LATIN GRAMMAR AMMEN HmHiiM Henry Holt & Co'S Educational Works. fyxmll Wimmiii» Jihmg THE GIFT OF I^.i.Di%^.h f.^:j^J4^, ^.cury. ^ancient History. Translated, with NoVeV. ' ' iVnio. ■.'.■. ' |° ease. French-Enghsh Dictionary. 8vo '" ias ^ Do. do. i6mo .'.■!.'.■.:.■.■.■ ? TO - — Translator. (English into French) , I- Gengembre. French Reader. 8vo ,~ Glbert. Introductory French Manual, izmo '.'.'. i, Maistro (X. de). CEuvrcs Completes ,„ MaiBtre (X. de) . Voyage autour dc ma Chambre. i2moV ' Paper.' lo Masset. Un Capnce Com^dic. ismo. Paper Z, S.'i°; Fr=!"=^ Conversation Grammar. lamo. Roan, $i 75 ; Key. .'.'.'.'.'" « Otto's B5che.'s French Reader, ijmo. Roan - „ Parlez-vonsFrantais? or, Do You Speak French? i8mo. Boards .'.■.■.'.■.■ 60 'S' fS.i^P S""'" of ^<"i"-!i French Plays. With English Notes by ifrof. Bocher. iimo. Paper. La Joie FaitPeur, 30 cents ; La Batailledes JJames, 40 cents ; La Maison de Penarvan, 40 cents ; La Poudre aux Yeux, 40 cents ; Les Pctits Oiseaux, 40 cents ; Mademoiselle de la Sci- glitre. 40 cents ; Le Roman d>un Jcune Homme Pauvre, 40 cents ; Les JJoigts de Fte, 40 cents ; Jean Baudty, 40 cents. The foregoing in two volumes i2mo. Cloth. Each vol.. = = Cornell University Library arV11175 A Latin arammar for beginners combining 3 1924 031 195 146 olin.anx Copyright, 1876, By Henkt Holt. New York : Lange, Little & Co.. Ptintera, 10 to 20 Astor Place. PREFACE. lu the preparation of this book it has been the aim of the author to present to the beginner as briefly and clearly as possible the " regular " Inflections, together with so much of the Syntax as is needed for an in- telligent use of them in the accompanying exercises. Irregular and exceptional forms and constructions haye, as much as possible, been excluded. This has been done from a belief that the Latin can be made less formidable, and of much greater educational value, if, in the outset, it is presented in its true character, — as a language remarkable for its regularity and logical consistency of structure. In § 3 nolnstructions were given for the pronunciation of diphthongs, in order that the pupil might be led to form them for himself from their constituent vowels. Properly formed they would be about as follows: ae=a in hat (lengthened), or (nearly) ai in aisle : liinae. au= daeus, pulcher, seu, hei, lunae. III. LESSON. QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 5. 1. — A syllable is long when it contains a long vowel, or 'diphthong : reglnae. 6. 3. — A syllable is long "by position" when it contains a Towel followed by two or more consonants: magister, wrbs, fox (x=cs). * 7. 3 — A simple vowel before another vowel is short: mSiis, puer. * But if the vowel is foUowed by a mute (p, b ; c, g ; t, d), or f and a liquid a, r), it is short in prose; ipri, ten6brae. USE OP CASES. 3 8. The last syllable of a ■word is called the ultima j the next to the last, the penult j that before the pen- ult, the antepenult. ACCENTS. 9. A. Words of two syllables are always accented on the penult : lu'na, me 'us. B. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult when it is long, but on the antepenult when the penult is short : luna'rum, dS'miiius, dS'mino, dSmuio'rfim. STEM AND TEEMHTATION. 10. Inflection is change in the form of a word to indicate change in its relations. 11. The stem of a word is that part of it which is not changed by inflection ; the termination, that part which is changed. CASES. 12. The cases of nouns are formed by adding to a stem certain terminations called case-endings. Lun- is a stem meaning moon ; -ae is a case-ending meaning of: hence lunae is a (Genitive) case, meaning of the moon. ~ 13. There are six cases : Ji^OMiNATiVE — The case of a noun used as the Sub- ject of a sentence. Genitive — The case of a Substantive used Adject- ively. The case-ending can usually be translated of. Dative — The case of the Object /or (or to) which. The case-ending can be translated /or or to. 4 LATIN GEAMMAE. AccusATiTE — The case of the Direct Object. Vocative — The case of the object Addressed. Ablative — The case of the noun whicli denotes WHEEE, AVHEEEFEOM, or WHEEEWITH Something is done. The case-ending can be translated in, from, vnth, ly, etc. REMAits.— The Kom. and Voc. are called Light ; the rest, Oblique cases. IV. LESSON. DECLENSIONS. 14. There are five different sets of case-endings — five declensions. They are distinguished from each other by means of the Genitive Singular, since each declension has a termination peculiar to itself in this case. 15. I. Dec. II. Dec. III. Dec. IV. Dec. V.Dec. -ae, -1, -is, -lis, -61. Eemabk.— The stem of any declined word may be found by patting off the Gen. Sing, case-endiug. FIRST DECLENSION 16. The First Declension embraces all nouns whose case-ending in the Gen. Sing, is -ae. The Nominative ends in -a. Oase-endings. 17. SINGULAR. PLUBAL. Nom. -a, (Subject), Gen. -ae, of. Dat. -ae, for (or to). Ace. -am, (Direct Object). Voc. -a, (Addressed). Abl. -Si,m,from, with, iy.etc. -ae, (Subject). -arum, of. -is, for (or to). -as, (Direct Object). -ae, (Addressed). -Is, in, from, with, by, etc. FIRST DECLEKSION. By adding these endings to a noun-stem, Itin-, we form a paradigm : PLUR. lun-ae, moons (Subject). lun-arum, of moons. lun-iSj/ar (or to) moons. lun-as, moons (Direct Object), lun-ae, moons ! moons ! lun-is, m, from, mth, or by moons. SING. Nom.lun-a,*fl! m^on (Subject). Gen. lun-ae, of a m/)on. Dat. lun-ae,/or(or to)ffl «ioim. Ace. lun-am, a moon (D. O.). Voc. lun-a, moon I m,oon ! Abl. lun-a, in, from, with, or ly a moon. Remark. — The Latin has no article. Heuce, luna may be translated a moon, th^ moon, or moon. 18. Eule of Gender. — Latin nouns of the First De- clension are feminine. Exception. — Namea of males are Masculine. V. LESSON. YOCABULARY. The words given in vocabularies are to be committed to memory, and de- clined. ala, mng. barba, hewrd. filia, daughter, (-abus in Dat. and Abl. Plur.) insula, island. pnella, girl. lusciuia, nightingale. plvimsi,feath,er. poeta, poet. regtna, queen. lacrimat, weeps, is weeping. Translate into English. ^ Read, parse, and translate, giving Gender, Declension, Case, and meaning, thus : Barbarum is a feminine substantive of the First Declension, from barba : is declined, barba, barbae, barbae, etc. It is here in the Genitive plural, and means of beards. Barbarum, barbis, barbae, barba. Poetam, poetarum, poetag. * Be careful never to accent the last syllable. § 9. 6 LATIN GKAMMAE. Pilia, filia! filiabus. Keg^arum, reginas, reginae. Plumis, pluma. Ala, lusciniae. Insula. Poeta. Rej^ae. Puella, pueUa, puella ! VI. LESSON. Translate into Latin (To be written.) Gf the poet, to the poet, the poet (as suhject), of poets. For the queen, the queen (as d. object), for the queens. With the -nings, of a nightingale, of an island." In the island, of the queen. Daughter! girls ! girl (as subject), girl (as d. object). Of the feath- ers. VJI. LESSON. SOME PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. The Simple Sentence. 19. Syntax treats of the relations existing between the words of a sentence. 20. The essential parts of a sentence are the Sub- ject * and Predicate. A. The Subject is that of which something is said. B. The Predicate is that which is said of the Sub- ject. Puella lacrimat, TTie girl is weeping. Here something is said of puella : it is therefore the Subject. What is said of puella is lacrimat (is weeping): laciimaTis therefore the Predicate. Obeervc that the Subject paella is in the Nomiuative Case, Third Person, and Singular Number. * If the predication is made with reTerence to Bomerhing indefinite, or uti- cmpbatic, the Personal Ending (§ 62) suffices for a Subject : Plui-t, it rains; su-m, / am. MODEL FOE PAESIKG. 7 21. Eule of Syntax. — The Subject of a finite verb is put in the Nominatiye Case. 22. Eule of Syntax. — The yerb of the Predicate must agree with the Subject in Number and Person. For it will be observed that in the sentence above the verb lacrimat is in the Third Person, and SingvQar Number, — agree- ing thus with puella. MODEL POR PAESING. 23. Bubstantwes. The pnpil will use this Model iu parsing the exercises immediately follow- ing. The blanks are to be filled up- 'by the insertion of the proper words. Much time will be saved by requiring a close adherence to the language and order of the model. 1. ■Declension. (De- cline it). ■5.J Masc. ) o}_g. ) It is of the Fern. J- Gender, pi„°' \ Number, and Neut. ) ■ ' 'Nom. Case, to modify* the verb " " as its Subject. | 21. Gen. Case, to modify the noun " ". See Rule, §35. Dat. Case, to modify " " as its Indirect Object. § 38. Ace. Case, to modify " " as its Direct Object. § 30. . Voc. Case, being the thing addressed. 1 33. r Where. §40, I. Abl. Case, to mod. " ," expressing the ■< Wheref rom. " II. (Wherewith. "HI- Note.— Give the Eule for each case. "VOCABULAET. ancilla, maid-serDant. I riiusca, fly. nauta, sailor. I scnba, elm-k. Yerba. THIRD PERSOU SING. THIED PBBSOIT PLTTR. cantat, dngs, is singing. \ cantant, dng, are singing. * The term " modify " includes in its meaning both limit and qualify. 8 LATIN GEAMMAE. Observe that the Singular (cantat) ia made Plural (cantant) by inserting -n- before the final -t- saltat, dances. I festinat, hoMens. volat, flies. et, (conjunction,) and. 3. EXEBCIBE. Translate, analyze, and parse, thus : Puella cantat, The girl is singing. The Subject is puella, the Predicate is cantat. Br THB MoDKL.— Puella is d common noun, of theWrst Declension, from puella. Puella, pnellae, etc. It is of the Feminine Gender, Singular Number, and here in the Noijiinative Case,— to limit the verb cantat as its Subject. Uxiix.— The Subject of a flmtevirb,e\a. §21. Cantat is a iinite verb, in the Third Person, Singular, to agree with its Subject, puella. Ectle.— rA« verb of the Predicate, etc. § 28. 1. Puella cantat. 2. Fuellae cantant. 3. Rigina saltat. 4. Iiusciniae volant. 5. Nautae cantant et saltant. 6. An- cillae festinant. 7. Nauta et ancilla saltant. 8. Poitae et puellae cantant. 9. Scribae cantant et saltant. 10. Foeta can- tat, et nauta saltat. 11. Musca volat. VIII. LESSON. 4. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. \. The sailors are singing. 2. The girls are dancing. 3. The maid-servant hastens. 4. Clerks and poets sing and dance. 5. The clerk and girl are dancing. 6. The girl dances. IX. LESSON. THE GENITIVE. ITie Subject modified. 24. The Genitive is the Adjective case, — the case of a substantive used to modify another substantive (de- noting a different thing). POSITION OF GENITIVE. 9 Regina saltat, The queen is dancing. Here the Subject regina is unmodified. Regina insulae saltat, The queem, of the idand is dancing. The addition of the Genitive insulae modifies the idea expressed hy regina by limiting it to one person. Only the queen of the island is meant ; other queens are excluded. Observe that rSgina and insulae deuote quite different things. Hence, 25. Eule of Syntax. — A noun used to modify an- other noun (denoting a different thing), is put in the Genitive. 26. But when the noun used to modify another noun denotes the same thing, it is put in the sam^ case. Nouns thus used are said to be in apposition. Tt/laxia., filia reginae, saltat, Ma/ry, the queen!) dmighter, is danxing. Here Maria and filia are the same person. 27. Eule of Syntax. — Nouns in Apposition agree in case. Rbmahk.— The Genitive is often equivalent to the English Possessive : nautae filia— «A« sailor's daughter. 28. Position. — The Gen. follows the noun it modifies, un- less emphatic. ^ TOCABTrLAET. 3. agricola, farmer. femina, woman. arat, ploughs. incola, inhaWtant. )<. insula, island. pugnat, fights. 5. BXEBCISB. Translate, analyze, and parse. 