that of going to Winthrop, 20 miles distant, to mill, drawing their 
 grain on a handsled. The first road was opened through the place 
 in 1780 ; and the first saw and grist mill was put in operation in 1785. 
 The town was incorporated in 1802. It has now a Free Baptist church, 
 and the Union church aforementioned. The number of public school- 
 houses is twelve, and the value of the total school property, $2,800. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $288,353. In 1880 it was $290,- 
 968. The rate of taxation in the latter year was $16 on every $1,000. 
 The population-in 1870 was 1,011. In 1880 it was 955. 
 
 ChiCOpee, a post-office in York County. 
 
 ChinR is situated in the eastern part of Kennebec County, 
 on the western branch of the Sheepscot River. It is bounded 
 by Winslow and Albion on the north, Vassalboro on the west, 
 Windsor on the south, and Palermo, in Waldo County, on the 
 east. It touches Augusta at the south-western angle. Stage-lines 
 from Vassalboro to Bangor and Belfast to Waterville run through the 
 town. China was a part of the Plymouth Patent, and was surveyed in 
 1774 by John Jones, sometimes called " Black Jones," from the dark- 
 ness of his complexion. He was not of the present Jones family in the 
 town. The first settlers were a large family named Clark, who came 
 from Nantucket. They were members of the Society of Friends. Mrs. 
 Clark, whose maiden was Folger, is said to have been a sister of Benja- 
 min Franklin's mother. The Clarks, on one of their fishing excur- 
 sions in the fall of 1773, ascended the Kennebec as far as Gardiner, 
 where they fell in with surveyor Jones, and the next year removed to 
 the new plantation. The place was first organized under the name of 
 Jones' Plantation. In 1776 it was incorporated under the name of 
 Harlem ; in 1818 portions of this and of Albion and Winslow were 
 incorporated as the town of China, and the remainder of Harlem was 
 annexed in 1822. 
 
 The principal body of water within the town is China Lake, which 
 is 7 miles long and about 1 mile wide, extending from near the north- 
 ern line of the town south-west nearly to Three Mile Pond, at the 
 south-western corner of the town. On the western side extending into 
 Vassalboro, and connected by a passage called the Narrows with a 
 longer division of the lake, is another about 4 miles long and 2 wide. 
 The Sebasticook River forms the outlet. The land along the lake 
 rises from its gravel beach in gradual slopes to moderate heights. The 
 rock in town is mostly granite. The usual woods are found. The 
 soil is excellent. The western branch of the Sheepscot passes through 
 the eastern part of the town, affording several small powers. At 
 Weeks's Mills on this stream are a grist-mill, lumber, and two shingle- 
 mills. At Palermo post-office, or Branch Mills, are a lumber and 
 grist mill. The town has a cheese-factors, tannery, several small boot 
 and shoe factories, etc. The centres of business in the town besides 
 those already mentioned, are China Village, at the north, the seat of 
 China Academy, and South China, beautifully situated at the south end 
 of lake. 
 
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IIQ GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 China sent 125 soldiers into the army in the war for the Union, of 
 ■whom 10 were lost. Ma.jor James P. Jones and Mr. Joseph Stuart 
 are among former distinguished citizens. Eli and Sybil Jones, 
 preachers of the Society of Friends, have become widely known and 
 esteemed, even as far as Palestine, by their ministry. The Baptists, 
 Methodists, Friends, and others have churches in the towm China 
 has twenty-one public schoolhouses, estimated at $3,000. There is 
 also a library of about 500 volumes. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $650,588. In 1880 it was $571,203. The population in 1870 was 
 2,118. In 1880 it was 1,769. 
 
 Clifton forms the south-eastern corner of Penobscot County. 
 It is bounded on the north by Bradley, on the west by Eddington and 
 Holden, on the south and east by Otis, Mariaville and Amherst, towns 
 in Hancock County. Its dimensions are about 7 miles north and 
 south and 5 east and west. The surface is very irregular, showing 
 several high hills, of which Peaked Mountain, on the eastern border, is 
 the most extensive. Others are named Little Peaked, Eagle, Bald, etc. 
 Near the centre of the town lies Parks' Pond, with Little Owl's Pond 
 near by. Fitts' Pond is near the western border, with Snowshoe Pond 
 near on the north. Hopkins's Pond lies on the eastern line. Spectacle 
 and Burnt Ponds on the southern, and Nichols' Pond, the largest, at 
 the nortli-western corner. Parks' Mill Stream and Bradbury Brook are 
 the chief streams. On the first is a saw-mill for long and short lumber. 
 The outcropping rocks are granitic ; the soil, clay loam. Wheat is the 
 largest crop. The forest trees are chiefly hardwood. The number of 
 maple trees along the roadsides is noticeable and agreeable. 
 
 The settlement of this town was commenced about 1815 ; Benjamin 
 Penney, Eben Davis and a Mr. Parks were among the first settlers. The 
 town was incorporated in 1848 under the name Maine; but this not 
 proving satisfactory, the name was changed to the present one. The 
 town is 12 miles east of Bangor, on the air-line stage-route to Aurora. 
 
 The Free Baptists have a commodious church, and sustain a minis- 
 ter. Clifton has five public schoolhouses, valued with other school 
 property at $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $58,752. 
 In 1880 it was $44,259. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 4 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 348. In 1880 it was 350. 
 
 Clinton lies between the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers, 
 and is the most north-easterly town in Kennebee County. It is bounded 
 on the north by Canaan and Pittsfield, in Somerset County, east by 
 Burnham,in Waldo Ceunty, south by Benton, and west by Fairfield, 
 in Kennebee County. It contains several small streams, aside from the 
 two rivers that bound it. The town was within the limits of the 
 Plymouth Patent. At the time of settlement (about 1775) there were 
 abundant forests of pine, while the Sebasticook and other streams offered 
 ample water-power. The first political organization within the town- 
 ship was in the plantation of Hancock, at or before 1790, at which date 
 the inhabitants numbered 278. It was incorporated as the one hundred 
 and first town in Maine under the name of Clinton in 1795. Among 
 those early in business in the place were Joseph and James North, sons 
 of Hon. Joseph North of Augusta. They operated in lumber, and were 
 
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COLUMBIA. 177 
 
 also engaged in trade. Another of the early business men of the town 
 was Gershom Flagg, son of Gershom Flagg, of Boston, who had charge 
 of building Fort Halifax, at the mouth of the Sebasticook. The latter 
 was also one of the proprietors of the Plymouth Patent, and received 
 from this company a grant of land in the township. At the village in 
 the south-eastern part of the town are one or more saw-mills, and a 
 door and sash factory, a grain-mill, a mill with carding, cloth-dressing 
 and brush-block machinery. Pishon's Ferry, on the Kenebec, is the 
 other principal centre of business. The trunk line of the Maine Cen- 
 tral Railroad runs through the south-eastern portion of the town. The 
 surface of the town is quite level. The soil is a clay loam, yielding good 
 crops of hay. 
 
 There are Methodist, Union and Baptist meeting-houses in the town. 
 Clinton has thirteen public schoolhouses, including the high school- 
 house, valued at $4,900. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $428,- 
 812. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 13 mills on the dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 1,766. In 1880 it was 1,665. 
 
 Coal Kiln Corners, a small village in Scarborough, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Cody Ville Plantation is situated in the north-eastem 
 part of Washington County, 40 miles from Calais. Jackson Brook 
 bounds it on the north, Topsiield on the west and Waite on the south. 
 The route of the projected Calais and Penobscot Railroad lies along 
 the western border of the township, and the European and North 
 American Railway passes through the Jackson Brook Plantation adja- 
 cent on the north, and also through the next township on the east, in 
 each of which there are stations. 
 
 Tomah Mountain, estimated to be 2,000 feet in height, is the greatest 
 elevation. The ponds are Tomah, Simmons, Butcher and Puppy, the 
 first 3 miles long by 1 mile wide. The principal streams are Tomah 
 Stream, Little Tomah, and Beaver Brook. The rock is chiefly granitic. 
 The soil is a dark red loam. The principal crops are wheat, potatoes 
 and corn. A large variety of trees are found in the forests. The roads 
 are excellent. There is one bi'idge 150 feet in length, one 60, and 
 another 40. 
 
 The Methodists of the plantation employ a minister, and much in- 
 terest is taken in sustaining public worship. Codyville has one public 
 schoolhouse, and the school property is valued at $650. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $27,919. In 1880 it was $43,757. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 7 3-10 mills on the dollar. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 62. In 1880 it had increased about one-third. 
 
 Colunil)ia is situated in the south-western part of Washington 
 County, 19 miles west of Machias. Columbia Falls bounds it on the 
 east, Harrington on the south, and Cherryfield on the west. On 
 the north is an unnamed township. The highest elevation of land in 
 the town is Sugar Hill, — about 100 feet in height. In the northern part 
 of the town is an extensive heath. Schoodiac Lake, at the north- 
 western corner of the town, is the principal sheet of water, being about 
 2 miles in length. The base line of the United States Coast Survey is 
 
 12 
 
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178 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 drawn south of this lake. The principal settlements are about Wescogus, 
 or Pleasant River, which passes south-eastward through the midst of 
 the town. 
 
 The principal water-power is at Saco Falls, on this river. The 
 naaaufactories consists of three saw-mills, all for short lumbe:-. The 
 sou of the town is generally a loam of good quality. The ])rincipal 
 crops are potatoes and wheat. Maple, hackmatac and birch are the 
 most numerous forest trees. A few elms along the streets have a 
 pleasant effect. 
 
 Columbia was settled soon after the Revolutionary war, and was 
 incorporated in 1796. Columbia sent 73 men to aid in saving the 
 Union. The two church-edifices in the town belong to the Baptists 
 and Methodists. The number of public schoolhouses is seven. The 
 value of school property is estimated at $1,000. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $127,899. In 1880 it was $121,826. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter was 25 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 668. In 1880 it was 642. 
 
 ColmnlbiR FrUS is situated in the south-western part of 
 Washington County , on Pleasant River. It is on the stage-line from 
 Machias to Bangor. The falls, at the head of the tide, at the village, 
 have a fall of 16 feet in 300 yards. There is here a grist-mill, and a saw- 
 mill capable of cutting about 3,500,000 feet of long lumber and 5,000,000 
 laths antiually. Between the two pitches which constitute these falls the 
 river is bridged, the abutments being about 45 feet apart. The rise of 
 the river is slight, owing to the large extent of heath and low interval 
 bordering the stream, which overflow in freshets and hold back the 
 water. The land adjacent to the stream and its bordering interval, is 
 to a large extent, elevated sandy plain, at the base of which are count- 
 less never-failing springs of water, which contribute much to sustain 
 the flow of the river in the summer and autumn. Little River, a 
 tributary to the Pleasant, about two miles below the village has some 
 pitches available for power, and so also has Chandler's River, in the 
 eastern part of the town. The value of annual products was given in 
 1869 as about 180,000 annually. Sloop navigation on the river. 
 
 A settlement was made near Columbia Falls soon after the Revo- 
 lution. The town was set off from Columbia and incorporated in 1868. 
 The Methodist society here has a church-edifice and is flourishing. 
 There are in the town four public schoolhouses, valued at $2,500. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $176,802. In 1880 it was $160,208. 
 The population in 1870 was 608. In 1880 it was 820. 
 
 Concord, in Somerset County, is situated on the west side of 
 the Kennebec, 20 miles north north-west of Skowhegan. The form of 
 the town is nearly square, except that its eastern line, following the 
 course of the river, is somewhat convex. Its area is upward of 36 
 square miles. The land is well covered with timber, — and rocks are not 
 lacking. The surface from the northern line to past the middle of the 
 township is nearly filled with three long, broad hills, or plateaus. 
 That on the western line is most extensive, and bears the name of 
 West Range Mountain. Midway of its length arises Peaked Hill, at 
 whose southern base lies Spruce Pond. The middle range is shorter, 
 and bears the name " Fletcher Mountain." The eastern one is called 
 
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cooper: 
 
 179 
 
 "Old Bluff," and extends diagonally from the north-east line into the 
 centre of the township. Around its western and southern base is a 
 series of nine or more boggy ponds. Midway on its eastern side is 
 Jackson Pond, and near the Kennebec are Merrill and Tibbett's Ponds. 
 The manufactories consist of two lumber-mills and a grist-mill. The 
 town is bounded on the east by Bingham, situated on the opposite side 
 of the Kennebec ; on the south is Emden, on the west Lexington, and 
 on the north Pleasant Ridge Plantation. 
 
 The township was settled soon after the Revolution by Major 
 Ephraim Heald, from Temple, N. H. The town is the terminus of the 
 stage-line from North Anson, 10 miles distant. Concord was incor- 
 porated January 25, 1821, It has a Free Baptist church, and sustains 
 a minister a portion of the time. There are in the town irine public 
 schoolhouses. The entire school property is valued at $1,500. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $91,594. In 1880 it was $95,136. The 
 population in 1870 was 452. In 1880 it was 406. 
 
 Connor Plantation is situated in the north-eastern part of 
 Aroostook County. It is 60 miles north-west of Houlton, on the stage- 
 line to Van Buren. Formerly it was letter K., Range 2. It is bounded 
 north by Cyr Plantation, east by Caswell (formerly Pleasant Ridge) 
 Plantation, south by Caribou and west by New Sweden. This township 
 contains about 36 square miles. It is drained by the Little Madawaska 
 and three of its principal tributaties, which are scattered pretty evenly 
 over the town in a southern and south-eastern course. The settlements 
 at present are principally in the south-western part on the stage-road. 
 The post office for this plantation is Caribou. 
 
 Connor was organized as a plantation in 1877, being named in 
 honor of Hon. Selden Connor, governor of Maine for 8 years, (1866-69.) 
 The valuation is $3,000 in the State report. The population in 1870 
 was 132. In 1880 the figures for population are included in those of 
 Caribou. 
 
 Cooper is situated somewhat east of the middle of Washington 
 County, 24 miles north of Machias, and about 20 from Calais. Meddy- 
 bemps lies on the east, Alexander on the north, Crawford on the north- 
 west ; other sides being occupied by unnamed townships. The surface 
 is swelling rather than hilly. In the western part is an elevation called 
 " Western Rido'e," which was one of the stations of the United States 
 Coast Survey. The principal streams are Dead Branch, a tributary of 
 Denny's River, and Meadow Brook, which empties into Cathance Lake, 
 on the southern border of the town. The manufactures are small, and 
 for export, consist wholly of lumber. There are two or three swells 
 of land which would make good farms, and are partially devoted to 
 that purpose. Much of the forest, however, still remains. The village 
 is the terminus of the stage-line from Charlotte. 
 
 Cooper was formerly No. 15, and included that part of Meddybemps 
 which is west of Denny's River. The settlement commenced about 
 1812, and 1822 it was incorporated. Its name was adopted in honor of 
 Gen. John Cooper, an early and esteemed settler. The town has a 
 Methodist and a Congregation alist church. It has five public school- 
 houses; these, with other school property, being valued at $1,500. 
 
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180 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $34,809. In 1780 it was $52,340. 
 The population in 1870 was 360. In 1880 it was 346. 
 
 Cooper^ S Mills, a post office in Whitefield, Lincoln 
 County. 
 
 Coplill Plantation is situated midway of the eastern 
 side of Franklin County. It lies immediately south of Eustis. The 
 south-western corner touches the opposite corner of Dallas Plantation, 
 and the north-east corner infringes upon the south-eastern of Flagstaff, 
 in Somerset County. There is one considerable hill near the centre of 
 the township. Saddleback River, the south branch of Dead River, 
 flows north-eastward across the north-west part of the town,- receiv- 
 ing on its way two smaller tributaries, Nash Brook and Stratton 
 Brook, — the former crossing the middle and the latter the north-east 
 part of the town. 
 
 In 1880 the plantation had but one saw-mill. The Methodists have 
 preaching in the plantation a portion of the time. There is at this 
 date but one public schoolhouse. The school property, including land, 
 is placed at $1,300. The valuation in 1870 was $23,235. In 1880 it 
 was $31,557. The polls in 1870 numbered 31. In 1880 the population 
 was 91. 
 
 Coral) a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 Corinna, is situated in the south-western part of Penobscot 
 County, adjoining St. Albans, in Somerset County. The bounding 
 towns in Penobscot County are Dexter on the north, Exeter east, and 
 Newport on the south. The town is nearly square in form, and its 
 area is about 36 oquare miles. The surface is generally level, and the 
 soil yields good average crops. The occupation of the people is prin- 
 cipally agricultural. There aro six considerable ponds in the town, 
 two near the north-west corner, one near each corner on the south 
 side, and two near the middle of the town, the largest of which has an 
 excellent water-power at its outlet, about which clusters Corinna 
 village. There are here a saw, planing, grain and woolen mills, a 
 door, sash and blind factory, an iron-foundry, etc. At West Corinna, 
 on Dexter Stream are a saw-mill for short lumber and a grist-mill. 
 There are also two or more boot and shoe shops. Corinna has eleven 
 water-powers, four of which are on the Dexter Stream and three on 
 Alder Stream. There are five or six sawrmills in the town, including 
 those mentioned. The Dexter and Newport Railroad passes through 
 the town, having a station at Corinna village and West Corinna. The 
 appearance of the town is thrifty, with pleasant dwellings, and several 
 streets ornamented with shade trees. 
 
 The first individual proprietor of the township was Dr. John War- 
 ren, of Boston, to whom the land was sold by Massachusetts, June 30, 
 1804. In December, 1816, the settlement was incorporated as a town 
 under its present name. It has societies of the Methodist, Baptist, 
 Free Baptist and Christian denominations. There is a neat Union 
 church-edifice at Corinna village. The town has a good social library, 
 incorporated in 1849. Corinna Union Academy is also located at this 
 
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CORNISH. 18 J 
 
 place. It was incorporated June 4, 1857, and has had a useful career. 
 The number of public schoolhouses in the town is sixteen, valued at 
 $5,000. The valuation in 1870 was $391,711. In 1880 it was $421,649. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,513. In 1880 it was 1,503. 
 
 Corinth, is situated in the south-western part of Penobscot 
 County 18 miles north-west of Bangor. It is bounded by Charleston 
 on the north, Hudson on the east, Levant on the south, and Exeter on 
 the west. The area is 23,040 acres. The surface is quite level, the 
 rock is chiefly granite and the soil loamy. The principal crop is hay. 
 Much attention is given to cattle raising and orcharding. Apples are 
 still raised here for cider, there being six cider-mills in the town. 
 There are three saw-mills manufacturing long lumber, three shingle, 
 one stave, two planing and two grist-mills, one cheese-factory, one 
 carriage and sleigh factory. Corinth is on the stage-line from Bangor 
 to Charleston. There is said to be a good prospect of a narrow-guage 
 railway from this town to Bangor at no distant day. The inhabitants 
 of Corinth are principally farmers, and the excellent condition of their 
 grounds and buildings generally indicate that they are in prosperous 
 circumstances. Corinth, and East, South and West Corinth are the 
 post-ofHces. Corinth and East Corinth are the centres of business, the 
 last being a considerable village. It is on the stage line from Bangor 
 to Charleston. 
 
 The villages are notable for their attractive residences and well- 
 shaded streets. There are three or four handsome churches belonging 
 to the Baptists, Free Baptists and Methodists. The East Corinth Acad- 
 emy has been a useful institution, and is still thriving. Many valued 
 citizens of this and other towns, and even cities, have received a part 
 of their education here. The town-hall is a new building 40 by 65 
 feet in ground dimensions, two stories in height, and finished in the 
 best style. Among the citizens distinguished in town and State were 
 Isaac Hodsdon, John Hunting, Elijah Skinner and Marl; Trafton. 
 Corinth sent 70 men to aid in the defence of the Union in the war of 
 the Rebellion, — of whom 25 were lost. 
 
 The township was granted by Massachusetts to John Peck, Dec. 9 
 1794; and its settlement was commenced a few years after. It was 
 first organized as a plantation under the name Ohio. On the 21st of 
 June, 1811, it was incorporated as a town under its present name. 
 Corinth has thirteen public schoolhouses, — the entire school property 
 being valued at $8,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $432,970. 
 In 1880 it was $439,036. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 16 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,462. In 1880 it 
 was 1,333. 
 
 Cornish, is situated at the extreme north of York County, 
 where the Ossipee and Saco Rivers join, forming its northern boun- 
 dary. On its east is Limington ; Limerick lies on the south, tarson- 
 field on the west, Baldwin and Hiram on the north. Its area is nearly 
 10,700 acres. Haley's, or Shute's, Pond, in the southern part of the 
 town, has an area of 180 acres. The principal stream is Little River, 
 which commences in the southern section of the town and empties into 
 the Ossipee at the north. The principal elevations of land are Towle's 
 Hill, in the north-west, Bald Head Mount, on the south-west section, 
 
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182 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Hoosac Mount in the southern, and Pease and Clark Mountains toward 
 the centre of the town. The height of these is from about 1,000 to 1,600 
 feet. Both granite and lime-stone are found as the bed rock. The soil 
 in general is granitic, and is strong and productive, though hard to cul- 
 tivate. Along the larger streams it is a light loam, excellent for corn, 
 for which the town was formerly noted. In the southern part of 
 Kennard's Mountain is a cave of considerable dimensions. Cornish 
 Village, the chief business centre, is situated upon the Ossipee River. 
 Before 1800 the business of the town was transacted, and courts and 
 trainings held, at the south part of the town. Caleb R. Ayer, Secre- 
 tary of State for Maine in 1856 was a citizen of Cornish. 
 
 Cornish was incorporated in 1794. It had previously been called 
 Franoisborough and Francistown, from the christian name of Francis 
 Small, who purchased the territory between the Ossipee and Little 
 Ossipee of the sagamore. Captain Sunday. The consideration was two 
 large English blankets, two gallons of rum, two pounds of powder, 
 four pounds of musket balls, twenty strings of Indian beads, and several 
 other small articles. Small afterwards conveyed a moiety of his pur- 
 chase to Nicholas Shapleigh. The heirs of Small and Shapleigh made 
 a division of this estate, and Joshua Small, of Ossipee, tanner, sold 
 the land in the limits of this town as a part of the estate. This deed 
 of conveyacne was made November 19, 1779, to Joseph Doe, of New- 
 market, N. H., and Benjamin Connor, of Newburyport, Mass. The^ 
 consideration was £1,980. The soil of the township on the removal of 
 the forest was found to be very productive, yielding abundant crops. 
 Pumpkins attained such a size that it was called by the first settlers 
 Pumpkintown. The first settlers were John Durgin and James 
 Holmes. The first Baptist meeting-house was commenced in 1805, 
 when Elder Timothy Remick was ordained pastor, — which relation was 
 continued to his death in 1842. A new church was built in 1842, 
 which, later, was removed to the village. The Congregation.alist, 
 Free Baptists, and Methodists have now each a church in the town. 
 Cornish has eight schoolhouses, valued at $1,200. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $310,678. In 1880 it was $428,285. The popular 
 tion at the same date was 1,100, which in 1880 had increased to 1,169. 
 
 CornVlllG is situated in the southern part of Somerset County. 
 It is bounded on the north by Athens, east by Hartland, south by 
 Skowliegan and west by Madison. The surface is quite uneven in 
 parts. Porcupine Hill is the gi-eatest elevation of land, being about 
 500 feet in height. The outcropping rocks are principally granitic, but 
 there is also some slate. The soil is a gravelly loam, and yields well 
 in potatoes, oats, corn and wheat. Apple orchards are numerous and 
 thriving. The yield of coi"n was so good in the early days as to give 
 a name to the town. Maple, birch, beech, ash and hemlock constitute 
 the bulk of the forests. 
 
 Barker Pond, in the north-eastern part of the town, contains about 
 300 acres. The- Wesserunsett River runs through the town from north 
 to south, furnishing four good water-powers. A branch also runs in 
 the same direction in the western part of the town. There are three 
 mills manufacturing long lumber and three shingle-mills. Other manu- 
 factures are horse-rakes, carriages and pungs. The State of Maine 
 Slate Company has its quarries in this town. The nearest raikoad 
 
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CRAWFORD. 183 
 
 station is at Skowhegan, about 6 miles distant. The'buildings in town 
 and village ai-e in excellent repair, and no town in the county excels 
 it in the appearances of thrift. 
 
 The original south line of Cornville was the north line of the 
 Plymouth Patent ; but at the time of its incorporation a strip of a mile 
 and a half in width was taken from the Plymouth Patent. The original 
 township was purchased of Massachusetts by Moses Bernard and 
 others, whence the settlement received the name of Bernardstown. 
 The first clearings were made about 1790, but no families became resi- 
 dent here until 1794. The town was incorporated February 24, 1798, 
 under its present name. The Baptists have a church-edifice in the 
 town, and there is also a Union house. The other societies are 
 Metliodist, Christian and Advent. Cornville has twelve public school- 
 houses, valued with other school property, at $300. The value of the 
 estates in 1870 was set at $328,740. In 1880 the aggregate was 
 $844,042. The population in 1870 was 959. In 1880 it was 932. 
 
 COStig'an Station, a station on the European and 
 North American Railway in Milford, Penobscot County. 
 
 Cranlberry Isles is a group of islands in Hancock County, 
 lying frorn 3 to 6 miles south of Mount Desert, and 86 miles from 
 Ellsworth. Their names are Great Cranberry, Little Cranberry, 
 Sutton's, Roberson's and Baker's Islands. They were originally in- 
 cluded Mount Desert, but set off and incorporated in 1830. They take 
 their name from a cranberry marsh of 200 acres in extent on the large 
 island. The soil is suitable for potatoes, and there are a few small 
 orchards. Some grade Shorthorns and Ayrshire cattle, and Oxford 
 and Southdown sheep, are found in town. But the tables and occupa- 
 tions of the people are chiefly furnished by the briny deep. In 1876, 
 there were on these islands, according to the enumeration of Colonel 
 lladlock, thirty-eight establishments for smoking and curing fish. 
 The first English settler within the present limits of the town was John 
 Roberson, who settled upon the island which bears his name in 1761. 
 The first settlers upon Cranberry Isle are supposed to have been Mr. 
 Bunker and William Foss. The first selectmen were Samuel Hadlock, 
 Enoch Spurling and Joseph Moore. The town furnished 27 men for 
 the Union in the war of the Rebellion, costing per man $232. 
 
 The Me\.hodists have a church-edifice in the town. The public 
 library contains 578 volumes. The Cranberry Isles have four school- 
 houses, valued at $850. The valuation of real-estate in 1870 was 
 $61,514. In 1880, it was $52,063. The population in 1870 was 350. 
 In the census of 1880 it is 343. 
 
 Crawford is situated a little east of the centre of Washing- 
 ton County. It is 24 miles north of Machias, on the stage 
 line to Calais. The town of Alexander lies on the east. Cooper on the 
 south-east, and Wesley on the south-west. Some parts of the town are 
 very uneven. Harmon Mountain is the greatest elevation. Pokey, or 
 Crawford Lake, lies on the northern border, and extends to the centre 
 of the town. It is 5 miles in length and 2 in width, and is the source 
 of East Machias River. Other sheets of water are Barrow's Lake, 
 
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184 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 forming a part of the eastern line of the town, and Love Lake, lying or 
 the south-eastern line. 
 
 The water-powej's are three on East Machias River, one on Bar- 
 row's Lake Stream, and one on Seavey Brook. Beech and hemlock 
 constitute the larger part of the forests. The soil is a good clay loam. 
 The chief crops are hay and potatoes. 
 
 Crawford was incorporated in 1828, previous to which time it was 
 known under the name of Adams. There are Baptist and Methodist 
 societies in the town ; and the first have a church-edifice. The town 
 has two public schoolhouses. The entire school property is valued at 
 $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was |30,351. In 1880 it was 
 $29,584. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 25 mills on the 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 209. In 1880 it was 206. 
 
 Crockett's Corner, a post-oflSce in North Yarmouth, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Cross Hill a post-office in Vassalboro, Kennebee County. 
 
 Crystal Plantation is situated on the south-westem 
 side of Aroostook County, 30 miles south-west of Houlton, on the 
 stage-line from Hoiiltou to Patten. It is bounded north by Hersey, 
 east by Island Falls, south by Sherman, and west by Patten, in Penob- 
 scot County. Crystal was formerly township No. 4, Range 5, but 
 was organized as a plantation in 1840. It is nearly square in form, 
 and contains about 38 square miles. Seven bogs constitute a large 
 portion of the town. Caribou Bog, lying in the southern part con- 
 tains about four square miles. The soil of the township elsewhere 
 is generally rich, and yields good crops. Through the township from 
 west to east flows Fish Stream in an irregular course toward Matta- 
 wamkeag Lake, in Island Falls township, adjoining on the east. On 
 this stream in the western part of the township are one or two mills. 
 There is a fall of 15 feet near the centre of the town on Crystal 
 Stream three miles below Crystal Lake. The latter lies in the south- 
 ern part of Hersey township adjoining on the north. 
 
 Crystal Plantation has two schoolhouses, valued at $250. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $32,115. In 1880 it was $52,505. The 
 population in 1870 was 250. In 1880 it was 275. 
 
 Cumljerlancl occupies the middle point in the shore line of 
 Cumberland County. Its greatest length is from north-west to south- 
 east, and is about three times its breadth. Yarmouth and North Yar- 
 mouth bound it on the north-ea'st, Gray on the north-west, Falmouth 
 on the south-west, and on the south-east Broad Cove and Casco Bay. 
 To its jurisdiction belong Groat Chebeague Island, Smooth Clapboard, 
 Crow, Goose, Hope, Sand, Bangs, Stnrdivaiit, Stave, Ministerial, 
 Bates', Broken Cave Islands and part of Groch Island. The first men- 
 tioned island is the largest, having about 600 inhabitants, and upwards 
 of 100 dwellings, a post-ofiice, a Baptist and a Methodist church, two 
 or more schoolhouses, a fisli-oil factory, etc. The principal occupation 
 of the inhabitants is fishing. 
 
 The surface of the town is agreeably varied, without considerable 
 
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CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 185 
 
 elevations or depressions. Mill Hills are tlie greatest elevations. The 
 rock is granite, and the soil clay with sandy and clay subsoil. It is 
 an excellent farming town, and its agricultural fairs are always cred- 
 itable. The principal collection of houses is at Cumberland Centre, 
 which occupies an elevated site, and is a salubrious and pleasant vil- 
 lage. It is also a place of much mental culture, having a Congrega- 
 tional church, and an excellent academy called Greely Institute. The 
 institute is supported by a permanent fund left by the benefactor for 
 whom it was named ; and all youths in the town between the ages of 
 twelve and twenty-one years are entitled to its instructions without 
 cost. The institute has a good library, and it is also the place where 
 many excellent lectures and other intellectual entertainments are 
 afforded to the people. Cumberland is notable for the many dis- 
 tinguished persons, — ministers, missionaries, authors and teachers, 
 who were born or have lived there. At the Foreside there are 
 some fine residences, and many attractive homes. 
 
 The Androscoggin and the Kennebec lines of the Maine Central 
 Railroad form a junction near the station, a short distance from the 
 Centre. The Grand Trunk Railway crosses the town near the sea, 
 having a station at Poland Corners. The manufactories consist of 
 a carriage-factory at the Centre, a grist-mill and two saw and stave- 
 mills at West Cumberland, etc. A large, old-fashioned wooden-build- 
 ing constitutes a town-hall, convenient for many purposes. The pub- 
 lic and private property is generally in good repair, and the town has 
 a thrifty look to the traveler. Along many of the public roads are 
 shade-trees — mania and elm — from ten to one hundred years old. 
 Cumberland was formerly a part of North Yarmouth, and the history 
 of that town embraces the chief part of the history of Cumberland, 
 also. It was set off and incorporated in 1821. 
 
 Besides the churches already mentioned, the town has a Univer- 
 salist church and two Methodist churches. Cumberland has nine pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, valued at $28,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $511,920. In 1880 it was $556,460. The rate of taxation in 1880 
 was 15 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,626. In 
 the census of 1880 it was 1,619. 
 
 Cumberland County is situated in the south-westem 
 part of the State, and on the north-east of York County. Oxford 
 County bounds it on the west ; Oxford, Androscoggin, Sagadahoc, on 
 the north ; and on the east lies tlie sea'. Enclosed between the promon- 
 tory of Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, just west of the mouth 
 of the Kennebec, is Casco Bay, "the fairest dimple on Ocean's cheek." 
 It is one of the finest bays in the world, for its size, the number of its 
 havens, and the unchangeable nature of its shores, islands and bottom. 
 The line between the two points mentioned, which mark its outer 
 limit, is about 25 miles ; while the distance from this line to the inner 
 shore of the bay is about 15 miles. The n ame " Casco," is derived 
 from the Indian word, Aucocisco ; which, according to some authori- 
 ties signifies a resting-place, while others give it the interpretation of 
 crane or heron. This bay is more thickly studded with islands than 
 any other body of water in the United States. They are of the most 
 picturesque forms ; and about them bold headlands and peninsulas jut 
 far out into the quiet waters of the bay. 
 
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186 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 It is a popular compliment to the days of the year to say that Casco 
 Bay has 365 islands. There are really 122 islands and islets, — not 
 counting the rocks and reefs which might be made to swell the num 
 ber possibly to 150. A few of these still bear their aboriginal names, 
 as Chebeague and Jebaskadiggin. The most beautiful island in the 
 bay has long borne the name of Hog Island ; but Piamond Cove — " a 
 jewel in a swine's snout " — is beginning to give its name to the island 
 in which it is contained. These islands naturally fall into three ranges, 
 having the same general direction as the long peninsulas on the north- 
 eastern side, — the enumeration of each range beginning next to Port- 
 land. Inner Range. — Mackay's, The Brothers (2), Ten Pond, Clap- 
 board, Sturdevant, Basket, Cousin's, Little John's, Lane's, Moges, (2), 
 Crab, Bibber's, Silver (4), two unnamed. Middle Range. — Hog or 
 Diamond (2), Cow, Crow Knob, Chebeague (2), Crow, Irony, Goose 
 Nest, Little Green, Prench, Whaleboat (2), Goose (2), Goslin (2), 
 Shelter, Birch, White's, four unnamed. Outer Range. — House, 
 Cushing's, Ram, Peaks, Pumpkin Knob, Overset, Marsh, Long, Step- 
 ping Stones (3), Hope, Crotch, Jewell's, Sand, Outer Gi-een (2), Broken 
 Cave (3), Bates, Ministerial, Stave, Little Bangs, Stockman's, Whale 
 Rock, Haddock Ledge, Mark, Eagle, Upper Flag, Horse, Birch, Has- 
 kell's, Turnip, Jaquish, Bailey's, Orr's, Jebaskadiggin, Pond, Ram No. 
 2, Cedar (6), Elm (2), Ragged, Bold Dick, White Bull, Little Bull, Sis- 
 ters (2), Mark No. 2, Brown Cow, Gooseberry, Wood (2), Burnt Coat, 
 Jameson's Ledge, Lower Flag, Horse No. 2, Malaga, Bear, Rogue, one 
 unnamed, Jenny's, Yarmouth, two unnamed, Pote, Hopkin's, Bate- 
 mau's. Long No. 2, three unnamed. 
 
 The bay is also as remarkable for its peninsulas as for its many 
 islands. Between the sheltered waters of Fore River and Back Cove, 
 at its western extremity, extends Casco Neck, covered by the city of 
 Portland. At the eastern end, the long, narrow peninsula of Harp- 
 swell stretches out some eight miles into the quiet waters, flanked by 
 many islands. At this end the islands cluster thickest, and the main- 
 land reaches out many fingers, between which creeks and inlets and 
 tidal rivers extend far inland ; and the shore is fringed with pictu- 
 resque " Points." 
 
 The principal river is the Presumpscot, which, in the 22 miles of 
 its length, furnishes water-power to the amount of 20,846 horse-power, 
 with a flow of unusual uniformity. Connected with this river are 
 twenty-three distinct lakes, with an agregate area of more than 90 
 square miles. Several of these, of which the chief are Lake Sebago 
 and Long Pond, are valuable for commercial navigation. This lake 
 and pond are connected by a canal with Portland Harbor at Fore 
 River. Sebago Lake is a noble reservoir of the purest water in New 
 England. The name is said to signify " a stretch of water." It is dis- 
 tant from Portland 17 miles by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad. 
 The lake is 14 miles long by 11 miles wide, and contains an area of 50 
 square miles. Its depth in some parts is 400 feet. Six towns form 
 its shores, and others are located on the connected lakes at the north. 
 During the summer fine steamers daily leave Pavilion Bay, near Lake 
 Sebago Station, for Harrison Village, at the north-eastern extrmity 
 of Long Pond. Reaching the broader part of the lake, Rattlesneake 
 Mountain, in Raymond, comes into view ; and in the same direction, but 
 near the lake, may be seen the boyhood home of Nathaniel Hawthorne 
 
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CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 187 
 
 On the route are the fourteen Dliigley Ishinds. On the west, the 
 scenery is more rugged. Saddleback Mountain, in Baldwin, is ]>lahily 
 visible, from which the eye roams north-east beyond tlie Great Bay, 
 over the hills, forests and "farms of the town of Sebago. Still farther 
 north is Peaked Mountain, beyond which tlie view extends north to 
 Mount Kiarsarge (or Pcquaketj, standing blue and cold in the hazy 
 distance ; while, if the day is tolerably clear, the White Mountains 
 may be distinctly seen. The direct passage of the lake by steamer re- 
 quires one hour, when the rapid and devious Songo River is reached. 
 It is but two and a half miles direct to the head of the river; hut 
 following its course the boat must sail sbv miles and make tweuty-seveu 
 
 liARE R'FTIAOO. 
 
 turns, and pass a lock at the junction of Crooked, or Pequaket River 
 From the river, the boat enters the Bay of Nai)les, with Naples Village 
 at its head ; thence passes out u]iou Long Pond, on the western side 
 of which lies Bridgton, while Harrison forms the eastern shore. 
 
 Cumberland County has no high mountains. Its rocks, from Cum- 
 berland to Saco, are varieties of argillaceous slate, with or without 
 cleavage, and mica schist and talcose slate with magnesia. Eastward 
 and nw-thward of this, the two last, with granite and trap, are the pre- 
 vailing rocks. 
 
 The first settlement in the county was at Brunswick, in 1G28, or 
 earlier, by Thomas Purchas. The next was at Richmond Island, by 
 
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188 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Walter Bagnall ; then Cape Elizabeth and Portland, each a part of 
 Falmouth at its incopoi-ation. The county was included in Gorges 
 province of " Laconia," granted in 1622 ; in the " Plough Patent " 
 (Lygonia), granted to Dye and others, of London, in 1630, and sold 
 by them to Sir Alexander Rigby ; it was included also 'in the part as- 
 signed to Goi'ges in the division of New England among the members 
 of the New England or Plymouth Company, in England, and named 
 by hirn " New Somersetshire ; " and, finally, in 1839, it was included in 
 the cJiarter from the king to Gorges of the " Province of Mayne." 
 After the purchase of the province by Massachusetts in 1677, it came 
 imder the jurisdiction of that commonwealth, and was represented in 
 its government ; being included in the county of Yorkshire until its 
 organization under its present name in 1760. At first it embraced in 
 addition to its present territory, the counties of Androscoggin and 
 Franklin, and parts of the present counties of Oxford, Kennebec and 
 Somerset. 
 
 Cumberland contains twenty-five towns and one city. The Portland 
 and Ogdensburgh Railroad passes westward through the southern part; 
 the north-eastern part is traversed by the Maine Central Railroad and 
 its branches to Augusta and Bath ; and the Grand Trunk Railway 
 from Lewiston and Canada to Portland. 
 
 The valuation of the county in 1870 was $48,942,323. In 1880 it 
 was $556,460. The population in 1870 was 82,021. In the census of 
 1880 it was 86,402. 
 
 Cumberland Mills, a post-office in Westbrook, Cum- 
 berland County. 
 
 Clindy'S Harbor, a post-office in HarpsweU, Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 Curtis Corner, a post-office in Androscoggin County. 
 
 CuShiug^ is situated on the western side of St. George's River, 
 in the southern part of Knox County. It is bounded on the north by 
 Cushing and Thomaston, west by Friendship, and east by South 
 Thorhaston and St. George's, being separated from the two latter 
 towns by St. George's River. Friendship River forms the dividing 
 line for two-thirds of their length between Cushing and Friendship. 
 Broad Cove and Maple Juice Cove are its principal harboi's, lying on 
 the eastern side. The town tapers southward to a point. Directly 
 south of the mainland, and separated only by a narrow passage, is 
 Gay's Island, forming a part of the town. The area of Cushing is 8,600 
 acres. The surface is very rocky, and the tillage difficult. 
 
 The manufactures consist of boats, and cooper's ware. The occu- 
 pation of the people is largely on the sea. The village is on the stage- 
 line from Thomaston to Friendship. It is 10 miles from the railroad 
 station at Rockland. 
 
 The plantation name for St. George and Cushing was St. George ; 
 and, in like manner, at first incorporation in 1789, both became the 
 town of Cushing. The name was given in honor of Thomas Cushing, 
 lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts. Both formed a part of the Waldo 
 
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CYR PLANTATION. 189 
 
 Patent, and were settled by Scotch emigrants from the north of Ireland, 
 brought over in 1733 under the auspices of General Waldo. In the 
 year 1753 a very strong stone fortress was built in this town, which 
 was garrisoned by a company of provincial troops under the command 
 of Major Burton. Gushing has three churches, one each of the Meth- 
 odists, Baptists and Advents. The number of public schoolhouses is 
 six. The total value of the school property is estimated at $2,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $132,839. In 1880 it was 115,474. 
 The population in 1870 was 704. In 1880 is was 805. 
 
 Cushing'S Point, a post-office in Cape Elizabeth, Cum- 
 berland County. 
 
 CutlGr is' situated on the south-eastern sea-coast of Washington 
 County, 18 miles east of Machias. It is bounded by Whiting on the 
 north, Trescott on the east, Machias Bay on the west and the ocean on 
 the south. It has three harbors, Holmes's Bay on the west. Little Ma- 
 chias Bay on the south, and Cutler Harbor on the south-east. The 
 last is one of the best harbors on the Atlantic coast, being deep, free 
 from ice, and protected by high land on each side, and by an island at 
 the mouth bearing a lighthouse. The points are Sprague's, Neck, on 
 the west, Quaker Head and Cape Wash on the south, and Little River 
 Head and Sandy Point further east. 
 
 The surface of the town is much broken by hills and ledges, be- 
 tween which, however, are valuable meadows, producing an excellent 
 quality of grass. The principal stream is Schooner Brook. The 
 scenery of the town is said, to be delightful. From an elevated point 
 on the east side of Cutler Harbor called the " Lookout " a fine view is 
 gained in clear weather of the Bay of Fundy, with its numerous 
 sails. 
 
 The manufactures of this town are shingles and herring-boxes. A 
 considerable business is done in the fisheries, and a few vessels have 
 been built here. 
 
 The original settlers of this town were Ephraim Andrews, John 
 Davis, Robert Gates and John Maker. They came from Machias about 
 1785, and engaged in farming and fishing. In 1818, during the war 
 with Great Britain, an American cutter lying in the harbor was cap- 
 tured by the crew of an armed vessel of the enemy. Some of the in- 
 habitants also were plundered, but not without resistance. The plan- 
 tation at this time contained about 30 families. The title of the settlers 
 were obtained from John G. Jones, and after his death from Joseph 
 Cutler, of Newburyport. The town was incorporated in 1826, and 
 named in honor of Mr. Cutler. 
 
 The Methodist denomination have a church and sustain worship 
 here. There are eight public schoolhouses, these with other school 
 property, being valued at $3,400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $110,189. In 1880 it was $87,251. The population in 1870 was 925. 
 In 1880 it was 829. 
 
 Cyr PlB/ntn/tion is situated in the north-eastern part of 
 Aroostook County, 70 miles north of Houlton. Between it and the St. 
 John's River, on the east, is Hamlin Plantation, and on the north Van 
 
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190 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Buren Plantation. The Hammond and Violette Brooks with their 
 branches, drain the northern and eastern parts, and Railway Brook, 
 running south into the Little Madawaska, forms a part of the western 
 boundary. The township is without high hills. The soil is a red loam, 
 yielding good crops of wheat, oats, buckwheat and potatoes. The 
 forest-trees are those common in the region. The settlements are 
 principally upon the stage-line from Caribou to Van Buren in the 
 north-eastern part, near the Hammond Brook, upon which is the Cyr 
 saw-inill. The post-oifice is at Van Buren. 
 
 Tlie plantation was named for the Cyr family, which is numerous 
 in the town. Cyr Plantation sent 25 men to the aid of the Union cause 
 in the war of the Rebellion, of whom 11 were lost. The Free 
 Baptists have reoenly erected a neat church in the plantation. There 
 are four public schoolhouses, valued at $200. The valuation of estates 
 in 1880 was $28,066. The rate of taxation was 12 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 356. In 1880 it was 558. 
 
 Dallas Plantation is situated near the centr-^ of Frank- 
 lin County. It is bounded on the west by Rangeley, and the south- 
 east corner touches the north-west corner of Madrid. It was formerly 
 townships No. 2 and No. 3, Range 1, and No. 2 and No. 3, Range 2, 
 west of the Bingham purchase. The present organization was enacted 
 in 1845. The most notable topographical feature of the township is a 
 number of peaks of the Saddleback range of mountains, one of which 
 is said to be 4,000 feet in height. Near the top of the mountain is Sad- 
 dleback Pond. There are also three or more ponds at the north-east 
 corner of the township, and two on the western side, bearing the 
 names of Gull and Little Gull ponds. There is but one public school- 
 house at the present date. The population in 1870 is given in the 
 Maine Register as 145. In the United States census of 1880 it was 169. 
 
 DamariSCOtta is situated near the centre of Hancock 
 County, on the eastern side of a river of the same name. Nobleboro 
 bounds it on the north, Bristol on the south, Bremen on the east, and 
 Newcastle on the west. The Damariscotta River separates it from the 
 last, and Biscay and Pemaquid Ponds, lying on the eastern line, divide 
 the town from Bremen. Muddy and Little Ponds are the principal 
 sheets of water within the limits of the town, the first having an area 
 of about three-fourths of a square mile. Rocky Hill, about 150 feet in 
 height, is the chief eminence. The surface of the town is uneven ; 
 the principal rock is granite, the soU largely a clay loam, and fairly 
 productive. Hay is the chief crop. 
 
 The centre of business is Damariscotta Village, at the lower falls 
 and head of navigation on the river. A free bridge of 175 feet in 
 length connects Damariscotta Village with Newcastle, near which is a 
 station of the Knox and Lincoln Railroad, distant 18 miles from Bath. 
 The manufactories consist of two.saw-mills, — one run by steam-power — 
 a match factory, several brickyards, a tannery, etc. The town-hall of 
 Damariscotta is a large and elegant building' of brick of three stories, 
 containing in the second story an excellent hall. The town is thrifty, 
 and the houses in the village and the country are alike in excellent 
 repair. The inhabitants are largely a seafaring people. The river 
 forms a good harbor ; and its shores near the village usually present a 
 
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DANVILLE. 191 
 
 busy and cheerful aspect, from the shipbuilding that is almost con- 
 stantly going on in the warmer season. Drives up and down the river 
 and across the country in either direction afford some very pleasing 
 views. This town formed a part of the Pemaquid Patent, and was first 
 settled about 1640 by some persons who left Pemaquid in search of new 
 and easy fields for their enterprise. The land titles in this town shared 
 in those controversies with which the Pemaquid Patent was harassed. 
 During the Indian wars the settlers were frequently driven off by the 
 savages, and sometimes massacred. Damariscotta was apart of Noble- 
 boro from the incorporation of that town until 1847, when it was set 
 off and incoi-porated. A part also was included in Bristol: It was 
 named for Damarine, the Indian sachem of Sagadahoc (called Robin 
 Hood by the English), but is now generally spoken of in the country-side 
 as " Scottie." Another esteemed citizen of a later date was Hoii. Ezra 
 B. French, representative in Congress in 1859 and 1860. Hon. Ec 
 Wilder Farley also was a member of Congress in the years 1853 and 
 1854. The first national Bank of this town has a capital of $50,000. 
 Damariscotta is a port of delivery in the Waldoboro District. 
 
 The Baptists, Episcopalians and Methodists have churches in town. 
 Damariscotta sustains an excellent high-school, the schools in the vil- 
 lage being graded. There are seven public schoolho uses, the school 
 property having a valuation of $3,250. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $669,719. In 1880 it was $592,208. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 20 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 1,232. In 1880 it was 1,142. 
 
 Damascus, a vlUage in Carmel, Penobscot County. 
 
 Danforth is situated in the extreme north, of Washington 
 
 County, 88 miles from Bangor on the European and North American 
 Railway, which has a station in the north-eastern part of the town. 
 An unnamed township (IX.) lies between it and Schoodic Grand 
 Lake, on the east ; the Hot-Brook Ponds lie on the western boundary ; 
 Bancroft Plantation and Weston, in Aroostook County, bound it on 
 the north. The principal stream is the outlet of Baskahegan Lake, 
 lying in the adjoining township south, which runs through the town from 
 south to north, emptying into the Mattawamkeag River. One of its 
 powers is occupied by a lumber-mill. The place has the other manu- 
 factures usual in small villages. The soil is quite fertile, and farming 
 is the principal occupation. The crops principally cultivated are 
 potatoes, hay, oats and wheat. 
 
 Danforth was incorporated March 17, 1860. It has Methodist and 
 Baptist churches, each of which sustains a minister. There are four 
 public s&boolhouses ; and the entire school property is valued at 
 $3,300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $50,696. In 1880 it was 
 $106,934. The rate of taxation in 1880 was ItI^ per cent. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 313. In 1880 it was 612. 
 
 Danville (DanvlUe Corner, or Junction), a post-olBce and 
 •tation on the Grand Trunk and Maine Central Railroads, in Auburn, 
 Androscoggin County. These are in what was formerly the town of 
 Danville, now a part of Auburn. 
 
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192 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Dayton, in York County, has the Saco River for its eastern line, 
 separating it from Buxton and Saco, on tlie east. Biddeford forms its 
 south-eastern boundary, at the south apoint touches Ken.nebunkport, Ly- 
 man is on the sQUth-west, the same and a portion of Hollis on the 
 west, and the latter on the north ; Cook's Brook forming the division line 
 on the north-west and north. The town contains 7,888 aci-es of land. Its 
 principal business centres are Goodwin's Mills, at the south-west, and 
 , Union Falls, on the Saco. There are two saw-mills on Cook's Brook ; 
 at Goodwin's Mills in the south-west part of the town are a grist, 
 lumber, shingle, clapboard and stave mill. The principal streams 
 within the town are Bunnell's Brook, Pot Hook Brook, and Hill's 
 Brook, the outlet to the great boiling spring. The latter is a little 
 south of the centre of the town. It is sevei-al rods in circumference, 
 and from six to eight feet deep, having a visible bottom of quicksand. 
 Through this the water boils ceaselessly, breaking up first in one place 
 and then in another. Many small streams traverse the town, and 
 springs of pure water are numerous. The surface of the country is 
 undulating but there are no high hills. The soil is good, yielding re- 
 munerative crops of grass, while fruits thrive well. Hay, oats, pota- 
 toes, apples, neat stock and dairy products are marketed in consider- 
 able quantities in Saco and Biddeford, the adjacent cities. Raili-oad 
 facilities are found on the north at the Hollis Station of the Portland 
 and Rochester Railroad, and by the Boston and Maine, and Portland, 
 Saco and Portsmouth Railroads, at Saco and Biddeford. Dayton con- 
 stituted apart of Hollis until 1854, when it was incorporated as a dis- 
 tinct municipal body. The territory was included in the tract pur- 
 chased by Major William Phillips in 1664, of Megg Higgone, an In- 
 dian, son of Walter Higgone, a sagamore, of Saco River. Before . 
 1670 he sold 1,500 acres to Edward Tyng, a portion of which, if not 
 all, was in the southern part of this town ; next north of Tyng's, he 
 sold 2,000 acres to Richard Russell, of Charlestown. which long after 
 went by the name of the " Russell Lot." A tract 3 miles square, ad- 
 joining the latter, was conveyed by Phillips to Major-General John 
 Leverett. These thi-ee sales of Phillips comprise nearly all the land 
 within the present limits of the town. It was known as a part of Little 
 Falls Plantation till 1798, then Phillipsburg until its incorporation 
 under its present name. In 1728 a house for trading with the Indians 
 was established by the Massachusetts government on the interval 
 land about 30 rods south of Union Falls. The building was con- 
 structed of hewn logs, and defended by cannon ; and a sergeant with 
 10 men were stationed there. 
 
 The Methodist church is the principal one in town. There are four 
 fichoolhouses, valued at $1,800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $199,478. In 1880 it was $248,492. The population at the same date 
 was 611. In 1880 it was 592. 
 
 Dead River Plantation is situated in the western 
 
 part of Somerset County, on Dead River, a western tributary of the 
 Kennebec. A bridge of wood and iron, 300 feet in length, spans the 
 river here. Carrying Place Plantation bounds this plantation on the 
 east, Flagstaff on the west, and Jerusalem township, in Franklin 
 County, on the south. The area is a little rising 36 square miles. At 
 the north-east corner stands Blanchard Mountain, the Carrying Place 
 
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DECKER'S CORNER. 193 
 
 range lies along the middle portion of the eastern line, and Mount 
 Bigelow (1 mile in height) occupies a large portion of the south-east- 
 ern part of the town. Hurricane Falls on Dead River, near the north- 
 eastern part, present an attractive view and afford a good water- 
 power. ' 
 
 Though the borders of the township are hilly, the central poi-tion 
 is chiefly rich interval, yielding large quantities of hay. The planta- 
 tion is 40 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegan ; and is on the stage-road from 
 North Anson to Eustis. 
 
 Dead River Plantation sent 12 men to the defence of the Union 
 cause in the war of the Rebellion, losing 2. The Methodists of the 
 plantation hold meetings and employ a minister. There are two pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, and other school property to the value of $500. The 
 vabiation of estates in 1870 was $38,420. In 1880 it was $22,982. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 26 mills on the dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 100. In 1880 it was 113. 
 
 DGOIOIS lies on the western border of Washington County, 42 
 miles N.N.W. of Machias. Beddington lies on the north, Cherryfield 
 on the south, an unnamed township on the east, and another in Wash- 
 ington County on the west. The area is about 36 square miles. The 
 surface is but moderately uneven. Granite is the prevailing rock. 
 The soil is a good sandy loam, free from rocks, and easily cultivated. 
 Grass and potatoes are the principal crops. ^A great variety of trees 
 are found in the woods. 
 
 The principal streams are the east branch of the Narraguagus River, 
 and the tributaries of this stream. Great Falls on the East Branch 
 are near the middle of the western side of the town, near the stnge- 
 road from Cherryfield to Beddington. There is here a small village. 
 A shingle-mill finds here sufficient power without the aid of a dam. 
 The falls extends about half a mile, with an aggregate descent of about 
 50 feet. Within a short distance of these falls are thousands of acres 
 of forest. 
 
 Deblois was a part of Bingham's eastern "Million-acre pur- 
 chase." This township was sold by Colonel Black, the proprietor's 
 agent, to William W. Woodburry and Daniel C. Emery, the deed tt 
 be delivered on the payment of the purchase-money. While it waf 
 held under this condition, the purchasers conveyed their interest to the 
 City Bank of Portland, which paid the balance of the purchase-money. 
 It was subsequently disposed of by them to William Freeman, Jr., of 
 Cherryfield. When, in 1850, the town was incorporated, it received 
 its name in honor of Thomas Amory Deblois, who was president of 
 the bank which had been the proprietor. 
 
 Deblois sent 12 men to the defense of the Union in the war of the 
 Rebellion, of whom 2 were lost. There is a Free Baptist society in 
 town, who sustain worship most of the time. There is one public 
 schoolhonse, the total school property being valued at $1,200. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $18,010. In 1880 it was $17,886. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 
 was 139. In 1880 it was 105. 
 
 Decker's Corner, a small village in Clinton, Kennebec 
 County. 
 
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194 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Dedliam, in Hancock County, adjoine Ellsworth on the 
 N.N.W"., and is on the stage-route from that city to Bangor. The 
 " Lake House," in Colony Village, is 15 miles from Ellsworth and 11 
 miles from Bangor. The town is an aggregation of abrupt metamor- 
 phic granite hills. There are ten considerable peaks, of which Bald 
 Mountain is the highest. Between these peaks are about as many 
 ponds ; also some excellent farms and orchards. Potash is a large in- 
 gredient of the soil, which needs a deal of stirring to render it avail- 
 able for plant food. Potatoes, oats and corn are the principal crops. 
 Fitz's Pond, having an area of three square miles, is well stocked 
 with black bass. Hat-Case Pond is notable for a fine display of bowl- 
 ders near it. On the outlets of the ponds are some fine water-powers. 
 The manufactures consist of one grist-mill, a carding-mill, saw-mill, 
 shingle-mill, and a large tannery. 
 
 Dedham, named for a Massachusetts town, was originally a part of 
 Township Number 8, and was incorporated under its present name in 
 1837. The Colony settlement was for years known as New Bos- 
 ton, and the inhabitants were accused of " putting on airs." 
 
 The Congregationalists have a church-edifice, and sustain worship. 
 Dedham has five schoolhouses, and the school property is valued at 
 $1,000. The town valuation in 1870 was $102,752. In 1880 it was 
 $98,308. The rate of taxation in the latter year, 21 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870, was 448. In the census of 1880 it was 406. 
 
 DGGrillg"} one of the southern towns of Cumberland County, 
 joins Portland in the western half of both, while their eastern parts 
 are separated by the waters of Back Cove. Westbrook, from which 
 it was taken, bounds it on the north-west, Falmouth on the north-east, 
 the waters of Casco Bay on the south-east, and Back Cove, Portland 
 and Cape Elizabeth, on the south. The Presumpscot River forms the 
 boundary line between the eastern halves of Deering and Westbrook. 
 Fore River penetrates it in the western part, where it is also crossed 
 by Stroudwater River and the Oxford and Cumberland Canal. The 
 surface of the town is not greatly varied. Rocky Hill and Mitchell's 
 Hill are the principal elevations. Granite and argillaceous rock underlie. 
 The soil is generally clayey. 
 
 The principal business centre is Morrill's Corner, or Steven's Plains. 
 Woodford's Corner, the next in extent, and nearer Portland, is largely 
 a place of residence for persons doing business in the city. It is a 
 pretty village with a handsome church and several fine residences. 
 East Deering, connected with Portland by Tukey's Bridge and the 
 Grand Trunk Railway, has shipbuilding for its principal business. The 
 village is young and prosperous, and has provided itself with a neat 
 hall for home entertainment. Beyond it is the United States Marine 
 Hospital, situated on Martin's Point, where a bridge extends to Fal- 
 mouth Foreside. Beautiful Evergreen Cemetery, the principal bury- 
 ing-place of Portland, lies a little westward of Morrill's Corner. For- 
 est City Trotting Park, and the adjoining grounds used for State 
 Fairs, are on the eastern bank of Fore River. The Portland and 
 Rochester Railway crosses the grounds, and the Cumberl-and and 
 Oxford Canal terminates near by. West of these, and on the opposite 
 side of the river, is Stroudwater village. It now has a factory for 
 
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DEERING. 195 
 
 canned foods, and a grain and salt mill producing about 80,000 bushels 
 of meal and 40,000 boxes of ground salt annually. The first church 
 was organized herein 1765, and Thomas Brown was ordained as pastor. 
 Stroudwater was a flourishing village in the period when shipbuilding 
 and the coasting- trade were prosperous. There is another canning- 
 factory at Bride's Bridge (Riverton), on the Presunipscot River. At 
 Morrill's Corner are tanneries, manufactories of brittania ware, boots 
 and shoes, marble and granite monuments, etc. Near Deering's Bridge 
 are the pottery, tile, and fire-brick works of the Portland Stoneware 
 Co., occupying nearly four acres of ground. They have some of the 
 largest kilns in the country, and turn out monthly about 30,000 fire- 
 bricks and $2,000 worth of stone ware. About 70 men are employed. 
 Other industries of the town are tree and plant nurseries, brick-making, 
 pork-packing, boat-building, carriage and harness making, etc. 
 
 Richard Tucker and Geoi-ge Cleeves were the first local proprietors 
 of land within the limits of Deering, having purchased of Sir Fisrdin- 
 ando Gorges, about 1637, 1,500 acres on Back Cove, between Fore River 
 and the Presumpscot. In 1640 there were four families residing at Back 
 Cove. King Philip's, or the first Indian war, broke out in 1675, but 
 his vicinity was not attacked until August of tlie following year when an 
 Indian known as " Simon, the Yankee-killer," a fugitive from Philip's de- 
 feated forces, made himself familiar at the house of Anthony Brackett, 
 the principal settler at Back Cove. A few days later one of his cows was 
 missing, and the fact being mentioned before Simon, he said, " I can 
 show you the Indians who killed the creature." He departed ; but a 
 few days later he returned accompanied by a band of savages. " Here 
 are the Indians who took your cow," said he. They killed Mr. Brackett 
 and three of his neighbors, and carried their wives and children away 
 captive, except that one woman with her children escaped in a 
 canoe. Again in 1689, Brackett's farm was the scene of a fierce 
 contest between a large body of French and Indians and the forces 
 under the noted Major Church, by whose victory the neighboring vil- 
 lage of Casco Neck was saved. The Deering mansion and farm, just 
 north and west of the Deering Bridge, now occupy the locality of the 
 fight. Futher incidents of its history can be found in the accounts of 
 the towns of Falmouth and Westbrook, from which it was set off and 
 incorporated in 1871. 
 
 " The village of Steven's Plains," says Elwell, " with its broad level 
 streets, and side-walks shaded with unibrageous maples and elms, has 
 a quiet and rural beauty. Its chief ornament is the Universalisc 
 Clmrch, a very tasteful structure, built in 1867, at a cost of about 
 $14,000. The church stands at the entrance of the grounds of the 
 Westbrook Seminary. This institution, incorporated in 1831, was the 
 first seminary of learning established in New England under the pat- 
 ronage of the Universalist denomination. The seminary building was 
 erected in 1834, at a cost of $7,000." Goddard Hall and Hersey Hall, 
 both large edifices of brick, were built, the first in 1859, tlie last in 
 1869. The institution has two courses in the collegiate department, 
 and confers the degree of Laureate of Arts up jn all young ladies who 
 successfully pass examination in a classical course, and Laureate of 
 Science in the scientific course. In the academic department diplomas 
 are gi-anted in two courses, English and College Preparatory. 
 
 Back Cove, Pride's Bridge, an elegant span of iron, Cumberland 
 
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196 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Mills, and other points afford views worthy the attention of visitors. 
 The scene of an extensive land-slide into the Presiimpscot, which forced 
 the river from its bed, possesses interest to the geologist. 
 
 Besides the Universalist church just mentioned, there are in town 
 two Congregational churches and one Methodist. The educational 
 facilities in Deering are excellent. The schools are graded from pri- 
 mary to high. It has twelve public schoolhouses, and its school property 
 is valued at $40,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $2,194,096.' 
 In 1880 it was 12,585,825. The rate of taxation in 1880 was $1.85 on 
 $100. The population in 1870 was 3,795, By the census of 1880 it was 
 4,324. 
 
 Deer Isle, in Hancock County, is a group of three islands 
 lying between the northern part of Isle au Haute Bay and Brooklin 
 and Sedgewick on the mainland. It is 35 miles south-south-west of 
 Ellsworth. The town includes Little Deer Isle, Great Deer Isle, and 
 Eagle Isle. The first mentioned and most northerly of the group has 
 an area of 1,000 acres, which is well suited to agriculture. Great Deer 
 Isle is about 10 miles in length, from north to south, and near 5 miles 
 in width. The surface in the northern part is rather level, while in the 
 south it is rough. Micaceous limestone was undoubtedly the parent 
 rock of Deer Isle, but it has been crystalized, and is thus rendered unfit 
 for quicklime, though suitable for architectural sculpture. At the 
 " Reach " is a quarry which is operated for this marble, affording a 
 yearly product of 4,000 tons of rough and cut stone ; while roofing- 
 slate of a good quality has been found on Little Deer Isle. At this 
 place, it is stated, are found conclusive evidences of an extinct volcano, 
 which in some of the by-gone years, belched forth its showers of ashes, 
 and poured out its molten lava. As will be apparent, the transition 
 series of rocks is well chai -iterized in these islands. Large deposits 
 of silver, also, have recently been found, and two companies now 
 hold property on the island for the purpose of mining this mineral. 
 
 The soil is loamy, and the largest crop is potatoes. The forest 
 trees are principally spruce and fii-. Along the roadsides in the most 
 thickly settled parts of the town, are many-shade trees from five to 
 forty years old, of various kinds, but mostly chestnut. Adam's Hill, is 
 the principal eminence, reaching a height of 256 feet above the sea. 
 Torry's and Marshall's are the only considerable ponds, one being a 
 mile long, the other two miles. Smith's mineral spring has a local celeb- 
 rity. The manufactures consist of sails, wrought granite ; while at 
 Oeeanville and at Green's Landing, are establishments for the packing 
 of the various kinds of fish. 
 
 Deer Isle was incorporated in 1789, being the fourth town in the 
 county. The first known visit of Europeans was that of Weymouth 
 in 1605. It early received its name from the abundance of deer in its 
 forests. The first settlement was commenced by William Eaton near 
 what is now known as the " Scott Farm," in 1762. The first church was 
 built in 1773, and the first preacher was Rev. Mr. Noble; the first 
 pastor was Rev. Peter Powers. In 1809, Rev. Joseph Brown, a dis- 
 senter, was installed. The first white child was "Timothy Billings, 
 born May, 1764. The privations of the settlers during the war of the 
 Revolution were terrible. 
 
 The number of Deer Islanders in the service of the Union during 
 
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DENMARK. 197 
 
 the war of the Rebellion was, soldiers and sailors, 386, and of these 
 55 were lost. The amount of bounty paid by the town was $59,128. 
 
 The climate is quite salubrious, as is apparent from the number of old 
 people, there being 10 between eighty and one hundred years of age. As 
 a summer resort, it is highly esteemed by its visitors, having good hotels, 
 ample boating and fishing facilities, as well as drives. The roads are 
 good, and the buildings are generally in good repair, and a look of 
 thrift prevails. There is a nice town-hall, three stories in height. 
 There are in town two Congregational church-edifices, two Methodist 
 and two Baptist. Deer Isle has three high-schools, and its public 
 schoolhouses number twenty. The school property is valued at $8,810. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $417,211. In 1880 it was $373,182. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was two per cent. The population in 
 1790 was 682 ; in 1870, 3,414 ; in 1880, 3,267. 
 
 DGIUHRrk lies on the eastern border of the southern part of 
 Oxford County. Fryeburg bounds it on the north-west, Brownfield 
 on the south-west, Hiram on the south, and Bridgton and Sebago, in 
 Cumberland County, on the north and east. The town is about 8 
 miles long from north to south, and 6 miles from east to west; Moose 
 Pond, the head of which lies in the northern part of Fryeburg, extends 
 south-westerly to the centre of Denmark, being 7 miles in length, and 
 Little Moose Pond and Moose Stream continue in the same course to 
 the south-west side of the town, whei'e it discharges into Saco River, 
 which there forms the boundary line. At the foot of Moose Pond, in 
 the centre of the town, is Denmark Village (Denmark Post Office). 
 This place is about 30 miles south-west of Paris, and 40 from Portland. 
 It is on the Brownfield and Bi-idgton stage-line. The Brownfield station 
 of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad is on the opposite bank of 
 the Saco River, on the south-eastern side of the town, whence a stage 
 runs to Denmark Village. South of the village is Granger Pond ; 
 Great Hancock Pond lies on the south-eastern line, and toward the 
 village. Little Hancock Pond. Beaver Pond lies one and a half miles 
 north of the village, and Pleasant Pond on the north-eastern line. 
 Between the two is Long Pond, with the remarkable Cold Spring just 
 south-east of it, near the road to West Denmark. Between Denmark 
 Village and the western line of the town are two peaks called Baston 
 Hills. In the north-eastern part of the town is a group of eight moun- 
 tains some ten miles in circumference, whose highest peak is known as 
 Pleasant Mountain. Its summit is stated to be 2,000 feet above the 
 sea. The view of ponds, streams, mountains, valleys, and forests from 
 its summit is grandly beautiful. A good hotel near the top affords 
 entertainment. 
 
 The sui-face of the town is generally hilly, and very stony. Granite 
 is the principal rook, and the soil is sandy. Potatoes, corn and oats 
 are the crops chiefly cultivated, and yield fairly. The outlets of Moose 
 Pond and other streams furnish excellent water-powers. In the town 
 are one mill for long lumber, six stave-mills, a sash, blind and door 
 factory, and two grain-mills, several of which are at the centre village. 
 
 Denmark was formed from a grant made by Massachusetts to 
 Fryeburg Academy, and two other grants to individuals, together with 
 a strip from the town of Brownfield. The first settlements were made 
 in 1788-9. Among the original settlers were Ezra Stiles, David Porter, 
 
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198 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Nathaniel Syraonds, Thomas Bragdon, Nathaniel Mclntire, Ephraim 
 Jewett, William Davis, Parson and Thomas Pingree, Elias Berry and 
 Cyrus Ingalls, several of whom came from Andover, Mass. The early 
 name for this region was Pequaket, from the native tribe which dwelt 
 here. The town was incorporated, February 20, 1807. A post-office 
 was iirst established here in 1819 ; and this year Elias Berry was the 
 representative in the General Court. Among later valued citizens were 
 Leonard Berry, Dr. Sawyer, and others. 
 
 There are Methodist, Free Baptist, Congregational andUniversalist 
 churches at various points in the town, most of which sustain a minister 
 through the year. Denmark has seven public schoolhouses, valued 
 with other school property at $5,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $280,316. In 1880 it was $305,185. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was one and a quarter cents on the dollar. The population 
 in 1870 was 1,069. In 1880 it was 904. 
 
 DennicetOTTIl Plantation, a district of Moose Eiver Planta- 
 tion, Somerset County. 
 
 DGimySVillG lies in the south-eastern part of Washington 
 County, about 17 miles west of Eastport. It is bounded on the north 
 by Charlotte, on the east by Pembroke, and south and west by Ed- 
 munds and an unnamed township. Denny's River forms the boundary- 
 line on the west. Wilson's stream runs southward through the eastern 
 part of the town. The principal power in use is that on Denny's 
 River, at the village in the southern part of the town. Here are mills 
 for manufacturing long lumber and staves, and a grist-mill. The prin- 
 cipal other business is ship-building. The town is the terminus of the 
 stage-line to Calais. 
 
 The surface of the town is broken and hilly. The most prevalent 
 rock is locally known as iron-stone. The soil is divided between loam, 
 clay and gi-avel. Potatoes, hay and grain are the crops chiefly culti- 
 vated. Spruce, pine and hemlock form the bulk of the forests. The 
 most notable eminences are Page's Hill and King David's ledge. 
 
 The original settlers of Dennysville arrived in the river on the 17th 
 of May, 1786, in the sloop " Sally." They were from the vicinity of 
 Hingham, Mass. In this company were Nathan Preston, William 
 Kilby and Samuel Sprague, who remained and formed the nucleus of 
 the present town. The first chuchr organization was Congregational, 
 and was formed by Rev. Jotham Sewell, on October 27, 1805. This 
 denomination now has the only church in the town. The first Sunday- 
 school was organized May 31, 1829. Deacon William Kilby was 
 superintendent; Benjamin R.Jones, secretary and librarian ; and John 
 Kilby, treasurer. The teachers were Benjamin Foster, John Kilby, 
 Solomon Foster, Isaac Eastman, John Mayhew, Eben Mayhew, Sally 
 Lincoln, Caroline L. Jones, Amelia H. Jones, Mary Wilder, Lydia 
 Kilby, Hannah Wilder and Eliza Eastman. 
 
 The proprietors of this township (which for many years included 
 also that of Pembroke and Perry) were Thomas Russell, General Ben- 
 jamin Lincoln and John Lowell, of Massachusetts, who purchased it 
 from the commonwealth ; and the present titles came from them. The 
 town was incorporated in' 1818, taking its name from the river that 
 formed its western boundary, — Denny's River ; andthe river had its 
 
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DEXTER. 199 
 
 name from an Indian of that name who, at the period of settlement 
 made it his principal hunting-ground. 
 
 Dennysville has two public schoolhouses, valued with other school- 
 property at 14,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $199,319. 
 In 1880 it was $184,786. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 18 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 488. In 1880 
 it was 522. 
 
 Detroit forms the south-eastern corner of Somerset County, 
 and lies 24 miles east of Skowhegan. Palmyra is on the north ; Pitts- 
 lield on the west; Plymouth, in Penobscot County, on the east; and 
 Troy, in Waldo County, on the south. The Maine Central Kailroad 
 passes through the northern part of the town. The northern branch of 
 the Sebasticook River runs centrally through the town, furnishing its 
 chief water-power. At the " Rips " near the village in the north-east- 
 ern part of the town, there is a fall of 30 to 40 feet in one-fourth of a 
 mile. The power is estimated to be equal to sawing 10,000,000 feet of 
 lumber annually. The manufactories here are a lumber and shingle 
 mill, a gi-ist-mill, carriage factory, turning and jig-sawing. 
 
 Granite and limestone, suitable for building, are found in the town. 
 Farming is the principal occupation, and is found proiitable. 
 
 This town was incorporated in 1838, under the name of Chandler- 
 ville, but changed in 1841 to the present name. The most active chur(;h 
 organization in town is that of the Methodists. Detroit has two pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, and other school property to the value of $1,500. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $141,731. In 1880 it was $117,019. 
 The population in 1870 was 690. In 1880 it was 661. 
 
 Dexter is the north-western town of Penobscot County. It is 
 the terminus of the Dexter and Newport Railroad, and of stage-lines to 
 Moosehead Lake, Dover and Exeter. It is 41 miles from Bangor, 42 
 miles from Waterville (junction), and 123 miles from Portland by 
 railroad. Garland bounds it on the east, Corinna on the south, San- 
 gerville, in Piscataquis County, on the north, and Ripley, in Somerset 
 County on the west. The form of the town is square, and it has an 
 area of 20,370 acres, 1,200 of-which are covered with water. Bryant's 
 Hill is the loftiest eminence. The town is on the summit of land be- 
 tween the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers. The surface is beautifully 
 varied with vales, hills and ponds. Of the latter. Dexter Pond is the 
 largest, extending from the western border to past the centre of the 
 town. The streams that furnish power are the outlet of Dexter and 
 Spooner's ponds, Kenduskeag River, in the south-eastern part of the town, 
 and Sebasticook Main Stream, which winds along westward through 
 the entire northern border of the town. At the north-west corner, 
 upon Main Stream, are lumber and shingle mills, a brick-yard, 
 etc. ; and on the outlet of Spooner's Pond in the southern part of the 
 town, are one or more mills. In all. Dexter has 28 powers, 26 of 
 which have an aggregate fall of 331 feet. The fall on Dexter Pond 
 Stream alone in the first three-fourths of a mile is 142 feet, and in 2 
 miles 160^ feet. These bear the name of Dexter Falls, and contain 
 16 different distinct falls, upon each of which is some machinery. The 
 pond which forms the reservoir contains about 1,000 acres, and is a 
 
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200 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 beautiful sheet of water. It is fed very largely by springs, and is there- 
 fore little affected by drought or freshet. There are on the water-power 
 in this town, about twenty-five different mills and factories, chiefly 
 situated at Dexter Village. The principal manufactures are boots and 
 shoes, long lumber, boxes, doors, sashes and blinds, churns, carnages, 
 woolen cloths, mens' clothing, cooper's ware, flour, meal and feed, iron 
 castings, stoves, plows, soap, leather, marble-work, tinware, etc. Dex- 
 ter Village is the present terminus of the Dexter and Newport Rail ■ 
 road. It is beautifully situated on a hillside with easy slopes toward 
 the pond and stream. It contains two or more good schoolhouses, 
 several handsome churches, one of the best town-halls in the State, and 
 has a public library of about 1,600 volumes. The Barron Memorial 
 Church (built in memory of the cashier of the Dexter Bank, murdered 
 by burglars while defending his charge), is located in this village,^ and 
 is an elegant edifice. Tlie streets of the village are of ample width, 
 and are generally shaded by rows of elms and maples, having, for the 
 most part, a growth of forty years. There is an unusual number of 
 tasteful residences in the village and town ; all buildings— public and 
 private — being in excellent repair, impressing the traveler with the pre- 
 valence of thrift. The roads are excellent. The principal bridge has 
 a length of 30 rods, and is constructed of stone. The prevalent rocks 
 in the town are slate, an impure limestone, and a quartzose rock. 
 Maple, birch and beech are the chief trees in the woods. The soil is 
 quite fertile, yielding well of all the usual farm crops. Dexter, among 
 much that is beautiful and interesting, has a natural curiosity in Swan- 
 ton's Cave ; which, however, is mostly filled with water. 
 
 The township which is now Dexter, was surveyed in 1772, but re- 
 mained unsettled until the arrival of David Smith, in 1801. The first 
 family resident in the town was that of Ebenezer Small, of Gilmanton, 
 N. H. He was followed, soon after, by a large delegation from the 
 same region, — among whom were Joseph Tucker, Seba French, Wil- 
 liam Mitchell, Simeon and John Safford, and the Shepleys, Smiths and 
 Maxwells. The plantation was at first called Elkinstown. In 1803 
 the boundaries of the township were established, and it was divided 
 into lots for settlers, — the-jjlan being drawn by Simfeon Safford. In 
 1804 the township was granted to Amos Bond and eight others. The 
 town was incorporated in 1816 ; receiving its name in honor of Hon. 
 Samuel Dexter, who was that year the democratic candidate for 
 governor of Massachusetts — Mr. Brooks, the Whig candidate obtain- 
 ing the election. The post-office vras established in 1818, the mail 
 being carried between Bangor and Skowhegan once a week on horse- 
 back. Daniel Hayden was the carrier. The Universalists erected the 
 first meeting-house in 1829. In 1848 a violent tornado passed over the 
 town, tearing up the largest trees and crushing some of the strongest 
 buildings. 
 
 The First National Bank of Dexter has a capital of $100,000. The 
 Dexter Savings Bank, at the beginning of 1880, held in deposits and 
 profits, the sum of $146,196.78. 
 
 The "Dexter Gazette," published by M. F. Herring, Esq., is a wide- 
 awake paper, serving well the interests of the town. 
 
 The Baptist, Free Baptist, Methodist, Congregationalist, Univer- 
 salist. Episcopal, Roman Catholic and Advent, have organizations and 
 churches in Dexter. Public entertainments are chiefly literary and 
 
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DIXFIELD. 201 
 
 dramatic in their nature. The village has an excellent high-school. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is fourteen — valued, with, their ap- 
 purtenances, at $14,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,006,- 
 966. In 1880 it was $963,029. The population in 1870 was 2,875. In 
 1880 it was 2,563. 
 
 DickeyvlUe, a post-office in Frenchville, Aroostook 
 County. 
 
 DickVRlGj a post-office in Peru, Oxford County. 
 
 DirigOj a post-office in China, Kennebec County. 
 
 Dixflcld is situated on the north side of the Androscoggin 
 River, between this and the north-eastern border of Oxford County. 
 The length of the town, east and west, is about 7^ miles, and north 
 and south, 5 miles. The surface is uneven, especially north-west of 
 the centre, where three large hills stand in a line, of which the south- 
 western one, consisting of two peaks known as the " Sugar Loaves," 
 is the highest. Near the Androscoggin, a little west of the middle of 
 the town, is a high hill called •' The Bluff." In the south-eastern part 
 of the town is a group of three mountains in a triangular position, of 
 which the highest are Burnt Mountain and Aunt Hepsey Brown's 
 Mountain. Webb's River forms the boundary line between this town 
 and Mexico, on the west; Newton Brook comes down from the north 
 across the middle of the town to the Androscoggin, and Seven Mile 
 Brook crosses the north-eastern corner. Each of these streams has one 
 •or more powers, — the town having a total of seven. Newton Brook 
 has three powers, two of which are occupied by saw-mills. On Seven 
 Mile Brook, at East Dixfield, are two powers, upon which are a saw- 
 mill, a mill for long and short lumber, and a grist-mill. The principal 
 power is at Dixfield Village, on Webb's River, at the south-west cor- 
 ner of the town. On this power there are a saw-mill, a box-factory 
 and a grist-mill. There is also a steam saw-mill at the village. East 
 Dixfield, and Dixfield Centre each have a cheese-factory. Other man- 
 ufactures in the town are carriages, tooth-picks and cigar-lighters, flies 
 and leaders, boots and shoes, marble work, etc. 
 
 This township was granted by Massachusetts to Jonathan Holman 
 and others. Ezra Newton with his wife and sister, spent the winter 
 of 1793 here. They are supposed to be the first white persons who 
 made their habitation in the town ; but they left on the return of 
 spring. John Marble came in during the same season with a yoke of 
 oxen ; but no permanent settlement was made until 1795, when Mar- 
 ble, with Gardner Brown, Amos Trask, Levi Newton, David Torrey 
 and John Gould came, accompanied by their families. At this time 
 the township had become the property of Dr. Elijah Dix, of Boston ; 
 and for him at its incorporation, June 21, 1803, the town was named. 
 Dixfield Village is beautifully situated and built. It is 18 miles from 
 the railroad station at Bryant's Pond, and 13 miles from the North 
 Jay station. The stage-line between the two places runs through 
 Dixfield, by way of the village. Each of the three villages mentioned 
 has a post-office. The denominations which have churches here are 
 
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202 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the Congregationalists, TJniversalists and Free Baptists. Dixfielrl has 
 nine public schoolhouses, valued — with the connected lands — at $3,700. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $273,352. In 1880 it was $320,- 
 265. The population in 1870 was 1,049. In 1880 it was 918. 
 
 DlXmOnt is the south-western town of Penobscot County. It 
 is 20 miles south-west of Bangor, on the stage-line to Unity. The 
 nearest railroad stations are at Newport on the north, and Brooks at 
 the south, each about 9 miles distant. Plymouth and Etna bound it 
 on the north, Newburgh on the east, and on the south and west are 
 Jackson and Troy. The town is square in form, and contains 23,040 
 acres. The surface is uneven and broken, and there are many gray 
 bowlders scattered over the surface. Mount Harris and Peaked Moun- 
 tain are the principal eminences. The soil is a yellow loam, excellent 
 for hay ; of which large crops are raised. The forest trees are chiefly 
 beech, birch, maple and hemlock. Skinner Pond, in the northern part 
 of the town, has an area of 300 acres ; another at the Centre has 200 
 acres ; and two others have an area of 75 and 100 acres respectively. 
 The powers on the outlets of these ponds are occupied by two mills 
 for long lumber, two for shingles, and one grist-mill. Dixmont has 
 four small villages, Dixmont Centre, East, North, and North-East 
 Dixmont. 
 
 The township, in the original survey, was known as No. 3, Range 
 1 north of the Waldo Patent. It was granted by Massachusetts to 
 Bowdoin College, wherefore it was called Collegetown. John J. Blais- 
 dell, of Parsonsfield, purchased of the college 3,000 acres, at $1 
 per acre ; but he failed to make the payment at the stipulated time, 
 and the purchase reverted to the college, from which the settlers on 
 this tract obtained titles to their lands. The remaining 20,040 acres 
 were purchased by Dr. Elijah Dix, of Boston, July 12, 1801, for the 
 sum of $21,431 ; and from him and the mountain in the southerly part, 
 the town takes its name. Dixmont was incorporated February 28, 
 1807. Friend Drake, Elihu Alden, John Bassford, Benjamin Brown, 
 and nine others were the first permanent settlers. This town was the 
 residence of Hon. Samuel Butman, representative in Congress from 
 1827 to 1831. 
 
 There are two Free Baptist churches, one Baptist, one Christian, 
 and one Methodist church in the town. Dixmont has thirteen public 
 schoolhouses, valued with appurtenances at $5,500. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $266,028. In 1880 it was $308,176. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 13 mills. The population in 1870 was 
 1,309. In 1880 it was 1,132. 
 
 Dover, the shire town of Piscataquis County, is situated mid- 
 way of the southern border, having the Piscataquis River on its 
 northern side. It is bounded by Poxcroft on the north, Atkin- 
 son on the east, Sangerville on the west, and Garland, in Penobscot 
 County, on the south. Withee Pond, two miles long by half a mile 
 wide, is the principal body of water. The area of the town is about 
 22,444 acres. The surface is uneven, but not hilly. The prevaihng 
 rock is granite. Dover is one of the best townships of farming land 
 in the county, having a large extent of interval, and few lots not under 
 cultivation. Potatoes, corn and grain are cultivated with success. 
 
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DOVER. 203 
 
 The township was purchased of Massachusetts about the year 18C0 
 by Hallowell and Lowell, of Boston, for Charles Vaughn and John 
 Merrick, of Hallowell, from whom present titles are derived. Mr. Mer 
 rick, in 1836, built a meeting-house on Bear Hill, and gave it with 
 20 acres of land to the Methodist society. He also gave the land which 
 constitues the park at Dover village. 
 
 Abel Blood was the pioneer in making clearings. Sometime before 
 1799 he purchased a tract of land a mile square ; and in the following 
 June he came in with seven men. They were obliged to make the way 
 from Norridgewock, a distance of fifty miles, on foot, excepting about 
 fifteen miles at the start. Having made openings they returned. The 
 first permanent settler of Dover was Eli Towne, of Temple, New Hamp- 
 shire, who moved in with his family in 1803. Thomas Towne, who soon 
 came t© reside with his son Eli, had been a Revolutionary soldier, and 
 was a mighty hunter ; and many are the stories told of his contests with 
 moose, deer, bear and wolves. On one occasion he fired upon and 
 wounded a bear that was swimming across the pond. As the animal 
 approached the shore the dog swam out and attacked him. Bruin seized 
 the dog and plunged his head under water ; upon which the veteran 
 soldier and hunter rushed in, and seizing the bear's head, thrust it under 
 water, crying out fiercely, " Drown my dog, will you ! " The bear was 
 soon overcome and the dog rescued. 
 
 Paul Lambert came in with his sons in 1808, having purchased 500 
 acres of land. In 1810 Deacon James Rowe moved his family in. 
 Other settlers of this early period were Lyford and John Dow, Allen 
 Dwelley, John Spalding, Peter Brawn, Jonas Longley, Mr. Fifield, and 
 the Chamberlains. Zachariah Longley, the father of Jonqs, had been 
 a fifer in the Revolutionary army. Nathaniel Chamberlain was famous 
 for building " X bridges," and was once called to Ohio to build one 
 there. In 1811-12 Paul Lambert put up an excellent set of frame 
 buildings, and in after years his seven sons settled around him. 
 
 In 1812 the township was organized as Plantation No. 8 ; and in 
 1822 it was incorporated as a town under its present name. The war- 
 rant for the first town meeting was issued by Justice Joshua Carpenter 
 to Abraham Moor ; and the meeting was held at the dwelling-house of 
 Joseph Shepard. Eli Towne was chosen clerk, D. Lambert, E. S. 
 Greeley and Eli Towne, selectmen. 
 
 Colonel J. Carpenter and Eben S. Greeley built a saw-mill on the 
 Moor priviledge about 1822. Thomas Davee, in 1821, put up a store 
 and a potash-factory at Dover village. He soon after put up saw-mills 
 on the falls below Brown's mills, but after the dam was carried away 
 in 1830, they were taken down. A plot was made of the present village 
 territory about 1823, and Charles Vaughn constructed a dam and 
 canal in 1826, putting up a grist mill upon it which had three sets of 
 stones, with a cleaner for wheat. The first miller was Mr. Sewall Coch- 
 ran, who for forty-four years honestly took toll of grain raised thirty 
 miles around. He at length became owner, but finally doffed his 
 miller's coat and sold to the heirs of Hon. S. P. Brown. A carding 
 and clothing-mill was also erected by Mr. Vaughn on this canal in 1827 ; 
 and in 1836 it was changed into a woolen-factory. In 1840 both mills 
 were burned. The woolen mill was soon rebuilt, and S. P. Brown, 
 who had before superintended the business became the owner. In 1867, 
 just before Mr. Brown's death, he built a large brick mill, which is still 
 
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204 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 in operation. It has six sets of machinery and employs seventy-five 
 hands. A new flouring mill had also been built, and both were run by 
 S. O. Brown & Company. Both of these are now owned by Ira Wash- 
 burne. Other manufactures at the village are carriages, boots and 
 shoes, harnesses, pumps, trunks, tin-ware, etc. At East Dover, on the 
 Piscataquis, is a wood-pulp and pasteboard mill ; and on Black 
 Stream, at Dover South Mills, is a lumber-mill. Dover village has its 
 streets shaded with maples and elms from five to fifty years of age, and 
 is one of the neatest and prettiest places in the State. It is connected 
 with Foxcroft village, on the north side of the river, by a bridge 265 
 feet long, so that the two appear as one village. The Bangor and Pis- 
 cataquis Railway is the chief transportation line. 
 
 The " Piscataquis Observer," published in Dover by Edes and Bar- 
 rows, is the only paper in the county. It is independent in politics, 
 and fulfils its office in an excellent manner. Tho Piscataquis Savings 
 Bank, located at Dover, on November 3, 1879, reported deposits and 
 profits amounting to 158,663.25. 
 
 Among former esteemed citizens of Dover may be mentioned 
 Thomas Davee, Calvin S. Douty, Mordecai Mitchell, S. P. Brown, John 
 G. Mayo and Thomas S. PuUen. John H.Rice was three times elected 
 to Congress while a citizen of Dover. 
 
 A Baptist minister, Elder N. Robinson, was settled by the planta- 
 tion about 1820. In 1822, Elder William Frost, a TJniversalist preacher, 
 was residing in town. The Methodists, Baptists, and Free Baptists 
 now have church-edifices. Dover has sixteen schoolhouses, valued at 
 $6,400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 675,000 In 1880 it was 
 $574,943. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 2 per cent. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 1,983. In 1880 it was 1,687 
 
 Dresden, is the most westerly town in Lincoln County. It is 
 situated upon the Kennebec River, opposite Richmond, and is on the 
 medial line between the northern and southern points of the county. 
 Alna and Wiscasset lie on the east ; on the north is Pittston, in Ken- 
 nebec county; and on the south is Woolwich, Sagadahoc County. 
 Opposite, in the Kennebec, is the town of Perkins (Swan Island). 
 Eastern River passes longitudinally through the town in a south- 
 westerly direction. Gardiner's Pond, one mile in length, is the chief 
 body of water. 
 
 The surface of the country is not greatly varied. The principal 
 rock is a coarse granite. The soil is a sandy loam and clay. Hay, 
 potatoes, barley and wheat, are each cultivated to a considerable 
 extent. The villages are Dresden Mills and West Dresden. The first 
 is situated at the head of sloop navigation on Eastern River. The 
 last is connected by a ferry with Richmond, the landing being near a 
 station of the Maine Central Railroad. 
 
 The streams which furnish water-power are the Goud and Gardiner 
 streams ; and there were until within a few years saw and grist mills 
 in operation upon both. The manufactures consist of hay-knives, 
 boots and shoes, etc. 
 
 Dresden was formerly a part of Pownalboro, which embraced the 
 town of Alna, Wiscasset and Perkins. The territory of these towns, 
 excepting the last, was purchased by Christopher Lawson of the 
 Indians in 1649, and sold by him to Messrs. Clark and Lake. The 
 
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DREW. 205 
 
 latter resided in the region until he was killed by the Indians. It 
 was afterward owned by Sir Biby Lake, Edward ' Hutchinson and 
 others. In a 1754, a fort was erected on the shore opposite the upper 
 end of Swan Island, receiving its name of Fort Shirley, in compliment 
 to Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts. This fort was commanded by 
 Major Samuel Goodwin until it was dismantled. Pownalboro (incor- 
 porated in 1760) was named in honor of Governor Pownall, who had 
 succeeded Shirley. It was the shire town of Lincoln County for thirty- 
 four years. Its court-house is still standing, nearly opposite the upper 
 end of Swan Island, and in view from the cars of the Maine Central 
 Railroad, on the westei'n side of the river. It was 44 by 45 feet in 
 ground dimensions, and three stories in height, as now. The court- 
 room was 45 by 19^ feet, with two fire-places in it. 
 
 Three brothers, William, Charles, and Rowland Gushing, were 
 among the early settlers in this part of the town, having taken up their 
 residence here in 1760. They were for many years quite prominent in 
 public affairs of the county and State. Dresden formed what was 
 known as the west precinct of Pownalborough, the east being Alna, 
 and the south Wiscxsset ; and these, in 1794, were incorporated as a 
 town, taking its name from the German town from which some of the 
 inhabitants had emigrated under the auspices of General Waldo. 
 Major John Polereczky, a Frenchman, distinguished as a soldier in the 
 American army under General Rochambeau, coming to reside here, was 
 for fifteen years the town clerk. During the Revolution the town was 
 in a troubled state ; the royalist side being sustained by Rev. Jacob 
 Bailey, an Episcopal clergyman, supported here mostly by an English 
 missionary society. He appears to have been a pious man and faithful 
 pastor; yet the outrageous treatment he received from those favorable 
 to revolution led him to forsake the country and take refuge in Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 There is now an Episcopal and Methodist church in the town. 
 Dresden has a library of some 200 volumes, the property of the Dres- 
 den Library Society. There are nine public schoolhouses valued, with 
 other school property, at $5,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $316,717. In 1880 it was 1326,665. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 16|- mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 990. 
 In 1880 it was 1,032. 
 
 DrG"W Plantation occupies the north-eastern corner of the 
 eastern part of Penobscot County. It was formerly township No. 7 of 
 range 4. It is bounded by Prentiss on the south, Washington County 
 on the east, and Barker and Reed plantations, in Aroostook County, on 
 the north. The Mattawamkeag River enters near the north-eastern 
 corner, and forming a sharp angle at the centre of the township, leaves 
 it on the western side. The township is square in form, and contains 
 about 36 square miles. The highest hills are Beech Ridge and Potter 
 Hill. The forests contain the usual variety of trees. The soil is good 
 where not too sandy. It yields well of most of the usual crops. Mud 
 Pond is the largest sheet of water, being about one mile long by half a 
 mile wide. The plantation is 76 miles E.N.E., of Bangor, on the 
 European and North American Railway. 
 
 It has two public schoolhouses, valued, with other school property 
 at $500. The valuation of estates in 1880 was $38,335. The rate of 
 
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206 QAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 taxation was 23 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 85, 
 In 1880 it was 137. 
 
 JJry jVllllS, a post-office in Gray, Cumberland County. 
 
 Duck Pond, a post-office in Westbrook, Cumberland County. 
 
 DunStan'S Corner, a small village in Scarborough, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Dnrliaill is situated in the southern part of Androscoggin 
 County, on the south side of Androscoggin River. It has Lisbon on 
 the north, Topsham and Brunswick on the east, Pownal on the south, 
 and Auburn and New Gloucester on the west. Its area is about 18,000 
 acres. The township was a part of the Pejepscot purchase, and was 
 formerly called Royalsborough, for Colonel Royal, of Medford, Mass- 
 achusetts, who was a large proprietor. It was incorporated as the 
 sixty-ninth town in 1789, under its present name ; having at that time 
 a population of about 700. In 1870 its population was 1,350, and in 
 1880 it was 1,253. The valuation in 1870 was 1482,861. In 1880 it 
 was $422,724. There are now thirteen schoolhouses in town, and the 
 school property is valued at $3,000. The first school-master in town 
 was Martin Rourk (the surname since changed to Roak), who also 
 held the office of town clerk from 1791 to 1807. He was a native of 
 Ireland, but left that country when a boy, serving in the Continental 
 army during the Revolution. He is the ancestor of the persons of 
 that name in Androscoggin County. 
 
 The first settler of Durham was Captain Samuel Gerrish, and the 
 location was the farm since occupied by A. True Osgood. Captain 
 Gerrish came into town after the reduction of Quebec, probably about 
 1770. In 1775, he enlisted in the Continental army leaving his family 
 in such solitude that often for three months at a time, they did not see 
 any other person. Judah Chandler came into town and built a saw-mill 
 near where the Runround Mill now stands ; and in 1773 he had quite 
 a clearing, built a house and got his mill at work. Most of the settlers 
 came from Duxbury, Salisbury and Scituate, Massachusetts, and later 
 from Scarborough, in Maine. Other Revolutionary soldiers in the 
 town were Isaac Davis, Isaac Turner, Samuel Gerrish, John Vining, 
 Eben Woodbury, John Mcintosh, and Elisha Lincoln. The earliest set- 
 tled minister was Rev. Jacob Herrick, who preached in the old Centre 
 Meeting-house for nearly forty years. This was the first meeting-house 
 erected in the town, having been begun in 1796 and completed in 1804. 
 Members of the society of Friends moved into the southern portion 
 of the town fi-om Harpswell in 1775, and others soon after came from 
 Falmouth. Their first meetings were held in the house of Joseph 
 Estes, at South Durham, now known as the " Old Hawkes House." A 
 small one-storied meeting-house was built so.on after, a two-story ad- 
 dition was made in 1800 ; and in 1828 the whole structure was burned. 
 The present brick meeting-house was built soon after. There are also 
 now a Congregational church at South-West Bend, a Free Baptist, 
 one mile and a half eastward, and a Methodist house at West Durham! 
 The first grist-mill in town was on the Newell Brook where it crosses 
 
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EAGLE LAKE PLANTATION. 207 
 
 the upper Brunswick road, about one and a half miles from the Bend. 
 It was owned by Mr. James Gerrish, who sold it to Henry Plummer. 
 Mr. Plummer was a Freewill Baptist, and devoted most of his Sundays 
 to preaching. Having the means, he built the church near his mill at 
 his own expense. Later a grist-mill was built at the Run-round 
 power. Previous to this a mill was built on Dyer's Brook near the 
 Bend, by John Mayall, an Englishman, for the manufacture of woolen 
 cloth. This was afterwards converted into a grist, shingle, clapboard, 
 and stave mill. A steam engine was added a fiew years ago. 
 
 In 1818, a corporation was formed and a bridge built across the 
 river near the Bend, connecting Durham with Lisbon ; but it was 
 swept away by a spring freshet the sixth year after its erection. It 
 was rebuilt, and stood until the great ice freshet in "February, 1828, 
 swept it off; since then a ferry-boat has furnished transportation in its 
 place. 
 
 In the war of 1812 several from the town enlisted in the army ; 
 and besides these, the militia was called out to act as a coast-guard, 
 and marched to Bath. The danger being over, they returned after 
 being on duty from 14 to 25 days. By the report of the adjutant- 
 general, it appears the town had under the various calls 161 men in 
 the army for the suppression of the Rebellion. The amount paid out 
 for bounties duties during the war was 127,673. 
 
 The surface of the town is somewhat undulating, from north-east 
 to south-west, with a slope at the north toward the river. The soil 
 is mostly well- adapted to farming. The extreme south and part of 
 the northern portion is somewhat rocky ; the central portion sandy ; 
 while in all parts of the town are rich meadows and loamy uplands 
 well adapted for hay. In the eastern part is a large peat bog. 
 
 Dyer Brook; a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 Dyer's Comer, a localltyin Turner, Androscoggin, County. 
 
 Eag"le Lake Plantation, in Aroostook county, is 12 
 miles south of Fort Kent, and 36 miles N.N.W. of Ashland. Walla- 
 grass Plantation lies on the north between it and Fort Kent. The 
 area is 36 square miles. The western part of Eagle Lake lies in the 
 eastern part of the town; and the Wallagrass Lakes in the north- 
 western part. Fish River runs for a short distance in the south-eastern 
 part ; and the north branch of Birch River gathers its streams in the 
 south-western part. The plantation has three saw-mills and one grist- 
 mill. The principal products are cedar shingles and buckwheat. 
 
 The principal settlements are along the western side of Eagle Lake, 
 extending southward. The first settlers were Lefroi Nadeau,^ a 
 Canadian Frenchman, and Richard Woods, an Irishma,n, who com- 
 menced their residence here in 1840. It was organized in 1856 ; tak- 
 ing its name from the numerous white-headed eagles which frequented 
 the place. The pond also has its name from the same circumstance. 
 The plantation has two public schoolhouses. The valuation in 1880 
 was $11,020. The population in 1870 was 143. In 1880 it was 233. 
 
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208 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 East Bass Harbor, a port and smail village in Tremont, 
 Mount Desert Island. 
 
 EastbrOOk is situated a little east of the middle of Hancock 
 County. Waltham bounds it on the west, Franklin on the south, 
 Township No. 16, on the east, and No. 21 on the north. Eastbrook is 
 6 miles square, and has therefore an area of 23,040 acres. It is 18 
 miles north-east of Ellsworth. The name of the town is derived from 
 the Eastbrook branch of Union River. Molasses, Scammon's, Abram's 
 and Webb's ponds are the principal bodies of water. They vary 
 from two to three miles in length and equally in width. The town is 
 notable for its peat deposits. The principal rock is granite. The 
 soil yields a good crop of wheat chiefly. The plough frequently turns 
 out a fossiliferous stone composed of small shells imbedded in sand or 
 clayey slate. Bull Hill Mountain is the highest elevation of land. 
 
 The first settlements were made in 1800, by Joseph Parsons, Rob- 
 ert Dyer, Samuel Bragdon and John E. Smith. The first mill, and 
 also the first framed-house, were built by Joseph Parsons. Francis 
 Usher Parsons was the first child. 
 
 There are now in the town two saw-mills. for lumber, a stave-mill 
 and a shingle-mill. Eastbrook contributed 17 men to the Union cause 
 in the war of the Rebellion, of whom 9 were lost. The soldier's monu- 
 ment is a square marble pillar. There is one church-edifice, occupied 
 as a Union house. Eastbrook has four public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $39,288. In 1880 it was 
 $63,681. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 15 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was — including townships Nos. 9, 10 and 13, — 
 187. In 1880 the same have a population of 289. 
 
 East Livermore is the most northerly town in Andros- 
 coggin County. , The Androscoggin River separates it from Liver- 
 more on the west. Jay forms its northern boundary, Fayette lies on 
 the east, and Leeds on the south. It contains about 12,000 acres. Its 
 length from north to south is about three times as great as its width 
 from east to west. Moose Hill at the north-east angle of the town, 
 Jug Hill near the middle of the town, and Ford's Hill half way be- 
 tween the two former, are the principal elevations of land. Moose 
 Hill Pond near the hill, and a group of small ponds east of Jug Hill 
 are the principal bodies of water. It has one village, situated on the 
 falls at the north-west corner of the town, and bearing the name of 
 Livermore Palls. It is about 27 miles from Lewiston and 17 from 
 farmington, with which places it is connected by a branch of the 
 Maine Central Railroad. Other stations in town are Strickland's 
 Ferry and East Livermore. The town was formerly a part of Liver- 
 more, which waa granted by the General Court of Massachusetts in 
 1771 to the heirs and assigns of certain persons for services rendered 
 in the reduction of Port Royal. The portion east of the river consti- 
 tuted about one-fourth of the original grant, and was set off and in- 
 corporated under its present name in 1843. The first settler is said to 
 have been a Mr. Cooledge, who made an opening in the woods, and 
 built a house on the side of Moose Hill. He soon after sold the place 
 to Philip Smith, who died upon it a few years since at the advanced 
 
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EAST MACniAS. 209 
 
 age of ninety years. The next clearing is said to have been made in 
 the easterly part of the town about 1780, by a Mr. Gravy, and a third 
 made about the same time on the east bank of the Androscoggin River, 
 at what is now Strickland's Ferry. The first settler at what is now 
 the village of Livermore Falls was probably Mr. Samuel Richardson. 
 The grist and saw mills built at the falls in 1791, were the first in 
 town. They were constructed under the direction of Elijah Liver- 
 more, an original proprietor, and one of the first settlers upon the west 
 side of the river. There is here a natural fall of fourteen feet. There 
 are on these falls at present, a grist-mill, three saw-mills, a factory for 
 novelty wood-turning, a leather-board factory, and the TJmbagog Paper 
 Fibre Mills. In the village there are also various small manufactures 
 without water-power. The Indian name of the locality is Mokomeko, 
 signifying, it is said, " great corn land." The town yields good crops 
 and is excellent grazing-land. It has also been noted for its fine 
 cattle. 
 
 The town furnished for the war of the Rebellion 68 citizens and 9 
 others, a total of 77, at an expense to the town of $10,654. The town 
 has one Baptist church, one Free Baptist, and two Methodist. There 
 is a small circulating library at Livermore Falls ; and lectures are 
 occasionally given at the various churches. The town has seven 
 schoolhouses, valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $388,680. In 1880 it was $344,092. The population at the first date 
 was 1,004. In 1880 it was 1,082. 
 
 East MachiaS lies about midway of the pouthern shore of 
 Washington County. It is bounded on the east by Marion and Whit- 
 ing, south by Machiasport, west by Marshfield, and north by an un- 
 named township. Gardner's Lake lies on a portion of the eastern 
 boundary, and Machias River forms the southern line. Hadley Lake 
 extends from south of the centre of the town Into the township on the 
 north. Its outlet constitutes East Machias River, and furnishes four 
 excellent powers, all within two miles of tide-water. The descent from 
 the pond to tide-water — a distance of three miles — is 47 feet. On 
 Chace's Stream, the outlet of Gardner's Lake, are two excellent powers, 
 occupied by two saw, two lath, and one shingle-miU. This pond 
 covers 8J square miles, and would afford power equal to 840 horse, o,r 
 sufficient to run 33,600 spindles. The power on the river from Had- 
 ley's Lake to the tide might be made equal to 1,600 horse, or sufiicient 
 for 64,000 spindles. Gardner's Lake, though scarcely a mile above the 
 tide, is 60 feet above sear-level, The number of saw-mills of all' kind's 
 in the town is nine, of which two are double, and one runs a gang of 
 saws. Other manufactories are two grist-mills, a tannery, four ship- 
 yards, etc. The village is chiefly at the head of the tide in the south- 
 ern part of the town, but extends on both sides of this river and 
 Ohace's Stream to the bay. Jacksonville Village is situated one and 
 a half miles north of East Machias post-office. East Machias is 4 miles 
 north-east of Machias. It is on the stage-line from Cherryfield to East- 
 port, and is the terminus of the stage-lines to Lubec, Cutler, and 
 Township No. 14. It was set off from Machias and incorporated Jan. 24, 
 1826. Samuel Scott was the first settler, being followed in 1768 by 
 Col. Ben j.- Foster, W. Foster, J. Seavy, D. Fogg, J. Mansur, and others. 
 At the latter date or earlier, Colonel Foster and his neighbors, assisted 
 
 14 
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210 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 by Capt. Ichabod Jones, of Boston (father of Hon. John C. Jones), 
 " erected a double saw-mill against the west shore of the east branch 
 or river, about 100 rods above the head of the tide, where the founda- 
 tion was laid of the eastern village." [Williamson's Hist, of Maine, 
 Vol. II., p. 509.] Rev. James Lyon, a Presbyterian, was the first min- 
 ister. He commenced his labors in the place in 1771, and a church 
 was orgaiiized in 1781. The first meeting-house built in the town is 
 now used for a store. He remained here until his death in 1794. 
 
 Washington Academy was established in 1823, and had for its first 
 Principal, Solomon Adams. Among the natives of East Macliias who 
 received their academical training .at this institution should be men- 
 tioned, Samuel Harris, D.D., of Yale College; Prof. Roswell D. Hitch- 
 cock, Union Theological Seminary; William C. Talbot, San Francisco, 
 ca])italist; Andrew J. Pope, of the same city, who died in January, 
 1879, leaving an estate valued at 13,000,000; Frederic Talbot, New 
 
 LOT^^H FALLfl, "KART MACniAS, HIE, 
 
 York ; Charles H. Talbot, Providence ; P. Foster Folsom, Boston ; 
 Rev. M. J. Talbot, D.I). ; Rev. Henry L. Talbot ; Thomas H. Talbot, 
 Brookline, Mass. ; Hon. Ceo. F. Talliot ; Hon. John C. Talbot ; Leonard 
 Scott, of the L. Scott Publishing Company, New York ; Hon. Stephen 
 C.Foster, member of Congress from Maine, two terms; Stephen C. 
 and Lowell Talbot, New York, and others, if space would allow. 
 
 The first Temperance Society in the region was formed at East 
 Machias in 1827, There are now in the town three organized churches, 
 having suitable edifices ; the denominations being Baptist, Congrega- 
 tionalist and Methodist. Washington Academy is still fairly pat- 
 ronized, and its scholarship is sustained. The number of public- 
 schooliiouses is eight ; these, with other public-school property, beinc 
 valued at §6,000. "^^fti^%pmkm'^m^'-^ 1S70 was 1581,547. In 
 
EASTPORT. 211 
 
 1880 it was $495,555. The population in 1870 was 2,017. In 1880 it 
 was 1,875. 
 
 ERStOn is on the eastern line of Aroostook County. It is 
 bounded on the north by Fort Fairfield, west by Presque Isle, south 
 by Mars Hill, and east by New Brunswick. The area is 36 square 
 miles. The River DeChute drains the eastern and south-eastern part, 
 and the Presque Isle Stream the western part. On these streams are 
 several water-powers, which are at present occupied by two saw-mills 
 and a grist-mill. The surface of the town is elevated, but is without 
 lofty hills. The soil is strong and yields well of the usual farm crops. 
 Potatoes, which are largely raised, find a ready market at the starch- 
 factories. 
 
 Easton is 37 miles north of Houlton, on the stage-route to Fort 
 Fairfield. There is a railroad station in Fort Fairfield, the adjoining 
 town on the north. The town was incorporated in 1864. Previously the 
 settlement was called Fremont Plantation. In the town is a Baptist 
 church and two Christian churches. The town has eight public- 
 schoolhouses. The total school property is valued at $2,000. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $69,S79. In 1880 it was 188,484. The 
 population in 1870 was 522. In 1880 it was 835. 
 
 ERStpOrt is a town and island in the south-easterly part of 
 Washington County, in Passamaquoddy Bay. The nearest towns are 
 Perry on the north-west, and Lubec on the south-west. Lubec Bay 
 and its passages separate it fyom the mainland on the west, and the 
 waters of Passamaquoddy Bay divide it from Campo Bello and Deer 
 islands, which belong to Great Britain. It is connected with Perry by 
 means of a bridge 1,280 feet in length. The greatest length of the 
 town is about 5 miles in a north-western and south-eastern direction ; 
 the greatest width is about 2 miles. The form of the island is ex- 
 tremely irregular, and furnishes several good havens. The village is 
 situated on the south-easterly part of the island, on a spacious harbor 
 never closed by ice. Catching and curing fish has been and is still the 
 principal industry of the town. There are now thirteen sardine fac- 
 tories in full operation in Eastport, employing about 800 hands. These 
 factories run night and day during the season, arid turn out about 
 5,000 cases per week. Some $8,000 per week are paid out weekly to 
 the hands, — men, women and children. The fish-curing houses mark- 
 ing the eastern shore of the town, but numerously clustered along the 
 water's edge at the village, are a very noticeable feature from the 
 harbor. Another feature is the fortified hill in the village, called Fort 
 Sullivan. " The Prince Regent's Redoubt " is the highest eminence in 
 the town, the summit being 183 feet above high-water mark. The view 
 of the bay from this point is very beautiful. The rock is generally trap, 
 and the soil is gravel, loam and clay. Hay and potatoes are the principal 
 crops. There are three excellent tide-powers within the town. The 
 manufactories, other than those engaged in the various preparations of 
 fish, are a steam-mill of 75 horse-power, comprising a grain-mill capable 
 of grinding 400 bushels per day, box and spool machinery, making 
 2,000 boxes, and using 2,500 feet of spool lumber, and carding machin- 
 ery capable of making into rolls 150 lbs. of wool per day. The village 
 contains about one hundred warehouses and stores. It is prettily laid 
 
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212 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 out, and along the streets are many elm, maple, hackmatac, mountain 
 ash and balm of gilead trees ; while everywhere front yards are filled 
 with flowers. 
 
 Eastport was incorporated February 24, 1798, and was named East- 
 port from being the most eastern port in the United States. At this 
 date the town included Moose Island (Eastport), Dudley's (Allen's), 
 Frederic (Rice's) Islands, and the territory of the present town of 
 Lubec. The latter with the two last islands were set off in in 1811. 
 The first settlers were fishermen from Newburyport, Mass., and Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., of whom James Cochrane was the first, coming from 
 Newburyport in 1772. Previous to its incorporation, Eastport was 
 known as Moose Island. The chief ofiice of the Passamaquoddy 
 United States Customs District has been located at Eastport almost 
 ever since the incorporation of the town. 
 
 During the embargo of 1809 a fortification named Fort Sullivan 
 was built on the hill at the village. In 1814, Major Perley Putnam, of 
 Salem, was placed in command in this region, having a force of 100 
 militia, 30 of whom were stationed at Robbinston. On the 5th of July, 
 in this year, a small force of British secretly despatched from Halifax, 
 was joined by a fleet from Bermuda, the whole consisting of the " Ram- 
 illies," a 74 gun ship, the sloop-of-war "Martin," the brigs "Rover" and 
 "Bream," bomb-ship "Terror," and several transports, carrying upwards 
 of 1,000 men, consisting of the 102d infantry and a battalion of artillery. 
 The troops were commanded by Colonel Thomas Pilkington, the whole 
 force being under the command of Commodore Sir Thomas Hardy. 
 These arrived before Eastport on the 11th of July. The force was so 
 strong that it appeared worse than useless to contend, and the place 
 was surrendered. The British claimed the island as being on the 
 British side of the boundary-line settled upon in 1783, and ordered the 
 inhabitants to take the oath of allegiance. While some complied with 
 the requirement others evaded it, and many removed to points west- 
 ward. Among the spoil found by the enemy was $9,000 in unfinished 
 United States Treasury notes, lacking only the signature of the col- 
 lector of customs to render them valid ; but threats and artifices failed 
 to mduce the ofiicer to sign them. After some time, having appointed 
 a British collector of customs, the fleet departed, but left 800 troops 
 to hold the place. These were continued here for three years after the 
 war closed, on the plea that this island was included in the original 
 limits of New Brunswick. 
 
 The town in 1820, two years after the British force removed, con- 
 tained one hundred and twenty-five dwelling-houses, seventy-five stores, 
 sixty wharves, and three meeting-houses, one of which cost $10,500. 
 In 1839 the larger part of the business quarter of the village was burnt, 
 but was soon rebuilt. Eastport furnished 408 men to the Union cause 
 during the war of the Rebellion. There are now in the villao-e a 
 national and a savmgs-bank, the custom house for the Passa- 
 maquoddy district, a telegraph ofiice, a United States signal- 
 station, a newspaper, and a public library of 1,800 volumes. The 
 Frontier National Bank has a capital of $75,000; the Eastport 
 Savings Bank, at the beginning of 1880, held in deposits and profits 
 the Bum of $153,780.34. The " Eastport Sentinel," published by N. 
 B. Nutt, Esq., is a valuable and interesting paper. Here is a port of the 
 International Steamship Line, connecting with Boston, Portland and 
 
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EDDINGTON. 213 
 
 St. John ; and of the St. Croix Steamboat Line, by which it is con- 
 nected with Calais, St. Andrew's and Robbinston. It is the terminus 
 of the daily stage-line to Calais and Machias, from the first of which it is 
 distant 30, and from the last, 40 miles. Among the honored citizens 
 of this town were Hons. Lorenzo Sabine, Joseph C. Noyes, and Esquires 
 Ichabod R. Chadbourne, Daniel T. Granger, Frederick Hobbs, Aaron 
 Hayden, Bion Bradbury and Jonathan D. Weston. There are resident 
 in the town ten persons above ninety years of age, fifteen about eighty, 
 and one who claims to be one hundred and two. 
 
 The churches of Eastport number seven, and are Congregational, 
 Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Unitarian, Christian and Roman 
 Catholic. The Boynton high-school is located in this village. The 
 number of public schoolhouses in the town is seven, valued, with 
 appurtenances, at $12,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $901,686. In 1880 it was $882,892. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 3 per cent. The population in 1870 was 3,736. In 1880 it 
 was 4,006. 
 
 ERrOn IS situated in the north-eastern part of Washington 
 County, 57 miles north-west of Calais. The township was formerly 
 No. 9 of Range 4. It was incorporated in 1873. It is bounded east 
 by Grand Lake, at the head of St. Croix River, south by Jackson 
 Brook, and west by Danforth. The surface of the town is moderately 
 uneven. The rock is generally granitic in character, and the soil 
 gi-avelly. Hay is the principal crop. Hemlock constitutes the bulk of 
 the forests. Grand Lake Cove, about 4 miles in length, lies in the 
 eastern side of the town. Two or three other small ponds afford some 
 water-power on their outlets. 
 
 The Shaw Brothers tannery, located in this town, uses 8,000 cords 
 of bark, and tans 600 tons of leather annually. The nearest railroad 
 connection is at Forest Station, on the European and North American 
 Railway, 8 miles distant. This township furnished 16 men to the 
 Union forces during the war of the Rebellion, of whom 6 were lost. 
 
 The Free Baptists and Methodists have preaching here a part of the 
 time. Eaton has three public schoolhouses, and school property to 
 the value of $1,100. The valuation of estates in 1880 was $88,294. 
 The rate of taxation was 7 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 81. In 1880 it was 314. 
 
 Eddin^fton, in Penobscot County, lies on the eastern bank 
 of the Penobscot, 5 miles E.N.E. of Bangor. It is on the Air Line 
 stage-route to Aurora, in Hancock County. Bradley bounds it on the 
 north, Clifton on the east, Holden on the south and Veazie and Orono 
 on the west, separated by Penobscot River. The town is irregular in 
 form, curving away from the river south-eastward to a distance of 
 about 10 miles, while its width is scarcely 3 miles. The area is about 
 9,000 acres. The surface is uneven and in some parts broken. A 
 broad-topped hill called Black Cap Mountain in the south-eastern part, 
 is the highest elevation. Holbrook and Davis Ponds, having a broad 
 connecting stream, lie on the western line of the southern portion of 
 the town ; and Nichols Pond lies upon the eastern line near the middle 
 of the town. The two first are about 1 mile square, the last 3 miles. 
 The outlet stream of the two first, connecting with the last, has a total 
 
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fall of 45 feet in three-fourths of a mile. On this, at East Eddington, 
 are saw, shingle and grist mills, and a clothes-pin, spool and axe fac- 
 tories. Other manufactures of the town are bricks, coopers-ware, car- 
 riages, etc. The nearest market and railway station are at Bangor. 
 Eddington Bend, on the Penobscot, is the other village. Both villages 
 contain many tasteful dwellings, and the streets are numerously set 
 with shade trees. 
 
 This township, at the recommendation of Congress, was granted to 
 Jonathan Eddy and nineteen others, in consideration of their services 
 and sufferings in connection with the Revolution. They were resi- 
 dents of Nova Scotia, but fled thence in 1776, on account of the perse- 
 cution of the British. This grant was made in 1785, and the place was 
 immediately settled. The town was incorporated in 1811, taking its 
 name from Col. Eddy, the principal settler. 
 
 The Methodists have a neat church at Eddington Bend, and the 
 Universalists, at East Eddington. The number of public schoolhouses 
 in the town is seven, and the total school property is valued at $1,800. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $165,235. In 1880 it was $128,767. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2J per cent. The popular 
 tion in 1870 was 776. In 1880 it was 746. 
 
 EClGIl, in Hancock County, occupies the northern and eastern por- 
 tion of Mount Desert Island. It embraces an area of 22,000 acres, about 
 1,000 of which are covered by water. In the north-west is Western 
 Bay ; in the north is Thomas Bay, which receives the waters of the 
 largest stream on the island, North-Eastern Brook. North of this are 
 Mount Desert Narrows, separating the island and the mainland. The 
 principal eminences are Newport Mountain (1,060 feet in height), Mc- 
 Farland's Mountain (764 feet), the White Cap (925 feet). Mount Kebo 
 (405 feet), Interlaken Hill (462 feet). Great Hill (748 feet). Dry Moun- 
 tain and Green Mountain (1,522 feet), 4 miles S.S.W. of Bar Harbor, 
 are partly in Eden. "The view from Green Mountain is delightful. No 
 other peak of the same height can be found on the Atlantic coast of 
 the United States, from Lubec to the Rio Grande, nor from any other 
 point of the coast can so fine a view be obtained. The boundless ocean 
 on the one side contrasting with high mountains on the other, and along 
 the shore numerous islands, appearing like gems set in liquid pearl, 
 form the most prominent features in the scene. White sails dotted 
 over the water glide slowly along. We know not what view in nature 
 can be finer than this, where the two grandest objects in nature, high 
 mountains and a limitless ocean, occupy the horizon. The name of 
 Eden is truly appropriate to this beautiful place." Twenty miles out 
 on the ocean is seen Mount Desert Rock, with its light-house beaming 
 a fixed white light. In the west are numerous mountains of the island, 
 with bright lakes interspersed, while the Camden Mountains are seen 
 in the distance. It is claimed that Mount Katahdin, 100 miles to the 
 north, and Mount Washington, 140 miles west, can sometimes be seen 
 from this point. Whittier, in Mogg Megone, has a passage on this 
 locality. 
 
 Granite, sometimes porphyritic in its character, is the prevailing 
 rock in town. The soil varies from loam to gravel, with some marsh. 
 Wheat, corn, oats, potatoes and barley are all raised to some extent. 
 There are two saw-mills for long lumber, two shingle and two clap- 
 
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EDGECOMB. 215 
 
 board mills. Agriculture and the fisheries are both carried on to a 
 considerable extent ; but the chief employment of the people is cater- 
 ing to the wants of summer visitors. Bar Harbor, the principal vil- 
 lage, is situated on the east side of the island. It has a fine sea view, 
 extending across Porcupine Island, in Frenchman's Bay, to the rol- 
 ling hills of Goklsborough. There are beaches near the village ; and 
 a high rocky islet near by is the summer residence of General Fre- 
 mont. About one and a half miles south of the village is Cromwell's 
 Cove, noted for its bold cliff shores, on one of which is the rock-figure 
 called the Assyrian. The Indian's Foot (a foot print in the rock) and 
 the Pulpit are in this vicinity. Four miles south of Bar Harbor is 
 Schooner Head, a high, wave-washed cliff, with a white formation on 
 its seaward side, which resembles a schooner under sail. It is said to 
 have been cannonaded by a British frigate in the war of 1812. About 
 two and a half miles north of Bar Harbor is the little seaport of Hull's 
 Cove. Here is a neat crescent beach, where the Gregoire's dwelt, the 
 hereditary proprietors of most of the region ; Madame Gregoire being 
 a grand-daughter of the Gascon noble, Condillac, to whom the King of 
 France granted Mount Desert in 1688. About two miles north of this 
 place, across the promontory, is Salisbury Cove, a port for small ves- 
 sels. The Via Mala is a long passage in the neighboring cliffs. A 
 short distance eastward from this on the northern angle of the prom- 
 ontory, is the little hamlet of Sand Cliff; and near it are the Ovens, a 
 range of caves in the porphyritic cliffs. All over the island are found 
 elm, birch, maple, cedar, and the evergreens, in large tracts and scat- 
 tered groups. 
 
 The first English settlement of the town was in 1763, by two fam- 
 ilies named Thomas and Higgins. Eden was taken from Mount Desert 
 and incorporated in 1796. The name was probably adopted in honor 
 of Richard Eden, an early English author. There is also a tradition 
 that its natural beauties suggested its name. [See also Tremont and 
 Mount Desert]. There are Baptist, Episcopal and Union churches 
 in the town. The public library contains about 1,200 volumes. A 
 high school is sustained for a portion of the year. Eden has thirteen 
 public school houses, and its school property is valued at $8,000. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $196,499. In 1880, it was $177,534. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was 16 mills on the dollar. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 1,195. In the census of 1880 it was 1,629. 
 
 Eden F^llS, a post-oflSce and small village in Naples, Cumber- 
 land County. 
 
 Edg"eCOnilb, in the southern part of Lincoln County, is situ- 
 ated upon the peninsula formed by the Sheepscot and Damariscotta 
 Rivers, having Newcastle on the north and Bootbhay upon the south. 
 At the north-western part it connects with Wiscasset by abridge seven- 
 eighths of a mile in length, across the Sheepscot. West of the south- 
 ern part is the town of Westport, a long island in the Sheepscot River. 
 The surface of the town is moderately irregular being varied both by 
 alluvial gorges and by hills. The highest of the latter is known as Mount 
 Hunger. Granite is the principal rock. Crystal Pond, near the centre of 
 the town, has an area of about 100 acres ; Matthews Pond, about 40 acres. 
 A mineral spring in this town called the " Rosicrucian Spring," has be- 
 
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216 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 come favorably known in some of our cities. The soil of Edgecomb in 
 sandy loam in the uplands, and clayey in the lowlands. The crops are 
 hay, barley, oats, and potatoes. Ice is a large product, there being two 
 corporations and one or more individuals engaged m the business. 1 he 
 other considerable manufacture is brickmaking, which is carried on in 
 many localities. A stream proceeding southward from a pond near 
 the centre of the town furnishes two or more good powers, where were 
 formerly mills, now fallen into ruins. Folly Island, at the north-west- 
 ern side of the town, sustains the Edgecomb end of the bridge to Wiscas- 
 set; and on its south-western point, commanding the entrances to the 
 harbor, is an octagonal block-house, erected shortly before 1812. At 
 the shore below is Fort Edgecomb, an elaborate work of masonry, 
 constructed in 1808-9. Its aspect, as viewed from the water ap- 
 proaches, is quite formidable. The passage ' between this island and 
 Westport island is known as "Decker's Narrows." 
 
 Edgecomb was originally settled in 1744 by Samuel Trask and 
 others, in " several places." After living undisturbed upon their lands 
 for ten years under a possessory claim, three men from Boston appeared 
 and challenged their title to them in viitue of an Indian deed. The new 
 claimants surveyed several lots next the Sheepscot and numbered them. 
 The Indian deed was found to have no definite boundaries, no posses- 
 sion had been taken under it, and the matter savored sti'ongly of spec- 
 ulation. When made acquainted with these facts, a gentleman of the 
 bar in Boston undertook the defence of the settlers withoutfee or reward, 
 and the three claimants abandoned their claim. In compliment to the 
 lawyer's generosity, the plantation took the name of Freetown, which 
 it retained until it was incorporated as a town in 1774. The name was 
 given by the General Court in honor of Lord Edgecomb, who, at this 
 crisis, was distinguished as a friend to the American Colonies. The 
 Island of Jereniisquam (now Westport), was included in the corpo- 
 ration, but was held by the " Wiscasset Proprietors," who compelled 
 the settlers to purchase of them. The island was set off in 1828. Soon 
 after 1800 there was again difficulty in regard to the squatters' rights, 
 as the lands were supposed to be involved in the " Tappan " claim. [See 
 Newcastle]. But though this town escaped, it was embraced in the 
 Resolve of Feb. 25, 1813, for quieting the squatters, and the lots were 
 surveyed and deeds given the settlers by Jeremiah Bailey and Benj.".- 
 min Orr, commissioners appointed by the executive for the purpose. 
 By these deeds, the commonwealth quit-claimed its right to the land 
 for 13^ cents per acre. 
 
 A church was first formed in Edgecomb in 1783. Rev. Benjamin 
 Chapman, the first settled minister, was installed in 1801. He died 
 in 1804, and was succeeded in 1807 by the Rev. Samuel Sewall. About 
 ihe time that Mr. Chapman was settled, Timothy Cuningham, a resi- 
 dent of the town, of the Freewill Baptist persuasion, was made elder 
 of that soceiety. Moses Davis, Esq., was the first representative of 
 the town in the General Court. He was also a member of the conven- 
 tion by which Massachusetts ratified the Constitution of the United 
 States. Among later citizens worthy of note were Isaac Pool and 
 Rufus Sewall, Esqrs., and Captain John Chase. 
 
 The town has a library association possessing a library numbering 
 upwards of 300 hundred volumes. The Congregationalists and Mi. tho- 
 dists each have a church in the town. Edgecomb has seven public 
 
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ELIOT. 217 
 
 sehoolhouses, and the school property is valued at $3,500. The valua. 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $202,428. In 1880 it was $189,440. The 
 rate of taxation in 1880 was 1-J- per cent. The population in 1870 was 
 1,056. In 1880 it was 872. 
 
 EdmilllQ.Slles near the south-eastern extremity of Washington 
 County on the western side of Oobscook Bay. Dennysville and Pem- 
 broke bound it on the north, Marion on the West, and Whiting and 
 Trescott on the south. The area is 17,696 acres. The surface of the 
 town is moderately uneven. Denny's River forms the boundary line 
 on the north-east side of the town, and Cathance River flows east across 
 the northern part. The latter has three considerable falls, known re- 
 spectively as the Mill Seat, The Flume, — embracing three pitches, — and 
 Great Works. The last has mills. Cathance Lake, situated about ten 
 miles north-west, is the reservoir for this stream, and has an area of 
 six or seven square miles. Bull's Meadow Brook, Burnt Cove Stream, 
 Little Falls Stream, each has one or more powers, but without much 
 improvement. Those on the last are the Rock, the Falls, and a tide- 
 power near the mouth of the river. There is at present only one con- 
 siderable mill in the town. Cattle raising and sea-faring constitute the 
 chief occupation of the people. The nortli-eastern part of the town is 
 most numerously settled. The nearest post-office is Dennysville. 
 
 The town was formerly Number 10 ; and was purchased of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1786 by Col. Aaron Hobart, of Abington, Mass., for $2,200. 
 Ruf us Putnam, of Boston, was the chief surveyor. James Neil an Irish- 
 man who deserted from the British army, was the first settler, building his 
 log house in 1775. He had shot two of his pursuers, but in 1793 he re- 
 moved into the British Dominion of New Brunswick. Nathaniel Ho- 
 bart, a son of the proprietor, came and built a mill in 1787, but after 
 following the lumber business ten years, he sold it to Phineas Bruce, 
 an eminent Machias lawyer. Many had settled in the town for a few 
 years, then moved to other places. In 1792, Isaac Hobart, another 
 son of the first proprietor, built a house and mill. On the death of his 
 father he purchased the wild lands belonging to the heirs, and became 
 owner of three-fourths of the township. His three sons, Aaron, Isaac, 
 and Benjamin, succeeded to his lands. Samuel Runnels and family 
 came in 1796. He had been a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 The Methodists have a church in this town, and usually sustain a 
 minister. Edmunds has four public sehoolhouses, which, with other 
 school property, are valued at $1,000. The value of the estates in 
 1870 was $86,418. In 1880 it was $72,331. The population in 1870 
 was 448. In 1880 it was 445. 
 
 EllOTj situated in the north-western part of York County, on 
 the eastern bank of Piscataquis River, was incorporated under its 
 present name in 1810. Previously to this it was the north parish of 
 Kittery, and bore the name of Sturgeon Creek. Walter Neal, as the 
 agent of Gorges and Mason, made grants of land here in 1632; and it 
 is thought to have had settlers a little before this date. One of the 
 earliest settlers of whom we have a definite account was Nicholas 
 Frost, who settled at Sturgeon Creek about 1686. He filled various 
 offices of the town, and died in 1663 at the age of seventy-four years. 
 He has many descendants, several of whom have been eminent in their 
 
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218 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 generation. Other early settlers were the Hills, who came about 1670 
 or 1680 ; Anthony Emery, who came before 1652, as he was one of the 
 selectmen in that year ; James Tobey came about 1675, receiving a 
 town grant in 1687, and was killed by the Indians about 1705_; John 
 Heard, was an early settler and a noted school-teacher in his day ; 
 Nathan Bartlett and his brother, who were tanners, came about 1713. 
 The first settlers were allowed to take up as much land as they could 
 fence, on condition of paying 2 or 2| shillings per acre for 100 years. 
 The best, if not the only,"garrison-houses standing in town in 1870 were 
 the two upon the farm of Joseph Frost, Esq., having been built by his 
 grandfather about 1735 and 1740. During the war of the Rebellion the 
 town provided its full quota of men, paying on an average 1400 bounty. 
 Among the memorable names of former days are those of the Bart- 
 letts, and Alpheus Hanscom, teachers ; Rev. John Rogers, first minis- 
 ter of the Congregational church, in its service for fifty-two years, 
 until his death in 1768 ; also Rev. Alpheus Spring, his successor, and 
 Rev. Samuel Chandler, who followed; Captain Moses Paul of the 
 Methodist church, and the Aliens, Fryes, ISTeales and Jenkins, of the 
 Society of Friends. 
 
 Along the Piscataqua, the surface of the land is generally level 
 and sloping to the river. Near the middle of the town is an exten- 
 sive bog swamp ; while in the east and north-east the surface is quite 
 hilly. The highest eminences are Frost's, Third or Bartlett's, and 
 Raitt hills. In the north-east of the town is York Pond, from which 
 flows the western branch of York River. The soil is generally good, 
 and much attention is given to orcharding. The common trees flourish 
 wild, and at the roadsides, particularly along the river, there are 
 many noble shade trees. The Piscataqua River sends two arms or 
 creeks into the town. Sturgeon Creek, and in the south-west Oramphea^ 
 gan, which, with the river, forms a peninsula called the Neck. The 
 Piscataqua is navigable the whole length of the town, while Great 
 Bay 023ens opposite, affording water communication with several New 
 Hampshire towns. The farm-houses and buildings are generally neat 
 and in good repair ; while the western part adjacent to the river is 
 adorned with handsome cottages, with gardens and fine orchards. The 
 west branch of York River gives several small water-powers, which are 
 improved by one grist-mill and two saw-mills. A small tide-power on 
 Sturgeon Creek was also utilized in early times. The Portland, Saco 
 and Poi-tsraouth Railroad passes through the midst of the town, from 
 north-east to south-west, having a station at the centre and another near 
 the head of Sturgeon Creek, where it finds connection with shipping. 
 The town has one Congregational and one Advent church, and two 
 Methodist churches. Eight schoolhouses, valued at $5,000, afford the 
 facilities of public school education to the children. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $535,982. In 1880 it was $462,060. The popula- 
 tion at the same date was 1,769 ; in 1880 it was 1,640. 
 
 EUingTVOOd'S Corner, a post village in Wlnterport 
 Waldo County. 
 
 ElliotSVllle is situated in the southern part of Piscataquis 
 County. It is bounded on the north by Greenville and the Bowdoin 
 
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ELLSWORTH. 219 
 
 College grant, east by township Number Seven, Ninth Range, west by 
 Shirley, and south by Howard and Monson. Within its limits are two 
 lofty eminences, Boarstone and Peaked Mountains ; in its south-eastern 
 part lies Ship Pond ; Wilson's Stream crosses its south-west corner, 
 there receiving the Little Wilson. On these united are some good 
 mill privileges ; while above on Little Wilsoh is one of the most re- 
 markable cataracts of the east. This is a fall of 80 feet perpendicular. 
 Clapboard cuts have sometimes been driven over this fall, but many of 
 them would come up in the stream below, split and quartered from end 
 to end. The township has still a fair amount of pine and spruce tim- 
 ber, and some good agricultural soil; but there is much waste land. 
 
 The first grant in this town was a mile in width on the west side to 
 the Massachusetts Medical Society. The next grant was of half a town- 
 ship to the heirs of William Vaughan (a leading officer of the Louis- 
 burg expedition of 1745) for services rendered the State by him, the 
 heirs selecting the northern half of this township on the east of the 
 Medical Society's tract. Four thousand acres being granted to the 
 Saco Free Bi-idge Company, this also was located in the township 
 south of the Vaughan tract. Two other small parcels in the south pait 
 on either side of Ship Pond were purchased by Elliot G. Vaughan and 
 a Mr. Watson. Eventually, E. G. Vaughan became chief owner of the 
 territory of the heirs of that surname in town. Joseph Sawyer, from 
 Buxton, was the first to move his family in. E. G. Vaughan built a 
 saw-mill on the Little Wilson Stream, and E. T. Bridge built a grist- 
 mill on the Wilson. Hoping to hasten settlements therebj', he pro- 
 cured a town incorporation for the township in 1835, giving it his own 
 Christian name. A county road was opened to Monson, school dis- 
 tricts established, and a school fund secured by the sale of the reserved 
 lands, but the incorporation proved premature. The inhabitants de- 
 creased, and in 1858, in response to their petition, the act of incorpo- 
 ration was repealed ; since which time the township has been without 
 an independent civil organization. The population in 1870 was 42. 
 In 1880 it was 55. Valuation in 1880, $11,020. 
 
 EliLS^VOHTHj the shire town and only city of Hancock 
 County, is situated at the head of Union River Bay, and near the 
 centre of the county. The territorial area is between 60,000 and 70,000 
 acres. Union River passes southward through the middle of the town. 
 Branch, Beech Hill and Reed's are the principal ponds. The 
 surface of the land is generally broken, especially on the western side 
 of the river. Mountain Rock is reported to be the greatest elevation. 
 The stage-road, the main thoroughfare of the town, passes through a 
 section of metamorphic ledges, on which rest many erratic boulders. 
 Those found between Falls Village and the " Craigs " are said to sur- 
 pass all others in the county for size. The land would be regarded as 
 generally better suited for sheep-ranges than for the cultivation of 
 crops. 
 
 The business portion of the town is situated about the Falls. These 
 cover a distance of 2 miles, extending from the upper and business 
 portion known as "Falls Village" to the Bridge, having in that space 
 a total fall of 85 feet. The holding capacity of the supplying ponds is 
 estimated at 5,500,000,000 cubic feet, and the water annually discharged 
 over these falls at 17,500,000,000 cubic feet. The mills and factories con- 
 
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220 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 sist of two grain-mills, an excelsior and a planing-mill, eight long-lumber 
 mills, with a productive capacity of 40,000,000 feet of lumber annually ; 
 fi\'e stave-mills, with a productive capacity of 25,000,000 annually. 
 Shingles, clap-boards and laths are also made in nearly all these mills. 
 Otlier manufactures are boxes, bricks, furniture, wool rolls, carriages, 
 coopers' ware, carpenters' trimmings, iron castings, maible work, ship 
 jiunips and blocks, sails, vessels and boats, leather, tinware, etc. At 
 North Ellsworth also there is a tannery. Ellsworth Town Ilall is a 
 brick building two stories in height, with an audience room having 
 a seating capacity of 800. The lower story is used for a high-school. 
 The county buildings and custom-house, with the church-edifices of the 
 
 UPPER DAM, AT ELLSWORTH, ME. 
 
 Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, Unitarian and Catholics, are 
 also more or less impressive and pleasing structures. Shade trees, of 
 nia]ilo and elm, from one to eighty years' growth, adorn the streets. 
 The nearest railroad station in 1881 is at Bucksport, 20 miles distant. 
 A raih'oad between the two places is projected. Ellsworth is on the 
 Bangor and Calais stage-line, and is itself a stage centre for the south- 
 ern yiart of tlie county. 
 
 Tlie Hancock County Savings Bank, located at Ellsworth, in 1880 
 hehl deposits and profits to the amount of 172,544.08. "The Ellsworth 
 American," issued by the Hancock Publishing Company, is the only 
 well-estabhshed newspaper in the county, having been published con- 
 
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EMBDEN. 221 
 
 tinuously since 1853. There is a good public library, assiduously read. 
 The usual entertainments of a city are found here. 
 
 Benjamin Millikin is said to have been the first settler in the town, 
 having come in 1763 ; and, according to the " oldest inhabitant," his 
 daughter Elizabeth cooked the first meal prepared by white people in 
 Ellsworth "by the side of a huge bowlder, which stood where Button's 
 store now is." The next settlers were Meltiah Jordan, Benjamin Joy, 
 Colonel Jones, George Lord, Nathaniel and John Jellison. Others 
 soon followed these. The first children born were Edward and Susan 
 Beal. Twenty years after its settlement the township had a population 
 of 992. The first minister was Rev. J. Urquhart, who came in 1785. 
 The Rev. Peter Nourse was ordained in 1812. As a plantation the 
 township bore the name of New Bowdoin. It was incorporated in 
 1800, being named in honor of Oliver Ellsworth, one of the delegates 
 to the National Constitutional Convention, held a few years subsequent 
 to the Revolution. It comprised Township No. 7 (of the "Ten Town- 
 ships "), a part of Township No. 6, and the north-west part of Trenton. 
 The part taken from No. 6 was annexed to Surry soon after 1820, but 
 was re-annexed to Ellsworth in 1829. Ellsworth became the shire 
 town in 1888, and a city in 1869. James P. Davis was the first mayor. 
 It is said that all the buildings now standing south of Main street have 
 been erected within about sixty-five years. The first framed house is 
 still standing in the rear of the " Clark and Davis " store. It is to be 
 supposed that "ye olden custom " of breaking a bottle and naming the 
 building by some bold and nimble citizen bestriding the ridge-pole 
 when the raising was completed, was observed here. The describtive 
 rhyme for this house ran thus ; 
 
 " This is a good frame; 
 It deserves a good name. 
 Wbat shall we call it ? 
 Josh Moore's folly, 
 And Pond's delight. 
 The lawyer has got it — 
 It looks like a fright." 
 
 Ellsworth is the home of Hon. Eugene Hale, TI. S. Senator, and of 
 his law-partner, Hon. L. A. Emery, a few years since attorney-general 
 of Maine. Colonel Z. A. Smith, of the Boston "Journal," was for a 
 time a resident of the town. The city furnished 653 men for the 
 Union cause during the Rebellion. The bounties paid by the city 
 amounted to $49,600. Ellsworth has twenty-two public sohoolhouses, 
 and the school property is valued at $25,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $1,233,199. In 1880 it was $1,456,366. The rate of taxa- 
 tion in 1880 was 21|- mills on the dollai-. The population in 1870 was 
 5,257. In the census of 1880 it was 5,051. 
 
 EmlbdGll lies in the southern part of Somerset County, on the 
 west bank of the Kennebec River, about 40 miles north of Augusta. 
 It is bounded on the north by Concord and Lexington, east by Solon, 
 south by Anson, and west by New Portland. The surface of the town 
 is hilly. The highest eminence is Black Hill, situated in the western 
 part of the town. There are many ledges, and the soil is rocky, ex- 
 cept at the south-west cornel of the town, where there are some good 
 
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222 GAZEETER OF MAINE. 
 
 intervals. The largest crop is hay. The forests contain the usual 
 variety of trees. The sheets of water are Embden Pond, near the 
 middle of the town, having an area of 1,535 acres ; Hancock Pond, at 
 the north-west corner, containing 325 acres ; and Sandy and Pahi 
 ponds, smaller, connected with Fahi, in the south-eastern part of 
 the town, with several still smaller. On the outlet of Embden Pond 
 were a few years since two saw-mills for long and short lumber, and a 
 grist-mill, turning-lathes, threshing-machine, etc. There are other 
 powers and mills on Martin and Mill streams, outlets of ponds in Con- 
 , cord, and on Seven Mile Brook. 
 
 The first settlements in town were made along the river in 1779, 
 by Amos Partridge, George Mitchell, and WiJliam Hamblin. In 1782 
 Samuel Hutchins and a Mr. Young located on Seven Mile Brook, at 
 the south-west corner of the town. They were followed by Capt. 
 John Gray, from Wiscasset, and in 1790 by Thomas McFaden, Joseph 
 Cleveland, with his sons, Jonathan and Luther, and Edward Savage ; 
 and at about the same time came John Chamberlain and his sons, 
 Jeremiah and Stephen. John was the son of the John Chamberlain 
 who shot the Pequaket chief, Paugus. (See Fryeburg.) On "Indian 
 Ledge," in this town are numerous cuttings in the surface of the rock 
 representing objects familiar to the aborigines. The ledge hiclines to 
 the water at an agle about 40", and the portion marked is about 12 feet 
 long by 3 to 6 feet wide. Some of the figures are as follows : two 
 warriors and two squaws, dog and deer, bow and arrows, a canoe with 
 Indians, two crosses, a small wigwam and a larger house of English 
 form, etc. A Penobscot Indian to whom these were shown acknowl- 
 edged that he could not read- the inscription, but said that there was 
 one member of his tribe who could. This ledge is situated about 2 
 miles below Caratunk Falls. 
 
 Embden was incorporated June 22, 1804. The, active religious 
 societies are Methodist. The town has eleven schoolhouses, valued, 
 with appurtenances, at $2,300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $207,793. In 1880 it was $171,203. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 2^^^ cents on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 808. 
 In 1880 it was 674. 
 
 Emery's Mills, a post-office in York County. 
 
 EOIield lies upon the east bank of the Penobscot River, in Pen- 
 obscot County, opposite the mouth of the Piscataquis, and about 35 
 miles north of Bangor. Lincoln bounds it on the north, Lowell on 
 the east and south, Rowland and Matamiscontis on the west, having 
 the Penobscot as a dividing line. The town contains 15,000 acres ; but 
 Coldstream Pond, on the eastern side, occupies about one-third of this 
 area. The surface oi the western part of the town is level, but the eastern 
 part is much broken. In the north-eastern part are some ledges of a 
 superior quality of granite. The soil of the eastern part is productive ■ 
 that in the west is a clay loam, and is less fertile. Hay is the chief 
 crop. Coldstream Pond, 5 miles long and 2 wide, is a fine sheet of 
 water, fed mostly by springs, and well-stocked with the finny tribe. 
 The outlet falls into the Passadumkeag about 4 miles below, and fur- 
 nishes excellent water-power The principal fall is about 50 feet in 
 80 rods. The entire series of privileges is known as Treat's Mills, and 
 
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EUSTIS. 223 
 
 have been occupied by saw-mills, shingle and grist-mills. The Euro- 
 pean and North American Railway runs through the midst of the town, 
 between the pond and the river. 
 
 The Baptists have a settled minister, and meetings are sometimes 
 held by the Methodists. Enfield has seven public schoolhouses, valued, 
 with appurtenances, at $1,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $90,204. In 1880, it was $64,224. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 33 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 545. In 
 1880 it was 489. 
 
 StlU^i is a small town in the south-western part of Penobscot 
 County, 17 miles west of Bangor. The Maine Central Railroad runs 
 through the north-eastern part. Stetson and Levant bound it on the 
 north, Carmel on the east, Dixmont on the south, and Plymouth on 
 the west. The surface is quite broken, but the soil is, for the most 
 part, a good, light loam, producing fine crops of potatoes and hay. 
 Pine, spruce and hemlock are the principal forest trees. Etna and 
 Carmel Pond lies on the north-eastern corner of the two towns whose 
 names it bears. Its area is about three-fourths of a square mile. The 
 town is drained by several small streams, — Kinsley and Soadabscook 
 Streams being the largest. Kinsley Stream furnishes some water- 
 powers, two of which have been occupied by a saw-mill and a shingle- 
 mill- The pursuits of the people are chiefly agricultural. 
 
 The buildings are generally in fair condition ; and a few maples 
 and elms along the roadside here give token of good taste and public 
 spirit. Etna (P. O.), near the railway station, has the largest collec- 
 tion of houses. The other post-ofiices are Etna Centre and South 
 Etna. 
 
 The first settlements in tiJ'' town were made in 1807 by Dr. Benj. 
 Friend, Phineas Friend, James ilarding, Dennis and Reuben Dennett, 
 and Bel a, Asa and Calvin Sylvester and others. At this time General 
 John Crosby, of Hampden, owned the township ; and it was known 
 as Crosbytown until about the time of its incorporation in 1820. 
 
 The Baptist house is the only church-edifice in the town. Etna has 
 eight schoolhouses valued, with appurtenances, at $2,600. The valu- 
 ation of estates in 1870 was $154,339. In 1880 it was $162,209. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 22 mills on the dollar. Tho 
 population in 1870 was 844. In 1880 it had increased to 8P5. 
 
 Eureka, a post-office in Kenebec County. 
 
 EustiS is (1881) the most northerly town in Franklin County. 
 It is No. 1 of Range 4, west of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase. Som- 
 erset County adjoins it on the east. There are several good water- 
 powers on Dead River and its branches. On one of the latter, in the 
 northern part of the town are a shingle, saw-mill and grist-mill. Con- 
 nected with the latter, also, is a planing-mill. These constitute Eustis 
 Mills, the principal business centre of the town. Dead River enters 
 the northern side of the town, and receiving Saddleback River from 
 the south-west, continues nearly to the south-east corner, then turns 
 north-east and enters Flagstaff. Two roads lead to the settled towns 
 southward and to a railroad connection at Anson, there being a stage- 
 
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224 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 line by the former route. The distance on an air line is about 35 miles. 
 One of these passes through Flagstaff and Dead River Plantation, while 
 the other follows Carrabasset liiver. 
 
 Some time before Maine became a State, the southern half of this 
 township was granted by Massachusetts to Bath Academy Associa- 
 tion. About 1,700 acres of this lying south of the Saddleback River 
 was purchased by Gilman and Redington, of Waterville. Caleb 
 Stevens, a native of New Hampshire, was the first settler. He brought 
 with him his wife and nine children, the eldest, a son being eighteen 
 years of age. Abram Reed, of Kingfield, was the second settler ; and 
 was soon followed by Capt. Isaac Proctor, Frank Keen, Nathaniel 
 Allen, and Reuben Bartlett, from Hartford, and Noah Staples, from 
 Dixfield. The balance of the Bath Academy Grant was purchased by 
 Captain Pettingill and Colonel Herrick, of Lewiston. From them it 
 went through various hands to Gibson, Fogg and Company, of Fair- 
 field. The north half of the township was purchased of the State about 
 the year 1831, by a Mr. Clark, of Massachusetts, and Charles L. Eustis, 
 of Lewiston, Me. ; and a saw and grist mill was built by the latter at 
 the same date. From them it went through the hands of a New 
 Hampshire firm to ex-governor Coburn and his brothers. 
 
 In 1840 the township was organized as a plantation under the name 
 of Hanover. About 1850 the township together with all others ad- 
 joining in the county that contained inhabitants, were embodied in a 
 plantation under the name of Jackson. Soon after the act of Legisla- 
 ture passed in 1857, prohibiting the organization of more than one 
 township in one plantation, township No. 1, of the 4th* Range was 
 organized independently of others, assuming the name of Eustis in 
 honor of the former proprietor of the north half of said town. Eustis 
 furnished more than her quota of men and money in the war of the 
 Rebellion, and paid her war-debts while money was plenty. She was 
 subsequently reimbursed by the State. Eustis was incorporated as a 
 town in 1871, with a population of 342 inhabitants. 
 
 The Methodists and Free Baptists each have a church in the town. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is four ; and these with the other 
 school property are valued at $600. The valuation of the town in 
 1870 was $57,558. In 1880 it was $64,880. The population in 1870 
 was 342, In 1880 it was 302. 
 
 Exeter is an excellent agricultural town in the south-western 
 part of Penobscot County. It is 20 miles north-west of Bangor, on 
 the stage-line from Bangor to Dexter, and is the terminus of the stage- 
 line from Etna station on the Maine Central Railroad. The town'is 
 bounded on the east by Corinth, south by Stetson, north by Garland, 
 and west by Corinna. Its area is about 33 square miles. The surface 
 is uneven, but the soil in general is excellent, though it contains almost 
 all varieties. Hay and potatoes are the crops principally cultivated. 
 The rock is chiefly granitic. The prevailing forest trees are maple and 
 cedar. The Kenduskeag is the largest sti-eam, rising in the north- 
 western part, and flowing in a curve through the middle of the town. 
 It furnishes in its course eight distinct powers, all of which have been 
 improved and occupied by mills. Not many years ago, there were 
 upon the streams of Exeter, three saw-mills for long lumber, seven 
 shingle-mills, four grist-mill?, a machine-shop, a carriage-shop and a 
 
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FAIRFIELD. £25 
 
 tannery. There are now two water-power saw-mills and one steam- 
 mill for manufacturing staves and short lumber. The other streams 
 furnishing })ower are Andrew's and Atkin's brooks. Exeter Corners, 
 in the north part of the town, Exeter Mills, in the eastern part, East 
 Exeter, and South Exeter, are villages and post-offices, the first men- 
 tioned being the largest. The villages have many tasteful residences, 
 and the buildings in the town generally indicate thrift. 
 
 The township, which is now Exeter, was granted by Massachusetts 
 to Marblehead Academy in 1793, and the exterior lines of the town 
 were run the same year by Ephraim Ballard and Samuel Weston. The 
 township was lotted in 1800, by Moses Hodsdon, of Kenduskeag. 
 Lemuel Tozier and John Durgin did the first chopping on June 6, 
 1800, at Hill's Corner. The first settlement was made in 1801, by 
 Lemuel Tozier ; who was soon followed by Reuben Seavey, Joseph 
 Pease and Josiah Barker. Among the early proprietors were Benja- 
 min Jay and William Turner, of Boston, for whom Dr. John Blaisdell 
 acted as agent. Hence, prior to its incorporation, Feb. 16, 1811, the 
 plantation was called Blaisdelltown. The corporate name was chosen 
 in memory of Exeter, N. H., from which some of the settlers had come. 
 The first school was taught by Ann Stevens in 1804. The first repre- 
 sentative to the General Court was Winthrop Chapman. The first 
 mills were built in 1813, by Levi Stevens, where since have stood the 
 Cutler Mills. 
 
 The Episcopalians, Methodists and Free Baptists each have a 
 church in this town. Exeter has thirteen public schoolhouses, valued 
 with appurtenances, at $3,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $377,007. In 1880 it was $426,151. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 16 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,424. 
 In 1880 it was 1,274. 
 
 Fairbanks, a post-office in Franklln County. 
 
 Fairflcld lies on the west bank of the Kennebec River, 26 
 miles north of Augusta, and is the most southerly town of Somerset 
 County. It is bounded on the north by Norridgewock and Skowhe.^ 
 gan, east by Clinton and Benton, south by Waterville and Winslow, 
 and west by Smithfield. Its area is 42 square miles. The surface is roll- 
 ing, and the rocks are granite and slate. The forest trees are principally 
 beech, elm and maple with some hemlock and cedar. The scenery is 
 beautiful without wildness. The dwellings are generally neat and 
 tasteful, and the whole town has a thrifty appearance, Fairfield is an 
 excellent agricultural town, and is noted for the number and quality of 
 its cattle. The soil is clayey loam in some parts, in others, sandy 
 loam. The crops chiefly cultivated are hay, grain and potatoes. 
 
 Kennebec River forms the eastern boundary line, and furnishes the 
 chief water-powers. These are at Kendall's Mills, at the south-eastern 
 extremity of the town, and Somerset Mills, about two miles above. On 
 Martin's Stream are improved powers at North Fairfield (Blacknell's 
 Mills) and at Larone (Winslow's Mills). Other villages are Fairfield 
 Corner, near the middle of the eastern line of the town, and Fairfield 
 Village, about midway of the southern part. The latter and Kendall's 
 Mills are the largest villages. There are in the town eight saw-mills, 
 three planing-mills (one of which is also a framing and finishing mill) 
 
 15 
 
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226 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 two door, sash and blind factories, a sled, lap-board and flower-stand 
 factory, a grist and a plaster mill, three carriage-factories, a tannery, a 
 canned-corn factory, a clothing-factory, cabinet, box, picture-frame, 
 coffin and casket makers, marble-works, etc. The flow of the Ken- 
 nebec available for manufacturing purposes in Fairfield in the lowest 
 run of summer, is 117,300 cubic feet per minute of 11 hours a day ; 
 which would for that time yield on its 34 feet of fall, a gross power of 
 7,540 horse, or 301,000 spindes. The estimated annual products are 
 given in the Hydrographic survey, as $75,000 at Somerset Mills, and 
 $250,000 at Kendall's Mills. The Somerset branch of the Maine 
 Central Railroad, connecting Waterville and Skowhegan, runs along 
 the river through the town. The First National Bank, in this town, 
 has a capital of $50,000. The Fairfield Savings Bank, at the beginning 
 of the fiscal year 1880, held in deposits and accrued profits $93,685.09. 
 The " Fairfield Journal " is a good weekly paper published here by 
 Allen & Atwood. It is devoted to local news, and is deserving of the 
 large circulation that the region is able to give. 
 
 Fairfield was incorporated June 18, 1788, under the name it had 
 previously borne as a plantation. The name appears to have been ap- 
 plied because it correctly described the fair aspect of the town. It 
 was first settled in 1774. Among the esteemed citizens of past days 
 were General Simonds, General Kendall, for whom the principal vil- 
 lage was named, General Seldon Connor, ex-governor of the State, and 
 others. 
 
 Fairfield was the 56th town incorporated. It had in 1790, 492 in- 
 habitants. A Congregational church was gathered in the town in 
 1815. There are now three Methodist churches, and one each of the 
 Baptist, Free Baptist and Universalist. Fairfield has one high-school, 
 and graded schools in the larger villages. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is seventeen, and the value of school property is $10,000. 
 The value of estates in 1870 was $1,188,383. In 1880 it was $1,288,- 
 582. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 11 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 2,998. In 1880 it was 3,044. 
 
 Falls Villagre, a small village in Ellsworth, Hancock County. 
 
 FalmOUtll is situated a little south of the centre of Cum- 
 berland County. It is more than twice as long as broad ; and its greatest 
 length is from south-east to north-west. The south-east of the town, 
 known as Falmouth Foreside, borders on Casco Bay. On the north- 
 east it is bounded by Cumberland, on the north-west by Windham, 
 and on the south-west by Westbrook and Deering. The Mackay's, 
 the Brothers, and the Clapboard islands, off the shore belong to the 
 town jurisdiction. The surface is agreeably diversified with hill 
 and dale, forest and field ; having also considerable salt-marsh. The 
 greatest elevations are Poplar Ridge, in the northern part of the town, 
 and Black Strap Hill, a couple of miles southward of the latter. The 
 The prevailing rocks are gneiss and granite. The soil is favorable to 
 agriculture and is generally well-cultivated. Duck Pond, about two 
 miles in length, lies at the north-western angle of the town. The Pre- 
 sumpscot passes through the south-western part, forming a consider- 
 able basin at its mouth. Piscataqua River, coming from the northern 
 
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FALMOUTH. 227 
 
 part of the town, is a tributary of the Presumpscot. The other streams 
 are the East Branch of the Piscataqua, and Mill Creek, in the middle 
 and south-eastern part of the town respectively. The Grand Trunk 
 Railway passes across the lower part of the town, and the Maine Cen- 
 tral across the middle. The latter crosses the Presumpscot on an iron 
 bridge of a single span 135 feet in length. Falmouth has manufactures 
 of brick at several points ; meal and flour at "West Falmouth and New 
 Casco ; carriages, boots and shoes and tinware, at Presumpscot Falls 
 (Falmouth P. O.) ; hubs, spokes, carriage stock, brick and lumber 
 machines at West Falmouth. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1718, being named for an ancient 
 seaport in England. It originally extended from Spurwink River to 
 North Yarmouth, and 8 miles back into the country, embracing a ter- 
 ritory of about 80 square miles. It thus included the present towns of 
 Falmouth, Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Deering and Portland. The 
 chief part of the history of ancient Falmouth will, therefore, be em- 
 braced in the history of Portland. The first settlement within the 
 present corporate limits was as early as 1632, at Falmouth Foreside, 
 by Arthur Mackworth, who soon after obtained a grant of 500 acres of 
 land from Sir Ferdinando Gorges. He was one of the most respectable 
 of the early settlers, serving as a magistrate for many years. The island 
 ■opposite his residence has since borne his name, but corrupted into 
 Mackay. This shore is now thickly occupied with neat and substantial 
 farm-houses, and the more imposing edifices of thrifty ship-masters, 
 together with a few summer residences of Portland citizens. Chief 
 among these is that of Hon. Chas. W. Goddard, and Gen. John M. 
 Brown's " Thornhurst Farm," noted for its fine stock. 
 
 The broad point on the eastern side of the Presumpscot Basin has 
 much historic importance. The settlements on Presumpscot River in 
 this town were among the first attacked. The family of Thomas 
 Wakely, consisting of nine persons, remote from others, were destroyed 
 with details of shocking barbarity ; one only, a girl of fourteen escap- 
 ing massacre to be carried away captive. The fort and settlement at 
 Casco Neck (Portland) was destroyed by the Indians in 1690, and in 
 1698 in pursuance of the recent treaty, a foi"t and trading-house was 
 erected at this point for the accommodation of the Indians ; wherefore 
 the place came to be called New Casco to distinguish it from the Neck 
 where Fort Loyal had stood, which was now called Old Casco. In 
 1703, Governor Dudley held a conference with the Indians here, to 
 which came, well-armed and gaily painted, a large number of warriors 
 of each tribe of Maine. The Androscoggins in attendence numbered 
 about 250 warriors in 65 canoes. The chiefs professed the most peace- 
 ful intentions, and the warriors celebrated the occasion in the most 
 demonstrative manner ; yet within two months " the whole eastern 
 country was in a conflagration, no house standing or garrison unat- 
 tacked." In this war, New Casco was a centre of defence for the set- 
 tlements on Casco Bay. The attack upon it was made by 500 French 
 and Indians, and it was only saved from capture by the opportune 
 arrival of an armed vessel of the province, whose guns quickly scat- 
 tered the savage fleet of 250 canoes, and compelled the Indians to make 
 a hasty retreat. In 1716 the fort was demolished by order of the 
 Massachusetts Government, to save the expense of maintaining a gar- 
 rison at this point. A short distance along the main road is a beautt 
 
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228 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 ful spot on Mill Creek, which for one hundred and forty years was 
 occupied by a rude mill of the early settlers of the Foreside. The 
 views for the whole extent of this road are very attractive, abounding 
 in noble shade-trees and charming ocean views. 
 
