OfarncU HtmucrBttg Htbratrg atljata, Kern ^orfe THE LIBRARY OF EMIL KUICHLING, C. E. ROCHESTER. NEW YORK THE GIFT OF SARAH L. KUICHLING 1919 feafnBiffiig Cornell University Library TD 525.C23A6 Report for the period commenelng October 3 1924 004 979 633 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004979633 Siiivn's, Plans, Estimates, and Reports made and Conslrnction Superintended. Compliments of L. E. chapin; Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C. E. , Canton, Ohio. CONSULTING ENGINEER FOR WATER WORKS. SEWERAGE, SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND STREET IMPROVEMENTS. S i CITY OF CANTON, OHIO. REPORT OF THE BOARD SEWER COMMISSIONERS FOR THE PERIOD COMMENCING OCTOBER 30, 1880, AND ENDING APRIL I, 1893, COMPRISING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MAIN SEWER, OF LATERAL AND STORM WATER SEWERS, AND OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS. Press of The Repository Printing Company, Canton, Oliio. (Extract from minutes of the proceeaings of the City Council of the City of Canton, Jan 30, 1895:) "Resolution by Mr. Campbell — Whereas the Sewer Commission is about to present a report wliich will necessarily be quite extensive, we have therefore thought it best to have the same put in pamplet form. Therefore, be it Resolved, That said Sewer Commissioners are hereby instructed to proceed with said work in manner as they see proper. Adopted unanimously." BOARD OF SEWER COMMISSIONERS. From June 5, 1882 to February 6, 1888: WILLIAM DANNEMILLER, President. DANIEL PARR. E. O. PORTMAN. W. A. LYNCH. JOSIAH HARTZELL, Clerk, From February 6, 1888, to the date of this Report: WILLIAM DANNEMILLER, President DANIEL PARR. E. O. PORTMAN. W. R. DAY. JOSIAH HARTZELL, Clerk. CITY GOVERNMENT. CITY OFFICERS DURING THE EXISTENCE OF THE BOARD OF SEWER COMMISSIONERS. 1882. WILLIAM J. PlERO, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Clerk. Jolin C. Welty, City Solicitor. John H. HoU, City Engineer. COUNCIL. R. S. Shields, President. Matthlw Bast. John C. Stinchcomb. John Werner. William H. McCammon. William H. Wyant. George Rex. Henry T. Warner. Arvine C. Hiner. Abram D. Coldron. John Murray. Johnson Sherrick. John P. Ranch. Jacob P. Fawcett. 1884. WILLIAM J. PlERO, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Clerk. John M. Myers, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer. COUNCIL. R. S. Shields, President. John H. Piero. Michael Adler. Augustus Gachatte. John Murray. John Webb. David Swanger. Henry T. Warner. Harry W. Haines. Stephen Wagner. Henry A. Weaver. John Class. Ale.xander Howenstine. J. P. Fawcett. 1883. WILLIAM J. PlERO, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Clerk. John M. Myers, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer. COUNCIL. R. S. Shields, President. Matthew Bast. Arvine C. Hiner. Stephen Wagner. William H. McCammon. John Class. Alexander Howenstine. Henry T. Warner. H. W. Haines. John H. Werner. John Murray. William H. Wyant. John P. Ranch. J. P. Fawcett. 1885. GEORGE REX, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Clerk. John M. Myers, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer. COUNCIL. J. P. Fawcett, President. Ignatius G. Maline. William Miller. Henry Voglegesang. Benjamin F. Rohrer. Charles R. Frazer. Matthew E. Meek. John H. Piero. Michael Adler. Augustus Gachatte. John Murrav. John Webb. David Swanger. Samuel J. Roberts, 1 886. George Rex, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Cleric. Jolm M. Myers, Ci'y Solicitor. Jolin H. Holi; City Engineer. COUNCIL. Ciiarles R. Frazer, President. John W. Walser. William^VolPcman. Augustus Gachatte. Albert Ringle. Matthew E. Meek. Samuel J. Roberts. Ignatius G. Mallne. William Miller. Henry Voglegesang. A. W. Conger. Louis Loichot, Jr. John E. Dine. B. F. Schweier. 1887. JOHN F. BLAKE, Mayor. E. M. Grimes, City Clerk. Atlee Pomerene, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer. COUNCIL. Daniel Worley, President. William Volkman. Augustus Gachatte. Albert Ringle. Louis Loichot, Jr. John E. Dine. Benjamin F. Schweier. John W.-Walser. Henry G. Schaub. Henry Voglegesang. Jules Py. O. A. Essig. Charles H. Henderson. William L. Alexander. JOHN F. BLAKE, Mayor. Henry G. Schaub, City Clerk. Atlee Pomerene, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer. COUNCIL. Daniel Worley, President. E. J. Donze. Henry Voglegesang. Jules Py. O. A. Essig. Charles H. Henderson. W. L. Alexander. .Joseph H. Dumoulin. 1 William Volkman. Gustave A. Fries. .Albert Ringle. Louis A. Loichot, Jr. John J. Adams. Paul Field. 1889. JOHN F. BLAKE, Mayor. Henry G. Schaub, City Clerk. Atlee Pomerene, City Solicitor. John H. Holl, City Engineer, to Sept. 8. R. R. Marble, City Engineer, from Sept. 8 COUNCIL. Louis A. Loichot, Jr., President. « Paul Gschwend. E. J. Donze. Orville L. Slentz. Jules Py. J. J. Adams. Paul Field. J. H. Dumoulin. William Volkman. Gustave A. Fries. Albert Ringle. O. A. Essig. John Duffy. Frederick Li^d. 1890. JOHN F. BLAKE, Mayor. , Henry G. Schaub, City Clerk. Atlee Pomerene, City Solicitor. R. R. Marble, City Engineer.' COUNCIL. J. H. Dumoulin, President. Martin Henry. Gustave A. Fries. J. A. Russell. Nicholas Guirlinger. F. Joseph Wagner. W. E. Sefton. E. J. Donze. O. L. Slentz. Jules Py. O. A. Essig. John Duffy. Frederick Lied. Paul Gschwend. )I. 1892. JOHN F. BLAKE, Mayor. George W. Yohe, City Clerk, to June 23. Will. Lichtenwalter City Ck, from June 23. Thomas F. TurnerJ City Solicitor. R. R. Marble, City Engineer, to Sept. 8. L. E. Chapin, City Engineer, from Sept. 8. John f. Blake, Mayor. William Lichtenwalter, City Clerk. Thomas F Turner, City Solicitor. L. E. Chapin, City Engineer. COUNCIL. W. E. Sefton, President. Joseph A. Linville. Anthony Francis. David L. Miller. George W. Trump. A. Best. William B. Dager. J. H. Dumouiiii. Martin Henry. Gustave A. Fries. John A. Russell. Nicholas Guirlinger. F. Joseph Wagner. J. M. Campbell. COUNCIL. J. A. Linville, President. Anthony Francis. David L. Miller. George W. Trump. Andrew Best. William B. Dager. J. M. Campbell. Henry T. Warner. Ed. Sexauer. G. Eicher. W. C. Dahinden. F. Joseph Wagner. H. W. Detmering. REPORT. To the Honorable Mayor, and President and Memhers of the Citjt Council of the City of Canton: It has been deemed best that a statement should be made by the Board of Sewer Commissioners descriptive of the sewer system, and of the more important events affecting its construction. We therefore beg leave to sub- mit the following report : The census of 1880 gave Canton a population of 12,258. The three or four last years of the preceding decade had been characterized by unusual activity. Each year witnessed a larger addition to the population, and improvements, both public and private, were assuming proportions of greater importance. The city water works had already been in operation for ten years. The subject of sewers was beginning to engage the attention of reflecting citizens. hi the absence of sewers the advantages afforded by the water supply were largely curtailed. The influx of water without drainage, im- posed heavy burdens. The retention of house wastes on the thickly settled areas was a menace to health. Certain large enterprises, and permanent street improvements, could be intelligently undertaken only after a sewer system had been introduced. The needs of our situation were diligently urged upon the public atten- tion ; the arguments in favor of sewer drainage were also combatted with assiduity. The first tangible result of this agitation appeared in a successful effort to obtain an opinion from Col. George E. Waring, Jr., in regard to a .sewer, system for Canton. Col. Wai'lng visited the city in the fall of 1880, and subsequently presented his report. The portions of the report that were most directly applicable to the problem of Canton sewerage were as follows: COL. WARING RECOMMENDS THE SEPARATE SYSTEM. To the Mayor and Common Council of the City of Canton : There has been a modification in the size, and a vast improvemertt in the construc- tion of sewers Within the past thirty years— dr since the introduction of earthenware pipes; but the old custom is still almost universal— the use of pipes has only modified it— and Instances of the separation of surface water and household waste are very recent. iWy own id^a is ttiat not only should surface water and household waste be removed by separate means, but that their removal should be considered, or may be considered as duite distinct problems. , ,, ^ ^ j. j It Is evident ffom an examination of your streets that an argument to spend money for construction of engineering works to get rid of the surface water which falls in Can- ton would make no converts. 1 believe that the number is very large of those who consider the Introduction of Some system by which the filth of the town may be properly removed the most important question now before the public. 1 propose to treat this latter question without involving it in any way with the former. That is to say, advise leaving the storm water question to take care of itself, and consider the removal of foul se'w^ge without the least reference to it. _ , ., , 4., •' Isend herewith a tracing of the map of the city, with sewers laid down as accurately as th^ information in my possession as to the slopes of the ground will allow. These slopes were constructed, as shown by the blue lines on the tracing from levels received before my visit. They have been somewhat modified according ^ the co rected ines, but these were not transferred to the tracing, as it was not thought worth vyhile at this time to ^°^*cur'aSrTeVT made with a view to the execution of the work, would doubtless modify the'direcEf^om^o^ these sewers, but not in such a manner as to make any size having been continued to Cherry street, in order to provide an outlet for the eastern part of the town when it shall be sewered. The sewer in Walnut street is lo inches in diameter. . , ^ . , , . ^, ,.,h„,.<. .. The rest of the material is mainly of six-inch pipe-eight inch being used where a """^l^e^lSin^whic^tt'sewers are laid have been selected with very much less information than would be necessary for the final plan ; it is quite ''ke'V that some streets are included that ought to have been omitted, and that some are omitted which ought to have been included. The only object aimed at has been to give an intelligent idea of the manner in which it is proposed to do the work, and to furnish a basis for a somewhat accurate estimate of its cost. It will be easy to judge the cost of any necessary altera- tions." Col. Waring then quotes from a statement made by him before the American Public Health Association at Nashville in 1879, showing the man- ner in which his system is applied, as follows : "The discussion between the advocates of the combined and the separate systems of sewerage, especially in England, has long been active. The tesue between them seemed doubtful until the matter of agricultural or chemical purification of the effluent became prominent. The arguments in favor of the exclusion of storm waterfrom the sewers proper seems to me so conclusive that 1 no longer hesitate to accept such separation as essential to the best sanitary sewerage. Sewers large enough to remove storm water, according to the usual formula, are open to several serious objections : 1. The question of cost is so often the controlling question, even in improvements of most vital importance, that the expensi? entailed by the construction of storm water sewers constitutes an insuperable obstacle in the case of many a small town where sewerage is not necessary. Even in the larger cities the expenditure in this direction might sometimes, if not always, be economized for the benefit of other necessary work. 2. The larger the sewer the more difficult becomes the matter of its ventilation. 3. Cases are extremely rare where sewers of the storm water size are not, at least during the hot and dry season, sewers of deposit to such an extent as to have their air made most foul by the decomposition of their sediment. 4. Where the question of final disposal has been important, the admixture of storm water with the sewage leads to the constant embarrassment of the system, whether the process be chemical or agricultural. The carrying of surface water to a depth of ten or fifteen feet below the surface seems to be at least unnecessary. Street wash can be safely admitted to sewers only after pass- ing through settling basins, and these are sure to accumulate an offensive and dangerous amount of decomposing filth. 1 believe that one of the most important improvements that we are destined to see is the removal of storm water, as far as possible, by surface gutters — carrying away the greater accumulations through very shallow conduits ; largely, perhaps, through covered gutters, easily accessible for cleansing and flushing. In my judgment a perfect system of sanitary sewerage, for a small town or a large one, would be something like the following : No sewer should be used of a smaller diameter than six inches: (a) because it will not be safe to adopt a smaller size than four inch for house drains, and the sewer must be large enough surely to remove whatever-may be delivered by these; (b) because a smaller pipe than six inch would be less readily ventilated than is desirable; (c) and -because it is not necessary to adopt a smaller radius than three inches to secure a cleansing of the channel by reasonably copious flushing. No sewer should be more than six inches in diameter until it and its branches have accumulated a sufficient flow at the hour of greatest use to fill this size half full, because tlie use of a larger size would be wasteful, and because when a sufficient ventilating capacity is secured, as it is in the use of a six inch pipe, the ventilation becomes less com- plete as the size increases— leaving a larger volume of contained air to be moved by the friction of current or by extraneous influences, or to be acted upon by changes of tempera- ture and of volume of flow within the sewer. The size should be increased gradually and only so rapidly as is made necessary by the filling of the sewer half full at the hour of greatest flow. 10 Every point of the sewer should, by the use of gaskets or otherwise, be protected against the least intrusion of cement, which in spite of the greatest care, creates a rough- ness that is liable to accumulate obstructions. The upper end of each branch sewer should be provided with a Field's flush tanl< of sufficient capacity to insure the thorough daily cleansing of so much of the conduit as from its limited flow is liable to deposit matters by the way. There should be sufficient man-holes, covered by open gratings, to admit air for ven- tilation. If the directions already given are adhered to, man-holes will not be necessary for cleansing. The use of the flush tank will be a safeguard against deposit. With the system of ventilation about to be described, it will suffice to place the man-holes at intervals of not less than ijOoo feet. For the complete ventilation of the sewers it should be made compulsory for every house-holder to make his connection without a, trap, and to continue his soil-pipe to a point above the roof of his house. That is, every house connection should furnish an uninterrupted ventilation channel four inches in diameter throughout its entire length. This is directly the reverse of the system of connection that should be adopted in the case of storm water and street wash sewers. These are foul, and the volume of their contained air is too great to be thoroughly ventilated by such appliances. Their atmosphere con- tains too much of the impure gases to make it prudent to discharge it through house drains and soil pipes. With the system of small pipes now described, the flushing would be so constant and complete, and the amount of ventilation furnished, as compared with the amount of air to be changed, would be so great, that what is popularly known as sewer gas would never exist in any part of the public drains. Even the gases produced in the traps and pipes of the house itself would be amply rectified, diluted, and removed by the constant movement of air through the latter. All house connections with sewers should be through inlets entering in the direction of the flow, and these inlets should be funnel-shaped so that their flow may be delivered at the bottom of the sewer, and so they may withdraw the air from its crown; that is, the vertical diameter of the inlet at its point of junction should be the same as the diameter of the sewer. All changes of direction should be on gradual curves, and, as a matter of course, the fall of the head of each branch to the outlet should be continuous. The reduction of grade within these limits, if considerable, should always be gradual. So far as circumstances will allow, the drains should be brought together, and they should finally discharge through one, or a few main outlets. The outlet, if water-locked, should have ample means for the admission of fresh air. If open, its mouth should be protected against the direct action of the wind. It will be seen that the system of sewerage here described is radically different from the usual practice. 1 believe that it is, in all essential particulars, much better adapted to the purposes of sanitary drainage. It is cleaner, is much more completely ventilated, and is more exactly suited to the Work to be performed. It obviates the filthy accumulation of street manure in catch-basins and sewers, and it discharges all that is delivered to it at the point of the ultimate outlet outside the town, before decomposition can ever begin. If the discharge is of domestic sewage only, its solid matter will be consumed by fishes; if it is delivered into a water-course, its dissolved material will be taken up by aquatic vegetation. The limited quantity and the uniform volume of the sewage, together with the absence of dilution by rain-fall, will make its disposal by agricultural or chemical processes easy and reliable. ; , . ^ , ^ The cost of construction, as compared with that of most restricted storm-water sewers, will be so small as to bring the improvement within the reach of the smaller communities. In other words, while the system is, in my judgment, the best for large cities, it is the only one that can be afforded in the case of small towns." Col. Waring concludes his report in regard to proposed sewers for Canton as follows : " The flush tanks referred to in this paper as being placed at the heads of the laterals, are on this plan 37 in number. They would be supplied from the public water-works with a trickling stream sufficient to fill them (about 112 gallons each) in from fifteen to twenty-four hours. When filled they would discharge themselves very rapidly and wash the whole system clean. , , , ^ x x 4.u i u As Schriver's run furnishes an abundant supply of water for the purpose I have thought best, in order to insure an effective flushing of the whole main line, to build a tank of ten thousand gallons capacity at the crossing of Walnut and North streets to be supplied from this stream, to discharge as often as may be thought necessary. There is no reason why this may not be daily. 11 estimate the total cost of the work to be as follows : 6,900 feet sewer costing $6,713.00 1,900 feet sewer costing 1,349.00 3,350 feet sewer costing 2,178.00 4,450 feet sewer costing 2, 1 36.00 38,950 feet sewer costing 15,969.00 55,550 Total $28,345.00 I large flush tank 600.00 37 small flush tanks 1,850.00 35 fresh air inlets 2,100.00 Iron pipe across creek at outlet 1,000.00 Total $33,895.00 Add for contingencies ten per cent 3,390.00 Total $37,285.00 Engineering, inspection and superintendence 5,593.00 Grand total $42,878.00 Although the allowances on this estimate are doubtless larger than are required, as there is no probability of rock being encountered, still, to make the estimates amply large, it may be best to fix the whole cost at $45,000.00. Very respectfully yours, GEO. E. WARING, Newport, R. I., October 30, 1880. Consulting Engineer." The Canton Sewers, as finally constructed, exhibit considerable deviation from Col. Waring's recommendations; but these changes apply only to collateral details. The system he proposed was generally ad- hered to. As a matter of fact the city's population had almost doublecl between the date of Col. Waring's visit and the time when sewer connection commenced, in 1888. He antic- ipated these changes, as is seen by his statement that his plan is based upon " Very much less information than would be neces- sary for the final plan." He says also that " The only object aimed at has been to give an intelligent idea of the manner Locate cess-pool as far from kitchen as possible If a sewer is available abolish the cess-pool and make a safe con- nection with the sewer without delay. in which it is proposed to do the work. A BOARD OF SEWER COMMISSIONERS IS CREATED. No action was taken by the Council in regard to Col. Waring's report, llie need of sewers, and their advantages, and the rapidly increasing foulness Of the city, and the dangers of delay, were pressed upon public attention through the newspapers with considerable vigor. At length the Council, on \2 June 5th, 1882, took action looking to tlie creation of a Sewer Board by the passage of the foliowhig ordinance : AN ORDINANCE Authorising Five Persons to Constitute the Board of Commissioners of Sewers of City of Canton and Prescribing their Duties : WHEREAS, In the opinion of the City Council of the city of Canton, Ohio: That many and manifest reasons, especially the health of the inhabitants of said city, demand that a system of sewerage and drainage be provided for said city, and in order to establish proper sewer districts in said city, therefore. Section I. Be it ordained by the City Council of the city of Canton. O.: That there be appointed by the Mayor of said city subject to the confirmation of the City Council of said city, five persons, one of whom shall be appointed for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years and one for five years, and yearly thereafter one shall be appointed to serve for a term of five years, to constitute the Board of Commission- ers of Sewers, and they shall serve without compensation. Sec. II. That it shall be the duty of the said Board of Commissioners of Sewers of said city to fix the boundary lines of each sewer district in said city according to the natural drainage, and that said board shall, as soon as convenient for them report to said Council of said city, plans, specifications and estimates of a main sewer, which shall be properly located looking to the drainage of that part of said city needing immediate sewerage. Sec. III. That if, in the opinion of said Council, said main sewer shall be built as reported by said Board of Commissioners of Sewers after the cost thereof has been estimated and reported, said Council shall provide that the necessary means to construct said main sewer shall be collected under and by virtue of the special assessment plan which provides that the entire expense of sewerage of each sewer district shall be paid by each of said sewer districts except what is in excess of the amount necessary to build an ordinary street sewer of sufficient capacity to drain or sewer said street on which said main sewer is located. Such excess shall be paid by general taxation on all property in said city as required by law, and that the expense of all lateral sewers to be paid by the owners of property abutting on said street where such lateral sewers shall be located, and by owners of adjacent prop- erty benefitted thereby. The necessary means to construct said main sewer to be provided for in advance of the contract to build said sewer, as the Council hereafter may direct. Sec. IV. That the Mayor shall appoint said members of the Board of said Commis- sioners of Sewers subject to the confirmation of the City Council on or before April i, 1882, and one member yearly thereafter to serve as in this ordinance provided. Sec V. That this ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and due publication. Passed March 6th, 1882. The Mayor, Wm. J. Piero, appointed the following as Sewer Commis- sioners : William Dannemiller for five years ; Josiah Hartzell for four years ; William A. Lynch for three years; E. O. Portman for two years; Daniel Parr for one year ; The appointments were confirmed by the Council. The Board was organized by the election of William Dannemiller as President, and Josiah Hartzell as Clerk. There were no funds available for sewer, work, either in possession or anticipation. The efforts of the new Board were therefore restricted to the preliminary duty of carefully considering the subject with a view to deter- mining upon the wisest course of proceedure. The first practical step was to select a Consulting Engineer under whose supervision detailed maps, plans and specifications could be prepared. If the choice of a large proportion of our citizens was to have weight, an engineer who would provide the city with a combined sewer built of brick, would have been preferred. On the other hand the more modern plan, the small pipe sewers, for house wastes only, had its adherents. 13 The employment of an engineer was, of itself, an act which, to all intents and purposes, decided the question as to which system of sewers Canton was to have. Such was the view taken by the Board of Sewer Commissioners. The Board decided to adopt the Separate System. REASONS FOR ADOPTING THE SEPARATE SYSTE.M.. Inasmuch as the city had delegated to the Board of Sewer Commission- ers the important duty of deciding these questions, upon which health, taxa- tion, and the future prosperity of the city would depend, and inasmuch as this decisive action of the Board was unfavorably commented upon, both at the time and subsequently, it is proper here to present some of the reasons which supported their conclusion. And in glancing over these facts it is well to bear in mind that facts and experiments in support of such action were by no means so abundant ten years ago as now. It is, however, a source of congratulation to know that the history of the art of sewer-building during all these years has been a continuous and irrefragable vindication of the action of the Board. 14 SIGNIFICANT EXPERIMENTS. Pipes of stoneware are said to have been first used in London, about 1846, being inserted in place of brick and stone sewers for the purpose of decreasing the diameters sufficiently to make them self cleansing. In view of the results obtained a distinguished sanitary engineer said : "Every sewer as formerly made is an elongated retort ; the sewage is the organic compound from which the foul gases are generated, and the drains which convey the sewage into it from the openings in the sinks and the closet pans are the necks from it, carrying the gases up into the sewer openings, from which they pass into the houses." Several of the earlier experiments were described, as follows : "The Sewer in upper George street, London, is five and one-half feet high by three and one-half feet wide, draining a built area of 44 acres. In the bottom of this sewer was laid a i2-inch pipe 560 feet long, and a dam was built at the upper end, thus forcing the sewage of the whole area to pass through this pipe. The velocity of the water in the pipe was found to be four and one-half times greater than on the bed of the old sewer and its drainagfe power twenty times that of the old sewer in proportion to its size. In one trial a quantity of sand, brick-bats and stone was thrown into the head of the pipe and the whole of this was passed through the pipe and deposited some distance from the lower end. It was found that this 12-inch pipe was of ample size to drain the 44 acres, and indeed, it was rarely ever more than half full at its head, though the sum of the cross sections of the house drains delivering into this half-full 12-inch pipe was equal to a circle 30 feet in diameter.' "Another experiment was made with the Earl street sewer, which took the drainage from 1,200 average size London houses, occupying a paved or covered surface of 43 acres. The sewer had a sectional area of 15 feet, and an average fall of i in 118, and the soil deposits from 1,200 houses accumulated 6,000 cubic feetper month. A 15-inch pipe was placed in this sewer with an inclination of i in 153, and it was kept perfectly clear of deposit. 'The average flow from each house was about 51 gallons per day, and apart from the rainfall the 1,200 houses could have been drained by a 5-inch pipe.' " Says one writer : "Only a few years ago it was estimated that the sewage proper of London might be discharged through a sewer three feet in diameter, yet there is scarcely a town of 5,000 inhabitants whose officers would be satisfied with one of less size." Col. Geo. E. Waring, who was the first to recommend for Canton the system which is now put in, gives an example of the capacity of small pipes in a case where a six-inch pipe was used to drain one detached house. "One after another as new houses were built new drains were connected with the same pipe, until after a time it was found to be clean and in perfect order, though carrying all the drainage for 150 houses." A similar set of experiments was made in St. Louis, in the summer of 1880, by Sewer Commissioner Moore, with the following results : "The first sewer experimented on was seven and one-quarter feet in diameter, drain- ing an area of 440 acres, upon which 1,370 houses were inhabited by n,ooo people. A dam was built across the sewer and a 12-inch pipe inserted. The greatest depth of flow was six and one-half inches. The second sewer drained an area of 155 acres, being in size 3>^ by 4!^ feet. This was treated in the same manner, with the exception that a nine-inch pipe was inserted. The greatest depth of flow here was also found to be 61^ inches. These results indicate a consumption equal to 80 gallons of water per day for each inhabitant." 15 GENERAL OPPOSITION TO SEPARATE SEWERS. As has been already intimated, tlie early innovations of the smaller bore sewers had to be built under protest. An early departure in this respect was undertaken by Col. Waring at Saratoga, N. Y., in 1875. The main sewer was not very small, being three feet in diameter. Mr. Waring says : ' ' From the very beginning of the work it encountered the most violent opposition on the part of many citizens who believed the sewer would be entirely inadequate. We were constantly reminded that one hotel had a main drain 18 inches in diameter; another one 2| feet in diameter, and that it was madness, with these drains as our guide, to attempt to accomplish the whole work with a three-foot sewer." It is needless to say that when the sewer was completed, and these same landlords and respectable fossils saw that all the sewage flow in the morning, at the hour of the largest flow, might have been discharged through a 2^ inch pipe, they changed their tune. Col. Waring adds, speaking of this Saratoga sewer : " 1 can excuse my course in recommending so large a sewer as one of three feet only by the fact that, in the state of public opinion then, it would have been impossible to secure the making of anything smaller." THE MEMPHIS SEWERS. In the entire history of sewer building no event called forth such general comment as the new Memphis sewers, built under the supervision of Col. Waring, in 1880. The distinctive features of that system were : 1. The small pipes used. In Memphis the largest sewer (brick) is only twenty inches in diameter. The pipes from the houses to the street connec- tions are uniformly four (4>. inches and are glazed sewer tiling with cemented joints. The next sizes are 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 inches. 2. At the end of each extension there is a flushing tank with a capacity of 120 gallons of water, which empties itself automatically at stated intervals. 3. All surface water, street washings, and even the roof and house- yard water is excluded from the drains. 4. All sewage, liquid or solid, kitchen and laundry slops, and factory liquid refuse is admitted. 5. There are no man-holes, nor catch basins, and the pipes are venti- lated by shafts in connection with each house. 6. The sewage and all liquids entering the pipes, owing to the small size of the pipes, is carried on so rapidly, especially by the copious and sys- tematic flushings, that the pipes are kept perfectly clean, and no decomposi- tion or fermentation of the sewage takes place before it finds its way to its place of disposal. 