1. Ancilla reginae cantat, 2. Ancillae reginae cantant. 10 LATIlf GEAMIIAE. 3. Fllia agricolae arat. 4. Incolae insnlanun pugnant. 5. Feminae lnscinia cantat. 6. InstQarmn agricolae png- nant. 7. Fsminae filiae saltant. 8. Bsglnae scrlba sal- tat. 6. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. 1. The farmei"'s daughter is singing. 3. The woman's nightingale sings. 3. Mary, the poet's daughter, sings. 4. The queen of the islands fights. 5. The farmer's daughters plough. 6. The women's nightingales are singing. X. LESSON. THE ACCUSATIVE. TTie Predicate Modified. 29. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Ob- ject of an Active verb. Reg^a insulae amat, The queen of the island loves. The Predi- cate Eunat is not here limited by any word indicating what the queen loves. Regina insulae filiam amat, I'he qiieen of the island loves Tier daughter. The verbal Predicate amat is here limited by the addition of the Accusative filiam — the object of her love. Observe that filiam is the immediate, or Direct Object of amat, and. that the latter is a transitive verb in the Active Voice. Hence, 30. Rule of Syntax.— The Direct Object of a Tran- sitive verb, in the Active voice, is put in the Accusa- tive. Note.— Fundamentally, the Accusative denotes the ExUnt— in space or time; derivatively, the iimii. The Direct Object is usually the latter. See i 119 aud 120. THE VOCATITE. 1] VOCABFLAEY. i. corona, wreath, crown. gloria, glory. rosa, rose. amat, loves. delectat, i habet, has. pecunia, money. pMgna., fight, battle. terra, eoHh, ground, landat, praises. . ornat, adorns. vituperat, hla/mes, abuses. 7. EXBKCISB. Translate, analyze, and parse. See,§ 18a, Eem. 2. Poeta barbam habet. 2. Corona rosarum puellam or- nat. 3. Coronas rosarum amant puellae. 4. Laudat po- eta insulas reglnae. 5. Gloria poetae filiam reglnae ihsu- larum delectat. 6. Pugnant nautaepugnas. 7. Peminae nautas vitnperant. 8. Agrieola terram arat. 8. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. When written, mark accented syllables. §9. The vomen hay^e wreaths of rogues. _ 2. The farmer praises the women's wreaths of roses. 3. Sailors loTe glory. 4. The sailors blame the inhabitants of the isl- ands 5. The sailors are fighting 5, battle. 6, The poet praises ~the queen's daughters. 7. Clerks lore money. XI. LESSON. THE VOCATIVE. The Vocative is the case of the object addressed. Re^%a, pugiiant nautae! queen, the sailors are fighting! Re^na is here in tte Vocative, being addressed.- Hence, 32. Eule. — The name of the thing addressed is put in the Vocative 12 LATIK GKAMMAE. VOCABULARY. 5. Galba, Oalba, a man's name. Maria, Mary. videt, sees. vocat, caUs. fera, wild-ieast. gaOiaa,. Jien. devor'at, devours. necat, fdHs. 9. EXERCISE. Translate, aoalyze, and parse. Maria! femina vocat. 2. Maria, fUia Galbae, feram videt, 3. ancilla t fera galllnas agricolae dsvorat ! 4. Galba, scrlba reglnae, feram necat. 5. Galba ! ferae agricolas devorant. 6. Fosta Marlam, aucillam, vocat. 10. TRANSLATE INTO I/ATIN. — Galba ! tlie sailors are killing the inhabitants of the island. 3. Clerk, the maid-servant calls ! 3. Mary, the wild-beast is devouring the heps !. 4. Praise (laudate), ^0 poets, the queen. 5. Mary, the maid-servant of the poet, sees a nightingale. 6. Gal- ba ! XII. LESSON. SECOND DECLENSION. 33. The Second Declension embraces all nouns that have -I for the case-ending of the Genitive Singular. See § 15. The case-endings of the Nom. Sing, are -us (Masc), and -um (Neut.). Case-Midings. 34. MASCULINE. NEUTER. Sing.- — N. -us, PI. --i. Sing •— N. -nm, PI. a. G.-l, -omm, G.-i, -drum, D.-o, -is, D.-5, -is, Ace. -nm,' -OS, Ace. -iim, -a. V.-e, -i, V. -um, , -a, AW. -o, -is. Abl. -6, -is. SECOND DECLEKSIOM'. 13 By adding these endings to the stems domin-, master, and bell-, war, we form the paradigms : MASC— Dom inus, master. SING. PLTOtt. N. domin-us, domin-i, G. domin-i, domin-orum, D. domin-o, domin-is, Ace. domin-um, domin-os, y. domin-e, d6imu-i, AW. d6nun-o, domin-is. ITEXIT. — Bellum, wa^. snsfG. PLTIE. N. blU-um, bgll-a, G. beU-i, bell-orum D. beU-o, bell-is, Ace. bell-um, bell-a, V. bgU-um, bell-a. Abl. bSll-5, bell-is. Eemaek.— 1. Filius, "on, and Proper Names ending in -ius have -I in the Vocative instead of -ie '• fill ; Ovidi, from Nom. OTidlus, Iileus has mi. Sous remains deus in the Yoc: in Nom and Voc. Plur., dl; Dat. and Abl., di3. 2. Only nonns in -us (3d Dec. Masc.), lilce dominns, ever, In any declen- sion, have the Voc. unlike the Nom. , 3. When declining neuter nouns, put like cases together, thus: SiNa.— Nom. Ace. Voc. bellum, G. belli, Dat. Abl. bello. Pltjb.— bella, bellorum, bell!3. 35. Masculine nouns whose stems end in -r drop the case-endings (-us and -e) of the Nom. and Voc. Singular : puer (instead of puerus). Many also insert -e- before the final -r in the Nom. and Voc. Singular: N. agar (from the stem agr-). / MASC— -Puer, Jo^. MASC— -Ager, field. smG. PLUB. SINS. PLUE. N. puer, pueiJ, puerorum. N. Iger, agrty G. pueri, G. Sign, agrorum, D. puero. pueris. D. agro. agris. Aee. puerum. pueros. Aee. agriun. agr3s, V. puer. pueri. V. ager. agri. Abl, puero. pueris. Abl. agro. agris. 36. Eule of Gender. — Nouns ending in -um are Neuter; the rest are Masculine. 14 LATIN GEAMIIAE. XIII. LESSON. TOCABULAET. 6. Declined like puer (few) : Ziiber, god of mne. \ gener, son Declined like agar (many) : culter, knife. liber, hook. cibus, food. corwTis, raven. domina, mistress. dominus, master (of the house). Lord. filius, son. ovum, egg. faber, carpenter. magister, master, teacher. populus, people. pratum, meadow. regnum, royal authority, reign. serva, »to«e (female), servus, slafoe (male), vinum, viine. 11. EXEBCI8E. Translate, analyze, and parse. Dominus servos amat. 2. Domiue ! domina servos, at servas vituperat. 3. Fllius servi ova corvorum videt. Ovnm corvl filinm domini delectat. 5. Nautae vtnum at cibum amant. 6. Populus laudat Galbae regnum. 12. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. The son-in-law of the carpenter calls the master's slaves. 2. Nightingales' eggs delight the boy. 3. The boy loves his book. 4. The poet praises wine apd the god of wine. 5. son! the teacher is calling you (te). 6. The mBadows and roses delight the people. XIV. LESSON. THE DATIVE. Hie Predicate Modified. 37. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object, — POSITION' OP DATITB. 15 the object for (or to) whose interest something is done, or exists. ServTis domino cibum parat, The Aame prepa/rea food for This master. Here the verbal Predicate (parat) is limited by its Direct Object (cibum) in the Accusative, and tbe whole action (cibum parat) is limited by the Dative (domino). Domin5, which indicates the Person in whose interest (=:for whom) the whole action is performed, is called the Indirect Object. 38. Eule of Syntax. — The Indirect Object is put in the Dative. Eemabk.— The preposition /or best translates the Dative ending, though to is of tend" convenient. 39. Rule of Position. — Place the Indirect Object before the Direct. TOCABULAKT. 7. fabula, story, play. medicus, physician. dat, gives. TD.QnstiaX, points out, shows. nuntius, messenger, ■viafway, road. narrat, narrates, tells. parat, prepares, procures. 13. EXEBCISE. Translate, analyze, and parse. Agricqla nuntio viam monstrati 2. Nuntius agricolae fabulam narrat. 3. Medici filius puellae ovum corvi dat. 4. Medicus tilils et filiabus vlnnm dat. 5. Nantae filius fUio medic! coronam rosarum parat. 6. Nautae scrlbis iusulae fabulas narrant. VOCABULAKT. 8. agnus, lamb. casa, cabin, cottage. discipulus, piipil, scholar. aedificat, builds. Bocer, soceri, fath&r-in-loM lupus, wilf. malum, apple. nidus, nest. vestigium, l/rajck. dojiiA, presents, gimes. 10 LAITif GEAMMAR. 14. EXERCISE. Translate, analyze, and parse. Point ont the syllables " long by position." See § 6. Magistrl puerls libros donant. 2. Faber servis casam aedificat. 3. Discipulus amlco vlnum et mala donat. 4. Amice, magister vocat. 5. Nuntius Marlae a^num dat. 6. Lupl agntim Marlae devorant. 7. Liber dat vlnum naiitls. 8. Ml fill ! 9. Socer genero flliam dat. 15. TKANSLATB INTO LATIN . Observe the rnles of position. The farmers show the sailors the tracks of the wolves. 2. The teacher's son-in-law tells the scholars the story. 3. The carpenters are building cottages for the queen's slares. 4. The farmer's son shows the boys a nightingale's nest and eggs. 5. Mary gives [her] lamb an apple. 6. Mary, the apple is killing the lamb. 7. The wild-beast of the forest, the wolf, devoiirs Mary's lamb. 8. Give (da) the boys knives. XV. LESSON. THE ABLATIVE. The Predicate Modified. 40. The Cen. and Voc. excepted, all the cases of nouns modify the verb after the manner of adverbs. This is especially evident with regard to the Ablative. The Ablative has three principal uses : — I. Where: — To denote the place where something is done. II. Wherbfrom : — To denote that from, whiah motion or ac- tion proceeds. III. Wherewith: — To denote that with which a thing is done. Observe.— That the idea of position or locality {where) is to be traced in all THE ABLATIVE. 17 41. Where. — Rule of Syntax. — The Place Where is expressed by the Ablatiye— usually with the prepo- sition in: Agricola in vioo habitat, The farmer Iwes in the vBlaffe. 42. Eule of Syntax. — The Time When is expressed by the AblatiTe — without a preposition. Autumno mala matura erunt, In the autumn the a/pplea wiM ie ripe. 43. Wherefrom. — 1. Rule of Syntax, — The Place From Which is expressed by the Ablative — usually with the prepositions ab, from, ex, out of, etc. : Balbus servos ex agrls in vicum convocat, BaZbus caNs to- gether the sla/Dea out of the fields into the milage. 2. Cause: — Puella laorimat gaudiS, The girl weeps for jo^/. 44. Wherewith. — 1. Aeeompaniment : — Agricola cum flliis inoppidum venit, The fa/rmer came into tovm with his sons. 2. Manner: — Servus domino cibum silentio parat, The slave prepa/res food for his master in silence {silently). 3. Means: — Agricola agros equis arat, The farmer plouglis his fields ly means of his horses. 4. Instrument : — ^Puella pnero viam baoulo monstrat, The girl points out tlie road to the hoy with h&r stick. 45. Rule of Syntax. — The Cause, Manner, Means, and Instrument are expressed by the Ablative — with- out a preposition. Remark.— The Abl. of Manner, however, is umally accompanied by the prepOBition cum, wit/t, or an Adjective. PREPOSITIONS. 46. The Preposition is used to define more precise- ly the local relations of the Accusative and Abla- tive. 1. Used with the aco. only : — ad, to; trans, across, over; per th/rough. 18 LATIN GEAMMAE. 2. With the abl. oklt : — a, ab, from ; e, ex, oiU of, from ; cum, loitJi. 3. With acc. and abl. : — ^in (with Ace), into; (witli Abl.) in, on. Eemabk.— a and 6 are used oDly before consonauts, ab and ex before vow- els and contsonauts. Nota Bene. — Translate to, after a verb of motion, by ad ■Vfith the Acc, not by the Dat. VOCABULAEY. 9. cura, -ae, care. studium, -I, seal, study. hora, -ae, Tiour. tintinnabulum, -i, bell. signum, -i, signal, sign. tuba, -ae, trumpet. silentium, -i, silence. superat, surpasses. convocat, calls together. vulnerat, wounds. 16. EXBBCIBE. Translate, and parse by the model. 1. Puer in silva luponiin vestigia vidit {saw). 2. Magis- ter octava {eighth) hora paeros tintinuabtdd convocat. 3. Lnpus e casa trans agnun in sHvam festlnat. 4. Paella cantat gaudio. 5. Maria puero fabulam cum cura narrat. 6. Nautae in insula agricolae galllnas sagittis vulnerant. 7. Servus servam studio superat. 8. Domini servis signum tuba dant. 9. Poeta ex oppido in vicum venit {comes). 10. Poetam reglna corona rosarum ornat. 11. Scrlba in vico habitat. 