 The records of the town, previous to 1690, are not known to exist. 
 In 1735, the people of New Casco petitioned for preaching, and in 1752, 
 to be set off as a distinct parish. Accordingly, in December, 1753, this 
 parish was incorporated, in 1754 the church was formed, and in 1756 
 John Wiswall was settled over it. Eev. Ebenezer Williams labored 
 here from 1765 to 1799. There are now two Congregational churches, 
 a Free Baptist and a Methodist church in the town. Falmouth sus- 
 tains a high-school, and is the owner of twelve schoolhouses valued 
 at $7,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $688,527 In 1880 
 It was $769,470. The population in 1870 was 1,730. By the census 
 of 1880, it was 1,626. 
 
 Farinillg"d.ale, a little town made up in 1852 from parts of 
 Gardiner, Hallowell and West Gardiner, in Kennebee County, lies on 
 the west side of Kennebec River between Hallowell and Gardiner. 
 Manchester forms the western boundary, and CJhelsea lies upon the 
 east, separated from it by the Kennebec. James and Henry McCaus- 
 land settled here in 1787, obtaining their titles from Dr. Sylvester Gar- 
 diner. The early history of the town belongs to those from which it 
 was taken. 
 
 The middle part of the town is rough, but there are fine farms on all 
 sides. The nearness to good markets makes farming and garden- 
 
 ing profitable. Along the river are several ice-houses, among the largest 
 of which are those of the Knickerbocker company. There are manu- 
 factures of stoneware, drain-tile and brick, and sandpaper and glue. 
 Jamie and Sanborn ponds lie on the western border of the town. 
 The business centres are adjoining Hallowell on one side, and Gardiner 
 on the other. The Maine Central railway passes through the town 
 along the river. Farmingdale has four schoolhouses, valued at $4,500. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $387,428. In 1880 it was $387,- 
 842. The population at the same date was 859. The census of 1880 
 makes it 789. 
 
 Farmillgton, the shire town of Franklin County, is situated 
 near its southern part. It is 10 miles long and 7 wide at the northern 
 part. The area is 27,000 acres. Sandy River runs through it from 
 north to south, dividing into nearly equal parts. The other large 
 water-courses are Wilson's Stream and Beaver Dam Brook. There are 
 numerous small streams and springs in every part of the town. Some 
 of the high lands, pai'ticularly in the northern part, are somewhat rocky 
 and difficult to cultivate ; but the soil is generally easily worked and 
 fertile, especially in the intervals and adjacent uplands. The first, 
 however, afford excellent pasturage, and are decked in their season 
 with numerous flocks of sheep. Hay and wool are the principal agri- 
 cultural exports. Orchards of apple and other fruit-trees abound. 
 Powder House Hill, just- above Farmington Village, is the most nota- 
 ble eminence. There are several others, but none of great height. 
 Limestone of poor quality exists in several places, but the rock 
 generally is of slaty formation. 
 
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FARMINGTON. 
 
 229 
 
 Much of the surface of F.irmington is considerahly elevated above 
 Sandy River Valley, of wliich fine views may be liad from many parts 
 of the town. 
 
 Farmington, the principal village, is situated on a beautiful undu- 
 lating plain on the eastern bank of Sandy River near the centre of the 
 tOAvn. 
 
 Its streets are h"rd and broad, and most of them have a double row 
 of sliade-trees. The to]) of Court street affords a fine landscape view 
 toward the west, while from Powder House Hill, up and down the 
 river, are views still more impressive. 
 
 Some noble willows at the western extremity of the village ,s|irang 
 from twigs, cut on the way homo from Augusta by Hiram Belcher, 
 
 SCENERY AT ABBOTT FAMILY SCHOOL, FAHMINGTON, HE. 
 
 Esq., one of the early residents. A young lady's seminary which 
 flourished here a few years since, occupying a fine eminence near by, 
 took its name — The Willows — from these trees. More within the \\\- 
 lage is a small park, with a band-stand, and a fine grove of maples 
 near it. 
 
 Six churches adorn the village, and dispense religious truth 
 to the people. It is also the seat of the Western Normal School, 
 of the noted Little Blue School, and the Wendell Institute. All of 
 these have fine buildings and pleasant grounds. The Little Blue School 
 is situated in an extensive park, consisting of hill and dale, shaded by 
 numerous old and young trees, and enlivened with ponds, streams and 
 bridges. There are in the town five lumber-mills, two sash, blind and 
 
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230 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 door-factories — one run by steam-power, two brick-yards, one foundry, 
 an excelsior and rake-factory, three grist-mills, nearly a dozen carriage- 
 factories, one cheese-factory, two corn-canning factories, two mowing- 
 machine manufactories, a spool-factory, tannery, etc. 
 
 Farmington village is the present terminus of the Maine Central 
 Railroad, and is 95 miles distant from Portland. Other villages are 
 Farmington Falls, and North and West Farmington. 
 
 This town was first explored with a view to settlement by Stephen 
 Titcomb, Robert Gower, James Henrj^, Robert Alexander and James 
 McDonald in the summer of 1776, being guided by Thonias Wilson, 
 who had previously explored the region as a hunter. This company 
 was from Topsham, and made the trip as far as Hallowell in canoes. 
 At what is now Farmington Falls, they founa two Indian camps, and 
 an extensive clearing. Proceeding about a mile above the falls, they 
 made a chain of basswood bark, with which they measured the land 
 off into farms, then returned to Topsham to obtain their implements 
 and a stock of provisions. In two weeks they were again at the scene 
 of the proposed new settlement ; and from this period until 1784 this 
 company and others continued to make improvements in different parts 
 of the town. The township belonged to a grant to William Tyng and 
 company for services in 1703, and therefore as a plantation it had with 
 " Number One " and " Sandy River Plantation," also the name of 
 " Tyngstown." It was surveyed by Col. Joseph North in 1780, and new 
 families immediately came in. By the proprietors of the Kennebec 
 patent, the township was claimed to be within their limits ; but on its 
 incorporation in 1794 it was found to be wholly outside. The good- 
 ness of its soil for agriculture was the occasion of giving it the corpor- 
 ate name of Farmington. The corn-fields of the Canibas tribe of In- 
 dians were here. 
 
 A post was established in Farmington in 1797 ; and the next year 
 the town was represented in the General Court by Supply Belcher. 
 Among the eminent citizens of the later period have been Jacob Ab- 
 bot, Esq., and Jacob and John S. C. Abbot, authors ; Hon. Hiram 
 Belcher, Hon. Robert Goodenow, Rev. Isaac Rogers, and others. Far- 
 mington sent to the aid of the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion 
 268 men, of whom 57 were lost. 
 
 Besides the libraries of the educational institutions mentioned, there 
 is a circulating library and also a social library of 1,500 volumes. The 
 leading newspaper of the town and of the county is the " Fai'mington 
 Chronicle," published every Thursday, by Chas. W. Keyes, Esq. It is 
 republican in politics. The other weekly paper of the town is " The 
 Herald," published by W. D. Chase. It is issued Friday. The 
 " Herald " is greenback in politics, and a lively and enterprising sheet. 
 The " Excelsior Quarterly " is an educational magazine, published by 
 D. H. Knowlton. It is well filled with useful matter. The Franklin 
 County Savings Bank, located at Farmington, at the close of 1879 held 
 deposits and profits to the amount of $148,632.53. The Sandy River 
 National Bank, in this town, has a capital of $75,000. 
 
 The religious societies are two Congregation alist and three Metho- 
 dist churches, one Baptist, one Free Baptist, one Liberal Christian, 
 and one Union church. Farmington has twenty-one public school- 
 houses, and her school property is valued at $15,850. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $1,448,735. In 1880 it was $1,601,271. The rate of 
 
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232 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 taxation in the latter year was 1^ per cent, on a full valuation. The 
 population in 1870 was 3,251. In 1880 it was 3,353. 
 
 Fayette is the most westerly town in Kennebec County. It 
 is bounded on the east by Mount Vernon and Readfield, south by 
 Wayne, west by Livermore, in Androscoggin County, and north by 
 Chesterville in Franklin County. The first settlement in the township 
 was about the year 1779. Seven thousand acres of its territory were 
 granted by the State of Massachusetts to Robert Page and associates. 
 Its early name was " Starling Plantation " ; and in 1790 it had 166 
 inhabitants. In 1795 it was incorporated as a town under the name of 
 the noble French officer who gave the nation such efficient aid during 
 the Revolution. Among the early settlers were Benjamin Clifford, 
 William Morrill, Joel Jedkins, Nathan Lane, James Bly, James Bam- 
 ford, Elkiiis Chase, Stephen French, Tilton Richards, Eleazer Goodwin, 
 Enoch Watson, Perley Dow, Jeremiah Tuck, Cyrus Baldwin, John 
 and Hezekiah Judkins, Benjamin Bodge, Mathew Pettengill, Zachariah 
 Pike, John Berry, and Joseph Anderson. There are now in town about 
 60 persons over seventy years of age. 
 
 The town is much broken by hills, and there are several large ponds 
 in and around it. The highest hills are Oak, Pine, Baldwin, and 
 Berry's. The scenery from these hills is very fine, from the agreeable 
 mingling of ponds, hills, meadows, and forests in the vicinity. Parker 
 Pond at the north-east, Crotched Pond at the east, Lovejoy's and 
 David's in the north, are the largest of these. Others are Tilton's, 
 Lane's and Hale's Brook ponds. 
 
 The principal business centre is Payette Mills, near the south-east 
 corner, where the Dunn Edge Tool Company do a large business in 
 the manufacture of axes, scythes, and other cutting imjjlements. In 
 other parts of the town are manufactured long and short lumber, cabinet 
 work, dowels, and boxes and measures. There is some granite in town, 
 also pyritiferous mica-schist, and slate. The soil is generally good, 
 and the town is noted for its dairy products, and its fine-wooled sheep. 
 The post-offices are Fayette, North and South Fayette, and Fayette Cor- 
 ner. The town is situated about 18 miles from Augusta, on the stage-line 
 between Readfield Depot and Chesterville. The Farmington branch 
 of the Maine Central Railway runs through the adjoining town on the 
 west, some 2 miles from the line ; and the Readfield Depot on the 
 east is about 7 miles distant. 
 
 The Baptists and Methodists each have a church in the town ; and 
 there is a public library of about 1,000 volumes. It has nine public 
 schoolhouses, estimated to be wortli |2,000. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was 1282,697. In 1880 it was 8274,5^2. The population at the 
 same date was 909. By the census of 1880 it is given at 765. 
 
 Ferry Village, a post-office and village in Cape Elizabeth, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Feylor'S Corner, a small village in Waldoboro, Lincoln 
 Bounty. 
 
 Fisll Kiver Lakes, see article on Aroostook County. 
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FORKS PLANTATION. 233 
 
 FlR^^SXRII Plantation occupies the southern township of the 
 western range in Somerset County. It is situated 48 miles nortli-west of 
 Skowhegan, and is on the stage-line from If orth Anson to Eustis. Dead 
 River Plantation lies on the east, adjoining the southern part, and Eustis 
 lies on the west. The township is about one-third larger than those 
 about it. There is much good interval land along Dead River (which 
 flows from west to east through the township) and on the streams 
 which come down from the north and north-west to Flagstaff Lake. 
 The principal crop is hay. Hills mark the north-eastern and western 
 angles of the town. On the eastern side near Dead River, and near 
 the middle of the town, is a considerable eminence called Viles's Hill ; 
 and the base of Mount Bigelow extends over the southern border. The 
 latter is 3,300 feet high. The rock is chiefly granitic. The plantation 
 takes its name from the fact that Benedict Arnold, on his way to 
 Quebec in 1775, while encamped here for three days, displayed the 
 continental flag (which had recently been adopted) from a tall staff 
 beside his tent. 
 
 Flagstaff Pond, whose outlet furnishes the chief water-power of the 
 plantation, has an area of 2.75 square miles. There are at this point 
 mills manufacturing long and short lumber, and a grist-mill. The 
 roads in the plantation are in good condition. There are bridges 
 across Dead River and Flagstaff Stream, the longest being 175 feet in 
 length. 
 
 This plantation furnished 20 soldiers to the Union army in the war 
 of the Rebellion. The Methodists are at present the most active 
 religious body in the plantation. Flagstaff has one public schoolhouse 
 which, with its appurtenances, is valued at 1300. The value of estates 
 in 1870 was $34,750. In 1880 it was $41,082. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 12 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 
 was 112. In 1880 it wad 72. 
 
 Forest City Villag-e, a small vlUage and post-office in 
 Eaton, Washington County. 
 
 X 01*est StRtlOn, a post-office and railroad station on the 
 European and North American Railway near Jackson Plantation, in 
 Washington County. 
 
 Forks Plantation is situated at the forks or junction 
 of the east and west branches of the Kennebec River, whence its 
 name. It is 50 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegan, on the Canada road, 
 and on the stage-line from that town to Quebec. The principal 
 business here is farming and lumbering. The place is on the route to 
 Moosehead Lake. In the adjoining township on the north, a few miles 
 above the Forks is a remarkable cataract on Moxie Stream, which has 
 a precipitous descent of 95 feet. 
 
 There is at the Forks a Methodist society, and a Union meeting- 
 house. There are three public schoolhouses, and the entire school prop- 
 erty has a value of $1,300. The valuation in 1880 was '122,040. The 
 population is massed with that of other plantations in the census ; but 
 in the return to the state superintendent of schools the number of 
 children of school age is stated as being 75. [See West Forks.] 
 
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234 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Fort Fairfield, is situated on Aroostook River near its 
 junction with the St. John, and has New Brunswick for its eastern 
 boundary. It comprises two townships of excellent land. The Aroos- 
 took winds from west to east through its midst ; and along the south side 
 of tlie river runs a branch of the New Brunswick Railway ._ The sur- 
 face IS uneven, without high hills, and the town abounds in pleasing 
 scenery. 
 
 The principal streams tributary to the Aroostook in this town are 
 Fitzherbert's Stream and Johnston, Lovely, Grey and Hurd Brooks. 
 Livingstone River crosses the north-east corner of the town, receiving 
 one considerable tributary from the west; and River DeChute, crossing 
 the south-west corner, also receives a tributary stream from within the 
 town. The principal water-powers are on Fitzherbert's Stream and 
 Lovely Brook. There are on the various streams five saw-mills for 
 long lumber and shingles, a planing and plaster mill, two grist-mills, 
 two starch-factories, one cask and barrel factoiy, one furniture-factory, 
 etc. The starch factories during the season of 1880 used 162,000 
 bushels of potatoes. The town is 46 miles north of Houlton, by stage- 
 route. A "branch of the New Brunswick Railway has one or more 
 stations in the town, and it is the terminus of stage-routes to Blaine, 
 Van Buren and Andover, N. B. 
 
 Fort Fairfield was incorporated March 11, 1858. The town then 
 included only letter D., lying mostly south of the Aroostook. In 
 1867, Plymouth Grant, called also " Sarsfield Plantation," was annexed. 
 The name was from the fort built within the town in the period of the 
 border difficulties. The fort was named for John Fairfield, who was 
 governor at that period. The first settlements were about 1816, the 
 settlers being from New Brunswick. The place assumed prominence 
 from its position during the boundary fracas in 1839 ; following which, 
 a company of United States troops were quartered there. The railroad 
 that runs from Gibson, opposite Frederickton, N. B., reached the town 
 in 1875. 
 
 The town has associations of Masons, P. of H., and I.O.G.T. 
 There are churches of the Episcopalians, Congregationalists, Bap- 
 tists, Methodists, Free Baptists, Roman Catholics and IJniver- 
 salists. The village has a circulating library. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is twenty-one. The value of the school property is 
 $6,900. The value of estates in 1870 was $276,800. In 1880 it was 
 '3,471. The population in 1870 was 1,893. In 1880 it was 2,807. 
 
 Fort Kent is situated on the south bank of St. John's 
 River, in the northern part of Aroostook County. It is 126 miles 
 N.N. "VV. of Houlton via Caribou and Van Buren. Frenchville adjoins it 
 on the east, Wallagrass Plantation on the south of the western half, 
 and New Brunswick on the north. The territory is about 11 miles in 
 length along the river east and west, and from 3 to 6^ miles in 
 width. The surface is somewhat uneven with few hills above 200 
 feet in height. The streams that furnish water-power within the town 
 are Fish River and Daigle and Perley Brooks. The fall on the first is 
 about a mill above its confluence with the St. John, and is occupied by 
 a saw-mill having several single saws and a gang, and a grist-mill with 
 four sets of stones. There is also a good power on the St. John River 
 about a mile below the mouth of Fish River. Other powers are being 
 
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FOXCROFT. 235 
 
 improved, and will doubtless soon mingle the hum of mills with the 
 roar of their fills. 
 
 Slate is the underlying rock. The soil of the upland is a dark 
 loam, while there is some rich interval land. Oats, wheat, buckwheat, 
 barley and potatoes are all cultivated, and yield well. The buildings 
 in the town are generally in good repair, showing the people to be 
 a thrifty community. The centre of business is near the mouth of 
 Fish River. The town is the terminus of the stage-lines to the St. 
 Francis. 
 
 Fort Kent was first settled by Acadian-French refugees. The for- 
 tification from which the town takes its name was erected in 1841, and 
 was named in honor of Governor Kent. Among the valued citizens 
 not now living were I. H. Page, Major Wni. Dickey and B. W. 
 Mallett. The church organizations are the Congregationalists and Roman 
 Catholics. The latter have a church-edifice. The Madawaska Train- 
 ing School for Teachers, a State institution, is located here. Fort Kent 
 has nine public schoolhouses, valued at $1,725. There are also 1,000 
 acres reserve land for public purposes. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $65,357. In 1880 it was $72,666. The population in 1870 
 was 1,034. In 1880 it was 1,512. 
 
 FOXCrOlt is situated in the southern part of Piscataquis 
 County, having Bowerbank on the north, Dover on the south, Sebec on 
 on the east and Guilford on the west. The town contains 17,915 acres. 
 Sebec Lake occupies the larger part of the northern boundary. This 
 body of water has an area of 14 square miles. Other ponds are Wes- 
 ton's, Snow's and Garland, being from a mile in length downward. The 
 Piscataquis River near the southern boundary; and the Weston, Chase 
 and Hammond Brooks, as well as the river, afford some water-power. 
 The town has considerable granite, and also slate, some of which is 
 said to be of the finest quality. The soil is various, but generally 
 productive. The principal manufactures are at the village opposite 
 Dover village on the Piscataquis. There are here a woolen-mill, lum- 
 ber and grain mills, a door, sash and blind factory, a spool-factory, an 
 iron-foundry, a shoddy-mill, tannery, carriage-factory and several 
 others. 
 
 Foxcroft was one of the six townships given to Bowdoin College 
 by Massachusetts. In 1800 it was purchased by Colonel Joseph E. 
 Foxcroft, of New Gloucester, for the sum of $7,940, — about 45 cents an 
 acre. In 1802 Colonel Foxcroft hired Elisha Alden to cut a road across 
 the township at a cost of $78. This road passed from the Chandler 
 place to the " Four Corners," and thence over the hill to Morse's land- 
 ing, on Sebec Lake. John, Eleazer and Seth Spaulding were the first 
 settlers ; moving in with their families in 1806, when they built the first 
 mill. Mr. S. Chamberlin and Ephraim Bacon put up the first framed 
 house in town in 1807 ; and Eliphalet Washburn, the same summer, 
 raised the first barn in town. Captain Joel Pratt came in the next 
 spring ; others followed, among whom were Timothy Hutchinson, 
 Joseph Morse, John Chandler and Jesse Washburne. Dr. Winthrop 
 Brown, from Berwick, commenced the practice of medicine in Fox- 
 croft in 1809 or 1810. 
 
 At a visit in one of the years just mentioned Colonel Foxcroft 
 advised the inhabitants to hold religious meetings. The people readily 
 
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236 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 adopted his advice and met at the house of Eli Towne, bring- 
 ing such hymn-books as they had. Mr. William Mitchell, an old 
 schoolmaster, was present with a book of sermons in his pocket, ready 
 to read at the proper time. Desirous of opening the meeting 
 in the usual form, inquiry was made for some one to make the opening 
 prayer, but not a man in the settlement had the necessary piety and 
 confidence to perform this simple duty. There was a woman present 
 Mrs. William Mitchell, — who had kept up prayer in her family from its 
 commencement, and at the solicitation of the company this "Mother 
 in Israel," made the first public prayer in Foxcroft. Rev. John Saw- 
 yer soon after began to perform religious services in the place in 1809 
 or 1810. The daughter of Mr. S. Chamberlain, now Mrs. Greeley, born 
 in 1808, is still living, being longest a resident in town. Messrs. 
 Nathaniel, Daniel, William and Moses Bucks, came from Buckfield later. 
 The plantation had first been known as Spauldingtown. It was incorpo- 
 rated as the second town in the county in 1812, being named in honor 
 of the chief proprietor. Mr. John Bradbury was chosen the first town 
 clerk, and Messrs. Joel Pratt, S. Chamberlain, and William Thayer, 
 selectmen and assessors. 
 
 The war against England was declai''ed this year, and there was 
 much alarm in regard to the Indians. A meeting to consider the sub- 
 ject was held in Foxcroft in August. All thought there should be a 
 fortification, but as most of the settlers along the river desired to have 
 it on his own land, no agreement could be reached, and the project 
 was abandoned. Finally Phineas Ames (known as King Ames), made 
 a speech in a rough, but eloquent way peculiar to him, in which he 
 counseled delay and moderation. The result of the deliberations was 
 the choice of Mr. E. Bacon, to visit Boston as agent of the Piscataquis 
 settlements to procure arms and ammunition from the State, providing 
 that sufficient money was raised voluntarily to defray his expenses. 
 But the money was not raised, and the agent did not go, though some 
 abandoned their homes for safe locations, and all barricaded the doors 
 for safety against a possible midnight assault. The Indians, however, 
 showed no disposition to break the peace. 
 
 The first store in town was opened by John Bradbury soon after 
 1813, who became quite successful as a merchant and mill owner. 
 Bela Hammond & Sons a little later operated a kitchen-chair factory 
 on Merrill Brook; and sometime after Benjamin Hammond & Com. 
 pany built a saw-mill and a bed-stead factory, and opened a store at 
 the village. Charles P. Chandler, James S. Holmes, and Nathaniel 
 Carpenter were highly esteemed citizens in their day. Foxcroft sent 
 near 150 soldiers to aid the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion ; 
 of whom 40 were lost. 
 
 The Congregationalists are the leading denomination in town, hav- 
 ing a handsome church-edifice and a chapel. For public entertain- 
 ments, the inhabitants give a preference to the more intellectual sort, 
 as concerts and lectures. Foxcroft Academy was chartered in 1823, — 
 the first institution of the kind north of Bangor, and still flourishing. 
 The village schools are graded. Foxcroft has eight public school- 
 houses, valued at 14,000. In 1870 the valuation of estates was $400,- 
 109. In 1880 it was $394,675. The rate of taxation in 1880 is stated 
 at $2 on $1,000. The population, according to the census of 1880 is 
 1,264. 
 
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FRANKFORT. 237 
 
 FrRnkf Ort is situated on the western bank of the Penobscot 
 River, in the north-eastern part of Waldo County. It is bounded on 
 the north by Winterport, east by Bucksport, on the opposite side of 
 the Penobscot, south by Prospect and Searsport, and west by Monroe. 
 The town is about 7^ miles long, east and west, and 4|- wide. The sur- 
 face is broken and rough. The soil is gravel in parts, in others loam. 
 The principal crop is hay. There are several high hills, the highest of 
 which, mounts Waldo and Mosquito, are in the south-eastern part of 
 the town. The foi-mer is about 1,000 feet in height. It was formerly 
 called mount Misery, from the sufferings connected with the death of 
 two boys who ascended the mountain, and perished in the snow-storm 
 by which they were overtaken. In 1815 a party of excursionists who 
 ascended the mountain re-named it Mount Waldo. Mosquito Moun- 
 tain is an immense mass of granite, and is noted for the number of 
 mosquitoes swarming about it from the stagnant marsh between its 
 base and the river. Halley Hill is another elevation of land near the. 
 centre of the town. Each of these three eminences have granite quar- 
 ries near them, from which immensie quantities of granite have been 
 taken. The principal stream is Marsh River, the north branch of 
 which, flowing from the west, forms a portion of the north-western 
 boundary of the town ; and having formed a junction with the south 
 branch, which bounds a small portion of the town on the east, empties 
 into the Penobscot at Marsh Bay. On this stream are several powers, 
 of which the first is occupied by mills. At this place is Marsh Village, 
 16 miles from both Bangor and Belfast. The stream is the outlet of 
 several ponds in the town adjoining at the west, and of Goose Pond at 
 the south-western corner of the towB. There are some charming 
 nooks along Marsh River in the western part of the town. Frankfort 
 has three companies engaged in quarrying granite, a saw, shingle and 
 grist mill, etc. The buildings in the village, and through the rural 
 parts of the town give indications of thrift. Maple and birch trees 
 prevail in the forests ; and many of the former have in years past been 
 set along the streets, to the beautifying of the to'wn, and refreshment 
 of the traveler. 
 
 As originally incorporated in 1789, Frankfort embraced the whole 
 territory along the western bank of the Penobscot from Belfast to 
 Wheeler's mills, on Soadabscook Stream ; thus embracing also the 
 present towns of Prospect, Winterport, Hampden, and parts of Bel- 
 fast, Searsport and citockton. In 1793 this was divided into the three 
 towns of Prospect, Frankfort and Hampden ; the first being the long- 
 est settled, — retaining the records but not the name. Prospect then 
 included Searsport and Stockton, and Frankfort, the present Winter- 
 port. The last was set off in 1860, when Frankfort acquired its pres- 
 ent boundaries. It is found that there were settlers in Frankfort as 
 early as 1770, for in 1773 there were twelve families residing at Marsh 
 Bay, one family at Oak Point, and one where the village now is. 
 Among these first settlers were J. Treat, E. Grant, J. Kinnakum, J. 
 Woodman, P. King, S. Kenny and E. Ide. According to a MS. letter 
 of Joshua Treat, Esq., an early settler, "the first settlers got their liv- 
 ing by hunting moose, beaver and muskrat, and by fishing in Penob- 
 scot River." There were conflicting claims of proprietors under the 
 Waldo patent — to which this tract belonged. Thorndike & Company 
 
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238 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 finally proved to be the owners of this township, which they sold to 
 settlers at $2 per acre. 
 
 The war of 1812 was a serious injury to the town, both as to de- 
 velopment and losses of property in lumber and vessels by seizure, and 
 from destruction of the coasting trade. Among later valued citizens 
 we have the names of Robert Treat, Waldo and George A. Peirce 
 and John Wiswell. Frankfort sent 60 men to do battle for the Union 
 in the war of the Rebellion. Ten of these were lost. The church-edi- 
 fice in the town belongs to the Congregationalists. Frankfort has eight 
 public schoolhouses, valued, with their appurtenances, at $4,500. The 
 value of estates in 1870 was $220,646. In 1880 it was $186,815. The 
 rate of taxation in 1880 was 21 mills on the dollar. The population 
 in 1870 was 1,152. In 1880 it was 1,158. 
 
 FrRnklill, in Hancock County, is situated at the head of 
 Taunton Bay, a prolongation of Frenchman's Bay. It is 11 miles from 
 Ellsworth, on the Bangor and Cherryfield stage-line. There, are 
 several ponds, whose streams furbish considerable water-power. It 
 has nine lumber-mills, two grist-mills, a tannery and three granite 
 quarries. The material wealth of the town is mainly in its water- 
 power and its granite. The granite is porphyritic, but splits well, and 
 is handsome when hammered. Few in the town live exclusively by 
 farming. The soil is coarse and rocky, but under good cultivation is 
 fairly productive. It is better for grazing than for annual crops. 
 Nearly one-third of the hay is cut on the salt marshes, whence it is 
 raked, and boomed in as the tide flows. Cranberry culture has received 
 some attention, vs'ith successful results. Franklin is said to have 
 shipped more spars, railroad ties, and ship timber than any other town 
 of its size in this or in Washington County. 
 
 Franklin was originally plantation No. 9. It was incorporated in 
 1825, being named in honor of Dr. Franklin. It was first occupied by 
 the French at Butler's Point. Moses Butler and Mr. Wentworth came 
 in 1764, and are supposed to be the first English settlers. The next 
 were Joseph Bragdon, Mr. Hardison, Mr. Hooper and Abram Donnell. 
 On Butler's Point are apple trees upwards of one hundred years old. 
 
 The town furnished 120 men to the Union cause in the war of the 
 Rebellion, paying bounty to the amount of $12,280. The Methodists 
 and Baptists each have a church in the town. Franklin has nine public 
 school houses, and the school property is valued at $5,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $168,348. In 1880 it was $178,220. The 
 population in 170 was 1,042. In the census of 1880 it was 1,102. 
 
 Franklin County is situated in the western part of the 
 State, its northern extremity bordering on Canada. Somerset County 
 bounds it on the east, Kennebec and Androscoggin on the south, and 
 Oxford County on the west. The area is 1,600 square miles. The Saddle- 
 back and Mount Abraham range of mountains, continuing eastward on a 
 line with the Rangeley Lakes, divides the county in two nearly equal 
 portions and separates the Sandy River valley on the south from that 
 of Dead River on the north. From the line of highlands that marks 
 the boundary between it and Canada flow down the head waters of the 
 Androscoggin and Kennebec. Mount Abraham, 3,387 feet in height, 
 and Saddleback Mountain, about 4,000 feet, mark the middle portion 
 
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FRANKLIN COUNTY. 239 
 
 of the county, and Blue Mountain, also about 4,000 in height, with its 
 eastward range of hills, subdivides the southern section. The Andro- 
 scoggin River passes across a corner of Jay, the south-western town 
 of the county, and the streams of towns on this side are generally 
 tributary to this river. An interesting feature is the combination of 
 scenery about one little valley of ten miles radius from the town of 
 Parmington, embracing the bold features of mountain ranges, with the 
 low, warm, fertile vaUey, having the geological features and botanical 
 exuberance which are not often found except in extensive countries. 
 The region in view from the Saddleback range is no less striking, for 
 on the west and south-west lie the Rangeley and Richardson Lakes, 
 partly in Franklin and partly in Oxford ; northward is the Dead River 
 Valley with this tributary of the Kennebec winding peacefully through 
 it. Clearings in many directions show dots of buildings and broad tracts 
 of grass-land and cultivated field. 
 
 Franklin County was the home of the Norridgewock tribe of the - 
 Abnaki nation of Indians. Their principal village was near where 
 Sandy River enters the Kennebec. There was a village of these 
 people at Farmington Falls ; another was at Chesterville Centre, on 
 the Little Norridgewock. Though the tribe removed to Canada before 
 settlements were made in the county by white people, yet a few strag- 
 gling families seem to have made different points in Franklin their 
 homes for many years later, having some intercourse with the hunters, 
 trappers and early settlers. The first of these found on Sandy River 
 the camp of one of these secluded aborigines named Pierpole. He 
 assisted them with valuable information in regard to their new home ; 
 but not receiving the sympathy that was desirable from his new neigh- 
 bors, and being Roman Catholic in religioVi, he migrated to Canada 
 with his family, carrying with him the dead body of his child. 
 
 By the reports of hunters, the existence of the " Great Interval " on 
 Sandy River became known in certain quarters, creating a large degree 
 of interest. In 1776, therefore, five enterprising young men from 
 Topsham explored the region with a view to settlement. Their names 
 were Stephen Titcomb, Robert Gower, James Henry, Robert Alexander 
 and James Macdonnel. They selected lots in the centre of the " Great 
 Interval," measuring them off with stripgs of basswood bark. No 
 family, liowever, moved into the place till 1781. Mr. Titcomb, intend- 
 ing to become the first settler with a family in the place, started with 
 them and his household goods in the autumn of 1780, but was blocked 
 up by snow at the last house on the route, situated in Readfield. 
 When spring opened he went to his clearing and put in his crop ; then, 
 returning for his family, he met Joseph Brown and Nathaniel Davis 
 on the way with their families. Settlers soon followed from each State 
 of New England, excepting, perhaps, Vermont. The first mill in the 
 county was on Davis's Mill Stream, now called Temple Mill Stream, 
 near the centre of Farmington. This Was erected by the combined 
 enterprise of the settlers, and put in operation in the autumn pf the 
 first year that families wintered in the place. Many Revolutionary 
 soldiers were among the early settlers. Enoch Craig was one of these, 
 and became the founder of one of the enterprising and substantial 
 families of Franklin County. In 1789, he married Dorothy Sterling, 
 of one of the leading pioneer families, they being obliged to make a 
 journey to Hallowell in order to be legally united. Within ten years 
 
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240 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MA/yE. 
 
 of the wintering of the first families in Farmington, the Sandy River 
 Valley, through most of its extent had become the seat of a flourish- 
 ing community ; and this town alone contained 85 families. 
 
 A railroad connecting with the Maine Central was opened to Farm- 
 ington in 1859; and in 1880, a narrow-guage railway was constructed 
 from Farmington to Phillips. The county having until within a few 
 years been without tlie facilities of cominunication necessary to the 
 development of manufactures beyond the supi)ly of some of its local 
 wants, affords perhaps the best illustration that can be found in New 
 England of the relative ]irofits of exclusively agricultural investments 
 in a region distant from large markets, owing none of its prosjjerity or 
 
 "WKSTRRX "NOR.llAL HCnnoL, FA 1:.M IXGTON. 
 
 wealth to commerce, manufacturing or lumbering o]icrations. Whpt, 
 then, has agricultural industry, unassisted by any otlier enterjirise or 
 investment, done for a community of 17 towns in the interior of 
 Maine? The reply is "It has for nearly a century su])ported in com- 
 parative afHucnce an average population of some 20,000." Just in 
 proportion as grazing — that is, stock-growing — was made the main re- 
 liance and endeavor, their progress and prosperity have been conspicu- 
 ous. Rev. J. S. Swift, author of an excellent article on Franklin 
 County In the "History of New England " of Crocker and Howard, 
 and having large acquaintance in the county, says that he "knows of 
 
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FRANKLIN. 241 
 
 no instance where a Franklin farmer has kept out of speculation, and 
 made a specialty of grazing through a series of years, who has not be- 
 come pecuniarly independent." 
 
 Both soil and climate are well-adapted to the production of corn 
 and wheat ; and oats on the intervals not unfrequently yield from 75 
 to 90 bushels to the acre. A large business is also done in canning 
 sweet corn. Noble orchards were early planted in the older towns of 
 the county, but were mainly useful for cider and vinegar, or for home 
 use in cooking. The new orchards are chiefly intended to produce 
 apples suitable for eating in their natural state, and great quantities are 
 every year exported to all the cities of the country, and some even to 
 Europe. 
 
 The first sermon preached in Franklin County was about 1783, by 
 Rev. Mr. Emerson, at the log-house of Stephen Titcomb. A Methodist 
 meeting-house was erected at Farmington Falls as early as 1800. Tlie 
 meeting-house at the Centre (now the court-house) was raised in 1803 ; 
 and in a few years, spires began to rise in many parts of the county. 
 
 Franklin has three flourishing agricultural societies, each with an 
 enclosed park and buildings for the purposes of exhibition. The first 
 printing-press was set up in Franklin County in 1832, and a paper 
 called the " Sandy River Yeoman," was published one year, then 
 abandoned. In 1840, the " Franklin Register " was started at Farm- 
 ington, and, after four years, changed to the " Chronicle," which has — 
 though by different publishers — been sustained uninteruptedly ever 
 since. In 1858 the " Franklin Patriot " was started, continuing 
 through the war of the Rebellion,— a smart supporter of the opposition 
 side against the " Chronicle." The " Phillips Phonograph " was started 
 in 1878. Franklin County is also notable for its educational privileges, 
 chief of which are the Western Normal School, for training teachers, 
 the Wendell Institute, and the "Little Blue " or Abbott Family School 
 for boys. 
 
 The act establishing Franklin County was passed in 1838. It now 
 contains 19 towns and 11 plantations wliich are organized or have had 
 an organization. Their names are Avon, Carthage, Chesterville, Eustis, 
 Farmington, Freeman, Industry, Jay, Kingfield, Madrid, New Sharon„ 
 New Vineyard, Phillips, Rangeley, Salem, Strong, Temple, Weld, 
 Wilton, and Coplin, Dallas, Greenvale, Letter E, Perkins, Rangeley, 
 Jerusalem, Lang, No. 6, Sandy River, and Washington plantations. 
 Farmington is the shire town. The population in 1830 was 15,938. 
 In 1870 it was 18,807. In 1880 it was 18,177. The estates in 1870 
 were valued at $5,791,659. In 1880 they were $5,812,866. 
 
 Franklin Plantation, in Oxford County, lies 14 miles north 
 of Paris. Its size is about 5 miles long by 2^ wide. There is a con- 
 siderable mountain in the southern part, and three in the north-west- 
 ern. In the extreme north-westei-n angle is Mount Zircon, somewhat 
 noted for the mineral spring situated on its western slope in Milton 
 Plantation. A stream in the southern part affords several small water- 
 powers, upon which are a shingle-mill and a saw-mill for long and short 
 lumber. There are said to be valuable deposits of gold and silver 
 about the mountains. 
 
 16 
 
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242 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 This plantation was formerly No. 2, and was composed of the Bux- 
 ton, Milton Academy and Bartlett grants. The tirst clearing was 
 made in 1816, the first settlement in 1820, general settlement, 1830. 
 The plantation was organized in 1841. The only church is that of the 
 Advents. The number of public schoolhouses is three, having a value 
 of $300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $35,487. In 1880 it 
 was $26,110. The population in 1870 was 178. In 1880 it was 159. 
 
 Freedom lies on the western line of "Waldo County, 18 miles 
 W. N. W. of Belfast. It is bounded on the north by Unity, east by 
 Montville, south by Palermo, and west by Albion, in Kennebec County. 
 The surface is uneven. The principal hills are Beaver and Sandford. 
 The ponds are Sandy and Duck. Both are situated in the eastern part 
 of the town, and supply Sandy Stream, which runs northward through 
 Freedom Village to Unity Pond. The area of Sandy Pond is about 
 850 acres, of Duck, 200 acres. On Sandy Stream near the village are 
 five powers. On these are a flour-mill, a corn-mill, a saw-mil] for long 
 lumber, a shingle-mill, a shovel-handle factory, a carding, clothing and 
 woollen mill, and a tannery. The village has several handsome resi- 
 dences, and the streets are pleasantly shaded with maple and elm trees. 
 The nearest railroad station is that of the Belfast branch of the Maine 
 Central at Thorndike. As an agricultural town Freedom ranks at 
 ^bout an average. The soil is chiefly gravelly loam. The chief crops 
 are hay and potatoes. There is some ledge and many granite bowlders. 
 The usual variety of trees are found in the forests, but these are 
 mainly of the hard woods. 
 
 Freedom was a part of the Plymouth Patent. The first opening 
 (vas made in the forest in 1794 by Stephen Smith, a soldier of tlie 
 Revolution. With the assistance of his brothers, he also built the first 
 house in the town in the latter part of the same year. It was located 
 a short distance south of the burying-ground in South Freedom. The 
 next June, Jolin Smith, subsequently known as Father Nehemiah, set- 
 tled in the township. Then followed Rev. Aaron Gould, Isaac Worth- 
 ing and James and Joshua Smith. Other prominent names of a little 
 later date are Jason Wood, Frost Gerry, Gideon Robinson, Colonel 
 Brown, Benjamin Comings, Bradstreet Wiggins, William Sibley and 
 Rev. Reuben Keen. Still later well-known nam^s are honorables 
 Robert Elliot, J. D. Lamson, N. A. Luce, William Sibley, esquires; 
 and of M.D.'s, Ithamer Bellows, Varney Blackstone and Aaron W. 
 Gould. The plantation name was at first Smithstown, afterwards 
 Beaver Hill. In 1813, during the last war w-ith Great Britain, the 
 town was incorporated under its present name, which was the choice 
 of the inhabitants and had a political significance. 
 
 The Congregation alists have the only church-edifice in the town. 
 Freedom Academy, was incorporated in 1836. It has furnished a part 
 of their education to many who have become prominent in their call- 
 ings. Freedom has nine public schoolhouses, valued, with their appur- 
 tenances, at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $191,505. 
 In 1880 it was $177,241. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 13|- mills on the dollar, cash tax. The population in 1870 was 716. In 
 1880 it was 652. 
 
 Freeman is Rituated near the middle of the eastern side of 
 
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FREEPORT. 243 
 
 Franklin Coiinty, 15 miles north-west of Farmington. It is bounded 
 on the north by Kingfield and Salem, east by New Portland, south by 
 Strong and New Vineyard^ and west by Phillips and Salem. Its area 
 is 17,000 acres. The surface is much broken by hills, but the soil is 
 fertile, though hard to cultivate. Freeman Ridge, occupying a large 
 portion of the northern part of the town, is said to be the best for till- 
 age. The middle and southern part of the town is drained by a branch 
 of Sandy River, and across the northern part flows Curvo Stream, the 
 southern branch of Seven Mile Brook. Freeman and West P'reeman 
 are the post-offices. There are saw-mills at Freeman, West and North 
 Freeman. 
 
 Freeman is the westerly of two townships granted by the State of 
 Massachusetts to the sufferers of Falmouth (now Portland) in the 
 burning of the town by the British during the Revolutionary War. It 
 was surveyed and settled under the agency of Reuben Hill about 1797., 
 William Bracldy, David Hooper, Alexander Fasset, Samuel Wey- 
 mouth, and Messrs. Burbank, Moiton and Boston were among the first 
 settlers. The township was No. 3, in 2d Range, and when first settled 
 took the name of Little River Plantation. It was incorporated in 1803, 
 taking its name from Samuel Freeman, of Portland, who was one of 
 the principal owners at the time of settlement. 
 
 The Methodists have a church at Freeman Village, and the Free 
 Baptists at West Freeman. There are ten public schoolhouses in the 
 town, and the school property is valued at 12,400. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $146,090. In 1880 it was 140,269. The population 
 in 1870 was 608. In 1880 it was 549. 
 
 Ireeport is situated in the eastern part of Cumberland 
 County, and at the north-eastern extremity of Casco Bay. Brunswick 
 bounds it on the east, Pownal on the north, the latter and Yarmouth 
 on the west, and Casco Bay on the south. Cousin's River forms the 
 dividing line between Freeport and Yarmouth for about half the dis- 
 tance of their boundary. The Maine Central Railroad runs through 
 the town, having a station at Freeport Corner, 17 miles from Portland. 
 Other business centres are South Freeport, Mast Landing and Porter's 
 Landing. The surface of the town is varied, with but moderate eleva- 
 tions and depressions. The soil is chiefly clay loam, and generally 
 productive. The largest crops are hay and potatoes. Harraseeket 
 River is the principal stream. The long basin at its mouth constitutes 
 a harbor navigable by large vessels, and its openness through the year 
 is supposed to have given the town its name of Freeport. This harbor 
 is formed by Wolf's and Mitchell's necks. Flying Point forms tho 
 south-eastern angle of the town. There are upwards of a dozen islands 
 within the corporate limits. The largest of these are Bustin's, Silver, 
 Lanses, French, and Cab islands. 
 
 The manufactures are ships and boats, shoes, clothing, harnesses, 
 canned food, etc. The shipbuilding points are Mast Landing, Porter's 
 Landing and South Freeport. Freeport Corner is a pleasant village, 
 with elm-shaded streets and several elegant residences. Most of the 
 houses have ample grounds, and some ornamental shrubbery. Orchards, 
 with fine old as well as young trees, and choice fruit, are a feature of 
 tlie village. The Pownal and South Freeport roads continue these 
 attractions, and afford agreeable drives. 
 
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244 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The town was formerly a part of North Yarmouth, but was set off 
 and incorporated in 1789. It then included Pownal, which was set off 
 in 1808. The name of its principal stream, Harraseekit, was formerly- 
 applied to the town. The first church in Freeport was formed Decem- 
 ber 21, 1789, by ten members dismissed from the first church. North 
 Yarmouth, and tlie Rev. Alfred Johnson was ordained the following 
 week. He was dismissed in 1805, being succeeded by Rev. Samuel 
 Veazie, who died at the age of thirty years, of consumption, the night 
 after he was carried from his burning house; February 6, 1809. Rev. 
 Reuben Nason was his successor (1810-15). He came to the ofiice of 
 pastor from Gorham Academy. He is said to have been an excellent 
 Christian man, yet with much of the Puritanic sternness. He was 
 prompt to punish offences, yet quick to appreciate a joke. The boys 
 of the academy once put a donkey in his place at the recitation. In- 
 stead of becoming enraged, he simply told them that he thought they 
 had shown excellent taste in selecting a suitable instructor — " a donkey 
 to teach donkeys " — and retired. This ended all their fun of that sort 
 with him. Rev. John S. C. Abbott, the historian, also preached in 
 Freeport for a time. There are now two Congregationalist churches, 
 one of which is a very handsome edifice. The Methodists, Baptists 
 and Free Baptists also have each a church. Freeport has an excellent 
 high-school at the Corner. There are in the town seventeen public 
 Bohoolhouses, valued at $25,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $912,053. The rate of taxation in 1880 was $1.17 on $100. The pop- 
 ulation in 1870 was 2,457. In the census of 1880 it was 2,279. 
 
 French. Ville lies on the southern bank of the St. John River, 
 in the north-eastern part of Aroostook County, 110 miles north-east of 
 Houlton. It is on the stage-line from Van Buren to Fort Kent. For- 
 merly it was the plantation of Dionne, named for Father Dionne, who 
 built there the first Catholic church — St. Luce. It was incorporated 
 Feb. 23, 1869, under the name of Dickeyville, in honor of Hon. William 
 Dickey, of Fort Kent. The name was changed Jan. 26, 1871, to indi- 
 cate the nationality of the inhabitants. 
 
 The town is very irregular in form, lying on a south-eastern bend 
 of the St. John. On the south-eastern side it rests on the northern 
 end of Long Lake, the north-eastern of the Fish River Lakes. The 
 principal streams are Dufour, Gagnon, Rosignol, Bourgoin, and Cyr 
 brooks, all emptying into the St. John, and each having falls suitable 
 for mills. Gagnon Brook has two-saw-mills and two grist-mills, and 
 Cyr Brook a small saw-mill. There are other small saw-mills, a cloth- 
 dressing mill and a starch-factory in the town. 
 
 The soil is sandy on some streams, but there is much interval, and 
 the fertility is general. The crops cultivated are chiefly buckwheat, 
 oats, peas, wheat and potatoes. The most numerous forest trees are 
 maple, cedar and fir. 
 
 The Catholics have the only church in the town. Frenchville has 
 twelve public schoolhouses ; and the children of school age number 
 1,112. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $80,600. In 1880 it 
 was $107,753. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 1\ per cent. The 
 numberof polls in 1870 was 274. In 1880 the number was 375. The 
 population in 1870 was given in the report massed with townships 16 
 and 17, Range 5, the aggregate being 1,851. In 1880, the same were 
 given at 2,288. 
 
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FRYEBURG. 245 
 
 FriGIlClsllip, the so,uth-western town of Knox County, is 
 situated at the north-west side of Muscongus Bay. On the north-west 
 is Waldoboro, and on the east, Cushing. Friendship River forms the 
 larger part of the boundary line on this side, and the outlet of South- 
 west Pond forms its entire line with Waldoboro. The greatest length 
 of the town is from north-east to south-west. The area is about 
 8,000 acres of mainland, and Friendship Long Island, nearly 3 miles 
 long, and Moses Island, about half as large, containing 85 acres. The 
 surface of the town is very rough and ledgy, having b\it a thin layer of 
 sand and alluvium. 
 
 Friendship was a part of the Muscongus or Waldo patent, and the 
 original deeds are from General Waldo, The Indian and the planta- 
 tion name of the town was Meduncook, signifying " Sandy Harbor." 
 Yet the term seems inappropriate, for the shore is rock-bound, and in 
 some parts are bold bluffs where ships may ride at anchor in safety in 
 20 feet of water. The first settlements were in 1750. About this date 
 a garrison was erected on an island in the southern part ; which, from 
 this circumstance,' bears the name of Garrison Island. It is connected 
 with the main at low water. James Bradford, who was one of the first 
 inhabitants, settled near the fort. In 1754, there were resident here 22 
 families, among-whom occur other names as follows : Jameson, Wads- 
 worth, Davis, Lowry, Gay, Cushing, Bartlett, Demorse, Bickniore, 
 Morton and Cook. In the war of 1755 all moved their families with- 
 in the garrison except Bradford, who believed he could easily reach it 
 whenever Indians should appear. One morning while he was engaged 
 in pounding corn, the watchers in the garrison saw savages approach- 
 ing tlie house, and at once fired a gun to alarm Bradford's family. 
 None of them heard it, and the savages entered the h'ouse and killed 
 Mr. Bradford and his wife with their tomahawks. As her infant fell 
 from her arms, a daughter some twelve or fourteen years old, sprang 
 from her concealment under the bed and caught the infant as it fell, 
 instantly running away with it toward the garrison. The Indians pur- 
 sued, flinging their tomahawks after her. One of these made a deep 
 flesh wound, yet she reached the garrison still holding the infant. The 
 girl recovered from her wound, and, removing to Vermont, became 
 the mother of a large and respectable family. 
 
 The manufactures are mostly at Friendship Village, and consist of 
 ship and boat building, sail, carriage, boot and shoe making ; and there 
 is one stave and shingle mill in operation._ This place is 14 miles south- 
 west of Rockland. It is on the stage-route from Thomaston to Friend- 
 ship and thence to Waldoboro. 
 
 There is a church of the Methodists, of the Baptists, and of the 
 Advents in the town. The number of public schoolhouses is seven. 
 The total school property is valued at |2,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was 1140,267. In 1880 it was $157,165. The population in 
 1870 was 890. In 1880 it was 938. 
 
 FryOlmr^ is an old and interesting town in Oxford County, 
 situated between Bridgton, in Cumberland County, and the New Hamp- 
 shire line. These are its eastern and western boundaries; on the 
 north lie Stowe, Lovell and Sweden, on the south-east is Denmark, and 
 on the south, Brownfield. As originally incorporated in 1777, the 
 town was 2,172 rods square. A triangle of 4,147 acres was taken from 
 
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246 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 its south-west corner, when the dividing line between Maine and New 
 Hampshire was run; and a tract was subsequently annexed to the 
 north part, and another on the south — the latter taken from Brownfield. 
 That on the north was known as Fryeburg Addition. It included the 
 valley of Cold River, and in 1833 was set off and incorporated as 
 Stowe. The extreme length of the town, north and south, is 12 miles, 
 and the extreme width, east and west, about 7 miles. The surface is 
 much varied with hills, plains, ponds and streams. The Saco River 
 forms in the town an immense bow with its curve toward the north, 
 absorbing 31 miles of its length. There is a connection with the sides 
 of this bow through the middle of the town by means of a canal, pond 
 and bog. The river receives the outlets of four large ponds and seve- 
 ral small ones, lying wholly or partially within the town. Of these, 
 the largest are Lovell's (area, 2 square miles), Kezar and Kimball 
 ponds, the first in the southern, the second in the eastern, and the 
 latter in the north-western part of the town. Other ponds bear the 
 names of Pleasant, Bog, Charles, Clay, Horseshoe, Cat, Round, Black, 
 Haley and, Davis. Kezar River is a considerable stream that comes 
 in on the north-east — the outlet of ponds in Waterford and Sweden. 
 Bog Pond lies in the centre of the town ; and between the south-eastern 
 part and Saco River stands the solitary "Mount Zion." Between 
 the head of Lovell Pond and Saco River, on the west, lies Fryeburg 
 Village; and on the river, west of the village, is Pine Hill. The Port- 
 land and Ogdensburg Railroad approaches the village from the south- 
 east and turns away toward the south-west, passing between a southern 
 bend of the Saco and Stark's Hill on the south. Stark's Hill is 500 
 feet in height, and is succeeded southward by Long Hill and Bald 
 Peak. Three-fourths of a mile north-east of the village is Jockey Cap 
 clifi", and a mile and a half north of this, on the eastern bank of the 
 west side of the Saco bow, is Martha's Grove Camp Ground. In the 
 western part of the town, on the south-eastern shore of Kimball's Pond, 
 is Birch Hill. On the north end of Lovell's Pond, on the eastern side, 
 comes in Fight Brook, upon the meadow, at the mouth of which oc- 
 curred the famous Lovewell's Fight, from which the pond and brook 
 take their names. North Fryeburg and Fryeburg Centre are small 
 villages; and these, with Fryeburg Villago (Fryeburg post-office), and 
 East Fryeburg, are the post-offices. The principal water-powers of 
 this town are on Kezar River, Ballard and Evans brooks, and at 
 the beautiful Swan's Falls on the . Saco River, within a mile of 
 Fryeburg Village. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, 
 harnesses, carnages, lumber in its various forms, tinware, cheese, 
 canned vegetables, etc. There are four water-mills and two steam- 
 mills. 
 
 The Fryeburg intervals are noted for their richness and beauty, 
 containing nearly 10,000 acres which are frequently overflowed and 
 fertilized by the Saco. There is the usual variety of trees, with large 
 tracts of pine and oak. Fryeburg, the principal centre of business in 
 the town, is a pretty village on a broad level plain, slightly elevated 
 above the intervals of the Saco. Many from the cities every summer 
 find rest in its pleasant hotels and boarding-houses. The views to the 
 west are very mountainous. 
 
 This town is celebrated for the fight to which allusion has already 
 been made. Capt. John Lovewell, the son of an ensign in Cromwell's 
 
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FRYEBURG. 241 
 
 Puritan army, was an able partisan oificer of the colonies. In April, 
 1725, he led 46 men from the frontier Massachusetts towns by a long 
 and arduous march into the heart of the Pequaket country. After 
 marching over 100 miles they reached Saco (now Lovell's) Pond, with 
 34 men, and here they encamped over night near the chief village of 
 the Indians. In the morning, Saturday, May 8, while they were 
 assembled around the chaplain on the western side of the pond, and 
 ere the morning devotions had been finished, a gun was heard, and an 
 Indian was seen on the opposite side. They at once commenced a 
 circuit of the northern end of the pond ; leaving their packs on a small 
 plain among the brakes in the shade of tall pines, and continued on 
 around the eastern side of the pond in search of the Indian. They 
 soon met him returning to the village. Shots were exchanged and he 
 fell. Meantime, a party of savages about three times as strong as 
 Lovewell's, led by Paugus and Wahwa, had discovered the packs 
 half-hidden among the brakes. Paugus ordered his warriors to fire 
 over the heads of the English, then make them prisoners. As Love- 
 well led his men back to the little plain by the brook, the savages rose 
 before them, front and flank, and rushed toward them, presenting their 
 guns and holding out ropes, and demanding if they would have quarter. 
 " Only at the muzzle of our guns " replied the brave captain. The 
 forces met with a volley, and several Indians fell. Three more rounds 
 were fired at close quarters, and Lovewell was mortally wounded, and 
 8 of his men were killed. The English retired, fighting,to a position 
 among the pines with the pond in their rear. Fight Brook on one side 
 and Rocky Point on the other. This sheltered position they main- 
 tained for eight hours against continued assaults ; and at sunset the 
 Indians retired, leaving 39 of their warriors killed and wounded, in- 
 cluding Paugus. The fight had continued so long that some of their 
 guns became fpul with so much firing, and John Chamberlain went 
 down to the water to wash his piece. Just then a warrior, supposed 
 to be Paugus, came down for the same purpose, only a short distance 
 off. They watched each other's movements, and finished the cleaning 
 at the same time, then commenced to load. 
 
 " Quick me kill you now," exclaimed the Indian. 
 
 "Maybe not," answered Chamberlain, thumping the breech of his 
 gun heavily on the ground. His old flintlock primed itself, and a mo- 
 ment later his bullet crashed through the brain of the huge savage, 
 whose bullet whistled harmlessly through the air. Throughout the 
 long day, the yells of the Indians, the cheers of the English, and the 
 reports of the muskets resounded through the forests; while chaplain 
 Frye, mortally wounded, was often heard praying for victory. About 
 midnight the English retreated, leaving 15 of their number dead and 
 dying on the field, while 10 of the remaining 19 were wounded. This 
 b ittle broke the strength of the Pequakets and filled the neighboring 
 clans with fe.ir ; so that most of them removed to Canada. 
 
 The larger part of Fryeburg was granted by Massachusetts in 1762 
 to General Joseph Pryo, who had been at the siege of Louisburg, and 
 commanded a regiment at Fort William Henry, on Lake George, in 
 1757. In the same year a grant was made to some persons in' Concord, 
 N.H., who came with their cattle and commenced clearings, and the 
 next year (17G3) came in with their families. Of these, Nathaniel 
 Smith with his family were the first settlers, followed in November by 
 
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248 GAZETEEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Samuel Osgood, Moses Ames, John Evans, and Jedediah Spring, with 
 their families. In 1766, Lieut. Caleb Swan and his brother James 
 came in. The year 1766 was a period of great suffering from lack of 
 food, and the settlers were obliged to send men to Concord, 80 miles 
 through the wilderness with handsleds, for provisions. 
 
 A Congregational church was organized in 1775, and Rev. William 
 Fessenden ordained as pastor. He was the ancestor of the noted 
 family of his name. Fryeburg Academy was incorporated in 1792, 
 and has ever maintained high rank. Paul Langdon, son of the presi- 
 sident of Harvard University, was the first preceptor. He was suc- 
 ceeded in 1802 by Daniel Webster, then " a youth unknown to fame," 
 The new building was erected in 1852. The first lawyer in Fryeburg, 
 and in what ii? now O.xfoid County, was Judah Dana, who came to 
 Fi-yeburg in 1798. The town was first represented in the General 
 Court in 1781, by Simon Frye, many years a senator and judge of the 
 C mrt of Common Pleas. At North Fryeburg there is a Universalist 
 church ; and in other parts are a Congregational, a Methodist, and a New 
 Jcru-salem church. It has sixteen school-houses, valued at $6,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1S70 was $670,383. In 1880 it was $796,322. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,507. In 1880 it was 1,633. 
 
 GrJirClillGr, in the southern part of Kennebec County, is 
 situated on the western bank of the Kennebec River about 25 miles 
 from the sea. The Kennebec separates it from Pittston on the east, 
 and the Cobbossee Contee Stream, on the opposite side divides it partly 
 troniW. Gardiner. Farniingdale forms the northern boundary, and Rich- 
 mond the southern. The other principal stream is Rolling-dam Brook. 
 The form of the town is nearly triangular, the side on the river being 
 about 6 miles in length, and the width of the southern side about 4 
 miles. Ward 6, in the southern part comprises two-thirds of the ter- 
 ritory. On the river in this ward is the village of South Gardiner, 
 whore there are the large lumber-mills of Bradstreet Brothers and 
 Lawrence Brothers. The city proper is at the northern extremity of 
 tlie territory, where the Cobbosee Contee Stream enters the Kennebec. 
 On this stream witliin one mile of its mouth is a descent of 1:27 feet to 
 high tide in the river, included in 8 falls or rapids. Six of these piiv- 
 ileges are improved by well-built stone dams, and are occupied by fivo 
 savv-mills, one employing 25 hands and two about 40 hands each ; sash, 
 blind and door factories, cabinet, water-wheel, and fancy wood- work 
 factories ; two corn and grain mills — each consuming about 40,000 
 bushels annually — two machine-shops — one with foundry, the latter 
 employing about 28 liands— three mill-wright shops, woollen-factory, 
 employing 40 hands, washing-machine factory, carriage-spring factory, 
 axe-factory, Copsecook, Richard's, and Hollingsworth & Whitney's 
 paper-mills, employing about 38, 75, and 100. The total annual prod- 
 uct of these various factories is estimated to be $2,000,000. 
 
 The rural portion of the town is a thrifty agricultural regirn, while 
 along the river, the inhabitants are largely engaged in the ice business, 
 whicli yields an annual return almost equal to that of the manufac- 
 tures. The Maine Central Railroad runs through the length of the 
 town along the river. The city proper is at the head of steain naviga- 
 tion on the river, and through it is connected by a line of boats with 
 Boston. 
 
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GARDINER. 
 
 249 
 
 Gardiner Avas formerly a part of Pittston, and the earlier part 
 of its liistory will be found involved with that of the latter town. 
 Tlie separation took place at the incorporation of Pittston in 
 1804, when that part of the territory west of the Kennebec, now 
 Gardiner, took the name of the Cobbossee Plantation. It was mostly 
 owned by Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, of Boston, but later, for a long 
 period the resident agent of the Plymouth Proprietors on the_ Kenne- 
 bec. He erected a saw-mitl on the Cobbossee Contee Stream in 1760, 
 and thus began the settlement of the jilace. His grandson, Robert 
 Hallowell Gardiner, came into possession of the property in 180a, when 
 tlie territory was incoi-])orated as a town under its present name 
 in honor of its founder. The number of inhabitants at that time was 
 650. It received a city charter in 1850; soon after tliis what is now 
 West Gardiner was set off and formed into a separate town. 
 
 Mi' 
 
 COBBOSSEE CONTEE FALL, GARDINER, ME, 
 
 Gardiner has one savings and three national banks. The Gardiner 
 " Home Journal," a lively sheet, independent in ])olitics, is published 
 hero weekly, by H. K. Morrell & Son. The otlier slieet is the popular 
 " Kennebec Reporter," puldislied by R. B. Caldwell & Co. It is local 
 in its aims. Each of the leading religious denominations has a church 
 here; the large stone church of tlie Ejiiscopal society being the most 
 interesting. There is a fine soldiei''s nnjnument in the park nearly op- 
 posite the church. There is quite a good city library, and stefis 
 have been taken for the creation of a free public library. The city 
 proper has a comiilete system of graded schools. There are in all 
 fourteen public schooliiouses, valued at |.38,000. The valuation in 
 1870 was $-2,17'J,'243. In 1880 it was 12,379,129. The population at 
 that date was 4,497. By the census of 1880 it was 4,440. 
 
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250 GAZETTEER OF 3JAINE. 
 
 GftUdDO FO-llS, a small manufacturing village in Windham, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Gftrland is 25 mlles north-west of Bangor. It is bounded 
 by Charleston on the east, Dexter on the west, Exeter on the 
 south, and Dover, in Piscataquis County, on the north. The town is 6 
 miles square. The southern portion, embracing more than half of the 
 area, is quite level, not very stony, and very good for culture. The 
 rock is argillaceous slate. The northern part is traversed, east and 
 west, by a high range of hills. These are intersected near the medial 
 line of the town by a deep ravine known as "The Notch," through 
 which runs a county road to Dover. The Kenduskeag originates in 
 Pleasant Pond, which extends its length across the southern part of 
 the line between 'Garland and Dexter. At the east end, on the outlet 
 of this pond, is the village of West Garland. On the same stream, and 
 reaching to Garland village a little south of the centre of the town, is 
 the long " Mill Pond." At the south-east corner of the town the 
 Kenduskeag again furnishes a power at the little village of Holt's Mills. 
 The manufactures of this town consist of boots and shoes, long and 
 short lumber (four mills), doors, sash, etc., meal and flour (two mills), 
 wool rolls, carriages, furniture, egg-cases, etc. The stage-line from 
 Exeter to Dexter passes through the town, connecting with the Maine 
 Central Railroad at the latter place. 
 
 The exterior lines of Garland were run in 1792 by Ephraim Bal- 
 lard and Samuel Weston. In 1796 Massachusetts granted to Williams 
 College two townships of land, of which Garland was selected as one. 
 The trustees of the college, in 1798, conveyed i* to Levi Lincoln, Seth 
 Hastings, Samuel and Calvin Sanger, Samuel Sanger, Jr., and Elias 
 Grout. The township took the name of Lincoln, from the first mentioned 
 
 Proprietor, who later (1808) was governor of Massachusetts. In 1800, 
 loses Hodsdon, assisted by Daniel Wilkins, David A. Gove and a Mr. 
 Shores, ran the lines between a large number of lots. Again in 1805 
 A. Strong surveyed an additional number. Messrs. Gove and Wheeler 
 were the first who selected their lots. Joseph Garland, from Salisbury, 
 N. H., with his wife and three children were the first family here ; 
 wherefore at its incorporation in 1811, his name was given to the town. 
 Tliere were at this time about fifty legal voters within its limits. In 
 1802 a saw-mill was built by the proprietors of the township, and in 
 the following year several frame buildings were erected. The first 
 school was held in the house of William Garland in 1806, and taught 
 by William Mitchell. A post-office was established in 1818. 
 
 Rev. John Sawyer gatliered the first church here. The town now 
 has three— Congregationalist, Baptist and Methodist. Garland has 
 eleven public schoolhouses valued at $4,050. Tlie valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $312,263. In 1880 it was $331,690. The population in 
 1870 was 1,306. In 1880 it was $1,211. 
 
 GeOrgre'S Corners, a small village in Holden, Penobscot 
 County. 
 
 GeOrg'etOWll is an island and a town. It forms the south- 
 eastern part of Sagadahoc County, lying between Sheepscot River and 
 
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GILEAD. 251 
 
 the mouth of tke Kennebec. Westport and Woolwich lie on the north, 
 AiTowsic and Phipsbnrg on the west. Its length, north and south, is 
 about 9 miles, and its average width nearly 2 miles. The long narrow 
 harbor called " Robinhood's Cove," penetrates the island from the north 
 past the middle of the island. The principal settlement known as 
 Georgetown Centre, is near the head of this cove. Sagadahoc Bay 
 penetrates the island about one and half a miles in the opposite di- 
 rection. Seal Cove is on the west of this bay. On the eastern side of 
 the island are Harmon's Harbor and Five-Island Harbor, each having a 
 small settlement. Back River, having some current from the Kenne- 
 bec, separates Georgetown from Arrowsic. At the north-east is a 
 narrow passage between the shore and some islands called Little Hiirl- 
 gate. McMnhan's and the Five Islands lie on the Sheepscot side, Stage 
 and Salter's Islands on the ocean, and Long and Marr's Islands in 
 Kennebec River. There is considerable salt marsh in the southern 
 and the north-western part of the town. There are four small ponds on 
 the island, and in the south-east, Great Pond, lying near the shore, has a 
 wide connection with the sea. There are several e.xcellent tide-powers, 
 one of which at the centre is improved, where there is a savv, shingle 
 and grist mill. There is also a carding and shingle mill on the outlet to 
 Nichol's Pond. This village is connected with Bath by a stage-line. 
 Its nearest railroad station is Nequasset, in Woolwich. Georgetown 
 is also in the course of the steamboat-line between Bath and Bootli- 
 bay. Perhaps one half the territory of the town is good for tillage 
 and grazing. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the fisheries and 
 in the merchant service. 
 
 The town formei-ly embraced the several islands at the month of the 
 Kennebec, together with what are now the towns of Phipsburg, Bath, 
 West Bath, Woolwich and Arrowsic. It includes now only one island, 
 formerly called Parker's Island. This was purchased of the natives in 
 1650 by one John Parker, who was the first occupant after 1668. Yet 
 it has been thought by some that a portion of Popham's Colony formed 
 a settlement here. Tht island is at present held under Parker's title, 
 some of his posterity still being residents and land proprietors. The 
 Indian name of the island was Rascohegan, with various spellings. 
 The southern part is the locality known to early voyagers as Sagada- 
 hoc. The first Indian war swept away whatever inhabitants there 
 were, and no permanent re-settlement was made until about 1730. It 
 not included in the iIlC^Jrp(>ratil)n of 1716, but in that of 1738. 
 
 The post-offices are at tlie Centre and North Georgetown. Each of 
 these places, and the harbor on the east have a church. The Centre 
 and Harbor have Free Baptist churches, and North, a Methodist. 
 Georgetown has nine public schoolhouses, valued with the lots at 
 $2,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 1168,500. In 1880 it 
 was $147,824. The population in 1870 was 1,135. In 1880 it was 
 1,080. 
 
 GllGRQ. lies on the western border of Oxford County, and re- 
 ceives the Androscoggin River from New Hampshire. It lias Riley 
 on the north. Bethel on the east, Fryburg Academy and Batclielder's 
 Grants on the south. The length of the town, east and west, is about 
 6^ miles, and the width 2f. The town is nearly filled with hills and 
 mountains, only the north-eastern and north-western corners and some 
 
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252 GAZRTIEER OF MAINE. 
 
 tracts along the streams being level land. On the north side of the 
 town is a I'ow of three mountains, and on the south are six. From 
 west to east, through the middle of the town, flows the Androscoggin, 
 between these two rows of mountains. Their height varies from 400 
 to 600 feet. The principal ones are Robiuson's Peak, Tumble Down 
 Dick, Peaked Hill and Mount Ephraim. Between Mount Ephraim 
 and Gilead village on the east of it. Wild River comes down from the 
 region of mountains at the southward to the calmer Androscoggin. 
 The water-powers which have been improved are on Pleasant and 
 Chapman's brooks. The mills are a lumber-mill, a grist-mill, and one 
 manufacturing spool-stock, boxes and staves. The Grand Trunk Rail- 
 way runs through the length of the town on the south bank of the 
 Androscoggin. The soil is chiefly loam and gravel. The chief crop is 
 hay, which finds a good market with the lumbermen, who make this a 
 starting point for the woods. The currents of air between the mountains 
 are such as in a great measure to protect the crops of the valleys and 
 slopes from the frosts of autumn. A raica mine linre is worked profitably. 
 
 This town is 35 miles W.N.W. of Paris. The railroad station is 
 80 miles from Portland. Gilead has a wooden bridge 300 feet in length 
 and a wire bridge of 192 feet. 
 
 Gilead was incorporated in 1805, its name being suggested by a large 
 balm of gilead tree not long since still standing in the midst of the town. 
 It was formerly called Peabody's Patent. In 1781 the only two fami- 
 lies in town were killed by the Indians. Dui'ing the the terrible storm of 
 1826, when occurred the slide in the White Mountains which destroyed 
 the Willey family, there were many slides on the mountains in Gilead. 
 From Peaked Hill thousands of tons of earth and rocks with trees 
 came rushing down, destroying every living thing in their course. 
 Through the intense darkness, gleamed the lightning and the long 
 streams of fire caused by the sliding rocks. Among these mountains 
 bears are still to be found, and the early annals of the town are full of 
 thrilling adventures with these beasts. Gilead sent 22 men to aid in 
 the war for the Union in the Rebellion of the South, losing 4. 
 
 The town has churches of the Congregationalists and Methodists. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is six, having, with appurtenances, 
 the value of $1,500. The valuation of the estates in 1870 was $74,940. 
 In 1880 it was $72,364. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 4^ 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 329. In 1880 it was 293. 
 
 Gldltmril is situated in the southern part of Penobscot 
 County, and adjoins Bangor on the south. It is bounded on the east 
 by Orono and Oldtown, north by Hudson, and west by Kenduskeag 
 and Levant. Pushaw Lake lies on the eastern line, and the Kendus- 
 keag River crosses the south-western jiart of the town. The surface is 
 generally level, and the soil fertile. The town is chiefly agricultural, 
 and the inhabitants take pride in their occupation and its results. 
 
 There are some good water-powers on the Kenduskeag, and on 
 Black Branch and Lancaster Brook. Pushaw Lake contains eight 
 square miles. Tlie manufactures are cHiefly flour-barrel hoops, moccasins 
 and charcoal. Tlie stage-lines from Bangor to North Bradford and 
 Corinth run through the town. 
 
 This place was first incorporated Jan. 29, 1822, under the name of 
 Dutton, in honor of Judge Dutton, of Bangor. The name was changed 
 
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GORHAM. 253 
 
 in March 18, 1837, to that borne at present. Glenburn has seven pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, valued at $1,400. The valuation of estates in' 1870 
 was $143,313. In 1880 it was $188,632, The population in 1870 was 
 720. In 1880 it was 655. 
 
 GlCnWOOd Plantation is situated in the southern part of 
 Aroostook County, midway between the eastern and western limits. 
 It is in the second range north of Washington County. Wytopitlock 
 Station, on the European and North American Railway, is in Reed 
 Plantation, adjoining Glenwood on the south. Haynesville bounds the 
 plantation on the east, and Bancroft lies on the south-east. Wytopit- 
 lock Lake, having an area of 3^ square miles, lies on the westernline. The 
 outlet of this stream, running soutlnvard, furnishes a water-power occu- 
 pied by a saw-mill for long and short lumber. The forests are prin- 
 cipally of spruce and hemlock. The soil is a yellow loam, yielding well 
 with wheat and potatoes. Glenwood has three public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $200. The valuation in 1880 was $28,845. The rate of tax- 
 ation was \^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 185. In 1880 it 
 was 198. 
 
 GOOdale'S Corner, a post-ofEce in Orrington, Penobscot 
 County. 
 
 Goodwin's Mills, a small manufacturing village in the 
 adjoining towns of Lyman and Dayton, in York County. 
 
 Gorh^jni is one of the pleasantest and most substantial towns 
 in the State. It is situated on the south-western side of Cumberland 
 County, 10 miles from Portland. Windham bounds it on the north, 
 being separated from it by Presumpscot River. On the south-east is 
 Westbrook, on the south Scarborough, on the north-west, Standish, 
 and on the south-west Buxton,' in York County. The Oxford and 
 Cumberland Canal passes through the town nearly parallel to the Pre- 
 sumpscot River from Casco Bay to Sebago. Stroudwater Pond and 
 River drain the southern part of the town, and Little River drains the 
 centre. The Portland and Rochester Railway crosses the southern 
 part of the town, having a station at Gorham Village ; and the Port- 
 land and Ogdensburgh crosses the northern part, having a station at 
 White Rock, and at Gambo Falls, in Windham, adjoining. Gorham 
 village. Little Falls, Great Falls and West Gorham are the principal 
 business centres. There are numerous manufactures in town and at 
 its borders. At Gorham village are a tannery, a carpet, clothing and 
 carriage factories, granite and marble works, saw and grist mills, a 
 canned-food and a corn-canning factory, etc. At Little Falls (South 
 Windham P. O.) is a saw-mill and a brick-yard ; at Mallison Falls, half 
 a mile below, are a saw and a grist-mill. In North Gorham are a cloth- 
 ing factory, box and shook, and long and short lumber mills, a wagon 
 and sleigh factory, a paper-pulp and ware-mill, etc. There are small 
 mills on Little River and at Parker's Corners ; at Gi-eat Falls are a 
 saw-mill, barrel-factory, chair-factory, and a grist and plaster-mill. 
 
 Other localities are South Gorham and Gambo Falls. The Gorham 
 Savings Bank at the close of the year 1879 held in deposits and profits 
 $183,633. Gorham was one of the seven townships granted in 1728 to 
 
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254 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the men (or their heirs) who bore arms in the Narraganset war, in 1675. 
 The first clearings were made by Captain .Tolin Phinney, of Plymouth 
 blood, who with his boy paddled up Presumpseot River and fixed upon 
 P'ort Hill for his home. There were Indians living in wigwams near by, 
 but for two years this was the only white family in the townshiiD. The 
 oldest daughj,er aided in the transportation of provisions to and from 
 Portland, rowing a boat and carrying the bags of corn and meal around 
 tlie falls. Messrs. Bryant, Clotitman, Read and McLellan followed a 
 year or more later. They early built a block-hou.se ; but in 1746 Bry- 
 ant was killed in his field, his house was assailed, five of his children 
 were killed and scalped, and the mother taken captive and carried 
 away to Canada. The township was at first called Narragansett No. 7, 
 but was later changed to Gorhamtown, in honor of Captain John Gor- 
 liam, one of the early inhabitants. The township was surveyed in 
 1762, and incorporated as Gorham in 1764. In 1780 appeared here a 
 sect called New Lights, who protested against congregational taxation, 
 ministerial education, and other established customs. The Freewill 
 Baptists, Methodists, Friends and Shakers also formed societies here 
 about this time. When there were only thirteen families in town the 
 first meeting-house was built, the material being logs. Rev. Benjamin 
 Crocker, from Ispwich, and a graduate of Harvard College, was set- 
 tled as first minister in 1743. In 1750, Rev. Solomon Lombard was 
 ordained pastor of the church which had been organized that year. 
 
 In 1803 Gorham Academy was incorporated, and many of its 
 pupils have become distinguished in the professions and public affairs. 
 It was a few years since changed into the Western Normal School ; 
 and by an appropriation from the State, and generous gifts from the 
 citizens, a new building was erected, and the former one improved. 
 
 The scenery of Gorham is quite varied, and there are some com- 
 manding views, especially that fron^ Fort Hill. The flow of the river 
 and streams is remarkably equable ; and the natural advantages of 
 good soil and water-power and the nearness of market render this a 
 favorable field for manufacturer and farmer. 
 
 Hon. Hugh D. McLellan was for many years the historic authority 
 of the place. It was the wife of an ancestor of his of the same name, 
 who, " when the savages attacked the little settlement in the absence 
 of the men, gathered the women into the garrison, mounted the walls, 
 and by pluck and powder won a brilliant victory over the Indians," 
 and held them in check till their lords returned. Hon. Stephen Long- 
 fellow, LL.D., was a native of Gorham, where he was born in 1776. 
 He practised law in Portland, and was sent to Congress in 1822. He 
 died in 1849. His wife was the daughter of Gen. Peleg Wadsworth, 
 an officer of the Revolution. Their eldest surviving son is the poet, 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The distinguished Sargeant S. Prentiss, 
 was educated at Gorham Academy. 
 
 Gorham Village forms a convenient and agreeable suburb for the 
 neighboring City of Portland. Its dwellings here and there show 
 marks of the ancient time ; but the place has a thrifty look, the dwell- 
 ings in general have ample grounds, and there are several elegant 
 residences. 
 
 One Congregational church, two Methodist churches and two Free 
 Baptist, afford opportunity for moral and religious instruction. Gorham 
 has nineteen public schoolhouses, valued at $12,400. The valuation of 
 
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GRAFTON. 255 
 
 estates in 1870 was $1,445,968. In 1880 it was $1,398,524. The 
 population at tlie same date was 3,351. The census of 1880 sets it 
 at 3,233. 
 
 GOllldslbOrOU^h occupies the south-eastern extremity of 
 Hancock County, lying between Frenchman's and Gouldsborough 
 bays. The town also embraces Stave, Ironbound, Porcupine, Horn's, 
 Turtle and Schoodic islands. Gouldsborough is 21 miles east of Ells- 
 worth, and is on the Shore stage-line. The area is about 30,000 acres. 
 Forbes's and Jones's ponds are the chief bodies of water. The principal 
 eminence is Mount Cromer, 600 feet in height. The surface of the 
 town is much broken, abounding in rocky bluffs consisting of granite 
 penetrated by veins of galena, zinc and copper. There is also green- 
 stone and syenite. At Grindstone Point is an immense deposit of 
 metamorphic or siliceous slate, which might prove excellent material 
 for grindstones. 
 
 Tlie soil is clay loam and gravelly loam; but one-third of the area 
 is unsuitable for cultivation. The principal crops consist of wheat and 
 potatoes. The manufactories consist of a flour-mill, two grist-mills, a 
 shingle, and a spool-lumber mill, a saw-mill, and a lobster-canning 
 establishment. There are also six incorporated mining companies, and 
 two unincorporated, but in operation. Tl;ie ore mined is principally 
 galena, mixed with sulphurets of copper and iron. The centres of 
 liusiness are Gouldsborough village, West and South Gouldsborough, 
 Winter and Prospect harbors. 
 
 There were squatters in the town as early as 1700. On Ash's 
 Point are the relics of an old French fortification. The so called Indian 
 dykes are also objects of curiosity. The first 'settlers were from Saco 
 and vicinity. Their names were tibby, Fernald, Ash and Willey. The 
 first male child was Robert Ash, and the first female Mary Libby. An 
 old inhabitant says : " Nathan Jones and Thomas Hill settled here in 
 1764." Maj. Gen. David Cobb, one of General Washington's aids, 
 and later, judge of the Court of Common Pleas, of Hancock County, 
 resided here for many years. 
 
 Gouldsborough was incorporated in 1789 ; being named in honor of 
 Robert Gould, one of the original proprietors. That part of No. 7 
 known as " West Bay Stream," was annexed in 1870. The town 
 furnished 167 men to the Gdvernment during the war of the Rebellion. 
 The amount of town bounty was $27,460. There are 12 persons in 
 Gouldsborough who are over eighty years of age. The town has two 
 churches, both Union. There are twelve public schoolhouseg, and the 
 school property is valued at $6,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $224,690. In 1880 it was $225,244. The rate of taxation in 1880 
 was 2 per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,709. In the census 
 of 1880 it was 1,824. 
 
 Grafton lies on the western border of Oxford County, north 
 of the middle line. It is bounded by Upton on the north, Riley on 
 the south, Newry on the south-west, and New Hampshire on the west. 
 The area is about 45 square miles. A tract upon Cambridge River 
 and its branches in the north-eastern part of the town, and about Bear 
 River and its tributary brooks in the south-eastern part, are compara- 
 tively level ; but the western half and a belt across to the eastern side 
 
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256 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 are full of mountains and high hills. Bear River White Cap, on the 
 eastern border, and Speckled Mountain, south of the centre of the town, 
 are the highest peaks. The passage made by Bear River through these 
 mountains is known as Grafton Notch. A curiosity of this pass is 
 Moon Cave. On the river below the notch are Mother Walker's Falls 
 and the noted Screw Augur Falls. The business of the town is farming 
 and lumbering. The soil in general is fertile, while the northern part 
 is well timbered with pine and spruce. 
 
 Grafton was first settled in 1830 by William Reed, Jesse Smith, 
 Abraham R. York, Stephen Emery, and James Brown. In 1840 the 
 settlers organized under the name of Holmes Plantation. In 1852 it 
 was incorporated as a town under the present name. The town has a 
 comfortable schoolhouse, valued at $100. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $26,675. In 1880 it was $25,857. The population in 1870 
 was 94. In 1880 it was 115. 
 
 GrfinO. ISIG, in Aroostook County, lies on the north-eastern 
 border of Maine. It is bounded on the west by Madawaska, on the 
 east by Van Buren Plantation, and on the north-east the St. John's 
 River separates it from St. Leonard, in New Brunswick. The town is 
 90 miles north of Houlton ; and is on the stage-line from Van Buren 
 to Fort Kent. A long hill near the centre of the town, about 500 feet 
 in height, is the principal eminence. West of it lies Levasseur'sPond, 
 the largest in tiie township. Green River, in New Brunswick, enters 
 the St. John opposite the northern part of the town. The New Bruns- 
 wick Railway runs along the opposite side of the river. The town has 
 a saw, grist, and carding mills, and two or more starch-factories. The 
 soil is generally fertile, and yields well of potatoes, wheat, buckwheat 
 and oats, which the inhabitants are generally engaged in cultivating. 
 
 Grand Isle was incorporated in 1869. It was named from an 
 island in the river belonging to the town. The first settlers were 
 Acadian French. The Roman Catholics have, at present, the only 
 church. Grand Isle has six public schoolhouses. The school property 
 is valued at $850. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $40,865. In 
 1880 it was $80,014. The amount assessed in the latter year was 
 $1,384.26. The population in 1870 was 688. In 1880 it was 847. 
 
 Grand Lake Stream Plantation is situated in the in- 
 terior of Washington County on the stream connecting Grand Lake 
 with Big Lake. This place is the terminus of the stage-line from 
 Princeton on the European and North American Railway. It is also 
 the terminus of the steamboat-lines through Lewey, Long and Big 
 lakes from Princeton, and through Grand and Pocamsus lakes to the 
 fish-hatching establishment of G. L. F. Ball, at Sysladobsis Lake 
 Stream. Tlie well-known salmon-trout establishment of Charles G. 
 Atkins, Esq., is in this plantation on Grand Lake Stream. The manu- 
 factories consist of the saw-mill and tannery of F. Shaw & Brothers. 
 The Hinckley township, which contains a portion of this stream, has a 
 population of 345. The other portion of the stream is in township No. 
 27, of the Bingham Purchase. It has a mill and some settlers, but the 
 population has not been given separately in any census report yet 
 issued. The plantation is also the post-office name. 
 
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GRAY. 257 
 
 GrSUld Isle, a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 Gray is aituated near the middle of Cumberland County and 
 16 miles north of Portland. The Maine Central Railway passes 
 through the eastern part of the town, about two miles from the village 
 of Gray Corner. The bounding towns are New Gloucester on the 
 north-west, North Yarmouth and Cumberland on the south-east, Wind- 
 ham on the south-west, and Raymond on the north-west. The larger 
 part of Little Sebago Pond lies along the north-western side of the 
 town, and in the north-eastern part is the small body of water called 
 *' Dry Pond." The town is regular in its form, being nearly square. 
 It is about 12 miles long by 10 wide. Gray Corner, near the centre 
 of the town, is the largest village. It is situated on elevated plains 
 surrounded by hills. Tlie location is remarkably healthy ; and — as 
 might be supposed — there are many aged people living in the town. 
 The soil is chiefly a clayey or sandy loam, and fairly productive. 
 There are many farms under superior cultivation. Granite is the 
 prevailing rock, and is quarried to some extent. The larger manu- 
 factures are at Dry Mills and North Gray. They consist of the Fal- 
 mouth Mills, at the latter place, manufacturing repellants, one grain- 
 mill, twelve saw-mills (one of which is driven by steam), in different 
 parts of the town, manufacturing lumber into its various forms for use. 
 There are also a tannery, several manufactories of granite and marble, 
 marbleized slate, horse-blankets, carriages and sleighs, patent shuttles, 
 etc. 
 
 The territory of Gray was granted to certain inhabitants of Boston 
 in 1735, upon petition to the General Court representing that they had 
 large families and were in straitened circumstances. The first settler, 
 or one of the first settlers, was Moses Twitchell, who came from West- 
 boro, Mass., Jabez Matthews and "William Webster followed soon 
 after ; and in the course of fifteen or twenty years several other fam- 
 ilies moved in. The Indians once made a descent upon the settlement 
 and destroyed the cattle, the meeting-house and all the dwelling- 
 houses, obliging the inhabitants to fly to other towns. After peace 
 was restored they returned, erecting a new meeting-house, and build- 
 ing a block-house 50 feet long and 25 feet wide, around which they 
 erected a garrison 100 feet long and 75 wide. There were rumors of 
 intended attack by the Indians, but they were not further molested. 
 
 The township had been without a name until about; 1756, when it 
 began to be called New Boston. In 1778, it was incorporated under 
 the name of Gray, in honor, it is supposed, of Thomas Gray, one of 
 the proprietors. The town furnished men and supplies for the array 
 in the Revolutionary war, and Moses Twitchell, the first settler, died 
 in the public service in Canada. The first lawyer of the town was 
 Simon Greenleaf, who will be remembered as among the first of 
 American jurists. The Congregationalists, Baptists and Methodists, 
 each have a church-edifice ; and the Universalist society worships in 
 the town-hall, which is an excellent two-story building of brick. The 
 Pennell Institute is intended to serve as a high-school for the town. 
 Gray has twelve public schoolhouses, valued at an aggregate of $6,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $480,780. In 1880 it was $572,- 
 122. The rate of taxation in 1880 is 13^7^ mills on a dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 1,768. The census of 1880 places it at 1,798. 
 
 17 
 
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258 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 GrrCtlt Pond, a post-ofBce in Hancock County. 
 
 Grr6Rt FrUs, a small manufacturing village in Gorham, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Great Works, a small manufacturing village in South 
 Berwick, York County. 
 
 Great Works, a village in Bradley, Penobscot County. 
 
 GreenlbllSll, in Penobscot County, is situated on the 
 eastern bank of the Penobscot River, 23 miles N.N.E of Ban- 
 gor. On the western side of the Penobscot opposite is Argyle ; 
 Passadumkeag lies on the north, and Milford on the south. A con- 
 siderable number of islands in the Penobscot belong to the town. The 
 largest of these, and the most northerly, is Olamon. Others are, fol- 
 lowing down the river — Sugar, Cow, Jackson, White Squaw and some 
 smaller. Olamon Stream, passing through the town from south-east 
 to north-west, is the principal stream. The surface of the town is 
 somewhat varied, and the soil has the average fertility. The village, 
 at the north-western part of the town, at the mouth of the Olamon, 
 is a pleasant and thriving place. Its manufactures consist of moccasins 
 and snow-shoes, lumber, axes and cooper's ware. The European and 
 North American Railroad runs through the town along the Penobscot. 
 
 Greenbush was incorporated February 28, 1834. There are 
 eight public schoolhouses, valued together with other school property 
 at $2,800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was ^129,718. In 1880 it 
 was $91,996. The population in 1870 was 621. In 1880 it was 681. 
 
 Greene, situated near the middle of Androscoggin County, 
 is nearly square in its form, and rests its west side on the Androscoggin 
 River, opposite the town of Turner. Leeds bounds it on the north, 
 Wales on the east, and Lewiston on the south. It contains 15,905 
 acres of land. The principal bodies of water are Allen, Deane, Little 
 Sabattus and Berry ; and Sabattus Pond forms the southern half of 
 the eastern boundary. Allen Pond, the largest within the town, is 
 about one mile in diameter. The chief business centres are Greene 
 Village and Greene Corner. The principal manufactures are of a 
 carriage-factory, and of a grist, saw and excelsior mill, known as 
 Sprague's Mills. The princijial occupation is agricultural. The soil is 
 well adapted to grazing, and the chief crops are hay and apples. The 
 Maine Central Railroad bisects the town, having a station at Greene 
 Village, a little east of the centre. The surface of the town is 
 a little more elevated, and more broken than the towns to the east 
 and south. The hills in the north-western part are quite high. The 
 principal of these are Clark's and Ames's mountains and Caswell 
 Hill. Those southward are lower, the highest being Hill's Ridge, in 
 the south-eastern part. There are very few pine-trees in town, but 
 other Maine woods are abundant. 
 
 This territory was first known as a part of Lewiston Plantation, 
 then as Littlesborough, from Moses Little, of Newbury, Massachusetts, 
 who was a large proprietor in the Pejepscot Patent, which covered 
 
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GREENFIELD. 259 
 
 a portion of it. He is said to have made a large purchase from the 
 Indians of land in this vicinity. In 1788 it was organized under the 
 present name in honor of General Greene, of Revolutionary fame. 
 
 Benjamin Merrill was the first man who became a permanent set- 
 tler. Pie came from North Yarmouth in November 15, 1775, bringing 
 his family and goods in an ox-cart. The snow lay a foot deep upon 
 the ground, and was still falling when they moved into their log-house. 
 Captain John Daggett, who settled in 1786, taught the first school in 
 town the same year. He was also the first military officer whom 
 the town could boast. Colonel William Sprague moved in from 
 Medford, Mass., in 1779. He built the first mills in town, and 
 excelled as a military tactitian. John Mower, another of the early 
 esteemed citizens, removed from Charlton, Mass., in 1786. Luther 
 Robbins came to Greene from Hanover, Mass., about 1788. He was 
 the first representative to the Legislature. Captain Daggett, after 
 teaching school three years, was succeeded by Elisha Sylvester, — who 
 was noted for a facility of rhyming. The following specimen was in- 
 spired by a conversation with a predestinarian clergyman : 
 
 " If all things succeed, that's already decreed, 
 And immutable impulses rule us, 
 Then to preach and to pray is but time thrown away, 
 And our teachers do nothing but fool us. 
 And if by hard fate, we're driven this way or that, 
 As the carman with whip drives his horses, 
 Then none need to stray, but go on the right way 
 Like the stars that are bound in their courses. 
 But if by free-will we go, or stand still, 
 An best suits the present occasion, 
 Then fill up the bowl, and count him a fool 
 That preaches up predestination." 
 
 After the Revolution several soldiers came and made their home in 
 Greene. Their names as far as has been ascertained are as follows : 
 Captain John Daggett and Colonel William Sprague and Luther Rob- 
 bins, Esq., previously mentioned ; Colonel Jabez Bates, Captain 
 Ichabod Philips, Jarius Phillips, John Mower, Samuel Mower, Thomas, 
 More, George Berry, John Allen, Joseph McKenney, Ezekiel Hackett» 
 Benjamin Quimby and Benjamin Alden. In the war of 1812, 19 from 
 the town enlisted in the national army, of whom 5 died in the service. 
 In the war of the Rebellion, the report of the adjutant-general gives 
 the town credit for 159 men. 
 
 There was no cemetery until 1805, when four were laid out in dif- 
 ferent parts of the town. A Baptist Church, organized in 1793, was 
 the first religious society. A church edifice was built soon after. 
 Another was built at the centre in 1826, and one by the Universalists 
 at about the same time. There are now in town, one. Baptist, one 
 Free Baptist, and a Universalist society. 
 
 The number of school-houses in town is ten ; and the school prop- 
 erty is valued at $2,400. The value of estates in 1870 was $439,629. 
 In 1880 it was $894,260. The population in 1870, was 1,094. In 
 1880 it was 999. 
 
 GrGGHIlGlu. lies on the south-eastern border of Penobscot 
 County, 20 miles north-east of Bangor. It is bounded on the west 
 
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260 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 by Greenbush and Milford, with unnamed townships, of Hancock 
 County, on the east. The area is 36 square miles. The principal 
 streams are the Olamon and its branches, and Sunkhaze Stream. 
 Shingles are manufactured to some extent, but agriculture is the chief 
 employment of the inhabitants within the town. 
 
 Greenfield was one of the Bingham townships, and the settlers ob- 
 tained their lands of Colonel John Black, agent for Mr. Bingham and 
 his heirs. The town was incorporated in 1831. It has five school- 
 houses valued at $200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $52,500. 
 In 1880 it was $44,940. The population in 1870 was 817. In 1880 it 
 was 337. 
 
 Green's Ijanding", a post-office in Deer Isle, Hancock 
 County. 
 
 Green vale Plantation, in the western part of Frank- 
 lin County, lies between Sandy River and Dallas plantations. On the 
 east is Madrid, and the north-west corner touches Rangely. The head 
 of Rangeley Lake intrudes slightly upon the western border of the 
 town ; and it is here that the settlers are clustered. This point is 35 
 miles from Farmington ; and is the landing-place of the steamer 
 that navigates the lake. This is the point where the tourists by way of 
 Farmington strike the lake region. Just over the border of the town- 
 ship in Dallas rises Saddleback Mountain, said to be 4,000 feet in 
 height. Along the southern border of Greenvale, and northward to 
 the north-west corner of the town, runs a range of high hills. Across 
 the north-western part of the township runs the outlet of the pond on 
 Saddleback Mountain, emptying into Rangely Lake. The road from 
 the head of the lake to Phillips and Farmington winds along southward 
 of this range to the Sandy River Ponds, thence down the river. 
 
 This plantation has a post-office, and one schoolhouse. The school 
 property is valued at $160. The valuation in 1880 was $13,851. The 
 population in 1880 was 50 persons. 
 
 Greenville is situated at the southern extremity of Moose- 
 head Lake, in the western part of Piscataquis County. It is the start- 
 ing point and base of supplies for lumberers, explorers, fishing parties, 
 hunters and tourists. The township was a public grant to Thornton 
 Academy, Saco, which received the south half from Massachusetts, 
 and to Saco Free Bi-idge, which had the northern half at a later date 
 from the State of Maine. Nathaniel Haskell, of Westbrook, who was 
 the first settler, purchnsed the Academy Grant, on which there was 
 some very good farming land, and commenced its settlement, moving 
 his family into a completed house in 1827. Wilson's Pond lies within 
 the town, and Wilson's Stream, which forms its outlet, has several 
 beautiful cascades, and some very good mill-privileges. The surface of 
 the town is quite hilly. The highest eminences are Indian Hill and 
 Simpson Hill, which afford beautiful views of the lake and mountains 
 of Somerset and Franklin Counties. The bed-rock crops out in numer- 
 ous places. The soil is a yellow loam in most parts, but the northern 
 portion still has considerable timber. The trees include the usual 
 varieties found in Central Maine. In 1829 the Messrs. Varney, two 
 
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GREENWOOD. 261 
 
 brothers from Windham, built a saw-mill on Wilson's Stream, and the 
 next year Mr. Haskell, aforementioned, put in a small grist-mill. With 
 Mr. Haskell was associated Oliver Young ; and William Cummings, 
 Isaac Sawyer, Mr. Shaw and Mr. Tufts were the next comers. A 
 few years later came Samuel Cole ; in 1831, Edmund Scammon ; and 
 John Gerrish soon after. Samuel Cole and Isaac Whitcomb built a 
 saw-mill on Eagle Stream in 1832 ; and Mr. Cole, at a later date, put one 
 up on Bog Stream. Mr. Hogan put a small steamboat for towing logs 
 upon the lake in 1886. Others for passengers have since been added. 
 Henry Gowermade the first clearing on the site of Greenville village in 
 1835, on the spot where the Lake House now -stands. Mr. Gower was 
 also the first to open a store in town, which was done in 1836. 
 
 The township was organized as Haskell's Plantation in 1831 ; and 
 in 1856 it was incorporated as the town of Greenville. In 1846 the 
 Eveleth House was built ; in 1858 the first meeting-house was put up. 
 In 1869 Rev. E. B. Webb, D.D., of Boston, Massachusetts, (but at the 
 time of Augusta, Maine,) preached the dedication sermon. In 1874, 
 mainly through the efforts of Rev. Mr. Cameron, the edifice was 
 furnished with a bell. 
 
 The public school fund of the town now amounts to $800. Greenville 
 has four excellent schoolhcases valued at $2,000. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $66,707. In 1880 it was $91,121. The population 
 in the preliminary report of the census of 1880 is massed with that of 
 plantations north of Range 5, in the same county. The aggregate of 
 these for 1870 was 544. In 1880 it was 776. 
 
 GrrGGnWOOd is a pleasant farming and manufacturing town 
 situated near the middle of Oxford County. It is bounded by Wood- 
 stock on the north-east, Bethel on the north-west, Paris at the south- 
 east, Norway on the south and Albany on the west. The area accord- 
 ing to the original survey, is 20,520 acres. The town is about 9 miles 
 in length from north-west to south-east, and 4^ in width. The surface 
 is quite broken, having about a dozen mountains and large hills. The 
 highest of these are Mount Abram, Long, Overset, Lawrence and Patch 
 Mountains, and Rock Dundee. Eleven ponds are shown on the town- 
 ship map, lying in a belt running north and south. Their names are 
 North, South, Bryant's, Twitchell, Indian, Sheepskin, Overset, Hick's, 
 Meed and Furlong. The most northerly of these empty into the An- 
 droscoggin at Bethel, while others form the source of the Little Andros- 
 coggin. The largest is South Pond, in the north-eastern part of the town. 
 The Wentworth Caves are the most notable curiosity in Greenwood. 
 The bed-rock in some parts is granitic, in others syenite, etc. The 
 soil is sandy loam, and yields well in hay and potatoes, which are the 
 crops chiefly cultivated. The town was formerly somewhat noted for 
 its. apple orchards. On the outlets of the numerous ponds are many 
 water-powers. The town has saw and grist mills running by water- 
 power, and a spool-mill, driven by steam. The business centre within 
 the town is at Locke's Mills, in the north-eastern part. The post-offices 
 are at this place and Greenwood post-oflBce, just south of the centre of 
 the town. 
 
 The settlement of Greenwood was commenced in 1802, by William 
 Yates, who was soon followed by Thomas Furlong and Timothy Patch. 
 In 1805 there were thirteen families. The town was incorporated in 
 
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262 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 1816. Among the valued citizens of Greenwood may be mentioned 
 Thomas Crocker, Seth Hilborn, Samuel B. Locke and Samuel 
 Houghton. 
 
 There is one church-edifice, occupied as a union house. The num- 
 ber of schoolhouses is twelve — valued at $2,400. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $163,974. In 1880 it was $149,073. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 27 mills on the dollar. The population 
 in 1870 was 845. In 1880 it was 838. 
 
 GuillOrfl. is situated in the south-western part of Piscataquis 
 County, 8 miles from Dover, having the Piscataquis River for its 
 southern line. Howard Plantation bounds it on the North, Foxcroft 
 on the east, Sangerviile on the south, and Abbott on the west. The 
 Bangor and Piscataquis Railway passes through Guilford Village and 
 the south-west corner of the town, and it is on the stage-line from 
 Dexter to Moosehead Lake. The townsliip was originally 6 miles 
 square, but a small portion south of Piscataquis River was annexed to 
 Sangerviile. There are several small bodies of water, of which the 
 outlets of Davis and Salmon ponds furnish power for mills manufac- 
 turing large and small lumber. The northern part of the town is much 
 broken, the highest eminence being Guilford Mountain. The south- 
 ern part is of more uniform surface, having some productive farms. 
 The chief products are wheat, oats, barley and potatoes. In 1879, 
 $25,000 worth of potatoes were shipped from Guilford depot; a consid- 
 erable portion of them, however, corniilg from neighboring towns. 
 The rock is lime, granite and slate, and the soil a sandy loam. 
 
 The principal manufactories are on the Piscataquis at Guilford 
 Village. These consist of a wo6len-mill, which produces about 625 
 yards of repellant cloth per day ; of mills for small and large lumber, 
 and a grist-mill. There are, besides, the usual manufactures of a 
 village. A new brick cloth-raill is now completed. 
 
 Guilford township was one of tljose conveyed to Bowdoin College 
 by Massachusetts. Robert Low, Jr., was the first settler, moving in 
 with his family in 1806 ; and Robert Herrings Jr., came about three 
 weeks later. Isaac, Nathaniel and John Bennett came soon after 
 and made clearings and put up buildings. These first settlers, for want 
 of a threshing floor, beat out their wheat upon a smooth, flat ledge. 
 Wlien winter came, the three Bennetts returned to their homes at New 
 Gloucester for the winter, leaving their three boys, David, Josejih and 
 Isaac, Jr. — aged, the two first thirteen years, and the other eleven — to 
 keep the house and attend to the cow. For food, the boys had milk, 
 hulled corn, boiled wheat and roasted potatoes. In 1807 the families 
 came permanently, also that of Mr. John Everton. The wife of the 
 latter was an important' accession to the new settlement. She was 
 skilled in obstetrics, and for ten years was very useful for a long dis- 
 tance about, when she was greatly disabled by a fall from a horse. 
 Deacon R. Herring brought in his family in 1808, and from this time 
 religious meetings were held upon the Sabbath. When the settle- 
 ment consisted of eight or ten men they held a formal meeting, choos- 
 ing officers and passing such rules and regulations as good order and 
 good feeling in the settlement required. No penalties were attached 
 to these rules, yet the honor of the members of the community were so 
 much involved in their observance that they were obeyed far better 
 
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GUILFORD. 263 
 
 than most of our legislative statutes have been. In 1812 Caleb Leavitt 
 came in from Athens, and, by virtue of a legal warrant, organized the 
 quiet little borough of " Lowstown " into Plantation No. 6, 7th range. 
 In 1816 the inhabitants petitioned the General Court for incorporation 
 as the tovfn of Fluvanna. The court granted the act of incorporation, 
 but changed the name to Guilford. The first town meeting was called 
 by a warrant from Samuel Pingree to Joseph Kelsey. Sixty-three 
 years later, there lived but three of those who voted at that meeting— 
 Elias Davis, Zebulon P. Grover and Isaac B. Wharff. There are Bap- 
 tist, Universalist and Methodist societies in town, all these having 
 church-edifices. The buildings generally are fresh and neat in their 
 appearance, and the Odd-Fellows' Hall and a new school-house add to ihe 
 beauty of this thrifty village. Guilford has eight public schoolhouses, 
 277 registered scholars, and expended for school purposes fi'om April 
 1, 1878, to April 1, 1879, $1,094. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $•213,091. In 1880 it was $253,578. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 2 cents on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 818. By the cen- 
 sus of 1880 it was 881. 
 
 HOyllCWGll, in Kennebec County, was incorporated in 1771, 
 and included Augusta, Chelsea and part of Manchester. It was named 
 for Mr. Benjamin Hallowell, who was a large proprietor in the Kenne- 
 bec Patent. The settlement here was formerly called " The Hook," 
 the other village in town being Fort" Western, now in Augusta. The 
 latter city was set off as the town of Harrington in 1797, and Man- 
 chester and Chelsea in 1850. Hallowell was incorporated a city in the 
 latter year, and accepted its charter in 1862. 
 
 The city is situated on the western bank of the Kennebec River, at 
 the head, of steam navigation,having Augusta for its northern boundary, 
 Chelsea on the east, and separated from it by the Kennebec. Farming- 
 dale bounds it on the south, and Manchester on the west. The streets 
 and terraces of the village on the curving hillside form an amphitheatre 
 about a little harbor made by the broadening of the river. The attrac- 
 tiveness of this picturesque village is further enhanced by old apple- 
 orchards at various points and shade-trees along the streets. The 
 streams are the Kennebec, which forms its eastern boundary, and 
 Vaughn's Brook. This brook is notable for its cascades and its historic 
 associations. It was part of the home estate of Benjamin Vaughn, and 
 once, if tradition is correct, served to give a wetting to Talleyrand, the 
 celebrated prime-minister of Louis Phillipe, King of France. The 
 power on this stream is now made useful in running a wire-factory, 
 saw and other mills, near its junction with the Kennebec. The other 
 manufactures are the Hallowell Cotton Manufacturing Company, run- 
 ning. 15,000 spindles ; two oilcloth factories — Sampson's and Wilder's 
 — employing respectively 55 and 30 men ; a brass and iron foundry, and 
 the Hallowell Granite Company, which produces about $350,000 worth 
 of wrought stone-work annually. Most of this is from the white 
 granite of the Hallowell quarries. Many notable monuments and 
 buildings have been constructed from this granite, wrought in the 
 shops at Hallowell. Among them are the Soldiers' Monument, on 
 Boston Common ; the Sphinx, at Mount Auburn ; the Pilgrim's Mon- 
 ument, at Plymouth, Mass. ; the Fireman's Monument, at Detroit, 
 Mich. ; Garrison's Monument and the Bridges' Tomb, at St. Louis, Mo. ; 
 
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264 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the Douglass Monumental Tomb, at Chicago, HI., and the new Capitol 
 at Albany, N. Y. The number of men employed is about 120, and the 
 monthly pay-roll of the company is about $5,000. 
 
 The quarries of this company lie to the west of the village, beyond 
 two or three hill ridges. These quarries and the prevailing rock of the 
 territory is granite. The soil is mainly gravel, but in the northern 
 part, clay. 
 
 The Maine Central Railroad runs through the town near the river, 
 and the Boston steamers are reached at Gardiner. The first settler 
 within the limits of the present Hallowell was Deacon Pease Clark, 
 who came from Attleborough, Massachusetts. His first clearing was 
 near where the city hall now stands, and his house stood on Aca- 
 demy Street. The most prominent of the early residents of Hallowell 
 was Dr. Benjamm Vaughn, who was born in England in 1751, and 
 married Sarah, the eldest daughter of Benjamin Hallowell, Esq. He 
 was a member of the British Parliament at the time of the French 
 Revolution,and becoming compromised in some political movement that 
 brought him into danger, he fled to France, from whence he soon after 
 came to this' country, arriving in Hallowell in 1796. Being a public- 
 spirited man, he did much for the advancement of the interests of the 
 region. He planted a large nursery of fruit-trees, from which sprang 
 many of the early orchards in the vicinity. His large and valuable 
 library had a large influence in the advancement of learning in the 
 State. Charles Vaughn, a brother of Benjamin, came to Hallowell in 
 1790. Together with his brother he ran a large flour-mill and brewery, 
 and was also much devoted to agriculture and horticulture, and the 
 importation of improved breeds of cattle. By his influence, a road was 
 surveyed to the vicinity of Gorham, New Hampshire, with the design 
 of making Hallowell the seaport for the country in that direction. The 
 road was never completed, and many years later the Grand Trunk 
 Railroad penetrated the region, carrying the business to Portland ; 
 while the Maine Central Railroad, by its back route, took away much 
 business that the port had before enjoyed. John Merrick, born in 
 London of Welsh lineage, came over as tutor in the Vaughn family, 
 and subsequently married a sister of Dr. Vaughn. He was a man of 
 profound learning, and occupied many important positions. His death 
 occurred in 1861 at the age of ninety-five years. Other noted citizens 
 were Dr. John Hubbard, governor of the State from 1850 to 1853 ; John 
 Otis, a distinguished lawyer; while the well-known authors, Jacob 
 and J. S. C. Abbott, and General O. O. Howard, were residents for a 
 considerable period. The city is remarkable for the longevity of its 
 people. With a population of 3,154, it has eighty-two persons over sev- 
 enty years old, forty over eighty years, and two over ninety. Hallowell 
 has two national banks, and one for savings. The town hall is a substan- 
 tial two-story building of brick. The Hallowell Social Library con- 
 tains about 5,000 volumes ; for which a beautiful granite building nas 
 recently been completed at a cost of $5,000. Its newspaper, the "Hal- 
 lowell Register," published by W. F. Marston, is a valuable sheet. 
 The " Maine Farmer's Almanac," published here for many years, has 
 been removed to Augusta. Hallowell's monument to her fallen heroes 
 in the war of the Rebellion consists of a pedestal with die, and 
 surmounted by an octagon shaft. The whole is of granite, and quite 
 lofty. 
 
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HAMPDEN. 265 
 
 The first church was organized in 1772, Isaac Foster being the first 
 pastor. There are now in the city houses for worship belonging to the 
 Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, Free Baptists, Universalists 
 and Roman Catholics. There is one State institution located in the 
 city, the State Industrial School for girls. Hallowell Academy, 
 founded in 1791, was a few years since changed into the Hallowell 
 Classical Institute, a flourishing school under the patronage .of the 
 Congregationalists. With this the city maintains a high-school, and 
 has nine schoolhouses. The latter are valued at $15,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in the city in 1870 was $1,222,295. In 1880 it was 
 $1,611,320. The population at that date was 3,007. In 1880 the in- 
 habitants numbered 3,154. There is also a pretty Episcopal church. 
 
 Hamlin Plantation lies at the north-eastern, angle of 
 Aroostook County, 70 miles north of Houlton, on the stage line from 
 Fort Fairfield to Van Buren. It was named in honor of Hon. Hanni- 
 bal Hamlin. The form of the town is triangular, with its base, 9 miles 
 in length resting on the St. John. The principal stream is Hammond 
 Brook, in the north part of the town. The surface is generally elev- 
 ated, without high hills, the highest being Cyr Hill, an elevation of 
 about 200 feet above the plain. The soil is clay loam, and yields well 
 in most crops of the region ; but buckwheat is principally cultivated 
 The occupation is almost wholly agricultural. About half of the 
 dwellings are in good repair. The roads are kept in fair condition. 
 The plantation has a cedar bridge 250 feet in length. The New Bruns- 
 wick Railway passes on the opposite bank of the St. John. 
 
 Hamlin Plantation has six public schoolhouses, valued, with land, 
 at $565. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $28,218. In 1880 it 
 was $38,637. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 18 mills on 
 the dollar. The population in 1870 was 568. In 1880 it was 612. 
 
 Hampden is the most south-easterly town in Penobscot 
 County west of the Penobscot River ; having Bangor on the north- 
 east, Herraon on the north, Orrington on the east-separated by the 
 Penobscot, Newburgh on the west, and Winterport, in Waldo County, 
 on the south. The area is 23,040 acres. The surface is rolling rather 
 than hilly. The soil is favorable for agriculture. Hermon Pond lies 
 on the north-west corner, with which are nearly connected two smaller 
 ponds. Stetson and Patten, lying wholly within the town. Through 
 these ponds flows the Soadabscook, entering the Penobscot at Hamp- 
 den Village. The principal stream beside this is the west branch of 
 the Soadabscook, rising in the south-west part of the town and empty- 
 ing into Stetson Pond in the north-west. The principal water-power 
 is near the mouth of the Soadabscook, at Hampden village. The man- 
 ufactures of the town are paper (two mills) meal and flour, boats, 
 barrels, coopers' ware and stock, etc. This and Hampden Corners, a 
 short distance south on the river are considerable villages. Both are 
 ports, and have in time past had a large maritime commerce, and still 
 have some business on the sea. Other small villages are East and 
 West Hampden, both in the northern part of the town. 
 
 The first settler in Hampden was Benjamin Wheeler, who came 
 from New Hampshire about 1767, and built his dwelling near the 
 " Basin " at the mouth of the Soadabscook. Other settlers came in ; 
 
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266 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and Wheeler, being a carpenter, built mills ; and tbe settlement soon 
 became known as Wheelersborough. Being molested and threatened 
 by the British, the settlers, in 1779, retired through the woods to the 
 Kennebec, and from thence to Woolwich and Portland. In 1783 they 
 returned. In 1796 the township was surveyed and lotted by Epharni 
 Ballard, and every householder received 100 acres of land. If he were 
 a settler before 1784, he paid the government 16 ; but if afterward and 
 before January, 1794, he paid $50. The residue of the township was 
 assigned to General Knox, to make up for a deficiency under the 
 Waldo Patent. After the peace there were large accessions of settlers, 
 — many from Cape Cod ; and in 1794 the town was incorporated. The 
 name was chosen in honor of the English patriot, John Hampden. 
 
 Among the early settlers w^ere Gen. John Crosby, who entered into 
 commercial business, and carried on an extensive trade both with 
 Euiope and the East Indies. Another prominent man was General 
 Gabriel Johonot, a brave Frenchman who served under Washington, 
 and was subsequently his friend and correspondent. Hon. Martin 
 Kinsley, General Jedediah Herrick, Enoch Brown and John Godfrey 
 ■were also prominent citizens of the town. Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, 
 Vice-President and Senator of the United States, settled in Hampden 
 as a lawyer about 1832. 
 
 During the last war with England the United States corvette 
 "Adams," of 24 guns, commanded by Capt. Charles Morris, having 
 struck a sunken i-ock in Penobscot Bay, came to Hampden to repair 
 the injury. A principal object of the British expedition up the river 
 in the autumn was the capture of this vessel while she was dismantled 
 and helpless. The British force consisted of two sloops of war, one 
 brig, and several transports, with their crews and several hundred reg- 
 ulars. Captain Morris landed his guns, and erected two batteries, one 
 on the wharf, and one on a hill 200 yards below. The militia collected 
 to the number of about 600 ; and under the command of General Blake, 
 of Brewer, took up a position on the vidge to oppose the troops as they 
 advanced up the road from where they had landed at Bald Hill Cove. 
 When within about 300 yards of General Blake's position, the British 
 opened fire, then advanced with fixed bayonets in " double quick." 
 Being without breastworks, and outflanked, the militia quickly gave 
 way and made a pi-ecipitate retreat. The foe then charged on Captain 
 Morris's batteries, driving their few defenders from their cannon at 
 the point of the bayonet. Captain Morris at once blew up his ship, 
 and with his men retreated to Bangor, thence to Portland. Incensed 
 at thus losing their prize, the officers for three days permitted the 
 sailors, marines and infantry full liberty on shore, where they com- 
 mitted many excesses in the plunder of citizens and destruction of 
 property. When the enemy finally departed they took with them 
 nearly 80 of the citizens as prisoners of war, who were only released on 
 the promise of the selectmen to pay a ransom of $1,000. This incur- 
 sion was a heavy blow to the citizens of Hampden ; but they fully re- 
 covered in a few years, and have ever since continued prosperous. 
 
 The well-known Hampden Academy was incorporated March, 1803, 
 and is still doing its good work of education. Many persons who have 
 taken leading positions in town and State were educated here. Hamp- 
 den has churches of the Congregation alists. Baptists and Methodists, 
 there being two of the latter. The number of public schoolhouses is 
 
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HANCOCK COUNTY. 267 
 
 eighteen ; and the value of the school property is estimated at $10,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was 1739,339. In 1880 it was $676,- 
 017. The population in 1870 was 3,068. In 1880 it was 2,911. 
 
 HflllCOCk is situated in the southern part of Hancock County, 
 between Taunton Bay on the east, and Skilling Bay on the west. It 
 is about 30 miles south-east of Banafor, and the northern part of its 
 western line rests upon Ellsworth. The surface of the town is gener- 
 ally even, and it has a larger proportion of arable land than any other 
 in the country. The kine are mostly Jerseys, and shortliorn and Ayr- 
 shire crosses. There is a marked neatness about the buildings which 
 tells of industry and thrift. Two of the streams, Kilkenny and Egypt, 
 have sufficient power to turn mills. 
 
 Geologically, this is a younger town than most of its neighbors, 
 having evidently not emerged from the waters until the close of the 
 drift period. The course of the glacier and drift markings here range 
 from N. 5° W. to N. 15° E. The "level" at North Hancock suggests 
 the probability of its having been an ancient lake bottom. The south- 
 ern portion, known as " Crabtree's Neck," offers attractions as a summer 
 resort. The villages are Hancock,- and North and South Hancock. 
 There is one mill manufacturing staves, shingles and long lumber, and 
 one producing staves and short lumber. Other manufactures are boots 
 and shoes and wagons and sleighs. The inhabitants, especially those 
 of the Neck, are largely engaged in Grand Bank fishing and with 
 profit, notwithstanding some heavy losses, 
 
 Hancock was incorporated in 1828, having been formed from parts 
 of Sullivan, Trenton and Number 8. The pioneer settlers came in 
 1764-5. They were Oliver Wooster, Agreen Crabtree, Thomas Mc- 
 Farland, Thomas Roger, and Joseph Googins. In 1766-8 came 
 Philip Hodgkins, Reuben Abbot, Thomas Moon, and Richard Clark. 
 
 The town furnished 115 men for the Union cause in the war of the 
 Rebellion, paying bounty to the amount of $16,900. The three 
 churches in town are all Baptist. Hancock has six public school- 
 houses, and its school property is valued at $3,500. Tbe valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $163,904. In 1880 it was $177,534. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 974. In the census of 1880 it was 1,093. 
 
 Hancock County has the most extensive seaboard and 
 more numerous harbors than any other coast of equal extent in the 
 United States. Its geographical position is mainly between 43° 58' and 
 45° 20' north latitude, and between 60" 47' and 68° 30' west longitude. 
 It is bounded by Washington County on the east, Penobscot and 
 Waldo Counties on the north and west. From north to south it 
 measures about 85 miles, and in width varies from 6 to 40 miles. The 
 total area is about 1,632,000 acres, of whicti 904,528 acres nearly 
 is land, 637,4-72, ocean, 90,000 pond, and 100,000 island. Nearly 
 half the land is wild. Hancock County contains 1 city, 31 incorporated 
 towns, and 29 inland and island townships. Within its civic limits 
 are hundreds of islands, one of which. Mount Desert, is the most con- 
 spicuous of any upon the whole Atlantic coast of the United States. 
 Hancock County was organized in 1789, with Penobscot for its shire 
 town. It then included portions of Penobscot and Waldo counties, 
 and extended northward to the Canada line. In 1791 a portion wan 
 
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268 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 set off and annexed to Lincoln County. In 1827, a portion was taken 
 off for Waldo. In 1831, and again in 1844 a change was made in the 
 partition line between Hancock and Washington Counties. In 1858, 
 Greenfield was set off and annexed to Penobscot. 
 
 The first European who made definite mention of the Penobscot 
 bay and river, which wash its western side, was Thevet, a French 
 explorer, in 1556. Martin Pring and Captain Weymouth, the English 
 explorers, sailed along its shores in 1603 and 1605, and DeMonts, the 
 Frenchman, explored some portions of the coast in 1604 and 1605. 
 There is a tradition that Rosier, the historian of Weymouth's expedi- 
 tion, explored Deer Island thoroughfare, making a halt at the bold 
 promontory in Brooksville, known as Cape Rosier. They found the 
 county occupied by a tribe of Indians, who with those on Passama- 
 quoddy waters, were noted for their long journeys in canoes ; whence 
 the general name for these Indians, Etechmins. DeMonts claimed the 
 country in the name of the King of France in the true catholic style, 
 setting up a cross and calling the country " Acadie." By this name it 
 contiimed to be known until the capture of Quebec by general Wolfe in 
 1759. When Weymouth came in 1605, he also claimed the country in 
 the name of his King, James I. of England. Thus the two leading 
 powers of Europe became adverse claimants of the soil of Hancock 
 County, and the wars these claims occasioned kept the county an 
 almost unbroken wilderness during the provincial history of Maine. 
 Indeed, it was not until after the war of the Revolution that the French 
 claim to the territory between the Penobscot and St. Croix was relin- 
 quished. The patent of Acadia granted to DeMonts in 1603 was 
 surrendered two years later to Madame de Guercheville ; who, in 1613, 
 sent over Saussaye with 25 colonists. This lady was a zealous Catholic, 
 and wished to convert the Indians to that faith. Her colony landed 
 on Mount Desert on May 16, 1613, where they built a fort, erected a 
 cross, celebrated mass, and named the place " St. Sauveur." The exact 
 locality is now supposed to be that now known as Ship Harbor, in the 
 town of Tremont. The " Pool " at Somes' Sound, is supposed to have 
 been the place where the Jesuit missionaries, Biard and Masse, located 
 themselves in 1609. This colony was attacked, captured, and removed 
 from the island in the same season by Captain Argall, of Virginia. 
 
 The first English possession was a trading post of the Pilgrims at 
 Pentagoet (Castine) in 1625-6. This, however, soon fell into the hands 
 of the French, and the flag of France floated over it during nearly the 
 whole of the 17th century. The indications of old French settlements 
 have also been found at Castine, Newbury Neck, Surry, Oak Point, 
 Trenton, East Lemoine, Crabtree's Neck, Hancock, Butler Point, 
 Franklin, Waukeag Neck and Sullivan. No permanent English settle- 
 ments were made until after the fall of Quebec, in 1759. 
 
 The first grants of land in the county were six townships, each six 
 miles square, between the rivers Penobscot and Union (then known as 
 the Donaqua), which were granted to David Marsh et als, by the Gene- 
 ral Court of Massachusetts, upon conditions, one of which was that 
 they should settle each township with 60 Protestant families within 
 six years. These grants were No. 1, Bucksport ; 2, Orland ; 3, Penob- 
 scot ; 4, Sedgewick ; 5, Bluehill ; and 6, Surry. Six other townships 
 east of the Union River were granted on the same terms ; three of 
 which are in this county, viz. : No. 1, Trenton, granted to Eben 
 
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HANCOCK COUNTY. 269 
 
 Thorndike, et ah ; 2, Sullivan, to David Bean, et als ; and 3, Mount 
 Desert (Island) to Governor Bernard. The surveys were made by 
 Samuel Livermore ; and as thei-e were three of the townships on each 
 side of the river, it gave rise to the name which the stream now bears. 
 The grantees individually bound themselves in a penal bond of $50, 
 conditioned to lay out no one of the townships more than six miles in 
 extent on the banks of the Penobscot, or on the sea-coast ; to build 
 sixty dwelling-houses, at least 18 feet square ; to fit for tillage 300 
 acres of land, erect a meeting-house and settle a minister. There were 
 reserved in each township one lot for a parsonage, another for the first 
 settled minister, a third for Harvard College, and a fourth for the use of 
 Schools ; making 1,200 acres in each township, reserved for public uses. 
 
 The King of France, about the year 1688, gave to a French gentle- 
 men named Cadilliac a tract of land in Acadia embracing the whole of 
 Mount Desert Island, and a portion of the mainland. This he held till 
 1713, styling himself "Lord of Donaqua and Mount Desert." After 
 the war of the Revolution, one M. Gregoire claimed the whole island in 
 right of his wife, Maria T., a grand-daughter of Cadilliac. Governor 
 Bernard, to whom the island had been granted lost his title by confis- 
 cation, but one half of it had been restored to his son John. In con- 
 sideration of a request made by Lafayette in favor of the Gregoire's 
 claim, Massachusetts recognized it as valid ; and this is the only French 
 claim ever sustained to lands in Maine. Ttie heir of Cadilliac therefore 
 received a quit-claim deed for 60,000 acres on the mainland. This 
 in.-luded the present towns of Trenton and Lemoine, with a part of 
 Sullivan, Ellsworth, Hancock, Eden and Mount Desert, with the islands 
 in front of the seaboard. A survey of this grant was made by John 
 Peters in 1789. 
 
 In 1786, Massachusetts attempted a lottery sale of fifty townships 
 of land between Penobscot and Passamaquoddy. These were exempt 
 from taxes for fifteen years. There were 2,720 tickets, and the price was 
 $2 each. Every one was a prize ticket ; the smallest prize being a 
 tract of land a half mile square, and the largest six miles square. 
 Leonard Jarvis of Surry, was one of the five managers. On the draw- 
 ing of the lottery, only 437 were found to be sold and 165,280 
 acres drawn ; while 942,112 acres remained unsold. The average 
 price realized by the government for the lands drawn was about 52 
 cents per acre. The lots not drawn, and also the greater part of the 
 prize lots were purchased by William Bingham, of Philadelphia, a man 
 of great wealth. He died in England in 1803, leaving one son and 
 two daughters. One of the daughters married Alexander Baring, of 
 London, who subsequently became Lord Ashburton ; and as ambassador 
 to the United States in 1842, framed with the secretary of state, 
 Daniel Webster, the treaty fixing the eastern and western boundary 
 of Maine, known as the " Webster-Ashburton Treaty." The lottery 
 townships in Hancock County sold to Mr. Bingham were Nos. 14, 
 15 and 16, (possibly, also, those " up river " townships sold to him,) 
 each containing 23,040 acres. The conveyance of these three was 
 made January 28, 1793, by Samuel Phillips, Leonard Jarvis and 
 John Reed, a committee appointed by the General Court of Massa- 
 chusetts. In 1792, Barthelemy de Gregoire sold 23,121 acres of his 
 grant to Henry Jackson, of Boston ; which in 1796, was purchased by 
 Mr. Bingham, who about the same time also purchased the residue of 
 
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270 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the Gregoire gFaat. Col. John Black, an Englishman by birth, who 
 resided at Ellsworth for many years, was agent for the Bingham heirs. 
 
 Hancock County has one mountain chain, and one group of moun- 
 tains. The line stretching across Monnt Desert Island is a continua- 
 tion of the Schoodic system, as are also Mount Desert Island and the 
 Porcupines. There are thirteen well-defined peaks oa Mount Desert 
 Island, of which Green Mountain, in Eden, is highest, having an alti- 
 tude of 1,522 feet above the sea. In Dedham is a mountain group, where 
 ten mountains are clustered together, from which the town has gained 
 the name of the " Switzerland of America." The other elevations suf- 
 ficiently high to deserve the name of mountains, are Blue Hill Moun- 
 tain, in Blue Hill ; Bull Hill Mountain, in Eastbrook ; Ball and Tunk 
 Mountain, in Number 10, and Lead Mountain, in Number 28. There 
 ai'e narrow defiles of the gorge form at Morgan's Bay, Surry, McHeard's 
 Landing, in Blue Hill, and near Mason's Mills, in Orland. There is 
 much waste land, known as " Heaths." 
 
 The county has three drainage streams : the Penobscot River on the 
 west, the Union in the Middle, and Narraguagus on the east. The 
 area within the county, tributary to each drainage basin, as computed 
 from Walling's surveys, is Union River, 516,250 acres ; Penobscot 
 River, 252,440 acres ; Narraguagus River, 113,510 acres. There are 
 about 300 islands within the county limits, 270 of which are represented 
 on the county map. The light stations in the county are No. 10, Prospect 
 Harbor, 5th order ; 11, Winter Harbor, 5th order ; 12, Mount Desert, 
 8d order ; 13, Egg Rock, 4th order ; 14, Baker'g Island, 4th order ; 15, 
 Bear Island, 5th order ; 16, Bass Harbor, Head, 5th order ; 17, Burnt 
 Coat Harbor, 5th order ; 18, Burnt Coat Harbor 4th order ; 19, Egge- 
 moggin, 5th order ; 20, Saddleback Ledge, 5th order ; 22, Deer Island 
 Thoroughfare, 4th order ; 23, Eagle Island Point, 4th order ; 24, 
 Pumpkin Island, 5th order ; 33, Dice's Head, 4th order ; total number, 
 fifteen. 
 
 The rock formation of the county is mainly granite, syenite and 
 gneiss. The granite formation appearing at the surface at Deer Isle 
 continues in a curve through Blue Hill, Sedgewick, Brooksville, Orland, 
 North Ellsworth, Number 8, Franklin, Sullivan, and ends at Mount 
 Desert. In Eden there is red granite. Most of the granite in Bucks- 
 port, Orland, Dedham, Waltham and Eastbrook is porphyritic, with 
 black mica, like those huge bowlders at Ellsworth Falls. Within the 
 horse-shoe-like circle of granite which curves from Deer Isle to Mount 
 Desert, the rock is mostly mica schist, or a micaeous slate. The 
 valley bed of the Union River basin is of this rock. The most abun- 
 dant variety of this class of rock consists of alternate layers of mica 
 and quartz. It indicates the presence of gold rather than coal. At 
 Buck's Harbor, in Brooksville, Green's Landing, in Deer Isle, McHeards, 
 in Blue Hill, at Somes Sound, and in Sullivan and Franklin, the gran- 
 ite crops out in massive form. Extensive deposits of plastic clay are 
 found at Castino, Penobscot, Ellsworth and Surry. The whole extent 
 of the county is what is termed a " glaciated surface," the soil of which 
 is formed chiefly of the simple geological formation " drift." The 
 course of this drift is shown by the stria3, or scratches upon the ledges, 
 varying from N. 15° W. to N. 15° E. Verd Antique, or green marble, 
 is found at Deer Isle. Milk-white marble, such as is used for statuary, 
 is said to occur in Eden and Mount Desert. 
 
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HANOVER. 271 
 
 Minerals and ores are found as follows : Brooksville, iron pyrites ; 
 Blue Hill, — fluor spur, galena (lead ore), wolfram (ore of tin), hydrate 
 of silica, manganese, limestone, phosphate of lime ; Bucksport, — lime- 
 stone, clay slate, quartz; Castine, — quartz, argillaoious slate, plastic clay; 
 Deer Isle, — asbestos, novaculite, limestone. Veins of zinc and copper 
 occur in No. 7 and in Gouldsboro. Bog iron is found in almost every 
 town. Gold has been found in Bucksport, Orland and Surry. 
 
 An abstract of observations in temperature in Surry shows that the 
 average degree of greatest cold for four years was 12° 20' below zero ; 
 and the average of greatest heat for the same length of time was 92° 
 Fahrenheit. The mean summer temperature for the same time was 
 67° 21', and the yearly mean 44° 44'. Hancock County has two cus- 
 toms districts, two ports of entry, six deputy districts, eight ports of 
 delivery, twenty-six hailing ports, and thirteen United States custom 
 house oflBcials. The county was organized in 1789, being named in 
 honor of John Hancock. Portions were taken from it in 1816 to form 
 Penobscot, and in 1827, to form Waldo. Ellsworth has been the shire 
 town since 1837. The valuation of estates in the county in 1870 was 
 $7,554,073. In 1880 it was $7,897,488. The population in 1870 was 
 36,495. In 1880 it was 38,131. 
 
 Hanover, in Oxford County, lies on the north side of Bethel, 
 of which it was formerly a part. It constituted the north-east corner 
 of the latter town, and is separated from it by the Androscoggin River. 
 Its form is that of a triangle, having for its base the irregular line ot 
 the Androscoggin. The extreme length in a direct line on the river is 
 about 5 miles. Rumford bounds it on the north-east, and Newry on 
 the north-west. The surface is broken and uneven. Bear and Bart- 
 lett mountains are the principal eminences, and Howe's Ledge a prom- 
 inent object. Howard's Pond, with an area of 250 acres, has an alti- 
 tude of 365 feet above the Androscoggin into which it empties 1^ 
 miles southward. The forests contain the large variety of trees com- 
 mon in the region. The town has some of the best interval fai'ms in 
 the State. The soil is a fine loam, yielding well of all crops, but chiefly 
 hay. Tlie rock in general is a coarse granite. 
 
 The water-power is on the outlet of Howard's Pond. There is a 
 dam near the pond. At Hanover Village, a canal on each side of the 
 Btreana conducts water to the mills, of which there are seven. There 
 is also a steam mill for the manufacture of dowels. The other manu- 
 factures are woollens, leather, boots and shoes, furniture, flour, .meal, 
 long and short lumber, sash, blinds and doors, rakes, etc. Locke's 
 Mills, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 7 miles distant, is the nearest 
 station. The town is on the stage-route from Andover to Bryant's 
 Pond, another station on the Grand Trunk. 
 
 Hanover was first settled by Nathaniel Segar, from Newton, Mass., 
 in the spring of 1774. He was subsequently in the United States 
 service until 1780, when he again became a resident of Hanover. In 
 1781, he was taken captive by the Indians on their last hostile incur- 
 sion in Maine, and was held a prisoner by them for sixteen montlis. 
 He then a third time returned to this place, where he spent the remain- 
 der of his days. In 1780 and soon after came Jonathan Bean, Jesse 
 Duston, Moses and Stephen Bartlett. About the year 1792 Phineas 
 Howard, from Temple, N. H., purchased the unoccupied land in this 
 
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272 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 township from Massachusetts ; and from him it received its early name 
 of " Howard's Gore." It was incorporated as Hanover, Feb. 14th 1843. 
 The town sent 28 men to do battle for the Union in the war of the 
 Rebellion, losing 5 of the number. 
 
 There is here a Methodist society, which sustains meetings through 
 the year. The number of public schoolhouses is three. The value of 
 school property is stated as $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $58,280. In 1880 it was $64,124. The rate of taxation in the lat- 
 ter year was 7 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 188. In 
 1880 it was 203. 
 
 HO/riUOliy" Ues in the eastern part of Somerset County, 19 
 miles north-east of Skowhegan. It is bounded on the east by Cam- 
 bridge, Ripley and St. Albans, on the south by Hartland, west by 
 mountainous Athens, and north by Wellington, in Piscataquis County. 
 The area is 86 square miles. This town is the first east and south of 
 the hilly region extending from the Kennebec into the south-west parts 
 of Piscataquis County. The surface is moderately uneven, with hills 
 in the north-western part. Moose Pond, about 10 miles square, oc- 
 cupies most of the southern line. The other ponds are Little and 
 Mill, both on the main stream of the Sebasticook, in the eastern part 
 of the town. The water-powers are at Main Stream Village, and on 
 Higgins Stream, at Harmony Village, at the centre of the town. At 
 the latter place are a machine-shop, and a saw-mill capable of manu- 
 facturing 500,000 boards and 150,000 shingles annually. At Main 
 Stream Village is a grist-mill, a carding and satinet mill, and a saw- 
 mill of the capacity of producing 500,000 feet of boards and 1,000,000 
 shingles annually. 
 
 Harmony has a soil that is moderately productive, and there are 
 many well-stocked farms. The town is the terminus of the stage-line 
 from Pittsfield, on the Maine Central Railroad. 
 
 Harmony was originally granted by Massachusetts to Hallowell 
 Academy, and was purchased of that institution by Charles Vaughn of 
 that town. It was settled in 1796, bearing the name of Vaughnstown 
 until June 15, 1804, when it was incorporated under its present name. 
 
 The churches of this town are a Methodist, a Free Baptist and a 
 Union. Harmony has eleven public schoolhouses, and the school 
 property is valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $190,606. In 1880 it was $189,751. The population in 1870 was 978. 
 In 1880 it was 881. 
 
 HOirpSWell is the south-easterly town of Cumberland County. 
 It consists of a peninsula 9 miles in length, extending south-westward, 
 with a parallel line of islands on each side. These are known as 
 Harpswell Neck, and, on the east, Great Island, Orr's Island, with 
 numerous smaller ones. Between the peninsula and the Islands named 
 is the long Harpswell Harbor. On the west side of the peninsula is 
 Middle Bay. These two bodies of water at their northern extremity 
 approach so near to each other that where it joins Brunswick, the 
 peninsula is little more than 45 rods wide. Great Island, the largest 
 of the islands, and the most easterly part of the town, is separated 
 from West Bath by New Meadows River. The three larger islands 
 have their greatest length nearly north and south, and succeed each 
 
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HARP SWELL. 273 
 
 other in the same direction. The two first are connected with each 
 other, and the first with the mainland by bridges. Each is penetrated 
 from the north and from the south by several harbors and inlets, and 
 their surfaces are varied by hill, valley and forest. Mrs. Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe has spent many summer months upon these islands, 
 making the middle one of the line the scenery of her delightful story, 
 " The Pearl of Orr's Island." She says that the scenery of Harpswell 
 is " of more varied and singular beauty than can ordinarily be found 
 on the shores of any land whatever." At a distance of about four miles 
 from the railroad station at Brunswick, " the traveller crosses an arm 
 of the sea, and comes upon the first of the interlacing group of islands 
 which beautifies the shore. A ride across this island is a constant 
 succession of pictures, whose wild and solitary beauty entirely distances 
 all power of description. The magnificence of the evergreen forests, 
 the rich intermingling ever and anon of groves of birch, beech and oak, 
 in picturesque knots and tufts, as if set for effect by some skilful 
 landscape gardener, produce a sort of strange, dreamy wonder; while 
 the sea, breaking forth on the right hand and on the left of the road 
 into the most rjmantic glimpses, seems to flash and glitter like some 
 strange gem which every moment shows itself through the frame-work 
 of a new setting." Ragged Island, which lies broad off in the ocean 
 east of Bailey's Island, is supposed to be the "Elm Island" of Rev. 
 Elijah Kellogg's stories. A legend of these isles is preserved in his 
 vigorous verse by Whittier, in " The Dead Ship of Harpswell " — a 
 spectre ship which comes driving in as an omen of death, but never 
 reaches land : — 
 
 " In vain o'er Harpswell Neck the Star 
 Of evening guides her in, 
 In vain for her the lamps are lit 
 Within thy tower, Seguin ! 
 In vain the harbor-boat shall hail ; 
 In vain the pilot call ; 
 No hand shall reef her spectral sail, 
 Or let her anchor fall." 
 
 The Neck affords many attractive points for summer sojourn,, 
 especially at the southern part. On the western side, about midway 
 of the length of the Neck, is Lookout Point, a small, abrupt, rocky 
 promontory pointing north, and enclosing a pebbly cove fringed by a 
 belt of spruces. On the south side of the point the shore for some 
 distance is high, and of perpendicular rock, over whose edge the tall 
 grasses wave, dropping their blooms into the foamy tide below. A 
 few feet back the tall birch, maple, spruce and hemlock wave their 
 graceful branches and spread their broad arms toward each other with 
 the most sylvan effect. A valuable mineral spring has recently been 
 discovered on Bailey's Island. In summer there is steamer connection 
 with Portland, 14 miles distant ; and it is nearly the same distance 
 from the landing at the southern extremity of the town to the railroad 
 station at Brunswick, with which there is a stage connection. The 
 Neck formerly bore the aboriginal name of Merryconeag, and Great 
 Island was called Erascohegan and Sebascodiggin. 
 
 The soil of Harpswell consists of gravelly loam in the higher lands- 
 and clay loam in the lower parts, and is tolerably productive. Agri- 
 culture, the fisheries, ship and boat building are the principal occupa- 
 
 18 
 
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274 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 tions of the people, though the increasing number of health and pleasure 
 seekers are furnishing the town with another source of profit. At the 
 Basin, on the south-western side of the peninsula, is a grist-mill run by 
 tide-power, which grinds 800 bushels of corn daily. 
 
 The first preacher in Harpswell was Richard Pateshall, who gra- 
 duated at Harvard College in 1735. A church was formed in 1753, 
 and Rev. Elisha Eaton ordained over it. He remained until his death 
 in 1754, and was succeeded by his son, Samuel Eaton, who also 
 remained until his death, which occurred in 1822, at the age of eighty- 
 five years. There are now a Congregationalist, Baptist, Free Baptist, 
 Universalist, a Union, and two Methodist churches in the town. 
 Harpswell has sixteen public schoolhouses, of the estimated value of 
 $7,600. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $454,601. In 1880 it 
 was $499,621. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 98 cents per $100. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,749. In the census of 1880 it is given 
 as 1,772. 
 
 HSjirin^tOll is a seaboard town in the south-western part of 
 Washington County, 24 miles west of Machias. It is on the stage- 
 line from Bangor to Eastport and Calais. The town is penetrated by 
 Pleasant and Flat Bays and Harrington River. The streams are 
 Great Marsh Stream and Cole's Brook. The eastern part of the town 
 forms a long peninsula between Pleasant Bay and. Harrington River, 
 and at the end is Ripley's Neck. On the river, near the northern part 
 of the town, are shipyards where many small vessels are built. Accord- 
 ing to Williams on [History of Maine, Vol. ii. p. 576], the town embraces 
 eleven inslands, viz. : Bobear, Pond, Traf ton's. Dyer's, Knox, Flint, 
 Gourd, Strout, Jordan's Delight, Ship-stern, Four Acre Island, and 
 one other. 
 
 The rock in this town is granitic in character. The surface of the 
 land is level, the soil of sandy loam, and not generally fertile. The 
 principal crops are wheat and potatoes. Spruce, fir and birch are the 
 forest trees. At the village, a few elms and maples along the streets 
 add to its attractiveness. The public and private dwellings are gen- 
 erally in good repair. The town-hall is two stories in height, the 
 lower one being occupied for schoolrooms. The village has a library 
 of 300 volumes. An obelisk of white marble, in a conspicuous spot, 
 forms the memorial to the fallen soldiers of the Union belonging in 
 this town. The roads in the town are very good, and there is a stone 
 bridge 150 feet in length. There are three shipbuilding firms in the 
 town, a boat-buildei-, a sail-maker, a boot and shoe manufacturer, and 
 a steam-mill for meal, flour and lumber. 
 
 Harrington was No. 5 of the six second-class townships east of 
 Union River granted by Massachussets in 1762 to an association of 
 petitioners. The settlement was commenced shortly after ; and on 
 June 17, 1796, it was incorporated under it.s present name. The Bap- 
 tists and Methodists each have a church in the town. The number of 
 public schoolhouses is nine, valued, with appurtenances, at $3,800. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $249,203. In 1880 it was $295,878. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was 2 S-iO per cent. The population in 
 1870 wks 1,142. In 1880 it was 1,290. 
 
 Harrison is the most northerly town of Cumberland County. 
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HARTFORD. 275 
 
 It lies bet-ween Bridgeton on flie west and Otisfield on the east. Naples 
 bounds it on the south, and on the north lie Waterford and Norway, 
 both in Oxford County. Crooked River forms the eastern line for 
 almost the entire length of the town. Long Pond, which separates it 
 from Harrison, furnishes transportation by means of steamer to the 
 station of tha Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, at the southern ex- 
 tremity of Lake Sebago, The length of the town from north to south 
 is about ten miles — twice its width. 
 
 The business centres are at Harrison Village, on Lake Sebago, and 
 Bolster's Mills- on Crooked River. The former is the northern landing 
 for the steamers and draws the trade from a wide extent of back 
 country. Separated from Long Pond only by the territory of the 
 village is Anonymous Pond, about a square mile in area, and furnish- 
 ing power for the factory of the Eastern Wire Co., whose product is 
 valued at about $50,000 per annum. Bolster's Mills, the other village, 
 is situated on Crooked River, and nearly midway of the eastern side 
 of the town. There is here a saw-mill and a grist-mill, carding-mill, 
 tannery, etc. 
 
 Harrison was incorporated in 1805, deriving its name from Harri- 
 son Gray Otis, of Boston, who was a large proprietor in the township. 
 
 Though quite a manufacturing and commercial town, Harrison has 
 many fine farms, and her agricultural product compares well with that 
 of the neighboring towns. The leading denominations have churches 
 in the town or at its border. Harrison has nine sohoolhouses, val- 
 ued at $1,800. The estates were valued in 1870 at $304,635. In 1880 
 their value was set at $315,826. The population at the same date was 
 1,219. By the census of 1880 it was given at 1,168. 
 
 Hartford is situated in the eastern part of Oxford County, 15 
 miles north-east of Paris. It is bounded on the north by Canton and 
 Peru, west by Sumner, south by Buckfield, and east by Livermore and 
 Turner, in Androscoggin County. The town is about 9 miles long, north 
 and south, and near 5 miles in average width. The west branch of 
 Twenty Mile River forms the boundary line on the west. The surface 
 is quite uneven, except in limited tracts. There are eight considerable 
 hills in the town, among which Holmes's Hill, the Pinnacle, Great 
 Bear and Little Bear mountains are the chief. Whitney Pond lies 
 on the north-east line of the town, and Bear Pond on the south-east, — 
 each being about one square mile in area. Others within the town are 
 Bungermuck, Swan, North-east, and Bates ponds. The Rumford 
 Falls and Buckfield Railroad runs through the midst of the town, 
 having a station near East Sumner and one at Hartford Centre. The 
 water-powers are on Bungermuck Stream, at Hartford Centre, and the 
 west branch of Twenty Mile River, near East Sumner. The manu- 
 factures consist of rakes, trunk-cleats, salt-boxes, leather, etc. The 
 principal village is Hartford Centre, where there is a post-ofiice and 
 railway station. Here are also the town-hall and Atheneum Hall, where 
 profitable entertainments are frequently held. Apple orchards are 
 numerous in the town, and the land is largely devoted to gi-azing. 
 The buildings in general indicate thrift. 
 
 The first settlements were made in this town soon after the 
 Revolution, and it was incorporated in 1798. It was previously the 
 plantation of West Butterfield. 
 
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276 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The Methodists, Universalists and Baptists have church organiza- 
 tions in Hartford. The number of public schoolhouses is fourteen, and 
 the school property is valued at $4,200. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $419,624. In 1880 it was $300,975. The population in 1870 
 was 996. In 1880 it was 863. 
 
 Hartland is situated in the south-eastern part of Somerset 
 County. St. Albans and Palmyra bound it on the east. Harmony on 
 the north, Pittsfield and Canaan on the south, and Cornville on the 
 west. The town is irregular in form, its greatest length, north and 
 south, and east and west, being about 7^ miles. The surface is very 
 uneven, but it is without high hills. Huff Hill is the most elevated 
 land in the town, being about 200 feet above the surrounding country. 
 The underlying rock is chiefly granite. The soil, in parts, is clayey 
 loam, in others sandy loam, somewhat stony, but fertile. The crops 
 are chiefly hay, and the common variety of Maine farms. 
 
 The ponds in this town bear the names, — Moose, Stafford, Morrill, 
 Starbird, Bog and Withee. The first of these, lying on the northern 
 and eastern border, is the largest, having an area of 12 miles. Black 
 Stream and Sebasticook River, the outlet of Moose Pond are the 
 largest streams. The principal water-power of the town is on the 
 Sebasticook, at Hartland Village, near the eastern border of the town. 
 There is here a factory manufacturing shawls and cassimeres, a satinet 
 and carding factory, a grist-mil], two lumbei--mills, a door, sash and 
 blind factory, a furniture-factory, two tanneries, one for sole and one 
 for upper leather, a carriage-factory, etc. The shawl-factory employs 
 about 75 hands, and the two tanneries 50. The East Somerset Agri- 
 cultural Society has for many years held its fairs in this town, where 
 they have ample grounds and a good building. Hartland Village is 
 19 miles east of Skowhegan. Pittsfield Station, on the Maine Centra] 
 Railroad, 7 miles southward, is the nearest railroad connection. The 
 stage-line from Pittsfield to Harmony runs through the town. 
 
 Hartland was formerly called Warrenstown, No. 3, from Dr. John 
 Warren, of Boston, who was the first private proprietor of the town- 
 ship ; and from him the settlers derived their titles. The settlement 
 was organized as a plantation in 1811, and incorporated as a town 
 under its present name Feb. 17, 1820. 
 
 There are Baptist, Free Baptist and Methodist societies in the 
 town, and the first has a church-edifice. The Hartland Academy has 
 furnished a good portion of the education of many prominent and 
 successful men, and is still sustained. The number of j)ublic school- 
 houses in the town is eleven ; and the value of the school property is 
 $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $264,180. In 1880 it 
 was $366,221. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 1-f^ per 
 cent. The population in 1870 was 1,120. In 1880 it was 1,047. 
 
 HRynGSVlllG is situated in the south-eastern part of Aroos- 
 took County, on the old "Military Road." The post-oflSce, at the 
 village, a little south of the centre of the township, is 24 miles south- 
 west of Houlton. It is bounded east by Amity and Orient, noi-th by 
 A township, south by Bancroft and "Weston, west by Glenwood Plan- 
 tation. The town is 12 miles long, north and south, by 6 east and 
 west. The only pond shown upon the township map is the little 
 
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• HEBRON. 277 
 
 " Ten-mile Lake," in the nortnern part of the town. The east and 
 west branches of the Mattawamkeag River unite near the middle of 
 the town, and near the south-western part this river receives Scag- 
 rocls Stream from the eastward. There is a good quantity of land 
 reserved in the town for public xises Haynesville is the terminus of 
 the stage-line from the European and North American Railway sta- 
 tion at Kingman. The soil is sandy loam, and quite warm. Hay, 
 oats, wheat and potatoes grow well. 
 
 This town was formed from Haynesville Plantation (N"o. 2, Range 
 2), Leavitt Plantation (No. 3, Range 2), and Greenwood Plantation 
 (west half of No. 9). The town was incorporated in 1876; and 
 Leavitt Plantation was set off again in 1877. 
 
 The Free Baptists have a small church here. Haynesville has 
 
 wo public schoolhouses. The school property of the town, in land 
 
 and houses, is estimated at |1,000 in value. The valuation of estates 
 
 in 1880 was $42,456. The population in 1870 was 165. In 1880 it 
 
 was 224. 
 
 HeTbrOn is situated on the south-eastern border of Oxford 
 County. Buckfield bounds it on the north, Oxford on the south, Paris 
 on the west, and Turner and Minot, in Androscoggin County, on the 
 east. The form of the town is that of an irregular triangle, with its 
 base toward the north, having its two sides about 7| miles in length, 
 and its base about 5^ miles. The surface of the town is generally 
 hilly. Three bear the names. Greenwood Hill, Ben Burrow's Hill and 
 Streaked Mountain, — the last being the highest. It is situated in the 
 north-west corner of the town, and is a large and rather smooth eleva- 
 tion rising to a height of nearly 1,600 feet above the plain. Its surface 
 shows a large proportion of solid rock, covered in such a way by soil 
 and shrubbery as to cause the appearance from which it gains its 
 name. The numerous ledges are generally a coarse granite, and the 
 soil has a good sprinkling of stones. Some of the hills are rocky and 
 precipitous, while good farms are found on the declivities of others. 
 All the usual farm crops are cultivated, but that of hay lias probably a 
 larger value than any other The principal body of water is Matthews 
 Pond, on the south-west border of the town ; which has a length of 
 one mile, and a width of about one-fourth of a mile. The chief streams 
 are Bog Brook and the Middle Branch. The small water-power of 
 the town ie mainly furnished by the outlet of Matthews Pond. The 
 Rumford Falls and Buckfield Railroad runs through the town. 
 
 The territory constituting the town of Hebron was granted by 
 Massachusetts to Alexander Shepard, Jr., of Newton, Mass., in March, 
 1777, in return for a chart of a coast survey in which Mr. Shepard had 
 assisted. The survey was said to have been made by an Englishman, 
 and completed just at the time when the colonies began to pay English 
 demands in a currency less acceptable than cash ; and he abruptly 
 quitted America, but left his chart behind him. Subsequently Shepard 
 extended his claim over the neighboring isolated tracts, until it em- 
 braced above 36,000 acres. He with Dr. Goddard and John Green- 
 wood were subsequently influential settlers of the region. The first 
 settler was probably John Caldwell of Ipswich, and the first resident 
 family that of Capt. David Buckman, in 1778. In 1780 and the year 
 following, came among others, Messrs. Barrows, Bumpas, Benson, 
 
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278 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Cushman, "Weston, Keen, Richmond, and Thayer The original name 
 of the plantation was Shepardstown, from the proprietor, though the 
 early settlers called it Bog Brook Plantation. The incorporation 
 under the present good old Hebrew name was granted March 6, 1792. 
 It then extended some 15 miles, from Norway to Turner, and being 
 inconvenient for voters, in 1829 the south-westerly part was set o£E to 
 form Oxford. Among the settlers who have rendered good service to 
 the town should be mentioned Deacon William Barrows, who gave his 
 efforts in aid of many good works, and was mainly influeatial in the 
 founding of Hebron Academy This institution was incorporated 
 Feb. 10, 1804 ; and has been and still remains a flourishing and useful 
 school. This town is the birth-place of Albion K. Parris, governor of 
 the State from 1832 to 1837, and others who have proved valuable men 
 in their various callings. Hebron sent 65 men to do battle for the 
 Union, of whom 16 were lost. The town has one citizen near his hun- 
 dredth year. 
 
 The Baptists and Free Baptists have neat and commodious church- 
 edifices here. There are seven public schoolhouses in Hebron, valued 
 at 12,400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $222,180. In 1880 it 
 was $189,113. , The population in 1870 was 744. In 1880 it was 601 
 
 HGriHOn is an excellent agi-icultural town in the southern part 
 of Penobscot County. It is bounded on the east by Bangor, north by 
 Glenburn and Levant, west by Carmel, and south by Hampden. The 
 area is 24,360 acres. The surface is rolling, but not hilly. The high- 
 est elevation is Kimball Hill, having an altitude of 400 feet. The rocks 
 are of granite, slate, and an iron bearing rock. The soil is heavy and 
 gravelly, but productive. Hay is the most valuable crop. Hermon 
 Pond, having an area of about one and a half square miles, lies in the 
 Bouth-west part of the town, and feeds both the Kenduskeag Stream, 
 running northward, and the Soadabscook running southward. George's 
 Pond, a pretty sheet in the southern part, is a reservoir -of the Wheeler 
 Stream. The water-powers are on this stream and Cold Brook. The 
 manufactories are a barrel- factory, producing 4,000 barrels a year, a 
 paper-boT factory, and a cheese-factory producing three tons of cheese 
 daily. The principal centre of business is Hermon Village, in the 
 centre of the town. The Maine Central Railroad passes through the 
 southern part, east and west, having a station at Hermon Pond, in the 
 western part, and another on Wheeler Stream, toward the eastern 
 side. The post-offices are at Hermon Pond, Hermon Centre and North 
 Hermon. The town is notable for its good roads, and the good con- 
 dition of public and private buildings, The town-hall is a wooden 
 building 80 by 48 feet in ground dimensions, two stories high, and 
 painted white. The upper story is occupied by the Masons. There is 
 a public library of one hundred volumes. The public entertainments 
 are mostly of home production, consisting of sociables, sewing circles 
 and dramatic entertainments. Among the esteemed citizens of the 
 past we are able to mention only James Patten, John Kimball, Rufus 
 Robinson and Rufus Robinson, Jr. 
 
 The two church-edifices in town belong to the Free Baptists and 
 Universalists. Hermon has thirteen public schoolhouses, valued, with 
 appurtenances, at $3,050. The valuation of estates iii 1870 was $294,- 
 189. In 1880 it was $399,999. The rate of taxation in the latter year 
 
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mCHLAND. 279 
 
 was one and a half per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,489. 
 In 1880 it was 1,394. 
 
 HcrSGy lies on the western border of the southern section of 
 Aroostook County, 25 miles from Houlton. It was formerly Number 
 5, R. 5, and was first organized as Dayton plantation. It was incor- 
 porated under its present name Jan. 25, 1873. The town is a square of 
 36 miles area. The north-western part is somewhat hilly. Bear Mountain 
 is the highest elevation, being about 200 feet above the surrounding 
 lands. The rocks are quartz and a granitic rock, possibly gneiss. The 
 soil is of a dark color, but very light in weight. It yields well of all 
 crops cultivated, which embrace almost the whole range of field-crops 
 except corn. The forest trees are principally maple, birch, beech and 
 spruce. 
 
 The chief streams are West, Alder and Huston Brooks, and Crys- 
 tal Stream. The last forms the outlet to Crystal Lake in the south- 
 west part of the town. The size of the lake is one and a half miles 
 wide by three-fourths of a mile long. These streams are distributed 
 over the town at about equal distances, all'flowing south-east to the Mat- 
 tawamkeag and its principal branch. There is a saw-mill upon Crystal 
 Brook, which operates part of the time. The principal settlement is 
 is in the western part of the town. The post-office is at Patten. The 
 nearest i-ailroad stations are at Houlton and Kingman, each about 37 
 miles from the western line of the town. 
 
 Among the most valued citizens may be mentioned Samuel Huston, 
 the first settler, and Nicholas Cooper, the next. There are several 
 persons in tlte town of good age, eighty-two, or near those figures. 
 Hersey sent 13 men to the army of the Union in the war of the Rebel- 
 lion. 
 
 The proprietors of the township were Hersey and Stetson. The 
 principal public entertainments are religious meetings and sewing cir- 
 cles. The first are held in the schoolhouse. The school property is 
 valued at $500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $24,493. "in 
 1880 it was $26,496. The population in 1870 was 107. In 1880 it 
 was 159. 
 
 Hig"g"lIlSVlllG, a village in Kenduskeag, Penobscot County. 
 
 Hig'lllRIld Plantation lies on the western border of Somerset 
 County, 32 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegan. The stage-road from Anson 
 (distant 20 miles) to Dead River passes through this plantation. It is 
 bounded on the north by Carrying Place Plantation, east by Pleasant 
 Ridge, south by Lexington and west by Jerusalem Plantation in Frank- 
 lin County. The northern part of the township consists largely of 
 hills or elevated table lands. The southern is more level, and has 
 some interval land along the streams. The principal of these are Sandy 
 Stream, flowing southward from the northern part, and Michael Stream, 
 flowing in from the west, and forming a junction with the Sandy in 
 the southern part of the town. The rocks in this plantation are gen- 
 erally granitic. The soil is a good red loam, and yields well of hay, 
 oats, potatoes, wheat, corn, beans, etc. The forest trees are mostly of 
 spruce, maple and birch. The manufactures consist of snow-shoes and 
 refined spruce gum. 
 
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280 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 There is a small hotel where the stage-road passes the highlands. 
 The nearest post-office is Lexington. 
 
 Highland Plantation has three public schoolhouses, valued at $100. 
 The valuation of estates in 1880 was 118,361. The population in 1880 
 was 121. 
 
 Hiram is the south-eastern town of Oxford County, and is situated 
 36 miles S.S.W. of Paris, and about the same distance north-west of Port- 
 land. For its bounding towns, it has Brownfield and Denmark on the 
 north, Porter on the west, Sebago and Baldwin, in Cumberland County, 
 on the east, and Cornish and Parsonsfield, in York County, on the south. 
 Saco River runs southward through the northern part of the town, and 
 forms the boundary line between Hiram and Baldwin for over half the 
 eastern side; The Ossipee River comes in from the west, forming the 
 southern boundary line between Parsonsfield and Cornish and this 
 town, uniting with the Saco at the south-east coi'ner of Hiram. Along 
 the western border of the town is a chain of ponds, the largest of 
 which are demon's, Trafton and Spectacle Ponds. They have an out- 
 let to the north by Ten Mile River, a tributary of the Saco. On the 
 eastern side of the town, at the northern end, are Middle Barker and 
 South-east ponds. 
 
 Tear-Cap, Mount Cutler, Bill Merrill Hill, Gould and Peaked 
 mountains run through the town nearly from north-east to south-west. 
 Bill Merrill Hill is the superior elevation, its summit being 1,750 feet 
 above the sea. Mount Cutler is west of Hiram Village, on the opposite 
 side of the Saco. Between this mountain and the river runs the Portland 
 and Ogdensburg Railroad. There is much forest and a great variety 
 of trees in this town. Along the streams and about the ponds are 
 some tracts of good interval ; and on the north side of the Ossipee 
 was, not long since, an extensive tract of pitch-jaine plains. Tlie rocks 
 are gneiss, slate, the schists, etc. The soil is generally a sandy loam. 
 Hay is the principal crop. There are five sawing and planing-mills, 
 two grist-mills, one carding-mill, etc. The manufactures are long and 
 short lumber, staves, shocks, men's clothing, harnesses, liquid slating 
 and blackboards, axe-helves, etc. The post-offices are Hiram Village 
 (Hirnm Bridge), a pretty village amid charming scenery, East Hiram, 
 and South Hiram. The town is large in area, being about 11 miles 
 from north-east to south-west, and having a width of 8^ miles. 
 
 The first settlements in Hiram, Williamson says, were about 1780. 
 Others say in 1774. Benjamin Ingalls, John Watson, Thomas Veazie, 
 John Bucknell, Benjamin Burbank and a Mr. Foster, who were among 
 the earliest settlers, arrived about 1788. The town was incorporated 
 Feb. 27, 1814. The name was selected by Timothy Cutler, an old 
 settler, in honor of " Hiram, King of Tyre." 
 
 General Peleg Wadsworth, a native of Duxbury, Mass., and a Revo- 
 lutionary patriot, in 1790 bought of Massachusetts a tract of land in 
 Hiram. On this, in 1792-4, lie commenced clearing a farm for his 
 eldst son, Charles L. Wadsworth. Later General Wadsworth built the 
 brick house next west of the Preble House, in Portland, and lived there 
 some time ; but he finally removed to Hiram, where he died in No- 
 vember, 1829, aged eighty years. His descendants still reside in the 
 town. One of his daughters married Stephen Longfellow, Esq., of 
 Portland, and became the mother of the poet Longfellow. The town 
 
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HOLDEN. 281 
 
 burnished about 100 men to the Union cause in the war of the jtebel- 
 lion, of whom 39 were lost. 
 
 The Methodists, Universalists and Congregationalists each have 
 church edifices. The number of public schoolhouses in Hiram is four- 
 teen, valued, with appurtenances, at $5,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $300,170. In 1880 it was $393,116. The rate of taxation 
 in the latter year was about 8 mills on the dollar. The population in 
 1870 was 1,393. In 1880 it was 1,449. 
 
 HOCl^ClOll lies on the eastern border of Aroostook County. 
 It is bounded on the north by Houlton, west by Linneus, south and 
 east by New Brunswick. The area is 36 square miles. The surface is 
 generally smooth ; but there is one considerable eminence known as 
 Westford Hill. Meduxnekeag River runs through the western part 
 of the town from south to north, furnishing atHodgdon Village, about 
 midway of the town, power sufficient for several mills. Tho manufac- 
 tures here are long and short lumber, chairs, flour and meal, carriages, 
 boots and shoes, harnesses, etc. There is also a steam lumber-mill. 
 Houlton, about five miles distant, is the nearest railroad station. 
 Hodgdon is on the stage-line from Houlton to Danforth, on the 
 European and North American Railway. 
 
