(76 aiorttell Httioeraitg iCihratg 3tl}ata, New lork BOUGHT W[TH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Date Due "v ^ y JL ' I19lf j^i«»-r-^^ ^ — ---^ Cornell University Library JC258.G39 R2 Readings in political science. olin 3 1924 030 446 102 i3j/ Cornell University Library The origrnal of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030446102 READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE SELECTED AND EDITED BY RAYMOND GARFIELD GETTELL AUTHOR OF "INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE" GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON ■ NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON ,^ A COPYRIGHT, 191 1, BY RAYMOND GARFIELD GETTELL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 911. 7 gftt gttenanm 39te«« ,OINN AND COMPANY ■ PRO-" PR'lfeTOHS • BOST6S • U.S.A. PREFACE This collection of " Readings in Political Science " is designed to accom- pany the editor's " Introduction to Political Science," and the choice and arrangement of material have been influenced by the plan of that volume. At the same time it may be used to accompany other manuals that cover the general field of political science, or it may be read with profit by all vfho desire an introduction to the body of literature that deals with the origin, development, organization, and activities of the state. All teachers realize the necessity of having their students read more than is contained in the textbook, and valuable selections of material to direct such reading have recently appeared for the students of history, economics, sociology, and American government. As yet, however, no book of readings for the general subject of political science has been attempted, and the editor claims the indulgence due to one who ventures into an untried field. In a number of cases contemporary accounts or official documents have been quoted, but no effort has been made to secure material from obscure or out-of-the-way sources. On the contrary, extracts have been taken, whenever possible, from recognized modern authorities — from books the majority of which will be found in every well-appointed college library. In this way it is hoped that students will be led to read further, using this volume as a framework around which their reading may be organized. Besides, the selections in this book may serve as a basis for classroom discussion, the case system of instruction being particularly applicable to political science. The editor wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the authors whose works have been drawn upon for material in this volume, and to extend his thanks to the various publishers for their gracious permission to reprint this material. Invaluable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript has been given by the editor's wife. RAYMOND GARFIELD GETTELL Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION I. NATURE AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE . . . i I. Scope of Political Science i 1 . The Work of the American Political Science Association. F. J. Goodnow, in Proceedings of the American Polit- ical Science Association (1904), Vol. I, pp. 37-43 . . i 2. Divisions of Political Science. J. K. Bluntschli, The The- ory of the State, pp. 2-4. (Oxford University Press, 1901) 4 3. Outline of Political Science. Sir F. Pollock, History of the Science of Politics, pp. 94-95. (The Macmillan Company, 1890) 5 II. Relation to Allied Sciences 7 4. Political Science and Sociology. J. H. W. Stucken- h&cg, Introduction to the Study of Sociology, pp. 80- 82. (George H. Doran Company, 1902) 7 5. Political Science and Sociology. F. H. Giddings, The Principles of Sociology, pp. 35-37. (The Macmillan Company, 1896) 8 6. Political Science and History. James Bryce, in The American Political Science Review, February, 1909, Vol. Ill, No. I, pp. 3-4, 8-9 9 7. Political Science and History. Sir J. R. Seeley, Intro- duction to Political Science, pp. 3-4, 13, 25-26. (The Macmillan Company, 1896) lo 8. Political Science and Economics. E. R. A. Seligman, Principles of Economics, pp. 30-32. (Longmans, Green & Co,, 1905) 11 9. Political Science and Ethics. John Dewey and J. H. Tufts, Ethics, pp. 434-436. (Henry Holt and Com- • pany, 1908) 13 vi READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE PART I. THE NATURE OF THE STATE n. PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS . 15 10. Necessity for Definitions and Distinctions. Sheldon Amos, The Science of Politics, pp. 56-59. (D. Apple- ton and Company, 1 883) IS I. Nation: Nationality 16 11. The Essentials of Nationality. W. W. Willoughby, ^^ Nature of the State, pp. 9-12. (The Macmillan Company, 1896) 16 12. The Idea of the Nation. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 1-4. (Ginn and Company, 1890) 17 II. State . . 19 13. Definitions of the State. T. E. Holland, The Elements of funsprudence, p. 44 (loth ed.); J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, p. 23 ; J. W. Burgess, Polit- ical Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, p. 51 ; W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, p. 3 ; T. D. Woolsey, Political Science, Vol. I, p. 140 ; United States Supreme Court, in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dallas, 456 . . 19 14. The Nature of the State. H. Sidgwick, The Develop- ment of European Polity, pp. 25-27. (The Mac- millan Company, 1903) . . ig 15. Essentials of the State. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, p. 4 21 16. Characteristics of the State. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, p. 52 . . . 21 17. The Idea and the Concept of the State. W. W. ^N'A- \o\xg\\hy. The Nature of the State, ^^. H-i^ . . 22 III. Sovereignty 23 18. Definition of Sovereignty. J. W. Burgess, Political Sci- ence and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 52-53 . . 23 19. The Nature of Sovereignty. T. E. Holland, The Ele- ments of Jurisprudence, pp. 47-48. (Oxford University Press, 1906) . 23 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER PAGE IV. Government 23 20. Distinction between State and Government. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, p. 8 . . . 23 21. Definition of Government. J. Q. Dealey, The Develop- ment of the State, p. 119. (Silver, Burdett & Com- pany, 1909) 24 III. PHYSICAL BASIS OF THE STATE 25 22. Physical Causes that act in History. B. A. Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History, chap. x. (D. Apple- ton and Company, 1893) .^ 25 23. The Natural Environment. E. R. A. Seligman, Prin- ciples of Economics, pp. 36-42 . 33 24. Lines of Social Movement. A. Fairbanks,' Introduction to Sociology, pp. 74-75. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 190S) 38 25. Fertility of the Soil. J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, pp. 232-235 38 ^26. Effects of Dryness and Moisture. H. Spencer, Principles / of Sociology, Vol. I, pp. 20-23. (P- Appleton and Company, 1890) 40 27. The General Aspects of Nature. H. T. Buckle, His- tory of Civilization in England, Vol. I, pp. 85-87. (D. Appleton and Company, 1873) 42 IV. POPULATION OF THE STATE 45 I. Importance of the Population 45 28. Human Causes that act in History. B. A. Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History, pp. 127-134 . 45 29. The Agents of Civilization. L. F. Vfai A, Applied Soci- ology, pp. 132-134. (Ginn and Company, 1906) . . 49 II. Race , ■ . • Si 30. Causes of the Fixation of Ethnic Traits. D. G. Brinton, Paces and Peoples, pp. 40-44. (David McKay, 1901) 51 31. Race Elements of the United States. A. 'B.):iaxt, Actual Government, pp. 9-1 1. (Longmans, Green & Co., i9°5) S3 vui READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGK 32. Races in Austria-Hungary. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. II, pp. 72-73, 124-127. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1896) ... 54 33. The Race Problem in Modern Colonial Empires. A. C. Coolidge, The United States as a World Power, pp. 61-63. (The Macmillan Company, 1908) . ■ ■ SS 34. The Destiny of Races. D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pp. 293-299 , 57 ni. Nationality 59 35. Nationality and the Formation of States. J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, Yp. (jT-roo 59 36. Nationality in Modern Politics. A. C. Coolidge, The United States as a JVorld Power, 'p^. /^i-^'^ ... 61 37. Nationalism in Recent Politics. P. S. Reinsch, World Politics, pp. 3-7. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) . 63 IV. Political Genius of Various Nations 64 38. Influences that affect the Natural Ability of Nations. Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius, chap. xxi. (D. Appleton and Company, 1881) 64 39. National Psychology. A. C. Coolidge, The United States as a World Power, pp. S7-88 66 40. Types of Statesmen. James Bryce, The American Com- monwealth, Vol. II, pp. 195-196. (The Macmillan Company, 1889) 67 V. ORIGIN OF THE STATE 68 I I. General Process of State Formation 68 41. The Origin of the State. ].'W.'Bnr%ess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 64-67 .... 68 42. The Origin of the State. 