12. Dominus ab oppido ad vicum venit. 13. Ser- vus filium cultro vulnerat. 14. Luscinia per silvam volat. XVII, LESSON, ENGLISH INTO LATIN. How to Proceed. 47. Before proceeding to turn an English sentence into Latin, the pupil must analyze it carefully, in or- der to determine, I., which word is the Subject ; II., which the Verbal Predicate ; III., which the Direct; and IV., which the Indirect Object. POSITION OB WOEDS. 19 1. The Subject may be found, usually, by placing whol or what? before the verb. The answer to the question thus made is the Subject. 3. The Direct Object is found by placing whom? or what? af. ter the verb. 3. To find the Indirect Object, place /or (or to) whom after the verb. Example. — Thephyskiam, prepares medicine for ths queen's son with care. Who "prepares medicine," etc.? Ans. — The physicvm — Sub- ject. See § 31. " The physician prepares " what ? Ans. — Medicine — Direct Ob- ject. See § 30. "The physician prepares (medicine) " /w «oAom .? Ans. — The so?i — Indirect Object. See § 38. Eemabk. — Proceed similarly for other constructions. LATIlSr INTO ENGLISH. 48. In turning Latin into English look first for the verb. Its Person, Number and meaning will, when known, guide one to a correct use of the other words. Note. — The verb is the only word (commonly) met with end- ing in -t. No directions will be needed for finding the Subject, Direct and Indirect Objects, etc, of a Latin sentence, since the case-end- ings determine the translation. EOSITION OF WOBDS. 49. The meaning of an English sentence .depends, in great measure, upon the order, or position, of the words of which it is composed, but in Latin the mean- ing depends almost altogether on their inflections. Hence, the Latin allows great variety of position. 50. In a sentence in which no word is particularly emphatic, the order will be about as follows : 20 LATIK GRAMMAR. 1. Subject ; 2. Modifiers of the Subject ; 3. Modifiers of the Predicate; 4. The Verbal Predicate. 51. To give a word an unusual position in the sen- tence is to make it emphatic : corona rosarum, vosH- rum corona. See §§ 28, 39. XVIII. LESSON. VOCABULARY. 10. Uberi, -orum, children. medicina, medicine. annua, year. Balbus, BaXbus. Caius, Cains. hasta, spear. initium, beginning. insidiae, -arum, ambtlsA. defeusat, defends. nona (fem. adj.), ninth. Sagittarius, archer. venenum, poison. vita, life. servat, preserves. 17. TKANSLATB INTO LATIN. The physician prepares medicine for the queen's son with care. 2. The slave killed (necavit) his mas- ter at the beginning of the year with poison. 3. The archers are carefully preparing an ambush for the queen's sons in the forest. 4. By means of swords and spears the sailors on the island are defending the qu^een. 5. Teachers assemble their pupils by-ineans-of a bell at nine o'clock (= ninth hour, English style). 6. Mary dances for Joy. 7. Caius defends the island zealously, and carefully preserves his life. 8. Balbus lives in the town with the clerk. Q^albus came with Caius out of the town into the forest. 10. Caius killed Balbus with a stick and knife. XIX. LESSON. ADJECTIVES. 52. An Adjective denotes a quality or limitation of the Substantive. ADJECTIVES. 31 53. The Substantiye determines the G-ender, Num- ber, and Case of the Adjective modifying it: Dominus bonus, domina bona, initium bonum. Here the stem bon takes the masculine, feminiup, or neuter ending (masc. -us, fem. -a, neut. -um), according to the gender of the noun which it modifies. Hence, 54. Eule of Syntax. — The Adjective agrees with the Substantive it modifies in Gender^ Number, and Case. Kemauk, — The Adjective is often used as a Substantive, tlie Substantive which it modiiies being sufficiently obvious to be omitted : l)oni (hominSs, mm, omitted), the good; 'bona (neut. Plural), good things. The Masculine form bonus is declined like dominus, the Fem- inine form bona like luna, the Neuter form bonum like bellum. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOKD DEOLENSIOlfS. 55. Bonus, bona, bonum, good. M. F. N. M. F. N. Siso. JT. bonus, bona, 'bonum, PLuB.bouI, bonae, bona, 6. boni, bonae, boni, ' bonornm, bonarum, bouorum, D. bono, bonae, bou5, bonis, bonis, bonis, A. bonum, bonam,bonum, bonos, bonas, bona, V. bone, bona, bonum, boni, bonae, bona, Abl. bono, bona, bonS. bonis, bonis, bonis. 56. Some, like puer, drop the Masc. terminations -us and -e of the Nom. and Voc. Singular: liber (for Ubenis). Many also insert -e- before the final -r of the stem in the Nom. and Voc. Singular Masc. : pulcher (from the stem pSchr-). Liber, libera, liberum, /?•««. BINO. PLnB. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. liber, libera, llberiua, G. llberl, llberae, llberl, D. libera, llberae, llbero, A. llberum,llberam, Ilberum, V. liber, libera, Ilberum, Abl. llbero, libera, Ilbero, N. Uberl, llberae, libera, G. liberSrum, liberarum.liberOmm, D. liberls, Uberls, llberls, A. Iiberos, llberas, libera, V. llberl, llberae, libera, Abl. llberls, llberls, Uberls. 32 LATIN GEAMMAR. Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, teauUfid. N. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, G. pulchri, pulchrae, pulchrt, D. pnlchrS, pulchrae, pulchro, A. pulchrum,pulchram,pulchrum, V. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, Ab. pulchro, pulchra, pulchra. . PLUR. N. pulchr!, pulchrae, pulchra, G. pulchrS- pulchra- pulchrS- rum, rum, rum, B.. pulchrls, pulchrls, pulchrls, A. pulchrSs, pulchras, pulchra, V. pulchri, pulchrae, pulchra, Abl. pulchrls, pulchrls, pulchrls. 57. The nine following have -Ins and -I for the case-endings of the Gen. and Dat. Singular: alius, other. nullus, no,nmie. solus, alone. totus, whole. \illus, any. unus, OTie. snsa. M. P. N. N. iJnus, una, unuin, one, G. uulus, unlua, unius, D. um, uni, uni, Ace. unum, unam, unum, etc?. The rest is regular. Decline together: 1. Servus ullus. 2. vicus liber. alter, -era, -erum, the other, one (pt two), uter, -tra, -trum, wliich (of two)? neuter, -tra, -trum, neither, SENG. M. P. N. N. alius, alia, aliud, other, G. alius, alius, alius, D. Etlii, alii, aUi, Ace. alium, aliam, aliud, etc. The rest is regular. 3. puella pulchra. 4. initium bonum. XX. LESSON. VOCABULAET. 11. aegrotns, sick. longus, lojig. albus, white. magnus,'g'rea<, la/rge. benignus, Idnd. malus, iad. gratus, grateful. meus, my, Voc. , mi. § 34, E. 1. improbus, naughty. multus, much; Plur., many. incautus, ca/reUss. stultus, stupid, foolish, siUy. Like liber : asper, rough. I miser, wretched. tener, tender, young. I prosper, prosperous. ADJECTIVES. 23 Like pulcher : aeger, dck. \ piger, lazy. niger, llack. \ ruber, red. 18. BXBECISB. Translate, analyze, and parse. § 181. Magister scholae fillo amici librum pulchrtun dat. 2. Magister prosper puerls bonis libros multos dat. 3. Malus puer nullus librum amat. 4. Ilberum populum lau- dat maguus posta. 5. Rosae rubrae flliam teneram uau- tae aegroti dslectant. 6. Boul bonos, mail malos amant. 7. Amice ml, narra {tell) febulam longam scrlbae aegro ! 8. Altera feminarum cantat, altera saltat. 9. Magister bonus pigros et incautos pueros multls verbis {words) vitu- perat. 10. Stultos discipulos tertia {third) hora dimittit {dismisses) magister benignus. 19. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. ObaervB the rales of poBition. The grateful pupil will love (amabit) his dear, kind teacher. 2. The kind girl will-give (dabit) mon- ey to the foolish son of the sick woman. 3, The care- less physician had-given (dederat) poison to the beauti- ful daughter of the great queen. 4. The messenger announces to the wretched woman the sickness of her young daughter. 5. The rough sailor loves his tender children. 6. The kind master gives to one of his good boys a beautiful, white knife, to another a long, black staff. 7. The bad hate (oderunt) the good. 8. my son ! you-are-telling (narras) a long, stupid story to the nauffhtv daughter of the clerk. 24 LATIN GBAMMAK. XXI. LESSON. THE VERB. 58. In the expression puer bonus, the good boy, bonus is an attributive adjective, the connection between it and puer being assumed, — not formally declared. To declare (^predicate) it, we must introduce a third word, est, is: Puer est bonus. The hoy is good. This third word, so essential in the construction of a sentence, is the Verb.* Est bonus is the grammatical predicate, and bonus, which (by means of est) is predicated of puer, is the Predicate Adjective. 59. Kule of Syntax. — The Predicate Adjective agrees with the Subject in Gender, Number, and Case. A Substantive also may be predicated : Morbus est causa mortis, l^kness is a cause of death. Est causa mortis is the entire predicate, and causa is the predicated substantive. 60. Eule of Syntax. — The Predicate Substantive agrees with the Subject in Case. CONJUGATION. 61. The inflection of a verb-stem is called Conjuga- tion. It consists in the addition to a verb-stem of cer- tain Tense-Signs and Personal Endings, with Connect- ing Vowels. * Sum alone simply predicates. Other verbs have the Predicate Adjec- tive, etc., combined with them: sapit, A« is wise ; cantat, he is singing. THE VEEB SUM. 35 The Personal Endings are: 02. 1. ACTIVE VOICE. 3. PASSIVE TOICBJ smG. 1. -m, I. SING. 1. -r, I. 3. -s, thou, (you). 3. -ris, thou, (you). 3. -t, he, she, it. 1 3. -tur, he, she, it PLTm. 1. -mus, we. PLUB. 1. -mur, we. 3. -Us, ye, you. 3. -nt, tfiey. 3. -mini, ye, you. 8. -atur, tliey. Hbmabk. — The ending -m is lost in several tenses, and in the second Per- sons of the Perfect seeming irregalarities occur. 63. As the Personal Endings indicate sufficiently the person of the Subject, the pronouns ego, I, tu, thou, nos, we, vos, you, etc., are not expressed unless emphatic: sum, lam. XXII. LESSON. The Veeb sum. PKINCIPAL PABTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. sum, esse, fui. INDICATIVE MODE. 64. Present Tense. Present-Perfeet (and Aorist) Tense, sma. 1. sum, lam, sing. 1. fui, Ihcme been, was, 3. fuisti, thou hast been, wast, 8. fuit, he lias been, was, PLUE. 1. fuimus, we home been, were, 3. fuistis, you home been, were. 1. sum, lam, 3. es, thou art, 3. est, he, she, it is, PLUR. 1. srnnus, we are, 3. estis, you are, 3. sunt, they are. Past Tense. SDTG. 1. eram, I was, 3. eras, thou wast, 3. erat, h^ was, PLTJB. 1. eramus, we were 2. eratis, you were, 3. erant, they were. 2 3. fuerunt, they ha/oe been, were. Past-Perfect Tense. snsTG. 1. fueram, I had been, 3. fueras, thou hadst been, 3. fuerat, hs had been, PLUB. 1. fueramus, we had been, 3. fueratis, you Jiad been, 3. fuerant, they had been. 26 LATIN GKAMMAE. Future Tmae. Future-Perfect Teme. SING. 1. ezBjlsTiallbe, snja. 1. taeTS, IshaUhaveieen, 3. ens, tTum wilt be, 2. fuerfs, tlwu mtt have been, 3. exit, Tie will be, 3. fuerit, 7j6 loiU ha/ee been, PLTJB. 1. erimus, «)««AaB66, plttr 1. iaexhatxSjWe shalllMtebeen, 2. eritis, you vnll be, 2. fueritis, you imM home been, 3. erunt, they wUl be. 3. fuerint, they will have been. SUBJUNCTIVB MODE. Present Tense. snsro. 1. sim, Tbe, may he, 3. sis, tliou be, mayst be, 3. sit, he, slie, it be, may be, PLxm. 1. siinus, we be, may be, 3. sitis, you be, may be, 3. sint, they be, may be. Past Tense. SING. 1. essem, I were, was. Present-Perfect Tense. SING. 1. fuerim, I have, may have, been, 3. fueris, thou have, mayst have, been, 3. fuerit, he have, may have, been, PLTIK. 1. fnerimus, we ha/ve, may have, been, 3. fueritis, youhave,mayhave, been, 3. fuerint, they have, may have, been. Past-Perfect Tense. SING. 1. fuissem, I had, might have, been. 3. esses, thou wert, wast, 3. fuisses, thou hadst, mightst ha/oe, been. 8. esset, he were, was, PLUK. 1. essemus, we were, 3. essitis, yov, were, 8. essent, th( 3. fuisset, he had, might have, been, PLUB. 1. fiiissemus, we had, might home, been, 3. fuissetis, youTiad.mightha/Be, been, 3. fuissent, they had, might have, been. IMPERATIVE MODE. Present Tense. Future Tense. SING. 1. , SING. 1. , 3. es, be thou, 3. PLTJK. 