 Tlie town was incorporated in 1833, having been formed from two 
 half townships, the northern one being the Groton Academy grant, and 
 the south half, the Westfield Academy grant. The first settlers Avere 
 John Duval, James Daggett, James U. Parker, Joseph Kendall, Jabez 
 Bradbury, Thomas Lander, Charles Lyon, Rufus Wiggin, James Ham, 
 Joseph Gerow, Joseph E. Jackins, Daniel Smith and others. Their 
 titles and the name of their town were from John Hodgdon, the pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 There are in the town Bajitist, Free Baptist and Methodist societies. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is nine ; and the value of tlie school 
 property is set at $4,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $197,832. In 1880 it was $173,627. The population in 1870 was 989. 
 In 1880 it was 1,047. 
 
 Hodgdon'S Mills, a post-office in Boothbay, Lincoln 
 County. 
 
 Holdcn lies in the south-eastern part of Penobscot County, 6 
 miles east of Bangor. It is bounded north and east by Eddington, 
 west by Brewer and Orrington, and south by Dedham and Bucksport, 
 in Hancock County. The surface is quite uneven, and somewhat 
 elevated, but without high hills. Slaty ledges are common, and there 
 is some granite. The soil, though stony, is productive ; and the town 
 has many excellent farms. Hay, potatoes, wheat and corn are all 
 cultivated with success. The forests contain most of the trees native 
 to the region. 
 
 At the south-west corner of the town is Brewer Pond, while on the 
 east are the Holbrook and Davis ponds, united by a broad stream. 
 George's Corners, near the south-east side of the town, is the principal 
 business centre. Holden has one lumber-mill, one lumber and box 
 mill, and one carriage-factory, making about twenty carriages a year. 
 
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282 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Holden has a very good hall for town business and other public pur- 
 poses. It was built at an expense of $5,000. Bangor furnishes an 
 excellent mai-ket and railroad connection. 
 
 Holden was formerly a part of Brewer, and its early history is 
 embraced in that of the parent town. It was set off and incorporated 
 under its present name in 1850. The Congregationalists have a good 
 church-edifice at Holden Centre. The number of public schoolhouses 
 in Holden is eight, having, with their appurtenances, the value of 
 $2,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $193,561. In 1880 it 
 was $168,938. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 17§ mills 
 on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 758. In 1880 it was 717. 
 
 HoIcS-GH Plantation, a district of Moose River Plantation, 
 Somerset County. 
 
 HolliS is situated in the north-west part of York County, and 
 on the west side of the Saco River. The town of Buxton lies across 
 the river on the east, Dayton bounds it on the south, Waterborough 
 on the west, and Limiugton on the noi-th.. The town contains about 
 13,600 acres of land. The Portland and Rochester Railroad passes 
 across the soutliern part. The station is at HoUis Centre, about 
 20 miles from Portland. The other centres of business are Hollis 
 Village, on the Saco River, in the south-eastern part of the town; 
 Bar Mills, a mile above ; Moderation, opposite West Buxton ; North 
 Hollis, at the north-western angle of the town ; and Bonny Eajrle Falls, 
 on the Saco, at the North. At these points are Iumber-mills,*a spool- 
 factory and turning-mill, wood-box factory, the Saco River Woollen 
 Company, etc. Cook's Brook, which forms the southern line of the 
 town, has two small saw-mills. A long sheet of water in the north- 
 west part of the town called " Kelliock's Pond " is the only considera- 
 ble body of water. 
 
 The surface of the town is not broken by any considerable eminences. 
 Granite is the prevailing rock. The soil is about equally divided 
 between clay and sandy loam. The principal crops are corn, potatoes 
 and hay. Pine, oak and maple are the principal woods. A marked 
 feature of the town is the water-powers that are found on all sides of 
 it, furnishing employment to a large number of the inhabitants. These 
 falls furnish some striking cascades and rapids, and along the river is 
 much picturesque and beautiful scenery. The rocks along the river 
 afford many traces of the glacial and drift periods. 
 
 Hollis was a part of the tract purchased by Small and Shapleigh of 
 the Indians. Their trading house stood about ten miles above Saco 
 River Lower Falls. The town was first known as a part of Little 
 Falls Plantation, and settlements probably began along the Saco River 
 within its limits in 1753. The township was incorporated under the 
 name of Phillipsburg in 1798 ; and in 1811 the name was changed to 
 Hollis. Dayton was taken from Hollis in 1854. In the war of 1812 a 
 few men were drafted for the coast defense ; and in the war of the 
 Rebellion the town sent 108 men into service, paying $45,000 in 
 bounties. 
 
 The town has religious societies and churches of the Methodists, 
 Free Baptists, Christian Baptists and Advents. There are fourteen 
 schoolhouses, valued at $4,000. In 1870 its estates were valued at 
 
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EOULTON. 283 
 
 $444,428. In 1880 at $418,761. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 21 mills on the dollar. Its population in 1870 was 1,541 ; and in 1880 
 it was 1,542, an increase of one inhabitant. 
 
 Holt's MlllSj a small manufacturing and post village in 
 Garland, Penobscot County. 
 
 Hope is situated on the north-eastern side of Knox County, on 
 the eastern tributary of the St. George's River. Camden bounds it 
 on the south-east, Appleton on the north-west, Union on the south- 
 west, and Searsmont and Lincolnville, in Waldo County, on the nortli- 
 east. The Lake, Lermond, Hobbs, Soutliern Hobbs, and Fish are tlie 
 names of the ponds. The first, lying in the western part of the town, 
 has an area of two square miles. On the outlets of these ponds are 
 several water-powers. There are three considerable elevations of land, 
 — Mount Hatchet near the centre, and two others in tlie northern part. 
 The surface of the town is generally uneven. The soil is a rich loam, 
 and other agricultural requirements are of the best character. 
 
 Hope Village and South Hope are the principal centres of business. 
 The manufactures at the fornier place are boots and shoes, sleigh-tops, 
 cider vinegar, staves, etc. At the latter place the manufactures are 
 sash, doors and furniture, lumber, staves and heads, carriages, mowing- 
 machines, meal and flour. Hope is 14 miles distant from Rockland 
 and 20 from Belfast, which arc the nearest railway stations. 
 
 The settlement of the town began about 1782. It was a tract of 
 land which had been purchased by Charles Barrett, of New Ipswich, 
 N. H., who sold to the settlers. The plantation was from him called 
 Barrettstown. Reuben and Simon Barrett, Reuben Safford, Enoch 
 and Walter Philbrick, Samuel and Daniel Bartlett, William Howett, 
 Sampson and Stephen Sweetland, Micah Hobb, and Fergus McLain 
 were among the early settlers, coming from New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts. The town was incorporated under its present name 
 in 1804. It originally had a territory of 33 square miles, but in 1843 
 2^ miles on the north-west side were annexed to Appleton; taking 
 from it St. George's River and two small villages. 
 
 Hope has two Universalist societies, and one each of the Method- 
 ists and Baptists. There are seven public schoolhouses, and the total 
 school property of the town is valued at $3,500. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $251,650. In 1880 it was $211,985. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 907. In 1880 it was 830. 
 
 HOVlltOn, the shire town of Aroostook County, is situated on 
 the eastern border of Maine, about half way between Calais and Grand 
 Falls on the St. John, near the north-eastern angle of Maine. It is 250 
 miles from Portland, via the old "Military Road" from Bangor. . The 
 New Brunswick and Canada Railway terminates here; and hence 
 start the stage-routes to Caribou, Presque Isle, Fort Faii-field, Linnens, 
 Danforth and Patten, in Maine, and Woodstock, in New Brunswick. 
 The town is bounded on the north by Littleton, south by Hodgdon, 
 west by New Limerick, and east by Richmond, in New Brunswick. 
 In the north-western part of the town are two large " Horse-backs ; " 
 
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284 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 but the surface generally lies in large swells. The soil is a deep, rich 
 loam, underlaid by clay, and yielding abundantly of the usual farm 
 crops of the region. The Meduxnekeag' River, a branch of the St. 
 John, flows from south-west to north-east through the midst of the 
 town. Bog, Moose and Cook Brooks, tributaries of the Meduxnekeag, 
 are the otler principal streams. The powers on the river are known 
 as the Cary, Page and Madigan,. Ham, Logan, Mansur, Cressey, and 
 Houlton water-powers. The manufacturing is chiefly on the Cary 
 power in the south-western part of the town, and on the Cressey and 
 Houlton powers, at Houlton Village, a little south of the centre of the 
 town. There are two cheese-factories, two or more starch-factories, a 
 canning-factory, a woollen-mill, four lumber-mills, three flour-mills, one 
 tannery, two iron-foundries and machine-shops, two printing-offices, 
 and a sash, blind and door-factory. Other manufactures are bark-ex- 
 tract, harnesses, boots and shoes, carriages, marble-work, cigars, etc. 
 Houlton is. the centre of trade for the county, and is a busy and thrifty 
 town. The village has many handsome residences, and there are sev- 
 eral well-shaded and very attractive streets. The Houlton Savings 
 Bank, in May, 1881, held $60,000 in deposits, from its 500 depositors. 
 There are two lively newspapers published in the village, the "Aroos- 
 took Pioneer," and the "Aroostook Times." The first is an excellent 
 county newspaper for the family circle ; the other is independent in 
 politics, and has done good service for the community in which it is 
 published. The Houlton Academy has done noble service in the 
 cause of education. Many who have already gone out from its walls 
 have achieved distinction in their callings ; and there is every reason 
 to hope that its future work will surpass that of its earlier period. The 
 building is a good one, and occupies ample grounds. 
 
 The first settlers of Houlton were two families named Houlton and 
 Putnam, who removed hither from Massachusetts about 1807. The 
 town was incorporated March 8, 1831, taking the name of one of these 
 first settlers. In 1830, a military station was established here by the 
 national government, but the troops were removed in 1847, during the 
 war with Mexico, and the place has not been re-garrisoned. Tlie 
 barracks occupy a position on the outskirts of the village near the rail- 
 way station ; but are now greatly fallen to decay. The Aroostook 
 County meridian line is established on the eastern side of the parade 
 ground. A soldier's cemetery is near by. Nearer the village, on the 
 south side, is a large trotting-park where many interesting shows have 
 been held. 
 
 The county court-house and jail occupy a central position in the 
 village. Near by is Liberty Hall, the place of public entertainments in 
 their variety. The town has a building exclusively for its own use 
 nearer the river. The attractive Free Baptist church and parsonage 
 occupy a pleasant lot adjoining the academy grounds. The Baptists 
 have a good church and parsonage on a neighboring street, and the 
 Roman Catholics have a good church and ample grounds near the rail- 
 road station. The town has also organized churches of the Congrega- 
 tionalists. Unitarians, Methodists, and Episcopalians. Houlton has 
 nine public schoolhouses ; and the entire public school propei-ty in 
 land and buildin2;s is valued at $7,000. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $681,646. In 1880 it was 1725,469. The population in 1870 
 was 2,850. In 1880 it was 3,228. 
 
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HUDSON. 285 
 
 HO"Wa)r<i, incorporated a town in 1880, is situated on the west 
 of Sebec Lake, in the southern part of Piscataquis County. It has an 
 area of 23,040 acres, including portions of Ship Pond and Sebec Lake. 
 The southern and the north-eastern portion of the township are moun- 
 tainous, but there is much good farming land. Granite Mountain, on 
 the western shore of Sebec Lake, contains an inexhaustible quantity of 
 granite, said to be the finest found in the State. General A. Davis is 
 the first known proprietor. At present 1,000 acres in the south-west 
 corner, near North Guilford Mills, are known as the Harris tract. 
 Adjoining this are 960 acres set off for the public reserves. Near the 
 south-east corner is the Osgood tract, and in the north-east corner are. 
 4,000 acres owned by the Howard Slate Company. The Messrs. 
 Adams also hold a considerable quantity. No part has been opened 
 for settlement ; yet there have been settlers for about fifty years, and 
 there are now some thirty resident families. There is a saw-mill 
 in operation on Greenwood Falls. A schoolhouse in the western 
 part is also sometimes used for religious meetings. The Wil- 
 limantic Thread Company of Connecticut, have recently purchased 
 land in the township, and have erected a mill upon the north bank of 
 Wilson's Stream for splitting out spool-timber, 
 
 HOWlRlid is a small, partially settled town in Penobscot 
 County. It is situated on the west bank of the Penobscot River, 
 and upon both banks of the Piscataquis River, which here 
 discharges into the Penobscot. The town is bounded on the 
 north by Matamiscontis, on the west by Maxfield, south by Edinburg, 
 and east by Enfield, from which it is separated by the Penobscot. 
 Little Schoodic Lake lies in the northern part of the town. Some of 
 the streams flow through rich intervals, and present many scenes of 
 verdurous beauty. The Piscataquis passes through the midst of the 
 town, furnishing near its mouth by means of a dam, a fine water-power 
 of 20 feet fall. The Enfield station of the European and North 
 American Railway is about three miles distant on the eastern side of 
 the Penobscot. 
 
 Howland was incorporated Feb. 10, 1826. There is one public 
 schoolhouse, valued at $200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $40,665. -In 1880 it was $30,341, The population in 1870 was 176. 
 In 1880 it was 187. 
 
 HlldSOIl is a town of Penohscot County, situated 15 miles 
 north of Bangor. Bradford bounds it on the north, Alton and Old- 
 town on the east, Glenburn and Kenduskeag on the south, and Corinth 
 on the west. The land is rather stony and hard, but yields well in 
 potatoes and hay ; and considerable stock is kept. The principal rock 
 is slate. About two square miles of Pushaw Lake lies in the south- 
 eastern part of the town, and in the north-western part lies Little 
 Pushaw Pond, having an area of about one square mile. The two 
 are connected by Pushaw Stream, which furnishes a water-power at 
 Hudson Village, in the centre of the town. There is here a saw 
 mill, furniture and carriage-factories, etc. This place is on the 
 county road from Bangor to North Bradford. The nearest railroad 
 station is at Alton, on the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad, 8 miles 
 distant. 
 
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286 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 This township was originally purchased of Massachusetts by Wil- 
 Ham Sullivan, of Boston. The settlement was commenced in 1800 by 
 Luke Wilder, David Pierce, Wareham Briggs, Tristam Warren, soon 
 followed by others. In 1824, it was organized as Jackson Plantation, 
 in 1825 it was incorporated as Kirkland, which in 1854 was changed 
 for the present name. 
 
 Hudson has seven public schoolhouses, valued, with appurtenances, 
 at $2,000. The valuation of estates m 1870 was $101,497. In 1880 
 it was $93,806. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 29 mills on 
 a dollar. The population in 1870 was 739. In 1880 it was 659. 
 
 ■ Hunne well's Point, a post-oiSce in Phlpsburg, Sagada- 
 hoc County. 
 
 Hurricane Isle is a town of Knox County, situated in 
 Penobscot Bay, 12 miles east of Rockland. It was formerly a part of 
 Vinalhaven, from which it was set off and incorporated in 1878. Gran- 
 ite quarrying (which is the chief occupation of the population) was 
 commenced here in 1870 by Gen. Davis Tillson, the owner of the 
 island. The highest hill is 165 feet in height. The town is notable 
 for its small size, its granite, and the entire banishment of liquor from 
 the island. Besides the granite works, there is one porgy-oil mill. 
 There is one public schoolhouse, and the estimated value of the school 
 property is $50. The valuation of estates in 1877 was $46,941. In 
 1880 it was $40,028. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 1^ 
 per cent. The population in 1878 was 600. In 1880 it was 220. 
 
 Indicin Xtiver, a post-office in Washington County. 
 
 Indian K-OCk, a post-office in Baiigeley, Franklin County. 
 
 Industry is situated on the eastern side of Franklin County 
 in the southern part. New Vineyard bounds it on the north, New 
 Sharon on the south, Farmington and New Vineyard on the west, and 
 Starks and Anson, in Somerset County, on the east. The northern part_ 
 of the town is drained by Lemmon's Stream, and the south by Muddy' 
 Brook, the outlet of Clear Water Pond. This beautiful sheet of water 
 lies in the eouth-westerp part of the town, adjoining Farmington. Its 
 area is one and three-fourths miles. The town is very hilly. Board- 
 man's Mountain, a little north of the centre of' the town, Harvey and 
 Davis mountains, in the northern jiart, and Bannock Hill in the north- 
 ern part, are the principal eminences. The soil is very productive. 
 
 There are good water-powers at the outlet of Clear Water Pond, 
 which are improved. This point is known as Allen's Mills, and is 6 
 miles from the station of the M;iine Centra] Railroad in Farmington. 
 Weeks's Mills, on a branch of Lemmon's Stream, in the eastern 
 part of the town, is 10 miles from Farmington. The manufactures at 
 Allen's Mills, are lumber, chairs, salt-boxes, wheel-hubs and shovel 
 handles. At West's Mills are rakes, wheels, spade-handles, lumber, 
 harnesses, boots and shoes, meal and flour. At the center is located 
 the Enterprise Cheese Factory, and a boot and shoe-shop. 
 
 Industry was formed from the north-western part of the Plymouth 
 
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ISLE AU HAUT. 287 
 
 Patent, or Kennebec Purchase. The first settlements were made by- 
 James and John Thompson, Zoe Withe, Thomas Johnson, and Wil- 
 liam Allen, about 1793 or the following year. Benjamin Cottle, Daniel 
 Luce, Peter Daggett, Jabez Norton, Peter West, James Winslow, John 
 Gowner and Lemuel Howes were also early settlers. The lands were 
 first taken up where each individual chose, and held by possession, but 
 afterward purchased of those claiming proprietorship under the original 
 grant. The town was incorporated in 1803. 
 
 The Methodists, Free Baptists, Congregationalists and Baptists 
 each have a church edifice. Industry has ten public schoolhouses, and 
 the school property is valued at $3,200. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $148,252. The population in 1870 was 725. In 1880 it was 
 609. 
 
 Island Falls is a town in Aroostook County, 27 miles 
 south-west of Houlton, on the stage road from that place to Patten. 
 Dyer Brook Plantation bounds it on the north, and Crystal Plantation 
 on the west. The form of the town is a square, and the area 22,040 
 acres. Maple, beech, birch, hemlock, spruce, fir, pine, cedar and juniper 
 are abundant. The prevailing rock is of a granitic nature. The soil is 
 chiefly alluvial, with some rich intervals. Wheat, oats and potatoes 
 are the crops principally cultivated. The most notable elevation is a 
 precipitous mass of rock known as " Granite Bluff." On the eastern 
 border of the town are Mattawamkeag Lake — 8 miles long and 4 wide ; 
 and Pleasant Lake, of about one half this size. Smaller Caribou Lake 
 is on the southern jjorder. The streams are Mattawamkeag River, Fish 
 Stream, Dyer, Sly and Alder brooks, tributary to the river, which 
 empties into Mattawamkeag Lake. The longest bridge yet built in the 
 town is 200 feet ; the roads are very good. The powers are on the west ' 
 branch of the river, and on Cold and Dyer brooks. The two first are 
 improved. In all, there are three mills for the manufacture of long and 
 short lumber, and two grist mills. Corn brooms are also manufactured 
 and the town has a stone cutter, a boat-builder, and a painter. There 
 is a circulating library of 150 volumes. 
 
 Island Falls was first settled in 1843, by Levi Sewall and Jesse 
 Graig, from Farmington. It was incorporated in February, 1872, 
 taking, its name from the principal fall, which has an island at the verge 
 midway of the stream. 
 
 There is a Congregationalist society here which sustains a clergyman. 
 The town hall has a school on the first floor, and a pretty hall on the 
 second, used for town and religious meetings, and social entertainments. 
 Island Falls has three public schoolhouses ; and the school property 
 including lands is valued at $2,700. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $37,904. In 1880 it was $47,229. The population in 1870 was 
 183. In 1880 it was 236. 
 
 IsIg an Hant, the most south-westerly portion of Hancock 
 County, is situated at the eastern entrance of Penobscot Bay, and one 
 league directly south of Deer Isle. It was incorporated in 1874, having 
 been taken from the town of Deer Island. It is composed of the Isle 
 au Haut, the two Spoon Islands, York's, Fogg's, Burnt, Merchant's, 
 Kimball's, and all other islands south of Merchant's Row. The aggre- 
 
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288 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 gate area is about 3,000 acres. The highest part of the territory is the 
 middle of the island " Isle au Haut," which exhibits to passers on the 
 sea the appearance of a saddle. Its shore is bold, with steep, high cliffs, 
 which led to its early name of High Island. The first settlement is said 
 to have been made by Anthony Merchant, in 1772, on the island which 
 has since borne his name. Great Isle au Haut was settkd in 1792, by 
 Peltiah Barter. Kimball's Island was first settled during the Revolu- 
 tion by Seth Webb, a noted hunter, and from whom Webb's Pond, in 
 Eastbrook, has its name. 
 
 The occupation of the inhabitants is wholly related to the sea. 
 There is in town an establishment for canning lobstei-s, and a boat- 
 builder's shop. The nearest post-ofBce is Green's Landing, on Deer 
 Island. 
 
 The town has a church edifice, occupied as a union house. There 
 are two public schoolhouses, which, with their appurtenances, are 
 valued at $200. The valuation of estates in 1880 was $32,756. The 
 population in 1880 was 274. 
 
 ISlGSDOrOllg"!! consists of one long island and several small 
 ones in Penobscot Bay, Waldo County. The largest of these, 
 formerly known as "Long Island," is 11 miles in length, and three 
 miles in width in the widest part, but scarcely more than three rods in 
 the narrowest, which is at the middle. The Other islands are Seven- 
 hundred-acre Island, Warren's, Spruce, Ensign, Job's, Lime, Lasell's, 
 Mark, Saddle, Mouse, and several others smaller. The entire land area 
 is about 6,000 acres. Turtle's Head is a long promontory at the north. 
 The harbors are Sabbath Day Harbor and Bounty Cove, on the eastern 
 side ; Seal Harbor, Crow Cove, on the western side; and Gilkey's Harbor 
 on the south-western side. At the end of the neck which forms the 
 north-western side of the island, is Gilkey's Harbor Light. The rocks 
 are for the most part, slaty schists. The soil is fair, and, with the 
 abundant dressing from shore and stable, yields well in hay and potatoes, 
 which are the crops chiefly cultivated. Spruce and fir make up the 
 bulk of the scanty forests. The principal body of fresh-water pond is 
 Meadow Pond, having an area of about 12 acres. It lies about one- 
 third of a mile from the seashore, its surface being 60 feet higher, and 
 its outlet furnishes three good water-powers. There are also fine op- 
 portunities to make use of tide-power. The inhabitants are hardy, indus- 
 trious, and intelligent. Fishing and navigation are the principal occu- 
 pations of the inhabitants. In 1855, 153 vessels sailed from Islesborough, 
 many of which were owned in the town, — where, also, most of the mas- 
 ters resided. 
 
 Islesborough was first settled in 1769 by William Pendleton and 
 Benjamin Thomas. It was incorporated January 28, 1789. The titles 
 to the lands were secured in 1801 from General Henry Knox. One of 
 the first settlers named Gilkey, before he had made much improvement, 
 was impressed into the British service, while his wife and two children 
 were left in poverty on the island to gain a living as best they could. 
 The town was first i-epresented in general court in 1820, by Thomas 
 Waterman. 
 
 In June 1794, Elder Thomas Ames was ordained as the first pastor 
 of the town. The churches at present are the Free Baptist, and the 
 1st and 2d Baptist. Islesborough has eight public school-houses ; and 
 
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JACKSON BROOK. 289 
 
 the school properly is valued at $3,500. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $153,703. In 1880 it was $158,033. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,230. In 
 1880 it was 1,208. 
 
 Jackman Plantation, See article on Moose River 
 Plantation. 
 
 Jackson, a post-office in Waldo County. 
 
 Jackson is situated in the northern part of "Waldo County, 
 15 miles N.N.AY of Belfast. It is bounded on the east by Monroe, 
 south by Brooks, west by Thorndike, and north by Dixmont, in 
 Penobscot County. In dimensions it is 5^ miles in length from north 
 to south, and 5 miles wide fi'om east to west. The surface is very 
 much broken ; and in the north-western and southern part are many 
 hUls. The principal streams are the Hadley Brook, and its tributary, 
 Moulton Brook, which form a branch of Marsh River. The manufac- 
 tures consist of long and short lumber (two mills), a carriage factory, 
 etc. The village is connected with Belfast by a stage-line. 
 
 The first settlement in this town was made in 1800 by Benjamin 
 Cates, of Gorham, from whom Gates' Hill has its name. Joel Rich 
 arrived the next year, and settled on a hill which has since borne his 
 name. Other early settlers were Nicholas Hamlin, Benjamin Skillings, 
 John Gates, George, Elisha and Ebenezer Morton, and Nathaniel 
 Knight, most of whom were from Gorham. First Minister, S. Warren. 
 
 The town was a part of the Waldo Patent. Gen. Henry Knox, 
 who soon after the Revolution became proprietor of this patent, sold a 
 few lots to settlers, then disposed of all that remained to Israel Thorn- 
 dike, David Sears and William Prescott. Thorndike was a citizen of 
 Boston, but, having a taste for agricultural pursuits, he cleared up and 
 cultivated a large farm near the centre of the township, which he 
 stocked with horses, kine, sheep and poultry, and set out an orchard of 
 500 ajJ^la trees. The place was long after his death known as the 
 " Great Farm," but has since deteriorated. 
 
 The plantation was organized in 1812, and incorporated as a town in 
 1818. It was probably named in honor of Gen. Henry Jackson, a soldier of 
 the Revolution. Ezra Abbot, D.D., LL.D., was a native of the town. 
 
 The Congregationalists and Free Baptists each have a church in 
 town. The number of schoolhouses is ten ; and the value of the 
 school property is $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $176,- 
 604 In 1880 it was $159,315. The population in 1870 was 707. In 
 1880 it was 682. 
 
 Jackson Brook lies in the northern part of Washington 
 County, with its north-eastern corner resting on the southern section 
 of Grand Lake, at the head of St. Croix. It is bounded on the north 
 by Eaton and on the south by Codyville. It is on the road from Calais to 
 Houlton, being 45 miles from each. The European and North Amer- 
 ican Railway runs through the midst of the township. The form is 
 square, and its area 36 square miles. This plantation was regarded as 
 having' an organization at the State election in 1874. There is here a 
 large tannery, and the small manufactures common to villages. 
 
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290 GAZEETER OF MAINE. 
 
 The religious societies are the Free Baptist and Methodist. The 
 number of public schoolhouses is two ; and the school property, in 
 houses and lands, is valued at I2,(K)0. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $40,000. In 1880 it was $84,660. The population in 1870 
 was 206. In 1880 it had increased to 335. 
 
 Jackson Villag^e, the same as West Sumner post- 
 office, Oxford County. 
 
 Jay is the south-western town of Franklin County, and is 80 miles 
 north of Lewiston. It is bounded north by Wilton, east by Chester- 
 ville, south by Livermore and East Livermore, in Androscoggin County. 
 The town is nearly square in its form, and has an area of about 18,000 
 acres. The Androscoggin River runs south-eastward across the south- 
 western corner. The only other stream of magnitude is a large brook 
 which comes down from Dixfield and Wilton through the western part 
 of the town. The largest sheet of water is Perkin's Pond, which has 
 an area of about 150 acres. The highest eminence in town is Spruce 
 Mountain, which bas an altitude of about 2,000 feet. The usual varie- 
 ties of *ree8 are found in the forests. The rock is principally granite. 
 The soil is loamy, and quite productive. Hay, corn, wheat, potatoes, 
 oats and apples are raised in quantities beyond the need of the town. 
 On the Androscoggin River in this town are three excellent water- 
 powers — the aggregate fall being about 36 feet. That near Jay Bridge 
 is improved by a good dam, on which is a saw-mill. Jay Steam Saw- 
 Mill has an engine of 150 horse-power. At North Jay is a saw-mill, a 
 brick-yard and several granite quarries. Bean's Corner has a car- 
 riage-factory, and East Jay has a saw-mill. The Farmington Railroad 
 passes through the town, having a station at Jay Bridge and at North 
 Jay. 
 
 The township which is now Jay was granted to Capt. Joseph Phips 
 and sixty-three others, for services in the French war of 1755, and was 
 for a long time known as Phip's Canada. It wae incorporated i« 1795, 
 and named for Hon. John Jay, the eminent patriot and statesmen. 
 The conditions of the grant were that it should be divided into rights 
 of 400 acres each, one of which was to be reserved for Harvard Col- 
 lege, one for the use of the University, and one for the schools. A 
 settling committee appointed by the associates subsequently purchased 
 the whole. There were no settlements previous to the close of the 
 Revolutionary war. The earliest settlers were Simon Coolidge, Oliver 
 Fuller, Samuel Eustis, Scarborough Parker, Moses Crafts, Isaac West, 
 Thomas Fuller, Joseph Hyde, Nathaniel Jackson, Samuel Jackson, 
 William Godding and William Atkinson. Jay Hill — where there is 
 now a small village, and a bridge across the Androscoggin — was first 
 settled by James Starr in 1802. 
 
 The Baptists, Universaliste, and Free Baptists each have a church 
 in the town. Jay has sixteen public schoolhouses, and her school 
 property is valued at $4,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $497,029. In 1880 it was $483,601. The rate of taxation was 13 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,490. In 1880 it was 
 1,291. 
 
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JERUSALEM PLANTATION. 291 
 
 jGIIGl'SOll is situated in the northern part of Lincoln Connty,on 
 ponds forming the heads of Damariscotta and Dyer's Rivers and Great 
 Meadow Brook. The chief of these is Damariscotta Lake, which sepa^ 
 rates the town from Nobleboro, and the Great Bay, a continuation of 
 the lake lying wholly in the north-eastern part of the town. About the 
 head of this pond is some very pleasant scenery; and a sail the length 
 of the lake is charming. Dyer's Long Pond lies in the centre of the 
 town, and sends its waters through the town of Newcastle to Sheep- 
 scot River. Pleasant Pond lies on the western border, partly in the 
 town of Whitefield. Damariscotta Lake, including Great Bay, has an 
 area of about 10 square miles; Long Pond 1.20 square miles, and 
 Pleasant Pond, 1.10 square miles. There are several smaller sheets of 
 water. 
 
 The surface of the town is hUly. The principal occupation of the 
 people is agriculture. There is at East Jefferson, on Damariscotta 
 Lake, a flourishing cheese factory. At this place there are also lum- 
 ber, stave and shingle mills, a wooden pump and a carriage factory, etc. 
 At West Jefferson are a shingle-mill and potash factory. Jefferson 
 and South Jefferson are the other centres. Jefferson is on the stage 
 line from Augusta to Waldoboro, and is 24 miles from the former, and 
 20 miles from Wiscasset. Newcastle adjoining on the south has the 
 nearest railroad station. 
 
 The town was settled a few years previous to the Revolutionary war. 
 John Ball, John Weeks, Ezra Parker, Jonathan Fish, Jonathan Eames, 
 Jonathan Linscott, Joseph Jonss and Thomas Kennedy were the first 
 settlers. Jefferson was originally included with Whitefield in the 
 territory known as Ballstown, from the first settler, who came in 1770. 
 Many of the first settlers came from Boothbay and Woolwich. The 
 town was included in the " Brown Claim," — for which see Nobleborough. 
 There were difiiculties between the proprietors and settlers, which were 
 adjusted by referees, and titles obtained from Massachusetts in 1814. 
 The price paid by those who settled before 1784, was 13 cents per 
 acre ; by those who settled later, 30 cents. 
 
 Alphonso Ross, Esq., of the " Boston Advertiser," is a native of this 
 town. The churches are the first, second and third, — all Baptist. 
 Jefferson has fourteen public schoolhouses. The total expenditure for 
 schools in the year ending April 1, 1879, was $2,661. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $420,003. In 1880, it was $459,237. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 1,821. In 1880 it was 1,590, 
 
 Jerusalem Plantation forms a north-eastem angle 
 of Franklin County, and is bounded on the south by Kingfield, and on 
 the north by Dead River Plantation, in Somerset County. The town- 
 ship is about 6 miles square. The Mount Abraham group of moun- 
 tains extends into the south-western part, while just beyond the bor- 
 der, on the north, is the Dead River Range, which enters the north- 
 east corner of Jerusalem Plantation. The Carabasset River runs 
 through the township from north to south. The plantation has one 
 saw-mill, manufacturing long and short lumber; it is also the head- 
 quarters of the Franklin Land and Lumber Company, The post-office 
 for the plantation is Kingfield. 
 
 The population in 1870 was 32. In 1880 it was 23. 
 
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292 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 JOneSlbOrOUg"!! is a seaport town in Washington County, 
 at the head of Mason's Bay, and 7 miles west of Machias. It is on 
 the Bangor and Calais stage route. Chandler's River, the principal 
 stream, has two good powers, — " Great Falls," and " The Mills " at 
 the village at the head of the tide. There are now in operation in the 
 town one mill for long lumber and one lath and shingle mill. Granite 
 and syenite are underlying rocks in some parts. The soil is clay loam. 
 The principal crop is hay. Birch, spruce, and fir constitute what forest 
 remains. 
 
 This town was contained in the grant by Massachusetts to John C. 
 Jones and others in 1789, of 48,160 acres. Judah Chandler is sup- 
 posed to have been the first settler. He arrived in 1763 or 1764, 
 building a house and mill m the latter year, near the site of the "Whit- 
 ney mills. Joel Whitney, father of Captain Ephraim Whitney, came 
 from Portland about 1767. Captain Whitney was a member of Mas- 
 sachusetts Legislature two years, of the convention in 1820 to form a 
 constitution for Maine, and represented his district in the legislature of 
 the new State. Captain Samuel Watts, from Falmouth, removed here 
 in 1769, and Josiah Weston in 1772. The latter married Hannah, the 
 daughter of Captain Watts, in 1774. This noble woman is intimately 
 coimected with the history of the town, especially by her remarkable 
 night journey to Machias to bring powder to the patriots for the cap- 
 ture of the British armed schooner, Margaretta. She died in 1855, in 
 the 97th year of her age. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1809 ; its name being chosen in honor 
 of the leading proprietor. Previously it had borne the name of Chand- 
 ler's River. The section at its settlement was remarkably well wooded. 
 The first ship was sailed up the river in 1785, by Captain Locke, for 
 purposes of trade. 
 
 Near the village are the agricultural grounds and buildings, where 
 the fairs of the West Washington Agricultural Society are held. 
 Jonesborough furnished 16 men to the Union forces in the war of the 
 Rebellion, and lost seven. There is a neat church in the town used by 
 the denominations in common. 
 
 The number of public schoolhouses is six ; and the school property 
 is valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $86,990. In 
 1880 it was $80,000. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 42 
 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 522. In 1880 it was 
 552. 
 
 «F011GSpOrti, in the western part of Washington County, ia 
 nearly all seaboard. Two-thirds of the width of the town is joined 
 to Jonesborough on the north, but Addison, lying on the west, is sepa- 
 rated from it by Indian River. Mason's Bay lies on the east, Jonesport 
 Harbor on the west, and on the south is Moosabeck Reach, which, pro- 
 tected by numerous islands, affords a good haven. Belonging to the 
 town are Great Wass, Beal's, Head Harbor, Steel Harbor, and Moose 
 islands, with several smaller. 
 
 On Indian River, near its mouth, is a fall of ten feet, affording a 
 good water-power. Jonesport has its shipyards, a lobster-canning 
 factory, two boat-builders, a sailmaker, riggers, etc. 
 
 This town is 20 miles south-west of Machias, and is the terminus of 
 
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KENDUSKEAG. 29S 
 
 the stage-line from Columbia Falls. The territory of the town is small, 
 and a large proportion of the inhabitants find their occupation on the 
 sea. Jonesport was set off from Jonesborough, and incorporated Feb. 
 3, 1832. Its early history is involved with that of the parent town. 
 
 The Congregationalists have a society and sustain a minister here ; 
 and there is a Union church. The number of public schoolhouses ia 
 eight. The school property is valued at $5,900. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $156,388. In 1880 it was $192,984. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 1,305. In 1880 it was 1,561. 
 
 Katahdih Iron Works are situated nearly 50 miles 
 south of the mountain whose name they bear. Their location is in 
 No. 6, Range 9, on the north of Williamsburg. The west branch 
 of Pleasant River flows through the township, and upon its banks 
 are some excellent intervals. The first clearing was made in this 
 township as early as 1814. A deposit of bog iron ore was found 
 upon the northern half of this township at the foot of Ore Mountain 
 sometime before 1848. In that year the development of the mine was 
 commenced, and the construction of the works for smelting. The 
 north half of the township had been granted to Warren Academy, in 
 1808. Walter Smith, of Newmarket, bought most of this portion, and 
 he and his son Edward, of Bangor, at once began the imjjrovements. 
 They sold in 1845, and Messrs. Pingree and Company of Salem became 
 the owners ; the latter also relinquished the business, and the property 
 passed into the hands of Hinckley and Egery of Bangor. It was started 
 again by a company, 0. W. Davis, jun., being treasurer and chief 
 manager. When running it gives employment to a large number of 
 workmen in cutting and hauling wood for the furnaces with charcoal, 
 in hauling the products to the railway station in Milo, 16 miles distant. 
 Other valuable minerals, as paint and copperas, are obtained there in 
 paying quantities, while the ore improves in quality and gives no sign 
 of exhaustion. 
 
 . Keen's Mills, a small village and post-office in Turner, 
 And'-oscoggin County. 
 
 Kendall's Mills, a village and post-office in Fairfield, 
 Somerset County. 
 
 KenO-USkeag" is a small town near the centre of the south- 
 ern section of Penobscot County, 12 miles north-west of Bangor, and 
 on the stage-line from Charleston to that place. It is bounded on the 
 north by Corinth and Hudson, east by Glenburn, south by the latter 
 and Levant, and west by Levant. It is less than half the size of 
 the neighboring townships, which are mostly 6 miles square. There 
 is one hill 30 or 40 feet high, of the kind known as " horsebacks." 
 The surface is very even, with a clay loam soil that is easily cultivated 
 and yields well. Hay is the most valuable crop. The forests are 
 made up of the trees common to the county. The Kenduskeag River 
 runs through the midst of the town from north-west to south-east, fur- 
 nishing, at the village, near the centre, the power for several mills. 
 The manufactures are long and short lumber, cooperage, horse-rakes 
 and cultivators, stoves and agricultural implements, meal and flour, 
 
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294 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 cheese, etc. The village has many tasteful residences, and the streets 
 are beautified by well-grown elms and maples. There is here a sub- 
 stantial covered bridge, 130 feet in length, spanning the Kenduskeag. 
 Bangor affords the nearest railroad connection. 
 
 The early history of this town is found in the accounts of Levant 
 and Glenburn, from each of which a portion of its territory was taken. 
 It was incorporated Feb. 20, 1852. Among the original settlers of 
 the town were Lemuel H. Hasey, three sons of Major Hodson, and a 
 son of Pecallis Clark. The town furnished 103 men to the Union 
 cause in the war of the Rebellion, losing 37. 
 
 The Congregationalists and Universalists each have a good church 
 edifice. The number of public schoolhouses is four. The school prop- 
 erty is valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $171,230. 
 In 1880 it was 1181,700. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 1^5 per cent. The population in 1870 was 770. In 1880 it was 650. 
 
 K«llliebag"0 Lake, a lake and post-office in the next 
 township north of Rangely, in Franklin County. The lake is the 
 source of the "Sparkling Kennebago " River, which empties into 
 Rangely Lake, all famous for trout-fishing. 
 
 Kennebec County occupies the most valuable section 
 of Kennebec Ri\ er. The surface, though hilly, is not mountainous. 
 It contains a large number of ponds, and many fine water-powers. 
 The territory is nearly that of the Kennebec Patent, but it somewhat 
 overpasses the limits of that patent as finally settled. The indefinite 
 description of those limits caused much litigation, but was finally set- 
 tled in 1757, by reference to five eminent lawyers. By their decision, 
 the southern boundary of the patent was placed at the northern line 
 of the town of Woolwich, in the present county of Sagadahoc, and the 
 northern boundary at what is now the southern line of Cornville, in 
 Somerset County. Briefly stated, the patent, as settled, covered ter- 
 ritory 80 miles wide (15 miles wide on each side of the Kennebec 
 River), and extended from Merry-meeting Bay to the falls below 
 Norridgewock, and contained 1,500,000 acres. The tract was valuable 
 in the early period of the country on account of the trade with the 
 natives, and its fisheries. In 1640, the proprietors of the patent ceded 
 it to the whole body of freemen of Plymouth Colony. Between 1648 
 and 1653, the colony obtained from the Indian sagamores deeds of the 
 land extending from Cushnoc (now Augusta), to the northern limit of 
 the grant, built one or two small forts on the river, and sent magis- 
 trates into the region to protect tliejr rights. Their monopoly was often 
 intruded upon, and caused them so much annoyance that in 1661 they 
 sold their entire right in the patent for £400 sterling to four men, 
 Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, Thomas Brattle and .lohn Winslow. 
 
 The settlement of the river was very slow, so that in 1675, when 
 the first Indian war broke out, there were scarcely 100 persons resid- 
 ing on or near the river. In 1676 the buildings northward of Swan 
 Island were all destroyed, and the inhabitants driven away. Under 
 an act passed by General Court in 1753, a new corporation was formed 
 witji the name of " The Proprietors of Kennebec Purchase from the 
 late Colony of New Plymouth," which was usually contracted to 
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KENNEBEC COUNTY. 295 
 
 "Plymouth Company" in actual use. In 1818, the corporation, hav- 
 ing disposed of all its interest in the territory, ceased to exist. 
 
 The Kennebec River, when first visited by the English, was occu- 
 pied by a powerful tribe of Indians called Canibas. It numbered 
 about 1,500 warriors at this time. Their various villages formed sub- 
 tribes, all of which acknowledged allegiance to the great chief, Kenne- 
 bis, who resided on Swan Island, opposite what is now the town of 
 Richmond. The chief villages were Norridgewock, Taconet (at 
 Waterville) and Cushnoc (Augusta). Sebastian Rasle, a Roman Cath- 
 olic missionary, resided at Norridgewock for many years, exercised a 
 powerful influence over the whole tribe. 
 
 The first trading-posts on the Kennebec were established at Augusta 
 and Richmond in 1629, the same year that the patent was obtained by 
 the New Plymouth proprietors. In 1754, in order to give security to 
 the settlements in the region, the Plymouth Company built Fort West- 
 ern at Cushnoc by agreement with the government of Massachusetts, 
 which built in the same and following year Fort Halifax, in what is now 
 the town of Winslow, and 'Fort Shirley in Dresden, opposite the other 
 end of Swan Island. At about the same time. Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, 
 agent of the Plymouth Company, made his residence on the Kennebec, 
 the better to effect settlements. Soon after the above date he erected 
 two saw-mills, a grist-mill and a fulling-mill, a wharf, stores and dwel- 
 ling-houses in the town which now bears his name. The downfall of 
 the French power in the north brought security to the settlements of 
 Maine, and those on the Kennebec soon greatly increased. 
 
 In 1760 two counties called Cumberland and Lincoln were organized 
 from old Yoi-k County. Lincoln County at that time included the 
 territory of the Kennebec Patent, and the proprietory company erected 
 buildings for the new county at Pownalborough, now Dresden. The 
 old court-house has been changed into a dwelling-house, and is still in 
 a good state of preservation. In 1799 the northern part of Lincoln 
 County was erected into a new county by the name of Kennebec, with 
 Augusta as the shire town. In 1809, Somerset County was organized, 
 by which Kennebec County lost nearly four-fifths of its territory. 
 Waldo County, formed in 1827, took from it four towns, — Unity, Free- 
 dom, Joy and Burnham. By the organization of Franklin County in 
 1838, Kennebec lost the towns of New Sharon, Chesterville, Wilton, 
 Temple and Farmiugton ; and at the incorporation of Androscoggiif 
 County, the towns of East Livermore, Greene, Leeds, and Wales, were 
 dissevered from the County of the Kennebec. It is now made up of 
 24 towns and 3 cities. The last are Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner, 
 situated upon the Kennebec, the first and last only 6 miles apart, and 
 the second between them. 
 
 In 1787, Hallowell (then including Augusta), was made a half- 
 shiretown with Pownalborough, the session being held at Fort West- 
 ern. The judges were William Lithgow, James Howard and Nathaniel 
 Thwing. In 1788, William Lithgow, jr., opened an office at Fort 
 Western settlement, and was therefore the first lawyer resident in 
 what is now Kennebec County. The first court-house was built in Au- 
 gusta (then a part of Hallowell), in 1790, and stood in Market Square. 
 In 1801, Kennebec County having been incorporated and Augusta set 
 off from Hallowell, a new court-house was begun on the site of the 
 present jail. In 1827, the present granite court-house was erected. 
 
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296 GAZETEEER OF MAINE. 
 
 A jail of wood was erected in 1793, but was burned in 1808. Another 
 built at that time remained in use until 1859. In the latter year was 
 completed a new jail of granite, iron and brick, at a cost of over 150,000. 
 It is considered to be the iinest building in the city, and the finest and 
 most substantial building for its purpose in the State. 
 
 Kennebec, though one of the smallest counties in area, is one of the 
 best, and at present the very best agricultural county in the State. The 
 soil along the river on both sides is, to a great extent, of clay loam, 
 and easily cultivated and productive ; and probably a larger crop of 
 hay is harvested in the river towns of this county than in any other 
 equal area in New England. The underlying rock is chiefly granite, and 
 quarries of fine quality are operated in Hallowell. The ice business 
 is also an important industry ; and probably no section of equal ex- 
 tent in the world yields a larger supply, or a superior quality, of this 
 very useful article. 
 
 Kennebec County has several agricultural societies, all in a flour- 
 ishing condition. It has three hundred and forty-nine schoolhouses, 
 value'd at $243,781,. Its real estate in 1870 was valued at $21,004,034. 
 In 1880 it was $23,292,164. The population at the same date was 
 53,203. In 1880 it was 52,061 ; of these 26,423 are male and 26,638 
 females. The natives number 49,565, and foreign born 3,496. There 
 are 123 colored inhabitants. 
 
 KennelbeC Purchase. See article on Kennebec 
 County. 
 
 Kennebec River. See articles on Sagadahoc, Kennebec 
 and Somerset counties, Sagadahoc River and Moosehead Lake. 
 
 Kennelbunk, in York County, is a seaboard town and port 
 of entry, 24 miles south of Portland and 12 south-east of Alfred. The 
 Boston and Maine and Portland, Saco and Portsmouth railroads pass 
 through the town. Previous to .its incorporation, in 1820, it was em- 
 braced in the town of Wells. It is bounded on the east by Kenne- 
 bunk Port, on the south by the ocean, on the west by Wells, and on the 
 north by the towns of Sanford, Alfred and Lyman. It contains 9,876 
 acres of land. Four small villages constitute the business centre of the 
 town, bearing respectively the names, Kennebunk Village, Depot and 
 Landing, and Harbor Village. The harbor is small but safe, being 
 defended by strong granite piers. The beaches and sea-repelling cliffs 
 about Cape Arundel form noble combinations of scenery. The climate 
 is thought to be very salubrious. There are two inhabitants over 
 ninety-one years of age, and more than twenty between eighty and 
 ninety. 
 
 The Kennebunk River, which forms the eastern boundary line, has 
 several improved powers, and is navigable by means of a lock to Landing 
 Village. Branch River bounds the town on the west, while the Mousam 
 River divides the territory longitudinally into two nearly equal sections. 
 The principal body of water is Alewives Pond, which is about three 
 miles in circumference. The face of the country is quite level. The 
 soil in the southern part is a clay loam, and in the northern part 
 sandy. 
 
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KENNEBUNK. 
 
 207 
 
 A grant was made in 1643 by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the original 
 proprietor, to Lieut. Jolin Saunders, and liis son, Goodman Sanders, is 
 supposed to have built the first house in town. Goodman Burke, also, 
 is supposed to have had a house upon the seashore previous to 1G53, the 
 date of iucorporation ; and Steven Bastom built one soon after. Both 
 these were probably built for the accommodation of travellers passing 
 from the settlements at Piscataqua and York to those eastward. The 
 first permanent settlement was by William Larrabee and four or five 
 conijianions in 1718, on the banks of the Mousam. A few years aftei-- 
 ward a house was built on Great Hill, and two or more at the Landing. 
 In 1748, the number of families was 25; at which time a meeting- 
 house was built at the Landing, being the first in town. liev. Daniel 
 Little, who taught a school in the vicinity, sup])lied the pulpit, — his 
 pastor.ate continuing about fifty years. The ]Ki]udation from this time 
 until the Revolution increased rapidly. In 1679, the falls and wuter- 
 
 SERGEANT LAKKABEE'S GAItRISON, KKXNEBUNK. 
 
 privilege on Mousam River were granted to Jonathan Corwin and 
 Eleazer Haivthorne, who brought with them from Scotland several 
 mechanics, and built a saw-mill, grist-mill, blacksmith-shop and dwell- 
 ing-house, and soon opened a good business in lumber with Boston. 
 In" 1688 the mills were burned by the Indians, and the place was 
 deserted. 
 
 In 1721, John Webber, Richard Boothbay and Samuel Sawyer 
 built them houses; but in Lovewell's war, commencing in 1722, the 
 hittur, with Ebenezer Lewis, John Felt and William Wormwood, while 
 rafting timber upon Gooch Creek, were surprised and killed by a party 
 of savages led by Tom Wawa, a Pequaket chieftain. 
 
 About 1735, a large fortification wris erected on Mousam River, 
 called Fort Larrabee, which was torn down in 1762. It enclosed more 
 
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298 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 than an acre of ground. The Indians made several attempts to sur> 
 prise this fort, and once they were prevented only by the barking of 
 Larrabee's dog.* Some of the inhabitants took part in the Louisbui-g 
 expedition ; others served in the army in the vicinity of Lake George, 
 in 1756-7, with General Abercrombie and others. 
 
 In 1774, iron-works were erected on the island below the lower 
 dam on Kennebunk River, and another furnace at the western end of 
 the dam. The iron ore was brought from Saco, Maryland Ridge, and 
 the western side of the Wells road. A grist-mill was erected the 
 same year on the dam at the lower iron-works. Three Bait-factories 
 were also erected about this time, and were worked several years. 
 Stone piers at the mouth of Kennebunk River, to improve the harbor, 
 were built in 1798 and 1823, at a cost of $12,000. Shipbuilding re- 
 vived after the Revolutionary war, so that in 17S8, there were 50 
 vessels owned upon Kennebunk River. In naval hostilities of this 
 period, the French captured about 25 vessels belonging to citizens of 
 Kennebunk, for which the National Government some years after- 
 ward received payment, yet have never paid the owners. 
 
 Kennebunk sent into the army during the war of the Rebellion 168 
 men, of whom 30 died in service. Their monument is a marble slab, 
 bearing their names, set in the wall of the town hall. This building is 
 an excellent one, constructed of brick, and two stories in height. The 
 buildings throughout the town are generally in good condition ; and 
 among them are some which were erected very early in the existence 
 of the town. Along the roadside at many points are noble elms and 
 maples, many of them from fifty to a hundred years old. On the 
 Mousam River near Alfred is a natural stone dam, with a fall of 45 
 feet. This is known as Great Falls, formerly Fluellen Falls. The 
 entire fall in the Mousam from this point to tide-water, is 150 feet, 
 affording several excellent water-powers. At the second fall above 
 tide-water there is a sash and blind-factory, a saw and shingle-mill, 
 and a machine-shop. The third is improved on the western bank by 
 a shoe-factory, and on the eastern by a grist-mill. Above is a twine- 
 faotory, — Robert W. Lord, agent. At- Varney's Falls, still further 
 up the stream, is a lumber-mill. The power here is sufficient to 
 drive 11,000 spindles eleven hours a day throughout the year. 
 There are also sevei-al mills on the south side of the Kennebunk 
 River, and on Branch River. The Mousam Manufacturing Co., at 
 Kennebunk Village, produces a good article of leather board in large 
 quantities. There are also a plough-factory and several ship-yards. 
 Kennebunk is a port of entry and delivery of the U. S. customs. There 
 were built in the Kennebunk District in the year ending June 80, 
 1880, ten vessels, whose aggregate tonnage is 2,576 tons. 
 
 The " Eastern Star," published by W. L. Watson, is the only news- 
 paper. It is devoted to local news, and is a valuable paper. Many per- 
 sons who have been eminent in their departments in life have been 
 
 * At this time Wawa dwelt for a portion of the time on Great Hill, in this vicinity. 
 During the fifth Indian war (1745) Wawa was wounded by a shot from Larrabee's fort. 
 Larrabee, who was extraordinarily watchful, noticed something strange about a cart 
 which had been left near the fort, and tried the effect of a charge of buckshot among the 
 shadows. Retreating footsteps were heard, and in the morning marks of blood were dis- 
 cerned. Wawa after the war cbnfessed to having been the person wounded. He as- 
 serted that uothiug but Larrabee's watchfulness had saved the garrison on several oc- 
 casions. 
 
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KENNEBUNK. 
 
 299 
 
 natives or residents of Kcnnebunk. Among llioin are Josejili Dane, 
 Edward E. Bourne, Hugh McCulloch, Daniel Sewell, Josepli Tliomas, 
 Josepli Moody, Horace Porter, William Lord, George Lord, and otliei's 
 perha]is equally worthy of mention. 
 
 There are in town two Baptist churches, a Methodist, a Unitarian, 
 an Advent and a Christian Baptist church. The number of pul)lic 
 schoolhouses in Rennebunk is fourteen ; and the value of school pro- 
 perty is estimated at 816,000. The village schools are graded from 
 primary to high. The town has two circulating libraries, aggregat- 
 ing nearly 8U0 volumes. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 «^:l7577,504. In 1880 it w.as $1,.305,798. The rate of taxation in 1880 
 was two per cent, on one-half the valuation. The population in 1870 
 was 2,60.3 ; in 1880, •2,8.5-_>. 
 
 Kemielbllllk Port, in the eastern part of York County, 
 is bounded on the east by ]]iddeford, west by Kennebunk, north by 
 
 >_:r- =Jir 
 
 WMk}M^0 
 
 
 THE CLIFFS, CAPE ARrNDEL, ME. 
 
 Lyman, and soutli by the sea. Its area is 14,108 aere.s, exclusive of 
 water. The Bo.ston and Maine and the Portsmouth, Saco and Port- 
 land railroads cross the town about midway of its lenifth. A branch is 
 ex]iected to be run to the ])ort village from the foi-nu-r road by ,Jiilv, 
 1881. Its ])rinci]jal village is at the south-east angle, on two or three 
 small but deej) bays, known as Cajje Por])oise Hai-bor. These are i^ro- 
 tected from the force of the ocean wa\es by a cordon of islands, of 
 which there are sixteen within the town limits. LTjion one of the outer- 
 most of these is Groat Island Light, which niai-ks the north side of tlie 
 harbor entrance. The light-house is a stone tower, whitewashed, and 
 cojinected with a one and a half stoi'y wooden dwelling, painted white. 
 It sliows a flashing white light, visible eleven nautical miles on an 
 eastward arc. The customdiouse of the Kennebunk District is situated 
 in the village. The liusiness centres are Kennebunk Port Village and 
 Cape Porpoise Village. The principal body of water is Brimstone'Pond, 
 
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goo GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 some two miles long,in the western part of the town. The streams are the 
 Kennebunk River, which separates it from the town of the same name ; 
 Little River, next to Saco ; Batson's River and Smith's Brook, which, 
 uniting, form a small harbor ; and Goffe's Creek, emptying into the 
 Kennebunk River. At the mouth of the latter is the principal harbor ; 
 whose natural security is increased by stone piers at its entrance. 
 
 Fisheries and shipbuilding form the principal business at the sea- 
 board. Ten vessels were built during the last fiscal year within its 
 limits and on the opposite shore of Kennebunk River. There are sev- 
 eral small saw-mills on the streams, and two saw-mills and a grist-mill 
 run by steam-power. The town has four good granite quarries. The 
 south-eastern part is rocky, but the soil for the most part is clay loam ; 
 and both uplands and marshes yield good grass crops. The face of 
 the country is moderately uneven. The eminence called Mount 
 Scargery or Scargo is the highest land. The roads are kept in good 
 condition, and there are pleasant woods of maple, oak and pine 
 scattered over the town. Elm trees from twenty to a hundred years 
 of age are frequently seen along the highways in the vicinity of the 
 olden dwellings ; and in these dwellings are tokens of a time long past 
 and of a thrifty present. 
 
 The climate is regarded as favorable to longevity, there being some 
 30 persons over eighty years old. There is a mineral spring in town of 
 some note, known as the Perkins Spring. 
 
 Kennebunkport was made a town under the name of Cape Porpoise, 
 in 1653, by the Massachusetts Commissioners. The inhabitants were 
 driven off by the first Indian wars, and returning were re-organized in 
 1718 under the name of Arundel. In 1820, that name was changed to 
 the one it now bears. The land titles came from Gorges and Rigby. 
 The first permanent settlement was made in the south-eastern part of 
 the town by William Seadlock and Morgan Howell, about 1630. The 
 place is said to have been named Cape Porpoise by Captain John 
 Smith, from his having encountered many porpoises off the cape. 
 The court records for 1640 show that*William Seadlock is presented 
 by the grand inquest for allowing a man to get drunk on his premises. 
 Mr. Seadlock also appears in the record of 1633 as complainant against 
 one John Baker for opprobrious speeches against the minister .ind 
 meeting, and for countenancing private meetings and prophesying to the 
 hindrance of public assemblies. The church at Cape Porpoise appears 
 to have been an independent body ; for when the Massachusetts Com- 
 missioners attempted, in 1653, to organize the government of the 
 town, they were opposed by the church, and they therefore declared 
 that body dissolved. From 1689 to 1719 there is a hiatus in the 
 records, the Indian wars having mostly depopulated the town during 
 that period. There was a fort built upon Stage Island in 1689, and 
 garrisoned by direction of Governor Andros ; but when he returned 
 to Massachusetts, the troops deserted. The Indians soon made their 
 appearance in large numbers, and the inhabitants either removed to the 
 fort, or to the neighboring town of Wells. The fort was besieged until 
 the provisions were almost exhausted, when Nicholas Morey, a lame 
 innkeeper of the town, one dark night escaped from the island in a 
 broken canoe. The second day the distressed inmates of the fort 
 beheld a sail approaching. Presently she sent the contents of a swivel 
 gun among the Indians, who instantly abandoned the siege and fled. 
 
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KENNEBUNK PORT. 301 
 
 The lame man had reached Portsmouth in safety, and brought his 
 neighbors timely succor. 
 
 Grants of fifty acres of land to new settlers were offered in 1719. 
 Stephen Harding received a lot on condition that he and his heirs 
 should maintain a ferry on Kennebunk River, and convey all inhabi- 
 tants of the town without charge. In 1627, feeling secure from the 
 Indians, the inhabitants undertook to build a meeting-house, but the 
 work went on slowly. In 1728 occurred the fourth great earthquake 
 experienced sincet he settlement of the regions. The alarm it caused 
 brought about a revival of religion, and the reformation of many; 
 and in consequence of this, the church edifice was speedily completed. 
 In 1745 the town sent a company under command of Captain Thomas 
 Perkins to aid in the capture of Louisburg. The news of the battle of 
 Lexington reached Cape Porpoise three days after its occurrence. 
 Many citizens flocked to the army at Cambridge ; and at home meas- 
 ures were immediately taken to supply the town with ammunition ; a 
 committee of safety was appointed, and a representative sent to the 
 Provincial Congress. 
 
 The town received but one visit from the enemy during the war. 
 It was in August, 1782, that an armed English brig came into the har- 
 bor and took a schooner and sloop belonging in Newbury, Massachu- 
 setts. A citizen named Samuel Wildes, who was partly deranged, 
 went out to them in a small canoe and ordered them to give up the 
 vessels and leave the port. He was fired at and wounded in several 
 places, but escaped to shore. The inhabitants soon collected on Trott's 
 Island, and afterward passed to Goat Island, and a conflict ensued. 
 A number of the English were killed, and the brig forced to leave the 
 harbor without their prizes. Lieutenant James Burnham was the only 
 one killed on the American side. 
 
 The following are names of citizens who were captains in the army 
 of the Revolution. Jesse Dorman was at Cambridge in 1776 ; Tobias 
 Lord, at the surrender of Bnrgoyne, White Plains, Saratoga ; Daniel 
 Merrill, Cambridge, 1775-6, Hubbardston, surrender of Burgoyne, and 
 served until the close of the war ; Joshua Nason, James Perkins, on 
 North River, 1776-7. The following were lieutenants: James Burn- 
 ham, killed at Cape Porpoise fight, 1782 ; John and Tobias Lord, sons 
 of Captain Tobias Lord ; Lemuel Miller ; Amos Towne was at Dor- 
 chester Heights in 1776. 
 
 In the war of 1812, a fort was built at Kennebunk Point and a 
 battery erected at Butler's Rock, commanding the entrance of the 
 river. Several privateers were fitted out, some under Danish colors ; 
 but most of them were captured by the enemy. 
 
 The first church records in town are of the Congregational Church, 
 and were commenced at about the time of the settlement of the Rev. 
 John Eveleth, in 1719. In 1720, a house was built for his residence, 
 which served also for a meeting-house and town-house. The first 
 Baptist meeting-house was built in the upper part of the town in 1797. 
 The town has now two Congregational, a Methodist, and a Baptist 
 church. There are twelve schoolhouses, and the school property is 
 estimated at $8,000. The town valuation in 1870 was $901,431. In 
 1880 it was $866,802. The population in 1870 was 2,372. In 1880 
 it was 2,405. The rate of taxation is 18 mills on half the valuation. 
 
 Kent's Hill, a small village and post-oflice in Readfield, 
 
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302 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Kennebec County. The excellent Kent's Hill Seminary, an educa- 
 tional institution under the patronage of the Methodists, is located here. 
 
 KCZar FrIIs, a village in Porter, Oxford County, also a 
 post-office in Parsonsfield, on the opposite side of the river 
 
 King'flcl^i is situated near the middle of the eastern side of 
 Franklin County. It is 7 miles long from east to west, and 5^ miles 
 from north to south. It is bounded on the north by Jerusalem Plan- 
 tation, west by Mount Abraham Township, south by Freeman, and 
 east by Lexin,gton, in Somerset County. CajTabasset liiver runs south- 
 ward through the town, and is joined in the southern part by the South 
 Branch, coming from the west. The Carrabasset is extremely rapid, 
 affording within the town at least twenty good and available powers 
 for mills. The northern part of the town is very mountainous, and 
 affords much fine scenery. The priucijjal peaks in Kingfield are Vose, 
 Black, Owl's Head, and Blueberry mountains. Tiiese belong to the 
 group of Mount Abraham, which stands in the adjoining township on 
 the west. The forest trees are principally rock-maple, birch and spruce. 
 The principal sheets of water are Tuft's, Grindstone, and Button 
 Ponds, having areas of 100, 10 and 50 acres respectively. The soil is 
 sandy to a considerable extent, yet along the streams there are 
 some excellent intervals. The principal crop is hay. Kingfield 
 village is situated on Carrabasset River in the south-western part of the 
 town. Kingfield has a lumber and shingle-mill, and a grist-mill. Other 
 manufactures are carriages, rakes, axes, saw-horses, etc. The village 
 is 20 miles from Farmington in a northerly direction. The station of 
 the Sandy River railroad in Sti'ong is about 12 miles distant. 
 
 Kingfield was formerly Plantation No. 3, Range 1, of Bingham's 
 Purchase, and was surveyed by Solomon Adams in 1808. Settlements 
 commenced a year or two earlier, the pioneers being a Mr. Blanchard, 
 from Weymouth, Mass., Rev. Nathaniel Gilbert, of Kingston, Eben 
 Pillsbury, Solomon Stanley, Joseph Longley, Benjamin Foster, William 
 Trash, Charles Pike and others. The town was incorporated in 1816, 
 being named in honor of William King, the first governor of Maine, 
 who was a large projjrietor and a temporary resident. 
 
 The Methodists, Free Baptists and Universalists each have a church 
 in this town. Kingfield has three public schoolhouses ; and the school 
 property is valued at $2,800. The village schools are graded. The 
 valuation of real estate in 1870 was $110,910. In 1880 it was $119,095. 
 The population in 1870 was 560. In 1880 it was 454. 
 
 King'Ilia/ll is a new town in the eastern part of Penobscot 
 County, on the European and North American railway, 66 miles N. 
 N.E. of Bangor. It is bounded on the east by Drew Plantation, south 
 by Webster Plantation, west by Mattawamkeag, and north by Mac- 
 wahoc Plantation in Aroostook County. The area iS about 15,000 
 acres. The Mattawamkeag River runs through the midst of the town 
 from east to west, where it receives the Molunkas Stream from the 
 north. The settlements are along the Molunkas road, and at the vil- 
 lage on the Mattawamkeag, near the centre of the town. There are 
 here a large sole-leather tannery of P. Shaw & Brothers, a saw-mill for 
 long and short lumber, one for shingles, and a steam-mill making short 
 lumber. 
 
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KINGSBURY. 303 
 
 The increase of the population has recently teen considerable, and 
 the town bids fair to become an Important one. Kingman was origin- 
 ally No. 6 of Range 4, north of the Bingham Purchase. About 900 
 acres in the northern and eastern part belonged to the Waterson and 
 Pray purchase. The remainder was granted to Camden, in Knox 
 Countj% in aid of a bridge across Dutch Trap Stream. It was organ- 
 ized as McCullis's Plantation, July 4, 1859 ; and re-organized, March 
 28, 1866, under the name of Independence Plantation. It was incor- 
 porated as a town Feb. 1873, and named in honor of R. S. Kingman, 
 of the firm of Shaw & Kingman. 
 
 The town has two public schoalhouses, and the entire school prop- 
 erty is valued at $750. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $30,677. 
 In 1880 it was $75,455. The population in 1870 was 185. In 1880 it 
 was 546. 
 
 Killgrsl31iry is situated in the south-western part of Piscata^ 
 quis County, having Mayfield, in Somerset County, for its western 
 boundary. Its other boundaries are the Piscataquis County towns of 
 Blanchard, on the north. Abbot and Parkman on the east, and Wel- 
 lington on the south. The principal ponds are Kingsbury, 2 miles 
 long by 1 wide, Foss, about 1 mile each way, and Tilton Pond, sopie- 
 what smaller. There are two fine Cascades in town, and the streams 
 are well-stocked with speckled trout. The town is hilly, the principal 
 rock is slate, and the soil, where cultivated, is mostly a clay loam, good 
 for potatoes and grass. The trees usual in the region flourish here ; and 
 the primeval forest still stands to such an extent that one road passes 
 through it for 9 miles without encountering a single opening. There 
 is a saw-mill and grist-mill, built in 1835 by Judge Kingsbury (now 
 owned by the Hilton's) on the outlet of Kingsbury Pond. This stream 
 forms the south branch of the Piscataquis River, while the north branch 
 passes near the north-eastern part of the town. The stage-road from 
 Athens to Moosehead Lake passes through Kingsbury. The village is 
 20 miles from Dover, and half the distance from the station of the 
 Bangor and Piscataquis railway in Abbot. 
 
 The township was a part of the Bingham Purchase. It was lotted 
 by Eleazer Coburn, Esq., and in 1833 was purchased by Hon. Sanford 
 Kingsbury, of Gardiner, for the sum of $4,000. William Hilton and 
 his brother the next year made openings, and in 1836 there were so 
 many settlers that the town was incorporated under the name of its 
 honorable proprietor. There are now a store, hotel, mechanic-shops, 
 and the mills already mentioned at Kingsbury Village. There is a 
 church organization of the persuasion called Buzzellites. Kingsbury 
 has two public schoolhouses, valued at $200. The valuation of real 
 estate in 1870 was $27,327. The rate of taxation in 1880 was one cent 
 and six mills. The population in 1870 was 174. By the census of 
 1880 it was 198. 
 
 Kittcry forms the extreme south-western part of York County, 
 and of Maine. It originally comprised, besides its present territory, 
 that of Eliot, Berwick, South' Berwick, and North Berwick, and was 
 incorporated in 1647, as the plantation of Piscataqua. It is the first 
 incorporated town in Maine. The territory of the Berwicks was set 
 off in 1713. and Eliot in 1810. The first settlement was at the Point 
 
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304 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 about 1623. The town was a portion of the Mason and Gorges Patent, 
 and many of the present titles came through Walter Neal, their agent ; 
 who, before 1.634, by grant or sale, had conveyed all the lands in the 
 tract. During the Revolution, Kittery voted men and means, as they 
 were required of her. Portsmouth Harbor was an important station 
 and war-vessels and privateers were built and fitted out here. The 
 harbor was fortified and garrisoned, both on the New Hampshire and 
 Maine side. The quota for 1776 was 60 men, and a bounty of £6 
 was paid by the town for each recruit. Fort MeClary, situated on the 
 western side of the island formed by Spruce Creek and the river, was 
 garrisoned in 1812, and also in the war of the Rebellion. A monu- 
 ment to the memory of the townsmen who fell in the latter struggle is 
 conspicuously located in Old Orchard Cemetery. Among the early 
 inhabitants were Messrs. Jenkins, Jones, Lord, Mason, Paul, Spinney, 
 Humphrey Chadbourne, Nicholas and Charles Frost, John Heard, 
 John Andrews, Nicholas Shapleigh, Gowen Wilson, Thomas Spencer, 
 John Fernald, William Everett, Richard Nason, Thomas Withers, 
 John Dennet, Robert Mendum, and James Emery. Eminent litizens 
 of later times were John Cutts, first president of the New Hampshire 
 Council ; Mark Adams ; General William Whipple, a signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence; Joshua T. Chase, and Sir William Pep- 
 perell, who commanded at the capture of Louisburg, — for which he was 
 made baronet by the King. The family tomb of the latter is one of 
 the curiosities of the town. 
 
 Kittery is bounded on the north-west by Eliot, on the north by 
 the latter and York, south-west and south by Piscataqua River and its 
 harbor, and south-east by the sea. The town contains near 7,^.47 
 acres of land. The Isles of Shoals, which lie about 9 miles south of 
 Kittery Point are divided by the line between Maine and Now Hamp- 
 shire, by which the larger number belong to Kittery. Hog Island, the 
 largest, has an area of about 350 acres, its greatest elevation being 57 
 feet above the sea. Smutty Nose has about 250 acres and an elevation 
 of 45 feet. Star Island contains 180 acres, and its height is 55 feet. 
 The surface of these islands is mostly" gneissic rocks, but a thin soil in 
 places. These islands were formerly and are still a great resort for 
 fishermen ; but now, though many fish are still caught in the neighbor- 
 ing waters, they are chiefly taken into Portsmouth, whence they are 
 sent fresh to all parts of the country. At one time previous to the 
 Revolution the shoals contained from 300 to 600 inhabitants The 
 islands at one time constituted a municipality called Appledore, and 
 later, Gosport, and sent two representatives to General Court. There 
 was a courthouse on Haley's Island, and once the General Court of 
 Massachusetts convened there. Latterly the islands have become 
 places of numerous resort in summer, and have several fine hotels. 
 The mainland of Kittery is rocky and broken in the southern-part, and 
 moderately uneven in the northern. The soil yields well of the com- 
 mon crops. Navigation and shipbuilding furnish the principal busi- 
 ness of the town. Master William Badger built 100 ships here, and 
 his son Samuel built 45 before his death in 1857. In 1782 the first 74- 
 gun ship of the National government was launched here; she was 
 named America, and was commanded by John Paul Jones. She was 
 shortly after presented to the French government in return for the 
 
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KITTERY. 
 
 305 
 
 loss of one of tlieir shi]is in Boston hai-bor. The government in 1806 
 purcliascd an island of 60 acres (now connected with Kittery village by 
 a bridge) and has ever since made use of it as a navy-yard. Seavy's 
 Island, adjoining, was also purchased by the government a few years 
 ago for the same purpose. The islands are now occupied by numer- 
 ous shops and yards, in which 1,000 men are sometimes employed in 
 the construction and rejiair of United States vessels. Many noted 
 
 PTSTRICT SCHOOL ROCSE. KITTERY, MT3. 
 
 vessels have been built here. The bridge connecting Kittery with 
 Portsmouth was built in 1822, and is 2,230 feet long. The business of 
 the town, other than farming, is chiefly found at Kittery Depot ; a. 
 half mile eastei-ly at Kittery Village, whence a bridge leads to the 
 Navy-Yard ; and at Kitteiy Point, a mile and a half east of the vil- 
 lage. The first Congregational church of Kittery was organized in 
 
 20 
 
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306 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 1714, and Rev. John Newmarch was ordained pastor. The Spruce 
 Creek church was organized in 1750, and Rev. Josiah Chase was or- 
 dained pastor. The First Baptist church in Maine was organized here 
 in Kittery in 1682 ; the first Christian church in 1806 ; and the first 
 Methodist society was formed about 1827. The town has now two 
 Christian and two Methodist churches, one Congregational, one Free 
 Baptist, and one Universalist church. A good public library has been 
 recently established in the village. There are eleven schoolhouses in 
 town including that of the High School valued at $17,000. The val- 
 uation of estates in 1870 was $622,523. The population at that 
 time was 3,333. In 1880 it was 3,230,— and the valuation, $535,289. 
 
 Kni guilts VIIIG9 a small village and post-oflSce in Cape Eliza- 
 beth, Cumberland County. 
 
 Knox, occupies a position in "Waldo County half way between 
 the Penobscot and Kennebec Rivers, 12 miles N.W. of Belfast. It is 
 bounded on the north by Thorndike, east by Brooks, south by Mor- 
 rill and Montville, and west by Freedom. The area is 17,000 acres. 
 The town is quite hilly, but without very high eminences. Half-Moon 
 Stream, running northward to Unity Pond, is the chief watercourse. 
 The soil is fertile, repaying well the labor of the inhabitants, who are 
 almost exclusively farmers. The manufacturing consists of a lumber- 
 mill, tannery, carriage-factories, boots and shoes, etc. There are two 
 villages, Foster's Corner, in the south-west part, and Kuox Corner, in 
 the north-west. The Belfast and Kendall's Mills stage-line runs 
 through the town. The Belfast branch of the Maine Central Railroad 
 has a station in the north-east part. 
 
 The territory of this town was included in the Waldo Patent, of 
 which Gen. Henry Knox became the owner; and at its incorporation, 
 Feb. 12, 1819, it received his name. The settlement commenced about 
 1800. 
 
 The Methodists and the Christian denominations have churches in 
 the town. The number of public schoolhouses is niive. The school 
 property is estimated at $2,000. The value of estates in 1870 was 
 $218,392. In 1880 it was $^18,608. The population in 1870 was 889. 
 In 1880 it was 853. 
 
 Knox County is situated on the south-eastern side of Penob- 
 scot Bay, and includes its islands south of Isleboro, and west of Isle 
 au Haut Bay. It was organized in 1860, being formed from Lincoln 
 and Waldo, and named for General Knox, the friend of Washington, 
 who was a resident of the county during the later years of his life. It 
 contains thirteen towns, one city, and two organized plantations, viz. : 
 Appleton, Camden, Gushing, Friendship, Hope, Hurricane Isle, North 
 Haven, City of Rockland, St. George, South Thomaston, Thomaston, 
 Union, Vinalhaven, Warren, Washington, Matinicus Isle Plantation, 
 and Muscle Ridge Plantation, Rockland is the shire town. The St. 
 George's River runs through the county in a general south course, 
 dividing it into two nearly equal sections. On this stream and its 
 branches, the outlets of a large number of ponds, are many water- 
 powers. The principal elevations of land are the Camden Hills, 
 
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KNOX COUNTY. 307 
 
 extending from Thomaston through the western part of Rockland to 
 the Penobscot on the north-eastern side of Camden. Of these, Mount 
 Megunticook is 1,265 feet high ; Ragged Mountain, 1,230 ; Mount 
 Pleasant, probably about the same height as the latter; Bald Mountain, 
 1,140 feet ; and Mount Battie, nearly 1,000 feet. Mount Hatchet, in 
 Hope, is a considerable eminence, and another in Rockland, 558 feet 
 in height, is known as Madambettox, Mathabesec, and also as Dodge's 
 and Marsh's Mountain. The soil compares well with that of other 
 Counties, being generally fertile in the valleys and on the interior 
 slopes, and sterile on the ridges and along the coast. St. George's 
 and its neighborhood was one of the earliest points visited and occu- 
 pied by Europeans. In 1630, Leverett and Beauchamp, two English 
 merchants, received by grant from the Plymouth Company, the terri- 
 tory lying between the Penobscot and Muscongus Rivers, extending 
 north far enough to form a tract 80 miles square, or nearly 600,000 
 acres. This was first known as the Muscongus, and, subsequently, the 
 Waldo patent, from having passed into the ownership of that family. 
 This patent forms the basis of most of the land titles in Knox and 
 Waldo counties. In 1694, Sir William Phips acquired a partial title 
 to lands in the southern part of Knox County, by purchase from Ma- 
 dockawando, a famous chief of the Tarratines. The two block-houses 
 which, by subsequent enlargements, became Fort St. George, were 
 erected in 1719-1720. 
 
 Lovcrt^ell's, or the " Three Years' War " with the Indians began in 
 1722 and continued into 1725. During this time fhe inhabitapts of 
 Knox County sui^ered greatly ; and in July of this year two Massachu- 
 setts commissioners held a conference at the fort with thirteen Indian 
 chiefs. This was adjourned to Boston, where for a month the discus- 
 sion of the differences between them and the settlers in this region 
 were discussed by the State authorities and two chiefs representing 
 the tribe ; the Indians denying Madockawando's right to make a sale of 
 land here as he had to Governor Phips. At length the chiefs were 
 pacified by an agreement to establish trading-houses on the St. George's, 
 where goods should be sold to the Indians at a slight advance on cost. 
 This arrangement was known as the Dummer Treaty, and was ratified 
 in the following summer by a large concourse of Indians at what is 
 now Portland. 
 
 It was at this epoch that we first hear of Samuel Waldo, a young 
 Boston merchant, who, about this time, by inheritance and by subse- 
 quent purchase came into possession of nearly the whole of the Mus- 
 congus patent, all, in fact, of Knox and Waldo counties, except 
 what is now included in the towns of Camden, Hope and Appleton. 
 Thus Mr. Waldo became sole patentee of half a million acres, whose 
 northern boundary was claimed by him to be but very little south of 
 the site of Bangor. One of his first acts was to open the lime-quarry 
 which was long afterward enclosed by the walls of the Maine State 
 Prison, where he commenced the manufacture of lime for the Boston 
 market, — thus being the pioneer of what has become a leading industry 
 in the region. In 1735, Mr. Waldo contracted to deed to each settler 
 a lot 40 rods wide on the River St. George, and running back so as to 
 contain 100 acres ; the settlers on their part agreeing to build houses, 
 and clear four acres of land on the lots occupied within two years. 
 The first party consisted of 27 families of Scotch-Irish extraction. 
 
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308 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Among the names of these were Patterson, Boggs, Creighton, Starrett, 
 Spear, Lermond, Molntyre, Robinson, andKallock, — still represented in 
 these towns. Mr. WaMo in the same year rebuilt the saw-mill at Mill 
 River ; in 1740, he erected a grist-mill at Oyster River, and erected a 
 house for religious meetings. About this time he also located 40 lots 
 on the western side of the river, on what is now Cushing, about 30 of 
 which were at once occupied. In 1743 a settlement was effected in 
 what is now Friendship (then Meduncook), by several families of 
 English Puritan extraction. In 1744, an Indian war again visited the 
 eastei-n regions, and the inhabitants again endured the horrors of savage 
 warfare. In 1745 occurred the famous expedition which resulted in 
 the capture of Louisburg. In the land force Waldo, who had some 
 time previously become a militia colonel, bore the rank of Brigadier 
 General. With the return of peace, prosperity again smiled upon the 
 settlement. In 1753, General Waldo settled another colony of twenty 
 Scottish families some two miles from the river on the western side. 
 Anderson, Dicke, Crawford, Malcolm and Kirkpatrick are the names of 
 some of them. They called their settlement Stirling, and the name 
 still adheres to the locality. Again from 1754 to 1758 an Indian war 
 raged in Maine, to the great distress of the St. George's settlers. With 
 the fall of the French power in the north, the Indians realized that 
 they could no longer contend with the English, and in the treaty with 
 them which closed this war they acknowledged they had forfeited their 
 lands, and all contention ceased. General Waldo died in 1759, and 
 the larger part of this patent came into the hands of his son-in-law, 
 Thomas Flucker, of Boston. 
 
 At the breaking out of the^evolution, the inhabitants of this region 
 were generally found on the patriot side. All signed the " Solemn 
 League and Covenant " binding to non-intercourse with Great Britain 
 until the Boston Port Bill should be repealed ; and in June, 1775, they 
 formed a Committee of Safety and Correspondence. After the 
 failure of the expedition against the British at Castine in 1779, General 
 Peleg Wadsworth, the second in command of the land forces, had his 
 headquarters as commander of the Eastern Department at Thomaston. 
 It happened by the ex])iration of enlistments that he was at one time 
 left with only a body-guard of six men, when his house was attacked 
 in the night by twenty-five British soldiers from Castine. After % 
 brave resistance the General was wounded and carried as prisoner to 
 the British garrison at Castine. After being for some months in con- 
 finement there, he together with a companion in misfortune — Major 
 Benjamin Burton — escaped during a severe thunder storm ; and, 
 crossing the Penobscot, quickly found safety among their countrymen. 
 
 At the close of the war, there was much uncertainty in regard to 
 land titles. Thomas Flucker, the heir of General Waldo, had espoused 
 the cause of the king, and was theiefore included in the act of pros- 
 cription. In a few years, such portion of the patent as had not been 
 disposed of, came into the possession of Flucker's son in law. General 
 Henry Knox. On resigning his commission as secretary of war in 
 1795, he removed to the mansion he had prepared in Thomaston. The 
 mansion, to which Mrs. Knox had given the name, Montpelier, was 
 opened with a grand feast, to which were invited all the neighboring 
 inhabitants — rich and poor ; and here he continued for the remainder of 
 his life to dispense the most bountiful hospitality. Among his dis- 
 
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LA GRANGE. 309 
 
 tinguished guests were Talleyrand and Louis Philippe. General Knox 
 entered upon the development of his estate with energy. He com- 
 menced the manufacture of lime, erected mills, introduced new varieties 
 of fruits and vegetables, and improved breeds of cattle and sheep. His 
 extensive opei-ations brought in many new settlers ; but his expensive 
 establishment drew heavily on his income, and an ardent temperament 
 sometimes involved him in unprofitable schemes, so that the great 
 estate was after his death found to be'insolvent. He died suddenly in 
 1805 ; and his remains now rest in the cemetery at Thomaston. In the 
 war of 1812, the chief interest centred in the privateering on the coast 
 and the importation of foreign goods in neutral vessels, — which having 
 run the British blockade were transported across the country to Boston 
 by ox-teams. In the war of the Rebellion, Knox County sustained her 
 credit for patriotism and bravery. Major General Hiram G. Berry, 
 who fell at Chancellorsville, was the most eminent among her sons in 
 this period of our history. 
 
 By the census of 1880, the amount of shipping owned in Knox 
 County was 84,931 tons, having a value of $1,660,584. The amount of 
 personal estate was $4,032,582; and of real estate $6,846,154.' The 
 population in 1870 was 30,823 ; and 1880, 32,862. 
 
 Kossuth is situated on the north-western border of Washington 
 County ; and is bounded by Topsfield on the east, unnamed townships 
 on the north and south, and Carrol in Penobscot County on the west. 
 Baskahegan Lake lies at the north-east corner, receiving Pleasant 
 Stream, the principal water-course of Kossuth. This town was former- 
 ly No. 7, Range 2, north of the Bingham Purchase. It was incorporated 
 February 23, 1876. It is 66 miles from Machias, and 42 miles from 
 Calais, on the Topsfield and Lincoln road. The only manufactory at 
 present is one lumber mill ; but the population will soon require others. 
 
 Kossuth has two public schoolhouses, with a total school property 
 of $800 in value. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $26,645. In 
 1880 it was the same. The population in 1870 was 119, witli 27 voters. 
 In 1880 the number of voters remained the same, but in the preliminary 
 repon, the population ^\as massed with other places, and cf^iioot there- 
 fore be given. 
 
 , La Grrayllg^G, in Penobscot County, lies in the southern angle 
 of the Penobscot and Piscataquis rivers, 28-miles north of Bangor. It 
 is bounded on the east by Howland and Edinburg, south by Argyle 
 and Alton, west by Bedford, in Penobscot County, and by Orneville in 
 Piscataquis County, and north by Medford in the same county. The 
 Bangor and Piscataquis railroad passes through the south-western part. 
 On this road, near the middle on the western side of the town, is La 
 Grange village. Hemlock Stream, the west branches of Dead River and 
 of Birch Stream, and Hoyt Brook are the principal water-courses. The 
 size of the township is about 9 miles in length, north and south, by 6 
 east and west. The surface is moderately uneven, with one considera- 
 ble elevation called Brimstone Hill. The forests are thrifty, and con- 
 sist of all the various trees common to the region. The soil is fertile, 
 yielding excellent crops of hay, oats, wheat, corn and potatoes. The 
 underlying rock is slate in many places. Dead Birch and Hemlock 
 
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310 GAZETTMER OF MAINE. 
 
 Streams each have water-powers. There are two saw-mills, manufac- 
 turing long and sTiort lumber and fruit-boxes and a grist-mill. One 
 of the saw-mills is driven by steam. Four trains daily pass through the 
 village. The dwellings in the village and through the town generally 
 convey the appearance of thrift, which the fertility and business of the 
 town would lead one to expect. 
 
 The town was incorporated February 11, 1832. There is a good 
 Free Baptist church here, and a Union church newly erected. There 
 are four public schoolhouses. The school property is valued at $3,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $154,425. In 1880 it was $202,- 
 673. The rate of taxation is about 2\ cents on a dollar. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 622. In 1880 it was 721. 
 
 Lakeside, a post office in Kennebec County. 
 
 Laikevllle Plantation lies in the extreme eastern part of Pe- 
 nobscot County, 75 miles E.N.E. of Bangor. It was formerly Number, 
 4 of Range 1. It is bounded on the north by Springfield and Carroll, 
 east by the latter, west by an unnamed township, and south by Wash- 
 ington County. The area is about 70 square miles. Near the centre 
 of the township is Upper Dobsis Lake (Sysladobsissis). South of this 
 is a larger lake. Lower Dobsis, lying partly in the township southward. 
 Others lying north and east of Upper Dobsis are Junior, Duck, Keg 
 and Lombard ponds. These sheets of water vary from 2 to 10 
 miles in length, covering a large part of the area of the township. The 
 outlets of these ponds furnish some water-power. There are two saw- 
 mills manufacturing long and shoi-t lumber. 
 
 The surface of the town is quite uneven. Almanac Mountain is 
 the highest ; its summit being generally stated as 2,000 feet above the 
 surface of the lake. Tlie ledges are mostly of coarse granite. The soil 
 is a gravelly loam, and fairly productive. Hay, wheat and potatoes 
 are chiefly cultivated. The nearest railroad stations are at Mattawam- 
 keag and Kingman, each about 20 miles distant. The post-ofBces are 
 Springfield and Carroll. 
 
 Lakeville Plantation was organized under its present name Feb. 
 29, 1868. There are two public schoolhouses, and the school property 
 is valued at $500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $43,990. In 
 1880 it was $48,608. The rate of taxation is 9^ mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 108. In 1880 it was 136. 
 
 liajlUlbert IjRke a post-ofEce in the township adjoining 
 on the west of Vanceboro, in Washington County. 
 
 Lamoille, in the southern part of Hancock County, emoraces 
 the peninsula lying between Jordan's River on the west and Skilling 
 Bay on the east. The area is about 11,000 acres. The soil is good, 
 and could easily be made very productive. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 devoted to coasting and fishing. The yearly catch by vessels from 
 this town at the Grand Banks is stated at 8,000 quintals ; of Magdalen 
 herring, 100,000 boxes ; the aggregate market value of both being 
 about $55,000. 
 
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LEBANON. 311 
 
 The post-offices are Lamoine, and North and East Lamoine. 
 
 An object of curious interest is Blunt's Pond, which has a surface 
 of 30 acres at a height above the sea of 300 feet. The colossal em- 
 bankment which surrounds it suggests the work of the mound-builders 
 of the Mississippi Valley. It is situated upon a height of " loess or 
 bluff formation " that extends in a northerly direction across the coun- 
 try. Along the seashore of this town occur extensive deposits of clam 
 shells, in which human bones have been found. In one of these beds, 
 a few years since, Capt. A. G. Berry found a brass kettle, an axe, and 
 a stone file. Capt. Berry has also in his possession the account-book 
 of the first settler, also that of Dr. Payson, and some of the French 
 deeds executed by Madame Gregoree. One dated in 1788 is signed : 
 
 " Bartholomy De Gregoiie. 
 " Maria Therese de Gregorie, nee de law the Cadillack." 
 
 Lamoine was set off from Trenton and incorporated in 1870. It 
 was named for Lamoine, an early French resident, who at one time 
 owned a large tract of land west of Skilling's River. A colony of French 
 made a transient settlement on Trenton Point at an early day, and two 
 of the colonists, Delaittre and Desisles, remained permanent residents. 
 According to the statement of Hon. W. King, the first settlement at 
 Lamoine, formerly Trenton, was made in 1774 at Gillpatric's Point, by 
 the individual whose name it bears. Captain Berry states that " Capt. 
 Isaac Gillpatric, with six sons and two daughters, from Biddeford, and 
 a son-in-law, Edward Berry, from Londonderry, N. H., were the first 
 settlers." Both these authorities say that the French came subse- 
 quently to Gillpatric. 
 
 The two church-edifices of Lamoine both belong to the Baptists. 
 The town has four public schoolhouses, and the school property is val- 
 ued at f5,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $142,449. In 
 1880 it was $148,838. The population in 1870 was 612. In the cen- 
 sus of 1880 it was 751. 
 
 LRIlg* Plantation, in Franklin County, is situated between the 
 towns of Rangley and Eustis, having Dallas Plantation on the south. 
 Formerly it was Number 2 of Range 3. The Saddleback River, or 
 Dead River, gathers some of its tributaries within the town. The 
 plantation is 48 miles north-west of Farmingtbn. The post-office is that 
 of Eustis. The valuation in 1870 was $19,924. In 1880 it was $23,500. 
 The population in 1870 was 36. In 1880 it was 31. 
 
 LajrOnG, a post-office in Fairfield, Somerset County. 
 
 LdbRnOn is situated midway of the northern side of York 
 County, adjoining New Hampshire, and separated from it by the 
 Salmon Falls River. It is bounded by Acton on the north, Sanford on 
 the east, and North Berwick and Berwick on the south. Its area is 
 about 26,000 acres. The township was granted and confirmed to 
 Joseph Chadbourne, Nathan Lord, Joseph Hartt, Ichabod Goodwin, 
 Edward Arnold, Elisha Plaisted, and 54 others, their associates ; and 
 all hands are held by this title. No portion of the land in the 
 township was ever conveyed by an Indian deed. It is said that no 
 evidence exists of its ever having been occupied as a dwelling-place by 
 
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312 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the Indians, except possibly by a few families beside the pond at the 
 extreme north-west corner of the town. The first settlement was 
 chiefly in school district No. 1. The surnames of the first settlers 
 were Farnhara, Copp, Door, Hussey, Rines, Stevens, Blaisdell, 
 Tebbetts, Kenney, Wallingford, MoCrelis, Perkins, Corson, Bin-rows, 
 Goodwin, Yeaton, Furbush and Cowell, who appear to have come in 
 soon after 1746. Two garrison houses were built in 1755. The origi- 
 nal proprietors were required by their charter to build a meeting-house, 
 and settle and maintain a learned and orthodox minister for the inhabit- 
 ants, and build him a house. The meeting-house was erected in 1753, 
 and the parsonage in 1759. In 1761 or 1762 the town hired Ezra 
 Thompson to preach and teach school, and his labors in these depart- 
 ments appear to have been the first in town. The settlement was at 
 first known as "Towow" or "Towwoh." The town was incorporated 
 under its present name in- 1767. Thomas M. Wentworth, wlio became 
 a resident of the town soon after 1771, was aileading citizen, and his 
 son has been held iu equal esteem. The surface of the town is com- 
 paratively level in the south-east, and in the north-west are extensive 
 pine plains. The highest of several high hills bears the name of Went- 
 worth's Mountain. On the road leading from Berwick through West 
 Lebanon Village to Acton, after leaving the flat land at the south, are 
 found many good farms and fine country mansions. The best farming 
 land is probably on the " Central Road," extending north-west and 
 south-west throuGrh the midst of the town. There are also a large 
 number of good farms in the easterly part of the town adjoining 
 Sanford. Hay is considered the most profitable crop. The business 
 centres are Lebanon Centre, East, North, South and West Lebanon, 
 and Milton Three Ponds, on the lower of the ponds at the north-west- 
 ern boundary. Salmon Falls River, which forms the western 
 boundary, furnishes a number of good water privileges, upon which, on 
 the Lebanon side, are several saw-mills and one mill for wool-carding. 
 Little River, in the south-eastern part of the town, also furnishes power 
 for several saw-mills and a grist-mill. The Portland and Rochester 
 Railroad crosses the southerly part of the town, and the Great Falls 
 and Conway, a short distance at the north-western pai-t. 
 
 The chief natural curiosity of the town is "Gully Oven," situated 
 in a deep ravine. It is on the road from West Lebanon Village to 
 Acton, and one and one-half miles northerly of the former. Six miles 
 south of the cavern, during the old French war, the Indians captured 
 a boy of eleven years of age named Philip Door ; and they spent the 
 succeeding night in the Oven. He was detained many years, but 
 finally returned and became one of the first settlers of Lebanon. He 
 said that he was captured by the Indians in the forenoon as he sat 
 astride of a fence singing a popular song of the period, — 
 
 " As sure as eggs are bacon, 
 I'll go to Canada and wont return, 
 Till Canada is taken," — 
 
 which came true, sure enough. 
 
 During the war of the Rebellion, Lebanon furnished what would be 
 equal to 121 three-years men for the army. Besides these, many young 
 men, residents of the town, at the first breaking out of the war 
 enlisted in New Hampshire regiments, for which the town never re. 
 
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LEEDS. 313 
 
 ceived credit from the authorities. The amount of bounties paid by the 
 town was $40,000. 
 
 Lebanon has a Baptist and a Congregationalist church, and two 
 Free Baptist churches. There is a good academy at West Lebanon ; 
 beside which there are in town nineteen public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $4,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $524,575. In 1880 it 
 was $425,050. The population at the first date was 1,953. In 1880, 
 it was 1,601. 
 
 IjCG is a small town in the eastern part of Penobscot County, on 
 what is called the " Upper Route " from Bangor to Calais, 60 miles 
 from each city. It is bounded on the north by Winn, east by Spring- 
 field, and west by Lincoln. Much of the land is of excellent quality, 
 and bore originally a dense growth of the hard woods, with hemlock, 
 spruce and pine. In the southern part of the town are several ponds, 
 the largest being Mattakeunk (area, 1,000 acres) and Ware ponds, the 
 head of the Passadunmkeag Stream. Lee village, the chief centre of 
 business, is situated on Mattakeunk Stream, near the pond of the same 
 name, where there is a good water-power. There are here two saw- 
 mills — one a board, shingle and grist-mill, a tannery, and wheel, tin- 
 ware, and furniture factories. Near the village is a good trotting 
 park, where fairs are held. The nearest railroad station is that of the 
 European and North American Railway at Lincoln village, 12 miles 
 west of Lee village. 
 
 This township was originally granted by Massachusetts to Williams 
 College, by whom it was sold to parties living in Cumberland County. 
 There was some defect in the titles, which resulted in prolonged liti- 
 gation, retarding settlements and diminishing the prosperity of the 
 town. The suits were at last decided by the Supreme Court of the 
 United Stated in favor of the settlers. In 1824, when the. settlement 
 began, there was no road nearer than Passadumkeag, 28 miles below. 
 Jeremiah Fifield and his wife were the first who moved in. The first 
 mill was on the Mattakeunk Stream, at the point whei'e the village now 
 stands, and was erected in 1827. The town was incorporated in 1832, 
 having at that time about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 In 1845, the Legislature of the State incorporated the Lee Normal 
 Academy, endowing it with half a township of land, which the trustees 
 subsequently sold for about $4,000. This sum now constitutes a per- 
 manent fund for the support of the school. The institution remains a 
 monument of the sagacity and public spirit of those of the early settlers 
 who were instrumental in its establishment. Public worship has also 
 been valued and maintained from the first ; and many of both sexes 
 have gone out from this community bearing with them the good in- 
 fluences with which they had become imbued. 
 
 The town has now Congregationalist, Universalist, Baptist and 
 Free Baptist churches. The number of public schoolhouses is nine ; 
 and the school property of the town is valued at $2,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $139,343. In 1880 it was $109,953. The 
 population in 1870 was 960. In 1880 it was 894. 
 
 Leeds, in Androscoggin County, lies between Androscoggin 
 River and Androscoggin Pond, sometimes called Wayne Pond. The 
 
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314 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 town is about 5 miles wide at the middle portion, and nearly 13 miles 
 long. It is also about 13 miles from West Leeds to Lewiston Palls, 
 and the same distance from Livermore Falls. On the west lies Turner 
 and a small portion of Livermore ; the latter town and East Liver- 
 more are on the north, Wayne and Monmouth on the east ; on the 
 south is Greene and the western part of Wales. The Androscoggin 
 River forms the western line, and by a bend to the eastward, nearly 
 two-thirds of the northern line. Androscoggin Pond, on the eastern 
 side, is about 4 miles long and 3 wide in its greatest' extent, and 
 has an area of nearly 6 square miles. The town contains about 28,000 
 acres of land. The Androscoggin Railroad passes through the midst 
 longitudinally. Three villages of the town,Curtis's Corner, Leeds Centre, 
 and North Leeds, are on this road. West Leeds, the other village, is on 
 the Androscoggin River, about midway of the town. The manufactories 
 consist of a board and shingle-mill at the Centre ; a saw-mill and grist- 
 mill at West Leeds, and a board and shingle-mill at Curtis's Corner. 
 
 The streams are all small. Dead River being the largest. This 
 stream is the outlet of a chain of ponds, of which Androscoggin Pond 
 is the largest and last. It has the rare power of running either Avay at 
 different times. Upon a sudden rise of the Androscoggin River, the 
 flow sets back the current of Dead River into the pond. It sometimes 
 flows into the pond for three or four days. The face of the county is 
 diversified with hill and dale. North Mountain,' Boothby Hill, Bishop's 
 Hill and Quaker Ridge are the principal eminences, the highest being 
 about 100 feet. Woodland, containing the usual trees of the region, 
 exists in due proportion. The valleys of the larger streams contain 
 much good interval, usually the best for cultivation ; yet the dark soil 
 of the high land yields well and is the best for fruit, and less liable to 
 frost. The town has several peat bogs, the largest of which contains 
 about 300 acres from 10 to 30 feet deep. The surface of the bog is 
 75 feet higher than Dead River, and a ditch less 75 rods in length 
 would drain it. The amount of fuel this might afford is immense. 
 
 The territory was first called Littleborough from the Massachusetts 
 family of that name, who were the largest proprietors. It was incor- 
 porated as the town of Leeds in 1801. A portion of Livermore above 
 Dead River was annexed to it in 1802 ; in 1809 a strip half a mile in 
 width, including Bishop's Hill, was set off from Monmouth and 
 annexed; in 1810 the section known as Beech Hill was set off to 
 Wayne, and in 1852 the south-east corner of Leeds was set off to 
 Wales. 
 
 The first settlers were Thomas and Roger Stinchfield, who removed 
 their families to Dead River in June, 1780. The two brothers had be- 
 come acquainted with the vicinity in their hunts ; and the year be- 
 fore had raised corn and vegetables, and in the winter transported 
 thither four goats and sundry household implements on the snow crust. 
 They had also provided venison and maple sugar; so that their families 
 were supplied with comfortable housing and subsistence at once. Other 
 names of early families are Fish, Millett and Bishop. Several soldiers 
 of the Revolution followed, of whom were Gilbert and Lothrop, Lead- 
 better, Lane, Lindsay, Pettengill, Turner, Morgan, Brewster, George, 
 Cushman, and Robbins. The oldest inhabitant the town has had was 
 Robert Gould, who died in 1868, aged ninety-nine years. 
 
 The Jennings family of this town has given some able men to the 
 
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LEVANT. 315 
 
 country, of whom may be mentioned Orville, an able lawyei' in the 
 Southwest, Roscoe G., formerly surgeon in the navy, later in resident 
 of Arkansas. General Oliver O. Howard, well-known in the whole 
 country, is a native of Leeds, together with his brothers, Rowland B., 
 a minister and editor of ability, and Charles H., now publisher of " The 
 Advance," a religious journal in Chicago. 
 
 The first religious meeting held in town was in 1794, at the request 
 of Thomas Francis, a resident. In 1800 a Baptist church was organ- 
 ized, and Mr. Francis was ordained pastor. The Quakers formed an 
 organization and erected a meeting-house about 1807, but the sect now 
 appears to be extinct. The first Free Baptist church was erected about 
 1836, and the Methodists in 1851. 
 
 The number of schoolhouses in town is twelve, and the estimated 
 value of school property, $4,000. The value of estates in 1870 was 
 $456,348. In 1880 it was $415,486. The population in 1870 was 1,288 ; 
 in 1880 1,194. The rate of taxation is about one cent on the dollar. 
 
 A number belonging in town rendered service in the war of 1812 ; 
 and 161 were furnished to the national forces in the war of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 Letter E. Plantation is situated in the south-western 
 part of Franklin County. It is bounded east by Madrid, north by 
 Sandy River Plantation and No. 3, and south by No. 6. The town- 
 ship is triangular in form, about ten miles in length from east to west, 
 and 5 miles in width at the western and widest part. Sandy River 
 and its branches drain the eastern part. It is on these in the south- 
 eastern part of the township that the settlements are located. Thorn 
 Hill is the only elevation which has a well-known name ; but there are 
 other considerable hill ranges. At the north-west corner is a group of 
 ponds of which the largest are known, as Benn's and Swift River ponds. 
 There are other small ponds in the east. 
 
 This plantation was organized in 1861. In 1872 a section of the 
 eastern part of the town was annexed to Madrid. These contained all 
 the largest bridges and interval farms, so that there are now in the 
 plantation only six farms occupied by residents, and only eight polls. 
 
 The forest trees are largely spruce and hardwood, with some hem- 
 lock and fir. There are plenty of ledges and bowlders to be found. 
 The soil on the upland is generally good for hay and grazing. Two 
 falls on a branch of Sandy River are worthy of mention for their 
 beauty. The plantation has one schoolhouse, costing about $235. 
 This serves for civil and religious meetings. The valuation in 1870 
 was $12,931. In 1880 it was $14,545. The population in 1870 was 
 93. In 1880 it was 27. 
 
 Levant is an agricultural town located in the middle of the 
 southern section of Penobscot County. It is 8 miles from Bangor, on 
 the " Avenue Road " to Exeter. The surrounding towns are Corinth 
 on the north, Kenduskeag and Glenburn on the east, Carmel and 
 Hermon on the south, and Stetson on the west. The surface is uneven, 
 yet without high hills. The soil is fertile, and suitably rewards the 
 tiller. The thriftiness of the town is apparent to all who allow them- 
 selves the pleasure of a drive over its main roads. The Little Kendu* 
 
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316 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 keag, or Black Stream, is the principal water-course, pursuing a widely- 
 winding way from west to east through the town. The powers on 
 this stream are known as Wiggin's Mill, at Levant village, where there 
 are board, shingle and lath machines ; Weston's Mills, at South Levant, 
 where there are board, clapboard, shingle and lath machines, and a 
 grist-mill ; on the Horseback Road, is a shingle mill ; White's Mill, at 
 West Levant, where there is a board and shingle mill ; Emerson's 
 Mill, in the west part of the town, where there is a saw-mill. Another 
 local name for West Levant is " Rogers' Stand." 
 
 The first settlers were William and George Tebbets, and Messrs, 
 Boobar and Knowland, who came in sometime prior to 1800. In 1801 
 Major Moses Hodsdon settled at what is now Kenduskeag Village-, but 
 was then a part of Levant ; where, in the following year, he erected a 
 saw and grist-mill, three dwelling-houses, a store and blacksmith-shop, 
 which were the first framed buildings withm the town. Major Hods- 
 don was largely engaged in surveying ; and his brothers soon followed 
 him to this place, adding much impulse to business. The titles of the 
 settlers to their lands were from William Wetmore, who had purchased 
 a tract here of the Commonwealth in 1792. The plantation name was 
 Kenduskeag, which it retained until its incorporation as a town, June 
 14, 1813. A corner, including the village of Kenduskeag, was set ofi 
 1852, to form a part of the new town of Kenduskeag. 
 
 Levant has Baptist, Methodist and Union churches. The number 
 of public schoolhouses is seven. The value of the entire school prop- 
 erty is $3,400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $277,449. In 
 1880 it was $282,149. The population in 1870 was 1,159. In 1880 it 
 was 1,076. 
 
 LGWISIOH is practically the centre of Androscoggin County, 
 and is nearly so geographically. It is situated upon the Androscoggin 
 River, which separates it from Auburn on the west and south. Greene 
 bounds it on the north, Webster and Lisbon on the east. The soil 
 is largely a clay loam, but a gravelly loam on the high lands. The 
 surface is quite hilly, but there are no lofty eminences. David's Moun- 
 tain, near Bates' College, and Mitchell's Hill are each nearly 500 feet 
 above the sea, and are the chief eminences. The former has its name 
 from Mr. David Davis, whose heirs have given a lot on its summit to 
 the college for an observatory. It is near the valley at the falls 
 of the Androscoggin, in which goes on the principal business of the two 
 cities oE Lewiston and Auburn, and its summit affords a wide circle of 
 varied and pleasing landscape. The falls of the Androscoggin at this 
 place furnish attractive views from several points. On the river road, 
 about one mile above Barker's Mills and three miles from the falls, is a 
 locality where a steep wooded hill comes down close to the shore of 
 the river, which has here just come down the rapids at Boxer's Island, 
 and beats its swells against a rocky shore, which at one point gives way 
 to a sandy slope, forming a little beach. For the distance of a mile 
 the scene is quite wild and beautiful. The place is variously named 
 "The Gulf " or " Switzerland" according as reference is had to the 
 water or to the hill features of the picture. Here, as in other parts of 
 the town, the rock crops out. It is, in general, gneissic in its character, 
 intermixed with some granite and an impure limestone. No-name 
 Pond, situated near the eastern angle of the town, is the only consid- 
 
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318 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 erable sheet of still water. It is about a mile long, and is half a mile 
 wide at its widest part. The falls, which furnish the water-power of 
 Lewiston, are the third on the river, reckoning from tide-water, which 
 is about 20 miles distant. The descent is formed by a ledge of gneiss 
 and mica-schist which crosses the river diagonally, and is so extended 
 as to form the bed of the river above and below the falls. The rock 
 is above water level on the eastern shore, and on the western rises to 
 a tittle hill ; while in the stream it forms two islands of over half an 
 acre of extent. The natural fall is about 38 feet, which is increased 
 to 50 by the excellent stone dam. There i;> a tradition that a terrible 
 catastrophe happened at these falls to the Indian tribe dwelling on the 
 river above. The story varies considerably, but the most credible 
 version is that two scouts in search of a party of Indians who had 
 carried a girl away captive, encountered at the falls, near night, an 
 Indian who had just landed from a canoe, and was gathering material 
 for a fire at a point just above the falls where it would serve as a 
 beacon. They killed the Indian ; and suspecting a large body of 
 Indians to be coming down the river in canoes, they quickly retired to 
 a hill below but in view of the falls, and in a line with the point where 
 the Indian was preparing the beacon. Here they kindled a fire, and 
 lured by its deceitful ray beyond the point of safety into the swift 
 rapids, they were unable to escape, and all went over the fall and 
 perished , 
 
 The territory comprising the city of Lewiston was included in the 
 Pejepscot Patent, granted to Thomas Purchase and George Way in 
 1G32. On the death of the two original proprietors, most of the tract 
 became the property of Richard Wharton, a Boston lawyer. To 
 make his title secure, he obtained in 1684 a deed of this territory from 
 Warumbee, and five other sagamores of the Anasagunticooks. On 
 Wharton's death his administrator, in 1714, sold the claim to Thomas 
 Hutchinson, John Wentworth, Adam Winthrop, John Watts, David 
 Jeffries, Stephen Minot, Oliver Noyes, and John Rusk for £140. These 
 persons were commonly styled the Pejepscot Proprietors, and their 
 lands were called the Pejepscot Claim. Its limits were finally fixed on 
 the western side of the river at Lewiston Falls, and on the eastern side 
 so as to embrace about two-thirds of what is now the town of Leeds. 
 On the east side of the river there was a difiiculty in regard to the 
 boundary rights of this and the Kennebec purchase, both on Merry- 
 meeting Bay and at the extremest northern part of the Pejepscot 
 Claim. By the action of the courts of Cumberland and Lincoln the 
 entire line was settled in 1814. The grant under which Lewiston was 
 settled was made by the proprietors to Jonathan Bagley and Moses 
 Little, of Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1768. The territory commenced 
 at the falls and extended 5 miles up the river, from thence in a north- 
 east course 5 miles, from thence in a south-east course 4 miles, from 
 thence on a southern course to Androscoggin River, and from this 
 point up the river to the falls, whence it started. The conditions were 
 that Bagley and Little should settle 50 families in as many houses 
 within the limits before June, 1774, and should also clear a road to 
 Royalsborough (Durham) to meet one to be constructed to Topsham. 
 The houses were to be 16 by 20 feet, and of 7 feet posts. The name 
 of the town was to be " Lewiston." The first settler was Paul 
 Hildreth, who, in the summer of 1770, built his log cabin just below 
 
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LEWISTON. 319 
 
 where the Conliiiontnl Mills now stand. The first ferry in town was 
 established by him ubout three-fourths of a milu below the falls. Mr. 
 David Pettingill, the second settler, came in the fall of 1770. Law- 
 rence J. Harris, third settler, came and erected the frame of the first 
 saw-mill in the fall of 1770, and brought his family in the spring. He 
 owned several lots by gift from the proprietors and by purchase; the 
 most valuable one being the mill lot at the falls, and comprising 100 
 acres. He built his house on what is now known as Lower Main 
 street, and on the site now occupied by Garcelon Block. After his 
 death one of his sons sold the mill lot and 15 acres of land to Colonel 
 Josiah Little. Amos Davis moved from New Gloucester to Lewiston 
 in 1774. He was a farmer, surveyor, and shoemaker. He surveyed a 
 part of the town for the proprietors in 1773, and made a plan in 1795. 
 He gave tho ground for the old burying-ground on Sabattus street, and 
 erected at his own expense a small building within its present en- 
 closure, which was occupied some years as a meeting-house and school- 
 house. He was a leading member of the Society of Friends, and a 
 very exemplary man. His son David was the 2 d male child born in 
 Lewiston. Israel Herrick, Jesse Wright, and Jacob Barker came in 
 1774. James Garcelon came in the following year, and soon after 
 settled at what has since been called Garcelon's Ferry. His father 
 was Rev. Peter Garcelon, a native and a resident of the Isle of 
 Guernsey. James emigrated at thirteen years of age. He was a 
 member of the first board of selectmen. His son James was for many 
 years a Baptist clergyman; William was one of the first merchants 
 in town, was engaged in lumbering, and also in shipbuilding in Free- 
 port. Josiah Mitchell came in 1776, and Jonathan Ilodgkins in 1777. 
 James Ames came in 1785, carrying on the business of blacksmithing in 
 connection with farming. Previous to this the people had been obliged 
 to go to New Gloucester for blacksmith's work. He also kept a pub- 
 lic-house for many years. Daii Read came in 1788. He was subse- 
 quently one of the board of selectmen for twenty-six years, chairman 
 of the board for twelve years, town-clerk fifteen years, representative 
 to the General Court of Massachusetts in 1804-5, and representative to 
 the Legislature of Maine in 1820, 1823 and 1825. He was also the 
 first post-master of Lewiston, to which ofiice he was appointed in 1795 
 by Washington, a position which he held forty years, lacking three 
 months. He died in 1854. Ebenezer Ham, grandfather of Colonel 
 Ham, came in 1789. 
 
 Lewiston was incorporated as a town in 1795, and as a city in 1861, 
 and its government organized 1863. Jacob B. Ham was the first 
 mayor. Only three persons who were residents of Lewiston are now 
 known to have been in the Revolutionary war. These were David 
 Pettengill, who died in the army, Benjamin Pettengill, son of the 
 former, and Joel Thompson. After the close of the Revolution a num- 
 ber who had served in the war settled in Lewiston. In the war of 
 1812-15, the town was more numerously represented in the army. 
 Oliver Herrick raised a company in this and the adjoining towns, 
 which started for Lake Champlain in January, 1813. A part of them 
 were shortly ordered on board the Growler, and took part in the dis- 
 astrous action of July 2, 1813, in which the Growler and the Eagle 
 surrendered to the enemy. In September, 1814, the regiment raised 
 in this vicinity, under the command of Colonel Walter R. Blaisdell, of 
 
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320 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Lewiston, was ordered out, but went into camp at Pittston on the 
 Kennebec, and then returned. A small number were drafted from the 
 two companies from Lewiston, — the North company, under the com- 
 mand of Captain Nathaniel Sleeper, and the South company, com- 
 manded by Captain George Williams, — remaining in service for some 
 months. In the war of the Rebellion, Lewiston furnished two com- 
 panies for the 1st Maine regiment. These were commanded by N. J. 
 Jackson and Silas B. -Osgood. Jackson was promoted to the command 
 of the regiment and Lieutenant Jesse To Stevens succeeded to the 
 captaincy. The regiment started for Washington on the 1st of June, 
 and was stationed in that city during its term of service. Colonel 
 Jackson was subsequently promoted tp be brigadier-general. Edward 
 Ilsley, a cadet from West Point, in the summer of 1861 recruited a 
 company in Lewiston for the Fifth Maine regiment. Lieutenants 
 Knowlton and Nye also recruited here a large proportion of two com- 
 panies for the Tenth regiment, becoming captains of companies F and 
 K, respectively. After having passed through several hard-fought 
 campaigns, the regiment was mustered out in May, 1863. Captains 
 Knowlton and Nye soon after recruited two companies for the Twenty- 
 ninth regiment, in which Captain Knowlton was commissioned major. 
 The regiment was in the Red River campaign under General Banks, 
 then returned and took part in the series of battles in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, where in September, 1864, Major Knowlton was mortally 
 wounded. Company A of the Twenty-third regiment, largely recruited 
 in Lewiston, was employed in Maryland and Virginia on guard-duty. 
 The city furnished a large number of men for crmpany D, Captain 
 William R. Ham (Thirty-second regiment), reaching the seat of war 
 in season to take part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, 
 and Cold Harbor, — where on tho 3d of June, Colonel Ham was mortally 
 wounded. Few, if any, regiments left the State which did not 
 not contain some representative of Lewiston. Only 16 of the 1,158 
 soldiers credited to this city were drafted. During the war aid was 
 furnished to 765 soldiers' families, at an expense of $31,970.26 ; and 
 for bounties there was paid the sum of $100,275. The monument 
 erected in the park soon after the war to the memory of the fallen 
 brave was executed by Frank Simmons. It has a square granite base, 
 10 feet in height, surmounted by the figure of a soldier in bronze, 
 heroic size. On the faces of the base are bronze tablets 6earing the 
 names of the 112 officers and soldiers who fell in the struggle for lib- 
 erty and union for America. 
 
 The park in which the monument stands is not far from the mills, 
 and is near the centre of the city. It contains about 10 acres of 
 grassy turf, divided by broad, smooth walks. Around it are several fine 
 buildings, both private and public. Bates Street, on the upper side of 
 the park, is notable for its large and pleasant dwellings, and the elegant 
 Baptist church of brick and granite. Opposite this, separated from the 
 common by Spruce Street, is the Episcopal church, of the last ma- 
 terial ; while on Pine Street, directly opposite at the other, or eastern 
 end, northern side of the park, is the large and handsome Congregational 
 church. On the same street, a little further west, and fronting on the 
 park, is the De Witt House, an imposing building of brick. It is 
 wholly occupied as a hotel except the lower rooms on Park Street on 
 the western side, which are occupied by the offices of the Franklin Com- 
 
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LEWISTON. 321 
 
 pany, and the Union Water-power Company. On Park Street, on the 
 west side of the nortliern part of the park, is the city building, a noble 
 structure of brick and granite, in partially gothic style, but having a 
 mansard roof. The leading feature of the building is the large hall on 
 the side next the park, which is 80 by 165 feet in dimensions, and has 
 seating capacity for 2,500 people. The entire cost was above $200,000. 
 Numerous shade trees of the various kinds, though young, ornament 
 the park and many of the streets. Another important public work 
 is the water-works for supplying the city with water. These are on 
 the reservoir system. The water is pumped into the reservoir 220 
 feet above the river, and thence distributed through the pipes. The 
 power used in this instance is that of the fall ; and the river is also 
 the source of supply. A marked feature of the city proper is the sev- 
 eral canals leading the water from the river to the different mills. 
 The bridges spanning these, the river and railroad crossings, number 
 above two dozen, several of them being of iron. The healthiness of 
 the inhabitants of the city proper is further provided for by an excel- 
 lent system of sewerage. The city is lighted by gas, by the Lewiston 
 Gas-Light Company. 
 
 The oldest of the manufacturing corporations until recently in 
 operation in the city is the Lewiston Falls Manufacturing Company, 
 making woollen cloths, which was organized in 18B4, and com- 
 menced operations the same year. Its capital stock was $80,000. 
 The property has now passed into the hands of D. Cowan & Co. 
 The Franklin Company was incorporated in IS^-V. It owns the 
 brick mill building on the bank of the river between the mill 
 just mentioned and the falls (occupied as a grain -mill and by D. 
 Cowan & Company as a woollen-factory), the Lincoln Mill, the 
 DeWitt House, several shops and other buildings, and several hun- 
 dred acres of land about the more 'thickly settled parts of the 
 city. Its capital stock is $1,000,000. The Union Water-power Com- 
 pany was organized in 1878, to manage the water-power which 
 had been the property of the Franklin Company. It owns the 
 water-power property of the Androscoggin River in Lewiston, includ- 
 ing dam, canals and shore-rights. Auburn Lake, and the water-rights 
 of two or more of the Rangeley Lakes, letting its power to the numer- 
 ous mills at a uniform rental. Its capital stock is $400,000. There 
 are six corporations engaged in the manufacture of cotton. The- 
 Lincoln Mill, owned by the Franklin Company, commenced manufact- 
 uring in 1846, and is the oldest cotton-mill in the city. It consists of 
 one building of brick, and has 21,744 spindles. Other factories are these i 
 the Bates Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $1^000,000 ;. 
 the Hill Manufacturing Company, capital stock, $1,000,000 ; Gontinen-. 
 tal Mills, $1,500,000 ; Lewiston Mills ; Androscoggin Mills, $l-,QQ(J,ObO ;. 
 Lewiston Bleachery and Dye Works, $300,000; Lewiston Jl^achine- 
 Corapany, $100,000. The Continental Mills has the largest nuni^Jier, of , 
 spindles, yiz., 70,000. It employs 1,200 operatives, — 900 females. and 
 300 males ; and its monthly pay-roll and disbursements in Lewi^tpij, 
 amount to $40,000. It manufactures 17,500,000 yai-ds of brown sheet; 
 ings annually! The mill is of brick, five stories high, with a mansard, 
 roof, and contains eight acres of flooring. The total annual produc-u 
 tion of cotton cloth by these factories is upwards of 50,000,000 yards.. 
 Other manufactories are the Lewiston Bleachery and Dye Works,, 
 
 ^1 
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322 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Lewiston Machine Company, Lewiston Gas-Light Company, D. Cowan 
 & Company (woollens), Cumberland Mills (woollens), R. C. Pingree 
 & Company's saw-mill, Lewiston Steam Mill Company (lumber). Bar- 
 ker's Mills (saw-mill) a file-factory, the Morton, Ham, and Tarbox 
 grain-mills, loom-harness, belt and roll, seed, last, paper-box, boy's 
 coat and confectionery factories, two carriage and sleigh factories, se\- 
 eral carpentry and machine shops, etc. The total amount of cap- 
 ital invested in manufactures is near $7,250,000. The total number of 
 spindles in the cotton-mills is 291,806. The number of setts of wool- 
 en-machinery is fifteen. The consumption of cotton in the last year 
 was 23,123,253 pounds, or about 53,000 bales. The number of females 
 employed in the factories is 4,500 ; the number of males, 3,000. The 
 total annual disbursements in the city of the manufactories is $2,880,000, 
 or $240,000 per month for all pus-poses. The city has two savings 
 banks, and two national banks. The Maine Central Railroad connects 
 it directly with Portland on one hand, and Bangor on the other ; the 
 Lewiston and Auburn branch railroad connects it with the Grand 
 Trunk road; the Androscoggin branch connects it again with the 
 Maine Central at Brunswick, and the Farmington branch forms the 
 only railroad connection with Franklin County. 
 
 In the account of a manufacturing city like Lewiston, some history 
 of this industry seems to be in place. The first saw-mill, as before 
 stated, was built by L. J. Hari'is in 1770-1, near the falls, and 
 was burnt about 1785. Some three years later he put in a grist- 
 mill, probably the first in Lewiston. Colonel Little in 1809 put up a 
 building on the same site, which was used for a saw, grist and fulling- 
 mill and carding-machine. The mill was burnt in 1814, was rebuilt, 
 and stood until about 1850. The Water-power Company who had 
 bought land and water privileges of Colonel Joslah Little and others, 
 in 1851 built a saw-mill at the head of the falls, and excavated a canal 
 to supply the power. Captain Daniel Holland leased the mill, but it 
 was burned in 1852. It was rebuilt, and in 1856 leased to S. R. 
 Bearce & Co. Its site is now occupied by the City Waterworks. 
 In 1865 S. R. Bearce & Co. built a large steam-mill at a cost of $60,- 
 000 on the margin of the river, above the station of the Maine Cen- 
 tral railroad. It employs about 200 men. A eteam-mill built at 
 Barker's Mills in 1847 by Read, Small & Co., at a cost of $7,500, was 
 burned in 1852, and rebuilt the same year. In 1859 it was purchased 
 by James Wood & Co., and removed to the shore of the Androscog- 
 gin River, about one-half mile above the Maine Central railroad station. 
 In 1860 a company was formed with a capital of $50,000 (since doubled) 
 and incorporated under the name of Lewiston Steam Mill Company. 
 The company owns about 35,000 acres of woodland on the upper 
 waters of the Androscoggin and its tributaries. In 1775 Jacob Barker 
 built a grist-mill at Barker's Mills, and some two years later a saw- 
 mill. These mills were rebuilt once or twice by his son, and once 
 (about 1836) by his grandson. About 1800 a saw-mill was built on 
 the rips opposite Boxer's Island, which was burned about 1812. There 
 was at one time a saw-mill on the Stetson Brook, which was removed 
 to Auburn. About 1800, Colonel Joel Thompson, Captain Isaac Cot- 
 ton and Captain Joseph Dill erected a mill at the outlet of No-name 
 Pond, where they manufactured ship-timber. 
 
 In 1819 Colonel Josiah Little procured the services of Mr. Dean 
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LEWIS TON. 323 
 
 Prye, of Bruhswick, to aid in carrying on his carding and fulling-mill. 
 This was burned in 1829, but in 1830 the woolen-mill now standing 
 was built; where some time after they began the manufacture of 
 satinet. Larger capital being required, a charter for the Lewiston 
 Falls Manufacturing Company was obtained from the legislature in 
 1834. This was the first charter for manufacturing purposes in Lewis- 
 ton. The corporators were John M. Frye and William R. Prye, sons 
 of Dean Frye. A brick building was added in 1886 ; but a heavy 
 spring freshet in 1837 undermined the wall, causing tlie building to 
 fall into the river. The manufacture of cotton in Lewiston was begun 
 soon after 1836 by Mr. Ephraim Wood, who manufactured cotton 
 warps and batting. Mr. Joseph B. Harding succeeded Mr. Wood, 
 and about 1844 put in three cotton looms, and wove the first cotton- 
 cloth manufactured in Lewiston. Mr. Harding removed to Yarmouth, 
 and about 1850 the building was partially destroyed by fire, and the 
 remamder removed to make room for the present brick grist-mill build- 
 ing near the falls. In 1836 the Great Androscoggin Falls Dam, Locks 
 and Canal Company was incorporated with a capital of $100,000. The 
 company owned the water-power of the Androscoggin at Lewiston, to- 
 gether with a large amount of land in the vicinity on both sides of the 
 river. In 1845 the name was changed to " Lewiston Water-power 
 Company," which increased the extent and value of its property until 
 1856; when the newly-formed Franklin Company, with a capital of 
 $1,000,000, succeeded to the ownership. 
 
 With the industrial growth of Lewiston her educational institutions 
 have been multiplied and developed. The Maine State Seminary was 
 incorporated in 1856, with an endowment by the State of $15,000. In 
 1863 a collegiate course of study was instituted, and the name of the 
 institution changed, to Bates College, in honor of Benj. E. Bates, of 
 Boston, its most munificent patron. From him, and by his aid the 
 college has received $100,000, while a similar amount was a few years 
 4go promised by him on condition that the friends of the college raised 
 an equal sum within five years. Rev. O. B. Cheney has been president 
 of the institution since its foundation. The college graduated its fi?-st 
 class in 1867. The Nichols Latin School is the preparatory school for the 
 college ; and the buiVlings of the two institutions are located near each 
 other. The college ha ) thirteen free scholarships. A theological de- 
 partment was instituted, in connection with the college, in 1870, having 
 before been located in New Hampshire. The college has a library of 
 6,000 volumes, a theological library of 2,000 volumes, and society 
 libraries of near 2,000 volumes. There is another library in town con- 
 taining about 8,000 volumes, which is available to all citizens by the 
 payment of a small annual fee. 
 
 The " Lewiston Journal " was the first newspaper published in the 
 city, the first number having been issued May, 1847. It was published 
 by William H. Waldron & Co., Dr. Alonzo Garcelon being partner 
 with Mr. Waldron. Nelson Dingley, Jr., purchased an interest in.it 
 in 1856, and a year later he became the sole proprietor. The " Journal " 
 18 now recognized as one of the ablest, as it is one of the best patron- 
 ized paper in the State. Besides the weekly, the establishment pub- 
 lishes a daily journal of three editions. A younger brother, Frank L. 
 Dingley, is associated in the management. Mr. Dingley (senior pro- 
 prietor) was governor of Maine in 1873 and 1874, but declined a 
 
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324 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 re-election; and in 1881 he was elected a member of Congress. Mr. 
 Waldron in 1872 started the "Lewiston Gazette," which he pub- 
 lished until his death in 1881. It is a newsy and interesting sheet, 
 conservatively democratic in politics. It is now bi-weekly, being 
 issued Tuesday and Friday. Other papers and periodicals of the city 
 are " The Bates' Student," published monthly by the students of Bates 
 College ; the " Maine Independent," issued every Saturday, by Weeks 
 & Stetson, and devoted to literature and humor ; the " Maine Messen- 
 ger," a religious sheet, published monthly, by N". C. Dinsmore; and 
 " Le Messager," pubhshed every Thursday, by L. J. Martel & Co., 
 which is devoted to the interests of the French inhabitants of the 
 city. 
 
 The land about the falls was originally quite rough, marked by deep 
 gullies, and sandy knolls, with abundance of clay on the slopes, which 
 have supplied and are still supplying many bricks ; but the hand of 
 improvement has rapidly subdued the rudeness of nature ; and lawns, 
 and thriving shade trees fill most of the spaces between the dwellings 
 and other buildings, many of which are large and elegant. Among the 
 larger residences may be noted that of Hon. William P. Frye, member 
 of Congress since 1871, of Colonel J. M. Frye, J. L. H. Cobb, Esq., 
 several on Bates and other streets. The Roman Catholics have two 
 churches in the city, one of them of lujaerior beauty. The Congre- 
 gationalist society also has a fine edifice, previously referred to. The 
 IJniversalists have a fine church overlooking the park. The church of 
 the Baptist society is an elegant building, and the Episcopal church 
 near by is a substantial edifice. The Methodists have two churches, 
 one of wood, the other of brick ; and the Free Baptists have also one 
 of brick and one of wood. The Society of Friends have a small but 
 neat and elegant little meeting-house on College street. 
 
 The schools of Lewiston are noted for their excellence. They are 
 graded according to the best system, and the school buildings in the 
 rural as well as in the thickly settled parts are creditable to the citv. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is thirty ; and the value of the 
 school property belonging to the city is $178,000. The valuation of 
 the estates in Lewiston in 1870 was $8,813,629. In 1880 it was 19,930,- 
 407. The rate of taxation in 1880 was -0024 on the dollar. The popu- 
 lation at that date was 13,600. Inl880, it was 119,086. See Auburn. 
 
 Lexington is situated on the western side of Somerset 
 County, 25 miles north-west of Skowhegan, on the stage-line from that 
 place to Flagstaff. The town is bounded on the norih by Highland 
 Plantation, east by Concord, south by Emden and New Portland, 
 and west by Kingfield in Franklin County. The area is about 28,000 
 acres. The surface generally is moderately uneven. The highest sum- 
 mits are Gilman Pond Mountain in the south-west part, and Peaked 
 Hill on the eastern side, rising from West Range Mountain, a broad 
 elevation which covers the eastern border nearly the whole length of 
 the town, and continues into the townships north. Upon the southern 
 part of this elevation lies Spruce Pond. Butler Pond lies in the north- 
 west, Judkins Pond in the west, Indian Pond in the south-west, and 
 Gilman Pond in the south. Sandy Stream and Alder Brook are the 
 chief water-courses. 
 
 The town has two saw-mills manufacturing long and short lumber. 
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LIBERTY. 325 
 
 The principal crop is hay Lexington was incorporated March 4, 1833. 
 The Free Baptists are the most active denomination in the town, the 
 number of public schoolhouses is seven, having an estimated value of 
 $500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 177,897. In 1880 it was 
 $58,421. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 43 mills on the 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 397. In 1880 it was 322. 
 
 Lil)Grty lies in the south-western part of Waldo County, IG 
 miles W.S.W. of Belfast, on the stage-road from that city to Augusta. 
 The outline of the town is of diamond form, having its longest axis 
 north and south. Montville bounds it on the south-east, Searsniont 
 lies at the eastern angle, Palermo on the north-west and west, Wash- 
 ington and Appleton in Knox County, on the south-west and south- 
 east. The greatest length of the territory is about 8 miles, and the 
 width, 6. The surface is much broken by riDcky eminences, of which 
 the highest is Haystack Mountain. Others are Coon Mountain and 
 Bowlin Hill. The soil is sandy in some parts, while in others, especially 
 in the valley, it is a clay loam, of much fertility. Excellent crops of 
 hay, grain, apples and potatoes reward the labor of the farmer. The 
 town is noticeable for its numerous large apple orchards. St. George's 
 Pond, in the northern part of the town, has an area of 2 square miles. 
 Steven's, Cargill's and Mud Ponds are the other sheets of water. The 
 principal streams are the Sheepscot, which crosses the north-western 
 part of the town, and the St. George's, which is the outlet of the St. 
 George's, Steven's and Cargill's Ponds. Liberty Village, situated at the 
 northern border of the town on the outlet of St. George's Pond, is the 
 chief business centre. There are here an axe-factory, a foundry and 
 machine-shop, two tanneries, five saw-mills, manufacturing long and 
 short lumber, and a grist-mill, water-wheels, carriages, cultivators, horse- 
 rakes, cabinets and coffins, saddles and harnesses, bootj and shoes, etc. 
 At South Liberty are two lumber-mills. The nearest railroad station 
 is at Belfast. 
 
 Liberty is within the limits of the Waldo patent. It was incor- 
 porated January 31, 1827. Among the prominent citizens of this town 
 have been Messrs. J. W. Knowlton, T. Copp, J. C. Knowlton, William 
 Sanborn, W. H. Hunt, W. R. Hunt, and others, some of whom are 
 still living. There are Methodist, Christian, and Baptist societies 
 in the town; the last having a good church edidce. There is a 
 high-school sustained in the village district. Tlie number of public 
 schoolhouses is seven, and their value, with appurtenances, is estimated 
 at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $193,819. In 1880 it 
 was $264,757. " The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2|- per cent. 
 The population in 1870 was 907. In 1880 it was 970. 
 
 Li TTlCriCK is a prosperous town in the northern part of York 
 County, 25 miles from the seaboard. It embraces an area of about 
 15,500 acres, or about 24 square miles. The township was enlarged 
 by act of legislature in 1870, when a tract of about 350 acres was an- 
 nexed from the adjoining town of Limington. The town is bounded 
 on the north by Cornish, east by Limington, south by Little Ossipee 
 Iliver, which separates Limerick from Waterboro, and west by New- 
 field and Parsonfield. The town is part of Francis Small's purchase 
 from the Pequaket chief, Captain Sunday. The town was first settled 
 
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326 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 in 1775. The settlers came from the seaboard towns of York County, 
 Newbury, Mass., and a few from Limerick, Ireland, — wherefore, on the 
 incorporation of the town in 1787, it received the name of Limerick. 
 James Sullivan, subsequently governor of Massachusetts, was a pioneer 
 of the town. 
 
 The surface is uneven and hilly, with good soil. The declivities of 
 the hills are best for tillage, while the lowlands are excellent for hay. 
 The usual crops are cultivated, with, perhaps, a larger proportion than 
 usual of apples ; while grapes and cranberries yield a good return. The 
 rock formation consists principally of a coarse granite. Stroul's 
 Mountain, at the extreme north-east of the town, is the highest eleva- 
 tion. The principal business points are Limerick village, near the 
 centre of the town, and Hollandville, about 2 miles to the north-east. 
 The manufactories consist of a steam-power furniture manufactory, a 
 tannery which turns out about 600 hides per week, a clothing factory 
 at the village, and at Hollandville two woolen factories, one of which 
 produces the celebrated "Holland blankets," and the other woolen 
 cloths to the value of about $150,000 worth of goods annually. There 
 are also grist, shingle and lumbermills on the same stream, Brown's 
 Brook, and on Staple's and Fogg's brooks, and on the Little Ossipee 
 River, which bounds the town on the south. The public buildings 
 consist of throe churches, a town-hall and an academy. The town-hall 
 is an elegant brick building, 40 by 60 feet in ground dimensions. 
 The basement is used for commercial purposes ; and above are two 
 commodious halls, and rooms for the town-officers. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Eastman was the first pastor of the Congrega- 
 tional church, having been ordained over it in the year of its organiza- 
 tion. Later pastors have been the Rev. Charles Freeman, Rev. Albert 
 Cole, Rev. Charles Packard, Rev. Philip Titeomb, and Rev. Thomas 
 M. Lord. The Baptist church was organized in 1796, Elder Ebenezer 
 R. Kinsman being ordained its first pastor. Among his successors have 
 been Elder Joshua Roberts, four years from 1831 ; Rev. Henry A. Saw- 
 telle, ordained July, 1858 ; Rev. Asa Perkins, 1870. The Free Baptist 
 church was organized in 1822, with Rev. Elias Libby as pastor. The 
 church was re-organized in 1835, when Rev. A. R. Bradbury, a graduate 
 of Bowdoin College, was settled as pastor. His successors up to 1854 
 have been Rev. William P. Chase, Elder David Manson, Elder Keene, 
 Revs. D. H. Lord, James Rand, and Horace Wellington. 
 
 In the war of the Rebellion, the quotas of Limerick were promptly 
 filled, and no drafted men went from the town. Of her soldiers in this 
 war the most distinguished are H. H. Burbank, Arthur Burbank, Mal- 
 colm Burbank, Samuel H. Libby, Frederick Libby, William Barker, 
 Charles Cobb, Horace Favor, Gardner Libby, John Key, John Connor, 
 Francis Sawyer, George Gore, Jefferson Stimpson, Frank Libby, Henry 
 Bradbury, Edwin Clark, Joseph Hill, Thomas P. Miles, Lewis Richards, 
 Granville Boynton, Winfield Hasty, Daniel Watson, Richard Dearborn, 
 Isaac Sawyer, George Miles, Charles Knight, John Knight, James Evans, 
 Plinny Drew, Mr. Durgin ; of whom the last five died in the service. 
 
 Limerick has ten public schoolhouses, valued at $4,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $392,637. In 1880 it was $365,362. The 
 population in 1870 was 1,425 ; in 1880 it was 1,253. 
 
 LiDlGStOllG lies on the eastern border of Aroostook County, 
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LIMINGTON. 3-27 
 
 near the north-eastern angle of the State. It is on the stage-line from 
 Fort Fairfield to Van Buren, 56 miles north of Houlton. It ia bounded 
 on the north by Pleasant Ridge Plantation, south by Fort Fairfield, 
 west by Caribou, and east by the town of Grand Falls in New Bruns- 
 wick. The principal streams are Limestone River and Greenlow 
 Brook. The first runs entirely through the town from north to south- 
 east, furnishing several water-powers. On these are two saw-mills 
 manufacturing long and short lumber. There are also two starch fac- 
 tories. The highways are kept in very good condition. The nearest 
 railroad connections are those of the adjoining towns of Caribou and 
 Fort Fairfield, or at Limestone on the St. John's in New Brunswick, 
 all about equally distant. 
 
 The surface of the town is rolling, and the principal rock is lime- 
 stone. The soil yields well of potatoes, wheat and oats. The first are 
 the chief crop, finding a market at the starch factories in the town. 
 Maple, birch, beech, spruce, pine and cedar form the forests. 
 
 Limestone was incorporated February 26, 1869. Among the first 
 settlers were Benj. Eastman, Barry McLaughlin, Gen. Mark Trafton 
 aid Geo. A Nourse. The religious societies in the town are the Free 
 Baptist, Christian and Presbyterian. There are six public schoolhouses, 
 six lots of land reserved for the schools ; the total value of school prop- 
 erty being $2,100. The value of estates in 1870 was $27,647. In 
 1880 it was £76,583. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 11 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 263. In 1880 it was 655. 
 
 Limlll^tOIl; one of the most northerly towns in York County, 
 is bounded on the north by Baldwin, east by Standish, south by Hollis 
 and Waterborough, and west by Limerick and Cornish. The Saco 
 River forms the boundary line of the town on the entire north and 
 east, while the Little Ossipee separates it from Waterborough on the 
 south. There are several small ponds ; of which the principal one, 
 situated on the north-east part of the town, is Home Pond. The soil 
 is fertile, and the usual crops are cultivated. The surface of the town 
 is much broken, and there are several lofty eminences, the chief of 
 which are Veasie, Meserve, Moody and Maloy mountains, so called, 
 and Crockett's Hill. Granite is abundant about the falls on the Little 
 Ossipee. The water-powers are numerous. Nason's Falls, on Little 
 Ossipee River, fall 60 feet in the distance of one-fourth of a mile. 
 Three miles further down the stream are Chase's Falls, which have a 
 descent of 35 feet in 40 rods, — the width of the river being 160 feet. 
 
 At Nason's Falls there are shingle, stave and grist-mills ; at Chase's 
 Falls are saw, box and shingle-mills ; on the outlet to Home Pond are 
 saw and grist-mills ; upon Salmon Brook an a grist-mill and a tannery, 
 and on Kellog Pond is a saw-mill having a clapboard and shingle- 
 machine ; at Steep Falls, on the Saco, at the north-east angle of the 
 town. Union Falls, near by, Limington Falls, a mile below the last, 
 are saw and other mills for wood-working. The principal village is 
 Limington, at the centre ; other points are North, East and South 
 Limington, and Nason's Mills. Stages run daily from the village to 
 Steep Falls, a distance of about 5 miles, connecting there with the Port- 
 land and Ogdensburg Railroad ; also, through South Limington, Bonny 
 Eagle, and West Buxton, connecting with the Portland and Rochester 
 Railroad at the Saco River Station ; also connecting at the latter place 
 
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328 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 with stages for Saco and Biddeford. The town was a part of Captain 
 Francis Small's purchase from Captain Sunday, a chief of the region 
 in 1668. In its earlier settlement it was known as Little Ossipee Plan- 
 tation, which name it continued to bear until its incorporation under 
 its present name in 1792. In 1798 a tract of about 2,000 acres was 
 annexed from Little Falls Plantation (HoUis) ; and in 1870, about 
 1,500 acres of land with the inhabitants thereon, constituting about 
 one twelfth the valuation, was set off from Limington and annexed to 
 Limerick. The first settler was Deacon Amos Chase, who removed 
 here and commenced a mill in 1773, at the location known as Chase's 
 Mills, at the mouth of the Little Ossipee River. Ezra Davis and 
 Jonathan Boothby followed him m 1774, and John McArthur and 
 Joshua Small in 1775. Eminent among later residents have been 
 Abner Chase, Wmgate Frost, Simeon Strout, Isaac Mitchell and Arthur 
 McArthur. 
 
 The first Congregational church was organized in 1789. The first 
 church was bnilt in 1793, on the site of the present house ; it was enlarged 
 and rebuilt in 1835. The present first Free Baptist church was built 
 ill 1852. The number of men furnished for the army in the war of the 
 Rebellion was 153. The sum paid out for war expenses was $51,150, 
 for a portion of which, however, the town was reimbursed by the State. 
 
 The Limington Academy was incorporated in 1848. Its chief 
 founders were Arthur and James McArthur, Rev. J. H. Garmon, Dr. 
 Samuel M. Bradbury, Gideon L. Moody, and Isaac L. Mitchell. Among 
 its 'valued teachers have been Rev. Jonathan Atkinson, Rev. David 
 Boyd, Hon. Samuel Tappan, Isaao Mitchell, Arthur McArthur, Esq., 
 James Frost, Shadrach Boothby, Rev. Westcott Bullock, Thomas 
 Gilpatrick, and Richard Meserve, M.D., The town has sixteen public 
 schoolhouses, valued at $2,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $567,808. In 1880 it was $408,573. The population in 1870 was 
 1630; in 1880 it was 1431. 
 
 Lincoln lies on the eastern side of Penobscot River, about 
 midway of Penobscot County. It is on the European and North 
 American Railway, 45 miles N.N".E. of Bangor. Lincoln is bounded 
 on tlie north-east by Winn, east by Lee, and south by Enfield, Lo«ell 
 and Burlington. The Penobscot River separates it on the west and 
 north-west from Mattamiscontis and Chester. Its area is 57,600 acres. 
 The surface of the town is much broken, and back from the river it is 
 quite rocky with slate ledges and granite bowlders. The soil is of 
 average fertility, and about one half the territory is under cultivation. 
 There was formerly a heavy growth of pine, but what now remains of 
 the forests is chiefly spruce and hemlock. There are within the limits 
 of the town no less than 15 ponds. The Cumbolasse series of seven in 
 the northern part supply at Lincoln Centre, on their outlet near the 
 Penobscot, two excellent water-powers. The Mattanawcook series, 
 lying across the middle of the town, supply the power for several mills 
 at Lincoln village. The Coldstream series, consisting of five ponds 
 lying near the southern border, furnish some small powers on their 
 connecting streams. The largest of these ponds is Long Pond in the 
 northern part of the town, having an area of some 400 acres, while 
 two of theMattanawcook series, and three of the Coldstream ponds arc 
 of nearly equal size. The manufactures of this town consitt of long 
 
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LINCOLN COUNTY. 329 
 
 and short lumber, spools, leather, meal and flour, marble and granite 
 work, and others usually found in small villages. 
 
 About the year 1825, Israel Heald, John Carpenter, Alfred Gates, 
 Benjamin Hammond, Stephen Chase, Humphrey Merrill, Ira Fisk, and 
 others became residents of what is now Lincoln. It is supposed that 
 there may have been some settlers earlier than these. Not far from 
 the above date that portion of the territory not already sold to settlers 
 was purchased by Governor Enoch Lincoln. Those who located on 
 the Lincoln purchase were mostly from Oxford County, while those in 
 other parts came from New Hampshire. The first mill appears to 
 have been on the Mattanawcook Stream, where the lower village now 
 stands. The construction of the military road to Houlton, which 
 passed through here, gave the settlements an increased impetus ; and 
 tliis village, being quite central for tlie lumbering operations of the 
 period, became quite a rendezvous for lumbermen. 
 
 Lincoln has churches of the Methodists, Congregationalists and 
 Baptists. The number of public schoolhouses is eight, and the school 
 property is valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $343,177. In 1880 it was *365,295. The population in 1870 was 1,530. 
 In 1880 it was 1,659. 
 
 Lincoln Comity" occupies a middle place on the coast of 
 Maine in respect to population, and no county of equal territory has so 
 many harbors and havens. It is much cut up by arms of the sea and 
 pond-like rivers, but there are no great variations of altitude in the 
 surface. Damariscotta River occupies nearly the middle line of the 
 county, extending from north to south. East of this and parallel 
 thereto is the line of Muscongus Bay, its extension inland as Broad Bay, 
 and Medomac River. Parallel on the west is the Sheepscot River, 
 with its excellent harbor. This county is bounded on the east by Knox 
 County, west by Sagadahoc and Kennebec, and north by the last, 
 Waldo and Knox, and south by the ocean. TheKnoxcfcLin.v.r.crbssesit. 
 
 Lincoln County was established in 1760, at the same time with 
 Cumberland County. The easterly line of Cumberland was then the 
 westerly line of Lincoln. " From tho time of its formation until the 
 erection of Hancock and Washington Counties in 1789, Lincoln ex- 
 tended over quite three-fifths of the territory of the province." Its 
 westerly line was ' from Small Point north-westerly upon Casco Bay 
 to New Meadows River, and up said river to Steven's carrying place at 
 the head of said river, and up said river 30 miles ; then north two 
 degrees west on a true course to the utmost limit of the province.' Its 
 north was Canada, its east Nova Scotia, and its south the ocean. 
 Hancock County came across Penobscot Bay and river, and took 
 in nearly the whole of the Waldo patent. In 1799, the organization 
 of Kennebec took four-fifths of what remained after the formation of 
 Hancock. Lincoln then continued undisturbed until 1827, when it 
 parted with six towns to form Waldo ; and it had an equal run of time 
 again, down to the organization of Androscoggin and Sagadahoc, in 
 1854, when the former received three towns from it, and the latter was 
 made entirely from it." In 1860 (the centennial of Lincoln County), 
 Knox County was organized, taking from her nine more towns, leaving 
 the parent county with but 17 towns and a plantation to her name. 
 In Still earlier time this region had been claimed by France as a part 
 
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830 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of her territory of Acadie ; later, it was known as Sagadahoc Territory ; 
 and in 1665, the Duke of York (subsequently James II.), to whom it 
 had been granted by the King, erected it into the County of Cornwall, — 
 Jami^siovvii, at Pemaquid, being the capital, and New Dartmouth 
 (Newcastle), a shire town. 
 
 At the outbreak of King Philip's war, in 1675, the settlements of 
 Cornwall, scattered over a wide extent of country, embraced some 300 
 families. Under, the prudent management of Abraham Shiirt, the 
 chief magistrate of this county, a larger degree of amity had been iiiain- 
 tained with the Indians than in other parts ; and the inhabitants of tills 
 region did not suffer so severely during the first year of the war as 
 tliose in the westerly settlements. In the second year, however, Old 
 Cornwall was likewise swept with the besom of destruction ; and thence- 
 forth until 1700 the settlements were deserted, or the inhabitants who 
 remained were in terror of savage attacks, with only brief intervals of 
 repose. In 1688, the County of Cornwall was entirely depopulated 
 and desolated by the Indians under the lead of Moxus. Sir William 
 Phips, first governor of Massachusetts under William and Mary, was 
 desirous of doing something, if possible, to recover from the domin- 
 ion of the savage the land of his youth; and in 1692 he built in place 
 of Fort Charles, which had been destroyed, a fortification of stone, 
 naming it Fort William Henry. In 1696, M. Iberville, with a force of 
 French and Indians, entered the harbor and invested the place, and by 
 means of artillei-y succeeded in forcing its surrender. 
 
 It was not until 1729 that the permanent re-peopling of Old Corn- 
 wall commenced. At this time Col. David Dunbar, who had been 
 commissioned surveyor-general of the King's woods, and deputj'-gover- 
 nor in the eastern parts of New England, repaired Fort William Henry, 
 also re-naming it Fort Frederick. He set vigorously at work to settle 
 the county. To actual settlers he made grants of a homestead of 10 or 
 12 acres, and 100 acres of farm land. The settlers brought in by 
 Colonel Dunbar were largely Protestant English, with some Scotch and 
 Irish Presbyterians ; and by his aid the Presbyterian church became 
 established as the prevailing phase of religion in this county until 
 after the Revolution. 
 
 At the same time with the formation of the county, was incorporated 
 Pownalboro', its shire town, which was named for Thomas Pownal — at 
 tliat date governor of Massachusetts. His birth-place was Lincoln, 
 England, a city famous for its antiquity and its noble cathedral ; and 
 thus Governor Pownal appears to have been further complimented in 
 the name of the new county 
 
 Lincoln County has 180 public schoolhouses, and her school prop- 
 erty at the close of 1879 was valued at $89,250. The valuation of the 
 county in 1870 was 16,857,610. In 1880 it was $6,634,693. The 
 population in 1870 was 25,597. In 1880 it was 24,809. 
 
 Lincoln Plantation, in Oxford County, has the New 
 Hampshire line for its western boundary, and is the second plantation 
 west of Rangeley. It is about 40 miles N.N.W. of Bethel, and 20 miles 
 east of Colebrook, N. H. The Magalloway River runs through the 
 midst of the township southward to its junction with the Andros- 
 coggin, near Umbagog Lake, 10 miles distant. In the eastern part 
 is Lincoln Pond, whose outlet, with Abbott Brook on the western side 
 
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LINCOLN VILLE. 9, ?,\ 
 
 are tributaries of the Magalloway, and tlie principal streams of tlie 
 township. Other ponds are Parker Hill and Bean. The moun- 
 tains are quite numerous, and consist of Aziscoos, Observatory, Half 
 Moon and Deer mountains, and Parker and 'Emery hills, ranging 
 from 1,000 to 5,000 feet in height. Th" rock is chiefly granite. "The 
 soil is loam, with hard pan below. Maple, birch, spruce and fir con- 
 stitute the forests. Hay is the crop chiefly raised, finding a ready sale 
 with the lumbermen. 
 
 This town is the principal line of summer travel forParmachene 
 Lake, a great hunting and fishing resort. Aziscoos Falls are the most 
 striking natural curiosity. Their height is variously estimated from 
 200 to 300 feet. There are many other beautiful cataracts that have 
 as yet no name. 
 
 This plantation was formerly No. 5, Range 2. It was organized 
 under its present name in 1875. The first settlements were about 50 
 years ago. In 1860 the plantation constituted a thriving farming com- 
 munity, but by the depression of the lumber business since 1870, tlie 
 population became reduced in 1875 to four families. It is now in- 
 creasing. Lincoln plantation furnished 8 men for the Union cause 
 during the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 The plantation has a library of nearly 500 volumes. Singing-schools, 
 picnics and balls furnish entertainment suited to the various tastes. 
 Religious meetings are held in the schoolhouse. The school jjroperty 
 of the plantation is valned at $200. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $21,366. In 1880 it was $17,972. The rate of taxation in tl v 
 latter year was about 13 mills on a dollar. The population in 187J 
 was 25'8. In 1880 it was 52. 
 
 LillCOlnville forms the south-eastern point of Waldo County, 
 being about 7 miles in length and 4 in width. It lies on the western 
 shore of Penobscot Bay, 12 miles south of Belfast, and is on the stage- 
 line from Bangor to Rockland. Lincoln was formed of the plantations 
 of Duektrap and Canaan. It is bounded by Northport and Penob- 
 scot Bay on the north-east and east, Searsmont and Belmont on the 
 north-west, Ho])e on the south-west, and Camden on the south. Nearly 
 the entire border of the town is covered by hills or ponds. The high- 
 est is Peaked Mountain, standing on the eastern line and partly on 
 Northport, which has an altitude of about 800 feet. The other most 
 notable eminence is Muddy Mountain, lying at the extreme western 
 part of the town. Pitcher Pond extends along the north-eastern line, 
 lying partly in Northport. Its outlet, Duektrap River, is the prin- 
 cipal stream in the town. Andrew's Pond lies near the centre of the 
 town, and Fletcher Pond in the western part. The closely-connected 
 ponds, named Lincolnville, Canaan and Ilorton, in the south-western 
 part, cover a large area in this town and in Camden. Duektrap 
 Stream has a pond surface of about 2,800 acres, and the fall on the 
 stream is 300 feet in 3 miles. The jjrincipal power is about 20 rods 
 above Duektrap bridge, and 40 rods from higli-water mark. A canal 
 could be made with a small outlay to conduct the water below the 
 bridge, where factories could be built close upon tide-water, where 
 vessels could lie beside tliem. This ri\er, with feasible im])rovements, 
 could be made to increase its i)ower to be equal to carrying 75,000 
 spindles. McCobb Stream, Gould, Kendal and Andrew's Ponds each 
 
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332 . GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 furnish some power ; and each of the three last have a mill. The town 
 has six lumber mills, a grist mill, a tannery, several lime and granite 
 quarries, the last material being of a superior quality. There are also 
 manufactured here in small quantities tinware, boots and shoes and 
 carriages. The surface of the town is generally broken, rocky, boggy 
 and mountainous. The villages are Lincolnville Centre and The Beach, 
 the latter the same as Lincolnville post-office. The nearest railroad 
 connections are at Belfast and Rockland, each about 12 milss distant. 
 There is connection eastward and with Boston by steamers. 
 
 Lincolnville was incorporated June 23, 1802. John Studley and a 
 Mr. Wilson commenced a residence in the town in 1774, and were the 
 first settlers. The churches are two Methodist and one Baptist. The 
 number of public schoolhouses is fourteen. The value of the entire 
 school property in the town is $9,989. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $436,956. In 1880 it was $409,296. The population in 1870 
 was 1,900. In 1880 it was 1,706. 
 
 XiinCklll) a post-office in Lincoln County. 
 
 LinnGUS, in Aroostook County, lies south-west of Houlton, 
 their opposite corners touching. New Limerick bounds it on the north, 
 Hodgdon on the east, and Oakfield plantation on the west. The head 
 waters of the Mattawamkeag and Meduxnekeag rivers are found in the 
 town. Meduxnekeag Lake lies in the north-western part of this town, 
 and portions of New Limerick Lake lie on the northern border near 
 the east. There are several other ponds in the various parts. The 
 principal streams are the South Branch of the Meduxnekeag River in 
 the northern part of the town, and Beaver Brook running southward 
 to the Mattawamkeag. Linneus village, near the centre of the town, 
 is also the centre of business. Linneus has two saw-mills ; one of these 
 and a grist-mill being near the Meduxnekeag Lake, on its outlet. The 
 old " Military Road " passes through the town. The nearest railroad 
 station is at Houlton, 9 miles from the village. The northern part of 
 the town is somewhat hilly and rocky, but southward of this the sur- 
 face is gently undulating. The soil in most parts is a light loam, and 
 of an excellent quality and well adapted to grazing and crops. Pota- 
 toes, hay and wheat are chiefly cultivated, though from 80 to 90 bushels 
 of corn to an acre have sometimes been produced. In the north-west- 
 ern part limestone of an excellent quality is found in abundance. 
 Magnetic iron ore is quite plentiful in some parts, and affords beauti- 
 ful cabinet sjiecimens. 
 
 Linneus was incorporated in 1836. It was originally granted by 
 Massachusetts to endow a professorship of botany ; and "was therefore 
 named for the most renowned of botanists. The first settler was 
 Daniel Neal, who removed hither from New Brunswick in 1826. In 
 the following year it was surveyed into lots. Colonel Moses Burleigh, 
 who settled here in 1830, was a captain in the militia of Maine in the 
 war with Great Britain in 1812. He was stationed at Belfast with his 
 company when the British ascended the Penobscot to capture the 
 United States corvette "Adams," then undergoing repairs at Hamp- 
 den. He represented his district in the Massachusetts Legislature sev- 
 eral years, and, after the separation of Maine, was for several years in 
 
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LISBON. 333 
 
 its legislature. Linneus has two Inhabitants above 90 years of age, and 
 several nearly that. 
 
 The Baptist and Methodist societies each have churches in Lin- 
 neus. The number of public schoolhouses is seven. The school prop- 
 erty of the town is valued at $2,250. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was 1117,917. In 1880 it was 1151,349. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 15 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 1,008. In 1880 it was 917. 
 
 LlSOOn is the most south-easterly town of Androscoggin 
 County on the eastern side of the Androscoggin River. That stream, 
 however, by a bend to the eastward forms the line of separation be- 
 ween Lisbon and Durham, on the south. On the east of it lie Topsham 
 and Bowdoin ; Webster bounds it on the north, and Lewiston on the 
 west. The town contains nearly 12,000 acres. It lies about 8 miles 
 south-east of Lewiston Falls, and 10 north-west of Brunswick. It has 
 no ponds, but Sabattus River runs through it from north to south, 
 and Little River forms the larger part of the eastern boundary. The 
 surface of the town is little varied by hills and valleys ; but a broad 
 elevation called the Ridge extends into it at the north-west ; con- 
 tinuing southward to Durham, except where it has been cut through 
 or washed away by the rivers ; and the streams have wrought large and 
 small gorges along their courses. The soil is of clay, gravelly and 
 sandy loams, with rich intervals along the streams. There is a con- 
 siderable extent of pine, interspersed with spruce and hemlock on the 
 plains, with deciduous woods on the upland. The fertile and easily 
 cultivated soil, and its proximity to the markets of Lewiston and 
 Auburn, render it an important agricultui-al town. Its own villages 
 of Lisbon Factory and Lisbon Falls, also, having a manufacturing 
 population, afford a considerable market. Both are on the Androscoggin 
 railroad, a branch of the Maine Central, by which they have easy com- 
 munication with Lewiston and Brunswick. The town is also rich in 
 its water-powers. Little River on the south has two, not utilized at 
 pre.^ent ; on the Androscoggin, at Lisbon Falls (the second falls from the 
 sea) is the large woollen-mill of the Worumbo Manufacturing Company, 
 incorporated in 1864, and having a capital of $250,000. This factory 
 employs about 100 males and 70 females. There are two buildings 
 strongly built of brick. The amount of power used is 150 horse- 
 power. The annual production is about 120,000 yards of all-wool 
 bea\'er cloth. Near by is the saw-mill of the Androscoggin Water- 
 Power Company, manufacturing annually from three to five million 
 feet of lumber, and employing 30 men and boys. The capital stock is 
 $50,000. A short distance below it on a canal, is a grain-mill belonging 
 to the same company. Only about 850 horse-powers of above 5,000 at 
 this point are used. Sabattus Pond, about five miles long and two 
 wide, with an average depth of 30 feet, is the source of Sabattus 
 River. The latter is near seven miles in length, about half of which 
 is in the town of Lisbon. In this distance there are five powers. The 
 first or upper power is occupied by number one of Farwell's Mills, and 
 a saw-mill. The first manufactures cotton shirtings. Its number of 
 spindles is 3,136 ; and its annual production is about 500,000 yards. The 
 number of operatives is upwards of 50, about two-thirds being malesL 
 The second power is occupied by an excellently built brick-mill 346 
 
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LISBON. 335 
 
 feet long, 52 wide, and three stories in height, and having a working 
 '!,i]iaeity of 12,000 mule spindles. This is number two of Farwell's 
 Mills. Captain E. M. Shaw is the agent for all thtse mills. The next 
 power below is occupied by the Farnsworth Manufacturing Company, 
 incorporated in 1864, with a capital of $100,000, with W. F. Milhken 
 as treasurer. The building is of brick, and there are six sets of ma- 
 cliinery. The production is about 222,700 yards of | goods, mostly 
 repellant cassimeres. The number of operatives is, males 41, females 56. 
 The fourth power, next below, where there is a fall of 12 feet with 
 a good wooden dam, is at present unoccupied. There is another power 
 a short distance below, also unoccupied. There was a cloth-mill erected 
 on Little River as early as 1806, but it has been long out of existence. 
 John Mayall in 1808 erected a wooden building for a woolen-mill on a 
 power just above the bridge at Lisbon Village on the Sabattus, oc- 
 cupying it until 1822, when it was purchased by Horace Corbett as a 
 satinet-mill until 1850, when he quit the business. In 1860 it was 
 refitted by J. F. Hirst, who manufactured repellants there until 1863, 
 when he removed to Sabattusville and erected a brick-mill. Jolin 
 Robinson immediately took this old place, and manufactured flannels 
 until 1867, when he removed to Massachusetts. The mill was then sold 
 tT N. W. Farwell, who has changed it into a cotton mill. A short dis- 
 tance below on what is known as Moody's privilege, a grist-mill was 
 built on the east side of the stream as early as 1800 by Gideon and 
 Abel Curtis, when what is now called " Lisbon Factory " was called 
 " Curtis' Mills." William Batchelor afterwards built a mill for making 
 scythes just above this mill, and carried on the business for several 
 years. The first mill on the west side was built about 1804 by Gideon 
 Curtis, and was afterward owned by Nathaniel Gerrish, Esq., who 
 carried on the lumber business. He was a justice of the peace, and 
 served as school committee, and in other town offices. He sold the 
 mill property to Joseph Moore. Both these have finally come to the 
 ownership of N. W. ffarwell, and have been improved by him in the 
 mainner previously described. Besides these, Abner Coombs built a 
 mill at " The Plains " in 1804 ; and in 1839 a company from Fall River 
 erected a cotton-mill just below where Farnsworth's Mill now stands, 
 but it was burned in 1840, before any machinery was put in. 
 Cephas Farnsworth came here from Norridgewock in 1823, and carried 
 on a carding and dressing-mill for some years previous to 1845. His 
 son Josiah carried on a- saw-mill previous to 1863, when Benjamin B. 
 Farnsworth, a son of Cephas, formed a company and built the present 
 Farnsworth Mill in 1864. At Lisbon Falls (formerly known as Little 
 River — from the stream just below) were at one time, from 1790 to 1800, 
 six large saw-mills, a corn and grist-mill, and a carding-mill. The logs 
 were sawn at these mills and the lumber conveyed by teams to tide- 
 water at Topsham and Cathance (now Bowdoinhani). The French 
 troubles of 1800, the embargo and war of 1812 following in succession, 
 obliged the owners to relinquish the mills and the business, resulting in 
 their dispersion to other parts. 
 