7. The cost of construction and maintenance is about one-tenth of the old combined system, where storm water and all surface water must be pro- vided for in some sewer. The actual cost of construction was $187,000. For the sewerage of the same area by the combined plan the estimates ranged from ;g8oo,ooo to ^2,225,000. 16 This experiment engaged the attention of engineers throughout the world, hi November, 1880, a report on tlie Memphis .plan was presented to the American Society of Civil Engineers. After full discussion this conclu- sion was reached : "With the results already achieved by this small-pipe system of sewer- age, it seems safe to predict that a new era has been inaugurated, and that the coming years will witness great modifications in the prevailing methods of sewerage." The "Social Statistics of the Cities of the United States," Tenth Census, contains the report of an examination of the Memphis Sewers, of which this is the last paragraph : "Neither in removing obstructions, in cleansin g the main sewers, nor in connecting house drains is the odor of sewer-gas ever observed." The following letter is self-explanatory : U. S. ENGINEER'S Office, Memphis, TENN., October 9, 1880. To the Mayor and Common Council, City ofNewpoi;t, R. I.: Having been requested to give my opinion in regard to the system of sewerage adopted for the city of Memphis, 1 desire to state that I have closely observed the worlc from its very inception and have made frequent inspections in order to observe the work- ings or the different parts. While the entire work has not been completed — though nearly so — 1 am perfectly satisfied that the success or the system is assured. The sizes of the pipes adopted and their arrangement are amply sufficient to carry off all the flow, and the addition of the flush tanks assures at all times a freedom from accumulated matter. Everything works admirably. ' Very respectfully, [SIGNED.] W. H. H. BENYAURD, Major Engineers. Dr. J. F. Kennedy, Secretary of the Iowa Board of Health, made a per- sonal visit of inspection, and as the result, recommended the separate system for use in the cities of that State. The same course was pursued by other health officers. The weight of English authority, comprising the most eminent engineers, preponderated heavily on the side of the separate system. The Government Chronicle (London) after a careful review of the new Memphis experiment, and its workings up to September, 1880, put one of its conclusions into these words : , "In short, it seems clear that a sufficient case has been made out to cause any sani- tary authority which is proposing to adopt a system of large storm-water sewers, to pause and enquire whether small sewers for the reception of sewage only, carefully laid, and periodically flushed by means of proper flush-tanks, would not be better and cheaper, and at the same time healthier. The large sewers in dry seasons are only too likely to become sewers of deposit; to leak and give off offensive odors; whereas the smaller ones, if properly laid and regularly flushed, may be kept equally clean the whole year around. Already, in 1883, a portion of Paris, France, had been sewered by the Waring plan. In his report M. Pontzen, the engineer in charge, states the following conclusions : "The first application of sewerage according to Waring's system, made in Paris in 1883, in a quarter where all of the unfavorable conditions are combined, has been a com- plctc success "The establishments drained by Waring's system leave nothing further to be desired in a sanitary point of view, and the ensemble of the drainage work has not, during the tive months it has been in operation given rise to the least complaint. , ,., . , "The establishment and maintenance of a system of sewers according to Waring s system has in allcases the advantage of being economical. "PARIS, May, 1884." 17 A direct inquiry, addressed to tiie Memphis Board of Healtli, brought the following response : Office of the board of Health, Memphis, Tenn, May 21, 1882. Josiah Hart:(ell, Esq., Canton, O.: Dear Sir :— Your inquiry in regard to tlie Waring system of sewerage has remained unanswered longer than 1 had intended it should, and 1 herewith apologize for the delay. So far the Waring system has fulfilled all that was expected of it. By ail observers it is declared a success. ' It is an utter impossibility for the sewers to cause an increase of the mortality, for there is a stream of water continually flowing through the pipes, and there is no accumulation of effete material anywhere. It is carried off and emptied into the river. There is no formation of sewer gas throughout the course of the pipes, and in opening a man-hole in any portion of the city, not the faintest odor can be detected. Probably our death rate was some larger last year than the year before, but that may be accounted for by an increase of our population. The authorities here are highly pleased with the sewers, and think them to be quite an advantage to our city. Very truly yours, J. H. BURNELL, Secretary Board of Health. The last official report of the City Engineer of Memphis, published in 1891, says : "The system in the main has so far worked admirably and has given entire satisfaction." KEENE, N. H. The city of Keene, N. H., was sewered on the Memphis plan in 1882. hiquiries as to the worl<- Th. r t ^- . """gs of the system were respond- 1 he Canton ordinance requires iron soil pipe to be placed j . . ,, ,, r ,, under houses. One of the reasons for this is made plain by ed tO by the MaVOr aS fo OWS : the above picture. *■ j j j (1882.) "So far as completed it worked well. No arrangements were made for carrying off surface water; this took the old channels. tmtihie with th. flMchl'''"^'^ ^^"^ P^^^'^-^ ^1?""^ ''"^^ '^'°<^'< work. There has been no trouble with the flush-tanks, the water in them has not frozen. can be from th. f f t"lt ^? "'^■^'^° ^}>^^ *'P construction of our sewers is as nearly perfect as bednninf ?nd ? h.i n 1 1" ™Ped>ments to a steady flow have been discovered from the anvti^e^tnne^fnrm^L^°^^'^'■•l*^*^"y°"'-?^'^^ forty-four flush-tanks has failed at pfpes " ^ "^'^ ^^^'^"'■a'^y- There has not been a single stoppage of the WEST TROY, N. Y. West Troy, N. Y., was sewered by the separate system. An inquiry was thus responded to by Geo. H. Kimberly, a prominent business man : Darti'e7who''wir/''^^ff^'*?"' ^^^ ^'""^^^ w«" ^hus far, and given satisfaction. The ^Idrionl'rtTs'eXeifp^eXtloTf^Ufin^dr''"" ^"^ *^^ *'"^ """"^ '"'" ""' -'" '^^^ ^^ 18 LENOX, MASS. Mr. William D. Curtis, Chief of the Dist., Com. of Lenox, Mass., replied to an inquiry as follows : "Josiah Hart^eli, Esq.: "Dear Sir :— Our sewers, put in by Col. Waring, of Newport, R. I., work very sat- isfactorily. The small pipe system has the advantage of being easily flushed and kept sweet and clean." OMAHA, NEB. Mr. D. H. Goodrich, Superintendent of Water Works, Omaha, Neb., responded as follows, March 15, 1883 : "Josiah Hart^ell, Esq., Canton, O.: "Dear Sir :— I havfe your favor of the 13th inst, in relation to the Waring sewer system. We have nothing to do with sewers in this office directly, but of course 1 feel deeply interested in their development. ' After much opposition the Waring system was adopted for the, larger portion of the city. It has so far been a decided success. In connection we have with this, however, a system of storm water sewers which are necessary in nearly all cities. These are very costly as compared with the Waring. There is probably no doubt as to this latter being the best, at the least cost, and for the largest number." The following extracts from the last annual message of the Mayor of Omaha, Neb., explains itself : "The health of the city depends in a great measure upon its supply of water and upon its system of sewerage. It is gratifying to know that our city is free from the odious gases and odors that in most other cities are emitted from sewers at every corner of their' streets. According to the report of the sewer inspector there was but $2,285.09 expended for salaries and in keeping our system in good working condition. This is certainly a very small sum. There can be no doubt that the Waring system of sewerage is, for sanitary purposes, the best ever devised. It is not intended for storm water or waste water from elevators, and in the busi- ness portion of the city other means will have to be provided for the over- flow from the latter." YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. At a convention of the Ohio State Sanitary Association, held in Mans- field, February 24, 1883, Dr. John McCurdy, a prominent citizen of Youngstown, said : "The Youngstown people are using the large brick sewers which have cost them nearly $200,000, and notwithstanding this great expense the system is a failure from a sanitary point of view." In the general discussion which followed the small pipe sewer, which could be easily flushed, was unanimously considered the best. OPINION OF THE ENGLISH HEALTH BOARD. This Board was composed of the most widely known and authoritative Sanitary Specialists. Their "General Conclusions," after a thorough 19 investigation of tlie wliole subject of sewerage, were embodied under five heads. Number 4 reads as follows : " That brick and stone house drains are false in principle, wasteful in cleaning, construction, and repairs. That house drains and sewers, properly constructed of vitrified stone-ware, detain and accumulate no deposit, emit no offensive odor, and require no additional surplus of water to keep them clean." ENGLISH ENGINEERING OPINION. In 1881, James T. Gardiner, C.' E., Director of the New York State Survey, was employed to make a report to the State Board of Health on the methods of sewerage for cities. On page 6 of this report is this paragraph : " I visited in London the sanitary department of the Local Government Board which has general supervision of the sanitary affairs of England. The Chief Engineer, IVlr. Robert Rawlinson, C. E., and the principal medical inspectors, Dr. Ballard and Mr. Rad- cliffe, are perfectly agreed that the combined sewer system is radically defective from a sanitary standpoint. In this opinion Dr. Richardson, and other prominent sanitarians concurred. At the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in York, the leading civil engineers whom I met had abandoned their belief in the 'combined system' of sewers, being convinced that it could not be made. healthful." SEWER SYSTEMS FOR NEW YORK STATE. In the document last named we read Engineer Gardiner's conclusion, on page 14, as follows: CONCLUSION : " In obedience to the resolution of this Board I have endeavored, by the examination of foreign and American experience, to determine what method of sewerage we ought to recommend to the towns and cities of this state applying for advice. I am convinced that both in England, and America at large, combined sewers, for carrying storm-water and sewage are, and necessarily must be, constant and powerful sources of disease, and that for most towns, they are a very costly method of removing sewage. I am of the opinion that the separate system of small sewers avoids in a great measure the mherent sanitary difficulties of the combined plan ; and that it is an efficient and economical method of removing the sewage of towns. I therefore recommend the State Board of Health to advise the adoption of the separate system of sewerage in those towns which have asked for information on this subject. Very respectfully yours, JAMES T. GARDINER, Director of the New York State Survey." At the quarterly meeting of the State Board of Health held at Albany, February 8th, 1881, the following action was taken : " The costly plan of large combined sewers for carrying sewage and storm-water together has proved a sanitary failure both in England and in this country; while the separate system, when properly constructed, avoids in great measure the evils from f,t^^f ?h1 "<=* so common, and is much less expensive for most towns. Therefore the general use in tliTsstlte""^ Sewers' with flushing tanks is hereby recommended for KALAMAZOO, MICH. The cost of combined sewers is variously estimated as being from five to ten times greater than that of separate sewers. 20 In the village of Kalamazoo, Mich., which had about 10,000 inhabitants in 18S3, there were in that year, 5.S9 miles of sewers, which had cost $40,184.75, or I, 29 per foot, or ;^6,fSii per mile. The smallest are 4-inch and the largest 12-inch pipes: This information is taken from the report of George H. Pierson, C. E., made Aprils ith, 18^3. COST OF CLEANING SEVERS.- ■ '' i'' Many cities are sewered partially on the Separate plan, and thus afford ready means for showing the comparative cost of'maintehance. An example of this is given by City Erigineer Towle, of New York, in his report for 1871, where the compara:tive cost of cleaning brick and- pipe sewers is given for the 5 years previous. It'show^ that the cost for briik drains was 125 times more than for pipe drains. This report contains the following: "In all cases where pipe sewers have required cleaning or repair, their failure to work has been trkced toerror, or unfaithfulness, in their cpnstruc'tion." SEWER VENTILATION. ' ' ''■ - , Combined sewers were advocated On the ground that resultant gases could be confined to "th,e sewei-s. that was shoivn to be impossible. The dangers of the plan manifested themselves. Baldwin Latham, the English enginery: said : " Unventilated sewers are far more dangerous than steam boilers without "safety valves." Speaking of the ventilation iised in connec- tiojf|^ith pipe sewers he said: "In my opinion this plan is decidedly the best systertj''that can be adopted." ^ ■;'<., ; '■ OPINION- OF ENGINEER LATROBE. ■' "'' f-. . , .. •■' I.., - '.'*' *■. ■■ •- A document which had great wejght with the Caliton Board was the report on a',/' Plan of Sewerage, made to the' City Council of Baltimore," by C'H. ,L^tTobe, chief engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.',^ With a vifew, Jo Ipuiltling- sewers, that city obtained the opinion, of this •' eminent engineer. The report appeared in August, 1881. > ,. - ■\ The pages of this dpcument show that the examination of the entire sitt)ject,of isevV'ers wfe made without prejudice. It is an important study. Ttie ffdvantages, And disadvantages, of the Combined system are pointed out. The p'erits and weaknesses of Separate Sewers are fully set forth. The tes;feimony and, authorities, tomprise the history of sewer buildiijg in Europe and America. After .a most lucid presentation of the subject Mr. Latrobe concludes thus. ' ;' '' ' ■ ■ .. ,. ■(.-'•■ ■ .' ■ . - '■■'.,- , OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF Sewer and drain Commissioners, Norfolk, va., March 20, 1883. Mr.Josiah Hmt^ell, Clerk of Sewer Board, Canton, O.: Dear sir :— I have received a letter from Col. Waring, of Newport, R. 1., in which he tells me your city desires to employ an engineer and requests me to send you my address, etc. My engagement has terminated here and 1 am at present free to make an- other. Yours respectfully, J. H. HUMPHREYS. Learning that Maj. Humphreys had also been employed at Little Rock, Ark., an inquiry brought the following response : LETTER FROM LITTLE ROCK, ARK. Little Rock, ark., June 12, 1.882. Josiah Hart^ell, Esq. , Clerk Board Sewer Commissioners : DEAR Sir : — Your letter of the 7th was delivered at the City Clerk's office and handed to me yesterday. Maj. J. H. Humphreys was employed by our Board of Sewer Commissioners to come to Little Rock and give us the benefit of his knowledge and experience in building Sewers onthf Sieparate Systpm after we had decided to build sewers of that kind. 1 believe MaJ- Humphreys a very capable engineer and his experience at Memphis and Norfolk in building that kind of sewers will make him a valuable engineer for you to employ. We built about two miles of sewers last year which is in fine working order. We believe it has many advantages over the old system and can be built at srnall cost. Yours truly, G. H. MEADE, Secretary Board of Improvement and. Manager of Sewers. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF SEWER COMMISSION, MAY 9, 1883. "Sewer Commissioners met in conference with the City Council and recommended to the latter the employment of Maj. J. H. Humphreys for the purpose of furnishing to the city a plan, map, and specifications of a sewer system for the city of Canton. Subse- qupntly, the same evening, the City Council called a meeting, separately and by unani- mous resolution, authorized the Sewer Commissioners to send for Major Humphreys, of Memphis, Tenn." Major Humphreys arrived in Canton May 16, 1883. Although the primary purpose in engaging the services of Major Humphreys was to furnish sewer plans, the majority in the Council had other pr;oblems for which they demanded a solution prior to commencement of operations on the house sewer enterprise. . These related principally to the drainage of storm water. It will therefore conduce to a better comprehension of the drainage system of (f^^nton if this branch of the present report be taken up and disposed of before entering upon the subject of house sewers proper, 25 STORM-WATER SEWERS OF CANTON. While sewers for the removal of house wastes were urgently needed, there was another problem which, right at the beginning, confronted the Board. This was the disposal of storm water. The Board was agreed as to the superior advantages of separate sewers for sewage. Therefore- the con- centration of water from rainfalls would have to be otherwise provided for. After heavy rains, or thaws, the collection of water in the lower lying part of the Second ward assumed the proportions of a small lake, inflicting serious injury on lot owners. The drainage from large areas in the northern part of the city was through Shriver's Run and Walnut street. As the surface drain of the most thickly settled area. Walnut street often became highly offensive. Petitions for relief from these embarrassments were addressed to the Council, and these were, in turn, referred to the Sewer Commission. With a view to taking measures to obtain the needed relief the Board, on November 3d, 1882, requested the City Civil Engineer to furnish estimates as follows : 1st. The cost of a sewer through Walnut street to drain the waters tributary to that channel. 2d. The cost of a sewer through Walnut iStreet of sufficient capacity to carry the water tributary to that channel, and, in addition, the storm flow of Shriver's Run. 3d. The cost of a sewer of sufficient capacity to convey the waters of Shriver's Run, and of the low grounds of the Second Ward, eastwardly, to the creek. On November loth the Engineer presented a report in which it was assumed that the territory north of Summit street could be drained west- wardly into the creek at a moderate expense. As a matter of fact the terri- tory referred to has since been drained westwardly through Lake street. The Engineer, therefore, very properly, rejected said area, which he fixed at 48.8 acres from his estimate. Upon this basis his estimate for the sewer contemplated by inquiry No. i was $16,250; for the sewer in response to inquiry No. 2 it was $26,879; for the sewer No. 3, the estimate was $8,879. For the drainage of the Second Ward storm water, alone, his esti- mate was $3,250. THE PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE SEWER. The disposal of storm waters for the areas to which reference has been made, which was the most pressing, continued to be made the subject of investigation. The last report in regard to the flooded district of the Second Ward, submitted to the Board June 18, 1883, was as follows: 2li CATCH BASIN, STORM-WATER SEWERS. When the sediment reaches the height of the outlet the lid is removed and the basin cleaned out. PLAN OF INLET INTO STORM-WATER SEWERS. To the Sewer Commissimiers of the City of Canton : With reference to the drainage of the basin east of the run, between Pennsylva- nia avenue and Washington avenue, observations made by Mr. Holl, City Engineer, show that during the flood of last February there was a continuous sheet of water from the high ground near Mahoning street on the east to Cherry street on the west, and that the water from this territory and the run flowed down along the streets and across lots as far south as Tuscarawas street. The first step necessary to pre- vent the recurrence of this would seem to be the deepen- ing Shriver's Run sufficiently to prevent its overflow into this basin. This accom- plished, 1 think the three-foot brick conduit, of the cost of which Mr. Holl has furnished you an estimate, would pro- vide for the storm water of the area under any considera- tion. City Engineer Holl's report, referred to, is as fol- lows: "In the matter of provid- ing a better outlet for the flood water in the late over- flowed district in the Second ward, and in order that dam- age by future floods may be avoided, the present sewer pipe drain in Pennsylvania avenue should be replaced by a brick sewer of circular shape, 3 feet in diameter, and beginning at the intersection of Gibbs street and Pennsyl- vania avenue and extending eastwardiy along said ave- nue to Nimishillen creek, a distance of 1,550 feet, which can be constructed with a fall of 2^ inches' per 100 feet, and would have 5 8-10 times the capacity of thi? present drain, and the top can be covered without inter- fering with the street grade. For a wall of one thick- ness of brick, this sewer would require 75 brick per lineal foot, or for the entire length, 116,250 brick, and the cost of the same would be approximately as follows: 116.250 brick at $15 per M laid in cement $1,763 75 Excavating, average cut 8 feet at 30 cents per cubic yard 744 °o Ten catch basins at $25 each 250 00 Two man-holes at $45 each 90 00 Total . JOHN H, 27 $2,847 75 HOLL, City Civil Engineer. This report was approved by Major Humphreys, who added the follow- ing suggestion: "But I am of the opinion that the low ground in this basin should be raised by filling to some extent, by which both the drainage and sewerage of the area would be greatly facilitated. Respectfully submitted, "J. H. HUMPHREYS." The above was approved by the Sewer Commissioners and certified to the City Council, as follows: "It is the opinion of this Board that the plan proposed by Engineers Humphreys and Holl will afford entire relief and, if carried out, will avert all danger of flooding in the Second Ward in the future. Respectfully submitted, WiVl. DANNEMILLER, President. JOSIAH HARTZELL, Clerk of the Board. THE WALNUT STREET STORM-WATER SEWER. The Pennsylvania Avenue sewer was constructed in accordance with the above plan and has proven to be an ample remedy for the vexations arising from collections of storm water in the low lying grounds Of the Second ward. In regard to the storm-water sewer on Walnut street, the estimate of City Engineer Holl has already been given. A farther investigation of the subject led Mr. Holl to reduce his first estimate to the extent of 1^1,500. This report was received Nov. 27th, 1882. After the arrival of Major Humphreys his opinion on this subject was obtained, and is contained in the report submitted by him June 18, 1883. It was as follows : " For the disposition of the surface water of Walnut street and Shriver's run it would seem best to take the water from the run at Saxton street and Pennsylvania avenue to Cherry street; thence along Cherry street to North street, thence along North street to Rex street, thence along Rex street to Shriver's run, south of the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R., a distance of 4,000 feet. This sewer should be six feet in diameter at the upper end, and 7 feet at North street and 7]^ feet south of Tuscarawas street. It is proposed In . connection with this to deepen and widen Shriver's run from Pennsylvania avenue to Washington avenue. Esti- mated cost of above: 4,000 feet of brick sewer at $8. . $32,000 1,000 feet of Shriver's run deep- ened and walled at $5.50 . 5,500 Add for contingencies 10 per ct. 3,750 Our ordinance says that soil-pipe in ftie liouse, as well as li"„ l^h?, S"*t', "l*^' ^^ °f ''■°" *^" '^^''^'1 "«h« joints, and It protiibits double traps. If these provisions are neelected fn me'piS '" "'°"' '° "^ ^''°"' ^' "■""'y "^ *^ ^'•™"^ 28 Total $41,200 Respectfully submitted, J.H. HUMPHREYS." The feasibility of a tiiird plan had been considered by the Board, viz : n\al, itc SEC' VIII. That this ordinance shall take effect and be m force from and after its passage and legal publication. Passed September 15, 1884." POWERS OF THE SEWER BOARD DEFINED. Upon the creation of the Board of Sewer Commissioners it was general- ly supposed that the Board would have direct control of the erection of the works authorized by it, and approved by the Council; that in fact the same methods would be observed, and the same powers exercised, as by the Water Board and Health Board. The duties of the Sewer Board, in these respects are, however, limited by a State law, in these terms : (FROM THE OHIO STATUTES.) An Act to Provide for the Cmstruction and Repair of Sewers in Cities of the Second Class. Section 8251-2. " The Council, on recommendation of the Board, shall cause such sewer or sewers, specified in the plan, as may be designated by the Board, to be constructed." By the terms of the law, therefore, the duties of the Board of Sewer Commissioners are ended when maps, plans and methods of construction have been specified and authorized. All contracts and expenditures are made' directly under the supervision of the City Council. Plan and Section of Man-Hole on Storm-Water Sewer, ring of brick. Sewer of single FINANCIAL ENTANGLEMENTS. In the course of construction of the Walnut street storm-water conduit several unlooked for embarrassments were encountered. 30 STORM-WATER SEWERS. Plgn and Section of Man-Hole on Storm-Water Sewer. Man-Hole Cover. Brick, two rings. STORM-WATER SEWER. Plan and Section of Man-Hole of Storm-Water Pipe Sewer. 31 The first of these was an injunction,, ob- tained upon the appli- cation of the Whitman & Barnes Manufactur- ing Company, re- straining the city from building the sewer through that com- pany's premises. The route of the sewer, as planned by the En- gineer, followed the old water course of the Walnut street open drain. This route took the sewer, by a curve, from the centre of Walnut street, east- wardly, through the Whitman & Barnes' grounds, and under the Fort Wayne tracks, directly into Shriver's Run. After a hearing of the case in the Court of Com- mon Pleas the injunc- tion was made perpet- ual. The course of the sewer was then pro- jected southward on Walnut street to, and across the Fort Wayne railroad tracks, and thence south-east- wardly across the premises of C. Ault- man & Co., to Shriv- er's Run. C. Aultman & Co. donated the right of way. The additional cost to the city, over that of the proposed outlet through the Whitman & Barnes' property, was ^1,482.80. This extension was formally authorized by the action of the Sewer Board, August 3, 1885, and the work was completed in conformity with this amended plan. It will be seen that in this ordinance, as passed, "Sewer District No. i" is mentioned as the district in which the sewer was located. This should have been "Sewer District No. 3," and the ordinance was accordingly also recti- fied in this respect. A more serious objection to the ordinance was its taxing feature. That there should have been some bungling legislation in the commencement of this work is not surprising. Before the completion of the sewer, however, the justice and injustice of the taxing clauses of the ordinance had been well canvassed both in and out of the Council. The movement in the Council took shape by the introduction, on November i;, 1885, of the following resolution: "RESOLVED. That the City Solicitor be and is hereby instructed to prepare and pre- sent to the City Council an ordinance providing that bonds issued for the construction of the Walnut street storm water be paid when due from the general sewer fund, raised by general taxation, and repealing existing ordinances providing that the cost of constructmg the same be assessed upon sewer district No. 3 and upon property fronting on Walnut street." Concerning the reasons for the proposed change we quote the lan- guage of Councilman Roberts, who spoke in support of the resolution introduced by him as follows: "The Walnut street storm water sewer is now substantially completed, the expense of the same having been about $13,000, of which there is yet due Mr. Adams in round numbers $2,600. Under the ordinance providing for the construction of this sewer, and subsequent resolutions of the Council, this amount is raised by a special assessment of $3,000 on the Walnut street property fronting on the sewer, $6,500 by special aseessment upon the property of Sewer District No. 3, and $4,000 by appropriation from the sewer fund, raised by general taxation. A levy of one and two-tenths mills has been made upon all the property in sewer district No. 3, which is now due upon the tax duplicate at the Treasurer's office; the assessing ordinance raising $3,000 from Walnut street property owners will soon have to be passed; and the balance of $4,000 has already been appropri- ated and paid out of the general sewer fund. Bonds have been issued, running two years, in anticipation of the collection of $6,500 from Sewer District No. 3, and this amount has been paid over to Contractor Adams. The collection of the $3,000 special assessment would leave a balance of $400 to be returned to the general sewer fund, after paying the contractor the balance of $2,600 yet due him. This in a nutshell shows the expense and financial status of the Walnut street sewer. "And now to return to the resolution introduced last evening. I have all along been of the opinion that the taxing of the people of Walnut street and Sewer District No. 3, for the construction of a purely storm-water sewer or drain was a rank injustice, the more so when it is considered that a year or two ago the city constructed exactly the same kind of a sewer on Pennsylvania avenue, and paid for the same by taxing every dollar of taxa- ble property in the city. There was no suggestion of assessing the property owners upon that street so much per foot front, or that the cost should be saddled upon some sewer district; but it was very properly paid by the entire city. It was not designed expressly for the relief of Pennsylvania avenue, but for half a score of tributary streets draining into it, and was in every way a public necessity and a general improvement. ■'Now 1 take the same ground concerning Walnut street. If it was necessary to build a storm water sewer it certainly was not to merely dispose of the rain water falling on that street, but because it is used to drain a very large portion of the city. Surface and under- ground drains are constructed at the city's expense to carry water from distant streets into Walnut street, and then we levy an enormous assessment upon property owners of that street to carry it away. We use their streets as a natural drain or water course, and then charge them a good, round sum for the privilege we enjoy. But this is not the only injustice. A special levy to raise $6,500 is made upon Sewer District No. 3, which largely comprises property and thoroughfares which can never by any system of engineer- ing be drained into Walnut street. The boundaries of this district have been frequently published, and every citizen who is' familiar with the sewerage question knows how unjust It is to tax all the property owners included in the district to construct a sewer which many of them can never expect to use. 32 If it was right to tax tlie entire city for the construction of the Pennsylvania avenue sewer, regardless of the district drained, it is just as riglit that the Walnut street sewer should be paid for by general taxation. Of course in the case of a house sewer the premi- ses are entirely different, and the same conclusions cannot be drawn. It is but right that each street should be assessed for house sewers constructed thereon, as they are more in the nature of local improvements, the entire city of course bearing a portion of the ex- pense of main sewers. "Under existing ordinances property owners of Walnut street are subjected to three different forms of taxation iii paying for the same: First, there is $4,poo taken from the sewer fund, raised by general taxation; then $6,500 to be raised by a special levy upon Sewer District No. 3, in which Walnut street is located; and finally $3,000 to be assessed per front upon all