1. 3. estd, 3. ests, 1. tJum shalt be, he shatt be. 3. este, 3. 3. estote, you shaU be, 3. sunto, they shaU be. CONJUGATION. 27 INFINITIVE. esse, to he, fuisse, to luioe been, ' Future. futurum esse, to he going to he, to he about to he. PARTICIPLE, Skcture. futurus, -a, -um, goiTig to he, aboni to he. XXIII. LESSON. TOCABFLAET. 13. parvus, -a, -um, smotH, Utile. sedulus, -a, -um, indiiatiious. semper (Adv.), always. tuus, -a, -um, thy, {your). verbum, -i, word. beatus, -a, -um, oervus, -£, stag. claiiis, -a, -um, dear, renowned. nou (Adv.), not. Ovidius, -i, Omd. 20. EXEBCISE. Translate, analyze, and parse. Distingaish between attribative and predi- cate adjectives. § 181. Verba poetae ptilchra sunt 2. Gloria tua, OvidI, sem- per Mt, semper erit, magna. 3. Foetae clarl non snnt multl. 4. Cervus parvus amid tul albus fait : fuerat niger. 5. Tu es filius magistrl, nos sumus discipnll. 6. Beat! eritis, puerl: faeritis bonl. 7. Estote bonae, puel- lae ! Esto puer sedulus. 21. TBANSLATE INTO LATIN. The pupils were industrious. 2. The good will be happy. 3. The industrious boy will be renowned. 4. The woman's raven was white: it had been black; 5. Be thou an industrious boy. 6. Balbus, thou art a careless slave. 28 LATIN GEAMMAE. XXIV. LESSON THIRD DECLENSION. 65. The Third Declension embraces all nouns that have -is for the case-ending of the Gen.* Singular. 66. When -s is added to stems ending in -o, -g, -d, and -t, to form the Nominative, certain changes occur. O and -g combine with the Nom. case-ending (-s), and form -x ; -d and -t before -s are dropped: pao-s=pax ; leg-s=lex j Iaud-a=laus; aetat-s= aetas; noot-s=noo-s=:nox; milit-s=mlles. In this last exam- ple, when -s is added, the last -i- of the stem becomes -e-. Sometimes a vowel (-§- or -i-) connects the case-ending (-s) with the stem : rup-e-s, turr-i-s. 67. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Sing. N. Ace. Voc. -e, , G. -is, D%t. and Abl. -i, (or Ab. -e), Plur. N. Ace. Voc. -ia, -a, Or. -ium, -um, Dat. and Abl. -ibus. Sing.N. -s, Plur. -es, G. -is, ' -um (-ium),* D. -i, -ibus, Ace. -em, -es, V. -3, -es, Abl. -e, (or i), -ibus. EEKABK.—The pupil should observe what endings are alike. CLASSIFICATION. 68. To assist the pupil in remembering their gen- der and formation, substantiTes of this declension are divided into four classes : I. The NominatiYe form consists of the stem with the case-ending -s added: urb-s, turr-i-s, lau-s, lex, mlle-s. II. The Nominative form is the stem unchanged : consul, dolor, pater, animal, calcar, fiilg^. * Nouns which in the Genitive singular have the penult long, have -ium in the genitive plural. Exceptions occur.— Oossrau. THIED DECLENSIOir. 39 III. The Nominative is the stem changed, or abbre- viated: sermo (for sermon), imago (forimagin), carmen (for carmin), mos (for mor), genus (for gener), corpus (for corpor), iter (for itiner). IV. The Nominative form consists of the stem with the ending -e: mar-e. XXV. LESSON. CLASS I. 69. The Nominative is formed by adding -s to the stem. urbs, city, t. sma. N. urb-s, G. urb-is, ' D. urb-i, Ace. urb-em, V. urb-s, Abl. urbe, PLTIB. IT. Ace. V: urb-es, Gt. urb-ium, Dat. Abl. urb-ibus. rapes, rock. i. SING, rup-e-s, rup-is, rup-i, rup-em, rup-e-s, rup-e, rup-es, rup-ium, rup-ibus. PLTJE. turris, tower, f. sma. turr-i-s, turr-is, turr-i, tnrr-em, turr-i-s, turr-e, PLtTR. turr-es, turr-ium, turr-ibus. C and -g with -s form -x : -d and -t before -s are dropped: vox, voice, f. lex, km. f. lana, praise, f. civitas, state. SING. N. vox, snra. lex, sing, laus, sing, civitas, G. voo-is. leg-is, laud-is, civitat-is. D. v5o-i. leg-i, laud-I, civitat-i. Ace. voc-em. leg-em, laud-em, civitat-em. T. vox. lex. laus, civitas, Abl. voc-e. leg-e, laud-e, civitat-e, PLBB. PLUB. PLUB. PLtJB. '. Ace. T. voo-es. legis. laud-es. civitat-es. 'G. voo-um. leg-um. laud-um. civitat-um. Dat. Abl. voo-ibus. leg-ibus. laud-ibus. civitat-ibus. N. The last Towel, -i-, of the stem is changed to -e- when -s is added to form the Nominative ' 30 LATIlSr GKAMMAE. miles, soldier, m. SING. K. miles, G. milit-is, D. mUit-I, Ace. milit-em, V. miles, AM. mllit-e, FLtm. N. Ace. V. miUt-es, G. mllit-um, Dat. Abl. milit-ibiis. pnnceps, cnief. m. SING. N.- princep-s, G. princip-is, D. princip-i. Ace. princip-em, V. princep-8, Abl. princip-e, PLTJK. N. Ace. V. princip-es, G. prinoip-um, Dat. Abl. princip-ibus. Ekmakk.— Sterne of one syllable ending in two consonantB, and tlioso talc- ing a connecting vowel (-e- or -i-) in the Horn. Sing., have -iom in tlie Gen. Plural: nrb-inm; rup-ium; turr-ium, 70. Eule of Gender. — Substantives of Class I. are Feminine, excepting such (Masculines) as change the stem- vowel -i- to -e- in forming the Nominative: Fem., nrbs, rupes, turris, laus, civitas, vox, lex : Masc, miles, princeps. Remark. — 1. Exceptions to Kules of Gender will be found. Z. Names of Males are masculine: rez, king, civis, citizen. VOCAPULAET. 13. Justus, -a, -vaa,just, lapis, -id-is, m. stone. [hiU. mons, montis, m. mowntain nox, noct-is, f . night. panis, -is, m. bread. pes, ped-is, m. foot. pedes, pedit-is, m.. foot-soldier. rex, reg-is, m. Jeing. Romauus, -I, a Bomcm. Romulus, -I, Som/uhis. voluptas, -at-is, f . pUaav/re. 23. BXBKCISE. Translate, parse, and note exceptions to the rules of gender. See § 70. Dux hostium castra peditum in monte ponit {places), 2. Gives urbinin bonum regem amant. 3. Laus regis et aestas, -at-is, f. summer. aetas, -at-is, f. age. aureus, -a, -um, golden. castra, -orum, cam/p. cIvis, -is, c. citizen. clades, -is, f. slaughter. comes, -it-is, c. companion. dux, ducis, m. leader, [knight. eques, equitis, m. horseman, hostis, -is, e. enemy. judez, judic-is, m. ^'i THIED DECLBKSIOK. 31 reglnae principibus oppidi voluptatem dat. 4. Fuerl aves parvas multa cum voluptate vide^it 5. Civ6s equiti ae- gro panem dant. 6. Primus Eomanonuu rex fait Romu- lus. 7. Judex Justus justas leges civibus urbis dat. 8. Equites comitem regis gladils necaut. 9. Mllites ducem lapidibus necant. 10. Fuer pedem peditis lapide tuI- nerat. 11. Clades equitum faerat magna. 12. Noctes. aestate uou sunt longae. 13. Foetae aetatem auream laudant. 23. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. The leader of the soldiers was a Eoman. 2. The horsemen saw (vlderunt) in the enemy's city a great tower. 3. The king's soldiers loye their leader. 4. Eomulus was a leader and judge of the people. 5. Slaves loTe not long summers. 6. The horsemen and footmen of the enemy came (venerunt) into the city. 7. The citizens wound the soldiers of the enemy with stones. 8. The king, with his ■ companions, rides (equitat) into the enemy's camp. XXVI. LESSON. CLASS IL 71. The N"ominative is the stem unchanged. consul, emwid, m. dolor, pain, m. . pater, father, m. FLUB. SING. N. consul, SING. dolor, sma. pater. Qt. consul-is. dolor-is, patr-is, D. consul-i, dolor-i. patr-i, Ace. consul-em, dolor-em, patr-em. V. consul. dolor, pater. Abl. consul-e, dol5r-e. patr-e) N. Ac. V. consul-es. PLTJR. dolor-is. PLUB . patr-es, G. consul-um, dolor-um. patr-um, Dat. Abl. ccnsul-ibus. dolor-ibus, patr-ibus, 32 LATIK GKAMMAK. animal, animal, n. calcar, spwr, n. fulgur, UgMning, n. SING. N. Ace. v. animal, SIKG. calcar, sruQ. fulgur, G. animal-is, calcar-is, fulgur-is, Dat. Abl. animal-i, calcar-i, Dat. fulgur-i, Abl fulgur-e, PLTJB. N. Ace. V. animal-ia, plttb. calcar-ia, flur. fulgur-a, G. animal-ium, calcar-ium, fiilgur-um. Dat. Abl. animal-ibus, calcar-ibus, fulgur-ibus, 72. Rule of Gender. — Substan trees of Class II. are Masculine — excepting such as end in -al, -ar,.-ur, which are Neuter: Masc, consul, dolor, pater : Neut., animal, calcar, fulgur. Hbmark. — ExceptionB to this Hule of Qender will be fonnd. 73. Some Verbs take only am Indirect Object. They are such as contain -within themselves the Direct Ob- ject : noceo, / do liarm ; placeo, Igime pleasure ; prosum, I do good,, etc. Iiiber puer5 placet, The hook pleases the hoy^gioes pleasure to the hoy. 74. Some Adjectives take the Indirect Object: Iiabor est gratuis agrioolae, Labor is agreeahle to the farmer. 75. The compounds of sum (except Possum) take an Indirect Object : Medicina feminae prodest, The medicine does the woman good. Kemabk. — Tlie pr5- of prQsTmi becomes prod before -e-. VOCABULABT. 14. amicus, -a, -um, friendly. calor, -or-is, m. wa/rmth. canis, -is, c. dog. carus, -a, -imi, dea/r, precious clamor, -or-is, m. sTumt, cry. exsul, -ul-is, exUe. feles, -is, f. cat. frater, -tr-is, m. hrotJier. gratus, -a, -um, pleasant, able. cb-simi, I injure, do Jui/rm. inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, Iwstile. libertas, -at-is, f. liberty. liidus, -i, play. mater, -tr-is, f. mother. mors, mortis, f. death. RSmanus, -a, -um, Roman. sol, solis, m. sun. soror, -or-is, f. ^ster. paret (with Dat.), obeys. pro-sum, I benefit, do good. THIED DEOLBN-SIOK. 33 24. EXERCISE. Translate and parse. Calor soils animalibus gratus est. 2. Fopulo Eomano libertas cara erat. 3. Exsal patrem, matrem, fratres, so- rores amat. 4. Soror consulis fratrem clamore magno vo- cat. 5. Obsiint equls ealcaria. 6. Gives boni legibus parent. 7. Liberl sunt patrl et matri carl. 8. Labor puero proderit. 9. Canis est animal felibus inimlcum. 10. Lupus non est canibus amicus. 35. TEANSIiATE INTO LATIN. Hprsemeii lore large spurs. 2. The exile's brother is the consul's father. 3. The warmth of the sun in summer injures the girl's sick mother. 4. Play bene- fits a boy. 5. The shouts of the soldiers are not agree- able to the citizens. 6. The good boy obeys his moth- er. 7. Liberty was dear to the Eoman citizen. 8. The dog is not friendly to the eat. XXVII. LESSON. CLASS III. 76. The E"ominative is the stem changed, or abbreviated, sermo, speech, m. imago, image, f. SING. N. sermo, SING, imago, G. sermon-is, imagin-is, D. sermon-i, imagin-i, Ace. sermon-em, imagin-em, imago, imagin-e, FLXTR. V. sermo, Abl. sermon-e, PLUK. IN. Ace. v. sermon-es, Ot. sermon-um, Dat. Abl. sermon-ibus. 2* unagin-es, imagin-um, imagin-ibus. carmen, song. n. SING, carmen, carmin-is, ^ carmin-i, carmen, carmen, carmin-e, PLTJIl. carmin-a, carmin-iun, carmin-ibus. 34 LATIN GEAMMAK. mos, custom, m. SDfG. N. mos, G. mor-is, D. mor-I, Ace. mor-em, V. mos, AM. mor-e, PLTIB. N. Ace. V. mor-es, G. mor-um, Dat. Abl. mor-ibus. genus, kind. n. SING, genus, gener-is, gener-i, genus, genus, gener-e, PLTO5. gener-a, gener-um, gener-ibus. corpus, lody. n. .SING, corpus, corpor-is, corpor-i, corpus, corpus, corpor-e, PLTJE. corpor-a, corpor-um, corpor-ibus. EEMAitK.— The ultima of neuter items ending in -or is short;— of all others, long (excepting arbor, tree). Neat., oorpSr-is ; Maec., Iab3r-is. See §§ 8 and 9, b. 77. Eule of Gender. — Substantives which in the Nominative end in -o are Masculine, — excepting such as end in -do, -go, -io, wliich are Feminine. 78. Eule of Gender. — Substantives which in the Nominative end in -is (from -er), -s (from -r), are Miisculine : stem pulver, Nom., pulvis ; stem mor, Nom., mOs. 79. Eule of Gender. — Substantives which in the Nominative end in -en (from stem in -jn), -tir (from -or), -us (from -er or -or), are Neuter : carmen, genus, corpus. Kemark. — Exceptions will be found. The pupil should attempt to commit to memory the genaer of every sub- stantive with which he meets. VOCABULABT. 15. asinus, an ass. Cicero, -on-is, m. Cicero. facinus, -or-is, n. deed (shameful). ferrum, -i, iron, sword frigxis, -or-is, u. cold. fulmen, -iu-is, n. stroke of for, faris, m. THIED DECLENSIOlf. 