 The Indians are said to have called these falls, Anmecanffin, sig- 
 nifying much fish. Thomas Purchas of Brunswick had a fish-house 
 here about 1650, carrying on the business of catching and curing 
 salmon for the London market. The first settler was probably a Mr. 
 White, who lived in a log-house on the road to Webster Corner, and 
 
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336 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 afterward purchased White's Hill. Then Russell Hinckley settled a 
 short distance beyond White, and Joseph Hinkley near by. 
 
 Lisbon was formerly a part of the town of Bowdoin, which was a 
 part of the Kennebec Purchase. Lisbon was incorporated under the 
 name of Thompsonborough in 1799. It was so named in honor of the 
 Thompson family, of Topham, who were large owners in what was 
 then known as Little River Plantation. The name was changed in 
 1802 to the present one. Little River Plantation (now Lisbon Falls) 
 was a part of the Pejepscot Purchase, being a gore lying between 
 Androscoggin, Sabattus and Little rivers, and was annexed to Lisbon 
 in 1808. In 1840 a portion of the territory was set off from the north- 
 ern part forming a new town by the name of Webster. 
 
 The first ferry was established at Southwest Bend above Bend 
 Island in 1799, by John Dean. In 1810 one was established below 
 the island, and both continued running until 1817 when a bridge was 
 built. In April, 1810, this bridge was carried away. James Sawyer, 
 William Green and Lemuel McGrey were on it at the time, and were 
 carried down the river 400 rods or more, and were taken off by two 
 men in a batteau. The bridge was rebuilt the same season, and in 
 1846 was again carried away; and a ferry has been the means of cross- 
 ing ever since. 
 
 Prominent in business or in town affairs in the early part of 
 the present century were Abraham Whitney, Samuel Tilton, Jabez B. 
 Fletcher, Merrell Jordan, Ebenezer Fellows, Joseph Langden, William 
 Wise, William Coombs, John Raymond, Jacob Gould, Thomas Roberts, 
 John Woodward, Stephen and James Whittemore, John Smullen, 
 Calvin Cowen, Increase Blethen, William Neal, Henry Moulton, James 
 W. Purinton, William Bucknam, William Bickford, True Woodbury, 
 Samuel Nichols, Richard Doan, Ephraim Jordan, Nathaniel Herrick, 
 and others whose names are mentioned nearly as often. Major John 
 Rowe came about 1817, and lived on Rowe's Hill, dying in 1822. He 
 was a soldier of the Revolution, and was also in service during the 
 French" troubles of 1799 and 1800. He kept a diary during the Revo- 
 lution. Abijah Metcalf served under John Paul Jones during the 
 Revolution, coming to Lisbon about 1787. Daniel Green went into 
 the army of the Revolution when sixteen years of age. Of the present 
 business men should be mentioned John G. Tibbits and Edward Plum- 
 mer, to whom belongs the credit of developing the water-power at 
 Lisbon Falls. Seeing that the projected Androscoggin Railroad, would 
 render this available, they associated themselves with Oliver Moses of 
 Bath, an enterprising capitalist, and have become the founders of the 
 present manufacturing business of the jjlace, yet in its infancy. 
 
 The town has a Methodist and Baptist church, and two Free Bap- 
 tist churches. There is a small circulating library at the Falls and another 
 at the Factory, and each place has a hotel. There are fourteen school- 
 houses in town valued at $10,000. The estates were valued in 1870, at 
 1971,474. In 1880 it is $1,115,760. The population at the first date 
 was 2,014. In 1880 it is 2,641. 
 
 liitCllfiGld is the most southerly town in Kennebec County. 
 On the north and north-east it is bounded by West Gardiner, the Cob- 
 bossee Contee stream forming the boundary line for most of the dis- 
 
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LITTLETON. g37 
 
 tance. Monmouth forms the western boundary for the northern part, 
 and Wales in Androscoggin County for the southern part. Bowdoin 
 and Richmond in Sagadahoc County lie on the south and east. Pleas- 
 ant Pond connected with the Cobbossee Contee, separates it from the 
 latter. The Purgatory Ponds lie on the north-west side, adjoining 
 Monmouth, furnishing water-power for several mills. These are at 
 Litchfield, Village, or Purgatory Mills, and comprise an excellent grist- 
 mill and a hoe and fork factory. The post-offices are Litchfield, South 
 Litchfield Litchfield Plains and Litchfield Corner. The surface of the 
 town is uneven, but not greatly broken. The highest eminences are 
 Oak Hill and Neal's and Lent's hills. From their tops may be seen 
 some charming views. The Purgatory Ponds in the western part of 
 the town are the members of a chain of nine ponds, whose outlet is 
 into the Cobbossee Contee. Loon Pond is a beautiful sheet of water. 
 Therri are several attractive glens and cascades in the town. 
 
 The soil' is well suited to agriculture, and yields good crops of hay, 
 potatoes, corn, wlieat, etc. Much attention has been given to fruit 
 culture, also. The annual fairs held at Litchfield Plains are among 
 the best town shows in the State. Litchfield Corner is the seat of 
 Litchfield Academy, founded in 1845, where many excellent teachers 
 have been educated. There is also a public schoolhouse and several 
 fine residences. 
 
 The plantation name of the township was Smithfield, from two 
 brothers named Smith, who, together with a Mr. Tibbetts,'were the 
 first settlers. Others of the early settlers were the Emersons, Met- 
 calfs, Hutchinsons, Lords, Potters, Neals, Owens, Dennises, Snows, 
 Rogers, Jewells, Robinsons, and John and Daniel True, whose descend- 
 ants have ever been prominent in the town. The land titles are from 
 the Plymouth Company. The town was incorporated under its pres- 
 ent name in 1795. In 1859 a portion of the territory was set off and 
 annexed to West Gardiner. 
 
 There are in town church edifices of the Congregation alist. Baptists, 
 and Free Baptists, two each of the two last. Litchfield has fifteen 
 public schoolhouses, valued at $5,000. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was 6496,908. In 1880 it was $454,330. The rate of taxation in 
 1880 was 15 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,506. 
 According to the census of 1880 it had fallen off to 1,310. 
 
 LittletOllj in Aroostook County, joins Houlton on the 
 north of that town. It is bounded on other sides byMonticello on the 
 north, letter B. Township on the west, and Wilmot, in New Bruns- 
 wick, on the east. The area is 22,040 acres. The northern half was 
 granted to Framingham Academy by the Massachusetts Legislature in 
 1801, and was surveyed in the following year. The southern half is 
 the northern part of a township granted to Williams College in 1800, 
 the southern half of which now forms the northern half of Houlton. 
 It was located in 1801 by Park Holland. Though settlements began 
 so early, it did not until 1856 contain a sufficient number of inhabit- 
 ants to obtain the act of incorporation, which it then first received. 
 The most of the lots are now occupied. Littleton post-office is near 
 the centre of the town. The stage-line from Houlton to Upper Aroos- 
 took passes this point. 
 
 The surface of the town is diversified by swells and forest tracts. 
 
 22 
 
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338 GAZEETER OF MAINE. 
 
 The land is fertile, and yields well of the crops suitable to the latitude. 
 The Meduxnekeag River crosses the north-east part of the town, furnish- 
 ing several good water-powers. Big Brook, which comes from the north- 
 west through the town to the Meduxnekeag, also has some good 
 powers. 
 
 The Methodists and Free Baptists both have organizations in the 
 town. The number of public schoolhouses is seven, having, with ap- 
 purtenances, the value of $800. The value of estates in 1870 was 
 $94,257. In 1880 it was $126,289. The population in 1870 was 700. 
 In 1880 it was 904. 
 
 LivennOr©, the north-western ' town of Androscoggin 
 County, was incorporated in 1795. It was originally a grant from 
 Massachusetts to certain persons for services in the expedition against 
 Port Royal about the middle of the century, whence its early name of 
 Port Royal. The Androscoggin River, the division between it and East 
 Livermore and Leeds on the east and south-east, on the south is Tur- 
 ner, on the west Hartford and Canton, and on the north Canton and 
 Jay. It contains about 17,800 acres of land. Long and Rouod ponds, 
 in the northern part of the town, and separated by a few rods -jnly, are 
 the largest. Bartlett's Pond is near the centre, and Brettun's is in the 
 SQuth-westerly part of the town. Livermore constitutes the high middle 
 ground between the hills of Oxford and the more moderate elevations 
 of the Kennebec. Its highest hills are Hamlin's (or Mount Seir), But- 
 ler's and Birch. These afford extended views toward the White 
 Mountains, the Penobscot River and the sea. The soil, though stony, 
 is strong and producti\-e. Apples and dairy products form the largest 
 items for the market. There are mills for lumber, and turned wooden- 
 boxes, and a cheese-factory at Brettun's Mills (Livermore Village 
 P. O.) ; a tannery, cheese-factory, two mills, and a grist-mill at North 
 Livermore ; and a saw-mill near Livermore Falls. 
 
 Deacon Elijah Livermore and Major Thomas Fish were the first 
 settlers, removing to the place in 1779. Major Fish perished in a snow 
 storm m the following winter while on the way home from Winthrop, 
 where he had been to visit the lady to whom he was engaged. Deacon 
 Livermore built the first mill in town in 1782 or 1783 near Long Pond. 
 Saw, fulling, card and grist mills have since been operated on the out- 
 let of this pond. Early in the century Deacon Livermore built a grist 
 and saw mill at the outlet of Brettun's Pond. The first church was of 
 the BajDtist denomination, and was organized in 1793. The Methodists 
 organized a society in 1802, under the direction of Rev. Joshua Soule, 
 afterward a bishop of that church. The town has now Universalist, 
 Methodist, and Baptist and Free Baptist churches. There are seven- 
 teen schoohouses in the town, worth about $4,000. The estates in 
 1870 were valued at $524,267. In 1880 they were $430,709. The popu- 
 lation at that date was 1,467. In 1880 it was 1,262. Among the noted 
 citizens were General David Learned, Jonathan G. Hunton, subse- 
 quently governor of Maine ; Reuel Washburn, judge of Probate for An- 
 droscoggin ; Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, Israel Washburn, and others. Natives 
 of the town who have obtained eminence are Israel Washburn, Jr., LL.D., 
 member of Congress and governor of Maine ; ElihuB., member of Con- 
 gress for Illinois, secretary of state in 1869, and later United States min- 
 ister to France ; Cadwallader C, member of Congress from Wisconsin, 
 
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340 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 major-general of volunteers, and subsequently governor of Wisconsin • 
 Cliarles A., United States minister in Paraguay, and author of a his- 
 tory of that country ; Samuel B., once a shipmaster, later captain of a 
 marine force in the war of the Rebellion ; William D., an extensive 
 manufacturer and surveyor-general of Minnesota, all brothers ; Han- 
 nibal Hamlin, LL.D,, formerly Senator and Vice-President of the tJnitod 
 States, and others. Livermorehas had two centenarians, — Captain David 
 Hinkley, who died in 186T, aged one hundred and two years, lacking a 
 few days; and Sarah Kidder, who was born in 1771, and was living at last 
 accounts, when she was above one hundred and one years. The town had 
 98 men in service during the war of the Rebellion, among whom was Col. 
 Lee Strickland. E. B, Haskell, of the Boston Herald, is a native of this town.- 
 
 Locke's Mills, a small village and post-office in Green- 
 wood, Oxford County. 
 
 Long- Island. Plantation, in Hancock County, is 
 situated 40 miles south of Ellsworth, and 15 south of Tremont, on 
 Mount Desert Island, with which it is connected by boat. It consists 
 of Long, Harbor, Crow, John's, Two Sisters, two Green, two Duck, 
 East Black, Plasentia, West Black, Calf, Pond, Sheep, and Ram 
 islands. The occupation of the inhabitants is fishing and farming. 
 The principal crops are hay and potatoes. 
 
 The plantation has one Baptist church. There is one public school- 
 house, and this, with other school property, is valued at $700. The 
 valuation of estates in 1880 was $22,291. The rate of taxation was 8 
 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 177. In 1880 it was 
 150. 
 
 liOng" Pond? a post-office in Hancock County. 
 
 LOVell is situated in the southern part of Oxford County, but 
 north of Fryeburg, and having Stowe between it and the N"ew Hainj - 
 shire line. On the north-west and north-east it is bounded by Stone- 
 hatn, east by Waterford, and south-east by Sweden. The area is 
 24,000 acres. Upper Kezar Pond nearly divides the town into eastern 
 and western parts, being 8 miles long by about 1 broad. The surface 
 of the town is uneven, especially on the eastern side of the Pond, 
 whore it is mountainous. Some names of the eminences are Amos 
 Mountain, Mount Reho, McDaniel's Hill, Sebatos "Mountain, and Chris- 
 tian and Sheriff hills. Kezar River, the outlet of ponds of that name 
 in Waterford, runs southward through the eastern part of the town to 
 the Saco.* At Lovell Village, on this stream, near the southerii part of 
 the town, are several mills. There are also mills near the centre on 
 the outlet of a small pond ; and at North Lovell there is a steam-mill, 
 manufncturing spools and long lumber. Other mcnufactures of the 
 town are shocks, axe-handles and ox-goads, carriages and sleighs, 
 cab net work and coffins, boots and shoes, harnesses., Gtc. The small 
 centres in Lovell, other than the principal ones droady mentioned, are 
 " Slab City," " Sucker Brook " (the '-utlet of Horse-shoe Pond), and 
 
 * Tha name Kezar occurring so frequently In this region, Is the name of an old hunter who 
 
 dwelt liere. 
 
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LOWELL. 341 
 
 " Cushman's Mills," on the outlet of Andrew's Pond. The soil in this 
 town is very good, yielding well of all the usual craps. The forests are 
 well diffused, containing many trees of large size. There is much 
 beautiful scenery in the town. 
 
 The first settlements here were made in 1777, and bore the name 
 of New Suncook until their incorporation in November 15, 1800. The 
 present name was adopted in honor of John Lovell (Lovewell) the 
 hero of the decisive fight in 1725 against the Pequaket tribe of Indians 
 who occupied this region. The township was granted to tbe ofiicers 
 and soldiers engaged in that battle and their heirs. Sweden was set 
 off from Lovell in 1813. The names of several of the first settlei-s are 
 Noah Eastman, Stephen Dresser, John Stearns, Captain John Wood, 
 Oliver Whitney, Joseph and Annias McAllaster, Benjamin Stearns, 
 Josiah Heald, Levi Dresser, John Whiting, Abel Butters and James 
 Kilgrave. 
 
 Lovell has two Congregationalist churches, and one each of the 
 Methodists, Universalists, and Christians. The number of public school- 
 houses is twelve ; and the school property is valued at $3,200. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $305,764. In 1880 it was $305,632. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,018. In 1880 it was 1,077. 
 
 XjO"W6ll IS an agricultural town of Penobscot County^ lying east 
 of the Penobscot River, 48 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It is bounded 
 on the north by Enfield and Lincoln, east by Burlington, south by 
 township No. 1, of the Bingham Purchase, and west by Passadumkeag. 
 Some portions of Coldstream Pond, at the north-west corner, lio within 
 the town ; and on the eastern line lies Eskulassis Pond, whose outiet, 
 flowing southward to the Passadumkeag, in the southern part of the 
 town, furnishes five water-powers. The latter stream also has four falls 
 and descents. The principal powers in town bear the names "Passa- 
 dumkeag Rips," "Little Falls," "High Ledge," "Lighting Rips," 
 "Varney's Mills," "Porter's grist and saw mill "and "Woodman's 
 Mill." There is also a tannery. 
 
 The surface of the town is uneven and in parts broken. There are 
 several considerable hills in the northern part. The uplands, though 
 stony, are fertile and excellent for grazing, Along the streams are 
 large tracts of meadow-land, which yield \ieavy crops of hay. The 
 principal business centre is in the vicinity of Lowell post-office, in 
 in tlie south-west part of the town. The European and North-Ameri- 
 can Railway station at Passadumkeag, about 8 miles west of Lowell 
 post-office, affords the nearest railroad coimection. 
 
 Alpheus Hayden and Levi Done were the first settlers, having begun 
 their residence here in March, 1819. The lands of these and other 
 early settlers were purchased of the State. Mary C. Dean (subsequently 
 the wife of Stephen Kimball, Esq., of Bangor) was the first school 
 teacher, and Rev. Pindar Field, the first minister of the plantation. 
 They were so highly esteemed that the name of the plantation, which , 
 had previously been called " Page's Mills," was changed to Deanfield, 
 thus joining the memory of both in a word. The settlement was 
 incorporated February, 1837, under the name of Huntersville. This 
 was changed the next year to Lowell, in honor of the first person born 
 in town, Lowell Hayden, son of Alpheus, one of the two first settlers. 
 In 1841 a tract called the " Strip," lying north of township No. 1, 
 
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342 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Bingham's Penobscot purchase, was annexed to Lowell. The settlers 
 of this tract purchased their lands of the Bingham heirs. In 18^:2 
 the Coldstream settlement was annexed. 
 
 There are considerable numbers of Congregationalist, Baptist and 
 Free Baptist people in the tow.n, who meet with their brethren in 
 churches in adjoining towns. The number of public schoolhouses in 
 in Lowell is eight ; and the school property of the town is valued 
 at $1,350. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $72,126. In 1880 it 
 was $65,406. The population in 1870 was 448. In 1880 it was 433. 
 
 LllUGC embraces the most south-easterly part of Washington 
 County, of the State of Maine and of the United States ; and Quoddy 
 Head is the south-easterly point of all these. This point is marked by a 
 lighthouse, with a brick tower painted in red and white stripes, the lamp 
 having a flashing, white light. This town is bounded on the north by 
 Perry and Pembroke, from both of which it is separated by Lubec Bay 
 and its passages ; on the west by Trescott, and on the south and east by 
 the ocean. Campo Bello Island lies on the east of Lubec, separated 
 only by a narrow passage of the sea, and Grand Menan, on the south- 
 east at a minimum distance of about 5 miles. Both of these belong to 
 Great Britain. Lubec has a, large and admirable harbor, of sufficient 
 depth for the largest vessels, and is never obstructed by ice, is easy 
 of aocess,_ and well protected from rough seas by points and islands. 
 The principal place of business is at the end of a point of land jutting 
 into and dividing the harbor, — the situation being very beautiful. The 
 whole eastern shore north of Quoddy Head is thickly settled ; and so 
 also is that part of the interior of the town lying along an arm of the 
 sea, at whose western point is "West Lubec. 
 
 There is at this point a good tide-power, which is improved by a 
 saw-mill. Tlie largest power in the town is at Lubec Mills, where is a 
 tide-power of about 15 feet fall, and a pond of over 100 acres, equal to 
 about 100 horse-power. This was formerly occupied by plaster-mills. 
 Lubec has two ship-yards, three boat-builders, three sail-makers, and the 
 other small manufactures common to villages. The Lubec lead mines 
 are situated near the northern part of the town. The principal 
 business of the inhabitants, is agriculture and fisheries. The town is 
 on the stage-line from East Machias, 23 miles distant, and steamboat" 
 line from Eastport, 3 miles distant. 
 
 The first settlers of Lubec were French people, who came from 
 Nova Scotia in 1758, but after remaining a short time removed to the 
 upper parts of the St. John River, or to Lower Canada. The per- 
 manent settlement of the place ivas commenced in 1776 by Col. John 
 Allan and several others, patriot fugitives from Cumberland County, 
 Nova Scotia. It may well be supposed that some Germans also had 
 settled here, since when the town was incorporated it was named for 
 the good old German city, Lubeck. Louis F. Delesdernier and Nehe- 
 miah Small were the first settlers and also the first traders on "Flagg's 
 Point," where Lubec Village now stands; they having come hither 
 from Eastport in 1814, M'hen the British occupied that place. 
 
 There was a Congregational church organized here in 1820, under 
 the labors of Rev. Elijah Kellogg. Rev. Andrew Bigelow was, in 1821, 
 ordained as the first pastor. The churches in the town now consist of 
 one each of the Methodists, Baptists and the Disciples, and two of the 
 
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LTMAN. 343 
 
 Christians. The number of public schoolhouses is ten. The school 
 property of the town is valued at $5,100. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $309,406. In 1880 it was $310,818. The population in 1870 
 was 2,186. In 1880 it was 2,109. 
 
 JLUO-lOW, in Aroostook County, is a half township adjoining 
 the northern part of Houlton on the west. New Limerick bounds it 
 on the south, and Smyrna on the west. Moose River and Mill Brook 
 are the principal streams. The surface is somewhat varied by swells, 
 but is without high hills. Birch, beech, maple, spruce and hemlock 
 constitute the forests. The rock is chieiiy slate. The soil is slaty in 
 some parts and a gravely loam in others. Hay, oats, wheat and pota- 
 toes are the chief crops, and yield well. The plantation has two saw- 
 mills, each capable of sawing 5m. feet per day. The buildings arc 
 .generally in good repair, giving due evidence of thrift. The nearest 
 railroad station is at Houlton, 5 miles distant. White's mineral spring 
 in this town has some local reputation. 
 
 Ludlow has four public schoolhouses, and its school property alto- 
 gether is valued at $700. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $57,888. 
 In 1880 it was $109,657. The population in 1870 was 371. In 1880 it 
 was 468. 
 
 JLymail, in York County, joins Alfred at the west corner, 
 while an angle nearly opposite touches the western corner of Bidde- 
 ford. The form of the town is nearly that of a regular rhomboid, its 
 greatest diameter being from north to south. Dayton bounds it on 
 the north-west, Kennebunkport on the south-east, Sanford on the south- 
 west, a.nd Waterborough on the north-west. The number of acres of 
 land contained is 14,244 acres. The surface is moderately uneven. 
 Grant Hill, near Kennebunk and Swan ponds, is probably the highest 
 elevation of land in town. The soil is fair, producing good crops of grain 
 and grass, and of apples. The chief bodies of water consist of the two 
 ponds named, near the centre of the town, Barker Pond, at the east, 
 Bunganut Pond, at the north-west, and Tar water Pond midway of the 
 northwestern line of the town. There are seven considerable streams in 
 town, of which the largest is Kennebunk River, which is formed by 
 the outlet of Kennebunk Pond. The principal business centre is Good- 
 win's Mills, a neat little cluster of buildings in the south-eastern part 
 of the town, which has borne its present name since 1782. There are 
 herp saw and grist mills. The line of Dayton passes through the vil- 
 lage, dividing it between the two towns. A conspicuous monument 
 near the Baptist Church honors the memoi-y of one of the earliest 
 merchants and valued citizens of the place, — Benjamin Dudley. 
 
 On the outlet of Swan Pond are two powers, each utilized for a 
 saw-mill, and there is also a saw-mill on the eastern outlet of Kenne- 
 bunk Pond, lumbering being still a source of considerable income to 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 The nearest railroad station is at Biddeford, with which there is 
 daily stage connection. 
 
 John Sanders, John Bush and Peter Turbat, in 1660 purchased olf 
 the Indian sagamore Fluellen, a tract of land embracing hearly the 
 present limits of the town ; and the titles are from this source and 
 from Massachusetts. The proprietors sold their title, in 1668, to Har- 
 
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344 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 lackindine Symonds, who conveyed his right to Roger Haskins and 
 thirty-five others, and under the proprietorship of these the town was 
 settled in 1767. John Low was a leading man in town affairs for 
 many years, representing them in General Court. Ichabod Dam was 
 another of the trusted early citizens, and several years a member of the 
 General Court from his town. Nathaniel Low was secretary of the 
 Maine Senate in 1826. Robert Swansen, remembered by the older in- 
 habitants as Master Swansen, was a surveyor, and a prominent man 
 in the town affairs. William Waterhouse, a school-teacher, with his 
 family removed to this town between 1764 and 1775. Fierce Murphy, 
 who served in the Revolution, settled in the town after its close. John 
 Burbank was another Revolutionary soldier, and was captured in the 
 privateer "Dalton " and carried to England in 1777. In 1779 he was 
 master-at-arms on board the " Bonne Homme Richard," and was in the 
 action with the " Serapis " and " Countess of Scarborough," in Septem- 
 ber of that year, under John Paul Jones. He spent his last years in 
 Lyman with his son-in-law, Joseph Taylor. Jacob Rhoades, Richard 
 Thomson, Joseph Roberts, the Hills, Smiths, Warrens, Emmons, Lit- 
 tlefields, and Cuffs were likewise respected citizens of the early times. 
 
 The town was first incorporated in 1778 under the name of Coxhall, 
 which it retained until 1803, when it was changed to Lyman, in honor 
 of Theodore Lyman, of Boston, formerly of Yoi'k. 
 
 The first house of worship was built in 1788, about one and a quar- 
 ter miles north-west of Goodwin's Mills. In 1798 the Baptists in 
 town were exempted from paying a tax to support the ministry on 
 condition of settling one of their own. The Congregationalists, Bap- 
 tists, Free Baptists and Methodists now have each a church in tow^n. 
 Lyman has ten public schoolhouses, valued at $3,500. The valuation 
 of estates in 1870 was $345,846. In 1880 it was $278,739. The popu- 
 lation at the same date was 1,052. In 1880 it was 1,004. 
 
 LyildOIl, a post-office in Caribou, Aroostook County. 
 
 IVJ^jdliaSrthe shiretown of Washington County, is situated 
 midway of the south shore of the county, on the Machias River, near 
 its mouth. The western portion extends southward to Little Kenne- 
 bec Bay. Machiasport bounds it on the south-east, also on the east 
 with East Machias and Marshfield. The latter also bounds it on the 
 north, and Whitneyville and Jonesboro on the west. The surface of 
 the town is uneven, but fertile. The rocks along the river are trajn, 
 but there is an extensive granite quarry within three miles of the falls. 
 The water-power of this town consists of a series of falls on the Ma- 
 chias River, at the head of navigation, six miles above the river's 
 mouth, and three above its junction with the East Machias River. 
 The gross power of the falls is that of about 937 horses. Vessels of 600 
 tons receive cargoes within 300 feet of the mills. Freshets do no harm, 
 hence mill machinery is secure. Within this town are eight saw-mills 
 manufacturing long and short lumber, a sash, blind and door factory, 
 one or more ship-yards, an iron-foundry and machine-shop, two grain- 
 mills, a carding-mill, canned-food factories, carriage-factories, sail-loft, 
 two printing establishments, a tow-boat company, silver mining com- 
 pany, etc. The Machias Savings Bank held, at the beginning of the 
 fiscal year of 1880, in deposits and profits, the sum of $339,708.36. 
 
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MAC HI AS. 345 
 
 The town has a connection with Portland by a steamboat-line, and with 
 Ban£>oi' and Calais by a line of stages. A railroad for freight connect- 
 ing Machiasport and Whitney ville passes through the town. 
 
 Machias was incorporated June 23, 1784 ; then embracing territory 
 now constituting the towns of East Machias, Whitneyville, Machias- 
 port and Marshlield. It was the first town incorporated between the 
 Penobscot and the St. Croix. East Machias was set off Jan. 24, 1826 ; 
 Whitneyville, Feb. 10, 1845 ; Machiasport, Jan. 24, 1826 ; and Marsh- 
 field, June 30, 1846. The English first became acquainted with the 
 place in 1633, when Richard Vines established a trading-post there. A 
 fierce contest was at this time going on between Prance and England, 
 and in the following spring. La Tour, the French commander in the 
 region, made a descent upon it from his seat at Port Royal, killing two 
 of its six defenders, and carrying the others away with their merchan- 
 dise. No persistent attempt was again made to hold this point by the 
 English or French lot upwards of 120 years. In 1704, Major Chuix-li 
 found and captured here John Bretoon, of Jersey, with his wife and 
 child, and M. Lattre, with his wife and three children. In 1734 the 
 place was visited by the Governor of Massachusetts. In 1762, on ac- 
 count of the scarcity of hay arising from the drought, Isaiah Foster, 
 Isaac Larabee, and others from Scarborough, visited the place in search 
 of grass, finding a great quantity of it in the marshes. Quite a num- 
 ber of persons settled here the following year, and having thus become 
 acquainted with the n'-T vantages of the place, 80 persons of whom no 
 less than 54 were from Scarborough, petitioned the General Court for 
 a grant of this vicinity for settlement, which was allowed in 1770. 
 Among those who became residents in 1763 were S. and S. Scott, T. 
 D. and G. J'ibby, S. and J. Stone, W. B. and J. Larabee, D. and J. 
 Hill, D. Fogg, and J. Foster, most of whom located at the West Fall, 
 and Messrs. Munson, Foster, Levey and Scott, settled at East Falls. 
 Morris O'Brien and his sons, in 1765, built a double saw-mill at the 
 former place. Hon. Stephen Jones settled here in 1768. His son was 
 for many years a judge of the Common Pleas and judge of Probate in 
 Washington County. In 1770, many others having come in, several 
 mills were erected on East and West Rivers, and one on Middle 
 River. 
 
 It fell to the lot of the Machias people to initiate the Revolution- 
 ary struggle on the sea, as the ])eople of Lexington and Concord had 
 done upon the land. Capt Ichabod Jones, of Boston, obtained leave 
 to send a small vessel with provisions to Machias on condition of re- 
 turning with a cargo of wood and lumber. Accordingly his sloop, 
 convoyed by the armed English schooner Margaretta, commanded by 
 Lieutenant Moore, arrived here on the 9th of May, bringing the first 
 intelligence of the bloody cxsnflicts at Lexington and Concord. It was 
 not many days before the inhabitants made known their sentiments by 
 the erection of a liberty pole at a prominent point in the settlement. 
 Lieutenant Moore, learning the significance of the pole, ordered it to 
 be removed, under a threat, of firing on the town. By the influence of 
 Mr. Jones, the British commander was induced to delay the execution 
 of his threat from day to day, while several meetings were held by the 
 inhabitants to consider the matter ; but they every time voted not to 
 take down the pole. The final meeting was to be held on Monday, 
 and on the previous Sunday, a plot was laid to capture Lieutenant 
 
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346 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 Moore at the meeting-house as the service closed : but seeing through 
 the window some armed men crossing the river above, he took the 
 alarm, sjDrang through the open window, and escaped to his vessel. 
 An armed company of the settlers followed down to the shore, when 
 the Margaretta,' after firing a few shots over the settlement, slipped 
 down the river. Early the next morning, Benjamin Foster, Jeremiah 
 O'Brien and his five stalwart brothers, and some others, gathered at 
 the wharf, and took possession of Jones' wood sloop ; then by shouts 
 they gathered the men of the settlement on board. A plan of captur- 
 ing the Margaretta was made known, the timid were allowed to go 
 ashore, while the bolder spirits, a few only armed with muskets, others 
 with pitchforks and axes, sailed down the river to attack the British 
 schooner. Another company, in a small coaster, followed them. They 
 found the schooner in the bay, and run alongside with the intention of 
 boarding. She received them with a discharge of several guns, muskets 
 and hand grenades, by which several were killed. The vessels fell 
 apart, only John O'Brien, one of the six brothers, having got on board 
 the enemy. Several of the British instantly fired at him, but not a 
 bullet touched him. Then they charged upon him with their bayonets ; 
 but before they could reach him he was overboard, and swimming 
 towards the sloop, which he reached without other harm than a wet- 
 ting. The 'only cannon possessed by the patriots was a wall piece, 
 which they balanced on the rail, and fired with destructive effect. 
 The muskets, also, did good service, and the decks of the Margaretta 
 were cleared. Several of the enemy had fallen, including the comman- 
 der, and when the vessels were brought together again, the oflicer iu 
 command fled below in terror, and the crew yielded at once. 
 
 On the 26th of June following, the Massachusetts Congress passed a 
 formal vote of thanks to the heroes of this affair. The Margaretta was 
 the first British vessel captured by the Americans ; and the action 
 merits the name it has received of " The Lexington of the Seas." 
 Foster and Jeremiah O'Brien were soon after commissioned for priva- 
 teering, and were very successful. Machias soon became aggressive, 
 and an expedition was filled out to aid the patriots in New Brunswick 
 and Nova Scotia. Thinking it necessary to crush this rebellious town, 
 the governor of Nova Scotia, in 1777, sent Sir George Collier with four 
 vessels and eighty marines to accomplish this purpose. They arrived 
 in the bay early in August, and after burning a tide-mill, two dwellings, 
 two barns and a guard house, and committing other depredations below, 
 one of the brigs was towed by barges to the mouth of Middle River, 
 within half a mile of Machias Falls. Here such a lively fire was poured 
 down upon them from the high banks that the crews of the barges were 
 driven on board the brig, whence again all was driven below deck, and 
 the brig drifted helplessly down the stream. Every man in the place 
 able to bear arms was now upon the shore. Major Stillman being in 
 charge ; while on the other side of the river were forty or fifty Passa- 
 maquoddy Indians sent by Colonel John Allan, and led by Joseph 
 Neeala, their chief. The Indians raised their peculiar yell, which the 
 white people imitated, until the woods rang with them ; and the British 
 were glad to reach the bay again. A notable incident in this contest 
 was the journey of Hannah Weston, with another young woman from 
 the Pleasant River settlement, 20 miles west, to bring powder for the 
 patriots. A day or two later the squadron sailed away. 
 
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MACEIAS. 347 
 
 Among the first who built mills in the place were Ichabod Jones 
 and Jonathan Longfellow. The first meeting-houses was built in 1774 
 on a lot given by George Libby, on the site of which Libby Hall now 
 stands. The building was 42 feet long, 25 feet wide, and one story iu 
 height. In 1786, by vote of the town, £200 were raised to build two 
 meeting-houses. The first newspaper of Machias was called " The 
 Eastern State." It was published by Jeremiah Balch, and bore the date 
 of Dec. 23, 1823. There are now two weekly papers, the "Machias 
 Republican," an excellant republican sheet, published every Saturday, 
 by C. O. Furbush, and the " Machias Union," of which Messrs. Drisko 
 & Parlin are the enterprising publishers. Its day of publication is 
 Tuesday, and its politics are firmly democratic. Among the fine build- 
 ings of Machias are the court-house and jail, constructed of brick and 
 granite ; the former in 1855, at a cost of $25,000, and the latter in 1857, 
 at a cost of $85,000. The tlnited States building containing the post- 
 office and custom-house is also of bTick'and granite. It was built in 
 1871, at a cost of $30,000. Centre Street Church and Libby Hall are 
 fine wooden buildings. There are also many tasteful and some quite 
 handsome private residences. The streets are adorned with shade 
 trees, and the town bears many marks of age and culture. 
 
 George S. Hillard, who died in Boston in 1879, was a native of 
 Machias. He was a leading member of the Suffolk bar, held various 
 honorable public offices, and was the author of several popular works 
 in the departments of geography, history, and travels, and of a series 
 of school readers known as Hillard's Eeaders. A notable resident of 
 Machias during and subsequent to the Revolution was Col. John Allan, 
 born iu 1746, in Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. His father, a man of 
 letters and wealth, removed to Halifax, N. S., in 1750. Though a 
 member of the Nova Scotia Assembly, Colonel Allan's sympathies 
 were with the American people, and in 1776, when thirty years of age, 
 he was forced to leave his home and seek refuge in a more patriotic 
 community. In the following year, by direction of Congress, an order 
 of General Washington made him superintendent of the Eastern 
 Indians and commander of the troops at Machias. Love of liberty 
 seems to have been a ruling passion with him. The Indian tribes 
 respected him as .'i father. His descendants are distinguislied for 
 industry, frugality and integrity. His burial place is on the island 
 formerly owned by him near Eastport, now known as Treat's Island. 
 
 The first organized church in Machias and in Washington County 
 was Congregation alist, and dates from September, 1782. Rev. James 
 Lyon, the first pastor, was a graduate of Princeton College, and came 
 to Machias in 1771 ; continuing in this service in the east and west 
 villages until his death in 1795. He was a man of more than ordinary 
 ability, of deep piety, and an earnest patriot. This society still con- 
 tinues, and is said to be one of the largest in the State. The other 
 societies are Baptist, Methodist, Universalist and Catholic. There is a 
 public library in the village containing about 2,000 volumes. , All have 
 good church-edifices. The village has an excellent high-scliool, with a 
 graded system. There are nine public schoolhouses, some of which 
 are superior structures. The value of the school property is estimated 
 at $1 8,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $978,135. In 1880 
 it was $779,588. The population in 1870 was $2,525. In 1880 it was 
 2,203. 
 
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848 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 MachiRSpOrt occupies a peninsula on each side of Mnchias 
 Bay, at its head, and about midway of the southern line of Washing- 
 ton County. This town joins Machias and East Machias on the nortn, 
 and Whiting on the north-east. Machias Bay bounds it on the east, 
 ' and Little Kennebec Bay separates it from Machias on the west. Tlie 
 mouth of Machias River divides the town into two portions. The 
 principal village and business is at the northern part of the town, 
 though several coves along the eastern shore have small villages. A 
 railroad for lumber and other freight connects this port with Whitney- 
 ville, 8 miles to the north-west. Machiasport has an excellent harbor, 
 open all the year. There is here some ship-building and boat-building, 
 together with the block spar and sail making which are necessary 
 adjuncts to shipyards. A marine railroad further supplies the needs 
 of a seaport. Coasting and the fisheries constitute a large part of the 
 occupation of the inhabitants.^ Atoll-bridge 600 feet in length con-' 
 nects the town with East Machias. 
 
 The soil of this town is largely clay and gravel, but it yields good 
 returns in hay and potatoes, which are the principal crops. Some 
 considerable hills bear the names of Howard, Hampden, Fletcher and 
 Bald Mountain. Spruce, fir and birch are the most numerous forest 
 trees ; but the village streets are shaded by a variety of native and 
 foreign origin. In all parts of the liown are good roads, and pleasant 
 residences. The town-hall is considered to be one of the best in the 
 county. On the seashore, between high and low water marks, is an 
 inclined table ot rock bearing inscriptions to the number of about 150, 
 supposed to be of Indian origin. The figui-es are cut in tlie rock, and 
 resemble chiefly figures of Indians and moose ; but there are also plans 
 of streams, figures of a cow, panther, fox, serpent, Indian medicine 
 man, and Romish priest. The age of these inscriptions is not known, 
 as they were as much a mystery to the early inhabitants as to those of 
 the present day. Machiasport furnished 35 "men to aid in the preser- 
 vation of the Union during the late war, losing 14. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists and Advents have churches here. 
 The town has a system of graded schools and owns eight schoolhouses, 
 valued at $6,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $197,221. In 
 1880 it was $191,248. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 4 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,526. In 1880 it was 1,531. 
 
 MacIiTi^alioc Plantation is a half township lying 
 
 on the southern border of the eastern part of Aroostook County. It 
 is 45 miles S.S.E. of Houlton, on the military road from Bangor to 
 that town, and 6^ miles north of the European and North American 
 Railway station at Kingman. Molunkus Plantation bounds it on the 
 west, and Reed Plantation on the east. The Molunkus and Machwahoc 
 streams enter on the northern side and unite near the midst of the 
 plantation. Molunkus Lake, having its outlet in Molunkus Stream, 
 lies upon the north-western border. Farming and lumbering are the 
 chief occupations. The settlements are principally within the angle at 
 the junction of the two streams. 
 
 This plantation was formerly No. 1 of Range 4. It was settled in 
 1835, and organized as a plantation December 16, 1851. There is a 
 public BcLoolhouse valued with land at $300. The valuation of estates 
 
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MADISON. 349 
 
 in 1870 was $41,707. In 1880 it was $25,917. The population in 1870 
 was 170. In 1880 it was 187. 
 
 MadjiTVaskaj lies in tne extreme northern curve of the St. 
 John River, at the north-eastern extremity of Aroostook County. It 
 is 100 miles from Houlton, and is on the stage-line from Van Buren to 
 Fort Kent. The New Brunswick Railway has a station at Edmunton 
 on the opposite side of the St. .John. It is bounded on the east by 
 Grand Isle, and on the west by Frenchville. The larger part of Long 
 Lake lies in the southern part, and the St. John separates it from Can- 
 ada on the north. The surface is without high hills and the soil is 
 quite fertile. Wheat and other grains are largely cultivated. On the 
 northern side of the town two of the streams emptying into the St. 
 John are occupied by grist-mills. 
 
 This town was largely settled by those French, or their descend- 
 ants, who fled from about the Basin of Minas in 1754 to escape trans- 
 portation and separation from each other by the English authorities in 
 America. The town was incorporated February 24, 1869, and named 
 for the river Madawaska, which enters the St. John on the opposite 
 side of its stream. The inhabitants are mostly Roman Catholic, and 
 sustain two priests. There are four public schoolhouses valued at 
 S440. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $65,155. In 1880 it was 
 $90,174. The population in 1870 was 1,041. In 1880 it was 1,391. 
 
 IVIadiSOll is a pleasant farming and manufacturing town on 
 the eastern bank of the Kennebec, in the southern part of Somerset 
 County. It is bounded by Solon on the north, Cornville on the east, 
 Norridgewock on the south, and Anson on the west. It is separated 
 from the last by the Kennebec River. The area of the town is 30,000 
 acres. There are no high hills, but some considerable gorges. The 
 principal sheet of water is Madison Pond, or Hayden Lake, in the 
 eastern part of the town. It is 3 miles long and 1 broad. Nor- 
 ridgewock Falls, so called, furnish attractive and pleasing views. The 
 Kennebec here descends 90 feet in a horizontal distance of 1 mile. 
 
 The underlying rock in this town is chiefly slate. The soil is a 
 variety of loam, and quite fertile. Hay and cattle are the principal 
 products. The forests abound in hemlock, cedar, maple, beech, birch 
 and oak. The villages and mills are on the Kennebec at Madison 
 Bridge and East Madison, on the outlet of Madison Pond. There are 
 four saw-mills, a sash, blind and door, coffin and casket factory, a grist- 
 mill, a starch and an excelsior-factory, two carriage-factories, a horse- 
 rake-factory, slate-quarry, etc., in the town. The Somerset Rail- 
 road crosses the south-west corner of the town, where there is a sta- 
 tion. The Skowhegan station, on the Maine Central Railroad, 
 is five miles distant at the south-east. In the south-western part 
 of the town, on a plain about which the river makes an angle, is the 
 monument to Rasle, the missionary to the Abnaki Indians, and whose 
 residence was at the village of the Norridgewocks on this point. He 
 fell in an attack upon the village in 1724 by the English under Captains 
 Moulton and Hormon, in which the village was burned and the tribe 
 broken up. The monument was erected by Bishop Fenwick, of Bos- 
 ton. It consists of a granite obelisk 8 feet square at the base, and 11 
 
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350 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 feet in height, with an inscription recording the massacre. It marks 
 the spot wliere stood the cliurcli in wliich lie ministered. Whittier has 
 well described the scenes which occurred here iu the poem entitled 
 " MofTo; Meirone." 
 
 "Well might the traveller stop to see 
 The tall, dark forms that take their way 
 From the hirch canoe on the river shore, 
 And the forest paths, to that chapel door ; 
 And marvel to mai-k the naked knees 
 And the dusky foreheads bending there, 
 While m coarse while vesture over these 
 Iu blessing or in prayer. 
 Stretching abroad his thin pale hands, 
 Like a shrouded ghost the Jesuit stands." 
 
 This town was incorporated March 7, 1804, and named for President 
 Madison. A small tract was taken from Norridgewock and annexed 
 
 MADISON BRIDGE FALLS, AKSON AND MADISON, ME. 
 
 to Madison a iexv years since ; Avhich will seem to strangers as chiefiy 
 important in bringing Norridgewock Falls ami the site of the Indian 
 villao-e of Norridgewock into the south-western part of the town of 
 Madison. 
 
 The town has churches of the Congrcgationalists, Methodists, and 
 Free Baptists — two of the last. The mnnber of public schoolhouses 
 is eighteen, valued at $:5,S0O. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 1510^437. In 1880 it was $540,077 The rate of ta.xation in the latter 
 year'was 13 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,401. In 
 
 1880 it was 1,315. Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
MANCHESTER. 351 
 
 jMadriO. is situated near the middle of Franklin County, being 
 bounded by Mount Abraham township and Salem on the east, by 
 Phillips on the soutli, Sandy River Plantation on the west, and No. 1, 
 of Range 2, on the north. The township is of about th.e usual size, 
 being nearly square in form. In 1872 it received an addition of terri- 
 tory from Letter E Plantation. The west branch of Sandy River 
 crosses the south-west part, and Perkins Stream, forming the eastern 
 branch, comes down through the south-east part of the town, though 
 having its origin in the north-west and at the north. The Sandy River 
 Falls are an attraction to all lovers of the beautiful. There are two 
 streams only a few rods apart, and each has. a fine cataract. I'he town 
 is quite uneven, and in the northern portion is quite mountainous. 
 The principal elevations are Saddleback and Spruce Scrabble moun- 
 tains and Potatoe Hill. The principal business centre is on Sandy 
 River, at the south-western part of the town. The principal manu- 
 factures are lumber and carriages. Madrid is some 20 miles north- 
 west from Farmington, the village being about 7 miles from the station 
 of the Sandy River Railroad in Phillips. 
 
 The township was formerly owned by Mr. Phillips, but passed into 
 tile hands of Jacob Abbot, whose heirs, down to a recent date and per- 
 haps still, own the unoccupied land. Settlements were commenced in 
 1807 or 1808 by Abel Cook, David Rose, John Sargent, Lemuel 
 Plummer, Miller Hinckley, Joseph Dunham, Ebenezer Cawkins and 
 Nathaniel Wells. The town was incorporated 1836. 
 
 The Free Baptists have a society in the town. Madrid has seven 
 public schoolhouses which, witli other school property, are valued at 
 $1,600. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $55,764. In 1880 it 
 was $69,866. The population in 1870 was 394. In 1880 it was 437. 
 
 Main Stream Villagre, a small village in Harmony, 
 Somerset County. 
 
 MalliSOn Falls, a village in Gorham, Cumberland County. 
 
 M^ailCiieSter lies near the centre of Kennebec County, on 
 the west side of the Kennebec River, and separated from it by the town 
 of Farmingdale, the city of Hallowell and the western section of the 
 city of Augusta. It is 12 miles long and averages less than 3 miles 
 wide. Sidney and Belgrade bound it on the north, Redfield and Win- 
 throp on the west. It is almost wholly separated from the latter by 
 Cobbosse Contee Great Pond, noted for its white perch and black 
 
 The early history of this town will be found combined with that of 
 the towns from which it was formed. These are Augusta, Hallowell, 
 Winthrop and Readfield. The settlement commenced about 1774. 
 Nathaniel Floyd appears to have been the first settler in the southern 
 part, and Thomas Allen in the northern part, in the same year. This 
 Allen lot remains in the family to the present day, being owned by a 
 grandson of the pioneer, William H. Allen, president of Girard Col- 
 lege. Captain John Evans, Francis Fuller and Reuben Brainard took 
 up lots in 1776 ; Samuel Cnmmings, in 1778, and several other persons 
 soon after. The incorpoi-ation of Manchester as an independent town 
 occurred in 1850 under the name of Kennebec. A strip from the 
 
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352 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 north-east side was annexed to Augusta in 1856. The name was 
 changed to the one it now bears in 1854. 
 
 The surface of the town is moderately uneven. The principal rock is 
 granite, of which a fine quarry is worked in the eastern part of the 
 town. The soil is various, being sandy, gravelly and clayey in differ- 
 ent sections. Birch, beech, laaijle, spi-uce and hemlock are the pre- 
 vailing trees. 
 
 The principal employment of the inhabitants is agriculture, which 
 is carried on more scientifically and successfully than in most towns. 
 Probably the finest orchards in the State are found here. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists and Friends have each a church here. 
 Manchester has seven public schoolhouses, valued at 13,500. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was 1320,219. In 1880 it was $291,200. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was about 16 mills on the dol- 
 lar. The population in 1870 was 732, which, by the census of 1880, 
 has decreased to 623. 
 
 Maple Grove, a post office in Aroostook County. 
 
 MapleSOn is a new town situated on the south bank of the 
 Aroostook River, in Aroostook County. Washburn bounds it on the 
 north, Maysville and Presque Isle on the east. Chapman Plantation on 
 the south and Castle Hill on the west. The surface is uneven, but 
 without high hills. Sprague Hill is the highest elevation. The soil is 
 a sandy loam, and quite fertile and easily worked. Potatoes are the 
 crop chiefly cultivated. There is a starch-factory in the town that 
 consumes 60,000 bushels of these tubers annually. The machinery is 
 run by a 16 horse-power engine. 
 
 The Aroostook River, in passing, cuts off the north-eastern angle of 
 the town ; and through the southern part runs, in a circuitous course, 
 the Presque Isle of the Aroostook. This and two or three of the 
 smaller streams have falls suitable for carrying machinery. The prin- 
 cipal business centre is in the south-western part of the town, at the 
 junction of Libby Brook with Presque Isle Stream. There is on the 
 latter, near this point, a saw-mill with a rotary saw, cutting about 
 10,000 feet per day, and two shingle machines, making about 20,000 
 per day. There is also a potash-factory. The forest trees in this town- 
 ship are chiefly maple and beech. 
 
 This town is 47 miles north-west of Houlton, via Presque Isle. It 
 18 on the stage-line from Presque Isle to Ashland. The nearest rail- 
 road station is that of the New Brunswick Railway at Fort Faii-field, 
 15 miles distant. The town has two cedar bridges, one 273, the other 
 213 feet in length. 
 
 Among the prominent and esteemed citizens may be mentioned 
 Freeman L. Ball, Thomas Griffin, Josiah McLaughlin and Francis 
 Hatch. 
 
 Mapleton was incorporated March, 1880, being named, perhaps, 
 from the tree which is the most numerous in its forests. The principal 
 religious society in the town is that of the Free Baptists. The num- 
 ber of public schoolhouses is seven ; and the school property, including 
 the school lots, is valued at $1,100. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $28,707. In 1880 it was $51,642. The rate of taxation in the 
 
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MARION. 353 
 
 latter year was 2 per centum. The population in 1870 was 444. In 
 1880 it was 705. 
 
 MaranOCOOk Lake Ues in the towns of Winthrop and 
 Readfield, Kennebec County. Its length is about ten miles and its 
 width from half a mile to a mile and a half. It is crossed at a 
 narrow place near the northern end by the Maine Central Railroad, back 
 route. Regattas and other entertainments are annually held on this 
 lake, and there is good fishing and fine scenery in the neighborhood. 
 See articles on towns mentioned above. 
 
 JVIariaville is situated midway of the western side of Hancock 
 County, and at its north- western corner abuts upon the south-eastern 
 corner of Penobscot County. The outline of the town is extremely 
 irregular. Union River passes through the northern part, and forms 
 the boundary line between its southern part and Waltham. The town 
 of Otis lies on the west, and the south-western corner of Mariaville 
 approaches Ellsworth. It is on the stage-line from that place to 
 Aurora. The largest pond in town is Hopkins's, which has an area of 
 1 by by 2 miles. Eight Pine and Lightly hills, about 75 feet in height, 
 are the chief eminences. The soil is clayey, and there are many good 
 farms with tastily arranged farm buildings. The roads are expensive 
 on account of the numerous bridges required. There are one or two 
 mills in town, and a large tannery for sole-leather. The latter employs 
 ten hands, and consumes from 1,500 to 2,000 cords of bark annually. 
 
 Mariaville was first occupied in 1802. The names of the pioneer 
 settlers are Mr. Fabrick, Seth Alcott, B. and D. Eppes, James Hap- 
 worth and Elisha Goodwin. On its incorporation as a town, it re- 
 ceived the name of Mariaville in honor of Maria, a daughter of Mr. 
 Bingham, who owned an extensive tract of land in this vicinity. It 
 had previously been called Bingham. For years all " up river " was 
 known as Mariaville ; but the town has been reduced to its present 
 unshapely outlines by the taking off of Aurora, Amherst and "Wal- 
 tham. 
 
 There is one church-edifice in the town, belonging to the Baptists^ 
 
 Mariaville has four public schoolhouses, and the school property is vak 
 
 ued at $700. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $65,742. In 1880, 
 
 ■ it was $81,804. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 2 cents on the doUan, 
 
 The population in 1870 was 369. In 1880 it was 382. 
 
 IVXariOn lies in the south-eastern part of Washington Gountyj, 
 18 miles north-east of Machias. It is on the stage-line from M^chias to 
 Calais. Edmunds bounds it on the east, Whiting on the south, East 
 Machias on the west, and township No. 14 on the north. I]ts length 
 is about 7^ miles, and width 6;^. Gardiner's Lakei, lying mostly, with-- 
 in the town at the south-western part, has an area of 8^ square miles., 
 Cathance River, the outlet of Cathance Lake, some 5 miles north,, 
 crosses the most eastern part, furnishing several mill-powers. Clifford's, 
 Brook, running through the middle of the northern part of the town, 
 to Gardiner's Lakes has five falls. The village of Marion is on the- 
 fallb at the Cathance Stream. There are here two saw-mills. 
 
 The surface of this town is hilly, with a variable soil, generally.- 
 
 23 
 
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354 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 quite gravelly, but moderately productive. The forests have a dark 
 appearance, being mostly of spruce. 
 
 Marion was incorporated Jan. 31, 1834. It has Methodist and 
 Christian societies, the last having a chui'ch-edifioe. The number of 
 public schoolhouses is three, valued, with the lots, at $440. The valu- 
 ation of estates in 1870 was $29,976. In 1880 it was $28,127. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 8f per cent. The population in 
 1870 was 213. In 1880 it was 182. 
 
 Marshfield, in Washington County, lies between East 
 Machias on the east and Whiten eyville and Machias, on the west. 
 Northfield bounds it on the north, and about its southern point lie 
 Machias and East Machias, from the foiTner of which it is separated 
 by Machias River and Marshfield Stream. The town is small in area, 
 but pleasantly situated. It is quite uneven, but the highest elevation, 
 Longfellow's Hill, has a height of only 800 feet, and the next, Water- 
 house Hill, about 250 feet. The predominant rock is granite. The 
 soil is a clay loam. It yields well in hay and potatoes, the crops prin- 
 cipally cultivated. The largest water course is Marshfield Stream, or 
 Middle River ; on which there are eight powers between the tide and 
 Longfellow's Lake, a distance of about two miles. This stream is the 
 outlet of four ponds, all lying within the town, the largest being about 
 a mile in length. There are on these powers a saw-mill, a lath-mill, 
 and a grain-mill that in 1879 ground 56,000 bushels of corn. There are 
 also a carding-mill and a factory for canning blueberries. There is 
 some shipbuilding here, mostly of coasting vessels. The people are, 
 however, mainly engaged in agriculture. The town sent 23 men to 
 aid in the war for the preservation of the Union, losing 9. 
 
 Marshfield was formerly the northern part of Machias, from which 
 it was set off and incorporated June 30,1846. The village is on the prin- 
 cipal falls of the Marshfield Stream, a short distance above its junction 
 witli the Machias River. Machias is the nearest post-office. There is 
 a Congregaticnal society in the town, but most of the church-goers at- 
 tend meeting in Machias. Marshfield has two schoolhouses, the school 
 property altogether being valued at $500. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $71,356. In 1880 it was $62,669. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 14 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 850. In 1880 it was 300. 
 
 Mars Hill lies on the eastern border of Aroostook County, 
 30 miles north of Houlton, on the stage-line to Fort Fairfield. It is 
 bounded on the north by Easton, south by Blaine, west by Westfield 
 Plantation, and east by Wicklow, in New Brunswick. In the eastern 
 part is an isolated mountain called Mars Hill, the elevation from 
 which the town takes its name. This was a noted landmark in run- 
 ning the boundary line between the United States and the dominion 
 of Great Britain, which was the subject of such long and troublesome 
 disputes. It is a long elevation of regular outline, having a peak at 
 each extremity, — its greatest extension being north and south, parallel 
 to the State boundary line less than a mile eastward of its base. Its 
 ascent commences with an easy swell of half a mile in width, and then 
 abruptly increases toward the summit, in some places to an almost per- 
 pendicular steepness. Its top is narrow, and divided by a hollow near 
 
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MASON.' 355 
 
 the middle. In settling upon the boundary line between the United 
 States and the dominions of Great Britain, the commissioners under 
 the treaty of Ghent caused trees to be felled and a spot cleared on 
 each of the peaks ; and their astronomers and surveyors ascertained 
 that the south peak was 1,519 feet, and the north one, 1,370 feet above 
 the tide waters of the St. Lawrence. The western part of the town 
 is drained by Pi'esque Isle Stream and its branches. The north-eastern 
 part is drained by tlie small stream of the River Gasquill, and the 
 Bouth-eastern, by Young Brook. The manufactories consist of two 
 saw-mills for long and short lumbei-, two starch factories, etc. 
 
 Mars Hill was organized as a plantation in 1866, and incorporated 
 as a town, Feb. 21, 1867. The Congregationalists have a society in 
 the town, and sustain stated meetings, with preaching a portion of the 
 time. The number of public schoolhouses is seven ; and the total 
 Bcliool property is valued at 11,600. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $45,811. In 1880 it was $71,577. The population in 1870 was 
 399. In 1880 it was 716. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-ofHce in Knox County. 
 
 JVlaSardiS, in Aroostook County, is situated on Aroostook 
 River, 50 miles north-west of Houlton. The stage-route from Patten 
 to Ashland passes through it. Ashland bounds it on tho north, and 
 Oxbow Plantation meets it angularly at the south-west. Other town- 
 ships surrounding aro unnamed. The Aroostook River winds through 
 the midst of the town, entering through Oxbow Plantation. The other 
 streams are Shields, Squa-pan, and Black Water brooks, and St. Croix 
 Stream. An extensive heath lies west of the center of the town. Mosb 
 of the streams connect With ponds, forming large reservoirs, which 
 could readily be increased by dams. There are now a small saw-mill 
 and a furniture factory in the town. 
 
 Masardis was incorporated March 21, 1839, having previously been 
 No. 10 of Range 5. The first settler was Thomas Goss, of Danville, in 
 1833 ; followed in 1835 by John Knowlen. In 1838-9 several familie.i 
 moved in from Oldtown. The first lot of merchandise was brought in 
 by Joseph Pollard from Oldtown in 1838, when he hauled five tons ii 
 distance of 20 miles on handsleds. No roada were completed until 
 1841. Roswell T. Knowlen was the first child born in the town. 
 
 Masardis has two public schoolhouses ; and the school property, in- 
 cluding these, has a value of $800. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $39,479. In 1880 it was $42,304. Tho population in 1870 was 
 169. In 1880 it was 212. 
 
 IVtaSOn is a small, mountainous town in the western part of 
 Oxford County, a few miles south of the Androscoggin River. The 
 settlements are on Pleasant River and its branches, in the central and 
 eastern parts of the town. West Bethel Depot, on the Grand Trunk 
 Railroad, is about 8J miles north-east of the centre of the settlements. 
 The first of these were made in 1826. Tho town was incorporated 
 Feb. 3, 1843, being formed from parts of Fryeburg Academy, Bachel- 
 der's and all of Davis's Grant. The nearest post-office is West Bethel. 
 There is one lumber-mill and one bobbin and spool-stock mill. 
 
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356 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 All parts except those along Pleasant River and its tributary 
 streams from the central to the eastern part are hilly, while there are 
 several considerable mountains. The highest of these are Caribou and 
 Red Rock mountains. The last is on the southern side ; and between 
 it and the long mountain at the south-western corner, is Miles'a Notch. 
 The rock is principally granite. The soil is sandy loam, and yieldn 
 excellent crops. Hay is the largest of these, finding a ready market 
 with the lumbermen. The forest trees are those common to tho 
 region. 
 
 Mason sent 15 soldiers into the war for the Union, losing 4. Tho 
 Methodist society has a neat church-edifice in the town. The settle- 
 ment has a public schoolhouse ; and the school property, including 
 land, is valued at $400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $34,004. 
 In 1880 it was $27,446. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 16 mills on 
 the dollar. The population in 1870 was 127. In 1880 it was 94. 
 
 Mast Landing", a small village in Freeport, Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 MatiniCUS Isle Plantation, in Knox County, is situated 
 oft Penobscot Bay, directly south of Vinalhaven. It is 20 miles S.S.E. 
 from Rockland, with which it has weekly communication by packet. 
 The plantation includes seven islands, viz. : Matinicus Isle, containing 
 about 800 acres; Ragged Island, about 350 acres; Matinicus Rock, 
 about 10 acres. The latter has a light station and a steam whistle. 
 The next largest islands are Wooden Ball, Seal Rock and No Man's 
 Land. On Matinicus Island are Old Wharf and Black Duck ponds, 
 each containing about two acres. The forest trees are spruce and fir. 
 The rook is chiefly granitic, and the soil a sandy loam. Potatoes form, 
 the largest crop. Tlie people are employed principally in the fisheries. 
 The plantation was organized in 1840. It sent 11 of its citizens, be- 
 side substitutes, to the aid of the Union in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 The principal entertainments are those of the Sunday-school. 
 There are two public schoolhouses, and the school property is valued 
 at $600. The valuation of estates ip 1870 was $19,585. In 1880 
 it was $32,273. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 19 mills on 
 the dollar. The population in 1870 was 277. In 1880 it was 243. 
 
 MattamiSCOntiS Plantation, in Penobscot County, lies 
 on the west side of the Penobscot River, 40 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. 
 It is bounded by Howland on the south, and Maxfield on the west, and 
 on the east, separated by Penobscot River, is Lincoln. The township 
 is inferior in soil, timber and water-power. The principal occupations 
 are farming and lumbering. The nearest post-office is Lincoln. 
 
 Tho town was incorporated in 1839, but on- account of the depart- 
 ure of many of its inhabitants the number became so reduced that it 
 lost its organization, and relapsed to the plantation form. The popu- 
 lation in 1860 was 31 ; in 1850, 51 ; in 1880, 64. The valuation in 
 1880 was $12,876. 
 
 Mattawamkeag", in Penobscot County, lies upon the 
 eastern bank of the Penobscot River, and adjoins the south-western 
 
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MAXFIELD. SST 
 
 corner of Aroostook County. Kingman bounils it on the east, Web- 
 ster Plantation and Winn on the south, and Woodville on the west, 
 but separated from it by Penobscot River. The town is on the Euro- 
 pean and North American Railway, 58 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. The 
 stage-line to Patten starts from here. The surface of the town is un- 
 even, but without high hills. Granitic and slate-colored, unlaminate 
 rocks form the pan and outcrop, where observed. The soil is diluvial, 
 being largely gravel and clay, but is quite fertile. Much attention is 
 given to stock-raising. The crops chiefly cultivated are hay, grain and 
 potatoes. A great variety of trees are found in the forests. 
 
 The Mattawamkeag River enters the Penobscot from the east 
 through this town in the southern part. Its tributary, the Molunkus, 
 has its course in the town for a short distance near the north-east 
 corner. The Mattaceunk Stream makes a curve from a south to a wei-*^ 
 course in the north-western part of the town, where it enters the Pen- 
 obscot. The " Gordon Falls " extend for a considerable distance along 
 the Mattawamkeag, which, at this point, crosses the southern line of 
 the town from different times. On this stream are a board, shingle, 
 and lath mill, with planer. There are other manufactures common to 
 country villages. The principal centre of business is near the mouth • 
 of the Mattawamkeag at the station on the European and American 
 Railway, which here turns to eastward along the north bank of the 
 river. The road has repair-shops at this place. 
 
 The town-hall is a neat, two-story, wooden building, having a 
 Bchool-room and dining-hall on the first floor. The Indians tell of a 
 village and burial-place of their own on the north bank of the Matta- 
 wamkeag, near the present village ; and some stone-axes, arrow-heads 
 and other relics have been found there. 
 
 One of the first settlers here was Asa Smith, still one of the most 
 prominent men of the town. This town sent 30 soldiers to the de- 
 fence of the Union in the Rebellion, losing 7 of them. The Methodists 
 have a church here, recently finished. The number of public school- 
 houses is three. The entire school property is valued at $1,200. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $76,779. In 1880 it was $77,768. The 
 rate of taxation the latter year was 24 mills on the dollar. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 356. In 1880 it was 456. 
 
 JVlRXllGld, in Penobscot County, is a small, triangular-shaped 
 town, lying on the Piscataquis River, on the eastern side of Piscata- 
 quis County. Matamiscontis and Howland bound it on the east, an 
 unnamed township on the north, and Medford, in Piscataquis County, 
 on the west. The Piscataquis Riv.er flows through the midst of it, and 
 north of this, and tributary to it are Hardy and Seeboois streams. 
 The surface of the town is undulating. The underlying and outcrop- 
 ping rocks are slate, and granite exists in numerous boulders. The 
 soil is variable, but well suited to wheat. The principal crop is hay. 
 The nearest railroad station is that of the European and North Amer- 
 ican Railway, at Ehfield, 9 miles east. The town is 45 miles north of 
 Bangor, on the mail-route to Lagrange. It sent 24 men to the defence 
 of the TJnion in the late war, losing 5. 
 
 Maxfield was formerly Bridgton Academy Grant ; and was incor- 
 porated under its present name, Feb. 6, 1824. It has two schoolhouses 
 valued at $250. The valuation of estates iu 1870 was $20,673. In 
 
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358 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 1880 it was $17,541. The rate of taxation in the latter year was \-^ 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 156. In 1880 it was 139. 
 
 Mayfield lies on the eastern line of Somerset County, 23 
 miles north of Skowhegan. It is bounded on the north by Bald Moun- 
 tain Township, south by Brighton, west by Bingham, and east by 
 Kingsbury, in Piscataquis County. The town is quite hilly ; Coburn 
 Ridge, occupying nearly the whole western side of the town, being the 
 greatest. It has two considerable ponds in the northern part, of which 
 Austin Stream, running west to the Kennebec, is the outlet. Hayden 
 Pond lies near the centre of the town, its outlet emptying into Kings- 
 bury Pond in the south-east part. The last is 2^ miles long and 1 
 wide. The pi'incipal settlement is at the south-east part of the town, 
 on the road from Skowhegan to Blanchard. The principal rock of the 
 town is slate. The soil is quite fertile, yielding good crops of grain. 
 Cedar nnd spruce are the most numerous woods. There are two lum- 
 ber-mills in the town, and one mill for preparing slate, of which con- 
 siderable quantities are quarried here. 
 
 This town was a part of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase. It was 
 incorporated March 7, 1836. Mayfield sent 4 men to aid in preserv- 
 ing the Union in the late war and lost 1. 
 
 The nearest post-office is at Brighton. The town has one public 
 schoolhouse ; this, with land, being valued at $150. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $9,300. In 1880 it was $17,875. The population 
 in 1870 was 96. In 1880 it was 141. 
 
 TVI^ySVlllG is an exclusively agricultxiral town lying on the 
 Aroostook River, in Aroostook County, having Fort Fairfield between 
 it and New Brunswick. Caribou bounds it on the north, Presque Isle 
 on the south, and Mapleton and Washburn on the west. The surface 
 of the town is somewhat rolling, but without high elevations. May Hill 
 being the highest. The Aroostook comes in at the west and leaves on 
 the northern border making a complete oxbow about the centre of the 
 town. At its exit it receives Hardwood Creek, which comes in at the 
 west along the northern line ; and at the south-west Presque Isle River 
 joins it from southward. In the western part of the town, the Aroos 
 took flows around many islands. Maysville has one or two small saw- 
 mills and a starch-factory. The factory is of 727 tons capacity, and 
 consumes 140,000 bushels of potatoes in a single season. 
 
 The underlying rock in this town is limestone, found everywhere, 
 either outcropping or under the surface, but seldom more than 20 feet 
 below. The soil, as might be supposed, is quite calcareous. Potatoes 
 are the leading money crop. Hay, wheat and oats are also largely 
 raised, and, like the first, yield well. The forests contains a great 
 variety of trees. 
 
 The town is 42 miles N.N.W. of Houlton, on the stage-route to 
 Caribou. The latter is 7 miles distant, and furnishes the nearest rail- 
 road station. Presque Isle Village, lying near the south line of Mays- 
 ville, is the centre of business for the latter town. Maysville was 
 incorporated, April 4, 1859. The town-hall is a large, two-story wooden 
 building nearly new, with a school-room below. In the spring of 1880, 
 near 500 trees, mostly of rock maples, were set out along the highways 
 
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MEDFORD. 359 
 
 by members of Maysville Grange. The people take pride in the ex- 
 cellent roads of the town. A bridge across the Aroostook here is 420 
 feet in length. 
 
 The town has 12 schoolhouses, all in good condition. The value of 
 school property is $3,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $140,057. In 1880 it was $224,288. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 16 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 758. In 
 1880 it was 1,141. 
 
 IVLGCliailiC FrUS is a manufacturing village and post- 
 office in Androscoggin County, lying on the Little Androscoggin River 
 in the adjacent towns of Minot and Poland. 
 
 MeddybempS lies in the eastern part of Washington 
 County, 10 miles south-west of Calais, and 35 miles N.N.E. of Machias. 
 It is bounded by Alexander and Baring on the north, on the east by 
 the latter, south by Charlotte and Cooper, and west by the latter. 
 About one third of Meddybemps Lake lies in the town, extending to 
 the centre. The area of this sheet of water is 15 square miles. It 
 has its outlet at this point, constituting Denny's River. On this stream 
 and about the southern extremity of the lake Meddybemps Village is 
 situated. The Fall on the outlet here is 20 feet in one eighth of 
 a mile. The mills upon it consist of one shingle-machine, one lath and 
 wtave mill, and one grist-mill. About thirty years since a good 
 beginning was made in ornamenting the village by setting out a few 
 elms. The surface of the town is variable in elevation, but the highest 
 hills do not exceed 200 feet. The underlying rock is granitic in 
 character. The soil is a gravelly loam. Hay and potatoes are the 
 crops chiefly cultivated. Spruce, pine, bii"ch and maple are still abun- 
 dant in the forests. The town sent 40 men to the defence of the Union 
 in the late war, losing 7. 
 
 Meddybemps was incorporated, February, 20, 1841. It was formed 
 from portions of Cooper, Charlotte and Baring. The Baptists have a 
 church-editice here; and the Methodists have a society, and sustain 
 meetings. There are two public schoolhouses in the town. The entire 
 school property is valued at $1,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $24,080. In 1880 it was $25,833. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 26 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 200. In 1880 it was 172. 
 
 JVtCdford is one of the two extreme south-eastern towns of 
 Piscataquis County. It has an un incorporated township on the north, 
 Milo on the west, Maxfield on the east, and La Grange on the south, 
 both the latter being in Penobscot County. Tbe Piscataquis River 
 passes through the midst of the town. Where the Schoodic stream falls 
 into the Piscataquis, General Boyd, in 1820, erected the largest saw-mill 
 then upon the Penobscot or any of its branches. In 1832 it was taken 
 down, and another was built, and taken down ; but still another was 
 erected on this side. In 1835 a saw and a grist-mill were built on Cold 
 Brook, which flows into the Piscataquis from the south ; and around 
 these the village of Medford has sprung up. 
 
 The settlement of the township preceded any grant. James Grovei 
 
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360 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 with his family, as eirly as 1808, dwelt on the south bank of the Pis- 
 cataquis near the upper ferry ; a Mr. Boobar followed ; and later 
 came a Mr. Weston and two Hitchborns from Bangor. About 1820, 
 the state opened the Bennock road from Piscataquis River to Oldtown. 
 
 This township was No. 2, Range 7, and contains 20,625 acres. 
 In 1816 the western half was granted to David Gilmore for making 
 the Dixmont road; the eastern half was the same year sold to General 
 J. P. Boyd. The township was incorporated in 1824, and, at the 
 instance of General Boyd, received the name of Kilmarnock. In 1856, 
 on the petition of the inhabitants, it was re-named as at present. 
 
 Medford is on the stage-line from Milo depot to Enfield. Stores 
 were open in the township at an early date of its settlement, but only 
 one or two is at present sustained. Al' the lands reserved for public 
 uses in the town are for the benefit of the schools. Medford has six 
 Rclioolhouses valued at $1,250. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 160,321. in 1.880 it was $52,885. The population in 1870 was 294 
 In 1880 it was 398. 
 
 JVlCClWRy, in Penobscot County, is situated on the Penobscot 
 River at the junction of the East Branch, 70 miles north of Bangor. 
 Moodville lies on the south, an angle of Mattawankeag touches at the 
 south-east, and Molunkus in Aroostook County lies in the east. The 
 Penobscot crosses the town in a south-easterly course, receiving on the 
 way East Branch, its principal tributary, and Salmon Stream, both 
 from the north ; and Pattakumkis Stream from the south-west. 
 Both the last enter the river near the south-east corner of the town. 
 On the Pattakumkis is a saw-mill manufacturing shingles. Medway 
 village is situated at the junction of the East Branch with the Penob- 
 scot, a mile or two south-west of the centre of the town. At this place- 
 is an extensive tannery. 
 
 The surface of the town is rolling and somewhat broken. Gravel 
 Hill some 300 feet in height is the greatest elevation. The prev- 
 alent rock is granite. The soil is chiefly clay, but yields fairly of hay 
 grain and potatoes, which are the crops chiefly cultivated. The nearest 
 railroad station is that of the European and North American Railway 
 at Mattawamkeag, 12 miles distant. 
 
 Medway was organized as a plantation in 1852, and as a town Feb., 
 8, 1875. Formerly it bore the name of Nicatou. This town sent 20 
 men to the aid of the Union cause during the war of the Rebellion. 
 The Congregationalists have an organized society here. The number 
 of public schoolhouses is six. The entire school property of the town 
 IS valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $30,637. In 
 1880 it was $ 79,638. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2^ 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 321. In 1880 it was 628. 
 
 Meg-UntiCOOk Mountain,— see article on Camdem. 
 
 Mercer is the south-western town of Somerset County, and 
 lies 12 miles west of Skowhegan. Starks bounds it on the north, Nor- 
 ridgewock and Smithfield on the east, Rome, in Kennebec County, on 
 the south, and New Sharon, in Franklin County, on the west. The 
 Sandy River forms the dividing line on the north-west part of the 
 
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MERRILL PLANTATION. 361 
 
 town for a considerable distance. Bog Pond lies between the middle 
 and the western line of the town, and parallel to the last, for two-thirds 
 the length north and south. Its outlet empties into the Sandy River 
 at the northern line. North Pond at the south-east corner occupies 
 portions of the three towns which join here. It is 3 miles long by 2 
 wide. The surface of the town is gently undulating, with one large 
 swell, called Beech Hill, nearly in the middle, which contains above 20 
 superior farms. The landscapes visible from this hill are very beauti- 
 ful. Probably the highest eminence in town is not above 300 feet in 
 lieight. Granite is the principal rock visible. The soil is a clay loam. 
 Tliere is a great deal of fine interval. The chief crops are hay and 
 corn. Most of the woods flourish here with a predominance of the 
 hard woods. The water-power is chiefly on Bog Stream at Mercer 
 Village. There are here a saw-mill for long and short lumber, a tan- 
 nery, a grist-mill, and other manufactures common to villages. 
 
 The streets are beautified with elm and maple trees, some of them 
 seventy-five years old. The houses are neat and attractive with some 
 quite handsome residences. The buildings throughout the town are 
 in good repair, the roads are excellent, and barns, fields, flocks and 
 herds give tokens of thrift and abundance. The town is regarded as 
 salubrious, since there are many old people. 
 
 The settlement of Mercer was commenced very soon after the 
 close of the Revolutionary war. If we trust tradition, Nathaniel 
 Emery, a Revolutionary soldier, was the first settler, and emphatically 
 the pioneer of the town. His practice was to fell a few acres of trees, 
 build a log house, sell his improvements to some new comer, then com- 
 mence again. Others among the first settlers were .iNahum Baldwin, 
 from New Hampshire, Samuel Hinkley, from Georgetown, Maine., 
 Nathaniel Davis, from Cape Ann, another soldier, Ambrose Arnold, 
 and Joshua Greenleaf, who settled here in 1785, dying in 1856, aged 
 ninety-three years. The first settlements were on the river lots, where 
 the intervals, prior to settlement, were covered with noble growths of 
 maple, elm, butternut, and other hard woods, showing conclusively the 
 strength of the soil. Little more than the river lots were occupied 
 until 1801, when settlers began to come in rapidly, so that in a few 
 years there was not an unoccupied lot. The titles were mostly from 
 the Plymouth Company. The town was incorporated in 1804. Twenty 
 families with their farms were annexed from Starks in 1835. In 1840 
 a portion of Mercer containing twenty-five families was set off to 
 form a part of Smithfield ; and in 1841 another portion, containing 
 twelve families was given to New Sharon. 
 
 Mercer sent 78 men to do battle for the Union in the war of the 
 Rebellion. Twenty-five of this number were lost. The church-edi- 
 fices here are two IJnion and one Free Baptist. There are eleven pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, and the entire school property is valued at $2,450. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $300,670. In 1880 it was $215,- 
 294. The population in 1870 was 846. In 1880 it was 755. 
 
 Merrill Plantation occupies township No. 6, Range 4, 
 in Aroostook County. It is 20 miles west of Houlton on the road to 
 Moro Plantation. The chief streams are Lower Hastings and Dudley 
 brooks. The east branch of the Mattawamkeag, near the eastern line, 
 
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362 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 impinges upon it near the south-east corner. The centre of business of 
 the plantation is at this point. The post-office is at Smyrna Mills, near 
 by. The settlements are about here, and along the Smyrna and Rocka- 
 bema road, which runs north-west and south-east through the midst of 
 the town, with a few in the south-western part. Four lots are reserved 
 for public uses. 
 
 This plantation was organized in 1876. It has two public school- 
 bouses, and the school property is estimated at $400. The valuation 
 of estates in 1880 was $15,605. The population in 1870 was 118. In 
 1880 it was 206. 
 
 Merry-meeting' Bay, see articles on Sagadahoc 
 County, Bowdoinham, Topsham, Brunswick and Bath. 
 
 Mexico, in the eastern part of Oxford County, is bounded on 
 the east by Dixfield, south by Peru, west by Rumford, and north by 
 Roxbury,and Carthage in Franklin County. The town is somewhat of 
 the diamond form, its largest axis being about 8:J- miles by 5 miles for 
 the shorter axis. The surface is agreeably varied with meadow and up- 
 land, with four considerable elevations. Three are set around the 
 middle of the town, and bear the names of Thompson, Porter and 
 Maun hills. The Androscoggin River forms the line on the south 
 boundary, Webb's River on the east, and Swift River, coming down 
 from the north, crosses and recrossea the western line. The rock is 
 mainly granite. The forests still show a noble growth of birch, beech, 
 maple, pine, spruce and liemlock. Along the rivers the soil is a sandy 
 loam, with red loam on the uplands. Corn, potatoes, wheat, hops, and 
 other crops are cultivated successfully, the last being probably the 
 largest ci-op sold directly. 
 
 Swift River has a fall of 50 feet in half a mile in this town. The 
 manufactures are at the southern angle of the town. There are here a 
 Bteam-mill (comprises a shingle, lath, board and grist mill), a tooth- 
 pick, a cheese, and a carriage factory. Mexico lies about 30 miles 
 north of Paris. It is on the stage-line from Bryant's Pond on Grand 
 Trunk Railroad to Dixfield and Byron. The nearest railroad station 
 is that of the Buckfield and Rumford Falls railroad at Canton, about 
 10 miles distant. The post-offices are Mexico and Dixfield, the first in 
 the western part of the town, the second just across the river at the 
 south. 
 
 Hon. Charles W. "Walton, a judge of the Supreme Court of the 
 State, was formerly a resident of this town. Counting re-enlistments, 
 83 men were furnished by Mexico for the defence of the Union during 
 the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 This town was incorporated Feb. 13, 1818. As a plantation it was 
 called Holmanstown. There is a Universalist society in the town, 
 which sustains services. The number of schoolhouses is five, valued 
 with land at $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $92,539. In 
 1880 it was $105,618. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 per 
 cent. The population in 1870 was458. In 1880 it was 403. 
 
 Middle Dam, a post-office in Oxford County, on the west 
 side of the lower Richardson Lake, at the outlet. 
 
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MILLTOWN. 363 
 
 jMlllOrOl, in Penobscot County, is situated on the east bank 
 of the Penobscot River, 13 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It is bounded on 
 the north by Greenbush, east by Greenfield, south by Bradley, and w edit 
 by Oldtovvn. From the latter it is separa,ted by Penobscot River. The 
 Oldtown Falls, on this river, " the best water-power in the United States," 
 extends between these two towns. Milford was incorporated in 1833, 
 taking its name from the mills on these falls. The surface of the town 
 is generally level and swampy. It is drained by the Sunkhaze Stream 
 with its numerous branches, and the Otter Chain Ponds and their 
 outlet. The population is principally distributed along the Penobscot. 
 The village is very pleasantly situated at a point opposite the lower 
 end of Indian, or Oldtown, Island. There are in the town at this point 
 six saw-mills manufacturing long lumber, shingles, etc. The attractive- 
 ness of the village is enhanced by the numerous elm trees set along the 
 streets some thirty years since by some public spirited hands. The 
 iinderiying and outcropping rocks are granite and slate. The soil is 
 of sandy and gravelly loam. The principal crops are hay and potatoes. 
 The forests are of an unusually dark color, consisting almost exclusively 
 of pine, spruce and hemlock. The condition of the public roads is 
 quite good. A bridge across the river here is 1,000 feet in length. 
 
 Among the names of former citizens who merit to be remembered 
 are Henry E. Prentiss, Samuel F. Hersey, Charles E. Dole and Simon 
 Murphy. Milford sent 200 men to aid in the suppression of the Re- 
 bellion, losing one-fourth of the number. 
 
 The town has a church of the Episcopal denomination. The num- 
 ber of public schoolhouses is four. The entire school property is valued 
 at $4,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $178,614. In 1880 it 
 was $174,709. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 24 mills on a 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 827. In 1880 it was 734. 
 
 Millbridg"e, in Washington County, is situated on Narra- 
 guagus River and Bay, 30 miles W.S.W. of Machias. It is bounded 
 by CheiTyfield on the north, Harrington on the east, Narraguagus Bay 
 OH the south, and Steuben on the west. Narraguagus River separates 
 it from the latter, while a smaller stream forms the boundary line on 
 the east. Cherryfield, the adjoining town up the river, has lumber and 
 other mills, while Millbridge is its seaport. The village is at the 
 mouth of the river, at the head of navigation. Lumber is brought 
 down to this point from the mills at Cherryfield in rafts. There are 
 here three ship-yards, two boat-builders, sail and spar makers, a tin- 
 smith, and other small manufactures necessary to ship-yards or common 
 to villages. There is also a factory for canning lobsters. The in- 
 habitants are largely engaged in fishing and coasting, as well as ship- 
 building and farming. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Harrington, Steuben and 
 Cherryfield, and incorporated in 1848. It has a Methodist and a 
 Christian church, and nine public schoolhouses. The school property 
 is valued at $3,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $209,747. 
 In 1880 it was $304,779. The population in 1870 was 1,558. In 1880 
 it was 1,802. 
 
 MilltOWn, a post-oifice in Calais, Washington County. ^ 
 
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364 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 JVIllO is situated in the south-eastern part of Piscataquis County, 
 13 miles north-east of Dover, and 40 miles from Bangor. The Piscat- 
 aquis River and the Bangor and Piscataquis Railway run through the 
 town east and west. Pleasant River from the north, and Sebec 
 River from the north-west form a junction with tlie Piscataquis in the 
 midst of the town. The last furnishes the power at Milo Village for 
 grist, saw, shingle and spool-block mills, and a small woolen-factory. 
 Considerable slate rock crops out along the streaiw. The surface of 
 the town is agreeably diversified by hill and dale, and the soil is gen- 
 erally fertile. Milo maintains a flourishing cheese factory. 
 
 The town was township No. 3, Range 7, and has an area of 21,920 
 acres. Mr. Jonathan Hastings early purchased the township from the 
 State, and a Mi'. Wells, of Boston, became his partner. These con- 
 veyed the greater part to the settlers, and sold the balance to Russell 
 Kittredge. A Mr. Snow, of Belgrade, having been pleased with the 
 fertile intervals when roaming through the region as a hunter, sent 
 his two sons, Moses and Stephen, just attained to manhood to dwell 
 in this goodly land. Theyselected their lots in 1801 (probably) near 
 the present bridge on Pleasant River. Mr. Benjamin Sargent, from 
 Methuen, Mass., selected a lot on Piscataquis Rivei-, near the ferry, 
 at the same time. All felled their first openings in 1802. Mr. Sargent 
 was the first to bring in his family, which was done in 1803. 
 
 The inhabitants were organized as Plantation No 3 sometime 
 prior to 1820 ; and in 1823, it was incorporated as the town of Milo. 
 The warrant for the first meeting was issued by Lemuel Shepley to 
 Theophilus Sargent. At this meeting Luther Keene was chosen town- 
 clerk. Mr. Elisha Johnson^ the last of the twenty-eight voters present, 
 died in 1878, aged above eighty years. Not far from the date of this 
 incorporation, Captain W. A.- Sweat built the dam across Sebec River, 
 at the present village, and erected the first saw and grist-mill in town. 
 Not long after this, Mr. Thomas White put in a fulling-mill and carding- 
 machine. A large amount of freight from Brownville slate-quarries 
 and Katahdin iron-works are delivered at the Milo railway station. 
 
 Among the prominent men of tiie town in addition to those already- 
 mentioned have been J. F. CaJiff, Ezra Kimball, Chester Huckins, S. B. 
 Sprague, G. B. Crane and Hannibal Hamblin, physicians ; J. B. Everett, 
 C. A. Everett, J. H. Macomber, jun., William P. Young, and M. L. 
 Durgin, Jr., lawyers ; the last two still remaining. The Baptists, 
 Methodists, Free Baptists, Universalists and Advents each have an 
 organization in town. Milo has a school fund of $1,300 arising from 
 the sale of the reserved lots, and nine public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $2,300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $161,855 ; in 1880, 
 $203,438. The population in 1870 was 930. In 1880 it was 934. 
 
 Milton Plantation lies with its northern line about one 
 mile south of the Androscoggin, midway between the eastern and 
 western limits of Oxford County. Rumford bounds it on the north, 
 Franklin Plantation on the east, Woodstock on the south, and Bethel 
 on the west. The dimensions are about five and a half miles east and 
 west by two and two-third miles north and south. The surface is 
 broken and mountainous in the north-eastern and south-western parts, 
 but more level, with some intervals along the courses of the streams 
 in other portions. The principal streams are Concord River, with 
 
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MINOT. 365 
 
 Peterson Stream and its other branches. In the north-eastern part are 
 Glines and Peaked mountains, with Mount Zircon at the extreme angle, 
 and Mount Hemingway just across the northern border. In the south- 
 west, Bryant Mountain is the chief eminence. On the western slope of 
 Mount Zircon is the noted Mount Zircon Mineral Spring. 
 
 The centres of business are on Concord River, at the centre of the 
 township where there are a saw-mill for long and short lumber, a 
 shingle-mill, a boot and shoe shop and a schoolhouse ; and on Peterson 
 Stream, at the western side of the township, where there are a steam 
 saw-mill, a carriage-shop, a post-office and hotel. There is also a tub 
 and pail handle factory in the plantation. The Oxford Mining Com- 
 pany is located here. The nearest railroad station is that of the Grand 
 Trunk Railroad at Locke's Mills. The nearest railroad connection is 
 at Bryant's Pond, by the stage-line from that place to Rumford. 
 
 This plantation was organized in 1842. The Free Baptists have an 
 organization here, and stated meetings. There are two public school- 
 houses ; and the school property is valued at $600. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $41,272. In 1880 it was $40,966. The population 
 in 1870 was 258. In 1880 it was 270. 
 
 JVIlIlOt, in Androscoggin County, was included with Poland and 
 Old Auburn in the grant made by Massachusetts in 1765 to one Baker 
 and others, and the tract was hence called Bakerstown. The entire 
 territory was in 1795 incorporated under the name of Poland. In 
 1802, the part east of the Little Androscoggin River was incorporated 
 under the name of Minot; and in 1842 Old Auburn was set off from 
 this and incorporated. The name of Minot appears to have been 
 adopted in honor of Judge Minot, member of the General Court who 
 aided in passing the act of incorporation. Minot, as now constituted, is 
 bounded by Hebron, in Oxford County, on the west, on the north by 
 the same town and Turner, on the east and south-east by Auburn, 
 and on the south and south-west by Poland. These limits contain 
 about 14,270 acres of land. The Little Androscoggin divides the town 
 on the south-west from Poland, and furnishes a fine water-power at 
 Mechanic Falls, the principal village. The first to start in paper- 
 making on the Minot side of the river at this place were Ebenezer 
 Drake and Ezra Mitchell, who erected a mill in 1851. They did a suc- 
 cessful business until 1865, when the mill passed into the hands of A, 
 C. Dennison & Co., and was rebuilt. There are also on the Minot side 
 a clothing-factory, a grist-mill, a boot and shoe factory, carriage-factory, 
 etc. The " Mechanic Falls Citizen," published in this village every 
 Wednesday by Charles S. Allen, is an attractive sheet, devoted chiefly 
 to local news. At Minot Corner is a grist-mill and a carriage-factory, 
 a corn-packing factory, and lesser manufactures. At West Minot 
 there is a flour-mill, saw and shingle mill, and cheese-factory. There 
 is also a grist-mill on the Little Androscoggin a couple of miles above 
 Mechanic Falls. The Grand Trunk Railroad runs near the river for 
 the whole width of the town, a part of the distance within it, furnish- 
 ing convenient transportation for the villages on the river, while the 
 Rumford Falls and Buckfield Railroad passing through West Minot 
 connects with the Grand Trunk at Mechanic Falls. Bog Brook, the 
 largest stream within the town, empties into the river near Mechanic 
 Falls, called Bog Falls when first settled. The surface of the town ia 
 
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366 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 generally uneven, and in some parts billy, and affording some pictur- 
 esque scenery. The soil in most parts of the town is a strong loam, 
 and somewhat stony. Near the river it is lighter. The two industries 
 of manufactures and agriculture makes Minot a thrifty town. 
 
 Moses, Josiah and Edward Little were the principal proprietors of 
 the territory, from one or the other of whom most of the p]-eserife 
 titles come. As in several other towns bordering on the Pejepscot 
 Purchase, there was a great deal of difficulty and ill-feeling in settling 
 with the different claimants. Moses Emery, from Newbury, Mass., 
 was tlie first settler, having, with his wife and infant daughter, arrived 
 at Poland Empire in the spring of 1769. lie first lived in a log house 
 near the locality now known as Ilackett's Mills, but two or three years 
 later he removed to what is now Minot Corner, where he had for a 
 neiglibor an Anasagunticook Indian. Wild game abounded in the 
 vicmity. Once when looking for his cows, he was confronted by a bear 
 and two cubs. He retreated backward endeavoring to lay hold of a 
 club, and the bear followed grinning and growling with rage, so closely 
 that he could feel her breath on his face. Finding that something must 
 be done at once, he flung off his jacket in order to cast it over the 
 bear's head. The sudden and peculiar action alarmed the bear, and 
 she turned and went away. At another time he was attacked by a 
 moose, and fled to a tree, the only defence available. The moose 
 pursued, but being able to turn more quickly than the huge 
 beast, he kept away from his pursuers horns and so close to his heels 
 that he succeeded in cutting his hamstings with his pocket-knife. 
 Again while out hunting he was attacked by a moose which his partner 
 had wounded and which his dog was holding by the nose. At Emery's 
 appearance, the moose freed himself from the dog by swinging him 
 against a tree, then sprang directly at the hunter (whose gun missed 
 fire) with a movement so tremendous that he would doubtless have 
 been killed had not another shot just in the nick of time from his 
 partner's gun, laid the monster on the ground. 
 
 "Woodman Hill was first settled in 1780 by John Allen, from Glou- 
 cester, Mass. ; Seth Sampson and Eliab Washburn came in 1789 ; and 
 the Woodmans from New Gloucester, — the first in 1785. West Minot 
 was first settled in 1781 by John Bridgham, who had been a captain in 
 the Revolutionary army. Hersey Hill vicinity was first settled by the 
 Freeman's and Bradford's, who were from Duxbury, Mass., in 1783. 
 The Chandlers arrived soon after. Pottle Hill, was numerously settled 
 by the Waterman's, Dwinals, Davis and Harris, in 1789. Mechanic 
 Palls (Bog Falls) was first settled in 1836, by Dean Andrew, from 
 Taunton, Mass. ; soon followed Peter Thayer, Amos Chipman, and 
 others. 
 
 Chandler Freeman, a member of the Congregational church in 
 Duxbury, instituted the first regular public worship on the Lord's Day, 
 in 1784. The meeting was held in the house of his son. Chandler 
 Freeman, at which the inhabitants of the northern part of the present 
 town generally attended. Mr. Freeman, senior, usually read the 
 the sermons, made the prayers and led the singing. The first church 
 was established here in 1791 by the efforts of Rev. Wait Cornwall, of 
 Connecticut. It was of the Congregationalist denomination. 'The 
 Congregationalists, Baptists, Free Baptists, now have each a church in 
 town ; the Methodists have two, and there is one Union church. 
 
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MONHEGAN PLANTATION. 367 
 
 In 1793 Rev. Jonathan Scott came to Bakerstown (including Minot) 
 from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in response to a letter of invitation 
 which had been six months in reaching him. He was settled as pastor 
 in 1796. The second Congregational church was formed in 1806. 
 The first pastor was Rev. William Pidgin, installed in 1811. The 
 West Minot and Hebron Congregational church was organized in 
 1802. Rev. Henry Sewall was ordained over it the same year. The 
 first Methodist church was formed in 1795 by the labors of Rev. Joel 
 Ketchum. The first Baptist church at Mechanic Falls was organized 
 in 1857. The first pastor was Rev. A. K. P. Small. The first Univers- 
 alist church also was oi-ganized at Mechanic Falls in 1857. The first 
 preacher was Rev. Z. Thompson. Dr. Jesse Rice was the first phy- 
 sician who practised in town ; but in 1800, losing three children by 
 scarlet fever, which prevailed that year, he invited Dr. Seth Chandler, 
 a native of Duxbury, Mass., to fill his place ; and when Dr. Chandler 
 arrived, Dr. Rice ceased practice. He was afterwards much occupied 
 in town affairs. Hon. Stephen Emery, judge of Probate in Oxford 
 County, was a native of Minot. The most noted citizen of the town 
 was William Ladd, a retired shipmaster, the first advocate of the set- 
 tlement of international disputes by arbitration. He was the principal 
 founder of the American Peace Society. 
 
 The call for men in the war of the Rebellion was promptly met by 
 Minot. She was represented by 206 men in the service, 13.3 of whom 
 had been residents of the town. Eight of these enlisted in the quota 
 of other towns. Some returned with broken constitutions, others were 
 maimed for life ; of whom was Captain H. T. Buckman, who lost an 
 arm. The loss during the war was 31 men. The amount of bounties 
 paid by the town was $43,590. The total expenses were 149,284. 
 
 The first schools were private. Of those who taught schools of 
 this class are remembered Samuel Shaw, at the Centre, Master Bray, 
 on Bradbury Hill, John Chandler and his sister, on Hersey Hill. 
 Nathan Hanson taught the first public school in town. There are now 
 nine public schoolhouses, valued at $11,000. One at Mechanic Falls, 
 built a few years ago, is of brick, two-stories in height, cost $8,500, a 
 part of which expense fell upon Poland, some of whose pupils it ac- 
 commodates. The valuation of estates in 1870, was $610,511. In 1880 
 it was $720,549. The population in 1870 was 1,569. In 1880 it was 
 1,764. 
 
 JVEonarda, a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 Monheg'an Plantation is an island situated just out- 
 side of Muscongus Bay, in Lincoln County. It lies 12 miles south-east 
 from Pemaquid Point light, 23 miles from Matinicus rock, and 20 
 miles from Seguin light. Its own lighthouse has a flashing, white 
 light, sweeping the entire horizon. The tower is of granite of the 
 natural color. The island comprises a thousand acres of good, though 
 rocky land. Potatoes are the chief crop, and fishing the principal oc- 
 cupation of the Islanders. 
 
 Monhegan has a bold shore on all sides, a large projection of rocks 
 at its northeastward part, and has one good harbor. Station Hill, 
 about 200 feet high, is the principal eminence. Broocher's Cave, about 
 8 feet in depth, is an object of curiosity. 
 
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368 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The name, Monhegan, is a corruption of an Indian word signifying 
 "Grand Island." It is the " St. Georges' Island" of Capt." George 
 Weymouth, who landed here in 1605. Here, also, Popham's colonists 
 landed on the 29th of August, 1607, when Richard Seymour, the clinp- 
 lain, preached the first English sermon ever given in America. A plan 
 has been formed for erecting a monument upon the island in commem- 
 oration of this event. 
 
 Monhegan has, from their first knowledge of the coast, been a place 
 of resort for European fisherman and traders ; and in 1618-19 part of 
 a crew sent out by Sir Ferdinando Gorges spent the winter here. In 
 1626, Abraham Shurt was sent over by Elbridge and Aldsworth, the 
 owners of the Pemaquid Patent, to purchase the island from Abraham 
 Jennings, of Plymouth, paying for it £50. It was depopulated in 
 King Philips' war ; but was soon after resettled, and has ever since 
 continued in a thriving condition. On the island "Mananas," forming 
 the western side of the harbor of Monhegan, are some markings on a 
 rock, which by some antiquarians are believed to be letters made by 
 Scandinavian explorers in ancient days. The characters are about 
 eight inches in length, and are sunk quite deeply into the rock, upon a 
 stratum which seems to be softer than the main ledge, which is horn- 
 blende. They all stand in proper parallels to each other, and obliquely 
 to the course of the stratum. A cast was taken by Dr. Hamlin, which 
 was sent to the American Antiquarian Society at Copenhagan ; but 
 the society have not been able to establish its human origin. Many 
 incline to the opinion that the marks are only peculiar fissures in the 
 rock. 
 
 There was formerly an Advent society and meeting on the island ; 
 and during the season of 1880 a church was finished and dedicated by 
 the Methodists. Monhegan has one good public schoolhouse, which, 
 with the appurtenances, is valued at |500. The Taluation of estates 
 in 1870 was $24,345. In 1880 it was 110,305. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 was, together 
 with Marsh Isle, 165. In 1880 it was 133. 
 
 MOlllHOUtll the north-westerly town of Kennebec County, 
 is about 16 miles from Augusta, and about 48 miles from Portland, on 
 the line of the Maine Central Railway from the latter place to Water- 
 ville. The town is nearly square in its form ; and is bounded on the 
 east by Litchfield and West Gardiner, north by Winthrop and Wayne, 
 and having the town of Wales, in Androscoggin County on the south, 
 and Green and Leeds, in the same county, on the west. On or near 
 the border lie five ponds, commencing at the south-east with Purgatory 
 ponds, there follow Cobbossee Contee Great Pond at the north-east, 
 Annabessacook at the north, Androscoggin Pond at the north-west, 
 and parallel to and south-easterly of this, Wilsons' Pond. The latter 
 takes its name from a man who was drowned in it by the Indians. The 
 first settlers found a small tribe of these residing in town, who grad- 
 ually disappeared. In the western part of the town lies Cochnewagan 
 Pond, whose outlet furnishes the power for the manufactories at Mon- 
 mouth Centre. There are a grain mill, capable of grinding seventy- 
 five bushels of wheat per day, and of corn, five or six hundred ; a sash- 
 factory, a saw-mill with capacity to saw from five to seven thousand 
 feet of boards per day ; a shingle-mill and carpenter's shop. The other 
 
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MONROE. 369 
 
 villages are South Monmouth, East Monmouth and North Monmouth. 
 At each of these is a post-office, and the Maine Central Railway has a 
 station at tne Centre. , At East Monmouth, on the outlet of Annabes- 
 sacook Pond, is a saw and shingle mill ; and on the outlet of Wilson's 
 Pond at North Monmouth is a factory for making shovels, hoes, and 
 axes, a grist-mill, and several lesser manufactures. 
 
 The surface is uneven, but it is said that there is not a lot of waste 
 land in town. The most extensive elevation of land is Oak Hill, from 
 150 to 200 feet high. The underlying rock is principally granite, and 
 the soil a gravelly loam. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the 
 inhabitants ; and excellent crops of hay, apples and potatoes are pro- 
 duced. The town also yields considerable quantity of beef cattle and 
 dairy products. 
 
 The first settlers are believed to be Thomas Gray, Joseph Allen, 
 Philip Jenkins, Reuben Ham and Jonathan Thompson, who removed 
 from Brunswick in the winter of 1777. Two years later arrived Icha- 
 bod Baker, John "Welch, Alexander Thompson, Hugh Mulloy, and 
 John and Benoni Austin. Peter Hopkins and James Blossom came in 
 1781, and some thirty others soon after. Among the latter were Gen- 
 eral (then Colonel) Henry Dearborn, Simon and Benjamin Dearborn 
 and John Chandler. The territory was part of the Plymouth Patent. 
 At the close of the Revolutionary war, General Dearborn became pro- 
 prietor of 5,225 acres of land in the township, upon which he erected 
 farm buildings and mills, residing constantly upon his property for 
 several j'ears, and spending a portion of his time here for the remain- 
 der of his life. John Chandler came as an itinerant blacksmith, the 
 poorest man in the settlement in respect to money. But his talents 
 were of a high order, and he rose to be Major General of the State 
 Militia, a representative in Congress, a United States senator and 
 later was appointed collector of the port of Portland. Among other 
 residents were General James McClellan, afterward of Bath, Colonel 
 Greenleaf Dearborn, of the United States army, General Ira ]31ossom, 
 of Buffalo, New York, and Hon. Anson G. Chandler. 
 
 During its existence as a plantation, it bore at different times the 
 names of Freetown, Bloomingsborough and Wales. It was incorpo- 
 rated as a town in 1792, and at the suggestion of General Dearborn,, 
 received the name it now bears in commemoration of the battle of; 
 Monmouth, in which he bore a part. 
 
 There are six church-edifices in town, belonging to the Congrega-. 
 tionalists, the Calvinist aod the Free Baptists, and the Methodists. 
 Monmouth Academy, founded in 1803, was for many years in the 
 front rank of the literary institutions of the State ; and many eminent 
 persons have here received a part of their education. Monmouth has 
 besides fourteen public schoolhouses, valued at $5,000. The valuation- 
 of estates in 1870 was $592,068. In 1880 it was $609,042. The population 
 in 1870 was 1,744. By the census of 1880 it is now placed at 1,520, 
 
 Monroe Hes in the northern part of Waldo County, 13. 
 miles north of Belfast and 18 miles south-west of Bangor, on the 
 stage-line from the latter city to Brooks. It is bounded on the east by- 
 Winterport and Frankfort, south by Swanville, west by Brooks and 
 Jackson, and North by Newburgh, in Penobscot County. The surface- 
 is broken and hilly, but the soil yields well on cultivation. Much atten- 
 
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370 GAZETEEER OF MAINE. 
 
 tion has been given to fruit trees, and the town shows many fine 
 orchards. It is drained by both the north and south branches of Marsh 
 River ; and on these are many water-powers. There is one saw-mill 
 for long and short lumber, one grist-mill, a carding-mill, barrel-factory, 
 cheese-factory, and other manufactures common to villages. A few 
 years ago there were in operation in this town the following : " Willis's 
 Mills," on a fall of 15 feet on Marsh River, comprising a saw-mill, with 
 the capacity of producing annually 400,000 feet of long lumber and 
 800,000 shingles, and a grist-mill with four sets of stones. On a fall of 
 10 feet, half a mile above, were saw, fulling, and carding mills. Half 
 a mile above the last was a lumber and stave mill, and two miles above 
 lliis were saw and shingle mills. On the outlet of Northern Fond was 
 " Thurlough Mill," with capacity of manufacturing annually 200,000 
 feet of lumber. On the outlet of the Thomas Chase bog, was a stone 
 dam unoccupied; and half a mile farther down were board, lath, 
 shingle and stave mills. On the outlet of a pond in Swanville were 
 the "Mayo Mills," including a first-class grist-mill. On the Emery Mills 
 Stream was a saw and stave mill, a pail-factory, and still earlier, a 
 grist-mill. At the outlet of Jones' Bog there was a grist-mill. Other 
 privileges have never been occupied, and it is to be hoped that the- 
 futurc will see more of this waste power made useful to man. 
 
 The settlements in Monroe commenced soon after those in Frank- 
 fort, which was settled about 1760. " Lee Flantation," was the name 
 by which these were known until 1822, when it was incorporated under 
 the name of Monroe, in honor of Hon. James Monroe, at that time 
 president of the United States. 
 
 The centres of business are Monroe Mills, or Village, and Monroe 
 Centre. There is also a post-office at North Monroe. The Methodists 
 and Free Baptists each have a church in the town. The number of 
 l^ublic schoolhouses is thirteen, valued at $4,500. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $326,835. In 1880 it was $810,155. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 1,375. In 1880 it was 1,366. 
 
 JVEonSOn js situated in the south-western part of Piscataquis 
 County. Shirley and Elliotsville are on the north, Howard Township 
 on the east, Blanchard on the west, and Abbott on the south. The 
 Bangor and Piscataquis Railway passes through the south-west corner, 
 and the stage-line from Dexter to Moosehead Lake, through the centre 
 of the town. Hebron, Monson, Doe and Spectacle ponds are the prin- 
 cipal bodies of water, the first and largest being 3 miles long and 1 
 wide. Child's Falls, where the water descends 75 feet are interesting. 
 The Piscataquis River runs across the south-west corner. The other 
 streams are Wilson's and the outlet of Hebron Pond, upon which, at 
 the village near the centre of the town, are lumber-mills and a grist- 
 mill. Doughty Hill is the highest elevation of land. Much of the sur- 
 face is low and stony, and has never been cleared, but perhaps half the 
 area is a light, loamy soil, of an excellent quality for the crops raised 
 — hay, oats, wheat and potatoes. The principal business is slate min- 
 ing, in which four or more companies are engaged. 
 
 Monson Academy in Massachusetts, and Hebron Academy in Maine 
 were each granted a tract 3 miles in width and 6 in length in the town- 
 ship, but being 7 miles one way instead of 6, a strip 1 mile wide was 
 
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MONSON. 371 
 
 left at the north end unappropriated. The trustees of Monson Acade- 
 my, learning of this, petitioned and obtained it. 
 
 Joseph Bearce felled the first opening in 1815, and the next sum- 
 mer — famous as the cold season — put in his first crop. George Doughty 
 and Simeon Irish, with Mr. Bearce, brought in their families in 1818. 
 Mr. Bearce put up a pair of Moose-horns on a stout pole to mark the point 
 where a path turned off northward toward the centre of the township. 
 The fork of these roads has ever continued at this point under the name 
 of Moosehorns. Other early settlers were James Stinchfield, Captain 
 Amasa Chapin, Captain Samuel Whitney, William A. Hyde, Calvin 
 Colton, Deacons Lucius Hyde and Abel Goodell, Royal Day, Austin 
 Newell, and Horatio Sherman. Messrs. Whitney, Hyde and Fay, 
 made a clearing on the site of Monson Village, and built a dam in 1820, 
 and a saw and grist mill in 1821. Deacon Andrew Cushman, Hiram 
 Vinton, Isaac Tyler and Austin Newell came in 1822. In this year the 
 town was incorporated. The first meeting was held, pursuant to a 
 warrant from Samuel Pingree, Esq., at the dwelling-house of Messrs. 
 Whitney and Hyde. In 1823, Alexander Greenwood, Esq., who sur- 
 veyed most of the townships in this vicinity, moved into Monson. His 
 death occurred by the fall of a tree while he was superintending a drive, 
 and the falls where the sad incident took place has ever since borne 
 his name. 
 
 A private school, free to all who could attend, was taught in the 
 winter of 1821-22 by Deacon Lucius Hyde, in the house of James 
 Stinchfield. The next winter Father Sawyer taught the first town 
 school, and preached to the people on the Sabbath. Dr. Alpheus 
 Davison, the first physician, settled in town in 1823. In 1824 other 
 citizens of note came in, among whom were John Crafts, Solomon 
 Cushman and Oliver Eveleth. In the same year the first post-office 
 was established, F. F. Gates being the first post-master. The Doughty 
 boys, succeeded by Benjamin Stinchfield, were the first mail-carriers, 
 making the trip on foot between Monson and the next post-office at 
 Guilford, 10 miles distant. In 1827, Deacon Thomas Fuller carried 
 the mail in a carriage between Monson and Bangor. The town suf- 
 fered much damage in its woodland from the great fire of 1825. The 
 Congregationalist meeting-house was finished and dedicated in 1831, 
 and was the first house for public worship erected in the county. The 
 Baptists also have a good church-edifice. In 1835, the farmers suffered 
 much loss by the swindling operation of a real estate sharper. An 
 academy was chartered in 1849, being the second in the county. 
 
 On April 22, 1872, the fiftieth aniversary of the first town-meeting, 
 a celebration was held at Academy Hall. It was presided over by 
 Aretas Chapin, Esq., Rev. R. W. Emerson offered the prayer, and Mr. 
 Charles Davison, a native of the town, gave an historical address. Rev. 
 A. H. Tyler, and Hon. S. A. Patton, made interesting remarks, and 
 preceptor William S. Knowlton read a witty historical poem. Hon. 
 John H. Rice, member of the 38th and 39th Congress, and Hon. E. Flint, 
 secretary of state in 1864, were formerly citizens of Monson. There 
 are resident in the town four persons over ninety years old, and ten 
 who are above eighty. 
 
 From a populaljion of 708, Monson furnished 84 men for the army 
 of the Union. Of these 6 were killed on the field of battle, 16 died of 
 wounds or disease, and 16 others were wounded. 
 
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372 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 No newspaper is now published in Monsou, but many are read. At 
 the date of the celebration, it was stated in the historical address that 
 there were taken in town 5 daily, and 173 weekly newspapers, and 6 
 semi-monthly, and 84 monthly periodicals. Monson has seven public 
 schoolhouses, valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $134,520. In 1880 it was $159,461. The rate of taxation in 1880 is 1^ 
 per cent. The population in 1870 was 608. In 1880 it was 827. 
 
 IVIOntiCGllO lies on the eastern border of Aroostook County, 
 12 miles north of Houlton, on the stage-line to upper Aroostook. It is 
 bounded on the north by Bridgewater, south by Littleton, west by 
 an unnamed township, and east by Wilmot, in New Brunswick. The 
 north bi-anch of the Meduxnekeag runs south-eastward through the 
 midst of the town, receiving numerous short branches from the north- 
 ern side. Wallace Lake, in the northern part of the town, is the largest 
 sheet of water, having an area of 30 acres. The surface of the country 
 is somewhat rolling, but without hills. The rocks are limestone and 
 granite. The soil is very good, yielding excellent crops. Hay, oats 
 and potatoes are chiefly cultivated. Monticello Village is situated 
 upon the Meduxnekeag North Branch, a little south of the centre of 
 town. There are here a saw-mill for long and short lumber, a starch- 
 factory, and other manufactures common to villages. The nearest 
 railroad station is at Houlton. The roads are generally very good. A 
 biidge across the river at the village is 200 feet in length. It is con- 
 structed of spruce and cedar, with stone abutments. 
 
 Monticello was incorporated July 29, 1846, having previously borne 
 the name of Wellington Township. Among its valued citizens have 
 been General Wellington, John Pond, Samuel Stackpole, and Peter 
 Lowell. The Methodists have a church here, and sustain worship and 
 preaching. The number of public schoolhouses is seven. TJ)e value 
 of these, with land, is $750. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $138,585. In 1880 it was $149,273. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 15 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 760. In 1880 it was 965. 
 
 MontSWeag^, a postroffice in Woolwich, Sagadahoc County, 
 
 jVlOIltVlllG lies in the western part of Waldo county, 16 miles 
 west of Belfast, on the stage-line from Augusta. The town is of 
 diamond form, having its longest axis north and south. Freedom 
 bounds it on the north-west, Knox on the north-east, Morrill on the 
 east, Searsmont on the south-east. Liberty on the south-west and 
 Palermo on the west. The superficial area is about 20,200 acres. The 
 surface is broken by ledges, hills and mountains. Those having names 
 on the county map ai-e Otis Hill and Hogback Mountain. The last is 
 a long elevation with several peaks, standing near the centre of the 
 town. From its southern and eastern slopes flow streams tributary to 
 St. George's River, while its western slopes feed the Sheepsoot, and 
 the northern the Sebasticook. Notwithstanding the broken condition 
 of the surface, there is good grazing and tillage on hill, slope and 
 valley. Granite is the prevailing rock. There are several ponds in the 
 town, of which True's Pond in the southern corner is the largest, having, 
 with three other small ponds connected, an area of about 4 square 
 
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MOOSEEEAD LAKE. 373 
 
 miles. The town has several villages, — Montville Village or McFar- 
 land's Corner, Center, North, West and South Montville. There are 
 in the town five saw-mills for the manufacture of long and short lum- 
 ber, one grist-mill, two cheese-factories, two carriage-factories, etc. 
 
 This town was in the second grand division of the grant known as 
 the " Twenty Associates' Proprietary," the most of which was subse- 
 quently owned by Joseph Pierce, of Boston, from whom the settlers 
 obtained their titles. The first settlement in this town was in 1778-9, 
 by a Mr. Stannard, who moved away in a few years ; so that the first 
 permanent settler was James Davis, a Presbyterian minister, originally 
 from Massachusetts. Two years later his two sons, William and 
 Joshua, and a more distant relative, became residents. These all set- 
 tled in the neighborhood of what is now Liberty. These fam- 
 ilies intermarried, and the Davis families became so numerous 
 that the plantation gained the name of Davistown, which it re- 
 tained until its incorporation. Following; the last, came William 
 Clark and Archibald McAlister, from Jefferson (then Ballstown) ; 
 and about 1793, Timothy Barrett, a native of Concord, Mass., 
 took up his residence in Montville. He here maintained the life of a 
 hermit till about 1844, and in 1847 he died at the supposed age of 
 eighty-five. On February 18, 1807, the settlement was incorporated 
 as Montville, a name derived perhaps from the mountain which marks 
 the centre of the town. 
 
 In 1799 came in Rev. Moses McFarland. He was born in 1781, com- 
 menced preaching here in 1805, and continued to do so until within a 
 few years. Another preacher, Rev. Ebenezer Knowlton, a resident of 
 Montville, in 1855-7, represented this district in Congress. The town 
 has now four Free Baj)tist churches, and one Methodist church. The 
 number of public schoolhouses is fifteen ; and their value, with appur- 
 tenances, is $4,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $389,945. 
 In 1880 it was $862,692. The population in 1870 was 1,467. In 1880 
 it was 1,255. 
 
 MOOSehead. Lake, the largest body of fresh water in New 
 England, lies on the boundary of Piscataquis and Somerset counties, 
 on the borders of a far-reaching wilderness. Its area is 120 square 
 miles. It is 40 miles in extreme length, from 1 mile to 18 miles in 
 width, and has about 400 miles of shore. Its borders, winding and 
 irregular in their general outline, are further broken up into little 
 coves, bays, points and peninsulas, and indented by the mouths of 
 many streams. The water is of such depth that the lake can be crossed 
 by steamers from end to end. For nearly forty years these craft have 
 puffed along its forest-clad shores, towing rafts of logs from its ex- 
 treme parts to its outlet, and in later years conveying explorers, hunt- 
 ers, fishermen and summer tourists. At present there are five or more 
 steamers on the lake, often Oiccompanied by bands of music. Enclosed 
 by its waters are many islands, and about its shores noble panoramas 
 of mountain scenery. Of the islands. Sugar Island is the largest, con- 
 taining 5,000 acres, but uninhabited ; Deer Island, the next in size, 
 contains above 2,200 acres, and has a cleared farm and a small public 
 house. Eastward are seen the tops of mountains, solitary and in 
 groups, among which are the Ebeeme Mountains, with Boarstone, 
 Horseback and Spruceback ; and at the north- east, almost touched by 
 
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a? 4 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 one or more arms of the lake is a group of numerous hills ; and a little 
 south-east of these are the twin peaks of Spencer Mountain, one of 
 which rises to a height of 4,050 feet above the sea. In nearly the same 
 direction 40 or 50 miles away, Kahtahdin, the loftiest of Maine's 
 mountains, lifts his granite head. Not far from the lake, on the south- 
 west, Squaw Mountain looms grandly ; and beyond this, somewhat 
 southward, are the high peaks of Franklin County, — mounts Abraham, 
 Saddleback and Blue, with the New Hampshire group in the horizon. 
 But most impressive of all is Mount Kineo, an abrupt elevation at the 
 head of a peninsula that almost divides the lake in the midst. It is 
 composed almost entirely of hornblende, presenting the largest mass of 
 that rock known to geologists. On the side next the lake its precipi- 
 tous front rises to the height of 800 feet above the water. The surface 
 of the lake itself is 1,070 feet above the sea, giving to the summit of 
 Kineo an altitude more than 1,800 feet. 
 
 Fi'om the south-western arm of the lake issues the noble Kennebec, 
 forming its outlet. As a reservoir for a great river, the lake is of re- 
 markable character. The increase of depth in the spring is about 7 
 feet, and a dam commands a head of eight feet over the entire 120 
 square miles of its surface ; while the elevation above tide at which the 
 river issues gives a succession of falls of great value for manufactures. 
 The shores and islands are now gaining a sufficient number of good 
 hotels, telegraphic communication is being established, and three dis- 
 tinct railroads are nearly approaching the lake. 
 
 Moose River Plantation, in Somerset County oc- 
 cupies a tract at the junction of the angles of Dennicetown, Holden, 
 Altean and Jackman plantation. It is 81 miles N;N.W. of Skowhegan, 
 on the stage-road to Canada. The large ponds in Attean township here 
 have their outlet in Moose River, which flows eastward through Long 
 Pond into Moosehead Lake. At this plantation the stream affords a 
 good water-power, which is occupied by a saw-mill and grist-mill. 
 
 The first settlement was made by Samuel Holden in 1820. The 
 settlement here was at first called Holdentown. It was organized as a 
 plantation October 16, 1852. The plantation has a union church-edifice. 
 It has one public schoolhouse, and other school property to the value 
 of $400. The population in 1860 was 135. In 1870, 104. In 1880 no 
 separate return was made in the census. 
 
 Morrill is situated in the central part of Waldo County, 6J 
 miles west of Belfast. It is bounded on the north by Knox, east by 
 Waldo and Belfast, south by Belmont, and west by Searsmont and 
 Montville. The surface of the town is uneven, but with very little 
 waste land. Morey and Howe hills are probably the highest eleva- 
 tions, though these have no great altitude. The soil is sandy in parts, 
 and in others clay loam. Hay and potatoes are the chief crops. The 
 usual forest trees of the region thrive here. Cross Pond, in this town, 
 contains about 100 acres, and another — Dolliff — about 50 acres. The 
 chief water-power is at the village on the east on the Passagassawakeag 
 Stream. There are here shingle and stave mills, and a horse-rake fac- 
 tory. Morrill is on the Belfast and Kendall's Mills stage-line. The 
 nearest railroad station is at Belfast. The town roads are very good. 
 There is one bridge 120 feet iu length, constructed of stone and timber. 
 
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MOSCOW. 375 
 
 This town was incorpotated March 3, 1855 ; being named in honor 
 of Hon. Anson P. Morrill, then governor of the State. The first set- 
 tlements were made by James Weymouth, Benjamin Smith, Joseph 
 Coming and Nathaniel Cushman, in 1801 and 1802. They purchased 
 their lands of General Knox, proprietor under the Waldo Patent. 
 
 The climate of this town is regarded as quite healthful. There are 
 four inhabitants past eighty years of age, and four between seventy and 
 eighty. The Grange has a good building here, which is used as a town- 
 hall. There is a Methodist society in the town, and a Union meeting- 
 house at the village. The town has five public schoolhouses. The 
 entire school property is valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $133,099. In 1880 it was $122,098. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter was for money tax, 42 mills on the dollar. The population 
 in 1870 was 523. In 1880 it was 494. 
 
 Morrill's Corner, a village and railroad station in Deer- 
 ing, Cumberland County. 
 
 Morrison's Corner, a smaU village in Clinton, Ken- 
 nebec County. 
 
 M!OSCO"W, in Somerset County, is situated on the eastern 
 bank of Kennebec River, 25 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegan, on the 
 stage-line to the Forks of the Kennebec. It is bounded on the north 
 by Caratunk, east by Mayfield, south by Bingham and west by 
 Pleasant Ridge Plantation. It is separated from the last by the river. 
 The surface is very hilly. Dresser Hill is the most extensive elevation 
 in horizontal area ; Baker Mountain is probably the highest, and Bab 
 bitt Ridge is next to these. Chase, Little Chase and Minx ponds lie 
 in the northern part. Others are found at the south-east corner, and 
 along near the river are several smaller. Austin Stream is the princi- 
 pal water course, and into it discharge Chase and Gulf streams. Minx 
 and other brooks. Near the eastern line of the town are " Austin 
 Falls," on the stream of that nanie, having a descent of 100 feet in half 
 a mile. On these were formerly saw, shingle, clapboard and planing 
 mills, which were burnt a few years since. Other powers and mills are 
 Temple's Mills and Temple's Wagon Works, on a brook empty- 
 ing into the Kennebec River ; Bassett's Shingle Mill, on the east 
 branch of Chase Stream ; Chase Mill on the same stream, near the 
 centre of the town ; "Great Falls," below, where the stream descends 
 30 feet; and on Carney's Brook is Carney's saw-mill. In all there are 
 19 available powers. The rock in general through the town is a hard 
 slate, having in many places, veins of quartz yielding small quantities 
 of gold. Three-fourths of the territory is still covered with heavy 
 forest. The soil is good, yielding well in grain and other staple pro- 
 ducts of the region. Bingham is a post-ofiice for the town. 
 
 This township was a part of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase. Ac- 
 cording to Williamson, it was settled as early as 1773. The land was 
 surveyed and lotted in 1812, at which time the inhabitants petitioned 
 for incorporation under the name of Northfield. The plantation became 
 somewhat known as Bakerstown, from the number of persons of the 
 name of Baker among the inhabitants, though the original Bakerstown 
 
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376 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 was in Androscoggin County. The act of incorporation was not passed 
 until 1816 ; and the present name had taken the place of the one pro- 
 posed in commemoration of the event at the Russian city of that name 
 in the year the petition was made. 
 
 A Baptist church was established in the town in 1812. The Free 
 Baptist is now the principal religious society in town. The public 
 schoolhouses number seven ; and the entire school property is valued 
 at $1,800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $91,386. In 1880 
 it was $95,142. The population in 1870 was 528. In 1880 it was 522. 
 
 Moss Plantation lies on the south-western border of 
 Aroostook County, 24 miles west of Houlton. It is on the stage- 
 line from Patten to Ashland. Merrill Plantation bounds it on 
 the east, Hersey on the south, and Penobscot County on the west. The 
 surface is quite broken and hilly. The highest elevation is called 
 Matawamkeag Hill. Pichet Mountain, on the south-western boundary, 
 also has considerable height. Rockabema Lake, lying a little north- 
 west of the centre of the town, is the source of the West Branch of the 
 Mattawamkeag River. Its superficial area is 2J square miles. There 
 are at least 13 other ponds, large and small, in the township. The 
 streams are the west branch of the Mattawamkeag, which winds 
 through the town, receiving on its way the outlets of the several ponds, 
 together with Upper and Lower Hasting's Brook, Mill Brook and 
 others. A saw-mill making long and short lumber, a clapboard and a 
 grist-mill, and a carriage-factory, constitute the manufactures of the 
 plantation. 
 
 The first settlements here were made in 1887, by Messrs. Lewis, 
 Bradford and Brown. In 1850 a plantation was organized under 
 the name Rockabema, which was changed to the present one 
 in 1860. There is a Methodist society in the plantation, which 
 has regular meetings and stated preaching. Moro has a good school- 
 house, and its school jiroperty is valued at $500. There are seven 
 lots in the township reserved for public uses. The valuation of 
 estates in 1880 was $46,693. The rate of taxation was \\ cents .n 
 the dollar. The poi)ulation in 1870 was 107. In 188U it Aas 171. 
 
 Mount Abraham is an elevation of land in Franklin 
 County, having several peaks, and occupying an entire township ; its 
 base extending into Salem, the adjoining town on the south. Its height 
 is 8,887 feet. Its summit is far above the limits of forest vegetation, 
 and presents hundreds of acres covered with long moss, with a few 
 arctic herbs. 
 
 Mount AgramentiCUS,— see article on York. 
 
 Mount Blue,— see article on Avon. 
 
 M.OUnt Chase is situated in the northern part of Penobscot 
 County, on the eastern side, 100 miles north of Bangoi-. It is on the 
 stage-line from Winn, on the European and North American Railway, 
 to Fort Kent. It was incorporated March 21, 1864, having previously 
 
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MOUNT DESERT. 377 
 
 been Mount Chase Plantation. Its name is from the mountain in the 
 northern part. In the north-west part are the two Shin ponds, con- 
 taining about 500 acres each, and Duck Pond, having an area of about 
 10 acres. These ponds are discharged into the Seboois River in the 
 next range west. On this stream, just north of Sugar Loaf Mountain, 
 in the next township, is a fall of 70 feet. The central and eastern part 
 of this town is drained by Crystal Brook, on which, near the eastern 
 side of the town, is a saw-mill. The town is well wooded with the 
 usual hard and soft woods. 
 
 The Methodists have a society in town, and have stated worship 
 and preaching. Mount Chase has four public schoolhouses. The en- 
 tire school property is valued at $8,000. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $22,025. In 1880 it was $28,101. The population in 1870 
 was 262. In 1880 it was 310. 
 
 Mount Desert, in Hancock County, formerly included the 
 whole island, with some neighboring small islands. It now includes a 
 belt across the middle of the island, with several small islands near it. 
 The chief natural features of the town are its mountains, and an arm 
 of the sea called Somes' Sound. This body of water is two miles wide 
 at its mouth, and extends northward through the mountain ranges, 
 affording a sail through the heart of the best scenery of the island. 
 The considerable bodies of fresh water in this town are Long Pond, 
 Echo Lake, or Deering's Pond, and Seal Cove Pond, the first 5 miles 
 in length by 1^ in width, the others about one-half as large. The 
 mountains are Pemetio (1,202 feet in height) ; the Bubbles, — North (845 
 ft.), and South (780 ft.) ; The Peak of Otter (506 ft.), The Beehive 
 (540 ft.) ; Otter Cliff (112 ft.) ; The Cleft, North (610 ft.), and South 
 (460 ft.) ; Jordan's Hills, North (340 ft.), and South (360 ft.) ; Brown's 
 Mountain (860 ft.) ; Flying Mountain (300 ft.) ; Robinson's Mountain 
 (700 ft.) ; Dog Mountain (670 ft.) ; and Carter's Nubble (480 ft.). 
 
 The bowlder phenomena is exhibited in this town to a wonderful 
 degree. There are wandering rocks of red and blue granite, trap, 
 gneiss, mica schist, clay slate, and fossilifei'ous sandstones. The greater 
 part of the bed rock here called granite, is protogine — talc being sub- 
 stituted for mica. There is also considerable sienite in which is horn- 
 blende instead of mica, having veins of magnetic iron, arsenical iron 
 and pyrites. 
 
 The principal harbors are Somes', Pretty Marsh, and North East. 
 Somesville, the principal village, is situated at the head of the sound, 
 having an excellent harbor. There is quite a water-power at the place, 
 furnished by Somes' Stream, on which are a saw-mill, woollen-factory, 
 and grist-mill. There is also a steam saw-mill. The post-offices are 
 Mount Desert (Somesville), North East Harbor, Pretty Marsh and 
 Long Pond. Considerable business is done in the town in gathering 
 ice, the annual crop being estimated at 12,000 tons. There are also 
 several granite quarries, one of which employs about 40' men. The 
 annual shipment of cut stone is estimated at 3,500 tons. It is said 
 that there is not a level field in town. Hay is a small crop, and it 
 brings a better price than in neighboring towns. 
 
 Mount Desert Island was a familiar landmark to the early voyagers 
 of the coast. Its name seems to have been first applied by De Monts 
 in 1604. It was temporarily occupied by the French in that year. In 
 
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378 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. . 
 
 1608, the Jesuits, Peter Biard and Enemond Ma«iie, e&i;a1?'i8hed a mis- 
 sion on the island, supposed to haveheen located at I^eniald's Point at 
 the base of Plying Mountain, about two miles north of South-West 
 Harbor. " Here they constructed a fortified liabitation, planted a gar- 
 den, and dwelt five years ; entering with great sseal and perseverance 
 upon the work of converting the natives to their faith." In 1613. the 
 island having been granted to Madame de Guercheville, a lady of zeal- 
 ous piety, connected with the French Court, a colony of about twenty- 
 five persons, led by Saussaye, were sent out by her to join the two mis- 
 sionaries. JBefore their fort was fully completed, they were attacked 
 by Argall, Governor of South Virginia, who captured or scattered 
 both the colonists and their Indian friends. No attempt appears to 
 have been made by the French to resettle the island until one Cadilliao 
 received from Louis XIV. a grant containing 100,000 acres, bordering 
 for two leagues on the bay near Jordan's River on the mainland, and the 
 same on Mount Desert Island, including the smaller islands lying in 
 the bay. He made a resolute attempt to hold his ground, but in 1713, 
 after the cession of the whole of Acadie to England, he abandoned it. 
 In 1785, however, his granddaughter, Madame de Gregoire, claimed of 
 the General Court of Massachusetts the lands of her ancestor. The 
 Court naturalized the claimant and her husband, and quit-claimed to 
 them all but lots of 100 acres each for actual settlers. Having been 
 abandoned by the French, in 1688, an Englishman named Hinds, with 
 his wife and four children, lived here. The first permanent settlement 
 was by Abraham Somes and James Richardson, in 1761. The first 
 child, George Richardson, was born in August, 1793. The first mar- 
 riage was on August 9, 1774. Mount Desert Island became a Planta- 
 tion in 1776, and was incorporated as a town in 1789. In 1838, Bart- 
 lett's. Hardwood and Robinson's Islands were set off and incorporated 
 into " Seaville." Chi-istopher Bartlett first settled on Bartlett's Island 
 about 1770. The act incorporating Seaville was repealed in 1859, 
 Bartlett's Island again becoming a part of Mount Desert. Eden was 
 set off in 1796, and Tremont in 1848. The island contained an area 
 of about 60,000 acres, of which Eden has 22,000, and Tremont h»lf the 
 remainder. 
 
 The Congregationalists have a church in the town, and maintain a 
 clergyman. Mount Desert has nine public schoolhouses, and its school 
 property is valued at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $158,069. In 1880 it was $160,803. The population in 1870 was 918, 
 In the census of 1880 it was 1,017. 
 
 jVlOllllt KdjtRllCLill is the highest of a numerous group 
 of mountains near the middle of the eastern side of Piscataquis County. 
 The base of the cluster, of which Katahdin is the highest peak, rests 
 on the norih-eastern bank of the West Branch of the Penobscot, at a 
 point about 70 miles north-west of Bangor. Radiating to the north- 
 west and south-east are eight other lofty ridges, easily overlooked from 
 the summit of Katahdin. Around this mountain, except on the north, 
 are table-lands about 3 miles in width, rising with gentle acclivity to 
 its base. The form of the elevation is somewhat eliptical, with its 
 longest axis running nearly north and south ; with a circumference of 
 eight or ten miles. Its sides are covered with granite rocks of a light- 
 gray color, which have broken and split into a thousand irregular 
 
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MOUNT MICA. 379 
 
 forms, while others have crumbled into powder, forming the principal 
 component of the soil ; the latter, with many of the rocks, being cov- 
 ered by a deep green moss. The trees grow shorter and shorter as 
 the height increases, until they are mere dwarfs but a few feet in 
 height, but with very long limbs, and trunks six inches in diameter at 
 the ground. The trees find their limit, and are succeeded by the 
 mountain-cranberry vine and blackberry bushes ; but at a mile from 
 the top the vine ceases, and all shrubs disappear. Here the rocks, 
 both pebbles and small bowlders, hav.e a finer grain and a more blueish 
 color than those lower down. The southern and eastern sides, by 
 reason of general steepness and projecting cliffs, are almost impossible 
 of ascent. The ascent has usually been made on the west or south- 
 west end, where, prior to 1816, the surface was inclined from 359 to 
 46° to the horizon, and was extremely ragged with ledges, so that the 
 distance from the upper margin of the table-lands, about 2 miles in a 
 direct line, was much extended by the circuitous and zig-zag course 
 necessarily taken. Sometime in the year mentioned, an enormous 
 mass, starting from about midway of the height, slid down the moun- 
 tain, rending away many obstacles, so that the ascent was rendered 
 much easier. 
 
 The summit of Katahdin is a plain, inclining partially north-west- 
 ward, and formed of solid rock. The western portion is very smooth, 
 as if ground away by drift ; but the rest is rough and broken, and the 
 interstices filled with coarse gravel. The area of this plain is about 
 800 acres, being full half a mile in length, though much less in width. 
 Over it all is spread a covering of light-gray moss. Katahdin is the 
 highest mountain in our State, the altitude of its summit being 5,385 
 feet above the level of the sea. The height of Mount Washington, in 
 New Hampshire, is 7,920 feet. Its landscapes extend from the high- 
 lands that border the Bay of Chaleur on the north-east to the White 
 Hills of New Hampshire at the south-west ; and from the long ridge 
 that forms the line of division between Maine and Canada on the 
 north-west to peaks of Mount Desert Island, at the south, — ^the latter 
 " appearing to rise in a semi-globular form from the bosom of the 
 ocean." — [Williamson.] The Indians have shown unwillingness to 
 visit the summit "of this mountain, professing it to be the summer resi- 
 dence of an evil spirit, called by them " Pamela." This being, they 
 say, rises in the beginning of snow-time with a great noise, and takes 
 flight to some warmer region ; and they tell, with fearful countenances, 
 the story of seven Indians, who, a great many moons ago, were too 
 bold, and ascended the mountain to its top, where they were killed by 
 the terrible Pamola ; " for," say they, " we never hear of them more ; 
 and our fathers told us that an Indian never goes up to the top of 
 Katahdin and lives to return." 
 
 Mount KineO, see article on Moosehead Lake. 
 
 JVIO'lllll jVIlCa;, an elevation of no great height, situated in 
 the eastern part of Paris, Oxford County. It is noted for the number 
 of minerals found in it, some of which are very beautiful and of great 
 rarity, as a fine quality of mica, green and red tourmaline, rose quartz, 
 aild many others. 
 
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380 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 jVLOTint Vernon is a pleasant upland town, situated in the 
 north-western part of Kennebec Couuty, 20 miles from Augusta. It 
 is bounded on the east by Belgrade, south by Readfield, north by 
 Rome and Vienna, and west by Fayette and Vienna. The territory 
 was included in the Kennebec Patent. It was settled in 1774 by fam- 
 ilies from Readfield. The plantation name was Washington ; but as 
 there was already one town of that name in the State it was in 1792 
 incorporated as the town of Mount Vernon, for the home estate of 
 Washington. Nathaniel Dudley was the first representative to the 
 General Court. 
 
 Though high above the sea its hills are not high. Granite, lime- 
 stone and iron are found in town. The soil yields good crops of corn, 
 potatoes, wheat, oats and apples. There is a large extent of fine pas- 
 turage, and the town is noted for the superior quality of its cattle. 
 The numerous ponds in and about the town enhance the charms of its 
 scenery. The lai'gest are Long Pond on the north-east, Parker Pond 
 on the west, and Crotched Pond on the south-west. There are also 
 Flying Pond, at the north-west and Greely Pond in the southern part, 
 Morse Pond, in the centre of the town, and others of less size. The 
 business centres are Mount Vernon Village, at the north-west, and 
 West Mount Vernon toward the south-west. Scattered through the 
 town on the various streams are five saw and shingle mills and one 
 grist-mill. The manufactures consist of long and short lumber, sashes 
 and doors, wood-pumps, furniture and coffins, rakes of various kinds, 
 excelsior carriages, spool-squares, brooms, clothing, leather, harnesses, 
 and boots and shoes. There are Free Baptist, Methodist and Calvinist 
 Baptist societies in the town; but the church-edifices consist of the 
 Union and the' Free Baptist houses. Mount Vernon sustains a high- 
 school for a portion of the time. It has twelve public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $7,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $397,034. 
 In 1880 it was $893,881. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 1\ cents 
 on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 1,252. By the census of 
 1880 it is placed at 1,171. 
 
 jVlOUSe IslO^nO. is an island, summer resort and post-office 
 in Lincoln County. 
 
 MOXie Falls are on Moxie Stream, about half a mile from 
 its junction with the Kennebec River, some two and one half miles 
 above the Forks. The stream is the outlet of a series of ponds closely 
 joined, and all bearing the name of "Moxie Pond." The height of 
 this fall is 95 feet, over a bluff of schist, slate and limestone. 
 
 Muscle Rldg"e Plantation, in Knox County, consists of 
 about a dozen islands, lying on the south-western part of Penobscot 
 Bay at the verge of the ocean. The most noted of these islands is 
 Dix Island, famous for its inexhaustible quarries of granite. These 
 islands vary in area from half an acre to 75 acres. The inhabitants do 
 a little farming, but are chiefly employed in the fisheries. The Dix 
 Island Granite Company owns all the dwellings and other buildings, 
 excepting those belonging to the fishermen. The population of Dix ' 
 Island varies according to the demand for granite ; and the population 
 of the entire plantation is quite variable. In 1870 it was 263. In 
 
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NEALEY'S CORNER. 381 
 
 1880 it was 258. There is one schoolhouse, valued at $50. The val- 
 uation of estates in 1880 was $32,273. The rate of taxation was about 
 1 mill on a dollar. 
 
 MuSCOng-US Patent, see article on Waldo Patent. 
 
 NRpleS is situated in the north-western part of Cumberland 
 County, between Bridgton and Lake Sebago. It is bounded on the 
 north by Bridgton, Harrison and Otisfield, on the east by Otisfield and 
 Casco, south by the latter, Lake Sebago and the town of Sebago, west 
 by the last and by the south-western part of Bridgton. The town was 
 made up from parts of Otisfield, Harrison, Raymond, Bridgton, and 
 Sebago. It contains about 20,000 acres of land and water, the latter 
 amounting to about 3,300 acres. The date of its incorporation is 1834. 
 About one-third of Long Pond is within its limits, together with 
 Brandy Pond, continuous through a short narrow with the former, and 
 Trickey Pond. The streams are Songo River, 6 miles long, connecting 
 Brandy Pond with Lake Sebago ; Crooked River, which forms the 
 larger portion of the eastern boundary of the town ; Muddy RiVer, 
 outlet of Holt's Pond and Cold Stream Creek, connecting Cold -rain 
 Pond with Peabody Pond. 
 
 The rock formation of Naples is granitic, having many dikes of 
 quartz and trap rock. The granite is coarse and of little value as a 
 building material from the preponderance of mica and felspar. There 
 are localities, however, where a good quality of gneiss is quarried. 
 There are also scattered over the surface many granite and gneiss 
 boulders, much worn and some very large. These afford a limited 
 quantity of building stone, and fine specimens of flesh colored felspar 
 The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified with hill, valley, plain, 
 and sheets of water. The soil varies from arid sand to tough clay; but 
 the larger portion is a gravelly loam, containing many pebbles and bowl- 
 ders. The uplands afford excellent grazing, and hay is the principal 
 crop. There is a canning factory of the Portland Packing Company 
 at Naples Village, which creates a considerable demand for sweet corn. 
 Other manufactures of the town are carriages, cooperage, men's and 
 boy's clothing and boots and shoes. The strait uniting Long and 
 Brandy ponds is spanned at Naples Village by a drawbridge. Except 
 by a single lock on Songo River, navigation between the northern 
 parts of Bridgton and Harrison and all parts of Sebago Ponds, a dis- 
 tance of about 25 miles, is uninterrupted. Naples is the terminus of 
 the stage-line from the station of the Grand Trunk railway at Oxfqrd. 
 It is also on the stage-line from Portland to Bridgton. A narrow 
 guage railway projected between the latter places will also pass through 
 Naples, if constructed. 
 
 There are a Methodist, a Congregation alist and a Union church in 
 the town. Naples has eleven public schoolhouses, valued at $4,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $268,645 ; in 1880, $242,618. 
 The population in 1870 was 1058. In 1880 it was 1008. 
 
 NaSOn'S Mills,— a post-office in York County. 
 
 Nealey'S Corner,— a post-office in Hampden, Penobscot 
 County. 
 
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382 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 NCQUftiSSet, — a railroad station in Woolwich, Lincoln County. 
 
 IVCWfeur^ lies on the southern border of Penobscot County, 
 15 miles west-south-west of Bangor. Carniel bounds it on the north, 
 Hampden on the east, Dixmont on the west, and Winterport and 
 Monroe in Waldo County on the south. The surface of the town is 
 broken and hilly in parts, with some meadow. The soil is various, 
 beiua; clay in some portions and sandy or slaty in others. The prin- 
 cipal crops are hay and potatoes. Apple orchards have also been 
 cultivated with success. The forest-trees are chiefly beech, maple, 
 hemlock and spruce. 
 
 The town is drained by the Soadabscook and its tributary streams. 
 There are two saw-mills, two cheese factories, a carriage factory, etc. 
 The occupation is chiefly agricultural, and much attention is given to 
 cattle raising. The nearest railroad connections are at the stations of 
 the Maine Central Railroad in Carmel and Hermon, adjoining towns. 
 The post-offices are Newburg, at the north-east corner, North, Centre, 
 South, and Newburg villages. 
 
 This town is embraced within the limits of the Waldo patent, and 
 was sold by Gen. Henry Knox (who inherited much of the patent) to 
 Benjamin Bussey, who continued to be the owner of all the unoccupied 
 land until his death. He held the land at so high a price that settlers 
 came in slowly ; but after his demise more favorable terms were offered 
 and the settlement since then has a rapid growth. Among the original 
 inhabitants we have the names of Freeman Luce, Edward Snow, Levi 
 Mudgett, James Morrison, Abel Hardy, Thomas Morrill, Ezekiel Smith, 
 George Bickford and Daniel Piper, who arrived about the year 1794. 
 
 The Free Baptists, Methodists, Baptists and Christian Baptists 
 have societies in the town, and there is a Union edifice for religious 
 meetings. 
 
 Kewburg usually sustains three high schools at different quarters of 
 the town during the fall and winter months. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is ten ; and the value of the school property is estimated 
 at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $237,964. In 1880 it 
 was $275,102. The rate of taxation in the latter year was $18.60 on 
 one thousand. The population in 1870 was 1,115. In 1880 it was 1,057. 
 
 NeTV CaSCO, — a post-office in Falmouth, Cumberland (/ounty. 
 
 Newcastle, is situated near the middle of Lincoln county, 
 on the peninsula between the Sheepscot and Damariscotta rivers. 
 Jefferson lies on the north, Nobleboro', Damariscotta and Bristol, on 
 the east, Edgecomb on the south, and Alna and Wiscasset on the west. 
 The principal streams within the town are Dyer's River and Great 
 Meadow Brook. The town is about six miles in length and four in 
 breadth. The surface is varied more by gulleys than by hills. There is a 
 variety of soils, — generally well adapted to the usual crops, — of which 
 hay is the chief. An expansion of Sheepscot River where it receives the 
 waters of the two streams mentioned, forms "Old Sheepscot Neck" 
 and contains an island of many acres in extent. 
 
 A remarkable object of the town are the oyster beds on the northern 
 shore of a peninsula in Damariscotta River, a short distance above the 
 
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NEWCASTLE. 383 
 
 village. A bank of these shells 30 feet in depth, at some points of a cor- 
 responding width, extends the entire length of the peninsula. By whom 
 or when deposited is not known ; but they are generally supposed to 
 have been taken from the adjoining salt-water basin in the river by the 
 Indians. Oysters are still found in these waters in small numbers. 
 
 The principal village is at the lower falls and head of navigation on 
 the Damariscotta river. Other small ones are Damariscotta Mills, on the 
 river a short distance above the last ; north, on the eastern side, opposite 
 Nobleboro' ; and another at Sheepscot Bridge, which connects the town 
 with Alna, on the west side of the river. There are two grist mills, and 
 three lumber mills, one of the latter at each of the three villages on the 
 Damariscotta. Other manufactures are ships, leather, boots and 
 shoes, match splints and large quantities of bricks. 
 
 The Knox and Lincoln railroad has a station at the village and at 
 South Newcastle and Damariscotta Mills, the first 18 miles from Bath. 
 
 Newcastle was settled at about the same time as Pemaquid and 
 Arrowsic, and was for 35 years or longer called Sheepscot Plantation. 
 The first settlement was made on a neck on the Sheepscot side of the 
 peninsula, occupying an area of about 400 rods in length and 92 in 
 width. A street ran the whole length of the neck, upon both sides of 
 which, at uniform distances, were laid outt he two acre lots into which 
 the homesteads were usually divided. On these, traces of cellars have 
 been found ; and not far away the remains of ah extensive reservoir. 
 Easterly from these were the farms, consisting of 100 acres each, 
 reached by a road called the ""King's highway," — which also led to the 
 woods and the mill. The latter was on a stream called Mill Brook, or 
 river, about a mile from the settlement. On the highest point, opposite 
 the falls and overlooking the town, was a small fort. Sullivan, in his 
 history of Maine, says, quoting from Sylvanus Davis, a resident pro- 
 prietor : " There were in the year 1630, 84 families, besides fishermen, 
 about Pemaquid, St. Georges, and Sheepscot, and 50 of these were 
 said to be on the Sheepscot farms." 
 
 In 1665, Robert Carr, George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, 
 commissioners appointed by the Duke of York, arrived at Sheepscot, 
 this being within the limits of the territory claimed by him under his 
 patent from the English crown. The house of John Mason, at which 
 they met and organized a government, is supposed to have been in the 
 Sheepscot plantation. Mason, about 1649-50, purchased of the sagamores 
 Robin Hood and Jack Pudding, a considerable tract about his resi- 
 dence. The commissioners erected the whole extensive territory [see 
 history of Maine, ante.], into the county of Cornwall, applied the name. 
 New Dartmouth, to the whole region about the plantation, and estab- 
 lished the line between this and Pemaquid. The commissioners vested 
 the civil power in the county in a chief constable, three magistrates or 
 justices of the peace, and a recorder. The justices were Nicholas Raynal, 
 Thomas Gardiner and William Dyer. This government lasted until 
 1675, when the first Indian war desolated the region. When Arrowsic 
 fell beneath the tomahawk, a little girl escaped, flying 10 miles through the 
 woods to the Sheepscot, giving the inhabitants a timely alarm. A ship 
 which William Phips, a Boston citizen, had been building near this 
 place was ready for sea ; and instead of taking to Boston a cargo of 
 lumber, as he had intended, he took the affrighted inhabitants and 
 their goods, and conveyed them to a place of safety. Phips, who was 
 
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384 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 a native of this region, was afterward knighted by the King, and 
 became a distinguished governor of Massachusetts. Three years later 
 the war had closed, and many inhabitants returned. Commissioners 
 John Palmer and John West, appointed by the Duke's governor at 
 New York, and Colonel Dungan, arrived at Sheepscot in 1686, and 
 began to lay out the town in lots as before. Their administration was 
 obnoxious to the inhabitants, but was soon terminated by another 
 French and Indian war in 1688. The settlements were again laid in 
 ruins, continuing in this condition for nearly 30 years. 
 
 In 1718, Rev. Christopher Tappan, of Xewbury, sent two men to 
 inclose a portion of the territory in this region, which he had pur- 
 chased of Walter Phillips and other claimants as early as 1702, — some 
 of these being settlers who had been driven away by the Indians. 
 Phillips' title was derived from the Indian sagamores by three several 
 purchases, in 1861, 1662 and 1674. Tappan himself arrived in 1733, 
 and began to survey his lands on the Sheepscot side of the town \ 
 laying out 45 one hundred acre lots, two of which were allotted to the 
 first settled minister and the first parish. The latter still remains in 
 the hands of the first parish. Tappan's title to the east of Mill River 
 was disputed by William Vaughan and James Noble, who held under 
 the Pemaquid patent (which see) and Brown claim (for which see 
 JVbbleborovgh.) A sharp litigation followed, and Vaughan's title pre- 
 vailed; and the lands there are held from him to this day; while on 
 the west side of the river the titles are derived from Tappan. 
 
 The town wns incorporated in 1653, being named, probably, in 
 compliment to the Duke of Newcastle, known as a friend to the 
 American colonies. The town was first represented in the General 
 Court by Benjamin Woodbridge in 1774. The census of 1764 shows 
 a population of 454 persons. The Newcastle National is the only 
 bank in town. It has a capital of $50,000. 
 
 The Rev. Alexander Boyd was employed to preach at Sheepscot 
 soon after it was made a district, having been ordained by the Boston 
 Presbytery in 1754. He was dismissed in 1758. After a lapse of 18 
 years, during which Messrs. Ward, Lain, Perley and Benedic were 
 employed as preachers, Rev. Thurston Whiting was settled (177,6), and 
 a Congregational church formed. There are now two Congregational 
 churches, an Episcopal, an Advent, and Methodist church in the town. 
 Lincoln Academy, located in the village, was incorporated in 1801, 
 and is still flourishing. Newcastle has 14 public schoolhouses, valued 
 together with other school property, at 14,000. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $697,981. In 1880, it was $827,108. The population 
 in 1870 was 1,729. In 1880, it was 1,584. 
 
 Ncwfield, in the north-western part of York County, is a 
 part of the tract conveyed to Francis Small of Kittery, Indian trader, 
 by Captain Sunday, a sagamore in the region in 1668. The tract lay 
 between the Ossipee and Little Ossipee rivers, which when laid out into 
 townships were generally spoken of as the five Ossipee towns. From 
 all the information now attainable, it appears that the larger part of 
 landed estate in town is held by titles derived from the Francis Small 
 and Cape Ann rights. A survey of this tract was made in 1778, by 
 John Wingate, and the number of acres found to be 14,543. The ter- 
 ritory was enlarged in 1846 by the annexation from Shapleigh of 600 
 
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' NEW GLOUCESTER. 335 
 
 or 800 acres in the south-eastern part of the town, below the Little 
 Ossipee river. For a number of years it was called Washington 
 Plantation. At its incorporation in 1794, the present name of New- 
 field was adopted. 
 
 Of the early settlers, Nathaniel Doe came in the year 1777 ; Zeb- 
 ulon Libby and Paul McDonald in 1777 ; Leander Nelson came in 
 1780, settling in West Newfield. Rev. John Adams moved his family 
 here in 1780. William and Eben Symmes of Ipswich, Revolutionary 
 soldiers, came about 1780. Samuel Dam of Waterborough, built a 
 grist-mill and saw-mill at what is now Newfield village, between 1780 
 and 17h4. Josiah Towle came from Epping, N. H., to Hiram, then,ce 
 to Limei-ick, and in 1790, to Newfield, where he opened a store. He 
 was the first representative to the General Court of Massachusetts. 
 William Durgin came from Limerick with his father and a brother 
 about 1798. He built a saw-mill and grist-mill at the upper village, and 
 in 1801 a store. Other Revolutionary soldiers who settled in Newfield, 
 were Robert Thompson, William Libby, Nicholas Kennison, Stephen 
 Wood, James Heard,William Campernell, Simeon Tibbetts, and others. 
 Tenmen from the militia were called to the defense of the seaboard in the 
 war of 1812. Newfield furnished 96 men for the army during the war 
 of the Rebellion, 20 of whom were killed in battle or died of wounds 
 or sickness. Other eminent citizens were Thomas Adams, son of Rev. 
 John Adams, Gamaliel E. Smith, and Nathan Clifford ; and of natives 
 who became eminent in their sphere are Caleb R. Ayer and Ira T. 
 Drew, prominent lawyers of the York County bar, Cliarles W and 
 Horace Tuttle, formerly connected with the Harvard College Observ- 
 atory, the former connected later with the Boston bar, and the latter 
 in the navy. James Ayer, M.D., settled in town in 1805, Dr. M. L. 
 Marston settled in 1824, Dr. Stephen Adams in 1829. 
 
 The business centres are Newfield village on the Little Ossipee 
 river in the eastern part of the town. West Newfield, a little west of 
 the centre, and North Newfield midway of the line on the northern 
 side. At the village are two grist-mills, lumber, stave, shook and 
 planing mills, carding machine ; West Newfield has saw, grist aarl 
 stave mills, one of each ; at North Newfield, the principal business 1st 
 the mining and preparation of a mineral used in the manufacture of 
 stone, earthen, porcelain and glass ware, and for polishing lustre. 
 Silver and iron have been mined in town, but not with profit. Lime- 
 stone is found in a few localities. The Free Baptists and Congrega- 
 tionalists have each a church in town, and the Methodists have two. 
 The town has eight public schoolhouses, valued at |5,000. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $298,895. In 1880 it was 1264,577. The 
 population at the same date was 1,493. In 1880 it was 995. 
 
 NeTV Gloucester is situated midway on the northern line 
 of Cumberland County, having Gray on the south-west. North Yar- 
 mouth and Pownal on the south-east. Auburn and Durham in Andros- 
 coggin County on the north-east, and Poland on the south-west. It 
 was originally ordered to be laid out six miles square, but is nearly 
 nine miles in length from N.N.W. to S.S.E., by six the other. It is 
 22 miles from Portland, on the line of the Grand Trunk and Maine 
 Central railways, which cross the eastern part of the town. 
 
 The surface is beautifully diversified, and without either lofty hills-. 
 
 25 
 
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386 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 or deep valleys, ' affords many pleasing prospects. Bald Hill in the 
 northern corner of "the town is the highest eminence. There is 
 much good interval land, and the uplands are generally loamy. The 
 hills especially, have many drift rocks of the cobble-stone size. The 
 town is one o'f the best for farming purposes, and being well- wrought, 
 has generally a thrifty appearance. There is a mineral spring of some 
 note in the town called the Centennial Spring. 
 
 Lily Pond, about half a mile square, lies a little north of the centre 
 of the town ; and in the north-western part is Sabbath-day Pond, two 
 miles long by half a mile wide. The principal streams are Royal's 
 River, Harris Brook, and the outlet of Sabbath-day Pond. The 
 Shakers have a village at the western extremity of the town, with 
 about 1,000 acres of excellent land, which they cultivate with their 
 usual industry. Near by the village, on the outlet of Shaker Bog, 
 is a small lumber and grist-mill belonging to this community. The 
 other business centres are Upper Gloucester, New Gloucester P. O. 
 near the centre of the town, Gloucester Hill, a mile and a half west 
 of the last, Cobb's Station on the same line, at the eastern side of the 
 town, and Fogg's Corners, in the southern part. 
 
 The manufactures are lumber, carriages, boots and shoes and tin- 
 ware. Upper Gloucester occupies the side of an elevated plain, which 
 slopes off from the village towards the south and west into miles of 
 lowland, bog, forest and interval. 
 
 The township was granted in 1735 to 60 inhabitants of Gloucester, 
 Mass., whence its name with the prefix " New." There were 63 equal 
 shares, of which the odd three were respectively, as usual, for the first 
 minister, the support of the ministry, and the schools. A number of 
 families very soon built a dozen log-houses on Harris Hill, and a saw- 
 mill near by, — of whom Jonas Mason was the first. It was in the 
 autumn 1742, that the household goods of the pioneer settlers were 
 landed at the mouth of Royal's River and poled up the stream on rafts 
 to the bridge which had been erected in 1739. A new war with France 
 broke out in 1744, continuing until 1751 ; during which the hostility 
 of the savages caused the abandonment of the settlement. 
 
 In 1753 some of the inhabitants returned and built a block-house 
 100 rods south-west of the meeting-house on the lower side of the 
 road. For six years it was a home, a fort and a church. The long 
 slots in the walls for the guns also served as windows ; and the huge 
 fire on the hearth cooked their food and lighted the apartment at 
 night. [See Haskell's Centennial Address.] Ruined mills and cabins 
 were re-built, and in 1756 a new road was cut by Walnut Hill to North 
 Yarmouth. The first grist-mill was put up in 1758. 
 
 Colonel Isaac Parsons and John Woodman came in 1761. The erec- 
 tion of a schoolhouse, and the arrival of the first schoolmaster and minis- 
 ter occurred in 1764. The name of the latter was Samuel Foxcroft ; and 
 his descendants still occupy the fine old mansion built by him. The 
 first meeting-house was built in 1770, and stood until 1838. It was a 
 quniiit, but ambitious edifice. It had a square tower on the south- 
 ve-t end, and a porch on the other. Twenty-six windows in two 
 rows let in the light through their 8 by 10 panes. Galleries on three 
 sides rose to the height of the preacher's eyes, as he stood in the lofty 
 pulpit under the threatening sounding-board. Wardens with long 
 Btaffs watched for sleepers, and sometimes the reminder of the knobbed 
 
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NEW LIMERICK. 887 
 
 end was far from gentle. H^oles in the floor served for spittoons, and 
 gave ample ventilation. Scats turned upon their hinges during prayer 
 to afford space for the wide skirts of the ladies, and dropped down 
 with a rattling chorus and many a bang at the welcome " Amen." The 
 town's stock of powder was kept in small closets within the sacred 
 desk, ready to be served out to the members of the congregation on 
 Sundays and at their homes on secular days, in case of an Indian 
 attack. If the pulpit was not the driest place in town, it was in some 
 danger of becoming the hottest.. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1794 ; from 1795 to the organization 
 of Oxford County in 1805 the courts were held here alternately with 
 Portland ; and New Gloucester therefore early became one of the most 
 distinguished towns in the State, much of its present elegance being 
 due to the people thus brought into its limits. Hon. Peleg W. 
 Chandler of Boston was a native of this town. William Pitt Fes- 
 senden spent his boyhood here ; and his brother Hon. S. C. Fessenden, 
 a member of the 37th Congress (1860) was born here. Their father. 
 General Samuel Fessenden, began the practice of law in this town. 
 The mother of Hon. W. W. Thomas, of Portland, was born in New 
 Gloucester in 1779. She was a daughter of' Judge Widgery, and a 
 lady of great benevolence and public spirit. Elias Thomas, to whom 
 she was married in 1802, died in 187'2, being above one hundred years 
 of age. 
 
 The religious societies in town are the Congregationalists, Bapt- 
 ists, Free Baptists, Universalists, Shakers, each of these have churches, 
 some of which are superior edifices. Thfe Bailey House school at 
 New Gloucester village is well spoken of. New Gloucester has 
 eleven public schoolhouses, and its school property is valued at 
 $5,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $848,905. The rate 
 of taxation in 1879 was 9^ mills on the dollar. The town has no debt. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,496. In 1880 it was reported at 1,382. 
 
 NeiV Harbor,— a post-office and small village in Bristol, 
 Lincoln County. 
 
 NeTT Limerick, in Aroostook County, is in the second 
 range, and is adjoined by Houlton on the east, Ludlow on the north, 
 Linneus on the south, Smyrna and Oakfield Plantation on the west. 
 The town embraces a half township, and contains numerous ponds. 
 New Limerick Lake, in the south-eastern part of the town, is about 
 three miles in length, and one-half mile in greatest width. Drew's 
 Lake occupies about one and a half square miles in the south-west part 
 of the town. Cochran's and Bradbury's lakes lie in the north-west, 
 Gould's in the midst of the western part, and others smaller are found 
 in various quantities. Davis Stream and its branches, forming the 
 outlets of the sheets of water mentioned, are the principal water- 
 courses. This stream is the south branch of the Meduxnekeag River. 
 There is on Davis Stream, in the south part of the town, a large tan- 
 nery ; and near by is a saw-mill. On the outlet of Drew's Lake is a 
 saw-mill and a starch-factory. This is a fertile township, and abounds 
 in excellent timber. The rocks are granite and limestone, the latter 
 
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388 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of superior quality. > The stage-line from Houlton to Patten passes 
 through the town. 
 
 The Baptists have a society, and sustain preaching a portion of 
 the time. New Limerick has five public schoolhouses ; and its 
 school propertv is valued at $1,000. The population in 1870 was 308. 
 In 1880 it was" 590. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $43,450. In 
 1880 it was $100,720. 
 
 Nt^TVpOrt lies oii the western border of Penobscot County, 
 25 miles west-north-west of Bangor. Corinna bounds it on the north. 
 Stetson on the east, Plymouth on the south and Palmyra, in Somerset 
 County, on the west. The surface is pleasantly varied by hills and 
 valleys, but is without lofty elevations. Newport Pond lies nearly in 
 the centre of the town. It has an area of about 8 square miles, and a 
 circumference of about 15. This excellent reservoir receives the over- 
 flow of Stetson Pond, lying in the next town eastward, of two ponds 
 in Dexter, and of one in Corinna. Its own outlet forms the east branch 
 of the Sebasticook River. The dam might readily be raised so as to 
 give eight feet of storage on the pond, which would then afford 252 
 horse powers gross on the whole fall for ten hours a day, 312 days in 
 the year, or about 10,000 spindles. The natural fall at this place is 14 
 feet in 78 rods. No damage has ever been done by freshets. A good 
 quality of granite for building is abundant here. The principal centre 
 of business is Newport village on the outlet of the pond, in the south- 
 western part of the town. Other centres are East and North Newport 
 and Wedgewood Corners. Newport village, and East Newport have 
 stations on the Maine Central Railroad, which also sends a branch 
 from Newport village to Dexter. 
 