property fronting or abutting on Walnut street. This is certainly an injustice that should be righted, and now is the time to do it. The repeal of the existing ordinances would work no hardship to any property holder. In addition to the $4,000 already appropriated from the sewer fund the city at large would.be called upon to pay $9,500 now provided for by special assessments, but this will not necessitate any increased levy upon any property in the city, as the bonds out- standing can be paid as they mature out of the general tax collection." The view of the case taken by Mr. Roberts prevailed and the resolution above quoted, passed by the Council November 23, 1885, was carried into effect. SMALLER STORM WATER DRAINS. One of the arguments used in favor of a change of the taxing feature of the Walnut street ordinance, as first passed, was that quite a number of drains had already been built, the payment, in each instance, having been made from the general fund. The principal drains to which reference was thus made were as follows: The Pennsylvania avenue sewer, 1,515 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, built in 1883, of which mention has been made on a previous page: A 24-inch drain 520 feet long, from the Valley tracks to the creek, on West Tuscarawas street. A 24-inch drain 250 feet long, draining a portion of East Tuscarawas street into East Creek. An 18-inch drain on East Fifth street from Market to Walnut streets. Also drains on East Seventh and East Eighth, from Market to Walnut. A 24-inch drain on West Tuscarawas street, from High to Newton, a distance of 1,150 feet. Drain pipes on North street, from Cleveland avenue to Walnut ; also 18-inch drains 400 feet long on North Plum and Elizabeth streets. As will be seen by the table printed on page 36, the use of a portion of these drains has been abandoned, the need of them having been super- seded by the construction of the storm-water drains known as the Northwest and Southwest systems. These sewers were authorized by action of the Sewer Board, July 29th, 1889. For the route of these sewers we refer the reader to the map accompanying this report. Material, name of contractor, and cost are given in the table on page 36. Storm water drainage is a problem whose permanent solution is some- times attended with considerable difficulty. City improvements deflect water from their natural channels. The grading of streets, and the paving of streets, increase activity of flow, and consequent quick collection of waters, inflicting damages over areas not previously liable to such visitations. The inadequacy of the Walnut street storm-water drain after occasional rainfajls of exceptional abundance is partially due to the above named influ- 33 ences. Also partially to the quick influx into it of the waters from the side streets which are improved and frequently freshly dug up. These swift currents scour up the loose earth and, once delivered into the donduit with more sluggish grade, their heavier portions fall as sediment and choke up the sewer. The frequent clogging and considerable repair- bills which attend the maintenance of the Walnut street sewer furnish a sgnificant object-lesson to the advocates of combined sewers. For contrasts between present incon- veniences, and the perplexing conditions that would be inevitable if the volume of sewage flow was contributed to the contents of the sewer, must readily present themselves. Increased diameters could afford only temporary relief, for the sewer never was built, with no greater fall than the ground over Walnut street admits of, in which sedimentation from the same causes which now afflict that sewer could fail to occasionally fill it up, and necessi- tate large expense in its maintenance. NEED OF ADDITIONAL STORM WATER DRAINS. Looking to further improvements in this direction, City Civil Engineer L. E. Chapin said in his last annual report to the Council on the subject that it was his intention to present a plan for permanent relief in the near future. The same was foreshadowed by his observations on the Schriver Run problem, in the following language: "This valley should constitute a storm water sewer district, having a drainage area of about 800 acres. From Lawrence avenue to Charles street the bottom of the run is at most not over six feet below grades of crossing streets, and as the gradients of such streets are usually quite flat, high water in the run usually results in the backing up of storm waters over an extended area of closely built up and valuable property, causing much damage. "The improvement of this run, either by straightening and deepening and walling up, or by constructing a covered-in sewer at a depth of say ten feet below grade of streets would result in lowering the ground water to that extent, besides bettering the surface drainage of all the flat adjacent territory. This improvement I regard of much import- ance, and steps should be taken to begin such improvement. This would result in a free outlet to the Walnut street sewer and I think almost entirely relieve it from its oftentimes surcharged condition, due to obstructed outlet. A large proportion of the benefits of this improvement being local, it might be possible to provide for a portion of the total cost bv assessments of property so benefitted." PROPOSED CONDUIT FOR SHRIVER'S RUN DISTRICT. The plan of Engineer Chapin was more fully outlined, and estimates given, in his report to the City Council on January 30, 1893, as follows: fnr +J,P Sitt^""'^ S^!? °^ '^^'^i by resolution of the Council, 1 reported an estimate of cost fmm Nnrth .w+"f rT'l^' '°'?*^^ °" ?'''i^"^ '■°"t« °^' ^^'^ Shriver's Run, and extending from North street to Charles street. And during the past year, having had time to be- fnuLY^% acquainted with the problem, I am of the opinion^a better route can be had by ?ack^ ?o^ ihP ?v fr'Jl fr"-? North street to the P. Ft. W. & C. Ry., thence across those '"' Thl^'d va"\"ag1s"f\h?s^*uTe"re°"" "'"'^ '''''' '° «^^ ^''' '''''''■ abouV r 50 ^-J^.^^c'S!;' R."v^V°L"^r^ackr '* '™" ^"^"^ '''''' '° ^"^^ "^^^ ^^"P^ ?■ a^^.m/^^^"/^ °^ ^'^^^J ^''^^^''' ■'"'^ges and other obstructions. tion cios^to run wnnl/hf/nH^ '"^"""^k ^^^ ™^'" '^°"^^ ^«^«^' ^^^''^h owing to its loca- tion close to run, would be endangered by the excavations and be expensive to protect. streetto creek sfvlrfhont f^'u' *'T f"".^" being about 3,000 feet shorter from North Charles street whileLelnt rnnJ'"^^^^ ^''f f ^ ^"""^ °^«'' ^°'"'" P'^" which ended at unaries street whle present route contemplates improvement running to the creek. the flow of the creek ' ' °" ^'^"'^^ ^^'^^^' discharging in the direction with 34 m„.h'„ A lower grade of the sewer, resulting in its adaptability for local drainage to a much greater distance laterally and permitting the thorough drainage of the flat streets lying immediately east of the run. WATER SHED. The area of water shed contributing to flow of the run is approximately i.ooo acres, ^^K-"^2I"^°^^^*^''^''°'"'*^"'^''^^'^hing the stream in times of heaviest rainfall is 200 cubic feet per second, based on a rainfall of one inch per hour on the entire surface, assuming the future development, when built up, to result in an average of 24 per cent, of tne area to be pavements, buildings and such other impervious surfaces. GRADES AND DIMENSIONS. Starting at south line of North street at elevation 67.30 for the bottom of sewer, a unitorm fall of 25-100 feet per 100 feet can be secured for the entire distance of 5125 feet to the creek, resulting in elevation of invert at mouth of sewer of 54.50 or 7-10 feet above mean water level of the creek. With tliis grade, and to carry a maximum of 260 cubic teet of water per second a sewer 6>2' feet in diameter will be required. And its capacity by K.utter s formula will be<268 cubic feet per second, which is the size recommended. WALNUT STREET SEWER. The above dimension contemplates the extension of the present 3-foot sewer in North street by a 4-foot sewer from Walnut street to the new improvement in Saxton street, thus relieving the Walnut street sewer from all storm water on territory north of North street and also that reaching North street from North Market street and North Cleveland avenue. Haying removed this quantity of storm water from the Walnut street sewer, and diverted the Shriver Run water from its present course to the proposed route, would result in a free discharge of the Walnut street sewer into the bed of the run. But to effectually remove any possible nuisance from this source, it is proposed to continue the present Wal- nut street sewer by a 4-foot sewer to a point below Charles street. This work requiring but little excavation and being of comparatively small diameter would not interfere with any existing improvements and be done at small expense. Provision has been made and allowed for the future construction of lateral sewers on Eighth street, and also for the territory adjacent to the Malleable Iron Works. ESTIMATED COST. Main sewer, 6)4 feet in diameter if59.i37 50 Inlet at North street, outlet and man-holes i,ioo 00 Extension of North street sewer 3,510 00 Necessary changes to existing house sewers 2,000 00 Painting, inspecting and contingent costs 1,252 50 Total $67,000 00 Extension of Walnut street sewer 8,000 00 Total estimated cost $75,000 00 A long time bond at low interest rate could be floated, perhaps a 30-year at 4 per cent, which would make an annual interest charge of $3,000, necessary to insure the com- plete drainage of this portion of Canton in which are located the many manufacturing plants, the success of which has contributed to the growth of our city, and which have been put to serious disadvantage and much annual expense by the lack of passable streets during one-third of the year, permanent street improvements being impossible without the essential of perfect drainage." It was resolved to adopt the plan presented and to commence work on the sewer as soon as the needed legislation had been obtained and the legal preliminaries had been complied with. COMMON S TRAP BACK VENTED. 35 u z < X u DQ Q w a: < Qu tu IX a. ^ -> CI 71 -f C>) O -t* CO i-H y-t CO I- saaoHNVW jIO 'ON «ClCO,-C5.*C»,-, CO [ -' o ■* - „^^^rt2: e WO O (N in l-(NCO i S « s g 00 in S3p3 o ilSgSSi 00 1 iM OCOO i S5 ill 8 --0 CO O s M ^1 S SS2 J. »oo (M I* ii a Si CO s 1 s o Cvj g CO ■* OS i '■ 1 •a- CO ii 00 g 11 § i CO S5 : (M i a: i i o 1 oo o i i 1 2 1 5 1 a o 1 o ID a « o S p X o 15 u a « CQ -o 1 § CO i a 43 1 2 « •a a ca s s H 1 a 5 o hi a o >* 1 S2 H 1 s Q « 1 c 1 <13 > 1 1 1 .a 03 O o CO 6 o: > > « S a =1 a 1 o si a 3 1 a CO 1 EC O 1 So £ o £ 03 1 5 c a > -a o o c 1 2 o o 7 0) 03 5 * a ^; 2 O p H 03 * 1 "a 03 03 ;-■ o a * 3 a ■3 2 02 1 3 a 1 2 c o ■a E S E # s a > 03 B 1 rz C K 2 « S J > < ■a c 2 1 i 5 z H i b ■a C9 5 o o o » a H i g a w 2 = s X 1 o en 53 D m i OJ t Q HOUSE SEWER SYSTEM. Wishing to dispose of one branch of Canton's sewer system before tak- ing up the other we have, in describing the city's storm-water drains, proceeded considerably.beyond the practical inauguration of house sewers, in point of time. As before stated, Major Humphreys, who had been engaged to prepare plans, reached Canton on May i6, 1885. After the necessary topographical examination had been made he and City Engineer Holl furnished the infor- mation in regard to storm water conduits which had been requested of them. He then gave his attention to the house sewer system. His first report was as follows: To the Sewer Commissioners of the City of Canton: Gentlemen : — in compliance with your request I have made some examination of your city with reference to a sewer system, especially as to the location and approximate estimate of the cost of a main sewer which would remove the sewage from the business and most thickly popu- lated portions of the city. I find a route already suggested by Col. War- ing on Walnut and South Market streets which would discharge near the confluence of the two creeks. My es- timate of the cost of this sewer is i!l7,5o°- I have also partially examined a route down Walnut street to the Fort Wayne railroad, thence through pri- vate property, and near Shriver's Run to the East Creek. This 1 think may be built for about $13,000. A further examination of the two routes is neces- sary before a choice between them should be made. Respectfully, J. H. HUMPHREYS. After making further surveys he reported again as follows: To the Sewer Commissioners of the City of Canton: GENTLEMEN:— In obedience to your instructions, the main sewer on Wal- nut street and along Shriver's Run, from North street to Nimishillen Creek, has been located. A profile of this route, and specifica- tions of the work required to construct the sewer, together \vith a map show- ing the location of the main sewer, and such laterals as may be drained into it. In this case pretly much all is wrong. A vent pipe, in- stead of Roin? above the roof, stops under a window, Another vent pipe is too small. No traps, no tiiht joints, no iron soil pipe under the house, no fall to the sewer. Rain water cisterns above and below communicate directly with the sewer. It is an extreme, and an extremely bad case. Yet all these things have occurred. is herewith submitted. The main sewer is designed 20 inches in diameter from Nmishil- Jen Creek to Douglas street, 18 inches from Douglas to Ninth street, 15 inches from Ninth to Third street, and 12 inches from Third to North street. The construction of the sewer is estimated to cost $16,000. . . ■ .. k 1 A profile for the preliminary survey for the extension of the main to a point below '•• • ,Lir__._t_;ii__ /-^_..i. :_ .i„„ „.,! — -.-n-^A This extension would cost about Raynold's dam on Nimishillen Creek is also submitted. f8,ooo. Respecectfully submitted, CANTON, O.. June 30th, 1883. J. H. HUMPHREYS. The profile, specifications and maps referred to in tiie above reporl con- stitute the basis of the sewer system of Canton as it is in operation to-day. Very few deviations were made in the lateral sewers. The route of the main sewer proposed by Major Humphreys was changed. Instead of going directly south to the creek, its course is south only to a point just south of the C, C. & S. railroad track, thence south- westardly, along the railroad track to Allen street, -thence south, on Allen street to a point near the creek, which is now the sewage farm. The route is shown on the map accompanying this report. The diameters of the main sewer were adhered to, as specified, with the exception that the portion from Third to North streets was made 15 inches instead of 12 inches in diameter. The specifications prepared by Major Humphreys also ultimately under- went some minor changes, owing to the change in diameters and the changed route of the main sewer. They will be presented later on. Major Humphreys, at the request of the Sewer Commissioners, also presented a preliminary report on the subject of the disposal of the city's sewage by absorption. The plan did not, however, recommend itself suffi- ciently to warrant any action. He also made a survey for the purpose of fixing the boundary of Sewer District No. 3 in compliance with the following ordinance: SECTION NO. }24 OF THE REVISED ORDINANCES. Ordering file TDivision of the City into three Sewer TDistricts. For the purpose of draining the city of Canton with water and house sewerage, suitable andproper sewers shall be constructed from time to time whenever deemed expedient by the Council and in accordance with such general plan, to be adopted by the Commissioners of Sewers and approved by the Council of the city. And for the purpose of taxation to build, construct and maintain the same or any part or portion of it, the said city shall be, and the same is hereby divided into three (3) several and separate sewer districts, named and numbered respectively as follows : East Sewer District of the city of Canton, and numbered one (i); also West Sewer District of the city of Canton and numbered two (2); and Central Sewer District of the city of Canton and numbered three (3). SECTION NO. }25 OF THE REVISED OT{DINANCES. Fixing the boundaries of Sewer District Number Three. The limits and boundaries of the sewer district to be known as the Central Sewer District of the city of Canton No. 3, be and the same are hereby fixed as follows, to-wit: Beginning at the point where the main sewer crosses the Connotton Railroad near Shriver^s Run; thence eastward with said track to Liberty street; thence northwardly with Liberty street, including the lots fronting on the east side of same to Mulberry street; thence in an eastwardly direction with Mulberry street (including the lots fronting on the south side of the street) to Ninth street; thence north to the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railroad; thence northeastwardly with track of said railroad to a point in the line with Herbruck street (produced); thence northward with said line and Herbruck street to Second street; thence westward with Second street, including lots fronting on north side of Second street to the line of Correll street (produced); thence northwardly with that line and Correll street, including the lots fronting on the east side of that street to Washington avenue; thence westwardly with that street, including lots fronting on the north side of that street, to Spring street; thence northward with Spring street mcluding lots fronting on the east side of that street, and abutting thereon, to the north corporation line; thence westward with said line to Cleveland avenue; thence southward with said avenue including lots fronting on west side of same to Summit street; thence westward with Summit street to Plum street; thence southward with Plum street includ- ing the lots fronting on the west side of the street to Third street; thence westward with Ihird street including the lots fronting on the north side of that street to Shorb street; thence southward on Shorb street including the lots fronting and abutting on west side of same to Fifth street; thence westward with Fifth street including lots fronting on north side of same to the lm« between the lots Nos. 1598 and 1600; thence south with said line 38" o Q o # a. W a J, H :f bl (ft 4; u t- +-. * II) s z >t> u F ^ o < ^ .r: o ai z y- > < i£ u < E 3 a 1- s -g t = M S 2 So o III **-■ 30 between lots Nos. 1617 and 16 1 8, to Tuscarawas street; thence westward with said street including lots fronting on the south side of it to the alley on west side of out lot No. loi; thence southward with that alley to Eighth street; thence east on Eighth street including lots fronting on south side of same to Marion street; thence southward with Marion street to Tenth street; thence eastwardly with Tenth street including lots fronting on south side of same to High street; thence south on High street including lots fronting on the west side of the street to South street; thence eastwardly with South street (south side of same) to Plum street; thence south with Plum street including lots fronting and abutting on west side of same to Cedar street; thence eastward with Cedar street including the lots fronting on south side of same to Market street; thence southward with Market street including th.e lots fronting on west side of said street to Valley Railroad track; thence southward with said track to the Connotton Valley Railroad; tlnence eastward with the last named track to the beginning. (Sept. 17, 1883.) SECTION NO. 326 OF THE REI^/SED ORDINANCES. Leaving Exact Hoimdaries of East and West Sewer 'Districts to be Established when deemed Expedient. That the exact boundaries and limits of the east sewer district of the city of Canton numbered one (i), as well as that of the westsewei district of the city of Canton numbered two (2), shall be fixed and established by an ordinance to be passed by the Council for that purpose, whenever deemed expedient by the Council of that city. With this report, fixing the boundary of Sewer District Number 3, Major Humphrey's term of service was brought to a close. The work done by him amply confirmed the recommendations that preceded his corfiing. hi fact the controlling recommendations of our city sewer system are largely due, in part to him, and in part to his more distinguished predecessor. Col. George E. Waring. The mmutes of the Sewer Board, July 5, 1883, contain the following memorandum: I'lt was deemed expedient to dismiss Major Humphreys for the present. "First— Because he has fixed the route of the sewers, mapped and districted the area of the city,, made necessary profiles and specifications, and done all that can and will be accomplished b-fore the actual work of building the sewers is commenced, and ,. ''Second— Because, in the opinion of the City Council, money for the purpose of building the sewers cannot be provided before September ist; and perhaps a longer time will elapse before the required funds are provided." THE SEWER PROJECT TAKES A FIVE YEARS' REST. The outlook for the form of relief furnished by a system of sewers at this date was far from encouraging. The City Hall was in process of con- struction and absorbed all the attention and all the available money at the disposal of the municipal authorities. The Council did, however, go so far as to pass a resolution authorizing a popular vote on the question of sewers at the April election in 1864. The majority in opposition to sewers was 604. Taken as an indication of the popular wish this result was meaningless, or at best misleading. The form of voting was simply, "Sewers, Yes," "Sewers, No." Not one hundred voters had informed themselves as to the plans proposed. When these plans, the cost and the advantages came to be understood there was a revulsion in feeling. As a stimulant to investiga- tion the sewer election happily resulted in some benefit. 40 During the next three years there is little to report. The unrest in- creased. In 1884 the cholera invaded Europe and there was the general warning to clean up. The following memorial was presented to the Council: To the City Council : In view of the prevalence of contagious diseases, and of the possible spread of epi- demics dangerous to life to this portion of the country, and of the well established fact that the danger from such epidemics is greatly increased by the retention of offensive waste matters in, or near the homes of the people, we would urge upon the City Council the necessity of immediate action for the construction of house sewers as a sanitary measure of the first importance. The health and general welfare of our city have already suffered much from want of sewers. In the presence of the danger that now threatens, any further delay will be inexcusable and suicidal. WM. DANNEMILLER, WM. A. LYNCH, JOSIAH HARTZELl, Canton, July 28th, 1884. Sewer Commissioners. The city Board of Health instructed a committee to report as to the best means of promoting the public health. An extract from said report is as follows : Third — These drainage wastes may be hauled away In vehicles, or may be removed beyond the city limits by means of properly constructed drains or sewers. Owing to the imperfect working of the first-named method, and to the enormous expense It entails, If thoroughly done, we would recommend the construction of a house sewer system for the accomplishment of the purpose named in your resolution. R. P. JOHNSON, J. H. DUJWOULIN* IVlay 27, 1886. Committee of the Board of Health. Grevious complaints were made by householders and business men. Public improvements were hindered. The public business suffered. Com- plaints about the condition of things at the county buildings became a matter of record. A few extracts will reveal their nature : Extract from the report made by the Grand Jury to the Court of Common Pleas, October 26, 1883 : "The Grand Jury report the basement of the jail In a very unhealthy and filthy con- dition, caused by the filtration of water, more or less Impregnated with refuse matter from the cesspool on the west side of the jail into the basement. They recommend steps to obviate this nuisance." From the Grand Jury report, January term, 1884 : "We find the basement of the jail In a most filthy state. * * * The grand jury are of the opinion that nothing further can be done to abate the nuisance existing about the buildings, except what the commissioners are doing, until some good sewerage system Is adopted and constructed." During the same term of Court Judge Pease, after chargingthe Grand Jury, said : "Last term the Grand Jury of this County In their report represented that the base- ment of the jail was in a horribly filthy state, arising from the overflow from the cesspools surrounding It; that this state of things was a matter over which the sheriff had no con- trol and for which he was in no way res"ponsible, and the commissioners In said report were asked to give it immediate attention and to purify it, as will be seen by their report which will be furnished you if you desire it. If you visit the jail early you will find a portion of the contents of the cesspools on the bottom of that jail cellar, which makes it in ' a terribly filthy condition. We get the horrible air arising from that filth, and not a term passes but what men are prostrated here before our very eyes from its effect; and the 41 wonder is that every one of us are not sick. The officers complain, the inmates of the jail complain, and the Commissioner's attention has been called to It by the report I have mentioned, and by the Board of Health of the city. All public buildings are under the direct supervision of the Commissioners, and it is their duty to keep them all in a healthy condition. The visiting comrriittee appointed one year ago has made a special report, which has been published and which, doubtless, many of you have read; this report will be presented to you and you will see by that that they call the attention of the Commis- sioners to this same thing. 1 have severnl times spoken to you in regard to it. It is in- sufferable and unbearable and delay in remedying this is dangerous and should be pun- ished. As I said before, sickness of the persons whose duty it is to be around here is caused by it. The condition of our Sheriff to-day, 1 have no doubt, is more or less due to this. And now, I desire to recommend to you, as a Grand Jury, take this matter into your con- sideration, and 1 refer you to the section of the statute (Judge Pease read the section of the statutes appertaining to the maintaining of a nuisance) and to the section of the statute pertaining to a commissioner's neglect of duty being a cause for removal from office. (Here he read the section in full relating as above). Now, gentlemen, unless you are satisfied that measures are being taken to speedily remedy this matter, I recommend that the Commissioners be indicted." DANGERS TO WELL WATER. WELL. • "k *.**■ Drainage area. CESSPOOL. f f"! Cone of pollutio THE CITY COUNCIL OF 1887-1888 INAUGURATES ACTIVE WORK. With the advent of the City Council, which came into con- trol in the spring of 1888, the Sewerage project assumed a more hopeful aspect. The danger of further delay was great, and the increasing irk- someness of the "odorless ex- cavators" had become intol- erable. The conviction that the inauguration of a wisely planned drainage system would be approved, and should be no longer deferred, was shared by every member of that body. The Sewer Com- mission and the Engineer made known that which they would recommend, with their reasons therefor, and the estimates which the proposed improve- ments would require. As the money would have to be fur- nished and the practical work done, by the Council, meas- ures looking to the achieve- ^•^>»shH%W To be assured that the drainage area of the well, and the filtra- tion, or pollution scope of the cesspool, are as portrayed else- where one has only to recognize the facts. The situation shown in the picture was discovered, and the well suppressed, only after a considerable number of persons had been sicl' to treat the sewage. For the purpose of comparison of the cost of operating the different methods, 1 have assumed the expense of precipitation as FIFTY CENTS PER HEAD PER ANNUM, which I believe in your case is quite enough, and this is intended to cover the cost of treating the sewage twelve months in the year. After carefully considering all the exist- ing conditions in your case I recommend chemical precipitation to supfilement crude disposal, so far as it shall be found necessary, and this I believe wlil prove the most applicable to your needs. As before stated it will be well to secure land for the filtration of the effluent shoiild it become necessary in the future. There will probably be much of 47 the time to come when crude disposal may be made of the sewage or to say the least, the chemical treatment need not be carried to a high degree of perfection. I am informed that some parties are ready to contract with your city to take the sludge from the tanks free of expense to you, and while I cannot encourage the expectation that siich arrange- ments will prove lasting or satisfactory, still it may not be unwise to consider such an offer from responsible parties, and should you be able to make such arrangements perma- nently the cost of the works would be much reduced, for you would thereby be able to do without the filter presses and other parts of the plant included in the estimate. 