35 homo, -in-is, o. man. hortus, -J, gwrden. ignis, -is, m. fire. imperator, -6r-is, m. mens, mentis, f . mind. molestus, -a, -um, Tmrdensoms. multitudo, -in-is, f. multitude. mus, muris, m. mouse. onus, -er-is, n. hwden. oratio, -on-is f . oration. orator, -6r-is, m. orator. pastor, -or-is, m. robur, -or-is, n. oak. sanus, -a, -um, sound, sermo, -on-is, m. conoeraation, speech. scelus, -er-is, n. crims. tempus, -or-is, n. tima. delet, destroys. mutat, changes. portat, hears, carries. 26. EXEBCISE. Translate and parse. Oratio Ciceronis, oratoris, innltitlidiiiem delectat. 2. Tempora mutant mores. 3. Mentem sanam sand in cor- vpore habet sedulus homo. 4. Multa genera florum in Ciceronis horto faerunt. 5. Sunt multa genera animalium magna in insula. 6. Onera magna portat asinns. 7. Im- perator gloriam suam {his) scelere et facinoribus delet. 8. Sunt feles muribus inimloae. 9. Fulmen robora delet. 10. Sermongs pastoris a^gicolae filias delectant. 11, Fu- ribus sunt leges justae molestae. 13. Imperator urbes hostium ferro ignique (-que=aw(Z )delet. 27. TBANSLATB INTO LATIN. Time cliaiiges men's customs. 3. Cicero delights the multitude by-means-of his orations. 3. The citi- zens bear great burdens. 4. The soldiers praise the general's shameful deeds. 5. Cold injures the tender flowers. 6. By fire and sword the thieves destroy the city. 7. Cats love mice. 8. [There] are many flow- ers in Cicero's garden. 36 LATIN GKAMMAR. XXVIII. I.ESSON. CLASS IV. 80. The Nominative consists of the stem with the ending -e added. mare, sea. n, SING. N. Ace. v. mar-e, PLUB. mar ia, G. mar-is, mar-ium, Dat. Abl. mar-i, mar-ibus. 81. Eule of Gender. — All Substantives of Class IV. are Neuter. EEMAnK.— There are a few Substantires which form their cases irregular- ly, or in a manner not illustrateci in the preceding paradigms. Their form- ation will be explained as they occur in Vocabularies. VOCABULAEY. 16. altns, -a, -um, high, deep. cublle, -is, n. eouch. caput, capitis, n. head. latus, -a, -um, Iroad. lltua-, -or-is, n. sJiore. monlle, -is, u. necklace. navale, -is, n. dock-yard. navis, -is, f. sJdp. piscis, -is, m. fish. proftmdus, -a, -um, deep. rete, -is, n. net. sedile, -is, n. seat. 38. EXEKCISB. Translate and parse. Maria sunt profunda. 2. Cublle puerls pigrls gratum est. 3. Nautae pisces retibus capiunt {catch). 4. Balbns in regis navalibus naves aedificat. 5. Monllia filiabus imperatoris dat rgglna. 6. Regis filia matri in horto sedUe parat. 29. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN. The seas are broad and deep. 3. The girl with her net catches (capit) a beautiful fish. 3. The carpenters POTJETH DECLEN'SIO]Sr. 37 build ships for the consul in th& dock-yards. 4. On (in) the shores of the deep sea are the sailors' cabiiis. 5. The queen has a crown on her head, a necklace on her neck. 6. The seats are for the sailors. XXIX. LESSON. FOURTH DECLENSION. 82. The Fourth Declension embraces all substan- tives that have -us for the case-ending of the Gen. Sin- gular. The ISTominative endings are -us (Masc), and -u (Neut.). comu, horn. n. SING. N. Ace. v. cornu, G. com-us, Dat. Abl. com-u, PLTJK. N. Aco. V. corn-ua, G. corn-uum, Dat. Abl. corn-ibus. e:sercitus, a/rmy. m. SING. N. exeroit-us, ' G. exercit-us, D. exercit-ui, Ace. exercit-um, V. exercit-us, Abl. exercit-u, PLTTR. N. Ace. V. exeroit-ns, G. exercit-uura, Dat. Abl. exercit-ibus. Ebmabk.— Domus, house, has in Abl. Siugnlar dome- Another form of the Abl. Singular, doml, means at home. 83. Rule of Gender. — Substantives ending in -us are Masculine; in -u, Neuter. Kemabk.— Exceptions will be fonnd. VOCABULAET. 17. adventus, -us, a/rrival. cantus, -us, song, singing. cursus, -us, running. fiructus, -VLS, fruit. magistratus, -us, magistrate. manus, -us, (fem.) Mnd. metus, -vis, fear. senatus, -us, senate. taurus, -i, TmU. virtus, -ut-is, f . valor, worth. 38 LATIK GEAMMAK. 30. EXEBCISE. Trail slate^ and parse. Virtus exercitus senatul voluptatem magnam dat. 2. Cursus ecLuorum elves delectat. 3. Tauruin coraibus tenet (liolds) servus. 4. Servus cornu taurl mana tenet. 5. Metns magistratmun homines a sceleribus deterret {deters). 6. Autumno &uctus maturl sunt XXX. LESSON. FIFTH DECLENSION. 84. The Fifth Declension embraces all Substantives that have -el for the case-ending of the Genitive Sin- gular. The Nominative ends in -es. dies, day. m. res_, thing, t. SING. N. di-es, SING r-es, G. di-ei, r-el, D. di-el, r-ei, Ace. di-em, r-em, V. di-es, r-es, Abl. di-e, r-e, . N. Ace. V. di-es, PLTIK r-es. r-erum. Dat. Abl. di-ebus, r-ebus. Ebmaek.— Only dies and rSs are declined fnllyin the Plaral. 85. Rule of Gender.— Substantives of the Fifth De- clension are feminine. Exceptions.— MerldiSs, mid-day, and diSs (Plur.) are Masculine. In tbe Singular dies is sometimes feminine PIPTH DECLEiirSION. 39 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE FIVE DECLENSIONS. I. II. III. IV. V. Qbnd. P. M. 1 N. M. P.| N. M. |N. P. S.-N. -a -us -lun -s — , -e -us -u -is G. -ae -i -is -us -ei D. -ae -6 -i -ui -n -ei Ace. -am -um -em — , -e -um -u -em V. -a -e -um -s — , -e -us -u -es Abl. -a -0 -e -i -u -e N.V.AC.' G. D. Abl. ■ae,Ac.-as -arum -is PLTTRAl, ■i,Ac. -OS I -a -orum -is s { -a, -la um, -ium ibus -us I -ua -uum -ibus -es -erum -ebus antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. auriga, -ae, drioer, chariot- eer. caesarie^, -ei, head of hair. currus, -us, chariot. decorus, -a, -um, tecom- ing. facies, -ei, TOOABULAKY. 18. pateruus, -a. gallus, -i, cock. hlems, hiemis, f. mnter. posterus, .a, -vaxi,next, ing. rarus, -a, -um, rare. spes, -ei, hope. tepidus, -a, -um, moi wa/rm. totus, -a, -um, whole. vir, veris, n. latrat, larks. 31. EXERCISE. Translate, parse, and give rules for gender. Vere dies sunt tepidl. 2. Noctes Meme longae sunt. 3. Canis nocte latrat. 4. Postero die cani puella panem dat. 5. Mllites magnam victoriae spem habent. 6. Fa- des lunae clara est. 7. Gallus nocte cantat (crows). 33. TRANSLATE INTO LATIN, paark the syllables long by position.] Thieves were rare in ancient times. 2. The goddess (dea) gave (dedit) her son a becoming head of hair. 40 LATIK GRAMMAE. 3. Phaethon was the driver of his father's chariot. 4. The cock crows the whole night (Ace). 5. Next night the cock does not crow. 6. The fruits of trees (arbor, -oris, Fern. ) are ripe in autumn. 7. The armies of the general give the state hope of a great victory. 8. The singing of the nightingale is pleasing to the soldiers of the king's armies. 9. Many animals have no horns. 10. By day and night the magistrates keep watch (vi- gilant) for the citizens. 11. Many things injure the body. XXXI. LESSON. CONJUGATION OF THE VEEB. 86. There are four Conjugations, distinguished from each other by means of the ending of the Present Infinitive Active. PEESENT INFIliTITITB ACTIVE ENDINGS. 87. I. Conj. II. Conj. III. Conj. IV. Conj. -are -ere -6re -Ire VEEB-STEMS. 88. The stem of the verb is found by cutting off the ending of the Pres. Inf. Active: stem am, from am-are. For purposes of conjugation it is convenient to dis- tinguish three stems: 1. The General Stem, found by cutting ofE the end- ing of the Pres. Inf. Active: am from am-are. Remark. — This stem is the basis of all the verb-forms. coif JUGATIOK OF THE VEEB. 41 2. The Perfect Stem* formed by adding the Perfect tense-sign {-av in the 1st Conj.) to the General Stem : am-av. Kemabk. — All the Perfect tenses are formed eta this steim. 3. The Supine Stem,* formed by adding (-at in the 1st Conj.) to the General Stem: am-at. Bbiubk. — The Put. Active and Perf. Passive Participles are on this stem. 89. The General Stem is often modified in the Present, Past, and other tenses. The Present Stem must, therefore, he known. All of these stems are pre- sented in the Principal Parts. PRINCIPAL PAETS OF A TERB. 90. 1. Pres. Ind. 3. Pres. Inf. 3. Perl Ind. 4. Supine. amo. amare. amavl. amatum. Note. — Prom the Present Iniinitive we learn to what conjugation a verb belongs. The Pres. Indie, the Perf. Indie, and Snpine present, respective- ly, the Present, Perfect, and Supine Stems. TENSES. 91. An action may be represented as taking place in Present, Past, or Puture Time. In each of these divisions of time the action may be further described as Continuing, or Completed (Perfect). The Latin has these six tenses, three for Continuing Action (Pres- ent, Past, and Future), and three for Completed Ac- tion (Present-Perfect, Past-Perfect, and Future-Per- fect). PRESENT TIME. PAST TIME. Gontmning Action. — amo. Hove, am loving. amabam, I was loving. Completed Action,— amavi, Ihave loved. amaveranij Ihad loved. PtTTUBE TIME. Continump: Action.— amabo, / shall love. . Completed Action. — s.vciB.YeTOf I shall have loved. * For forming tbe Perfect Stem the tenee^signs -v, -U, -S, are used; for the Supine Stem, -t,— sometimes -s. §139, 2, 3. 43 LATIN GKAMMAE. 92. Aorist Tense. — The form amavi is used also when a past action is spoken of indefinitely (without reference to its Continuance or Completion): amavl, / loved. FIRST CONJUGATION Synopsis of the Model Verb. See § 87. 93. The General Stem of amare is am-, the Perfect Stem is amav-, the Supine Stem is amat-. On General Stem. On Perfect Stem. On Supine Stem, ACTITE. PASSIVE. AOTITB. ACTIVE, FASBIVS. amS, amor, amavJ. amatSTOm eese amatw mm. amoSom.amaiai-, amavemm. amatSrMs, amatw! eram, amoio, amabor. amaver-o. amatwm. amSti» ero, a.mem, am«r, amsiverim, amats. amatus sim. amarem, amarer. ajuayissem. amatM essem. ama, amare, amavMse. amatum esse, amffre, am^ri. axaSXum IH, B,mSm, axaandus. amatw. amanOl. Write oxit a sim lar synopsis of necare, hUl. 91. Pres. Ind. XXXII. LESSON. FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVJS VOICE. Model Vekb — amo, I love. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. &max6, amav!. Supine, ^matum. INDICATIVE MODE, PRESENT, love, am lrM^?i<, prudens, G. priident-is, D. prudent-I, Ace. priident-em, prudens, V. prudens, priidens, Abl. prudent-i (or e). PLTJB. N.Ae. V. priident-es, priident-ia, Q:. prudeut-ium, Dat. Abl. prudent-ibus. Eemabk.— 1. When thenltimaof the stem is long, the Gen. Plur. has -inin. 3. A few Adjectives have no case-ending in the Nom. Singular: memor, mindful; pauper, iJoor. 53 LATIK GEAMMAE. TOCABULAET. 21. diligens, -ent-is, dives, -it-is, rich. fidilis, -e, faithful. flos, -6r-is, m. flower. gravis, -e, heavy, severe. luxuria, -ae, riotous memor, -5r-is, mindfxiZ. mendax, -ac-is, lying. nemo, -in-is, m. no one, nobody. odor, -or-is, m. odor. ofiScium, -i, dviy, omnis, -e, every, all. onus, -er-is, n. burden. pauper, -er-is, poor. suavis, -e, sweet; suavia, sweet things. turpis, -e, base, disgraceful. utilis, -e, useful. velox, -6c-is, 39. EXERCISE. Translate and parse. Account for the Nom. forms mendaz, dives, dili- gens. See § 66. Omnes rggis pauperis servl sunt fidelgs. 2. Labores pau- pemm non sunt divitibus gratl. 3. Onus omue homiul pigro est grave. 4. Poeta suavibus odoribus florum de- lectatur. 5. Memores estote pauperum. 6. Cervus velox sagitta venatoris fellcis vulneratus est. 7. Servus pru- dens, dlligeutibus cum comitibus, aestate agros eq[uis fidslibus arabit. 8. Nemo hominem mendaeem amat. 9. Pater utilia, ftlius suavia laudat. 10. Omni aetatl luxuria turpis est. 11. Homings fortes memorgs officii erunt. 12. Portuna fortibus ^vet (favors). XXXVII. LESSON. TOCABULAET. 23. cust5s, -od-is, c. guard, keeper. diiGcilis, -e, difficult. ferox, -oo-is, warlike, fierce. convocare, call together, assem- ble. innocens, -ent-is, innocent. vetus, -er-is, old. vigil, -il-is, watchful. portare, bear, carry. COMPAEISOif OF ADJECTIVES. 53 40. TKAKSIiATB INTO LATIN. The brave general receiTed (accgpit) from the fierce enemy severe wounds. 