 The manufactures at the village consist of lumber (2 mills), car- 
 riages, meaj and flour, marble, granite and slate work, iron work, boots 
 and shoes, etc. 
 
 The soil of this town is fertile, and the main business of the inhab- 
 itants is agricultural. The buildings generally in the rural parts of the 
 town, as well as in the villages, show tokens of thrift. The place is 
 likely to have a greater growth in years to come. 
 
 The settlement of this town was commenced about the year 1808. 
 Among the eai-liest settlers were William Martin, Isaac Lawrence, 
 Nathaniel Burrill, John Whiting, Daniel Bicknell, John Ireland and 
 Elam Pratt, most of whom came from Bloomfield and purchased the 
 land upon which to settle, of Benjamin Shepard, of that town. The 
 settlement was callfed East Pond Plantation until its incorporation 
 under its present name, June 14, 1814. 
 
 The denominations which have societies here are the Methodists 
 and the Christian. All hold their meetings in the Union church. 
 There is in the village a circulating 'library of 500 volumes. The 
 number of public schoolhouses is ten, valued, with their appurtenances, 
 at $8,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $540,927. In 1880 
 it was $378,168. The population in 1870 was 1,559. In 1880 it was 
 1,451. 
 
 New Portland Ues on the western border of Somerset 
 County, 20 miles north-west of Skowhegan. Lexington bounds it on 
 the north, Anson on the south, Embden on the east, and Freeman, in 
 
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NEWRY. 389 
 
 Franklin County, on the west. The township is square in its form, 
 but somewhat larger than the standard size of six miles square. The 
 surface lies in large swells, but generally without the steepness that 
 precludes cultivation. The soil is of granitic origin, and yields well 
 with good dressing. Gilman Pond Mountain, rising northward from 
 the northern border, has a considerable height. Gilman Pond lying 
 on the northern line has an area of about one-half a square mile. Lily 
 PNond, on the western line, is still smaller. The principal stream is 
 Seven Mile Brook or Carabasset River, which rises about the base of 
 Mount Abraham at the north-west, and flows into and through the 
 town in a general south westerly course. It receives as a tributary in 
 the eastern part of the town, Gilman Stream, flowing south from Gil- 
 man Pond, and in the south-western part. Lemon Stream. The powers 
 are at North New Portland, on Gilman Stream ; at West New Port- 
 land, on Lemon Stream near its junction with the Carabasset; and at 
 East New Portland, near the junction of Gilman Stream with the 
 Carabasset. The manufactories at these different points are as follows : 
 at North New Portland are a lumber-mill, a grist-mill, hand-sled, salt- 
 box, rake and carriage, canning-factoriesv etc. ; at East New Portland, 
 a saw and grist-mill ; at West New Portland, a saw-mill, two grist- 
 mills, churn, cloth-dressing, carriage, boot, shoe and moccasin factories. 
 The town has much attractive scenery, and the villages wear an ap- 
 pearance of thrift. New Portland is on the stage-line from North- 
 Anson, terminus of the Somerset Railroad to Dead River. 
 
 The township, with that of Freeman on its west, was granted by 
 Massachusetts to the sufferers by the burning of Falmouth (now Port- 
 land) by Mowatt in 1775. It was organized as a plantation in 1805, 
 and as a town in 1808, receiving its name from the town whose mis- 
 fortunes it partially remedied. David Hutchins, of Chelmsford, Mass., 
 was the first settler, probably, in 1785. In 1786 Josiah Parker arrived 
 from Groton, Mass. He had served in the fourth regiment of Mas- 
 sachusetts militia, in the war of the Revolution, and was honorably 
 discharged at West Point ; and he subsequently bore an honorable 
 and arduous part in the affairs of this town. He was ninety-six years 
 of age in 1856. Another valued citizen was Andrew Elliott, who was 
 one of the earlier settlers, a very public spirited man, who lived to the 
 advanced age of one hundred and three years. Ebenezer Richnrdson, 
 from Sedgewick, came in the same year, and John ani William 
 Cimrchill, from Bingham, in 1788. Later came Eben Casley, from 
 Gorham, Samuel and Benjamin Gould, Solomon Walker, Charles 
 Warden, from Woolwich, and John Dennis, from Groton, N. H. The 
 town, in 1809, voted an invitation to Beniah Pratt to become the 
 parish minister, which he accepted, but was not settled. In 1815, 
 Samuel Hutchins, son of the first settler, was called and settled, and 
 had a portion of the ministerial lands. Both these divines belonged to 
 the Free-will Baptists, who were the principal sect at first. The 
 churches are now two Free Baptist, a Methodist, a Universalist, a 
 Union, and a Congregational Union church. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is sixteen, and the value of the public school property 
 $3,500. The population in 1870 was 1,454. In 1880 it was 1,271. 
 The valuation in 1870 was $400,590. In 1880 it was $466,250. 
 
 JVCWry lies in the western part of Oxford County, just north 
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390 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of Androscoggin River. It is bounded on the south by Bethel, east by 
 Hanover and Rumford, north by Andover, north-west by Grafton and 
 west by Riley. The town is compound in its figure, but is bounded 
 by straight lines. Its area is 26,000 acres. Bear River crosses the 
 midst of the town from north-west to south-east, entering the Andros- 
 coggin River where, by a northward .bend, it touches the south line of 
 Newry. Near the line on the west side of Bear River, rises Mount 
 Will to a height of 1,588 feet. Along the western base of this moun- 
 tain flows Sunday River, coming from Riley at the west, then turning 
 southward. West of this river, and near the southern line of the town 
 is Barker's Mountain, 2,551 feet high. North-west of this is Black 
 Mountain, with another considerable peak south of it. On the western 
 border near the north is Stow Mountain ; north-east of this is Sunday 
 River White Cap ; south-east of White Cap is Bald Mountain ; and 
 on the opposite side of Bear River, in the northern corner of the town, 
 is Great Ledge Hill. In the eastern part of the town is Puzzle Moun. 
 tain. Except where divided by the rivers all these mountains, except 
 the last, join at their bases. Granite ledges are numerous. Along the 
 two rivers are excellent intervals, and the hill slopes afford good 
 pasturage. Hay is the largest crop. There is much forest, in which 
 flourish the trees common to the State. Both the principal streams 
 have falls suitable for small mills ; and on Bear River, near North 
 Newry post-office, are a saw and grist-mill. Near the mouth of Bear 
 River, on the Androscoggin, is a steam saw-mill ; but it is situated on 
 the south side of the line in the north-western angle of Hanover. The 
 settlements are along the streams. The stage-liue between Bethel Hill 
 and Lake Umbagog runs along the eastern bank of Bear River. The 
 nearest railroad station is that of the Grand Trunk Railroad at Bethel 
 village, near the centre of that town. 
 
 The first settlements were made here in 1781, by Benjamin Barker 
 and his two brothers, from Methuen, Mass., and Ithiel Smith, of Cape 
 Elizabeth, Me. These families were plundered by the Canada Indianc 
 in 1782, and removed to other parts until after the establishment of 
 peace. The first sale of the township proved abortive, and it reverted 
 to the State. In 1794 John J. Holmes of New Jersey purchased it, 
 taking the deed in his sister Bostwick's name, wherefore it for awhile 
 bore her name. It was also included under the general name of 
 Sudbui-y-Canada, applied to several towns about here. It was incor- 
 porated June 15, 1805, receiving the name of Newry in deference to 
 some of the settlers, who had emigrated from Newry, in Ireland. A 
 person of large observation after a prolonged visit to this town in its 
 early days said "I have travelled over a great part of Europe and the 
 United States, and I believe the people here to be the most honest, 
 industrious and sober of any I ever met with." 
 
 There is a Methodist Society in the town and a Union meeting- 
 house at Newry Corner. There are six public schoolhouses ; and the 
 school property is valued at $1,190. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $116,894. In 1880 it was $90,663. The population in 1870 waa 
 416. In 1880 it was 337. 
 
 IVeW Sharon is situated in the southern part of Franklin 
 County, and is the most easterly of its towns. It is bounded on the 
 north by Industry, west by Earmingtdn,- south by Ghesterville, and by 
 
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NEW SHARON. 391 
 
 Vienna in Kennebec County, and east by Mercer in Somerset County. 
 The length of the town from north to south is about 12 miles. The 
 area is 28,600 acres. The surface is agreeably diversified, but is with- 
 out high hills or deep valleys. Cape Cod and Hampshire Hills are 
 the chief elevations. The rocks are gneiss, slate, an impure lime- 
 stone, with perhaps, some granite. In the woods are found a large 
 variety of trees, — maple, beech, birch, ash, hemlock, fir, spruce, piire, 
 poplar, cedar, and others. The soil is sandy m the river valleys ; next 
 above this is a clay loam, and away from the river a sandy loam or 
 other light soil. It is quite productive ; and numerous small fortunes 
 have been gathered from the profits of New Sharon farms. Much of 
 this money has gone to develop new towns and States in the West. 
 The village of New Sharon is one of the prettiest in the State. It is 
 situated on both sides of the Sandy River, where a natural fall is in- 
 creased by a dam, and the- stream spanned by an expensive covered 
 bridge. The railroad station at Farmington, 9 miles distant, and the 
 station in Belgrade, 16 miles distant, furnish the nearest railroad con- 
 nections ; but a narrow-gauge railroad to Farmington is contemplated. 
 There is a daily stage from New Sharon to both these places. Mc- 
 Gurdy Pond, 1 mile long by 1^ mile wide, is the largest sheet of water. 
 The streams are Sandy River, which crosses the middle of the town 
 toward the north-east, and Muddy Brook, running southward to Sandy 
 River through the northern part. Gold is found near the bed of this 
 river, but full test of the quantity has not yet been made. The vil- 
 lages are New Sharon, on Sandy River near the centre of the town ; 
 Week's Mills, on Muddy Brook, two or three miles north of the last ; 
 and East New Sharon, half-way from the centre to the south-east of 
 the town. There are operated in New Sharon three saw-mills, a grist- 
 mill, and chair, shoe, shovel-handle, carriage and clothing factories. 
 
 The township of New Sharon was granted to Prince Baker and 
 others, by the State of Massachusetts, in 1791, and was settled so rap- 
 idly that in 1794 it was incorporated. Mr. Baker hmiself was the 
 earliest settler. He was followed by Nathaniel Tibbits, Benjamin 
 Chambers, Benjamin Rollins, James Howes and Samuel Prescott. 
 This township is stated by Williamson [Hist, of Maine, vol. 2, p. 514] 
 to have been a part of the tract granted to the representatives of Capt. 
 William Tyng and his company in consideration of their services and 
 sufferings during a dangerous pursuit of the Indian enemy upon snow- 
 shoes during the first winter of Queen Anne's war (1734). It was 
 therefore first called Tyngstown. It was afterward named Unity, 
 finally taking its present name of New Sharon. 
 
 Abel Baker built the first mills at the falls in 1801. They after- 
 ward passed into the hands of Abel Mayhew, by whom they were re- 
 built and much improved. The bridge across the Sandy River at this 
 village was first erected about 1809 or 1810, and has since been rebuilt 
 with solid stone abutments. The town hall is a substantial brick 
 building, two stories in height. 
 
 The climate of the region is salubrious ; and there reside in the 
 town five persons who are upwards of ninety years old, eighteen who 
 are between eighty and ninety, and sixty-three who are between sev- 
 enty and eighty. New Sharon furnished 166 men to the Union cause, 
 during the wa'- of the Rebellion. George Dana Boardman, the devoted 
 and distinguished missionary to Burmah, was a. native of this town. 
 
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392 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Dr. J. F. Pratt, a physician of Chelsea, Mass., was for a considerable 
 time, a resident of this town. The town has a library of above 1,000 
 volumes. 
 
 There are four church-edifices in town, one of which belongs to the 
 Congregationalists, one to the Methodists and two to the Free Bap- 
 tists. New Sharon has sixteen public schoolhouses ; and the total 
 value of school property is estimated at $3,000. The estates in 1870 
 were valued at $481,434. In 1880 they were set at $470,917. The 
 rate of taxation in the latter year was 36 mills on the dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 1,451. In 1880 it was 1,306. 
 
 New Sweden Plantation is situated in the north- 
 eastern part of Aroostook County, 62 miles north by north-west of 
 Houlton and 8 miles from the New Brunswick railroad station in 
 Caribou. It is bounded on the east by K. Plantation and by Caribou, 
 south by Woodland Plantation, west by Perham Plantation, with un- 
 named townships on the north-west and north. It was formerly Town- 
 ship No. 15, Range 8. The surface is little varied by hills or deep 
 valleys ; the highest hill being Mount Barmett. The soil is fertile and 
 free from rocks. The forests consist chiefly of maple and cedar. The 
 crops principally cultivated are rye, potatoes and buckwheat. Bearsley 
 Ponds, the largest containing scarcely one-fourth of a square mile, lie 
 in the western part of the town. The streams are the Little Mada- • 
 waska, which runs south-eastward across the northern part, and Bears- 
 ley Brook, a tributary of the river, coming from Bearsley Ponds ; the 
 South Branch of Bearsley Brook, coming from a small pond in the 
 soutli-east, and the North Branch of the Caribou, which crosses the 
 south-west corner of the township. There are two steam shingle-mills 
 and one water-power saw-mill, in adjoining plantations. The roans 
 are of avei'age goodness ; and there is one bridge 300 feet and one 60 
 feet long. 
 
 This plantation was settled under the direction of Hon. W. W. 
 Tlionias, Jr., Commissioner of Immigration, July 23, 1870. It was 
 organized into a plantation April 6, 1876. In 1880 the plantation 
 numbered 517 Swedish inhabitants. The Swedish colony at this date 
 bad overrun the limits of New Sweden, and scattered over the adja- 
 cent portions of Woodland, Caribou and Perham, numbering in all 
 787 souls ; an increase of 14.74 per cent, in a decade. In 1880 the 
 colony had cleared 4,438 acres of wild land, built a church, town-house, 
 five schoolhouses, three mills, 163 dwelling-houses, and 151 barns; and 
 had also constructed 42^ miles of road. They owned 164 horses, 659 
 head of horned cattle, 530 sheep, 175 swine, and 1,920 poultry. The 
 colony is a thrifty and successful asrricultural community, who have 
 already attracted to the State 1,000 Swedish immigrants in addition 
 to its own numbers. The members of this colony brought with them 
 $100,000 in cash. 
 
 Mr. E. H. Elwell, of the Portland Transcript, in his pamphlet on 
 Aroostook, published in 1878, gives the following description of a 
 Swedish house in this plantation, (Mr. Peterson's). 
 
 " It Is one of the larger and better class of houses, and shows the Swedish 
 style of building to good advantage. It is built of hewn logs, clap-boarded, with 
 the interstices between the logs calked with moss — a warm and solid building. 
 
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NEW VINEYARD. 393 
 
 The plan of the house struck us as being very convenient. The entrance hall- 
 does not run through the building, but nearly across the front, having little depth, 
 but considerable length. In the rear of the hall, opposite the outer door, entrance 
 is given to a large, square reception-room, which occupies the middle of the house. 
 On each side of this are two smaller rooms, entrance to which is gained from the 
 hall, and also from the central room. These smaller rooms are used as kitchen, 
 sitting-room and bed-rooms. In one of these we were shown a wooden, round- 
 topped chest, in good preservation, which we were told is one hundred and eighty 
 years old." * * * Pastor Wiren " lias built up in a corner of one of his rooms the 
 tall, brick, chimney-like stove of Sweden. At one end of the house stood a heavy 
 timber swing, built on the plan of a merry-go-round, or flying horses, with a seat 
 at each end of the projecting arm." 
 
 The Lutheran church is the only religious society here. Ten lots 
 in this township are reserved for schools and other public purposes. 
 The three public schoolhouses were erected at a cost of $500. The 
 value of the school property is estimated at $900. The valuation of 
 estates in 1880 was 122,041. The rate of taxation was 16.053 on 
 $1,000. [See close of article on Civil History, in the first part of this 
 work]. 
 
 New Vineyard is situated in the eastern part of Franklin 
 County, having Strong on the west and the latter and Freeman on the 
 north-west, Industry on the south-east, the latter and Farraington on 
 the south, Industry and Anson in Somerset County on the east and 
 Strong, Freeman and New Portland in Somerset County on the north. 
 The town has a remarkable outline. There are two right-angled 
 notches on the north-western side and three on the south-eastern. 
 There are also nine projecting right-angles. A range of mountains 
 crosses the town from south-west to north-east, dividing the waters of 
 Sandy River from those of the Carrabasset River on the north. There 
 are no less than nine peaks in the town and on its borders, of which 
 Herrick mountain is probably the highest. The scenery in some parts 
 is strikingly beautiful. Porter's Pond, lying on the middle border and 
 partly in Strong, is the principal sheet of water. The streams are 
 Porter's and Barker brooks, and Hillman, Fairbank's and McLeny mill 
 streams. The rocks are granite boulders, sind out-cropping and under- 
 lying limestone. The soil is generally good, especially in the northerly 
 and easterly sections. New Vineyard Village (formerly known as 
 Vaughn's Mills) near the middle of the town, is the principal business 
 centre. New Vineyard has two saw-mills, and a grist-mill carried by 
 water-power, and a spool-mill by steam-power. The manufactures are 
 salt-boxes, shovel-handles, .dowels, brush blocks, spools, carriages, 
 shingles, clapboards, flour and meal, boots and shoes, brooms, etc. 
 New Vineyard is 10 miles from Farmington, on the stage-line to King- 
 field, East New Vineyard is the other post-office. 
 
 New Vineyard township was purchased from Massachusetts by an 
 association of persons belonging in Martha's Vineyard, Mass., together 
 with Jonathan Knowlton of Farmington, who acted as their agent ; 
 hence the plantation took the name, " New Vineyard," from the first. 
 Daniel Collins and Abner Norton, having previously commenced im- 
 jirovements, move'd in with their families in 1791, thus becoming the 
 first settlers. These were soon followed by Samuel Daggett, Jonathan 
 Merry, James Manter, Ephraim Butler, John Spencer, Cornelius 
 Norton, David Davis, John Daggett, Benjamin Benson, Joseph Smith, 
 
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394 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Henry Butler, Herbert Boardman, Charles Luce, Henry Norton, Wil- 
 liam Farrand, Seth Hilman, Ezra Winslow and Calvin Burden. Set- 
 tlements were soon after commenced north of the mountains by people 
 mostly from Middleboro, Mass. Among these occur the names of 
 George, Eleazer, Paul and Remiah Pratt, Elias Bryant, Simeon Hackett, 
 Jabez Vaughn and Cephaniah Morton. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1802. There are churches of the 
 Congregationalists, Methodists and Free Baptists in the town. New 
 Vineyard has ten public schoolhouses, valued with other school pro- 
 perty, at 12,000. The estates in 1870 were valued at $228,812. In 
 1880 they were valued at $202,867. The population in 1870 was 755. 
 In 1880 it was 627. 
 
 NoblelborOUg"h is situated near the centre of Lincoln 
 County on the eastern shore of Damariscotta Lake. Waldoboro' bounds 
 it on the east, Jefferson on the north and west, Newcastle on the west 
 of the southern part, and Damariscotta on the south. The area is 
 about ten thousand acres. Damariscotta Lake extends along the whole 
 western side of the town, and a broad area of the lake, called Mus- 
 congus Bay, penetrates to the centre. From the head of this bay a 
 canal, excavated many years ago, extends southward for nearly 2 miles. 
 A section of Pemaquid Pond extends from the south-east corner nearly 
 2 miles toward the centre of the town. On the eastern line is Duck 
 Puddle Pond, and in the north-eastern corner is Cook's Pond. 
 
 The soil of the town is favorable to agriculture, in which pursuit 
 the inhabitants are chiefly engaged. The centres of business are Noble- 
 borough and Damariscotta Mills. There is a station of the Knox and 
 Lincoln railroad in each place. The distance from Bath is about 22 
 miles. The manufactures consist of lumber, boots and shoes, organs, 
 etc. There is a saw-raill at each village. 
 
 Nobleborough originally formed a part of the possession of Elbridge 
 and Aldsworth, under the Pemaquid patent. It was settled at about 
 the same date as Damariscotta, viz., about 1640. This territory was a 
 favorite resort of the Indians for bunting and fishing ; and they held 
 possession here with great tenacity, remaining in solitary families long 
 after the white man, whose advance they vainly resisted, had com- 
 menced their settlements in the town. After the Indian wars closed, 
 the inhabitants were involved for many years in a harassing contro- 
 versy about the title to their lands, which was not sett ed until 1814. 
 The territory was claimed under the Brown right, which had its origin 
 in a deed from Capt. John Somerset (known to us as " Somerset ") and 
 Unnongoit, Indian sagamores. Its southerly boundary ran from 
 Pemaquid Falls to Brown's house, on the eastern shore ; and from this 
 line extended northerly for 25 miles, including Muscongus Island, and 
 covering the most of Bristol, all of the towns of Nobleborough and 
 Jefferson, and part of the town of Newcastle. Brown in August, 1660, 
 conveyed to one Gould and his wife eight miles square, abo.it midway 
 of the oi'iginal grant. A survey was made at a later peripd of the dif- 
 ferent claims; and William Vaughan, and, later, James Noble, claimants 
 under this right, improved all the lands lying on" both sides of the 
 Damariscotta Fresh Pond, to the head of it ; also on the west side of 
 the river half-way to Sheepscot, and on the easterly side half-way to 
 " Pemaquid Pond/'' Vaughan' either commenced. or revived the settle- 
 
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NORRIDGWOCK. 395 
 
 ment under Colonel Dunbar about 1730 ; but the growth was slow, as 
 it appears that at the beginning of the Revolution, there were only 30 
 men heie capable of bearing arms. James Noble, who had married 
 the widow of Vaughan, pursued the claim until 1765, when he and his 
 coadjutors were dispossessed, though they did not then wholy abandon 
 their claim. The town was incorporated in 1788, being named for a son 
 of the proprietor, Colonel Arthur Noble, who was killed in a battle witli 
 the French at Midas, Nova Scotia in 1747. It included Damariscotla 
 until 1847, when the latter was set ofE. 
 
 Rev. Adoniram Judson, father of the noted missionary of the same 
 name, was settled over the Baptist church in Nobleborough in 1819. 
 The Baptist denomination still preponderates in the town, having thi-ee 
 churches, and the Methodists, one. There are twelve public school- 
 houses in Nobleborough, these with other school property being valued 
 at $6,500. The valuation of real estate in 1870 was $287,867. In 1880, 
 it was $239,295. The population in 1870 was 1,150. In 1880, it was 
 1,142. 
 
 NorridgreWOCk lies on the Kennebec River in the south- 
 ern part of Somerset. County. It is bounded on the North by Madison, 
 east by Skowhegan, south by Fairfield and Smithfield and west by 
 Mercer and Starks. The township is somewhat larger than the stand- 
 ard size, having an area of about 26,000 acres. The foi-m is nearly ' 
 square. The Kennebec River runs through the town from the nortli- 
 ■west angle to the centre, thence by a right-angled bend north-easterly 
 to Skowhegan. There is a village on each bank of the- river at this 
 bend, connected by a good covered wooden bridge, 500 feet in length. 
 The town is quite hilly, but with fine intervals, the uplands also being 
 fertile. The soil on the river is a light sandy loam, and back from it 
 a rocky loam. The flora is unusually interesting. The forests are in 
 due proportion to the territory, and contains the trees common in the 
 region, with a predominance of hard-wood. Limestone is found in 
 abundance but mixed with slate. There is also a fine quality of granite 
 formed near the soutjiern line of the town. The water-powers are at 
 Bombazee Rips, on the Kennebec 3 miles above Norridgewock Bridge, 
 with a natural fall of 8 feet, and on Sawtelle's Mill Stream, at South 
 Norridgewock, with a fall of 10 feet in 20 rods. There are in this 
 village a saw and a grist-mill, a carriage and a furniture factory, 
 granite works, etc. Norridgewock Village is 5 miles south-west of 
 Skowhegan. It is on the line of the Somerset Railroad, which has a 
 station at South Norridgewock. The two villages are separated only 
 by the river. 
 
 Norridgewock was formerly the seat of a powerful tribe of Indians, 
 and the name of the town is a corruption of the name of their village. 
 It is said to have been the name of an early chief, and to signify 
 " smooth water." The French had a Roman Catholic missionary here 
 as early as 1610. Sebastian Rasle, a Jesuit missionary, became resident 
 at the place in 1687, laboring faithfully for the Indians in the manner 
 of his conv'ictions until his death in 1724. He had here a dwelling 
 and a neat chapel ; and his influence over the Indians was strong and 
 beneficent. They became earnest worshippers in the little chapel, and 
 their relations among themselves greatly improved, while their barbar 
 ities in war were lessened. The French, wishing to secure the Indians 
 
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39C 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 as their allies, did all tliey could to strengthen them as a force to be 
 wielded against the English whenever the interests of France de- 
 niaiided. After the first Indian war, all the foi-ays of this tribe ufion 
 their settlements were attributed by the English to the influence of 
 Rasle. He was the counsellor of the tribe in their conferences with the 
 English, and the latter sometimes found themselves outwitted in their 
 treaties. They made repeated attempts against Nori-idgewock and 
 to capture the priest, but without success ; and in 1723 a strongbox 
 belonging to Rasle, and containing his dictionary of the Indian hingu.-ige 
 and other papers were brought away. The <lictior]ary and docunieiits 
 are now preserved in Harvard College libr.-iry. The papers taken dis- 
 closed some of the plans of the French government, and were useful 
 in the conduct of the war. A chaj)el of fir-wood had been erected at 
 Norridgewock as early as 1646, being the first church ever erected on 
 
 MOXtTMENT OF RASLE, NORRIDCKWOCK. 
 
 the Kennebec River. It was burned in 1674 by a party of English 
 hunters, but in 1687 was rebuilt by English workmen sent by the 
 Massachusetts government from Boston for this purpose, according to 
 treaty sti])ulations. 
 
 Tliis village stood about 3 miles above Norridgewock bridge, on what 
 is now called " Old Point," situated near the confluence of Sandy Ri\'er, 
 with the Kennebec. Tlie locality is beautiful. The rude huts includ- 
 ing that of Fathei' Rasle were set in two parallel rows, running north 
 and south, a I'oad skirting the baidv of the river, while between the 
 rows of cabins was a street 200 feet in width. At the northern ex- 
 tremity stood the church, while at the lower end was a chapel dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin Mary, for use on secular days. Whittier in his 
 
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NORRIDGEWOCK. 897 
 
 r 
 
 poem of " Mogg Megone," graphically describes this village and the 
 worship of the dusky inhabitants. 
 
 A more effective force than had yet been sent left Fort Richmond 
 (in what is now the townjjf Richmond) on the Kennebec, on the 19th 
 of August, 1724. It consisted of 208 men embarked in seventeen whale 
 boats. Near the mouth of the Sebasticook River, opposite what is now 
 the village of Waterville, they landed, leaving the boats under a guard 
 of 40 men. They marched up the eastern bank of the river to Skow- 
 hegan, where Captain Harman crossed at the Great Eddy with 60 men, 
 and followed up the river on that side for the purpose of cutting off 
 the retreat of those who might be at work in the corn fields on the 
 Sandy River; while Captain Moulton, leaving 10 men with the lug- 
 gage, marched with the remaining 98 men, for the doomed village, 
 reaching it on the 24th. Such of the Indians as were at home were 
 engaged in their cabins ; but as the English entered one end of the 
 street an old Indian discovered them, and gave the war-whoop, which 
 brought out the warriors to the number of about 60. The conflict was 
 sharp, short and decisive. Thirty warriors were slain and fourteen 
 wounded, the remaipder escaping across the river and in other direc- 
 tions with the squaws and children. The church was pillaged, and one 
 of the three Mohawks who were with the expedition, enraged by the 
 fall of his brother during the fight, turned back and set the chapel and 
 village on fire. Rasle engaged in the defence, firing from his cabiu 
 upon the assailants, and himself fell in the fight. Roman Catholic 
 authorities have charged that the body of their missionary was shot 
 through and through, and was scalped and otherwise mutilated. The 
 church bell was recovered by the Indians from the ruins and buried in 
 the woods. It was subsequently found by an English party, and has 
 since been preserved in the collections of Bowdoin College. It weighed 
 64 pounds. From this time Norridgewock was forsaken by the tribe, 
 who removed to Canada. 
 
 Though the superiority of this region was known, it was still too 
 far from other settlements ; and no persistent attempts were made to 
 occupy it until after the Revolution, though some visited the place in 
 1772. Benedict Arnold, in October 1775, passed over this ground 
 with his army on the way to Quebec. No sooner was the war at an 
 end, than the settlers began to come in ; and in June, 1788, there were 
 a sufficient number of inhabitants to obtain incorporation as a town. 
 The town has always been thrifty, though many suffered much loss in 
 1837, by land and timber speculations. On the creation of Somerset 
 County in 1809, Norridgewock was made the shire town, continuing 
 to be such until 1871, when the county seat was changed to Skowhegan. 
 The first meeting-house was erected in 1794, at the public expense. The 
 court-house was built in 1820, and in 1847 remodeled at a cost of $7,000. 
 The present bridge across the river at this point was built in 1849, at a 
 cost of $11,000. 
 
 John S. Tenney and John Ware were esteemed citizens of Nor- 
 ridgewock. It was, also, long the home of Hon. John S. Abbot, a suc- 
 cessful lawyer of the Suffolk bar, very much esteemed by his brethren, 
 and recently deceased ; William Allen, Esq., long and favorably 
 known in the middle and northern parts of the State, resided here 
 most of his life ; and it is now the residence of Sophie May, the popu- 
 lar authoress of many valuable books for girls ; and of Hon. Stephen 
 
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398 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 D. Lindsey, member of Congress for the third district. Norridgewock 
 sent 132 men into the army of the Union during the war of the rebel- 
 lion, of whom twenty-five were, lost. 
 
 There is here the excellent school of H-.P. Eaton (Eaton Family 
 School), with a high, grammar and primary schools in the village. The 
 number of public schoolhouses in the town is sixteen, valued at $4,000. 
 The churches ai-e the Congregationalist, Methodists, Advent and Bap- 
 tist. The population in 1870 was 1,756, In 1880 it was 1,491. Tlie 
 vahiation in 1870 was $641,982. In 1880 it was $581,847. The rate of 
 tax;ition in the latter year, .029 on a dollar. 
 
 North Auburn, a village and post-office in Auburn, An- 
 droBcoggin County. 
 
 North Berwick, is situated in the south-west part of 
 York County, and is bounded on. the north and east by Sanford, south 
 by South Berwick, west and south-west by Berwick, and north-west 
 by Lebanon. It contains 18,579 acres of land, its principal sheet of 
 water is Bonny Bigg Pond on the northern side, containing 1,600 acres ; 
 and its streams are Great Works, Negutaquet and Little Rivers. The 
 surface of the country is rather uneven. Bonny Bigg Hill is the highest 
 elevation. The soil, though stony, is fairly productive. Farming is 
 the principal occupation of. the inhabitants. The principal village is 
 at the south-west part, at the junction of the Portland, Saco and Ports- 
 mouth and Boston and Maine railroads. The North Berwick Woolen 
 Company have a fine brick mill on the Great Works River, at the 
 village. It is 120 feet long and three stories in height, and has an 
 engine of sufficient power to carry the mill in case of drought. Forty 
 looms, six sets of cards, and thirteen spinning jacks are operated, which 
 turn out daily 1,500 yards of flannel, beside blankets, and employ 
 about 80 hands. The capital is $100,000. At the foot of Bonny Bigg 
 Pond is a saw, grist, shingle and clapboard mill. Os the Negutaqueit 
 are the Hussey Agricultural Works, manufacturing farm implements. 
 Other factories are a carding and yarn mill, a box and shook mill, 
 several saw mills, stove polish factory, and many other lesser indus- 
 tries, including an extensive brick-yard. Several good powers on the 
 streams are unimproved. 
 
 The Baptists, Free Baptists and Friends have each a church in the 
 town. The town has 16 schoolhouses valued at $8,090. The valuation 
 of 1870 was $572,927 ; in 1880, $637,334. The population in 1870 was 
 1,623 ; in 1880, 1,801. The rate of taxation is 14 mills on a dollar. 
 The town was originally a part of Berwick, from which it was set off 
 and incorporated in 1831 ; and its history is chiefly included in that of 
 the parent town. Settlements were made in it. about 1630, probably by 
 the Morrills and Purintons. Thomas Hobbs, the ancestor of the Hobbs 
 family in the town, in 1735 procured from Nicholas Morrill a deed of 
 land on the west side of Doughty's falls. He had previously acquired 
 property at the mouth of the Negutiquet, where he built a saw -mill. 
 The Husseys and Buffums were also among the earliest settlers. 
 Other names of early settlers are Hall, Randall, Staples, Quint, Ham- 
 mond, Hurd, Chadbourne, Libbey, Twambly, Weymouth, Ford, Fernal, 
 Hanscora and others. 
 
 A few notable incidents not in the general history of the Berwicks 
 
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NORTHFJELD. 399 
 
 may be mentioned. A young daughter of Peter Morrill, while gather- 
 ing hemlock for a broom, was slain by Wawa, a chief of the Pequakets. 
 On a promontory in Bonny Bigg Pond tradition says that a captive 
 white woman was kept one winter by the Indians. During the winter 
 she gave birth to a child, which from the scanty food and exposure, 
 was feeble and sickly. The Indians compelled the mother to gather 
 pine fagots, with which they burned the babe to ashes. In the spring 
 she was taken to Canada and sold to the French, from whom she was 
 ransomed and returned to her friends. Around the pond many stone 
 hearths are found. They consist of a bed of stone about four feet in 
 circumference, upon which the Indians built fires for cooking. On the 
 north side of the outlet in a ravine, near the west boi'der of the pond, 
 .was found the greatest number of these hearths, — and here probably 
 was a village of the Indians. Near by is the field where they raised 
 their maize. In plowing the field, many stone-chisels, gouges, pestles, 
 ■sinkers, hatchets, arrow-heads, etc., have been brought to light. 
 
 Having been settled chiefly since the Revolution, Berwick had little 
 opportunity to show her patriotism until the breaking out of the rebel- 
 lion. Then her sons responded nobly to the calls for men, and the tax- 
 payers cheerfully voted generous bounties. The number sent out 
 under the various calls was 146, and the amount of bounty paid was 
 $48,000. 
 
 The Friends appear to have been the earliest religious society in 
 town. Soon after 1742 a society was gathered which still exists. 
 The first meeting-house stood on the Oak-woods road, south of Bonny 
 Bigg. The present house is about a mile south-west of the village. 
 
 Among the eminent men who were born in this town are President 
 Paul Chadbourne, of William's College, Hon. Ichabod Goodwin, ex- 
 governor of New Hampshire, and Darius Morrill, member of Congress. 
 
 North East Harbor, a post-office and small seaport 
 on Mount Desert Island, Hancock County. 
 
 Northfleld Ues a few miles south-west of the centre of 
 Washington county, and 10 miles north by north-west of Machias. 
 Marshfield, Whitneyville and Centreville lie on the south of this town. 
 Machias River runs in a south-easterly course through the south- 
 western part of the town, — receiving in its course Old and New streams 
 and Bog Brook, the outlet of Bog Pond, — which lies in the eastern 
 part of the town. The size of this pond is 2 miles long by one wide. 
 The stage-road from Machias to Calais passes northward across the 
 eastern part of the town, just west of the pond. The principal settle- 
 ments are along this road in the southern part of the town, and on the 
 road south of the pond. The principal water-powers are Holmes' Falls, 
 on Machias river, and those on Bog Brook. Others are called Dick's 
 Falls, College Rips, and Brown's Rips : On Bog Brook near the pond 
 is a board, lath and shingle mill. 
 
 The surface is quite uneven, being broken by ledges and hills. 
 Harmon's Pinnacle is 500 feet in height, and Elwell's Mountain, 350 
 feet. The soil is variable, clay loam in some parts and gravel in 
 others. The crops chiefly cultivated are hay, oats, wheat and potatoes. 
 Rock maple, beech, juniper and pine are found in the still plentifiii 
 forest. 
 
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400 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Northfield was incorporated March 21, 1838. It was originally 
 No. 24 in Bingham's Penobscot purchase. The town sent 22 men into 
 the army of the Union in the war of the rebellion, — of whom 9 were 
 lost. Three of its inhabitants are above 80 years of age. The neigh- 
 borhood library here contains 117 volumes. There is a Methodist 
 society in the town, and the Congregationalists have a church edifice. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is 3, — valued, with land, at $600. 
 The population in 1870 was 190. In 1880 it was 161. The valuation 
 in 1870 was $52,947. In 1880 it was $33,311. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 3f per cent. 
 
 Morth HHiVGH, in Knox county, is situated at the entrance 
 of Penobscot Bay, 12 miles east of Rockland. In consists of an island 
 about 8 miles long and from 4 to 5 wide. The town was formerly a 
 part of Vinalhaven, from which it is separated by a strait, or thorougli- 
 fare, about 1 mile in width. It is the north Fox Island, and was 
 incorporated by the name of Fox Island in 1846. The name was changed 
 to the present one in 1847. 
 
 Thomas Pond, the only considerable sheet of fresh water, is 1 mile 
 long and 1|- mile wide. There is one saw mill carried by tide power. 
 The hills are Mount Nebo and Pigeon Hill, each having a height of 
 about 700 feet. The surface of the town is not greatly varied in 
 elevation. The soil is gravelly. The bed rock is of a black color. 
 Fishing and farming are the principal occupations. Waterman's Iron 
 Spring on this island has some celebrity. There are four small villages 
 and one post-office. E. P. Mayo ofthe Somerset Reporter is a native here. 
 
 The Baptists have the only church edifice on the island. The town 
 has a library of 200 volumes. The number of public schools is 6, and 
 the school property is valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $152,594. In 1880, it was $151,652. The rate of taxation 
 in the latter year was 2 and 1 tenth cents on the dollar. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 806. In 1880 it was 755. 
 
 Northport, in Waldo County, lies on the west side of Pen- 
 obscot Bay, and adjoins Belfast on the south. Lincolnville bounds it 
 on the south-west, and a portion of Belmont, is in contact with it on 
 the north-west. The town projects somewhat more than its neighbors 
 into the bay, and its eastern part, therefore, enjoys more of the cool 
 searbreezes. There are 9 miles of sea-coast, and the width of the town 
 is about 4 miles. There are many hills, — Temperance, Nudgett's, 
 Bird's, etc. Mount Percival, with two peaks 400 and 600 feet in 
 height respectively, affords fine views of the bay. Spruce Head, pro- 
 jecting into the bay on the south, is a noticeable point from passing 
 vessels. There are 3 small villages, all on the coast. Brown's Corner 
 occupies a cove near the northern line of the town, and Saturday 
 Cove is a pleasant little village in the more southern part. It has 
 its name from the landing here on Saturday, it is said, of a com- 
 pany of the early settlers of Belfast. Wesleyan Camp Ground is 
 a picturesque collection of summer cottages in a pretty gi'ove on 
 a projecting portion of the shore, about half a mile south of Brown's 
 Corner. Formerly the people who met here in their annual camp 
 meetings lived in canvas tents, but gradually they began to build cot- 
 
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NORTH YARMOUTH. 401 
 
 tages, and spend several weeks in the place. There are now about 
 300 cottages, and a large hotel which, in the summer of 1878, enter- 
 tained upwards of 3000 guests ; and while the annual religious meeting 
 in August still remains the leading feature, the place is becoming a 
 popular watering place. A stage-line connects the villages with Belfast 
 and Rockland. During the warm season the steamers touch at the 
 wharf, and there are daily excursions from the shore and river towns. 
 It is already entitled to be called the Cottage City of the Penobscot. 
 Saturday Cove is also finely situated, having a pleasing view of ithe 
 bay and a cosy hotel. The village has a retired position, which, for 
 some, increases its attractiveness. 
 
 The number of old people in the town gives evidence of the salu- 
 brity of the climate. The oldest inhabitant was Mrs. Rebecca Pend- 
 leton, who died in 1863, at the age of 104 years and 6 months. 
 
 There are none but small streams in the town, Saturday Cove and 
 Little Harbor streams being the largest. Pitcher and Knight's ponds, 
 closely connected bodies of water, extend along a large portion of the- 
 southern boundary. The manufactories of the town consists of two 
 saw-mills, one of which manufactures lumber, and cooper's wares, and 
 the other adds treenails to these productions. There is also a boat 
 builder, and furniture, cooperage and carriage factories. The North- 
 port Cheese Factory produces large quantities of cheese that finds 
 ready sale. Farming and fishing are the chief occupation of the people. 
 There has been a large increase of improved stock in town within a 
 recent period. The soil is clay and sandy loam. Granite is the prin- 
 cipal rock. 
 
 The first who made attempts to settle in this town were Thomas 
 Burkmar, Samuel Bird, David Miller, Colonel Thomas, Stephen and 
 John Knowlton, H. Flanders, Adam .Patterson, Mark and John Welch, 
 Zachariah Lawrence, Captain Ebene,zer Frye, Major Benjamin Shaw, 
 David Alden, Henry Pendleton, and Micaiah Drinkwater. They 
 arrived but a short time prior to the Revolution, and had scarcely- 
 more then begun to put their plans for homes into execution, when 
 they were called to the more exciting life of the army. There were' 
 no further settlements until the peace, when immigrants began to appear 
 from all parts of the State. During the war of 1812, a descent by the 
 Bi-itish from Castine was made upon the settlers of N"orthport, and 
 several citizens were plundered. Some shots also were exchanged 
 along the shore, but none of the inhabitants were killed. One shot 
 that imbedded itself in the house of Jones Shaw, has since been one of 
 the notable things of this shore. 
 
 Norfliport was incorporated Feb. 13, 1796. There are in the town 
 a Christian, a Baptist and Methodist church. There are 9 public 
 schoolhouses ; and the school property is valued at $2,700. The 
 population in 1870 was 902. In 1880 it was 872. The valuation in 
 1870 was $180,726. In 1880 it was $196,253. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 3 per cent. 
 
 North Yarmouth is situated a little east of the centre of 
 Cumberland County, 14 miles N.N.E. of Portland. On the east .is 
 Pownal ; Yarmouth and Cumberland bound it on the south, the latter 
 and Gray on the west and north-west, New Gloucester and Pownall on 
 the north. The form of the town is nearly square. The surface isi 
 
 26 
 
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402 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 without much nnevenness. Walnut Hill, in the western part of the 
 town, is the greatest elevation, and Little Walnut, about a mile to the 
 east, is the next in height. The village called Walnut Hill begins 
 between them, extending southward. Royals River runs through the 
 town nearly north and south. On the eastern side of the river the 
 Grand Trunk Railway and on the west the Maine Central Railway 
 cross the town in the same general direction. The latter has a station 
 at Walnut Hill, where is the largest collection of houses in town ; and 
 the Grand Trunk has a station at East-North Yarmouth, whence stages 
 run daily to Pownall and Durham. 
 
 The principal manufactures of the town are lumber, carriages, flour 
 and meal. The land is of good quality, and agricultuio is the almost 
 exclusive business of the people. The region of Royal's River was 
 called Wescustego by the Indians, this being also their name for the 
 river itself. The territory of the present town was included in a grant 
 made to Joseph Phippon and others in 1680, which extended from the 
 sea five miles up the river, and seven and a half miles on each side. 
 In the same year, the waste land between this grant and Falmouth, 
 and also Damariscove Island, were included in the act of incorporation 
 under the name of North Yarmouth. A large part of Harpswell Neck 
 with Mare Point and intervening land was held to be within the cor- 
 porated limits many years. Four towns have since been taken 
 from this territory, viz. : Freei^ort in 1789, Pownal in 1808, Cumber- 
 land in 1821, and Yarmouth in 1849. John Mare, mentioned as an 
 early settler of North Yarmouth, located on the point which has since 
 borne his name, now included in Brunswick. William Royal came 
 over from England about 1630, and in 1643 purchased of Gorges a 
 tract on the Wescustego River, subsequently called Royal's River. 
 The history of Yarmouth includes that of North Yarmouth until the 
 separation in 1849. 
 
 The town has a Congregation alist and a Methodist church. There 
 are seven public sclioolhouses in the town, valued at $3,300. The 
 valuation of estates for 1870 was $523,086 ; in 1880, $372,510. The 
 population in 1870 was 940. In the census of 1880 it was 828. 
 
 JNi OrWRy is one of the south-eastern towns of Oxford County. 
 Paris bounds it on the north-east, Oxford on the south-east, Waterford 
 on the south-west, Albany and Greenwood on the north-west. The 
 area is by estimate, about 25,000 acres. The town has numerous but 
 not high hills. The most notable of these are Holt Hill, a little north- 
 west of the centre of the town, Frost Hill, at the south-west, and Pike 
 Hill at the south-east. The number of ponds is also large. Great 
 Pennesseewassee Pond extends its length of 4^ miles just east of the 
 middle of the town, finding outlet to the Little Androscoggin River, at 
 Norway Village, in the south-east corner of the town. Tributary to 
 this is North Pond, in the north-east, and Little Pennesseewassee, on 
 the west. Somewhat south-west of the centre of the town is Sand 
 Pond, with its tributaries. Mud and Round, sending its own outlet into 
 Thompson Pond, at the south-east. At the extreme north is Furlong 
 Pond. Crooked River forms a part of the western boundary, and Bird 
 Brook skirts the town on the east. The soil is fertile and the farmers 
 thrifty. There are eleven water-powers in the town, of which Pennes- 
 seewassee Falls, at Norway Village, constitute six. Five of these 
 
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NUMBER TWO PLANTATION. 403 
 
 powers bear the nnme of Steep Falls, having an aggregate fall of 56 
 feet in 15 rods. There are here two grain mills, a tannery, and fur- 
 niture, patent board box, shovel-handle, boot and shoe, clothing and 
 carriage factories, a stave and shook-mill, a planiiig-mill, a machine 
 shop, a cloth and cardingmill, harness and trunk-makers, etc. On 
 streams, in other quarters of the town, are three saw-mills. Noble 
 Corners, at the northern part of the town, shows quite a cluster of 
 houses. The nearest railroad station for most of the town is at South 
 Paris, scarcely a mile from Norway Village. The stage-line from South 
 Paris to Bridgton and Fryeburg runs through this town. The scenery 
 of Norway, varied with so many hills and ponds and intersected by 
 good roads is very agreeable to look upon, and easy of passage. The 
 village has several handsome residences, and its streets are ornamented 
 with shade trees. On the outskirts of the village, on the south are 
 the fair grounds. Norway Branch r.r. connects with the Grand Trunk. 
 
 Norway is composed of a tract of about 6,000 acres, purchased of 
 Massachusetts in 1787, and another of the same size granted to Mr. 
 Lee, and known as the Lee Grant, two other tracts known as Cum- 
 ming's Gore and Kent Gore, and three tiers of lots taken from the 
 plantation of Waterford. The settlement came about in this wise : 
 James Stinchfield, Jonas Stevens and some others, came to hunt about 
 the ponds, and finding such beautiful growtjis of wood and other in- 
 dications of a good soil, determined to settle here. Accordingly, in 
 1786, Stevens, his brother Joseph, Jeremiah and Amos Hobbs, and 
 George Lessley, came in, made clearings and built houses, and in due 
 time brought in their families. A Captain Rust had become a large 
 proprietor of land here, and performed many generous acts toward 
 the settlers, for which he was much beloved and esteemed, so that the 
 plantation adopted his name until its incorporation. This occurred 
 March 9, 1797; and the present name was then adopted with the pur- 
 pose to honor the nation which dwelt in Norway, in Europe. Many 
 of the early settlers were soldiers in the Revolution, one of whom, 
 Phineas Whitney, served throughout the war, and was at the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, being one of the last to leave the field. In 1843 the entire 
 records of the town were destroyed by fire. 
 
 The Norway Savings Bank in Norway Village, at the beginning of 
 the fiscal'year of 1880, held in deposits and accrued profits the sum of 
 $149,088.28. Norway National Bank has a capital of $100,000. The 
 newspapers are " Tlie New Religion," and the " Oxford County Ad- 
 vertiser." They are spirited and able papers. As indicated, the former 
 is a paper with a theological purpose, and the views it advocates are 
 those held by the Universalist denomination. 
 
 The first church was formed in this town about 1802 ; and the Rev. 
 Noah Cressey was ordained Sept. 20, 1809. There are now a Univer- 
 salist and a Free Baptist church, two belonging to the Methodists and 
 two to the Congregationalists. There is a circulating library of nearly 
 700 volumes at the village. The Norway Liberal Institute is a flourish- 
 ing school of a high grade. The number of public schoolhouses is 
 s'venteen, having, with appurtenances, a value of $6,000. The popu- 
 latiim in 1870 was 1,954. In 1880 it was 2,519. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $641,644. In 1880 it was $889,863. 
 
 Number Two Plantation (Grand Fails) lies on the 
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404 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 south-eastern border of Penobscot County, about 50 miles north-east 
 of Bangor. Burlington bounds it on the north, an angle of Greenfield 
 touches it on the south-west, and Washington County bounds it on 
 the east and south. Munsungun or Passadumkeag Mountain stands 
 nortli-west of the centre of the township. Saponac Lake lies in the 
 northern part, receiving the waters of the Passadumkeag, on the east, 
 and discharging them at the west. Madagascal Stream discharges into 
 the Passadumkeag River, in this township. A branch of Union River 
 rises in the central part. The nearest post-office is Burlington. The 
 nearest railroad station is that of the European and North American 
 Railway at Olamon, in the town of Greenbush, on the Penobscot. 
 
 There is one public schoolhouse, valued at $100. The valuation of 
 estates in 1880 was $23,822. The population in 1870 was 100. In 1880 
 it was 93. 
 
 Number Eig"hteen Plantation is in the East 
 
 Division of Washington County, and joins East Machias on the north. 
 In the eastern part of the township is Rocky Lake, having a length of 
 about 3^ miles by 3-14 of a mile in width. Near the centre of the 
 township is the lesser First Lake, on the eastern line is Round Lake, 
 at the north-eastern angle is Munson Lake, at the north-western is 
 Long Lake, at the western line is Little Bog Lake, and Hadley Lake 
 extends for about one mile of its length into the township from tlie 
 south. Salko Hill is the highest eminence. The soil is a light sandy 
 loam. The crops chiefly dejiended upon are potatoes and hay. Farm- 
 ing and lumbering are the principal occupations. 
 
 This plantation was organized in 1848. The oldest inhabitant was 
 ninety-four years of age in 1880. There is one public schoolhouse, 
 valued at $100. The population in 1870 was 42. In 1880 it was 40. 
 
 Number Eleven, Rang-e 1 Plantation 
 
 is on the New Brunswick border ; and is bounded north by Hodgdon, 
 south by Amity, and west by Linneus, and Letter A. of Range 2. The 
 plantation includes but half a township. The streams are the Me- 
 duxnekeag on the northern side, Davis Stream at the middle of the 
 town, and Shehan and Alder brooks in the eastern part. Inhere. is a 
 saw and grist-mill on Davis Stream. The nearest post-oflBce is South 
 Hodgdon. 
 
 This plantation is 10 miles south of Houlton, on the stage-route to 
 Danforth, on the European and North American Railway. It was 
 organized June 30, 1859. The Baptists have a meeting-house here and 
 a resident minister. There are five public schoolhouses ; and the 
 school property is valued at $l,000r The population in 1870 was 274. 
 In 1880 it was 397. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $20,350. In 
 1880 it was $20,230. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 13 
 per cent. 
 
 Number Fourteen Plantation, in Washington 
 
 County, lies 14 miles north-east of Machias, on the road to Cooper 
 and Calais. Cooper bounds it on the north, Charlotte and Dennys- 
 ville on the east and Marion and Edmunds on the south. Cathanco 
 Lake lies on the northern line, and Little Cathance Lake a little to the 
 south-east of this. Cathance River has its rise in these bodies of 
 
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NUMBER SEVEN PLANTATION. 405 
 
 water. The settlerfients are on the stage-road that crosses the western 
 part of the town, and in the southern part of the town, on the road 
 iaetween Marion and Cooper. The manufactures are shingles, spool- 
 wood and laths. 
 
 This plantation has three public schoolhouses, and the school pro- 
 perty is valued at 1800. The population in 1870 was 149. In 1880 
 it was 164. The valuation in 1870 was $15,000. In 1880 it was 
 $32,659. 
 
 Number One Plantation Ues on the south-eastern 
 border of Penobscot County, 30 miles north-east of Bangor. It is 
 bounded on tlie north by Lowell, south by Greenfield and west by 
 Greenbush. A southward curve of the Passadumkeag River lies across 
 the northern line, and receives Lord's Branch, which with its tribu- 
 taries, drains the eastern part of the township. Olamon Stream sends 
 a cur.'e into the southern part. The western portion is somewhat 
 marshy. The road from Greenfield to Lowell passes through the 
 township ; and there is a road connecting with Olamon Station on the 
 European and North American Railway in Greenbush, the acjoining 
 town on the west. 
 
 There are two public schoolhouses in the plantation, valued at 
 $200. The population of this plantation in 1870 was 66. In 1880 it 
 was 97. 
 
 Number One Plantation, (Range 2 West of Ken- 
 nebec River), in Somerset County, lies on the west side of the Ken- 
 nebec opposite Moscow, Concord bounds it on the south. Its area is 
 13,436 acre?. It is 27 miles north by norlh-west from Skowhegan, and 
 about half-way between North Anson and the Forks. It is popularly 
 known as Pleasant Ridge. There was formerly a plantation of this 
 narne in Aroostook County, but it is changed to Caswell. The town- 
 ship is full of hills, of which Fletcher Mountain and Burnt Hill are the 
 principal ones, their summits being from 500 to 1,000 feet above Ken- 
 nebec River. In the northern part is Rowe Pond, about two miles in 
 length and one mile in greatest breadth. Other ponds are Jewett, 
 north of Rowe, Bean Pond, east of it, and IliU Pond at the centre of 
 the town. Sandy Stream, a branch of the Carabasset, is the outlet of 
 the most northern of these ponds. The largest stream within the 
 town is Houston Brook, which empties into the Kennebec. On this 
 stream about one and a-half miles from its mouth is Houston Brook, 
 On this brook there is also a cave nearly 40 feet in extent. The prin- 
 cijial rock in this township is slate. The soil is rocky and hard. The 
 usual farm crops, including corn are cultivated. The pine has mostly 
 been cut off, leaving little but hard-wood. 
 
 This plantation was settled in 1786, and organized in Oct. 17, 1840. 
 Farming and lumbering are the principal occupations of the people. 
 The nearest post-office is Bingham on the opposite side of the river. 
 There is a clergyman of the Free Baptist denomination resident here. 
 There are three public schoolhouses ; and the school property is 
 valued at $400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $22,143. In 1880 
 it was $20,000. The number of polls in 1870 was 23. 
 
 Number Seven Plantation lies in the south-eastern 
 
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406 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 part of Hancock County. It is bounded on the west by Sullivan, on 
 the south by Gouldsbo'rough, and on the east by Steuben in Wash- 
 ington County. The township is square, but slightly smaller than the 
 standard. On the northern line lies Great Tunk Pond, with Little 
 Tunk on the south-east at its foot. Round Pond at the north-eastern 
 corner, and Morancey Pond on the western line. The sizes of the first 
 two are six miles and one mile in length. The surface of the country 
 is quite uneven, and the Black Hills have an elevation of 600 feet. 
 Granite is the predominant rock. The soil is a gravelly loam. Beech, 
 bn-ch, spruce and hemlock are the forest trees. 
 
 This plantation has one public schoolhouse, and other school pro- 
 perty to the value of $350. The population in 1870 was 69. In 1880 
 it was 89. The valuation of estates in 1880 was $15,502. 
 
 Number Six Plantation, in Franklin County, is 
 bounded on the east by Phillips, south by "Weld, north by Letter E 
 Plantation, and west by Byron, in Oxford County. The area is 19,000 
 acres. A range of hills run through it from the north-east to the 
 south-west corner. A branch of Sandy Rivef runs through the north- 
 ern boundary of the township at the north-east, on which there^ is a 
 small mill in Letter E. Plantation adjoining. The plantation is 26 
 miles by the road from Farmington, and about 8 miles west of the rail- 
 road station in Phillip's village. The valuation in 1870 was $15,246. 
 in 1880 it was $9,000. The population in 1870 was 31. In 1880 it 
 was 69. 
 
 Number Twenty-One Plantation lies about 
 
 midway of the length of Washingjton County, Princeton and Alexander 
 bound it on the east, and Crawford on the south. Big Lake extends 
 across its whole northern border, and bounds it for a considerable 
 distance on the west. Little River Bluff is the highest eminence, 
 having an elevation of about 300 feet. Farming and lumbering are 
 the principal occupations. Princeton Station of Lewy's Island RaiU 
 road is 4 miles to the north-east. 
 
 Tills plantation was organized in 1859. It sent 7 men to aid in 
 the preservation of the Union against the slave-holders' Rebellion, of 
 whom 2 were lost. The number of public schoolhouses in this plant- 
 ation is two ; and the school property is valued at $400. I'he valu- 
 ation of estates in 1870 was $20,255. In 1880 it was $24,165. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 1^ cents on a dollar. 
 The number of polls in 1870 was 34. In 1880 there were but 23. 
 
 Oakfield Plantation, in Aroostook County, was 
 formerly No. 5, in Range 3. It lies 15 miles west by south-west from 
 Houlton by stage-route via Linneus. The latter and New Limerick 
 bound it on the east, Smyrna on the north, and Dyer Brook Planta- 
 tion on the west. The centre of the town has the greatest general 
 elevation, and from it flow numerous streams to the surrounding ponds 
 and to the East Branch of the Mattawamkeag River, which flows south- 
 ward just within the western line of the town. Spaulding and Long 
 lakes in the northern part of the town discharge by Thomas Brook 
 into tlie river. Timothy Lake a smaller sheet lies at the northern 
 line ; a part of Meduxnekeag Lake lies within part of the town ; 
 
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OLD ORCHARD BEACH. 407 
 
 and at the south-east are Skitaeook and Mud lakes. On the stream 
 discharging Spaulding into Long Lake is a lumber mill. Thomas 
 Brook, near its mouth, affords an excellent power. 
 
 This plantation was organized April 17, 1866. The Methodists and 
 Baptists ha^■e societies here. The number of public schoolbouses is 
 six; and the value of the school property is 11,500. The population in 
 1870 was 559. In 1880 it was 636. The valuation m 1870 was 125,068. 
 In 1880 it was S41,100. 
 
 OCCRIl POllltj — a post-office in Lincoln County 
 
 OCGa/llVlllG, — a small village and post-office on Deer Isle, in 
 Plancock County. 
 
 Og"Unqult,— a post-office in Wells, York County. 
 
 OlfimOll, — a post-office and a station on the European and 
 North American Railway, in Greenbush, Penobscot County. 
 
 Old Orchard Beach lies between Wood Island Light 
 at the mouth of the Saco River and Front's Neck in Scarborough. 
 This beach has been called the finest in New England. Its actual 
 limits are from near the mouth of the Saco to Pine Point near the 
 mouth of Scarborough River, having the form of the arc of a circle. 
 At low tide the beach is about 300 feet in width, of fine, hard, smooth 
 sand, at no point wholly interrupted by rocks for the whole distance of 
 9 miles, and affording an excellent drive-way ; wliile from the absence 
 of undertow, the surf-bathing is perfectly safe. It is reached by stage 
 from Saco, and by the cars of the Eastern and the Boston and Maine 
 railroads. A branch of the Eastern road has now been extended 
 southward along the beach for 3 miles to Bay View at the mouth of 
 the Saco, where connection is made with the Pool in Biddeford by 
 means of a ferry-boat, and with Saco and Biddeford at the falls by 
 steamers. The two latter afford a convenient means of viewing the 
 river scenery, the buildings and the beach. Near the hotels and a 
 little back from the shore, is a beautiful forest park of 30 acres, with 
 pleasant paths, arbors and rustic adornments. About 2 miles towards 
 Saco on Foxwell's Brook is a picturesque waterfall about 40 feet in 
 perpendicular height. Half a mile south of the large hotels is the pic- 
 turesque camp-meeting ground of the Methodists. It is situated in a 
 hollow among hillocks, and beneath the shade of noble trees growing 
 in a thick grove. JBetween the camp-ground and the beach, scattered 
 over rocky knolls, is a village of sunmier cottages owned by the breth- 
 ren who annually sojourn in the place through the weeks of religious 
 and temperance meeiings. At the beach and its neighborhood aj-e a 
 large number of public houses, from the country tavern to the palatial 
 hotel of 500 rooms, furnished in the best manner, and supplied with 
 all the latest appliances for comfort and entertainment. 
 
 This beach received its name from an orchard set by Thomas Rogers 
 who settled here in 1638. His farm, near Goose Fare Brook, became 
 of so much importance that the early geographers of Maine designated 
 it on their maps as " Rogers' Garden." The trees that he planted re- 
 
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408 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 mained more than a century. But long after the first hotels were 
 built, and e\'en to this day, there are standing some of the trees of an 
 '•old orchard," but a subsequent one, planted by some later disciple of 
 ponioculture. 
 
 In the early days, the councillors constituting the government of 
 Gorges' province of Maine met for business at the house of Richard 
 Bonytlion, which stood on the east side of Saco River, near tlie lower 
 ferry, or just above the terminus of the Old Orchard Beach Railroad. 
 This form of goxernment continued from 1639 to 1G52, from which 
 date Massachusetts most of tlie time maintained lier authority and 
 government here by tlie strong hand. In 1677, however, the lieirs of 
 Gorges sold their right to the Commonwealth, which thenceforth held 
 
 
 ^4s 
 
 ^i!*-6 iti 
 
 OLD ORrHARD BI':ArH. ME. 
 
 undisputed jurisdiction, until separated from her and admitted as a 
 State in 182U. 
 
 No summor resort can be complete without a picturesque character in its his- 
 tory ; and tliis want is supplied to Old Orchard by its pioneer caterer, Ned Clem- 
 ens — lialf herinil, lialf epicure. Tlie '?.vsi Icnowledse of him in tliis region was his 
 arrival at a Uolcl in Saco, wliere his genial deportment soon won him many friends. 
 By his apt quotatiuns, he e.xhibited a Ivnowledge of the dramatic poets and classic 
 authors ; and liis acquaintance witli American scenery showed that he had ac- 
 quired much knowledge from travel. In music he was accomplished, and often be- 
 guiled his leisure with his flute. He was reticent in regard to his previous life, 
 but in later years it became known that he was a native of Philadelphia, where he 
 was educated for a diamatic life; and several years acted in th.at profession. He 
 \\as with IJarnum in thefii-st organization of his popular exhibition. Evidently 
 he was not successful in this line; and having met with disaster in a matrimoniaJ 
 
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OLDTOWN. 409 
 
 project, he had wandered to Saco to start afresh in a new place. Looking about 
 for a means of livelihood, he opened some batliing-rooins under the Thornton 
 House. After awhile this house was burned down, and poor Ned had to make a 
 new shift; and he next alighted vvith his bathing-tubs in the basement of Cataract 
 Block. Then to his bathing he added victualling. By the death of an artist brother 
 in a distant State, he became tlie possessor of apanorama of the River Rhine, with 
 which he travelled for awhile. His tastes — and poverty — at length led him to Old 
 Orchard Beach, where among the whispering pines which then stood near the site 
 of the present Sea Shore House, he erected a small building which he furnished, 
 o nameuting it with natural history specimens. This received the name of " Old 
 Orchard Retreat," where he dwelt alone, and entertained such patrons as came 
 with chowders and other simple fare. He also supplied bathing-suits to his patrons. 
 Here, too, he issued a small newspaper called the " Goose Fare Guide and Old 
 Orchard BellovVs." It is acknowledged to be the first " Guide " to these shores, 
 and the " Bellows " which first blew abroad the praises of Old Orchard. But E. 
 C. Staples, proprietor of the Old Orchard House, was the first to open a house for 
 boarders, which he did in 1837, at the solicitation of a few individuals who had 
 been impressed with the beauty of the beach and the invigorating quality of the 
 climate. He then dwelt in a plain farm-house, the home of his ancestors ; 
 but it has been remodeled, and is now the Staples' Cottage. The first season's 
 boarders were charmed with the place, and the next year there were more applica- 
 tions than the house could accommodate ; and he soon increased its capacity by 
 an addition. Among the early patrons of Mr. Stajjles were gentlemen and their 
 families from Montreal, who' came the whole distance in their own private car- 
 riages. The Portsmouth and Portland Railroad was opened in 1842, and the 
 Grand Trunk from Montreal to Portland in 1852. These brought passengers to 
 Saco Station, within four miles of the beach ; and from that time the demand for 
 hotel accommodations increased with great rapidity Mr. Staples enlarged his 
 house from year to year until his " Old Orchard House," accommodating 300 
 guests, had been erected. This was popular and prosperous, until destroyed by 
 fire, July 21, 1875. The new " Old Orchard House " was erected in 1876, with ac- 
 commodations for 500 guests. Boarding-houses and hotels have since been increas- 
 ing and enlarging for several years, until now they nmnber above 30, with accom- 
 modations for more than 4,000 guests. 
 
 Adjuncts of Old Orchard Beach are Bay View or Ferry Beach, at 
 the mouth of the Saco River, tlie Pool in Biddeford on the opposite 
 shore,* Pine Point, and Proat's Neck.t All these places are supplied 
 with hotels t — some of superior quality. 
 
 OldtO WH, in Penobscot County, Jies on the west side of 
 Penobscot River, 12 miles north of Bangor. The towns which bound 
 it are Alton and Argyle on the north, Hudson and Glenburn on the 
 west, Orono on the south and Milford on the east. The last is sepa- 
 rated from it by the river. The surface of the town is generally quite 
 even ; but a hill of the kind known as a " horse back," runs the entire 
 length north and south. Besides the Penobscot, the water-courses are 
 Pushaw and Birch streams. The first is the outlet of Piishaw Lake,: 
 which lies on a portion of the west line of the town. Another stream 
 is the so-called Stillwater River, which is fed by Birch and Pushaw 
 streams, and discharges into the Penobscot by three mouths, two of 
 which are in Oldtown, and one in Orono. Between these and the 
 Penobscot are several islands, of which the largest extends from the 
 middle of the town into Orono on the south. Upon the eastern side 
 of this is situated Oldtown village^ and on the west, the little hamlet of 
 "Pushaw," and at the southern verge of the town Upper Stillwater 
 village and post-office. The other principal islands are Orson and 
 Orono islands, and Oldtown Island. The latter is the property and 
 the principal residence of the remnant of the Penobscot tribe of Indians. 
 
 * See article on Biddeford. t See article ou Scarboroi^h. % See aiticle on Saco. 
 
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OLDTOWN. 411 
 
 In reply to a letter of inquiry, Cbas. A. Bailey Esq., State Agent for 
 the Penobscot Indians, has courteously furnished the following state- 
 ment respecting them. 
 
 " The Penobscot Tribe of Indians is located on the islands in the Penobscot 
 Elver between Oldtown and Lincoln, a distance of 35 miles. There are 140 
 islands in this river between Oldtown and Mattawamkeag, containing in all 4482 
 acres, wliicli are reserved for their tribe. Their present number is about 245. 
 They live in frame houses and some have very comfortable and tasty houses. 
 
 They maintain a tribal form of government, electing annually a governor and 
 a lieutenant-governor, also a delegate to the State Legislature which they are 
 allowed. Politically, they are divided into two parties ; the " Old" or conserva- 
 tive, and the " New " or progressive. Schools are maintained among them ; and 
 on Oldtown Island they have a convenient house of worship. In religious faith, 
 they are adherents of the Roman Catliolic church, having a priest to care for their 
 religious interests. A community of Sisters of Mercy is established among them, 
 and these have a salutary influence upon their moral and domestic condition. 
 The schools are also taught by them 
 
 Agriculture receives some attention under the stimulus of State appropriations. 
 The men are employed asrivermen by those engaged in lumbering, also as guides 
 to tourists in the Maine woods, and as boatmen on the lake and streams of North- 
 ern Maine. The womenfiiid constant employment at basket-making ; their wai-es 
 being unique and ornamental in design and workmanship. They frequent tlie 
 summer resorts along the coast of New England during the " open season" for the 
 purpose of vending their handiwork, aud find it quite profitable. 
 
 The State annually distributts to the tribe about $10,000 under treaty stipula- 
 tions, and in specific appropriations for the advancement of their moral, intellect- 
 ual and industrial interests." 
 
 For further details respecting these see the article on Indians in the 
 first part of this volume. 
 
 Tlie European and North American Railway connects Oldtown with 
 Bangor. The Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad forms a junction with 
 the former at the village. The village also occupies the larger part of 
 an island in the Penobscot. An excellent bridge across the river at 
 this point connects with Bradley. The Penobscot River here affords 
 what has been called the finest water-power in the United States. In 
 the broad upper outlet of the Stillwater River is the Mam Boom of the 
 " Penobscot Boom Assgciation," for the storage of logs. The number 
 of logs held m this boom are usually numbered by millions. It is 
 currently stated that it originally cost about $100,000. The object is 
 to stop all the lumber commg down the river, letting it out in small 
 quantities that can be controlled, lest great bodies of it should escape 
 to sea in freshets, and be lost. During the rafting season there are 
 often three hundred men employed upon the logs which come into this 
 boom, assorting them according to ownership, and forming them into 
 rafts, to be floated to the various mills upon the river below. In 1855 
 there were rafted here 181,000,000 feet. At one time it was estimated 
 that there were six hundred acres of logs in the boom. 
 
 The lower power in this town is the Great Works Falls, of which 
 the natural fall is formed by two ridges of ledge extending across the 
 river about 80 rods .ipart with a fall of about 3^ feet each. The river 
 at this point is about 700 feet in width. The Oldtown Falls are at 
 Oldtown village, and consist of a wing dam at the upper part of the 
 village, and a dam on the west stream of the Penobscot which sepa. 
 rates tlie island part from the main village. Other powers are at 
 Upper Stillwater, Cooper's Falls, three miles above the last, Pushaw 
 Falls, on the Pushaw Stream in the north-western part of the town 
 
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412 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 near Alton. On these different powers are four large mills for long 
 lumber, three for shingles and short lumber, and a grist-mill._ The 
 size of these mills will be apprehended better by an enumeration of 
 saws. In 1870 two blocks of mills here formerly owned by Samuel 
 Veazie, contained 14 single saws, 5 gang, 3 shingle, 2 clapboard and 4 
 kth mills. These usually run about seven months in the year, manu- 
 facturing in that time, 25,000,000 feet of long lumber, 4,500,000 shin- 
 gles, 1,000,000 clapboards, 13,500,000 laths, pickets, etc. There are also 
 three steam saw-mills. The smaller manufactures consist of two barrel 
 factories, a batteaux, a brush-wood, a sample case, a saw-filing machine, 
 and an oar factory, together with the handicraft work usually found in 
 our villages. 
 
 Oldtown village has some handsome residences, and several streets 
 laid out in good style, and beautified with shade and ornamental trees. 
 There is an excellent town hall, with a seating capacity for 1,500 per- 
 sons. Other villages in the town merit the same description according 
 to their extent. The roads and bridges are generally in excellent con- 
 dition. The post-ofiices are Upper Stillwater, West Great Works and 
 Pea Cove. As might be supposed, the principal occupations relate to 
 lumber. The inhabitants are now a homogeneous people, but their 
 parentage embraces a great number of nationalities. Hons. Samuel 
 Coney and Geo. P. Sewall, are probably the most distinguished citizens. 
 The central portion of the town has an excellent system of graded 
 schools, from primary to high. The number of public schoolhouses in 
 the town at the present time is nine, valued at $10,000. The churches 
 here arc Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, Episcopal, Universalist 
 and Catholic. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Orouo, but was set off and incor- 
 porated March 16th, 1840. The population in 1870 was 4,529. In 
 1880 it was 3,070. The valuation in 1870 was 8684,308. In 1880 it 
 was $528,109. The rate of taxation in the lattei; year was .031, sub- 
 ject to 10 per cent discount. 
 
 Oldtown. Indians,— see article on Indians in first part of 
 this volume, and that on Oldtown. 
 
 Orf f 'S Corner, a post-office in Waldoboro, Lincoln County. 
 
 Orient lies on the south-eastern border of Aroostook County at 
 the head of Schoodic or Grand Lake. Amity bounds it on the north, 
 Haynesville on the west, Weston and Grand Lake on the south. Mon- 
 ument Stream and North Lake separate it from the soil of New Bruns- 
 wick. In the western part is Scaggrock Stream, a tributary of the 
 Miittawamkeag. The surface is rocky and uneven, but the soil is 
 Btrong and productive. Wheat, oats, buckwheat, potatoes and hay are 
 the crops chiefly cultivated, and much attention is given to raising 
 farm stock. The forests are of hemlock, spruce, maple and beech. 
 Peter's Hill, the highest elevation, is a long plateau extending scuih- 
 ward from the middle of the northern line. This town is 25 miles 
 south of Hamilton on the stage-line to Danforth Station on the Euro- 
 pean and North American i-ailway. 
 
 Orient was incorporated April 9, 1856. The town sent eleven men 
 
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ORLAND. 413 
 
 into the army of the Union during the war of the rebellion, and lost 
 five. There are many old people in the town, indicating a salubrioiia 
 climate that offsets the hardships of a border settlement. The Baptists 
 are the most active religiou? society here. There are three public 
 schoolhouses, and the school property is valued at $500. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 219. In 1880 it was 166. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $35,000. In 1880.it was $42,554. 
 
 OrlanO. is situated upon the Penobscot, being the most north- 
 erly town in Hancock County upon that river, except one. It is at 
 the head of Eastern River, 15 miles west of Ellsworth. At the north- 
 western part of the town are Toddy and Great Ponds, whose outlet 
 furnishes the principal water-power of that town. " The surface con- 
 formation of Orland is peculiar. The hills are conical and precipitous, 
 while the valleys approach the gorge form. Standing upon a pictu- 
 resque knoll of ' modified drift,' on the farm of Frank Buck, one has a 
 grand view of the erratic results of one of nature's tantrums. Before 
 him are the evidences that in time past, the pent up waters that sub- 
 merged the vast plane above the factory, burst their bounds, and with 
 fearful force, cut a new outlet to the sea, formed Eastern River, and 
 made an island of Verona." " In the eastern part of the town are 
 masses of potash-feldspar granite rocks, which are crumbling into rock- 
 meal ; in the ' meal ' gold is found. These boulders are of a porphy- 
 ritic variety, with black mica. On the north-east side of Great Moun- 
 tain is a cave which has been explored for sixty feet. It has several 
 lOoms with walls and ceiling of basaltic finish." [Samuel Wasson, m 
 " Survey of Hancock County."] These mountains are supposed to 
 belong to the Mountain Limestone period, that age of the growing 
 continent when the cimoid " beads of St. Cuthbert " were formed. 
 The highest of these elevations are Great Pond Mountain and Mason's 
 Mountain, 575 and 350 feet in height, respectively. The ponds are 
 Alamoosic, Toddy, Heart and Craig's, the first being three and one- 
 half by two and one-half miles, and the second nine by one and one- 
 half miles, in extent. The soil is a clay loam ; and the crops most cul- 
 tivated are hay, grain and potatoes. There is, in general, a tidiness 
 about the farms that would indicate thrift; and many are supplied 
 with mowing and other labor-saving machines. At Orland village are 
 a lumber and grist-mill, a brick-yard, and a ship-yard. At East Or- 
 land there is a flourrmill and a saw-mill. There are also saw-mills in 
 other parts of the town. The woollen factory in Orland, when in full 
 operation, turned out in one season 30,000 yards of repellants, at a 
 cost of six cents a yard less than any similar establishment in the State. 
 Orland is on the Bangor and Castine, and the Bluehill and Sedgewick 
 stage-lines. The nearest railroad station is at Bucksport, three miles 
 distant. 
 
 The township is said to have been the Number 2 of the grant to 
 David Marsh. Other authorities say that it was granted to W. Dall, 
 Nathaniel Snellings, Robert Treat, and others of Boston ; but it ap- 
 pears quite likely that this was only a grant of a portion at a later 
 date, there having been a large accession of settlers between 1767 and 
 1780. 
 
 In 1775 the men of this and No. 1 formed themselves into a mili- 
 tary company, and also chose a Committee of Safety. For a consider- 
 
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414 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 able period the town was called Alamasook, and then " Eastern River." 
 It was incorporated in 1800. Its name is supposed to have been de- 
 rived from " Garland," an oar having been found upon its shores by 
 Joseph Gross, the first settler, who came in 1764. Ebenezer Gross 
 came in 1765, and Joseph Viles in 17S6. The latter built the first 
 framed house, — which was used for the plantation meetings until 1804, 
 when the first schoolhouse was built. Zachariah Gross, the first child, 
 was born in 1766. The first road was laid out in 1771, by John Han- 
 cock and Samuel Craig. The fii-st saw and grist-mills were built at 
 tlie lower falls by Calvin Turner, in 1773. Large accessions of inhab- 
 itants were made between 1767 and 1780, from Boston. The popular 
 tion in 1790 was 290. The fii'st county road through the plantation 
 was laid out in 1793. There are fifteen persons residmg in the town 
 wlio are above eighty years of age. Orland furnished 195 men for the 
 Union cause during the war of the Rebellion, paymg bounty to the 
 amount of $14,855. 
 
 The Metliodists, Congregationalists and Universalists each have a 
 church in town. Orland has fifteen public schoolhouses, and tlie school 
 property is valued at $6,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $374,390. In 1880 it was $358,325. The population in 1870 was 
 1,701. In 1880 it was 1,689. 
 
 OrnGVlllG is the south-easterly town of Piscataquis County, 
 and contains 23,040 acres. The township was purchased from the 
 State by General J. P. Boyd, soon after his return from India, and was 
 known as Boyd's Plantation. Abner and Allen Hoxie, James Pliilpot, 
 William M. and Eben Ewer, William and Solon Hamlin, were tlie first 
 settlers. In 1832 the township was incorporated as the town of Mil- 
 ton. The town affairs were badly managed, and the corporation and 
 many of the inhabitants thereby became impoverished. After the 
 death of the proprietor. General Boyd, Hon. Henry Orne, of Boston, 
 ohe of the heirs, lent his aid to place matters on a better basis. He 
 built a saw-mill and grist-mill at the outlet of Boyd's Lake, and a 
 noble residence for himself nearby. Elder Spencer Howe, who opened 
 a store near the mills, also contributed to the prosperity of the town. 
 Another minister, Elder Gershom Lord, pursued a successful business 
 career in town. 
 
 In 1841, the name of the town was changed to Almond, and the 
 next year to Orneville, in honor of its leading citizen. The manufac- 
 tories are chiefly on the outlet of Boyd's Lake. They consist 
 of two lumber-mills, a shingle-mill, and two grist-mills. The Bangor 
 and Piscataquis Railway passes near. Granite is the prevailing rock. 
 Tlie chief crops are hay and potatoes. 
 
 Orneville is without any effective religious organization. All its 
 public reserves go toward the support of the schools. It has six pub- 
 lic schoolhouses, valued at $1,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $80,062. In 1880, $73,730. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 047 
 on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 575. In 1880 it was 501. 
 
 OrOllO, in Penobscot County, lie.s on the west side of the Pen- 
 obscot River, and adjoins Bangor on the western part of each. On 
 the north it is bounded by Oiiltown, south by Veazie and Bangor, 
 west by Glenburn and east by Bradley. The river separates it from 
 
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:i 
 
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416 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the List. The Earopean anJ Nortli American Railway passes through 
 the town, connecting above with tlie Piscataquis bj'ajicli. The powers 
 are on tlie Penobscot and a tributary on the westei-n "chute "of it, 
 called Stillwater River. This stream receives the two streams of 
 Birch and Pushaw Streams, the last being tlie outlet of Pushaw Lake 
 on the north-western border. The area of this and connected lakes is 
 about 12 square miles. The surface isgcnei-ally quite even. The land 
 along the Penobscot is very productive, but the quality deteriorates as 
 it recedes from the ri\er. A large proportion of the people are en- 
 gaged in agriculture. The village is at the mouth of the Stillwater 
 River. There are two considerable falls on this river in tlie town, and 
 successive falls amounting to 31 feet on the western channel of the 
 Penobscot between Ayer's Island and the village, known as " Ayer'a 
 
 P 
 
 RESTDENCES OP COL. EBENEZER WEHSTEn, MT!3 MARTHA (WF.nSTER) TREAT, AND PAUt, D. 
 
 WEBSTEK, Kst^ 
 
 F.ills." The mills upon the privilege are known as the "Basin Mills." 
 On this power are mills containing eight single saws, four gangs, two 
 lath, two clapboard, one shingle, two rotary'saws and a madiiiil^-shop. 
 On the ]M>wers on Stillwater River were (according to Well's Water- 
 Powor of Maine), twenty-two single saws, ten gangs, and five rotary 
 saws; and twelve lath, three shingle and four clapboard mills, and two 
 planing-7nachines, one machine-shop and one grist-mill. There are 
 also a grist-mill and a match-factory. There is "still a vast amount of 
 unused water-power in the town. The Orono National Bank has a 
 capital of $50,000. The Orono Savings Bank, at the opening of the 
 last fiscal year held in deposits and profits 133,455.16. The village 
 
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ORRINGTON. 417 
 
 has something of the clutter usual to lumber towns, yet the houses are 
 generally neat and attractive, and even elegant in some cases ; while 
 the streets are beautified by large numbers of elms and maples. 
 
 Orono was settled m 1774 by Jeremiah Colburn and Joshua Ayers, 
 the State of Massachusetts being then owner of the township. John 
 Marsh soon after settled on an island near the site of the piiesent vil- 
 lage, from whom it bore the name of Marsh Island. The first white 
 woman in the place was Miss Betsey Colbu'rn, who came in 1774. The 
 McPheters, Whites and Spencers were also early settlers. About 1808 
 came John Bf.nnoch, a native of Scotland, and Andrew Webster, 
 father of the late Col. E. Webster. These were the most active, enter- 
 prising lumber-men on the river, and had a large share in founding the 
 present prosperity of the town. The plantation name was Stillwater. 
 The present name is that of a distinguished chief of the Tarratine or 
 Penobscot Indians, who dwelt here at the period of the Revolution, 
 rendering much service to the patriots. It was incorporated March 
 12, 1806, and then included the territory which now constitutes Old- 
 town, The latter was set off m 1840. The soil of this town consists 
 of clay and sandy loams, and is very productive. 
 
 Hon. Israel Washburn, formerly a member of the national congress 
 and governor of Maine, was subsequently a citizen of Orono. The 
 Congregationalists, Methodists, Universalists and Catholics each have a 
 church in the town The number of public schoolhouses is eleven, and 
 the value of the school property is $12,100. The villagfe schools are 
 graded, and include a good high school. The State College of Agricul- 
 ture and Mechanic Arts is located about one mile from the village on the 
 east bank of the Stillwater River in a beautiful and commanding situa- 
 tion. The design of this institution is to give the young men of the 
 State the advantages of a liberal education, by affording the student 
 opportunity of applying practically the principles he learns in the class- 
 room, and by his labor in this application to defray a portion of his ex- 
 penses. The educational qualifications required for admission are such 
 as might be obtained in any district school. The college has five' 
 courses, viz. : — in Agriculture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineer- 
 ing, Chemistry, and in Science and Literature. Full courses in any of 
 these entities a graduate to ths Bachelor's Degree in that department. 
 Three years after gi-aduation, on presentation of the usual testimonials 
 of proficiency, a full Degree is conferred. The number of students in 
 1880 was upwards of 100. It is a valuable institution to the people of 
 Maine and deserves well at their hands.* The valuation of Orono in 
 1870 was $523,888. In 1880 it was $512,624. The rate of taxation is 
 22 mills on a dollar. The population in 1870 was 2,888. In 1880 it 
 was 2,245. 
 
 Orrm^fton is the most southern town in Penobscot County., 
 It is situated upon the eastern bank of the Penobscot, about six miles, 
 below Bangor, on the Bucksport and Bansjor railroad. Orrington is: 
 bounded on the north by Brewer, east by Holden, and east and couth, 
 by Bucksport, in Hancock County. The surface is rather hilly and 
 rocky in many parts, but has a fair quality of soil which yields well! 
 under thorough cultivation. There are many good farms in this town,, 
 
 £* See also article on Education, in the first part of this volume]. 
 
 27 
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418 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and many very attractive residences. A drive along some of its roads 
 is delightful. Orrington Great Pond, formerly Brewer Pond, lies on 
 the eastern line of the town, and with a smaller connected pond on the 
 north, gives a water surface of about 10 square miles. It dischai-ges 
 -throa-];!! Segeunkedunk Stream into the Penobscot in Brewer, just over 
 the north line of Orrington. This stream furnishes at East Orrington 
 power for a saw-mill, and a short distance below for a shingle-mill and 
 tannery ; then by successive falls, for two grist-mills and another saw- 
 mill. In the southern part of the town lies Sweet's Pond, smallest of 
 the three, sending its overflow into the Penobscot at the village of 
 South Orrington. At this place are two lumber-mills and a grist-mill. 
 Other manufactures in the town are drain-tile, earthen-ware, churns, 
 boots and shoes, etc. 
 
 The first settlement in Orrington was made by Capt. John Brewer, 
 from Worcester, Mass., in June, 1770, at the mouth of the Segeunke-. 
 dunk Stream, where he built a mill. He had obtained consent of the 
 General Court to settle here upon condition that he should receive a 
 grant of the territory from the crown within three years ; and with 
 his associates, he caused the exterior lines of a tract large enough for 
 a township to be surveyed. They had sent to the king a petition, 
 and a grant was promised ; but just then news of the battle of Lexing- 
 ton was received, and the patent was not issued. During the war, 
 Brewer and other settlers were annoyed by the British from the river 
 below to such an extent that they left the place, returning when the 
 war closed. In 1784, the township was surveyed by R. Dodge, and on 
 March 25th, 1786, Captain Brewer, with Simeon Fowler (who had 
 settled three miles below in what is now Orrirtgton) purchased from 
 Massachusetts for £3,000 in joint notes, the lots abutting on the river, 
 to the extent of 10,864 acres. The residue of the township was 
 granted to Moses Knapp and his associates. Many of the first settlers 
 were mariners, who had been forced by the approach of war to seek 
 other business ; but navigation reviving on the return of peace, many 
 of these returned to their old pursuits, taking with them their grown- 
 up sons. Previous to its incorporation as a town on March 21, 1788, 
 the settlement had borne the name of New Worcester, or Plantation 
 No. 9. The town was named for Orangetown, Md., but, by a mis- 
 spelling in the act of incorporation, the name became Orrington. The 
 first representative to the legislature was Oliver Leonard, in 1798. 
 The centres of business are Orrington, on the river near the middle of 
 the town ; East and South Orrington, the last being the largest. At 
 Goodale Corners, in the south-eastern part of the town, is an excellent 
 nursery ; and the town abounds in fine orchards. There were first 
 erected in Orrington two meeting-houses seven miles apart, and 
 equally distant from each end of the town. There is now a Methodist 
 church at Orrington village, at South Orrington and at the Centre, and 
 a Congregational church at East Orrington. The town has some ex- 
 cellent Bchoolhouses, the entire number being thirteen. They are 
 valued at $4,975. The population in 1870 was 1768. In 1880 it was 
 1,529. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $400,839. In 1880 it was 
 $405,898. 
 
 Orr'S Island, — a post-office on an island of the same name 
 In Harpswell, Cumberland County. 
 
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OTISFIELD. 419 
 
 Ossipee Mills,— a post-office in York County. 
 
 Otis is situated on the western side of Hancock County, being 
 bounded on the north by Penobscot County, and on the South by Ells- 
 worth. It is on the stage line from Bangor to MariaviUe, which adjoins 
 it on the east. The principal sheets of water are Beech Hill, Flood, 
 Springy and Mountain ponds, emptying into Union River, or some of 
 its branches. Of these. Flood's Pond covers one square mile ; Beech 
 Hill Pond, 1.85 square miles; and Mountain Pond, 1.25 square miles. 
 At Remick's Falls, at the foot of Flood's Pond, and also at the south 
 part of the town, are saw-mills. The prevailing rock is mica-schist 
 mterstratified by an impure limestone. On the side next Mariaville 
 the rock is a hard talcose slate and a kind of sandstone m alternate 
 layers, placed perpendicularly. There is a cave in Oak Hill on the 
 ■west side of Beech Hill Pond, which is 12 leet under ground, with 
 rooms 7 feet by 10 feet. Ice and snow have been found in it on the 
 4th of July, by which it has gotten its name of the " Cold Cellar." The 
 Boil, as a whole, is productive when cultivated ; but much attention is 
 given to lumbering. 
 
 Otis was first occupied in 1805. It was incorporated in 1835, being 
 named in honor of a proprietor. The first settlers were Isaac Frazier, 
 N. M. Jellison, James Gilpatrick, and Allen Milliken. Otis furnished 
 85 men to the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 The Free Baptists have a church, and a settled minister in the 
 town. Otis has three public selioolhouses, valued at $400. The valu- 
 ation of estates in 1870 was $26,407. In 1880 it was $34,725. 
 The population in 1870 was 246. In 1880 it was 304. 
 
 Otisflcld is the most easterly of the northern towns of Cum- 
 berland County. Thompson's Pond separates it from Poland m An- 
 droscoggin County and from the southern part of the iownof Oxford m 
 Oxford County. Norway in the same county bounds it on the north, 
 on the west is Harrison in Cumberland County ; and Naples and Casco 
 bound it on the south. Crooked River forms the boundary line for the 
 entire length of the town on the western side. The ponds are Little, 
 Moose, Saturday and Pleasant, beginning at the north of the town and 
 increasing in size southward, the last containing two and a quarter 
 square miles of surface. Thompson's Pond, which washes the eastern 
 side of the town, has an area of eight square miles. The surface of the 
 town is uneven, the highest eminences being Scribner Hill and Meet- 
 ing House Hill. The soil is gravelly, but strong and productive ; and 
 there are many fine farms in town. Com, potatoes and hay are the 
 principal crops. At Bolster's Mills, Centre and East Otisfield are 
 small saw-mills, and at Spurr's Corner is a large clothing manufactory. 
 Otisfield lies 36 miles N.N.W. of Portland, being on thestage-line from 
 that city to Bolster's Mills. It is also on the stage-line from the 
 Oxford Station of the Grand Trunk Railway to Naples. The town- 
 ship was granted to Hon. James Otis, Nathaniel Gorham, and the .-est 
 of the heirs and assigns of Captain John Gorham, for services against 
 Canada in 1770. The first plantation meeting was held in the house 
 of Stephen Phinney, in 1787. David Ray was moderator, Joseph 
 Wight, jr., clerk, David Ray, Benjamin Patch, and Noah Reed, as- 
 
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420 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 sessors, and Jonathan Moors, collector. The inhabitants first voted 
 for a representative to Congress in 1794. In 1797 the town was in- 
 corporated under its plantation name of Otisfield. At the first town 
 meeting it was voted to settle Thomas Roby as first minister. As 
 incorporated, it included all of Otisfield, nearly all of Harrison, and a 
 large part of Naples. The first saw-mill was erected by David Ray. 
 William G. Cobb was the first male child born in the town, the date of 
 birth being Oct. 14, 1779. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Methodists, and Free Baptists each have a 
 church in the town, and there is also a Union meeting-house. Otisfield 
 has twelve public schoolhouses, valued at $2,300. The valuation of 
 real estate in 1870 was $298,582. In 1880 it was $262,027. The pop- 
 ulation in 1790 was 197; in 1870 it was 1,099. The census of 1880 
 shows it to have decreased to 927. 
 
 Owl's Head, a promontory bearing a light-house on the 
 west shore of Penobscot Bay in South Thomaston, a short distance be- 
 low Rockland. Also a small harbor and village just south of the, 
 promontory. 
 
 Oxbow Plantation, Aroostook County, rests on the 
 north-eastern corner of Penobscot County, the eastern line of the town- 
 ship and of the latter county nearly corresponding. The plantation is 
 45 miles north-west of Houlton, and 130 miles from Bangor. The first 
 settlement was in 1840, and it was organized as No. 9, Range 6 Planta- 
 tion in 1848. It was organized as Oxbow Plantation in 1870. 
 The name is doubtless from a peculiar curve of the Aroostook River 
 in passing through the township. This river, in its course through the 
 plantation, receives Umquolcus Stream from the south. Otter Brook 
 from the north. Trout Brook from the east, and Hayden Brook from 
 the north-west. There is one public schoolhouse, valued at $50. Some 
 8 or 10 lots of land are reserved for schools and other public purposes. 
 The population in 1870 was 115. In 1880 it was 127. The valuation 
 in 1880 was $18,917. Masardis, which has an angular contact with 
 Oxbow at the north-east of the latter, is the nearest post-oflSce. 
 
 Oxford is the south-eastern town of the eastern expanse of Ox- 
 ford County. Paris joins it on the north, Hebron on the north-east, 
 Norway on the north-west, Poland, in Androscoggin County, on the 
 south-east, and Otisfield, in Cumberland County, on the south-west. 
 The town is quite hilly, but the eminences are not of great height. 
 Horse Hill, in the north-western part, is the only one that bears a name 
 on the town ma]). Pigeon Hill, in the south-eastern part, refers to a 
 locality rather than an eminence. The Little Androscoggin River runs 
 through the town from the north-west to south-east. On the way it 
 receives the waters of Thompson, Whitney and Hogan ponds, all lying 
 in the southern part of the town. The first is 8 miles in length by 1^ 
 in width, and the others are each near 2 miles in length and ^ in width. 
 Matthews Pond, with its outlet and its principal feeder form the divid- 
 ing line between this town and Hebron. The Grand Trunk Railway 
 passes through the midst of the town, in the same general line with the 
 river, and has a station (Oxford Depot) a short distance south of the 
 centre. The chief centres of business are Welchville and Oxford Vil- 
 
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OXFORD COUNTY. 421 
 
 lage, b.oth of which have post-ofiGces. At the latter, situated at the 
 outlet of Thompsou Pond, are a stave-mill, a flour-mill and the woolen- 
 mills of the Robinson Manufacturing Co., (having three buildings and 
 nine sets of machinery, and employing 150 operatives) and a shovel- 
 handle factory, employing 10 men. At Welchville, on the Little An- 
 droscoggin, are the woolen-mill of the Harper Manufacturing Co., 
 having four sets of machinery, and employing 50 persons ; and the 
 mill of the Mousam Manufacturing Co., making leather board, and em- 
 ploying 15 men. Granite shows itself frequently about the elevated 
 ground. The soil varies from light to heavy in the proportion of about 
 one to two, and is generally productive, though there is considerable 
 plains land which has not been found of much value. Birch, maple, 
 beech and oak constitute the forests. Hay is the largest crop, and a 
 due number of cattle are raised. Both the villages and rural districts 
 have the indications of thriftiness, and afford many pleasant scenes to 
 the eye of the traveller. 
 
 Oxford originally formed a part .of Hebron from which it was in- 
 corporated in 1829. The first settlements were made during the clos- 
 ing years of the Revolution, by Captain Isaac Bolster, from Worces- 
 ter; John Caldwell, from Ipswich; Job and Joseph Cushman and Peter 
 Thayer, from Plymouth ; Daniel Whitney, Daniel BuUen, Zadoc and 
 Abraham Dean, Elliot Richmond, Daniel and Asa Bartlett, Nathaniel 
 Fuller, Holmes Thomas, Zebulon Chadbourne, James Soule and James 
 Perry, all from Massachusetts. A valued citizen of the early period 
 was William C. Whitney, who settled here in 1796 and remained until 
 1840, doing faithful service in several important town affairs. Hon. 
 J. S. Keith, a later citizen, served acceptably in the State Senate, and 
 Hon. John J. Perry, member of Congress for two terms, was long a 
 resident of Oxford. Mr. Perry has recently removed to Portland. 
 This town sent 65 men to aid in the preservation of the Union, of whom 
 12 were lost. There are 69 persons in town over seventy years of 
 age. 
 
 In the Freeland Holmes library of 1,200 volumes, the town has an 
 intellectual treasure of which the people do not fail to avail themselves. 
 Oxford has eleven public schoolhouses, one of which is among the best 
 in the county. The value of the school property is $6,000. The Con- 
 gregationalists have an excellent church, and the Methodists have two. 
 There are also two Advent societies in the town. The population in 
 1870 was 1,631. In 1880 it was 1,655. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $514,049. In 1880 it was 1483,246. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 4 8-10 cents on the dollar. 
 
 Oxford County occupies about two-thirds of onr New 
 England border, having a length of about 100 miles. Lying in near 
 neighborhood with the White'Hills of New Hampshire, Oxford County 
 is em])hatically the hill-region of Maine. Though it does not contain 
 the highest eminences in the State, it presents more lofty peaks than 
 any other equal extent of territory in New England. Among the most 
 noted we should mention Mount Pleasant in Denmark, about 2,000 feet 
 in height, and peculiar in its isolation. Speckled Mountain in Trafton 
 and Streaked Mountain in Buckfield, striking in their appearance ; and 
 Mount Mica in Paris, noted for the variety and beauty of its minerals. 
 Granite, largely in the form of gneiss, underlies most of the county. 
 
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422 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 Silver, gold, lead, zinc, arsenic, plumbago and iron are found in various 
 places, also many varieties of valuable minerals. Tokens of former 
 extensive action of water is shown everywhere in the excavation of 
 valleys and the deposit of drift, while the bed rock, when uncovered, 
 often exhibits glacial or drift markings. The soil in general is a 
 gravelly loam, resting usually upon a solid bed of coarse gravel called 
 " pan." It is generally productive. Along the streams are many broad 
 tracts of interval, with a soil of mingled vegetable and mineral matter, 
 formed by the overflow waters in spring and autumn. The great pine- 
 trees, which were formerly numerous in all parts of the county, have 
 been largely cut off, but there still remain, especially in northern and 
 western parts, heavy growths of spruce, hemlock, rock-maple, beech 
 and birch. The scenery of Oxford County is unsurpassed of its kind. 
 Lofty and snowclad peaks, with almost impassable glens between, have 
 their peculiar and thrilling attraction ; but the peaceful verdure of 
 great woods, grassy valleys, rich meadows, hillsides enlivened with 
 flocks and herds, shining streams, and sky-repeating ponds, with occa- 
 sional breeze-swept eminences, affoj-ding wide views of the surrounding 
 beauties, hold the regard of the lover of nature for a longer time, and 
 are more restorative in their influences. 
 
 Oxford County contains the larger portion of the lakes which form 
 the source of the Androscoggin River, which also runs for nearly one- 
 third of its length through the midst of the county. In the central 
 portion of the county lie the ponds from which the Little Androscoggin 
 takes its rise. By numerous turnings and windings, the beautiful Saco 
 River confers on this county, in its southern portion, about one half its 
 length. 
 
 The Androscoggin Lakes, lying in unsettled territory in this and 
 adjacent divisions, can best be noticed in this connection. The aggre- 
 gate area of these lakes is nearly 80 square miles. They lie on the 
 western part of the great elevated plateau of Maine. Their altitude 
 above the sea is as follows : — Rangely, 1,511 feet; Mooselucmaguntic, 
 1,486; Richardson, 1,456; Urabagog, 1,256. Jataska, at the extreme 
 head-waters of the Mississippi River, has an elevation of only 64 feet 
 more than Rangely, 75 miles from the sea. Rangely Lake, the first 
 large body of water in this series, lies wholly in Franklin County, and 
 has been partially described in the article on the town of Rangely. 
 We may mention here, however, that this lake is some 10 miles from 
 one extreme to the other, and about If miles in extreme width, with 
 an area of 14 square miles. Rangely has its name from an English 
 gentleman who for several years resided with his family in the seclu- 
 sion of its northern shore. The Indian name was Oquossoc, perpet- 
 uated in the name of an angling association, by one of their camps, a 
 hotel, and a steamer that plies upon these lakes. Cupsuptic Lake, at the 
 north-west of Rangely, and separated ftom it only by Bald Mountain 
 ,and a narrow isthmus at its base, has an area of 3 square miles. On 
 this lake where it receives the waters of Rangely Lake, is " Indian 
 Rock." Cupsuptic River, the principal feeder of this lake, has its 
 source in Canadian soil. Great Lake or Mooselucmaguntic, lying south 
 of the last, and south-west of Rangely, is the largest of this chain of 
 lakes. It is about 9 miles in length, and about 3J in the broadest part 
 and ll in the narrowest. Its area is 21 square miles. On its outlet, 
 the Richardson Lake Dam Company have their " Upper Dam," the 
 
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OXFORD COUNTY. 423 
 
 " Lower Dair " being on the outlet of Lower Richardson Lake. This 
 dam is situated about midway of the rapid stream between the lakes, 
 and is a vast and ponderous rampart of wood and iron, whose purpose 
 is to hold back the waters of the upper lakes, in order to control the 
 supply for manufacturing purposes. The ownership of the water priv- 
 ilege of these lakes is in the Union Water Power Company, at Lewiston. 
 Next, at the outlet of Great Lake, about 2 miles to the south-west, is 
 Upper Richardson, or Molechunkemunk Lake, haying a length of some 
 5 miles and a breadth varying from 2 to 3 miles, with an area of 10 
 square miles. Still south-west of this and connected by a broad, quiet 
 stream, is the lower Richardson, or Welokenabacook Lake. This is a 
 little larger in each direction than Upper Richardson, and has an area 
 of 11-15 square miles. On its outlet is the Middle Dam. It discharges 
 into LI mbagog Lake, on the line between Maine and New Hampshire, 
 which is the last in this series of lakes. Its length is nearly 11 miles, 
 its greatest width about 3J, and its least, 1^ miles. Its area is 18 
 square miles. About a mile west of the lake its outlet receives the 
 waters of Megalloway River, and here the stream of the Androscoggin 
 is fully formed. About 3 miles below this junction is Errol Dam, the 
 lowest landing-place of the lake steamers. 
 
 The Megalloway has its rise in Parmachene Lake, some 25 miles 
 north of Umbagog. An interesting locality on these lakes is " Indian 
 Rock," which has long been a well-known fishing-place and camp. A 
 national post-office is now established here under the name. A short 
 distance up the stream is Indian Eddy, and just below it on the op- 
 posite side, sparkling Kennebago River comes in. Almost in view 
 from the outlet are Kennebago Falls ; and in the space between the 
 mouth and Cupsuptic Lake, is located Camp Kennebago, with a hotel 
 and all necessary appurtenances. This establishment is the property 
 of the Oquossoc Angling Association. The course of the Kennebago 
 is dotted with ponds, one of which is Kennebago Lake, some 15 miles 
 from Rangely. This river has its rise a few miles east of the southern- 
 most point of the British Dominion on this side of Maine, in a group 
 of seven ponds lying near each other.* At the extremity of the south- 
 ern area of Lower Richardson Lake is McAlister's Camp and the 
 steamboat wharf for this part of the lake, — connecting with a carriage 
 road to Andover Corner, distant about 15 miles. 
 
 The Indians of Oxford County were all of the Abenaki nation. 
 They were the Anasagunticooks and the Sokokis tribes. The first was 
 a powerful tribe who occupied the entire valley of the Androscoggin 
 to Merrymeeting Bay, and were quite iierce and warlike. The Sokokis 
 are regarded as the most ancient tribe in Maine. The clan or branch, 
 which dwelt in Oxford County was known under the name of Pequakets. 
 
 Soon after the downfall of the French power in the north relieved 
 the inhabitants of the northern border from the fear of Indian wars, 
 attention turned more strongly to the lands of Maine. In 1762 a 
 township of land on Saco River was granted to Gen. Joseph Frye, a 
 native of Andover, Mass., and a distinguished soldier during the 
 French and Indian wars. This was the first grant made within the 
 limits of Oxford County, and received the name of Fryeburg. Its set- 
 tlement began the following year. Other grants followed, and settla- 
 
 * For fuithei in legaid to tliiy region see Rtmgely, and Gieenvale aud Lincoln plantations. 
 
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424 . GAZETTEER OF MAINE 
 
 ments were made in Waterford, Bethel, Rumford, Faris, Hebron, 
 Buckfield, and others in succession. The territory now embraced by 
 the county of Oxford was originally embraced in York, as, in fact, was 
 also the whole of Maine. In 1760 Cumberland County was formed, 
 embracing the whole of the present Oxford, with the exception of a 
 few western towns. Oxford County was formed by an act approved 
 March 4, 1805, from portion of York and Cumberland, Paris being 
 fixed upon in the act as the shire town. The southern tier of towns in 
 the county, were Turner, Hebron, Norway, Waterford, Lovell, Den- 
 mark, Hiram and Porter, and included all the territory north of these 
 towns, between New Hampshire on the west and Kennebec County 
 on the east, to Canada. In 1838 the county of Franklin received five 
 towns and a large number of plantations from Oxford, constituting 
 more than half its territory. In 1854 it relinqu shed two towns to 
 form Androscoggin County. It now has 35 towns and 8 organized 
 plantations. Its area is about 1700 square miles. 
 
 The Grand Trunk Railway was extended through the county in 
 1850; previous to which time the people were accommodated by a 
 stage-line to Portland, which made trips each way twice a week, and 
 farmers carried their produce to Portland with their teams. The 
 Rumford Falls and Buckfield Railroad connects with the Grand Trunk 
 at Mechanic Falls, but at present has not been built beyond Canton 
 Point. Below Mechanic Falls, the Lewiston and Auburn Railroad 
 connects, forming a branch to Lewiston. 
 
 Oxford County has two agricultural societies, both in a prosperous 
 condition. They are the Oxford County society, its grounds lying 
 between Norway and South Paris villages. West Oxford having its 
 fair ground at Fryeburg. The East Oxford society is now extinct. 
 This county has 350 public school-houses ; and the school property is 
 valued at $117,000. The population in 1870 was 33,488. In 1880 it 
 was 32,625. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $9,794,066. In 1880 
 it was $10,058,554. 
 
 PalGrmOj the south-western town of Waldo County, has 
 Montville and Liberty on the east. Freedom in Waldo, and Albion in 
 Kennebec County on the north, Cliina on the west, and Somerville in 
 Lincoln, and Washington in Knox Covinty on the south. This town is 
 about %^ miles long N.N.E. and S.S.W., and about 5^ miles in 
 width. The surface is generally varied with hills and dales ; and hav- 
 ing good roads,, is extremely pleasant for summer drives. Sheepscot 
 Great Pond, 1^ square miles in area, lies in the southern part of the 
 town. Branch Pond, on the north-western border, is the next in size ; 
 and scattered over the town are numerous smaller ones. The soil is 
 good, consisting mainly of a gravelly loam. The inhabitants are prin- 
 cipally devoted to agriculture. The largest village is Branch Mills 
 (Palermo P. O.), but a portion of it is in the adjoining town of China. 
 It is situated on the outlet of Branch Pond on the western line. There 
 are at this place eight mills manufacturing boards, shingles, staves and 
 headings. At North Palermo is a manufactory of drag-rakes ; at the 
 Centre is a board and shingle-mill, and a stone quarry ; at East 
 Palermo are two lumber-mills. This town is 25 miles west of Belfast, 
 on the stage-route to Augusta, — the better being about 18 miles distant. 
 Vassalboro is the nearest railroad station. 
 
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PARim. 425 
 
 Palermo was earliest known as Sheepscot Great Pond, from the 
 body of water in the southern part of the town through which the 
 Sheepscot River runs, and around which were the first settlements. 
 The petition for incorporation was presented in 1801, and set forth 
 among other things that they had -a great proportion of roads to make 
 and maintain within their bounds, and 10 miles of road at least out of 
 their limits, which road led to the head of navigation on Sheepscot 
 River, their nearest market.' Among the 55 signers of this petition 
 were Gabriel Hamilton, Jacob Greely, Jabez Lewis, James Dennis, 
 William C. Hay, Joseph Whittier, Charles Lewis, Samuel and Stephen 
 Longfellow, John Gliddon and Joseph Bowler. The township was 
 surveyed in August, 1800, by William Davis. The act of incorporation 
 was passed June 23, 1804. 
 
 The churches in this town are those of the Baptists, Free Baptists, 
 and Methodists. The number of public schoolhouses is 13 ; and their 
 value IB set at $3,500. The population in 1870 was 1,223. In 1880 it 
 was 1,118. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $241,433. In 1880 it 
 was $254,966. 
 
 PRlmyTSL lies in the south-western part of Somerset County, 
 20 miles east by north-east from Skowhegan. It is bounded on the 
 north by St. Albans, south by Detroit and Pittsfield, and west by the 
 latter and Hartland ; on the east, it is bounded by Newport in Penob- 
 scot County. There are six ponds shown on the county map, three of 
 which are very small. Palmyra Village lies at the centre of the town 
 on a stream connecting two ponds, — one just north-east, the other near 
 by on the south-west of the village. There is water-power on this 
 stream at the village, occupied by a shingle-mill. Others are on 
 Madawaska and Indian streams. Sebasticook River, the outlet of 
 Moose Pond in Hartland, runs through the western part of the town, 
 but has no considerable fall in Palmyra. The occupation of the people 
 is almost wholly agricultural. The surface of the town is rolling, but 
 without high hills. The soil is quite productive, especially in hay and 
 grain. Large stocks of cattle are kept, and most farmers have saved 
 money. The roads are generally good, and the scenes are pleasant to 
 look upon. A stage-line from the Maine Central Railroad station in 
 Pittsfield passes through Palmyra to Cambridge, and the village is 
 also the terminus of the daily mail-stage to Newport. 
 
 This township was purchased of Massachusetts by a Mr. Barnard 
 of New Hampshire, for 12^ cents an acre, and subsequently sold by him 
 to Dr. John Warren of Boston; and in 1798, it was surveyed by 
 Samuel Weston. The first settlei was Daniel Gale, who removed his 
 family here in 1800. The town was incorporated in 1807, and in 1824 
 a national post-office was established here. 
 
 There are Christian, Free Baptist, Methodist and Advent societies 
 m the town, and also a Union Church edifice. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is 15, having a value of $5,000. The population in 1870 
 was 1,322. In 1880 it was 1,271. The valuation in 1870 was $347,097. 
 In 1880 it was $357,461. 
 
 Paris is an interesting town in the south-eastern part of Oxford 
 County, of which it is the capital. It is 46 miles N.N.W. of Portland 
 on the Grand Trunk Railway. Woodstock bounds it on the north, 
 
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426 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Sumner, Buckfield and Hebron on the east, Oxford on the south, Norway 
 and Greenwood on the west. Its length north-west and south-east is 
 nearly 12 miles, the width is about 6 miles, and its area some 70 
 square miles. The surface is quite uneven. Streaked Mountain, just 
 over Its eastern line, is the highest elevation ; but there are numerous 
 high hills within the town, — as Spruce, Cobble, Jump-Off and Berry 
 Ledge hills in the north part of the town, — Ones, Paris and Crocker's 
 hills and Mount Mica in the middle, — and Singepole and Number Four 
 hills in the southern part. The little Androscoggin River runs through 
 the whole length of the town, and near it, for the whole distance, lies 
 the track of the Grand Trunk Railway. The principal tributaries to 
 this river within the town are the outlet to Moose Pond in the north- 
 eastern part. Stone's Brook, near the middle, and Stony Brook, which 
 enters, the river at South Paris Village. Another sheet of water called 
 Hall's Pond lies in the south-eastern part of the town. 
 
 There is much beautiful scenery in Paris, and the roads are excel- 
 lent. The principal villages are South Paris, Paris Hill, West and 
 North Pans. Snow's Falls, on the river, toward the north part of the 
 town, received their name from the tragic death near them of a man 
 named Snow, who was hunting there. Paris Hill, near the centre of the 
 town, is the most elevated village in the county, — and probably in the 
 State. The open square on the hilltop, upon which the county buildings 
 stand, presents an aspect at once rural, elegant, and from its command- 
 ing view, impressive. The village is a healthy location, and a favorite 
 summer resort. Before the days of railroads this was a very thriving 
 place. 
 
 At South Paris the Norway Branch Railway forms a junction with 
 the main line of the Grand Trunk. On the falls here are mills con- 
 taining flouring, board, shingle, planing and barrel machinery. Here 
 also is an iron foundry and machine-shop, and other small manu- 
 factures. The other station on the Grand Trunk is West Paris, in the ~ 
 north-western part of the town, where is a good water-power, improved 
 by a flouring mill. There is also a furniture-factory driven by steam- 
 power. At North Paris a water-power is supplied by the outlet of Moose 
 Pond (about f of a mile square), upon which a grist-mill was erected 
 very soon after the first settlement of the place, and has been occupied 
 ever since. Altogether the town has twelve powers, — all improved and 
 occupied. There are three grist-mills, and factories making agricultural 
 implements, railroad wheelbarrows, sleds and child's carriages, bed- 
 steads, wooden boxes, brackets, coopers' ware, chairs (two factories), 
 shoes, canned vegetables, paper pulp, and leather board, mowing- 
 machines, metal work, ground plaster, etc. The soil of this town 
 is of every variety, but there is very little clay. For pasturage and 
 hay crops, it excels. — being one of the best stock and dairy farm towns 
 in the State. There are many large apple orchards, which have been 
 a source of large income. The first apple and pear tree were brought 
 by Lemuel Jackson from Massachusetts in 1780. 
 
 This township was originally granted in- 1771 to Capt. Joshua 
 Fuller, of Watertown, and the sixty-four privates of his company, for 
 services in the French and Indian wars ; but many of these were dead 
 and the property really came to their heirs instead. The first settlement 
 was made in 1779 on the site of the present village of Paris Hill by 
 John Daniels, Deacon John Willis, Joseph Willis, Benjamin Hammond, 
 
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PARKMAN. 427 
 
 Lemuel Jackson, and Uriah Ripley, from Middleborough, Mass Mr. 
 Daniels, it is stated, purchased the land now occupied by Paris Hill 
 Village, of the Indians, the price paid being an iron kettle. Joseph 
 Daniels, born February, 1784, is the first native citizen. The first 
 church here was Calvinist-Baptist, organized in 1795, and Elder James 
 Hooper, of Berwick, was the same year ordained as their pastor, the 
 ceremony being performed in a barn. He filled this office for nearly half 
 a century. The first house for public worship was erected by the Baptists 
 at Paris Hill in 1803. There are now in town societies of the Baptists, 
 Congregationalists, Free Baptists, two of the Universalists, and three 
 of the Methodists. Some of the church edifices are fine structures. 
 
 The town was incorporated June 20, 1793, and on the organization 
 of Oxford County in 1805, became its shire town. Paris was tlie 
 birth-place and residence through minority of Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, 
 many years a United States senator from Maine, and vice-president 
 for one term with Lincoln. Hon. Sidney Perham, who was six years 
 in Congress and three years Governor of Maine, resides in Paris Hill 
 Village. This town has also furnished six other members of Congress, 
 namely: Levi, Hubbard, Albion K. Paris, Enoch Lincoln, Timothy J. 
 Carter, Rufus K. Goodenow, and Charles Andrews, of whom the last 
 only was a native. Of these, Paris and Lincoln were also governors of 
 the State, and the first a United State senator. 
 
 Paris Hill Academy was long a flourishing and superior school, but 
 has given way to the high schools and the Oxford Normal Institute. 
 The latter, located at South Paris, is a flourishing and excellent school. 
 District No. 16 has a library, known as the Prentiss Library, having 
 800 volumes. The " Oxford Democrat," an excellent country paper, is 
 published here by George H. Watkins. South Paris Savings Bank, on 
 Nov. 1, 1880, held in deposits and profits $182,011.16. The number 
 of public schoolhouses in this town is 20, valued with lots and apparatus 
 at $10,000. The population in 1870 was 2,765. In 1880 it. was 2,930. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $977,975. In 1880 it was 
 $985,274. 
 
 Parker's HeR<l, a post-office and village in Phippsburg, 
 Sagadahoc County. 
 
 ParklUJlll is situated in the south-western part of Piscataquis 
 County, 12 miles west of Dover, and 4 miles from the Ba«gor and Pis- 
 cataquis Railway station in Abbot. The latter town lies ont he north ; 
 on the east is Sangerville ; on the west Wellington ; and on the south, 
 Cambridge, in Somerset County. It has an area of 25,000 acres ; and 
 a large proportion of it is excellent for farming purposes. Watson's 
 Hill is the greatest elevation of land. Bennett and Harlow Ponds are 
 the principal bodies of water. There are several saw-mills and a grist- 
 mill in the town. At Parkman Corner there are several mechanic- 
 shops, four stores and one hotel. 
 
 The township was early purchased by Samuel Parkman, Esq., of 
 Boston. The first settlers were Peter and William Cummings, Ephraim 
 Andrews, Arvida Briggs, William Brewster, and Richard Caswell. 
 Samuel Pingree also early moved in and became the proprietor's 
 agent. He settled near the centre of the town where he put a saw 
 and grist mill in operation. Mr. Pingree was a batter by trade, and 
 
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428 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 made the first hats produced in the county. Edward Soule, from Free, 
 port, was one of the earlier settlers. In the war of 1812 he was three 
 times taken prisoner by different British cruisers, and the last time 
 Avas confined for fourteen months in the famous Dartmoor prison, only 
 to be compared with Libby and Andersonville. 
 
 The preaching of Rev. Zenas Hall, in 1818, led to the organization 
 of a Baptist church in the town. • 
 
 The township bore the name of Plantation Number Five, Sixth 
 Range, until 1822, when it was incorporated as the town of Parkman. 
 The first store in town was opened at the Corner about 1827 by Thomas 
 Seabury. The first jjhysician was Dr. Nicholas Jumper, who, about 
 1834, was succeeded by Dr. A. J. W. Stevens, who died in 1875. 
 Besides attending to his practice. Dr. Stevens represented the town in 
 the legislature, and was an able temperance lecturer. Dr. George 
 Parkman, after his father's death, succeeded to his lands in this town ; 
 and previous to his own tragical death, visited the place annually. 
 The Baptist and the. Christian denomination have each a church-edifice 
 in the town. Parkman has fifteen public schoolhouses valued at $4,500. 
 The valuation of all estates in 1870 was $259,304. The rate of taxation 
 in 1880 was about two per cent. The population in 1870 was 1,105. 
 By the census of 1880 it is 1,005. The valuation in 1880 was $249,211. 
 
 PRjrllll Pond, a post-office and settlement and pond at West 
 
 Forks, on the Kennebec, in Somerset County. 
 
 ParSOnsfi eld is the north-west town m York County, -and 
 IS bounded on its western side by New Hampshire. Porter and Hiram 
 lie on the north, Cornish and Limerick on the east, and Newfield on 
 the south. It has an area of about 22,000 acres. The Ossipee River 
 forms the northern boundary line, and furnishes at Kezar Falls the 
 principal water-power of the town. At this place there is a set of saw, 
 shingle, and grain mills, another on South River, in the western part 
 of the town ; and there are several smaller ones in the various parts of 
 the town. The principal business centres are East Parsonfield, Kezar 
 Falls, North Parsonfield, Parsonsfield Village, South Parsonsfield, 
 West Parsonsfield and Lord's Mills. Long Pond, Mudget and Spruce 
 are the largest ponds, and there are as many more of smaller size. The 
 surface of the town is very rough and hilly. The greatest elevations 
 are Cedar Mountain in the central part, and Randall Mountain in the 
 eastern. The soil in general, though rocky, is fertile, yielding good 
 crops, of hay and grain. The scenery from almost every eminence is 
 grandly beautiful. Scarcely more than 20 miles to the north, slightly 
 west, the White Hills of New Hampshire lift their rugged peaks above 
 the clouds. In the intervening space, smaller hills, some covered with 
 verdure, others broken with rocks, with smiling green valleys between, 
 dotted numerously with neat farm-houses and bright little villages form 
 many a pleasing picture. 
 
 Parsonsfield is part of a tract of land sold in 1661 by the Indian 
 chief. Captain Sunday, to Francis Small, who conveyed an individual 
 half to Major Nicholas Shapleigh, of Kittery. The original deed of 
 Small was found in 1770, and the descendants of the cwo tenants in 
 common took formal possession. Again in 1771 a partition was effected, 
 when the territory comprised in this township fell to the claimants 
 
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PAS SAD UMKEA G. 429 
 
 under Shapleigh, who immediately conveyed it to Thomas Parsons and 
 39 associates. The town was shortly afterward surveyed into hundred- 
 acre lots, two of which were reserved to each proprietor, nine for the 
 use and support of the schools and churches, and one for a mill privi- 
 lege. Twelve families settled upon or near these lots in 1772 ; John 
 and Gideon Doe settled in the western part of the town in 1775 ; and 
 soon after George Kezar settled in the eastern part. The town was 
 incorporated in 1785, under its present name, in honor of Thomas Par- 
 sons, one of the largest early proprietors. 
 
 The town has been the residence or birth-place of many distingushed 
 men. Hon. Rufus Molntire was a graduate of Dartmouth College, be- 
 came a member of the York County bar in 1812, soon after recruited a 
 company and marched to the northern frontier, remaining in active 
 service until the close of the war. He was afterward elected to Con- 
 gress for four consecutive terms, commencing December, 1827. He 
 was land agent under Governor Fairfield, Marshal of Maine under 
 President Polk, and Surveyor of Customs under President Pierce. 
 Hon. James W. Bradbury of Augusta, was the son of Dr. James Brad- 
 bury, an eminent physician of Parsonsfield. Elder John Buzzell, after 
 long service in teaching and in the ministry, removed to Parsonsfield 
 in 1798, remaining until his death in 1864, in the ninety-sixth year of 
 his age. He united with the Free-will Baptists when that denomina- 
 tion numbered but 101. He was the author and editor of many publi- 
 cations, and he and Dr. Moses Sweat, a resident physician, were the 
 chief means of establishing the North Parsonsfield Seminary, the first 
 institute of learning under the auspices of the denomination. Plon. L. 
 D. M. Sweat, of Portland, is a son of Dr. Moses Sweat. William B. 
 Wedgewood, LL.D., elected vice-chancellor of the university at Wash- 
 ington, D.C., in 1870 is a native of Parsonsfield. Hon. Zenas P. Went- 
 worth, late of Ploulton, Maine, was also a native. One of the old men 
 of the town is Deacon Elisha Waldleigh, who at the age of one hundred, 
 rode 4 miles to deposit his vote. 
 
 The first church in town was built in 1790 by the town proprietors, 
 and a parsonage in 1794. There are now in town, churches of the Con- 
 gregationalists, Baptists, Old School Free-will Baptists, Free Bap- 
 tists (three churches) and Advents. Parsonsfield has seventeen public 
 schoolhouses, valued at $4,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $632,970; in 1880 it was $563,075. The population in 1870 was 
 1,804; in 1880 it was 1,613. 
 
 PaSSadumkeag', in Penobscot County, lies on the east 
 bank, of the Penobscot River, 81 miles north-east of Bangor. It is 
 bounded by Enfield on the north, Lowell on the east, Greenbush on the 
 south, and Edinburg on the west, but separated from the last by Pe- 
 nobscot River. The territory is about 6f miles in length along the 
 river, and 3:^ of a mile in average width. The surface is varied and 
 interesting, with good soil. The largest streams are Passadumkeag, 
 and its tributary. Cold Stream, outlet of the large pond of the same 
 name, situated just outside the noi'th-western angle of the town. There 
 is a saw-mill, containing board, shingle, lath and stave mills. The vil- 
 lage is situated on the Penobscot at the mouth of the Passadumkeag, 
 near the middle line of the town. There is here a large steam-mill, 
 manufacturing large lumber, boards, shingles and staves. Other manu- 
 factures are coopers' ware, carriages, etc. Farming and lumbering are 
 
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430 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the chief occupations of the people. The European and North Ameri- 
 can Railway passes through the length of the town, having a station at 
 the village. 
 
 Passadumkeag was incorporated in Jan., 1835. The name is an 
 Indian word, supposed to signify quick water. In 1842, about one- 
 tliird of the territory was set off, and annexed to Lowell. On Passa- 
 dumkeag Island there are the remains of an old fort, said to have been 
 built by the French and Indians. 
 
 There is here a Congregationalist society, though meetings of other 
 denominations are sometimes held in the town. There are four public 
 sohoolhouses, valued at 1800. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $30,738. In 1880 it was $42,662. The rate of taxation is 3 per cent, 
 on a low valuation. The population in 1870 was 243. In 1880 it was 
 302. 
 
 PattagUmpilS, a post-office in Penobscot County, 
 
 I*RttGIl lies on the eastern border of Penobscot Courity, 
 96 miles from Bangor. It was incorporated April 16th, 1841, 
 having been No. 4 of Range 6. Mount Chase (Monterey planta- 
 tion on Chace's map of the State, 1862), bounds it on the north, and 
 Crystal, in Aroostook County, on the east. Other townships adjacent 
 are unsettled. Patten is heavily timbered and has a good soil. Fish 
 Stream and Hersey Brook, tributaries of the Mattawamkeag, are the 
 principal water-courses. There is a small pond in the western part of 
 the town having one of these streams as an outlet. The village is sit- 
 uated in the eastern part of the town on Mattawamkeag Stream. The 
 manufactories are at this point ; and consist of one lumber-mill, a sash, 
 door and blind factory, a grist-mill with two sets of stones, a tin-ware 
 factory, a wheelwright shop, a tin-shop, etc. This town is the terminus 
 of Jones' and Laing's stage line from Mattawamkeag. 
 
 Patten Academy was incorporated in 1846, and has been and is 
 still, a valuable institution to the whole region. The number of pub- 
 lic schoolhouses in the town is six, which have an estimated value of 
 $1,200. There are here three churches, a Congregationalist, Methodist 
 and Baptist. The valuation in 1870 was $191,342. In 1880 it was 
 $198,358. The population in 1870 was 704. In 1880 it was 716. 
 
 I*ea Cove, a post-office in Oldtown, Penobscot County. 
 
 Peak's Island, a post-office and island in Casco Bay, Cum- 
 berland County. 
 
 PejepSCOt Purchase and Patent. See articles on 
 Brunswick, Topsham, Bowdoin, Webster, Auburn, Durham, Lisbon, 
 Lewiston, Greene and Leeds. 
 
 PemaQUid a post-office and a sea point in Bristol, Lincoln 
 County. 
 
 Pemaquid Patent was the last grant made by the New 
 England Company within the limits of our State. It was issued in 
 
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PEMBROXB. 431 
 
 1631, and comprised the territory between the Medomac and Damaris- 
 cotta Rivers, and far enough north to inchide 12,000 and an additional 
 100 acres for every man who should settle within its limits during the 
 seven following years. It was a charter as well as a patent, including 
 rights of government, wherefore Pemaquid became a seat of govern- 
 ment independent of all others in New England. The earliest settle- 
 ment under this patent, says Williamson, seems to have been on the 
 western banks of Pemaquid River. See article on Bristol. 
 
 PdHtorok© lies on the north-west side of Lubec Bay in the 
 south-eastern part of Washington County. Its greatest length is 
 north-west and south-east, abov^'S^ miles ; and its width is about 3^. 
 Perry lies on its north-east side, Charleston on the north, Dennysville 
 and Edmunds on the south-west. The surface of the town is uneven, 
 but without lofty eminences. The land is well suited for agriculture, 
 and the town is becoming one of the best in this respect. Peinma- 
 quan River, the principal stream in the town, furnishes not less than 
 five good water-powers, all of which are occupied. There are two 
 mills for manufacturing long and short lumber, a planing-mill and a 
 sash and blind factory, two grist-mills, and works of the Pembroke 
 Iron Company. These consist of furnaces, rolling-mill, machine-shop, 
 etc. The main building of this establishment is 171 feet wide and 160 
 feet long. The dam is of stone, and the power is very uniform. Gen- 
 era! Ezekiel Foster, an enterprising merchant of Eastport, was the 
 originator of this enterprise, having commenced building the work in 
 1832. They were operated by Foster and Bartlett for a few years, 
 then sold to Gray & Co., of Boston. In 1849, they were purchased by 
 William E. Coffin & Co., of Boston, the present ]iroprietors. For fif- 
 teen years prior to 1873, these works did an extensive business in the 
 manufacture of iron spikes, rivets and other articles. The iron pro- 
 duced here is said to be surpassed by very few factories. 
 
 The southern shores of this town are washed by the sea; and there 
 are several places where the flow of the tide in and out of basins might 
 be made available for mills. The chief natural curiosity of the town is 
 Cobscook Falls, formed by the tide, which rushes tumutuously through 
 a narrow passage over rugged rocks, into and out of an immense basin 
 or reservoir. The bay formed by the mouth of the Pemmaquan is 
 easy of access and safe. During the century in which the town has 
 been settled, though every year a hundred vessels visit the harbor, not 
 one was ever lost within its precincts. Shipbuilding began in this 
 town as early as 1825 ; yet the vessels built were very few until Hon. 
 S. C Foster, in 1844, commenced the industry, constructing in a few 
 years quite a fleet. In 1860 the business had so increased that there 
 were in the town seven ship-yards. Two only are in operation at 
 present. Many of the vessels built here are for coasting and the fish- 
 eries. 
 
 Pembroke was first settled in 1774, Hatevil Leighton, from Goulds- 
 borough, Maine, being the pioneer. Edmund Meagher (Mahar) and 
 William Clark, from Boston, came in 1780, settling near Cobscook 
 Falls. These were followed by Robert Ash, M. Denho, Joseph Bridges, 
 Zadock Hersey, Caleb Hersey, Samuel Sprague, Theophilus and Bela 
 Wilder, Moses Gardiner, Stephen Gardiner, and M. Dunbar, most of 
 whom came from Maine and Massachusetts. Theophilus Wilder is said 
 
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432 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 to have become a resident as early as 1740. These pioneer families were 
 marked by industrious and frugal habits, a love of order, and the stern 
 virtues of our illustrious ancestors. The proprietors of the lands in 
 this town were Thomas Russell, John Lowell and General Benjamin 
 Lincoln, of Revolutionary fame. The Herseys and Theophilus Wilder 
 were soldiers in the war for independence ; and the latter was a cnp- 
 tain in the army under General Gates, and present at the surrender of 
 Burgoyne. 
 
 Pembroke was a part of Dennysville until Feb. 4, 1832, when it 
 was set off and incorporated. Hon. Stephen C. Foster, a native of 
 East Machias, but long a resident of Pembroke, represented his district 
 in Congress from 1857 to 1861. 
 
 Union Church, the iirst in the town, was erected in 1842. Robert 
 Cresset, a Congregationalist, was the first settled minister. Now there 
 are also a Baptist and a Catholic society, and two Methodists. Pem- 
 broke has 13 public schoolhouses, valued at $15,000. There is a high 
 school, and the village schools are graded. The population in 1870 
 was 2,551. In 1880 it was 2,324. The valuation in 1870 was $888,238. 
 In 1880 it was $409,443. 
 
 PdlODSCOti is situated in the southern part of Hancock 
 County, having Penobscot Bay on the west, and South Bay (an exten- 
 tion of Castine Harbor) in the southern part. Castine lies on the 
 south-west, Surry and Bluehill on the east, and Orland on the north. 
 The surface is generally level, the greatest eminence being Togus 
 Hill, which has a height of perhaps 300 feet. The ponds are Pierce's, 
 Wight's and Turtle. Granite is the prevailing rock. The soil is a 
 clay loam. The crops principally cultivated are wheat, potatoes and 
 hay. 
 
 There are in operation in town three stave, one saw and one meal 
 and flour mill ; other manufactures are bricks, fish barrels, lime casks, 
 carriages, harnesses, coffins, boots and shoes. There has been quite a 
 business done by a mitten factory, whose annual product has reached 
 $12,000. The Penobscot Mining Company is a corporation of the 
 town. The principal village is at the head of Northern Bay. This is 
 22 miles from Ellsworth on the Bucksport and Deer Isle stage-line. 
 
 Penobscot was a district of the ancient Pentagoet. Its name is 
 from the Indian " Penobskeag," or " Penopeauke," signifying a rocky 
 place. In its original form it included Castine and the easterly part of 
 Brooksville, its early history is involved with that of these towns. It 
 was township No. 3, in the grant to David Marsh, and others. The 
 first survey of the town was made by John Peters ; and the following 
 names appear among its earliest municipal officers : John Lee, Jere- 
 miah and Daniel Wardwell, John and Joseph Perkins, John Wasson, 
 David Hawes, Elijah Littlefield, Isaac Parker and Peltiah Leach. As 
 given by H. B. Wardwell, in Wasson's Survey of Hancock County, 
 the first settlers within the present limits of Penobscot were Duncan 
 and Findley Malcolm, Daniel and Neil Brown. They were Scotchmen, 
 and being loyalists or torics, left for St. Andrews when the English 
 evacuated Bigaduce (Castine) at the close of the Revolution. The 
 first permanent settler was Charles Hutchings, in 1765. The first child 
 of English parents was Mary Hutchings. In 1765 also came Isaac and 
 Jacob Sparks, Daniel Perkins, Samuel Averill and Solomon Littlefield. 
 
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PENOBSCOT cozmxY. 433 
 
 Others of the early period M-ere Giles Johnson, Elijah Winslow. 
 Pelatiali Leach, Jonathan Ward well, Andrew Ilerrick, David Dunbar, 
 Elijah Littlefield and Eliphalet Lowell, nearly all of whom came from 
 towns in Maine. Among the notable citizens of a later date were 
 lion. William Grindle, Samuel Leach and William Eastman, Esqrs. 
 
 The plantation name of Penobscot was Major-bigwaduce. It was 
 incorporated under its present name in 1787. Castine was set off in 
 1796, and a portion for Brooksville in 1817. 
 
 The Methodists have four churches in Penobscot, and the Baptists 
 one. Farmers' clubs and Temperance lodges furnish the public enter- 
 tainment. The number of public schoolhouses is twelve ; and the 
 school property is valued at $1,625. The valuation of real estate in 
 1870 was 8227,356. In 1880 it was $215,237. The rate of taxa- 
 tion in 1880 was 18 mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 
 1,418. In 1880 it was 1,341. 
 
 Penobscot County in its shape appears like many rect- 
 angles of various size and form joined in one. Its southern section 
 lies a little south-east of the centre of the State, its eastern extends to 
 within about 25 miles of New Brunswick, while it also sends north- 
 ward on a line witii Penobscot River a parallelogram whose northern 
 line continued to our eastern boundary would fall but little more than 
 one township south of Mars Hill. Its southern line is divided about 
 midway by the Penobscot River at a discance of some sixty miles 
 from the southern coast-line of the State ; and this river continues to 
 be, in the main, the medial line for the entire length of the county. 
 Within its borders are many small but few large bodies of water. 
 Pushaw Lake, just north of Bangor, is the largest sheet wholly within 
 this county ; Newport Pond at the western border, and Cold Stream 
 Pond on the eastern side of Penobscot River being next in size, re- 
 spectively 8, 7^ and 6 square miles in area. At the south-eastern angle 
 lies the Lower Schoodic group, while at the western line begin the 
 large and numerous lakes of the West Branch of the Penobscot. The 
 largest body of water within the county is found in Milinokett Lake, 
 whose area is 18 square miles. The western edge of this lake lies in 
 Piscataquis County, but five-sixths are in Penobscot. Other consider- 
 able rivers having some portion of their length in this county are 
 Aroostook River, which is formed in the northern part ; the Piscata- 
 quis River, draining the southern part of Piscataquis County; the 
 Mattawamkeag, fed from south-eastern Aroostook ; and above all the 
 West Branch of the Penobscot, drawing its waters from a succession 
 of lakes in northern Piscataquis and quite from the summits of the 
 western hills that divide Maine from Canada, and send down rills to 
 the Connecticut and St. Lawrence. Some portions of the county are 
 quite hilly, but the only mountains of note are the Chase group north- 
 east of Katahdin, and belonging to the same system. In the middle 
 portion of the county there is much slate rock, in the north-eastern 
 portion there is granite, and in the southern, a large tract of argillo- 
 micaceous schist. 
 
 Penobscot County was originally included in Hancock County. 
 The act establishing it passed the Massachusetts legislature Feb. 15, 
 1816. The southern boundary was fixed very much as it remains at 
 present; but on the formation of Piscataquis County in 1888, Penob- 
 
 28 
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434 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 scot lost 5 ranges of townships north of the lines of Dexter and Brad. 
 ford ; and the following year Aroostook County received from it the 
 ranges of townships numbered 3, 4 and 5, north of Mattawamkeag; 
 and in 1843, it took ranges 6, 7 and 8, north 3f townships numbered 8. 
 The area is now 2,760 square miles ; and it embraces one city and 
 54 towns, 7 organized plantations and 42 townships. From 1814 to 
 1816 Bangor and Castine were half shire towns of Hancock County; 
 but in Penobscot County, Bangor had the exclusive honor from its 
 establishment. The population in 1870 was 75,150. In 1880 it was 
 70,478. The valuation in 1870 was $22,697,890. In 1880 it was 
 $21,408,151. 
 
 Penobscot River and County were occupied, at the periods of dis- 
 covery and settlement, by a branch of the Abenaqui nation called Tar- 
 ratines by the English, — of whom the Oldtown Indians are a remnant. 
 When first known by the English they numbered more than 2,000 war- 
 riors. About 1660 there was a destructive war between the New 
 England Indians and the Mohawks ; and tradition asserts that the Tar- 
 ratines took part in it, but were defeated, and in 1669 were followed to 
 the banks of the Penobscot by their victorious foes. The principal 
 settlement of this tribe was near the mouth of the Kenduskeag. The 
 Penobscot Indians do not appear to have entered as a tribe into the 
 first Indian war, but were actively engaged in most of the subsequent 
 ones. In the war of the Revolution they fortunately adhered to the 
 American cause, and rendered it some service. Roman Catholic mis- 
 sionaries came with the first French visitors, and mingling with the 
 Indians, ere long converted tliem to that faith.* 
 
 The General Assembly of Massachusetts in 1763 granted 13 town- 
 ships, each 6 miles square, lying on the east side of Penobscot River, to 
 13 companies, or proprietors, who were to layout the townships, settle 
 60 families in each, — and make improvements, — which was done. The 
 earliest regular settlement of the township commenced at Bangor in 
 1769 ; and settlements in other towns following year by year. From 
 1774 to 1779, John Herbert, the first physician in Bangor, was the 
 principal speaker in the religious meetings, and in the winter taught 
 school. The first minister that preached statedly in this county was 
 Rev. Mr. Knowles, from Cape Cod ; who, about 1780-83, was with the 
 people scattered along the banks of the river from Frankfort to Bangor. 
 The next minister was Rev. Seth Noble, a Congregationalist, a 
 native of Westfield, Mass., but who had resided in Nova Scotia; where 
 by voice and influence he gave support to the cause of the colonies, 
 and was therefore forced to flee. He came to Bangor in 1786, and was 
 engaged as a religious teacher at £100 per year. , He was installed on 
 Sept. 10, in tliat year, under some ancient oaks near the corner of Oak 
 and Washington streets, Bangor ; Rev. Daniel Little of Wells, deputed 
 by the church in Wells, giving him the charge and the right-hand 
 of fellowship, — Mr. Noble preaching the sermon. He remained five 
 years, and died in Ohio in 1807. The first Congregational church or- 
 ganized in the county was at Brewer, Sept. 9, 1800. The Penobscot 
 Congregational Conference was organized at Brownville (then in 
 Penobscot County) in 1825, and enibraced three ministers, 8 churches, 
 and 400 members. Rev. Jesse Lee, the Methodist Apostle of New 
 
 * See article on Oldtown and that on the Indians in the first part of this work. 
 
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PENOBSCOT RIVER AND BAY. ^ 4S3 
 
 England, in 1793, spent a month in missionary work along the Pe- 
 nobscot. In 1795 societies of the Methodists were organized in the 
 county by Rev. Joshua Hall, of the New London Conference (Conn). 
 Rev. Timothy Merrill was placed on the Hampden Circuit in 1799, 
 and preached in Bangor. The first Baptist church was formed in 
 Etna in 1807, by Rev. John Chadbourne of Shaple'gh, missionary of 
 the denomination in the county. About 1809 the first Free Baptist 
 society of the county was organized in Dixmont. The first Episco- 
 palian church was gathered in Bangor in 1834, and the first Uni- 
 versalist church in Hampden in 1825. The Unitarian church at Bangor 
 was organized in 1818, and the Svvedenborgian in 1840. The Cliristian 
 denomination formed their first churches in Exeter and Newport in 
 1815, and the Adventists in 1842-43. The production of lumber has 
 always been- the most prominent industry of the county. The first 
 railroad in the county and state was the Bangor, Oldtown and Milford, 
 incorporated in 1833, ojjcned in 1836. This was discontinued on the 
 opening of the European and North American Railway. The Maine 
 Central Railroad has 27 miles r-i its road, i. e. from Somerset County 
 to Bangor in this county. The Dexter and Newport Raih-oad was 
 opened in_ 1868 as a branch of the Maine Central. The Bangor and 
 Piscataquis Railroad was chartered in 1861, the construction com- 
 menced in the spring of 1869 and completed from Oldtown (where it 
 connects with the European and Nortli American Railway), to Blan- 
 chard in the autumn of 1876. The length of this road in the county is 
 15 miles. The Bucksport and Bangor Railroad was chartered in 1870, 
 the survey made in the autumn of 1872, the construction commenced 
 in the spring of 1873, and trains began to run regularly over the whole 
 length Dec. 21, 1874. Nine and one-half miles of its 19 are in Penob- 
 scot County. It was formerly operated by the European and N. A. 
 road, when it was broad gauge. An extension of this road to Elk- 
 worth is likely to be made the coming season. 
 
 The military of this county were first called into active service in 
 1814, to repel the British forces ascending the river ; again in 1839^ 
 they were called out in large force to aid in keeping the peace in Aroos- 
 took County during the boundary dispute ; and for a third time in thtj 
 late civil war. The second Maine regiment, six companies of the Sixth 
 Maine, the Eighteenth Maine regiment, and the First heavy artillery, 
 were composed chiefly of regiments of this county. Monuments in 
 honor of the fallen brave of this war stand in the cemeteries at Bangor, 
 Brewer, Hampden, Dexter, Newport, and perhaps other places. 
 
 Penobscot River and Bay. The Penobscot River 
 has well been called the main artery of the State. Its fluviatile dis- 
 trict illustrates the geographical ideal of the river basin — appearing as 
 a mere point at the mouth of the stream, and interior-ward expanding 
 symmetrically upon both sides of the central channel, presently em- 
 branching into subordinate basins, themselves disposed likewise about 
 tributary streams, which in their turn break up into still smaller basms 
 located upon still smaller tributaries, until the whole takes on the sim-. 
 ilitude of a mighty tree. The greatest length of the Penobscot basin 
 from north to south is 160 miles, its greatest breadth, 115 miles ; area, 
 8,200 square miles. Eight hundred square miles discharge their sur- 
 plus water into the main river, below its lowest watei'-power, at Ban- 
 
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436 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 gor. The Penobscot country is less elevated above the sea than the 
 Kennebec, and considerably less than the Androscoggin, as results 
 from the subsidence of the whole State surface from west to east. Yet 
 the northern portion lias a mean height of 1,085 feet. The loftiest 
 portion of the basin is at the head waters of the main river (west 
 branch), which has an altitude of from 1,600 to 2,000 feet. The west 
 branch is properly a continuation of tiie mam river which, down to 
 the Alattawamkeag, should be called the Upper Penobscot, as the river 
 below should be called the Lower Penobscot. There are 1,604 streams 
 represented upon the State map in the Penobscot system. The Mat- 
 tawanikeag, its largest eastern branch, is 300 feet wide at its mouth, 
 and the Penobscot 500 feet at the same point. The Piscataquis, the 
 largest western branch, is 250 feet wide for 25 miles above its mouth. 
 The mean width of the Penobscot for several miles above Bangor is 
 about 800 feet. From the confluence of the Mattawamkeng to the 
 open sea, the Penobscot has a length of about 120 miles ; from the 
 junction of the Matagamon to the sea, 132 miles ; from its extreme 
 head waters, about 260 miles; or including the windings, 300 miles. 
 The main water-power section extends from Lake Chesuncook to Ban- 
 gor, 120 miles, the fall being 900 feet, or via the Mattagamon, from 
 Lake Mattagamon to Bangor, 115 miles, a fall of abou-t 850 feet. The 
 annual discharge is estimated at 319,800,000. 
 
 Tiie number of lakes and ponds in the basin .of the Penobscot, rep- 
 resented upon the State map, is 467. Of these 185 are above the lower 
 powers of the main Penobscot, and have a combined surface of 395 
 square miles. The volume of the river in the vicinity of Bangor as- 
 sumed to be 146,250 cubic feet per minute for the 24 hours at the 
 period of extreme low run, the power in the 92 feet of fall from Mil- 
 ford to Bangor would be 55,600 horse-power gross, or 2,224,000 spin- 
 dles for eleven hours a day. 
 
 Penobscot Bay forms a fitting entrance to its magnificent river. 
 The head of the bay is 30 miles from the sea, the width for 15 miles 
 from the sea is about 20 miles, while it is 8 miles in width at the head. 
 The islands within it form several towns, and add to its beauty and 
 interest. Everywhere there is sufficient depth for the largest vessels, 
 and open water the year round to Buckspoi't, some six miles above the 
 head of the bay. A marked feature of the lower bay is its granite 
 islanda,furnishing the best qualities of this stone in inexhaustible quan- 
 tities. As far north as Frankfort and Bucksport, gneiss, schists, gran- 
 ite and limestone intermingle, with the first predominating. Thence 
 northward to the Piscataquis, mica-schist prevails, with granite about 
 the Passadumkeag. North of Piscataquis succeeds clay slate ; but on 
 the left bank, schist prevails to some distance north of the Mattawam- 
 keag, where clay slate is struck. The last rock occupies much the 
 larger proportion of the nortliern part of the basin, with granite abun- 
 dant about Katahdin, and sandstone north-east of Moosehead Lake, 
 and mica-schist at the head of the main river, west branch. Slaty 
 rocks are largely in excess of all other forms, and at some points are 
 of unsurpassed quality for roofing purposes. Tlie basin of the Penob- 
 scot is mountainous from the sea to above the head of the tide at Ban- 
 gor, thence northward, gently undulating, to, into and throughout <he 
 region 'of the east and Mattawainkeag branches, until it is insensibly 
 blended with the valley of the Aroostook. On the main river, above 
 
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438 > GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Nicatou, it is more broken, and is singularly diversified with lakes, 
 ponds, swamps, streams, hills, valleys and detached peaks. The Ka- 
 tahdin Mountains, the highest in Maine, affording a prospect charac- 
 teristic and sublime fromlthe vast breadth of level country overlooked, 
 lie upon the left bank. Further west, the valley becomes merged witli 
 that of the Kennebec on the south, and the Allaguash on the north, 
 and terminates on the north-west at the highland boundaries of the 
 State, and in the swamps and lagoons which form the common reser- 
 voir of the St. John and Penobscot. 
 
 At the period when America was still an unknown New World, 
 Spanish, French, Dutch and English navigators alike praised Penob- 
 scot Bay and River. The earliest Spanish explorer, Gomez, honored 
 himself by naming the river "Rio de Gomez; " and others of his na- 
 tion called it " Rio Grande," " Rio Ilermoso," — the great, the beauti- 
 ful river. Thevet, the P^'rench explorer, visiting it in l656, described 
 it as " one of the finest rivers in the whole world." Samuel Cham- 
 plain, exploring in the service of the French in 1604r-5, enthusiastically 
 says, " The river banks are covered with verdure, and here and there 
 lovely stretches of meadow." Judge Godfrey of Bangor, who has 
 studied deeply into the history of this region, says the name of this 
 river was reported by the French in sixty different ways during their 
 occupancy, to 1664. The principal spelling made use of was Panan- 
 aushek. The Indian name was Penobsceag or Penobscoote, suggested 
 by the rocky falls just above Bangor. From these, doubtless, the New 
 Plymouth colonists formed the name Penobscot, by which this river 
 was known to them as early as 1626. The Dutch were so well pleased 
 with the region that they sent a man-of-war to it in 1676, and captured 
 the French fortifications on the bay and river. The Dutch were driven 
 off by the English, but the French held possession of a part of the 
 river to 1745, when most of them removed to Canada. On the fall of 
 Quebec, in 1749, the whole passed to the British crown, where the title 
 remained until the Revolution placed it within the borders oi a new 
 nation. 
 
 The first steamboat on the Penobscot was the " Maine," Captain 
 Cram, which arrived in Bangor, May 23, 1824. It ran to Portland 
 during the summer season. The "Bangor," a larger boat, Captain 
 George Barker, was ])ut on the route in 1834. In 1849 small, flat-bot- 
 tomed steamers commenced running above Bangor, affording oppor- 
 tunity to observe the pleasing scenery of the navigable section of the 
 river. The Sanford line of steamers, by the excellence of its boats and 
 management, has possessed so long the steam transportation between 
 this river and the west as to become historic in its interest. Started 
 as a personal enterprise by Menemon Sanford, in 1845 — 36 years ago, 
 — it formed soon after a union with the Kennebec Steamship Com- 
 pany, the joint line becoming known under the name of tlie San- 
 ford Independent Line. The first steamer put upon the line was 
 the Penobscot, followed, in a few years, by the Boston, each about 600 
 tons burthen. In 1852 the lines were divided, the Penobscot boats re- 
 taining the name of the combined lines. In 1859 the Menemon San- 
 ford, of 900 tons, and the Kennebec, of 500 tons, were added to the 
 line. In 1S62 the Katahdin, of 1,200 tons, and 1867 the Cambridge, 
 of 1,500 tons, were added, the six boats having been built by Englis in 
 New York, for Captain Sanford. lu 1875, the present company was 
 
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PENOBSCOT RIVER AND BAY. 439 
 
 formed with a capital of 1500,000. The Sanford arid the Boston, while 
 under lease to the government, during the late war, were lost, the first 
 on the Florida Keys and the second in one of tlie South Carolina bayous. 
 The Penobscot was sold to private parties, and the Kennebec, 
 while under charter to government, was lost or disabled so that she 
 never returned to the company. The boats now on the line are the 
 Cambridge, commanded by Capt. Otis Ingrahara, the Katahdin, Capt. 
 W. R. Roix, and the New Brunswick, Capt. P. C. Homer. Trips each 
 way are now made daily, Sundays excepted, during the summer, be- 
 tween Boston and the Penobscot, also Mount Desert, five days in the 
 week, by connection with another line of steamers at Rockland. A 
 new steamer of 1,500 tons is now building in the yard of Messrs. Smith 
 & Townsend, at East Boston. Though the river closes by ice at Ban- 
 gor, for 125 days on an average, each year, it is rarely frozen over so 
 as to stop steam navigation below Bucksport, which being connected 
 with Bangor by railroad, becomes a convenient winter-port for tliis 
 noble city. Only from a balloon could a better view of Penobscot 
 Bay be obtained of the shores than from the fine steamers that ply this 
 river and along the coast. After passing Cape Ann eastward to the 
 Penobscot the first land to be seen is the high and solitary Monhegan 
 Island, visible to early risers on the boats ; next Whitehead Point is 
 noticed, and several islands, of which Dix Island, remarkable for its 
 granite, is most mteresting. ^way to the right now are the ancient 
 " Fox Islands," the two princijial ones constituting the towns of Vinal- 
 haven and North Haven ; the rugged and historic promontory of Owl's 
 Head is passed, whose fog-bells are silent and whose flashing light 
 grows more and more spirit-like in the dawning day ; and then the 
 city of Rockland gleams along the level line of her shore ; and among 
 the hills perchance arises the scarcely-visible smoke from her numer- 
 ous lime-kilns. Next Camden, nestling in a nook of the hills on a 
 deep angle of the bay, is seen ; and north of the village Mount Battie and 
 high Megunticook send their spurs down to the very shore. North- 
 port, with its camp-meeting cottages and oak groves, is next noted 
 — pressing out its bold shores; then the hill-side city of Belfast is seen 
 smiling over its expansive bay. Beyond this. Sear's Island thrusts its 
 level plain across the steamer's course, and breezy Fort Point, with its 
 summer hotels, quickly hides the gleaming village of Stockton. Oppo- 
 site the head of the high, barren Wetmore Isle (town of Verona), the 
 granite walls of Fort Knox, with their dark port-holes, command re- 
 spectful attention. Then the steamer feels the swifter current of Bucks- 
 port Narrows, and a sudden turn reveals on the right the bright village 
 of Bucksport, with the Methodist East Maine Conference Seminary at 
 the height of the eminence, attracting the eye by its bold relief. The 
 river now becomes more naiTow and picturesquely sinuous, and vessels 
 lumber-laden glide sea-ward leaving fresh odors of pine and cedar upon 
 the breeze ; while on the left towers the granite mass of Mount Waldo, 
 with Mounts Heagan and Mosquito nearly in line. Then the buxom 
 village of Winterport presents itself to the eye, and we turn from it, 
 and round the intrusive capes above ; then watch Hampden's long 
 narrow village until we catch glimpses of Bangor and Brewer on their 
 commanding hills, where our voyage ends. Descending the river, the 
 same objects engage our attention until we reach the bold bluff of the 
 Castine promontory on our left, with its sea-ward looking village on 
 
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440 GAZETTEKR OF MAINE. 
 
 the southern slope. North Haven and Vinalhaven with their rocks 
 ;ind woody points, are passed, and the long shores of Little and Great 
 Deer Isles, and we reach the freer waters of Isle-au-Haut Bay, and dis- 
 cover the bold shore and the mountain-saddle of Isle-au-Haut, the land's 
 end of the eastern side of the noble Penobscot.* 
 
 Perham Plantaion, in Aroostook County, lies in range 
 4, and is numbered 14. It is separated from Caribou by Woodland 
 Plantation, and has Wade Plantation on the south. It is 64 miles 
 N. N. W., of Houlton, via Caribou. The nearest railroad connection 
 is at Ciribou, ten miles distant. The Little Madawaska Lake lies 
 on the northern border, and Salmon Brook Lake a little north of the 
 centre of the town. The principal streams are Salmon Biook, West 
 Branch of Salmon Brook, and West Branch of Caribou River. The 
 plantation has one saw and shingle-mill. 
 
 In this plantation is a valuable iron mine, the ore yielding about 44 
 per cent, of iron, quite free from sulphur. The underlying rock is 
 calcareous slate. The soil is loamy, and free from stones. Potatoes, 
 wheat and hay are the leading crops. The usual trees flourish in the 
 forests. There is a large quantity of land reserved for schools. 
 
 The first settlement in this township was made in 1860. It was 
 organized as a plantation in 1867, being named in honor of Hon. Sid- 
 ney Perham, subsequently governor of Jhe State. There is a Baptist 
 society here, who sustain a minister. There are three public school- 
 houses, and the school property is valued at $1,100. The population 
 in 1870 was 79. In 1880 it was 346. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $12,905. In 1880 it was $31,073. The rate of taxation was one 
 cent on the dollar. 
 
 Perkins in Sagadahoc County, lies in the Kennebec River 
 between Richmond on the west bank and Dresden in Lincoln County, 
 on the east. Its length is about 3:|- miles and 4^ in width. It bore 
 the name of Swan Island almost from the time when it was first known 
 until its separation from Dresden and incorporation under its present 
 name in 1847. It lies 14 miles north of Bath, on the line of the Ken- 
 nebec, Portland and Boston steamers. The nearest railroad station is 
 at East Bowdoinham for the southern part and Richmond village for 
 the northern. The town is mostly level, and is well wooded and fer- 
 tile. When first discovered by Europeans, the island was the residence 
 of Sebenoa, the sachem of the lower Kennebec. Col. Chuich and his 
 men in 1692 had a conflict wjth a large body of savages at this place, 
 in which the Indians were routed, some escaping to the mainland, and 
 some to their fort at Teconnet, near Waterville. 
 
 The post-office for the town is Richmond. Perkins has one public 
 schoolhouse, valued at $600. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $36,792. In 1880 it was $37,594. The population in 1870 was 71. 
 In 1880 it was 78. 
 
 Perkins Plantation is situated in the southern part of 
 
 Franklin County, between Temple and Carthage, and on the stage-line 
 
 from Wilton to Weld. Originally it w'as a part of Carthage. Its 
 
 * For further iulormatiou iu regard to these points, see the towns in which they belong. 
 
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PERRY. 441 
 
 dimensions are 3 miles from north-east to south-west, and 4 miles in a 
 direction at right angles with this ; but the south-eastern corner is 
 notched by Washington Plantation (formerly No. 4), to the extent of 
 nearly two square miles. The nearest railway station is at Farmington, 
 18 miles distant. 
 
 Originally, with Washington Plantation, it was a part of Carthage, 
 but was set off and called Number 4. Its plantationn ame is in h()n(n' 
 of Dr. Perkins of Farmington, who early owned the territory. Tlie 
 nearest post-office is Weld. 
 
 The plantation has- a church of the Christian denomination. Theie 
 are three schoolhouses, which, together with other school property, are 
 valued at $600. The valuation in 1880 was $22,067. The population 
 in 1870 was 149. In 1880 it was 134. 
 
 Perry lies on Passamaquoddy Bay, in the south-east part of 
 Washington County. Robbinston bounds it upon the north and Pem- 
 broke on the west. On the south is Lubee Bay and Eastjjort, and on 
 the east is Passamaquoddy Bay. The town is about 7^ miles in ex- 
 treme length, and 5 miles is the greatest width, but following the inden- 
 tations and projections of the shore it has about 40 miles of sea-coast. 
 Nosahick Pond, or Boyden Lake, the principal body of water, is about 
 5 miles long and 2 miles wide. Little River, its outlet, is the prin- 
 cipal stream affording several good mill sites. On these are saw-mills, 
 manufacturing laths, staves, and boxes ; also a grist-mill and a carding- 
 mill. 
 
 The shores of Perry are bold, and the adjacent waters deep ; so 
 that vessels of 100 tons can, in most places, lie so near as to be laden 
 from the bank by wlieeling the cargo from 50 to 80 feet. The tide 
 rises here thirty feet. The surface of the town is free from large hills, 
 but the southern part is very rocky and uneven. Pigeon Hill — about 
 100 feet in height — is the principal eminence. The underlying rock is 
 sandstone, and the soil gra\elly loam. Hay is the leading crop; and 
 there is a pretty good stock of cattle kept. Pine, spruce and cedar are 
 the chief for.est trees. Most of the eastei-n shore is well settled, but at 
 no point is there much of a village. There is a good brick town hall, 
 and the public property generally is in good repair. Private buildings, 
 also throughout the town are mostly well cared for, and some are 
 quite tasteful and attractive. The nearest railroad station is at St. 
 Stephens, in New Brunswick, 20 miles distant. The town is 36 miles 
 north-east of Machias, and 20 miles from Calais. The stage-line from 
 Eastport to Calais passes through Perry. 
 
 This was formerly Plantation No. 1. The township was purchased 
 of Massachusetts, 1788-4 by Gen Benjamin Lincoln and others, on 
 condition that the proprietors should place here twenty settlers within 
 a given time, and give to each 100 acres of land. The township was 
 full of noble woods, and for many years the principal occupation of 
 the people was getting out timber, spars, shingles and other articles, 
 and transporting these to St. Andrews and Robbinston, and, later, 
 Eastport, carrying thither these products, and bringing back provisions 
 and rum. In 1808, the plantation felt very sensibly the effect of the 
 wars in Europe. Buonaparte had stopped the shipment of timber 
 from the Baltic by the English, and in consequence they sought for 
 this necessary material on the shores of Passamquoddy Bay. Fed by 
 
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442 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the trade this business brought, St. Andrews grew up very rapidly, 
 and surrounding places obtained some share of the inflowing wealth. 
 This was then the lil Dorado of the State. One man alone got out 
 timber in ten days that brought him 1300 ; and it was no uncommon 
 . event for a man to come home with $500 or $1,000 in his pocket, the 
 proceeds of the sale of his lumber. Money could be obtained so much 
 more easily by lumbering than by the slow returns of agricultural toil, 
 that when the timber was gone, general poverty followed their waste- 
 ful methods. Farming, coasting and the fisheries are now the firiucipul 
 occupations. 
 
 At Pleasant Point, forming the south-eastern extremity of the 
 town, is a settlement of the Passamaquoddy Indians. [See article on 
 Indians in the first part of this volume.] 
 
 Perry was incorporated Feb. 12, 1880. Peter Goulding and Rob- 
 inson Palmer are mentioned as its most esteemed citizens. One hun- 
 dred and tliirty-one men were sent to the Union army from this town 
 during the war of the Rebellion ; and of these 43 were lost. The Con- 
 gregation alists, Baptists and Methodist have societies here, and the two 
 fij-st h ive church edifices. The number of public schoolhouses is eleven. 
 The school property is valued at $2,200. Tlie population in 1870 was 
 1,449. In 1830 it was 1,047. The valuation of estates hi 1870 was 
 $205,592. In 1880 it was $172,921. The rate of taxation was two per 
 cent, in the latter year. 
 