1 desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. John H. Holl, City Engineer, for -much valuable information furnished me in a very concise and comprehensible form. SAMUEL M. GRAY. On July 28th, 1887, the following projects were recommended by action of the Board of Sewer Commissioners : "First — The adoption of the plan of sewage disposal recommended for Canton by Samuel M. Gray in his report to the Commissioners, viz.: by precipitation, and "Second — The purchase by the city of twenty-seven and fifty-eighths one hundredths (27 58-100) acres of land near the intersection of Allen and Kimball streets, now owned by Louisa Staufer, for the purpose of carrying the plan above recommended into effect." The tract of land above named was bought by the city on January 30th, 1888, for the price of ^4,000. Concerning the reasons which actuated the Sewer Board in taking this step a very few words will have to suffice. The present report aims to pre- sent that which has been accomplished, and the latitude that is permissible for sustaining argument and testimony is necessarily very restricted. It will easily, be believed that a detail of the considerations which had more of less bearing on our decision in this matter would, of itself, require more space than 'several entire documents as large as this report. What will you do with the sewage .' had been a grave conundrum with the sewers' friends ; it was also a favorite flippancy of the sewers' enemies. For non-professionals the proper answer was : We do not know. We do, however, know that sewage disposal prob- lems far more vexatious than ours have been satisfactorily and permanently solved. We also know that the services of the engineers who have planned sewers and sewage disposal under similar and even more intricate conditions, can be had to answer this important question satisfactorily and with scientific and mathematical correctness. Until such answer is made by an engineer whose record of success justifies entire faith in his conclusions, it is nearly, idle for persons without knowledge or experience to speculate as to the best method of disposing of the drainage wastes of our city. Such were the opinions which had been formed by the members of the Board of Sewer Commissioners after a somewhat careful study of the availa- ble printed literature bearing on this vexed problem. • I^'' ??7 ''"'"' ''™'^'^' ^''' '^'■Se't contributor to published knowledge m this field. He had visited, and made a study of all the sewage disposa plants in Europe, and his report on that subject was recognized as that of the highest value. His character and qualifications were known to be such as would confer upon his recommendation for Canton the greatest authority. ^ 48 As has already been stated, the Sewer Commissioners felt justified in adopting the plan recommended by Mr. Gray for Canton, namely, the pre- cipitation method. It may be added, paranthetically, that sufficient time has elapsedsince the above action was taken to permit a personal inspection of several disposal plants, situated at various points in the eastern part of this country, with the result that we are fully confirmed in the wisdom of our action. This inspec- tion was conducted by a committee appointed by the City Council for that purpose, consisting of L. E. Chapin, City Engineer; J. M. Campbell, on the part, of the Council, and Josiah Hartzell, on the part of the Sewer Commis- sioners. This committee's report, prepared by Engineer Chapin, and pre- sented to the Council on February i6th, 1892, was as follows : REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL. Following is the report of the special committee appointed under the resolution of Council to investigate sewage disposal works in the east with especial reference to the best method to adopt for the city of Canton, Ohio. This committee having visited such eastern works made the following report and recommendations to the Council meeting of last night. The most successful method of sewage purification' as practiced at home and abroad are: First, chemical precipitation; second, Filtration; third, irrigation. In irriga- tion the sewage is applied to the surface of a sandy or loose soil in continuous sheets or by means of carriers and trenches a|id when suitable soil is had in proper condition and in sufficient areas it can be cultivated and at the same time so purify sewage that the effluent will be quite satisfactory and sale of crops materially reduce working expenses. The area of land required varies largely with character of soil and sewage — probably one acre for each 10,000 gallons sewage applied per day, requiring, say 100 acres for treatment of the present sevvage. Second: Filtration as practiced generally consists of preparing ground by grading and underdraining and distributing sewage by surface carriers passing sewage over a portion of land for a time, and then allowing this portion to rest, turning flow on next area, and so on. When land is cropped much larger areas are required than when no attempt is made to realize from cultivation. Sewage, say from thirty to sixty thousand gallons per day, can be purified by filtration without cropping, requiring for present needs of Canton say about thirty acres of land. In both filtration and irrigation the land must be especially prepared for the reception of sewage and such channels dug repeatedly to dietribute same, requiring an outlay for preliminary preparation of from one to four hun- dred dollers per acre. The effluent from such land when not overloaded with sewage is good, and generally satisfactory to owners of abutting land on outfall streams. Third: Chemical precipitation is the system recommended by Mr. S. iW. Gray, consulting engi- neer, as being best adapted to the needs and means of Canton, This method consists in mixing certain chemical solutions with the sewage, which while acting as deodorizers and disinfectants, also enter into chemical combinations with the organic and inorganic properties of sewage, thereby promoting precipitation of the solid and much of the dis- solved matter. This mixture pi chemicals and sewage passes into a series of larger masonry tanks from which the effluent flows off as practically clear water, leaving such impurities as have been removed in the bottom of the tanks in the form of a semi-fluid mass called sludge, composed of the solid and organic matters before contained in the crude sewage, and about ninefy-five per cent, of water. The sludge is disposed of by drawing off, and either by passing through filter presses, removing most of the water and compressing the sludge into cakes, which are hard and dry enough to be readily handled. Or instead of pressing, the sludge is sometimes spread on the surface of a sandy, open soil, the water being largely removed by evaporation and by filtration, and the resultant sludge, as in case of pressed sludge, disposed of by cremation or for fertilizers, if demand should be had for such. . The chemical precipitation plant seen at Worcester had little or no odor in connection with any part of the buildings or grounds. They treating the sludge by spreading on sandy or gravelly soil, while the East Orange, New Jersey works, being located in the midst of a thickly settled community, used the filter process to condense sludge, after which it was used as fertilizers or burned. .^ , .^ ^ At Worcester the change from sewage to purified effluent was rather surprising. Crude sewage entering the tanks bdng black, foul looking and filled with every conceiva- ble matter in suspension, was at the outlet of the tanks transformed into sparkling springlike water. , ^ ^ j ■ n j At East Orange the effluent from tanks was first passed over a small area prepared for filtration, from which the effluent entered into the waters of Second river of sufficient 49 purity to satisfy the local health boards of the abutters on the line of the stream. The cost of a complete plant in working order will be approximately Ji!38,ooo, and be of such capacity as to buildings, tanks and principal machinery that will suffice for possible in- crease on present flow by adding future tanks and minor machinery and without materially increasing the operating expenses. The annual cost of operating the plant will not be far from $5,000 per million gallons of sewage treated per day, requiring in addition of lime, chemicals, fuel, oil, etc., probably the service of three men, two by day and one by night. The present flow of sewage in outfall sewer is not far from 800,000 gallons per day, coming entirely from sewer district No. 3. In this district, however, are many houses not yet connected with the sewer. About 30 per cent of improved property abutting on house sewers are still using vaults and cesspools. The completion of the disposal works will place the city in position tO' enforce section 357, codified ordinances relating to sewer connections. On a careful consideration of the problem and with ideas and results.gained and had from various disposal works visited, this committee is of the opinion that the method of chemical precipitation as recommended by iVlr. Gray to be the best and most practicable for our needs. And we therefore recommend that immediate steps be taken to carry out his plans, making some modifications in constructing the works, believing in their ulti- mate success, and that effluent reaching the creek will be in no manner objectionable to owners and residents along and in the lower creek valley. JOSIAH HARTZELL, Clerk Sewer Commission. J. M. CAIV\PBELL, Chair. Council Com. on Sewage. L. E. CHAPIN, City Engineer. Committee. It need be only added here that inasmuch as the City Engineer has consented to prepare a supplementary statement fully explicative of our sewage disposal works, to be added to, and constitute a part of this report, that branch of the subject will now be dropped. THE COUNTY COIWMISSIONERS APPROPRIATE ^10,000. There still remained a feature of the question of taxation which mem- bers of the Council resolved should be settled before other action was taken, viz.: the status of the county in regard thereto. It was reasoned that while the county seat property would be by far the largest single beneficiary of the sewer system, the county property could not be taxed in the regular way to assist in paying for the same. Even if the per foot front tax, by the pro- ceeds of which it was intended to pay for the lateral sewers, was allowed, there still remained the main sewers, right of way, the disposal works, the sewer farm, and more important than all else, the perpetual maintenance of both the sewers and disposal works; all these would have to be paid for by a general tax on city property from which the county would escape entirely. Inasmuch as the taxpayers of the city of Canton already pay nearly one-third (about i2-38ths) of the entire county tax, and as only a very small proportion of the sum so contributed is expended within the boundaries of thj municipality, it was deemed wholly inadmissable that these sewer immuni- ties, for perpetuity, should be conceded, in the absence of a substantial con- sideration. In regard to the sum that should be contributed by the county g20,ocDO was deemed not unreasonable, inasmuch as the county was already paying ^1,200 a year to have the Court House sewage hauled away; and with the result, as appears by the charge of Judge Pease to the Grand Jury, thata argeshareof itwas not hauled away at all, but leaked under the foundations of both Court House and jail, to the great disgust and injury of 50 the inmates and contiguous property interests. From these evils there was no escape except by means of sewers. The County Corhmissioners had repeatedly uttered this opinion. The following is an extract from the report of the jail physician to the judge of the court: "It is my opinion that this evil cannot be remedied except by some general plan of sewerage, and it would seem to me to be advisable that the County Commissioners act in concert with the city authorities and agree on some plan which would relieve the jail and the court house of this offensive odor." At a session of the County Commissioners, held on October lo, 1887, the Board of County Commissioners agreed to allow the. city the sum of S 10,000, to be paid in three installments, as follows: One-third when sewer is properly connected with the county premises; one-third in one year there- after, and one-third in two years thereafter. Late in the fall of 1889 the county premises were connected with the sewer. On the 3d of January, 1890, the first part of the county's install- ment, being ;^3,333.33, was paid over to the city as agreed. (On February 6th of the following year, and before the second install- ment had been paid, Messrs. Zachary Shoemalcer, John C. Dielhenn, C. Frank Schorm and Joseph Oppenheimer, representing the Board of Trade of the city of Massillon, applied for and obtained from the judge of the court of Common Pleas a temporary injunction restraining the County Treasurer from malting further payments' on the ground that the act of the County Commissioners was not legal. Subsequently the case came up for hearing before Judge McCarthy, by whose decision the injunction restraining the county from paying the remain- ing $6,666.66 was made perpetual. The judge expressed the opinion that the action on the part of the County Commissioners could rightfully be considered in the light of a judicious investment by the county, but if no power was vested in them to make such a contract, then the latter could not be ratified. He said that taxing schemes must be uniform, that the city could not discriminate against the county, that the statutes do not authorize such a contract, and that therefore there was no power to order the payment of money on such a contract. This decision was rendered April 6, 1893. The City Solicitor gave notice of appeal . ) ACTS OF THE CITY COUNCIL AND STATE LEGISTATURE TO PROVIDE MONEY FOR BUILDING THE MAIN SEWER. A remedy for the anticipated evils liable to result from stream pollution having now been provided, and a satisfactory contract made with the county authorities, all in:ipediments in the way of concerted practical action had been removed. The need of sewers was too pressing to permit the delay exacted in waiting for money to be raised by a tax levy. Therefore, at a meeting of the City Council held on April 30, 1888, the following action was taken: Whereas, The city of Canton, Ohio, has a population of 25,000 people, which is •rapidly increasing, and has no means of drainage, either natural or artificial, for the dis- posal of house sewage, and its citizens are suffering for lack thereof, and a due regard for their health and convenience demands the construction of a general sewerage system with- out further delay, and, 51 HOUSE SEWER LATERAL JUNCTION MAN-HOLE. In the man-hole bottoms the channel is in the shape of a split pipe, the top hall being removed. By removing the man-hole lid the con- duct ot the sewer and branches is instantly obvious. Whereas, There is no money in tlie sewer fund ar\d there will not be for several years to come under the present restricted method of taxation, a sum sufficient to provide a proper and adequate system of sewerage to meet the growing wants of the people, and there is no other mode of raising the amount except by the issuing and sale of bonds of the said city in anticipation of a tax hereafter to be levied. Therefore belt Resolved, That we, the city Council of the city of Canton, Ohio, heartily ap- prove and endorse the bill entitled an "Act autliorizing the City Council of the city of Canton, Ohio, to issue and sell bonds for sewer purposes," and rsepectfully petition and urge the General Assembly of the State of Ohio to enact the same without unnecessary delay. The following is a copy of the sewer bill as passed: A BILL Authori{tng the City Council of the City of Canton, Ohio, to issue and sell bonds for sewer purposes: Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, that the City Council of the city of Canton, Ohio, be and is hereby authorized to issue and sell bonds of the city in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, bearing interest not exceeding six per centum per annum, payable annually, and of denominations not less than one thousand dollars each, made payable at such times as said Council may, by resolu- tion, prescribe, but not less than three nor more than twelve years from date. Said bonds shall not be sold for less than par, and the proceeds therefrom shall be used for the eXiW. a^A/r.^J. SEWER AND MAN-HOLE. Tills sectional view o£ a man-hole on the house sewer system shows how the main and lateral sewers enter through the wall o! man-hole. purpos? of constructing a main or truntc sewer, between such points and along such line as the Council may direct, and procuring the right of way therefor; and for the purpose of purchasing such land and providing such apparatus as in the opinion of the Council may be necessary for the disposal of sewage by chemical precipitation, or such other plan as the Council may adopt. Sec. 2. If there be any balance from the proceeds of the sale of said bonds over and above what is necessary for the purposes set forth in section i of this act, the same shall, be paid over into the sewer fund of said city and shall be used for such sewer purposes as the Council may from time to time direct. Sec. 3. For the purpose of paying said bonds and the interest thereon as they may become due, the City Council of said city is hereby authorized to levy a tax not exceeding one mill per annum on all taxable property, both real and personal, of said city, in addi- tion to. the amount otherwise allowed by law, to be collected as other taxes, and the money so collected shall be used for the payment of said bonds and the interest thereon, and shall not be used for any other purpose. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. A copy of the above was placed in charge of Senator T. C. Snyder, who procured its prompt passage without opposition. Upon learning of the passage of the bill, the Board of Sewer Commis sioners met, on March 9, 1888, and took the following action, basing the same on the belief that ;^25,ooo would suffice to build the main sewer, thus leaving ^25,000 to be employed in paying for the sewage disposal plant, when that work should be undertaken. 53 Whereas, This board is advised that the Legislature of Ohio has passed a law authorizing the City Council to issue bonds to the amount of $50,000 for the purpose of constructing a main sewer and proper disposal works for sewage; therefore be it RESOLVED, That as soon as the Council has sold $25,000 of said bonds, sothatthere is money in the treasury for the purpose above stated, this board proceed to, adopt plans as required by the statute for the said sewer, and that the secretary of the board advise the City Council of the action. ROUTE AND RIGHTS OF WAY. By reference to the sewer map it will be seen that the lower end of the main sewer is built on Allen street, from the sewer farm to the intersection of the C, C. & S. Railroad with that street. So far the city owned the right of way. From Allen street the course of the sewer, for a distance of about 1,000 feet, is along the south line of the railroad track, to Shriver's Run. This part was over the property of the Saxton heirs, and the right of way for the sewer and the needed drains was conceded for a consideration to which reference will be made further on. The course of the sewer from the last named point to the foot of Walnut street is through private property. Portions of the way, south of the premi- ses of C. Aultman & Co., had to be paid for, and were bought by the city. C. Aultman & Co. donated the right of .way through their premises. The balance of the route to North street being on Walnut street the right of way belonged to the city. The surface grade over the entire route was quite uniform and favora- ble, the entire fall being over 40 feet. A short fill was required south of Allen street bridge; also a longer fill south of the Valley Railway track; also a fill about 600 feet long north of the bridge. As portions of the street surface at these points were nearly two feet below the bottom of the pro- posed sewer a fill of about seven feet had to be made over the greatest depressions. The earth to make these fills was obtained from the higher ground on Allen street, south of the Valley Rail- road track. Fortunately for the interests of that street the excavations and fill, taken together, brought the surface to an almost perfect grade. That part of the fill lying north of the bridge adjoined the Saxton heirs' tract. In conceding to the city rights of way over said tract the con- dition was made that the fill on Allen street should be extended 12 feet on the Saxton land side so as to comprise the area of a sidewalk. As required by law, specifications of the main sewer had been prepared by the engineer. For convenience the sewer was divided into two parts, number one comprising the sewers north of the Allen street bridge, and number two the sewers south of the bridge. Following are the specifications: The column of air in chimneys reaches the livine rooms by pipe- holes or fire-place. If the closet is vented into the chimney sewer air may enter the house in the manner shown in the cut. Therefore our or- dinance forbids ventine into chim- neys. 54 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MATERIAL AND WORK REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN SEWER NUMBER ONE, IN THE CITY OF CATNON, OHIO. ENGINEER'S Office, i 1888. / xxt .Beginning at the Intersection of the south line of North street with the middle of Walnut street; thence southwardly with the middle of Walnut street and the valley of bhriver s Run to the south side of the Cleveland & Canton Railroad; thence southwest- erly seven and one-half feet from said railroad to the middle of Allen street; thence south wardly with said street to the east branch of the Nimishillen creek. DIAMETERS OF SEWER. M- T"^ l^^^"" ^'"°™ ^'^^^^ ^^^^^ t° '^'"t'l st''6^t will be fifteen inches in diameter, from Ninth to Douglas street eighteen inches in diameter, and from Douglas street to the Allen street bridge, twenty Inches in diameter. TRENCHING. The trenches shall not be less than four feet wide on the bottom, clear of shoring or bracing, all shoring or bracing will be furnished and placed by the contractor, and will be retained in position until so much of the back fill is made as will in the opinion of the engineer of the work, be sufficient to secure the sewer from disturbance wheh it is re- moved. The contractor will furnish all pipe and fittings or branches which may be required, and lay the same. SEWER PIPE. The pipe shall be of the best quality of ivitrified socket sewer pipe, and for twenty- inch pipe shall have one and three-eighth inches thickness, eighteen-inch pi[Se one and one'-fourth inches, and fifteen-inch pipe one and one-eighth inches; and no diameter of any pipe shall be more than three-eighth inch greater or less than that prescribed. They will be- laid truly to the grade and line furnished by the engineer, so as to form whin laid a continuous concentric tube. LAYING TO GRADE. The grade for each pipe will be ascertained by measuring down from a line stretched parallel to grade, by a straight edge used in connection with grade stakes set in the bot- tom of the trench, or other methods satisfactory to the engineer. Great care will be taken to avoid excavating below the grade, and the trench will generally first be taken out to a line about four inches above grade, and the remainder removed immediately in advance of the pipe layers, by men skilled in following a grade. When the pipes are laid on a curve, the ends will be cut to correspond to the radius of the curve. CEMENTING PIPE JOINTS. In all cases before the joints of the pipe are cemented, a gasket of oakum of suffi- cient size to prevent the entrance of the cement to the interior of the pipe, will be tamped into each joint. The cement joint of the pipes shall be made with the hand and not with the trowel. The cement shall be first pressed into the sockets with the fingers, so as to entirelyfill the same, and the joint then completed by adding a small ring of cement on the outside of the sockets. The branches will be closed with a vitrified stopper and lime moitar, finished with a skim coat of cement. DRAIN TILE. The ditch will be freed from water while the pipe is being laid and until the back fill Is made as high as the top of the pipe, and for that purpose a drain pipe shall be laid as near the side of the trench as possible and below the grade of the sewer. This should be a six-Inch, pipe at the lower end, and maybe reduced to a four inch tile whenever the vol- ume of water, in the opinion of the engineer, indicates that it will be of sufficient capacity to drain the trench. PUMPING. The contractor will be required to use pumps also, if they are found necesaary. Ex- cavations shall be made in the bottom for the sockets, and the pipes laid with an even " 55 bearing along their entire leiigtli. Tlie socket holes will be of such dimensions as will permit the under side of the pipe joint to be well made. If water accumulates rapidly in the socket holes, the engineer may require them to be filled with concrete, otherwise they may be filled immediately with suitable material from the trenches. CEMENT. The cement used will be of such quality as shall be satisfactory to the engineer, and shall be fresh, finely ground and quick setting, and shall be equal in every respect to the the best quality of Louisville cement. It shall be mixed with clear, sharp sand, in the proportion for pipe joints of not less than one of cement to one of sand ; for brick work, one of cement to two of sand. It shall be mixed in suitable mortar boxes in small quantities as it may be required, and shall not be used after it begins to set. MAN-HOLES. The contractor will be required to construct man-holos at such intervals as may be determined by the engineer, they will be built in accordance with the plans accom- panying these specifications, of smooth hard burned brick laid in cement with full mortar joints, which for each brick shall be made with one operation, by placing the mortar and pressing the brick into it and not by filling in the joint after the brick is laid. They will be finished at the surface with a cast iron cover made according to plan, to be furnished by the engineer, to weigh not less than two hundred and twenty-five pounds, and shall be provided with wrought iron steps of three-fourth inch round iron, thirty-two inches long with four angles. The engineer ma;y dispense with man-holes on such portions of the lines as he may deem proper, or may substitute for them vertical T branches of vitrified pipe. PLATFORMS FOR FOUNDATIONS. Should it be necessary for any part of the trench, in the opinion of the engineer, to construct a sewer on a platform, the contractor will excavate the trench to the required depth, provide and put in place the platform and fill to grade on the same with such of the material taken from the trench as may be directed by the engineer. CONCRETE. The concrete used in the work shall be of one part cement, two parts sand and three of clean broken stone or gravel. The sewer when completed shall be turned over to the city, clean and free from all rubbish or any deposits of any kind. DAMAGE TO GAS OR WATER PIPE. The contractor will be required to provide against the injury of any gas or water pipe encountered in the work, and will be required to restore to their proper grade and line or repair any which may be moved or injured. ENGINEER TO INSPECT MATERIAL. All the work done under these specifications shall be satisfactory to the engineer, and the matet-ial furnished shall be subject to inspection by himself, assistant or inspector, and he sha 1 determine all questions as to quality or quantity of materials and work. .„H !f condemned material shall be removed from the work immediately after inspection, tmn^rn N ^^r ^'^^y '5 ,twenty-four hours after notice to do so by the Engineer, may be contractor ^'^ '■""''^^' '^^'^"'^ted from any money die to the ;,nd m^?/H^nnlii''h ^"^^"ffl^''^" ^\^^l^ ^^'^"""t ^y which the value of the work, stone and materials furnished shall be computed. DANGER LIGHTS. the Jork'aswtlfh'. tiffin' 'IT'^^ *° ''^ "P ^"^ maintain such lights and barricades on be obstructed more thi^^ *° warn passers of dangerous places, and the streets will not or damages resX^lfr^m necessary tor the proper prosecution of the work. All losses from Srseen nhitfn r *''' "Z^"'"' °^ ^^^ ^°'^' "' f™'" the action of the elements, or toed by the cor^Sctor '"' """"^ ^"^"•^berences on the line of the work shall be sus- 56 RAILROAD TRACKS. _ All railroad tracks crossing the line of the sewer shall be supported by the contractor during the construction under and near them, so as not to interrupt the use of the tracks or endanger the traffic on them, and such tracks shall be fully restored to their original condition. * ENGINEER. ^, Whenever the word engineer occurs in these specifications, it is understood to refer to the City Civil Engineer of the city of Canton, who shall superintend the construction of the sewer, but he may be represented on the work by assistants or Inspectors; he may give instructions to foremen or other persons in charge of the work. DAMAGES TO PRIVATE PROPERTY. The contractor shall be responsible for all unnecessary damages to private property through which the sewer mav pass, and will be required to fully restore all fences or other improvements which it may be necessary to remove or disturb during the progress of the work, and through the property of C. Aultman & Co. the contractor will be required without extra compensation to remove and replace all lumber and leave the premises when the work is completed in a satisfactory condition to the proprietors. When required to do so by the engineer, the contractor shall discharge from the work any employe who shall fail or refuse to perform his work according to these specifications or directions of the engineer, or shall act in a disorderly or insubordinate manner on the work. PROPOSALS, HOW DETAILED. The proposals for the work shall contain prices for the following items which will be considered full compensation for furnishing all of the material and labor required to com- plete the work herein described, including all of the work and material necessary or inci- dental to the work priced. For trenching per lineal foot, for cutting of eight feet or less depth, for cutting be- tween eight and twelve feet, for cutting over twelve feet in depth. For furnishing and laying pipe of each size named and for the branch pipes of the same diameters. For each man-hole. For each man-hole cover placed in position per pound. For furnishing and laying down foundation platform, including nails, per i,ooo feet B. JVl. The bottom width of the trenches shall not be less than two feet greater than the outside diameter of the pipe or sewer, clear of shoring. THE BACK FILL. The back fill must be done with such care as will not disturb the pipe and shall be free from stones of larger diameter than one and onef-half inches, to such height as may be necessary to cover the top of the pipe to a depth of not less than eight inches. The filling shall be rammed if required by the engineer, in such manner as he may direct. WHAT EXCAVATION OR TRENCHING INCLUDES. The excavation is intended to mean all the work, both excavation and backfilling, trimming and shaping the bottom of the trench to grade and the shape of the sewer shor- ing and bracing wherever necessary, ramming and packing the earth along the sides of the sewer and settling the earth in the new filled trench by saturating with water and cleaning away all rubbish after the completion of the work, for the street shall be left in as good condition by the contractor as it existed before ground was broken. FILLING AND GRADING ALLEN STREET. Before constructing the sewer the contractor shall fill the depression in Allen street, between the Cleveland & Canton Railroad and the east branch of the Nimishillen creek, by excavating that part of said street lying between Center street and said railroad, and depositing the material into' said depression so as to make a roadway thirty feet wide when the embankment is brought up to grade. The fill must be made to such a height that there will not be less than four feet covering on the sewer at any place. The excavation north of said railroad will be made for a roadway thirty feet wide, and in depth of cutting must correspond to the grade as established by ordinance on Allen street, and the engineer will set stakes to indicate the lines and grade, the gutters shall be nine inches deep below the curb grade. 57 If the excavation north of the said raiiroad is not sufficient to matcethe necessary fill, the contractor must furnish ground from the high land on Allen street, south of the Val- ley Railroad, or else from some other place. In the middle of the roadway the fill will be made in layers of not more than one foot at one time, and must be well solidified to the satisfaction of the engineer, by saturating the same with water, ramming, or turning the travel of the street on the same, before depositing another layer. The fill must be made at least two feet higher than the top of the sewer before the sewer is constructed, and the balance of the filling may be done after the sewer work is completed and the cement has well set. The contractor will state in his bid the price per cubic yard for filling, which will be measured in the fill or embankment. MANNER OF MAKING PAYMENTS. Payment will be made monthly as long as the work makes a reasonable progress to the amount of eighty per cent, of all work done, upon the estimates of the engineer, the remaining twenty per cent, will be paid when the work is completed and accepted by the City Council. The work shall be completed within three months of the time of entering into a contract for the same. APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES. The quantities by which bids will be compared, are approximately as follows: Trenching less than eight feet, 700 lineal feet. Trenching from eight to twelve feet, 7000 lineal feet. Trenching over twelve feet, 700 lineal feet. Fifteen inch sewer pipe, 2,050 lineal feet. Eighteen inch sewer pipe, 1,850 lineal feet. Twenty inch sewer pipe, 3,800 lineal feet. Fifteen inch Y branches, 100. Eighteen inch Y branches, 40. Twenty inch Y branches, 20. IVlan-holes, 25. Cast-iron in man-hole covers, 5,700 pounds. Lumber in foundations, 6,000 feet B. M. Filling in Allen street, 5,000 cubic yards. Twelve hundred lineal feet of 6 inch drain tile. Twelve hundred lineal feet of 4 inch drain tile. One thousand lineal feet of 3 inch drain tile. Fifty cubic yards of concrete. FOR MAIN SEWER NUMBER TWO. The specifications were the same as for number one, with the exception of the following details: PROPOSALS, HOW DETAILED. h. rnT=fH^r»^Tll^ ^°' ^^ '^.•'''^ f^^l '^°'?^?'." P""^ ^^'^ ^e following items, which shall be considered full compensation for furnishing all the material and labor required to com- tll to the work pHced. " ' '"^ ^ ^^ ^" *' ^°'^ ^"'^ '"^^'"^' "^^^esary or inciden- For trenching per lineal foot, for cutting of eight feet or less deoth for cutting between eight and twelve feet in depth, for cutting ovfr twelve feet in depth ' ^ same diameter ^^'"^ ^'^^ °^ ^^''' '''^ "^"""^ ^"'^ ^°' "^^ ''^^"'^h pipes of the For each man-hole complete. For each man-hole cover placed in position B. iVl ^"'"'^'""S ^"'' '^y'"S '^own foundation platforms, including nails per 1,000 feet kl fnrnkhinf ^nA '""^'"Z ^'j^^ '." ^^^ ^^^^P^^ ^^wer per thousand, sewer per iSofe^etBr'"^ °^ ^^^^^ "^^ P'^"''' ^°' foundation of brick WIDTH OF TRENCHES. outsiL^diamerrofth''enin^n/'''"'''"P''^''."