2. The watchful guards, mind- ful of their duty, assembled all the soldiers. 3. Laws are useful to the innocent. 4. Is (est-ne) a dog like (similis -e, with Dat. ) a wolf ? 5. Every beginning is difficult. 6. The faithful ass will bear the heavy burden. 7. Every teacher loves his diligent pupils. 8. The rich drink (potare) old wines. XXXVIII. LESSON. COMPAEISOISr OP ADJECTIVES. There are three Degrees of Comparison, the Posi- tive, Comparative, and Superlative. 105. The Comparative is formed by adding to the stem of the Positive the endings -ior (Masc. and Fem.) and -ius (Neut.): stem lat-, Comp. lat-ior, lat -ius. 106. The Superlative is formed by adding to the stem of the Positive the endings -issimus, -a, -urn. POSITIVE. COMPAEATIVB. SUPBELATIVB. latus;-a,-um,6rofl!. reg-endo, for ruling, Ace. rSg-endum, ruling, Abl. r^g-eudS, ly rvMng. SUPINE. Ace. rect-um, to rvle. AW. rect-fi, to rule, be ruled. THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSITE VOICE. 142. PEIN^CIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. T6g-dr, i^g-h rect-us silm, INDICATIVE MODE. FRESENT, am ruled. fres.-perf., ha/ve heen, (aoribt) was, ruled. rect-ns sum, rect-us es, rect-us est, rect-i sumus, rect-i estis, rect-i sunt. PAST-PERFECT, had been ruled. rect-us Sram, rect-us Sras, reot-us Srat, reot-i eramus, rect-I eratis, rect-i erant. ii'UTUKE-PBBF., sholl Mile been ruled. rect-us ers, rect-us ^ris, rect-us eilt, rect-I Srimus, rect-i eritis, reot-i ^runt. SING. reg-5r, rSg-eiis, rSg-itiir, PliUK. rSg-iCmur, rSg-inuni, reg-untur. PAST, was ruled. SING, reg-ebar, rSg-ebaris, or -re, rSg-ebatur, PLtTR. rSg-ebamur, rSg-ebamim, rSg-ebantur. PUTUKB, sTiall be ruled. SDTG. rSg-ar, reg-eris, or -rS, reg-etnr, PUJK. reg-emur, reg-emini, reg-entur. THIRD COS-JtTGATIOSr. 81 SUBJUNCTIVE. PEESBNT, ie, may be ruled, pkbsent-peef., Iumib, may home BING. reg-ar, rect-us sim, reg-aris, or -rS, rect-us sis, reg-atur, rect-us sit, FLTJB. reg-amur, rect-i s'lmus, reg-amini, rect-I sitjs, reg-antur. rect-i sint. PAST, were, might be, ruled, past-pbrf., had, might home been, ruled. SESfG. reg-erer, rect-us essem, reg-ereris, or -rS, reot-us essis, reg-eretur, rect-us esset, PLTXR. rSg-eremur, rect-i essemus, reg-eremini, rect-i essetis, reg-erentur. reot-i essent. IMPERATIVE. PBBSENT. FUTUUE. BHTG. 1. , 1. , 3. reg-erS, be thou ruled. 2. reg-itbr, tTum sliaU be ruled. 3. ^ 3. reg-itBr, he shall be ruled. PLTIB. 1. , 1. . 3. reg-imini, be ye ruled. 2. . 3. . 3. reg-untSr, they shall be ruled. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. FRES. reg-i, to be ruled. PEEF. rect-um esse, to FTJT. rect-um iri, to be going to be ruled. 4* PERF. rect-us, having been ruled, ruled. FTJT. rSg-endus, to be ruled. 83 LATIN GEAMMAB. LIII. LESSON. 143. Participles are adjectives formed on a verb- stem, and difEer from other adjectives in having a verbal construction : Pbes.* Act. Paet. — ^Avis puerum metuens avolavit, The hird, fearing tlie hoy, flew away. Pbbf. Pass. Part. — Discipulus doctus alios dooebit, The pupil, having been taught (when taught), will teach others. 144. The so-called Ablative Absolute consists of a substantive in the Ablative, modified by a participle. The two combined modify the verb by indicating the time, condition, cause, or circumstances. An adjective or substantive may take the place of the participle. Pees. Act. Paet. — Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras in Ita- liam venit, Tarquin reigning (while Tarquin was reigning), Py- thagoras came into Italy. Pbef. Pass. Part. — Roman!, Scipione duce, ponte facto, flu- men superaverunt. The Romans with Scipio (for) their leader (Scipio being their leader), Immng constructed a bridge (lit., a, bridge having been constructed), passed over the river. Observe that duce with ScipiSne plays the part played by facts with ponte. Femina, patre necato, ad urbem venit, The woman, her fath- er Jiaving been killed (when, after, because her father was killed), came to tlie city. YOCABULAKT. 30. Amuliug, -I, AmtilAus. amicitia, -Sie, friendship. Athenae, -arum, Athens. copiae, -arara, forces. custodia, -ae, conflnement. gallus, -i, a eock. * The stem of a Present Participle always ends in -nt-. The Nom. ends in -ns : amans ; Gen., amant-is. VEEBS. 83 Graecia, -ae, Chreece. immortalis, -e, m/mortal. legatus, -i, ami>aasador. Numitor, -oris, m. Numitor. obses, -idis, c. pagina, -ae, pars, partis, f . part. pilum, -i, javelin. praeda, -ae, booty, apoU. propter, (prep, with Xcc.) for, on amount of. sacerdos, -Otis, c. senez, -is, old, old man. VEEBS. Observe that the Present Stem of noscere ie nose-, whilst the Root is no-. Compare the reduplicated Perfect Stem of mordere (§1S9, 1) with that of poscere, or pellere, For Perfect Stems formed like those of dixi, scripsi, misi, see § 139, 2. For lengthened stem-vowels, as in IggI, Bgl, see § 139, 3. See also foot-note §88,2, 3. cecini, didici, pepercl, perdidi, pepull, poposoi, vendidi, dixl, d[lexi, divisi, gessi, misi, reduxi, scripsi, vizi, accepi, e^ exegi, feci, interficio, interfioere, interfeci, interfectum, loll, slay. lego, legere, legi, \eot\aa, read. rqioio, r^icere, rejeci, rejectum, throw 'away, [over. trajicio, trajicere, trajeci, trajectum, throw, ca/rry I. cauo. canere. disco. discere. parco. parcere. perdo. perdere. peUo, pellere, posco. poscere. vendo, vendere. II. dico, dicere, diligo, diUgere, divido, eividere, gero. gerere. mitto. mittere, reduce, rediicere. soribo, scribere. vivo. vivere. II. acoipio. accipere. ago, agere. exigo. exigere. facio. facere, cantum, rnig. , learn. parsum, spar* (with Dat.). perditum, destroy, lose. piilsum, heat, drive, defeat. , demand. veuditum, seU. dictum, say, tell. dilectum, elioose, love. divisum, dimide. gestum, hear, wage (wax). missum, send. reductum, lead iaek. scriptum, write. victum, live. acceptum, receive. actum, lead, do, pass (time), exactum, lead O'Ut, drive factum, make, do. [oiit. 84 rv. LATIN GKAIIMAR. vinoo, vincere, viol, victum, conquer. Eignosco, agnosoere, agnovi, agnitum, recognize. cognosco, oognoscere, cognSvI, coguitvun, know, find ovi. expeto, expetere, expetivi, expeUtum, seek. nosco, noscere, novi, notum, know. restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum, restore. defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum, defend. 53. EXEKCISB. Explain the formation of each stem. Laudat senex tempus actum, s6 puero. 2. Nosce te ipsum. 3. Venl (/ came) Athenas, neque me quisquam ibi agnovit. 4, Amulio interfecto, regniim Numitorl a Romalo restitutum est. 5. Scipio, factus imperator, hos- tem vicit. 6, Ab hoste victo sacerdotes in custodiam dantur. 7. ftuid agit {how is) uxor tua ? Immortalis est : vivit, victuraque est. 8. Regibus exactis, consules dilecti sunt. 9. Amicitia est propter ses6 expetenda. 10. Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit. 11. Multis vulneribus datis et acceptis, Ariovis- tus suas copias in castra reduxit. 12. Consul obsides Ro- mam misit. 13. Mulieribus non pepercit. 14. Facem te poposcimus. 15. Consulum alter exercitum perdidit, al- ter vendidit. 16. Librum legimus; vos eum legistis. 17. Magno exercitu in Graeciam trajecto, RomanI ibI bellum gesserunt. 18. Ante {lefore) lucem gaUl ca- nunt. 19. Miles domum defendit. 20. Fuer nomen suumr in prima pagina librj sul scrlbet. 21. Leo prae- dam in partes tres divlsit. 22. Exercitu pulso, Xerxes in Asiam festinavit. 23. Hllites, rejectis pills, se gladlls defenderunt. 24. Omne animal se ipsum diligit. 25. Cae- sar dicit s6 venisse, vidisse, vicisse. THE TEEB CAPIO. 85 54. TBANSLATE IITTO LATIN. The king rules, has ruled, mil rule, his kingdom well. 2. If the kingdom has been well ruled (Abl. Abs. ), the citizens will be prosperous. 3. The enemy having been conquered, the general hastened to Eome. 4. The Gauls killed all the soldiers who had defended them- selves so bravely. 5. The Eomans waged war with the Gauls (for) many years. 6. The booty having been di- vided into five parts, the chief led his soldiers back into their winter-quarters. 7. When this was known (Abl. Abs. ), the consul sent his lieutenant into the enemy's territory (ager). 8. The enemy having been defeated, the consul spared neither citizen nor soldier, killing all, or selling all the inhabitants whom he saw. 9. When Caesar was their leader (Abl. Abs. ), the sol- diers always conquered their enemy. 10. While we teach, we learn. 11. The poet sang many songs. 12. The shepherd will drive his sheep to the mount- ains, and his sons will do the same. 13. You think you are wise. LIV. LESSON. 145. In some verbs of the Third Conjugation the Present Stem is made to differ from the General Stem by the addition of -i- in certain parts, Model Veeb, capio, I take. \ PEINCIPAL PAETS. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. capto, capere, cepi, captum. capior, capi, captus sum. Only the parts formed on the Present Stem are given. INDIC, PRBS. — Sing. cap«o, I take, capior, lam taken. oapis, caperis, 86 LATIIif GBAMilAK. capitur. capimur, capimiiu, capiuntur. capjibar, etc. captar, etc. capiar, etc. caperer, etc. capere, etc. capi. PUT. — oapiendus. capit, Plur. capimus, capitis, capiunt. PAST. — capiebam, etc. FUT. — capiam, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PEES. — capjam, etc. PAST. — caperem, etc. IMPERATIVE. PRBS.— cape, etc. INFINITIVE. PRES.— capere. PARTICIPLE. PEES.— capiens. GERUND. capiendi. 146. When the word that denotes the Place Where, or Wherefrom, is the name of a town, or small island, it is put in the Ablative — without a preposition : Car- thagine, at, or from, Carthage ; Athfinis, at, or from, Athens. 147. But names of the First and Second Declen- sions, Singular, when used to denote the Place Where, take a form of the Ablative which is the same as that of the Genitive Singular ; Eomae, at Rome j CorintM, at Corinth. TOCABULAKT. Athenae, -arum, AtTievs. Carthago, -inis, Ca/rthcbge. Corinthus, -i, Corinth. Creta, -ae, Crete. Cumae, -arum, Cumae. Delphi, -orum., Delphi. Ephesus, -I, Ephesus. Italia, -ae, ItaXy. Roma, -ae, Borne. Saguntum, -I, Baguntum. Tarentum, -i, Tarentwm. Troja, -ae, Troy. 55. TKANSIiATB INTO LATIN. See §120, Remark. This man has lived at Delphi, at Ephesus, at Ou mae, at Tarentum, at Carthage, and in Crete. 3, He FOURTH CONJUGATION. fled from l3elplii to Oumae, from Oiimae to Tarentum, from Tarentum to Carthage, (and) finally to Sagun- tum. ^neas came from Troy to (ad) Italy. 3. The consul hastened from Ephesus to Crete, from Crete to Athens, from Athens to Eome. 4. In Italy he liyed many years. 5. From Italy he went (ivit) to Sagun- tum. 6. He died (mortuus est) at Troy. LV. LESSON. FOURTH CONJUGATION. Synopsis of the Model Verb. See § 87. 148. The General Stem of the verb audire is aud-, the Perfect -Stem is audiv-, the Supine Stem is audit-. On General, stem. On Perfect Stem. On Supine Stem. ACTITE. PASSIVE. ACTIVE. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. audio, audJOT-, audivi, SAxdltSrum esse. auditMs sum, audicSam, aMiiiebar, audiveram, auditw»w, auditMs eram, axiiiam, audia?'. audivera, auditum, auditws ero, a,ud.iam, audiar, audlvmm, audita, anditu^ sim, anilrem, audirer, audlvMscm, audltMs essem. audJ, audifs, audivisffe. audltwm esse, audMM, audm, m audltwm iri, audJre, sMiiendus. auditw. tMiiencR, BXB RCISB. Write out synopses of pumi re, punish; dormire, sleep; ve nire, come. See vocabulary. FOURTH C ONJUGATION. ACTIVB VOICE. 149. Model Veeb.— Audio, 7 Aear-. PKINCIPAL PAKTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. aud-io, aud-ir6, aud-ivi, aud-itum. 88 LATIN 6KAMMAK. INDICATIVE MODE. PRESENT, hea/r. smo. aud-is, aud-is, aud-it, PLTTK. aud-imus, I aud-itj[s, aud-iunt. PAST, was hewHng. sme. aud-iebam, aud-iebas, aud-iebat, PLUB. aud-iebamus, aud-iebatis, aud-iebetnt. FUTUKB, ahaM hear. SING, aud-iam, aud-ies, aud-iet, FLTJR. aud-iemus, aud-ietJLS, aud-ieut. PSBS.