 JpGril lies on the south side of the Androscoggin in the eastern 
 part of Oxford County. On the north, separated by the Androscoggin, 
 are Mexico and Dixfield ; on the east is Canton ; on the south, Hart- 
 ford and Sumner; on the west, Franklin and Rumford. Worthley 
 Pond, 3 miles in length by half a mile in width, lies in the southern part 
 of the town, and two small ponds in the south-west are the source of 
 the east branch of Twenty-Mile River. Near the middle of the town 
 is a group of five large hills, of which the most notable are Poland 
 Mountain and Tumble Down Dick, perhaps 1,000 feet in height. On 
 the southern line is Ricker Mountain, with Stockwell Hill in the north- 
 ern part. The rock is granite, and the soil a dark loam. The latter 
 is quite free from stones, and ploughed fields are often found even to 
 the top of the hills. Hay is the largest crop, and much attention is 
 given to sheep raising and hop growing. The town has five lumber- 
 mills, manufacturing long and short lumber, wooden bowls, etc. There 
 are also found the other small manufactures common in rural-towns. 
 Tlie buildings generally throughout the town are in good repair, and 
 the inhabitants seem thrifty. The nearest railroad connection is at 
 Canton, 8 miles down the river from the centre of the town. 
 
 The nucleus of this town was a grant of two miles square, made by 
 Massachusetts, to Merrill Knight, Daniel Lunt, William Brackett and 
 a Mr. Bradish of Falmouth. Mr. Knight was the first settler, coming 
 in with his family in 1793. William Walker, Osborn Trask, and Brady 
 Bailey, also of Falmouth, soon followed. Subsequently, the remainder 
 of the township was granted or sold in tracts to E. Fox, Lunt, Thomp- 
 son and Peck. The settlement was organized as a plantation in 1812, 
 and incorporated in 1821. 
 
 Samuel R. Thurston, the first delegate from Oregon Territory to 
 Congress, was a native of this town. Timothy Ludden, Jonas Greene, 
 
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PHILLIP. 443 
 
 Sumner R. Newell, Benjamin Lovejoy and Jamee H. Withington 
 were also esteemed citizens or natives. There is one person living in 
 town above 90 years of ago, one about 88, two about 79, and ten that 
 are 75 and upwards. Peru sent 108 men into the army of the Union 
 during the war of the Rebellion, and 30 were killed or had died by 
 sickness prior to Nov. 8th, 186t5. There is a very good church edifice 
 in the town, and societies of Baptists, Methodists and Universalists. 
 Two high schools are sustained during a portion of the year, Tljere 
 are eleven public schoolhouses, and the school property has a value of 
 $6,000. The population in 1870 was 931, In 1880 it was 825. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $272,864. In 1880 it was 1247,160. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was 16 mills on the dollar. 
 
 i IllllipS is situated near the middle of Franklin County, and 
 is bounded by Madrid and Salem on the north, the latter and Freeman 
 on the east, Avon and Weld on the south, and Number Six on the 
 west. The town is about nine miles in length and five in width. The 
 original area was 22,490 acres, but a section at the north-eastern corner 
 was set off to form Salem in 1823. Sandy River runs south-eastward 
 across the middle of the town. The surface of Phillips is not greatly 
 varied with hills and valleys. French Hill, in the eastern part of the 
 town, is a broad but not a high elevation. Bald Hill, marking the 
 western angle of Avon on the southern line of Phillips, is probably the 
 highest eminence ; its summit being nearly 800 feet above the sea. 
 The prevailing rock is mica-schist, .with some granite, and one bed of 
 azoic limestone. The Mammoth Rock is one of the curiosities of 
 Phillips. It is situated on Daggett's Farm, on the side of a hill. The 
 rock is an immense bowlder, variously estimated from 35 to 50 teet 
 high, 100 feet through, and 200 to 300 feet around the base. The trees 
 found in the woods are chiefly rock-maple and beech, with some poplar, 
 spruce and hemlock. The soil on the uplands is a strong loam, but 
 rocky. There are broad, rich intervals along Sandy River ; a belt of 
 light sandy land runs through one edge of the town. The occupation 
 of the people is chiefly agricultural. Hay is the largest crop. The 
 principal village is situated on Sandy River near the south line of the 
 town. On the falls here are a saw, grist and cardmg-mill. The manu- 
 factures of the place consist principally of woollens, furniture, boots 
 and shoes, carriages, harnesses, lumber, meal and flour. 
 
 A few years since, it might have been sa.d that there were two 
 flourishing villages in the town, between which there was a considerable 
 rivalry. Now, however, the three-fourths of a mile which separated 
 them is occupied by an attractive school-edifice, a costly church, a large 
 new public house, and neat and showy private residences, so that the 
 traveller is unable to find any dividing line between them. The united 
 villages should flourish more than ever now, being the terminus of the 
 narrow cauge Sandy River Rulroad, which connects with the Maine 
 Central Road at Farmington. Around the village, too, is a larger 
 territory naturally dependent upon it as a business centre than about 
 any other village in the county. Its water-power is capable of many 
 times the development it has already attained. This village is also 
 the headquarters of extensive lumbering operations in the Rangeley 
 Lake region. It is already the location of a large amount of profes. 
 eional and business ability, and of culture and refinement. A printing 
 
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444 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 press has been established here, and the energetic, newsy and spicy 
 " Phillips Phonograph " is regularly issued every Saturday. It is pub- 
 lished by O. M. Moore, and is well worthy of the patronage of the best 
 citizens of Franklin County. Another literaiy institution of private 
 ownership is a circulating library of about 400 volumes. 
 
 The township of Phillips was granted by Massachusetts to Jacob 
 Abbott, Esq., in 1794. Some improvements were made in the town- 
 ship as early as 1790 or 1791. Among the early settlers were Perkins 
 Allen, Seth Greely, Jonathan Pratt, Uriah and Joseph Howard and 
 Isaac Davenport. The plantation was first called Curvo, a name ap- 
 plied by Captain Perkins Allen, because of a resemblance to a port of 
 that name which he had visited. It was incorporated in 1812, under 
 the name of a former principal proprietor. 
 
 A natural curiosity is a huge bowlder about 80 feet in diameter. 
 Another is the nearly dry bed of a pond in the upland, and the gorge 
 through which its unloosed waters ploughed their way toward Sandy 
 River. This action arose from the insertion of a plank flume, with 
 bulkhead and gate, for the purpose of increasing the power for the 
 grist mill of the Messrs. Noyes on a neighboring stream. A slight 
 leak increased, so that the flume was pressed out, when the whole con- 
 tents of the stream swept down the incline, ploughing up the soil, 
 moving great rocks, sweej)ing away the buildings of a Mr. Shephard, 
 the mill and every vestige of the improvements which had been made 
 at such cost. 
 
 There are two church-edifices in Phillips, one of which belongs to 
 the Methodists, while the other is a Union church. The town has 
 fifteen public scliool-houses ; which, with other school property, are 
 estimated to be worth $4,000.. The estates in 1870 were valued at 
 $375,576. In 1880 the valuation was $447,905. The rate of taxation 
 in the latter vear was fifteen mills on the dollar. The population in 
 1870 was 1,373. In 1880 it was 1,437. 
 
 PhipsTblirg" constitutes the southern point of Sagadahoc 
 County. It lies between the Kennebec River on the east, and New 
 Meadows Harbor and West Bath, on the west. On the opposite side 
 of this harbor is Great Island, a part of Harpswell. On tlie eastern 
 side are the island towns of Arrowsic and Georgetown. Bath lies at 
 the north-west. Phipsburg is very nearly 12^ miles in extreme length 
 and of an average width of about 3 miles. Bays and inlets mark its 
 entire circumference. J^ollowing the shore north-eastward from Cape 
 Small Point, we pass the inlet known as Sprague's and Morse's rivers, 
 succeeded by Hunniwell's Beach ; north which Hunniwell's Point and 
 Sabino peninsula form the eastern shore of Atkins' Bay. On its north- 
 ern side rises the lofty bluff of Cox's Head, upon which, in 1814, an 
 earthwork was erected ; beyond which is Wyman's Bay. At the 
 north looms Parker's Head, and at its south-western side is the inlet 
 basin forming the tide-power known as Parker's Head Mill Pond. 
 Next succeed the harbor at Plilpsburg Center, with Drummore Bay 
 two miles above, with inlet aid tide-power. Through Fiddler's Reach, 
 a curve of the Kennebec around tlie northern end of Phipsburg, we 
 pass to Winnegance Creek, nearly three miles in length, and a basin at 
 its extremity, forming two unsurpassed tide-powers, and separating 
 Phipsburg from Bath and from West Bath except for a iieck 200 roda 
 
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P HIP i> BURG. 445 
 
 in wiflth, the Winnegance Carrying Place. South of this we have the 
 Western Basin, Horse Island Harbor and Small IVjint Harbor. 
 Several others we have no space to mention. There is some salt 
 meadow in the northern part. The insulated ponds are Cornelius, 
 Water Cove, Parker's Head, Rooks and Popliara. The surface of the 
 town is rough and ledgy, but without high hills, except the long ridge 
 of Morse's Mountain which rises some 50 feet above the plain. A little 
 south-west of the middle of the town much of the soil is a mixture of 
 clay and sand. The lower part has red loam. The principal crops are 
 potatoes and hay. Near the Basin on the western side is plenty of 
 gi-anite and a good lime quarry. Slate and felspar are also found in 
 town. The depth of water is sufficient for vessels of considerable size 
 to come quite up to the mills on several of the powers. On the Win- 
 negance Tide-Power, three miles from Bath post-office, and four miles 
 from Phipsburg Center Village, have been sixteen mills, nine on the 
 Bath side and seven on the Phipsburg side of the line. Some of these, 
 however, were burned several years since. There are now ten saw- 
 mills and one grist-mill operating in the town. There is at the Center 
 a ship-yard where vessels of 2,000 tons are built. There are also five 
 ice companies in the town. The post-offices are Phipsburg (Center), 
 Parker's Head, Small Point, Winnegance and Hunni well's Point. 
 The nearest railroad station is at Bath, about seven miles from Phips- 
 burg Center. All steamers on the lines connecting the Kennebec with 
 Portland and Boston, take and discharge passengers at this point. 
 
 Piiipsburg contains the site of the earliest English colony in New 
 England. The peninsula on the eastern side at the southern part, that 
 bears on its north-eastern point the lofty granite walls of FortPopham, 
 still bears the marks of its occupancy by Popham's colony in 1607. 
 West of the fort rises a long hill running southward, and marking on 
 the shore the western extre'mity of Hunniwell's Beach. A short dis- 
 tance in from the beach, at the foot of a grassy slope on the eastern 
 side of the hill, is a pretty fresh-water pond. At Small Point Harbor, 
 on the south-west side of the town, is the site of a fishing settlement 
 established by the Pejepscot proprietors in 1716, with the name of 
 Augusta. Dr. Oliver Noyes, one of the proprietors, was the principal 
 director and patron. Captain Penhallow, son of the author of a history 
 of the Indian Wars, in 1717, resided here. Dr. Noyes, in 1716, erected 
 here a rude fort 100 feet squai-e, for the purpose of protecting the 
 settlers, who were coming in rapidly. A sloop named "Pejepscot" 
 was employed as a packet between this Augusta and Boston, carrymg 
 out lumber and fish, and bringing back merchandise and settlers. The 
 settlement continued until Lovewell's War, when the houses were 
 burnt and the fort destroyed by the Indians. In 1737 an attempt at 
 re-settlement was made. Among those who came at this time were 
 three families of Halls, Clark, Wallace, Wyman, James Doughty, 
 David Gustin, Jeremiah Springer, Nicholas Hideout and John Owens. 
 Phipsburg was included in the Pejepscot grant to Purchase and Way, 
 and after Wharton's purchase their lands were confirmed anew to some 
 of the purchasers. The south part of the town was bought of the 
 Indians by Thomas Atkins, the remainder by John Parker, jr., in 1659, 
 and the northern part was assigned to his brother-in-law, Thomag 
 Webber, who also obtained an Indian title. Silvanus Davis, widely 
 known in bis day, owned and improved a farm south of Webber's 
 
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446 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 In 1734 Col. Arthur Noble built a strong garrison on the north side of 
 the peninsula near Fiddler's Reach. The first house of worship known 
 in this settlement was erected near this garrison in 1736. Some thirty- 
 five years later an Episcopal church was erected on the site of this 
 first house. The present Congregational church at the Center was 
 built about 1802. 
 
 The extension of the North Yarmouth Line direct to the ocean 
 brought the southern part of Phipsburg into that town ; but the whole, 
 fo/ convenience to the inhabitants, was, in 1741, annexed to George- 
 town. In 1814 Phipsburg was separated from that town and incoqiorat- 
 ed under its present name, which was adopted in honor of Sir William 
 Phips. 
 
 Eminent names among the citizens of this town in days that are 
 past are Mark L. Hill, Andrew Reed, Parker MeCobb, James Bowker, 
 William M. and Thomas M. Reed. The fact that there are some 25 
 persons above seventy-five years of a'ge speaks well for the salubrity of 
 the climate. Two of the churches in the town belong to the Free 
 Baptists and one to the Congregationalists. Phipsburg has fourteen 
 public schoolhouses, and the total school property is ^•alued at $2,500. 
 The valuation of the estates in 1870 was 1427,303. In 1880 it was 
 $371,836. The rate of taxation in 1880 was three and a quarter per 
 cent. The population in 1870 was 1,344. In 1880 it was 1,497. 
 
 PIUG Point, a post-office in Scarborough, in Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 Jr inhOOkj a small village in Bridgton, Cumberland County. 
 
 Piscataquis County is the central region of Maine. 
 Penobscot County bounds it on the east and south, Somerset on the 
 west and south, and Aroostook on the north and east. On the western 
 boundary lies Moosehead Lake, and opposite, on the eastern side, are 
 Pemadumcook and Millinoket lakes. This county also constitutes a 
 large part of the most elevated region of Maine, lying on an average 
 upwards of 1200 feet above the sea. Midway of its eastern border rises 
 Katahdin to a height of 5,385 feet above sea level. Several others rise 
 many hundreds of feet above the surrounding region, and to thousands 
 of feet above the sea. The greatest height of land appears to be about 
 midway between Moosehead Lake on the west and Pemadumcook on 
 the east, Chesuncook on the north and Sebec Lake on the south, — and 
 again in the region of Mount Katahdin and north-west thereof. From 
 these tracts the streams flow off in all directions ; and between them 
 runs the west branch of the Penobscot. There is not known to me 
 any other tract of equal extent with this in the world having so many 
 lakes and ponds. On Pleasant River, in the eastern township of the 
 Bowdoin College grant, and some 20 miles above tlie Katahdin Iron 
 Mines, is a marvellous glen, through which the little ri-ier makes its 
 wild course, — now leaping down stupendous cataracts, and anon shoot- 
 ing between towering walls, — forming a passage which is the dread of 
 lumbermen, and quite enrapturing to visitors. In Elliotsville, a town- 
 ship adjoining Greenville on the south-west, is a natural curiosity 
 which has yet received little attention. It is a fall on a stream called 
 the Little Wilson, of 80 feet perpendicular. Clapboard bolts have 
 sometimes been driven over this fall, but many of them would bp 
 
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PISCATAQUIS COUNTY. 44f 
 
 split and quartered from end to end. The whole of this county is on 
 the north side of the 45th parallel of north latitude. Frosts come early, 
 the winters are long and snows deep ; yet even in the northern part 
 wheat and the other farm products, excepting corn, ripen abundant 
 crops. When first entered by settlers, this territory was included in 
 Hancock and Kennebec counties, but when (in 1809) Somerset County 
 was incorporated, the western portion, amounting to three tiers of 
 townships, was embraced in this new county. In 1816, Penobscot 
 County was incorporated, and all but the three western tiers of town- 
 ships above mentioned were included in that county. In 1838, Pis- 
 cataquis County was incorporated, taking four tiers of townships from 
 Penobscot, and three from Somerset county, — the most western tier 
 being included in the Bingham purchase. It then extended in full 
 width to Canada, but m 1844 its northern portion, embracing about 60 
 townships, was annexed to Aroostook County. In its present extent it 
 contains more than 100 full townships, with an area of 3,780 square 
 miles. The townships are generally 6 miles square, lying in regular 
 ranges ; the latter was numbered from the north line of the Waldo 
 patent (now constituting a part of the north line of Waldo County) the 
 southern tier in Piscataquis County being the sixth range in this enu- 
 meration. In its length north and. south, it includes 16 townships, 
 and in its width, 7. Nearly two-thirds of these townships are now 
 covered with forests, and wholly unoccupied, except by the lumber- 
 men in their annual pursuit of logs. 
 
 The county abounds m water-power, slate, granite, limestone; 
 while there are some valuable mineral deposits, — the chiefest yet known 
 being the Katahdin iron mine. 
 
 The most important river is the Piscataquis, which gives its name 
 to the county, and upon which the first settlements were made. The 
 pioneer settler of Piscataquis County was Eli Towne, who moved his 
 family from Temple, N. H., into Dover in 1803. Sebec was the first 
 town incorporated in the county, the act having been passed February 
 28, 1812. The next was Foxcroft, which was incorporated on Feb- 
 ruary 29, 1812. Dover, though the first settled, was not incorporated 
 until 1822. 
 
 The principal occurrences of wide-spread effect in the county were 
 the cold seasons of 1815 and the following year, when the crops suffered 
 to such an extent as to produce great hardship, — and the great fires of 
 1825, which began in August and continued until the middle of 
 October, in which much timber land and quite a number of dwellings 
 were destroyed. 
 
 The only railroad in the county is the Bangor and Piscataquis 
 railway, chartered from Oldtown to Moosehead Lake. The Piscataquis 
 Observer, is the only paper in the county. It was started in 1838 by 
 George Y. Edes as the Piscataquis Herald, but this was changed to 
 the Piscataquis Farmer, from this in 1848 to its present name. The 
 present proprietor is Mr. S. D. Edes, who still maintains its character 
 as an excellent county paper. In the war of the Rebellion, Piscataquis 
 County furnished its full proportion of gallant soldiers who did battle 
 for the Union. Colonel C. S. Douty and Major C. P. Chandler, of oui 
 fallen heroes, were natives of Piscataquis County. 
 
 The public schoolhouses of the county number 140, — valued at $44,- 
 200. The valuation in 1870 was 4,845,880 ; in 1880, $3,342,236. The 
 
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448 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 number of polls at the same date was 3,355. The population, accord- 
 ing to the census of 1880, was 14,873. Of these, 7,715 were males, 
 7,158 females. The natives numbered 14,247 ; the foreign born, 626 ; 
 the Colored, 54. 
 
 PisllOn'S Ferry, a post-office, ferry and railroad station 
 on the Kennebec River on the northern line of Fairfield and Clinton. 
 
 Plttsfield lies in the south-eastern part of Somerset County, 
 20 miles east of Skowhegan. The Maine Central Railroad passes 
 through the south-eastern part, having a station at East Pittsfield. 
 From the form of this town, it appears to have been what was left 
 alter all the towns about it had taken what land they wanted. Yet it 
 has a productive soil of sandy loam, though in a few places. Along 
 the Sebasticook, which runs southward through the eastern part of the 
 town, there are many granite bowldcj'S. The surface in general is very 
 level, but lies principally on a large swell inclining to the east and west. 
 The town is well wooded with all the trees common in the region 
 except pine. The farmers have given much attention to fruit-growing, 
 and consequently there are many fine apple orchards. Sibley Ponds 
 lies on the western border of the town at the north. The streams are 
 small except the Sebasticook, on which at East Pittsfield are the prin- 
 cipal manufactories. There are here a gaw-mill for long and short 
 lumber, a shingle-mill, a woolen-mill, a grain-mill, etc. The Maine 
 Central Institute, near this village, has an elegant building, with suitable 
 appointments, and is an excellent and flourishing school. It tits many 
 students for Bates and other colleges. 
 
 Tins town was formerly known as Plymouth Gore, and was a p.art 
 of the Kennebec Purchase. The first settler was Moses Martin, from 
 Norridgewock, who in 1794, took up his residence at a bend of the 
 Sebasticook about 2 miles below the village. In 1800 came George 
 Brown, of Norridgewock, William Bradford, and a Mr. Wyman from 
 Vassalboro. Messrs. Brown and Wyman built the first milks. In 1804 
 John Sibley and John Spearing removed hither from Fairfield, settling 
 on the westerly side, east of Sibley's Pond. In 1806, John Merrick, 
 from Hallowell, settled here. Dominicus Getchell removed hither 
 from West Anson in 1811 ; Joseph McCanslin, from Hallowell in 1813, 
 and John Webb from Waterville in 1815. About the same time came 
 Timothy Mclntire and Stephen Kendal, both of whom were prominent 
 in the affairs of the town in its early period. Pittsfield was organized 
 as the plantation of Sebasticook in 1815 ; but on account of difficulty 
 in collecting the taxes the organization was abandoned. On June 19, 
 1819, it was incorporated under the name of Warsaw. The first town 
 meeting under this name was held at John Webb*s dwelling, July 19, 
 1819. Stephen Kendal was elected delegate to a convention to frame 
 a state constitution ; and in the same year the town gave 19 votes — the 
 whole number— for the new constitution. In 1824, the name was 
 changed from Warsaw to Pittsfield in honor of William Pitts of Boston, 
 who was tlien a large proprietor of land here. In 1828, a portion of the 
 " Ell of Palmyra " belonging to Joseph Warren of Boston, and con- 
 taining 4,200 acres, was annexed to Pittsfield. 
 
 Tlie town lost 35 men of the number sent into the Union army 
 during the war of Rebellion. There are societies of Free Baptists, 
 
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PITTSTON. 449 
 
 TTniversalists, Methodists and Christiana in the town, and the three 
 first have churches. The number of puUic schoolhouses is eleven, — 
 which are valued at $5,000. The population in 1870 was 1,813. In 
 1880 it was 1,909. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $518,515. In 
 1880 it was $560,709. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 16 
 mills on the dollar. 
 
 "ittStOIl is the south-easterly town of Kennebec County, lying 
 on the eastern bank of the Kennebec River, 6 miles south by south- 
 east of Augusta. It is bounded on the north by Chelsea, east by 
 Wliitefield and Alna, south by Dresden, and west by Gardiner. Tlie 
 first settler is supposed to have been Alexander Brown ; who built his 
 house on an interval then known as " Kerdoormeorp," cleared up a lot 
 for tillage, and was employed for several years in procuring sturgeon 
 for the Lojidon market. In 1676 he was killed by the Indians and his 
 house burned. In 1716 Dr. Noyes, agent of the Kennebec proprietors, 
 built a fort near Nahumkeag Island, which was also destroyed by tlie 
 Indians. Captain John North, assisted by Abram Wyman, laid the 
 town out in lots in 1751. Soon after the conquest of Canada a number 
 of persons from Falmouth settled in Pittston. The town was in- 
 corporated in 1779, being named in honor of William Pitt, Earl 
 of Chatham, the friend of the American colonies. The corporation 
 included Gardiner and West Gardiner until' 1804. General Henry 
 Dearborn was the first representative to the General Court, in 1799. 
 The first list of town officers extant is as follows ; clerk, William 
 Wilkins ; selectmen, Seth Saper, Samuel Berry, and Thomas Agry ; 
 treasurer, Samuel Oakman ; constable, Henry Smith. Some of the 
 names of other prominent citizens in the modern period are Elinkim 
 Scammon, Stephen Young, John Jewett, George Williamson, Nicholas 
 Cooper, William Stephens, John Scott, and' John Blanchard. The 
 town is somewhat remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants, 
 there being twenty-two persons in town who are eighty years of age 
 and upwards, several being over ninety. 
 
 Pittston as at present constituted contains an area of 21,300 miles;. 
 It is about seven miles long from north to south, and five miles from 
 east to west. The surface is well diversified with hills and valleys, 
 ponds and streams. Beech Hill, estimated from 500 to 600 feet above 
 tide water is the highest eminence. The " Pebble Hills " on the 
 " Halev Farm " in the south-western part of tlie town, consist entirely 
 of small pebbles drifted into eminences ; and although excavations have 
 been made to the depth of about 80. feet, nothing else has been found. 
 The usual forest trees flourish ; but when the town was first settled, a 
 large proportion of the timber was of white oak. The soil is a clay 
 loam, and yields good crops of hay and potatoes. Nahumkeag Pond, 
 situated near the centre of the town, has an area of about 400 acres ; 
 Joy's Pond, at the north-eastei"n corner, has an area of about 100 
 acres. The Togus stream passes through th5 north-western part of the 
 town to the Kennebec. On this stream, near the river, on a substantial 
 stone dam, is a saw-mill capable of turning out 500,000 feet of long 
 lumber, 1,000,000 shingles, and clapboards and laths in proportion. The 
 Eastern Kiver, having its principal reservoir in Joy's Pond, runs south- 
 ward through almost the entire eastern part of the town ; furnishing 
 at East Pittston the power for a saw-mill and a grist-mill. 
 
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450 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The principal vil]a.2;e — which bears the name of the town — is beauti< 
 fully located on the Kennebec ; having a connection with Gardiner and 
 the Maine Central railway by means of an excellent wooden bridge 
 899 feet long. 
 
 Aside from agriculture, the principal business is connected with ice. 
 Along the Kennebec River are numerous houses for the storage of this 
 product, nearly a dozen different companies and firms carrying on the 
 business in town. 
 
 The Congregationalists and Methodists have one or more churches 
 each in the town. At East Pittston there is an excellent local academy. 
 In addition Pittston has seventeen public schoolhouses, valued at $7,500. 
 The 'aluation in 1870 was 1648,353 ; in 1880 it was $669,688. The 
 rale of taxation in 1880 was nineteen mills on the dollar. In 1870, the 
 population numbered 2,353; which, according to the census of 1880, 
 has increased to 2,457. 
 
 Plantation of Carrying* Place, in Somerset 
 
 County, lies west of the Kennebec, between that river and the southward 
 bend of Dead River. It is a noted carrying-place on the route to or 
 from Canada, by which the passage of Dead and Kennebec rivers is 
 shortened. Three of the ponds in the township lie in the line of the 
 carry and reduce the land travel. The place has been made famous 
 by the passage of Arnold's expedition against Canada over this route 
 in 1775. It is 40 miles from Skowhegan, on the Canada road and 
 stage road from Skowhegan to Quebec. In the north-east and south- 
 west are high hills. The western range is called " Carrying Place 
 Mountains." Granite is found on Carrying Pond Stream in the south- 
 ern part of the township. The soil is a deep, dark loam. Hay and 
 oats are the chief crops. The business is fai'ming and lumbering. 
 Gold is found in small quantities in Pierce Pond Stream in the north- 
 ern part of the township. The nearest post-ofiice is Carratunk Planta- 
 tion. Carrying Place Plantation sustains a public school in summer 
 and winter. The Plantation was organized in 1871. It sent 12 men 
 to the aid of the Union cause in the war of the Rebellion. It was 
 formerly No. 1, Range 3, west of Kennebec River. Tlie valuation of 
 estates at the date of organization was $15,000. In 1880 it was $9,980. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 per cent. The population 
 in 1880 was given in the preliminary report of the census with that of 
 the plantations of Pleasant Ridge, Forks and Moxie, — altogether 981. 
 
 Plantation No. 14, a post-office in Washington County. 
 See article on No. 14 Plantation. 
 
 Plantations in Hancock County. The inland plantations 
 are No. 7, having in 1870 a population of 69 ; No. 8, 20 ; No. 10, 10 ; 
 No. 21, 56 ; No. 28, 12 ; No. 32, 17 ; No. 33, 102. 
 
 Island Plantations. — Hog Island, population in 1870, 6; Lunt's 
 Long Island (in 1857-58, the town of Islandport), 177 ; Harbor Island, 
 13 ; Be:.i Island, 13 ; Bradbury Island, 6 ; Eagle Island, 30 ; Spruce 
 Head Island, 22 ; Beach Island, 9 ; Butter Island, 9; Eaton Island, 1 ; 
 Marshall's Island, 12 ; Pickering's Island, 5 ; Pumpkin Island, 4 ; 
 Hackatosh Island, 4 ; Mount Desert Rock, 6. The last Island has 
 less than half an acre of surface, and is situated 20 miles from th« 
 
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FOLANDi 451 
 
 main. Upon it is a primary sea-coast light, built in 1830. Tb© tower 
 of the light is 60 feet high, and the light is 70 feet above sea level. At 
 sea in ordinary states of the atmosphere, it can be seen a distance of 12 
 nautical, or nearly 14 statute miles. — See Long Island Plantations and 
 Swan Island Plantation, also article on Civil Divisions in the first part 
 of this volume. 
 
 Pleasant Mountain, See article on Denmark. 
 
 Pleasant Hidg^e Plantation, in Aroostook County, 
 was re-organized in 1869 under the name of Caswell Plantation. 
 
 Plymouth lies at the south-western angle of Penobscot 
 County, 20 miles west of Bangor. It is bounded on the north by 
 Newport, east by Etna, south oy Dixmont, and by Troy in Waldo 
 County, and west by Detroit in Somerset County. The space south- 
 west of the centre of the town is pretty much occupied by Plymouth 
 and Little ponds, which also receives the waters of a pond in Dixmont, 
 and discharge through Martin Stream into the Sebasticook in the north- 
 west part of the town. On this stream are five powers, all improved 
 except one. The principal falls are at Plymouth Village, near the centre 
 of the town. The manufactures consist of cloth, lumber, furniture, 
 carriages, f umigators, leather, etc. The basin of the ponds which supply 
 these powers is about one half covered by forest. The area of the 
 reservoirs is at present some 1,800 acres. The height of dams might 
 easily be so increased that from this storage the gross power of the 
 series of falls, at 15 feet each, would be 486 horse-power, or 19,440 
 spindles for 10 hours a day, 312 days in the year. The storage could 
 be used in six months or less, and the natural run would suffice for the 
 rest of the year, doubling or trebling the power. As it is, the stream 
 is very uniform on account of reservoirs. The stream at the falls runs 
 over compact ledges. 
 
 Plymouth was incorporated in 1826. It has Baptist and Methodist 
 charclies. There are eight or ten stores and two hotels. The number 
 of public schoolhouses is nine ; and the school propertv is valued at 
 $3,600. The valuation of real estate in 1870 was $188J850. In 1880 
 it was $183,193. The population in 1870 was 941. In 1880 it was 828. 
 
 Plymouth Company. See article on Kennebec County. 
 
 Poland is the south-west town of Androscoggin County. It is 
 10 miles from Lewiston and 35 from Portland, with both of which 
 places it is connected by the Grand Trunk Railroad, which passes across 
 the north-eastern portion of the town. The territory of Poland is 
 nearly square, its angles marking the points of the compass. It is 
 bounded on the north-east by Minot and Auburn from which it is 
 separated by the little Androscoggin River, on the south-east by New 
 Gloucester and Auburn, on the south-west by Casco and Raymond, 
 and on the north-west by Otisfield and Oxford. It contains 26,000 
 acres of land, about two-thirds of which is improved. There are six 
 considerable ponds wholly within its limits and another in part. Thomp- 
 son's Pond, the last mentioned and largest, is at the western angle, 
 
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I "2 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and contains 8 square miles. Ti'ipp's Pond, lying about lialt a mile east- 
 ward, has an area of one and one-fourth square miles; the Upper, Middle 
 .ind Lower Range ponds, lying parallel with the last from the middle 
 of the town southwai'd, contains 85-55 and 50-lOOths of a square 
 mile respectively. The principal business of the town is at Mechanic 
 
 
 
 
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 .^^ 
 
 Falls. Poland Corner, at the centre of the town, hns steam, grist, 
 saw and planing mills, and considerable neighborhood trade. There 
 is a I'.iniber-mill and sash and blind factory at Page's Mill on the river 
 above Mechanic Falls, nr.d lumber-mills at Hacket's Mills and Minot 
 Post-Office below, and at West Poland. At the southern angle of the 
 
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POLAND. 453 
 
 town the Shakers have a power used for several small manufactures. 
 East Poland has a post-office and railway station, and West and South 
 Poland and Shaker Village have each a post-office. The most imjiortant 
 manufactures at Mechanic P''alls are paper, and the repeating rifles of 
 the Evans Rifle Company, and a canning factory. The Dennison Paper 
 Manufacturing Company operates five different mills at this place, pro- 
 ducing various kinds of paper, and employing about 150 persons. The 
 surface of the town is in the eastern part level or gentle undulating, 
 while m the western portion there is a combination of hill, lake and 
 forest scenery that is very pleasing, and in some parts highly picturesque. 
 The ledges that crop out along the hillsides show a coarse granite 
 structure with a predominant e of felspar in some localities^ Mica- 
 schist and argillaceous rock are found in other quarters. The soil in 
 the lowlands and valleys is alluvial, havmg a surface stratum of 
 vegetable origin underlaid by sand. Poland is one of our best agricul- 
 tural towns, all the usual crops having a good yield. 
 
 The town, however, is most noted for its mineral springs. Thero 
 are the Poland and South Poland and. the Highland springs, the 
 two latter just coming into notice. All are situated at an elevation 
 which affords fine views of the surrounding country, and are recom- 
 mended for some diseases of the kidneys and associate derangements. 
 The Poland spring, known in the region as Bicker's, is owned by Hiram 
 Ricker and sons, in whose family the property has been since 1794. 
 Wentworth Ricker o])ened the Mansion House in 1797 and it has been 
 kept as a hotel by his son and then by his grandsons ever since. Little 
 attention was given to the spring until about 1858 ; when the valuable 
 qualities of tiie water becoming generally known, th.e hotel (whose 
 business had fallen off with the change from stages to railroads) soon 
 had to be enlarged. So popular have the waters of this spring become, 
 that a few years ago it was found ad^■isable to build another and larger 
 house for the accommodation of the patrons who flocked thither in 
 the summer months. The new house bears the name of the Poland 
 Springs House, and contains 120 sleeping rooms, and has 450 feet of 
 broad piazza. The situation on the top of a high, extended hill, or 
 ridge, 800 feet above tho ocean, with ponds, forests and other hills on 
 every side, is one of rare attraction. The spring runs about eight 
 gallons a minute from a crevice in the solid granite ledge. Besides 
 Ricker's Hill may be mentioned Pigeon, Harris, Johnson's, Megquier, 
 White Oak, Bailey, Thurlow and Black Cat hills, all considerable 
 eminences. The two neighboring Shaker villages, called the Upper 
 Shaker Village, in the town about one half mile south, and another called 
 the Lower Village in New Gloucester, about a mile south of the last, are 
 objects of interest to visitors. The sect in this town originated in 1784 
 (ir 1785 by the preaching of an itinerant disciple of Ann Lee, from 
 Lebanon, New York. There were at this time quite a number of set- 
 tlers on Ricker HiH, and most of them became converted. They were 
 joined by others from Hebron ; but exchanged their lands, and settled 
 together in New Gloucester, forming what is now called the Lower 
 Family,and holdingtheirproperty in common. The UpperFamily,orthe 
 present Poland community, came from Gorham, Maine, in 1819. They 
 then numbered about 50, but now less than 40. They brought with 
 them eight oxen, three horses and twenty cows, with a variety of house- 
 hold goods and farming utensils. They have since further increased 
 
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454 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 their lands by purchase. They have no-w in addition to the dwelling, 
 houses they have occupied for a half century, a new stone-house 
 three or more stories in height. It contains one or two large central 
 halls, together with a large number of lodging and living rooms. It 
 was began before the war, and when finished will have cost about 
 $20,000. Beside this, they have land and other property to the value 
 of about $30,000. 
 
 The earliest settlers were Nathaniel Bailey, Daniel Lane, Moses 
 Emery, and John Newman, who settled at what has long been known 
 as " The Empire " in 1768-1769. The Pulsifer family is a leading 
 one of the town, having located here in the person of their ancestor, 
 David Pulsifer, in 1790. The family has furnished several esteemed 
 public men. John Nevins, who claimed to have cut the first tree felled 
 in Poland, died in 1832, being above 100 years of age ; other names 
 are Josiah Dunn, " Captain " Davis, John Rollins, " Captain " Earring- 
 ton, Henry Bray, Benjamin Coombs and Mrs. Woodard. The land 
 titles are from the proprietors of Bakerton (see Auburn). The town 
 is thought to have been named for Poland, a noted Indian chief of 
 the region. It was incorporated in 1795. A portion was set off to 
 Danville in 1852. 
 
 The total amount paid out by the town for its expenses in the war 
 of the Rebellion is $45,230, and the total number of nien for which it 
 received credit, 304. 
 
 The religious societies of the town are the Congregationalists, Uni- 
 versalists, Free Baptists, and Adventists. Poland has twenty-two 
 public schoolhouses, valued at $16,775. The valuation of estates in 
 1870 was $765,960. The population at the same date was 2,436. In 
 1880, it was 2,443. The valuation in 1880 M^as $920,057. 
 
 Poor's ]flill§, a village in Belfast, Waldo County. 
 
 Portag"e Lake Plantation lies near the average 
 centre of Aroostook, being No. 13 in the Sixth Range of townships. 
 It is 75 miles north by north-west of Houlton, via Ashland. It is on 
 the stage-hne from tlie latter town to Fort Kent. This plantation was 
 organized in 1872 ; receiving its name from the sheet of water that 
 occupies a large portion of the centre of the town. The " portage " is 
 between this and Lake Machias, in Nashville Plantation. A tract on 
 the western side of the northern portion of this lake was granted to 
 the Maine Female Seminary, and a tract further southward to the 
 Somerset Academy. The population is principally along the eastern 
 side of the lake. The plantation has one schoolbouse, and the school 
 property is valued at $500. The population in 1870 was 124. In 1880 
 it was 132. The valuation in 1880 was $23,018. 
 
 Port Clyde, a post-office in St. George, Knox County. 
 
 Porter is the sonth-westem town of Oxford County. Hiram 
 bounds it on the east, Brownfield on the north, Parsonfield in York 
 
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45f) GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 County, on the south, and Fi-eedom, in New Hampshire, on the west. 
 It is 6 miles in length by 4|- in width, having an area of 18,500 acres. 
 The Great Ossipee River forms the boundary line on the south, while 
 on the southern half of the eastern line lies a chain of ponds, of which 
 Stanley's, the largest, is about one mile in length. Spectacle Pond, 
 nearly the same size, lies in the south-eastern part; Long Pond, of 
 equal area, lies in the south-west, and Colcord Pond, the largest (area, 
 about a square mile), lies near the centre of the town, with Bicldord 
 Pond about a mile to the south-west. In the north-eastern part are 
 several high elevations, bearing the names of Bald Ledge, Devil's Den, 
 Pine Hill, Burnt Meadow Mountain, and Mount Eagle. The surface 
 is generally uneven, but the hillsides afford excellent pasturage, and 
 many cattle are raised. The town has also long been noted for its 
 orchards. Originally, it was thickly wooded with pine, and white and 
 red oak. At the south-eastern corner of the town is Kezar Falls vil- 
 lage; and on the Ossipee, at the mouth of the outlet of Colcord and 
 Bickford Ponds, is Porter Village. The outlets of the vai'ious ponds 
 afford several good water-powers. Colcord Pond has a saw-mill and 
 grist-mill at its outlet ; Bickford Pond has a saw-mill ; a mile below is 
 another, and Porter Village has a tliird saw-mill. At the latter place 
 are also furniture and bobbin factories. At Kezar Falls are three saw- 
 mills, a spool, woolen,and a boot and shoe factory. This town is 50 
 miles south-west of Paris. It is 35 miles from Portland, on the stage- 
 lino to P'reedora, N. li., and terminus of the line to Wakefield, N". H., 
 on the Great Falls and Concord Railroad. 
 
 The township which is now Porter was purchased of Massachu- 
 setts, in September, 1795, by Dr. Aaron Porter, of Biddeford, Caleb 
 Emery, of Sanford, Thomas Cutts, of Pepperellborough (now Saco) 
 and others, for the sum of £564 lawful money. It was also provided 
 in the grant, that they should appropriate 320 acres for schools, the 
 same number for the first-settled minister, and a similar lot for the 
 support of the ministry ; also 100 aci-es to each man who should settle 
 in the township before the 1st day of January, 1784. This condition 
 was met by the following settlers : Mesheck and Stephen Libby, from 
 Rye, N. H., John Libby and James Rankins. These were all until 
 1787, when Benjamin Bickford, Jr., Samuel Bickford, from Rochester, 
 N. H., and Benjamin Ellenwood, from Groton, became settlers. About 
 1791, David Allord, Joseph Clark, and Moses Drown, from Rochester, 
 N. H., became permanent residents. Most of these were soldiers of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 The territory of Porter was n part of the Pequaket territory, and 
 extended quite to Fryeburg; but at its incorporation, Feb. 20, 1807, 
 about two-fifths of its northerly portion was annexed to Brownfield. 
 
 Kezar Falls has a Fi-ee Baptist and a Methodist church, and Porter 
 Village, a Union church. The number of public schoolhouses is 13; 
 their value with lots, being placed at $2,500. The population in 1870 
 was 1,104. In 1880 it was 1,095. The valuation in 1870 was 1275,469. 
 In 1880 it was $279,359. 
 
 JrOrtla^IlQ., eminent for its business facilities, for the health, 
 fulness and beauty of its situation, and for the enterprise and urbanity 
 of its citizens, occupies the chief harbor on Casco Bay, in the southern 
 
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458 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 part of Cumberland County. Being the nearest port on the Atlantic 
 coast to the cities of the St. Lawrence, and having a harbor safe and 
 convenient for the largest ocean-steamers, and open at all seasons, it 
 has naturally become the chief seaport of the Canadas, as well as of 
 "Western Maine, and the northern parts of New Hampshire and Ver- 
 mont. From the city proceed the Boston and Maine, the Eastern and 
 the Portland and Rochester railways, traversing New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts business centres, and connecting with the roads to all 
 parts of the continent. The Grand Trunk of the Atlantic and St. 
 Lawrence Railroad comes down through the northern parts of Ver- 
 mont and New Hampshire to the wharves of the ocean steamships in 
 Portland Harbor. The Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad, passing 
 up the valley of the Saco, threading the White Mountains, by way of 
 St. Johnsbury, Vt., and thence to the foot of Lake Champlain, will 
 afEord a still shorter route to Canada and the great West. The Maine 
 Central with its branches, connects with the central region of the State 
 from the Penobscot almost to the Rangely Lakes ; at Bangor it con- 
 nects with the Piscataquis Railroad, and by the European and North 
 American Railway, with the systems of New Brunswick and iMova 
 Scotia. All these lines are connected in the city by the marginal rail- 
 way. In addition to the railroad facilities, lines of steamboats give 
 water-carriage tri-weekly to New York, daily to Boston, tri-weekly to 
 Bangor and intermediate ports, weekly to Mount Desert and Machias, 
 semi-weekly to Eastport and St. John, N. B., and semi-weekly to Hali- 
 fax, N. S., direct. The Allan line of steamships ply weekly between 
 Portland and Liverpool, from November to May, affovding large facil- 
 ities of import and export. 
 
 Most of the leading manufactures are produced in the city or in its 
 vicinity, — many of them in large quantities and of superior ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 The average amount of duties collected at the Portland Custom 
 House for some years past is not far from 1900,000. 
 
 The special industries in which Portland excels all other cities, are 
 probably those of hermetically sealed provisions and the fisheries, and 
 the preservation of fish in various forms. 
 
 In the fish business, about a dozen firms are engaged in the packing 
 of mackerel and herring. These firms during the season of 1880, 
 packed a total of 80,500 barrels of mackerel and 13,300 barrels of her- 
 ring. The market-value of these is little short of $500,000. The num- 
 ber of vessels engaged in the mackerel fishery is 162 ; in the herring 
 fishery, 75 ; making a total of 237 vessels, whose crews number 3,845. 
 This does not include the persons employed in packing the fish. Half 
 a dozen more firms are pngaged in the cui-ing of cod and other fish. 
 The three which do the largest business in these, cured in the season 
 ending with the middle of October, 1880, 50,000 quintals. The curing 
 is done on the islands in the harbor. House Island has been in use for 
 this purpose for more than 200 years. 
 
 Portland is the smallest town in the State in supei-ficial area. A 
 small peninsula jutting into the inner waters of Casco Bay, and 16 
 islands and parts of islands, lying at distances of from 3 to 10 miles 
 down the bay constitute the territory of the city. This peninsula, or 
 Neck, was called Machigonne by the Indians, which according to some 
 means bad clay ; while others contend that its interpretation should bq 
 
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PORTLAND. 459 
 
 Jcnee or elbow, — descriptive of the curving form of the peninsula. The 
 names of the islands are Peak's, Long, Cushing's, House, Great and 
 Little Diamond (or Hog), part of Crotch, part of Hope, Little Chebea- 
 gue, Jewell's, Cow, Ram, Marsh, Overset, Crow, and Pumpkin Knob. 
 Several of these islands ai'e very picturesque and attractive, and 4 or 5 
 have hotels. The peninsula is about 3 miles long, with an average breadth 
 of three-fourths of a mile. On the southerly side lies Cape "Elizabeth, 
 separated from Portland by an arm of the sea called Fore River, which 
 constitutes the inner harbor. On the northerly side, is Back Cove ; and- 
 beyond is Deering. The peninsula has a mean elevation at the middle 
 of more than 100 feet, — sloping gradually to the water on either side, 
 except at the eastern and western extremities, — which rise-in Munjoy's 
 Hill at the east to the height of 161 feet ; and at the west, in Bram- 
 hall's Hill, to 175 feet,— ending herein a bold bluff. Munjoy's Hill 
 affords delightful views of the waters of Casco Bay and its numerous 
 islands, and of the ocean beyond. Bramhall commands a sea view, and 
 a broad landscape of farm, forest and village, and beyond all, the great 
 semicircle of the mountains. This configuration of the peninsula gives 
 excellent drainage, while from its altitude it is bathed in the pure 
 breezes from sea and shore, rendering it one of the most healthy cities 
 on the globe. Prom end to end of the peninsula runs Congress street, 
 the backbone of the city, 3 miles in length. Parallel with'this on the 
 east for a part of its length, are, first. Middle street, devoted chiefly to 
 the dry goods trade ; second, Fore street, miscellaneous trade ; .ind- 
 third. Commercial street, fronting the harbor, and occupied largely by 
 wholesale traders in heavy goods of all sorts. On the western side, the 
 streets are Cumberland ; second, Oxford and Portland ; third, Lincoln 
 and Kennebec, — the last two running along the margin of Back Cove. 
 The whole peninsula has above 226 streets, lanes and courts, aggregat- 
 ing a length of 48 miles ; while 29 wharves extend into the harbor, af- 
 fording accommodation to vessels of every size and kind. Besides the 
 lines of steam railways, already enumerated, there are 6 avenues for 
 teams and foot passengers. There is also projected and partly built, a 
 Marginal Way, 100 feet in width, running entirely around the city. 
 Horse cars furnish easy transit between the depots of the different 
 lines of steam cars, and the principal streets ; connecting also with the 
 suburban villages of Deering Point, Woodford's Corner, and Morrill's 
 Corner. The business of the city centres on the southerly slope below 
 Congress street, near the middle of the peninsula. Munjoy's Hill is 
 almost a village by itself of middle class residences, having its own 
 churches, schools and shops. The northerly slope, back of Congress 
 street, along its whole length, is devoted to private residences. The 
 western end, rising gradually to the eminence of Bramhall, is the fash- 
 ionable quarter ; and, having been spared by the great fire of 1866, 
 now contains the oldest mansions, as well as many new and elegant 
 edifices. A marked feature of Bramhall is the well-kept gardens and 
 lawn surrounding the houses, and generally open to public view through 
 open fences, or over low hedges, or guards of stone. 
 
 The slope under Bramhall toward Deering's Oaks, is now, also, 
 becoming an inhabited place, and many handsome residences are 
 already erected. 
 
 Portland has several excellent hotels, — the Falmouth, situated on 
 Middle street, being the largest. It is a magnificent structure containing 
 
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460 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 240 rooms, nnd 10 large stores. Its front is of Albert-stone, and its siJe 
 walls oi ]iresse(l brick, with Albert-stone trimmings. The building of the 
 first National Bank, near b}-, is a fine building of red-sandstone. A little 
 farther down is the fine granite front of the Casco Bank building. The 
 Maine Sa\'ings Bank has its rooms on the corner of Plum street. Over 
 it is the St. Julian Hotel, a neat little house conducted on the European 
 plan. A short distance beyond is the handsome red-freestone building 
 of the Canal Bank. The oldest of the public houses of tlie city, recently 
 enlarged and brought up to the requirement of the times, is the United 
 States Hotel, on the eastern side of Market square, and occupying the 
 space between Federal and Congress streets. In Stanton Block, on 
 Exchange street, the Board of Trade has its head-quarters ; and here, 
 also, is the Merchants' Exchange, with its reading-room. Close by ia 
 
 rniiTI AMI OI SEPA ATOKV. 
 
 the elegant building of the Merchants' Bank. On the corner of 
 Middle and Exchange streets is the Post-Oftice, an elegant buildiniT of 
 Vermont marble, occujiying a square by itself. Among its red brick 
 neighbors, its chaste white walls and elegant architectui-e give it a 
 somewhat ethereal look. Its cost was half a million of dollars. In the 
 second story is the United States Court room and offices. A little 
 further up on the same street, is the fine block of the Portland Savino-'s 
 Bank, — then the Printer's Exchange, where several papers are issued. 
 On Congress street, at the head of Exchange, is the City Government 
 
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PORTLAND. 461 
 
 Building, an imposing structure, having a frontage of 150 feet, a length 
 of 221 feet, with corner towers 75 feet high, and a central dome that 
 Bwells Tipward 160 feet. Its front is of a light-colored Nova Scotia 
 Albert-stone, and the sides ami rear of pressed brick with Albert-stone 
 trimmings. Its cost was $650,000. In it, besides city and county 
 rooms and offices, are the Public Library, containing 26,000 volumes, 
 and the library of the Maine Historical Society. There are also two 
 excellent halls in the building, the largest of which, an elegant apart- 
 ment, will conveniently seat 2,500 people. 
 
 At the foot of Hancock street on the corner of Fore street, stands 
 " the old square wooden houso upon the edge of the sea," in which the 
 poet Longfellow was born. Turning to Commercial street, a short 
 walk bi-ings us to the Custom house, a handsome structure of granite, 
 ■ — which also has a front on Fore street. On the opposite side of Com- 
 mercial street, not far away, is the extensive and massive " Thomas 
 Block," built by Hon. William W Thomas, one of the oldest and 
 most successful merchants of Portland, — who has added beauty and 
 value to the city by the erection of many elegant buildings. 
 
 The site of the first settlement in Portland is now occupied by the 
 depot, the immense elevator, and other buildings of the Grand Trunk 
 
 Railway. The settlers were George Cleeves and Richard Tucker, 
 
 who here built their house, cleared land, and planted the first corn — in 
 1632. They were squatters at first ; but in 1637, Cleeves went to 
 fingland and obtained from Sir Ferdinand Gorges, proprietor of this 
 region, a grant of the peninsula, on which they had built, and other 
 neighboring lands and islands. These he parcelled out to settlers, and 
 a small community soon grew up, and became known as Casco. Fish- 
 ing, cultivation of the soil, and trade with the Indians, formed the 
 business. In 1658, Massachusetts usurped the government of Gorges' 
 territory, and applied the name Falmouth to Casco Neck, and a wide 
 extent of territory about this harbor ; but the peninsula continued to 
 be called Casco Neck until its incorporation as Portland in 1786. 
 Falmouth at first embraced, in addition to the Neck, the territory now 
 belonging to the towns of Cape Elizabeth, Deering, Westbrook and 
 the present Falmouth. With incorporation came the settlement of a 
 minister, and the people built the first meeting-house on the point now 
 occupied by the Portland Company's works. The first minister was Rev. 
 George Burroughs, a graduate of Harvard University, who began to 
 jireach there in 1674. When the town was destroye d by the Indians in 
 1690, he went to Dan vers ; and two years afterward he was executed at 
 Salem as a wizard. When the savages fell upon the place in 1678, of 
 the 40 families in town, only four or five lived upon the Neck. In 1678 
 old settlers returned ; and Fort Loyal, the largest fortification on the 
 coast, was erected on a rocky eminence where the round-house of the 
 Grand Trunk Railway now stands. A party of Huguenots, or French 
 Protestants, came in as settlers about this time. The town now began 
 to prosper, — mills were set up, and roads were laid out, — mere foot- 
 paths, however, as no vehicles had yet been introduced. In 1681, the 
 first tavern was opened. In 1688, the population of Falmouth had in- 
 creased to 600 or 700, comprising 80 families, 25 of whom were on the 
 Neck. In 1689, during the second Indian war, a large body of their 
 warriors approached the town. Major Church, arriving with two com- 
 panics just at the nick of time, met the Indians in the valley on the 
 
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462 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 north side of Bramhall's Hill, and, after a sharp fight, drove them off ; 
 losing in the contest eleven killed and ten wounded. The next year, 
 500 French and Indians, after a siege of five days, captured the fort, 
 and carried the garrison captive to Canada. 
 
 From this time until after the close of Queen Anne's war in 1713, 
 the place remained " deserted Casco." With its settlement in 1715, 
 begins the second period of its history, which ends with its destruction 
 by Mowatt in 1775. The new settlement was on nearly the same site 
 as the old. In 1727, Rev. Thomas Smith commenced in the jjlace his 
 long ministry of over sixty-eight years. 
 
 In the course of half a century a great trade with the West Indies, 
 as well as with England, sprang up ; so that on Nov. 1, 1766, six large 
 ships were lying in the harbor. At the commencement of the Revolu- 
 tion, 2,555 tons of shipping were owned in what is now Portland : and 
 the population was about 2,000. Its patriotism was then as prompt 
 as has ever since been. No vantage was allowed for the enforce- 
 ment of the Stamp Act ; the hated stamps being seized and burned as 
 soon as they arrived ; and when the tax was placed upon tea, a popular 
 assemblage resolved "that we will not buy nor sell any India tea what- 
 ever; " and when the British government closed the port of Boston in 
 1774, the bell of Falmouth meeting-house was muffled and tolled from 
 sunrise to sunset. Incensed by his capture and detention here in the 
 previous, spring by a party of militia from Brunswick, Capt. Henry 
 Mowatt, in October, 1775, entered the harbor with a fleet of five war 
 vessels, and on the 18th of that month, laid the town in ashes. The 
 citizens nobly refused to give up their arms to secure the immunity of 
 their village, but mostly fled into the country, taking with them what 
 they could carry of their goods. Out of 514 buildings, only 100 dwell- 
 ing-houses were left standing. Thus for the third time, the town was 
 desolated. With the acknowledgment of our independence as a nation, 
 a period of prosperity again began. There were not only business but 
 social changes. "Distinctions of rank and of dress," says Elwell, "gave 
 way before the democratic spirit of the times ; cocked hats, bush wigs, 
 ,and breeches passed out, and pantaloons came in. Capt. Jose})h 
 Titcomb created quite a sensation when he returned home from the 
 South, in 1790, wearing the latter form of the nether garment, the first 
 seen here." In 1785, the first brick house in town was commenced, 
 and the first newspaper appeared, the " Falmouth Gazette," published 
 by Benjamin Titcomb and Thomas B. Waite. The same author pre- 
 viously quoted says, " In 1786, the town was divided, and the Neck, 
 with the name of Portland, started on an independent career, with a 
 population of about 2,000. In 1793, wharves were extended into the 
 harbor. In 1795, Nathaniel Deering built the first brick store. In 
 1799, the first bank was incorporated. Trade advanced westward 
 from the old site at the foot* of India street, and in 1800, Exchange 
 (then called Fish) street was the principal seat of business." Then the 
 wealthier merchants began to build them more stalely residences, 
 fitted to the increasing refinement and the more lavish expenditure. 
 Such are the Matthew Cobb house, still standing at the corner of. High 
 and Free streets ; the mansion built by Ebenezer Storer, on the corner 
 of High and Danforth street ; that built by Joseph H. Ingraham, on 
 State street ; and the fine old mansion on the corner of High and 
 Spring streets, long the residence of the late General Wingate ; all 
 
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PORTLAND. 4g3 
 
 giving evidence of the architectural taste and thorough workmanship 
 of the olden time. 
 
 The non-intercourse policy adojited by the general government in 
 180G, and the embargo which followed in 1807, brougiit a disastrous 
 and sudden check to all this prosperity. "Navigation fell off 9,000 
 tons in two years; and all the various classes to whom it gave sup]>ort 
 were thrown out of employment ; eleven commercial houses stopjjed 
 payment in 1807, and many others the following yeai-. * * * hi the 
 war of 181'J, \vliich followed, our sea-faring peo]ile manned the priva- 
 teers fitted out here, some of which ran a successful career, and did 
 
 CITY HALL, PORTLAND. 
 
 great damage to the enemy, while others were soon captured by supe- 
 rior force, and their crews held as prisoners." 
 
 The fourth j)eriod in tlie history of Portland begins with the peace 
 of 1815, and continues to the commencement of the railroad era in 
 1846. Tills was a period of slow recovery from the disasters of the 
 war. In March 1820, the district of Maine was separated from Mass- 
 achusetts and admitted into the Union as a State, and Portland became 
 its capital. In 18'2.S, the first steamer ever brought to Maine arrived 
 in the harbor. This was the Patent, a vessel of about 100 tons burthen, 
 owned by Capt. Seward Porter, of this city, who had bought her in 
 New York to run as a passenger-boat between Boston and Portland. 
 
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434 CAZETTEEJt OF MAINE. 
 
 Both Jonathan Morgan and Captain Porter had previously experi- 
 mented with steamboats of their own construction jthe Kennebec, built 
 by the latter in 1822, having been the first to run in Casco Bay. In 
 1833, the steamer Chancellor Livingston, built under the direction of 
 Robert Fulton, ran between Portland and Boston ; and tlie Cumber- 
 land Stenm Navigation Company, formed in the same year, put the 
 steamer Commodore McDonough on the route in opposition. The 
 Cnmhei-Iand and Oxford Canal connecting the waters of Lake Sebago 
 with Portland Harbor, was begun in 1828, completed in 1830, at a cost 
 of $206,000. This helped the business of the town somewhat; yet the 
 steamboats and the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, opened 
 in 1842, took much Portland business to Boston. A new railroad con- 
 necting with Boston diverted also to that city the trade of northern 
 Vermont, which had previously come through the north of the White 
 Mountains to Portland. The fifth period commenced with the opening 
 of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad to Canada, in 1853. To 
 aid in its construction, Portland loaned its credit in bonds to the 
 amount of $2,000,000. This Grand Trunk road brought the city in 
 connection not only with the cities of Canada, but with the vast grain- 
 growing regions of the West. Then came, as necessary adjuncts of 
 the road, a winter line of steamers to Liverpool, and the construction 
 of a new business avenue along the whole water front of the city, a 
 mile long and 100 feet wide, running over tide water, across the heads 
 of wharves. This is Commercial street, the scene of a large wholesale 
 trade in flour, grain and groceries. Then came the building of the 
 system of railroads, now consolidated under the name of the Maine 
 Central, opening to the trade of Portland all parts of the State, and 
 the Lower Provinces of Canada. Then Brown's Sugar House and the 
 Portland Company's Works, and other manufacturing establishments 
 sprang np, giving employment to hundreds of people. 
 
 Tlie financial panic of 1857-8 brought no serious disaster to the 
 business of the city; and trade had again attained to a flourishing con- 
 dition, when the war of the Slaveholder's Rebellion broke out. Port- 
 land, as usual, was prompt to the demands of patriotism, — six com^panies 
 of the Fii'st Maine regiment. Colonel Jackson, having been raised here. 
 Later regiments organized in Portland were the 5th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 
 13th, 17th, and 25th. The latter was a nine-months regiment of Port- 
 land boys, led by Col. Francis Fessenden. In all, Portland contributed 
 to the army and navy of the Union during the war, 5,000 men to whom 
 she paid a bounty of $428,970. Of these, 421 lost their lives in battle, 
 or by disease. Her citizens also contributed largely in aid of the san- 
 itary and Christian commissions, and many of her noble women gave 
 their services in nursing the sick and wounded. 
 
 One morning in June, 1863, the United States Revenue cutter Caleb 
 Cushing, was missed from her moorings, and Revenue Collecior Jewett 
 and Major McLellan, promptly manning and arming the steamers 
 Forest City and Chesapeake, found her in the hands of the rebels, 
 becalmed near Green Islands. On discovering the approaching A'essels, 
 her captors set her on fire, and took to their boats. She presently blew 
 up; and the rebel crew were soon captured by the pursuing steamers, 
 and lodged in Fort Preble, as prisoners of war. During the war, much 
 shipping of Portland had been transferred to the British flag; but the 
 business of the city did not otherwise suffer much loss. 
 
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PORTLAND. 
 
 465 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1866, a carelessly thrown cracker set fire to a 
 boat-builder's shop on Commercial street, whence the flames were soon 
 communicated to Brown's Sugar House; whence it swept on diago- 
 nally through the city, spreading like a fan as it went. Entire streets 
 were swept away, 'ncluding massive warehouses, lofty churches, splen- 
 did mansions, ancestral houses and tlie dwellings of the poor, in the 
 oldest and most crowded parts of the city in one common ruin. For 
 nearly half a day, and through the niglit until the small hours_ of the 
 morning, the vast volumes o'f flame and smoke held sway, sending ter- 
 ror and" anguish among the whole population. The fire ended near 
 Munjoy's Hill. The niorning saw fifteen hundred buildings laid in , 
 ashes; fifty-eight streets and"" courts reduced to a wilderness of chim- 
 neys, amid which the most familiar inhabitant lost himself ; ten thou- 
 
 CTTSTOM HOUSE, PORTLANO. 
 
 sand peopjle made homeless, and ten millions of property destroyed. 
 Villages of tents and barracks sprang up on Munjoy, and generous 
 contributions from abroad flowed in, providing food, shelter and cloth- 
 ing for the penniless. 
 
 In rebuilding, old streets were widened and straightened, and new 
 ones opened ; and, after a lapse of ten years, tlie waste places were 
 almost wholly rebuilt, far more roomy, convenient and handsome than 
 before. Meantime the increase of the business facilities of the city 
 went on. In 1873, the Boston and Maine Railroad was extended from 
 South Berwick to Portland, taking on its way Old Orchard Beach. In 
 1875, the Portland and Rochester Railroad completed its connections 
 
 30 
 
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466 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 with Nashua, N. H., and Worcester, Mass. The same year, the Port- 
 land and Ogdensburg Raih-oad was completed through the Notch of 
 the White Mountains. In the same period, various manufactures 
 sprang up within the city or in its vicinity, as the rolling of railroad 
 iron, the making of carriages, shoes, matches, stoneware, and drain- 
 pipes ; and these products find a market all over the United States, and, 
 to some extent, in foreign countries. In 1870, Lake Sebago water was 
 introduced by aqueduct all through the city, and the sewerage ren- 
 dered more complete. Broad and regular streets, handsome and sub- 
 stantial business blocks, elegant and commodious dwellings, good drain- 
 age well-lighted streets, pure water, excellent air, convenient convey- 
 ance in and out of the city, by horse and steam cars, — numerous shade- 
 trees, unsurpassed views of sea and shore, good schools, well-attended 
 churches, and a moral, industrious, entei'prising and courteous people — 
 these render Portland one of the most desirable of cities for a home 
 and business. There are now living in the city a large number of per- 
 sons over eighty years of age. 
 
 Among those who have contributed largely to make Portland what 
 it is in these various respects, must be mentioned the following names: 
 George Cleeves, a first settler and proprietor, and Kev. Thomas Smith, 
 the first have already been mentioned. Not only was Mr. Smith for a 
 long period, the only minister, but also the only physician in town. 
 Another distinguished citizen of the anti-Revolutionary period was 
 General Jedediah Preble, Avho had served in the French wars, and at 
 the breaking out of the Revolution, was prevented from being the 
 principal military officer of Massachusetts only by the infirmities of 
 years. Worthy of honorable mention, also, are Theophilus Bradbury 
 and David Wyer, earliest members of Cumberland bar. Samuel 
 Freeman, school-teacher, trader, and Revolutionary patriot, a deacon 
 of the First Parish forty-five years, delegate to the Provincial Con- 
 gress, Judge of Probate forty-five years, post-master twenty-eight 
 years, president of the Maine Bank and president of Bowdoin College 
 for a number of years, with other offices; also the publisher of several 
 law-books. About 1770, Theophilus Parsons, afterwards Chief Justice 
 of Massachusetts, became a citizen, studied law, and was admitted to 
 the Cumberland bar. SlierifE William Tyng, most prominent of the 
 Maine Tories, was also a citizen of this town. A little later was Simon 
 Greenleaf, distinguished as a member of the Cumberland bar, a learned 
 jurist and writer on law; Stephen LongfeIlo-\v, father of the poet, long 
 in the successful practice,of the law in the Cumberland courts ; Pren- 
 tiss Mellen, chief justice of the State ; Ezekiel Whitman, member of 
 Congress for four terms, and chief justice of the Supreme Court of 
 Maine ; Samuel Fessenden, the able lawyer, orator and philanthropist; 
 Albion K. Parris, Governor of the State at the age of thirty-threo 
 years, and long in successful practice here ; William Pitt Preble, a 
 judge and Minister to the Netherlands ; Arthur Ware, a learned writer 
 on Maritime law, and judge of the United States District Court for 
 forty-four years; Ether Shepley, long chief justice of the State; 
 George F. Shepley, son of Ether, a brave soldier, and later, judge of 
 the United States Circuit Court, who died a few years after his father. 
 Of orators and statesmen of national reputation, Sargent S. Prentiss — 
 though he won his reputation in the south — was born here ; and Wil- 
 liam Pitt Fessenden, the distinguished U. S. senator and secretary of 
 
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PORTLAND. 
 
 467 
 
 tlie Treasury, was always a citizen of this town. lion. George Evans, 
 juiotlier U. S. senator tVoni Maine, was for some time a resident, — 
 as was also Hon. George T. Davis, a former member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts, and Hon. Horatio King, acting Postmaster General for 
 Bometiuie. Other noted citizens were Commodore Edward Preble, 
 hero of Tripoli; Rear Admiral Alden, who served in the war of 1812, 
 and in the Mexican war; and Commodore George H. Preble, who has 
 served long and well. Of literary men who were sons or residents, or 
 both, are Henry W. Longfellow, N. P. Willis, John Neal, Nathaniel 
 Deering, Isaac McLeHan,"Grenville Mellen, Bishop Horatio Southgate, 
 S. B. Beckett, D. C. Colesworthv, Mrs. E. Oakes Smitli, Mrs. Elizaljeth 
 Akers Allen, J. II. Ingraham, "Seba Smith, Charles P. Ilsley, Rev. 
 Elijah Kellogg, George Payson, William Law Symonds, Sarah Payson 
 Willis (Fanny Fern), Mrs. Samuel Coleman, Mrs. Ann S. Stephens, 
 Mrs. Elizabeth (Payson) Prentice, Mrs. Clara Barnes Martin, Mrs. 
 
 Margaret J. M. Sweat, Prof. Edward S. Morse, Mrs. Abba Goold 
 Woolson, Rev. Dr. Cyrus Bartol, Rev. Dr. J. W. Chickering, Rev. 
 Dr. Samuel Deane, Rev. Dr. Thomas Hill, Rev. Dr. Ichabod Nichols, 
 Rev. Dr. Edward Payson, Rev. Asa Cunimings, Rev. W. T. Dwio-ht, 
 Rev. William B. Hayden, Rev. Jason Whitman, Dr. J. W- Mighells^ 
 Dr. Isaac Ray, Hon. William Goold, Hon. William Willis, Col. Z. A. 
 Smith, Henry A. S. Dearborn, John A. Poor, William B. Sewali, Wal- 
 ter Wells, and many others. Of artists, Portland has been the resi- 
 dence of Charles Codman, Charles O. Cole, J. R. Tilton, Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Murray, Charles E. Becket, J. G. Cloudmau, Harry B. Brown, Fred- 
 
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468 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 erick Kimball, Miss Maria Becket, John B. Hudson, Charles J. 
 Schumacher, and others. Eminent names among Portland merchants 
 who have passed away, are Matthew Cobb, Asa Clapp, William Chad- 
 wick, Albert Nswhall, Joseph Cross, Ralph Cross, Arthur McLellan, 
 James Deering, Benjamin Willis, Samuel Trask, Reuben Mortonj and 
 John B. Brown. [See notice of latter on page 611.] 
 
 Portland has eighteen church-edifices, including the cathedrals of 
 the Episcopal and Roman Catholic denominations. There are also as 
 many as twentv-five societies more or less benevolent in their objects, 
 besides several others of an intellectual and social nature. 
 
 Portland has six National Banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $3,150,000. They are the First National Bank, and Casco National 
 Bank, each with a capital of $800,000 ; Canal National Bank, having a 
 capital of $500,000 ; Merchants' National Bank and National Trader's 
 Bank, each liaving a capital of $300,000 ; and the Cumberland National 
 Bank, with a capital of $250,000. The Maine Savings Bank, in Port- 
 land, on the 1st of November, 1880, held in deposits and profits, the 
 sura of $3,181,195.45 ; and the Portland Savings Bank, at the same 
 date, held $4,480,770.32. 
 
 Portland has three daily papers, all well sustained. The Argus 
 — ancient and respectable, and always fresh, bright, readable and 
 democratic ; the Press, a reliable Republican sheet, always elegant and 
 honorable ; the Advertiser, the oldest daily paper in the city, but at 
 present, the most concise ; Republican in politics, but independent 
 in its views. The Portland Sunday Times, is a lively secular weekly, 
 devoted largely to social matters. It is independent in politics. The 
 Morning News is a spirited journal, devoted to reform. It is Greenback 
 in politics, but generally independent in its views. Zion's Advocate, 
 an organ of the Baptists, is an excellent denominational paper. 
 The Christian Mirror, the organ of the Congregationalists in Maine, 
 is ably edited, and wholly worthy of its patronage. The Portland 
 Transcript, known to every Maine family, is unsurpassed in its field 
 by any newspaper in the country. The North-East, published 
 monthly, is the organ of the Episcopal church in Maine. The Masonic 
 Token, issued quarterly, by Stephen Berry, is devoted to masonry, 
 and would consequently be very useful to every member of that order. 
 The Helping Hand, a monthly, published by the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association, is well adapted to a worthy laurpose. Our Home 
 and Fireside Magazine, published monthly and Saturday by H. Hal- 
 lett & Co., is devoted almost wholly to stories. The People's Illus- 
 trated Journal and The Illustrated Household Magazine, published 
 monthly, by Geo. Stinson & Co., are of the same class and of equal 
 rank. The Globe, published every Saturday, is devoted to local news. 
 The Portland Price Current, issued every Saturday, by M. N. Rich, 
 is a sine qua non to the merchants of the city and its neighborhood. 
 The City Item is a lively little daily, devoted to news. It is Greenback 
 in its politics. The Floral Monthly, issued by W. E. Morton & 
 Co., is a very desirable publication to all cultivators of flowers. 
 
 In her public schools, Portland takes much pride ; for with them 
 she has not hesitated at the expense of the best instructions and super- 
 vision which could be obtained. They are very carefully graded, and 
 the standard of scholarship is high. The schoolhouses are generally 
 not only handsome buildings, but their internal arrangement is well- 
 
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PRENTISS. 469 
 
 planned for the health and comfort of the occupants. The number of 
 Bchoolhouses belonging to the city is fourteen ; and the value of school 
 property is $413,025. The value of estates in 1870 was $29,439,- 
 257. In 1880 it was $30,437,541. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year, was $25.50 on $1,000. The population in 1870 was 31,413. By 
 the census of 1880 it was found to have increased to 33,810. 
 
 POWnal is situated in the south-eastern part of Cumberland 
 County, and on its north-west adjoins Durham, in Androscoggin 
 County. New Gloucester bounds it on the north-west, North Yar- 
 mouth on the west, and its southern angle rests upon Yarmouth. The 
 town has an area of about 18,000 acres. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil is generally fertile. Agriculture is the chief occupation. 
 For many years past, the town has sent to the coast-cities large quan- 
 tities of hay. Bradbury's Mountain is much the highest elevation of 
 land in town, affording magnificent views inland and seaward. It was 
 a station of the coast survey. The streams are the eastern branches of 
 Royal's Rivei*. Two saw-mills and a grist-mill are the only manufac- 
 tories in which water-power is used at present. Other manufactures 
 arc boots and shoes, carriages, harnesses, etc. 
 
 Pownal was formerly a part of Freeport, having been set off from 
 that town -and incorporated in 1808. Its early history will therefore 
 be found in that of the parent town. At the meeting in 1807 to take 
 the steps to form an independent town, the citizens chosen as a com- 
 mittee to agree on a line of separation were, Edward Thompson, Leb- 
 beus Tuttle and Jabez True. On the petition to the legislature for in- 
 corporation occur the names of citizens Edmund Cleaves, Jacob Davis, 
 Josejjli Hutching, Nathaniel Noyes, Benjamin A. Richardson, Edward 
 Thompson, William Sawyer, and Benjamin Humphrey. 
 
 The town has a Congregational, a Free Baptist and a Methodist 
 church. Pownal has eleven public schoolhouses, valued at $4,200. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $378,355. In 1880 it was $303,486. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 was one dollar and sixty cents on one 
 hundred dollars. The population in 1870 was 981. In the census of 
 1880 it was 876. 
 
 POWnalborO included the present towns of Dresden, Wis- 
 casset, Alna, and Perkins (Swan Island). Its plantation name was 
 Frankfort; and Fort Shirley, situated within it, opposite the upper 
 end of Swan Island, was sometimes called Fort Frankfort. This was 
 the name of a town in Germany from which some of the settlers had 
 come, and was doubtless adopted on their account. Pownalboro was 
 incorporated in 1760, being named in honor of the Massachusetts gov- 
 ernor at that date. It was at once made the shire town of Lincoln 
 County, and thus remained for thirty-four years. Its first represen- 
 tative to the General Court was Thomas Rice. Dresden (including 
 Swan Island, now the town of Perkins) and Alna were set off in 1794, 
 and the name was retained by the remainder of the former town, but 
 was in 1802 changed to Wiscasset, 
 
 PrGntlSS lies at the eastern border of Penobscot County, 75 
 miles north-east of Bangor. Drew Plantation bounds it on the north, 
 Webster Plantation on the west, Carroll Plantation on the south, and 
 
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470 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 a to-wnship of "Washington County on the east. Mattagordiis Stream 
 and Mud Brook with their branches furnish drainage ; and each has 
 one or more good powers. On Mud Brook near Avherc it is crossed by 
 the second road to Drew Plantation is a saw-mill manufacturing long 
 and short lumber. The soil is a yellow loam, yielding well of the 
 usual farm crops. 
 
 This was formerly Township No. 7, Range 3, north of Bingham's 
 Penobscot purchase. It was incorporated Feb. 27, 1858, and was 
 named for Hon. Henry E. Prentiss, at one time mayor of Bangor, who 
 owned most of the township. Prentiss has live f)ublic schoolhouses. 
 The entire school property is valued at $2,400. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $54,385. In 1880 it was $67,789. 
 
 PFeSCJlie Isl© lies in the second range of townships in 
 Aroostook County, a few miles south of Aroostook River. It is 
 bounded on the north by Maysvillc, south by "Westfield Plantation, 
 east by Easton, and west by Chapman and Mapleton plantations. The 
 Presque Isle Stream enters on the west side of the town and leaves it 
 on the north. Presque Isle Village, the principal centre of busiftess, 
 is situated on the stream near the northern line. In the southern part, 
 a little west of a middle line, in Quaggy Joe Lake, one mile in length, 
 having Arnold Brook as an outlet. On this, near the pond, is the 
 small village of Spragueville. South by south-west of the village is the 
 four-peaked " Green Mountain," lying in a true north and south line. 
 The middle of the town generally is elevated, and there are still ex- 
 tensive forests in the western, southern and eastern parts. There is a 
 lumber and a cabinet mill at Spragueville, and at Presque Isle Village 
 are two lumber-mills, a grist-mill, a wool-carding mill, furniture, car- 
 riage, tinware factories, and other small manufactures. This town is 
 42 miles north by north-west of Houlton, on the stage-line to Caribou. 
 It is also the terminus of stage-lines to Ashland, Washburn and Fort 
 Fairfield. At the village is published " The North Star," a lively 
 slieet, at present Greenback in politics. The publishers are F. 6. 
 Parker & Co. 
 
 This town was incorporated April 4, 1859. It has a good high- 
 school in Presque Isle Village, and its schoolhouses number nine, and 
 are valued at $3,000. The population in 1870 was 970. In 1880 it 
 was 1,305. The valuation in 1870 was $180,786. In 1880 it was 
 $339,325. 
 
 PreSlimpSCOt River, — See articles on Cumberland 
 County, Falmouth, Westbrook, Windham, Gorham and Standish. 
 
 Pretty ]>I*iI*Sll, a post-office, hamlet and harbor in liden on 
 the western side of Mount Desert Island, Hancock County. 
 
 Princeton lies in the eastern part of Washington County, 
 about midway of its length. It is bounded on the north by Indian 
 Township, east by Baileyville, south by Alexandra, and west by No. 
 21. Shining Lake occupies a large proportion of the south-western 
 part of the town. Big Lake and its outlet, the west branch- of St. 
 Croix River form the northern boundaiy line. On this sti-eam, at the 
 foot of the lakes, lies Princeton Village, the terminus of the St. Croix 
 
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PROSPECT. 471 
 
 and Penobscot railroad. A stage-line to Forest Station connects with 
 the European and North American railway and Lake Navigation'c 
 route from Grand Lake Stream. There are here a large tannery, a 
 woolen mill, two gang saw-mills, shingle-mills and a grist-mill. I'here 
 are also other small manufactures usually carried on in villages. The 
 chain of lakes which terminate at this point extends some 30 miles 
 noi"th-westerly toward the Penobscot River. When clear of ice they 
 are navigable to the remotest point. A heavy and valuable growth of 
 soft timber still borders their shores, though immense quantities have 
 been cut annually for many years. There is a fish-hatching establish- 
 ment on Grand Lake Stream, and another on Sysladobsis Lake. 
 
 Princeton is 4-1 miles north of Machias, and 20 from Calais. It was 
 formerly Township No. 17, eastern division of Bingham's purchase. 
 The first settlements in this town were made in 1815, and on Feb. 3, 
 1832, it was incorporated. The religious societies are Congregation- 
 alist and Baptist. There are five public schoolhouses in the town, 
 valued, with other school property, at $4,500. The population in 1870 
 was 1,072. In 1880 it was 1,038. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $180,507. In 1880 it was $176,518. 
 
 Prospect lies on the Penobscot River, in the eastern part of 
 Waldo County. Frankfort bounds it on the north, Stockton on the 
 south, and Searsport" on the west. It is about six miles in length, east 
 and west, and three miles in width. Perhaps one-fourth the land is 
 suitable for tillage, while the remainder is rocky and mountainous. 
 Heagen Mountain in the north*east and Mack's in the northern part are 
 the highest elevations. Others are French's Hill and Eustis Mountain, 
 in the south-eastern part of the town. Half-moon Pond, on the north- 
 western border is the largest pond. Others are Seavy, Ellis, etc. 
 Grant's River, or the south branch of Marsh River, runs by a very wind- 
 inw course north-easterly through the town. Upon this stream, at the 
 village near the centre of the town, are a lumber mill, and another 
 manufacturing lumber and cooper's ware. Near by is the Prospect 
 and Stockton cheese factory. The rock along the river is porphyritie. 
 There is much old growth forest still remaining. In the north-eastern 
 part of the town is a marsh, having an ai-ea of two or three hundred 
 acres. In the vicinity of Fort Knox, a short distance above the ferry 
 to Bucksport, lead ore has been exhumed. A superstition prevailed 
 here, many years ago, that valuable treasures had been hidden by 
 pirates at " Cod Lead," a gravel mound near the north line of the 
 town, directly east of Mosquito Mountain ; and there was an immense 
 amount of digging without profit. 
 
 Prospect is 14 miles north-east of Belfast and Bangor stage-line. 
 This tovfn was incorporated February 24, 1794. The name was sug- 
 gested by its beautiful views. As incorporated, it was about 17 miles 
 in length from north to south. In 1845 a large proportion of the town 
 on the west and south-west was set off from Searsport ; and in 1857 
 Stockton was formed from the southern portion of the remaining terri- 
 tory. 
 
 The first notable event in the history of this region was the con- 
 truction of a small fortification called Fort Pownal on the spot now 
 known as Fort Point. Stockton now embraces this locality. The 
 
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472 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 fortification was garrisoned with 100 men ; but on the downfall of tho 
 French power in the north, the number was reduced to a mere guard. 
 At the opening of the Revolution, the fort was in charge of Colonel 
 Goldthwait, who was superintendant of the valuable traific with the 
 Indians of this place. In March, 1775, Captain Mowatt, notorious 
 for his cruel bombardment and burning of Falmouth (Portland), a few 
 months later sailed up the river, and transferred to his vessel all the 
 heavy guns and the ammunition. 
 
 The first inhabitants, some of whom had been soldiers in the French 
 and Indian wars, settled near this fort. John Odom, who built the first 
 mill on the Penobscot River, settled at Sandy Point about three miles 
 above the fort. Other early inhabitants were a Mr. Clifford, Mr, Treat 
 two or three named Colsoh, and Charles Curtis, from whom Curtis 
 Point has its name. 
 
 " Captain John Odom, a grandson of the pioneer of the same name, was a 
 resident of tliis town. He was born March, 1787, and followed the sea 45 years. 
 He was impressed, when a young man into the British service, and was present at 
 the battle of Corunna, in Spain, when Sir John Moore was Icilled. In this battle 
 he was useful in carrying off the wounded and attending to their wants. He 
 obtained his release from the British service soon after and returned home in 1811. 
 Coolidge and Mansfield's History and Description of New England. Art. Pros- 
 pect." 
 
 The National govei-nment a few yeai's before the war of the Rebellion 
 erected at East Prospect a superior fortification of stone, which received 
 the name of Fort Knox,* in honor of General Knox, who had been so 
 large a proprietor in this region. ThejDrincipal villages and the post- 
 oflices are Prospect village and the Ferry. 
 
 The principal religious society in this town is the Free Baptist. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is seven, valued at $4,400. The 
 poputoion in 1870 was 886. In 1880 it was 770. The valuation in 
 1870 was $184,492. In 1880 it was $166,224. 
 
 Prospect Harbor, post office and small village in Goulds 
 borough, Hancock County. 
 
 Itail^eley is situated near the middle of the western side of 
 Franklin County. Dallas plantation bounds it on the east, Rangeley 
 plantation on the south, and a part of Oxford County on the west. The 
 area- is 25,792 acres. The southern thii-d of the town, almost from the 
 eastern to the western line, a distance of eight miles, is occupied by 
 Rangeley Lake. On the north-eastern angle of the lake and three miles 
 north of Greenvale is " Rangeley City," the village of the town. On the 
 south-eastern angle is the steamer-landing in Greenvale village, at the 
 
 * Fort Knox has no garrison. It is in charge of old Sergeant Walker, a veteran who was 
 a favorite of General Scott, and is therefore kept in service. The fort is constructed of 
 granite from Mount Waldo, and It is massive and solid as the rocks on which it vests. 
 Begun in 1846, it is not yet completed, as work on it has long sines ceased, and will pro- 
 bably never be resumed. Costing about a million dollars, it stands a monument of human 
 folly ; for the recent advance in the science of war is such that it would be scarcely more 
 effective in time of danger than an ancient feudal castle of the Middle Ages. A walk 
 through its winding passages and long encircling rifle-gallery is interesting to the visitor, 
 if not Wearisome. — Crocker & Howco-d's Hist, of New England, p. 126, note. 
 
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RANGELEY PLANTATION. 473 
 
 head of the lake. At the western end is Bald Mountain, constituting 
 the divide between Rangeley and Mooselucuiaguntic lakes. Its height 
 is about 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. The head of Rangeley 
 Lake is itself 1512 feet above tide- water. The other principal sheets of 
 water in the town are Quiniby, Dodge and Round ponds, each about 
 one mile in length. Indian Rock, a noted fishing place, is situated at the 
 extreme Avest of the town, where the outlet of Rangeley Lake discharges 
 into Cupsuptic Lake. A post-office was recently established here. 
 
 Rangeley village contains above 20 dwelling houses, two stores, 
 a post office, a carriage shop, two blacksmith shops, a boat-builder's 
 shop, a saw-mill, shoe shop, and two hotels, — one being quite large. One 
 of these mills is run by steam-power. Excellent boats for use in the 
 region are constructed here. The nearest railroad station is that of the 
 Sandy River Railroad at Phillips. 
 
 The most numerous varieties of trees in this town are spruce, birch 
 and maple. The soil is in some parts loam, in others, somewhat marly. 
 The crops cultivated with success are wheat, oats, barley and potatoes. 
 Much lumbering is done in the region, and summer tourists also afford 
 considerable profit. Rangeley was incorporated as a town in 1855. It 
 has its name from an English gentleman, who, having emigrated to 
 New York, by some of his business transactions became unintentionally 
 the proprietor of the tract. After a few pioneer families had made 
 clearings and erected cabins, he visited the place, and was so well 
 pleased with this piece of wilderness that he undertook to reproduce 
 the English system of landlord and tenant here. He erected a two- 
 story mansion of good architecture in a beautiful situation, and removed 
 thither with his accomplished family. He found little sympathy and 
 some opposition among the increasing community, but persevered in 
 the erection of mills and opening of roads, securing the rapid develop- 
 ment of a flourishing settlement. The attention of the settlers was 
 largely turned to grazing, and they soon found a sale for their surplus 
 cattle at their own doors. When lumbering increased there was a 
 ready market for their hay. The Niles and Toothaker families are 
 peculiarly worthy of mention for their exertions in developing the 
 latent resources of northern Franklin. 
 
 Mr. Rangeley continued to reside at the lake for fifteen years, ob- 
 serving in social life much of the form and ceremony practised by the 
 English nobility. His daughter dying, he at length sold his property 
 here, and with his wife, removed to Portland, where they resided for 
 several years. From thence he removed to Henry County, N.C, where 
 he died. Rangeley sent 10 men to the .aid of the tJnionin the war of the 
 Rebellion, losing four. The town has four public schoolhouses and its 
 entire school property is valued at $2,400. The value of estates iu 
 1870 was $75,239. In 1880 it was $103,241. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 11 mills on $1. The population in 1870 was 313. 
 In 1880 it was 180. 
 
 Hangeley Lakes, see articles on Rangeley and Oxford 
 County. 
 
 Hang'eley Plantation is situated on the south side of 
 Rangeley Lake and of the town of Rangeley, with Greenvale and Sandy 
 River Plantations on the east. The area is about 25,000 acres. The 
 
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474 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 principal elevation of land is Beaver Mountain, 500 feet in height. 
 The Mountain and Beaver ponds are the largest sheets of water, their 
 size varying from five to fifty acres. There are several streams — the 
 outlet from these ponds, — which empty into Rangeley Lake. There is 
 a great deal of pudding-stone rock in the township. The soil is a 
 gravelly loam. Wheat is the chief crop. There is a large extent of 
 forest, and the usual variety of trees. The only manufactures are 
 of lumber. There is one lumber-mill using a circular saw, which 
 cuts 500 feet of boards per hour. The settlements are at the north- 
 ern and eastern part of the township, near the head o,f Rangeley Lake. 
 The nearest railroad station is at Phillips, 18 miles distant. The 
 nearest post-office is Greenvale. 
 
 This plantation was formerly No. 3, Range 1, W. B. K. P. It was 
 organized in 1859. The plantation has one public schoolhouse, valued, 
 together with other public property, at $200. The valuation in 1880 
 was $16,408. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 5J mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1860 was 46 ; in 1870, 45 ; in 1880, 447. 
 
 RRymOnd in Cumberland County is situated on the north- 
 eastern shore of Lake Sebago, sending a long curving cape into the 
 lake. At the end of the capo is Pry's Island. The body of water 
 enclosed by the cape and island is called Jordan Bay. Gray bounds 
 Raymond on the south-east, Casco, on the north-west. New Gloucester 
 and Poland in Androscoggin County on the north-east. The surface 
 of the town is uneven. Rattlesnake Mountain is the highest elevation 
 of land. The soil is hard, gravelly, and many parts quite stony. The 
 town has been noted for its abundance of white oak. There are five 
 ponds partly or wholly within the town, — Nubble, at the north-east cor- 
 ner. Little Rattlesnake west of it, Great Rattlesnake, near the western 
 border. Panther Pond in the south-western part, and Thomas Pond at 
 the south-west corner. The centres of business are Noi-th Raymond, 
 East Raymond, and Raymond village, the last being the principal one. 
 On Panther River, at the latter place are lumber, stave, grain and 
 plaster mills, and a children's sled factory. At Dry Mills P. O., is a 
 sugar-shook mill ; at each East Raymond and South Casdo P. O., are 
 a sugar-shook and stave-mill. Raymond is 20 miles north of Portland, 
 on the stage line to Bridgton ; also on the stage line from East Ray- 
 mond to Gray station on the Maine Central Railroad. Raymond was 
 the home of Nathaniel Hawthorne, the distinguished novelist, during 
 his boyhood. 
 
 This township was granted by Massachusetts to Captain ' illiam 
 Raymond and Company, in 1767, in consideration of their services in 
 the expedition to Canada, under Sir William Phips. It also comprised 
 the teri-itory of Casco, until the incorporation of that town in 1841. 
 Captain Joseph Dingley commenced the settlement of Raymond in 
 1771 ; but few families came until after the Revolution. It was iccor- 
 poratod in 1803, taking its name from Captain Raymond. It was first 
 represented in General Court in 1810, by Samuel Leach. The first 
 church was Free Baptist, gathered in 1792. The town has now also a 
 Methodist and a Congregational church. Raymond has eleven public 
 schoolhouses, valued at $3,200. The valuation of estates in the town 
 in 1870 was $229,121. In 1880 it was $227,213. The population in 
 1870 was 1,120. By the census of 1880, it was 1,132. 
 
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476 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Meadfleld is situated a little south-west of the centre of Kenne- 
 bec County, on the line of the Maine Central Railway between Lewiston 
 and Waterville. It is bounded on the east by the narrow town of 
 Manchester, which alone separates it from Augusta, north by Mount 
 Vernon and Belgrade, west by Fayette and Wayne, and south by 
 Winthrop. Maranocook Pond and Greely Pond with their connecting 
 stream divide the town a little west of the middle. Lovejoy's Pond 
 occupies the southern half of the western line, and the eastern branch 
 of Crotched Pond a portion of the same line on its northern half. In 
 the south-eastern part of the town lies the larger portion of Carlton's 
 Pond. There are post-offices at Readfield Cornei-, Kent's Hill and 
 Readfield Depot. East Readfield, at the south-west of the town, has a 
 Methodist church and a schoolhou^e, with a small collection of dwel- 
 lings, forming a pleasant street. Readfield Corner, a little west of the 
 centre of the town, on the stream which discharges the waters of 
 Greely Pond into Lake Maranocook, is the principal business place. 
 There is here a fall of 40 feet in 160 rods, furnishing the power for 
 the woolen factory of the Readfield Manufacturing Company, a sash 
 and blind factory, etc. Beside the railway, there is a daily stage-line 
 to Augusta, about 12 miles distant. In 1825 an educational institution 
 called'the Maine Wesleyan Seminary was instituted on Kent's Hill in 
 this town, under the auspices of the Methodists. In 1852 it became 
 also a college for young women. Both the seminary and college have 
 taken high rank among our literary institutions, and received a good 
 share of patronage. Kent's Hill is said to have taken its name from a 
 family of early settlers. Another early settler was Joshua Bean, who 
 was a lai"ge landholder in the town. Others of these pioneers are 
 John Hubbard, Robert Page, Christopher Turner, Josiah Mitchell, 
 Joseph Williams, Dudley Haines, Josiah Hall, Peter Noyes, Warren 
 Kent, three brothers named Whittier, John Grey, Ichabod Simmons, 
 John Gage, Jeremiah Glidden, Pearly Hoyt and Peter Norton. 
 Jonathan G. Hunton, one of our State governors, resided and prac- 
 ticed law for a time in Readfield. Hon. Anson P. Morrill; formerly 
 governor of Maine, and later, a member of Congress, resides at Read- 
 field Corner, being largely interested in the manufactures. 
 
 Readfield was formerly a part of Winthrop, from which it was set 
 off and incorporated in 1791. The surface of the town is generally 
 undulating, and the soil i^roductive. For stock-raising and dairying, 
 it is in the first rank in the State. The fairs of the Kennebec Agri- 
 cultural Society, when held here, are always successful. 
 
 There are three Methodist churches and a Universalist church in 
 the town. Readfield has nine public schoolhouses, valued at $6,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $589,171. In 1880 it was $499,089. 
 The population in 1870 was 1456. By the census of 1880 it was 1,243. 
 
 Ited Beacllj a post-office and small village lu Calais, Wash- 
 ington County 
 
 lieed PlcintatlOn Iles in the southern range of townships 
 in the eastern part of Androscoggin County. Bancroft Plantation 
 bounds it on the east. Greenwood on the north and Macwahoc Planta- 
 tion and Township 1, Range 3, on the west. The principal water- 
 courses are Wytopitlock Stream in the western part, and Mattawam- 
 
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RICHMOND. 477 
 
 keag River in the eastern. The European and North American Rail- 
 way passes through the south-eastern part of the town, where it lias a 
 station. The plantation is 36 miles south by north-west from Houlton, 
 and 80 miles north-east of Bangor, on the military road. The stage- 
 line from Mattawamkeag to Haynesville passes through the north- 
 eastern part of the township. The settlements are in the western part 
 on this road, and along the railway where it is near the Mattawam- 
 keag. 
 
 Tlie first settler was John Clifford, who removed here from Dover, 
 in 1830. There are two public schoolhousea, and the school-property 
 is valued at $225. The population in 1870 was 54. In 1880 it was 
 109. The valuation in 1880 was $45,451. 
 
 Richardson Lakes, see articles on Rangeley and Oxford 
 County. 
 
 JtvlCimiOllO., the most northerly town of Sagadahoc County, 
 is situated on the west bank of the Kennebec River, 17 miles south of 
 Augusta and 12 miles north of Bath by water. The Main Central 
 railroad passes through the town near the river, having a station at the 
 village in the south-east part of the town, and flag stations at Iceboro' 
 and the Camp-groimd. Gardiner bounds it on the north, Bowdoinham 
 on the south, Dresden on the east and Litchfield on the west. In 
 dimensions, the town is about 5^ by 6 miles. The surface is rolling 
 with moderate hills. Preble, Wilson, and Mount Tom hills are the prin- 
 cipal elevations. Cobbossee Contee, or Pleasant Pond, with its southern 
 feeder, forms the western boundary of the town. The pond is about five 
 miles in length, but is scarcely more than half a mile wide at its widest 
 part. Abagadasset River i-ises in the north western part and runs south- 
 ward through the town. Mill Brook is the principal stream in the 
 eastern part of the town, discharging into the Kennebec at the village, 
 in south-eastern part of the town. Richmond Mineral SjDring is highly 
 esteemed by some. The rock is generally granitic in its character. 
 The soil is largely clay, and rather hard to work. Hay and potatoes 
 constitute the chief crojjs for export. Oak, beech, birch, maple, elm, 
 spruce, fir and pine are all abundant. Elm, maple and willow are 
 numerous along the village streets. At the village are the shoe factoiy 
 of Richmond Manufacturing Association, employing when full 600 
 hands, a brass foundry, a large saw and planing mill, four ship-yards, a 
 furniture factory, a sail-loft, bakery, edge-tool shops, etc. Here, also, 
 is a good library of above 2,500 volumes belonging to the Richmond 
 Library Association, but accessible to the public. Richmond has the 
 usual social and charitable institutions, and there is also a loan and 
 building association, which has aided to increase the buildings and 
 business of the town. There are one savings and two national banks. 
 
 In 1649, one Christopher Lawson purchased of the Indians a tract 
 of land on the western side of the Kenebec, extending from the mouth 
 of the stream falling into the river near the head of Swan Island 
 (town of Perkins) to the mouth of the Cobbossee Contee, and back 
 from the Kennebec 10 miles. In 1650, this tract was sold by Lawson 
 to Clark and Lake. It is about equally divided between Richmond 
 and Gardiner. In 1719-20 a fortification bearing the name " Fort 
 Richmond," was erected within the present limits of Richmond Village, 
 
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478 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 •which was dismantled in 1754, when the forts Shirley, Western and 
 Halifax were built further up the river. Its purpose was to facilitate 
 trade with the Indians, and at the same time to afford security to the 
 settlers against them. It was sharply assailed by the savages in 1722, 
 and again in 1750. On the incorporation of Bowdoinham in 1762, the 
 territory now comprising Richmond was embraced in it, which brought 
 on a violent contest between the claimants under the Plymouth Patent 
 and those who held under Lawson's purchase. 
 
 Among former residents of note were Nathaniel Langdon, William 
 Pitt, formerly the owner of nearly all the territory of the town ;' M. 
 S. Hagar, Ezra Abbott, Robert B. Street, P. M. Foster, noted lawyers 
 of their time ; F. R. Theobald, William H. Sturtevant, J. T. Harward, 
 Jabez R. Blanchard, Ambury Southard, successful ship-masters ; J. C. 
 Boynton, D. W. C. Chamberlain, physicians ; John Toothaker, Thomas 
 Spear, William Patten, extensive ship-builders ; Geo. H. Hatch, Geo. 
 H. Thomas, J. J. Hathorn, Charles White, Henry Darrah, merchants ; 
 Low Curtis, Ambrose Curtis, Samuel Harlow, Benj. Randall, James B. 
 Beedle, wealthy farmers. The centenarian of the town, was Frederick 
 Bates, who died a few years since at the age of 100 years and 3 months. 
 Aaron Davis, Nicholas Gaubert, Nathaniel Tebbetts, James Wood- 
 worth, Charles Blanchard, Peter Cooper, Samuel Allen, soldiers of the 
 war of 1812, and pensioners, are now living and upward of 80 years 
 of age. There are nine other persons above this age, and the number 
 who are between 70 and 80 is large. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Free Baptists and Methodists each have a 
 church in town. Richmond has thirteen schoolhouses, the total school 
 property being valued at 17,200. Richmond Academy, incorporated 
 in 1861, is still sustained in connection with the town high-school. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was 11,242,040. In 1880 it was $1,221- 
 354. The population in 1870 was 2,442. In 1880 it was 2,658. 
 
 Riley Plantation forms a part of the western border of 
 Oxford County, and is the next township north of Gilead, through 
 which the Androscoggin River enters the State, Grafton lies on the 
 north, Newry on the east, and Success Township in New Hampshire, 
 on the west. Its chief mountains are Goose-Eye and Wheeler's, with 
 Stone Mountain at the north-east on the borrler of Newry. Miles Notch 
 between the latter mountain, and one north-west of it, displays some 
 remarkable features. Youngman's Mine, in this township, is spoken 
 of as a natural curiosity. 
 
 This plantation is wholly mountainous, except a small strip at the 
 south-west corner, and in the middle on the branches of Sunday River. 
 Bull Branch is the principal stream. The arable parts have a light 
 sandy, but productive soil. Thj forests are principally spruce. 
 
 This locality has long been known as Riley, and is now organized 
 as Riley Plantation. The most accessible post-office is Bethel. The 
 valuation in 18^0 was $5,014. In 1880 it was $18,800. In the census 
 this plantation has been massed with BatcLelder's grant, both having 
 in 1860 a population of 32 ; in 1880, of 40. 
 
 jRipley is a small farming town in the north-eastern part of 
 the soutiiern section of Somerset County. Cambridge bounds it on the 
 north, St. Albaus on the south, Harmony on the west, and Dexter, in Pe- 
 
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ROBBINSTON. 479 
 
 nobscot County, on the east. The surface of the town is uneven, but 
 the soil is generally good. Main Stream, a feeder oi Moose Pond, forms 
 the boundary line between the town and Cambridge. Roger's or 
 Ripley Pond, lying in the south-eastern part of the town, is 2 miles 
 long by -^ of a mile wide. Its outlet furnishes a good water-power, 
 which is improved by two saw-mills manufacturing long and short 
 timber, and a grist mill. The larger part of the 23opulatiou of the town 
 is in this vicinity. The nearest railroad connection is at Dexter, 4 
 miles distant from Ripley Village. The soil of the town is a gravelly 
 loam. Maple, birch and beech constitute the forest trees. Hay, po- 
 tatoes, corn, wheat and oats all yield well. The buildings through the 
 town are generally in good repair. 
 
 Ripley sent some 30 men to the Union army in the late war, losing, 
 more than a third of this number. A marble monument has been 
 erected to their memory. 
 
 The religious societies are Baptist, Methodist, Christian, and Chris- 
 tian Baptist, and there is a Union church edifice. The public school- 
 houses are five in number, and are valued at $1,260. The population 
 in 1870 was 584. In 1880 it was 550. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $116,705. In 1880 it was 1119,253. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was 5 per cent, including highway tax. 
 
 liiVCrsiclGj — a post-office in Kennebec County. 
 
 Rol)l)illStOIl lies on St. Croix River in the south-eastern 
 part of Washington County. Calais bounds it on the north, Perry on 
 the south and Charlotte on the west. The area is 17,800 acres. The 
 surface of the town is quite level, but rising by a gradual slope from 
 the river. Boyden Lake extends into the south-western part ; in 
 the northern and central parts are West Magurrewock Lake and the 
 smaller sheets of Rand's, Goulding, Western and Eastern lakes. The 
 outlets of these supply power for several mills. The manufactures 
 of this town are long and short lumber, wedges, laraquins, leather 
 and moccasins, carriages, and canneti fish of various kinds. For 
 many years Robbihston was the centreof trade for the neighboring 
 towns. Ship-building was formerly largely carried on here, while 
 the ports of Europe furnished ready market for this product ; 
 but since the introduction of steam vessels the business has de- 
 clined. The attention has now been turned more to food products. 
 Potatoes, from the shortness of the season, mostly escape the diseases 
 incident to longer seasons, and jossess rare excellence, apd accordingly 
 are largely raised and eagerly sought for. The principal villages are 
 Robbinston and South Robbinston. This town lies on Calais and East- 
 port stage-line. It is 35 miles north-east of Machias. Opposite, on 
 the eastern side of the St. Croix is St. Andrews, a considerable port 
 and village in the British Dominions. 
 
 Robbinston was granted by Massachusetts, October 21, 1786, 
 to Edward H. and' Nathaniel J. Robbins, in honor of whom 
 the town was named. Two families were already settled in 
 the township when the grant was made. The proprietors soon 
 made clearings and erected a store-house and other buildings ; 
 and settlers came rapidly. It is said by Williamson that a post-office 
 was established here as early as 1796, and that the first mail came 
 
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480 OAZMTTEJEB OF MAINE. 
 
 through in September in that year. In 1810, the inhabitants petitioned 
 for incorporation as a town ; and appointed as a committee to present 
 it, John Brewer, Thomas Vose, John Balliham, Obadiah Allen, Abel 
 Broolis, Job Jonson and Thaddeus Sibly which petition was granted, 
 and the required act passed, February 18, 1811. 
 
 A meeting-house was built here in 1817, and in the following year 
 Rev. Daniel Lovejoy was settled by the Congregationalists. The 
 society still flourishes ; and there are now also societies of the 
 Baptists and Methodists. The town has six public schoolhouses ; and 
 the school property is valued at $2,500. The population in 1870 was 
 926. In 1880 it was 910. The valuation in 1870 was $127,030. In 
 1880 it was $111,694. 
 
 xvOCkaDGina), — a post-office and a lake in More Plantation, 
 Aroostook County. 
 
 xiOCklRIlQ., a city, and the shire town of Knox County, is 
 situated on Rockland Bay, on the western side of Penobscot Bay. 
 Its harbor is enclosed by two headlands, Jameson's Point on the north 
 and the long projection of Thomaston, terminating in Owl's Head, on 
 the south. The city, being located on level land, is better seen from 
 the neighboring headlands and the hills in the rear than from the ap- 
 proaches of the harbor. The surface of the town is rough and broken, 
 low near the shore, but in the western part of the town rising in a 
 chain of hills extending northward from Thomaston, and ending in the 
 Camden mountains. The environs abound in picturesque hill and 
 marine scenery. The north-west is occujsied by an extensive meadow. 
 Limestone. is the prevailing rock. The soil is generally clay or loam. 
 Among the forest trees the red oak is numerous. The streets of the 
 city proper are extensively shaded with elm and rock-maple. The 
 only considerable sheet of water is Chickawaukie pond, lying partly in 
 Camden, which, by means of an aqueduct, supplies the city with ex- 
 cellent water. 
 
 Rockland has three or more ship-yards, one marine railway, five 
 sail-lofts, two boat-builders, three grain mills, two foundries, three car- 
 riage factories, six lumber mills, two machine shops, three cooperies, 
 a tannery, twelve lime manufacturers, four granite and marble works, 
 two boot and shoe factories, four printing-offices, etc. Formerly ship- 
 building was the leading industry, but the lime business has now out- 
 grown it. In 1854, Rockland ship-yards sent out eleven ships, three 
 barks, six brigs, and four schooners, — their total tonnage being 17,365 
 tons. The " Red Jacket," registering 2,500 tons, was built here in 
 1853, being one of the largest and finest vessels ever sent out from our 
 ports. She made the quickest passage across the Atlantic ever made 
 by a sailing vessel, and the quickest from Australia to Liverpool and 
 back. In 1858 there were twelve lime quarries in operation, requiring 
 125 kilns of the old style to reduce the rock, turning out about 900,000 
 casks, ujswards of 800 vessels being employed in conveying them to 
 market. The amount now produced is 1,200,000 casks annually, the 
 lime industry employing about 1,000 men. Rockland is a port of entry 
 in the Waldoboro district. The Knox and Lincoln railroad connects 
 it with Bath and the Maine Central railroad. 
 
 This town was first visited by John Lermond and his two brothers 
 
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ROCKLAND. 481 
 
 from Upper St. George (now Warren) ; who, in 176T, built their camp 
 and got out a cargo of oak staves and pine lumber. From him the 
 place obtained its early name of Lermond's Cove. Its Indian name 
 was Catawamteak, signifying " great landing place." Lermond did 
 not stay, and the town was not permanently settled until about 1769, 
 when the following persons with families took up their abode in the 
 locality, viz. : Josiali Tolraan, Jonathan Spear, David Watson, James 
 Fales, John Lindsay, Constant Rankin, Jonatlian Smith and John 
 Godding. These all erected log huts, and commenced clearing up and 
 cultivating their lots. John tJlraer, of Waldoboro', moved here in 
 1795, and began the manufacture of lime, in which business he was the 
 pioneer. 
 
 The growth of the place was slow, and in 1795 the dwelling of John 
 Lindsay was the only house where the city now stands. The territory 
 was included in Thomaston, and after that town was incorporated, the 
 settlement on Lermond's Cove was known as Shore Village. On the 
 establishment of a post-office here, about 1820, it took the name of East 
 Thomaston ; and on the division of the parent town in 1848, Rockland 
 was incorporated under this name. The name was changed to Rock- 
 land iu 1850, and in 1853 it obtained a city charter. 
 
 Rockland has several tasteful and substantial public buildings. The 
 post-office is a handsome and spacious structure of St. George's granite, 
 built a few years since at a cost, including grounds and furniture, of 
 $142,000. The county court-house, erected in 1874, cost $80,000. The 
 Farwell building is another prominent, though not a public edifice, 
 erected in 1871. Among the eminent citizens of Rockland may be 
 mentioned Robert and Charles Crockett, Timothy Williams, and Gen- 
 eral Hiram G. Berry. The latter, after having made a high reputation 
 as a skilful officer, fell while leading his division on the bloody field of 
 Chancellorsville. A colossal statue of him in marble by SimiXiOns, on 
 a handsome pedestal, keeps guard over his resting place in the city of 
 his birth and residence. 
 
 The Rockland Savings Bank at the close of 1879, held deposits and 
 profits to the amount of $283,885.21. There are three banks of dis- 
 count and circulation. The Lime Rock National Bank has a capital 
 of $105,000. ■ The North National Bank has a capital of $100,000. 
 The Rockland National Bank has a capital of $150,000. The city has 
 three newspapers and a sheet devoted to the interests of hotels. The 
 latter is entitled the " Hotel Register and Livery Journal," and is 
 published ever Monday. The Rockland Free Press, published every 
 Wednesday, is a valuable city weekly of Republican politics. The Rock- 
 land Gazette, is independent in politics, and an entertaining and 
 useful papei". The Rockland Courier, also independent, fills an im- 
 portant place in the city and country. The Rockland Opinion, is a 
 very positively Democratic sheet, outspoken and vigorous on public 
 questions, and a successful news-gatherer. There is a jjublic library 
 containing 3,500 volumes. 
 
 The churches of the city consist of two Baptist, one each of the 
 Free Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Roman 
 Catholics and Universalists. The last was built in 1876, at a cost of 
 $26,000. There are three fine schoolliouses in the city proper, where 
 the schools are graded. The number of public schoolhouses in the 
 entire city is eleven. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $3,419,- 
 
 81 
 
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482 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 355, In 1880 it was $2,951,019. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was three per cent. The population in 1870 was 7,074. In 1880 
 it was 7,599. 
 
 RockpOrt, a post-office and village in Camden, Knox County. 
 
 B/OCkvlllG, a post-office and small village in Camden, Knox 
 County. 
 
 liOlUG is situated in the north-westerly part of Kennebec County, 
 19 miles from Augusta, and 16 miles from Farmi-ngton. Vienna lies 
 on the west, Mount Vernon on the west and south, Belgrade on the 
 south and east ; a portion of Smithfield, in Somerset County, lies on 
 the east of the northern part, and Mercer on the north, and New 
 Sharon in Franklin County on the west of the northern portion. Long 
 Pond, in the southern portion, Great Pond at the south-east, and North 
 Pond at the north-east, take up nearly half the surface of the town- 
 ship. It was settled about 1780. Among the early inhabitants were 
 Benjamin Furbush, Trip Mosher, Stephen Philbrick, Stabard Turner, 
 and Joseph Halbo. These obtained their titles to their lands of Charles 
 Vaughan, R. G. Shaw, Renel Williams. It was first called West Pond 
 Plantation, but was incorporated under its present name in 1804. 
 Rome sent into the war of the Rebellion 103, and lost about 40. The 
 town is much broken by hills and valleys, but furnishes excellent 
 grazing, and has some superior farms. The principal rock is gi-anite, 
 and the soil in general is gravelly. There are two post-offices — Rome, 
 near the centre of the town, and Belgrade Mills, at the south-east. 
 The principal manufactures are a saw-mill and a grist-mill. 
 
 The Baptists and the Adventists each have a society and a church 
 in the town. Rome has seven schoolhouses, valued at $1,400. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $149,731. In 1880 it was $129,857. 
 The rate of taxation in 1880 is stated as being .033 on one: dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 725. In 1880, the census gave it ^06. 
 
 Ross' Corners, a post-office in York County. 
 
 liOlinu. Pond, a post-office in Lincoln County. 
 
 liOXDUry lies in the north-eastern part of the middle section 
 of Oxford County, adjoining Franklin County. Byron bounds it on 
 the north-west, Andover on the south-west, and Rumford and Mexico 
 and Carthage on the south. Ellis Pond, the largest sheet of water, 
 lies in the north-west corner, having Ellis River as an outlet. Swift 
 River runs southward across the eastern part of the town. Old 
 Turk is the highest of the several mountains, having an elevation of 
 1,436 feet. The eastern part of the town is largely occupied by a group 
 of mountains, of which the most notable are Bear — on the border line 
 — with Walker, Cave and Bunker mountains following to the river. 
 In the north-east. Noisy Brook winds around the base of another to 
 the river. In the south side of the middle of the town two mountains 
 form the noted Roxbury Notch. Ellis Falls, in Andover, are near the 
 western line of this town. The rock is chiefly granite. The soil of 
 
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RUMFORD. 483 
 
 Roxbury is generally a gravelly loam, with some good low intervals. 
 A tract in the western part- of the town, and another extending in 
 in-egular form from the centre to the northern and eastern borders, are 
 comparatively level. Pine, poplar, birch and maple are the principal 
 forest trees. Much hay is raised here, finding a sale with the lumber- 
 men ; and considerable stock is kept also. The largest manufactory is 
 a shoe shop, where one case of shoes a day is made. The buildings 
 are not generally kept in the best repair, but the roads are of average 
 quality. The nearest railroad stations are in Woodstock and Bethel, — 
 several about 20 miles distant. The town is on the stage-line from 
 Mexico to Byron. 
 
 Roxbury — formerly No. 7 — was incorporated March 17, 1835. The 
 town sent 16 men to aid in the warlEor the Union, of whom 3 were lost. 
 There are three public schoolhouses, — and the school property is 
 valued at |400. The population in 1870 -was 162. In 1880 it was 
 175. The valuation in 1870 was $48,856. In 1880 it was $28,201. 
 
 RlinilOrd lies in the northern part of the middle section of 
 Oxford County, having Andover, Roxbury and Mexico on the north- 
 west, north and north-east, Peru directly east, Bethel, and Milton and 
 Franklin plantations on the south and Newry on the west. The An- 
 droscoggin River runs north-eastward through the southern part of the 
 town, Ellis River comes down to it through the western part. Swift 
 River in the eastern part, and Concord River from the south enter the 
 Androscoggin at Rumford Point. In the southern half of the town 
 and in the extreme north are mountains ; but between these the surface 
 is generally level. The most important elevations are White Cap (600 
 feet in height) and Black Mountain, at the north, and Mount Heming- 
 way at the extreme south. The northern mountains especially are noted 
 for their immense crop of blueberries. The rock in the town is chiefly 
 granite. The soil, in general, is sandy. Birch, maple, poplar and pine 
 trees, constitute the forests. Wheat, corn, oats and potatoes are the 
 crops chiefly cultivated, and yield well. The principal village is East 
 Rumford on the Androscoggin in the eastern part of the town. There 
 are here three saw-mills manufacturing long and short lumber, a shovel-. 
 handle factory, a grist-mill, a cheese and a starch factory. On or near 
 Concord River (Rumford Post-Ofiice) are saw, grist and shingle-mills. 
 At this and other points are the other manufactories common to 
 villages. The public and private buildings are neat in their appearance, 
 and the public roads are generally very good. Other Post-OflBces are 
 North, East, Rumford Centre and Point. The nearest railroad stations 
 are those in Bethel and Woodstock. The stage-route from Bryant's 
 Pond on the Grand Trunk railroad to Andover is through this town. 
 
 About 3 miles above Rumford Point Village is a paint mine, — 
 formed by deposit from a spring of the ochreous red oxide of iron. 
 Near this is considerable deposit of iron ore. On the Alonzo Holt 
 farm, black lead or plumbago has been found in considerable quantities.. 
 Lime stone abounds in several places, but more largely at Rumford 
 Falls. These falls are in the Androscoggin River in the eastern part 
 of the town, and form the grandest cataract in New England. Here 
 the whole volume of the river leaps over abrupt and craggy ledges of 
 granite, dashing the spray far into the air. At present there are three 
 or four pitches at this place, but anciently there must have been a dc- 
 
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RUM FORD. 
 
 485 
 
 scent of s^rcater majrnitudo ; for large holes peculiar to falls are foun<l 
 hiHi in the rocky banks, far above where the waters have run witliui 
 the knowledo;e of man. The whole jdteh is from 160 to 170 feet. J he 
 principal one has a perpendicular descent of 84 feet, somewhat broken 
 by rocks near the middle of the stream. In 1833, a stone flume was 
 built at the head of this fall to divert a portion of the water to nulls 
 After its completion, Mr. Nathan Knap]), one of the proprietors, stepped 
 upon the wall to see if it was tight,— when 30 feet of it were forced 
 over bv the water, and he was precipitated to the base of the fall, and 
 drowned. A few years since a steamboat was ]>laccd iii this river, to 
 run between the falls and Canton, where it connected with the buck- 
 field and Rumford railroad. 
 
 This township was granted by Massachusetts in 1779 to iimothy 
 Walker, jr., and his associates, of Concord, N. H., to make up losses 
 which they and their ancestors sustained in controversy with the town 
 
 LOWER FALr.S, RuniFORD, MR. 
 
 of Bow, growing out of the purchase of Concord. The townsfiip was 
 at first named New Pennacook. The jiioneers were Jonathan Keyes 
 and his son Francis, who arrived from Massachusetts in June, 1782. 
 A few years later came Philip and David Abbott, Jacob, Benjamin and 
 David P'arnum, Benjamin Liifkin and wife, Stephen Putnam ana wife, 
 and Jolm, Daniel and Kimball Martin, — these coining ]>rinci]>ally from 
 Concord, N. H. The settlement was incorporated as Rumford in 
 Feliruary, 1800 There are in the town Methodist, CongregntionaJist, 
 Una'ersalist and two Ijuioii church editiues Rumfoi-d has a good higU- 
 
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486 GAZETIEER OF MAINE. 
 
 school ; and there are 13 public schoolhouses. The school property is 
 valued at $3,000. The population in 1870 was 1,212. In 1880 it was 
 1,006. The valuation in 1870 was 1380,854. In 1880 it was $351,119. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 mills on a dollar. 
 
 SajbattUS, — a village, with Post-OfBce and railroad station at 
 the joined corners of Webster, Wales, Greene and Lewiston, in An- 
 droscoggin County. 
 
 SabinO Peninsula, the site of the Popham colony. See 
 articles on Sagadahoc County and Phipsburg. 
 
 SaCCarappa, a village with railroad station and post-office 
 in Westbrook, Cumberland County. 
 
 SaCO, in York County, was granted in 1630, to Thomas Lewis 
 and Richard Bonython, by the Plymouth Company, though the latter 
 had, in 1622, granted nearly the whole territory between this and the 
 Kennebec River, to Mason and Gorges. The tract granted to Lewis 
 and Bonython, extended four miles along the sea in a straight line, 
 and back into the country eight miles. The limits, as surveyed by the 
 commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, in 1659, commenced at the 
 mouth of Little River and run on a north-west line, leaving about 3,000 
 acres in Scarborough that belonged to the original patent. This grant 
 was also over-lapped by the " Plough Patent," issued the same year. 
 The settlement on this grant with that on the other side of the river 
 was known as Winter Harbor. In 1653, it was organized as Saco, and 
 in 1659, began to be represented in General Court. In 1719, it was 
 incorporated as Biddeford, being the fourth town in Maine ; in 1762 
 it received a separate incorporation, with all the rights of a town ex- 
 cept that of sending a representative to the General Assembly. This 
 incorporation was under the name of Pepperellborough, in honor of 
 Sir William Pepperell. then recently deceased, who had been a large 
 proprietor. In 1805, by act of Legislature, its name was changed to 
 Saco ; and in 1867 it became a city. The first mayor was Joseph 
 Hobson. The name, Saco, is of Indian origin. The river separates 
 the city from Biddeford on the south-west, Scarborough bounds it on 
 the north-east, on the west and north-west is Buxton, and Old Orchard 
 Beach forms its junction with the sea on the east. The area is about 
 17,500 acres. For many years the habitations were located near the 
 sea, at Old Orchard Beach and toward the mouth of the river. Rich- 
 ard Vines was the founder of the settlements in this vicinity, having 
 himself wintered at the mouth of the river, in 1616-17. Among the 
 early inhabitants were Scammans, Edgecombs, Townsends, Youngs, 
 Sharps, Banks, Sands, and Googins. There were a considerable num- 
 ber of respectable Scotch immigrants from the northern part of Ire- 
 land, who came over about 1718, and after. Captain Scamman and 
 persons employed at the mill, with their families, were all that were 
 settled about the falls until 1731. In 1680, Benjamhi Blackman pur- 
 chased 100 acres of land including the mill privileges on the east side 
 of the Saco Falls, and built a savi-mill. 
 
 Dm'ing the year 1675, the first year of the first Indian war. Major 
 Phillips on the Biddeford side of the river was attacked, and success- 
 
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488 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 fully defended. About the same time, the house of John Bonython, 
 in Saco, was burned, but the family had escaped. The settlers about 
 the falls soon retired to near the mouth of the river, and all the mills 
 "and houses above were destroyed by the Indians. Captain Wincoln, 
 and others of Piscataqua, coming soon after to aid their neighbors 
 of the Saco, were discovered by some of the Indians, and fired upon. 
 Informed of the approach of the English, about 150 savages rushed out 
 of the woods toward them, as they landed on the beach near Winter 
 Harbor. During the skirmish, Wincoln and his men found protection 
 behind a pile of shingle-bolts; and, with this advantage, they soon 
 drove their assailants from the ground, inflicting upon them a consid- 
 erable loss. Eleven of the inhabitants of Winter Harbor set out to 
 aid their friends, whose presepce and danger had been announced by 
 the firing ; but a body of Indians lay in ambush on their road, and 
 shot them all down at a single discharge. In 1676, the house of 
 Thomas Rogers, near Goosefare, was burned. In 1688, during the 
 second war, some of the Indians on the river having uttered alarm- 
 ing threats, sixteen of those who had been most active in the recent 
 war, were seized and taken to Boston, but without averting the threat- 
 ened war. In April, 1689, the savages commenced hostilities, and the 
 family of Humphrey Scamman and others were carried into captivity. 
 Most of the men were absent from the fort when the alarm was given 
 there, and the women immediately arrayed themselves in male apparel, 
 and stalked about the fort, thus deceiving the skulking savages until 
 the men got in from their work. Again from 1702 to 1710, Indian 
 hostilities prevailed. About 1713, the inhabitants began to retui-n to 
 their homes ; and the settlement prospered until 1723, when another 
 Indian war broke out, lasting three years. There were at this time 
 besides Fort Mary, fourteen garrisons along the river from the shore 
 to the falls, most of them being in Saco. One of the captives during 
 the first summer of this war was Mary, daughter of Captain Hum- 
 phrey Scammon, a girl eight or nine years of age. Pleased with her 
 brightness the governor of Canada took her into his family, and edu- 
 cated her carefully in the Roman Catholic faith. She finally married 
 a French gentleman of Quebec, of good estate, resisting all solicita- 
 tions to return to her native place. 
 
 Several citizens of Saco were in the Louisburg expedition 
 under Pepperell, among whom were Deacon Benjamin Haley, 
 Benjamin Scamman, Nathaniel Scamman, Andrew Stackpole, 
 Roger Smith, Jonathan Smith, Haven Tarbox, and Benjamin 
 Mason. The names of those in the continental army during the 
 Revolution, are as follows : John Googins, killed at Hubbardston, 
 Stephen Sawyer, John Hooper, Abiel Beette, Nicholas Davis, Jonathan 
 Norton, Daniel Bryant, James Scamman, John Tucker, John Runnels, 
 John Rldlon, Ebenezer Evans John and William Carll, Levi, 
 Richard, Zachariah and Elia? Foss, John Duren, Anthony and 
 William Starbird, William Berry, James Evans, Samuel Sebastian, 
 Joseph Norton, Major Stephen Bryant, Josiah Davis, Joseph Richards, 
 Ephraim Ridlon, Stephen Googins, Thomas Means, Solomon Hopkins, 
 James Edgecomb, and Solomon Libby. The following Saco men were 
 in the company of Captain John Elden, of Buxton, in 1776, doing good 
 service at Dorchester Heights, namely : Lieutenant Samuel Scamman 
 (afterward deacon), Jerathuel Bryant, John Muchmore, Daniel Field, 
 
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SACO. 489 
 
 David Clark, Abner Sawyer, Joseph Norton, Andrew Patterson, David 
 Sawyer, Jr., James Edgecomb, Robert Bond, Daniel Field, Jr., Abra- 
 ham Patterson, Moses Ayei-, John and Hezekiah Young, Joseph 
 Patterson, William P. Moody, Samuel Dennet, John Scamman and 
 Samuel Lowell. Colonel James Scamman led a regiment to Cam- 
 bridge early in 1775, which served about a year. 
 
 Richard Bonython, tlie pioneer and one of Gorges' councillors, is 
 notable as a faithful and just man, even entering a complaint against 
 his own son John for using threatening language to the excellent Mr. 
 Vines. John bore a different character, being violent and quarrel- 
 some. He seems not to have gained the confidence of the better or 
 larger portion of his townsmen ; yet when Massachusetts extended lier 
 jurisdiction over Maine, he led the opposition, gaining the sobriquet of 
 ".Sagamore of Saco." The following couplet is said to have been in- 
 scribed upon his tombstone, probably not by his relatives : 
 
 " Here lies Bonython, Sagamore of Saco, 
 He lived a rogue, and died a knave and went to Hobbomocko " 
 
 Yet he was not without his good traits. In opposing Massachusetts 
 he was vindicating the rights of Gorges ; and he generously presented 
 the tow^n with 20 acres of upland for the minister. Robert Patterson 
 removed his family into the place in 1729, settling at Rendezvous 
 Point, and was active in the service of the town. He and his de- 
 scendants are noted for their longevity. Colonel Thomas Cutts, a 
 descendant of a highly respectable family of Kittery, came to Saco about 
 1758, and commenced trade witli a capital of $100. Though he liad 
 failed in Kittery in his first business venture, in Saco he developed " an 
 immense aptitude for business," and soon enlarged his capital, and em- 
 barked in extensive enterprises. In 1759 he bought a share of Indian 
 or Factory Island, as a place of business, and built a small house and 
 store on the south-west end. He, later, engaged in shipbuilding and 
 navigation, imd for some years previous to the breaking out of tlie 
 Revolution had a very profitable and extensive timber trade with the 
 West Indies. Having become owner of nearly the whole of tlie island, 
 he removed, in 1782, to an elegant liouse on the upper end, where he 
 passed the remainder of his days, which ended in 1821. His real estate 
 was appraised at nearly $100,000. 
 
 Dr., Samuel White, Esq. (for he was a magistrate as well as a phy- 
 sician), settled in Saco about 1750. Dr. Thomas G. Thornton, who 
 came m 1791, married a daughter of Colonel Cutts, and then engaged, 
 in merchandizing. He was appointed United States Marshal of Maine 
 in 1803, and discharged the duties of that office until his death in 1824. 
 Dr. Richard Cutts Shannon was for some time a surgeon in the navy, 
 but resigned and settled in Saco in 1800. During a period of nearly 
 twenty-eight j'ears following, he was the principal physician of the 
 town, and at the time of his death, in' 1828, was deacon of the first 
 church. The first regular attorney here was Hon. Cyrus King. He 
 had previously been private secretary to his brother Rufus, while am- 
 bassador to England, and was admitted to the bar in 1797, and com- 
 menced practice here. In 1812 he was chosen to represent York 
 County in the thirteenth Congress. In 1815, ho was appointed major- 
 general of the militia, and died suddenly in 1817. Joseph Bartlett 
 came to Saco about 1803, practising law with success for several years. 
 
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ill \^i4S 
 
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SACO. 49;[ 
 
 He was State senator in 1804. He built a singular but rather elegant 
 house near the site of the old Perry house. But he was an eccentric 
 genius, as his " Aphorisms " declare. He first removed to Berwick, 
 then became a wanderer. John Fairfield was reporter of law decisions 
 in 1832; representative to the 24th and 25th Congress, from 1835 to 
 1838 ; governor of the State in 1839, 1841 and 1842 ; National senator 
 from 1843 to 1847. Etlier Shepley, on his admission to the bar, about 
 1814, came to Saco and commenced practice. After filling various 
 offices with honor, he was elected National senator in 1833; in 1836 he 
 was appointed judge of the Supreme Court, and chief justice in 1848. 
 In 1855, he retired from the bench ; and in 1856 he was chosen sole 
 commissioner to revise the public laws. He received his honorary 
 degree of L.L.D. from Dartmouth College, and was thirty-three years 
 trustee of Bowdoin College. The following citizens of Saco of more 
 recent date have attained to distinguished public position : — J. F. 
 Seamman was representative to 29th Congress in 1845 ; William B. 
 Hartwell was State secretary in 1845,; Seth Seamman was president 
 of the State senate in 1858 ; Rufus P. Tapley was, in 1865, appointed 
 associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court ; Edwin B. Smith was 
 speaker of the Maine House in 1871, and is now assistant attorney- 
 general of the United States ; and Wilbur F. Lunt is United States 
 district attorney of Maine. 
 
 Lumbering was the eai'ly business of the place, and the raw material 
 was here turned into all varieties of stuff ; and a large business was 
 carried on in it with the West- Indies. For the j-^ear ending September 
 30, 1827, 21,000,000 feet had been sawn, the greater part for the home 
 trade. In 1811 Joseph Calef and Thomas Cutts erected on Factory 
 Island a rolling and slitting-mill for iron, and eleven machines for 
 making nails. A company, consisting mostly of Boston capitalists, 
 began preparations for a cotton mill on Factory Island, cutting a canal 
 through the solid rock to conduct the water-power. In 1829 their 
 mill of 1,200 spindles and 300 looms commenced running, employing 
 400 persons; but in 1830 it was destroyed by a fire. The location is 
 now occupied by the York Manufacturing Company. This company 
 has five mills, and operates about 35,000 spindles and 800 looms, em- 
 ploying some 1,200 hands, and turning out nearly 6,000,000 yards of 
 cotton goods annually. There are now four saw-raills, manufacturing 
 long and short-lumber and box-shooks,three planing and moulding-mills, 
 three door, sash and blind factories, several carriage factories, a tan- 
 nery, bleachery, also a belting, boot and shoe, loom-harness, soap, and 
 other factories. The York National and the Saco National banks, in 
 this city, each has a capital of $100,000. The Saco and Riddeford 
 Savings Institution held, November 1, 1880, in deposits and accrued 
 profits $1,214,899.82. Saco Savings Bank held at the same date $172,- 
 838.89. William S. Noyes publishes here the York County Indepen- 
 dent, a family journal, and the State Democrat, a political sheet, — 
 both excellent of their kind. The village of Saco, especially along the 
 river road, presents many tokens of an early and prosperous period in 
 the larga, old mansions with ample yards, and other appearances of 
 homely comfort with elegance. But the notable feature of Saco 
 is its noble beach,* nearly nine miles in length, and affording a 
 
 • See article on Old Orchard Beach. 
 
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492 GAZETEEER OF MAINE. 
 
 drive-'way hundreds of feet wide, with the deep blue ocean booming on 
 one side and lines of imposing hotels, and pretty cottages on the 
 other. Near the hotels is a beautiful forest-parlc of 30 acres, with 
 pleasant paths, arbors and rustic adornments. About two miles distant, 
 on Fo.xwell's Brook, is a picturesque waterfall, 60 feet in height. 
 
 The face of the country is little varied by hills, and is somewhat 
 swampy in the middle of the town, shoreward of which is quite an ex- 
 tent of pine plain. In this vicinity the soil is a fine sandy loam ; in the 
 interior the surface is more uneven and the soil more gravelly, and the 
 hard woods flourish. 
 
 Saco has churches of the Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopals, 
 Unitarians, and Christians, two of the Free Baptists, and two of 
 the Methodists ; some of the edifices being quite elegant. The schools 
 in the village are graded, from primary to high. The entire number 
 of schoolhouses in the city is sixteen ; and the school property is valued 
 at $18,125. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $3,116,374. In 1880 
 it was $3,408,533. The population at the same date was 5,755. la 
 1880 it was 6,395. SeeBiddeford. 
 
 Saddleback Mountain, See article on Dallas Plan- 
 tation. 
 
 Sag"adallOC County is situated upon the lower portions 
 of the Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers. Within it are contained 
 Merrymeeting Bay, where the two rivers join ; Sagadahoc River, 
 which they form ; and Sasanoa, an arm of the Sagadahoc. Gener- 
 ally, however, the name Kennebec is applied to this stream quite to 
 the sea, thus making the Androscoggin its tributary. This county 
 contains ten towns and one city, as follows : city of Bath, towns of 
 Arrowsic, Bowdoin, Bowdoinham, Georgetown, Perkins, Phipsburg, 
 Richmond, Topsham, West Bath and Woolwich. The length of the 
 county north and south is 33 miles, and its breadth, from 6 to 17 
 miles. It has an area of about 800 square miles, including water sur- 
 face, which is about 45 square miles. The county is chiefly remark- 
 able topographically for the number of its streams, bays and coves, and 
 its numerous tide-powers. The surface of the county, though consider- 
 ably broken, has no high hills, and the general altitude is such that the 
 fresh-water streams and salt inlets are not productive of deep ravines. 
 In the south-eastern portion of the county especially, the bed rock is 
 imperfectly covered with soil, and consequently, it shows many ledges. 
 Three of its towns, Arrowsic, Perkins and Georgetown, arn islands, and 
 three, Phipsburg, Bath and West Bath are nearly so. The business is 
 agriculture, ice-storage, lumber manufacture, ship-building, navigation, 
 commerce and the fisheries. Steamboat communication with Portland 
 and Boston is had through the whole length of the county, while 
 during the hot months steamers run across the country from tho Ken- 
 nebec towns to Boothbay beyond the Sheepscot River. The Maine 
 Central Railroad traverses the western jiart north and south along the 
 course of the Kennebec, and connects with the Knox and Lincoln Rail- 
 road, which connects Bath with Rockland on the Penobscot. 
 
 Sagadahoc County was formerly included in Yorkshire, and later, 
 in Lincoln Cou'nty; having been set off from the latter and incorpo- 
 rated in 1854. The exploring company of DeMonts, led by the intre- 
 
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SAGADAHOC COUNTY. 
 
 493 
 
 pill Clinmplain made the first known visit of Euroi)eans to Sagadahoc. 
 Pophain's colony, liaviiig erected buildings and constructed a vessel, 
 after a few months' sojourn forsook their settlement in 1G08 ; but voy- 
 ages of the English to the vicinity for fur-trade and fishing wei'o con- 
 tinued. Capt. .John Smith, of Vii'ginia fame, explored the region in 
 l(il4; and on the map of the country which he displayed to King 
 diaries, that monarch entered the name " Leethe " as a substitute for 
 '• Sagadahoc." 
 
 When the Co\incil of Plymouth was dissolved, and the territory 
 divided, 10,000 acres somewhere on the east side of the Sagadahoc 
 were added to each of seven of the twelve divisions, that each of the 
 noble owners might share in the visionary metropolis of New England. 
 The grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, in 162'-!, had for its eastern boun- 
 dary, the Sagadahoc. From this he granted to Sir Richard Edge- 
 comb, a tract on the north side of the Lake of New Somerset (Merry- 
 meeting Bay) and another on the coast, probably on New Meadows 
 Harbor, The Pilgrims of New Plymouth received their patent rights 
 
 l.XijLIbll SLliP OF THE IGLll CENTLIJ:V- 
 
 <)f trade on the Kennebec in 162.3, which was enlarged in 1029 to a 
 right to the soil and exclusive rights of trade within its limits. The 
 boundaries of this grant, like those of most of the early ones, were not 
 accurately defined ; and when the patent passed from its Pilgrim own- 
 ership and became the Kennebec Puichase, its wealtliy pro])rietors 
 extended their claims over the territories of their neighbors beyond 
 what generally found warrant in law, when the issues came to be tried 
 in the courts. Th' indefinite boundaries, therefore, were the cause 
 of much litigation. ! lights to the soil were sought from the natives 
 also; the first known being the Nequasset purchase, made in 1639; 
 the islands below soon after, and within 20 years the whole of Saga- 
 dahoc County was held under titles from its Indian possessors. The 
 ;/ :nt to Purchase and Way which, together with thePejepscot Purchase. 
 
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494 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 included a large part of Bowdoinham, and all of Topsham, Bath, West 
 Bath,and Phipsburgh,was made in 1630 ; Purchase himself having resid- 
 ed near the Pejepscot (Brunswick) Falls since 1627. In 1654 Ne\v Ply- 
 mouth colony instituted a form of government covering all the settle- 
 ments of the Kennebec. This was succeeded by the more effective juris- 
 diction of Massachusetts, which continued, with a partial interruption 
 only for a few years by the Duke of York's government, until Maine be- 
 came an independent State. In 1672, upon a petition of the settlers for 
 protection, the territory beyond the Kennebec, which had been erected 
 into the county of Cornwall by the Kings' commissioners,— deputies of 
 the Duke of York, was transmuted into the county of Devonshire ; York 
 being limited to the western side of the Sagadahoc. An appearance of 
 right to exercise this jurisdiction had been secured by a new inter- 
 pretation of the terms fixing the boundary of her patent by Massachu- 
 setts. The motive for this movement was found in the new claim 
 of the French, under the treaty of Breda, to the territory as far west 
 as the Kennebec. 
 
 The first Indian war in Maine, called King Philip's war, broke out 
 in 1675 ; yet the plundering of Mr. Purchas' house was the only hostile 
 act in Sagadahoc County until August, 1676. At this date occurred 
 the descent of the savages upon the ' settlements of Hammond, Clark 
 and Lake, in which 53 persons were made captives by the Indians. 
 The region was now almost wholly abandoned by settlers ; and though 
 various small and temporary settlements were attempted, there was no 
 permanent occupation until 1715, when twenty families located on 
 Arrowsic, and the Pejepscot town of Augusta was begun under Dr. 
 Noyes in Phipsburg. Yet these were swept away ; and forts and gar- 
 rison houses were often the only places of safety for the inhabitants, 
 until the fall of the French power in the North in 1759 terminated the 
 Indian wars in Maine. From 1717 to 1720 many Scotch-Irish Presby- 
 terians had come in ; and after Governor Dummer's treaties of 1725-7 
 the immigrants became numerous. 
 
 During the Revolution, there was much alarm in the Sagadahoc 
 region from British cruisers ; but no considerable action occurred. 
 Two British armed vessels which threatened Bath, were attacked on 
 their way up the river, and turned back. In the war of 1812, the 
 noted action between the Enterprise and Boxer occurred off its south- 
 eastern shore. In the war of the Rebellion the county furnished to the 
 Union forces 2,488 men. Robert Gutch and Ichabod Wiswall were 
 the first religious ministers in the county, the first coming about 1660. 
 
 Steam-power was first used on the Kennebec as early as 1818, for 
 propelling rude craft ; and in 1823 steam communication was opened 
 between Bath and Boston. What is now the Bath branch of the 
 Maine Central Railroad was opened to the city in 1849 ; and the 
 Knox and Lincoln Railroad was opened in 1871. The first newspaper 
 was published in the county in 1820. There are now but two. Eight 
 national banks and three savings institutions are located in the county. 
 
 Sagadahoc County was set off from Lincoln and incorporated in 
 1854, Bath being made the shire town. Its valuation in 1870 waa 
 811,041,340. In 1880 it was 110,297,215. The polls in 1870 numbered 
 4,669, and in 1880, 5,182. The population in 1870 was 18,803. In 
 1880 it was 19,276. 
 
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ST. GEORGE. 495 
 
 Sag'adahOC River is the stream formed by the union of 
 the Kennebec and Aildroscoggin, and extends from Merrymeeting Bay 
 to the ocean. This was the Indian name for this stream and its vicin- 
 ity. Generally, however, the name Kennebec is applied to it quite to 
 the sea, implying that the Androscoggin is a mere tributary to the 
 somewhat larger Kennebec. 
 
 St. AllbailS is situated in the south-eastern part of Somerset 
 County, bordering on Penobscot County. It is bounded on the north 
 by Ripley, east by Corinna, south by Palmyra, and west by Hartland 
 and Harmony. Its area is 23,040 acres. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil is generally fertile. Nearly in the centre of the town is 
 Indian Pond, with its length north-east and south-west. In the same 
 line north-eastward is Little Indian Pond. Moo.se pond forms upward 
 of one half of the western boundary. St. Albans village, the principal 
 business centre, lies at the outlet of Indian Pond, at the south-western 
 extremity. The manufactories at this place consist of a saw-mill for long 
 lumber, and shingle and grist mills, a shovel-handle and sash and door 
 factories, and others of less extent. St. Albans is 22 miles east by 
 north-east from Skowhegan. It is 10 miles from the Maine Central Rail- 
 road station at Pittsfield on the stage line from that place to Harmony. 
 
 This township was purchased of the State of Massachusetts in 1799 
 by Dr. John Warren, of Boston, and was settled during the following 
 year. It was incorporated June 14, 1813. There are Congregationalist, 
 Free Baptist, Methodist and Friend societies in the town. The public 
 schoolhouses number 15, and the school property is valued at $5,575. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,675. In 1880 it was 1,394. The valua- 
 tion in 1870 was $420,233. In 1880 it was $418,931. 
 
 St. Francis Plantation lies at the southern point of the 
 
 notch in the northern border of Aroostook County. St. John Planta- 
 tion bounds it on the east. The St. John River forms the northern line, 
 running in a north-eastern course. The St. Francis River comes in the 
 northern side of St. John, about midway of the town. The latter river 
 at this point broadens, and contains several islands. The plantation 
 is connected with Fort Kent by a stage-line. 
 
 St. Francis was settled by Acadian and Canadian French. It 
 has one public schoolhouse, valued at $100. The population in 1870 
 was 253. In 1880 it was 299. The valuation in the latter year was 
 $20,840. 
 
 St. George is the most southerly town of Knox County. It 
 embraces the southern and larger part of a long and broad peninsula 
 formed by St. George's River on the west and the ocean on the east. 
 It is bounded on the north by South Thomaston. The area is 11,026 
 acres. It includes Metinic, Elwell and George's Islands. Tennant's 
 Harbor is the principal village. Others are St. George, South St. 
 George, Martinsville and Clark's Island. At South St. George some 
 ship-building is done ; other productions are ice and canned lobsters. 
 At Tennant's Harbor, is a large sail loft ; and in this vicinity the Long 
 Cove and the Clark's Island granite companies, and others, have their 
 .business.. Tennant's .Harbor and Port Clyde each have a marine 
 railway. 
 
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496 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 St. George originally was a part of Gushing, from which it was set 
 off and incorporated in 1803. 
 
 It is said that two families settled in this town as early as 1635. 
 The shores were long noted for the immense flocks of wild ducks, geese 
 and other waterfowl that had their haunts on it, and on the adjacent 
 islands of the bay. During LovewelUs war, in the spring of 1724, the 
 shore of this town was the scene of a most tragic encounter between 
 the whites and the Indians. Captain Winslow, a descendant of the Ply- 
 mouth colony governor of that name, being in charge of the fort at 
 Thoraaston, made an excursion down the St. George's for the purpose 
 of fowling. He was accompanied by sixteen men from the garrison in 
 two stout whale boats. A large company of Indians W;re in the vici- 
 nity for the same purpose, but concealed themsehec, and watched the 
 white men. As Winslow's company ascended the river the next day 
 on their return, the Indians fired upon them from an ambush on the 
 shore. The first boat containing Captain Winslow had been permitted 
 to pass, and the whole fire was directed upon the rear boat under the 
 charge of Sergeant Harvey. The sergeant fell, and a brisk fire was 
 returned by his companions upon their assailants. Winslow, though 
 past danger, hastened back in his boat to the assistance of his com- 
 panions. Thirty canoes full of savages immediately shot out from the 
 shore and surrounded the two boats, commencing their assault with a 
 horrible whoop. Every one of Winslow's brave company fell, except 
 three friendly Indians, who escaped and communicated the sad intel- 
 ligence to the remainder of the garrison. 
 
 The surface of St. George is moderately uneven. There are neither 
 high hills nor deep valleys. Stone Hill, about 200 feet in height, is the 
 greatest elevation. The principal rock is granite. Turkey Pond, one 
 mile in circumference, is the largest sheet of fresh water. The woods 
 are chiefly of spruce. The soil is a clay loam, good for potatoes, which 
 is the crop chiefly cultivated. The principal curiosity of St. George is 
 a cave called the " Devil's Den," which has a depth of six or eight feet 
 only. The first minister was Elder Ephraim Hah, who, with his suc- 
 cessor. Elder Benjamin Eames, was a Calvinist Baptist. There are 
 societies of the Adventists, Baptists and Free Baptists in the town. 
 The Baptists and Free Baptists have church edifices. The town is 
 much given to musical entertainments by home talent. St. George 
 village and Tennant's Harbor have each its cornet band. St. George 
 has 16 public schoolhouses, and its school property is valued at $5,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $403,342. In 1880 it was 
 $523,266. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 12^ mills on the 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 2,318. In 1880 it was 2,875. 
 
 _ St. John Plantation lies on the south side of St. John's 
 River in the northern part of Aroostook County. It is bounded on the 
 east by Fort Kent and Wallagrass Plantation, and west by St. Francis 
 Plantation. Wallagrass stream runs from west to east along the 
 southern border, having three ponds in its course near the centre of the 
 town, and northward are two other small ponds, their outlets flowing 
 nortjiward to St. John's River. The plantation has a grist-mill and a 
 hotel. The stage-line from Fort Kent to St. Francis runs along the St. 
 John. 
 
 This plantation was settled bv Canadian French. The population 
 in 1870 was 127. In 1880 it was"66. 
 
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SANDY RIVER PLANTATION. 497 
 
 St. Jolm'S River, see articles on Boundaries, Climate, 
 Mountains, Rivers, Lakes and Ponds, in the first part of this volume. 
 
 Sfllem is situated in the eastern part of Franklin County, 7 
 miles from the railroad, station in Strong, and nearly 20 miles from 
 Farmington. It is bounded east by Freeman and Kingfield, south by 
 Phillips, west by Madrid, and north by Mount Abraham township. 
 The northern part of Salem is occupied by the southern base of the 
 Mount Abraham group of peaks. Curvo stream, a branch of Carra- 
 basset River, takes its rise in this group of mountains ; and passing 
 through, the midst of the town, furnishes at Salem village the power 
 for a saw and a grist-mill. Along the streams there is considerable 
 interval land ; but elsewhere it is quite gravelly. CobUe-stones are . 
 said to abound in some parts of the town. Beech, birch, maple, cedar 
 and spruce are found in the foi'ests. 
 
 Salem was formed from parts of Freeman, Phillips, and Number 
 Four in the First Range, Bingham's (Million Acres) purchase. The 
 first clearing was made by Benjamin Heath 2d from Farmington, about 
 1815 ; to which he and John Church 1st, and Samuel Church removed iu 
 1817, being soon followed by Messrs. Double and Hayford. The town 
 was incorporated in 1823 under the name of North Salem, which was 
 changed later to the latter word of the name alone. 
 
 A quaint, red, one-story building constitutes the town house, and 
 also serves for religious meetings in the absence of a church edifice. 
 The village has a small Sunday school library. Salem has four public 
 schoolhouses, the total school property being valued at $400. The 
 town valuation in 1870 was $64,432. In 1880 it was $59,868. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was 1| cents on the dollar. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 307. In 1880 it was 273. 
 
 Salisbury Cove, a post-office in Hancock County. 
 
 Sandy Bay Plantation is in a triangular township in 
 Somerset County, on the Canada line. It is bounded by Bald Moun- 
 tain Plantation on the east, Dennestown on the south, and by Canada 
 on the north-west side. Its inhabitants, in 1880, consisted of two 
 families,whose occupation was principally farming. It is 98 miles front 
 Skowhegan on the Canada road. 
 
 Sandy Creefej a post-office in Cumberland County. 
 Sandy Point, a post-office in Stockton, Waldo County. 
 
 Sandy River Plantation, in Franklin County, is 
 
 bounded on the east by Madrid, on the west by Rangeley Plantation, 
 on the north by Greenvale, and on the south by Letter E. The area 
 is 21,000 acres. The principal feature of this township is the line of 
 ponds which extend from the western side nearly two-thirds of the 
 way to the eastern. Four of these are connected with Sandy River 
 and form its source. Along the southern shores of these ponds passes 
 the Sandy River road, which connects Rangeley with the railroad at 
 
 32 
 
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498 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Phillips, about ,12 miles distant. The principal settlements are along 
 the road near these ponds. Scarcely more than a stone's throw from 
 the most westerly of the ponds is Long Pond, a source of the An- 
 droscoggin River, — so near do the sources of these streams approach 
 each other. The pond is situated in the middle of the woods, and is 
 about a mile in extent, and a very pretty sheet of water. An arm of 
 it extends within a few feet of the stage-road, which passes to the 
 north of it. The manufactures of this plantation, so far as reported, 
 consist wholly of lumber. 
 
 The plantation takes its name from the river of which it contains the 
 head-water. It was owned by the Oquossoc Angling Association, which 
 was incorporated in 1870, and now numbers some seventy members. 
 Most of tliese reside in the vicinity of New York City. The principal 
 establishments of the association are on Lake Kennebago, in the second 
 township north of Rangeley, and upon its outlet. The ponds and 
 streams of this township abound in trout. 
 
 The valuation of the plantation in 1880 was |8,400. 
 
 SftiH-IOrG-j in York County, is the western portion of a tract of 
 land purchased in 1661 by Major William Phillips of the Indian chiefs 
 Fluellen, Captain Sunday and Hobinowell. It was confirmed by Gorges 
 to the major or his son Nathan, in 1670. In 1696, Mrs. Pliillips willed 
 it to her former husband's son, Peleg Sanford, from whom the name is 
 derived. It was at first called Phillipstown. Sanford was surveyed 
 in 1734, and settlement commenced in 1740. The northern part of the 
 town was settled in 1745 by Captain David Morrison. He purchased 
 the lot containing the mill privileges above Springvale, and built a 
 house and saw-mill. The record of a town meeting, held in 1770, show 
 that the chief business of the meeting was to authorize the employment 
 of a minister and schoolmaster for three months. The first mention of 
 any ministerial service is that of a marriage by Rev. Peltiah Tingley, a 
 Baptist, in 1774. Tradition says that the first preaching in town was 
 from the top of a high rock which is to be seen on the road from South 
 Sanford to Alfred. 
 
 It is said that Louis Philippe, afterward King of France, once 
 stopped at the Old Colonel Emery House, in South Sanford. A bed 
 in the house is still pointed out as the king's bed. The royal heir vis 
 ited in Maine for several weeks about 1790. 
 
 The town has Alfred and Kennebunk on the east of its irregular 
 outline, Alfred and Shapleigh on the north. Wells and North Berwick 
 on the south, and Lebanon and North Berwick on the west. It is 10 
 miles long by 5 wide. The area is 17,921 acres, exclusive of water 
 surface. Springvale, in the northern part of the town, is the principal 
 business centre. It is on the Portland and Rochester railroad, 36 
 miles from Portland. Other villages are South Sanford and Sanford 
 villages, near the centre of the town. 
 
 The principal body of water is Bonny Bigg Pond. Smaller ones 
 are Sand Pond, Picture Pond, Deering and Littlefield's ponds. The 
 Mousam River runs through the town longitudinally, furnishing within 
 its limits seventeen powers. On the power at Sanford village are three 
 woolen mills and a saw-mill. Among the products are carpets, and 
 robes and blankets for sleighs. At Springvale are the cotton factory 
 of the Springvale Mill Company, two lumber-mills, a grist-mill, and a 
 
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SANGERVILLEi 499 
 
 ehoe lactory. Springvale lies in a A'alley, the hills rising about it on 
 all sides. The village derives its name from a large spring of pure 
 water, which flows out just below the grist-mill. 
 
 The numerous woods, hills and ponds afford a varied and attractive 
 scenery. Beaver Hill and Mount Hope are the greatest eminences. 
 The rock is granite and mica-schist. The southern portion of the town 
 is nearly level. The soil on the ridge is fertile, but on the plains and 
 the valleys it is infei-ior. The town boasts as curiosities, old Indian 
 Cave, Wildcat's Rock — from 75 to 150 feet high and quite perpendic- 
 ular — and others. 
 
 At Springvale the Calvinist and Free Will Baptists-and Christians 
 have each a church ; and the Congregationalists have one at each San- 
 ford Corner, and at South Sanford. The town has a high-school, locat- 
 ed at Springvale. The whole number of schoolhouses is fifteen, and the 
 value of the school property is placed at $10,000. The population in 
 1870 was 2,397 ; valuation, $560,542. In 1880 the valuation was $654,- 
 303. In 1880, the population was 2,732. Of this Springvale has 1,116 
 and Sanford Corner, 558. The number of deaths in 1879 was 23. 
 The number of persons 80 years old and upwards, 22. The oldest man 
 in town is 91 years, and four women are each 89 years of age. There 
 are 180 farms in town, each paying a yearly income of $300 or over. 
 
 Sanford has a noble war record. The State gives it credit for only 
 147 men, but it is known to have sent over 160 into the army and 15 
 into the navy. Lieutenant-Colonel John Hemingway was its highest 
 officer. The bounties paid averaged about $300. The Springvale 
 Reporter, published every Saturday, is the only newspaper in town. 
 It is a lively sheet, devoted mostly to local news, H. C. Cheever ia 
 the publisher. 
 
 S3)ll§fervill!B is situated piidway of the southern border of 
 Piscataquis County, adjacent to Dover on the west. On the north is 
 Guilford, Parkman forms the western boundary, and on the south is 
 Dexter in Penobscot County. The Bangor and Piscataquis Railway 
 passes near the northern boundary of the town, having a station 
 about 7 miles from that in Dover. North-west and Center ponds 
 are the largest bodies of water within the town, and the Piscataquis 
 River forms its northern boundary. The area of Sangerville is 24,216 
 acres. The surface is sOmewhat hilly, and so elevated between the 
 waters of the Kennebec and Penobscot that the water of its three 
 ponds find the ocean through both these streams. The rock is lime- 
 stone and slate. There is less waste land than usual in town, most 
 being good upland, with few stones, and easily cultivated. The prin- 
 cipal centres of business are Sangerville village. East Sangerville and 
 Brockway's Mills. At the first, on the outlet of North-west Pond, are 
 a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a tannery, and two woollen mills. The latter 
 employ each near 50 hands, paying out some ten or twelve hundred 
 dollars monthly. On the outlet of Center Pond, at Brockway's Mills, 
 are two mills for large and small lumber; and on the outlet of Black 
 Stream, which enters the town from Dover, are a saw-mill and shingle 
 machine and a grist-mill. It was on this stream that the first grist-mill 
 in town was built by Phineas Ames, the first settler. He made an 
 opening as early as 1801 or 1802, and moved in his family in the autumn 
 of 1803. James Waymouth was the next settler, and Jesse Brock way 
 
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500 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the third. The proprietor of the township was Col. Calvin Sanger, of 
 Sherborn, Mass., who purchased three-fourths of it as early as 1800, and 
 the remainder soon after. Eben Stevens came in 1805; in 1806 Wil- 
 liam Farnham moved his family in from Norridgewock. Mr. Farnham 
 lived on the south side, of Pond Hill, where he started the business of 
 tanning. He brought young apple trees from Garland on his shoulders, 
 and planted the iirst orchard in town. Among later settlers were 
 Walter Leland, Samuel McLanathan, Enoch Adams, Eleazer Wood- 
 ward, Guy Carleton and Apollos Pond. Carleton and Dlidley com- 
 menced operations where Sangerville village now stands in 1812 
 or 1813, building there a saw-mill and a grist-mill; and in 1816 Carle- 
 ton started a carding machine, the first in the Piscataquis valley. 
 
 The township was first called Amestown, after the earliest settler, 
 but in 1814 it was incorporated as Sangerville, in honor of the princi- 
 pal proprietor. Elder William Oakes was the youngest of several 
 brothers who came to this town. Soon after Elder Macomber organ- 
 ized the Baptist church, Mr. Oakes was licensed to preach. A noted 
 event in the history of the town is the loss of Daniel Ames' child. No 
 trace of the lost one was ever found, though the entire male population 
 searched for it more or less for days. Some months later a tramp was 
 found carrying a child which he claimed as his own, hut it was claimed 
 and taken from him by the bereaved parents, though in several partic- 
 ulars it differed from the one they had lost. Mr. Appleford, the tramp, 
 was prosecuted by the selectmen of the town, but witnesses providen- 
 tially at the trial vindicated the old man, and his child was restored to 
 him, to the great satisfnction of both. The question of the disappear- 
 ance was never satisfactorially answered. 
 
 There is a Union meeting-house at the village, and another at Lane's 
 Corner. A bell has been presented to the first by Mr. Cotton Brown, 
 a wealthy farmer and a old resident. The town has a Baptist, Free 
 Baptist and a Methodist society. Sangerville has nine public school- 
 houses, valued at $3,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $316,590. 
 In 1880 it was $291,603. The population in the same year was 1,140. 
 
 Sarg"entviUe— a post-office in Hancock County. 
 
 ScarlborOUg"!! is the most southerly town of Cumberland 
 County, having its entire eastern width on Spurwink River and on the 
 sea. Cape Elizabeth lies on the east, Westbrook and Gorham on the 
 north, the latter and Buxton on the north-west, and Saco on the south- 
 east. The form of the town is nearly square, but is longest from 
 north-west to south-east. Libby's Neck is a broadening point which 
 extends into the sea. On the outer north-eastern side begins Scar- 
 borough Beach, about 2 miles in length. Higgin's Beech succeeds, and 
 continues with one projection to Spurwink River. On tlie land, or 
 western side of the Neck is a small harbor. Above are Pine 
 Point and Ferry Rock, nearly enclosing from the sea a considerable 
 basin into which are discharged the waters of the several streams of 
 the town. These are Libby's River, which is little more than a salt 
 water creek, running parallel with the shore from the east ; the None- 
 such River, rising in the north-western part of the town, and running 
 almost to the eastern line of the town, then <outh-west to the basin ; 
 and New River, of which Mill Creek, Beaver Beach, and Oriocoag 
 
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SCARBOROUGH. 
 
 501 
 
 River, are branches. Scottow's Hill near the centre of tlie town is the 
 most elevated portion of the surface. This was tlie point from which 
 in tlie early jieriod, the inhabitants signalled danger to the surrounding 
 country, by means of beacons and signal fires. Pleasant Hill, in the 
 eastern part of the town is a more extended eminence. Near its 
 base on the east is a large never-failing spring ; and a short distance 
 south are two other springs having a decided mineral character. 
 
 Along these streams for a considerable distance inland ai-e salt 
 marshes «here large quantities of hay are cnt annually. The occupation 
 of the peo])le is chiefly agricultural. The principal business centres 
 are Dunstan Corners, Blue Point, West Scarborough, and Coal Kiln 
 Corners. The Portland, Saco and Portsmouth railroad crosses the 
 
 
 ppout's neck. 
 
 Boiithern part of the town, having stations at Oak Hill and West 
 Scarborough. The Boston and Maine railway crosses a little to the 
 south of tlie other, having stations at Scarborough Beech and Blue 
 Point. The principal manufactures are of canned foods, carriages and 
 soap. At Oak Hill is a small neighborhood library. 
 
 The first settler of Scarborough was one Stratton, who about 1G30, 
 located on a cou]ile of islands whicli long bore his name. The tract of 
 land between Black Point and Spurwink River was granted to Capt. 
 Thomas Cammock, a nephew of the Earl of Warwick. Capt. Cammock 
 was therefore the first legal jn'oprietor in Scarborough. In the course 
 of a few years other settlers joined Cammock, mostly as tenants. Blue 
 Point and Dunstan Corners were next settled, — Richmond, Foxwell, 
 
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602 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Henry Watts, George Doering, Nicholas Edgecomb, Hilkiah Bailey, 
 Edward Shaw, Tristram Andrew and Arthur Alger being the earliest 
 comers. The two lalter purchased land of the Indians at Dunstan 
 Corners, and ever held possession by virtue of that title. John Josselyn 
 the voyager, resided here for a few years with his brother Henry, who 
 ■was interested in lands, and quite a politician. When Maine was 
 claimed to be under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, one of the 
 articles of submission, read : " That those places which were formerly 
 called Black Point, Blue Point, Strattgn's Island, thereunto adjacent, 
 shall henceforth be called by the name of Scarborough ; the bound of 
 which town, on the western side, beginneth where the town of Saco 
 ended, and so runs along on the western side of the river Spurwink, 
 eight miles back into the country." This incorporation was in 1658. 
 The name was in remembrance of old Scarborough, in England. The 
 Indian name was " Owascoag," which signifies the place of much grass. 
 
 John Libby, who settled here in 1659, or 1660, was probably the 
 first of the name in New England. He came from Broadstairs, Kent 
 County, England. He resided in the town until his death in 1682, 
 becoming one of the most prominent men in the settlement. 
 
 Early in the first Indian war, the savages made a descent upon 
 Cnptain Scottow's garrison at the Neck, and captured it ; and the in- 
 habitants at once abandoned that locality. In 1677, two hundred 
 friendly Indians and about forty English soldiers under Capt. Benjamin 
 Swett and Lieut. Richardson, came to Black Point by water from Mas- 
 sachusetts. On June 29, Capt. Swett with a detachment from the 
 vessel, together with a number of the inhabitants, swelling the force 
 to ninety, set out to meet the Indians, who were lurking in the vicinity. 
 Ill the neighborhood of the hill, they discovered a body of savages in 
 retreat, and pursued them. The flight was a ruse, and led them into 
 an ambush. In the desperate fight that ensued, all but thirty were 
 left dead or wounded on the field, Capt. Swett among the number. 
 
 In 1681 a strong fortification was erected at Black Point, but 
 the inhabitants were so harrassed by the attacks of the Indians 
 that Scarborough, about 1690, was wholly abandoned. The re- 
 settlement appears to have been in 1702, by a little band of seven 
 persons, who came from Lynn in a sloop. The peace did not continue 
 long ; and in August, 1703, a band of 500 Erench and Indians under 
 Monsieur Beaubarin, made a sudden descent along the coast from 
 Cmsco to Wells. The fort at Scarborough was garrisoned only by the 
 little band from Lynn. The demand for a surrender was refused ; 
 and the enemy surrounded the fort, and commenced to run a mine 
 under its walls. Some now began to talk of abandoning the defence ; 
 but Capt. John Larrabee solemnly assured them that he would shoot 
 the first man who mentioned the word " surrender." Before the enemy 
 had brought the mine near the walls a heavy rain storm came on, 
 soaking the soil to such an extent that the mine caved in. The 
 workers thus becoming exposed to the fire of the garrison, were obliged 
 to abandon tho work ; and they departed in search of easier prey. 
 From this •>,ime, though occasionally harrassed by the Indians, the 
 che settlement flourished. 
 