°t '^^ '^^^ «ia" two feet greater than the care as wiTnot distnrh ?K. n^'nf ^'^' S'^^,'; °^ '']°""2- The fill must be done with such one and one-half inches^tn^^ and shall be free from stones of larger diameter than toaTeXof no essth'.niah^''''l''^^'^u^y>"^"^^^^^ top of the pipe eng^Xin" m^Vne^asfeX^^^^^^^^^^ shall be rammed if required by X 58 BRICK SEWER. u ■,/'^-^^^ shaped brick sewer, two feet, two inches by three feet, three inches, will be built with a four inch wail, from the south end of Allen street bridge to the northeast corner of the city's sewage disposal property. . After the trench for the bricl< sewer is excavated to the proper depth, the contractor will lay to grade a cradle or frame made of white oal< planlc, one and one-half inch by four inches, spiked to cross ribs three inches by two inches, placed not more than seven feet apart so as to conform accurately to the outside of the brick work of the sewer and as shown on the plans. BRICK WORK. None but the best hard burned, perfect shaped brick shall be used, which are also subject to the inspection and acceptance by the engineer. The contractor may be re- quired to wet the brick before using them, if it is considered necessary by the engineer; every course of brick must be laid by a line perfectly straight in the direction of the sewer and parallel to it. Every brick will be laid in a full, close joint of mortar, and surrounded by it at one operation, the bottom and top courses shall be thoroughly grouted after being laid, and the top of the outside of the sewer shall be well plastered to the spring lines with cement mortar. The center or frame upon which the arch is built must be strong and according to size and shape required, and must not be removed until the work upon it has well set and the refilling of the trench has progressed above the crown. The center must be struck and drawn with care so as not to crack or injure the work. Ail work must be properly protected and injuries repaired by the contractor without extra charge. WHAT EXCAVATION OR TRENCHING INCLUDES. The excavation is intended to mean all the work, both excavation and backfilling, trimming and shaping the bottom of the trench to grade and shape of the sewer, shoring and bracing wherever necessary, ramming and packing the earth along the sides of the sewer, and settling the earth in the new filled trench by saturating with water, and clean- ing away all rubbish after the completion of the work, for the streets shall be left in as good condition by the contractor as it existed before the ground was broken. FILLING AND GRADING ALLEN STREET. Before constructing the sewer, the contractor shall fill the depression in Allen street, south of the east branch of Nimishillen Creek, by removing the earth above grade on the high land in Allen street, south of said depression, and build an embankment so as to make a roadway thirty feet wide, when the embankment is brought up to grade. The fill must be made to such a height that there will not be less than four feet of covering on the sewer at any one place. The excavation in said high land south of the Valley Rail- road, will be made first for a thirty foot roadway, and if that does not furnish enough material to make the necessary fills, the sidewalk on each side of the street shall also be included; and the depth of the cutting must correspond to the grade as established by ordinance on Allen street. The engineer will set stakes to indicate the lines and grade; the gutters shall be nine inches deep below the curb grade; if the excavations including sidewalks are not sufficient to make the necessary fills, the contractor must furnish the additional material from other places at the same price per yard as the rest of the filling. In the middle of the roadway the fill will be made in layers of not more than one foot at one time, and must be well solidfied to the satisfaction of the engineer, by saturating with water, ramming or turning the travel of the street on the same before depositing another layer. The fill must be made at least two feet higher than the top of the sewer before commencing the construction, and the balance of the filling may be done after the sewer work is completed and the cement has well set. The contractor will state in his bid the price per cubic yard for filling, which will be measured in the fill or embankment. MANNER OF MAKING PAYMENTS. Payment will be made monthly as long as the work makes a reasonable progress to the amount of eighty per cent, of all the work done, upon the estimates of the engineer, the remaining twenty per cent, will be paid when the work is completed and accepted by the City Council. The work shall be completed within three months of the time of en- tering into a contract for the same. APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES. The approximate quantities by which the bids will be compared, are as follows. Trenching less than eight feet deep, 2,000 lineal feet. 59 Trenching from eighf.to twelve feet deep, i,8oo lineal feet. Trenching over twelve feet deep, 400 lineal feet. Brick in brick sewer, 240,000. Twenty inch sewer pipe, 710 lineal feet. Six ten inch slants. Seven man-holes. Cast iron in man-hole covers, 1,600 pounds. Oak lumber in foundations, 20,000 feet board measure. Grading and filling 10,000 cubic yards. Fifty cubic yards of concrete. Sewer Number Two is 4,200 feet in length. For 3,490 feet of this length the sewer is of brick, egg-shaped, small end down. Its greatest diam- eters are 2 feet, 2 inches by 3 feet, 3 inches. This sewer is capable of car- rying a volume equal to more than three times the effluent of the 20-inch main which drains Sewer District Number Three. The reasons for this greater capacity are, first, that all sewage from the city will have to pass through the Disposal Works ; and, second, this brick main is large enough to carry away the added volumes from the mains drain- ing Districts One and Two which will converge, and connect with the brick sewer at Allen street bridge. The 710 feet of 20-inch sewer pipe on the course of Sewer Number Two would convey the crude sewage temporarily from Allen street to the creek, over the sewer farm. It will be used permanently to carry the purified effluent from the Sewage Disposal Works to the creek. The situation now warranted the publication of the following preliminary notice, as required by the statute : SEWER NOTICE. At a meeting of the Sewer Commissioners held at the office of the City Engineer, Monday evening, April 9th, 1888, the following notice was ordered to be published in the Repository, Democrat and Volks Zeitung: Notice is hereby given that plans, maps, profiles and specifications for a main sewer to be built from the intersection of Walnut and North streets southward on Walnut street to the terminus, as shown by the plan, have been prepared, and are now on file in the office of the City Engineer for examination and inspection by parties interested. This main sewer (and laterals,) is designed to furnish sewer facilities for the central sewer dis- trict of the city of Canton, comprising within its boundaries so much of the city's area as is properly tributary to said main sewer. An adjourned meeting of the Board of Sewer Commissioners will be held at the office of the City Engineer on Saturday, April 21st, at 7;3o p. m., when parties interested having suggestions to make, will be heard. JOSIAH HARTZELL, Clerk of Board of Sewer Commissioners. April 10, 1888. (This notice, the preliminary resolution, the bond notice and ordinance, the sewer ordinance, and notice to contractors, printed on the next few- pages constitute the formalities of publicity required by law for all sewers. These preliminaries will he omitted from our mention of the other sewers referred to in this report.) At a meeting of the Sewer Commissioners held April 21st, 1888, the following action was taken : CO "Whereas, The notice ordered to be published at our last meeting has been pub- lished as ordered, and, Whereas, No objection, suggestion, or remonstrance to sewer plans on file in the ottice of the City Engineer have been presented before us, therefore, Resolved, That said plans, profile and specifications be adopted by this Board, and tliat the same be evidenced by the attachment of the signature of the President and Secretary of this Board thereto in approval of the same." Following as promptly as possible after this action, and a Resolution declaring the necessity of the improvement, the steps indicated by these several published articles, and required by the State law on the subject of Sewer Construction, were taken by the City Council : AN ORDINANCE Issuing Bonds for Sewer Purposes. Section i. Be it ordained bj; the Council of the City of Canton, Ohio, that, by virtue of "An act authorizing the City Council of the City of Canton, to issue and sell bonds for sewer purposes," in anticipation of a tax hereafter to be levied upon all taxable property, real and personal, of the said city, bonds be issued for the purpose of construct- ing a main or trunk sewer between such points and along such line as the Council may direct, and procuring the right of way therefor, and for the purpose of purchasing such land, and providing such apparatus as in the opinion of the Council may be necessary for the disposal of the sewage. Sec. 2. The siaid bonds shall be issued in denominations of not less than one thou- sand dollars each, shall bearinterest notexceedingfive per cent, perannum, payable semi- annually, and shall be redeemable as follows, to-wit : Six thousand dollars shall be due and payable four years from the date of issue; six thousand dollars due and payable five years from date of issue; six thousand dollars due and payable seven years from date of issue, and seven thousand dollars due and payable eight years from date of issue. Sec. 3. The said bonds shall be signed by the IWayor and the City Clerk, and be sealed with the corporate seal and have interest coupons attached. Sec. 4. The committee on ways and means of the City Council is herewith author- ized, empowered and instructed to negotiate the sale of the said bonds. Sec. 5. That this ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and legal publication. Passed iVlay 7, 1888. L. A. LOICHOT, Vice President of the Council. Attest: HENRY G. SCHAUB, Clerk. SALE OF SEWER BONDS. $2^,000 of Coupon 'Bonds. Office of the City Clerk, \ Canton, o.. May 22, 1888. / Sealed bids are invited at the above named office until Friday, June 22, 1888, at 2 o'clock p. m., for the purchase of the bonds of the city of Canton. The bonds to be in denominations of $1,000 each in tlie aggregate sum of $25,000, aind to be on interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, payatsle semi-annually; and both principal and interest payable at the Chase National Bank, New York City, or the Treas- urer's office. Canton, Ohio. „ , , , , ^ „ -^ , , o The bonds to be dated July i, 1888, and redeemable as follows: $6,000 July i, 1892; $6,000 July I, 1893; $6,000 July I, 1895, and $7,000 July i 1896. Bidders should specify the number of bonds bid for and the premium ofl^ered, and the azereeate amount, interest and premium, for all the bonds proposed to be purchased. The Ways and Means Committee reserves the right to accept any or reject all bids. The same to be delivered in Canton, Ohio. , ,^„-l.r->-r L. A. LCJICHU 1 , W. L. ALEXANDER, J. H. DUMOULIN, Committee Ways and Means. 61 AN ORDINANCE To Improve Central Sewer District Number ;, in the City of Canton, hy Sewering. Section i. Be it ordained by tlie Council of the City of Canton, Oliio, That the Central Sewer District number 3, in the said City of Canton, be improved, by con- structing a main sewer, with the necessary appurtenances thereto, aiong the following de- scribed line: Beginning at the intersection of the south line of North street, with the middle of Walnut street, and extending thence south, 16 degrees west, along the middle line of Wal- nut street, three thousand two hundred and two feet; thence on a curve to the left, with a radius of one hundred and fifty feet, crossing the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, one hundred and thirteen and four-tenths feet; thence south, 27 degrees and 32 minutes east, through out-lot number twenty-nine, two hundred and thirty-two and seven- ' tenths feet; thence on a curve to the right, with a radius of one hundred and fifty feet, a distance of one hundred and fourteen and six-tenths feet; thence south, 16 degrees and 14 minutes west, along the west side of Shriver's Run, and continuing through said out-lot twenty-nine, one thousand and eighty-seven and three-tenths feet; thence south, 16 de- grees and 37 minutes west, through out-lot number thirty-one and city lot number two thousand five hundred and sixty-three, six hundred and fifty-eight and eigth-tenths feet; thence on a curve to the left, with a radius of two hundred feet, a distance of one hundred and thirteen and two-tenths feet, passing through city lot number one thousand, seven hundred and forty-five; thence south, 15 degrees and 49 minutes east, through city lots numbers one thousand, seven hundred and forty-four, and one thousand, seven hundred and forty-nine and out-lot number thirty-eight, three liundred and twenty-eight feet to the middle of Center street; thence south, 14 degrees and 39 minutes east, through out-lots numbers thirty-nine and forty-one, two hundred and sixty-five and seven-tenths feet; thence on a curve to the right, with a radius of two hundred feet, crossing the Cleveland and Canton railroad, a distance of two hundred and thirty-two and two-tenths feet; thence south, 51 degrees and 51 minutes west, and seven and one-half feet from the south line of the said Cleveland and Canton railroad, passing through out-lot number forty-one, city lot number two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-five, and out-lot number forty-five, one thousand, two hundred and twenty-four feet; thence on a curve to the left, with a radius of two hundred feet, a distance of one hundred and sixty-seven and nine-tenths feet to the middle of Allen street; thence south, 3 degrees and 45 minutes west, six hundred and sixty feet to the east branch of the Nimishillen creek, in accordance with the plans, profiles and specifications on file in the City Civil Engineer's office. Section 2. That fifty-eight (58) cents shall be assessed per front foot upon all lots or land bounding or abutting thereon, according to the laws and ordinances upon the sub- ject of assessments; provided that no assessment shall be made upon lots or land which do not need local drainage or are provided therewith. Section 3. That the expenses of the said improvement which are to be borne by the city, shall be paid out of the proceeds derived from the sale of bonds, made under and by virtue of the act of the Legislature, entitled "An act authorizing the City Council of the city of. Canton, Ohio, to issue and sell bonds for sewer purposes." Section 4. That this ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and legal publication. Passed June 18, 1888. Attest: H. G. SCHAUB, City Clerk. Vice President of the Council. AN ORDINANCE To improve the City of Canton, Ohio, hy constnicting a main trunk sewer. +h. i^';^I',?,ln; .?tJ* ?r.dained by the City Council of the City of Canton, Ohio, that the improvement of the City of Canton, Ohio, by constructing a main trunk sewer with the necessary appurtenances thereto, for the disposal of house sewage, beginning for the same at the point where tiie east branch of the Nimishillen Creek intersects with the middle nortSL'^ f-nrnl'r'n^ff t'^r'f 'f'^'i"^l°"^'r"'^'^ ^'°"g *e middle line Of Allen street to the ^re^nwr,.Hhvthlrit'S°A'\"^ containing twenty-seven and fifty-three hundredths acres owned by the City of Canton and thence southwardly through the same land to Ma™7 a! dTsSS. ^''°'' "^'^ '" ^"°''dan« with the preliminaTy resolution adopted HerivPrtSmm^ tL I'i'» ^.^^f "^h' °^ ^''/ Said improvement shall be paid out of the proceeds enttled ''An Jrt .n?^nH,in''°?i'^' made under and by virtue of the act of the Legislature L^lfbondsloVsfwTr'Sifposfs'!" ""'" ''°™^" '' ^'" ^"^ "^ Canton. Ohio, to ifsue and sageSSal 'pubSo"""'"" ''"" '^''' '^''' '"'^ ^^ '" ^°^« ^o^ -^ after its pas- Passed May 22, 1888. Attest: H. G. SCHAUB, Clerk. ^^ ^^ LOICHOT, Vice Pres't. 62 All the preliminary steps required by the statutes having been taken the following notices were now published : SEWER NUMBER ONE. Notice to Sewer Contractors. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the City Civil Engineer of the city of t^antqn, Ohio, until 12 o'clock noon of Friday, July 27, 1888, for the furnishing of the materials and the construction of a Main Sewer, beginning at the intersection of Walnut and North streets ; thence southwardly along Walnut street and the valley of Shriver's Run to the Cleveland and Canton Railroad ; thence southwe^twardly along said railroad to Allen street; thence south on Allen street to the East Branch of the Nimishillen Creek. 1 he work shall be done according to plans and specifications on file in said office. The approximate quantities are as follows : 15 inch pipe, sewer 2,050 feet in length. 18 inch pipe, sewer 1,850 feet in length. 20 inch pipe, sewer 4,$oo feet in length. 8,400 25 Man-holes. Filling embankment in Allen street, 5,000 cubic yards. 160 15x18 inch Y branches. bach proposal shall be signed by the bidder, or all bidders interested in the same, and must be accompanied by a bond of I500, conditioned for the execution of the contract in case the bid is accepted. Proposals must be made on blank forms which will be furnished on application. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids. By order of the City Council. JULES PY, A. O. ESSIG, C. H. HENDERSON, Committee on Sidewalks and Sewers. JOHN H. HOLL, City Civil Engineer. SEWER NUMBER TWO. Notice to Sewer Contractors. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of City Civil Engineer of the City of Canton, Ohio, until 12 o'clock noon of Friday, July 27th, 1888, for the furnishing of the materials and the construction of a Main Sewer in Allen street, from the East Branch of the Nimishillen Creek to the city sewage disposal lands ; thence south west ward ly through said lands to the Nimishillen Creek. The work shall be done according to plans and specifications on file in said office. The approximate quantities are as follows ; 3,450 lineal feet of brick sewer, 3 feet, 3 inches by 2 feet, 2 inches. 710 lineal feet of pipe sewer, 20 inches diameter. Seven man-holes. Filling an embankment, 10,000 cubic yards. Each proposal shall be signed by the bidder or all bidders interested in the same, and must be accompanied by a bond of $500, conditioned for the execution of the contract in case the bid is accepted. Proposals must be made on blank forms which will be furnished on application. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids. By order of the City Council, JULES PY, A. O. ESSIG, C. H. HENDERSON, Committee on Sidewalks and Sewers. JOHN H. HOLL, City Civil Engineer. On the day named in the above notices, July 27, 1888, the bids on the work that had been received were opened. A few of the bids were on Sewer Number One, only ; most of the bids covering the work on both jobs. The bids, in detail, were as follows : 63 BIDS ON SECTIONS OF MAIN SEWER NOS. i AND 2. H. C. Babbit, Cleveland, O Coyle & Boreri, Steubenville, O Hadley & McKinney, Canton, O Thomas Connell, Youngstown, O: W. J. Irwin, Greenville, O • Thomas J. Peter & Co., Cincinnati, O J. C. Muria & H. C. House, Newark and Nor- walk, O .... . . Thomas B. Keating, Mansfield, O C. H. Voute, Toledo, O John Nauman, Canton, O Thornton Kell, Canton, O J. H. Doyle, Akron, O A. N. Campbell, Cleveland, O W. H. Crooks, Massillon, O J. J. Everson, Akron, O James Wilds, Akron, O Geo. Hibberd & Son^ Wheeling, W. Va Stanton & Barber, Canton, O Clements Bros., Cleveland, O T. K. Turnbull, Canton, O R. H. Adams, Canton, O Daniel F. Minahan, Springfield, O SEWER NO. I. 19,972.50 16,568.50 16,577.58 17,561.50 16,528.00 11,816.91 12,641.40 12,480.78 11,158.53 24,829.50 16,592.23 13,476.10 i3,664..9o 14,428.00 13,746.75 14,577.78 11,178.35 12,971.50 20,340.23 ,10,544.18 T4, 391.00 SEWER NO. 2. i!io,6o2.90 11,989.50 10,450.50 10,912.57 12,255.50 11,787.90 7,030.03 11,132.80 11,606.43 10,249.80 14,200.00 10,468.50 15,779.20 10,714.95 9,628.00 10,272.00 8,145.97 12,651.00 TOTAL. $25,696.81 31,962.00 27,019.00 27,490.15 28,783.50 23,604.81 18,188.56 35,962.30 28,198.66 23,725.90 28,628.00 24,215.25 30,356.98 21,893.30 22,599.50 30,612.23 18,890.15 27,042.00 As will be seen by the above table there were plenty of bidders, and the names in the list comprised those of experienced sewer builders of excel- lent reputation who came amply recommended. The lowest bid, that of John Nauman, was vitiated by non-compliance with the advertised condi- tions. The next lowest bidder was R. H. Adams, a citizen of Canton, whose measure of qualifications for this special work also left much to be desired. Wishing to have the construction of the sewer as nearly perfect as pos- sible, and distrusting Mr. Adams' adequacy, the Sewer Commissioners used such influence as they could bring to bear to prevent the acceptance of his proposal. The City Solicitor, however, expressed the opinion that, under the statutory requirement that such work should be given to the lowest responsible bidder, there was no legal way to escape from the claims of Adams. He was also of the opinion that, although Adams himself was wholly irresponsible, valid bondsmen would cure this infirmity in the eye of the law. The majority of the Council gave to this opinion a very reluctant assent and ordered a contract to be made with Adams, who had been able to obtain as bondsmen, the names of three citizens of irreproachable financial stand- ing, viz.: Jacob Miller, Andrew Schwertner and W. A. Strayer. BUILDING THE MAIN SEWER. Adams immediately sub-let his contract for Sewer Number Two to John Skeels, who commenced work in September and had the same completed by January. No water was encountered and the work met no other impedi- 04 65 mentthan a section of rock. This incident not having been anticipated in the specifications, an extra allowance of $250 was made to the contractor. The fall of the sewer is one and one-quarter inches per 100 feet, being pur- posely made small in order that the sewage might be delivered at the higher level necessitated by the interposition of the disposal works between Allen street and the creek. The brick part of Main Sewer Number Two was a work which gave a high degree of satisfaction. Descending into the man-hole at the north end the full outline of the mouth at the south end, 3,500 feet distant, was clearly perceptible, the walls of the conduit appearing to be entirely without devia- tion from a straight line. The fill north of the bridge having been made, Mr. Adams started lay- ing the 20 inch pipe main at the bridge about August 15. The first 600 feet, on Allen street, being in a dry ditch, the work proceeded without interruption. Immediately after starting east, on the higher ground border- ing on the track of the C, C. and S. Railroad, water was encountered. Before leaving the lower ground on Allen street the precaution had been taken to carry along in the bottom of the trench, as the work advanced, a six-inch pipe, for drainage purposes in case water was struck. Before fifty feet of wet ditch had been excavated this pipe was overtaxed. Inasmuch as a bottom free from water was imperatively required in order that the cement setting of the joints might have time to harden, another drain pipe for the water, nine inches in diameter, was put down. After advancing about 200 feet farther it was found that both pipes were entirely inadequate. In fact, with both pipes running full, the sewer itself was forced to carry off a large share of the water. An inferior steam outfit was placed in operation, but failed to furnish any perceptible relief. The excavation at, and east of, the point that had been reached, was the deepest on the entire line, the depth being about twenty feet. This fact caused additional embarrassment. The City Engineer strove to have the cofttractor lay the sewer in accordance with the specifications, which the latter seemed helpless to do. The subject came up in the City Council, where a special committeefor purposes of investigation made the following report on October 2d: " Your committee, to whom was referred the matter of investigating the work now in progress upon the main house sewer in the southern portion of the city, would respectfully report that the entire committee, together with the civil engineer, visited the work this morning and found everything, with the exception of the trench-digging, at a stanstill, as the pumping engine was undergoing some needed repairs. Only about one-half dozen lengths of sewer pipe partly prepared for covering were still in view, there being about eight inches of water in the bottom of the trench. We were informed by Mr. Adams, the contractor, and Mr. Adolphus Neu, the expert employed by the city to see that the letter and spirit of the contract and specifications are not violat- ed, that the few lengths still in view were a fair sample of the twelve or fifteen hundred feet already laid and buried out of sight. The manner of joining the pipe together was minutely described to us and the exposed samples used to illustrate; in this manner we were informed just how the work is done. To say that it is a very unsatisfactory way of doing is drawing it rather mild, as it is in nowise in accord with the plan laid down in the contract and specification and will never do unless, perhaps, the builders propose to preserve inviolate the virgin soil of the sewer farm from the contaminating touch of everything and anything foul, which in course of human events may find its way into the main sewer or laterals within the city. We find that clay has been substituted for cement in making joints, that the pipe is not properly placed together and packed or "yarned" before cementing, that the opening 66 calculated to receive the cement is filled with packing at the mouth, so that there is no room left for cement or clay either, if clay would answer. The consequence is that instead of the joint being properly connected there is only a thin rim of cement on top, one-half way around the pipe and the remaining half, or the under side is simply daubed with clay, and this too while the bottom of the pipe is four or five inches under water. We are probably safein saying that there are not one dozen perfect joints in the entire job- In our humble opinion the work so far is very unsatisfactory and we leave it with the Council. But in the interest of a complete system of sewerage, the fair fame and name of our goodly city, the health and prosperty of our fellow citizens and the strangers within our gates, we insist that a- practical sewer builder be employed to exact of and from the contractor a complete piece of work such as the plans and specifications now on file in the Civil Engineer's office call for. This is a serious matter and one calling for prompt action. If we fail to do this we fail to do our simple duty as public officials. Respectfully submitted, PAIJL FIELD CHARLES w! HENDERSON, H. VOGELGESANG. The report of the proceedings of the meeting concludes with the follow- ing paragraph: "The report was then adopted, and on motion of 'Dumoulin, Field and Volkmann and the Engineer were appointed a committee to go to Cleveland or Toledo at once and secure a practical sewer builder to oversee the construction of the sewer." The committee named employed Mr. A. Garfield as expert inspector and assistant to the Engineer. After the useless experiment with the pump, above mentioned. Con- tractor Adams disappeared from the work. The Council delegated William Volkmann to verify the accounts of the men and pay them off. Work on the sewer stopped. Thus were realized the apprehensions which had been expressed, prior to the contract, in regard to entrusting the work to one whose fitness and aptitude for such an undertaking were very questionable. Several defects in the construction of the main sewer are directly attributable to this inauspicious beginning. As shown by markings taken recently there is a considerable infiltration of ground water above the inter- section of the sewer with Allen street. When it is considered that the stretch of cemented joint is about two and one-half times longer than that of the sewer, being about 5 feet to every 2 feet of pipe, it can hardly be regarded as surprising that a perfect barrier against the ingress of water was not obtained. That the leakages are too abundant cannot be doubted. Another defect has made itself manifest by the settling of the sewer on the made ground north of the Allen street bridge ; and there has also been a slight settling of the 'sewer south of the bridge, both arising from the same causes, viz: the made ground under the sewer was not effectievly compacted. These defects in no wise interfere with the practical successful working of the sewer, and may never do so, but they nevertheless constitute devia- tions from that perfection of work which we ardently desired should charac- terize the entire work. The bondsmen of Mr. Adams were now officially apprised df the situa- tion. These gentlemen at once held a conference, "faced the music," and as the result of their deliberations they employed John Skeels to complete the contract with the city. On the part of the city A. Garfield had been 67 employed as inspector on the ground to see that the sewer specifications as to grade, pipe-laying, joint-connecting, &c., were complied with. With the co-operation of Messrs. Skeels and Garfield, operating under the superinten- dence of City Engineer Holl, the main sewer was completed to its terminus on North Street about May ist, 1889. Upon taking charge of the work for the bondsmen Mr. Skeels encount- ered a continually increasing influx of water until he reached the point near Shriver's Run where the course of the sewer is deflected to the north. Relief from this water was obtained, first, by constructing a relief-drain from a point about 650 feet east of Allen street, south to the creek ; and, second, by draining the water from the point where the sewer crosses the C, C. & S. R. R. track south, into Shriver's Run. From the C, C. S. R. R. track north as far as Eighth street water was still found to some extent, but not in quantity to cause any serious embarrassment in the advancement of the work. In crossing a strip of land, also the property of the Saxton heirs, about 200 feet south of the lands of- C. Aultman & Co., a patch of quicksand, about 150 feet in width had to be passed. The excavation to the proper depth was attended with much d i fifi c u 1 1 y. At length the Engineer sue- in flooring the bottom with heavy oak plank and in laying the sewer thereon with its proper alignment. The back fill at the sides of the sewer over this place was made oi the quicksand which had been thrown out, and the clayey top-soil was re- stored as before. A lit- tle more than a year later it was found that the part of the back-fill made by the quicksand had sunken or escaped. With the supporting pressure at the sides of the pipe removed, the top soil pressed down on the top of the pipe so heavily as to break it. By direction of the Coun- cil the pipe lying in the quicksand was removed, a solid flooring of brick SECTION TRUNK HOUSE SEWER. . T"",! -5"' ^'^°^^ ""^ P'^" °f "i« ■"^in house sewer from Allen street bridge to the sewer farm. The advantage gained by Ws shaM .s m the accelerated flow and the greater scourln| effect o a smju diame'te "" ' °''"' *^' ""'"^ ™""' °'"^'" "ver the llrge 68 and cement was laid down, and a brick sewer built over the distance which had caused the trouble. Danger of further annoyance seems to have thus been entirely obviated. At the foot of Walnut street the tracks of the P., F. W. & C. Railroad cross the street. Beneath the tracks, and covered with about five feet of ground, passes the Walnut street storm water drain, crossing the tracks at an oblique angle. The course of the house sewer was about two feet below the bottom of the storm water sewer, and the point of crossing was directly below the intersection above mentioned. The brick drain, five feet in diameter, was first entirely removed from under the railroad. A foundation of hard burned brick was then put down and the main sewer pipe placed in position thereon. A brick arch was then thrown over the latter, and a fill made to the bottom line of the storm water drain and the earth well packed and rammed. The broken section of the storm water drain was then rebuilt and the re-fill completed to surface grade. The job was attended with considerable difificulty and delay. The fall indicated by the profile of the main sewer is two and one-half inches per loo feet on that part of the line north of the Allen street bridge, and, as before mentioned, one and one-quarter inches per loo feet on the sewer south of the bridge. While a more rapid fall might have been ob- tained, had it been deemed essential, it was decided, owing to the interven- tion of sewage disposal works, to deliver the output at as high a level as was safely practicable. The bridge is spanned by a wooden trough suspended to the bridge itself. The outward aspect of this device would perhaps be improved by substituting an iron pipe. The latter would, however, have the disadvan- tage of entailing considerable expense. In addition to this it is believed that high floods at the breaking up of winter occasionally reach a stage when an ice blockade, and consequent destruction of the work, would be inevitable. The wooden conduit answers every purpose, and if carried away by the ice can be replaced with slight expense. On the course of the sewer through the city streets there are man-holes at all intersections. Below the platted part the man-holes are 250 feet apart. These afford access at all times for inspection, and for repairs if any should ever be found necessary. With the single exception of the broken pipe at the quicksand patch, already mentioned, there has been no need of repairs or change of any kind. On the occasion of the inspection of the sewer, and its acceptance by the Sewer Commissioners and the City Council, there was found to be only a trace, not more than half an inch, of water at the bottom of the sewer at the third man-hole, east of Allen street. In the man-hole nearest Allen street there was one and one-half inches of water by measurement. Above the first named man-hole, and south of the bridge, the sewer was dry. With these observations we dismiss the subject of the main sewer of District Number Three. The works have now been in use for four years. Its operation has been watched with all that keen interest and careful atten- tion which hostile criticism and predictions of failure would naturally induce in the minds of its sponsors. The result has been most satisfactory. With 69 8oo house connections (including those of most importance) and 52 flush tanks already in operation, and these with a depth of not more than eight inches in the bottom of the 20-inch pipe at the hour of largest flow, there can no longer remain any doubt as to the capacity of the work for the drainage of all the sewage that may be derived from the Central Sewer District. The ventilation is perfect. There are no odors. There are no repairs. In short, there is every reason to believe that if the maintenance of the sewer shall always be in harmony with the principles upon which it was recommended and constructed, viz.: no connection larger than four inches, no rain-water, no street water, no improper use of the sewer, unobstructed four-inch venti- lation to the tops of the houses; it will continue in the perpetual discharge of the functions for which it was designed, and that without money and with- out price so far as repairs are concerned. 