-PEKP., havelieard, (aoeist) lieard. audiv-i, audiv-isQ, audiv-it, audiv-imus, audlv-istis, audiv-iruDt, or -ere. PAST-PBBP., liadhea/rS,. audiv-Sram, audiv-eras, audlv-erSt, audlv-eramus, audiv-eratis, audiv-erant. PUTCTKE-PERP., sMU liove heo/rd, audiv-SrO, audlv-eria, audiv-Srit, audiv-^rlmus, audlv-erl^, audlv-erint. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT, hear, may Tiea/r. pres.-perp., have, may liave, heard. SIK6. aud-iam, aud-iaa, aud-iat, plur. aud-iamus, aud-iatis, aud-iaut. audiv-eiiin, audiv-^rls, audiv-erit, audiv-SrImus, audlv-Sritis, audiv-erint. FOURTH COlirJtrGATIOIir. 89 PAST, were Iiearinff, might hear, past-pbrp., Iiad h^a/rd, migM haveliea/rd. audiv-issSm, audiv-isses, audiv-isset, audiv-issemus, audiv-issetis, udiv-issent. SINQ. aud-irSm, aud-iris, aud-Ir^t, PLTIB. aud-iremus, aud-Iretis, aud-Ireut. IMPERATIVE. PlITUUB. SING. 1. 3. aud-I, Ae(w flwu. 3. , PLTJK. 1. , 3. aud-itS, herJUN"CTI0H"S. 168. Coordinate Clauses are joined together by means of Copulative Conjunctions, et, -que, atque, and; Adversatives, sed, autem, 5Mif; Disjustctivbs, aut, vel, or ; etc. 5* 106 LATIK GRAMMAR. 169. Subordinate are joined to Principal Clauses by means of conjunctions implying Purpose or Eesult, ut, ne, quo, quin, quominus, that ; Condition, sI, if; Concession, quamquam, although ; Time, quum, when, diun, tvhile; Comparison, quam, than; etc. SOME USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 170. In the Indicative Mode of expression the thing declared is stated as a, fact. By ^^/act '* is meant a real occmrence, as distingiiished from one merely con- ceived in the mind. 171. In the Subjunctive Mode the thing declared is stated as being only a thought — a conjecture, doubt, wish, purpose, result, etc. 172. The Indicative is used, for the most part, in Principal, the Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses. THE indirect QUESTION. 173. When the subordinate clause is a Question, its verb is always put in the Subjunctive : DraBOT Question : — Quid tristis es 7 TfVty are you sad f Indirect Question (a Subordinate Olause) : — Rogas me, quid tristis ego sim 7 Do you ask me why I am sad t Rogavi te, quid tristis esses, I asked you wJiy you were sad. Observe the Sequence of Ten pes. The Free, Sub. sim follows the Fres. Ind. rogas, £md tlie Past essSs follows the past tense TOg^vl. PURPOSE AND RESULT. 174. The verb of the Subordinate Clause is put in the Subjunctive when it denotes the Purpose or Ee- sult of what is stated in the Principal Clause. 175. The Subordinate Clause is preceded by the conjunc- tions ut, tliat, in order that ; ne, that not, lest, and by Relative Pronouns. PTTEPOSB AKD EESULT. 107 PURPOSE. 1. In urbem venio, utludos spectem, J co«ie m• noun, of the Prop. ) Masc. 1 Fern. Neut. Sing. J Declension. (Decline it.) f N. Case, to modi- fy " ", etc. Q. Case, to modi- fy " ", etc. D. Case, to modi- It is of the Fern. J. Gender, v No., and -l fy " ", etc. ■Pl'^-J Ace. Case, to modi- fy " ", etc. v. Case,being the thing addressed. Abl. Case, to modi- fy " ", etc. Give the rule for each Case. § 33. VERBS. ff »» Regular is u Irreg. Depou, [• Verb of 1. the 3 4. . Conj., from (Prin.Parts). Act. ) e,* [■ Pass. ) Pres. \ lud. \ Act. It is of the Past, [• Tense, Sub. i- Mode,* }• Voice, and Put. ) Imp. . Sing. • Person, J- , to agree with its Subject, " ". Rule Plur. ) [|33. ADJECTIVES. 1. ) Sing. ) 3. J- Person, }• , to i 3. ) Pl^r. ) ct II 1st and 3d ) is an Adjective of the ■^°'' """ "" j. Declension. (Decline 3^ > [it.) * The Infinitives are to be parsed as Substantives, the Participles as AdjeC' tives. 114 LATISr GEAMMAE. Masc. ^ ging. \ It is here of the Fern. [■ Gender, [• Number, Neut.) Plur- ) Nom. ^ and Gen. [• Case, to agree with the Substantive " ." eic. ) Eule, §54. Pos. 1 It is of the Comp. !• Degree. (Compare it). § 105. Sup. ) ADVERBS. (Place, Pos., \ is an Adverb of ■] Time, in the Comp., [• Degree, from (Manner, Sup., ) , and modifies " ." (Compare it). §115. (( »> PREPOSITIONS. (Ace. " " is a Preposition used with the -J AM. . Here it de- (acc. &Abl. fines the relation between " " and " ." § 46. PRONOUNS. Substantive \ 1. \ " " is a Demonstrative >■ Pronoun, of the 2. [• Pe r s o n. Relative, etc. ) 3. ) (Decline it.) Masc. J ging ) Nom. It is of the Fern. >• Gender, [• Niimber, and Gen. [• Case, Neut.) Plir. ) etc. ) to modify " ," etc. § 121. CONJUNCTIONS. " " is a Conjunction, connecting the words " " and " ." See §168-9. LATI^-EISTGLISn YOOABULAEY. The foUowino; Vocabulary does not contain all tlie words given in the smaller vocabularies. Only such a word is repeated in it as cannot be found ip looking back over the three or (our vocabularies preceding the exercise in which it occurs. For example, in the exercise under Vocabulary B the word anciUa occurs. On looking back we find it in Vocabulary 2. Hence it is not repeated here. The same is true of the English-Latin Vocabulary. A. 5, ab, {Prep) from, by. ■with AU. ad, {Prep.) to. with Aec. adeo, {Adv.) so. adventus, -us, arrival. aedificat, builds. Aeduus, -I, an Aeduan. aestas, -atis,/., summer, aetas, -atis, /. , age, life, aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, ager, -gri, field, territory, agnus, -i, lamb. ago, agere, egl, actum, act, do. agricola, -ae, farmer. aUquando, once, formerly, aliquis, -qua, -quid, some one. §131. alius, -a, -ud, other, another. § 57. alter, -era, -erum, the one, the other. §57. altus, -a, -um, high, deep, amo, -are, -avi, -atum, love. amat, loves, is loving. amicus, -i, friend. annus, -I, year. Ariovistus, -i, Ariovistus, a German king. asinus, -i, an ass. asper, -era, -erum, rough, harsh. atque, {Oonj.) and (more). autumnus, -i, autumn. audaK, -acis, bold. audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, hear. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, in- crease. auris, -is,/., ear. aurum, -1, gold. auxilium, -i, aid, help. avis, -is,/., bird. baculum, -i, staff, stick. beatus, -a, -um, happy. bellum, -I, war. bis, twice. bonus, -a, -um, good. 116 TOGABULAKT. o. Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. canis, -is, c, dog. canto, -are, -avi, -atum, sing, crow, cantat, sings, is singing. capio, capere, cepi, captum, take, cams, -a, -um, dear. Casticus, -1, Casticus. castra, -5rum, n., camp, cervus, -i, stag. cessator, -oris, m., idler. cibus, -I, food, civis, -is, c, citizen. civitSs, -atis, /. , state. clamor, -oris, m. , cry, shout, clarus, -a, -lun, clear, renowned. clypeus, -i, sMeld. conoido, -ere, concessi, con- cessum, grant. colo, -ere, colui, cultum, prac- tice, confero, conferre, oontuli, col- latiun, put, put together, compare. Conor, -ari, -atus, dep., attempt, consul, -ulis, m., consul, copiae, -arum,y., forces, corpus, -oris, n. , body, culpa, -ae, fault, blame. cum, (Prep, with Abl) with, (Conj.) when, cur, why? D. dat, gives, is giving. di, {Prep.) from, of. with AN. debeo, -ere, -ni, -itom, owe, ought. decerto, -are, -avi, -atum, fight it out. deduce, -ere, diduxi, deduc- tum, lead away. delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, de- light. delectat, delights. diterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, deter, frighten. , deus, -i, god. dico, -ere, dixl, dictum, say, tell, dies, -ei, day. difficilis, -e, di£Scult. discipulus, -i, pupil, dives, -itis, rich, divitiae, -arum, riches, do, dare, dedi, datum, give, doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, teach, dominus, -i, master, domus, -us,/., home, dormio, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, sleep, dulcis, -e, sweet. dum, (Adv.) while. Dumnorix, -igis, m., Dumno- rix. dux, ducis, c, leader. e, ex, out of, from, (Prep.) with Abl. idico, -ere, edixl, edictmn, order. ego, I. §122. elegantia, -ae, neatness. e5, (Adv.) thither. eo. Ire, ivi, or ii, itum, go. equus, -i, horse. et, (Conj.) and. etiam, (Conj.) also, even. excedo, -ere, -ssi, -ssum, de- part. exercitus, -us, army. experior, -iri, expertus, dep., try. faber, -bri, carpenter. fabulEi, -ae, story, play, facilis, -e, easy. • facinus, -oris, n., outrage. VOCABULAfeT. 117 facio, -ere, feci, factum, do, make, feles, -is,/., cat. femina, -ae, -woman. ferrum, -I, iron, sword,, ferox, -ocis, fierce, savage, festino, -are, -avi, -atum, hasten. ftlia, -ae, daughter, filius, -i, son. flos, -oris, m., flower. flumen, -inis, n., river, fines, -ium, m. , bounds, lands, fortis, -e, brave, strong, fortuna, -ae, fortune, luck, fiigo, -are, -avi, -atum, put to flight, fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, flee, for, furis, c, thief. G. Gallia, -ae, Gaul, to-day France, gallina, -ae, hen. Gallus, -i, a Oaul. gaudium, -i, joy. genus, -eris, n., kind, sort. gladius, -i, sword, gloria, -ae, glory, gratus, -a, -um, grateful, agree- able. gravis, -e, heavy, severe. habeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, have, hold, habet, has, is holding, habitat, dwells, hasta, -ae, spear, hie, haec, hsc, this. § 133. hiems, hiemis,/., winter. hinc, {Adm.) hence, homo, hominis, c, man. hortus, -I, garden, hostis, -is, c, enemy (public) . ibi, (Ach.) there. idem, eadem, idem, same, §134. ignis, -is, m., fire. ille, ilia, illud, that, that one. § 123. in, (Prep.) with Abl., in, on ; with Ace:, into. imperator, -oris, m-, general. impero, -are, -avi, -atum, com- mand. improbus, -a, -um, naughty, bad. incola, -ae, inhabitant. infero, inferre, intuli, illatum, to bring upon. ingenium, -i, nature, disposi- tion. inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, wish for, covet. inimlcus, -a, -um, unfriendly. iniquus, -a, -um, unfair, unjust. iutelligo, -ere, -lezi, -lectimi, know. interdum, (Adv.) sometimes. interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, kill, slay. intus, (Adv.) within. investigo, -are, -avi, -atiun, track out, find. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self, g 134. is, ea, id, that, he, she, it. §134. ita, (Ad/v.) so, thus. itaque, (Conj.) and so, therefore. itemqu'e, and likewise. (GonJ.) iterum, (Ado.) again. jubeo, -ire, jussi, jussum, or- der, bid. justitia, -ae, justice. Justus, -a, -um, just. 118 VOOABULAET. labor, -5ris, m., labor, fatigue. lapis, -idis, m. , stone. latus, -a, -um, broad. laudo, -are, -avl,-atu]n, praise. laudat, praises. legatus, -i, ambassador. legio, -onis, /., legion, 6,000 men. lego, -ere, legi, lectum, read. leo, -onis, m., lion. lex, legis,/., law. liber, -bri, book. liber, -era, -erum, free. llberi, -ae, (PI.) children. littera, -ae, letter (of alpha- bet.) locus, -i, place. longus, -a, -um, long. loquor, loqul, locutus, dep.. ludo, -ere, liisi, lusum, play. ludus, -i, game, play. luna, -ae, moon. lupus, -i, wolf. luscinia, -ae, nightingale. lux, liiois,/., light. M. magister, -tri, teacher, magistratus, -us, magistracy.' magnus, -a, -nm, great, large, major. See § 111 . malum, -i, apple. msire, -is, n. , sea. massa, -ae, lump, mendax, -acis, lying. mens, mentis,/., mind, mater, -tris, /., mother, maturus, -a, -um, ripe, metuo, -ere, -ui, — , fear, mens, -a, -um, my. Voe. mJ. miles, miUtis, m., soldier. miser, -era, -erum, wretched. mitto, -ere, misi, missnm, send. mens, mentis, m., mountain, monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, show, morbus, -i, sickness. morior, mori, mortuus, dep., die. mors, mortis,/., death, mos, moris, m., custom; PI., morals, mulier, -eris,/, woman, multus, -a, -um, much ; PI., many. N. narro, -are, -avi, -atum, nar- rate, tell, ne, {Cory.) that not, lest ; {Adv.) not. necat, kills, nemo, -inis, (ne homo), c, no one. neque, {Oonj.) and not, nor. Voc. 28. nescio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, to know not. neuter, -tra, -trum, neither, §57. ladus, -i, nest. nihil, indcl., «.., nothing, nisi, (Gonj.) unless, except, nix, niviS, /., snow, noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, do harm, hurt. nSmen, -inis, n., name, non, (Ad/B.) not. nos, we. 1 132. noster, -tra, -trum, our. nox, noctis,/., night. O. obses, -sidis, c, hostage, obstat, hinders, prevents, obsum, -esse, -ful, do harm, in- jure, [occupy, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, seize, VOCABULAET. 