 In the succeeding wars two men of Scarborough, Charles Pine and 
 Richard Hunniwell, became famous as Indian killers. Hunniwell was 
 especially dr jaded by the satvagea. They had. murdered his- wife and 
 
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SEARSMONT. 50? 
 
 child; and the demon of vengeance had seized upon him to such a 
 degree that he would kill any Indian in waiv or peace wherever he 
 found the opportunity. One day while mowing, an Indian endeavored 
 ed creep upon him unawares ; but Hunniwell had seen the skulking 
 savage, yet kept on cutting his swath toward the place of concealment. 
 When near enough, he sprang forward, disconcerting the Indian so that 
 his gun missed its aim, when the enraged mower at once cut off the 
 head of the savage with his scythe. Placing the ghastly countenance 
 upon a pole, he set it up in view of the Indians on the other side of 
 the marsh, and in a loud voice, bade them to come on. They however, 
 consulted prudence, and retired. Pine, at one time, discovering that 
 the savages were holding nightly pow-wows at an abandoned barn at 
 a distance from the settlement, concealed himself in the upper part ; 
 and when the first two entered he shot both. The remainder fled. One 
 James Libby had a mare of whose speed he was wont to boast. Re- 
 turning one day to the fort on horseback, but unarmed, he was pursued 
 and overtaken by an Indian on foot, who was about to pull him from 
 the horse, when the approach of two armed white men caused the 
 savage to return to the woods. Libby was never afterward known to 
 boast of the speed of his mare. 
 
 After the peace of 1749, such was the demand for lumber that a 
 dozen saw-mills were kept in operation in town. Scarborough re- 
 sponded to the call of the Continental Congress by sending 50 men to 
 Cambridge immediately after the battle of Lexington. Many of its 
 citizens also joined the expedition against the British at Castine, in 1779. 
 
 The second parish was organized in 1734, and Richard Elvin, of 
 Salem, a baker by trade, but converted under Whitefield's preaching, 
 became the first minister and proved devoted and useful. Rev. Robert 
 Jordan, an Episcopal clergyman, whose parochial charge embraced all 
 this part of Maine,is credited with having suppressed by his intelligence 
 and decision, the first attempt of " the villainy of witchcraft in Maine." 
 Rufus King and his half-brother William, were born in Scarborough. 
 The former was considered a consummate orator and statesman. 
 William belonged to the first order of energetic intellect. During his 
 later years, he was at the head of the Democratic party in Maine. 
 Other distinguished citizens were J. Wingate Thornton the liistorian, 
 and Seth Storer, prominent in the politics of his town and state, and 
 regarded by all parties as " God's noblest work, an honest man." 
 
 The Congregationalists, Methodists, Free Baptists and Christians 
 have churches in town. Scarborough has ten public sohoolhouses, 
 and its school property is valued at $7,200. It is a port of delivery in 
 the Saco collection district. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $705,- 
 728. In 1880 it was $780,702. In the year 1791, its inhabitants num- 
 bered 2,235. In 1870, it was 1,692. By the census of 1880, it was 
 placed at 1,848. 
 
 SchOOdiC Lakes, see article on St. Croix River. 
 Seal Cove* a post-office in Hancock County. 
 
 SearsmOnt is situated in the southern part of Waldo 
 
 County bordering on Knox County. Its greatest length is north-west 
 
 ' and south-east, nearly 10 miles ; and its greatest width is about 5 miles. 
 
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504 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The south-eastern part is very hilly, with some hills on the west also ; 
 while a long range from Appletou penetrates the southern side nearly to 
 Searsmont village. The town was formerly noted for its pine forests, of 
 which it is said there was a larger quantity than in any other town of 
 the Waldo Patent. General Knox himself carried on lumbering here. 
 P'rom the north-eastern side Quantabacook Pond extends nearly to the 
 village. Its area is 1.25 square miles. This pond is the source of the 
 east branch of St. George's River. Moody Pond, in the south-eastern 
 pa?t of the town, is about one half the area of the first, and dischai-ges 
 into that pond, through a stream and a smaller pond between. St. 
 George's River, west branch, has its source among the hills and in the 
 ponds of Montville. On this stream, in Searsmont, are eight water- 
 powers, and on the east branch and its tributaries are seven others. 
 At the village are three lumber and cooperage mills, a sash, blind and 
 pump factory, four carriage factories, a tannery, a boot and shoe fac- 
 tory, a coffin and bedstead factory, etc. At North Searsmont are two 
 lumber-mills. The soil of this town is productive and the buildings 
 have generally the appearance betokening thrift. Searsmont is 10 
 miles south-west of Belfast, which is its nearest railroad connection. 
 
 This town originally formed a part of the Waldo Patent. Later, 
 it became the property of Sears, Thorndike and Prescott, wealthy 
 Bostonians, and large proprietors of lands in this region. The first 
 settlement was made in 1804, and the township was surveyed in 1809. 
 It was incorporated February 5th, 1814, taking the name of the chief 
 proprietor. A pioneer and singular character of Searsmont was known 
 as Uncle Joseph Meservey. familiarly called " Uncle Joe," who had 
 lived to see a flourishing village grow up where seventy years before 
 he had hunted with the red man, the moose, deer, bear and wolf.* 
 
 The religious societies in town are those of the Methodists and 
 Baptists. The public schoolhouses number twelve, and are valued at 
 14,000. Tiie population in 1870 was 1,418. In 1880 it was 1,320. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $300,418. In 1880 it was 
 $365,949. 
 
 SCO^rSpOrti is situated at the head of Penobscot Bay on 
 the western side of the river. It is bounded on the north by Frank- 
 fort, east by Prospect and Stockton, south by Penobscot Bay, west by 
 Swanville and the city of Belfast. The surface of the town along the 
 shore is quite uneven, but farther back it is more level, and many fine 
 farms are found. Mount Ephraira, near the centre of the town, and 
 Bog Hill are the chief eminences. The latter is about 400 feet in 
 height. Granite or gneiss, is the prevailing rock. Much of the soil is 
 
 * A writer in an old newspaper printed 30 years ago, says of " Uncle Joe Meservey ," 
 then living; " He has always preserved his youthful predilection for tlie forest and the 
 Btreani. Among the earlier recollections of Mr. Meservey, is that of a Mr. Braddock, who 
 lived in a camp alone near the head of the pond. There he died, and by his own request, 
 made to tliese only companions he knew, lie was buried upon the small island of which we 
 liave spoken. The beautiful place of his resting is known to very few ; and this is all the 
 world knows of him, who he was, except by name, and why he chose the solitary life of 
 the forest * * * How many romances have liad a less romantic foundation than these 
 simple circumstances." But Mr. Bi-addoclc was not Searsmont's only hermit. Mr. Tim- 
 othy Barrett was another of a later period. He had his abode at the head of " Hook's 
 Mill-pond," where he slept in a hoUow log or in a cave for nearly 35 years. Civilization 
 advancing too near him, he retreated up the west branch of George's River, to the head of 
 " True's Mill-pond'' in Moutville, where he lived iu solitude uutil hij death. See articla 
 on Moutville. 
 
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SEARSPORT. 505 
 
 very clayey, but excellent crops of hay and potatoes aro raised. A 
 great variety of trees are found in the forests, of which quite an extent 
 still remains. Goose Pond at the north-western corner and Half Moon, 
 at the north-eastern are the principal bodies of water ; though there 
 are several others in the middle and western part. There is a mineral 
 spring in the town whose waters are claimed to be of superior efficacy. 
 Another curiosity is a cave on the Cape. There is a good brick town 
 hall, a story and a half in height, used for town-meetings. Union Hall 
 is a wooden building, used for entertainments, and capable of seating 
 800 people. The first was built by the aid of a gift of $1,000 from 
 David Sears, senior, formerly principal proprietor of the township. 
 The public and private buildings in this town are generally in good 
 repair, and the i-oads are excellent. There is one bridge 150 feet in 
 length and one of 100 feet, both of stone. The manufactories of 
 Searsport consist of a spool and block factory, a lumber and a grist- 
 mill, an iron foundry, three ship-yards, a boat-yard, and other small 
 establishments. The nearest railroad is at Belfast, 6 miles from Sears- 
 port village. The Sanford line of steamers, connecting with Bangor, 
 Boston and intermediate points, touch here. A stage-line connects the 
 town with Belfast. 
 
 This town was set off from Prospect and incorporated Feb. 13th, 
 1845. With that town, it had originally been part of Belfast. The 
 name was chosen in honor of David Sears, of Boston, one of the pro- 
 prietors. His family retained Brigadier's Island until it acquired the 
 new name of Sear's Island. It is now owned by David and Henry F. 
 Sears, of Boston, great-grandsons of the first mortgagee. The area of 
 this island is about 1,000 acres, largely covered with wood. It is two 
 miles long and one broad, and is used as a summer residence by the 
 family. Among the valued citizens of former days should be men- 
 tioned Jeremiah Merithew, William McGilvery, Peleg and David 
 Nichols, Phineas Pendleton, Isaac and John Carver, Dr. Putnam 
 Simonton, Dr. Mosman, and perhaps others. There are in the town 
 111 persons above 70 years of age, 33 over 80, and 2 over 91. Sears- 
 port furnished 150 men for the Union army in the war of the Rebel- 
 lion, losing 58. There is a public library of 1,300 volumes, oi'iginally 
 presented by David Sears, Sen. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Institu- 
 tion, a flourishing society of this region, holds annual fairs at Union 
 Hall in Searsport village. The social tourist will often be surprised to 
 find the farmer with whom he stops to chat, indulging in reminiscences 
 of far-off regions, of hurricanes in the western tropics, and of cyclones 
 off the Asiatic coast, and other strange and thrilling experiences of 
 port and sea. Such incidents bring out the fact that among the inde- 
 pendent yeomen of the town are many whose early years were spent 
 upon the sea, and some who acquired handsome properties in maritime 
 pursuits. Often their houses will be found adorned with natural and 
 manufactured articles of sir inge beauty from many climes; while about 
 the grounds, as well as buildings, is the neatness born of the pride of 
 the seaman in the trim appearance of his ship. 
 
 There are in Searsport church edifices of the 1st and 2nd Congrega- 
 tional societies, of the 1st and 2nd Methodist societies, and of the 
 Baptist society. The town has graded schools in the village, and 
 sometimes a high school. The number of public school-houses is 
 eleven, valued at $18,450. The population in 1870 was 2,282. In 1880 
 
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506 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 it was 2,323. The valuation in 1870 was 11,036,823. In 1880 it was 
 $1,049,662. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 12 mills on the 
 dollar. 
 
 Seaward,— a Post-Office in Kennebec County. 
 
 SelbagCO is situated on the north-western shore of Lake 
 Sebago and in the western part of Cumberland County. Bridgton and 
 and Naples lie on the north-east, Baldwin lies on the south, and 
 Denmark and Hiram, in Oxford County, lie on the west. The early 
 history of Sebago is blended with that of Baldwin ; the territory 
 having been granted with the latter by Massachusetts, in 1774, to Whit- 
 temore, Lawrence, and their associates, — the survivors of John Fitch 
 and Company. In 1826 this territory was divided,— ^the northern part 
 being incorporated under the name of Sebago. About 1000 acres from 
 Denmark was annexed in 1830 ; and 400 acres have since been added 
 from Baldwin ; but in forming Naples, in 1834, 4,700 acres were taken 
 from Sebago. The surface of the town is very uneven, and generally 
 rocky. It was a severe task to clear up a farm in this rough region ; 
 but the soil was strong and repaid the industrious with abundant crops. 
 The building and maintaining of roads among the rocky hills and the 
 construction of bridges over its rapid streams has always been a severe 
 tax upon the inhabitants ; but the work has been well performed. The 
 highest eminences in Sebago are Saddleback Mountain, on the southern 
 border. Peaked Mountain, in the eastern part, and Tiger mountain in 
 the north-eastern. Brown's and Perley ponds, — the largest three-fourths 
 of a mile in length — lie within town limits. On its borders are Sebago 
 Lake, Peabody, Great Hancock, Hancock, and South-East ponds. The 
 principal streams are North- West River, Mill Brook and Sandy Beach 
 Brook. The chief settlement is on Mill Brook, near the centre of the 
 town, — constituting Sebago village. The principal manufactures are 
 long and short lumber, shocks and boots and shoes. 
 
 The town has Congregationalist, Baptist, Gen. Baptist, and Union 
 churches. Sebago has nine public schoolhouses, valued at $1,600. The 
 estates in 1870 were valued at $175,550. In 1880 they were valued at 
 $183,095. The population at the same date was 803. The census of 
 1880 increases it to 808. 
 
 Sel)ag"0 Lake— See article on Cumberland County. 
 
 SelOeC is situated in the southern part of Piscataquis 
 county, 10 miles north-east of Dover, on the Bangor and Piscataquis 
 railway. Williamsburg and Barnard lie on the north, Milo on the 
 east, Foxcroft on the west and Atkinson on the south. The area is 
 22,228 acres. There are several small ponds in town. Sebec Lake lies 
 partly within its limits, and the outlet furnishes two excellent water- 
 powers. The Piscataquis river forms its boundary line on the south. 
 There are fine intervals along the streams, and many good upland farms. 
 The principal manufacturing is on the outlet of Sebec Lake at the 
 village. There are at this place a saw-mill producing large and small 
 lumber, a cedar tub factory, a carriage and a woolen factory. South 
 Sebec is the other village of the town. 
 
 The township was the eastermost of the Bowdoin College townships. 
 In 1803, the treasurer of the college deeded 16,000 acres to Richard 
 
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SEBEC. 50t 
 
 Pike of Newbury Port, for which he paid 70 cents per acre. In 1804, 
 Mr. Pike sold one-sixteenth of this to Capt. Benjamin Wyatt, and soon 
 after, Da%'id and Charles Coffin, Mary Pike and Philip Coombs bought 
 equal shares, and became proprietors. Capt. Ezekiel Chase was the 
 first clear settler. He had been a Revolutionary soldier, loved to i-oara 
 the forest, and had become a successful hunter. He once took four 
 hundred dollars worth of furs at a single hunt. In 1802, he selected his 
 lot on the Piscataquis River, and felled an opening. He bought of 
 Vaughan and Merrick of Hallowell, — in whose township this point lay, 
 being brought into Sebec by the act of incorporation. " In 1803, he 
 raised his first crops, cut and stacked meadow hay, built a log cabin, 
 and in September moved his family, — the sscond planted in the 
 county." The next summer (1804) a child was born to them — Charles 
 Vaughn Chase — the first white child born in the county. Capt. Chase 
 was a self taught physician, as well as soldier, hunter and farmer. He 
 was also onco honored by the Democratic party in being chosen a 
 presidential elector. Abel Chase, a brother, was also an early settler. 
 Among other settlers of the early pei'iod were James Lyford, Mark 
 Trafton, Jeremiah Moulton, Peter Morrill, and W. R. Lowney, Mr. 
 Trafton became sheriff of the county, later a military officer, and 
 finally, a militia general. He was the father of Hon. and Rev. Mai-k 
 Trafton, an eloquent and successful Methodist clergyman, and once a 
 member of Congress. Sebec was incorporated on February 27, 1812, 
 thus becoming the first town in the county. The warrant for the first 
 town meeting was issued by John Whitney to James Lyford, and the 
 meeting was held in the dwelling-house of the latter. The minister's 
 lot was voted to Elder Asa B'urnham, a Free-will Baptist, who con- 
 tinued his religious labors as long as he had the strength, — dying in 
 1852. Dr. Francis Boynton settled on the place still known as Boyn- 
 lon's Point, practising medicine, teaching school, and vocal and in- 
 strumental music, as opportunity offered. Some of the aged will 
 remember his red coat on the muster field, others, the smooth tones of 
 his clarionet in religious meetings, and others still his thorough in- 
 structions in the rude school-room. He was drowned at the rips in run- 
 ning a raft of boards from the mill down to his farm. This occurred 
 in 1822, when he was in the 36th year of his age. 
 
 The first store in the place, was opened by Mr. Towle, who soon 
 took in Solomon Parsons as his partner. J. Lamson and son opened 
 the second store ; and John and Nathaniel Bodwell, in 1823, started a 
 hatter's shop. Later store-keepers have .been Benjamin Gilraan and 
 brother, — who also engaged in lumbering ; and in 1832, J. W. Jewett 
 opened still another store, being joined in the next year by Theodore 
 Wyman. Henry Parsons was the first lawyer to open an office in the 
 town. Hon. John Appleton, now chief justice of Maine, opened his 
 first office in Sebec village in 1824. Mr. Joseph Lamson, a leading 
 business man of Sebec, in 1852, visited California and made an exten- 
 sive tour of the Pacific coast. Recently he has brought out the record 
 of his observations in a neat and interesting volume, entitled "Around 
 Cape Horn." 
 
 The religious organizations of this town are two Methodist societies, 
 one Baptist and one Free Baptist. It has nine public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $4,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $190,407. 
 In 1880 it was $179,940. The population in 1870 was 964. In 1880 
 it was 876. 
 
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508 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 BelbeC Lake, see articles on Foxcroft, Bo werbank and Sebec 
 
 Sed^"Wick is situated in the south-western part of Hancock 
 County, having Bluehill on the north-east, Brooksvllle on the north- 
 west, Brooklln on the south-east, and Eggemoggin Reach (a part of 
 Penobscot Bay) on the south-west. The area Is about 14,000 acres. 
 There are two or more ponds in the northern part of the town connected 
 with Bagaduce River. The streams are Sargent's, Frost's Pond Stream, 
 Thurston Brook, Black Brook, Camp Stream, and Benjamin River,— all 
 of a size to carry mills. The latter is a tide-power. Benjamin's River 
 and Sargent's Stream each has a grist-mill and the other saw mills. 
 Other manufactures are ship building, tanning and cooperage. Sedgwick 
 has two companies — Eagle Brook Silver and Eggemoggin Silver — 
 engaged in mining argentiferous galena. The latter has a capital of 
 1200,000, and reduction works were erected a few years since at a cost 
 of $40,000. The villages are: Sedgwick, Sargentville, and North Sed- 
 wick. The town is about 24 miles south-westerly of Ellsworth, and is 
 tlie stage line to Bucksport, which terminates at Sargentville. The 
 town has two excellent harbors. The surface is broken and ledgy. 
 The underlying rock is granite. ' A large part of the town is suitable 
 for sheep-grazing rather than for cultivation. Along the shore of Egge- 
 moggin Reach, from Sedwick to Sargentville, the soil is easy of culti- 
 vation and quite productive. A large part of the occupation of the 
 inhabitants is connected with the sea.' 
 
 Sedgwick was one of six townships granted by Massachusetts in 
 1761 to David March and 359 others. They were to be 6 miles square, 
 and located contiguously between the Penobscot and Union Rivers. 
 The grantees bound themselves to settle each township with 60 Pro- 
 testant families within six years after obtaining the king's approbation, 
 and to fit for tillage 300 hundred acres of land, build a meeting-house, 
 and settle a minister. In a " census of the people of this region," in 
 1688, two French families of eight persons were found at Naskeag Point. 
 The first permanent settler was Andrew Black, in 1759. Four years 
 later came Captain Goodwin Reed, John and Daniel Black, and two 
 years after these, Reuben Gray moved in from Penobscot. His de- 
 scendants are very numerous. In 1789, the General Court confirmed to 
 each settler 100 acres of land. The town was incorporated tlie same 
 year, being named in honor of Major Robert Sedgewick. In 1817, 
 5,000 acres were set off to form Brooksvllle ; and again in 1849, about 
 9,000 acres were set off to form the town of Brooklln. The first minis- 
 ter of Sedgwick was Daniel Merrill. The two churches now in the town 
 belong to the Baptist denomination. Sedgwick has 10 public school- 
 houses, valued at $5,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $197,706. In 1880 it was $188,605. The population in 1870 was 1,113. 
 In lb80, it was 1,128. 
 
 Sha^plClg'll, in Yoi'k County, is bounded on the east by 
 Alfred and Waterborough, on the north by Limerick and Newfield, 
 west by Acton, and south by Sanford and Acton. The ai-ea is stated 
 at 20,000 acres by the Maine Register and 14,735 acres by York County 
 Atlas. Its nearest railroad connection is at Springvale on the Portland 
 and Rochester railroad. It was called Hubbardstown for a time, but 
 received its present name from Nicholas Shapleigh, who purchased it 
 
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SHAPLEIGH. 509 
 
 from Francis Small, whose deed from the Indian sagamores included 
 this and adjoining territory. The first settlement was made in 1772, 
 when Simeon Emery erected a saw-mill at the foot of Mousam 
 Pond. Settlers followed so rapidly that in 1784 there were over 40 
 families at this point. The town was incorporated in 1785. It then 
 included Acton which was set off in 1830 ; and in 1844, a portion of 
 the north-west corner was annexed to Newfield. ■ In the north and 
 north-east, plains of sandy loam yield good crops of grain. The 
 southern and larger part of the town consists of various elevations 
 ranging from mere swells to precipitous hills. The soil of this portion, 
 though stony, is fertile. The roads are good and afford many pictu- 
 resque and pleasing views. The principal trees are oak and pine. The 
 highest elevation of land is Jo Day fnountain. Little Ossipee River forma 
 a portion of the noi"thern boundary, and Mousam and Square ponds lie 
 on a portion of the western line. Other ponds are Loon, Goose and 
 Beaver. The water surface in town amounts to about 2,528 acres. Mou- 
 sam pond contains 1,760 acres ; Square, 640 ; Loon, 128. There are saw- 
 mills at Emery's Mills, Shapleigh Corner and ISTorth Shapleigh. The 
 latter has also a woolen factory and a leather board factory. Prior to 
 1842, cider was largely manufactured in town, from which it may be 
 inferred that the soil was favorable to orchards. Ross Corner at the 
 east side, is one of the four villages of the town. 
 
 .The Congregationalists formed a society organization in 1823, and 
 settled Rev. Henry A. Merrill, as pastor. A church was built soon 
 after. Rev. Amasa Loring was ordained minister in 1842, and a new 
 meeting-house was built. He remained seven years ; being followed 
 by Rev. Levi Loring for one year in 1850 ; since which time there has 
 been no settled minister. 
 
 The Baptists had long held meetings in private houses and barns, 
 when, in 1781, a society was formed. Rev. Nehemiah Davis was 
 ordained over it in 1787 ; but he served almost gratuitously, laboring 
 hard upon his farm through the week. He once stated that he had 
 traveled 300 miles barefoot to preach the gospel. The society erected 
 a meeting-house at the corner in 1802, and a new one in 1845. 
 
 The Methodists built a meeting-house at Emery's mills in 1828. 
 There are now in Shapleigh two Baptist and tvs'o Free Baptist 
 churches and one Methodist church. 
 
 At a meeting of the proprietors of the township in 1778, a lot of 
 150 acres was assigned for the support of schools ; some years afterward 
 the lot was sold for $1,034.18, which constitutes the local school fund. 
 The first recorded action of the town relating to schools was in 1790, 
 when it was voted to raise $133 for the use of schools. The town 
 now has nine schoolhouses, and sustains for a part of the year a school 
 called the Lindsey High-school. The school property is valued at 
 $5,000. The town valuation in 1870 -vvas $251,118. In 1880 it was 
 $248,713. The population of the same date was 1,087 ; in 1880 it was 
 1,128. The rate of taxation for 1880 is 1^ per cent in money and 2|- 
 on the highways, the latter to be worked out by the taxpayers. 
 Among the valued citizens of the town have been Dr. William Lewis, 
 Elias Ham, Elizur Bodwell, Alfred Hull, Darling Huntress, Simon 
 Ross, Ivory and Levi Bragdon. The town sent its full quota to the 
 army in the late war, and received a drawback on excess of bounty 
 from the state. Fourteen of those were lost in the war. 
 
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510 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 % 
 
 Sheridan Plantation lies near the average centre of 
 Aroostook County, 60 miles north-west of Houlton, on the stage-line 
 from Presquelsle to Ashland. It is bounded. by Castle Hill Plantation 
 on the east, Ashland on the south, and Nashville Plantation on the 
 west. The Aroostook River runs through the town from south-west 
 to north-east. Little Machias Stream runs across the south-western 
 corner. The nearest post-office is Ashland. 
 
 Sheridan was originally No. 12, Range 5, and later, Buchanan 
 Plantation. It was organized under its jjresent name in 1873. The 
 population in 1870 was 69. In 1880 it was 85. 
 
 SheepSCOt Bridg^e, a post office in Newcastle, Lincoln 
 County. 
 
 Sherman is a flourishing town in the south-western part of 
 Aroostook County, 38 miles south-west of Houlton, 24 miles from Mat- 
 tawamkeag and 10 miles from Patten. This was formerly called 
 Golden Ridge. It was incorporated under its present name January 
 28, 1862. Lots 18 in ranges 2 and 3 were taken from Silver Ridge 
 February 4, 1870. The principal streams are Molunkus and the outlet 
 of Macwahoc Lake, in the south-eastern part. The lake is 2 miles by 
 f of a mile wide. The town is generally level, having only moderate 
 swells. A great variety of trees are found in the forests, as beech, 
 birch, maple, hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, elm, ash, fir, basswood, etc. 
 The principal rock is slate ledges. The soil is loamy and productive, 
 yielding good crops of wheat, potatoes and hay. Young as the town 
 is, elm and maples from 10 to 25 years' growth decorate some of the 
 streets. The general thriftiness shows itself in the neat appearance of 
 the buildings, and the goodness of the roads. A bridge over Molunkus 
 Stream at the village is 150 feet long, solidly built of wood and stone. 
 
 Sherman has a starch factory, with a capacity of producing 200 tons 
 of starch annually, one grist-mill running about half the year, and two 
 saw-mills running for an equal period. The nearest railroad station is 
 at Mattawamkeag, 25 miles distant. The climate of this town seems 
 favorable to longevity, since there are three inhabitants about 80 years 
 of age, and 21 who are over 70. Sherman sent 113 men to do battle 
 for the Union in the war of the Rebellion, losing 34. 
 
 The town has a good hall 35 by 60 feet in ground dimensions, and 
 two stories in height. There is a public library of about 600 volumes. 
 The Congregation alists have a good church edifice. There is a high- 
 Bchool sustained one or more terms in each year. The number of 
 jiublic schoolhouses is six ; and the entire school property is valued at 
 $2,000. The population in 1870 was 701. In 1880"it was 798. The 
 valuation in 1870 was 6109,240. In 1880 it was $97,844. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 2 per cent. 
 
 Shirley is situated on the south-western border of Piscataquis 
 County. It is bounded on the north by township No. 5 and by Gren- 
 ville, east by Eliottsville, south byMonson and Blanchard, and west by 
 East Moxie, in Somerset County. The town is made up partly of the 
 disintegrated town of Wilson. This portion of the town was origin- 
 ally No. 9, Range 9. For a time it was known as Fullerstown, from 
 
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SIDNEY. 5H 
 
 H. W. Fuller, Esq., of Augusta, who had purchased 3,000 acres of its 
 territories from the Massachusetts Medical Society, and later nearly 
 the whole. The surface of Shirley has many ridary hills, especially in 
 the southern part. These generally have an excellent soil, and are 
 valuable for agriculture. Much of the eastern part, however, is infe- 
 rior. On its river courses abounded a giant growth of pine and spruce. 
 The main branch of the Piscataquis River rises in the "township on its 
 north, flowing southward through a bog in Shirley. This bog allows 
 of flowage ; and where the river issues from it on the south is a good 
 water-power which is improved by a saw-mill and grist-mill. The other 
 principal streams in town are Wilson's, at the north-eastern part, 
 and Bog Stream, in the western part. On both of these are good 
 powers. The western part of the present Shirley, constituting the 
 original of the township, was purchased by Messrs. Shaw and Jabez 
 True in 1829. The latter introduced some settlers, and built a saw- 
 mill about which the village of Shirley Mills has grown up. The first 
 settlers were Joseph Mitchell, Eben and David Marble, who came in 
 1825. About the time that Mr. True began to make an opening, Capt. 
 C Cushman made a clearing and built a frame house in the northern 
 part of the town ; hauling boards to cover his house on a hand sled 
 from Monson. In 1834 the township was incorporated as the town of 
 Shirley ; the name being that of the native place of J. Kelsey, Esq., 
 the representative in the legislature at the time. At the first town- 
 meeting Elder Orrin Strout was chosen town clerk, and Charles Loring, 
 one of the select-men. In 1848, the west half of what was then the 
 town of Wilson, lying east of Shirley, was annexed to the latter. This 
 brought in the little village known as Shirley Corner, at little Wilson 
 Stream, with another mill privilege, a hotel, and what is now Shirley 
 post-ofiice. This point is on the stage-road from Dexter to Moose- 
 head Lake, and on the line of the proposed extension of the railroad be- 
 tween the same points. The Huff silver mine — expected to yield a con- 
 siderable profit — is in this town. Shirley has three public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $1,000. The valuation in 1870 was $56,220. In 1880 it 
 was $50,973. The population in 1876 was 206. In 1880 it was 258. 
 
 SldnGy, in Kennebec County, lies on the western side of the 
 Kennebec River north of Augusta and of a small part of Manchester. 
 Vassalboro, on the opposite side of the river, bounds it upon the east, 
 Waterville and West Waterville in the north, and Belgrade on the 
 west. Messalonske, or Snow Pond, separates the northern half of the 
 town from Belgrade on the west. The town contains about 20,000 
 acres of land, of which a bog in the southern part absorbs about 1,000 
 acres. Though there are numerous streams in town, they are small ; 
 and the several saw and grist mills are rarely able to run through the 
 year. Agriculture forms the almost exclusive occupation of the in- 
 habitants. The soil is clay and clay loam for about 2 miles from the 
 Kennebec ; from this line to Snow's Pond, about 2 miles, the surface 
 is hilly and the soil gravelly. The principal crop is hay. The prox- 
 imity of the Augusta market is of great advantage to the farmers of 
 Sidney. The rock is slate formation with granite, with some limestone, 
 etc. A notable feature of the town is the size of its forest trees. 
 There are several small ponds, of which Ward's Pond, at the south- 
 west of the centre, is the largest. The post-offices are Sidney, Centre 
 
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512 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Sidney, North and West Sidney. There is no raih-oad in the town, 
 but ample accommodation is afforded by the two lines of the Maine 
 Central Railway, which pass, one along the eastern side in Vassalboro, 
 and the other through Belgrade, on the west. 
 
 The first settlements were along the river, and w'ere made about 
 1760 ; and soon after there were clearings made in the vicinity of Snow's 
 Pond. Moses Sawtelle was one of the early 'settlers, and his seven 
 grown up sons soon after began their plantations about hira. A distant 
 relative, John Sawtelle, was an early settler on the river road. The 
 climate of Sidney seems favorable to longevity, as there are at 2>resent 
 about 50 persons in town above seventy-five yeai's of age. 
 
 The territory of Sidney was first a part of Vassalboro, but was set 
 off and incorporated as an independent town in 1792. The Bajjtist 
 church was probably the first in town. The Rev. Asa Wilbur was 
 their pastor for many years, and in 1808 he became the first represent- 
 ative of the town in the General Court of Massachusetts. The Con- 
 gregationalists, Universalists, Friends and Methodists, each have a 
 society and church in the town, and the Baptists and Free Baptists 
 have two each. Sidney has nineteen school-houses, valued at $4,000. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $649,582. In 1880 it was $579,- 
 764. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 2^ cents on the dollar. The 
 po] Illation in 1870 was 1471. By the census of 1880, it is given at 1,406. 
 
 Silver Ridge Plantation lies in the south-western 
 part of Aroostook County. It is bounded on the north by Sherman 
 and west by Benedicta. Kingman, on the European and North Ame- 
 rican RailVoad, 15 miles south-east, is the nearest railroad station. The 
 principal streams are Molunkus River and the outlet of Plunket Pond, 
 which lies on the western line, and a short section of Macwahock River 
 at the north-eastern corner. The surface lies much in swells and 
 ridges, but there are no high hills. The rock underlying is slate, and 
 the soil, a gravelly loam. Hay and grain are the chief crops, and yield 
 abundantly. The forests contain nearly every species of Maine woods. 
 The settlement is principally along the road from Sherman to King- 
 man. The roads are few, but quite good. There is one bridge of 
 hemlock wood about 70 feet in length. There is one saw-mill manu- 
 facturing long and short lumber. This township received its first 
 settler in 1858. It was formerly the east half of No. 2, Range 5. It 
 was organized as a plantation July 20, 1863. There are three residents 
 near ninety years of age. The plantation has three public school- 
 houses, valued at $250. The population in 1874 was 184. In 1880 it 
 was 229. The valuation in 1880 was $16,662. 
 
 Simpson's Corner,— a post-office in Penobscot County. 
 
 Six Mile Falls, — a small ylllage in Bangor, Penobscot 
 County. 
 
 SkOWlieg"an is a prosperous manufacturing town lying on 
 both sides of the great bend of the Kennebec in the southern part of, 
 Somerset Count}', of which it is the shire town. Cornville bounds it 
 in the north, Canaan on the east, Faii-field on the south and Norridge- 
 
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SKOW BEGAN. 
 
 :.i3 
 
 woek on the west. Tlie surface is somewhat broken by swells and 
 ridges, Bigelow Hill, the greatest elevation being about 500 feet in 
 height. Slate rock generally underlies the soil, the latter being sandy 
 loam, and quite fertile. Hay, potatoes and wool are the principal 
 agricultural products. The water-power of the town is on the Kenne- 
 bec, at Skowhegan Falls, where the whole volume of the river de- 
 scends '28 feet in half a mile. An island, the head of which is at the 
 crest of the perjjendicular frdl, divides the river into two channels, 
 and serves at once as a natural pier and as a site for mills. The 
 bottom and banks of the stream are of solid ledge, and other vast 
 masses of rock support the dam and render it of great strength. The 
 nuniinum volume of water available here in a drouth, is estimated 
 at 110,500 cubic feet per minute for 11 hours a day, equal to 5,852 
 horse-powers, or sufKcient for 234,000 spindles. The manufactories 
 
 ''fSJv, 
 
 iroETn rn\%"^Ei pam, at =!K wttran ihp 
 
 here consist of a paper-mill, saw-mill, two sash and blind factories, two 
 flour-mills, a wood pulp-mill, three planing-mills, a woolen-mill, an oil- 
 cloth-factory, two axe-factories, one scythe-fiictory, two harness and 
 saddlery factories, and a foundry. The town hall is a three-story 
 brick block belonging to a cor]joration. The seating of the hall is 
 1,500 and the cost 160,000. There is a public library in the village' 
 containing upwards of 3,500 volumes. The elegant biick building con- 
 taining the court-room and county oflices was presented to tiie county 
 by Hon. Abner Coburn, to induce the removal of the county capital 
 from Norridgewoek. The houses in village and county are in neat re- 
 pair, and the roads are generally good. There is an excellent iron 
 railroad bridge here. The highway bridges across the river are of 
 wood, and 150 feet in length. Tiie streets generally are adorned with 
 trees ; and on one old street along the river are rows of elms seventy- 
 
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614 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 five years old and upward. Skowliegan is on the Maine Central Rail- 
 road, 100 miles from Portland. It is connected by stage-lines with 
 Norridgewock, Anson, Solon, Athens, the Forks of the Kennebec, and 
 Moosehead Lake, also Canaan and Alercer. 
 
 The territory comprising Skowhegan was originally a part of 
 Canaan, from which it was taken and incorporated under the name of 
 Millburn, Feb. 5, 1823. In 1836, the name it now bears was substi- 
 tuted. Skowhegan is an Indian word, and is thought to signify a 
 place of watch, referring to the habit of the savage? in gathering 
 here to catch salmon and other fish, which were abundant in their 
 season. The original territory of the town lay wholly on the north 
 side of the river, and contained but 19,071 acres ; but by the addi- 
 tion of Bloomfield on the south side of the river opposite, in 1861, the 
 area was swelled to 30,981 acres. Of this number 48 acres are water, 
 and over 821 are in roads. 
 
 This town is largely indebted to Hon. Abner Coburn for its pros- 
 perity. Mr. Coburn's father, Eleazer Coburn, moved to this locality 
 from Massachusetts in 1792, at the age of fifteen years, being among 
 the early settlers of the Kennebec Valley. He was a farmer and sur- 
 veyor. Abner was born here in 1803. After he became of manly age, 
 he and his younger brother Philander, assisted their father in survey- 
 ing and exploring the 1,000,000 acres of Bingham's Kennebec purchase. 
 The three, a little later, entered into a partnership business in laiid and 
 lumber under the name of E. Coburn & Sons ; and after their father's 
 death in 1845, his sons, the surviving partners, continued the business ; 
 and in 1876 Philander died. He and another brother are now sole 
 possessors of the property of the family. They own 450,000 acres of 
 land in Maine, and several thousand in the western States. Mr. 
 Coburn was governor of Maine in 1863. His charities have been very 
 large of late years. Besides the gift of an elegant court-house to his 
 native county, he has given $75,000 to Colby University at Waterville, 
 and several gifts of smaller sums to other institutions, among which is 
 the State Agricultural College at Orono. Other valued citizens of 
 former years were Gen. Joseph Locke, Judah McLellan and Samuel 
 Weston, Esqs. Col. Z. A. Smith of the " Boston Journal," was for 
 sometime a resident of Skowhegan. This town sent 285 men to the 
 Union army in the war of the Rebellion, losing 84. There are here a 
 society each of the Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, Christians 
 and Catholics. E. P. Mayo's Somerset Reporter is published here. 
 
 The village has graded schools, including a good high-school. The 
 number of public schoolhouses is twenty-four, valued with appurten- 
 ances at $28,900. The population in 1870 was 3,893. In 1880 it was 
 3,861. The valuation in 1870 was $1,581,610. In 1880 it was $2,053,818. 
 
 SmOjll Point, a post-office in Phipsburg, Sagadahoc County. 
 
 SmitllllGltl lies in the south-western part of Somerset 
 county, west of Fairfield, south of Norridgewock, east of Mercer, and 
 north of Belgrade and West Waterville in Kennebec county. On the 
 west of the town lies North Pond, and East Pond in the southern part. 
 North of this, in the centre of the town is a large marsh. The ponds 
 are each about 3 miles long and 2 wide. These ponds are beautiful 
 sheets of water, with excellent facilities for sailing, fishing and shoot 
 
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SOLON. 515 
 
 ing. The surface of the town is broken by large hills and valleys. 
 Mount Tom and Green's Mountain are the highest elevations. The 
 rock is chiefly a variety of granite. The soil is a clay loam, yielding well 
 in hay, oats, and potatoes, — which are the crops principally cultivated. 
 The beech, birch and maple are the principal forest trees. The manu- 
 factories consist of one saw-mill for long lumber, one shingle-mill, a 
 grist-mill and a fuel saw-mill. The nearest railroad station is at South 
 Norridgewock, 5 miles distant. The stations at North Belgrade and at 
 West Waterville are each 8 miles. 
 
 Smithfield was formed from parts of Mercer and Dearborn, and 
 called East Pond Plantation. It was incorporated under its present 
 name Feb. 29, 1840. Among the valued citizens should be mentioned 
 Rev. Henry Smith, Caleb Gilman, John Copeland, Francis Allen, Wales 
 Gould, Dennison Haynes, Peter Libbey, Barnabas Allen, S. N. Marston, 
 John Piper, Oliver Parsons and others. The town has quite a number 
 of residents over 70 years of age, and one that is 93. It sent about 70 
 men to aid in the war for the Union, and lost 14 of them. 
 
 There are two Free Baptist societies which sustain meetings in 
 Smithfield. The number of schoolhouses is seven, — valued at 11,125. 
 The population in 1870 was 704. In 1880 it was 564. The valuation 
 in 1870 was $168,599. In 1880 it was $142,662. The rate of taxation 
 is 23^ mills on the dollar. 
 
 Smyrna in Aroostook county lies in the third range of town- 
 ships, 11 miles west of Houlton village. Ludlow lies on the east, sep- 
 arating the two towns ; Merrill Plantation, on the west ; and Oakfield 
 Plantation on the south. The stage-line from Houlton to Patten passes 
 through the town. Duck Pond, about one-third of a square mile in 
 area, lies north-west of the centre of the town, and its outlet is the 
 principal stream. Another small pond lies on the south-western border, 
 partly in New Limerick. The surface is not broken by high hills, but 
 lies in swells and low ridges. The principal rock is white granite. The 
 soil is gravelly loam, and fertile. Potatoes are the chief crop. The 
 forest trees are spruce, hemlock, birch and maple. There is in the 
 town one saw-mill, capable of cutting 2 M. feet of lumber per day, — 
 100 M. per year. The settlements are chiefly in the southern portion 
 of the town. The public and private buildings are generally in good 
 repair, and the roads are also kept in fair condition. The nearest rail- 
 road station is at Houlton. 
 
 This town was organized March 7, 1839. It furnished 6 men for 
 the defense of the Union in the war of the Rebellion, of whom one half 
 were lost. Among its valued citizens have been William Irish, Levi 
 Berry and Nehemiah Leavitt. There is a Baptist clergymen resident 
 in the town, and a good interest is manifested in Sunday Schools. The 
 public schoolhouses are three in number, and are valued at $600. The 
 population in 1870 was 159. In 1880 it was 237. The valuation in 
 1870 was $85,698. In 1880 it was $60,872. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was, each, 3^^ per cent ; highway, 4^^. 
 
 Snow Falls,— A posUoffice in Paris, Oxford County. 
 
 Solon lies on the east bank of the Kennebec River, in the 
 southern part of Somerset County. It is bounded on the north by 
 
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516 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Bingham, on the cast by Athens, south by Cornville and Madison, and 
 west by Enibden. It is 15 miles north by north-west of Skowliegan, 
 on t]ie stage-line to the Forks. The surface is uneven, being varied 
 chiefly by terraces at different levels, and the gullying of the higher. 
 Parknian Hill, in the centre of the town, and French's, just east 
 of the villRge are the higliest. The rock is generally unlaminated 
 slate. The soil is sandy loam in parts, and gravelly loam in others, 
 but with much rich alluvial land along the Kennebec. In the north- 
 eastern part are Wentworth's Pond — about f of one mile in area — and 
 Baker's, Rowell's, and others smaller. The principal streams are Fall 
 Brook and Michael Stream. The former rises in ponds in the northern 
 j)art of Bingham, and in the hilly region of Mayfield and Brighton, — 
 discharging into the Kennebec at Solon Village. It is here a rapid 
 stream with steep banks, four rods in width when full, with solid slate 
 
 CARATUNK FALLS, KMBDEN AND SOLON, ME, 
 
 ledge for bottom and banks. The fall is 100 feet within one fourth of 
 a mile, — neither of the 5 falls varying much from 20 feet. From tlie 
 irregular form of the banks and bottom, these falls present much pic- 
 turesque beauty within a limited space. Toward the southern part of 
 the town Michael Stream enters the Kennebec. On this stream, some 
 3 miles from its mouth, are a saw and lath machine. A mile below 
 this power, is a beautiful waterfall about 20 feet in perpendicular 
 height. The manufactures of the town are long and short lumber, 
 meal and flour, carding an<l clotli-dressing, carri.iges, harnesses, harness 
 pads, etc., etc. The manufacturing and other business is almost wholly 
 at Solon Village, — which, with its stream, is certainly one of the most 
 ^jileasing villages in the State. In the Kennebec, about a mile above 
 
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SOMERSET COUNTY. 617 
 
 the village, are Caratunk Falls, and the bay below it, — one of the pas. 
 sages most dreaded by the lumber men. The river is here compressed 
 into a long, narrow chaii; el of rock, with a broad, jagged plain of rock 
 on the right, — where, at a rise of the water, great masses of logs are 
 thrown. 
 
 Solon was incorporated February 28, 1809, and organized on the 
 27th of March following. Its plantation name was Spauldingtown, — 
 from Thomas Spaulding, one of the grantees. The first settler was 
 William Hilton of Wiscasset, who removed hither in the fall of 1782, — 
 purchasing 500 acres of land on the river in the south-west' rn pari. 
 He lived on this farm for 64 years, and raised a family of 13 children ; 
 dying at 87 years of age, respected as a man of integrity and worth. 
 The next year after Mr. Hilton's arrival came William Hunnewell, 
 also from Wiscasset, who took a farm adjoining Hilton's. In 1787-8 
 Calvin and Luther Pierce, from Westmoreland, N. H., Moses Cham- 
 berlain and Jonathan Bosworth, from Easton, Massachusetts,' and 
 Eleazer Whipple and Joseph Maynard, settled on the river in the 
 north-westei-n part. In 1798-9, the south part was settled by James, 
 Jonas and Nathan Jewett, from Groton, Massachusetts, and Jonas 
 Ileald and Caleb Hobart from Pepperell. A post-office was established 
 here in 1813. ' 
 
 The religious societies are Congregationalist and Methodist ; there 
 is also a Union church edifice. The number of piiblic sohoolhouses is 
 13,— valued 13,000. The population in 1870 was 1,176. In 1880 it 
 was 1,013. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $331,919. In 1880 it 
 was $345,288. 
 
 Somerset Coimty is one of the great central and northern 
 counties of Maine. It is about 135 miles in length, north and south, 
 with an average width of some 30 miles. On its eastern line, about 
 midway of its length, lies Moosehead Lake, 40 miles in length. Between 
 this and the- western border of the State is a chain of ponds, extending 
 quite across the county, and discharging into Moosehead. The Ken- 
 nebec River, for fully half its length, lies in this county. In its northern • 
 part rise both the Penobscot and the St. John Rivei-s. The million 
 acres of land purchased by William Bingham of Philadelphia, in the 
 western part of the State lie mostly in Somerset. Tlie bounds of that 
 purchase commence at the south-eastern angle of Wellington in Pis- 
 cataquis County, extending northward on the east line of the town, 
 and westward on its south line to the south-western angle of Mount 
 Abraham Township, thence northward on its west line to the north- 
 western angle of No. 6 of Range 7 ; whence it runs easterly on the 
 north line of this township to Moosehead Lake, intersecting the eastern 
 line near the north extremity of Deer Island. The mountains of this 
 county of present note are Mount Bigelow, on the southern border of 
 the most western part. Squaw, Fletcher, Johnson, Pierce, Spencer, 
 Heald, Bald, Owl's Head, Sally, Moxie, the Bald Mountain Range, 
 Culcusso and Mucalsea mountains. 
 
 The industries of this county are chiefly agricultural ; and having 
 a good soil, few farmers fail to make a good living. Neat cattle and 
 sheep are raised in large numbers. 
 
 Somerset County was incoi-porated March 1, 1809. Its territory 
 was formerly embraced in Kennebec County ; and sections of it have 
 
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518 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 since been taken to form Franklin and Piscataquis counties. Nor- 
 ridgewock was the shire town until about 1870, when a new and elegant 
 brick building containing a cotirt-room and offices was presented to the 
 couJty by Hon. Abner Coburn, and the county seat was changed to 
 Skowhegan. There are now twenty-eight towns and four organized 
 plantations. The townships classed as Wild Lands number 68. The 
 The number of polls in 1870 was 8,169. In 1880, 8,698. The number 
 of children of school age in 1870 was 11,068. In 1880 it was 10,873, 
 The population of the county in 1870 was 34,611. In 1880.it was 
 32,339. The valuation in 1870 was $10,048,159. In 1880 it was 
 $l:i,l'28,878. 
 
 Soniei*Set Mills, a village, railroad station and post-oflSce 
 in Fairfield, Kennebec County. 
 
 SomGrvillG is the north-westerly town of Lincoln County. 
 It has Washington on the east, Jefferson on the south, Windsor, in 
 Kennebec County, on the west, and Palermo and Liberty, in Waldo 
 County, on the north and oast. The town is about six miles long by 
 three and a half wide. It contains two ponds, Patricktown or Long 
 and James ; the first being about two miles in length, and the last a 
 mile long and half a mile in width. The Sheepscot Kiver, which has 
 its origin in these ponds, furnishes a water-power here carrying a saw- 
 mill and a flour and grist-mill having three sets of stones. There are 
 sever il other lumber-mills in the town that manufacture lumber, clap- 
 boards, shingles and laths. These mills all run two-thirds of the year. 
 The town is about 20 miles N.N.E. of Wiscasset. It is on the stage- 
 line from Augusta to Rockland, and about 15 miles from the former. 
 
 The principal eminences in town are Crummet Mountain and 
 Dodge Hill, each about 200 feet in height. The rock is largely granitic. 
 The soil is rocky and hard, but yields well of the crops cultivated, 
 which are chiefly hay, potatoes, corn, oats, barley and wheat. 
 
 Somerville was formerly Pati-icktown Plantation. It was incor- 
 porated as a town in 1858. Among the eminent citizens of the past 
 were David and William Gilpatrick, Enoch Gove, Ichabod Marr, 
 John Evans, Joseph Toby, Porter Dodge, Walter Wilson and Jefferson 
 Moore. There are twenty or more persons resident in town who are 
 upwards of seventy years of age, and one Daniel Davis, who is one 
 hundred and three years of age, " smart and active as seventy." 
 
 The principal religious society is the Second Advent. The school- 
 houses serve for religious meetings. The number of public schoolhouses 
 is five, which, with other school property, are valued at $1,000, The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $86,685. In 1880 it was $106,235. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was twenty-three mills on the 
 dollar. The population in 1870 was 505. In 1880 it was 540. 
 
 South Berwick, in York County, has Eliot and York on 
 the south and south-east, Rollinsford in New Hampshire on the west, 
 Berwick, North Berwick and Wells on the north-west and Wells on 
 the north and north-east. The greatest length of the town, is about 9 
 miles, being from north-east to south-west. The area is stated in the 
 York County Atlas, as 13,856 acres. The principal bodies of water are 
 
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SOUTH BERWTCX 519 
 
 Knights, Cox and Warren ponds. Great Works River runs in a wind- 
 ing direction through the town, and the Salmon Falls River "orms the 
 western boundary. The business centres are at South Berwick village, 
 on the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth railroad, at South Berwick 
 junction, at the junction of the Boston and Maine and the P. S. & P. 
 railroads, and at Great Works. At the latter place is the mill of 
 the Newichawannock Company, which manufactures woolen goods at 
 Quampheagen Falls on the Salmon Falls river, the Portsmouth Com- 
 pany manufacture cottons ; the Varney Plough Company produces 
 ploughs and cultivators,, and there is also a sawing and planing mill, 
 and a shoe factory. 
 
 The first settlement in the town was at the Quampheagan Falls, the 
 head of tide navigation, by Humphrey Chadbourne, Messieurs Sha]v 
 leigh, Heard, Frost and Emery about 1624. It was called the " Pai-ish 
 of Unity," on account of the peaceful disposition of the inhabitants. 
 The earliest title from the Indians on record is a deed to Chadbourne 
 from the chief of the Piscataquas in 1643. Great Works has its name 
 from the mill, containing eighteen saws, erected at the Falls in 1650 by 
 Richard Leders. This was done in fulfilment of the conditions on 
 which a court was held at Kittery at that date granted him exclusive 
 right of the water-power, and all the timber not otherwise appropriated. 
 The Indian name of these Falls was Assabumbadoc. South Berwick 
 was included in Berwick when in 1700 that town was separated from 
 Kittery. It was taken from the town and incorporated in 1814. Its 
 history to the latter date will be found under the head of Berwick. 
 During the war of the rebellion South Berwick furnished to the army 
 over 192 men, paying bounties to the amount of $40,500. 
 
 The surface is quite uneven at the north, and hilly in the southern 
 and eastern poi-tions. Rocky Hill is the most extended elevation, and 
 Butler's Hill, just east of the village, commands some charming views. 
 The woods are chiefly of oak, maple and beech. The soil in the north- 
 ern half of the town is much better than that of the southern part. 
 The apple does well, and there are several extensive orchards. 
 
 The first Congregational church of South Berwick was formed by 
 by Rev. John Wade, who had been employed as the minister of the 
 town. The organization was effected in 1702. The second Baptist 
 church in Maine was formed at Great Hill in this town in 1768. It was 
 the result of the missionary work of Rev. Hezekiah Smith, pastor 
 of the Baptist church at Haverhill. The Baptist church at the village 
 was organized in 1823. A Free-will Baptist church was organized in 
 1834, with Nathaniel Trickey as pastor. The Methodist Episcopal 
 church was formed in 1829 by Paul C. Richmond from the Maine Con- 
 ference. A meeting-house was dedicated in 1838 ; in 1849 it was 
 burned and a new one was built in 1850. 
 
 Berwick Academy in this town is one of the most noted in the 
 State. It received its charter and an endowment of a township of land 
 in 1791. The township is now the town of Athens. The present is 
 the third building erected for the purpose of a school edifice. It is of 
 chaste architecture, and was designed by Richard Upjohn, of New 
 York. It is located upon a commanding site, presented by the late 
 Benjamin Chadbourne. The grounds are adorned with hedges and 
 shrubbery, and surrounded by a substantial wall. There is also a 
 commodious boarding-house. The first preceptor was Samuel Moody. 
 
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520 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The institution has received endowments from F. B. Hayes, of Boston, 
 Benjamin T. Tredick of Philadelphia, and William L. Cbgswell, of 
 New York. The latter gentleman founded' the medal fund, the object 
 i)f which is to provide annually three gold medals valued at fifty dol- 
 lars each, to be awarded to three scholars, — two who excel in English 
 iind one in classics, who have attended the school not less than one year. 
 There is also a fund established by Hon. John Lord at his demise, 
 called the Bible fund, which furnishes a Bible to every student who at- 
 tends a full term. The town has also thirteen public schoolhouses, and 
 the school property exclusive of the academy is valued at $6,000. The 
 estates in town in 1870 were valued at $818,022. In 1880 they were 
 $864,590. The population in 1870 was 2,510 ; in 1880 it was 2,677. The 
 rate of taxation is .0149. The town has one Discount and one Savings 
 bank. 
 
 Several of the noted citizens of the town and natives residing else- 
 wliere have already been mentioned, others are Gen. Ichabod Goodwin, 
 who was a soldier in the last French war and in the Revolution ; Gen. 
 John Lord, a prosperous merchant. State senator, and the fatlier of 
 Nathan Lord, D.D., formerly president of Dartmouth college, and 
 grandfather of Rev. John Lord L.L.D., eminent as a lecturer upon his- 
 tory ; Dudley Hubbard formerly leading lawyer of the county; Wm. 
 A. Hayes, president of York Co. bar for about twenty-five years; 
 Charles N. Cogswell, lawyer, and Richard Cogswell, merchant ; Benj. 
 Greene, chief-justice of Common Pleas, and speaker of the House in 
 1824, United States marshal from 1824 to 1830; William Burleigh, 
 representative to the 18th and 19th Congresses, John N. Good win, rep- 
 resentative to the 37th Congress, governor of Arizona, and delegate to 
 Congress from that territory ; Dr. T. H. Jewett, professor in the medi- 
 cal college, and an eminent practitioner ; J. H. Burleigh, for several 
 years the able agent of the Newichawannock Company, and represen- 
 tative in the national Congress for two terms, beginning in 1875. 
 
 The Christian Home, an excellent religious monthly, is published in 
 South Berwick. 
 
 SOllthpOrt is an island at the mouth of Sheepscot River in 
 Lincoln County. It was formerly a part of Boothbay, but was set off 
 and incorporated under the name of Townsend in 1842, In 1850, this 
 name was changed for the one it now bears. The island is about 5 
 miles long and 2^ wide at the broadest part. At its southern extrem- 
 ity is the ancient and well-known Cape Newagen, with a small har- 
 bor and village. Another haven is Hendrick's Head Harbor, on the 
 western side. On Hendrick's Head is a light-house. In the northern 
 part is Southport bay, with several small harbors. Mouse, Capital and 
 Burnt islands on the east side are parts of the town. The highest land 
 in Southport is Pitch Pine Hill. The soil is rocky, but yields good 
 crops of potatoes and other vegetables. As might be supposed, the 
 the principal occupation of the inhabitants is connected with the fish- 
 eries, and catering to summer visitors. There are several good hotels. 
 Southport is 14 miles south of Wiscasset, and 10 miles from Bath, 
 with both of which it is connected by steamer. 
 
 The MethoJists have a society and church edifice in the town. 
 There are five public schoolhouses, and these with other school prop- 
 erty are valued at $1,950. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 
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SOUTH THOMASTON. 521 
 
 $149,200. In 1880 it was $132,350. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 13^ mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 684. 
 In 1880 it was 679. 
 
 South ThomastOn is the most south-eastern town of 
 Knox County, extending southward in the form of a peninsula, and 
 into Penobscot Bay in the form of a promontory. Thomaston and 
 Rockland bound it on the north, St. George on the south, St. George's 
 lliver on the west and Penobscot Bay on the east. I'he surface of the 
 the town is rough and rocky along the coast, but back some distance 
 there are many excellent farms. Hay is the principal crop. Dean's 
 and Perry hills, 100 to 150 feet in height, are the greatest elevations. 
 The principal rock is granite. Eight different parties, of which one is 
 an incorporated company, are engaged in quarrying. Westkeag River 
 is the principal stream. Its pond, confined at South Thomaston vil- 
 lage by a dam, furnishes the chief water-power in town. It is a tide- 
 power mainly. Upon it are a grist-mill, three polishing machines for 
 granite, and a lumber-mill. The nearest railroad stations are those at 
 Rockland and Thomaston, each about four miles distant. 
 
 Elisha Snow, who came from Brunswick in 1767, was the first set- 
 tler. He built a saw-mill on the Westkeag (Wessawaskeag) stream, 
 near which has sprung up the village of South Thomaston. Next came 
 Lieutenant Matthews, Richard Keating, John Bridges, and James and 
 Jonathan Oberton. In 1773, Joseph Coombs came into the town and 
 erected another saw-mill near Snow's; and the two soon after built a 
 grist-mill together. Coombs was a very energetic and skilful man. 
 At this time he was but little past his legal majority. It is told of 
 him, that he first came to the region as a day laborer, but by his energy 
 and prudence, soon acquired property and a wife. He met the latter 
 at some party in the region, and both conceived a liking for each 
 other. To visit her he was obliged to cross St. George's lliver on a 
 raft. Sometimes the raft would be on the opposite side, when he 
 would divest himself of his clothes and swim across for the raft, and 
 return upon it for his clothes. Then dressing in the dark he would 
 set forward in a regular manner. He prospered in love, as we have seen 
 he did in business; and some of his descendants display his sterling 
 qualities. Eminent citizens of a later period were Captain E. A. 
 Thorndike, Hon. Geoi'ge Thorr.dike, Rev. Samuel Baker, Rev. 
 Amariah Kelloch, and Hon. E. H. Murch. The Indian name of this 
 vicinity was Wessaweskeag, which signifies a " land of wonders." The 
 name was contracted by the first settlers to " Weskeag," afterward to 
 " Keag," and finally it has degenerated to " Gig," which remains a 
 familiar appellation to the present time. 
 
 The Baptist church at South Thomaston is, with one exception, the 
 oldest of that denomination between Penobscot Bay and Kennebec 
 River, having been constituted in 1784, under the pastoral charge of 
 Rev. Isaac Case. A meeting-house was erected by the society in 1796, 
 which was enlarged and improved in 1847. In 1784, Elisha Snow, the 
 first settler, was baptized, and in 1794, was settled as sub-pastor of 
 this church. In 1808, he became senior minister, and continued thus 
 until removed by death in 1832, at the age of ninety-two years. The 
 Methodists also have now a meeting-house in the town. There arc 
 fourteen public schoolhouses in South Thomaston, and the school proj - 
 
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522 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 erty is valued at |6,300. The village district is graded, and has a high 
 school. There is a village library of about 100 volumes. The valu- 
 ation of real estate in 1870 was $408,145. In 1880 it was $321,861. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 17 mills on the dollai-. The 
 population in 1870 was 1,593. In 1880 it was 1,771. 
 
 South West Harbor, a post-oflace in Mount Desert 
 Island, Hancock County. 
 
 Sprag'UeS Mills, a post-office in Aroostook County. 
 
 Springfield lies in the eastern part of Penobscot Courty, 
 68 miles north-east of Bangor. It is bounded on the north by Web- 
 ster Plantation, east by Prentiss, and west by Lee. Upper Sisladobsis 
 Lake lies in the next township south. The surface is agreeably varied 
 by hills, valleys and broad meadows. Wetherbee Hill is quite an 
 eminence, having about a mile of declivity. Granite is the i^redom- 
 inant rock. The soil is a yellowish loam, easily worked, and yielding 
 good crops. In 1837 when the State offered a bounty on wheat, Sam- 
 uel C. Clark of this town took the prize, having produced in that yea)-, 
 1,340 bushels of wheat, besides 485 bushels of other grain. Agricul- 
 ture is still the principal pursuit, but the largest crop is hay, and many 
 cattle are raised. Maple, beech, hemlock and sjjruee are the forest 
 trees. There are several small ponds scattered over the town, the 
 lai'gest of which is about a mile long by half a mile in width. 
 
 The Mattakeunk and Mattagordas streams have their origin in 
 this and the adjacent towns. There are on these one cloth-mill, two 
 grist-mills, one saw-mill for boards and other long lumber, three shin- 
 gle and one clapboard mill, the latter also making other small lumber. 
 The town hall is a neat two-story building with a school-room in the 
 first story. The village is in the eastern part of the town. Its streets 
 are beautified with rows of maple from three to 20 years of age, and 
 the houses generally are tasteful and in good repair. The town is on 
 the stage-line from Lincoln to Calais. The nearest railroad station 
 is that on the European road at Lincoln, .some 15 miles distant. 
 
 This town received its first settlers in 1030. The north half of the 
 township was granted to Foxcroft Academy, and by its trustees sold 
 to Bangor parties for thirty-one cents an acre. It was then heavily 
 timbered with pine and spruce, immense quantities of which have been 
 taken from it ; and there are large tracts of heavy wood still remaining. 
 The south half was sold in smaller quantities by the State settlers and 
 others, and is said to contain some of the best land in Maine. 
 
 James Butterfield was the first trader. Other esteemed citizens 
 have been Elias Breck, Elder Lewis, Azro Clark, B. H. Scribner and 
 others. The number of old people, some about 90 years of age, speaks 
 well for the wholesomeness of the climate. Springfield has Congrega- 
 tionalist. Free Baptist and Methodist societies, and a large and small 
 church edifice. The number of public schoolhouses is seven ; and the 
 school property is valued at $1,900. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $122,230. In 1880 it was $105,242. The rate of taxation in the 
 hitter vear was 4 per cent. The population in 1870 was 879. In 1880 
 it was'878. 
 
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STANDISB. 
 
 523 
 
 Spring'Vale, a manufacturing village and post-office in San- 
 ford, York County. 
 
 Spruce Head, a post-office in Knox County. 
 
 Squirrel Island} an island and summer resort, with post 
 office,in Boothbay Harbor, Lincoln County. 
 
 Stacey Ville Plantation lies on the eastern line of Pen- 
 obscot County, 85 miles N. N. E. of Bangor, on the Aroostook road. 
 It has Patten on the north, and Sherman in Aroostook County on tlie 
 east. Formerly it was township No. 3 of Range 6, but was organized 
 under its present name in 1860. The nearest railroad station is that 
 of the European and North American Railway at Mattawamkeag, with 
 which it is connected by stage-line. The surface of the town is not 
 greatly varied ; Horse Hill being the highest eminence. The rock is 
 slate, and the soil a rich black loam. All the trees of the region flourish 
 hei-e. The crops chiefly cultivated are wheat, oats and potatoes. 
 
 The plantation has three schoolhouses, valued at $250. Tlie valua- 
 tion in 1880 was $20,362. The rate of taxation was IJ per. cent. The 
 population in 1870 was 138. In 1880 it was 184. 
 
 StandlSll is situated on the south-west side of Lake Sebago 
 and is tbe most south-westerly part of Cumberland County. It con- 
 tains territory, including an island and part of Lake Sebago, equal to 
 eight miles square. Standish is bound on the north by Lake Sebago, 
 south-east by Windham and Gorham, south by Buxton and Hollis, and 
 west by Limington. The Saco River separates it from the towns of 
 York County on the west. At the north-eastern extremity of the 
 town called Standish " Neck," is the Basin of Lake Sebago, from which 
 issues the Presumpscot River. The Portland and Ogdensburg railway 
 passes through the town along the southern extremity of the lake. 
 The stations are Sebago Lake, Richville and Steep J'alls. Much of the 
 land is sandy plains, formerly covered with pines; yet tliere is con- 
 siderable good farming land. The highest eminence is Oak Hill. The 
 principal "bodies of water in the town are Great and Little Watchig, 
 Bonny Eagle, and Rich's Mill Pond. The chief business centres are 
 Standish Corner, Stee]) Falls, and the adjoining villages of South 
 Standish and Bonny Eagle Island. Lesser points are Wescott Falls, 
 at the Basin, and Sebago Lake, which is a railway station and a point, of 
 departure for the lake steamers and other boats. The manufactures 
 are lumber, headings, shooks and staves, carriages, clothing, flour and 
 meal, ice, plaster, packing-boxes, etc ; each of the villages having one 
 or more mills or factories for producing these articles. 
 
 The township which is now Standish was granted in 1750 to Capts. 
 Humphrey Hobbs and Moses Pearson and their companies for services 
 in the siege of Louisburg. The whole number of grantees was to be 
 120, sixty of whom were to settle in distinct families within three j'ears, 
 and sixty more within seven years. They were to give bonds to the 
 treasurer of the province that each man should build a house sixteen 
 feet by eighteen, with a seven foot shed, and clear up five acres of 
 land. The settlement commenced in 1760. Rev. John Thompson, the 
 first minister, was ordained in 1768. 
 
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524 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The plantation was called Pearsontown. The inhabitants did not 
 apply for incorporation until some years after it had the requisite 
 number of inhabitants ; and one day in 1783, they were almost petrified 
 by a message from the Massachusetts House of Representatives requir- 
 ing the plantation to sliow cause why they should not be incorporated 
 as a town. But when the House soon after ordered an assessment of 
 taxes upen the plantation for the last twenty years, the inhabitants 
 responded in a appeal whose earnestness was not surpassed by the 
 remonstrances of the colonies against the mother country. They also 
 asked for incorporation. The af)j)eal caused the law-makers to relent 
 so far as to abate £571, 18s. from the sum previously ordered. The 
 town was incorporated in 1785, and is said to have been named for 
 that redoubtable Plymouth hero. Miles Standish. In 1806, Edward 
 Mussey was sent to the legislature, being the first representative. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Unitarians, and Free Baptists, each have a 
 church, and the Methodists two, in this town. Standish has thirteen 
 public schoolhouses, valued at $5,800. The valuation of real estate in 
 1870 was 1492,709. The population at the same date was 2,089. The 
 census of 1880 places it at 2,037. 
 
 St8Ll*KS lies in the south-western part of Somerset County, 
 bordering on Franklin. Anson bounds it on the nortli, Norridgewock 
 on the east, Mercer on the south, and Industry on the west. The sur- 
 face is generally level, but there are a few hills, among which Mount 
 Hunger and Maple Hill are the highest, having an elevation of about 
 600 feet. The rock is granitic in character, with some " blue ledge." 
 The soil is a rich clayey loam. General farm crops are cultivated, and 
 do remarkably well. Nearly all species of Maine trees are found in 
 the forest in due proportion, except pine. Sandy River forms a part 
 of the southern line of the town, and runs northward across the eastern 
 part to *he Kennebec, which forms a part of the line on the north-east. 
 Lemon Stream, which furnishes the principal water-power, enters at 
 the north-west and discharges into Sandy River at the south-east. 
 Starks Village is situated on this stream in the western part of the 
 town, where, also, are the manufactures. These are a saw-mill for long 
 and short lumber, shingle-mill, grist-mill and carriage and pump factory, 
 The nearest railroad station is 7 miles distant. Starks is 14 miles from 
 Skowhegan on the stage-line from Temple Mills. 
 
 The first settler was James Waugh, who had previously resided for 
 several yt'ars in Clinton. Hearing that the New Plymouth Company 
 were making liberal offers for new settlers, he in 1772, with knapsack, 
 dog and gun started up the Kennebec in pursuit of a farm. He as- 
 cended as far as the mouth of Sandy River and selected a lot near it. 
 In 1774 he returned with three of his neighbors and their families. So 
 rapidly did this settlement increase that in 1790 there were 327 persons 
 within the township. Starks was incorporated Feb. 28, 1795, being 
 named for the hero of Bennington. Its area is 17,154 acres, of which 
 368 acres are in roads. Among the valued citizens of this town in 
 time past were Stephen Williamson, Leonard Greaton, James Varnum, 
 William E. Folsom, Asa Chapman, Joseph Witham, Stephen Green- 
 leaf, Samuel Chapman, Abijah Joy, William Frederic, and others. 
 Starks sent about 75 men to do battle for the Union during the war of 
 the Rebellion, one-third of the number being lost. 
 
 The church edifices here are the Methodist and the Union. There 
 
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STETSON. 5'25 
 
 is also a Free Baptist society. There are thirteen public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $2,500. The population in 1870 was 1,083. In 1880 it was 
 929. The valuation in 1870 was $281,614. In 1880 it was $312,264. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 1^ per cent. 
 
 St. Croix River and Neutral Island. This river, through- 
 out its whole length forms the boundary line between the territories of 
 the United States (as well as of Maine) and Great Britain. It extends 
 fi-om Passamaquoddy Bay to near the middle of the eastern line of 
 Maine, continuing its somewhat tortuous course through Schoodic or 
 Grand Lake and North Lake to the Laroc monument, which marks N". 
 latitude 45° 56' 36.8" on the boundary. St. Croix or Neutral Island, 
 also called Docket's and De Mont's Island, lies opposite Robbinston, 
 in the middle of this river. The area probably does not much exceed 
 six acres,yet it is important from being on the dividing line between the 
 two nations, which follows the middle of the river.' It was early 
 noted from having been the residence of the colony of Pierre De Monts, 
 the French explorer, in 1604-1605.* Apprehending danger from the 
 savages he erected a fortification upon some high ground at the north 
 part, which commanded the river and island. Traces of this were 
 found in 1798 by the commissioners appointed by the two nations to 
 settle the boundary, and served an important purpose in fixing the line 
 in this vicinity under the treaty of 1783. There was a lighthouse 
 erected upon this island in 1856, which is maintained at the pres- 
 ent time.' It is opposite Red Beach in Robbinston. It stands 
 first in the list of United States lighthouses. Upon the final settlement 
 of the boundary, the British government relinquished all claim upon 
 this island. At the date of 1858 one half of it belonged to the heirs of 
 Stephen Brewer and the other to the United States. 
 
 Steep JFS/llS; — a post-oflSce in Standish, Cumberland County. 
 
 * 
 
 Stetson is a pleasant farming town lying in the south-western 
 ])art of Penobscot County, 20 miles west-north-west of Bangor. It is 
 bounded on the north by Exeter, east by Levant, south by Etna and Car- 
 mel, and west by Newport. Its area is23,040 acres. The surface is not 
 very uneven generally, but has several eminences of some 350 feet in 
 heiglit, as Roger's Mountain and Clark's and Wiggin's hills. The soil 
 is gravelly loam, and quite fertile. The largest crops raised are hay 
 and potatoes. Beech, birch and maple constitute the woods, but the 
 original growth was pine. Stetson Pond, lying near the centre of the 
 town, is the largest sheet of water, being three miles long by one-half a 
 . mile wide. There is another sheet of water which is regarded as some- 
 what curious, being a mill-pond on a hill. The village is a little to 
 the north-west of Stetson Pond, on its outlet. There are hei-e and 
 elsewhere in the town three saw-mills, a grist-mill, Stetson cheese 
 factory, a carriage-factory, etc. A smaller centre of business is East 
 Stetson post-ofiice, at the eastern end of the pond. The principal 
 occupation of the people is farming. Buildings throughout the town 
 are generally in good repair ; and the village shows some which are 
 quite elegant. Elm and maple trees, of some forty years growth, 
 * See L'Eacarhot's Hist. De Mont's Voyages abridged in 5 Piirclias' Pilgrims, p. 1619. 
 " Tlie colony of De Mouts was made up of Romanists and Protestaiita. Among the latter 
 was L'Escarbot, who was a Huguenot minister." BarlleU's Frontier Missionary, p. 240, 
 note. Also the various histories of New Brunswick aud Nova Scotia. 
 
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626 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 shade the walks and adorn the place. A neat two-story building be« 
 longing to the town is occupied on the first floor as a school, wliile 
 on the second floor is a hall, used for town meetings and other pur- 
 
 Soses. The village is on the stage-line from Exeter to Etna. The 
 laine Central Kailroad passes across the south-west corner, but the 
 nearest stations are in the neighboring towns of Newport and Carmel, 
 some five miles distant. 
 
 Stetson was settled about 1800, and was incorporated Jan. 28, 1831. 
 It bears the name of the original private proprietor, Amasa Stetson, 
 of Dorchester, Mass. Among its valued citizens should be mentioned 
 Hon. Lewis iJarker, ex-governor D. F. Davis, Hon. T. M. Plaisted, 
 Gen. J. A. Hill, General and Governor H. M. Plaisted, Hon. Amasa 
 Stetson, Hon. James Rogers, and some others. There are residing in 
 the town one person eighty-nine years of age, two eighty-three, and 
 five of eighty-one years. 
 
 Stetson has Christian, Baptist and Methodist societies and a Union 
 churcSh edifice. There is a good high-school at the village, which is 
 the special care of the Stetson High-school Association, incorporated, 
 March, 1870. The number of public schoolhouses is seven ; and the 
 school property of the town is valued at $2,800. The valuation in 
 1870 was $262,735. In 1880 it was $219,399. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was $1.35 on $100. The population in 1870 was 937. 
 In 1880 it was 729. 
 
 StjGUDGn IS a sea-coast town, and forms the south-western angle 
 of Washington County. It is bounded on the north by Cherryfield, 
 east by Millbridge, west by Gouldsborough, in Hancock County, and 
 south by the ocean. This town is nearly surrounded by water. On 
 the east is Narraguagus River and Bay; on the south the sea, on the 
 west Gouldsborough Bay and Steuben Harbor. At the head of the 
 latter is Steuben village, the largest in the town. Others are at the 
 head of Dyer's and Pigeon Hill bays, in the southern part of the town. 
 These two bodies of water are separated by Pigeon Hill, at whose ex- 
 tremity is Petit Manan Point. Pigeon Hill is situated at a nan-ow 
 place on the upper part of the peninsula; and opposite on the western 
 side of Dyer's Bay, is East Hill. Dyer's and Gouldsborough bays are 
 separated by Dyer's Neck. Tunk Stream, which enters at the "north- 
 ern part of the town and empties into Steuben Harbor, is the principal 
 water-course within this town, and above the village furnishes power 
 for a saw-mill and a grist-mill. The manufactures are carriages and 
 sleighs, staves, lumber, meal and flour, etc. This town is 36 miles west 
 by south-west of Machias, and is on the Ellsworth and Cherryfield stage- 
 line. The surface is quite uneven, and the soil rocky. The occupations of 
 the people are seafaring, farming and lumbering, in proportion accord- 
 ing to the order mentioned. There are in this town two mining com- 
 panies, bearing the names of Petit Manan Silver Co., and Steuben Sil- 
 ver Mining Co. 
 
 Steuben was No. 4, of six second-class townships granted in 1762 
 by Massachusetts to an association of petitioners ; but these having 
 failed to fulfill the conditions, it reverted to the State, and was on 
 August, 26, 1794, granted to Thomas liuston. It was first settled in 
 1760, and on February 27, 1795, was incorporated as a town, being 
 named in honor of Baron Steuben, the German soldier who so nobly 
 aided in our Revolutionary struggle. 
 
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STOCKTON. 627 
 
 The chnrch organizations of Steuben are a Methodist and a Con- 
 gregationahst society. The number of public schoolhouses is eleven; 
 and the value of the school property is $3,200. The population in 
 i?I^r\^'' ^'^^^- I" 1880 it was 1,165. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $186,528. In 1880 it was $185,133. 
 
 Stevens Plains, — a village, railroad station and post- 
 office in Deering, Cumberland County. 
 
 fetOCJfctOn lies at the head of Penobscot Bay on the western 
 side of the river in Waldo County. Prospect bounds it on the north, 
 and Searsport on the west. On the opposite side of the river are 
 Wetmore Isle (Verona), Orland and Penobscot. The area is about 18 
 square miles, with 8 miles of shore. The surface is generally level, and 
 ■without a high hill. The rock is generally granitic in character ; and 
 the soil, though rocky, is productive. The forests are of rock maple, 
 beech, birch, spruce and some hemlock. The streams are small, and 
 there are no considerable ponds. The manufactures consist of Stock- 
 ton shoe factory, Stockton and Prospect cheese factory, a door, sash 
 and blind, lime-cask and fish-barrel and clothing factories. The post- 
 offices are Stockton and Sandy Point. The town is about 10 miles 
 north-east of Belfast, on the stage-line to Bangor. The buildings in this 
 town are in very good repair, and the roads and bridges in fine 
 order. 
 
 There are good harbors at Sandy Point, Fort Point Cove and Cape 
 Jellison. The latter is a large Peninsula extending southward. Fort 
 Point is a smaller peninsula extending eastward from Cape Jellison, 
 now occupied by an excellent hotel for summer visitors. The Indian 
 name was Wasaumkeag. The point has its present name from the 
 fort built here by Governor Thomas Pownell in 1759. The site is 
 about 25 rods from the waters edge, where some vestiges are still to 
 be found. 
 
 Thi.s fortification was in form of a square, the east side facing the water, and 
 at each corner were flankers. The dimensions were 360 feet, or 90 feet on each 
 inner side of the breastwork, which was 10 feet in height. This was surrounded 
 by a moat or ditch 15 feet wide at tlie top, 5 at the bottom and 8 in depth. Each 
 exterior side of the ditch, or the glacis, was 240 feet. In the middle of the ditch 
 were palisadoes quite around the fort, except at the portcullis, or entrance, at the 
 eastern side, where a drawbridge crossed the ditch. In the ditch at the foot of 
 the wall was a line of pickets. Between the fort and the river were the houses of 
 the commander and others, Indian attacks being usually from the mainland side. 
 Within the walls was a square block-house, 44 feet on a side, with flankers at each 
 comer, of diamond form, 33 feet on a side. The whole was constructed of squared 
 timber, dove-tailed at the corners, and treenailed. The height of the block-house, 
 in two stories, was about 22 feet, the roof was square or hipped, and had a sentry- 
 box upon the top. On the roof was mounted several cohorn mortars ; and on the 
 area between the breastwork and walls ot the block-house 20 feet in width, 
 three or four cannon were mounted. The- upper story of the breast-work jutted 
 over the lower about three feet, the space being covered with loose plank, easily 
 removable. The lower story was used as barracks : and in the upper one, where 
 10 or 12 small cannon were mounted, garrison exercise was performed in stormy 
 weather. There were two chimneys, one in the north-west and one in the south- 
 west corner. After the war,* there was a large trade carried on for many years 
 between the garrison and the Indians. An aged gentleman says " I have seen one 
 of the flanker-rooms as full as it could well be stowed with the first quality of furs, 
 beaver, otter, sable, &c." Soon after Majorbiguyduce (Castine) was occupied by 
 the British A.D., 1779, Colonel Cargill came from Newcastle, and burnt the block- 
 house and curtilage; and subsequently by order of government, he again appeared 
 at the head of a party, and labored indef atigably till almost exhausted with toil 
 * See article on Civil Hietory in the first part of this woric 
 
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STOW. 529 
 
 and hunger, inr filling the ditches and levelling the breastwork. Yet some of the 
 cavities are now to be. seen (1830). Williamson's History of Maine, vol. 2 p. 
 
 A light-house erected on this point in 1837 marks the entrance of 
 Penobscot Bay. It M-as refitted in 1857. The tower is square, con- 
 structed of brick and painted white. Tlie focal plane is 27 feet above 
 the ground and 103 feet above sea level. It has a flashing white light. 
 
 Stockton was set off from Prospect and incorporated March 13, 
 1857. It was first settled about 1759. C. S. Fletcher and N. G. Hitch- 
 born were valued citizens of this town. Stockton sent between 60 and 
 70_ men into the Unipn army during the late war, losing about one- 
 third of the number. A granite monument has been erected to their 
 memory. There are Congregationalist and Universalist societies here, 
 the latter having a church edifice. Stockton maintains a high-school 
 and has nine public schoolhouses, with school property valued at 
 $8,800. The population in 1870 was 2,089. In 1880 it was 1,548. The 
 valuation in 1870 was 1880,220. In 1880 it was $401,446. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was 81 mills on the dollar. 
 
 StOnenam lies in the western part of Oxford County, south of 
 the Androscoggin River. It is 17 miles west of Paris, and is connected 
 with South Paris, on the Grand Trunk Railroad by a stage-line. It is 
 bounded on the north by Mason, east by Albany, south by Lovell and 
 west by Stow. The whole northern, western and the northern half of the 
 eastern border is marked by mountains. These in order, beginning at 
 the south-west, are Shell, Ellis, Adams, Speckled, Durgin, Red Rock 
 and Bear mountains, with others smaller intervening, and not named 
 upon the town map. Sugar Hill is quite an eminence in the north- 
 western section. This town lies on the north and east sides of the 
 angle of Lovell. Adjoining Lovell on both sides are also mountains 
 lying within the borders of Stoneham. Upper and Lower Stone ponds 
 lie in the eastern part, each being about one square mile in area. Horse- 
 shoe Pond lies on the western part of the southern line, Issacbar Pond 
 on the west-line of the southern limb of the town,and " The Five Kezars"" 
 at the extreme southern part. The principal streams are the outlets, of 
 these ponds, and Great Brook, running through the middle of the town 
 southward to Upper Kezar Pond, which also lies partially on the 
 southern line.* Cold Brook, from the north-western mountains, and 
 with a pond on its course, enters Upper Kezar west of Great Brook. 
 The central parts of the town are more level, and in some parts have 
 a high degree of fertility, and many farmers have laid by money. The 
 manufactures also have proved.profitable and consist, at East Stoneham, 
 of staves, spool strips, boards- and shingles ; and at West Stoneham, 
 of spool strips, short lumber, carriages, wood and iron work, etc. The 
 principal religious organization is that of the Methodists. 
 
 This town was incorporated January 31, 1834. It has five public 
 schoolhouses, and'the school property is valued at $2,000. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 425. In 1880 it was 475. The valuation in 1870 
 was $70,250. In 1880 it was $63,381. 
 
 StOTV, in Oxford County, lies on the border of New Hampshire, 
 being the second township south of Gilead on the Androscoggin. 
 
 * Tlie Kezar ponds have their name from an old hunter who frequented them. 
 
 34 
 
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530 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Stoneham and Lovell bound it on the east, Fryeburg on the south, and 
 Bachellor's Grant on the north. Its extreme length north and south 
 along the border is upwards of 10 miles, and its greatest width about 
 3|- miles. This town embraces nearly the whole of the beautiful Cold 
 River valley, that stream running the whole length of the town and 
 emptying into Charles Pond. The latter lies in the north angle of 
 Fryeburg which notches the southern line of Stow for its whole extent. 
 On the south-east side of the town lies Upper Kezar Pond, into which 
 Charles Pond discharges its waters by means of Charles River. The 
 other principal stream is Little Cold River, emptying into the larger 
 stream near the south line of the town. Stow Corner and post-office, 
 the chief business centre, are situated near this stream a short distance 
 above its mouth. In the north-eastern part is a large elevation with 
 two peaks, but bearing no name on the town map. The manufactures 
 of this town consist of saw-mills, a grist-mill, a carriage-factory and 
 smithy. 
 
 Stow is 30 miles west by south-west of Paris; and 11 miles from 
 Fryeburg. It is in the region which the Pequaket tribe of Indians 
 formei-ly possessed. The settlement by the English was commenced in 
 1770. The original settlers were Isaac, James, Micah and Simeon 
 Abbott, from Andover, Mass., William Howard, of Keene, N". H., and 
 Samuel Farrington of Fryeburg, Me. The Abbotts obtained their land 
 titles in part from the proprietors of Fryeburg, in part from William 
 Steele, of Concord, N. H., and in part from Judge Phillips, of Andover 
 Mass., and Mr. Howard obtained his from Jonathan Robinson of 
 Fryeburg. 
 
 Stow was incorporated as a town January 28, 1833. The active 
 religious organization is that of the Congregationalists. Stow has 
 eight public schoolhouses, valued at $1,200. The population in 1870 
 was 427. In 1880 it was 401. The yalua,tion of estates in 1870 was 
 $104,018. In 1880 it was $128,202. 
 
 StrajXtOll, a post-office in Franklin County. 
 
 Strickland's Ferry,— a post-office and railroad station 
 in East Livermore, Androscoggin County. 
 
 Strong' is situated near the centre of the settled portion of 
 Franklin County. It is bounded on the east by New Vineyard, south 
 by Farmington, Avest by Temple and Avon, and north by Freeman. 
 The dimensions of the territory are 7 miles from north to south and 
 5 from east to west in the northern half and three in the southern. 
 Sandy River enters the town near the middle from the west, soon 
 taking an almost right-angled turn southward through a valley in the 
 range of mountains running from Weld through Avon, Strong and 
 New Vineyard. The rocks are slate, granite, and mica-schist. The 
 soil along the river is sandy loam, and clayey loam on the uplands, and 
 is strong and fertile. The principal crops are hay, wheat, corn, oats and 
 potatoes. Porter and Bates ponds are the principal sheets of water, 
 the first being one and a half miles in length by three-fourths of a mile 
 in width. The town is very hilly ; Day's Mountains, standing partly 
 in Avon, being the highest elevation. 
 
 Strong village is nestled down among the hills just north of the bend 
 in Sandy River, which is here crossed by an iron suspension bridge. 
 
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SULLIVAN. 53-[ 
 
 The village contains several fine residences, and is one of the prettiest 
 in the county. There are good powers on Sandy River, upon its north- 
 east branch, and on the outlet of Porter's Pond. On the last are a 
 saw-mill and clover mill. At Strong village are a machine shop, boot 
 and shoe factory, and that of tke Sandy River Cheese Company, a 
 manufactory of clothes-pins, cane-seat chair bottoms and excelsior. 
 The village is situated on the Sandy River narrow guage railroad 
 from Farmington to Phillips. 
 
 The first settlements in Strong were made as early as 1784, by 
 William Read, followed by Edward Flint, John Day, David and 
 Joseph Humphrey, Jacob Sawyer, William Hiscock, Benjamin Dodge, 
 Timothy Merry, Eliab Eaton, Peter Patterson, Robei-t MoLeary, Jere- 
 miah Burnhani and a Mr. Ellsworth, all from Nobleborough, or its 
 vicinity. Richard Clark and Joseph Kersey became residents about 
 1792. This township was purchased of the State of Massachusetts 
 by an association, of whom William Read was one, and acted as their 
 agent in the purchase and survey of the town. The inhabitants were 
 for some years under the necessity of carrying their corn and grain 
 to Winthrop to mill, or of using their mortars instead. This town 
 claims to have been the birth-place of the Republican pai-ty. 
 
 The Methodists and Congregationalists each have a church in the 
 town. Strong has seven schoolhouses, valued together with other 
 school property at $2,225. The town valuation in 1870 was $220,794. 
 In 1880 it was $223,525. The population in 1870 was 634. In 1880 
 it was 596. 
 
 StrOUdTVatCr, — a small village and post-office in Deering, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 SulliVElll, in Hancock County, is situated on the eastern side 
 of Taunton Bay, an extensive inlet of Frenchman's Bay. Within the 
 limits of the town are eight islands, named as follows : — Capital A., 
 Bean's, Drum, Preble's, Bragdon, Burnt, Black, and Seward. The 
 area of the town is 17,500 acres. The surface is very uneven, yet the 
 soil is generally good. Hay and potatoes are the crops chiefly sought ; 
 but the land in general is best suited for grazing. The principal inland 
 sheets of water are Flander's, Morancy, Long and Round Ponds. The 
 outlets of the first two ponds, and Gordon's and Simpson's streams, 
 afford power for mills. Sullivan has long been noted for the first-class 
 coasters constructed in its ship-yards, and for its immense deposits of 
 granite and syenite, The granite contains beautiful veins of felspar 
 green, is of superior quality, splits well, may be wrought into almost 
 any shape, and is suitable for any building. The cliief industry of the 
 town now centres in quarrying and mining. Along the shore of Sul- 
 livan River, and nearly parallel to it, is located the famous Sullivan 
 lode, which is considered one of the most remarkable silver-bearing 
 veins that has ever been discovered. On this vein several companies 
 are operating. " The country rock in which the vein is found is a 
 slaty quartzite, somewhat talcose, and in some places calcareous and, 
 occasionally porphyritic." Almost every ore of silver is separated in 
 this vein, native silver, argentite, stromeyrite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, 
 and cerargyrite and the black sulphuret, the last predominating. There 
 are now eleven incorporated companies owning mines in the town, 
 most or all of them being operated. Work has been done also in five 
 
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532 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 or more nnincorporated mines. There has been completed in the 
 vicinity a concentrating mill and smelting works for reducing silver ore. 
 
 On the various streams there are two saw-raills, two stave mills, 
 one shingle-mill, and one grist-mill. Sullivan is 13 miles S. S. W. of 
 Ellsworth, on the stage-line from Ellsworth to Cherrytield. A steamboat 
 touches at Sullivan Falls three times a week. 
 
 Sullivan, while a plantation, was called New Bristol. The Indian 
 name was Waukeag, their name for the seal. Settlements were com- 
 menced in 1762, by Sullivan, Simpson, Bean, Gordon, Blaisdell and 
 Card. The township had been granted to David Bean and assbciates ' 
 in 1761, by the colonial government of Massachusetts, but the King 
 refusing to confirm the grant, the settlers were in 1803 confirmed in 
 the possession of 100 acres each by Massachusetts on the payment of 
 $5. The town was incorporated in 1789 under the name of Sullivan 
 in honor of one of the original settlers. At Waukeag are evidences of 
 an old French settlement. In 1841, an earthen pot, containing some- 
 what more than $400 in French coin was dug up. They borethe date 
 of 1725. At the commencement of the Revolutionary war half the 
 settlers moved back to York,reducing the families in the plantation from 
 forty to twenty. Nine thousand acres of land in this town were, after 
 its incorporation, given to Bowdoin and Williams colleges. 
 
 Sullivan furnished 80 men to the Union forces in the war of the 
 Rebellion. The Baptists and Methodists each have a church in town. 
 The number of public schoolhouses is six, and the school property is 
 valued at $5,000. The valuation of real estate in 1870 was $141,954. 
 In 1880 it was $193,477. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 1^ per 
 centum. The population in 1870 was 796. In 1880 it was 1,023. 
 
 SuinilGl* lies on the eastern part of the middle portion of 
 Oxford County. It is bounded by Peru on the north, Plartford on the 
 east, Buckfield on the south, and Woodstock and Paris on the west. 
 The greatest length of the town is north-west and south-east about 11 
 miles ; and its width averages nearly b^. Through almost the whole 
 length of the town runs the West Branch of Twenty-Mile River, and 
 the East Branch of this river forms the eastern boundary line. Near 
 this river at the north-east is Labrador Pond, west of the centre is 
 Pleasant Pond, and in the south-eastern part of tlie town is North 
 Pond, largest of the three, having an area of about one-third of a 
 square mile. Smaller are Shag Pond in the north-west corner, and 
 Little Labrador in the eastern part of the town. Black Mountain, 
 noted for its blueberries, is an extensive elevation in the northern part ; 
 and Spence Hills on the south-western line. Cushman's Hill, south of 
 the centre, and Hedgehog Hill in the south-east, are also considerable 
 elevations. The surface generally is uneven and broken, but the soil is 
 generally productive. At Jackson Village (West Sumner post-oflice) 
 are a saw-mill for long lumber, a shingle-mill, grist-mill, cooperage, etc. ; 
 and at East Sumner are saw, shingle and grist-mills, and various small 
 manufactures. The main business of thi inhabitants is agricultural, 
 in which they have met with good suc( sss, and tlie town generally 
 bears the appearance' of thrift. The F nnford Falls and Buckfield 
 Railroad touches the south-eastern part of the town, and has a station 
 near East Sumner. The Grand Trunk railroad station at West Paris 
 is about 8 miles from Sumner Centre. 
 
 This town was formerly one with Hartford ; and these sections 
 
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suRRy. 633 
 
 bore respectively the names of Ecast and West Butterfield. On June 
 13, 1798, it was separately incorporated under its present name in 
 , honor of Governor Increase Sumner. The fii'st settler in town was 
 Charlcc Bisbee, from Pembroke, Mass. The first settlement in the 
 south-east part was made in the same year by Increase Robinson and 
 Noah ^osworth. Most of the first settlers came from Plymouth 
 County, Mass., and were Revolutionary soldiers. Among the earliest 
 were Increase and Joseph Robinson, Simeon Bari'ett, Noah Bosworth, 
 Hezekiah Stetson, John Briggs, John Crockett, Benjamin Heald, Mesech 
 Keen, Barney Jackson and Oliver Cummings. These obtained the 
 titles to their lands from Massachusetts. Oliver Cummings, from 
 Dunstable, Mass., struck the first blow of the axe at what is now the 
 centre of the town. For some years the settlers were obliged to carry 
 their grist upon their backs ten miles to a mill in Turner, being guided 
 by a spotted line through the woods. The first grist as well as the 
 first saw-mill in the town was erected by Increase Robinson in 1783. 
 
 The churches in Sumner are a Congregationalist, First and Second 
 Baptist, Free Baptist and Universalist. The public schoolhouses num- 
 ber sixteen, and the entire school propertv has an estimated value of 
 $4,600. The population in 1870 was 1,170. In 1880 it was 1,011. 
 The valuation in 1870 was $382,463. In 1880 it was $310,985. 
 
 Surry is situated on the west bank of Union River bay, in 
 Hancock County. On the north-east it is bounded by Ellsworth, on 
 the south-west, by Blue Hill, on the west, by Orland and Penobscot. 
 The town has an area of about 21,025 acres. Toddy Pond forms part 
 of the boundary between Surry and Penobscot, and on the line between 
 Surry and Ellsworth are the two Patten ponds whose outlet is Patten 
 Stream Fishways were constructed to these ponds in 1872, and the 
 ponds have since been stocked with alewives and salmon. The surface 
 of the town is considerably broken. The land generally is valuable 
 for tillage. The most of the surface soil is so intermingled with com- 
 minuted quartz, or siliceous sand, that cranberries grow in the grass 
 fields. The cultivation of this crop is receiving increased attention. 
 A large deposit of nearly pure silica in the town may prove of much 
 value for glass and other ware. Over miles of surface on the Toddy 
 Pond road lay, a few years ago, a bleak profusion of granite bowlders. 
 To-day those bowlders are seen in every stage of ruin. On every hand 
 they are smitten with decay, and here and there a patch of unworn 
 gravel is all that remains of a once great bowlder. A few miles beyond 
 these, is a field of immense bowlders, still uncrumbled, lying in wild 
 confusion bowlder on bowlder, — 
 
 " The fragments of an earlier world." 
 
 The manufactories of Surry are a lumber, shingle, spool and two 
 stave mills. Formerly there was a large business done in building 
 small vessels, but it is now very much reduced. Surry has two mining 
 companies, the Blue Hill Bay and the East Surry Company. 
 
 Surry was Township No. 6, in the grant to Marsh and others. It 
 was first occupied by the French at Newbury Neck. The first English 
 settlers were Symonds, Weymouth and James Flye. The next settlers 
 were John Patten, a Mr. Hopkinson, Andrew Flood, Wilbrahim 
 Swett, Matthew and James Ray, Samuel Joy, Isaac Lord, Hezekiah 
 Coggins and Leonard Jarvis. Mr. Jarvis represented the eastern dis- 
 trict in Congress from 1831 to 1837. 
 
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534 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Up to 1820, about 13,000 acres had been secured to settlers and by 
 quiet possession titles, when Mr. Jarvis bought the remainder. In 
 1800, Surry included that portion of Ellsworth known as Ward 5 ; 
 but in 1829 it was re-annexed to Ellsworth. There was a population 
 of 239 as early as 1790. In 1874, a small quantity of silver coin was 
 found at Weymouth Point. Surry furnished 135 men to the Union 
 cause in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 The Baptist, Free Baj)tist and Methodist denominations have 
 churches in town. There are nine public schoolhouses, and the school 
 property is valued at $3,400. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 1209,137. In 1880 it was $177,534. The population in 1870 was 1,242. 
 In 1880 it was 1,185. 
 
 Swan's Island Pantation, in Hancock County, is 
 situated south-west of Mount Desert Island and east of Deer Isle, 
 being about equally distant from each. It has communication with 
 Tremont, on Mount Desert, by boat. The soil is very rocky, but pota- 
 toes and hay yield fair crops. The rock is granite and a gray rock 
 containing gold and silver ore. A mining company has recently 
 erected a crushing mill. Fish-barrels, oil-cloths and boats are the prin- 
 cipal manufactures. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists each have a society and preaching on 
 the island. There ar: five public schoolhouses, valued with other 
 school property, at $1,200. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $27,805. In 1880 it was $49,856 The rate of taxation in 1880 was 3^ 
 per cent. The number of polls in 1880 was 130. 
 
 Swanville is situated in the eastern part of Waldo County, 
 6 miles north of Belfast, on the Bangor and Belfast stage-line. It is 
 bounded north by Monroe, east by Frankfoi't and Searsport, south by 
 Belfast city, and west by Waldo and Brooks. The middle and north- 
 ern parts of the town are quite hilly. Swan Lake (Goose Pond on the 
 State map), in the north-eastern part is about three miles long and a 
 quarter wide. Toddy Pond, at the north-western corner, is about one 
 fourth of a square mile in area. In the southern part are three other 
 ponds still smaller. There is no large village in the town. The indus- 
 tries are chiefly farming, brick and soap-making, and quarrying paving 
 stone. 
 
 This town was a part of the Waldo Patent, and was formerly known 
 as the plantation of Swan. Petition was made in November, 1816, by 
 James Leach and thirty-seven others, for incorporation as a town. 
 The petition set forth the fact that the plantation had 100 rateable 
 
 Soils, 56 legal voters, and 58 soldiers enrolled in the militia; an.i that 
 [r. Sulli\an, the proprietor, had appointed an agent to make convey- 
 ance to settlers, and that many purchases had recently been made, and 
 that the settlement was rapidly ino easing. The petition was allowed, 
 and the town incorporated February 19th, 1819. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists have societies in Swanville, and each 
 has a resident minister. There are six public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $1,725. The population in 1870 was 770. In 1880 it was 703. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $140,050. In 1880 it was $138,338. 
 
 SWGO-GTl lies in the southern part of Oxford County bordering 
 on Bridgton in Cumberland County. Waterford forms the north-east- 
 ern boundary, Lovell the north-western, and Fryeburg the south-wesi> 
 
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TEMPLE. 535 
 
 em. The surface of the town is somewhat broken, and there are three 
 high hills. These are Winn's in the north-eastern part, Popple, in the 
 north-western and Black Mountain in the south-western. In the south- 
 eastern part is Steven's Pond, about one square mile in area, with three 
 smaller ponds connected. Keyes Pond in the northern part of the 
 town, discharging into Kezar River, and three smaller ponds, discharg- 
 ing into Moose Pond, form a line of ponds north and south across the 
 midst of the town. The manufactures consists of a saw-mill for long 
 and short lumber and shooks, and a carriage factory. The town is 
 about 21 miles south-west of Pans, and is the terminus of the mail-line 
 from Fryeburg. 
 
 Sweden formed a part of the grant made by Massachusetts to Caj)- 
 tain Lovewell's company in the memorable fight with the Pequaket 
 warriors in Fryebiirg. The first settler was Samuel Nevers, from Bur- 
 lington, Mass., in 1794. In the two following years came Benjamin 
 "Webber from Bedford, Jacob Stevens, from Rowley, Andrew Wood- 
 bury and Micah Trull, from Tewksbury, and Peter Holden, from Mai- 
 den, Mass. Nevers and Trull, Mrs. Holden and MrS. Woodbury were 
 still living in January, 1857 ; Nevers being 91. At the age of 17 he 
 shipped in the Rider-Rally, Captain Baldwin, a vessel fitted out in 
 Boston during the Revolutionary struggle as a privateer, which was 
 captured by the British brig Chatham. He was impressed into the 
 British service, where he remained about a year; but the vessel putting 
 into New York, he there made his escape. 
 
 Sweden was incorporated February 26th, 1813. Its religious organ- 
 izations are Congregation alist and Methodist. The public schoolhouses 
 number seven. The school property is valued at $3,500. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 549. In 1880 it was 474. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $176,952. In 1880 it was $158,406. 
 
 TOjlllltlg'G lies in the northern part of Washington County, 30 
 miles from Calais, on the Houlton and Baring road. It is bounded on 
 tliL' north by Topsfield, east by Waite, south by Hinckley, and west by 
 No. 6, East Division. The town is very hilly, but few or none exceed 
 200 feet in height above the plain, though Musquash Mountain, upon 
 the northern line, is probably higher. The rock is of a granite charac- 
 ter, and grayish in color. The soil is a light loam. Most of the usual 
 farm crops are about equally cultivated. Nearly all the woods com- 
 mon to Maine flourish in the forests. West Musquash Lake, 7 miles 
 long and 3 wide, lies across the western border. The outlet of this 
 pond is the principal stream. There is in the town a saw-mill for long 
 lumber, and a shingle-mill, manufacturing about 2,000,000 of shingles 
 annually. The nearest railroad station is at Princeton, 10 miles distant. 
 
 This town was incorporated Februa'-y 8th, 1875. There is a gran- 
 ite monument 15 feet in height to the fallen soldiers of the Union. 
 Several caves in the side of a hill are objects of considerable interest. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists have societies here. The Methodists 
 have also a house of worship, recently built at a cost of $1,500. There 
 are two public schoolhouses valued at $200. The number of pollp in 
 1870 was 25. In 1880 there was the same number. The valuation in 
 1870 was $29,512. In 1880 it was $51,780. 
 
 TdHplG is situated in the southern part of Franklin County, 
 between Weld and Farmington. Avon bounds it on the north and 
 
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536 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 "Wilton on the south. The town is nearly square in form, measuring 
 about 6 miles on either side. The middle of the town is not greatly 
 uneven, but the base of the Blue Mountain range intrudes somewhat 
 upon the northern border. There are two high hills in the north-east- 
 ern part of the town, and a long elevation along the vi'estern side. 
 Averill Mountain, a little south of the centre of the town, is the highest 
 peak. The prevailing rock is red sandstone. The soil is loamy, and 
 formed in a great measure from the rock. Maple, beach and birch 
 constitute the greater part of the woods. Good crops are raised of hay, 
 wheat, corn, potatoes, oats, beans and apples. The town is excellent for 
 grazing, and is noted for the excellence of its sheep. Of the four con- 
 siderable ponds in town, the largest is Farnum Pond, 2 miles long and 
 1 wide, and the next Drury Pond, about one-half as large. Temple 
 Stream, rising among the mountains in Avon, runs southward across the 
 eastern end of the town, furnishing the principal water-power. Temple 
 Mills, situated on Temple Stream, in the south-eastern part of the town, 
 is the principal business xjentre. There are here, or nearby, three saw- 
 mills, an excelsior and stave-mill, a grist-mill, and a carriage factory. 
 Temple is 5 miles from Farmington, which furnishes its nearest rail- 
 road communication. The streets in the vicinity of the village are 
 well shaded with maple and elm, and pleasant residences abound. 
 
 This town was formeiiy known as Number One of Abbott's 
 purchase. The first settlement was about 1796, by Joseph Holland 
 and Samuel Briggs. They were soon followed byThos. Russell, James 
 Tuttle, Moses Adams, John Kenney, Jonathan Ballard, "William Drury, 
 Asa Mitchell, Samuel Lawrence, Gideon and George Staples. At the 
 commencement of its settlement Temple was owned by Benjamin 
 Phillips, of Boston, but was surveyed and settled under the agency of 
 Jacob Abbott, of Brunswick, who subsequently purchased the residue 
 of Mr. Phillip's eastern lands. The town was incorporated in 1803, 
 taking its name from a town in New Hampshire from which many of 
 the early settlers emigrated. 
 
 Temple has nine public schoolliouses, which, together with other 
 school property, are valued at $2,600. The estates were, in 1870, 
 valued at $161,981. In 1880 it was 1160,245. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 640. In 
 1880 it was 580. 
 
 Tennant'S Harbor, a post-office in Knox County. 
 
 XllOmaStOll is situated on St. George's River, in the eastern 
 part of Knox County. It is bounded north and east by Rockland, 
 west by Warren, south by Cushiiig and South Thomaston. The lat- 
 ter, with Weskeag Stream, Mill River and Oyster River, are the prin- 
 cipal streams. The surface of the town is gently undulating. The 
 soil is clay and loam The usual crops are successfully cultivated, and 
 there are many excellent farms. The forest trees are generally of soft 
 wood. The Knox and Lincoln railroad runs through the town. 
 
 Thomaston village is pleasantly situated a little eastward of the 
 great bend of the St. George's, on a bay-like expansion of the river. 
 Along its broad, well-shaded streets, are many handsome and costly 
 residences. The State prison is a conspicuous object, consisting of a 
 high wall enclosing several acres of ground, and including an aban- 
 doned lime-quarry. Its principal buildings are of brick and stone, and 
 
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TIIOMASTON. 537 
 
 are of form and solidity well suited to their several uses. Within its 
 walls are manufactured boots, shoes, harnesses and carriages. The 
 building was begun in 1824. At the village and elsewhere in the 
 town are two grist-mills, two steam saw and planing mills, one boat- 
 builder, three sail-lofts, nine patent lime-kilns, several ship-yards, brick- 
 yards, etc. Lime has been manufactured here since 1734. The manu- 
 facture of marble slabs from the lime-stone was commenced here by 
 Mr. Dwight, in 1809, and in 1825 there were two mills and factories 
 devoted to it, in which 200 saws were in motion. 
 
 Thomaston was the heart of the Muscongus, afterward known as 
 the Waldo Patent. As early as 1630 a trading-house was erected by 
 the proprietors on the eastern bank of the river, for the purpose of 
 traffic with the natives. No attempt was made to settle it for nearly a 
 century subsequent to that period. In order to encourage settlers, the 
 proprietors erected in 1719-20, two strong block-houses ; and the old 
 trading-house, situated directly in front of where the residence of Gen- 
 eral Knox since stood, was remodeled and made into a sort of fort. 
 They a,lso built a double saw-mill, on a stream ever since known as 
 Mill River, erected thirty frames for dwellings, and maintained a gar- 
 rison of 20 men, under command of Capt. Thomas Westbrook. The 
 Indians regarded this settlement as an unwarrantable encroachment 
 upon their rights, and protested ; in reply to which the English as- 
 serted that the territory had been sold t6 Sir William Phips, and the 
 deed signed by Madockawando and Sheepscot John. But the Indians 
 declared that these chiefs were not Penobscot Indians, one belonging 
 to Machias and the other in the vicinity of Boston ; consequently, that 
 they had disposed of what did not belong to them. Failing to per- 
 suade or frighten the English to abandon their designs, the Indians 
 determined on attacking the infant settlement. The government sent 
 down a force of 45 men with cannon and the necessary munitions of 
 war. On the 15th of June, 1722, the Indians made their descent upon 
 the place, burning the saw-mill, setting fire to a sloop in the harbor, 
 and destroying all the houses and frames tliat had been erected but a 
 short time before. A vigorous assault was then made upon, the block- 
 houses, and it was with great difficulty that the gai-rison saved them 
 from destruction. The Indians retired, but in the July following, re- 
 newed the attack ;. vigorously pressing the siege for 12 days. The 
 besiegers had made considerable progress in undermining one side of 
 the fort, quite to the alarm of the garrison, when heavy rains came on, 
 causing the banks of the trenches to cave in upon the miners and 
 forcing the savages to abandon the siege. The loss of the Indians in 
 this attack was 20, and that of the garrison was but 5. On the 28th 
 of December, 1723, they made another onslaught upon the fortress, 
 ■continuing the siege for 30 days ; at the end of which time Captain 
 Westbrook, who had previously been succeeded in the command of 
 the place by Captain Kennedy, came to the rescue, and put the Indians 
 to flight. Another, but unsuccessful attempt was made the next year. 
 In 1735, a company of 27 persons, by arrangement with Waldo, set- 
 tled on St. George's River ; and in 1740 he erected a grist-mill upon 
 the river, a proof that the settlers were raising sufficient grain to sup- 
 j/ly themselves with bread. Yet harrassing conflicts with the Indians 
 interrupted the progress of the settlement for some time after. Noth- 
 i'l'i- here seemed pertnanent until the arrival of Mason Wheaton, who 
 settled on Mill River, m 1768. 
 
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538 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Thomaston was incorporated in 1777, and included, until 1848, 
 Rockland and South Thomaston. It was named for Maj. Gen. Jolin 
 Thomas, of Massachusetts, a brave officer who died in the preceding 
 May, at Chambley. Mason Wheaton, before mentioned, a connection 
 of General Thomas, was a colonel in the army of the Revolution, and 
 the first representative of Thomaston, in the General Court. Anotlier 
 notable citizen was John Paine, a most enterprising trader, who, in 
 the single year of 1820, paid $170,000 duties on imports. Mr. Healy was 
 an extensive ship-builder. David Fales, physician, school-master and 
 surveyor of lands, was much employed by Mr. Fluker, son-in-law of 
 General Waldo, as agent. The most distinguished of the inhabitants 
 of Thomaston, was General Knox, commander of the American artil- 
 lery in the Revolution, and Secretary of War from 1785 to 1794. In 
 the years 1793-4, he built his elegant mansion near the St. George's 
 River, at the great bend, near where the fort stood. The size and 
 style of the building, its piazzas and balconies, its farm, summer and 
 out-houses, its gardens and walks, formed a residence which, at that 
 and for along subsequent time, far surpassed any other in the country. 
 Its cost was above $50,000. [See article Knox County.] Though the 
 post-office was not established here until 1794, there was a mail carried 
 on foot from Falmouth to Thomaston during the last years of the 
 Revolutionary war. 
 
 Anong later citizens may be mentioned Hon. John Ruggles, once a 
 ITnited States senator ; Hon. William J. Farley ; Hon. Edward Rob- 
 inson, representative in Congress in 1837; Hon. Jonathan Cilley, who 
 fell in a duel in 1839, while a member of Congress, and was greatly 
 regretted as a national loss. 
 
 Tiie Thomaston Herald is the only newspaper published in the 
 town. It is devoted to local news, and is an entertaining and useful 
 sheet. The Thomaston Savings Bank, at the close of 1879, held de- 
 posits and profits to the amount of $161,253.84. The Thomaston Na- 
 tional Bank has a capital of $100,000. The George's National Bank 
 has a capital of $110,000. There are a social and a circulating library 
 in town. 
 
 Rev. Robert Rutherford, who came over with Colonel Dunbar in 
 1729, first preached in Thomaston and Warren. He was a native of 
 Ireland, and a Presbyterian. A Congregational church was gathered 
 in 1807, over which Rev. John Lord was settled. The town now has 
 a church-edifice of each of tlie following societies, Congregationalist, 
 Methodist, Episcopal and Catholic, and two of the Baptists. The vil- 
 lage has graded schools, from primary to high. Tliere are eleven pub- 
 lic schoolhouses and the school property is valued at $18,900. The 
 valuation of real estate in 1870 was $1,854,110. In 1880 it was $2,- 
 202,211. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2 per cent. The 
 population in 1870 was 3,092. In 1880 it was 3,017. 
 
 TllOrndike lies in the north-^-est of Waldo County. It is 
 bounded on the north by Troy, east by Jackson, west by Unity, and 
 south by Knox. The surface is quite broken, and is especially hilly in 
 the north-eastern and south-western parts. Files Hill is the most 
 notable eminence. Granitic rock is predominant. The soil is a clay 
 loam on the levels and hollows, requiring considerable working, but 
 yielding good crops of hay, potatoes and corn. The water-courses are 
 Sandy Stream, a tributary of the Sebasticook, and the head-waters of 
 
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TOPSFIELD. 539 
 
 Marsh River. There is one saw-mill for long and short lumber, a 
 shingle-mill and a grist-mill. The other manufactures are carriages, 
 harnesses, coffins and caskets, boots and shoes, etc., etc. The Belfast 
 and Moosehead railroad passes through this town, and has a station at 
 Thorndike village, 16 miles from Belfast. 
 
 _ The caniage roads, in general, are good, and afford many agreeable 
 drives among hills and woods, interspersed with pleasant farm-houses. 
 Higgin's Mineral Spring, in this town, has quite a local celebrity, its 
 water being regarded as very healthful. Ichabod Hunt, a citizen of 
 Thorndike, in 1880 reached the age of ninety-five years. Another cit- 
 izen, Joseph Sey ward, is over ninety. The town sent some 60 men to 
 the Union army during the war of the Rebellion. The religious so- 
 cieties of the town are Baptists, Free Baptists and Friends. The first 
 have a gopd house of worship. 
 
 This town was incorporated February 15, 1819, being named for 
 Thomas Thorndike, one of the original proprietors. It was a part of 
 the Waldo Patent. Previous to incorporation it bore the name of 
 Lincoln Plantation. The petition for incorporation was signed by 
 Joseph Shaw, Joseph Higgins and Stephen Jones. 
 
 The number of public schoolhouses in Thorndike is nine, valued at 
 $2,000. The population in 1870 was 730. In 1880 it was 713. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $264,801. In 1880 it was $280,033. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was about 1^ per cent. 
 
 TO^US, a post-office, and the seat of a National Military 
 Asylbm in Chelsea, Kennebec County. 
 
 Tomheg'an Township lies on the western side of 
 Moosehead Lake, in the second range north of the line of the Bingham 
 Purchase. 
 
 TopsflGlQ. lies in the northern part of Washington County, 
 and is bounded on the east by Codyville and Robbins Plantation, 
 south by Talmage, west by Kossuth. Bascohegan Lake lies, on the 
 north, and partly within the township. Topsfield is in the second 
 range north of Bingham's Penobscot purchase. Calais lies 36 miles to 
 the south-east. The European and North American Railway station 
 in Jackson Brook Plantation is 11 miles from the principal settlement 
 which is in the south-eastern part. The Princeton station of the 
 Penobscot and St. Croix Railroad is 16 miles distant. A stage-route 
 formerly connected this town with Lincoln, on the first mentioned 
 railroad. 
 
 This is an excellent town for new settlers. There is one considerable 
 eminence in the south-western part, estimated to be about 1,000 feet in 
 height. Musquash, Tomah and Farrar ponds lie in the southern part 
 of the town, — the first being about 3 miles by 2, in dimensions, the 
 others 2 and 1 in length, and of projwrtional width. There is some 
 granite rock in the eastern part. The soil is a gravelly loam. Wlieat 
 and potatoes are the chief crops. The buildings in the town are gen- 
 erally in good repair. There is one saw-mill. 
 
 Topsfield was first settled by Nehemiah Kneeland from Topsfield, 
 Massiicliusetts, in 1832. It was incorporated, February 24, 1838. It is 
 said that 74 meTi from this town joiTied the Union army in the war of 
 the Rebellion, — of whom 10 were lost. The Methodists and Congre- 
 
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640 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 gationalists have a Union meeting-house here. The town has four 
 public schoolhouses, valued at $600. The population in 1870 was 464 
 In 1880 it was massed with other settlements in the preliminary 
 census report. The polls in 1870 numbered 105 ; in 1880, the same. 
 The valuation in 1870 was 182,828. In 1880 it was. 168,608. The rate 
 of taxation in the latter year was 38 mills on the dollar. 
 
 TopshRm, in Sagadahoc County, is situated in a broad bend 
 of the Androscoggin river' extending, in general course, from Lisbon 
 south-east to Brunswick, and from thence north-eastward to Merry- 
 meeting Bay. Bowdoin and Bowdoinham bound the town on the 
 north, and Brunswick on all other sides, — with the northern extremity 
 of Bath across the bay on the east. The streams are Little River, 
 which separates it from Lisbon, Cathance River, which comes down 
 from Bowdoin to the centre of the town ; then runs north-eastward 
 into Bowdoinham, — imperfectly repeating within the town the course 
 of the Androscoggin about its border. East of this lies Muddy River, 
 a tide-water creek having the same course as the former, A short 
 distance east of this stream is Pleasant Point, — a part of Bowdoinham, 
 but springing out iato the bay from the north-eastern corner of Tops- 
 ham. Tlie greatest Ipugth of the town is between the eastern and 
 western angles, — the distance being about 9 miles. Its greatest width 
 is from above the village to Lily Pond at the northern border of the 
 town. The area is very near 25,000. The surface of Topsham is 
 generally level, varied by a few ravines and low hills, — of which 
 Ararat — a station of the tl. S. Coast Survey a mile north of Topeham 
 bridge—is the highest. In {he higher portions the soil is a brown loam, 
 on the plains a sandy loam, and in the lowlands, clay and clay loam. 
 The rock is generally a very coarse granite, with a preponderance of 
 felspar. The Trenton Felspar Company are operating a quarry here. 
 
 The manufactures are at the first falls on the Androscoggin between 
 the villages of Brunswick and Topsham. There are here the paper 
 mill of the Bowdoiu Paper Company, a ship-yard or two, a planing 
 and threshing-mill, three lumber-mills, door, sash and stair factories, a 
 grain-mill, bricks, etc. The Maine Central Railroad runs through the 
 town, having a station at the village. Topsham is connected with 
 Brunswick on the south side of the river by three bridges, two of which 
 are railroad bridges. The upper railroad bridge is of wood ; the lower 
 one is a long and beautiful structure of iron. An iron bridge of a 
 beautiful design has just been erected between the two villages for or- 
 dinary street uses. 
 
 Topsham was first occupied about 1658 by Thomas and James 
 Gyles, and three men named York with their families, who bought 
 lands on the bay and river before King Philip's war. One of these 
 built a house and resided at Fulton's Point, another at the head of 
 Muddy River, and a third Gyles on Pleasant Point. At each of these 
 places, not many years sincs?, the cellars and chimnies of their rude 
 dwellings were clearly traceable. It is thought probable that the 
 settler at Fulton's Point arrived several years prior to the others ; for 
 it is stated that, in 1750, there was a tree upwards of one foot in 
 diameter growing in the cellar. . There is also a tradition that this 
 settler lived for many years on friendly terms with the natives, but 
 at last while absent in quest of provisions, the Indians massacred his 
 family and burnt his house ; and the bereaved man now returned to 
 
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542 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 England. Both the other families were murdered by the natives. 
 Gyles and his wife were shot while gathering their crops, and the 
 children taken into captivity ; but all except a son were ransomed by 
 the officers at Fort George, in Brunswick. The new settlement was 
 projected by the Pejepscot proprietors about 1715. In 1721, sixteen 
 families had located in the town, and a minister was employed ; but 
 later the people probably worshipped at Brunswick until the erection 
 of their meeting-house in 1759. The first church organization wag 
 Presbyterian, — the settlers being largely Scotch-Irish. The town fur- 
 nished 50 men for various service during the Revolutionary war. In 
 the war of the Rebellion 144 men served on the side of the Union. 
 
 The Sagadahoc Agricultural Society laid out its grounds and 
 erected its hall here in 1856 ; since which other buildmgs and an 
 elegant judge's stand have been erected. The annual shows which 
 have generally been successful, grow more and more attractive. A 
 large collection of paintings and engravings — some of which are works 
 of great merit and value — belonging to Col. Wildes P. Walker, may 
 properly be reckoned as belonging to the attractions of the town ; since 
 the owner, with rare public spirit, often throws his gallery open to his 
 townsmen. The churches are neat structures situated in the village, 
 and belong to the Congregationalists, Baptists and Free-Baptists. The 
 Franklin Family School, which attamed its highest success under the 
 management of its founder, Hon. Warren Johnson, is still open ; and 
 its building and grounds are an ornament to the village. Topsham has 12 
 public schoolhouses, and the total school property of the town is valued 
 at 17,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 1880,265. In 1880 it 
 was 1819,537. The population in 1870 was 1,498. In 1880 it was 1,547. 
 
 XrGlTlOllt, in Hancock County, embraces the south-western 
 portion of Mount Desert Island. Tinker's, Moose, Hardwood, Grott's 
 and Longley's Islands are also within its limits. The feature 
 from which the town takes its name is the three contiguous peaks 
 of Beech Mountain, and east and west peaks of the Western 
 Mountains. Dog Mountain has been carefully prospected with 
 spade and pick, for money hidden by Captain Kidd. The peak 
 known as the " Lover's Scalp " has, on its eastern side, an almost pei- 
 pendicular descent of 900 feet to the waters of Somes' Sound. The 
 other mountains of Tremont are Dog, Flying, Bald, Burnt and Mount 
 Gilboa. Dog Mountain is 670 feet. in height ; Flying Mountain, 300 ; 
 Bald Mountain, 250 ; Burnt Mountain, 175 ; and Mount Gilboa, 160. 
 South West and Bass are the chief harbors, and the villages on these 
 are the principal centres of business in the town. On Heat's Stream is 
 a saw-mill, and upon the outlet of Seal Cove Pond is a grist-mill. Both 
 streams empty into Seal Cove, which is a safe and convenient harbor. 
 The production of the saw-mill is about 250,000 M. of lumber, and sev- 
 eral hundred thousand staves annually. There is also a shingle-mill on 
 Bass Harbor Stream. Some ship-building is done at both Bass and 
 South West harbors. At the latter place is a factory for canning fish, 
 and at West Tremont is a fish-curing establishment ; also the large 
 brick-yard of the Tremont Brick Co., and a boat-builder's shop. I'he 
 " staff of life " to the people of the town is found chiefly in the sea. 
 
 Fernald's Point on Somes' Sound near the northern border of the 
 town is thought by many to be the site of the ancient " St. Sauvenr,'' 
 the settlement of the colony sent out by Madame de Guercheville in 
 
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TRESCOTT. 543 
 
 1613. " About half across the isthmus and a little up the hill (Flying 
 Mountain), so as to command the water on either side without losing 
 its shelter, are two holes in the ground which are shown as the ruins of 
 the Frenchmen's cellars. They are a few rods apart, running north 
 and south, 10 to 12 feet long at present, from 2 to 3 feet deej), and of 
 varying width. They seem to have been gradually filled in from the 
 hill above, and overgrown with grass. On the very day of our visit (1866) 
 a spruce, some eight inches in diameter had been cut down in one of 
 them. The old man who was our guide said the cellars were there in 
 the time of his grandfather, who was the first settler, and he always 
 said that they were the remains of the French colony." Stories of the 
 discovery of gold buried by the French are rife, like those of pirates' 
 treasures further south. A bank of shells near North East Harbor, on 
 the opposite side of the' Sound, probably marks the neighborhood of 
 an Indian village ; and Indian relics of various sorts are not uncommon. 
 Tremont was set off from Mount Desert and incorporated in 1848, 
 under the name of Mansel, from Mount Mansel, the name given to the 
 island by Winthrop's company of emigrants to Massachusetts Bay 
 in 1630 ; it having been the first land discovered by them. See 
 Eden. 
 
 Tremont has two churches, a Congregationalist and a Methodist. 
 Thirteen public schoolhouses, and school property to the value of 
 118,500, furnish the means of youthful education. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $262,353. In 1880 it was 1361,419. The popula. 
 tiou in 1870 was 1,822. In the census of 1880 it was 2,011. 
 
 XrCntOll, in Hancock County, lies north of Mount Desert 
 Island, between Union River Bay and Jordan's River. Ellsworth 
 bounds it on the north. It is on the stage-line from Ellsworth to 
 South West Harbor. The surface of the town is undulating. It 
 lies partially or wholly within the great, mica-schist basin of the county, 
 which is supposed to be of the Cambrian age. The occupation^ of the 
 people aside from agriculture is connected with the sea. 
 
 The town was formerly known as Number One of the six second- 
 class townships granted by Massachusetts in 1762, or according to 
 Williamson, in 1764. It was confirmed to Paul Thorndike and others 
 in 1785 The first English settlement known was in 1763. Anterior 
 to this there were French settlers at Trenton and Oak Points. Thom- 
 son's and Alley's Islands are within its jurisdiction. Previous to 1870, 
 Trenton had embraced the whole peninsula between Union River Bay 
 and Frenchman's Bay, but at that date it was divided, and the eastern 
 half incorporated as Lemoine. The Baptists and Methodists have each 
 a church in town. There are seven public schoolhouses^ and the school 
 property is valued at $2,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $118,280. In 1880 it was $111,817. The population in 1870 was 678. 
 In the census of 1880 it is placed at 639. 
 
 TreSCOtt, lies in the south-eastern part of Washington Coun- 
 ty. Lubec bounds it on the east, Edmunds and Pembroke on the north, 
 Whiting and Cutler on the west, and the ocean on the south. The 
 south branch of Cobscook (tide river) crosses the northern part, and 
 into this, at its western extremity, empties Orange River. Within the 
 
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544 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 town are the harbors of Moose Cove, Bailey's, Mistake and Haycock 
 There are here a savv-mill manufacturing long and short lumber, and 
 two grist-mills. The town is flourishing in trade and navigation. Tha 
 Trescott Mining and Manufacturing Company is located here. Tres- 
 cott is connected with Lubec by a stage line. 
 
 This town was incorporated Feb. 27, 1827. It was formerly No. 9. 
 The principal religious society in the town is the Roman Catholic. There 
 are nine public schoolhouses ; and the school propeity is valued at 
 $1,200. The population in 1870 was 603. In 1880 it "was 552. The 
 valuation in 1870 was 142,980. In 1880 it was $49,335. 
 
 Troy lies in the northern part of Waldo County, adjoining Som- 
 erset and Penobscot counties on the north, and the latter on the east. 
 Burnham bounds it on the west, and Thorndike and Jackson on the 
 south. The area is 20,052 acres. Unity or Twenty-five Mile Pond 
 forms a part of the western boundary. In the northern part is Carl- 
 ton's Bog, having an area of 1,000 acres, and drained by a stream of the 
 same name. On this stream were formerly several mills which manu- 
 factured large quantities of lumber. In the southern part of the town 
 is Bog Stream, which also has mill privileges ; both this and the former 
 emptying into Unity Pond. A mill on Martin's Stream, in the south- 
 eastern part of the town, formerly manufactured some lumber. The 
 manufactures now consists of furniture and carriages, there being five 
 manufacturers of the last. 
 
 The surface of the town is for the most part uneven, rising into 
 large swells with table lands and valleys, all of which are very fertile. 
 The inhabitants are generally and quite succesffully engaged in ag- 
 riculture. The centres of business are Troy village, Center, and West 
 and East Troy, — which are also post-offices. The town is 22 miles 
 north-west of Belfast. The nearest railroad stations are in Burnham 
 and Detroit. 
 
 The first clearing in this town was made about the year 1801, by 
 John Rogers, who was also agent for the proprietor. General Bridge, of 
 Chelmsford, Mass. The first mill in the township was built by the lat- 
 ter. The ownership soon after passed to Benjamin Joy and Jonathan 
 C. Hastings, of Boston. The earliest settlers were Henry Warren, 
 Charles Gerrish, jr., Enoch Bagley, Enoch Bagley, jr., Jonathan Bagley, 
 Christopher Varney, John Smart, Andrew Bennett, John Rogers, 
 James Work, Nehemiah Fletcher, Hanson Whitehouse, Francis, 
 Charles and Thomas HoUraan, and Joseph Green, who came from dif- 
 ferent parts of Maine, and settled here from 1801 to 1813. At the first 
 organization of the settlement into a plantation it received the name 
 of Bridgestown, in honor of the first proprietor. It was incorporated 
 as a town Feb. 22, 1812, under the name of Kingsville, in honor of the 
 first Governor of Maine. Since then it has borne the names of Joy, 
 Montgomery, and finallv Troy. The last change was made February 
 10, 1827. 
 
 The religious societies are the Methodists and Christian. There 
 are eleven public schoolhouses ; and the school property is valued at 
 $3,000. The population in 1870 was 1,201. In 1880 it was 1,059. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $233,361. In 1880 it was $263,939. 
 
 TurilGr lies on the western side of the Androscoggin River in 
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TURNER. 545 
 
 the north-western part of Androscoggin County. Its length on the 
 river is ten miles, the towns on the eastern side being Leeds and 
 Greene. The western line is of equal length, where it joins Hartford, 
 Buckfield and Hebron. Its width at the north is about three miles, 
 where it joins Liverraore. Minot and Auburn bound it on the south, 
 the line being there about five and one-half miles. Its area is near 
 33,793 aci'es. The principle streams are Twenty-mile River, which 
 crosses from the western side of the town to Androscoggin River on the 
 east ; and Martin's Stream, coming down through the northern part of 
 the town, to Twenty-mile at Chase's Mills. Within its limits and on its 
 borders are several ponds, of which Bear Pond, containing an area of one 
 square mile, and Pleasant Pond, one mile in length and one-half mile in 
 width, are the largest. The others are Little Wilson,Pickerel, Lily,Sandy 
 Bottom, Frog, Black, Mud, Long and Round ponds. The scenery of 
 Turner is various and agreeable, though there are no high hills or 
 deep valleys. A cave called " Ledge House," about 15 feet square, 
 is a curious freak of nature. The rock is granite ; and a quarry in 
 the south-east part of the town is worked through the year. The soil 
 in the valleys and lowlands is alluvial, of vegetable nature at the top, 
 with a substratum of sand. The farmers are generally thrifty ; as the 
 neatness and size of the buildings jDrove. The town has been noted for 
 a culture much above the average agricultural towns. The plantation 
 name of Turner, was Silvester Canada, it having been granted in 1765 
 to the heirs of Captain Joseph Silvester and Company, for the services 
 of the latter parties in an expedition against Canada in 1690. It was 
 incorporated as the town of Turner in 1786 ; being named for Rev. 
 Charles Turner, of Scituate, Mass., one of the proprietors, as an ac- 
 knowledgment of his services in aid of its settlement. The first set- 
 tlers were Daniel Staples, Thomas Record, Elisha Record, Joseph 
 Leavitt, and Abner Phillips, who removed thither in 1772. The fol- 
 lowing were eminent citizens of the town at a later period : Dr. Luther 
 Cary, who practiced in Turner from 1798 until about 1848, being hon- 
 ored with several elections to the presidency of the Medical Society 
 of Maine, and in 1805 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 
 for Oxford County. Dr. Timothy Howe practiced in the north parishi 
 from 1806 until the close of his life in 1848. He was the author of 
 many sketches of Turner families. Of many natives of the town edi>- 
 cated as physicians, Dr. Philip Bradford was the only one who re- 
 mained to practice ; retaining the confidence of his townsmen until his 
 death in 1863. Among those more or less eminent who were natives 
 of Turner, are Hon. T. O. Howe, national senator from Wisconsin ; 
 Hon. Eugene Hale, for many years representative in Congress from 
 the fifth district of Maine ; Clarence Hale, of Portland ; C. S. Conant, 
 of Lewiston ; Hon. Washington Gilbert, judge of probate for Sagadahoc 
 County ; Hon. Leonard Swett, of Chicago ; Hon. E. M. Prince, of 
 Bloomington, 111., master in chancery for M'Lean County ; William 
 Cary, U. S. attorney-general for the Tei-ritory of Utah ; William W. 
 Cushings, of Missouri, merchant ; and B. B. Murray, jr., for several 
 years adjutant-general, and later U. S. marshal of Maine. Among 
 jthose prominent in his own town and state in the last century we should 
 not omit to mention Hon. Job Prince. At one time or another he 
 served acceptably in all the principal offices of the town ; was president, 
 of the State Senate in 1839 ; then jud£;e of probate ; and subsequently 
 
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546 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 in several other offices. During his lifetime he administered on the 
 estates of 91 different persons. 
 
 A large number of persons, natives or residents of the town, were 
 engaged in the Revolutionary war. Colonel William Turner was aide 
 to Washington ; Elijah Dresser was in the battle of Bunker Hill ; Lu- 
 ther Gary, Joseph Wardwell, Nathaniel Sawtelle and Joseph Ludden, 
 were in the Continental army ; Samuel Blake, Mark Andrews, Moses 
 Merrill, Levi Merrill, Malachi Waterman, Richard Phillips, Abner 
 Phillips and JosejDh Leavitt, in the defense of Boston, 1775 ; Gen. Peleg 
 Wadsworth, Benjamin Jones, John Eeen, John Keen, jr., Asa Battles, 
 Nathaniel Shaw, Daniel French, James Phillips, Nathan Richmond, 
 William Hayford, Benjamin Merrill, Job Randall, Solomon Millett, 
 Ephraim Andrews, Benjamin Alden, William Putnam, Jolin Allen, 
 Thomas Atherton, Benj. Chamberlain, Wait Bradford, Isaac Phillips, 
 Ichabod Phillips and Andrew Bass, in the Massachusetts militia; 
 Israel Smith, Laban Smith, James Lara, Bennett Pompilly, Richard 
 Hine, Benjamin Conant, Paul Lowell, Joshua Davis, Moses Snell and 
 Simeon Caswell, in Massachusetts Continental ; Jesse Bradford served 
 as guard of Burgoyne's captured army ; Abney Thayer on Castle Wil- 
 liam, Boston Hai-bor ; Elisha Fisher, in Washington's life-guard ; Abial 
 Turner, in commissary department ; John Bailey in last three years 
 service ; Daniel Pratt, in Rhode Island troops ; Cornelius Jones, in 
 Massachusetts troops and as a seaman ; James Allen, musician in 
 Massachusetts line ; Jacob Gardner, during the war ; and Nathaniel 
 Marston, in New Hampshire line. In the war of 1812, Captain Ste- 
 phen Turner was killed at the battle of Bridgewater, and Theodocius 
 Merrill died in the army. During this war the enemy making a demon- 
 stration against Portland ; a large number of militia were ordered there 
 in defense ; and for this short campaign Mr. Benjamin Jones furnished 
 nine sons. In the war of the Rebellion Turner furnished 319 men, 
 paying them an aggregate bounty of $62,445 ; and furnishing for sol- 
 diers' relief $1,575. Twenty-eight of these were killed in battle or died 
 of disease in the army. 
 
 The first hiill in town was built by Samuel Blake in 1775, on 
 Twenty-mile River, at what is now known as Turner village, and was 
 destroyed in the great freshet of 1785. It appears to have been both 
 a saw and grain mill. It was rebuilt the next season. At this place 
 there are now a grain-mill, a general saw-mill, a box, carriage and shoe 
 factory, a tannery, and several smaller manufactures. The other prin- 
 cipal places of business, are North Turner Bridge on the Androscoggin 
 River; Keen's Mills, some three miles below, where there are mills for 
 grain, lumber and paper pulp ; Chase's Mills, on Twenty-mile River, in 
 the western part of the town, having a hub factorj and a lumber mill ; 
 North Turner, where is a grain-mill, lumber mills, a cheese and a shoe 
 factory ; and West Turner, which has a large cheese factory. The first 
 fulling mill in this town was built at Bradford village, and operated by 
 John Haley. A pottery was also established at the same place by 
 Reuben Thorp. By an act of General Court in 1803, William Brad- 
 ford, Benjamin Evans, John Turner, Daniel Cary, Luther Gary and 
 John Loring, were incorporated as a body politic by the name of the 
 Ministerial and Grammar School Funds in the town of Turner; and 
 they and their successors were to be a body politic and incorporate 
 by that name forever. Their number was never to be over seven 
 
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UNION. 547 
 
 nor less than five, and they were to fill from members of tlie town any 
 vacancy that might occur in the board. They were authorized to sell 
 and convey in fee-simple all of said ministerial and school lands, and 
 put the proceeds at interest. The latter was to accumulate until there 
 should be a fund, which would yield annually from the ministerial fund 
 the sum of $350, and from the school land $200, when the former 
 Bhould be applied by the trustees to the settlement of a learned Prot- 
 estant minister ; and that it should never be in the power of the town 
 to alienate or anywise alter the funds aforesaid. The ministerial fund 
 became available in 1811, and the interest arising therefrom was paid 
 to Rev. Allen Greely, Congregationalist, who was the only settled min- 
 ister. In 1834 a tJniversalist Society having been formed, it was 
 agreed between their minister, Rev. George Bates, and Rev. Mr. Greely, 
 to divide the income of the fund between them ; and in 1840, the legisla- 
 ture of Maine authorized the trustees to divide the fund among several 
 Protestant ministers settled in town in proportion to the rateable polls 
 belonging to the congregations of said ministers. The town now has 
 Congregationalist, Baptist, TJniversalist and Methodist societies. 
 
 The first school taught in town was a private one, kept on the 
 " Lower Street," about 1788, by Mr. Arthur Bradman, of Turner. The 
 town has now eighteen public schoolhouses, valued at $7,000. The 
 total amount expended for schools from April 1, 1878 to April 1, 1879 
 was $3,271. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $815,684. In 1880 
 it was $748,856.. The population at that date was 2,380. In 1880 it 
 was 2,286. The rate of taxation in 1880 was .0145 on $1. 
 
 Umbag'Og' Lake. See article on Rangeley Lakes. 
 
 XJniOH is situated in the western part of Knox Coimty, 18 
 miles north-west of Rockland. It is bounded on the north-east by 
 Appleton and Hope, south by Warren, and west by Waldoboro and 
 Washington. The town contains four ponds (two lying on the 
 border), whose outlets furnish a large amount of water-power. Their 
 names are Crawford's, Seven Tree, Sennebec and Round ; the three 
 first having an area of about one mile each, and the last about one- 
 third of a mile. The town excels in picturesque arrangement of hill, 
 dale, water and woods, and in the summer season the scenery is very 
 beautiful. The soil is good and the farmer finds profitable returns for 
 bis toil. 
 
 The town has four villages, Union and North, East and South 
 Union. The manufactures at Union are carriages (three factories), cul- 
 tivators, leather, harnesses, boots and shoes. At South Union are a cab- 
 inet and musical instrument factory, an iron foundry, machine-shop, 
 and a coflin and casket factory. At East Union are a lumber-mill, a 
 chair and table factory, etc. Union was a part of the Muscongus, or 
 Waldo patent, and was purchased of the Waldo heirs by Dr. John 
 Taylor of Lunenburg, Mass., in 1774, "for the consideration of £1,000 
 lawful money." The settlement was commenced the same year, and 
 such favorable terms were offered to actual settlers that, in a few years, 
 the whole tract was taken up. It first bore the name Taylortown, 
 from its owner, but was organized as a plantation under the name of 
 ^terlingtown, to gratify some of its inhabitants who had emigrated from 
 a place of that name in Great Britain. It was incorporated as the 
 
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548 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 town of Union in 1786. It contained at this time 19 families, a large 
 proportion of whom had emigrated from Massachusetts ; and the har- 
 mony that prevailed among them was purposely commemorated in the 
 name of the town. At this time the town contained 77 families, 
 bearing among others the following well-known names : Adams, 
 Bowen, Butler, Cummmgs, Grinnell, Hawes, Hills, Holmes, Mero, Par- 
 tridge, Eobbins and Ware. The settlers were mostly devout Chris- 
 tians, and made every effort to cultivate the feeling for friendly inter- 
 course which makes life blessed. A church was formed in 1803, and 
 in 1805 Rev. Henry True was settled. The town now has a church of 
 each the Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist and Universalist denom- 
 inations. There are fourteen public schoolhouses, and the school prop- 
 erty is valued at $9,850. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $533,660. In 1880 it was $597,330. The population in 1870 was 1,701. 
 In 1880 it was 1,547. 
 
 XJnity lies in the north-western part of "Waldo County. It is 
 bounded by Burnham on the north, Thorndike on the east. Freedom 
 and Albion on the south, and Unity Plantation on the west. A broad 
 belt of the town on this side consists of wooded plain. There are 
 smaller areas of woodland in the eastern and other parts of the town. 
 The sui-face generally is not greatly broken, and lies in swells and val- 
 leys of no great height or depth. The soil is of clay and sandy loam, and 
 a light and a dark loam, and is tolerably fertile. Hay is the crop hav- 
 ing the greatest value. Unity or Twenty-five Mile Pond lies partially 
 within the northern part of the town. The principal water-course is 
 Sandy Stream, which runs through the town from the south-east to 
 Unity Pond. Unity village is situated upon this stream about one 
 mile south of the pond. The principal water-powers are on this stream. 
 The manufactures consist of plows, carriages, one grist and planing 
 mill, lumber (six mills), tinware, cheese (Unity Cheese Factory), har- 
 nesses, etc., etc. The Belfast branch of the Maine Central Railroad runs 
 through the town, having a station near the village. The habitations in 
 general have a thrifty appearance, and the roads are good. 
 
 This town belonged to the Plymouth Patent. Its settlement was 
 commenced about the year 1782. It was incorporated June 22, 1804. 
 The political harmony of the inhabitants is said to have suggested the 
 name of the town. There is a Union church edifice, and a Congi-ega- 
 tionalist and a Methodist society. There are twelve public school- 
 houses and the school property is valued at $2,500. The population in 
 1870 was 1,201. In 1880 'it was 1,092. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $384,465. In 1880 it was $386,334. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 27 mills on the dollar. 
 
 Unity Plantation is situated on the north-eastern side 
 of Kennebec County. It is bounded on the west by Clinton and Ben- 
 ton, on the south by the latter and Albion, east by Unity in Waldo 
 County, and north by Burnham in the latter county. The Sebasticook 
 River forms its boundary line on the north-west. It contains about 
 eight square miles. The settlement is in the eastern portion. The 
 plantation is about 32 miles east of Augusta, four from the Maine 
 Central Railroad station at Unity, and seven from the station at 
 Hunter's Mills. 
 
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VAN BUREN. 549 
 
 There is a society of the Christian denomination whith holds its 
 meetings in the plantation. It has one public schoolhouse, the total 
 school property being valued at $56. The valuation of the estates in 
 the plantation in 1880 was $14,086. The rate of taxation is about 15 
 mills on one dollar. The population in 1870 was 68. In 1880 it was 61. 
 
 UppGr DRID., a post-office in No. 4, Range 1, between 
 Mooselucmaguntie and Upper Richardson lakes, in the northern sec- 
 tion of Oxford County. 
 
 XJptOIls in Oxford County, lies on the New Hampshire border, 
 in the southern part of the Rangeley Lake region. Grafton bounds it 
 on the south, Umbagog Lake lies on the west, and Lower Richardson 
 Lake on the north-east. Rapid River (by which the Rangeley lakus 
 through Lower Richardson discharge into Umbagog) runs across tho 
 north-eastern corner. Cambridge River, rising chiefly in Grafton, runs 
 through the south-western part to the south arm of the Umbagog 
 lake. Dead Cambridge River, a branch of the Cambridge, rises in a 
 pond in C. Surplus, on the east, forming a junction with the main river 
 at its principal angle near the middle of the town. In the southern 
 part of Upton are three large hills; the south-eastern one bearing the 
 name of First B. Hill, and the western one, the name of Upton or 
 Second B. Hill. Most of the settlements in the township are be- 
 tween Cambridge River and the junction near this hill of the three 
 southern roads. On the falls near the lake are a saw-mill and grist- 
 mill. Near by ia a starch factory, carriage and shoe shops, store, etc. 
 There are two hotels at this place. It is on the principal western route 
 to the lakes. Cambridge and Errol in New Hampshire are the ad- 
 joining towns on the west. Upton is 50 miles north-west of Paris, 
 and 27 from Bethel, on the stage-route from the latter place to Errol. 
 
 The rocks in this town are chiefly of coarse granite. The soil, 
 though rocky, is light. Potatoes, wheat and oats are the crops princi- 
 pally cultivated. Spruce, cedar and bircli trees constitute the forests. 
 
 Upton was incorporated February 9, 1860. It was formerly known 
 as Letter B. Plantation. It sent 16 men into the Union array during tlx 
 war of the Rebellion, and lost six of them. There are here Method- 
 ist and Congregational societies, and a Ifnion church edifice. The 
 public schoolhouses are four in number, and are valued at 1400. The 
 population in 1870 was 187. In 1880 it was 245. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $36,278. In 1880 it was $43,783. The rate of 
 taxation in tho latter year was one cent on the dollar. 
 
 Van Rliren lies on the west bank of the St. John, in the 
 north-eastern part of Aroostook County. Cyr Plantation bounds it on 
 the south, Grand Isle and Number 17 on tha west. The form of this 
 towi.^hip is triangular, the variable course of the river forming the 
 base line, while straight lines mark the other sides. Violette Brook 
 and its northern branch drain the southern and middle parts of the 
 town. 'There are two lumber-mills, one grist-mill and a starch factory 
 fully operated. The settlements are chiefly along the river, which is 
 skirted by the county road. Tho Van Buren post-ofiice is in the 
 south-eastern part of the town, and there is another near the northern 
 corner. Van Buren is the terminus of the stage-lines from Fort Fair- 
 
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550 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 field and to Fort Kent. The New Brunswick Railway follows the St. 
 John on the opposite shore. 
 
 This town was incorporated in 1881, being named for a former pre- 
 sident of the United States. There are here a Roman Catholic and an 
 Episcopal society. There are eight public schoolhouses, and the school 
 property is valued at $2,500. The population in 1870 was 922. In 
 1880 it was 1,110. The valuation in 1870 was $46,233. In 1880 it was 
 $111,670. 
 
 VailCel>OrO is the extreme north-eastern town of "Washing- 
 ton County. It is bounded by First Lake of St. Croix or Chiputnet- 
 icook series, and has the river on the east and south. On the west is 
 Eaton and No. 1 township, the lake's end and St. Croix River ; the 
 outlet being at the north-eastern corner of the town. The St. Croix 
 Log-driving Company have a dam here holding a 15-feet head of water. 
 The manufactures in this town consist of leather and a clothes-pin and 
 spool factory. The tannery is owned by the great tanning firm of F. 
 Shaw & Brothers. Its capacity is 500 tons annually of dry sole- 
 leather. 
 
 The surface of the town is only moderately uneven. There is a 
 great variety of rocks, and the soil also has this characteristic. Pota- 
 toes and oats are the crops chiefly cultivated. Beech, maple, elm, 
 hemlock and spruce are the forest trees. 
 
 The European and North American Railway passes through the 
 town ; the road passing from it into New Brunswick over St. Croix by 
 a bridge about 200 feet in length. At the station here is a convenient 
 eating-house. 
 
 The settlement has a public library of 75 volumes. The Methodists 
 here have a society and a resident minister. The public schoolhouses 
 are two in number, and the school property including land is valued at 
 $1,130. The population in 1870 was 327. In 1880 it was 381. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $40,000, In 1880 it was $129,528. The rate of 
 taxation in the latter year was 7 mills on the dollar. 
 
 Va/SSRllborO, in Kennebec County, lies on the east side of the 
 Kennebec River, north of and adjoining Augusta. It is bounded by 
 China on the east, Sidney on the west, and Winslow on the north. 
 Webber's Pond, having an area of 2.10 square miles, lies a little south 
 of the centre of the town ; a portion of China Pond projects into the 
 eastern side, and Three-mile Pond forms a portion of the boundary 
 between it and China at the south-east. The Kennebec River separates 
 it from Sidney, which constituted a part of Vassalboro from its incor- 
 poration in 1771 until 1792, when its territory west of the river was 
 set off and incorporated as an independent town. The first settlements 
 were made along the river about 1760 ; but they increased so slowly 
 that eight years later this extensive township contained but ten fam- 
 ilies. Dennis and John Gatchell were among the earliest settlers. 
 Both were guides to Arnold's expedition up the Kennebec in 1776. 
 Dennis was chosen captain of the town in 1775 ; John was a noted 
 hunter, and a man of great strength. Once when a full-grown moose 
 which he had wounded turned upon him, he seized the animal, threw 
 him down and cut his throat with a jack-knife. John's house was sit- 
 uated on the bank of the Kennebec, and had an nndei'ground passage 
 
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VEAZIE. 551 
 
 to the river, to allow of escape should hostile Indians effect an entrance 
 into the house. Other early settlers were Samuel and Asa Reddington, 
 both of whom had served in the war for independence. The latter had 
 been a member of the famous Washington Life-Guard. Most of the 
 early settlers were from the Cape Cod towns, and many were members 
 of the Society of Friends. Vassalboro was represented in the Provin- 
 cial Congress in 1775 by Remington Hobby, and in 1777 by Mr. A. 
 Lovejoy. 
 
 The surface of the town is beautifully diversified with hill and val- 
 ley, the highest eminences being Tabor and Cross hills. The soil is ex- 
 cellent, and the farmers generally are thrifty, and the town is wealthy 
 and prosperous. Much attention is given to the cultivation of fruits 
 and with marked success. 
 
 There are several mills in town. On the outlet of Three-mile Pond, 
 which discharges into Webber's Pond are a saw, grist and excelsior 
 mill ; on Seven-mile Brook, which connects Webber's Pond with the 
 Kennebec, are two saw-mills, a paper-mill and a machine-shop. Ac- 
 cording to the Hydrographic survey of Maine, there are nineteen 
 powers in town. Thirteen of these are on the outlet of China Lake. 
 This sheet of water is 201 feet above the tide, has an area of 4,000 
 acres, and its drainage basin is about 39,520 acres in extent. The 
 stream from the lake is six and one-third miles long, in which distance 
 it has nine dams and falls 160 feet. Of these powers the first is occu- 
 pied by a grist-mill and woolen-mill, a saw-mill and shovel-handle fac- 
 tory ; on the second is a grist-mill ; on the third, a shingle-mill, and a 
 wood and iron machine-shop; the fifth is occupied by the Vassalboro 
 Mills Company in manufacturing woolen goods. This mill has twenty 
 sets of cards, with the associated machinery, and a wood and iron 
 machine-shop attached. The capital stock of the company in 1869 was 
 $450,000. On the seventh power is a factory for making knit goods 
 and another for shoe pegs. On the eleventh, there is saw-mill and a 
 threshing-mill. On the thirteenth, is a board, plank and lath-mill. A 
 line of the Maine Central railway extends through the entire length of 
 the town along the river. 
 
 The Oak Grove Seminary and Commercial College is a popular and 
 prosperous institution under the care of the Society of Friends. It is 
 situated in an attractive location a short distance north of Vassalboro 
 Corner. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists, Free Baptists, Catholics, and 
 Friends, each have a society and church edifice in the town, and the 
 Methodists have three. Vassalboro has twenty-two schoolhouses, 
 valued at $10,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,130,348. 
 In 1880 it was $1,188,980. The population at the same date was 
 2,919. In 1880 it has increased to 2,621. 
 
 VcaziO, in Penobscot County, is a small town, with its eastern 
 side resting on the Penobscot, and bounded by Bangor on the west, 
 and Orono on the north-east, and the river on the east and south. Its 
 area is 2,560 acres. Tltere are no large streams within the town. 
 The Penobscot, which separates it from Eddington and Brew?r, fur- 
 nishes the water-power. The village is situated on the river, at about 
 the middle of the eastern side. There is here a strong dam, upon 
 which are located two blocks of saw-mills. The " Upper Block " (so 
 
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652 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 called), contains two gangs of saws, six single saws, and a lath-mill ; 
 the " Lower Block " has one gang of saws, three single saws, lath-mill, 
 clapboard and shingle-mill, and others. At extreme low water the 
 power in this fall is 3,300 horse-powers, gross, for the 24 hours, or 
 133,000 spindles. The manufactures are all sorts of lumber, cooper's- 
 ware, etc. There are four stoi-es and a hotel. Veazie has a very pretty 
 village. The European and North American Railway runs through the 
 town, having a station at the village. The town was formerly the 
 seventh ward of Bangor, but was set off and incorporated March 26th, 
 1853. It was named from General Samuel Veazie, who was the owner 
 of the mills and privilege, and the chief portion of the property. The 
 associations are those of the P. of H., and the K. of H. The religious 
 societies are the Congregationalists, Methodists, Baptists and Free 
 Baptists. There are three public schoolhouses, for 214 children of 
 school age. The average attendance is about one-half that number. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $168,432. In 1880 it was $121,- 
 439. The population in 1870 was 810. In 1880 it was 622. 
 
 Verona, in Hancock County, is situated on the Penobscot 
 River, just south of Bucksport, and 20 miles west of Ellsworth. It is 
 connected with Bucksport by an excellent bridge of stone and timber, 
 650 feet in length. The town is moptly high and rocky, and the soil 
 Lard, but affords an excellent range for sheep. Within a few years 
 apple orchards have been planted, and are doing well. Verona is said 
 to have grown and shipped more wood to the acre than any other 
 town in the county. The chief industry is weir fishing; and during 
 the " run of the salmon " there is but little sleep for the fishermen. 
 
 Veronals the earliest settled locality on the Penobscor above Bel- 
 fast. It was first mentioned in books as the island of Lett. It be- 
 longed tty the Waldo Patent. Falling into the possession of an orphan 
 girl, it gained the name of Orphan Island. Later, it was purchased 
 by a Mr. Wetmore, and bore the name of Wetmore Isle up to the 
 time of its incorporation in 1861. It was formerly a part of Prospect, 
 and for many years a part of Bucksport. Its area is 5,600 acres. It 
 was named for a town on the Po river, in Italy. Verona has four 
 schoolhouses, and the school property is valued at $2,400. The valua- 
 tion of estates in 1870 was $51,075. In 1880 it was $50,073. The 
 population in 1870 was 352. In the census of 1880 it was 356. 
 
 ViemiJl is the most north-westerly town of Kennebec County, 
 and is marked by considerable hilliness. Gilman Mountain, which ex- 
 tends into the adjoining town of Rome, is the gi-eatest elevation. 
 Granite is the principal rock. The grazing qualities of the town are 
 excellent, and there are several fine farms. There are two mineral 
 springs of some note in town. Vienna is bounded on the east by 
 Rome, on the south by Mount Vernon and Chesterville, (the latter in 
 Franklin County), west by the same town, and north by New Sharon. 
 In and about Vienna are numerous ponds, tlje largest of which, called 
 Flying Pond, forms a portion of the south-west boundary. A p rtion 
 of Parker Pond lies in the southern part of the town ; Egypt Pond is 
 on the southern border a little west of the last ; at the north-west 
 angle is MoGurdy Pond ; Kimball Pond midway of the northern line, 
 and Boody and Kidder ponds succeed it on the east. A stream from 
 
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VINALHAVEN. 553 
 
 Kimball and Boody ponds, running Bouthward, and emptying into 
 Flying Pond, furnishes the chief water-power in the town. On this 
 stream, at Vienna Village, are a shingle-mill, a saw-mill for various 
 lumber, and a grist-mill. Other manufactures of the town are boxes 
 and measures, cooperage, carriages and sleighs, shovel-handles, etc. 
 There is a stage-route to Augusta from the village. The nearest rail- 
 way connection is Maine Central station at Belgrade depot, 12 miles 
 distant. 
 
 This township was settled about 1786, the titles being given by 
 Jedediah Prescott of Winthrop, and Nathaniel Whittier, of Readfield, 
 who had purchased it of Massachusetts. As a plantation it was named 
 Goshen. Its incorporation as a town ocfiurred in 1802. The first set- 
 tlers were Josh-za Howland, John Thompson, Patrick Gilbraith, Noah 
 Prescott, and John and William Allen, Following these were Arnold 
 Witheren, James and Robert Cofren, Jonathan Gordon, Jedediah 
 Whittiei', Gideon Wells, Elijah Bunker, Daniel Matthews, Benjamin 
 Porter, Timothy White, Caleb Brown and Joshua Moore. The first 
 town meeting was held in that year, — Noah Prescott being moderator, 
 and Daniel Morrill, clerk. Tho selectmen chosen were Jacob Gi-aves, 
 James Cofren and Joshua Moore ; treasurer, Arnold Witheren ; con- 
 stable and collector, Thomas Lines. 
 
 Later notable citizens have been Nathaniel Graves, Oren Dowst, 
 John Marden, John Mooers, Nathaniel Whittier, Andrew Neal, and 
 others. Tlie first child born in town was Bnggs Howland. Vienna 
 sent 91 soldiers into the war for the Union, of which number 14 were 
 lost. Jesse Lee, from Virginia, was the first settled minister. There 
 are now in town Free Baptist and Methodist societies, each of whom 
 have a suitable church. Vienna' has ten public schoolhouses valued at 
 $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $200,015. In 1880 it was 
 $167,316. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 23 mills on a dollar. The 
 population in 1870 was 740. According to the census of 1880 it is now 644. 
 
 ViURlhRiVdlj in Knox County, lies at the entrance of Pen- 
 obscot Bay. With North Haven, formerly included, the area of the 
 town was 16,527 acres. It was what was known in the early history 
 of New England as South Fox Island, taking its name from a number 
 of silver-gray foxes seen there. On account of its safe and convenient 
 harbors it was a place of much resort for the early voyagers. There 
 was, however, no permanent settlement until 1765, and even then the 
 inhabitants did not enjoy undisturbed quiet. During the Revolution 
 the British at Castine impressed many of the islanders, forcing them 
 to labor on the fortifications in that place. Many also fled from the 
 island, leaving their houses to be reduced to ashes by the soldiers who 
 plundered them. On the conclusion of peace the inhabitants returned ; 
 and 72 of the number purchased the whole island from Massachusetts, 
 for the sum of £246. 
 
 Viualhaven has a bold shore ; yet running in between projecting 
 bluffs, are good harbors on every side. One of the best of these is 
 Carver's Harbor, in the southern extremity of the island, where also 
 is the principal village. The island is 15 miles east of Rockland. 
 The surface is very broken, so that not more than one-third of the 
 area is suitable for cultivation. The soil is gravelly. The crops 
 are principally grain and potatoes. Isle au Haut and Baron moun- 
 
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654 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 tains are the highest eminences, being nearly 400 feet in height. The 
 ponds are named Folly, Round, Otter, Cedar, Mills and Branch. There 
 are several excellent tide-powers on the island, which have, at one 
 time or another, been improved. The manufactures are meal, flour, 
 lumber, canned lobsters, horse-nets, harnesses, boots and shoes. Large 
 quantities of granite are quarried here, and the Bodwell Granite Com- 
 pany has a polishing-mill for this material. The rock of the island is 
 chiefly a blue and gray granite. 
 
 Vinalhaven was incorporated in 1789; being named in honor of 
 John Vinal, Esq., of Boston, who had aided the inhabitants in securing 
 titles to their lands. The Fox Islanders, it is said, were early " noted 
 for their humanity and benevolence to strangers." 
 
 There is a Union church in Vinalhaven ; but the Free Baptists are 
 the principal society. The number of public schoolhouses in the town 
 is twelve. The value of school property is estimated at $7,500. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $264,960. In 1880 it was $470,514. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 25 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,851. In 1880 it was 2,855. 
 
 Wade Plantation, in Aroostook County, lies on the 
 Aroostook River, in the fourth range from the eastern border. It is 
 bounded on the east by Washburn, north by Perham Plantation, and 
 south by Castle Hill. The Aroostook River passes through the south- 
 eastern part of the town, and is here crossed by a bridge 60 feet in 
 length. The surface is without any considerable hills or valleys. 
 There is a good, loamy soil, yielding abundantly in wheat, oats and 
 potatoes, which are the crops receiving mOst attention. The inhabi- 
 tants are at present engaged almost exclusively in agriculture. There 
 is here a sulphur spring, said to be the best in the State. 
 
 The town is 54 miles north by north-west of Houlton, via Wash- 
 burn. It is 15 miles to the railroad station in Caribou. The settle- 
 ments are on the river in the south-eastern part of the township. 
 
 Wade Plantation was organized May 2, 1874. It has a public 
 library of 75 volumes. There are already three public schoolhouses, 
 valued at $300. The population in 1870 was 76. The number of 
 polls in 1880 was 24. The valuation in 1880 was $10,165, and the rate 
 of taxation 16 mills on the dollar. 
 
 Walte lies in the northern part of Washington County. It is 
 bounded on the west by Talraage, south by Indian Township, and 
 north by Robbin's Plantation. It is 30 miles from Calais and 52 miles 
 from Machias, on the Houlton and Baring Road. The nearest rail- 
 road station is at Princeton, 8 miles distant. Tomah Stream runs 
 southward through the midst. The other streams are tributaries of 
 this. The underlying rock in the town is granitic. The soil is fertile ; 
 but hay is at present found the most profitable crop, by reason of the 
 demand for it by lumbermen. The forests in this town are princi- 
 pally of beech and maple. 
 
 Waite was incorporated in 1876. It sent 13 men to the Union 
 army during the war of the Rebellion, losing 4. It has two public 
 schoolhouses, and the entire school property is valued at $2,000. The 
 population in 1870 was 122. In 1880 it was massed with other divis- 
 
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WALDO COUNTY. 555 
 
 ions. The polls in 1870 numbered 32; in 1880, 48. The valuation in 
 1870 was $28,700. In 1880 it was $31,400. The rate of taxation in 
 the latter year was 3 per cent. 
 
 WRldO lies near the centre of Waldo County; having Brooks 
 on the north, Swanville on the east, Belfast on the south and Morrill 
 on the west. The Passagassawakeag Stream runs southward through 
 the western part, and the Wescot Stream tlirough the eastern part. 
 The Ames Ponds, in the eastern part of the town, are the principal 
 bodies of water. Felspathic granite is the prevailing rock. The soil 
 is alluvial, and hay is at present found the most profitable crop. Farm- 
 ing is the almost exclusive industry of the inhabitants. It is on the 
 Belfast and Burnham railroad. 
 