70 THE LATERAL SEWERS. The main sewer having been completed, the next step was to construct tributary, or lateral sewers, by means of which all parts of the sewer district might be reached, and the assemblage of the wastes of the city into the main sewer effected. With the main sewer, built by a general tax, in readiness, there was no obstacle in the way to the commencement of the work, inas- much as the State law empowers cities to construct lateral sewers at the expense of abutting property. , The location and diameters of the lateral sewers will be seen by refer- ence to the sewer map. Since the map was drawn two additions to the system have been.made as follows: One starting at the intersection of Sev- enth and Court streets and extending 175 feet south on Court street, and another starting at the intersection of Lake and North Market streets and extending 600 feet east on Lake street. It should be the policy of the authorities to afford to all newly settled areas tributary to the central system the advantages of the system on the same terms as to those originally abut- ting on the sewers. Other additions to the system on newly opened streets are now under contemplation. Although we were in possession of the sewer map and plans prepared by Major Humphreys, it was deemed best to offer to Engineer Holl the needed facilities for some comparative examination. He visited Pullman, 111., and Kalamazoo, Mich., both of which cities were noted for the excellence of their sewer systems. Subsequently he also inspected the sewers of Norfolk, Va. The latter city had been sewered by Major Humphreys, and Mr. Holl*s visit there was partially predicated on a desire to know more in regard to the value which should rightfully be attached to the recommendations made to us by that gentleman. His report on that head was very satisfactory. In re- gard to the Norfolk system of sewers his report was as follows: To the City Council : Gentlemen :— I visited the city of Norfolk„Va., on the nth, 12th and 13th days of June, and found the Waring or separate system of sewerage in successful operation there, consisting of 15 miles of 18, 15, 12, .8 and 6 inch pipe sewers, and 8>^ miles of 4 inch house connection pipes laid in the street between the curb lines, also 43 man-holes and 123 flush tanks and a pumtser of stand pipes or hand holes. The grades on the main and lateral sewers are generally one in three hundred, but in their construction it was found necessary to deviate from this rule, and there are some sewers with a fall of i in 4, i in 450 and i in 600. On account of the very flat surface over the whole city, no point being over 12 feet above low tide water, the sewers discharge into a well 12 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, the sewers discharge into this well about 10 feet below low tide water. The sewage is pumped from the well with two Davidson pumps, each 2,000,000 gallons capacity in 24 hours, into a cast iron pipe 18 in diameter and i,6oo feet long, which discharges the sew- age into the Elizabeth River at a point where the current and tide carry the sewage away from the city. , ^ *„ . .: . The sizes of the sewers are calculated to carry five gallons per hour for each person, six persons for each house and twenty-five feet of street frontage for each house. A Fields automatic flush tank of 140 or £50 gallons capacity is placed at the head of every lateral sewer, and is regulated so as to discharge two or three times in twenty-four hours. This is found to give sufficient flushing to keep the sewers clean; the flush tanks cost from $50 to $60 each, complete. When the system was adopted five years ago, the city paid a royalty for each tank shown on the plan, and the city has not yet exceeded 71 that number. By experiments the.details of the flush tanks have been perfected so that the time and frequency of their discharge can be relied upon, a 140 gallon discharge in one minute. The lateral sewers are usually constructed with six inch pipe for the first ten or twelve hundred feet, and experience shows that the capacity of a six inch pipe is ample to carry all the sewage accumulating on that length of street, but stoppages are found to be more frequent in six inch than in any other sized pipe; and the City Engineer of Norfolk has almost concluded not to use any more six inch pipe on lateral sewers in the future. On the whole stoppages are not frequent, and are invariably caused by improper construc- tion or abuse and neglect on the part of those using them. In observing the flow of the sewer at various times and places in the afternoon from I to 5 o'clock no pipes were running more than one-third full. The first two years after the introduction of sewers, people were very slow in making connections and the sewers were little used, but during the last three years the sewer system has been greatly appre- ciated and has come into general use over the city. The entire cost of constructing sewers was paid by the city by general taxation. Respectfully submitted, JOHN H. HOLL, City Civil Engineer. Sewer air can reach the house through an overflow from bath- tubs, wash-stands or other fix- tures, if connected as above. By connecting as shown approxi- mately by the dotted line the difficulity would be remedied. MAN-HOLES. The only departure made from Humphrey's plans was in style of man-holes, and the number, which was considera- bly increased. From Mr. Holl's observations it was decided that man-holes should be made at every intersection or junction of the sewers. The section of the sewer passing through the man-hole is a trough, or split pipe, with upper half removed, of the same diame- ter as the sewer. The sewer junction, whether made with sewers entering in from one or both sides, is made in the bottom of the man-hole. This ren- ders easy the satisfactory inspection of all the sew- ers in the city. By simply removing the man-hole lid one sees at a glance the conduct of the main or lateral sewer passing through it, also of the tribu- taries that pass into the same from the sides through their open sections at the junction. The advantage that would be afforded by these man-holes, only 200 to 250 feet apart in a straight line, in case of possible stoppage, is too obvious to need comment. Digging up streets for sewer repairs is a spectacle which' will probably never be seen in Canton. The form of the man-holes will be readily-apprehended from the cut on page 53. An iron ladder gives easy access to the bottom of the sewer. The lid, which is flush with the surface of the street, is made strong enough to withstand heavy shocks. It is also perforated to admit air for the venti- lation of the sewers. Through these perforations is fed that fresh air current which is constantly ascending the entire length of our entire system, finding its exit at the extreme upper ends, through the stand-pipes, or vent-pipes, which are required, at every connection with the sewer, to pass up through and out of the tops of the houses. Just beneath, and attached to every man- hole lid is a pan to catch dirt and prevent the same from falling into the sewer. There are, in all, 295 man-holes. hi many cities the practice has been to place a running trap on the course of the house connection with the sewer. The possible\itility of this 72 yard trap has been largely discussed by engineers. Its advocates claim that it protects houses from sewer-gas. This claim may possibly have some validity where combined sewers are in use. As Col. Waring's system does not admit of the formation of sewer gas no such obstruction was needed. Besides, this form of trap has been shown to be of doubtful value in any event. On the other hand it would be difficult to conceive of a more perfect assurance against gas pressure, sufficient to rupture the water seals in our house traps, than is afforded by the always present stand-pipe, open, full bore, to the top of the house. FLUSH TANKS. One of those devices which is most eminently in harmony with the growing intelligence of this age, and with the spirit of the maxim that "cleanliness is next to godliness," is the automatic flush tank. The wastes from our houses pass into the sewers and are lost sight of. But, thanks to the flush tank, we know that, twice a day, and before any hurtful decompo- sition can possibly take the place, these wastes are all swept away beyond the boundaries of our habitations. It is the silent, underground, unseen, self-acting, but thorough scavenger whose operation leaves no footing for the slightest criticism or reproach. The tank part of the flushing apparatus is made of hard-burned brick and cement. ■ The siphoning part is of cast iron. A flush tank is built, well underground, at the extreme end, or dead end, of every lateral sewer. Thus is secured the effective cleansing and scouring of every foot of sewer drain in the city as often as the siphon is brought into action, and this is timed to take place about twice a day. The first seven tanks placed in position were of the Field-Waring pat- tern, and were obtained from the foundry, at Norfolk, Va., which had supplied the tanks for that city. An illustration is shown on page 75. Its work has been satisfactory. In the meantime the merits of other tanks were pressed upon our atten- tion, with the result that it was deemed best to adopt the Rhodes-Williams tank, made by the Flush Tank Company, of Chicago, for general use. A diagram of this tank is printed on page 74. The operation of the Rhodes-Williams tank, or siphon, is described as follows : It consists of an angular intaking limb, and a discharging limb terminating in a deep trap below the level of the sewer. Below the perma- nent water line in the discharging limb, is connected one end of a small blow- off, or relief trap, having a less depth of seal than the main trap, the other end of which joins the main trap on the opposite side, at its entrance to the sewer and above the water line of the trap. At the same point is connected an upright vent pipe which rises through the tank to a point above the high water line and is turned down through the top of and info the intaking limb of the siphon, terminating at a given point above its bottom. As the tank fills (the main and blow-off traps being full) the water rises in the intaking limb, even with the level of the water in the tank, until reaching the end of the vent pipe, a volume of air is confined in the two 73 SECTION OF FLUSH TANK-RHODES-WILLIAMS SIPHON. This cut shows the way in which most of the flush-tanks in Canton are built. Supply-pipe enters at top. Vent pipe communicating with sewer enters tanl< about the middle. The warmer sewer air guaran- tees the water in flush-tanii against freezing in winter. limbs of the siphon between the water in the intaking limb and the water in the main trap. As the water rises higher in the tank the confined volume of air is compressed, and the water is depressed in the main trap and in the blow-off trap. This process goes on until the water in the tank reaches its highest level above the top of the intaking limb, at which time the water is depressed in the blow-off trap to the lowest point and the confined air breaks through the seal, carrying the water with it out of the trap, thus releasing the confined air and allowing an inflow from the tank, putting the siphon into operation. On the tank being discharged to the bottom of the intaking limb the flow is checked, and the siphon is vented by the admission of air to it through the vent pipe. 74 RHODES-WILLIAMS FLUSH TANK. At moment of being set in operation, for discharge. riELD-WABING FLUSH-TANK. The first sewer flush-tanks used in Canton were of this pattern. They have operated suc- cessfully. 75 There are no moving parts about the mechanism of this device. Everything is fixed, stationary, and it will continue to perform its functions indefinitely. Its operation is regulated exactly by the amount of water ad- mitted in a given time. The rise of the water to a given height causes a degree of air pressure in the upper end of an inverted iron dome sufficient to break through a trap, or seal, when the entire contents of the tank are sent rushing through the sewer, sweeping away whatsoever matters may have been too weighty for the normal, lazy, ordinary flow of the sewer. The num- ber of flush-tanks on the entire system is 71. It is worthy of remark, in passing, that the city was greatly favored, in the prosecution of the sewer work, by several incidents. Labor was obtain- able on very low terms. Competitive influences also made the best quality of sewer pipe available at unheard of prices. The manner in which these facts enured to the advantage of the city will be obvious from a glance at the following table. In March, 1889, there were ten sewers to be let. The Engineer's estimate on these was based on the prices ordinarily ruling. The estimates and the bids which obtained the work were as follows: ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE AND LOWEST BID ON TEN LATERAL SEWERS, MARCH 21, 1889. Gribben & Riley's Bid, Engineer's (Cleveland, O.) Estimate. Market $4,03337 $5,10000 Poplar 3,620 30 4,800 00 North 1,54181 1,50000 Third. 2,15079 3,00000 Fourth 2,04225 2,70000 Fifth.. 1,23413 2,70000 beventn 1,290 53 2,700 00 Eighth 2,19581 3,00000 Ninth 2,08846 3,00000 Tenth 1,695 s6 2,700 00 r. J°}fHryi--^ ^21,586 75 $31,20000 Deduct total of bids 21,586 75 Excess of estimate over bids $9613 25 It is not our purpose to enter into larger detail in regard to the work on the lateral sewers. The legal method of getting the main sewer under way was given at some length. The same method preceded the inauguration of the laterals. So far as route and diameters are concerned the map will give all needed information. The material, cost and nameS of contractors are given in the table on page 77, prepared by City Engineer Chapin. THE OPPOSITION TO SEPARATE SEWERS. The period immediately preceding the inauguration of our sewers was characterized by great activity in this field. Urban populations were inter- ested as never before. The printed literature on the subject of sewers received a wide extension. The opinions and extracts presented in the pre- liminary pages of this report exhibit the practical tendencies, and the direction in which enlightened experiment was leading the way. These testimonies were not engrafted into this report for the sake of argument, as ^ O < < Q o D CQ IT) Qi ■ UJ IS) u) 0^ , u-i n < O < z C/5 < UJ < .n N z" g < u o -J a z O I CO O o SMUVI •SH'IOHKVM JO Of J oooooooooo oooooooooo I w en I loo I J ; i i ; i : « o ©« lOCi lom c^ . « -T"0 « «S -ft 3« 5^^ss§-^s^^ ■aaiAias 'oa \ argument. The time for that has passed by. As a matter of fact this pre- sentation of authorities had no other object than that of placing the action of the Board of Sewer Commissioners in a proper light before the public. Some of the reports above printed show that the introduction of the separate system was met with violent opposition. Such was not the case on the part of the Canton City Council. On the other hand, every recom- mendation of the Sewer Board received the approval of the Council. But very: many citizens predicted inadequacy and speedy failure. The small pipe network that was put into the streets was ridiculed as an expensive toy arrangement that would in a few days or weeks at most be clogged with house refuse. The judgment of the Sewer Board was freely and gravely impugned. Impelled by the desire to convince our citizens and taxpayers that the public money was not being injudiciously misapplied, the following statement was published: "Inasmuch as many of our citizens have expressed doubts in regard to tlie sufficiency of tfie sewer system that is being introduced, a brief review of the subject is deemed ad- visable. "The main sewer on Walnut street has the following diameters: fifteen inches from North to third streets; eighteen inches from Third to South streets, and twenty inches from South street to the creek. The main sewer from the creek to the city tract and dis- posal grounds, is about two by three feet in diameter, egg-shaped and built of brick. This brick main extension is made of the larger capacity indicated in order to provide for the removal of the sewage from a city double the size of Canton, even in case every house was connected with the system. Its capacity is sufficient to admit of its receiving the outflow of several other mains as large as that on Walnut street. "The main on Walnut street is of stoneware sewer pipe. It has, on its course, the needed man-holes and lateral openings for the connection of the lateral or collecting sew- ers. It is, however, in regard to the diameters and the system adopted that explanation is most essential. As a rule skepticism on this point vanishes just in the proportion that investigation advances. Those who have seen only the larger combined sewers in the older cities, naturally imagine that our safety would be best assured by following these precedents. It must, however, be borne in mind that modern achievement is due to changed methods in nearly all departments of human activity. And, as a matter of fact, changes and improvements have been a notable feature of recent sanitary works. The operation of new principles in sewer construction is seen, not only in our own country, but in all the more enlightened cities of the world. That principle which has modified sewer build- ing more than any other may be expressed in these words: iWake your sewers to remove sewage, and nothing else. A glance at this subject will show the radical change of diam- ters or capacity that would ensue from adhesion to this principle. If only sewage is admitted, the current flowing through the pipe will have a depth of from four inches to ten inches during the several hours of the day. If rain water is admitted this flow may have a depth varying from four inches to six feet during the several hours of the same day. "The cost of the extra capacity required if rain water is to be admitted is enormous. It is often, in fact, sufficient to render sewerage an impossibility, and always entailed municipal burdens. Recent experience shows that this burden may be avoided. Not only so, but that the practice is radically wrong; that collecting sewers always and main sew- ers generally, should exclude storm water, even if the sewers of large character could be had for the same prices as the separate sewers of smaller, but sufficient capacity. Permit me to enumerate a few of the reasons in favor of sewers of the smaller diameter required for the removal of sewage only: "A maxim of sanitation is: Keep storm water on the surface and allow it to flow away in open gutters as long as no harm arises from overflow. Everyone is familiar with the cleansing power of a dashing rain on streets and gutters. In our city the danger from quick collections of storm water has mainly been provided for by the conduits built on Pennsylvania avenue. West Tuscarawas and Walnut streets. There is need of sewers of increased size in order to dispose of storm water. "Anothervery forcible argument in favor of separate sewers is their greatly dimin- ished cost, which has already been referred to. The cost of the Walnut street sewer from North street to the creek was $10,544. The most favorable estimate for a sewer of equal length of sufficient capacity to carry storm water, was $97,000. "In the combined sewer the ordinary flow of sewage would have a depth of only a few inches and the comparatively rough cement or brick bottom would be foul with the 78 precipitation of the more solid parts, presenting, in tliis respect, a marked contrast witli tlie self-cleansing properties of smooth, vitrified sewer pipe. When storm iJvater is added . the volume fills the sewer more or less full of sewage contaminated water. As this vol- ume subsides and the surface falls, sewage in greater or less quantities clings to the sides, leaving the sewer in a very foul and objectionable condition. On the score of cleanliness the advantage of pipe sewers is most decided, for they are also the only kind of sewers that can be perfectly and frequently flushed with a comparatively small expenditure of water. "As sewers are connected with houses in which people live their ventilation is very important. A sewer without proper ventilation favors fermentation, and the production of gases inimical to health. The safe ventilation of large sewers is almost an impossi- bility. The separate sewers, having house connections open to the tops of the houses, are the best ventilated sewers in existence. The air in them is in constant motion. There is no room or time in them for the growth and maturing of those unwholesome products which find their most favoring conditions in the stagnated air spaces of the large sewers. "If the out-flow of the sewer is into a very large river, or into the sea, it makes no difference in that respect whether the sewer is a combined or separate one. But if the sewage must pass through some process of purification before the effluent is delivered into a smaller stream, then the advantages of the separate system, carrying sewage only, are very great. In fact, the handling and treatment of a storm wafer flow are so great that it might be set down as a practical impossibility. No settling tanks or filter beds could effect its detention, or prevent the sewage laden water from finding its way to the lowest level. In fact, it was owing to difficulties of this nature that certain English cities were forced into the adoption of the separate system of sewerage for the first time that the experiment was ever tried. Where sewage has to be in any manner purified, the employ- ment of the separate system is now the rule. "It must be conceded that so far as economy in first cost, cleanliness, ventilation and final disposal are concerned, the advantages of the separate system for Canton are over- whelming. The only remaining question about which there can be any doubt is : Has the sewer which has been adopted tor Canton sufficient capacity to carry away the waste products of the city? Happily for the conclusion arrived at by the Sewer Commissioners this question can be answered affirmatively with the most positive assurance. "The proof of this rests upon observation and experience. The system has been in use many years, and in cities where a greater carrying capacity is required than will be needed in Canton for many years to come— in Memphis, for example, which is a much larger city, and were attachment to sewers is compulsory as fast as they are laid, the cesspools being filled up under municipal direction as the sewer attachments are made. Both in Memphis, Omaha, Kalamazoo, Pullman, Norfolk and other cities employing the separate system, has the depth of flow in the main sewer been observed and recorded at all hours of the day. Engineer HoU recently returned from an inspection of the sewers of Norfolk, Va., where eight miles of sewers are drained through one eighteen-inch main, and he reports that the latter was never so much as half-full even in the early and middle forenoon, the period of highest water-mark. _ "The carrying capacity of the sewer is a problem for the engineer. 1 he amount ot sewage per capita to be delivered to the sewer is not difficult to estimate approximately. Its maximum is about two barrels a day. Knowing this, and having the inner shape and surface, and the grade of the sewer, the engineer easily estimates its carrying capacity. The result of such a calculation confirms actual observation, and shows that a twelve-inch main sewer would probably carry away all the waste products that will be collected in the Canton sewers for some time to come. -x ^u j 4. It is asked why the combined system is still in use in so many cities if the advanta- ees of the separate system are so apparent. The answer to this is that these advantages were not always so apparent. Had this been the case the large sewers— excepting for intercepting purposes— would be a rarity. _ 4. ■ u^. a Not only so, but ancient usage and engineering precedent carry great weight. A venerable error is hard to put down. For these reasons large combined sewers are still occasionally adopted. It may also be said that many cities with big-bore sewers, and a big debt in consequence, now deeply regret the course they adopted. We shall make no such costly and useless blunder. We have great respect for precedents, and we are fortu- nate in having as precedents the work constructed by many of the most enlightened communities that can be found. Our project has the approval of the most distinguished and successful sewer builders in the country, and I am sure it will secure the approval of every unprejudiced person who, divesting his mind of preconceived notions will give the subject a careful examination." THE LATERAL SEWERS— COMPARATIVE COST. The preceding remarks have general reference to the main sewer. It has been shown, from actual estimates made by competent engineers, that a mam sewer of sufficient capacity to carry off storm water would have cost five times as much as the house-waste sewer which has been built, and which will be fully adequate to our needs when the pres- ent population of Canton shall have been doubled. 79 acMsr/^fT SECTION SHOWING PIPE JOINT. When we come to the laterals the saving will be much greater, owing both to their greater length and to their average depth. In order to receive outflow from cellars these laterals must have a minimum depth of nine feet, and in order to have sufficient fall this depth ranges from nine to sixteen feet. Certainly the carrying of rain water at such a depth below the surface, is unnecessary. The merest glance will satisfy anyone of the great economy of the pipes now being laid over the building of brick conduits large enough to admit the passage of storm water at such a depth under ground. On the score of economy then it may be taken for granted that argument is not needed. If the removal of sewage only, not accompanied by storm water, is the object aimed at, then the advantages of the plan now being carried out in Canton are as four or five to one over a system that would be adequate to the safe removal of the heaviest rainfalls. Very many persons freely e.xpress the opinion that the diameters be- ing used in Canton are too small. The natural and quick explanation is that these sewers are for the removal of house wastes only. This exipanation does not always remove doubt. Predictions are freely made that the pipes will be- come clogged, that they are inade- quate. It is sufficiently well known, the facts having frequently been printed, that the main sewer is two by three feet in diameter at the outlet, and fifteen inches in diameter at its smallest end. Its diameter gradually increases as the laterals contribute to its proposed volume. The laterals range in diameter from one foot down to six inches, depending on the area to be drained. No sewer remains six inches in diameter for a greater distance than one block, or 200 feet, from the dead end, or highest point of that sewer. The reasons for believing that these diameters will be amply sufficient may be gen- erally summed up by the statement that such h.is been the experience of other cities. The opinions of practically all the cities using tlie separate system were obtained and the approval of the plan was without exception. Since the adoption of this plan by Canton, sewer-building has taken a very large extension. Nine-tenths of the new systems are upon the same plan. In the larger cities intercepting sewers have to be built, but even in such cases the collecting or lateral sewers are generally on the small pipe system.* Naturally in such an engineering work, nothing is left to chance or caprice. Our separate sewers are designed on certain formula, the result of large experiment. These take into account the number of persons living on a given area, and assume that each person will furnish loo gallons of liquid waste in 24 hours, also that one-half of this amount will be furnished in six hours. It thus becomes apparent why those in control of the sewers feel com- pelled to refuse their use for the drainage of elevator water and other forms of overflow than the hurtful wastes of the city. In the planning of storm water drains a different formula is used in fixing the capacity which is predicated on the acreage areas drained, on maximum rainfall, activity of flow, etc. SEWER GAS. Sewer gas stands as a general term expressive of the unwholesome vol- atile'products of sewers. In regard to its composition a competent' authority says: nia. N. H.; Athol and Westboro, Mass.; Hoosiac, N. J O ■"' — '"^ »»' • ^ ^ -; Charleston, ('^...oncu/...^ v.. . \\i • t^' ' r^ '...■■"r."'""'