119 omnis, -e, every, all, whole. oppidum, -1, town. optimus, -a, -um, best. See §111. orator, -oris, m., orator, ornat, adorns, decks. ovis, -is, c, sheep, ovum, -i, egg. P. panis, -is, TO., bread. pareo, -ere, -ui, -itnm, obey, with Dai. paro, -are, -avi, -atum, prepare. parat, prepares. parco, -ere, peperci, parsum, (with Dat.) spare. parvus, -a, -um, small, little. pastor, -oris, m., shepherd. pater, -tris, m., father. patria, -ae, father-land. pauci, ^5rum, few. pax, paois, /., peace. pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, com- mit a fault, sin. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsnm, rout. peudo, -ere, pependi, pensum, pay. percutio, -ere, -ssi, -ssum, strike. perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum, ruin. pes, pedis, m,., foot. peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, seek, ask. piger, -gra, -grum, lazy, idle. poeta, -ae, poet. pollioeor, -eri, -itus, dep. , prom- ise. Fompejus, -i, m., Pompey. pons, pontis, m. , bridge. populus, -I, the people. porto, -are, -avi, -atum, carry. possum, posse, potui, can, be able. post, (Prep, and Oiwy.) after. posterus, -a, -um, next, follow- ing. praemium, -i, reward. primus, -a, -um, first. prinoeps, -ipis, m,., chief. proelium, -i, battle. prosum, prodesse, profiii, ben- efit. prudens, -entis, prudent, sensi- ble. puer, -i, boy. puella, -ae, girl. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beau- tifiU. punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, punish. puto, -are, -avi, -atum, think. quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm, search, ask. quam, {Oong.) than. See § 113. qui, quae, quod, who, that, what. See § 138. quia, {Conj.) because, quidam, qnaedam, quoddam, a certain, one. See § 131. quis, quae, quid, who ? which ? what 1 See 8 138. quiu, (Gonj.) that, but that, but. quispiam, some one. See § 131. quisquam, any -one. See § 131. quisque, each. See §181. quocunque, whither-so-ever. quominus, (Conj.) that not. quotidie, (Adv.) daily. R. recipio, -ere, -cipi, -ceptum, receive, get back. regina, -ae, queen. regnum, -i, kingdom, royal au- thority. regno, -are, -avi, -atum, reign. 120 VOCABULAKT. rego, -ere, rexl, rectum, rule. relinquo, -ere, -liqm, -lictum, leave. res, rei,/., thing, afEair, inter- est. respondeo, -ire, -dl, -sum, re- ply._ rex, regis, m. , king. Rhenus, -i, the river Ehine. rideo, -ere, risi, risum, laugh. rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, ask, ask . for. Roma, -ae. Borne. R5manus, -a, -um, Roman. rosa, -ae, rose. riimor, -oris, m., rumor, gos- sip. rupis, -is,/., rock. S. sagitta, -ae, arrow. saltat, dances. sanus, -a, -um, sound, healthy. sapientia, -ae, wisdom. sapiens, -entis, wise. scina, -ae, stage, scene. schola, -ae, school. scio, -ire, -i'lrt, -itum, know. Scipio, -onis, m., Scipio. scriba, -ae, clerk. scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum, write, sed, {Conj.) tut. sedes, -is,/., place, abode, sedulus, -a, -\un, industrious, semper, (Ack.) always, seuatus, -us, senate, senectus, -utis,/., old age. sententia, -ae, opinion, servo, -are, -avi, -atum, save, preserve, servus, -i, slave, sequor, sequi, secutus, dep., follow, si, {Conj.) if silentium, -i, silence. silva, -ae, forest. similis, -e, similar, like. sine, {Prep, with AU.) with- out. speoto, -are, -avi, -atum, see, behold. spes, -el, hope. stipendium, -i, tribute. stultus, -a, -um, sUly, foolish. suavis, -e,. sweet, pleasant. sum, esse, fui, to be. supero, -are, -avi, -atum, go over, vanquish. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, theii. See § 135. tarn, (Adv.) so. tempus, -oris, n., time. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, fright- en. totus, -a, -um, whole. Bee § 57. tradunt, they say. trans, (Prep.) across, over, with Ace. transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, cross, go over. tristis, -e, sad. tu, thou (or you). See § 122. tuus, -a, -um, thy (or your). U. ubi, (Adv.) where ? when ? unde, (Adv.) whence? unus, -a, -um, one. See § 57. urbs, urbis,/., city. ut, (Cortj.) that, in order that ; as. iitilis, -e, useful, uxor, -oris,/., wife. V. venator, -oris, m. hunter. VOCABULARY. 131 venio, -ire, veni, ventum, come, ver, veris, n., spring, verus, -a, -uin, true, vester, -tra, -trum, your, vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, annoy, worry. via, -ae, way, road, video, -ere, vidi, visum, see. videt, sees. victor, -oris, m., ■victor, victoria, -ae, victory, vicus, -i, village. vincio, -ire, vinxi, viuctnm, bind. viniun, -1, wine. vir, viri, man. virga, -ae, rod, switch. virtus, -utis,/., valor, virtue. vita, -ae, life. vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, blame, voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call, voluptas, -atis,/., pleasure, vox, vocis,/., voice, vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, to wound, vulnus, -eris, n., wound. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. able, to be, posse. See caw. advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. again, iterum. aid, ausdlium, -i. all, omnia, -e. always, semper. ambassador, legatus, -i. and, et, -que, atque. Vocab. 38. animal, animal, -alis, n. announces, nuntiat. army, exercitus, -iis. arrival, adventus, -us. arrow, sagitta, -ae. apple, mllum, -i. ask, rogo, -are, -aVi, -atum. ass, asinus, -i. attack ( Verb), aggredior, -i, ag- gressus, dep. attack, (&ubst.), impetus, -us. attempt, c5nor, -ar!, -atus, dep. autumn, autumnus, -i. B. badly, male. § 117. beautiful, -pulcher, -chra, -ohrum. beginning, initium, -i. believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -itum. black, niger, -gra, -grum. body, corpus, -oris, n. book, liber, -bri. boy, puer, pueri. brave, fortis, -e. bread, panis, -is, m. bridge, pons, pontis, m. brother, frater, -trig, m. builds, aedificat. burden, onus, -eris, n. by, a, ab, (with Ail.). cabin, casa, -ae. came, venit. can, possum, posse, potui. careless, incautus, -a, -um. carpenter, faber, -bri. cavalry, equitatus, -us. certainly, oerto. chief, princeps, -cipis, m. children, Uberi, -orum, m. citizen, civis, -is, c. city, urbs, urbis,/. come, veuio, -Ire, veni, ven- tum. companion, comes, -itis, c. consul, consul, -ulis, m. count, enumero, -are, -avi, -atum. cross, transeo, -ire, -il, -itum. crown, corona, -ae. dance, salto, -are, -avi, -atum. dances, saltat. daughter, fllia, -ae. day, dies, -ei. dead, mortuus, -a, -xun. dear, cams, -a, -um. deceive, deoipio, -ere, -oepi, -ceptum. VOCABULAKT. 133 deep, altus, -a, -um. delights, dglectat. descend, descendo, -ere, -i, -nsum. devour, devoro, -are, -avi, -atum. difficult, difScilis, -e. diligent, diligens, -ntis. do, facio, facere, feci, factum, dog, canis, -is, e. E. end, finis, -is, m. enemy, hostis, -is, c. F. father, pater, -tris, m, fear, timeo, -ere, -ui, — . finally, postremo. flee, fugio, fugere, fiigi, fugi- tum. flower, flos, -oris, m. fool, stultus, -i. foot, pes, pedis, m. footsoldier, pedes, -itis, m. forest, silva, -ae. friend, amicus, -i. frighten, terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, frog, rana, -ae. from, a, ab ; out from, e, ex. G. game, liidus, -i. Gaul (native of Ottilia), Gallus, -i. general, imperator, -oris, m. girl, puella, -ae. give, do, dare, -dedl, -atum. goat (she), capra, -ae. good, bonus, -a, -um. § 111. great, magnus, -a, -um. See §111. hasten, festino, -are, -avl, -atum. have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. has, habet. hear, audio, -ire, -Ivl, -itum. help, auzilium, -i. high, altus, -a, -um. his, suus, -a, -um ; ejus. See §125. home, domus, -us, /. See § 83, Rem. hope, spes, -ei. horn, coruu, -us, n. horseman, eques, -itis, m. hunter, venator, -oris, m. idle, piger, -gra, -grum. if, si. in, in, (with Ahl.). into, in, (with Ace). inhabitant, incola, -ae. injure, noceo, and obsum. § 73. innocent, inuocens, -ntis. iron, ferrum, -i. island, insula, -ae. E. kill, neco, -are, and interficip, -ere. king, rex, regis, m. kingdom, regnum, -I. knife, culter, -tri. know, scio, -Ire ; not know, nescio. lamb, agnus, -i. law, lex, legis,/. lazy, piger, -gra, -grum. leader, dux, duois, c. lieutenant, legatus, -ii 124 TOCABULAET. like, similar, sinulis, -e, (with Dat.). live, habito, -are, -avi, -atum. long, longus, -a, -um. lose, amitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- sum. love, amo, -are, -avi, -atum. M. make, facio, -ere, feci, factum, man, homo, hominis, c. many, multl, pi. of multus. Mary, Maria, -ae. master, domlnus, -i. medicine, medicinzi, -ae. messenger, nuntius, -i. miles, millia passuum. §118,R. money, pecunia, -ae. moon, luna, -ae. mountain, mens, montis, m. my, meus, -a, -um. N. neck, collum, -i. necklace, monile, -is, n. neither, neuter, -tra, -trum. See nor. next, posterus, -a, -um. night, nox, noctis,/. nightingale, luscinia, -ae. no, (^(|;.)nullus, -a, -um. See §57. no one, no man, nemo, -inis, m. nor, neque ; neither — nor, neque — neque. not, non, (with Imper.)Ti.e. now, nunc, number, numerus, -i. obey, pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, (with Dat.). once, quondam, olim. one, unus, -a, -um. See § 57. or, aut, either — or, aut — aut. order, to give, impero, -are, -avi, -atum. our, noster, -tra, -trum. P. parents, parentes, -ium. people, populus, -i. physician, medicus, -i. pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. pleasure, voluptas, -atia, /. poison, vetienum, -i. praise, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. praise, laus, -dis,/. preserve, servo, -are, -avi, -atum. prepare, parare. promise, polliceor, -eri, -itus, dep. prosperous, prosper, -era, -erum. pupil, discipulus, -I. queen, regina, -ae. raven, corvus, -i. reproach, inorepo, -are, -ui, -itum. ripe, mati5rus, -a, -um. river, fliimen, -inis, n. Borne, Roma, -ae. rose, rosa, -ae. S. sailor, nauta, -ae. same, idem, eadem, idem. say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. see, video, -ere, vidi, visum, see =visit, viso, -ere, -si, -sum. seem, paasvee of video. self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum. See 124, 122. TOCABULART. 125 senate, senatus, -us. serve, servire, (with Bat.). severe, gravis, -e. sheep, ovis, -is, e. shepherd, pastor, -oris, m. ship, navis, -is, /. sick, aeger, -gra, -grum. sickness, morbus, -i. silly, stultua, -a, -um. slug, canto, -are, -avi, -atum. slave, servus, -i. so, tarn; so great, tantus, -a, -um. soldier, miles, -itis, to. some,_qmdam. PI. §131. son, fiUus, -I. § 34, Rem. song, oeirmen, -inis, n. stafi, stick, baculum, -I. stag, oervus, -i. star, Stella, -ae.^ state, civitas, -atis, /. story, fabula, -ae. sun, sol, s51is, TO. sustain, sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. swift, velox, -ocis. sword, gladius, -I. T. teacher, magister, .tri. tell, narro, -are j dice, -ere. tender, tener, -era, -erum. than, quam. See § 113. that, ille, is, iste. See § 123. their, suus, -a, -um : eorum. §135. then, turn, tunc, thief, fur, furis, c. think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum. this, hie, haec, hoc. § 123. time, tempus, -oris, n. to-day, hodie. town, cppidum, -i. true, virus, -a, -Um. 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