 Waldo contains about 11,600 acres. Waldo Plantation was or- 
 /janized July 6, 1821, and consisted only of the so-called " Three Miles 
 Square," or the " Six Thousand Acre Tract," wbioh was set off ou 
 execution from the estate of Brigadier General Waldo, of Boston, 
 deceased, to Sarah Waldo, administratrix of the estate of Samuel 
 Waldo, of Falmouth, Maine, deceased. This tract was appraised at 
 $8,000 by Robert Houston, James Nesraith and Daniel Clary, of Bel- 
 fast. William Taggart and a Mr. Smith, from New Hampshire, madn 
 the first clearing in 1798, near the south-east corner, one hundred rods 
 from the Belfast line. No family resided upon it until November 181 1, 
 when Henry Davidson moved in, continuing a resident 36 years. In 
 1800 came Jonathan Thurston, from Belfast, followed in 1805 by 
 Josiah Sanborn, from Exeter, N.H. In 1809 Malcolm and Gleasoa 
 surveyed the tract, dividing it into 60 lots, in 6 ranges of 10 lots each. 
 In 1824, the plantation was enlarged by the annexation of 5,3] 8 acres 
 from Swanville ; and in 1836, a gore of about 150 acres lying between 
 Knox and the " Three Miles Square " was annexed, which completed 
 the township as at present constituted. Waldo was incorporated as a 
 town March 17, 1845. There were, in 1880, one resident aged ninety- 
 eight, and six wlio were between eighty and ninety years of age. The 
 town has a fi-ee meeting-house for religious uses. The resident clergy- 
 man is a Methodist. 
 
 The number of public schoolhouses is seven. The value of the 
 school property in the town is $2,000. The population in 1870 was 
 648. In 1880 it was 664. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $144,218. In 1880 it was $146,923. The rate of taxation in the latter 
 year was 13 mills on the whole valuation. 
 
 WO/ldO COimty is situated upon the western shores of 
 Penobscot Bay and River. Knox County forms the southern border, 
 Kennebec County the western, Somerset the north-western, and Pe- 
 nobscot County the northern. Measuring from its extreme angles, 
 this county is somewhat near a square in form, although the sides are 
 swelled and broken in, making a quite irregular outline. Its largest 
 side, and nine of the towns are upon the bay and river ; this extent of 
 shore-line giving excellent maritime facilities. An open winter harbor 
 may, with rare exceptions, be found anywhere on its coast ; while 
 many spacious havens with good depth of water, afford the best of 
 advantages for ship-building, commerce and the fisheries. The agri- 
 
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556 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 cultural resources of the county are good, furnishing by far the larger 
 number of inhabitants with occupation and support.* 
 
 Waldo County formed part of York County's territory until 1760, 
 when Lincoln County was established, which included it until 1789, 
 when Hancock County was erected ; this next held it until 1827, when, 
 on February 7tli, it was incorporated as the County of Waldo-, and 
 was named for Gen. Samuel Waldo. The erection of Knox County in 
 1860 took off from Waldo County the towns of Appleton, Camden, 
 Hope, North Haven and Vinalhaven. In its present form, Waldo 
 County embraces 25 towns and one city, — the hitter being Belfast, the 
 county capital. The population in 1870 was 34,640. In 1880 it was 
 32,468. The valuation in 1870 was $10,090,581. In 1880 it was 
 $9,577,834. 
 
 There are no mountains in the county, strictly^speaking, but there 
 are several high hills which have been given the title. The surface is 
 broken and uneven. In Prospect, Stockton and Frankfort, the view of 
 the Penobscot River and valley from the high, rounded hills, almost 
 equals the scenery of the Hudson. At Belfast, the harbor has often 
 been called as beautiful as the Bay of Naples. 
 
 A history of Waldo County properly begins with an account of the 
 Muscongus, or Waldo Patent. This grant, issued by the Plymouth 
 Council in 1630, to John Bcauchamp of London, and Thomas Leverett 
 of Boston, Eng., extended on the seaboard between the Muscongus and 
 Penobscot rivers, and comprised nearly 1,000 square miles, taking in 
 the whole of the present county of Knox, except the Fox Islands, and 
 of Waldo County, with the exception of territory now covered by five 
 towns. No price was paid for this tract ; it was thought that the set- 
 tlement of the section would enhance the value of others. Success in 
 the fisheries at Monhegan, and in other localities along the coast of 
 Maine, hastened an occupation of the Muscongus grant ; and in the 
 spring of 1630, Edward Ashley and William Pierce, agents of the 
 patentees, came with laborers and mechanics, and established a trading- 
 house on the George's River, in what is now Thomaston. This settle- 
 ment was broken up by King Philip's war, wliich terminated in 1678. 
 After this the whole territory lay desolate for nearly 40 years. On the 
 death of Beauchamp, Leverett became by law possessed of the whole 
 grant ; and for several years he assumed its management. Through 
 him the patent descended to his son. Governor John Leverett of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and in 1714, to President John Leverett of Harvard 
 College, the grandson of the latter, and the great-grandson of the 
 original grantee. In 1719 peace was apparently restored, and Leverett 
 entered upon measures for re-settling and re-organizing the patent. He 
 parcelled the land into ten shares in common, and conveyed them to 
 certain persons thenceforth called the " Ten Proprietors." These pro- 
 prietors admitted 20 other partners termed the " Twenty Associates," 
 among whom were Cornelius and John Waldo of Boston. The Twenty 
 Associates afterwards transferred to tlie Waldos, 100,000, acres. Under 
 their auspices, 1719-20, two plantations, which subsequently became 
 the thriving towns of Thomaston and Wan-en, werp commenced. This 
 may bi regarded as the first permanent settlement of the patent. In 
 
 *The remainder of this article is mainly extracted from Crocker and Howard's History 
 of New England, being bo complete and vet so succinct tliat any improvement upon it 
 would be difficult. Tlie author is Albert C. Wiggin. 
 
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WALDO COUNTY. 557 
 
 1726, one David Dunbar, who had obtained an appointment styling 
 him " Surveyor-General of the King's Woods," became very aggressive. 
 Samuel Waldo was sent to England to procure a revocation of Dun- 
 bar's authority, and in the end succeeded. For this and other valuable 
 services the SO partners conveyed to him one-half of the whole patent. 
 In 1744 he distinguished himself at the capture of Louisburg, and 
 gained the title of General or Brigadier Waldo. After the accession 
 of General Waldo to so large an interest in the patent, added to what 
 he had inherited of his father's share, about 200,000 acres still belonged 
 to the old proprietors. In 173-t General Waldo contracted with the 
 Twenty Associates to purchase one-half of their shares, leaving them 
 100,000 acres. This arrangement was not completed until 1768. Gen- 
 eral Waldo offered favorable inducements for European immigration, 
 and in 1749, German colonists established the town of Waldoborough. 
 0\ying to his influence Fort Pownall, Stockton, was built at a time 
 when no white inhabitant retained a dwelling-place upon the shores of 
 Penobscot River or Belfast Bay. While upon a tour of observation to 
 this portion of his estate, he died suddenly near Bangor, May 23, 1759, 
 at the age of 63 years. A county, two thriving towns, and the Icifty 
 elevation of Mount Waldo perpetuate his name. The land descended 
 to the General's four children, Samuel, Francis, Lucy and Hannah. 
 The last named became the wife of Thomas Flucker, secretary of the 
 Province. Flucker afterward purchased the shares belonging to 
 Samuel. Lucy died without children, and her interest fell to the 
 brothers and sisters. Flucker and Francis Waldo were Tories. They 
 removed to England, and their property became forfeited to the State. 
 In 1774, Henry Knox, afterwards a general in the Revolution, married 
 Miss Lucy Flucker,the second daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Waldo) 
 Flucker, and the grand-daughter of General Waldo. When the Rev- 
 olution had ended. General Knox purchased four-fifths of the whole 
 patent ; the remainder was the property of his wife. The territory 
 was surveyed, the lines adjusted, and in 1792, General Knox took 
 formal possession of his estate, which then contained only 9 incorpor- 
 ated towns. He did much to induce immigration. Sometime before 
 his death — which occurred in 1806 — he became involved in pecuniary 
 embarrassments. In 1798 he mortgaged that part of his domain now 
 comprised in Waldo County to General Lincoln and Colonel Jackson, 
 who had been his sureties. This mortgage was, in 1802, assigned to 
 Messrs. Israel Thorndike, David Sears and William Prescott of Boston ; 
 and they foreclosed it. They established a land agency in Belfast in 
 1809. Many of the land titles in Waldo County are derived through 
 these proprietors. It is not known what price was paid for the mort- 
 gage by Thorndike, Sears and Prescott. The valuation of their unsold 
 land in the county was in 1815, $148,000. The lands owned by tho 
 original mortgagees are now alienated excepting Brigadier's or Sear's 
 Island in Searsport, — which is the property of David and Henry F, 
 Sears of Boston, great-grandsons of the first mortgagee. It was not 
 until the year 1759 that a permanent settlement was planted in Waldo 
 County. The British crown had secured and fortified St. John's River, 
 and the enemy had no other outlet to the sea than through the Pen- 
 obscot River. Governor Pownall of Massachusetts having called the 
 attention of the legislature to the importance of establishing a forti- 
 fication at Penobscot, an expedition, headed by the Governor, proceeded 
 
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558 GAZETTEER OF ilAlNE. 
 
 to the region, and began the construction of a fort at Wasaumkeag 
 Point, now Fort Point, within the present limits of Stockton. It was 
 while accompanying a detachment which had ascended the river a few 
 miles above where Brewer now stands, and had taken formal possession 
 of the county for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, that General 
 Samuel Waldo dropped down in a fit of apoplexy, and soon after 
 expired. The deceased general was buried at the " Point," with mili- 
 tary honors and religious services, on the evening of May 25, 1759. A 
 sermon, the first in Waldo County, was preached by Rev. Mr. Philips. 
 The fort, completed July 28, 1759, was called Fort Pownall. Until the 
 Revolutionary war a garrison was constantly maintained. General 
 Jtidediah Preble, with a force of 84 men, was first placed in command. 
 Both in civil and military life he so distinguished himself as to in- 
 scribe hii3 name upon the page of history. He was the father of Com- 
 modore Preble, a still more distinguished man. He died at Portland 
 in 1807, at the age of 77. In 1763, General Preble resigned command 
 of the fort, and was succeeded by Col. Thomas Goldthwait, a native 
 of Chelsea, Massachusetts. He was paymaster in the expedition against 
 Crown Point in 1755. While resident at Fort Pownall he was com- 
 missioned as the first justice of the peace in this section. He solem- 
 nized the first marriages on the river. In 1770 he was superseded by 
 John Preble, son of the first commander of the fort. But Governor 
 Hutchinson, a zealous royalist, coming into power the following year, 
 he re-instated Goldthwait into his former office. Being a Tory, Gold- 
 thwait permitted Captain Mowatt, of the British sloop " Canseau " to 
 dismantle the fort and take away its defences in 1775. This brought 
 down upon him the wrath of the settlers. The next year all his com- 
 missions were revoked, and Goldthwait joined the British forces. He 
 was drowned during the Revolutionary war by the shipwreck of the 
 vessel in which he had taken passage for Nova Scotia. In July, 1775, 
 the block-house and all the wooden works were burned to the ground 
 for fear that they would be occupied by the enemy to the prejudice of 
 the neighboring inhabitants. The trading-house was kept up until 
 1777. 
 
 The remains of the breastwork of Fort Pownall are still to be seen 
 about 25 rods from the water's edge, in front of the present great 
 summer hotel called the Wasaumkeag House. Fort Point is the outer 
 promontory of what is now the town of Stockton, but was the town 
 of Prospect formerly. It rises quite abruptly on the south and east, 
 some CO or 70 feet from the sea, but on the westerly side a passage 
 opens of easy ascent from the water's edge to the heights above. 
 Looking down the eastern channel of Penobscot Bay, a long and fine 
 sea-view is had ; while all the towns and villages from Bucksport 
 round nearly to Owl's Head, are distinctly seen. On the old parade- 
 ground a growth of trees — some 18 inches in diameter — now stands. 
 
 One of the first centennial celebrations ever held in this country 
 was held at Port Point on the 28th of July, 1859. The number of 
 persons present was estimated to be at least 8,000. 
 
 When it was found that the garrison at Fort Pownall afforded 
 protection and security, the tide of emigration began to set in the 
 direction of Waldo County. Between 1760 and 1772, all the towns 
 washed by Penobscot waters between Camden and Bangor on the 
 one side, and Castine and Brewei: on the other, were penetrated bj 
 
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WALDOBOROUGH. 559 
 
 hardy yeomanry, designing here to make a home for themselves and 
 their descendants. All the towns within the shore limits of the county, 
 except Searsport, Stockton and ■ Winterport, received acts of incor- 
 poration between 1773 and 1812. Little did the men who erected 
 Fort Pownall, or the men, who, under its protection, first settled the 
 shores of the Penobscot, apprehend what marvellous changes the suc- 
 ceeding century would witness. 
 
 WaldolbOrOngh occupies the middle portion of the east- 
 ern side of Lincoln County. The town is longest from north to south. 
 Its area is about 25,376 acres. Nobleboro' and Jefferson bound it on 
 the west, Washington, Union and Warren, in Knox County, bound it on 
 the north and east. Friendship lies on the south-east, and Bremen on 
 the south-west. The southern portion of the town is penetrated by 
 Broad Bay, an extension of Muscongus Bay ; and Medomac River 
 passes through the town from north to south, emptying into Broad 
 Bay. Goose River separates it from Friendship, on the south-west. 
 The principal ponds within its limits are Medomac, and Little Medo- 
 mac. Pemaquid and Duck Puddle ponds lie on the western, and 
 Southern and Western ponds on the eastern border. The surface of 
 the town is agreeably diversified. Willett's iiid Benner's hills are the 
 highest eminences. Granite is the principal outcropping rock. There 
 are many good farms in town, and the soil generally yields well when 
 thoroughly cultivated. Hay and potatoes are the principal crops raised 
 fo'' outside markets. 
 
 The islands belonging to Waldoborough are Upper Narrows, Hog, 
 Poland's, Hadlock, Hungry, Otter, Jones', Garden, and several smaller. 
 The principal village is at the mouth of the Medomac River, a little 
 south of the centre of the town. The productive establishments here 
 consist of an iron foundry, an oakum mill, a carding and cloth-'dressing 
 mill, a grain-mill, saw and planing-mills, marble and granite yards, a 
 pottery, ship-yards, furniture and moulding-mills, a door, sash and blind 
 factory, a carriage factory, etc. Waldoborough is on the Knox and 
 Lincoln Railroad, 28 miles from Bath and 16 from Wiscasset. There 
 are some fine buildin^^ in the village, and several handsome residences. 
 Many of the streets are set with shade trees, consisting of maple, elm 
 and horse-chestnut, some of them a hundred years old. There were 
 built in Waldoborough collection district in the year ending June, 
 1880, eight vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 5,064.02. 
 
 Waldoborough was included within Muscongus, or Waldo Patent. 
 It was first settled between 1733 and 1740, by Scotch-Irish and German 
 immigrants, brought in chiefly by the influence of General Waldo. 
 Shortly after the latter date the town was attacked by the Indians, the 
 buildings burned, and the inhabitants tomahawked or carried away 
 captives. In 1748, immediately after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the 
 settlement was revived. In 1752-53, Samuel Waldo, a son of the 
 general, visited Germany, and succeeded in obtaining about 1,500 set- 
 tlers from that country. A large part of these settled on the western 
 Bide of Broad Bay ; but in 1763-4 the lands on this side were 
 claimed by Drowne under the Pemaquid Patent, and Massachusetts 
 finally made Medomac River the western boundary of the Muscongus 
 Patent. The settlers were therefore obliged to buy of Drowne the 
 lands that had been assigned them by Waldo. Very soon after this 
 
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560 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 claim was satisfied, the Brown claim was extended over the same 
 territory ; and about three hundred of the settlers, disappointec! and 
 discouraged, sold out their property and emigrated to South Carolina. 
 Yet there still remained a large and flourishing colony, of about 80 
 families which in 1773 was incorporated into a town named in honor 
 of its founder. Conrad Heyer, the first male citizen of Waldoborough, 
 was born in Broad Bay plantation in 1749, and died in 1856, at the age 
 of 106 years, 10 months and 9 days. He served in the Revolutionary 
 war, and was wont to relate his adventures in that struggle with much 
 zest. Waldoborough was made the shire town of the county in 1786, 
 and thus remained until 1880, when the courts were removed to Wis- 
 casset. The town was first represented in the General Court in 1780, 
 by Jacob Ludwig, a citizen of German extraction. 
 
 On the arrival of these German Pilgrims a Lutheran church was 
 at once organized by them, and in 1762 a minister, the Rev. John M, 
 Schaeffer, was settled. His successors up to 1820, were Rev. Mr. 
 Croner, Rev. R. B. Ritz, and Rev. Mr. Starman. The churches are 
 now two Congregational, two Baptist, and four Methodist. There is a 
 small circulating library, and a library of about 1000 volumes, belong- 
 ing to the Waldoborough Library Association. 
 
 The " Lincoln County News," is brisk, vigorous and independent, 
 and withal gives due attention and fair treatment to the affairs of the 
 county. It is edited and published by Samuel L. Miller, Esq. Thurs- 
 day is the day of publication. 
 
 The town has twenty-two public schoolhouses ; which, with other 
 school property, are valued at $14,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $1,164,382. In 1880, it was $1,135,023. The rate of tax- 
 ation in the latter j^ear was 22 mills on the dollar. Waldo National 
 Bank and Medoraac National Bank, located in the village, each have 
 a capital of $50,000. The population in 1870 was 4,174. In 1880, it 
 was 3,759. 
 
 Waldo Patent. See article on Waldo County. 
 
 Wales lies 6 miles east of Lewiston, and midway of the eastern 
 side of Androscoggin County. The town of Greene lies on the west, the 
 two being separated from each other in the southern half by Sabattus 
 Pond. Monmouth bounds it on the north, Litchfield on the east, and 
 Webster on the south. The size is four by four and one-half miles, com- 
 prising about 7,844 acres. The surface is undulating, except at the south- 
 east there is a broad hill known as Oak Hill, and at the south-west the 
 considerable eminence called Sabattus Mountain. This point was 
 occupied in 1853-54 as a station of the coast survey. On the south- 
 eastern side of the northern spur of the mountain is a low cave which 
 extends back about fifty feet from the entrance. Its width is much 
 less ; and in no part of it can a full grown man stand erect. The rock 
 in which it occurs is a mica-schist highly charged with iron and sul- 
 phur. The cave is an extensive fissure formed by the water from rains 
 and melting snows washing through a crevice. It was discovered 
 early in the settlement by a hunter, from a bear of which he was in 
 pursuit taking refuge in it. Both at this and other points on the east- 
 ern side of this spur, good specimens of red ochre are found. From 
 top to base of the eminence, between the spurs, are found rich speci- 
 
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WALES. 561 
 
 mens of iron ore, which have been traced to a crumbling bowlder of 
 the drift period in the saddle of the mountain. At the foot, on the 
 western side, lies Sabattus Pond, of which but a small portion is in the 
 town. The name of pond and mountain is derived from an Indian, 
 who about the date of settlement spent much of his time in the vicinity. 
 The soil is good and the industry of the town is almost wholy agri- 
 cultural. 
 
 The Androscoggin division of the Maine Centi-al Railroad passes 
 from north to south at the extreme western side of the town ; and I^eeds 
 Junction is at the north-eastern angle. There is a post-office at this 
 point. Wales post-office is about two miles south of this. The other 
 post-office is East Wales. There are no considerable villages ; and the 
 manufactures are small. For the first twelve or fifteen years after the 
 settlement the inhabitants were compelled to carry their bags of corn 
 on their shoulders through the broken woods a distance of nearly 
 twenty miles to have it ground. Joseph Maxwell built the first grist- 
 mill at about the year 1800. Later B. C. Jenkins built a saw-mill near 
 Oak Hill ; and about 1842 Benjamin Vining built on a small stream 
 near his residence. The titles to land in the town were derived from the 
 old Plymouth Company. The territory of the town together with that 
 of Monmoath was known prior to 1792, as this Plantation of Wales. At 
 the date mentioned Monmouth was set off ; and in 1803 the remainder 
 was organized as a plantation under the old name ; choosing as its first 
 officers, Joseph Small, Enoch Strout and Joseph Andrews. The act 
 of incorporation as a town was granted by the General Court in 1816. 
 In 1852 a small portion of Leeds was annexed to Wales. The first 
 settler appears to have been James Ross, who came from Brunswick 
 in 1778, and located on the western side of Sabattus Mountain. About 
 1780 came Reuben Ham, Jonathan and Alexander Thompson, also 
 from Brunswick. Benjamin and Samuel Waymouth, the Greys, and 
 William Rennick settled before 1785 ; John Andrew, in 1788 ; Joseph 
 Small and Bartholomew Jackson, in 1791 ; Joseph Murch and John 
 Larabee, in 1792 ; Daniel and Ebenezer Small, in 1793. Joseph, son, 
 of Daniel, was taken prisoner by the Indians in 1758, and was, car- 
 ried to Quebec where he remained a prisoner until that place was cap- 
 tured by General Wolfe. The Jenkins brothers settled in the north- 
 eastera part of the town, and James Clark and James Wilson in the 
 noi-th-eastern part, in 1793. Captain Enoch Strout, who came from 
 Limington in 1796, was a soldier in the Revolution, and the first militia 
 captain chosen in town. Simeon Ricker, who came about 1790, was 
 also a Revolutionary soldier. Luther and Wentworth Lombard moved 
 from Gorham to the town. Obed Hobbs, Simons Gatchell, Benjamin 
 Tibbetts and Elijah Morton came about 1796 ; William and Arthur 
 Given, in 1798; John and James Witherell, Joseph Maxwell, Rufus 
 and Daniel Marr Benjamin and William Fogg, about 1800; Nathaniel 
 Chase, in 1805; Anthony Woodside and William Swett, about 1806; 
 Josiah Libby came in 1807. Later he kept a public-house, and was a 
 major in the militia and town officer for many years. James Taylor, 
 son of a Revolutionary soldier, was himself a soldier in the war of 
 1812, and two of his sons were Union soldiers in the war of the Rebel- 
 lion. James Hodsdon came in 1815, settling on Sabattus Mountain. 
 Samuel Libby, who removed to Wales in 1824, was a soldier in the 
 war of 1812. Benjamin Sanborn came into town about 1849, and Jona- 
 than Reynes, in 1843. 
 
 ' 36 
 
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562 GAZETTEEB OF MAINE. 
 
 The first meeting-house stood near the centre of the town, and was 
 a Union house. In 1826, a Free Baptist church was organized under 
 the direction of Elder Aliezer Bridges ; who in 1831 was succeeded by 
 Rev. Allen Files, as pastor. The house was taken down in 1854, and 
 rebuilt on the Pond road. It is used as a Union house by the Free 
 Baptists, Methodists and Baptists. 
 
 Captain .Joseph Small built the first school in town. He was fol- 
 lowed by Arthur Given, Daniel Evans, Fayette Mace, Richard Elder, 
 Jbel Small and Enoch Strout. Wales now has eight public school- 
 houses, valued at $2,300. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $229,- 
 359. In 1880 it was $198,578. The population at the same date was 
 556. In 1880, it was 505. 
 
 WallagraSS Plantation lies in the north-easjtem 
 party of Aroostook County. It is bounded on the north by Fort Kent, 
 south by Eagle Lake Plantation, and west by St. John Plantation. 
 Fish River runs northward through the eastern part of the township, 
 receiving about midway of its course Wallagrass Stream, whose 
 branches gather from the whole western half of the town, north and 
 south. The principal settlements are on the west side of Fish River, 
 along the road from Ashland through Eagle Lake Plantation to Fort 
 Kent. 
 
 This plantation was settled by Canadian French. The religion is 
 Roman Catholic. The public schoolhouses are three in number, valued 
 at 1300. The population in 1870 was 297. In 1880 it was 431, of 
 whom 85 were taxable polls. The valuation in 1880 was $22,040. 
 
 VValnut Hill, — a railroad station in North Yarmouth, 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 AValtnani is situated on the eastern side of the Union River, 
 and is near the centre of Hancock (Jounty. Its pouth-west corner 
 approaches Ellsworth, and Mariaville is the adjoining town on the north 
 and west. The town was carved out of Mariaville, and incorporated 
 in 1833. It was named for Waltharn, Mass. Its first settlers were 
 Samuel Ingalls, Eben Jordan, Lebbeus and Eben Kingman, who came 
 in 1805. 
 
 The north-eastern portion of the town is thickly strewn with gigan- 
 tic bowlders. Marine shells and petrified forms of plants and animals 
 are frequently turned up by the plow. The pretty village flat at Bast- 
 ing's bridge has the appearance of having been a lake bottom not 
 many centuries since. In Cave Hill is a considerable cavern, in which 
 three roomys have been explored. The rocks here are said to be of the 
 same family and age as those in Orland where caves occur. The 
 rocks there are supposed to be of the Mountain Limestone period, 
 and are interspersed with basalt. The prevailing rock in town is said 
 to be slate and quai'tz. Waltham has a soil well fitted for potatoes 
 and for apple orchards. The principal crop is hay and potatoes. 
 Webb's Brook, the outlet of Webb's, Scammon's, Abraras and Molasses 
 ponds, affords a valuable water-power. There is one mill for the 
 manufacture of staves and sliingles. 
 
 Waltham sent 37 men into the service of the Union during the 
 
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WARREN. 563 
 
 Rebellion. The Baptibts have a society and a church edifice in the 
 town. The number of public schoolhouses is four ; and the school 
 property is valued at $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $57,727. In 1880 it was $78,154. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 nine mills on the dollar. The population in 1870 was 366. In the 
 census of 1880 it was 296. 
 
 Walton's Mills,— a small village in Mount Vernon, Ken- 
 nebec County, the same as West Mount Vernon post-office. 
 
 Warren, one of the -western towns of Knox County, is 
 situated upon the St. George's River, which passes through it from 
 north to south, dividing it into nearly equal sections. Other streams 
 are Back River and the outlets of North and South, Crawford and 
 White Oak ponds. The first of these ponds has an area of about one- 
 half a square mile, and the second of about one square mile. The 
 area of the town is near 27,000 square acres. The surface is 
 quite broken, with many hills, the highest of which are Mount 
 Pleasant and Congress Mountain. The first of these affords an ex- 
 tensive view of the ocean and of Penobscot Bay. The soil of 
 the town is variable — chiefly clay loam, and rewards well the labors 
 of the husbandman. The chief crop for market is hay. Limestone is 
 the principal bed-rock, though there is some granite, both of which are 
 quarried. There was formerly a large quantity of lime made in the 
 town, and the industry is still followed to some extent. The coast- 
 ing trade was formerly much pursued, but has been mostly abandoned. 
 Ship-building, also, was formerly a leading industry. . Between the 
 years of 1770 and 1850 there were built here 224 vessels, varying 
 from fifty to above 1,000 tons burthen. This business too, has now 
 tallen off. The principal manufactures at present are woollens, by the 
 tjfeorges River Mills ; snow-shoes, by the Warren Shoe Factory, each 
 employing nearly 100 hands, and E. Wason, powder. The three prin- 
 cipal villages are known as Warren, and North and South Warren. 
 The station of the Knox and Xiinooln railroad in this town is 12 miles 
 west of Rockland. 
 
 Warren was originally known as the TJpper-town of St. George, 
 and belonged to the Muscongus, afterward the Waldo Patent. The 
 settlement was begun under the auspices of General Waldo, the pro- 
 prietor, in 1736. At this time, says Eaton, " with the exception of a 
 trading-house, mill and fort, whioh had been erected on the banks of 
 the St. George one hundred acd twenty-five years previous, no marks of 
 civilization existed, and no inroads wore made upon that unbroken 
 forest, which over the whole county sheltered the moose and tho Indian 
 alike from the scorching suns of summer and the howling storms of winter.' 
 Having made a favorable arrangement with the proprietor, Waldo, 
 forty-seven persons, in the summer of 1736, located themselves here. 
 Waldo furnished them with provisions, and they occupied themselves 
 principally in getting out staves and cord-wood, varied with hunting 
 and fishing. In 1752, there was an arrival of German emigrants ; and 
 in subsequent years more of these, with English, Scotch and Irish, 
 augmented the number ol inhabitants. Among the settlers of 1735 
 occur many names still represented in Warren and the neighboring 
 
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564 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 towns, as Patterson, Baggs, Creighton, Starrett, Spear, Lermoncl, 
 Mclntyre, Robinson and Kalloch. Gen. Ellis Spear, recently commis- 
 sioner of patents, is a native of Warren and a descendant of an early 
 settler. In 1752, another colony brought 20 Scottish families, being 
 among others the following names, now closely identified with the 
 history of the town. Anderson, Dicke, Crawford, Malcolm and Kirk- 
 patriok. The name Stirling which they gave their village still adheres 
 to the locality. Great numbers of shad and alewivcs were formerly 
 caught in the St. George's and its branches in this town, yielding quite 
 a revenue. The natives marked a tree near the first falls and forbade 
 the English to fish above it. The transgression of this edict was one 
 of the caupes of the hostility of the Indians. 
 
 Warren was incorporated in 1776, taking its name from Gen. Joseph 
 V^T'arren, who ht,d then recently fallen at Bunker Hill. It was first 
 represented in the General Court in 1779, by Moses Copeland, Esq. ; 
 later, by Samuel S. Wilde and Samuel Thatcher ; Ilenry Alexander, 
 elected in 1788-9, was the first captain of the plantation militia. His 
 successor was Thomas Kilpatrick, who had charge of the block-house, 
 built in 1753 above the fort. In 1754, the settlers were driven by the 
 Indians to take refuge in these defences, and others in Gushing. 
 The town records commence and continue unbroken from 1777, They 
 sliow that the inhabitants were the active and bold friends of liberty. 
 The first post-office in town was established in 1794; the first meeting- 
 house, in 1793 ; and one was built by the Baptists in 1806. Rev. 
 Robert Rutherford preached several years to this people prior to 1756. 
 Rev. John Urquhart, was the first settled minister. He was dismissed 
 in 1782-3 ; being succeeded by Rev. Jonathan Huse, ordained 1795. 
 The first bridge over the river was built in 1780;' another at the head 
 of the tide was built in 1790-1. The first saw-mill was built in 1785. 
 A court house was erected and courts established there in 1799. 
 
 Among the eminent citizens of the modern period are Hon. 
 tdwin Smith, Oscar Eaton, Esq., Dr. B. F. Burton and Cyrus Eaton, 
 the historian. An account of this town or of the county would be 
 incomplete without a sketch of the latter. Cyrus Eaton was born at 
 Frarainghara, Mass., in 1784 coming to Maine as a teacher of music at 
 the age of /lO yearp. He settled in Warren, and subsequently by unre- 
 mitting application became — unaided by teachers — a very learned man, 
 a proficient in various branches of science, and master of several lan- 
 guages. In 1845 he became blind, and assisted by his invalid daughter 
 as amanuensis, turned his attention to writing the town histories of this 
 central region of Maine, for which he had been for many years collect- 
 ing materials. " For accuracy, elegance of style and general merit, 
 ids works have seldom been equalled in their department of literature. 
 Mr. Eaton received distinguished honors from various institutions and 
 learned societies in recognition of his historical and other literary 
 labors." * The church edifices belong to the Congregationalists and 
 Baptists. There is a public library of about 500 volumes. The town 
 sustains an excellent high-school. The number of public school- 
 houses is nineteen ; and the school property is valued at $9,000. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $834,610. In 1880 it was $789,820. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,974. In 1880 it was 2,166. 
 
 * [Howard and Ciockers Hist, of New England, vol. 2, p. 80.] 
 
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WASHINGTON. 565 
 
 vVRSllDliril, in Aroostook County, lies on the Aroostook 
 river, in tlie 3rd range of townships from the New Brunswick border. 
 Marysville and Caribou lie on the east. Caribou Lake, in the north- 
 eastern part, is the largest sheet of water, but there are several srnall 
 ponds scattered over the town. There is one saw-mill, run by water- 
 power, for manufacturing long and short lumber, and one for shingles. 
 There are two mills manufacturing shingles, and a furniture factory 
 run by steam. 
 
 The underlying rock in this town is limestone. The surface is 
 rolling, and without high hills. The soil is a sandy loam, and at present 
 potatoes are found to be the most profitable crop for money returns. 
 Cedar, spruce, birch and maple constitute the woods. The bridge 
 across the Aroostook in the western part of the town is 75 feet in length. 
 The nearest railroad station is at Caribou, 12 miles from the principal 
 settlement in Washburn. 
 
 This town was surveyed by W. P. Parrott in 1842. Nathaniel 
 Churchill was the foremost man of the first colony, which settled here 
 about 1829. The town was incorporated February 25, 1861 : being 
 named in honor of Governor Washburn. The Baptists have a minis- 
 ter i-esident in the town. The number of public schoolhouses is six. 
 The entire school property is valued at $2,400. The population in 
 1870 was 922. In 1880 it was 1,110. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $63,021. In 1880 it was $100,243. The rate of taxation in the 
 latter year was ^ of 1 per cent on the whole valuation. 
 
 "WaSlling"t011 is the north-weste™ town of Knox County. 
 It is bounded on the south by Waldoboro and Jefferson, east by 
 Union, west by Somerville in Lincoln County, and north by Palermo 
 and Liberty in Waldo County, and Appleton in Knox County. It 
 contains two considerable ponds, Washington and Clark's ; the first 
 having an area of 800 and the last of 350 square acres. The streams 
 are Daraariscotta River, which bisects the town from north to south, 
 and the outlet of Clark's Ponds and of Washington Pond, — the last con- 
 stituting Muscongus River. The surface of the town is uneven and in 
 some parts rocky. Patricktown Mountain, in the north-western part, 
 is the greatest elevation. The soil is productive, and the inhabi- 
 tants are generally thrifty. Washington, the chief business centre, is 
 about 35 miles easterly of Augusta, and 22 miles north-west of Rock- 
 land. It is on the stage-line from Augusta to Rockland and to Belfast. 
 The post ofiices are North and West Washington. The products of 
 manufacture are boots and shoes, barrels and casks, cabinet-work, 
 lumber (two mills), staves, harnesses, flour and meal, etc. 
 
 Washington was in part included in the Plymouth and in part in 
 the Muscongus (subsequently called the Waldo) patent. The town 
 was made up of the westerly part of Union and several strips and 
 gores adjacent, and was incorporated in 1811, under the name of 
 Putnam. Among the petitioners for incorporation were Mark Hatch, 
 John and James Laughton, John Bowmin, David Colamy, Benjamin 
 Speed, William Starrett, Thomas Nelson, James Daggett, Samuel 
 Stickney and Sanford Rhoades. The name was changed to Wash- 
 ington in 1823. 
 
 The religious societies are the Free Baptist Methodist, Congregational 
 
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566 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and Baptist. The number of public schoolhouses is twelve ; and the 
 scliool property is estimated at $3,000. The valuation of estates in 
 1.870 was $289,857. In 1880 it was $294,551. The population in 1870 
 was 1,276. In 1880 it was 1,249. 
 
 WaShing"tOn County, as originally constituted, em- 
 braced the entire eastern frontier of Maine. It was established June 
 25, 1789, by the same act which formed Hancock County. Its western 
 boundary was the eastern line of Hancock. It was bounded " south 
 and south-east by the sea or western ocean, on the north by the utmost 
 northern limits of this commonwealth, and easterly by the river St. 
 Croix." In 1839 it surrendered to Aroostook County — established at 
 that date — all the territory "north of the north line of the fourth range 
 of townships, north of the ' lottery townships.' " The area of the 
 county is about 2,700 square miles. It has about 180 miles of sea-coast, 
 abounding in bays and inlets which afford excellent harbors. The 
 principal rivers are the St. Croix and its west branch, the Schoodic, 
 Denny's, East and West Machias, Pleasant and the Narraguagus. Of 
 its numerous lakes, the largest are the Schoodic series, Baskahegan, 
 Meddybemps and Gardner's. The surface is gradually undulating or 
 varied by swells of no great height, and the soil back from the sea- 
 shore is usually fertile. Probably the first European visitor of Maine 
 was Capt. John Rut and his crew of the English vessel called " The 
 Mary of Guilford," in 1527, when he reconnoitred along our shores, 
 sailing westerly from Liverpool, N.S. The next of whose landing- 
 place we have definite knowledge was DeMonts, in 1603, who erected 
 a fort and buildings and passed the succeeding winter on an island at the 
 mouth of the St. Croix River. This is now known as Neutral Island. 
 By him it was named St. Croix ; and from this, probably, the river has 
 acquired its name. His company was composed of Roman Catholics 
 and Huguenots, or French Pi-otestants, in about equal numbers; 
 himself belonging to the first, as well as his chaplain. Here was 
 preached the first European sermon in New England. "There is 
 no authentic record," says the historian of Washington County,* 
 " of a settlement by whites on Machias River prior to June, 1763. 
 Richard Vines, however, set up a trading-house on the west side of 
 Machias River, near Clark's Point, now Machiasport, in 1632 or 1633, 
 leaving it m charge of five men. In less than one month, La Tour, a 
 French explorer, deputy and proprietor in Nova Scotia, seized the 
 wliole stock of Vines' trading-house, made prisoners of the men and 
 sent the whole to France. The French planted a few habitations here 
 in 1644, but were unsuccessful ; and a similar attempt in 1674 also 
 resulted in failure. In 1748 Richard Hazen was employed by the 
 Governor of Massachusetts to make surveys and form a chart and plan 
 of the coast. About 1753 Florentius Vassal, a resident of the island 
 of Jamaica, proposed that Massachusetts should transfer the territory 
 between St. Croix and Penobscot to him and his associates, on certain 
 conditions of settlement. The legislative branches of the government 
 assured him that if he would, within five years, obtain his Majesty's 
 approbation, introduce 5,000 settlers, a proportionate number of Pro- 
 testant clergyman, and satisfy Indian claims, the emigrants shouW 
 
 •Geo. W. Drisko ; article " Washington County," iuCrockerand Howard's Hist. ofNefl 
 England. 
 
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WATERBOROUan. 567 
 
 have all the lands they would settle, and all the islands within 3 miles 
 of the coast. In 1760 a similar proposition was made to Massachusetts 
 by the Earl of Castlereagh and Francis Vassal in regard to lands ujion 
 Machias River, but nothing was done. About this time the Kinir 
 autliorized the General Court of Massachusetts to make free grants of 
 land to those officers and privates who had served in the French and 
 Indian wars, just terminated. A captain was to receive 3,000, a 
 subaltern 2,000, and a private 500 acres. 
 
 After the downfall of the French power in the north, in 1760, the 
 Indians manifested a disposition to maintain peace and amity with 
 the settlers, and to the present time this friendship has not been in- 
 terrupted. 
 
 The rivers of this county are noted for their falls, and their ample 
 lake reservoirs, forming abundant water-power. They were heavily tim- 
 bered to their sources, and their extensive areas have been diked and 
 reclaimed from the waters and made valuable hay-producing lands. 
 The bottom lands are rich, and there are many large tracts of fine 
 srable soil, which ars bearing heavy crops of corn, wheat, hay and 
 potatoes- The rivers are prolific in pickerel, trout, togue, perch, and 
 salmon. The sea fisheries are extensive and profitable, employing a 
 large capital and great numbers of men and boys. The granite business 
 is receiving increased attention, and excellent quarries are being 
 wrought at Addison, Jonesborough, Marshfield, and Red Beach in 
 Calais. 
 
 Machias, the shire-town of this county from its inauguration, is also 
 the oldest town. By an act of Congress in 1789, all the coasts and 
 ports of Maine were classed in nine commercial districts, in each of 
 which a collector and other customs oflicers were appointed by Pre- 
 sident Washington. Machias was made a port of entry, Stephen 
 Smith being appointed first collector. From the earliest settlement of 
 the county its people have been largely engaged in building vessels, 
 mostly of a small size, suitable for coasting and fisheries. In 1873, 
 9,4:82 tons of shipping were built in the Machias district. In 1856, 17 
 vessels, ranging from 100 to 1000 tons each, w^re built at Robbinston. 
 Pembroke, Calais, East Machias, Lubec, Millbridge, Columbia Falls 
 and Addison are ship-building towns. 
 
 Washing"tOn Plantation is situated in the southern 
 part of Franklin County. It is bounded north by Perkins Plantation, east 
 by TemjDle, south by Wilton, and west by Perkins Plantation and 
 Carthage. The dimensions of the territory are three miles north and 
 south by one and one half east and west. There is one lofty hill in the 
 western part of the townshij), the termination of a range approaching 
 from the south-west. The outlet of a pond in Perkins Plantation runs 
 southward through the eastern part of the township. The plantation is 
 6 miles north-west of Wilton, on a stage-fine. Washington Plantation 
 was formerly township No. 4. The organization is now given up. 
 The valuation in 1870 was $6,000. The population at the same date 
 was 62. In 1880 it was 32. 
 
 WaterborOUgrh, in York County, is twenty-eight miles 
 from Portland, on the Portland and Rochester Railroad. The town 
 of Hollis forms most of its eastern boundary, Limerick and Lirnington 
 
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568 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 iiro on the north, and Alfred and Lyman on the south, and Alfred, 
 Shapleigh and Newfield on the west. The area is 26,491 acres. Water- 
 borough was part of the purchase made by Major William Phillips, of 
 Saco, in 1661, of the Indian chiefs, Captain Sunday, Fluellen and 
 Hobinowell. By virtue of the will of Major Phillips' widow, John 
 Avei-y, Colonel Joshua Waters and John Wheelwright, of Boston, be- 
 came proprietors ; and the town took its name from Colonel Waters. 
 The first permanent settlement was by John Smith, in 1768, near 
 Waterborough Old Corners. Prior to its incorporation (in 1787), the 
 • town was included with the northern part of Alfred under the name of 
 Massabesic Plantation. 
 
 The Court of General Sessions, which filled the place of the County 
 Commissioners' Court, was removed to Waterborough in 1790, and a 
 court-house built south of the Old Corners in the forks of a road. In 
 1805 the court was removed to Alfred. The first hotel in town was 
 about a mile south of the Old Corners. It was opened by Samuel Dam, 
 who came from Durham, N.H., about 1780. Mr. Dam built the first 
 grist-mill in Newfield Village. The first church was formed in 1782. 
 It was a Union church, and its meetings were held at dwellings. The 
 second was a Baptist church, organized in 1791. In 1794 Rev. Henry 
 Smith became its pastor, and continued there until his death, in 1836. 
 The third cliurch was a Free-will Baptist, organized by Rev. Henry 
 Hobbs, in 1798. The first school in town was held in a barn, in 1784, 
 and was taught by Samuel Robinson. The number of public school- 
 houses in the town at this time is twelve ; and their estimated value is 
 $8,000. A few of the most notable names of natives or citizens are 
 Dr. .James H. Pierce, Ira J. Drew, B. F. Hamilton, Abel Jellison, Amos 
 F. Allen, Chas. F. Leavitt, Dr. Jefferson Smith, Dr. Dryden Smith, 
 Revs. John Haines, Stephen Webber, Timothy Hodgdon and Frank 
 K. Robei-ts. 
 
 The town has five post-offices. South Center, Ossipee Mills, North 
 and East Waterborough. The chief pond is the Little Ossipee, which 
 contains about a thousand acres. The Little Ossipee River bounds the 
 town on the north and affords several good water-powers. The outlet 
 of Little Ossipee Pond affoi'ds the best power in town, running fotir 
 saws and a planer. There are two powers on Branch Brook capable 
 of running three-fourths of the year. Smith's Brook runs two saws 
 through the year. Down's Brook affords a good privilege, but is not 
 occupied. Robert's Brook, sufficient to run one saw for half the year, 
 is now occupied with a steam mill. The Ossipee Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, Ossipee Mills, on the Little Ossipee, employs 25 hands, manufac- 
 tures 18,000 pairs of blankets annually, the business amounting to 
 $63,000.. 
 
 The Steam Mill Company at South Waterborough manufactures 
 large quantities of lumber into boxes, shingles, and similar articles. 
 The Ossipee Pond Company, at the outlet, also manufacture lumber. 
 The amount annually manufactured in town is about 1,800,000 feet. 
 Waterborough ranks high as an agricultural town, though better 
 adapted for grazing than for crops. One farm keeps a stock of forty 
 head of neat cattle and horses. The roads are good. One hundred 
 and eighty-four men we're enlisted from the town during the war of 
 the Rebellion. Bounties were paicl to the amount of $46,270.61 ; and to 
 soldier's families, $5,585.74 ; contributions for soldier's relief, $900. 
 
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WATERFORD. 569 
 
 The surface of the town is uneven. Large swells or ridges run 
 through it in nearly a northerly and southerly direction, with tracts of 
 sandy land lying between. The ridges are largely covered with. white, 
 red and yellow oak, beech, birch, maple, pine'and hemlock. The plains 
 abound in white and yellow pine, interspersed with hard wood of the 
 varieties mentioned. Ossipee Mountain, near the centre of the town, 
 is with one exception, the highest land in the county, and is a station 
 of the United States Coast Survey. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $364,270. In 1880 it- was |i373,580. The population at the same 
 date was 1,542 ; in 1880, 1,482. The rate of taxation for 1880 is two 
 and a half mills on the dollar. 
 
 WRlGriOrd lies in the southern part of the broad middle 
 section of Oxford County. The township is almost square, with angles 
 marking nearly the points of the compass. Norway bounds it on the 
 north-east, Albany and Stoneham on the north-west, Sweden and 
 Lovell on the south-west, and Harrison and Bridgton in Cumberland 
 County, on the south-east. Crooked River enters the town on the 
 north-west side and leaves it at the south-eastern angle in its course 
 completely exemplifying its name. Extending across the southern 
 portion of the town is a range of ponds, bearing the names of Long, 
 Thomas, Bear and Moose. At the western angle, lies Kezar Pond, 
 Island Pond, lies near the southern angle, Pappoose Pond near 
 Crooked River in the north-eastern part, Bog Pond a little south-east 
 of Thomas Pond, Chapin Pond at the north of Kezar, and Duck 
 Pond on the south-western side of the town. These vary in size from 
 484 to 50 acres, in the order in which they are mentioned. In the 
 southern part of the town is a range of three considerable eminences, 
 of which the highest have the names of Bear and Hawk mountains. 
 In the western part of the town Bt^ek Hill stands solitary and beautiful. 
 On the outlet of Bear Pond, and near Hawk Mountain, are a saw-mill, 
 grist-mill, a clothes-pin factory, and a hotel. Waterford post-offico 
 and the town-house are at " Waterford Flat," on the western side of 
 Thomas Pond. South Waterford post-office (" Waterford City,") is 
 on the stream connecting Thomas and Bear ponds. East Waterford 
 post-office ("Rice's Junction "), is between Crooked River and Long 
 Pond, on the outlet of the latter. North Waterford is situated on 
 Crooked River near the north-western side of the town. 
 
 At Waterford Flat are a tannery and Shattuck's Hygienic Institu- 
 tion ; at North Waterford are a lumber-mill, a sash-mill, a grist- 
 mill and a tannery ; at South Waterford are a lumber and grist-mill, a 
 stave-mill, a salt-box, dry-bucket and carriage factories. 
 
 The surface of the town is uneven and has much beautiful scenery, 
 especially about the the southern ponds. The roads are excellent, and 
 nowhere are more enjoyable drives to be found than in this town. It 
 is 13 miles from the Grand Trunk Railroad station at South Paris, 
 on a stage-line from that place to Fryeburg. 
 
 Waterford was surveyed in 1774. The first settler was David Mc- 
 Wayne, who took up his residence here alone in 1775. So fond was 
 he of utter solitude that he appeared very much annoyed when, three 
 years later, a clearing was commenced on what is now known as Paris 
 Hill, 12 or 15 miles away. Eleazer Hamlin, father of Dr. Cyrus, and 
 grand-father of Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, was an early settler, as were 
 
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WATERVILLE. 571 
 
 also his three brothers. Five or six Brown brothers, and the four fam- 
 ilies of Jewett, Saunders, Chaplin and Greene also came early. Prof. 
 William W. Greene, M.D., distinguished as a surgeon, was a native of 
 Waterford. The titles to the lands were principally from Jonathan 
 Houghton, Henry Gardiner, David Sampson, Jonathan Whitcomb, 
 chief proprietors. 
 
 The town was incorporated March 2, 1797. An Orthodox minister 
 was settled in 1799, and a militia company formed in the same year. 
 At present there are two Congregational churches and one Methodist 
 church in the town. The number of public schoolhouses is fourteen ; 
 and the school-property is valued at $7,000. The population in 1870 
 was 1,286 ; polls, 333. In 1880 it was 1,161, with 349 polls. The valu- 
 ation in 1870 was $403,651. In 1880 it was $338,987. 
 
 WJltGrvillG lies on the western bank of the Kennebec River, 
 adjoining Fairfield, in Somerset County, on the north. Winslow lies 
 opposite on the east side of the river, Sidney forms the southern bound- 
 ary, and West Waterville, the western. The town is 6 miles long, and 
 about 2 in width. West Waterville was formed from it in 1873. 
 The eastern and western lines of the Maine Central railway form a 
 junction at the village ; and extensive repair shops of the railroad 
 company ai-e there located. The principal stream in town is the 
 Messalonske, which furnishes power near the village for several manu- 
 factories, among which are a grist-mill, a sash and blind factoiy, a 
 shovel-handle factory, a tannery, a boot and shoe-shank factory, etc. 
 On the Kennebec are two large cotton factories of the Lockwood Com- 
 pany, and one or two saw-mills. 
 
 The surface of the town is little varied by hills, the soil being largely 
 alluvial. The village itself is built along rambling streets shaded by 
 elms on a broad plain above the river, where are many pleasant res- 
 i.iences, and several with park-like grounds. Near the railway station, 
 are the buildings of Colby University, two of them elegant structures 
 of stone, and the remainder of brick. The grounds, which descend to 
 the river in successive terraces, are well shaded about the buildings by 
 elms, and below by native trees and shrubbery. The flowing river, 
 and the high shore opposite form an attractive background The new 
 building for the scientific department is of granite ; and, with the usual 
 illustrative cabinets, it has a fine one of birds. It is believed that its 
 collection of native birds is the best in the State. On the other wing 
 of the line of buildings is the stone chapel, of variegated colors and 
 surmounted by a tower. The lower part of the edifice is occupied by 
 an excellent modern library of some 18,000 volumes. The upper floor, 
 termed the Memorial Hall, is used as a chapel. It is ornamented with 
 an adaptation in marble, by Milmore, of Thorwaldsen's Lion at 
 Lucerne. The work is wrought from a single marble block, and rep- 
 resents a lion at the mouth of a cave pierced by a spear. The counte- 
 nance of the king of beasts shows an agonizing appearance, which bor- 
 rows much of its expression from the face of the human being. Below 
 this beautiful work is a marble tablet containing the names of twenty 
 former students who fell in the war for the Uniono This institution 
 was first organized and incorporated in 1813, and was endowed in that 
 year by the State with two townships of timber land on the Penobscot. 
 In 1820 the institution was granted collegiate powers, and being located 
 
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WAYNE. 673 
 
 at Waterville, took the name of "Waterville College, "the first grad- 
 uates were George Dana Boardman and Ephraim Tripp, the former 
 becoming a missionary to India. Having in 1867 received a large 
 endowment from Gardner Colby, a wealthy gentleman of Boston, an 
 act of legislation was procured, changing its name to Colby University. 
 The institution is under the control of the Baptist denomination. Rev. 
 Dr. J. T. Chamiilin was its president for many years, and its present 
 flourishing condition is largely due to his untiring efforts. He is 
 worthily succeeded by Henry E. Robins, D.D. The principal fitting 
 school for Colby University is the Classical Institute in this village, 
 which has long been considered one of our best academies. 
 
 Waterville was formerly a part of Winslow, but was set off and 
 incorporated in 1802, the dividing line being the Kennebec River. 
 The locality of the falls was known to the Indians and early inhab- 
 stants as Tacconnet, since become the more euphonious Ticonic. The 
 first mill was erected here on the lower fall in 1784 by Samuel Reding- 
 ton ; a portion of the funds for this enterprise being furnished by the 
 heirs of Dr. John McKechnie, formerly of Winslow, and a part by Mr. 
 Gatchell, the father of Mr. Redington's wife. Another early settler 
 ■was James Stackpole, who married a daughter of Dr. McKechnie. 
 
 Waterville has three national banks, the Ticonic, Merchant's and 
 People's National ; and one Savings-bank. The Waterville Mail, pub- 
 lished every Friday by Maxham and Wing, has long been reputed and 
 deservedly, as being a sheet of sterling value. The Colby Echo, pub- 
 lished every month by the students of the University, well sustains its 
 place among college publications. The "Sentim-'l" is new and newsy. 
 
 There are now congregations of Baptists, Congregationalists, Uni- 
 tarians, Methodists, Universalists, Episcopalians and Roman Catholics 
 in town, most of whom own good houses of worship. Waterville has 
 nine public schoolhouses, valued at $20,000. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $1,904,017. In 1880 it was $2,612,496. The population 
 in 1870 was 4,852. By the census of 18-80 it was given at 4,672. 
 
 TVayne is one of the most wealthy towns in Kennebec County, 
 It is bounded by Readfield and Winthrop on the east, Fayette on the 
 north, Monmouth on the south, and by Leeds, in Androscoggin County 
 on the south and west. The form of the town is triangular, being 
 broadest at the northern part. About one-third of its surface is water, 
 there being partly or wholly within its limits six ponds of considerable 
 size. The largest of these, Androscoggin Pond, lying on the south- 
 west side, contains 5.75 square miles. Wing's Pond, near the middle 
 of the town, has an area of about one square mile. The Androscoggin 
 Pond empties into the Androscoggin, and is the last of a series of more 
 than a dozen ponds, the first of which lie in the northern part of Vienna. 
 Wilson's Pond, having an area of .90 of a square mile, forms a part of 
 the south-eastern boundary of the town. At North Wayne, on the 
 stream connecting Lovejoy's with Wing's Pond, are the mills of the 
 North Wayne Paper Company ; which, with the dwelling-houses and 
 other buildings belonging to the company, constitute a pleasant little 
 village. At Wayne village, on the stream connecting Wayne and 
 Androscoggin ponds, are a woollen factory, a grist-mill, a shovel handle 
 factory, and a sash and blind factory. Other manufactures at this 
 place are carriages and tinware, machinery and barrows, and marble 
 
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574 GAZETEEER OF MAISE. 
 
 and granite works. The place is connected by a stage-line with the 
 Maine Central railway at Winthrop. 
 
 In the north the soil is sandy, in some parts clayey ; in the south 
 the soil is gravelly and the surface hilly. The prevailing rock is 
 granite. The town abounds in bowlders, some of great size. The 
 principal crop is hay. The roads over Morrison's Hill affords some 
 fine views. At points on the western side the scene afforded by a 
 drive is most impressive and beautiful. At some points the hill rises 
 far and steep above the road while on the other it descends with equal 
 steepness down hundreds of feet to the waters of the pond, here dark 
 and shadowy, there glowing with colors or sparkling with wavelets. Of 
 the two amall islands in the pond, one is known to have been an Indian 
 burial place. 
 
 Job Fuller, who is believed to have been the first settler, made im- 
 provements here as early as 1773. The eastern part was included in 
 the Plymouth proprietary, but the titles of the residue were from 
 Massachusetts. Among the early settlers were the Fullers, Wings, 
 Norrises, Besses, Lawrences, Sturdevants, Washburnes, Maxims, Dex- 
 ters, Frosts and Bowles. The place was first named Pocasset, and 
 afterward New Sandwich, until its incorporation, in 1798. It was then 
 named for Anthony Wayne, one of Washington's genei-als. The 
 famous songstress, Annie Louise Gary, was formerly a resident of the 
 town. 
 
 The Methodists have two churches, and the Baptists and Free Bap- 
 tists, one each. Wayne has a high-school ; and her public school- 
 houses number nine, and are valued at $6,500. The valuation in 1870 
 was $344,692 ; in 1880, $338,802. The population in 1870 was 938 ; 
 in 1880, 950. 
 
 Wel)l)'S Mills, — a post-office and village in Casco, Cum- 
 berland County. 
 
 TVcHSSt©!* is situated in the south-eastern side of Androscog- 
 gin County, and joins Lewiston on the west. Lisbon bounds it on 
 the south, Bowdoin on the east, and Wales and Litchfield on the north. 
 The town is nearly square, and has an area of about 12,000 acres. A 
 portion of Sabattus Pond lies in its northern part, and its outlet bear- 
 ing the same name runs through the western part of the town. This 
 stream has several falls within the limits of the town, which are im- 
 proved as water-powers. At Sabattusville near the pond are two 
 woollen-factories, an excelsior-mill, and two lumber-mills. The first 
 mill at this point appears to have been the saw and grist mill built by 
 Robert H. Niles and Robert Ross above eighty years ago. These were 
 rebuilt in 1844, by Messrs. Lombard and Watts. 
 
 Sabattusville is the only village, except a small cluster of houses at 
 Webster Post-Office, in the southern part of the town. The Andro- 
 scoggin division of the Maine Central Railroad runs through Sabattus- 
 ville and along the pond at the north-western angle of the- town. The 
 surface of the country is much varied by hills and valleys, but there 
 are no lofty eminences. Robinson and Hedgehog " mountains " and 
 Pettengill, Jordan and Oak hills are the chief of these. The last, con- 
 tinuing southward, takes the name of Lisbon Ridge. At the centre of 
 tlie town is Sutherland's Pond ; a mile north-east is Loon Pond, fol- 
 
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WEBSTER PLANTATION. 575 
 
 lowed ill range by Curtis Bog. Ross Brook, drawing its supplies prin- 
 cipally from these ponds, is the principal tributary of the Sabattus 
 River. About half a mile south of Sabattus Pond, in a hollow in a 
 high plateau or broad "horse-back" is a small body of clear water 
 which has no apparent outlet ; but the nature of the soil of the plateau 
 — in large part sand and coarse gravel — and the swamp at a lower alti- 
 tude than the pond, and yet higher than the neighboring Sabattus 
 Pond, show the manner of the water escape. In the days of super- 
 stitious mysteries and geological ignorance this quiet little sheet of 
 water bore the discreditable name of " The Devil's Washbowl." 
 
 The land-titles in town are from the Plymouth Proprietors. Web- 
 ster was originally a part of the town of Bowdoin, but was included 
 in the territory separated and incorporated as Thompsonborough, af- 
 terward re-named Lisbon. This territory was divided in 1840, and 
 the northern portion incorporated as the town of Webster. The 
 first settler was Robert Ross, who came from Brunswick, and 
 located on the brook that bears his name, in 1774. . Timothy Wey- 
 mouth moved in soon after, and built the first mill in town for Jesse 
 Davies. The first justice of the peace was Samuel Tebbetts, and 
 the next was Noah Jordan. The first resident physician was Dr. 
 Illiamar Bellows ; the first lawyer who remained permanently was 
 Jacob Hill, a graduate of Brown University, and sometime editor of 
 the Portland Advertiser. Benjamin Burgess, another resident, was a 
 major-general in the militia, and subsequently sheriff of Lincoln 
 County. Hon. Freeman H. Morse, sometime member of Congi'ess from 
 the second district, and later United States consul at London, was a 
 native of Webster. At the close of the Revolutionary war, a number 
 of the soldiers settled in Webster, of whom were Alexander Gray, 
 Abel Nutting, Aaron Dwinel, Paul Nowell, Simeon Ricker, Foster 
 Wentworth, Elias Stover, Phineas Spofford, Jesse Davies, Captain 
 James Curtis and Samuel Simmons. The latter was one of the first 
 school teachers in town, and was the ancestor of Frank Simmons, tho 
 sculptor, who is a native ol Webster. In the war of the Rebellion the 
 town furnished its full quotas under all the calls. 
 
 The first religious society formed in Webster was of the Baptist 
 persuasion and arose from the labors of Rev. Ichabod Temple, of 
 Bowdoin. Their church was built upon the elevated land in the 
 north-western part of the town. The first minister settled over it was 
 Rev. Mr. Hooper. Their new house is at Sabattusville. The Free 
 Baptists built their church in 1840 ; the bell being a gift from Captain 
 Luther L. Lombard. These, together with a church at the southern 
 border of the town built by Baptists and Univers^lists, constitute th ; 
 present visible fortifications of the town against the hosts of Satan. 
 
 Webster has eleven public schoolhouses, valued at $2,400. Tho 
 valuation in 1870 was $406,434. In 1880 it was $445,353. The pop 
 ulation in 1870 was 989. In 1880 it was 980. 
 
 Webster Plantation is situated in the eastern part 
 of Penobscot County. Kingman bounds it on the north, Prentiss on 
 the east, Winn on the west and Springfield on the south. The nearest 
 railroad stations are those of the European and North American rail- 
 way, at Kingman and Winn, the first being but 6 miles distant. The 
 predominant rock is granite. The soil is quite fertile and yields well 
 
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576 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of all the crops suitable to the climate. Hay forms the chief crop. 
 The most numerous forest trees are maple, beech and liemlock. 
 
 This plantation was settled in 1843, and organized Sept. 1, 1856 ; 
 previous to which tiiiij it was No. 6, of Range 3. It was named for 
 the principal owner and valued citizen. Col. E. Webster. The planta- 
 tion sent six soldiers to the defense of the Union, in the war of the 
 Rebellion, of whom two were lost. 
 
 There is one public schoolhouse valued at 1100. The valuation of 
 estates in 1860 was $24,727. In 1880 it was $36,129. The rate of 
 taxation was 43 mills on the dollar. The poj)ulation in 1870 was 28. 
 In 1880 it was 118. 
 
 Week's Mills,— a poBt-o|5ce in China, Kennebec County. 
 
 "Weld is situated in the south-western part of Franklin County, 
 having as boundaries, Phillips and Number Six on the north, Avon 
 and Temple on the east, Carthage and Perkins Plantation on the 
 south. The area is 48 square miles. The town is almost surrounded 
 by mountains, either within its limits, or just outside. There is a 
 group of three at the noi"th-east corner, of which the highest is Black 
 Mountain. In the eastern part are Centre and Hedgehog hills, with 
 other high hills in the southern and western portion. Just over the 
 eastern border are Blue Mountain and Little Blue, the former 2,804 
 feet in height. In the broad plain-like valley forming the middle por. 
 tion of the town is Webb's Pond, whose outlet is Webb's River, 
 emptying into the Androscoggin at Dixfield village. The scenery of 
 the town, by reason of these features, is very beautiful and noble. The 
 rock is principally gneissic. The soil, in general, is a gravelly loam. 
 In the forests thrive the usual variety of trees native to the middle 
 region of Maine. Corn, potatoes, wheat and oats are all cultivated 
 jtrofitably, and apple orchards are numerous and prolific. 
 
 The town has two villages. Weld Upper Village, near the head of 
 the pond, and Weld Lower Village, about two miles distant nearer the 
 foot, — both on the eastein side. Both partake of the general beauty 
 of the town. In these places are a spool-factory, employing about 
 25 hands in summer and 40 in winter ; five saw-mills, employing about 
 20 hands, and three box-mills, with 25 hands most of the year. Both 
 steam and water-power are used. Other manufactures are fork and 
 shovel-handles, butter-tubs, harnesses, tinware, etc. The villages are 
 about 16 miles west of Farmington, and are connected by stage with 
 the Maine Central Railroad at Wilton, about 12 miles distant from the 
 lower village. 
 
 Weld was settled about 1800. Nathaniel Kittredge, Caleb Holt, 
 James Houghton, Abel Holt, Joseph and Abel Russell were of the first 
 settlers. The township was surveyed by Samuel Titcomb, for the 
 State. It was lotted by Philip Bullen in 1797. Jonathan Philips, 
 of Boston, was the purchaser from the State. Jacob Abbot and Ben- 
 jamin Weld, in 1815, purchased Mr. Philip's unsold lands in Maine, 
 and commenced the sale to settlers. Mr. Abbott also engaged in the 
 settlement of other towns, and procured the location of the Coos road, 
 by the State. It ran from Chesterville through Wilton, Carthage and 
 Weld, passing the notch by Mount Metallic, thence through Byron 
 and East Andover to New Hampshire. Mr. Weld was of Boston ; 
 
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WELLS. 577 
 
 Mr. Abbot was from "Wilton, N". H., but removed to Brunswick, Me., 
 where he died in 1820, ajred seventy-four years. He was succeeded in 
 the business of settling his lands by his son, Jacob Abbot, who died in 
 Farmington in 1847, at the age of seventy. Weld is the birth-place 
 of the publisher of this work, who still cherishes a warm regard for 
 his childhood's home, shown by his kindly interest in all that relates 
 to the town. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1816, and derived its name from Mr." 
 Weld, one of the owners. It had previously been known as Webb's 
 Pond Plantation. 
 
 Dr. L. Perkins was one of the most esteemed of the former citizens. 
 The first preaching appears to have been by Rev. Lemuel Jackson of 
 Greene, in 1804; and a Baptist church was constituted in 1809. There 
 are now a Congregational church, and one occupied by both the Free 
 Baptists and Methodists. Weld has eleven public schoolhouses, valued 
 with other school property at 14,000. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $245,260. In 1880 it was $231,911. The population in 1870 was 1,130. 
 In 1880 it was 1,040. 
 
 vVGllin^tOn. is the south-western town of Piscataquis 
 
 County. The towns about it are Kingsbury on the north, Parkman 
 in the same county and Cambridge on the east. Harmony on the south, 
 and Brighton on the west, — the three last being in Somerset County. Its 
 area is 23,120 acres. The town is quite uneven, with several high 
 hills, — the highest of which, is Ball Mountain, situated in the northern 
 part. Higgin's Stream, which runs through the northern part of the 
 town, has four mill privileges, of which three are improved by saw and 
 grist-mills. A branch of this stream also has a mill, and Carle- 
 ton's Brook near the north-east corner of the town is made use of for 
 running one or more. 
 
 The territory of Wellington was a part of the Bingham Purchase. 
 Until its incorporation the plantation was called Bridgetown, from an 
 early proprietor. The first settler was James Knowles, who moved 
 into the western part of the township in 1814. David Staples came 
 soon after, and the next^year J. B. Porter and John Ward joined them. 
 In 1819 or 1820 a settlement was begun on the east side of the town- 
 ship, adjoining Parkman, and in 1821 came Mr, Isaac Hutcjiings, ever 
 after a prominent citizen. At quite an early period John Davis bnilt 
 a saw-mill at Wellington Corner, adding a grist-mill soon after. John 
 and Cotton Weeks also put up a mill on the same stream, and in 1826 
 Henry Carleton built a saw-mill on the brook still bearing his surname. 
 In 1828 the town of Wellington was incorporated, and Mr. Carleton 
 was town clerk and selectman for several years. 
 
 There is a flourishing Free Baptist society in town. Wellington 
 has eight schoolhouses, valued at $600. The valuation of the town in 
 1870 was $119,269; in 1880, $116,712, The population in 1870 was 
 683. In 1880 it was 647. 
 
 WgUSj situated upon the sea-coast, in York County, was first 
 settled by persons from Exeter, N.H., about the year 1840. Its name 
 is supposed to have come from Wells in England. In regard to land 
 titles, Folsom says that an Indian named Thomas Chabinoke, devised 
 all his title and interest to Namps-cus-coke (being the greatest part 
 
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578 SAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 of Wells) to John Wadlow or Wadleigh, upon condition that he should 
 allow one bushel of Indian corn annually to " Old Webb," his mother. 
 This title proved valid. In 1641, Sir Ferdinando Gorges presented 
 5,000 acres of it to Thomas Gorges, deputy-governor of his Province 
 of Maine and mayor of Gorgeana, for a manory. He chose a tract near 
 Ogunquit River in the south-vilest part of the town. About 400 or 500 
 acres of this was conveyed by deputy Gorges, in 1643, to Rev. John 
 Wheelwright (brother-in-law of the noted Ann Hutchinson), who had 
 been banished from Massachusetts for his Antinomian princiijles. 
 Another grant was made by Gorges, July 14, 1643, to Wheelwright, 
 Henry Boad and others. When Wheelwright settled here about 1643, 
 Edmund Littlefield had already erected a saw-mill, on Webhannet River. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1653, being the third in Maine. Its 
 Indian name was Webhannet. It included Kennebunk until 1820, 
 when that portion was set off. It then acquired its present bound- 
 aries, I'.aving Sanford and Kennebunk on the north, the latter and the 
 ocean on the east and south-east,' York and South Berwick on the 
 south, and South Berwick and North Berwick on the west. The 
 number of acres of land is stated in the county atlas at 22,300. The 
 settlement went steadily on until the Indian wars. The adversities 
 which the people met for nearly three-fourths of a century seem to 
 have been too much for human endurance. Their suffering were 
 greatest in the wars commencing in 1792 and 1703. During the first 
 of these there was fought on its soil one of the most remarkable battles 
 of the Indian war. Five hundred French and Indians under French 
 officers attacked the garrison of Joseph Storer, — a place of refuge which 
 he had built at his own expense for all who, driven from their homes, 
 might come to him. There were within it 15 soldiers only under Ca])- 
 tain Converse ; and about a mile distant, at the landina-, were two 
 coasters under captains Gooch and Storer, having on board 14 addi- 
 tional men for the garrison. Every means were tried by the enemy 
 against the fort and vessels, but all their machinations were ineffectual ; 
 and after two days of uninterrupted conflict, they were compelled to 
 abandon the enterprise, with the loss of Labocree, their commander. 
 
 It was during this bloody war that Rev. George Burrov/s, who was 
 then residing near Salem, became the victim of the terrible witchcraft 
 delusion, and perished on the scaffold. He was a gi-aduateof Harvard 
 college, and had been an esteemed minister in the vicinity of Wells, 
 and was at the time of his arrest devoting himself to obtain aid for the 
 suffering people of the east, who like himself had been driven off by 
 by the Indians, or were endeavoring heroically to hold their ground 
 against them. 
 
 In an attack in August, 1703, Wells was again attacked, and with 
 such desperation that in a short time 39 of its inhabitants were killed 
 or made prisoners, besides many wounded. This war did not end 
 until 1713, during which time many more of the inhabitants were 
 murdered, many houses burned, farms laid waste and cattle killed. 
 Ten years later another war let loose again the savage hordes ; but the 
 towns had grown stronger. In 1745 occurred the memoi-able and suc- 
 cessful siege of Louisburg. Believing that the French had been thfe 
 inciters of most of the Indian wars, the people of Maine entered upon 
 that expedition with great earnestness ; and it is believed that fully 
 one-third of the able-bodied men of Wells were engaged in that enter- 
 
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WELLS. 579 
 
 prise. The people were right m the belief, and Wells was little 
 troubled by the Indians after the fall of the eastern stronghold of the 
 French. 
 
 The people of Wells entered into the Revolutio,nary war with such 
 zeal that at least one-third of the able-bodied men were in the service 
 during a portion of the struggle, if not constantly. Colonel Joseph 
 Storer, Major Daniel Littlefield, Captain James Hubbard, Captain 
 Daniel Wheelwright, Captain Samuel Sawyer, died in the war. Gen- 
 eral Noah M. Littlefield, Major Nathaniel Cousens, Major Isaac Pope, 
 Captain James Littlefield, Ensign John Littlefield, and others, were ia 
 active service. No other town had such a number of oiBcers in the 
 war. The bounties required to fill their quota exhausted their finances 
 to such an extent that some were obliged to take the feathers from 
 their beds, and procure theii' Bale in Boston, to meet their proportion 
 of these public burdens. 
 
 The feeling of the people was ngainst the war of 1812, and few or 
 none enlisted. In the war of the Rebellion the quota of the town was 
 largely obtained from abroad, the bounties paid ranging from $200 to 
 $400. Wells has honored the memory of the forty-two of her soldiers 
 who perished in that war by a neat monument. It consists of a simple 
 marble shaft on a granite base. 
 
 After the Revolutionary war, there was a great increase of ship- 
 building, the vessels being mostly oi less than 300 tons burthen. So 
 many of them were captured by the French at the time of their spoli- 
 ations that it has been thought that the loss of the town in ships was as 
 large as its gain by ship-building. 
 
 The business of the people is chiefly agricultural. The so.il, though 
 sandy in some parts, is excellent for vegetables, and yields a good crop 
 of grass. On Ogunquit, Webhannet and Little rivers are many mill 
 sites, if not great powers ; and each of these streams has its mill for 
 lumber. A considerable number of the inhabitants are interested in 
 the fisheries. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $683,940 ; in 1880 
 it was $613,326. The population in 1870 was 2,773 ; and in 1880, 2,483. 
 The rate of taxation for 1880 is one third of one per centum. 
 
 The pi-incipal business centres are Wells Village in the north-west» 
 Ogunquit at the south, and Wells Depot in the northern part of the 
 town, — each having a post-office. Wells Village is finely situated on 
 a ridge overlooking the ocean. The Boston and Maine railroad passes 
 near the latter place, and the Portsmouth, Saco and Portsmouth road 
 has a station at Wells Depot, — each place being about 28 miles from 
 Portland. 
 
 Previous to the formal gathering of a church the town had provided 
 the preaching. Rev. John Wheelwright was one of the first ministers. 
 In 1661 the court at York appointed Ezekiel Knight and William 
 Hammond to conduct worship at Wells on Lord's day, " as the law of 
 God and this jurisdiction require." This order continued about two 
 years when the people again hired their own minister at a stipulated 
 salary. Six ministers or religious teachers were thus employed from 
 1664 to 1690, — the first being Joseph Emerson, settled for two or three 
 years His successor was a physician as well as minister ; and the next 
 but one was Richard Martin, a schoolmaster. About this time a churchi 
 and parsonage were built. For his services in the pulpit, Martin had the 
 use of the parsonage, and 50 pounds, — payable as follows : wheat at 
 
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"580 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 4s., rye 2s, 6d., pease 4s. per bushel, pork 2^d. per pound, boards IQs. 
 and staves 17s. per thousand. From the time of the first Indian war 
 until 1713, the period when Wells suffered most, it is probable that 
 there was little or no preaching. The first Congre^tional church of 
 Wells was organized in 1721, and Samuel Emery was ordained the 
 pastor. The Rev. Moses Hemingway was ordained over this church 
 in 1759, and remained until his death at the age of 76 years in 1811. 
 He was a graduate of Harvard, and received from it the degree of 
 D. D. Jonathan Greenleaf, author of Ecclesiastical Sketches of Maine, 
 was ordained over the church in 1815, remaining until 1828. He died 
 at Brooklyn, New York, in 1855, aged 80 years. The second Con- 
 gregational church of Wells Avas organized in 1831. The first pastor 
 was Rev. Charles S. Adams. 
 
 The first Baptist Church in Wells was organized in 1793, and arose 
 frgm the labors of Nathaniel Lord, a licentiate. The Wells Christian 
 church was organized in 1809, by Elder Elias Smith. The Christian 
 church of Wells and York, at Ogunquit, was organized in 1830. The 
 Free-will Baptist society was formed in 1843. The Methodists formed 
 a class of ten members in 1851, with Shadock Littlefield as leader. A 
 neat and tasty house of worship was erected by them at Missionary 
 Ridge in 1870. The first Universalist Society was formed in 1861. At 
 present the active societies consist of two Congregationalist, a Free 
 Baptist, two Methodist and two Ba])tist. The Union House, at 
 Plaisted Corner, was fitted up for worship in 1868. 
 
 Wells has 14 schoolhouses, valued at $5,000, and sustains a high- 
 school. The amount actually expended for schools in the last school 
 year, is $3,816. It has a library of about 400 volumes. Wells is a port 
 of delivery in Kennebunk Customs District. 
 
 ^T GSlcy lies in the interior of Washington county, 20 miles 
 north by north-west of Machias. It is on the stage-route from the latter 
 place to Calais. Of the settled townships, Northfield adjoins it on the 
 south, and Crawford on the north-east. East Machias River crosses 
 the north-western part, and several tributaries of the Machias run 
 southward through the town. There are two or three small ponds 
 within the town ; on the north-west border is Chain Lake, and along the 
 south-east border lies Long Lake. The surface of the town is uneven, 
 and there are some high elevations. The rock is granitic, and the soil 
 stiff. Hay and potatoes are the crops chiefly cultivated. Most 
 trees natural to the region are found in the forests. There is a shingle- 
 mill here that manufactures 10,000 shingles a day. The roads are in 
 fair condition; and there is one 'bridge of 100 feet in length. This 
 town was incorporated January 24, 1833. The Methodists and the 
 Advents each have a society here. There are four public schoolhouses ; 
 and the school property — including lands — is valued at $4,000. The po- 
 pulation in 1870 was 336. In 1880 it was 245. The valuation of estates 
 in 1870 was $63,829. In 1880 it was $41,684. The rate of taxation 
 in the latter year was 3 per cent. 
 
 \VGSt SBiTII; in Sagadahoc county, is situated south-west of 
 the city of Bath ; having Phipsburg east of its southern half, Brun- 
 Bwick, in Cumberland county, on the west, and Harpswell on the south. 
 
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582 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 It is separated from Brunswick by a long arm of the sea calleii New 
 Meadows River, while Winnegance Creek, and a shorter one on the 
 south' leave, as the only connection, a neck about 200 rods wide, known 
 as the Winnegance Can-ying Place, — formerly much used by the Ken- 
 nebec Indians in their trips westward. On the south-western part of 
 the town, a bay penetrates nearly to the centre, into the middle of which 
 projects from the north a long promontory called llich's Mountain. 
 There are said to be Indian inscriptions on the rocks on the west side 
 of this mountain. 
 
 The business centre of the town is at the mills on a tide-power on 
 the eastern side of this bay. The tide powers in this town are estim- 
 ated as capable, if improved, of driving sixty up-and-dovi^n saws the 
 year round, — but little use has been made of them as yet. The Bath 
 branch of the Maine Central railroad crosses the northern part of the 
 town ; and two highway bridges connect it with Brunswick. This 
 town was- formerly a part of Bath but was set off and incorporated in 
 1844. The nearest post-office is West Bath. The town has four public 
 schoolhouses. The total school property is valued at $1,250. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was $130,012. In 1880 it was $161,531. 
 The population in 1870 was 373. In 1880 it was 315. 
 
 ^W^estlbrOOk is situated in the southern part of Cumberland 
 county, Deering on the south-east separates it from Portland, Fal- 
 mouth bounds it on thu north-east, Windham and Gorham on the 
 north-west, Scarborough and Cape Elizabeth on the south. Its terri- 
 tory is longest from north-east to south-west, and its width is about 
 one half its length. The area is near 15,000 acres. The surface is 
 beautifully diversified by swells of land rather than hills. The soil is 
 generally loamy or clayey and is usually well cultivated. Tlie excellent 
 markets near give it great advantages for farming and gardening; and 
 the farm buildings give evidence of thrift. The Presumpscot river 
 passes through the midst of the town, and, turning, forms nearly half 
 the boundary on the south-east. The other streams are Stroudwater 
 River, which crosses the south-western part of 'the town, and Duck 
 Pond Bi'ook in the north-east. Saccarappa is the only considerable 
 village. It was long celebrated for its lumber business, begun in 1829 
 by Benj. Ingersol and others. The other localities bearing special 
 names are Cumberland Mills, near Saccarappa, Pride's Corner in the 
 north-eastern, and Duck Pond in the northern part of the town. At 
 the latter is a water-power occupied by the Portland Wooden-ware 
 Company ; at Cumberland mills is the extensive paper factory of S. D. 
 Wiarren and Co. The larger factories in Saccarappa are the Westbrook 
 Manufacturing Company, producing cotton duck and shirtings ; the 
 Westbi-ook Foundry Company ; the Haskell Silk Company, producing 
 sewing-machine twist, train and fringe silks, and the Presumpscot 
 Mills Dye House. Other manufactures are colored, dressed and plain 
 cotton warps, grain bags, machinery and water wheels, carriages and 
 harnesses, boots, shoes and moccasins, tinware, leather-board, bricks, 
 wooden boxes, box shook and dimension stuff, meal and flour. Tiia 
 Portland and Rochester railroad passes through Saccarappa, and the 
 Portland and Ogdensburg passes between that place and Cumberland 
 Mills adjacent. The latter place was formerly an Indian planting 
 ground, called by the tribes Ammon-Congin, known later as "Munjoy's 
 
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584 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. , 
 
 Mile Square," which he purchased of two sagamores. The paper 
 factories now operated here give employment to about 300 persons. 
 
 Westbrook was formerly a pai-t of old Falmouth, from which it was 
 set off and incorporated as " Stroudwater " in 1814. The next year its 
 name was changed to Westbrook, in honor of Colonel Thomas West- 
 brook, who distinguished himself in the Indian wars. Deering was set 
 off from Westbrook in 1871. Westbrook was for many years the home 
 of Rev. Prof. Henry B. Smith and Miss Annie Louise Cary. Paul 
 Akers, the sculptor, was born in this town in 1825, dying in Philar 
 delphia in 1861. Other persons of eminence still reside here. 
 
 Saccarappa has a flourishing Methodist church, a Congregational 
 church which dates its organization from 1832 ; a IJniversalist and a 
 Catholic church. There is also a Congregational church at Cumberland 
 Mills. Westbrook has 8 public schoolhouses valued at $1,700. The 
 amount paid for the support of schools for the year ending April 1st, 
 1879, was $4,296. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $3,291,- 
 148. In 1880 it was $1,527,880. The population in 1870 was 2,788. 
 The census of 1880 shows it to have increased to 3,981. 
 
 Westfield Plantation, in Aroostook County, lies in 
 the second range of townships from the New Brunswick border. It is 
 82 miles north of Houlton on the stage-line to Upper Aroostook. It 
 was formed from Deerfield and Westfield Academy grants. The 
 Presque Isle Stream (of the St. John) runs for quite a distance through 
 the north-eastern part. Clark Brook drains the middle of the town- 
 ship on the northern side, Young's Brook and its branches, the south- 
 eastern quarter, and Beaver Dam Brook, the south-western quarter. 
 The settlements are almost wholly in the north-eastern quarter, but are 
 now overrunning this limit. 
 
 The plantation has a public schoolhouse, valued with land at $400. 
 Tlie population in 1870 was 76, with 17 taxable polls. In 1880 the 
 polls numbered 29; but the population in the preliminary report of the 
 census, is massed with other divisions. The valuation in 1870 was 
 $:i0,869. In 1880 it was $34,426. 
 
 West Forks Plantation, in Somerset County, lies on 
 the western bank of the Kennebec River, where it receives the waters 
 of Dead River. It is bounded on the west by Pierce Pond Plantation, 
 and on the east by the Forks Plantation from which it is separated by 
 the Kennebec. On the western border lies Pierce Pond, extending nearly 
 from tho north to the south line of its tier of townships. Dead River 
 forms the entire northern line. Two ponds in the southern part of the 
 township bear the name of Otter Ponds. Between the northern one 
 and the western line of the township begins the short Otter range of 
 mountains. The highest elevation in the town is Churchill Hill, whose 
 summit is about 500 feet above the plain. 
 
 Slate, granite and quartz are found in the township. The soil is 
 loamy, yielding well of hay, potatoes, the cereals and the esculent 
 roots. Pine, spruce, maple and ash are the chief forest trees. Tho 
 manufactures of this town consist of lumber, edge-tools, cant-doga, etc. 
 It is the head quarters of one or more lumbering firms. The roads ia 
 this plantation are called very good. There is here a bridge across the 
 Kennebec 200 feet in length, constructed of spruce and piue. The place 
 
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WESTON. 585 
 
 is 54 miles north by north-west of Skowhegan, on the Canada road and 
 Btage-line from Skowhegan to Quebec. 
 
 The plantation has a sehoolhouse ; and the school property is valued 
 at $500. All the able-bodied men of this plantation joined tiie Union 
 forces during tlie war of the Rebellion, and seven were lost. The area 
 of this township is 17,800 acres, and the wild lands are valued at $6,000. 
 Neither population, polls, nor valuation of estates are given in the pre- 
 liminary report of the census of 1880, nor in the state valuation report 
 of that year. 
 
 West ORTdinGr is situated in the south-western part of 
 Kennebec County. It is bounded on the east by Gardiner, north by 
 Farniingdale and Manchester, west by Winthrop and Monmouth and 
 south by Litchfield. Cobbossee Contee Great Pond lies on the nortli- 
 western line ; and from it the Cobbossee Contee Stream flows south- 
 ward, forming the south-western line of the town, then turning, forms 
 the south-western line also. The territory of the town was set off from 
 Gardiner and incorporated in 1850. In 1859 a small part of Litchfield 
 was added. Its early history is -incorporated with that of Pittston and 
 Gardiner. 
 
 The principal manufactures of the town consist of two saw-mills 
 and a tannery. It is about six miles from Augusta, and is on the 
 daily stage-line from that place to South Litchfield. Farming is 
 the principal occupation of the inhabitants, and the land is generally 
 under good cultivation. Orcharding has also been followed with mucii 
 success. There are churches of the Baptists, Free Baptists and Friends. 
 West Gardiner has nine public schoolhouses, valued at |3,300. The 
 valuation of real estate in 1870 was $359,029. In 1880 it was $325,220. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,044. By the census of 1880 it was 977. 
 
 West Great Works, a village and post-office in Orono, 
 Penobscot County. 
 
 \v eston is the south-eastern town of Aroostook County. It 
 lies on the westernmost part of Grand Lake, which separates from the 
 soil of New Brunswick. Bancroft adjoins it on the west, and Orient 
 on the north. It is on the stage-line between Houlton and Danforth. 
 The nearest railway station is at the latter place, near the southern 
 line of the town. The surface of the country is uneven, but the high- 
 est elevation is only about 400 feet. Birch, maple, hemlock and spruce 
 are found in abundance at all elevations. The enclosed bodies of water 
 are Brackett, Longfellow and Sucker Brook lakes. Baskahegan River 
 passes through the south-western part of the town, and the Mattawam- 
 keag across the north-west argle. The eastern part of the town has 
 several large coves; and a well-enclosed harbor midway of the south- 
 ern shore affords a good steamboat landing but a short distance from 
 the main road of the town. Granite is the most numerous rock, and 
 the soil is a sandy loam. Potatoes, wheat and buckwheat are princi- 
 pally cultivated, and yield well. 
 
 This town was formerly known as the Ilampden Academy grant, 
 but was incoi'porated under its present name March 17, 1835. William 
 Butterfield and Dr. Otis Smith, who settled here soon after 1820, ap. 
 
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586 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 pear to have been the earliest settlers. Col. Z. A. Smith, connected 
 with the Boston Journal, is a native of this town. 
 
 The Methodists and Free Baptists each have a church-edifice here. 
 There is a public library of about 170 volumes. The number of public 
 schoolhouses is four. The value of the school 23roperty is estimated at 
 $600. The population in 1870 was 394. In 1880 it was 506. The 
 valuation in 1870 was $49,846. In 1880 it was $5i;,I79. 
 
 Weston's Mills? a small village in Levant, Penobscot 
 County, — the same as South Levant Post-Office. 
 
 Westport is an island situated in Sheepscot River between 
 Woolwich and Boothbay, in Lincoln County. It is eleven miles long, 
 and about a mile wide. The surface is uneven, and the northern ex- 
 tremity terminates in a narrow headland called Squam Heights. The 
 remains of an earth-work fortification are here to be seen by whoever 
 is curious enough to climb the steep sides of the promontory. It was 
 erected during the war of 1812, and bore the name Fort McDonough. 
 At the time of the engagement between the Enterprise and Boxer, off 
 the mouth of the river, this work was mounted by a star battery of 
 six guns arranged to command the river with a plunging fire, and was 
 protected by a c/ieuawa3 c?e /rise, — a barrier of fallen timber trees bris- 
 tling with sharpened branches and pointed stakes, which ran across the 
 island from shore to shore below the battery. 
 
 The soil of Westport is a clay loam. Fair crops of potatoes, barley, 
 oats and wheat are readily obtained. Westport has several excellent 
 tide powers, which are improved for mills. Tliere are three saw-mills 
 which do more or less work, that of the Heal Brothers being the largest. 
 But the principal occupation of the inhabitants is on the sea. The 
 island is connected with Woolwich by abridge 1,350 feet long. A ferry- 
 connects it with Wiscasset at a point about three miles from the sta- 
 tion of the Knox and Lincoln railroad. 
 
 Among the eminent citizens of former days were James McCarty, 
 Samuel and Ezekiel Tarbox, John and Joseph Hodgdon. The Meth- 
 odist denomination is the only one having a church edifice on tlie 
 island. Westport has four public schoolhouses ; the school property 
 being valued at $2,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 
 $180,392. lu 1880'it was $100,435. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 
 2^ per cent. The population in 1870 was 699. In 1880 it was 612. 
 
 West's Mills, a small village and post-office in Industry, 
 Franklin County. 
 
 West Waterville is one of the northernmost towns of 
 Kennebec County on the west of the Kennebec River. Waterville 
 bounds it on the east, Sidney lies on the south, and Belgrade on the 
 south and we.st, Fairfield, in Somerset County, on the north, and Smith- 
 field at the north-west. McGrath Pond forms the western boundary, 
 East Pond lies partially within the town on the north west, and Snow 
 Pond or Messalonske Lake, projects from the southward almost to the 
 centre of the town. The outlet of the latter, which flows north-east to 
 the Kennebec, supplies the power for numerous factories at the villaga 
 
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WEST WATERVILLE. 
 
 587 
 
 of West Waterville. On the Messalonske, immediately after it passes 
 the Waterville road, is a beautiful cascade. The stream, which is here 
 about seventy feet wide, after passing a dam, pitches over a precipice 
 of jagged slate rocks, throwing the water into several beautiful forms 
 and collecting it again as foam and spray in a deep, dark basin between 
 high, rocky banks, overhung by birch, maple, cedar and hemlock. The 
 fall IS forty-four feet in eight rods. It passes tlirough a glen about 
 one-eighth of a mile, then issues in a broad basin, fall's over a ruinous 
 <lam, then flows sparkling away through the elm-shaded meadow. The 
 western line of the Maine Central railway passes through the village, 
 
 CASCADE AT WEST \V.\.TIi:K\ i LL^Ii, ME. 
 
 where it forms a junction with the Somerset railroad, which has its 
 termination at this place. 
 
 West Waterville is a great manufacturer of farm implements. The 
 Dunn Edge Tool Company, incorporated in 1856, produces large num- 
 bers of scythes, axes, hay, straw and corn-knives, and grass-hooks ; the 
 Hubbard and Blake Manufacturing Company, and Emerson, Stevens 
 and Company, manufacture only scythes and axes. There is also a 
 manufactory of threshing machines and a machine shop and foundry, 
 some of the other manufactured ])roducts are chairs and settees, car- 
 riages, leather, tinware, boots and shoes. There is also one or mora 
 
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588 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 grain-mills. Granite is the prevailing rock in town. Tho principal 
 crop is hay. 
 
 West Waterville was originally a part of Winslow. Walerville, 
 including the territory of West Waterville, was set off from that town 
 in 1802 ; and the western part of the latter was set off and incorporated 
 as West Waterville in 1873. The first settlement ai^pears to have been 
 made about 1780. 
 
 West Waterville has ^a National bank and a bank for Savings. 
 Three church edifices, the Free Baptist, Unitarian and Baptist, stand 
 peacefully side by side on the principal street for residences, adding 
 to its attractions. The Methodist church is near by on another street, 
 between the high West Waterville schoolhouse and the elegant Sol- 
 diers' Memorial Hall of variegated stone. West Waterville has 
 eleven public schoolhouses valued at $6,500. The rate of taxation in 
 1880 was two mills on the dollar. The population by the census of 
 1880 was 1,647. The valuation in 1880 was |651,lo7. 
 
 Wllite'S Corner,— a post-oflSce in Wlnterport, Waldo 
 County. 
 
 WhitGfleld is the north-westerly town of Lincoln County, 
 having Jefferson on the east, Alna on the south, and on the west, Pitts- 
 ton and Chelsea in Kennebec County, and on the north Windsor, in 
 the same county. The length of the town from north to south is 
 about ten miles ; its width at the northern part is about five and-a-half 
 miles and at the south about one half the latter distance. The area is 
 very nearly 29,000 acres. It was formerly covered with dense forests 
 of pine and oak. Agriculture is the leading business. The Sheepscot 
 River passes through the midst of the town from north to south, and 
 the Eastern River takes a parallel course through the western part. 
 In 1820 there were upon the several falls upon the Sheepscot in this 
 town nine saw-mills and four grist-mills. There are now at North 
 Whitefield a grist-mill, two saw-mills, two shingle-mills, a planing, a 
 stave and carding-inill, two carriage factories, a furniture and boot 
 and shoo factory. Cooper's mills has a lumber and a shingle-mill, a 
 flour-mill, a tinware and a boot and shoe factory. At Alna post- 
 office there is a carriage factory. There is also a small village in the 
 southern part called King's Mills, which is the same as Whitefield 
 post-office. 
 
 The Plymouth proprietors claimed the territory of this town, but 
 failed to establish their right. It was settled about 1770 by Irish 
 Roman Catholics. At this time the town formed the westel'n part of 
 Ballstown, now Jefferson, to which it remained attached until 1809, 
 when it was incorporated, being named in honor of the celebrated 
 preacher, George Whitefield. At the close of the Revolutionary war 
 many of the veterans of the army settled in Whitefield. 
 
 The town has three Baptist churches, and one each of the Advents, 
 Free Baptists, Methodists, and Roman Catholics. At North White- 
 field is St. Joseph Academy, an institution belonging to the Roman 
 Catholics. Whitefield has sixteen public schoolhouses, valued, with 
 other school property, at 15,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 wao 
 $441,346. In 1880, it was $440,974. The population in 1870 was 
 1,594. In 1880 it was 1,511. 
 
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WHITNEYVILLE. 589 
 
 White Rock, — a post-office in Windham, Cumberland 
 County. 
 
 vVhitill^ lies in the south-eastern part of Washington County. 
 The township has the form of a parallelogram, and is about ten miles 
 in length, east by north-east, and some six miles in width. The prin- 
 cipal settlements are along Orange Stream, which almost divides the 
 town into northern and southern halves. Gardner's Lake occupies a 
 portion of the north-eastern part, Rocky Lake lies across the middle 
 of the northern line, and several smaller are scattered along the north- 
 ern side of Orange Stream. Though of uneven surface, the town has 
 no elevation higher than 200 feet. Spruce, fir and birch are the most 
 numerous trees. Many willows were set along the roads by the early 
 inhabitants. The soil is variable, but princijially of loam and clay. 
 Hay and potatoes arc the crops principally relied upon tor money. 
 There are two saw-mills, manufacturing some 475,000 feet of lumber 
 annually. 
 
 The town is about 17 miles north-east of Machias. It formerly 
 bore the name of Orangetown, but was incorporated under its present 
 name February 15, 1825. Among the early settlers were Col. John 
 Cram and Col. Lemuel Trescott, Revolutionary soldiers, who became 
 residents in 1784. Whiting furnished 21 men to the Union army in 
 the war of the Rebellion, losing 6. 
 
 Both the Congregationalist and Methodists have churches here. 
 There are five public schoolhouses, and the school property is valued 
 at $1,600. The population in 1870 was 414. In 1880 it was 425. 
 The valuation of estates in 1870 was $74,629. In 1880 it was $82,037. 
 The rate of taxation in the latter year was 27-^ mills. 
 
 WTlitneyvllle is a long narrow town on the Machias River 
 in the southern part of Washington County. It is bounded on the east 
 by Marshfield and Machias, and west by Jonesboro' and Centreville. It 
 is above eleven miles in length, while its greatest width is scarcely two 
 miles. The surface is uneven, but Pope's Ledge, about 300 feet in 
 height, is the greatest elevation. The trees common to the region are 
 found in the forests; and about the public ways are many of elm, 
 juniper, etc. The rock is various, a portion being granitic. The soil 
 iis clay and sandy loam. Potatoes, wheat and hay are the leading crops. 
 On the Machias River in this town are three saw-mills, which manu- 
 facture large quantities of lumber. There is also a prosperous carriage 
 factory. A freight railroad, some eight miles in length, connects the 
 village with Machiaspoi-t, where the products of the mills are trans- 
 ferre'd to vessels. It is also on the Bangor and Calais stage-line. The 
 roads are in general very good. There is a bridge across the Machias 
 here 200 feet m length. 
 
 Whitneyville was formerly a part of Machias, but was set off and 
 incorporated February 10, 1845. Among the valued citizens have been 
 James Miller, S. B. Lowell and Nathan Bacheller. The town sent 35 
 men into the Union army during the war of the Rebellion, of which 
 number 10 were lost. 
 
 There are Methodist and Congregationalist societies here, the last 
 having a church edifice. The number of public schoolhouses is one. 
 
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590 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The school property is valned at $2,500. The population in 1870 was 
 560. In 1880 it was 492. The valuation in 1870 was $111,264 In 
 1880 it was $72,671. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 2/^ 
 per cent. 
 
 Williamsburg" is situated in the southern part of Piscata- 
 quis County, 17 miles north-east of Dover. It has the Katahdin Iron 
 Mines on the north, Brownville on the east, Barnard on the west and 
 Sebec on the south. The surface is uneven and in the northern part is 
 mostly uncleared. Greenleaf Hill is the highest elevation. The south- 
 ern portion is fair farming land. The town is principally noted for its 
 fair roofing slate. Only one quarry is worked at present. Its streams 
 are the west branch of Pleasant River, Roaring Brook and Whet- 
 stone Brook. Each of these has good mill privileges, and upon the 
 latter a saw-mill and shingle machine have been erected. 
 
 Mr. William Dodd of Boston early purchased this township from 
 the State, and from his Christian name comes the name of the town. 
 John Crommet settled in the part near Brownville as early as 1808, 
 Moses Head in 1810, and Moses Greenleaf, Mr. Dodd's agent, probably 
 in the same time. Williamsburg has a noted pre-eminence in one re- 
 spect, for in it the first map of Maine was plotted, and the first book 
 of the county written. The work was Greenleaf's " Statistics of 
 Maine," issued as early as 1816, intended to explain his map. This 
 book he afterward enlarged and amended, issuing it in 1829 as the 
 " Survey of Maine." The first mentioned book had 154 pages, the last, 
 468. He issued a new map, enlarged and improved, at the same time 
 with the latter volume. Col. John F. Dunning and Captain Adams 
 are especially remembered among the respected citizens of the town. 
 
 The " Piscataquis Central Slate Company's " quarries employ more 
 men then any other enterprise in town. 
 
 The inhabitants of the township were organized in 1819 as Wil- 
 liamsburg Plantation, Eben. Greenleaf being chosen plantation clerk. 
 In the following year it was incorporated as a town, being the second 
 town incorporated by the first legislature of the new State of Maine. 
 The town was divided in 1834, the western portion becomibg the town 
 of Barnard. 
 
 A small Congregational church was organized here in 1830. The 
 town sent 12 men as soldiers in the war for the Union, of which two 
 were lost. Williamsburg has three public schoolhouses, valued at 
 $250. The valuation of the town in 1870 was $29,909. In 1880 it was 
 $28,275. The rate of taxation in 1880 was one cent, and three mills., 
 The population in 1870 was 176. In 1880 it Was 444. 
 
 iVilSOn is an extinct town, now a part of Shirley, on the south- 
 western border of Piscataquis County. Its history and description 
 constitute a homogeneous pai't of that of Shirley, and may be found 
 under that head. 
 
 Wilson's Mills, apost-offioe in Lincoln plantation,Oxford Co. 
 
 Wilton it situated in the southern part of Franklin County, 
 having Fai-mington on the east, Carthage on the west, Temple on the 
 north, and Jay on the south. The town is about ten miles long from 
 
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WILTON. 591 
 
 east to west, and seven wide. The principal sheet of water is Wilson's 
 Pond, about 1^ square miles in area, situated midway of the northern 
 part. In the northern part is North Pond, nearly as large as the last ; 
 and in the south-east is Pease Pond, of smaller size. The soil of the 
 town is generally fertile, and the usual forest trees flourish. The busi- 
 ness centres of the town are Wilton and East Wilton. The last has a 
 station of the Farmington branch of the Maine Central railroad ; the 
 former has a station about one and one-half miles distant. The chief 
 occupation of the inhabitants is farming ; and the well-cultivated 
 appearance of the farms and the neatness and good repair of the 
 buildings indicate thrift. 
 
 At East Wilton the largest manufactories are the Moosehead Mills 
 and the Holt scythe-factory. The manufactures are woolens, scythes, 
 the lightning hay-cuttei', moccasins, harnesses, tinware, packed fruits, 
 etc. The chief manufaoturies at Wilton village are the Furnel woolen 
 factories, a superior flour-mill, the Wilton Cheese Factory, and a tan- 
 nery. The manufactures arc furniture, leather, boots, cloths (meltons, 
 cassiraeres and repellants), shingles, boards, scythe-sharpeners, potash, 
 flour and meal, cheese, canned corn (2 factories), etc. East Wilton is 
 a beautiful village, the dwellings being scattered along a street at the 
 base of a grassy hill, upon whose top waves a considerable forest ; 
 while below, on the other side of the road, flows quietly the spreading 
 stream which carries the mills. Wilton Village, two or three miles 
 distant, occupies the bottom and side of a picturesque valley, with a 
 wild wood on the opposite hillside ; and between this and the principal 
 street for a fourth of a mile rushes Wilson's Stream, which furnishes 
 the power of both villages. This is the outlet of Wilson's Pond ; 
 which occupies so elevated a position that the stream furnishes nine 
 powers within the town. The pond according to the town plan, con- 
 tains an area of 190 acres ; while at one point it is over 175 feet in 
 depth. This large body of water retains the heat to such a degree 
 that there is no trouble with ice at the mills near the pond. In a com- 
 manding position stands the noble building of the Wilton Academy, 
 of the few remaining of those valuable institutions. 
 
 The township which is now Wilton was granted to Captain Tyng 
 and company, of Concord, Mass., for an excursion against the Indian 
 enemy, in which a dangerous savage called Harry was killed. In 1785 
 the township was explored by Solomon Adams and others, located by 
 Samuel Titcomb, surveyor for the State, and lotted by Mr. Adams in 
 1787. The explorers called it Harrytown, in memory of the ill-fated 
 Indian ; but the first settler called it Tyngtown, in honor of the grantee. 
 In 1790, Samuel Butterfleld settled in Wilton and built a saw and grist- 
 mill at East Wilton. At the same period Isaac Brown became a res- 
 ident ; and after these soon followed William Walker, Ammial Clough, 
 Joseph Webster, Silas Gould, Ebenezer Eaton, Josiah Pcrham, Ebe- 
 nezer Brown, Josiah Perley and Josiah Blake. Henry Butterfleld, who, 
 at sixteen years of age, cut the flrst tree within the limits of the town, 
 as well as Captain Hammon Brown, the first male child born in town, 
 were a few years since, still alive and resident in Wilton, — whose 
 territory they had seen to change from a wilderness to cultivated farms 
 and busy villages. 
 
 At Wilton village- are a church belonging to the Congregation alists, 
 one to the Methodists, and one to the Universalists. At East Wilton 
 
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592 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 are a Methodist, Free Baptist, Congregational Union, and TJniversalist 
 church. Wilton has thirteen public schoolhouses, which, together with 
 other school property, are valued at $15,000. The valuation of the 
 town in 1870 was $595,260. In 1880 it was $638, 797. The popula- 
 tion in 1870 was 1,906. In 1880 it was 1,739. 
 
 Windham, in Cumberland County, at its northern angle 
 joins Raymond, forms for a short distance the eastern shore of Jordan 
 Bay and Lake Sebago, and thence extends down the Presumpscot 
 River to Westbrook. Jordan Bay, Standish, and Gorham bound it on 
 the west ; a part of Westbrook, with Falmouth lie on the south-east ; 
 and Gray bounds it on the north-west. Little Sebago Lake, for about 
 one-third its length, lies in the north-ea§tern part. Near this on the 
 south is Collins Pond ; and Little Pond lies about a mile distant on 
 the north ; south-west of this about one mile distant, is the Basin of 
 Lake Sebago. On the eastern line of the town, midway of its length, 
 lies Puck Pond about two miles to the north. The streams are Outlet 
 Brook, by which Little Sebago discharges into the Basin ; Ditch Brook, 
 Bonnecting Collins Pond with Pleasant River ; Black Brook, Caller- 
 wright Brook in the southern portion of the town ; and Inkhorn 
 Brook, at the southern angle of the town. Pleasant River, which 
 passes through the middle of the town southward, is the largest stream 
 except Presumpscot River, which forms the western boundary. Five 
 powers on the Presumpscot River and two or more on Pleasant River, 
 are improved by mills. At Great Falls are a saw-mill and. a barrel 
 factory ; at Gambo Falls are the numerous buildings of the Oriental 
 Powder Company ; at Mallison Palls is a woolen-mill ; and at Pope- 
 ville, on Little River are a woolen and felt-mill. Other manufactures 
 are, boots and shoes, lumber in its various forms, meal and flour, 
 wood-paper board, carriages, harnesses, coffins, clothing, wooden-ware, 
 etc. 
 
 In 1814, an artificial outlet which had been made at the south end 
 of Little Sebago Pond became so enlarged that great quantities of 
 the water of the pond escaped, carrying away mills and bridges and 
 doing much damage along Little and Presumpscot rivers. 
 
 The grant of this township was made in 1734 to Abraham Howard, 
 Joseph Blaney, and fifty-eight other citizens of Marblehead. The 
 township consequently took the name of New Marblehead. In 1762 it 
 was incorporated as Windham, the name being the same as that of a 
 town in Norfolk County, England. Capt. Thomas Chute felled the 
 first tree, and in 1737 built of logs the first house on the banks of the 
 Presumpscot. A meeting-house was erected in 1740. The surface of 
 the town is uneven, though there are no lofty hills. The soil is loamy 
 and easily worked. In the southern pai-t are inexhaustible quarries 
 of granite. Perhaps it was this part of the town that Whitefield looked 
 upon late in the autumn of 1744 or 1745, and exclaimed, "Pray where 
 do they bury their dead ? " 
 
 In 1744 a substantial fort was erected in the settlement, and fur- 
 nished at the expense of the inhabitants with two swivel guns and the 
 necessary ammunition. From 1745 to 1751 the inhabitants lived within 
 its walls. It was a period of great suffering and danger ; yet dur- 
 ing this time none of the inhabitants lost their lives by the Indians, 
 though William Maxfield was wounded, and William and Joseph 
 
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WINDSOR. 593 
 
 Knight, Wiliam Bolton and Seth Webb were taken and held prisoners 
 for a short time. After a respite of peace and prosjjerity for three 
 years, Indian hostilities again commenced. Beside the defense of tlie 
 fort, many dwelling-houses had now been prepared as garrisons. The 
 last and most important attack upon Windham was made in May 14th, 
 1756, by about twenty savages led by Poland, the chief of the Rocko- 
 meko tribe. On the morning of that day, Ezra Brown and Ephraim 
 Winship, accompanied by four men and four boys as a guard, left the 
 fort for the purpose of working on Brown's lot. In passing through a 
 wood. Brown and Winship being some distance in advance, Avere lired 
 upon by ambushed Indians ; Brown being shot dead and Winship 
 severely wounded, and both scalped. Four of the party in the rear 
 hastened back to the fort, while the others, Abraham Anderson, 
 Stephen Manchester, Timothy Cloudman, and Gershom Winship, con- 
 tinued on to avenge their companions or perish in the attempt. As 
 they approached the spot, the Indians sprang behind the trees, the 
 white men also drojDped behind some logs, and the conflict began. As 
 the result, Poland, the chief, and two of his followers, were killed by 
 our four Spartan ptoneers. After this, the people of Windham had 
 peace and prospered until the Revolutionary war. 
 
 With the zeal which springs from a consciousness of being engaged 
 in a just cause, Windham took all necessary measures to prepare her 
 citizens at home or abroad. Officers were chosen to impart military 
 instruction ; ammunition and accoutrements were provided ; and many 
 of his townsmen served under Capt. Richard Mayberry through the 
 campaign of 1777, till the surrender of Burgoyne in October of that 
 year. No less than seventy-two men from Windham served in the 
 Federal armies, and $2,280 in silver money were givpn by the town for 
 the prosecution of the war. The first church was organized in 1743, 
 when John Wight was ordained as pastoi-. The next pastor was Peter 
 Thatcher Smith. 
 
 Windham has produced quite a number of eminent persons. Among 
 these may be mentioned John A. j^ndrews, distinguished as governor 
 of Massachusetts ; andMrs. Abby Goold Woolson, favorably known as, 
 an author and lecturer. Her father, Hon. William Goold, still a resident^ 
 has rendered useful service to the historical interests of the State. 
 
 Windliam has two Congregational churches, one Free Baptist, one 
 Universalist, one Methodist, one Fi-iends, and one Union church. The 
 number of public schoolhouses'is nineteen, v.alued at $7,800. The 
 valuation of estates in 1870 was 11,014,877. In 1880 it was $819,839. 
 The population at the same date was 2,428. The census of 1880 places 
 it at 2,313. 
 
 ^VindSOr is one of the eastermost towns of Kennebec County. 
 It is bounded by China on the north, Augusta on the west, Whitefield 
 in Lincoln County on the south, and Somerville in the same county on 
 the east. The town is a square in its form. Its surface is hilly; and 
 from some of its elevations noble views are obtained. The principal 
 rock is granite; the soil is a clay loam, and the largest crop is hay. 
 
 Three-mile Pond projects a considerable portion of its arc into the 
 town at the north-west. Mud Pond lies at the middle of the western 
 side, and Moody and Longfellow ponds, lie in the south-western part, 
 Savade and Fox ponds at the north-east, and Donnell Pond a little 
 
 38 
 
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594 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 south of the centre of the town. The principal stream is the western 
 branch of the Sheepscot, which passes through the eastern part of the 
 town from north to south, affording power for a grist-mill, lumber, 
 shingle, and carding-mills. Leather is the only other manufacture of 
 note. At the period of its settlement, the town was remarkable for 
 the quantity and quality of its pine, oak, hemlock, and other woods. 
 The land is fertile and well-cultivated. The town is about 10 miles 
 from the Kennebec, on the stage-line from Augusta to Belfast. The 
 territory of the town belonged to the Plymouth Patent. The first 
 settlement was commenced in 1790 by "Walter Dockindoff, Thomas 
 Labalister, Prince Keen, Samuel Pierce, John Linn, Dr. Stephen Bar- 
 ton, Benjamin and Joseph Hilton, Joseph Linscott, and Joseph Trask. 
 The town incorporation was in 1809 under tlie name of Malta. It was 
 changed to Gerry in 1820, and to the present one in 1822. Joseph 
 Trask, Jr., born October 30th, 1790, was the first native citizen of 
 Windsor. In the history of the town the murder of Paul Chadwick, 
 a surveyor for the proprietors in 1809, by some squatters disguised as 
 Indians, is an important incident. Several arrests were made; and 
 though an attack upon the jail was attempted By an armed band of 
 disguised men, the offenders were brought to trial. The evidence, 
 though conclusive as to the killing by some person in the company 
 accused, did not show whose shot caused the death of the unfortunate 
 man ; and as the public feeling was largely in favor of the accused, all 
 were acquitted by the jury. 
 
 Tlie post-offices are Windsor, and West and South Windsor. The 
 Methodists and Baptists each have a church in the towh. Windsor is 
 said to have sent about two hundred soldiers into the war for the Union, 
 and to have lost about one hundred and twenty-five. The town has 
 thirteen public schoolhouses, valued at $3,000. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $262,212 ; in 1880, $302,088. The rate of taxation in 
 1880 was 2^ per cent. In 1870, the population of Windsor was 1,266 ; 
 but according to the census of 1880 it has fallen off to 1,079. 
 
 Wing's Mills, a small village in the town of Levant, Penob- 
 scot County, the same as Levant Post-Office. 
 
 "Wmn lies on the eastern bank of Penobscot River, in the 
 eastern quarter of Penobscot County, about 55 miles north by north-east 
 of Bangor. It is bounded on the north by Mattawamkeag, east by 
 Webster Plantation, south by Lee and Lincoln, and west by Chester. 
 The Penobscot River separates it from the last. The area is 22,040 
 acres. The rock is. chiefly granite and slate. The Mattakeunk is the 
 principal stream, entering the town at the south-east and discharging 
 at the north into the Mattawamkeag, which has a part of its course 
 along the northern line. Salmon Stream, in the western part of the 
 town, is the next in size. Each of these have falls suitable for driving 
 mills. The basins of the Mattakeunk and Salmon streams lie mostly 
 in this town, and are still largely covered with forest. The manufac- 
 tories of Winn consist of two saw-mills for long and short lumber, one 
 for short lumber, a large tannery, a carriage-factory, a boot and shoe 
 shop, etc. The European and North American railroad passes along 
 the liver, having a station at Winn village, in the northern part of the 
 town. This place is at the head of steamboat navigation on the Pen- 
 
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WINSLOW. 
 
 595 
 
 obscot. The otlior villapce is East AVinn, sifiintcd on tlic west branch 
 of the Mattakeiink, in the southern ])art of the town. 
 
 There are Ej.iscopal, Roman Catliolic and Metiiodist churches here. 
 Winn has four public schoolhouses ; and tlie school property is valued 
 at $1,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was 1:95,708. "in 1880 it 
 was $103,304. The population in 1870 was 714. In 18S0 it was 898. 
 
 Wilineg"anCe, a post-office in Plnpsburg, Sai^adahoo 
 County. 
 
 \y inSlO'W, in Kennebec County, is situated upon the eastern 
 side of the Kennebec River, Ofijiosite Waterville, It is bounded on 
 the east by All)ion, on the north by Benton, and on the south by China 
 and Vassalbovo. Pattee Pond, near the centre of the town, is the 
 print'ipal body of water. Sebasticook River runs south-westward to 
 the Kennebec across the south-west corner of tlie town. The sti'eam 
 which fouuo the outkt of China Like cntcis the bcb isticook near 
 
 >.i.>ii.^ „A44t*.'^ ' S 
 
 /I I ii'r%fi'-' 
 
 T.AST PTjnrKTTnT'.<;F: nr rnnT HALrrAT. 
 
 Winslow village, half a mile below Ticonic Falls, on the Kennebec. 
 This village is small; but it is well shaded liy trees, and has much 
 natural beauty. The eastern trunk line of the Maine Central Railway 
 passes through this village, crossing the river to Waterville, a short 
 distance above. The manufactories of Winslow consist of a small 
 woollen-mill, two grist-milLs, two saw-mills, and a shoe-peg factory. 
 The principal rock in town is slate. The soil of the parts bordering 
 on the river is a sandy loam ; farther back, it is slaty and gra\'elly. 
 The chief employment of the people is agricultural, and the principal 
 crops are hay and potatoes. The usual forest trees are found in the 
 woods, wliile on the public ways there are many e\ms and maples, 
 some of which are very old. Reynold's Hill is said to be the highest 
 elevation in town, affording fine views of tlie Kennebec and a wide 
 
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596 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 Winslow, which formerly embraced the territory of what are now 
 Watervillc and West Waterville, is the ancient Taccorinet (Ticonic). 
 It was a part of the Plymouth Patent ; and the original proprietors 
 were mostly from Plymouth County, Massachusetts. Among the early 
 settlers were persons bearing the Old Colony names of Howard, Wins- 
 low, Taylor, Bradford, Delano, Warren, Otis, White, etc. ; and de- 
 scendants of tliesc are still found in the town. In 1754-5 a fortifica- 
 tion was erected by Governor Shirley, at the junction of the Sebasti- 
 cook with the Kennebec as an outpost, which was named Fort Hali- 
 fax. A single block-house of this fort is still standing a little to the 
 north of the bridge over the Sebasticook, and may be seen from the 
 cars, looking toward tlie Kennebec. Tlie settlement was slow, the 
 first being about the fort. The first farming attempted was upon the 
 flat below Fort Hill, by Morris Fling, about the year 1764 ; which was 
 for a long time afterward known as Fling's field. In 1676, the second 
 year of King Philip's war in Maine, Abraliafti Shurte, the magistrate 
 at Pemaquid, held a parley with the Indians near where Fort Halifax 
 was built about 75 years latei*. He was received by the Indians in 
 the " great wigwam " or fort ; but he was unsuccessful in his attempt 
 to end the war. 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1771, being named in honor of Gen- 
 eral John Winslow, who had command of the force employed in the 
 erection of Fort Halifax. As a plantation, it had been called King- 
 field. At the first towh meeting of Winslow, held April 3, 1771, Eze- 
 kiel Pattee was chosen clerk and treasurer; and Mr. Pattee, Timothy 
 Heald and John Tozier, selectmen, and Solomon Pai'ker, constable. 
 Other minor officers wei-e Robert Crosby, Nathaniel Carter, Francis 
 Dudley, and Peter Crosby. Names of honored citizens of a later 
 period are Hons. Joseph Eaton, Thomas Rice, Joshua Cushman, David 
 Garland, and Lemuel Paine, Esq. In 1802, all that part of Winslow 
 lying west of the Kennebec was set off and incorporated as the town 
 of Waterville. 
 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists each have a 
 church in town. Winslow has fifteen public schoolhouses valued at 
 $3,500. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $470,002. In 1880 it 
 was $503,269. The rate of taxation in 1880 was 18 mills on the dollar. 
 The population in 1870 was 1,437. In 1880 it was 1,467. 
 
 Winter Harbor, a post-office in Hancock County ; also a 
 historic locality at the mouth of the Saco River, so named by Richard 
 Vines, in 1617, from liis having spent the winter there. 
 
 Willterport lies on the western bank of the Penobscot, 
 constituting the north-eastern portion of Waldo County. Frankfort 
 bounds it on the south, Monroe on the west, and Newburg and Hamp- 
 den in Penobscot County, on the north. Bucksport lies opposite, on 
 the eastern side of the river. Winte7-port has a fine harbor, usually 
 open in winter — whence the name of the town. The surface is some- 
 what broken, and has many swells, some of considerable altitude, es- 
 pecially a range lying in the midst of the town. The water-power is 
 from Marsh River, which, for a considerable distance, forms the divid- 
 ing line betwixt Winterport and Frankfort. Cole's Brook, in North 
 Winterport also furnishes some power. The manufactures consist of 
 
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WINTEROP. 597 
 
 cooperage (two factories), sugar hogsheads and glass-casks, lumber, 
 cheese and butter (Winterport Cheese and Butter Factory), men's 
 vests (four factories), harnesses, etc. This was the pioneer town 
 in the State in the manufacture of clothing. Agriculture furnishes 
 the chief occupation of the inhabitants, and along the larger streams 
 and in the interior there are some fine farms. The town "is 20 miles 
 north by north-east of Belfast, on the stage-line between that city and 
 Bangor. 
 
 Formerly what is now Winterport was noted for its ship-building 
 and commerce. Its capacious wharves, large store-houses and deserted 
 ship-yards bear evidence of the business which has now departed. 
 Tlie hard times of 1857, and the depreciation of shipping property 
 which followed, brought liiiancial ruin to owners and builders ; and 
 only an occasional vessel has since been built here. Thirty or more 
 years ago Theophilus Gushing ran a steam saw-mill here, the usual 
 annual product of which was 11,000,000 feet of lumber, and 200,000 
 sugar-box shocks. The mill ran night and day, employing 100 men. At 
 this period, also, large quantities of flour, grain and other commodities 
 were discharged here from the vessels during the winter season, and 
 hauled 13 miles to Bangor, — thus making employment for farmers' 
 teams for many miles around.* Since 1870 there has been a large re- 
 duction of population, many mechanics having removed to the granite- 
 quarrying localities in and about Penobscot Bay and River, and others 
 to the Great West. 
 
 Winterport was set off from Frankfort and incorporated March 
 12, 1860. The j-eligious societies are those of the Gongregationalists 
 and Methodists. The number of public schoolliouses is sixteen, which 
 are valued, with their appurtenances, at $9,000. The population in 1870 
 was 2,744, and the number of polls, 024. In 1880 it was 2,260, with 
 523 polls. The valuation in 1870 was $600,300. In 1880 it was 
 $558,099. 
 
 Willthrop, a thrifty agricultural town, lies in the south- 
 western part of Kennebec Gounty, 10 miles west by south-west from 
 Augusta. It is bounded on the east by Manchester, and has West 
 Gardiner at the south-east and Monmouth at the south, Wayne on the 
 west and Readfield on the north. Winthrop has an area of 25,540 
 acres, a portion of which is water. The greater part of Gobbossee 
 Contee Great Pond, of Annabessacook, Maranocook, Wilson's and 
 several smaller ponds lie within the limits of the town. Maranocook 
 Lake has now become a place of much resort in summer. It has a 
 pretty steamer ; and on -the shores are convenient buildings for the 
 regattas, musical and other entertainments held here. The lake is 
 about 8 miles in length. The Maine Central Railroad, back route, has 
 a station here. The numerous places where Indian relics are found 
 show these ponds to have been favorite resorts of the aborigines.' The 
 surface is quite hilly, forming with the ponds much variety and beauty 
 of scenery. From the town-house, which occupies an elevated position, 
 
 [* These h.-iiilera were dnbbed " Israelites," for their early risiiis- Frequently iOO or 
 more teams would be on tlie wharf for a load at one or two o'clock A. M. in the winter, 
 and the late lionrs of the day would find the " early bird" of the morning back for a 
 second load, so that he could get an early start on tlie next morning. The road to Bangor 
 was, in good sledding, covered by one continual Etriug of teams.'— Crocker and Howard's 
 New England.] 
 
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598 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 the hills of Dixmont, a little west of the Penobscot, and a section of 
 tlie White Moimtains, nre plainly visible. A high hill called Mount 
 Pisgah extends nearly across tlie western portion of the town. The 
 soil is good, and agriculture is the leading pursuit, the farms generally 
 being in high cultivation. Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, widely hnown in con- 
 nection with the Maine Farmer, formerly resided iii Winthrop; and 
 chiefly fi'om his iTifluence, stock-raising has been made a speciality, so 
 tliat tlie Winthrop Jersey cattle have attained a wide reputation. The 
 town has also long been noted for its fine apple-orchards. 
 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOL HOUSE, WINTHROP, ME. 
 
 At the village, situated between Aiinabessacook and Maranocook 
 ponds, which divide the town, considerable manufacturino- is ,lone 
 There are heie a woolen factory, producing about $150,000' worth of 
 goods per annum ; a grain-mill, grinding; upwards of 12,000 bushel's of 
 grain of all kinds annually ; bark and fulling-mills, a saw-mill, manufao- 
 
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WINTHROP. 599 
 
 turing about 200,000 feet of lumber every year ; a cotton-factory, which 
 manufactures cotton yarn and lines; a foundry and machine-shop; 
 " Whitman's Agricultural Tool Manufactory," which makes cider-mills, 
 horse and hand rakes, planing, threshing and winnowing-machines, 
 etc., to the amount of from $75,000 to $100,000 yearly. In other 
 localities are several small mills and a tannery ; and at Baileyville, in 
 the eastern pai-t of the town is a large manufactory of oil-cloths. The 
 other village is East Winthrop, situated in the north-eastern part of 
 the town, near the northern extremity of Cobossee Contee Pond. The 
 National Bank of Winthrop has a capital stock of $100,000. The ter- 
 ritory of Winthrop was a part of the Plymouth Patent. The first 
 settler was Timothy Foster, who, in 1765, located his habitation by the 
 great pond. A hunter named Scott was then occupying a hut on the 
 same lot. The next settler was Squire Bishop, who came in 1767. 
 The families of Foster, Fairbanks, Stanley, and PuUen, soon after set- 
 tled near. These being accustomed only to cultivated farms, suffered 
 many hardships from their inexperience in subduing the wilderness, 
 and must have perished, had it not been for the abundance of game 
 and wild fruits. Three brothers, Nathaniel, William and Thomas 
 Whittier, came in soon after ; and felling at once some twenty acres of 
 timber, burned over the ground, and planted their corn without plough- 
 ing, obtaining a wonderful crop. The other settlers, profiting by 
 observation of the Wbittiers, as well as by their own experience, soon 
 began to thrive. The first saw-mill was built by John Chandler, in 
 1768, and a grist-mill soon after, on the site nowoccunied by the cotton- 
 factory. It is said that it required the whole strength of the settlement 
 for nearly a week to get the mill-stones from the Kennebec to their 
 place in the mill. For building these mills Mr. Chandler was granted 
 by the proprietors of the township 400 acres of land. The first road 
 was cut through to the " Hook," now Hallowell. The first tax levied 
 in town was in 1784 and the first payment was by Benjamin Fairbanks ; 
 the money used being the sum received for bounty on the head of a 
 wolf. 
 
 As a plantation, Winthrop was called Pondtown. It was incor- 
 porated in 1771, being named for John Winthrop, the first governor of 
 Massachusetts. It included Readfield until 1791. Winthrop was first 
 represented in the General Court in 1783, the representative in that 
 year being Jonathan Whiting. A post-ofiice was first established in 
 town in 1800. The Wiifthrop Woollen Company was incorporated in 
 1809 and went into operation in 1814. Among those who received 
 grants of land in the early years of the settlement, were Samuel and 
 John Needham, Abraham Wyman, NathanieF Stanley, Peter Hopkins, 
 Amos Boynton, Jonathan Whiting, John and Joseph Chandler, Samuel 
 and Amos Stevens, Joseph Buker and Elisha Smith. The first town- 
 oflicers were John Chandler, Timothy Foster, Robert Waugh, Jonathan 
 Whiting, Stephen Pullen, and Gideon Lambert. 
 
 The first ministers resident in Winthrop were Messrs. Thurston 
 Whiting and Jeremiah Shaw. Rev. David Jewett was settled in 1782, 
 and died the next year, when the town was divided into two parishes. 
 Mr. Jonathan Beklcn was ordained in 1800, and was succeeded by 
 Rev. David Thurston, in 1807. At present the Congregationalists', 
 Methodists, Universalists, Baptists and Friends have each a society 
 and church edifice in the town. Winthrop has ten public scboolhouses, 
 
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600 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 valued at $16,000. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,122,839. 
 In 1880 it was 11,125,317. The population in 1870 was 2,229. By the 
 census of 1880, it is placed at 2,146. 
 
 WiSCftSSCt is situated on the Sheepscot JRiver, in the south- 
 eastern part of Lincoln county. Wiscasset Bay, an enlargement of 
 Sheepscot River, occupies .about one-third of the eastern side of tlie 
 town, and is one of the best harbors on our eastern coast, being tho- 
 roughly protected, capacious, deep, and open even when Boston harbor 
 is closed as far as the Castle. A United States Surveying Commi.<!sion, 
 in 1813, strongly recommended to the navy department the propriety 
 of establishing a navy yard in Wiscasset. One hundred vessels of the 
 largest size can anchor here at once in from 12 to 20 fathoms of 
 water. A high bridge has been thrown across the river to Edgecomb, 
 directly above the harbor, which has a draw of 34 feet, through wJ'ich 
 vessels of 1000 tons pass without difficulty. The surface of tlie town 
 is of variable altitude, having many gorges, through which flow brooks, 
 or inlets from the sea. The usual variety of forest trees are found in 
 various parts of the town, some of them of old growth ; and old and 
 young are often in naturally pictui'esqne arrangement. The town is about 
 10 miles in length from north to south, its southern extremity resting 
 on Monsweag Bay. It is bounded on the west by Woolwicli and 
 Dresden, on the north by Alna ; the island town of Westport, in the 
 river, and beyond, Edgecomb, with the southern part of Newcastle, on 
 the east. A stream, the site of early settlement, crosses the midst of 
 the town to the Sheepscot. 
 
 On Monsweag Stream, which forms the dividing line between Wis- 
 casset and Woolwich, are eight water-powers, all of which have been 
 in time past improved, but all, except one, have now been washed 
 away or burned, or are in ruins. On a tidal cove, in the north-eastern 
 part of the town, are the picturesque ruins of a mill and dam. Clarke's 
 Point and Hill beyond are prominent objects. The view from the Hill 
 is extensive and beautiful, embracing numerous hills, forests, dales, 
 foaming streams and shining arms of the- sea. The hill was formerly a 
 station of the United States coast survey. South of the village is a 
 pijturesque cemetery, and below it a grassy glen succeeded by a lofty 
 hill called C'nshman's Mountain, that looks down upon the river and 
 Monsweag Bay. Away to south-west of this hill is Jewonke Neck, full 
 of varied, picturesque scenery, including both sea and shore. The 
 drives either up or down ihe river, or over the Monsweag road to 
 Woolwich are very pleasing. The village has several fine residences, — 
 one in full view from the cars as they appro.-icli from tlic west being par- 
 ticularly striking and elegant. The village park, shaded by old elms 
 and surrounded by the Congregational church, the court-house, and 
 pleasant residences, is an attractive spot. The Episcopal church and 
 the rectory adjoining, afford a contrast of old and new styles of 
 architecture. 
 
 The principal mills in operation are near the village on the south 
 side. They are run by steam-power ; and vessels of larjxo size load at 
 the wharves beside them. Of these, the first, on Ilobson's Island, pro- 
 duces lumber and box shocks. In connection with it is a grist-mill. 
 The second and more distant mill, is situated on Birch Point, and is 
 
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W/SCASSET. 601 
 
 devoted mainly to long and short lumber. The principal other man- 
 ufactures are sails and bricks. 
 
 The first settlement of Wiscasset was made by George Davie, who 
 is said to have lived about Jialf a mile north of the point where the 
 jail now stands. He purchnsed of the Indians a tract of several 
 hundred acres, embracing within its limits the present village of Wis- 
 casset. During the summer of the year mentioned, he with his as- 
 sistants erected several buildings, and made improvements of various 
 kinds, as well as encouraged the location of other settlers. On the 
 breaking out of King Philip's war, in 1675, the people were obliged to 
 flee from their homes ; and for nearly sixty years afterward the town 
 was entirely depopulated. Robert Hooper came in with his family 
 of four persons in 1730, and was thus the pioneer of the re-scttlement. 
 He erected his house by the side of a large rock on the eastern side 
 of where Water street now runs. He had brought with him a small 
 stock of cattle, and a number of fruit trees. In 1734, Michael Seavey, 
 Robert Groves, Sheribiah Lambert, and a man by the name of Foye 
 came in from Rye, N. H. Josiah Bradbur}', Nathaniel Rundlett, 
 Richard and Benjamin Holbrook, and Colonel Kingsbury arrived about 
 the same time. A few years later, John Young and Messrs. Taylor, 
 Boynton and Chapman settled on Cross River about two miles south 
 of Wiscasset Point, the site of the village. Numbers increased yearly 
 from this time, until in 1740 thoi-e was a plantation of 30 families, 
 numbering 150 persons. 
 
 On a hill south-west of the village was erected, in 1743, a fortifica- 
 tion, some relics of which are yet to bo seen. It is related that in the 
 latter part of September, 1744, a party of 20 Indians arrived before it, 
 in a dense fog, for the purpose of an attack. The only persons in 
 it at the time were two women and a girl, the men being at work in 
 the fields at some distance. A little clearing away of the mist re- 
 vealed to the women their approaching enemies. They quickly 
 barricaded the doors ; and disguising their voices, called to a number 
 of imaginary persons to put the place in a state of defense. The In- 
 dians, believing that there was a large force within the fort, became 
 alarmed and abandoned their design. In tlie summer of 1745, a man 
 returr.ing from the Seavey farm to the garrison, and while yet about 
 60 rods distant, from it was shot by an Indian concealed in the 
 forest. Soon after this, two block-houses were built, one on what is 
 now called Fort Hill, the other on Seavey's Hill. This settle- 
 ment was included, together with Alna, Dresden and Perkins, in the 
 town of Pownalborough, and incorporated in 1760, the name being 
 adopted in honor of Thomas Pownal, — at this date, governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts. It was incorporated under its jn-esent name in 1802. 
 
 During the Revolution, the British sloop-of-war Rainbow came up 
 the river, and, anchoring in the liarbor, laid the town under contribu 
 tion for supplies. The inhabitants were threatened with the baiter 
 and the town with destruction uriless they complied with the requisi-. 
 tions ; and having no defenses, they were obliged to yield up their 
 provisions. 
 
 Immediately on the conclusion of peace, an extensive business grew 
 up between Wiscasset and foreign parts ; and it was also the chiei 
 mart of trade for the home region. These were her palmy days. 
 Most of her inhabitants were more or less interested in navigatioD, 
 
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602 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and her ships were found on every sea. But the embargo of 1807 on 
 shipping was laid at an unfortunate time, and dealt a destructive blow 
 to her business and prosperity ; and the war of 1812 completed the 
 mischief, so-that the town has never to this day retrieved its fallen for- 
 tunes. Should the railroad projected to connect Wiscasset with 
 Quebec by way of Point Levi be 'built, the commodious harbor and 
 land-locked waters of the Sheepscot must become an entrepot between 
 England and the Canadas, by a shorter route than would be afforded 
 by any other port. 
 
 Judges Bailey, Orchard Cook, Hons. J. D. McCrate and AbielWood, 
 of this town, have been representatives in Congress ; and Hon. Samuel 
 E. Smith, another citizen, was for three years governor of Maine. 
 Judge Lee, a citizen of the Revolutionary period, and Rev. Dr. 
 Packard, a worthy Congregational minister of the same day, are the 
 subjects of pleasing reminiscence. 
 
 Wiscasset has, since the Revolution, been the seat of a custom house 
 for the river and contiguous portions of the sea. The number of vessels 
 now owned in the district is 161, having a tonnage of 9,894 tons. 
 The products of fisheries in this district "in 1879 was $366,445. The 
 Knox and Lincoln railroad passes through the town, having a station 
 at the village, 10 miles from Bath. As Pownalborough and Wiscasset, 
 this has been the shire town of the county since 1794. 
 
 The Episcoi^alians, Congregation alists and Methodists each have a 
 church in the village. Wiscasset has seven public schoolhouses; and 
 these, with other school property, are valued at $4,250. The village 
 has a system of graded schools. The valuation of estates in 1870 
 was $689,554. In 1880 it was $319,773. The population in 1870 was 
 1,977. In 1880 it was 1,832. 
 
 Woodford's Corner,— a vlUage and post-office in Deer 
 ing, Cumberland County. 
 
 'Woodland? in Aroostook County, is a new town situated in 
 the third range from the border, and just north of the Aroostook River. 
 It is bounded on the north by New Sweden, east by Caribou, south by 
 Waf-hburn and west by Perham Plantation. The water-courses are 
 Caribou Stream, its West Branch, and the East Branch of Salmon Brook. 
 The surface is rolling but without hills, the highest being about 50 feet 
 and having the name of Bear Mountain. Maple, birch, beech, spruce, 
 fir and cedar abound in the woods. The largest sheet of water is 
 Nelson Lake, having an area of about two acres. Limestone rock un- 
 derlies the whole town, as well as tlie country about ; but it is not often 
 found sufficiently pure to make good lime. The soil is veiy fertile. 
 The yield of wheat is usually about 40 bushels to the acre, and of 
 potatoes about 400 bushels. Proportionate quantities of all crops are 
 raised. Agriculture is the almost exclusive occupation of the people. 
 The few frame houses in the town are in good repair, but the log- 
 bouses have a decayed look. There is one shingle-mill capable of man- 
 ufacturing about 20,000 shingles per day. A stave-mill hero has a 
 capacity of 2,000 staves per day. The nearest railway station is in 
 Caribou, six miles from the" centre of Woodland. 
 
 This town was incorporated March 5,. 1880. It sent about a dozen 
 
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WOODSTOCK. 603 
 
 men into the Union army during the war of the Rebellion, of -whom 
 two were lost. Woodland has five public schoolhouses, and the value 
 of the school-property is estimated at $1,000. The population in 1870 
 was 174. In 1880 it was 679. The valuation in 1880 was $77,539. 
 The rate of taxation was 7^ mills on the dollar. 
 
 ^VOOdstOCk lies at the centre of the broad, middle section 
 of Oxford County. Bethel, and Milton and Franklin pla7itations bound 
 it on the north, Sumner bounds it on the east, Paris and Greenwood 
 bound it on the south and west. A group of not less than 14 liigh 
 hills occupy the centre, of which a;re Mount Blue and Perham Moun- 
 tain. In the south-western part are Whitman and Curtis mountains, 
 and in the south-eastern is Molly Ocket Mountain. The Lone Star 
 Gold Mine is situated near the base of a mountain on the north- 
 eastern side of the middle group. Bryant's Pond is a fine sheet of 
 water in tho western part of the town, named for an early settler. 
 From its southern extremity issues Little Androscoggin River. In 
 the north-western corner is North Pond ; and in the north-eastern 
 part lie Great Concord and Little Concord ponds, the latter two, the 
 the sources of the East Branch of Concord River. South of tliose 
 just within the border is Shagg Pond. The largest of these beautif il 
 sheets is North Pond, and Bryant's Pond is next, being three miles 
 long by one wide. 
 
 All the eminences in the town seem to be composed in the main 
 of granitic rocks. The soil is loamy and fertile, especially in tho alluvial 
 lands that skirts the ponds and streams. Potatoes is the chief cul- 
 tivated crop. The scenery of this town is varied and beautiful, and 
 the roads are in general very good. Beech, birch, maple, poplar, spruce 
 and fir deck the hill-sides and valleys inexlensive tracts or scattered 
 groups. 
 
 The principal village is named Bryant's Pond, and is situated on 
 the pond of that name and on the Grand Trunk railway, on which 
 it is a station. In this town there are four saw-mills, one sash 
 and door factory, one grist-mill, and the others smaller and usually 
 found in villages. The Lone Star Mine Co., operating for gold and 
 silver at the point before mentioned, is a corporation of this town. 
 
 Woodstock comprises two half townships, one of which was granted 
 by Massachusetts, June 14, 1800, to Dummer Academy, and the other 
 on February 7, 1807, to Gorham Academy. It was incorporated Feb. 
 7, 1815. Hamlin's Grant, a gore of l,'i70 acres, granted to Cyrus 
 Hamlin in 1816, was annexed to Woodstock in 1872. The first set- 
 tlement was made in 1798, by Christopher and Solomon Bryant, sons 
 of Solomon Bryant of Paris. Settlements were begun in other parts 
 of the town soon after. Lemuel Perham, an early settler, was the 
 grandfather of ex-Govei-nor Perham, who was born in this town, and 
 in his youth cultivated one of these hill-side farms. 
 
 The religious societies in the town are the Methodist, Baptist and 
 Universalist. Of the first there are three ; of the second two. There 
 are four church edifices. The public schoohouses of Woodstock num- 
 ber eleven, and are valued at $2,000. The population in 1870 was 995. 
 In 1880 it was 952. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $204,907. 
 In 1880 it was $196,035. The rate of taxation in the latter year was 
 36 mills on the dollar. 
 
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604 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 ^VOOdville9 — a post-office iu Penobscot County. 
 
 WOOdville Plantation, in Penobscot County, lies at 
 tbe soutb-v.'estei-n angle of Aroostook County, on the west bank of 
 Penobscot River. It is bounded on the north by Medway, east by 
 Mattawamkeag and south by Chester. The principal streams in the 
 town are Pattagumpus, emptying into the Penobscot at the northern 
 part of the township, and the East Branch of the Ebhops Stream in the 
 south. The county road from Lincoln Centre to Medway passes 
 through the midst of the town, and the principal settlements are on 
 this road. 
 
 This was formerly Indian township No. 2, but was organized as a 
 plantation under its present name in 1854. It has two public school- 
 houses, valued at $150. The valuation in 1870 was 130,196. In 1880 
 it was $31,937. The population iu 1870 was 293. In 1880 it was 223. 
 
 tV OOlWlCll is situated in the eastern part of Sagadahoc 
 County, adjoining Lincoln County, whose towns of Westport and 
 Wiscasset bound it on the east, and Dresden on the north. It is 
 separated from Bath by the Kennebec River, from Arrowsic and 
 Georgetown by Back River and Monsweag Bay, and by Monsweag 
 River from Wiscasset on the east. The extreme length of the town 
 from north to south is about 8f miles, and the width from east to west 
 is near b^ miles. The area is 20,000 acres. The surface is much 
 broken by low hills and projecting ledges, but has no great extent of 
 low or marshy land. The soil is well adapted to the growth of every 
 kind of produce for which the state is noted. Originally there was 
 a heavy growth of timber in Ihe town. The trees common to the 
 region flom-ish, especially tlie oak. Nequasset Pond, situated a little 
 south of the centre of the town, is a beautiful sheet of water. Its length 
 is about two miles, and its width varies from half to three-fourths of a 
 mile. Its principal feeder, coming down from Dresden at the north, 
 is marked by a Ifne of low hills; as is also its outlet, Avhich runs 
 southward, discharging into Back River. A considerable bay makes 
 up into the southern part of Woolwich at each side. At the cxtremiLy 
 of the point between is Ilockomock Head, a high bluff with precijjitous 
 walls of rock, — wliich has a legend. During the Indian wars some 
 Indians Avho had been committing depredations in Wiscasset were 
 pursued, and one — said to have been a chief — was closely followed up 
 this narrow bluff to its precipitous fi-ont. Discharging his gun, he 
 flung it from him, cried "Ilockomock! Ilockomock!" and leaped 
 down into tlie water. Thus runs the legend. In confirmation of it, 
 there was found a few years since in a crevice of the rocks near the 
 top, a gun, silver mounted, and evidently of French workmanshijVbut 
 so decayed as almost to fall in pieces at the touch. Eastward of 
 Ilockomock is Phips' Neck, forming the south-eastern portion of the 
 town. Near the point abridge connects with Westport across a narrow 
 part of the bay. 
 
 Woolwich has four small villages, — one, Montsweag post-office on 
 the falls of the stream bearing that name ; Ncquosset railroad station 
 on the outlet of Ncquosset Pond;. Woolwich at the lower ferry, post- 
 office and railroad station, and Woolwich village at the upper ferry, 
 
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YARMOUTH. 605 
 
 opposite the upper end of the city proper of Bath. The manufactures 
 are at Nequosset and Montsweag, and consist of himber, bricks and 
 leather. There is also a grist-mill on a branch of the Montsweag in 
 the north-eastern part of the town. 
 
 The early name of Woolwich was Nequasset, .from the Indian 
 name of the pond. John Bateman and Edward Brown were the first 
 settlers. They became resident in 1638, and the next year purchased 
 from Robin Hood, an Indian cliief, most of the territory now comprised 
 by Woolwich. Messrs. Smith, Cole, Phips and White came in very 
 soon after. Subsequently a portion of this tract was claimed by 
 Thomas Clark and Thomas Lake, and by settlers under them, by 
 whom mills were erected about 1658. Tlie settlement of Bateman and 
 Brown was made under the grant to John Mason of 10,000 acres of 
 land on the east side of the Sagadahoc. The peninsula at the south-east 
 part of the town (Pl)ips' Neck) was owned and occupied by James 
 Phips (or Phippes), where was born in 1651, the son, afterward dis- 
 tinguished as Sir William Pliips, and who in 1692, was made royal 
 governor of Massachusetts and Maine. Direct tradition points out the 
 place on this neck where young Phips built the vessel which in 1676, 
 conveyed the settlers of the region out of the reach of the murderous 
 savages. The fort of the Indian trader, Hammond, destroyed by the 
 Indians in August, 1676, is said to have been in this town. 
 
 The Rev. Josiah Winship, a graduate of Harvard, Avas the first 
 minister settled in Woolwich. He was ordained hei-e in 1765, when 
 there were only about twenty families and two framed houses in the 
 town. He was the first Congregational paster ordained over a church 
 in Kennebec valley. Tliere is a still a flourishing church of this deno- 
 mination here; and its pastor is Rev. Henry O. Thayer, the historian 
 of the region. The Baptists, Free Baptists and Methodists also have each 
 a church in the town. Woolwich has seven public schoolhouses, and 
 the total school property lias a value of $3,400. Tlie valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $597,650. In 1880 it was $532,639. The popu- 
 lation in 1870 was 1,168. In 1880 it was 1,154. 
 
 ^VytOpitjlOCk. — a post-oflSce and railroad station on the 
 European and North American Railway, in Reed plantation, Aroostook 
 County. 
 
 YSLrmOTltll is a seaport town on Casco Bay, and is situated 
 near the middle of the sea-coast line of Cumberland County. The 
 stations of the Grand Trunk and Maine Central railroads, near the 
 middle of the town, are about 11 miles from Portland. The two roads 
 form a junction about half a mile from the village. In the area of 
 land, this is the smallest town in the county, except, possibly, Deering. 
 It is nearly square in form, and is divided through the midst by Royal's 
 River. Cousin's River separates it from Freeport on the north-east, 
 and tlie latter with Pownal bound it on the east, North Yarmouth on 
 the north, Cumberland on the west and Casco Bay on the south. In- 
 cluded in the corporation arc also Cousin's Island, Lane's Island, Great 
 and Little Moges, Little John's and Crab islands. The first island ia 
 the largest, having a fish-oil factory, a schoolhouse, and fifteen or twen- 
 ty families. Little John's Island has four dwellings, and Great Moges, 
 ene. The surface of the town is not greatly variable in its elevation. 
 
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606 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 The ■woods are chiefly of the evergreen sort ; yet thert arc many clma 
 along tlie puMic ways, of an age from one to a hundred years. The 
 soil, in general, is clayey. The principal crops are grass and sweet 
 corn. The manufactories of the town are chiefly on Royal's River, 
 near the village. They consist of a factory making cotton warp and 
 seamless bag's, a grain-mill, the wood pulp factory of the I'orest Paper 
 Co. ; a macliine-shop and foundry ; factories for corn-canning, for earth- 
 en-waro, stove polish, blocks and cigar boxes, wood-filling, lumber, 
 coffins and caskets, medicine, and boots and shoes, etc. Usually there 
 are also one or moi'e vessels built each season. 
 
 Yarmouth constituted the eastern part of North Yarmouth until 
 1849, when it was set off and incorporated as an independent town. 
 Though losing the ancient name, Yarmouth compi-ises the localities of 
 the earliest settlement and history. When some settlers arrived at 
 the place in 1640, they found a fort already built, which had for some 
 time been "occupied by George Felt, who had purchased it of John 
 Phillips, a Welshman. In 1646, William Royall, purchased a farm on 
 the river which has since borne his name. This stream and its vicinity 
 was called by the Indians, Wescustego. They had a burying-place on 
 Lane's Island, a short distance from the mouth of the river ; and dur- 
 ing the Indian wars they sometimes held carousals at that place. John 
 Cousins had arrived a year or more earlier than Royall, occupying the 
 neck of land between the branches of the stream which has since been 
 called Cousin's River, and owning the island now bearing his name. 
 Richard Bray, James Lane, John Maine, John Holman, Messrs. Shep- 
 ard, Gendall, Seward, Thomas Blashfield, Benj. Larrabee, Amos Stev- 
 ens, Thomas Reading, and William Haines, were also early settlers. 
 The first set of trustees for the corporation was appointed in 1681, 
 They were Bartholomew Gedney, Joshua Scottow, Sylvanus Davis and 
 Walter Gendall. The last bore the title of captain, and previous to 
 the second Indian war liad become well and favorably known to the 
 Indians as a trader. In 1688, while the inhabitants on the eastern side 
 of the river were building a garrison, they were attacked by the Indians, 
 and Benedic Pulsifer, Benj. Larrabee and others attempted a defence. 
 Capt. Gendall, at the garrison on the west side of the river, observed 
 the contest, and set off in a float to c^rry ammunition to his neighbors, 
 who had ceased firing. The Indians fired upon and wounded both 
 Gendall' and the man who was paddling the float before they could 
 reach the shore.. Gendall succeeded, however, in getting the ammuni- 
 tion to his friends, who continued the contest until night ; when the 
 savages retired. It was not long before they appeared again, in such 
 force that the thirty-six families which constituted the settlement were 
 forced to fly from the place, abandoning their homes and stock to tho 
 fury of the Indians. 
 
 It was not until about 1713 that settlers ventured to revisit their 
 homes, when they found their fields and the sites of their habitations 
 covered by a young growth of trees. Among the new proprietors at 
 the time of re-settlement, were Gilbert and Barnabas Winslow, Jacob 
 Mitchell, Seabury Southworth, Cornelius Soule, who were descendants 
 of the Plymouth pilgrims. Until after the year 1756 the Indians were 
 again very troublesome. In 1725 William and Matthew Scales and 
 Joseph Felt were killed, and the wife and children of the latter car- 
 ried into captivity. A grandson of Felt, Joseph Weare, became a 
 
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YORK. COT 
 
 noted Bcout, pursuing the savages with unrelenting hate at every op- 
 portunity. In August, 1746, a party of thirty-two Indians secreted 
 themselves near the lower falls for the purpose of surprising Weare'a 
 garrison, killing Philip Greely, who came in their way. This was the 
 last attack of savages which occurred within the limits of the town. 
 
 From this time until the Revolution, the people of Royall's River 
 had peace ; but in that momentous strii;fgle the inhabitants of what is 
 now Yarmouth were not surpassed in their devotion to the American 
 cause. On the 20th of May, previous to the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, they " voted unanimously to engage with their lives and for- 
 tunes to support Congress in the measure." 
 
 Many distinguished people have resided in the town. One of the 
 earliest was the Rev. AmmiR. Cutter, who was settled as pastor in 
 1730, but subsequently studied medicine. He led a company to the 
 siege of Louisburg in 1745, remaining there as surgeon of the garrison 
 after the surrender. The town has two Congregational churches, and 
 one each belonging to the Ba])tist, Universalist and Roman Catholic 
 denominations. The North Yarmouth Academy is situated in Yar- 
 mouth village, and notwithstanding a good town high-school, it still 
 flourishes.' Yarmouth has ten public schoolhouses, and the school 
 property belonging to the town is valued at $3,500. The valuation of 
 estates in 1870 was $1,034,336. In 1880 it was $1,022,670. The rate 
 of taxation in 1880 was IJ per cent. The population in 1870 was 
 l,&i'2. In the census of 1880, the figures are 2,021. 
 
 York, in the county of the same name, is a sea-coast town, and 
 the southernmost but one in the State. Within its limits was established 
 the first English city in America. In 1641 a tract near the mouth of 
 York River, three miles square, was incorporated by Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges, proprietor of the province, as the town of Agamenticus. In 
 1642, Gorges, desirous of a suitable capital for his Province of Maine, 
 replaced the town corporation by a chartered city, upon which he be- 
 stowed the name of Georgeana. Its limits were seven miles inland 
 from the sea by three in breadth ; and the Agamenticus (York) River 
 formed its south-western boundary. The date of the first settlement 
 of York is not known. Edward Godfrey, once governor of the pro- 
 vince, affirmed that he was an inhabitant in 1629 and 1630, and " the 
 first that built there." In 1643 Gorgeana is believed to have had 
 between 250 and 300 inhabitants. Captain William Gorges, nephew 
 of the proprietor, had been appointed by him governor of the province, 
 having come over with his commission in 1635. He appears to have 
 visited England about the time of the breaking out of the war between 
 the Puritans and King Charles I., preceding the establishment of the 
 commonwealth and the protectorate of Cromwell. The death of the 
 proprietor of the province, Sir Ferdinando, occurring in 1647, and 
 nothing being heard from Governor William Gorges, the inhabitants of 
 Kittery, Gorgeana, Wells, and probably the Isle of Shoals, iuet in con- 
 vention at Gorgeana, and formed themselves into a confederacy for 
 mutual protection and just administration of the government, and Ed- 
 ward Godfrey was chosen governor. In 1652, when Massachusetts ex- 
 tended her jurisdiction over the province under a new interpretation 
 of the boundaries of her charter, the name of the city was changed 
 to York, and that of the province to Yorkshire, to avoid the city charter 
 
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608 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MAINE. 
 
 and Gorges' right. The province wns taken from the control of Mass- 
 achusetts by the commissioners sent by Cliai'Ies II., in 1664, and placed 
 under the protection of the king; but in 1668, by the desire of a large 
 portion of tlie inliabitants, it was again ])laced under Massachusetts. 
 In 1674, the king ordei-ed Massacliusetts to relinquisli ijer control in 
 Maine, and restored the province to the heirs of Gorges. Upon this, 
 Massachusetts, in 1077, purchased the whole province of Maine of its 
 pro|irietors ; and in 1716, York was made the shii-e town of tiie county 
 of Yorkshire, which was now extended over tlie Sagadahoc region. 
 
 In each of the thi'ce first Indian wars, great effoi'ts were made by 
 the savnges to destroy the place, but without success. The most dis- 
 astrous of their attacks was in February, 1692, when an une\))eeted 
 assault was made early in the morning by two or tiiree hundred Indians 
 under the command of Frenchmen. In half an hour, more tlian 150 
 of the inhabitants were eitlier killed or captured. After burning all 
 the undefended houses on the noi'tli side of the river, the Indians 
 retired quickly into the wilderness with about 100 ]irisoners, and all 
 the booty they could carry. The effect of this affair was to make 
 relentless Indian figliters o: many of the children M'lio retuiaicd 
 from captivity, wdio remembered the cruelties and indignities inflicted 
 
 GARRisoic-Honsr; at york, bitilt about lf>45. 
 
 upon tlieir parents. Two garrison houses, IM'.dutirc's and Junkin's, 
 built in this pei'iod were standing in the town, at a recent date. 
 
 Many men fi'om York joined the Louisburg expedition in 1745, 
 among whom was Rev. Samuel Moody, who ,vas a iliaj)lain. The first 
 soldiers to enter the continental army from Maine are said to have 
 been from York. One Benjamin Simpson from tliis town, nineteen 
 years of age, apprentice to a bricklayer in Boston, liel])ed destroy the 
 tea in the harbor. Among the military men of the i<iwn vv'as Johnson 
 Moulton, who leached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. The news of 
 tlie battle of Lexington reached York at evening. TJie inhabitantg 
 
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YORK. 609' 
 
 met on the following morning and enlisted a company of about sixty 
 men, furnished them with arms, ammunition, and knapsacks full of 
 provisions ; and they marched 15 miles on the road to Boston and 
 crossed the ferry into Portsmouth before the day closed. The war of 
 1812 was not popular on the sea-coast, but the towii met all the require- 
 ments of the government. In the war of the Rebellion, money was 
 freely paid out, and every quota promptly filled. 
 
 When the province of Maine was purchased by Massachusetts, all 
 unconveyed land and all rents of course reverted to Massachusetts. 
 To settle the titles in York, Thomas Danforth, in behalf of the gov- 
 ernor and council of the Commonwealth, in 1684, deeded to certain 
 citizens of the town as trustees in its behalf, all land granted to it by 
 the former proprietor, thus giving the town the right to dispose of the 
 unconveyed lands as it saw iit. The consideration was that each fam- 
 ily should pay two or three shillings annually to Massachusetts. Thus 
 the town acquired its present boundaries, which are the sea on the 
 east, Wells on the north, South Berwick on the ,west, and Eliot and 
 Kittery on the south. The number of acres of land in the town is 
 stated at 20,128. The bodies of water are Chase's and Folly ponds. 
 Tho first, which is largest, is 3 miles long and ^ a mile wide, or 350 
 acres in area. The chief streams are York River, Chase's Stream and 
 Josius River. On Chase's Stream at Cape Neddick is a factory pro- 
 ducing woolen cloth and yarn. On a power lower down, having a fall 
 of thirty-five feet, is a saw and grist-mill. There are other small 
 powers in town which are used a portion of the time. At the Corner 
 is an extensive brick-yard, and several other small manufactories. At 
 each, Cape Neddick and York Village, are good harbors for the largest 
 coasting vessels. The Knubble light-house, at Cape Neddick, has a 
 fixed red light on a conical iron tower. The tower is painted red, the 
 lantern black. The keeper's dwelling, a one and a half story house, 
 painted white, stands fifty feet north of the tower. The town consti- 
 tutes a customs district. 
 
 The principal occupations of the inhabitants are sea-faring and 
 farming. One or more vessels are built in most seasons. There was 
 formerly much oak and pine timber in the town ; but the larger trees, 
 are now rare. The face of the country along the sea-shore is qui^» 
 broken or rocky. In the north-west part of the town is Agamentiouai-, 
 Mountain, 680 feet in height, overlooking Chase's Pond at its verge, 
 The United States Coast Survey erected an observatory upon its 
 summit, from which an extended view of the country js obtained. 
 There are two notable headlands. Bald Head Cliff and Cape Neddock. 
 During storms, the sea beats grandly upon the massive blocks of stone 
 that form the high precipitous shore. The beach is one of the best on 
 the coast. Off the Nubble is a noted ducking ground. York has 
 several hotels, of which a number are intended mainly for summer 
 visitors. Its nearest railroad connections are Wjells, South Berwick, 
 Eliot and Kittery stations, the last being the nearest and connected 
 by a daily stage-line. 
 
 The soil along York River is clayey and fertile, but gravelly in the 
 interior. The proximity of the sea-shore fertilizers is quite an advant-. 
 age to the farms. The apple-tree flourishes well and bears bountifully.. 
 Large quantities of blueberries are picked. Cowi, potatoes and hay 
 are the principal crops, 
 
 39 
 
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610 GAZETTEER OF MAINE! 
 
 One of the earliest of the distinguished men of York was Colonel 
 Jeremiah Moulton, who served in the French and Indian wars, and 
 commanded a regiment at the siege of Louisburg. He was afterward 
 successively sheriff, councillor, judge of common pleas and of probate. 
 David Sewell, a native of the town, and a graduate of Harvard College, 
 was judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and at his death, in 
 1818, was District Judge of the United States for Maine, having been 
 a judge forty-one years. William P. Preble, another native, was United 
 States Attorney for Maine, judge of the Superior Court, and minister 
 plenipotentiary to the Hague under President Jackson. 
 
 The first Congregational church of York is said to have been or- 
 ganized as early as 1672, by Rev. Shubael Dummer, whose ministry in 
 the place began in 1662. A second Congregational parish was incor- 
 porated in the north-western part of the town in 1730, which had been 
 recently settled by Scotch emigrants. In 1732 a church was organized, 
 and the Rev. Joseph Moody was settled as its pastor. The town has 
 now two CongTegational churches, two Methodists, one Calvinist Bap- 
 tist, and two Christian chapels. The number of schoolhouses in town 
 is fourteen, and the value of the school property is estimated at $5,000 
 The valuation of the town in 1870 was $771,776. In 1880 it was 
 $716,798. The rate of taxationis 13^ mills on the dollar. The pop 
 ulation at the same date was 2,654. In 1880 it was 2,463. 
 
 York COimtyj forming the south-western portion of the 
 "State, grew into its present name and form by degrees, and during a' 
 long period. Its beginning may be considered to have been the estab- 
 lishment of the government of the Province of Maine in 1640, by the 
 proprietor, Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The limits of this province ex- 
 tended from the Piscataqua River to the Kennebec. The province 
 soon came to be considered as two districts, first spoken of as the East 
 and West disti'icts, or counties, of which the Kennebunk River was re- 
 garded as the dividing line. The town of York being the shire town 
 of the western section, that portion gradually came to be called York 
 district, or county, the other being called Somerset, or New Somerset. 
 The Kennebunk River also proved to be the western boundary of the 
 temporary Province of Lygonia. In 1652, Maine came under the con- 
 trol of Massachusetts, and the Isles of Shoals and all the territory 
 northward of Piscataqua River to the White Mountains, and thence 
 eastward to Penobscot Bay, were included in the re-named and ex- 
 tended jurisdiction of Yorkshire. All this was overturned by the 
 King's commissioners in 1664, who revived the divisions as established 
 by Gorges, and formed the territory east of the Kennebec into the 
 county of Cornwall. In 1677, however, Massachusetts purchased the 
 Province of Maine of Gorges' heirs ; and again Yorkshire was ex- 
 tended eastward as far as the Kennebec. In 1716, the General Court 
 ordered the extension of Yorkshire, so as to include all the settlements 
 eastward ; and accordingly Penobscot Bay became again the eastern 
 boundary. In 1735, courts were ordered to be held at York and Fal- 
 mouth, and the county received its present name. The establishment 
 in 1760 of the new county of Cumberland, gave York County its pres- 
 ent boundary on that side. In 1805, Oxford County was formed, when 
 York County first assumed its present limits. 
 
 The Saco River passes through the eastern section, then forms its 
 
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YORK COUNTY. 611 
 
 boundary line for some fifteen miles on the north-east. The Ossipee 
 River continues this line ten miles or more further to the New Hamp- 
 shire line. The Salmon Falls River forms the western boundary line 
 for about thirty miles, and the Piscataqua continues it some ten miles 
 further to the sea. The other considerable rivers are the Little Ossipee, 
 Mousam, Kennebunk, Great Works, Little and York. In the northern 
 part there are numerous ponds ; Little Ossipee — somewhat north of 
 the centre of the county — being the largest, except Great East Pond, 
 which is partly in New Hampshire. In the northern part the hills are 
 numerous, several of which are near 1,000 feet in height. Agamenticus 
 Mountain, 600 feet high, is the greatest elevation near the coast. The 
 rocks of the region are chiefly granitic ; though at some points near the 
 coast they are argillaceous. The soil of the southern and eastern parts 
 of the county inclines to sandy loam, though clay, and clayey and 
 gravelly loam are frequent. The latter increases to the north, where 
 the soil becomes strong and productive, though often difficult to work 
 on account of the stones. The Portland and Rochester railroad crosses 
 the middle of the county from north-east to south-west, while the 
 Portland, Saco and Portsmouth, and the Boston and Maine railroads 
 follow a similar direction near the coast. The county contains twenty- 
 four towns and two cities; and three United States Customs districts, 
 Saco, Kennebunk and York, are within its limits. It has twenty-six 
 towns and two cities. The shire town is Alfred. The valuation in 
 1870 was $22,442,875. In 1880 it was $22,423,960. The population 
 in 1870 was 60,174 ; and in 1«80, 62,299. 
 
 NoTK. — The following having been accidentally thrown out of its 
 place on page 468, is therefore inserted here : — 
 
 John B. Brown was in early life associated in mercantile business 
 with St. John Smith, both of whom acquired fortunes. Mr. Brown 
 later became the founder of the well-known and esteemed banking 
 house of John B. Brown & Sons. He was a man of great financial 
 sagacity, — quick in thought and prompt in action. Having also much 
 public spirit, he was a chief promoter of the railroads, and other lead- 
 ing interests of the city, the builder of the Falmouth hotel, and was a 
 large patron of the Maine General Hospital, and other charitable insti- 
 tutions of the city. 
 
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