^: "■ ■'■■ ^"^I'csiuii, o. C; Savannah, G'a.; Nashville, Tenn.; St^Trm r^f^'L^r w^',°v'^™';'''''','''' Sprlnst,eld,Mo.; Kingston, la.; Emporia, Kan : S.ici-amento and Stockton, Cal.; Seattle, Wash,; Knigston, Island of Jamaica, and in many ■• ^- - ' other cities whose names we cannot 81) Sewer gas, as is well known, is a composite substance which may be represented by no one chemical formula, various conditions of sewage producing different combinations of gases, which we indiscriminately call 'sewer gas.' Now the danger in sewer gas may be mtributed to two separate and distinct causes: First, from components, such as sulphur- eted hydrogen, which are actually poisonous. To this cause we may ascribe such fatalities as one which occurred in Kansas City some three or four years ago. Some men in dig- ging a sewer trench opened an old vaultwhich had been closed for some years. The men were almost instantaneously PIPE LAYING _ overcome, and at least one of — " — ' — them died. Similar cases are not rare, but the promptness with which the poison acted was remarkable. Such gases are intolerably offensive. Secondly, air carrying germs of disease which, having become detached from the liquid body of sewage, generally by bubbles from, or .. f 'B^'. '■''^""S on their full length —The proper way to lay the air Currents passing OVer the vitrified p,pe. sewage, are borne along with the other gases to the outlet. ^ "These two sources of danger ' ~ — ■ ~ are quite distinct, but either may '^^i j - * ■'* * '^J"***-^ — '-^ f ■!- * I J i imin ■ 111 > tf prove fatal. The first, acting more quickly on the system, ' usually warns us by an odor, " the onensiveness of which is greatest when most dangerous. Pipes resting on their shoulders.-The improper way to lay the Inhalation produces headache, vitrified pipe. . ^ .... ' torpor, nausea, giddiness or un- consciousness, as the case may be, or it may act merely as a slight depressent. The second is odorless, but may eventu- ally produce endemic disease and death. Ventilation is the simplest and often the most effective preventive in either case." With separate sewers complete, regular and automatic flushing is an integral part of the system. Owing to the small volume of contained air, the house connections, cairied full bore to the roofs, ventilate the sewer thoroughly. Sewer gas cannot be formed, and if formed cannot enter the house. In a concluding paragraph of a recent report of Dr. James T. Gardner, director of the New York State Survey, and a sanitary engineer of national repute, the following statement is made: "Those cities which have already spent large sums in completing sewers must either continue to suffer from the evils of sewer poison, or incur the further expense of a separate small system for carrying sewage only, retaining the large sewers for storm-water.^' In tne item of keeping the sewers in effeective working order the proportionate saving to the city effected by separate sewers is even greater than the saving in first cost. In this we do not include expenses incurred in the treatment of sewage at the outfall. That is a separate matter. The removal of street debris, washed into large sewers by storm, entails heavy expenses which are almost entirely avoided by separate sewers, while the sewage is removed with very much greater rapidity and facility. In a report on this very subject, made to his own city, C. H. Latrobe,the distinguished engineer of Baltimore says that " Separate sewers fully answer the purpose for which they are intended, and which I conceive to be, primarily the object of all sewerage, viz.: 'To carry off all human and in- dustrial waste with rapidity and cleanliness to its ultimate destination." We have purposely cited a few opinions from engineers who are recognized authorities on this subject, and could present many more to the same effect; and we would prefer to do that if they occurred so condensed, and in form adapted to our situation. But enough has been said — leaving our own observations out of the count— to convince the fair in- quirer that the flippant dictum of the passer-by, whose only knowledge of sewers is limited to that which he has seen in some of the older cities, is not based on any proper ex- amination of the subject. With no more light before him than the testimony and opinions that have been presented, it is believed that the impartial reader will say that no other course was advisable for the Sewer Board than the one which they actua!Iiy pursued. Happily there is now at hand more convincing proof of the soundness of the decisions arrived at by the Board. The sewers have been in operation nearly four years. They have performed their functions perfectly. There has been no complaint, and no cause of complaint. In the 81 presence of these facts opposition has been silenced, and evil predictions and reproaches have given place to hearty approbation. It is with great satisfaction that we are able to state that although much skepticism and dissent was avowed, and legal obstructing processes were threatened, the sewer system of District Number Three was carried forward without interruption and was practically completed in the spring of 1890. SEWER CONNECTIONS ON PAVED STREETS. At a meeting of the Sewer Board held on July i, 1889, the following was passed : Whereas, The work of paving certain streets is in contemplation, therefore, "Resolved, That the Sewer Commissioners hereby recommend thatthe house connections be put in to the curb line on all streets that are to be paved a sufficient time before said paving is done." The City Council took action in compliance with the above recommen- dation and with one exception (in which the provision was overlooked in preparing specifications) the paved streets are provided with sewer connec- tions, under the paved areas, in the manner indicated. THE USE OF THE SEWERS. As soon as the sewer construction was sufficiently advanced the appli- cations for permission to use the sewers became very pressing. The first permit was issued December 31, 1889. Up to the present date 825 permits have been issued, though a considerable number of those to whom permits have been conceded have not yet built their proposed connections. A regis- ter of the name, date and name of sewer-builder is kept in the office of the City Engineer, also a list of the licensed plumbers in the city. The form of application and the permit is as follows : APPLICATION FOR A PERMIT. No CITY CIVIL ENGINEER'S OFFICE. CANTON, OHIO, 189 Application is hereby made for permission to connect premises, house No on No on the side of Street, between Street and Street, with sewer in Street, and desire to have the work done by a licesened who is authorized to obtain for the necessary Permit, and agree to accept the Permit with the printed conditions thereon, and hereby bind heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, to become responsible to the City of Canton for any damages whatsoever that may result to said City, or to any person or property in said City, by reason of the construction, existence or abuse of said connection. Owner Address 82 sa C/3 ^ ^^ v ct u O 0.5 ^ J < ^U in n ^" CL !/3 ■g Q nO, UJ v£ O = C < 1§ 5^ r/1 0) J- *■« a; 83 No CITY CI VIL ENGINEER'S OFFICE. CANTON, OHIO 189 Whereas, Permission is to be given to the undersigned, a duly licensed to connect premises, house No on lot No on the side of street, between street and street, with sewer in street; subject at all times to the provisions of Ordinance No. 77, regulating the use and construction of sewers, etc., passed December i6th, 1889; THEREFORE, hereby bind heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, to become responsible to the City of Canton for any damage whatsoever that may result to said city, or to any person or property in said city by rea- son of the construction of said connection, and within three days after the commencement of the work hereby agree to have said restored to as good condition as it was before said connection was made. If not replaced by in the required time, the City of Canton is hereby empow- ered to have said worl< done at expense. PERMIT. No CITY CIVIL ENGINEER'S OFFICE. CANTON, OHIO, 18 Permission is hereby given to duly licensed, to connect premises of house No on lot No on the side of Street, between Street and Street, with Sewer in Street, subject at all times to the provisions of Ordinance No. 77, regulating the use and construction of Sewers, etc., passed December 16, 1889, and application for this permit. City Civil Engineer. The method of using the sewers and the restrictions to be placed on those connecting with them, immediately required attention, and the whole subject was very properly referred to the Sewer Board. Having assumed the responsibility for the plan of sewers as built, it was eminently proper that the views of the Board in regard to the manner of utilizing the sewers should be heeded. The Board framed and submitted the following ordinance, which was passed, as reported. May 6th, 1889: AN ORDINANCE Regulating the Use and Construction of Sewers, and the Disposal of Sewage. SECTION I. Be it ordained by the Council of the City of Canton, Ohio, That no person shall be authorized or permitted to do the work of making connections with any of the public sewers or drains or their lateral connections, until he shall have first registered his name and place of business in the office of the City Civil Engineer, and received a license from the JVlayor. In case any change in his place of business, or his business con- nection, notice of the same shall be immediately given to the City Civil Engineer. No person shall.be licensed to do any of the aforesaid work until he has furnished the Mayor with a satisfactory certificate, signed by at least two reputable plumbers, if he be a plumber, to the effect that the applicant is a person regularly educated to the business and qualified for the duties he undertakes; and previous to being so authorized or licensed by the said Mayor, he shall file a' bond with the Mayor in the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, with two or more sureties^to the approval of the Mayor, conditioned that he will indemnify and save harmless the City of Canton from all loss or damage that may be occasioned in any 84 wise, by accident, or the want of care or sl-" — n--r- PLAN OF DISPOSAL WORKS. 99 The gate and screen chamber is 3 feet deep, 8>^ feet wide, and about 14 feet long, divided by a longitudinal partition into two compartments, each having an iron screen, through which the flow of sewage is regulated by sliding flume gates, the rear of the gate chamber narrowing down to 4 feet in width and forming the inlet channel. The sides of inlet channel and gate chamber are of 12 inch brick masonry resting on an 8 by 20 inch brick footing course, the bottom of the channel having a pavement of 5 inches concrete, then one inch sand, then paving brick on edge, the joints and spaces being grouted with Portland cement. The tanks are four in number, with provision made for future require, ments by opportunity to extend to the west. They are each 50 by 96 feet inside dimensions, and walls ranging from 5.75 to 7.58 feet high above the bottom pavement. These walls are all 26 inches thick under the coping (except the center walls separating each pair of tanks which are 28 inches thick), and by offsets on outside, and a batter of lyi inches to tha foot on the inside, increase to, from 44 to 48 inches thick at the base, all resting on footing courses 8 by 60 inches. These walls are built of hard burned shale sewer brick, laid up in Buckeye Portland cement mortar, mixed one part cement to three parts coarse sharp sand. All walls have a coping of 4 inch thick sawed Berea sand stone, projecting one inch over face of wall and show- ing quarry face edges. The bottom of each tank has a slope of i in 40 from rear to front, and also from sides to central sludge channel which is 2 feet wide, being 2 inches deep at upper end, and 14 inches deep at lower end, below bottom of paving. This paving is hard burned shale paving brick on a i inch sand cushion with a 5 inch concrete foundation, the brick being well grouted with neat Portland cement grout and forms a practically smooth surface. All brick masonry has been thoroughly cleaned of loose mortar and treated with three coats of Portland cement wash, which makes a clean hard surface impervious to moisture and has endured the frosts of the winter with- out scaling. The effluent chamber is 5 feet wide and 12 feet long, of brick masonry laid in the same manner and with same final treatment. The steps in this chamber are Berea sand stone sawed to exact dimensions and imbeded in the side walls. The sludge pump well is 10 feet inside diameter and 18 feet deep, having 16 inch brick walls and bottom. This well has a capacity of 700 cubic feet sludge to its flow line, the admission of which is controlled by an 18 inch sluice gate with hand wheel and standard and operated from above. SLUDGE AND CLEAR WATER DRAINS. Midway between the two pairs of tanks, and under the central channel wall is located an 18 inch diameter sludge drain connecting with the sludge well and having a 12 inch branch to each tank, and controlled by a 12 inch gate valve. At one side of this drain, but at a level, 24 inches higher, is an 18 inch clear water drain connected to the tanks by 8 inch branches, this drain delivering the supernatant water of each tank, at such times as they may be cleaned, to the eftluent chamber discharging under the stone steps by means 100 i k K 1^ I I I r 1 I I I 102 ^ g O £■ < s C/) -o O § ,^ "> en ^ 5 ■! of 8 inch connections, and at the lower end of the sludge channel in the tanks and to these is attached an 8 inch valve, and an 8 inch swing joint together with two elbows and 8 feet of galvanized iron pipes with floats, forming a floating skimmer pipe,' to draw of the supernatant water of each tank from the surface till the sludge is reached. The floating skimmer pipes, with their valves, and also the sludge valves are operated by hand wheels from a plat- form overhanging the tank walls. Ready inspection can be had at ail times for the drain sewers and their connections by means of two double man-holes over them, and forming part of the dividing wall of the central channel, and having wrought iron rims and covers opening from the top of coping of the wall. MACHINERY. The necessary machinery to prepare the chemicals and press the sludge consists of a boiler, engine, pressure pump, filter press, and two agitating chemical mixers. The boiler is a return tubular, 54 inches in diameter and 12 feet lon>j, having 40 four inch tubes and set up in a substantial brick setting, with smokestack 28 inches in diameter and 53 feet high above the grates. The boiler is provided with both feed pump and an injector The engine is an 18 h. p. vertical automatic slide valve engine, of simple construction and requir- ing but little room. It was built by C. Aultman & Co., of Canton. The main engine shaft is provided with fly wheel pully which can be used to drive an electric light dynamo for lighting purposes on grounds and in the building. The pressure pump is a horizontal direct-acting duplex plunger pump, having 8-inch steam cylinder, 5-inch water plungers and both lo-inch stroke. It rests on a stone foundation, and is provided with double suction and dis- charge connections. One suction pipe takes sludge from sludge pump well, and the other water from a supply well, both being so connected that either can be used at a moment's notice, also one discharge goes to an overhead clear water tank, and by means of a gravity governor, is so controlled as to automatically start and stop, thus keeping a constant supply of water in this tank. The other discharge connection is the sludge pipe to the filter press, and has a relief valve with pipe connected back to the sludge well. The pump was built by the Voisard Steam Pump Co., of Canton. THE FILTER PRESS. The filter press is a 60 chamber Bonnot press, provided with all neces- sary appurtenances and built to withstand a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch. The exuded water from the drip cocks falls into a trough built into the floor beneath the press, from which it runs into a hopper and then back into the inlet channel. The chemical mixers are two elliptical tanks of wood, 5 by 9 feet diameters, and 6 feet high, each provided with two sets of beater arms, each on a vertical shaft. The chemicals are mixed and slacked separately in desired amounts of water on the chemical storeroom floor and from there flow into the chemical mixers below and continually agitated while the mixture is added to the crude sewage in inlet channel. 104 en en tu Qi Q- u t- 105 ...j^jcc/r/oA/ o/7ja^-J!Lejnf^^..< j£x fi.tr Jrrzeia.tr. .jF!./.i ,,,0 e; I. S II -a Off deep (a) 4; ^ O) lb 11'- h^-- ' 13 f^ c^eep 6ff i:^ee/' 14 ^j!T£Mde4^A..3<^j^a^^^^ ..„ £r,iir'.'''iJ^iA... ,M.^.p..ai^J.im.£Mt:^>^..^.r-ayi/fpff /^r: 3 ^./S£iA^. iBiA" r^/e/ ^n//&e*rf * B'~S' O/arrt jV-^^jL \ o / '--<- i^ -J- u , j^ jy»ff/tff~rtf*^ 2 '- 6 " /»/*- g' D/o — 1 1 1 1 II / - S Oi'o'^ 16 Table No. 1- — Crude Sewage Tempera- ( Suspended Oxygen Dissolved Relative April, ture ' Bacteria Bacteria Solids, Consumed, Oxygen, Stability 1914 Sewage 37.5° C. 20° C. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. (Phelps) 1 9.6 243,000 684,000 186 65 0.27 29 2 10 628,000 580,000 210 69 1.83 26 3 10.6 131,000 472,000 196 73 1.19 13 4 9.6 170 73 0.18 16 6 9.6 24,000 19,000 232 86 2.10 21 6 10 720,000 992,000 350 97 0.96 11 7 10 189,000 47,000 250 77 0.96 17 8 10.5 836,000 1,164,000 166 69 0.10 20 9 10 600,000 472,000 288 89 1.74 21 10 10 740,000 940,000 182 76 1.02 21 11 12 13 10 660,000 840,000 244 ^ 83 0.10 11 li" 181,000 452,000 170 ■ 109 1.66 11 14 11 848,000 482,000 460 96 1.01 20 15 10.5 612,000 1,200,000 188 71 0.17 76 16 10.6 400,000 620,000 76 70 1.05 21 17 11 500,000 908,000 232 79 0.16 13 18 12 544,000 868,000 260 70 0.0 11 19 13 1,260,000 1,675,000 152 77 0.0 13 '20 13 226,000 644,000 348 111 0.18 13 21 11.5 412,000 860,000 252 96 1.07 \t 22 11.5 640,000 844,000 210 81 .76 17 23 11.6 860,000 1,300,000 292 83 .86 13 24 11.5 610,000 1,248,000 206 72 0.00 16 25 11.6 278,000 832,000 240 62 0.00 24 26 11.6 784,000 1,620,000 322 77 1.86 25 27 12.6 786,000 772,000 278 89 0.77 19 28 12.5 24,000 412,000 158 73 0.77 19 29 12.5 183,000 782,000 220 72 0.0 15 30 12 10 12 212,000 497,000 832,000 166 233 73 82 0.16 0.74 17 Average. . 807,000 19 May 1 700,000 1,600,000 244 78 0.00 21 2 12 ^ 420,000 1,000,000 282 88 0.16 13 3 12.6 792,000 1,688,000 105 70 0.00 18 4 13.5 1,120,000 1,146,000 134 102 0.00 13 5 13.5 408,000 1,520,000 254 78 0.73 19 6 13.5 347,000 680,000 196 83 0.00 11 7 13 472,000, Liquifiers 186 67 0.00 18 8 13 275,000 278 71 0.00 19 9 13 300,000 u 70 71 0.19 17 10 13 2,232,000 li 184 78 0.62 20 11 14 760,000 " 312 107 0.46 11 12....... 14 512,000 a 222 88 0.00 16 13...... . 13 868,000 u 208 80 0.00 13 14 13 548,000 940,000 172 67 0.46 23 16 13 460,000 Liquifiers 138 70 0.00 19 16 13 684,000 (( 204 78 0.00 11 17 14 992,000 " 328 91 0.00 15 18 14 , 412,000 a 282 110 0.23 11 19 14 1,500,000 2,700,000 116 91 0.00 11 20 14 , 332,000 760,000 148 71 0.00 23 21 14 450,000 840,000 112 63 0.41 19 22 14 460,000 420,000 150 72 0.08 19 23 14 880,000 1,540,000 162 78 0.00 15 24 14 1,008,000 2,340,000 146 62 0.00 23 25 16 1,070,000 1,120,000 360 103 0.00 11 26 16 510,000 660,000 184 63 0.00 11 27 16i 1,620,000 460,000 170 80 0.00 11 28 16 1,320,000 1,450,000 124 61 0.40 21 29 30 31 .. 14 1,200,000 1,920,000 156 194 74 79 0.00 .37 16 Average. 747,300 1,269,000 16 17 Table No. 1 — Crude Sewage Tempera- Suspended Oxygen Dissolved Relative June, ture Bacteria Bacteria Solids, Consumed, Oxygen, Stability 1914 Sewage 37.5° C. 20° C. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. (Phelps) 1 16 2 15.5 3 16 4 16 5 16 6 16 7 16 8 17 9 16 10 17 11 17 12 17 13 17 14 17 15 17 16 16^ 17 16 18 16J^ 19 16J^ 20 16M 21,.«.... 16J^ 22 17 23 17 24 ny2 25 17K 26 18' 27 17H 28 nVi 29 nVi 30 17J^ Average. , 10. 11, 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. July 948,000 560,000 350,000 320,000 875,000 864,000 1,880,000 1,088,000 916,000 716,000 1,028,000 712,000 1,080,000 1,000,000 856,000 1,008,000 920,000 1,040,000 1,216,000 1,660,000 1,224,000 1,400,000 1,168,000 920,000 920,000 624,000 1,400,000 975,000 856,000 800,000 1,624,000 1,136,000 632,000 664,000 1,200,000 992,000 2,156,000 1,680,000 1,800,000 1,040,000 1,076,000 1,000,000 1,448,000 1,008,000 1,440,000 1,432,000 1,392,000 1,376,000 1,080,000 1,800,000 1,808,000 1,572,000 1,232,000 1,384,000 1,688,000 960,000 1,840,000 2,000,000 1,160,000 1,005,000 17 997,500 1,'354,000 17J^ 17M 17^ 17M 17J^ 18 17M nVi 18 18 183^ 18 183^ 183^ 18M 18J^ 18H 1,462,000 1,784,000 1,056,000 1,280,000 1,702,000 1,520,000 1,160,000 1,664,000 752,000 912,000 960,000 952,000 1,224,000 1,504,000 1,008,000 1,080,000 1,080,000 1,248,000 1,530,000 1,600,000 800,000 1,120,000 880,000 972,000 606,000 720,000 720,000 1,600,000 1,602,000 716,000 896,000 1,250,000 1,620,000 Cleaning Tanks 164 183 112 110 144 264 132 302 196 130 138 218 120 132 236 180 148 140 64 190 104 202 268 162 188 104 128 134 336 229 172 160 126 208 '54 502 176 86 172 100 340 186 312 224 150 48 83 64 140 276 97 81 72 61 69 74 68 107 90 64 72 73 69 56 87 78 72 67 51 81 56 70 87 73 72 59 60 60 103 78 74 78 68 71 65 96 66 79 76 73 74 68 105 87 70 94 61 61 62 15 17 11 28 / 20 25 30 11 14 14 14 16 15 24 16 22 19 23 28 13 15 15 11 11 21 21 18 13 11 18 11 18 21 20 21 27 15 19 21 30 21 16 15 29 11 13 15 Average. 18 1,089,000 1,240,000 204 85 19 Table No. 1 — Crude Sewage Tempera- Suspended Oxygen August, ture Bacteria Bacteria Solids, Consumed, 1914 Sewage 37.5° C. 20° C. P.P.M. P.P.M. Dissolved Relative Oxygen Stability P.P.M. (Phelps) 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. IW2 18^ 19 19 19M im 193^ 19H 20 20 20 19J^ 19M Average. . . 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 19 520,000 1,060,000 956,000 408,000 348,000 1,020,000 652,000 1,176,000 V ■ J 780,000 l',664,d00 2,i20,dcio 1,680,000 1,656,000 542,000 856,000 1,580,000 2,000,000 l',524,'0'00 l,632,do'o 238 166 129 69 114 95 108 166 88 101 150 135 130 190 165 202 88 96 333 108 119 122 97 166 ill 139 77 77 47 57 45 49 58 39 64 55 49 67 55 60 77 70 58 52 101 78 59 70 61 58 56 September 1 2 3 4 5... 6 7 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 20 20.5 20 20 19M 19H 20 18J^ 146 105 116 105 84 59 99 125 72 63 63 62 56 77 79 Average. , 17 17 17 171^ 17 17 18.5 30 34 1,398,000 1,653,000 90 68 19 Table No. 1 — Crude Sewage Tempera- Suspended Oxygen October, ture Bacteria Bacteria Solids, Consumed, 1914 Sewage 37.5° C. 20 °C. P.P.M. P.P.M. Dissolved Relative Oxygen, Stability P.P.M. (Phelps) 1 17 2 17 .3 17 4 17 5 17 6 17 7 17 8 17 9 18 10 18 11 18 12 18 13 17 14 17 1,5 l7 16 17J^ 17 171^ 18 17^ 19 17 20 17 21 17 22 17 23 16 24 16 25 16 26 16 27 15 28 15 29 14^2 30 141 2 400,000 1,000,000 1,360,000 520,000 808,000 936,000 Average. . 17 688,000 800,000 1,216,000 1,720,000, 1,152,000 1,336,000 1,048,000 952,000 936,000 1,360,000 1,488,000 1,520,000 1,200,000 l',360,odo 1,500,000 832,000 1,280,000 606,000 1,200,000 1,148,000 1,648,000 1,312,000 2,680,000 488,000 800,000 808,000 1,520,000 1,032,000 1,504,000 400,000 1,854,000 748,000 1,328,000 .' '.'.'.'. '. '. l',780,000 840,000 1,320,000 1,400,000 940,000 1,332,000 76 133 172 107 123 90 180 123 329 210 91 119 114 120 137 223 123 122 128 123 127 77 119 97 22 69 61 93 70 1P2 92 71 66 77 69 77 92 78 65 63 75 73 Temper- Bacteria November, ature, (1,000) 1914 Cen t. 37.5° C. 20° C 1 14K 2 14H 3 15 4 15 5 Iiy2 6 14 7 133^ 8 13; 2 9 131 2 10 1314 11 1314 12 131/., 13 14 " 14 14 15 15 16 14M 17 12^ 18 IIH 19 12 20 Ill, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 123-4 30 123,4 Settled Suspended Oxygen Solids, Solids, Consumed, c.c. per liter P.P.M. P.P.M. Oxygen Demand, 5 da. Incubation at 20° C. p.p.;\i. 1,320 1,320 1,240 870 1,010 1,072 2,100 1,120 1,230 1,432 1,615 1,584 1,408 1,601 1,595 1,608 1,460 1,720 1,010 1,800 664 1,168 1,160 1,250 1,680 1,003 1,088 1,024 985 728 1,560 1,320 1,280 2,140 1,375 1,424 1,610 1,520 1,610 1,520 97 61 197 82 89 71 155 79 134 10 144 69 135 75 114 88 218 78 130 85 126 72 113 77 108 67 146 71 131 77 157 93 194 87 125 80 108 67 115 72 1.58 80 21 80 130 95 69 72 219 97 161 85 131 75 180 52 121 78 231 95 Average. 13 5 1.166 1,519 1.39 82 811 727 409 458 808 453 514 494 25 432 365 300 552 310 820 475 366 196 476 20 Table No. 1 — Crude Sewage Temper- December, ature, 1914 Cent. Bacteria (1,000) 37.5° C. 20° Oxygen Demand, Settled Suspended Oxygen 5 da. Incubation Solids, Solids, Consumed, at 20° C. c.c. per liter P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. C. 1 13 726 2 13 925 3 13 875 4 12 1,020 5 ny2 6 10}^ 7 10}4 768 8 10 656 9 f 9M 848 10 9}4 800 11 9 400 12 8} 2 1,104 13 81. > 14 9 840 15 93^ 768 16 9H 17 9J^ 915 18 9U 19 8M 672 20 9 21 9M 920 22... 834 821 23 8M 1,208 24 S}4 1,120 25 26 914 27 9 28 8M 840 29 8J^ 792 30 83/2 820 31 9H 710 Average. ... 9.7 January, 1915 1 2 SH 3 9M 4 934 656 5 8 856 6 9H 864 7 9H 658 8 9 792 9 8J4 904 10 9 11 83^ 875 12 7H 472 13 714 688 14 734 800 15 SH 850 16 834 810 17 9 18 9 575 19 QVz 1,192 20 9 920 21 8 440 22 7 542 23 8% 875 24 8 25 7H 568 26 7H 832 27 734 28 7H 624 29 7H 30 7 616 31 7 1,016 1,240 1,000 1,256 1,048 800 968 1,136 480 1,320 1,000 800 1,110 1,240 1,110 985 1,552 1,368 744 841 843 1,057 127 148 156 30 186 132 187 129 189 242 132 158 168 202 109 137 155 161 117 150 132 213 122 128 172 177 305 415 182 177 168 Average . 8 747 1,288 976 1,648 1,200 920 1,310 1,021 480 1,040 912 1,110 910 600 760 920 1,200 910 875 666 1,325 336 376 520 1,212 938 4 4 2 1 4 2 4 2 2 5 5 4 3 2.7 1.8 6.1 10.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.6 2.4 2.02 182 145 178 120 173 147 92 176 135 178 132 90 195 106 138 155 92 119 128 149 108 128 86 199 159 89 94 104 123 79 133 74 64 59 64 80 61 57 50 66 75 51 56 54 66 64 49 39 53 49 41 66 67 51 54 60 56 74 56 51 55 59 55 60 78 46 47 44 46 50 46 74 35 24 41 35 48 46 ^4 42 43 55 55 49 58 59 66 44 41 46 55 49 49 680 637 436 423 241 260 290 142 79 263 510 647 879 814 420 565 326 335 320 265 343 422 561 510 266 328 542 501 252 519 188 547 253 224 529 360 457 378 360 517 504 907 538- 657 538 454 21 Table No. 1 — Crude Sewage Temper- Bacteria February, ature, (1,000) 1915 Cent. 37.5° C. 20° Oxygen Demand, Settled Suspended Oxygen 5 da. Incubation Solids, Solids, Consumed, at 20° C. C. c.c. per liter P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. 1 7 1,640 795 2 eyi 600 674 3 QH 640 1,720 4 8 920 984 5 7% 472 1,656 6 8 652 1,420 7 7H 8 7 736 672 9 71/^ 810 712 10 7 720 960 11 73^ 776 936 12 ft 13. '.'.'.'.'.i,'.'. 8}4 712 1,064 14 SVi 15 9% 1,048 1,096 16 9 1,651 1,680 17 81^ 18 Syi 512 744 19 9 920 704' 20 9 21.. 93^ 22 10 23 10 480 896 24 10 780 915 25 9 536 762 26 9 904 1,474 27 8^ 28 SVi Average.... 8 816 1,045 March 1 83^ 680 840 2 9U 872 880 3 9M 672 1,156 4 9H 1,952 1,472 5 9M 6 9 920 1,280 7... 9 8 9M 960 960 9 9H 872 1,448 10 9H 1,120 1,528 11 9M 800 1,240 12 QVi 1,032 1,240 13 10 528 1,312 14 10 15 lOJ^ 992 1,472 16 10 832 1,768 17 10 912 1,400 18 10 808 1,465 19 10 1,080 1,620 20 lOM 720 1,525 21 10^ 22 11 1,376 1,600 23 11 .... 1,424 24 11 1,160 1,456 25 nii 800 1,088 26 10 585 728 27 10 628 1,440 28; 10 29 10 30 9H 31 101/^ 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.8 1.6 .8 .7 3.7 2.7 1.7 2.4 2,6 1.6 .7 9.6 5.4 3.1 116 43 69 110 95 78 81 173 93 100 99 108 98 73 163 113 163 97 80 105 133 220 197 216 98 102 115 106 116 12.9 5.6 3.8 3.5 4. 3. 2. 7. 8. 2. 3. 2. Average. . in 2.0 14.0 8.0 6.0 4,8 3,4 3,8 3,3 1,3 7,5 2,8 3,6 10,3 4,4 3,1 12,7 6,2 7,7 6.62 125 113 134 117 162 205 135 209 225 132 130 65 149 162 282 222 184 152 169 177 169 261 134 115 172 156 131 172 194 144 162 164 35 39 35 47 38 24 26 64 39 40 41 43 56 41 44 41 50 41 35 45 41 44 41 60 41 36 46 37 41 52 48 36 45 49 43 41 67 60 38 37 33 45 39 70 72 64 60 57 58 53 47 52 51 52 53 64 69 79 58 66 53.6 549 853 880 897 448 331 222 191 573 199 813 482 564 714 591 483 587 514 616 714 531 905 498 797 598 797 634 476 546 817 576 583 658 559 528 887 650 726 501 641 22 o < w < o H Pi < O • 5 Q W a 13 O O z W- o >< X o o Q o u w (^ o H 1-1 W <; I o 3 1— > O I^ 3 sXbp xs 33bJ3AY '■-ISAV ■PSM ■sgnx •noj\[ ■img '•J9AV ■sanx ■uop\[ •ung ■sjnqx sX'Ep i '•13 AY •psM. •sanx •ung •sjnqx 05CC GO I>l>as (Nt-hOO CD rHOO'^CSCOC 00 t^ CO t^ "^ LQ CO CO -^ '^ CO iM (N ■^(Nt*C0I>tN,00OaiCDi0C0ThcDOcDCi-HC^C005C 00 i^ U5 CCO(NOOOOOiOcOCOCO(NCO(N(Mi-l Tt<'^iOCOCOiO'-l'-HCO-^05COi-iCOOOOi050Tt<(NC:':DTj (N --H .-H CO CO ^ TJH CO '^ '<*< 00 CO i-H C0'^i0C0t>ONrtHO'- r- X GO lO CD -^ lO CO ^ Tti -^ CO CM CO OcOtO ■ t- CD b- O O CD "^ CO -^ lO CO CO t* '-H i-H 00 CO CO 1-1 ""^ OlT-t i-H (N lO t> lO CD 00 CO -^ CO -"^H CO (N CO CO lO - 00 ^- O 00 IC lO CO W3 -^ T^i UO CO (N C<1 i-lOcDc000C0I>.t^OSO00-^C0»Oi-lC0OSTtC<|C000l00S C0cDi-lOr-tTt lO lO '^ b- CO 1-1 tN (Ni-li-( (N i-i C^ CD Tji CN CO iO05OSl>-00t^T-HC0O''-l (M 1-1 1-1 CO -"^ CO !>■ OS CD I> 00 lO -^ CO CO -^ '^ CO CO CO COOTtiOlO COi-i 1-H lO '<:^ |> OS Oi O lO IV lO l>-cO'^lO(N^CO'-<(>lO'— lG0C^t>-'^i-'iOO00i-iI>'OC0'^ tH 1-1 CO |> OS O CO (N CO -^ I> CD '<** -^ lO Tt< lO CO "^ 1— I (N 1-1 i-l 1— I i-iOiOOOT-t,-iOOcD(N-^-^cD'^rHi-i(N-^OSrtiOOi-H>I> Cyj^ ,-l.-ii-l,-n-l(MI>COlO(N"=iHCOCO'*COi-lCOCOcOcOi-l (NOcOCOrtiOOi— lCCDlC00OSi-HCOcOOSCOTtlG0 Cq tH t-( CO tJ< TtH cO '^ '^ CO CD CO CO CO 1-1 "tH CO CO tH (N NCOOSOOOOr^lTfft^COC^I-rhi— 'OC^iOOSOS-rft-COtN-^GOi— I C^S ,-(C0c0iOl>C0-^'«*<"<*IC0C0C0[MC0-^C0C0CO mi>OcOOOOO'CO'— li— '(NOO>OLOlOcOOCOt^l>-C^i-H> (^ T-( i-( (N '^ CO I> OS 00 -^ CO O -^ CO CO >0 »0 lO CO "^ OOOSOi-H(Ni-l(Mc0^lOCDt>COOSOT-( ^ 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 T-H T— I -^ ^ TJ M .g O J3 "3 30 S3 O 6o- Oo t-h" ^^L. ■° fc T3 a 0) yi s-i 3 ft I- 03 * Pi 23 w o < < Pi o w 1-1 a -i o CO Q Q :? w 02 Fh o Q « O w o w 1-1 n 3 < C sAbp i '•j9Ay ■satix ■ung •ijjI ■SITiqx f sA-ep I '■J3AV •sanx •uop\[ •ung •^Bg ■sjnqx sA^p I '•J3AY •P^M •sanx •uo]/^ •ung Vd •sjnqx COI>iOCOOO tOCDOO>OOCDC5 •-HOC00050;0 lOOC^Cg I Jr T— oo'" 2 t—<^H(MCCCNC^tHC^!NCNt— It— ''—<'— ' |T-I i:; ;=; ^ ;l5 ,_! rq t^ CO 05 t^ ■* ffl t^ 'H 25 I^ 1-1 t~ 1> CO CD (N "5 "5 ^ T— IC^ (Nf— I I— It— ICOi— I"— < T— It— It— It— I ji— I MC<3T-Hca^T-lS'OCOiO>OOO^cDOOOO'Om03^00t>"3 CD (Nt-i(N'0 IOCJCOMCOt-It-i i-i |t-i S^I^^^;5^a:'biOT-ioot>«ioo^t>52^coocoajt~co ffi T-KNiOCOCOTllCqiMIN^-HNi-lT-l It-i OO^rHTtllM T-IC0^03COCO(NOMI>02 t^rH ^OS00COO3CO GO T-i(MT-Hcooa5cD>ooom lOOioooO'-imcoj-'HO-*^ I rj (N S M (N T-l ■* CO "O CO 05 •* CO 00 O en CO M ^ rHT-l(NT-lC0C0^CaiN rH t> CO tH lO 00 l> CD lO »0 CO 00 (N as »0 ^ to 00 CO >0 T-H |0 C^ CO C<1 C<1 T-I(N lO O IXN I> Ol ■* ■* CO 00 O OS O O CO 05 T— lC »o 05 00 1^ r^ CO Tti o T-i c I> 00 T-l 00 "O (N T-l CO CO ^ C«'-H(NC^-*t-Ii-Ht-I.-IIMt-I t-It-It-I r-|T-l CO'* O OS CO 03 CD 00 rH CO tH O Oi 00 000 CD O T-i T-H ic C<1 O 01 l(N CO »0 CO T-l (N (N C^ ^ CO 00 CO t^ -^ T-l Oi »0 CO 05 -^ C<1 t>- T-l Ol CO CO ^T-KNCOt^T^COCOlMT-lT-lT-I^T-ll-l I-H I T-l lOCDCO*^ 05 »O00 ^^ "^ ■* CJS O ^ ^ CO (N O 10 (N COCq ^ "* ["^ 1>"DC5(Nt-h^ 10 00 t^ 00 CD -t:!^ CO (N O: UO I> 00 t^ -^ I> P 00 CN IM C<1 -H ^ T-l (N T-l (N >Mt-I ^ I T-l to O 00 t^ CO T-H 05 10 rt< CD 00 CO CO CO CO lO 10 CD (N t^ CD T-l O T— I I t— I 0»OlN^Hi-lcOtOCOOO^H-^C5T-IOOC5COCOtOt^(NC0^005 CO ttH ^ ^ in T-l (N Ol ^ in 05 (N t-H t-I^t^^ I r-l CO . o '^ tOOlOO ^ CO ^ CD CO ^ CD005 COOt^cOO^ 00 t^ [t-j ^ ' . IOt-i T-l (M -^ IM COOOO "* t^05 C^ 05 -^ -^OCO t^ -* l> CO -^ T-l 05 05 01 T-l T-l 05 05 T-l T-l T-l rt (N T-l 05 T-l |t-I A. o »Ot-i fh coo i> ocDO o 00 C005 00 o cooooio Tji o CO to 105 CD ^ 01 Ol Oa 05 "O »0 CD 00 to to •* to -^ to ^H Tt* CO 05 00 00 O O: to T-l 05 (N 05 05 T-l 05 ■•* T-l I-I T-l T-l Ol 03 T-l I T-l 00O5'^I>"^00t^OsiO05-^Oi-^t^-^lOt^tOl^I>O5''cllC000 tOC0050^05'*OOCDCOCDCDCOOOCOCJ:'*i-HCOtOCOI:^050SO T-l ^ 05 05 0l>00C5 CO t^ CO 00 05 ^ 05 to r* CO l> 05 T-l T-l CO T— I CD COOSOt005T*T-l00050CDI>CDtOCDt^OT*CO l>to05COT-lt^aj^I^^C005^050"ctl|>.0^05'* 05 T-l 05 COO) 05 T-l T-l T-l 05 T-l 05 T-l -* O CO O t- t~ t> T-l Tti CO 00 C» 01 to T-l 00 ■■* 00 05 05 to ■* O IM 105 CO -^ OS 05 T-l T-H 05 05 00 CO t^ T-l 05 05 to CO O ■<*l CO T* 05 T-l o t^ tO ■-I tH 05 05 05 CO 05 i-l T-ltO T-l 05 T-l ^ i-l T-l I T-l t^OC00500OTtlOcD03^ 00000ll>'*000500 |0 ^C0C5C0O105Tt< COT-IOCTi-*COCncOeONOCTi05 00 11 05 05 ■* to to Tfl O^It-i-h i-h 05 t-i i-i T-l I T-l CD T-l 00 COOlto CO -^05 O 00 tOOO O CDt-4 CD t^CD to ■* CD to |C33 C33 05 T-l 05 tH 10 05 CO rfl »H CO O Oi CO f~ 05 CO 00 00 T-l 05 00 00 CO --i i-It-ic005O5t-It-It— l^H05 r-li— I I— lli-l t^T-lO!OTticOOC105CO^f~0500cOOcD^COTtiOCOOTt CO T-l05^^T-I^Hr^"<* 05t-h05COt-It-It— It— I |t— I 00 to OS ■* -H 00 05 O: CO 05 O i-i O 05 t^ to to Tfi 05 l> CD 0<1 t> CO |05 ■^T-l i-li-l05t^O^"*tO"^COQOtOtOCOOCOt>C005T-lTtl05 O T— I05t— It— I rHi— li-lr-li-l i— li-li— I [i— I CD O ■* ■* O CO 05 CD ^ 05 O 05 CO 00 CO 00 tH ■* -* b- 00 O 05 --l IC3> ^ -^ Tfi -^ -^ t^ CO CD ^ 00 ^ 05 05 -^ O CD T* 05 05 "^ t^ 00 t^ i-l I-I T-l 05 T-l 05 CO T-l 05 T-l 00 i-l i-i I T-l O S- - - - 05^05COT*tocOt>QOCS0^05^05CO'':t00030rH > <; 24 .. COMPUTkn MADE IN ^f'^^^-Vtr^ **^ ^ . CONNECTION WITH. ^2,^IA^r-/^««. tf/ . J.^tf £itf iT.. J^iKf rCT/^.J'.efcHBCKCR /y^^ OKTa.JuH.£., jAtf.1^ ... - l»l3- 3QO ^t/s^ e^e/aa/ '-T^Z/e/js »*- (jK\^. tooNa>oiS:i5!"-wK^^'o*o^€J*' a / ^^/ 0xif&e*7 Ca^s^^^^f^ //oar- o/ />0lf 25 _./^ye'-f /c/e^/- .^.er:ou^A....a/ . /^/£/t.j^.oj3/i/... _ _- file 2. — - JT. .M//jr:i!M:f...jsi/(~ .£JSf-^J3Je£^:y.a^J- JTe-KyM.^^— «« ■ - - .£jC./SJ!jr/J!Ii.£eijt:.. V.£o.^/P*7.. compoteh — SKi^i™ WITH ZaJt^/a^U" «■/ J-JV-OS/J-. -SWe/^^aiLcHEcmi ISO t loo \ \ ?^S 5n V ^ ^ ^ I 1 5n V t .^ V ^ .^ I Table No. 4 — Showing the Average of Seven-Day Analyses of Sew- age, Taken from Seven Different Outlets in Borough of I Richmond. Solids Oxyge: Q Consumed Oxygen Demand . . Permanganate in . "o dfe Suspended }4 hour at 100° C. a -t^ ^•t^ -^ . Si § o 5fe II II "So M«3 +J o O 3 Si's 11 (UO -g.s fe'S Pi a •c o "3 6 4.9 217 79 64 55 40 27 339 179 47 321 251 115 8 4.0 279 69 47 32 436 345 229 10 2.8 221 li7 47 54 39 28 345 272 20 482 270 23 2.6 120 54 55 31 23 26 1S8 115 39 181 190 54 25 7.9 263 72 72 74 50 32 228 149 35 169 225 87 28 4.2 389 95 76 70 44 37 298 210 30 159 198 81 35 2.8 201 63 69 53 35 34 228 165 28 138 202 33 26 Table No. 5 — Plain SEDIMENTATIO^ Effluent from Tank No. 2. Bacteria (1.000) Suspended Oxygen Veloc- 37.5° C. 20° C. Solids Consumed Dis- March _ J o 1914 Feet Num- %Re- Num- % Re- % Re- %Re- Oxygen, h ^ per ber due- ber due- P.P.M duc- P.P.M . duc- P.P.M. 3 3 Second tion tion tion tion PhXi 1 .0012 201 22 59 53 2 .0021 120 48 68 47 3 .0016 101 63 60 45 4 ,0012 119 34 69 45 5 .0006 102 43 61 27 6 .0021 78 60 55 56 7 .0021 107 43 63 51 41 8 .0021 231 70 45 9 .0012 211 63 92 3 . 39 10 .0016 117 34 58 56 47, 11 .0021 121 43 70 41 . 43* 12 .0012 136 30 61 56 32 13 .0033 127 44 53 58 45 14 .0033 125 53 59 55 58 15 .0033 134 20 49 72 16 .0033 226 5 71 43 17 .0021 124 7 54 69 49 18 .0012 90 35 44 23 61 19 . .0012 93 27 42 77 51 20 . .0033 75 37 44 , 76 , 58 21 . .0012 116 27 57 64 56 22 . .0012 87 29 54 68 23 . .0012 189 41 81 17 , 32 24 . .0012 168 13 65 48 . 28 25 . .0012 35 B 576 18 155 12 48 63 42 26 . .0012 29 3 22 388 37 128 75 54 68 38 27 . .0012 17 5 +35 440 23 138 76 55 72 32 28 . .0012 53 ) 5 500 5 124 78 54 65 53 29 . .0012 85 60 1, 120 +3 100 99 51 67 30 . .0012 15 ) 70 226 50 133 37 65 46 ,31 31 . .0012 52 41 S 14 1 292 2 100 549 ... 131 39 34 70 60 5 9 16 Aver. . . . .0017 43 April 1 . .0027 24 1 628 1+8 116 33 49 25 1 . 00 2 . .0012 61 2 3 544 45 158 25 62 10 2,36 .. 3 . .0003 26 8 +18 300 37 84 57 50 31 1.74 4 . .0009 84 50 53 28 1.05 5 . .0012 61 2 828 ... 200 14 59 31 2,08 31 6 . .0012 1,21 6 +68 1, 144 +15 166 47 77 20 1.65 21 7 . .0012 10 5 47 25 47 138 45 67 13 1. 55 17 8 . .0012 .^^ 2 60 93 92 118 24 51 26 0.( 35 33 9 . .0012 '36 40 396 16 122 57 64 23 2,( 33 19 10 . .0012 1,24 8 +68 1, 408 +60 128 30 63 17 1,50 19 11 . .0003 42 37 557 34 140 42 51 39 0,. 56 32 12 13 '. .66i2 55 2 -^20 604 33 178 +5 89 18 2.' 12 20 14 . .0012 72 +85 996 +104 174 62 71 26 1. 79 20 15 . .0006 59 2 +15 480 60 90 52 58 18 1, 38 78 16 . ,0006 25 S 35 320 48 98 29 51 27 2, 33 36 17 . .0012 45 S 10 S48 14 154 34 61 23 0. t9 21 18 . .0012 46 16 972 - +12 116 54 54 23 0. 34 26 19..:.. . .0006 97 2 23 1, 384 12 112 26 50 35 0. 19 17 20 . .0009 38 53 580 10 130 63 80 28 0. 54 20 21 . .0006 17 3 57 928 +8 128 49 66 31 1. 23 25 22.'.... . .0009 88 4 +38 I, )92 +29 108 49 56 32 0. 54 19 23 . .0012 10 5 88 1, 520 +17 130 55 72 17 1. 25 19 24 . ,0006 41 2 19 §40 +33 112 45 51 29 0, 21 33 25 . .0012 100 100 150 58 44 29 0. 30 21 26 . .0021 70 3 21 1, 920 68 88 73 41 47 2, 71 39 27 .... . .0012 55 3 29 680 12 96 65 , 67 25 0, 99 21 28 .0006 1 9 20 520 +46 92 42 61 16 0. 34 21 29 . .0012 36 3 +50 536 19 92 58 52 28 0. 00 25 30 . .0006 24 1 +14 612 17 76 52, 54 26 0. 16 19 Aver. . . . .0010 49 1 2 713 12 123 47 59 28 1, 10 26 27 Table No. 5 — Plain Sedimentation. Effluent from Tank No. 2. Bacteria (1,000) 37.5° C. 20° C. Suspended Solids Veloc- May, ity in ■ ■ . ' 1914 Feet Num- % Re- Num- % Re- % Re- per ber due- ber due- P. P.M. due- Second tion tion tion Oxygen Consumed %Re- P.P.M. duc- tion Dis- . solved Oxygen, „ P.P.M. S3 S >. 1.... .. .0002 2.,.. .. .0011 3,... .. .0012 4.... .. .0012 5..,. .. .0012 6.... .. .0016 7.... . . .0009 8.... . . .0003 9..,. .. .0009 10... . . .0009 11.... . . .0007 12.... .. .0012 13... .. .0012 14.... . . .0009 15.... . . .0006 16.... . . .0012 17.... .. .0005 18.... . . .0009 19.... . . .0009 20.... . . .0012 21.... .. .0016 22.... .. .0009 23... . . .0003 24. . . . . .0009 25.... . .0009 26.... . .0012 27.... . .0006 28.... . .0006 29.... . .0006 30.... 31.... 775 269 200 399 664 360 1,520 608 460 1,052 620 840 824 1,336 312 1,240 628 520 310 724 960 500 800 450 930 1,040 51 + 15 +40 + 12 33 20 10 +22 + 13 +85 +20 +33 25 16 +84 + 16 +33 19 4 53 +57 26 29 13 1,520 10 588 49 776 49 740 +9 760 2,000 796 750 760 19 25 +5 10 +81 1,200 +102 2,000 14 750 700 370 1,360 1,600 33 +6 82 16 17 90 164 152 82 90 200 158 122 80 108 144 136 150 104 118 132 96 122 60 36 36 50 92 90 104 60 164 44 80 63 44 +5 39 65 +2 15 56 + 1 41 54 39 31 40 15 35 71 51 48 76 68 67 43 38 29 67 4 61 49 47 63 58 86 55 61 68 54 55 57 88 72 71 66 56 59 65 86 74 58 51 41 53 46 83 57 66 55 56 40 28 17 16 29 27 + 1 24 23 27 18 18 11 1 20 24 29 22 19 18 19 43 32 26 19 9 17 9 25 Aver. . .00087 708 5 1,042 17 106 45 62 22 June 1 0012 2 0012 3 0016 4 0021 5 0012 6 0012 7 0012 8 0009 9 0012 10 0012 11 0012 12 0012 13 0012 14 0012 15 0012 16 0012 17 0009 18 0009 19 0006 20 0006 21 0006 22 0006 23 0003 24 0003 25 0006 26 0003 27 0012 28 0012 29 0012 30 0012 588 480 420 440 792 725 1,536 912 612 744 912 848 976 730 750 1,072 1,200 1,328 928 800 1,002 950 880 480 960 1,072 832 38 15 +20 +40 5 17 28 10 24 + 13 12 +11 10 27 13 +6 3 "i 20 14 43 14 +32 4 23 "2 +25 +4 960 1,000 890 884 990 832 1,160 1,040 1,304 812 975 1,000 832 888 880 800 1,136 2,750 1,200 1,720 1,048 968 1,136 1,256 1,040 600 2,560 1,527 1,104 880 41 12 +40 +33 16 16 +46 39 18 22 10 42 12 39 44 19 +11 5 42 38 8 9 39 39 '27 5 13 122 102 80 78 80 138 136 126 86 102 102 78 124 108 78 102 36 100 26 46 29 29 44 47 +3 60 56 22 26 65 +3 18 67 41 76 30 82 +28 74 61 36 140 80 78 82 124 70 66 166 80 56 30 70 62 40 19 46 51 51 65 79 57 60 50 55 60 48 73 66 63 58 51 51 63 67 73 47 49 45 57 45^ 60 57 53 53 53 53 44 63 60 19 30 17 18 20 19 29 32 .27 2 19 30 26 6 23 8 35 27 10 30 20 15 35 28 27 10 12 27 39 23 1.66 0.41 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.32 26 17 21 13 30 19 19 27 20 30 11 13 15 19 21 11 19 18 11 19 19 25 19 23 11 11 11 16 13 .4 18 1.06 1.23 0.38 0.3 0.23 0.08 1.53 0.26 0.19 0.23 1.30 1.42 0.23 0.15 0.00 0.08 0.08 0^24 0.24 6'09 18 24 11 13 22 18 31 15 21 11 20 19 21 11 18 11 31 23 29 11 13 11 15 15 15 17 11 15 19 Aver..'.. .0010 852 13 1,139 16 95 45 57 23 18 28 Table No. 5 — Plain Sedimentation. July- 1914 Effluent from Tank No. 2. Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Veloc- 37.5° C. 20° C. Solids itv in '- Feet Num- % Re- Niim- % Re- % Re- per ber due- ber due- P.P.M. due- Second tion tion tion Oxygen Consumed Dis- ^ solved % Re- Oxygen, S ^ P.P.M. due- P.P.M; 3 a tion f^-° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7...... . 8 9 10 11 12...... . 13 14 15 16 17 18...... 19 20 21 22 23 0007 0006 001 0012 0012 0012 001 001 0009 0005 001 0009 0012 ooie 001 0012 oooc 0012 OOOc 1,04 75 79 89 57 80 85 86 83 1,12 4S 92 52 i,oe 1,4C 72 9( . 2 2 6 6 6 4 2 8 4 )0 !0 )0 24 25 ^6 27 28 .. 29 30 Aver. .001 855 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Aver. . , . .0012 .0012 .001 .0012 .0012 .0014 .001 .0012 .0009 .0012 .001 .001 .0009 .0007 .0012 .0012 .001 .0012 J012 !ooi' .001 .0012 .001 .001 .0009 !o6o7 .0011 29 29 54 22 23 17 30 15 23 27 40 -1-40 13 -f46 13 1,300 1,000 648 i.ieo 812 760 800 720 800 1,120 1,024 720 672 1,120 27 22 58 30 11 20 47 34 40 30 9 26 7 30 18 1,200 Cleaning Tank 47 48 109 50 78 63 68 121 56 190 183 79 77 31 43 33 94 39 63 58 ii 80 72 10 63 32 65 69 39 19 47 63 '33 76 33 48 51 45 46 72 39. 54 50 37 47 44 60 48 45 49 35 40 41 54 39 20 37 30 25 40 32 60 44 36 36 43 45 36 48 43 35 34 45 22 924 23 82 58 48 37 210 20 49 36 75 55 33 39 55 47 37 35 17 75 33 27 53 53 35 29 39 58 33 40 53 50 29 26 81 51 49 27 55 38 40 27 43 52 34 30 69 54 40 30 64 53 44 20 98 25 43 29 106 46 59 23 74 55 52 26 1,50 26 43 26 49 44 33 37 66 31 42 88 66 35 66 39 56 28 62 48 47 20 72 41 53 24 68 30 50 18 118 39 45 23 '76 30 74 47 44 41 10 11 26 22 22 33 13 15 27 30 15 28 13 26 18 29 30 22 29 T^ IS (U d S f^ O "" ii e >-'t3 O iH aJ"+3 CI oj • S3 S5! o §■6 _ '''an' 1=! ,', >" « e ■SSo o S S e ■a 2 CTJ (-* O 03 c ^ pq o cd &^e 0.5 "^ n C P..2 o w O CO ^ .-^ OJ 5; 3 e-1 o.*^ 00>O00(N(NO ■ 00 00 00 Oi 01 OS •OJO COVf 03 t- THOTtOOt-t*^i-) (N tH I I I I I I I I I M I M M I I I I I I M I n I I I I CO lO ^n T— 1 1—1 1,^ T-^ \_^ I.-* Oi-iOt^COCOOiOcOt^iO(N-^i-irtCNcDi- 1 lO lO lO lO l> lO lO iQ lO ^ -^ 'ID lO -^ Tt^ Tf lO »0 CO CO CD lO lO lO lO ':D CO I tO ITT I n I IT I r r i n'TTTTTtVi T'lTT^r r i f c01-^^^C0C0^Ol-HOOLCc0L0rt^OC0'^OlTJ^^O05'-l(NC0T:t^l^:l00'^TJ^O00lO |>I^-iOiOI>COGOO.CO omo5C3aiCTia5c=oimo3Coo303coo3a>oi5oo^aicoobcno5oio3mo50^ H(NCO^iOC01>c0010-HC2c0^iOcC)t-odo3d--i(NCOTHiOCOt,odc»drt O CO O f^ > 30 o o 2; ' ) M (5 Z H ^ o Bi H O CJ ^ FN U z l-H rn h-) -i< p 03 1 CD rf ■ Bl S S QJ o qOOhco n = S (j-a Q •a MB . 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IC M "^ »0 1— I iH : + + 00000 000000 .00000 .000000 . o o o_o_o . o_o o_o,o_o_ ■ cioo-^oci ■ Othcd'o''«o ■* •OMNmoOi-l ■ ■* 00 "5 C- <0 b- 1> l> »C Tti CO CD t> CD CD ■C0lu^COC00000Q0GCi-H(MCOC0i-lCOCCC0C^O3'-"iCC0lOlO ■00iO0000CDCDCOcDlOTf |> !> |> 00 00 00 00 I> I>- b- 1> !>• !>• 1> l> t^ i> CD CD CD CD 10 10 10 10 IC I CD ^rqco^mcdr>odo.O;Hgco302t^oo2gc^?^g5S!o5SS5?5?5S« -^ 37 Missing Page Missing Page Table No. 7 — Unsettled Sewage Treated with Hypochlorite of Lime Hypochlorite of Bacteria (1,000) Lime On Agar On Gelatin Suspended Solids Oxygen Consumed Pounds per October, Million P.P.M. 1914 Gallons 1 48 2 35 3 37 4 5 36 6 44 7 36 8 56 9 56 10 65 11 12 13 42 14 54 15 56 16 62 17 62 18 19 50 20 50 21 52 22 60 23 49 24 25 26 51 27 28 29 30 31 37.5° %Re- duction 20° % Re- P.P.M. % Re- P.P.M. % Re- duction duction duction Aver. . . 50 57.5 280 42 984 44 676 '43 840 53 1,096 43 1,056 67 760 67 792 78 1,008 30 584 1.6' 1,160 47 800 50 65 67 74 1,288 1,140 784 512 74 1,240 '60 608 60 712 62 480 72 616 59 340 720 61 +22 99 7 28 15 32 5 6 16 +8 54 +46 37 40 15 4 960 1,708 1,296 920 1,240 992 1,480 1,576 984 895 1,472 1,208 1,032 1,464 1,184 1,320 1,248 1,320 795 1,010 1,210 + 12 +43 14 +20 —18 —30 —33 —34 + 9 + 5 23 25 11 44 53 57 78 87 63 67 56 66 60 54 125 +18 37 21 30 6 26 5 23 13 60 25 41 56 65 70 69 54 57 59 67 65 60 796 79 1,161 13 63 75 80 43 57 49 34 46 38 70 52 58 71 75 65 20 46 49 69 56 53 54 46 42 50 45 64 45 49 62 67 66 52 45 55 48 74 64 67 50 52 48 56 83 58 57 49 55 51 55 66 60 51 49 57 54 56 47 38 65 -27 15 48 20 19 37 20 26 19 16 29 28 23 22 22 24 7 23 November 1 2 143 3 118 4 87 5 87 6 90 7 90 8 124 9 124 10 138 11 138 12 122 13 113 14 116 15 92 16 116 17 131 18 128 19 100 20 73 21 91 22 91 23 91 24 51 25 110 26 91 27 110 28 110 29 91 30 79 Aver. . . 105 170 142 102 102 108 108 148 148 166 166 148 184 138 110 ' 138 156 151 120 86 109 109 109 61 132 109 132 132 109 95 127 650 1,040 254 125 95 1,280 800 750 720 368 '81 '26 680 '40 35 65 25 359 51 76 85 74 28 39 29 44 93 98 60 96 96 96 91 140 90 125 784 351 1,064 752 720 325 604 265 384 400 30 308 83 94 23 50 78 32 53 51 31 82 73 74 98 80 61 65 58 71 53 79 72 48 89 69 76 54 66 65 65 55 52 62 54 39 56 15 60 53 67 65 67 84 57 78 62 37 15 35 54 60 48 47 58 59 47 40 52 39 55 50 65 73 50 50 67 65 29 54 23 70 58 49 48 53 66 55 46 64 69 56 54 60 47 57 75 76 65 57 60 56 54 66 67 67 52 50 62 51 68 67 67 71 66 64 55 65 61 243^ 65 3 16 15 15 37 24 4 13 10 26 10 21 30 29 23 16 22 30 22 36 28 7 31 28 12 +23 30 31 29 40 Table No. 8 — Effluent from Imhoff Tank No. 6 with Colloidors Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen Oxygen Absorbed On Agai On Gelatin Solids Consumed After 5 days In- ber, %Re- 37.5° duction 20° %Re- ductio: ' % Re- duction ] Of J^^ 1914 iP.P.M P.P.M duction P.P.M. % Re- 50 duction 1 47 50 34 2 675 49 1,120 22 64 67 69 16 3 64 28 64 10 4 952 33 1,500 7 54 66 55 30 5 368 58 556 65 62 54 52 30 6 1,600 384 62 77 47 56 19 7 795 50 70 48 44 41 8 46 •60 58 34 9 1,240 1,280 26 55 75 77 2 341 63 10 1,752 17 1,352 14 113 13 63 26 290 ' 29 11 1,380 1,220 17 64 49 61 16 199 57 12 950 23 1,320 23 81 28 60 22 445 ^ 45 13 63 42 54 19 355 20 14 760 25 1,000 45 75 49 60 15 460 11 15 70 46 52 32 16 960 1,080 46 69 66 29 297 49 17 65 66 65 25 910 18 . 568 59 704 55 69 45 61 24 240 45 19 . 560 49 680 49 56 49 54 19 240 34 20 . 880 27 480 63 65 44 57 20 272 9 21 . 1,600 5 1,440 32 7i 55 52 35 22 11 49 39 61 23 . 1,040 . . 910 34 50 60 62 35 573 24 . 1,084 880 39 67 3 58 29 361 25 . 1,021 824 49 76 65 66 70 348 58 26 78 53 67 59 352 26 27 . 950 1,120 26 49 63 53 60 28 875 46 60 67 57 69 429 29 62 49 49 59 30 712 53 70 70 55 76 ( 326 Aver. . . . 1,019 13 965 36 63 55 57 49 396 17 December 1 . 728 912 11 55 57 46 38 548 50 2 . 820 L2 1,200 3 64 57 47 27 ; 556 44 3 . 750 2 1,096 59 61 44 25 156 4 . 872 L4 1,088 13 15 50 49 23 ; 513 26 5 . 528 624 61 67 50 37 589 6 / 61 54 46 25 7 . 536 ; JO 712 32 65 65 43 24 73 72 8 . 864 563 30 59 54 46 8 161 45 9 . 280 t 58 880 9 62 67 36 45 198 10.;... . 624 '. 22 680 41 50 79 43 43 roi 11 . 648 610 65 50 36 29 189 21 12 . 776 ; 50 480 63 58 69 35 37 579 26 13..... 95 43 34 37 14 . 620 : 26 620 38 79 61 48 27 566 43 15 . 648 ] L6 520 35 54 50 50 22 ( 359 25 16 55 67 33 30 532 59 17 . 715 5 22 675 40 55 64 33 15 : 277 34 18 54 67 32 40 122 26 19 . 424 ; 57 576 54 44 62 34 30 20 57 62 30 27 21 . 630 C 52 725 35 80 40 33 50 : 226 32 22 . 585 i 29 640 35 61 70 42 37 248 26 23 . 496 ; )9 832 47 49 60 30 41 257 20 24 . 585 i 18 368 73 42 67 24 56 105 60 25 26 56 67 48 20 27 53 70 35 38 28 . 520 I !8 560 25 60 80 42 44 29 . 492 i 58 115 72 36 37 30 . 510 i 58 59 67 36 30 31 . 430 i 59 621 26 59 67 38 30 260 25 Aver. . . . 612 2 !7 713 23 60 64 39 34 529 22 41 Table No. 8 — Effluent from Imhoff Tank No. 6 with Colloidors Janu- ary, 1915 Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen On Agar On Gelatin Solids Consumed 37.5° %Re- duction %Re- %Re- %Re-- Oxygen Absorbed After 5 Days In- cubation at 20° 20° duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M. %Re- duction 1 2 3 4 616 5 520 6 728 7 560 8 472 9 448 10 11 701 12 496 13 496 14 568 15 504 16 560 17 18 600 19 168 20 544 21 256 22 320 23 441 24 25 320 26 520 27 630 28 624 29 640 30 408 31 Aver. 506 February 1 2 328 3 480 4 704 5 432 6 480 7 8 488 9 505 10 664 11 560 12 13 240 14 15 512 16 600 17 18 200 19 680 20 21 22 23 688 24 624 25 408 26 648 27 28 Aver. . 513 7 39 16 15 40 50 20 29 29 41 31 86 41 49 40 49 44 38 34 32 80 20 89 53 34 38 8 38 67 5i 64 61 29 20 24 29 37 632 544 752 720 600 576 640 392 504 560 648 575 360 141 496 615 413 475 512 417 264 10 480 464 745 320 488 510 620 431 652 344 410 528 328 304 499 504 444 608 640 528 368 824 491 51 44 34 40 35 36 37 29 52 39 42 37 40 81 46 49 55 46 10 69 22 73 8 62 21 58 28 71 37 74 54 49 42 45 65 71 54 70 43 14 29 42 52 44 53 66 53 39 58 79 49 16 56 55 74 75 45 89 62 68 41 40 56 45 47 49 58 42 104 46 42 48 52 40 48 55 42 24 38 48 42 38 30 42 46 34 62 SO 44 40 59 53 60 42 14 56 46 63 100 118 48 52 60 54 49 64 63 78 52 54 67 83 68 59 59 43 50 54 41 50 73 57 53 65 68 55 55 50 48 71 53 49 50 67 39 59 64 44 44 56 56 64 63 76 50 65 37 53 54 45 63 53 63 57 92 56 65 71 49 46 50 49 48 49 58 36 33 37 35 31 32 34 35 28 40 30 23 30 31 44 26 19 29 27 38 44 28 35 44 42 32 34 36 34 36 33 26 24 30 29 24 18 18 29 28 26 29 31 32 44 36 32 32 25 30 36 28 29 31 28 22 26 26 27 28 34 45 52 24 34 27 26 30 39 46 14 5 27 12 8 43 21 55 37 31 20 43 40 25 37 27 17 22 39 25 26 38 14 38 37 25 31 46 28 35 29 28 43 20 13 27 22 50 27 00 38 34 24 44 46 26 42 27 32 485 487 350 408 492 367 iss 252 529 350 818 494 378 378 340 441 683 459 365 935-1- 628 388 369 467 461 -f 14 5 9 29 25 51 36 29 26 11 28 si 28 44 13 1^ 42 Table No. 8 — ErrLUENT from Imhoff Tank No. 6 with Colloidors Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen Oxygen Absorbed On Agar On Gelatin Solids Consumed After 5 days In- March, 1915 ^nKo+inr. "*- 0(\° % Re- % Re- % Re- % Re- 37.5° duction 20° duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M. % Re- duction 1 384 43 560 33 59 63 39 25 409 21 2 464 47 360 59 36 68 35 27 490 20 3 604 10 560 52 52 61 29 19 608 29 4 424 78 624 58 68 50 31 30 691 5.:.... 544 480 77 59 34 30 889 2 6 636 31 640 60 87 68 31 28 209 58 7 54 60 29 30 8 288 70 568 41 70 66 40 40 873-1- 9 672 23 584 60 57 75 37 39 867 10 542 52 640 58 68 56 31 29 915 + 11 480 40 768 38 67 56 26 30 881-1- 12 815 21 912 27 69 34 00 604 13 416 21 816 38 67 55 36 22 672 ii 14 61 60 29 26 15 780 21 824 44 85 70 49 30 450 30 16 696 16 1,078 39 91 69 69 18 400 16 17 776 15- 632 66 58 68 54 16 469 16 18 648 20 820 46 64 58 45 75 574 30 19 784 28 915 43 90 ,47 38 33 659 3 20 360 50 1,080 29 84 52 46 20 808 ,21 88 48 42 20 22 896 35 798 60 76 71 60 550 17 23 800 31 1,016 29 56 58 46 12 476 15 24 866 26 1,004 30 59 49 44 14 476 10 25 520 35 504 64 65 62 44 16 836 6 26 370 37 604 17 76 51 43 19 511 20 27 480 24 416 71 76 42 56 12 380 48 28 69 60 46 33 29 82 58 67 15 30 70 62 45 24 31 760 44 960 33 72 56 49 17 Aver. . . . 600 36 725 45 68 58 42 12 603 6 43 Table No. 9 — Effluent from Imhoff Tank No. 8 without Colloidors. Novem- ber, 1914 Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen On Agar On Gelatin Solids Consumed 37.5° %Re- ' duction 20° % Re- % Re- duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M, Oxygen Absorbed After 5 Days In- -~ cubation at 20° % Re- duction P.P.M. %Re- duction 1 2 1,200 3 4 1,130 5 880 6 975 7 8 9 1,440 10 11 1,125 12 940 13 14 904 15 16 824 17 18 560 19 1,144 20 1,320 21 1,625 22 23'.'.'.'..'. i.iio 24 1,080 25 920 26 27 1,001 28 29 30 Aver..., 1,069 December 1 75 2 920 3 850 4 712 5 810 6 7 656 8 616 9 456 10 504 11 12 17 13 14 495 15 552 16 17 412 18 19 368 20 21 850 22 710 23 696 24 721 25 26 27 28 824 29 816 30 740 31 705 9 1,520 9 1,415 , . 1,865 4 1,128 985 '. 1,264 1,350 1,475 24 1,529 10 1,056 '. 1,008 51 2 606 720 1,128 1,406 1,340 1,124 10 960 990 1,200 912 12 20 38 22 16 8 11 65 42 61 45 12 34 3 21 40 35 26 40 54 63 66 46 59 75 80 4;i 49 73 63 42 40 64 76 66 52 58 67 58 41 10 60 73 69 77 65 65 55 64 44 68 26 70 56 48 48 64 77 44 50 62 55 56 36 58 73 54 38 50 74 50 54 69 52 50 64 55 72 34 56 56 48 56 46 39 39 71 61 53 54 55 53 51 74 62 58 53 55 47 59 70 56 61 57 56 52 55 50 44 32 21 39 25 33 48 56 9 28 26 30 18 25 34 20 29 28 20 24 41 26 , 26 22 37 33 26 30 47 9 1,189 22 60 57 55 33 329 343 233 161 605 520 i82 925 255 627 174 55 16 49 20 63 40 42 42 401 396 16 89 1,200 00 1,100 10 856 30 1,032 1,010 Aver. . 614 15 28 43 84 47 30 55 46 '7 14 47 36 10 00 27 576 760 880 616 815 768 790 480 942 920 800 424 832 791 820 12 .11 14 12 46 5 10 46 19 4 29 61 16 0.7 48 73 6 22 59 51 62 15 70 73 57 57 62 69 65 75 90- 53 58 56 43 32 48 92 77 43 34 62 47 64 116 57 40 58 55 65 60 50 47 66 56 70 75 48 59 55 56 50 58 64 74 73 68 30 64 65 74 64 73 79 72 69 78 65 46 33 40 45 38 49 32 30 43 26 40 ' 20 42 36 43 43 34 34 36 36 34 37 42 36 48 25 41 16 35 10 31 40 28 40 26 34 39 40 41 39 29 43 25 44 4i 30 29 49 40 34 35 37 31 39 30 45 37 36 44 Table No. 9 — Effluent from Imhoff Tank Nd. 8 without Colloidors. Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen Oxygen Absorbed On Agar On Gelatin Solids Consumed After 5 days In- - cubation at20° ary, 1915 % Re- duction % Re- duction % Re- duction %Re- ductioi 37.5° 20° P.P.M. P.P.M. 1 P.P.M. %,Re- 74 30 46 duction 1 2 47 3 41 72 33 45 4 504 23 536 56 74 58 44 44 367 35 5 568 39 640 34 52 57 36 20 369 28 6 696 28 704 58 66 62 31 34 571 7 296 55 344 31 46 69 27 39 295 10 8 744 6 632 31 29 68 33 28 322 40 9 376 - 58 432 67 74 58 36 28 362 28 10 40 70 26 43 11; 604 39 560 45 64 64 35 53 368 12 640 544 63 52 27 22 667 13 20 97 100 37 60 21 10 250 14 520 35 800 23 45 77 29 29 636 15 30 65 60 33 58 45 30 14 854 16 512 37 384 65 74 46 37 23 546 17 22 86 26 43 18 560 3 768 51 45 23 1 447 15 19 528 56 610 20 54 55 32 24 565 20 416 55 536 42 37 71 34 20 270 40 21 400 10 510 57 25 83 32 42 557 22 350 36 490 46 49 55 37 33 539 23 410 53 512 31 65 49 34 30 352 32 24 52 40 52 1 25 392 31 520 22 100 50 100 449 11 26 600 28 415 69 49 68 49 26 27 592 328 3 30 66 30 30 28 Sterile 100 595 45 52 45 440 51 29 674 520 00 48 54 48 529 10 30 192 69 480 60 36 74 36 35 502 34 31 32 60 32 67 Aver 443 41 497 47 50 38 36 26 466 February / 1 464 71 392 50 50 57 24 31 2 408 32 640 5 48 24 38 3 480 25 360 78 53 23 22 37 4 568 39 592 39 48 56 33 30 5 416 12 425 73 39 59 28 26 6 352 47 480 66 38 50 18 25 7 22 73 17 27 8 312 58 400 40 40 77 28 50 9 395 51 391 45 31 67 29 26 10 720 00 536 44 37 67 28 30 11. 336 57 464 50 41 63 18 56 12 52 52 36 16 13 332 53 260 76 44 54 40 29 14 41 44 36 12 . . /. . ' 15 688 34 560 50 69 58 37 16 16 712 57 440 74 83 27 36 12 17 52 69 35 30 18 414 19 370 50 46 52 29 29 19 520 43 472 33 20 75 28 20 20 35 67 32 29 21 52 60 26 27 22 57 74 32 27 23 536 480 46 102 48 33 - 19 24 495 37 510 45 91 58 26 48 25 672 520 32 47 50 21 49 26 716 21 696 54 54 48 30 14 27 52 55 24 47 28.^ 65 38 25 30 Aver 502 38 473 55 50 57 28 30 45 Table No. 9 — Effluent from Imhoff Tank No. 8 ■without Colloidors. Oxygen Absorbed Bacteria (1,000) Suspended Oxygen After 5 Days In- On Agar On Gelatin Solids Consumed cubation at 20° March, . ■ .. • ■ ■ ■ 1915 %Re- %Re- % Re- % Re- P.P.M. % Re- 37.5° duction 20° duction P.P.M. duction P.P.M. duction duction 1 520 24 688 18 67 48 40 23 483 6 2 392 55 440 50 42 63 35 22 557 6 3 368 45 640 44 75 44 41 524 27 4 232 98 360 75 61 48 28 38 225 58 5 632 .. 352 .. 82 49 30 39 889 2 6 621 32 652 49 97 53 35 19 451 9 7 67 51 29 30 8 512 47 672 30 82 60 38 43 881-1- 9 496 43 720 50 59 34 37 39 648 19 10 528 53 672 56 62 53 28 26 905-f 11 680 15 552 55 54 59 28 25 572 12 872 15 848 40 52 20 32 00 539 10 13 544 680 48 62 58 37 11 907 14 _ _ g5 ^y 29 21 16'.'.'.'.'.'. 704 29 885 40 98 65 45 36 566 11 16 704 16 1,168 34 84 62 55 24 442 8 17 665 27 915 35 78 58 56 13 632 18 536 34 840 42 74 51 42 30 558 32 19 592 45 1,040 31 118 30 41 28 526 10 20 480 34 1,120 27 78 56 46 20 759 21 79 53 35 34 22 1,144 17 1,168 27 102 60 60 600 9 23 784 1,156 29 65 52 43 18 557 24 968 16 1,004 8 82 29 44 14 484 9 25 544 32 640 41 76 56 42 19 900 26 375 36 574 23 62 60 44 17 624 1 27 332 47 420 31 81 38 47 27 707 3 28 71 59 40 42 29 76 61 62 21 30 69 52 46 20 31 880 35 1,040 28 89 51 23 650 '.'. Aver.... 604 36 770 42 75 54 41 24 623 ~3 46 Table No. 10 — Results of Syphon Tank. Suspended Oxygen Settling Tem- Solids Consumed Solids Hours Gallons Gallons Novem- pera- ^ Sewage per in Eight ber, ture, P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. In- fluent, Ef- fluent, Run- 24 Hours, 1915 Centi- In- Ef- In- Ef- nmg Hours 8 A.M. to grade fluent, fluent, fluent, fluent, 4 P.M. 5 15 157 132 50 48 24 19,123 5,844 6 15 160 110 59 53 24 10,910 6,188 7 15 148 74 62 44 24 3,111 2,406 8 15 370 198 61 68 7.6 1.6 24 16,527 7,056 9 15 358 238 '65 62 6.0 2,0 24 9,306- 4,554 10 15 214 136 58 54 2.2 1.0 12 8,355 4,874 11 15 196 124 53 52 2.5 1.0 21 4,829 4,097 12 15 148 136 48 41 2.5 1,0 24 15,910 5,690 13 15 194 134 58 51 3.0 0,7 8 5,112 5,112 14 15 222 184 57 54 3.0 2,0 11 5,653 4,513 15 15 245 176 71 62 2.0 1,0 24 5,385 4,205 16 15 240 174 58 52 2.3 1,0 24 13,183 4,692 17 15 230 132 59 53 1.2 0,4 8 3,585 3,585 18 4 1,926 1,926 19 14 24 15,162 4,149 20 14 238 174 74 57 2.5 i,6 24 9,489 3,242 21 14 208 148 49 37 2.0 1,0 22 6,888 2,161 22 14 324 192 82 58 5.0 1.5 24 5,579 2,296 23 13 210 112 63 45 3.0 0.7 24 5,408 2,326 24 13 174 114 46 33 3,0 0.3 24 7,344 4,227 25 13 306 130 49 33 3.5 0,5 24 11,594 4,933 26 13 212 116 45 40 3.0 1,2 24 19,340 7,056 27 13 250 161 43 37 3.0 1,0 24 16,622 6,004 28 .... 13 172 114 45 38 3.0 1.0 24 13,281 4,568 29 14 376 218 76 67 8.5 1,5 24 3,926 2,173 30 14 286 235 176 150 59 59 52 49 4,8 3.5 1.8 1.1 17 20)^ 5,360 11,840 4,381 Aver — 5,475 Reduction 36% 17% 69% 47 Table No. 10 — Results of Syphon Tank. Suspended Solids Tem Decern- pera- . " v ber, ture, P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M, 1915 Centi- In- Ef- In- grade fluent, fluent, fluent. Oxygen Consumed Settling Solids P.P.M. Ef- fluent, In- fluent, Ef- fluent, Hours Gallons Gallons ~ Sewage Total in Eight Run- Time Hours, ning Running 8 a.m. to 4 P.M. 1 13 192 2 13 160 3 13 190 4 12 214 5 12 162 6 ,12 672 7 12 184 8 12 176 9 12 186 10 11 12 11 184 13 11 316 14 11 282 15 11 178 16 11 378 17 11 226 18 11 286 19 11 200 20; 11 404 21 11 260 22 11 220 23 11 238 24 11 292 25 11 246 26 11 220 27 11 1492 28 11 284 29 9 204 30 11 254 31 11 322 Average 298 Reduction 166 142 138 158 150 188 144 144 124 156 160 142 142 174 190 148 148 212 176 180 138 192 170 200 320 204 170 206 204 46 54 62 57 60 147 50 54 61 76 82 86 75 88 63 67 67 120 87 84 60 93 79 91 278 96 76 95 71 30 51 57 47 50 68 43 40 55 65 64 70 63 65 58 48 54 107 79 71 60 65 59 80 105 81 74 89 67 2.2 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.7 19.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1 4 3 3 4 2 5 2.3 10.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 6.5 3.5 2.8 36.0 5.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.8 .7 .7 .8 .7 1.5 .8 .5 .5 .3 .3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1. 1. 3. 1, 1. 3. 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 24 23 22 18 24 24 24 24 24 io 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 15, 24 24 24 19 24 24 16 24 17 13,684 9,223 14,321 9,936 6,276 6,630 10,722 14,338 10,082 6^614 13,293 16,918 19,735 9,863 14,378 14,013 19,094 12,109 8,300 9,267 6,896 3,286 9,573 10,605 12,197 6,851 16,865 13,296 8,185 8,924 4,756 3,724 6,084 4,579 3,556 3,852 5,259 5,259 5,297 ' 1,438 5,829 6,308 5,310 5,262 4,026 5,395 7,104 3,811 2,672 3,400 1,896 4,377 3,718 6,383 4,972 4,680 4,452 4,292 4,240 4,609 172 83 64 4.9 1.25 22.5 11,860 4,808 42% ... 23% ... 73% ~ 48 Table No. 10 — Results oe Syphon Tank. Gal- Tem- Suspended Volatile Settling Oxygen Hours Gal- lons Janu- pera- Solids, Solids, Solids, Consumed, Sew- lons, in 8 ary, ture, P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. age Total Hours 1916 Centi- grade . In- Ef- Ir i- Ef- In- Ef- In- Ef- ning Run- to fluent fluent fluent fluent fluent fluent fluent fluent nmg 4 p.m. 1.... . 10 256 170 3.7 1.2 81 68 23 6,417 3,725 2.... . 10 264 150 . 2.3 0.6 79 70 24 5,755 1,969 3.... . 10 386 218 7.5 0.6 112 95 24 4,492 2,305 4.... . 10 278 156 4.8 1.5 89 74 24 11,475 3,623 5.... . 10 172 152 1.0 0.2 55 50 19 10,487 3,066 6.... . 10 242 172 . 3.0 1.8 77 65 24 11,384 4,744 7.. . . 10 252 204 2.8 0,8 68 67 24 7,268 3,287 8.... 9 220 162 3.0 1.0 70 64 24 11,770 4,686 9 9 282 156 6,0 0.8 99 73 24 17,454 6,362 10.... . 10 280 244 5.0 1.0 90 86 24 12,514 5,330 11 . 10 272 174 9.0 1.5 79 71 24 13,695 6,314 12 . . 10 180 138 . 2.0 1.0 64 62 24 14,132 4,696 13 10 178 136 . 2.7 1.2 59 59 24 11,527 4,969 14 ... . 10 174 120 . 3.0 1.0 84 70 24 6,316 2,674 15 9 172 138 1' M 114 3.0 1.5 79 65 24 15,439 4,579 16 9 196 146 1 74 136 3.5 1.5 73 70 24 15,280 5,056 17 8 334 210 2 ^6 192 7.0 1.5 117 84 24 8,364 3,657 18 8 254 194 2 m 1,54 4.0 1.8 85 84 22 13,741 1,841 19 9 638 202 5 m 176 10.0 1.2 167 105 24 16,261 6,273 20 24 6,455 5,112 21 10 292 172 2 42 140 6.0 2.0 77 54 24 17,298 5,154 22 10 192 154 1 RO 132 4.7 3.0 65 55 24 11,064 6,196 23 11 178 130 1 +4 96 2.6 1.0 67 48 24 10,904 2,271 24 10 346 196 2 84 164 8.0 1.5 119 88 24 6,865 3,528 25 10 224 140 1 88 126 4.8 1.8 72 54 24 12,602 4,004 26 10 276 236 2 ?,S 192 4.5 3.0 67 64 23 13,890 9,576 27... . 11 232 188 1 76 138 3.5 2.5 64 53 7 3,704 3,704 28... 29... 30 18 7,920 ii 406 220 3 36 190 7.0 2.8 96 78 24 14,015 3,791 81... . 11 296 206 2 60 180 4.0 1,8 91 75 24 14,697 3,613 Average . 267 174 2 38 152 4.6 1.5 84 70 23 14,550 5,594 Reduction... 34% . 36% 67% 17% 49 Table No. U — ^Absorption of O Dilution 1 in 30 Tap Water Calm Surface Tank No. 7 Bottles Temper- Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen Date Time ature Nitrites Oxygen, Demand, Oxygen, Demand, Absorbed P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. February 2 10.30 a.m. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 11 1 3 5 7, 3D 30 30 30 30 9.30 .. 11.30 .. 8.30 3 10.30 °C. 21 21 21 20.75 20 19.5 19 19 17 16.5 06 07 12 5.79 5.79 5.79 6.79 5.47 ,.32 5.39 .40 .08 5.22 .57 5.14 .65 .08 4.98 .81 4.90 .89 .08 4.69 1.10 4.49 1.30 .20 4.57 1.22 4.37 1.42 .20 4.49 1.30 4.08 1.71 .41 4.08 1.71 3.51 2.28 .57 4.08 1.71 3.39 2.40 .69 Solids Total Settled Suspended Organic 98 P.P.M. 84 P.P.M. Oxygen consumed, 54 P.P.M. Oxygen Demand, P.P.M. Dilution 1 in 100 at 37J^° Dissolved Oxygen Day Oxygen Demand Int 7.18 1 6.00 1.18 2 3 4 5 .^S»r.Ve ^^/><;jrtviert. Sf^f^r. at W^'^T B^yAf^n „ >c- f^o <-^ _ >S'.!;=^a,.k«„...^/7.«:,>./v^>e.cf. coMP,^^;^^^. -~«.'^^5 .■^ /^ SfSiiSioi. mr».fiji^fsj,..j!U^saj:/it/aa. ±^-sAs. CHECKB. D|.T.-..l!S*,„.-2.L...... ,„6 0. ^:--' "77 ^yj e tn Aou 50 £4 BLE Nti n ■ . SORPTION OF Oxygen. — Experiment No. 5sh Wate^ Undisturbed Surface D 52. Dilution 1 in 30 Fr epth 3 ft. / Temper- Tank No. 7 Bottles Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen Date Time ature Nitrites "iJ^^: Demand P.P.M. Oxygen, P.P.M. Demand, P.P.M. Absorbed February °C. 14 11 A.M. 19 0.09 5.71 5.71 14 11.50 19 5.63 .08 5.63 6.08 6 14 1.30 18.5 5.39 .32 5.39 0.32 14 ■. . 3.30 17.5 4.90 .81 4.90 0,81 14 5.30 ' 4.16 1.55 4.16 1.55 14 7.30 15.5 10 3.35 2.36 3.18 2.53 .17 14 9.30 15 2.94 2.77 2.53 3.18 .41 14 11.30 13.5 2.61 3.10 2.12 3.59 .49 15 8.30 12 15 1.63 4.08 0.29 5.42 1.34 15 10.30 12 1.47 4.24 0.08 5.63 1.39 Oxygen Demand at 37.5° Solids D lution 1 in Dissolved 100 Oxygen Suspended Volatile Ash Settling Day Oxygen, Demand 154 P.P.M. 136 P.P.M. 18 P.P.M. 0.8 c.c. p.:^M. P.P.M. Int 7.14 Oxygen consumed, 81 P.P.M. 1 5.10 2.04 2 4.86 2.28 3 4.24 2.90 4 4.16 2.98 5 4.16 2.98 .„ f/a.ilt./:s-iif.tr.i.jlja..^,s.ulr.f.a c s. computi 'SiSi^^-i«xOx.y.9s.o..-a.i'S.or^j.m..rs''tsi^. Tai/e Af^ // Oi/vtinn 1.30 Fresli W^f)ii- 2>'/>*^ ^O ft tto. /S' /. /2 ° C. 0-' / o^fy 51 Table No. 11 — ^Absorption of Oxygen. — Experiment No. 56. Dilution 1 in 30 Fresh Water Calm Surface Depth 4 ft. Date Time Temper- ature February- 29* 11 29 1 29 3 29 5. 29 7 29 9 29 11 March 1 9 1 11 'C. A.M. P.M. 30 25.0 24.5 24.0 23.0 22.5 22,0 21.5 18.5 18.0 Tank No. 7 Bottles Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen Nitrites Oxygen, Demand, Oxygen, Demand, Absorbed P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. 08 0.12 5.68 5,68 5.52 .16 5.52 ,16 5.28 .40 5.28 ,40 4.87 .81 4.87 ,81 4.59 1.09 4.63 1.05 — .04 4.22 1.46 4.22 1.46 3.90 1.78 3,94 1.74 — .04 3.57 2.11 2.60 3.08 + .97 3.49 2.19 2,52 3,16 + .97 * Agitator broke down. Oxygen demand at 37.5° C. Total Solids Dissolved Solids Solids Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Total Dissolved Suspended Settling Oxygen, Demand, Oxygen, Demand, 714 652 62 0.1 c.c. Day P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. 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Dissolved Oxygen, P.P.M. 7.14 5.10 4.86 4.24 4.16 4.16 Oxygen Demand, P.P.M. 2.04 2.28 2.90 2.98 2.98 Solids Suspended Volatile Ash Settling 154 P.P.M. 136 P.P.M. 18P.P.M. O.Sc.c. Oxygen Consumed, 81 P.P.M. ^/i'yy'n^..jBn ^v^c . a ■^yfs/7 a-isor^fjen fe^ts 95 hUr^/ta ' 2};/uf/a,^ / : 3£> />ej^ Wa.f&f J>e.pt/, 3.o ft OKyy&n ■ corisi/med /3£ f^/r'A? 80 Table No. 14 — ^Absorption of Oxygen. — Experiment No. 54. Dilution 1 in 30 Fresh Water Wind Blowing Directly on Surface Depth 5 ft. Date, Febru- ary Tank No. 7 Bottles Time Temper- Nitrites Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen ature Oxygen, Demand, Oxygen, Demand, Absorbed °C. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. 24 11 A.M. 22 24 1 P.M. 22 24 3 21.5 24 5 20 24 7 19.5 24 9 19 24 11 19 25 9 a.m. 15.5 25 11 15.5 0.09 6.49 6.49 6.28 .21 6.28 .21 5.84 .65 5.84 .65 6.46 1.03 5.22 1.27 .24 5.30 1.19 4.98 1.51 .32 5.30 1.19 4.65 1.84 .65 5.22 1.27 4.33 2.16 .89 5.71 .78 3.22 3.27 2.49 5.79 .70 3.10 3.39 2.69 Oxygen Demand Total Solids Dissolved Solids at 37J^° at 37^° Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Day Oxygen, Demand, Oxygen, Demand, P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. P.P.M. Int . 6.73 6.90 1 . 5.67 1.06 6.20 .70 2 . 5.39 1.34 6.08 .82 3 . 4.98 1.75 5.87 1.03 4 . 4.89 1.84 5.81 1.09 5 . 4.51 2.22 5.77 1.13 Solids Total Dissolved Suspended Settled 822 710 112 0.3 c.c. Organic Matter Total Dissolved Suspended 362 276 86 Oxygen Consumed Total Dissolved Suspended 52 40 12 —^ '^^ <""^ o/l .._<07y ViK«i;yfjf.. J'.:^.o./:ltsJtni. _ coMnn-E« . .. 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