'W.W.Wi\\o\ighhy, The Nature of the State, pp. 25-27 70 II. Forces in State Building 72 43. Prominent Forces in State Building. F. W. Blackmar, . I The Elements of Sociology, pp. no, 1 14-115. (The Macmillan Company, 1905) 72 44. Primitive Social Organization. E. Jenks, A History of Politics, pp. 8-14. (The Macmillan Company, 1905) 73 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER PAGE 45. Kinship and State Origin. Woodrow Wilson, The State, pp. 2-3, 13-15. (D. C. Heath & Co., 1909) . ... 76 46. The Family and the State. Sir J. R. Seeley, Introduc- tion to Political Science, -^t^. ^^-^d 77 47. Religion and the City State. Fustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City, trans, by Willard Small, pp. 51-52, 167, 220-221, 257-258, 298, 520. (Lothrop, Lee & Shep- ard Company, 1901) 78 48. The Struggle of Races. L. F. Ward, Pure Sociology, pp. 205-208. (The Macmillan Company, 1903) . . 80 49. War and State Origin. E. Jenks, A History of Politics, PP- 73-77 81 III. Stagnation and Progress 82 50. The Beginnings of Progress. Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics, pp. 212-222. (D. Appleton and Com- pany, 1873) 82 51. Social Progress. L. F. Ward, Pure Sociology, pp. 549- S5I : 8S VI. EVOLUTION OF THE STATE 87 I. The Ancient State 87 52. Transition from Tribal to Political Organization. F. H. Giddings, The Principles of Sociology, pp. 320-323 87 53. Summary of Greek Political Development. H. Sidgwick, The Development of European Polity, pp. 1 31-134 89 54. Formation of the Roman Empire. W. M. West, Ancient History, pp. 340-341. (AUyn and Bacon, 1902) . . 91 II. The Medieval State 92 55. Similarities among Greek, Roman, and Teutonic Institu- tions. H. Sidgwick, The Development of European Polity, pp. 29-30 92 56. The Feudal State. G. B. Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages, pp. 216-217, 222-224. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903) 93 57. Essential Principles of the Medieval Empire. James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, pp. 380-381. (The Macmillan Company, 1875) 94 58. Individualism in the Feudal State. Woodrow Wilson, The State, pp. 583-585 95 X READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE EHAPTER PAGE III. The Modern State 97 59. Rise of Monarchic States. W. M. West, Modern His- tory, pp. 132-133. (Allyn and Bacon, 1903) . • 97 60. Science and the Spirit of Reform. J. H. Robinson and C. H. Beard, The Development of Modem Europe, Vol. I, pp. 157-158, 167. (Ginn and Company, 1907) 98 61. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. J.H.Rob- inson and C. A. Beard, The Development of Mod- em Europe, Vol. II, pp. 373-376 99 62. The Modern National State. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 38-39 loi 63; The Future of the National State. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, ■^^. i^-\\ 102 64. The Newer Democracy. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 308-309 103 65. Political Evolution of the Future. M. Monod, in Revue Historique. Quoted in G. B. Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages, p. 224, note 104 IV, Summary of Political Evolution 104 66. Aspects of the State. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 45-47 . 104 67. Contributions of Nations to Political Civilization. Ibid. pp. 231-233 105 VII. THEORIES OF THE STATE 107 I. Political Theory 107 — . 68. The Value of Political Theory. W. W. Willoughby, Political Theories of the Ancient World, Preface, ■ pp. v-x. (Longmans, Green & Co., 1903) .... 107 II. Ancient Political Theory 108 .69. Political Ideas of the Hebrews, i Samuel viii, 4-6; x, 24; Deuteronomy xvii, 8-10 ; Exodus xxxii, 15-16; 2 Kings xxiii, 1-3 108 70. The Republic of Plato. Plato, Republic, trans, by J. L. Davies and D. J. Vaughan, pp. 60, 127, 136, 144, 1 51) 3051 3°6. (The Macmillan Company, 1897) . 109 71. The Politics oi Aristotle. Aristotle, Politics, trans, by B. Jowett, pp. 28, 29, 129, 130, 168, 169, 208-215, 260, 267, 268, 276. (Oxford University Press, 1905) no CONTENTS XI CHAPTER PAGE 72. The Commonwealth of Cicero. Cicero, De Republica, trans, by C. D. Yonge, pp. 303-309, 355, 360, 375. (Bohn's Libraiy, 1 884) 112 III. Medieval Political Theory 113 73. Political Theory of the Early Church. Matthew xxii, 21; John xviii, 36; Romans xiii, 1-7 113 74. Political Theory of the Popes. O. J. Thatcher and E. H. McNeal, A Source Book for Mediaval History, pp. 136-138, 155-156. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905) J. H. Robinson, Readings in European His- tory, Vol. I, pp. 72-73, 347. (Ginn and Company, 1904) 113 75. Dante's Conception of the Imperial Power. Dante Alighieri, De Monorchia, trans, by Aurelia Henry, pp. 137-206 passim. (Houghton Mifflin Company, i9°4) 114 76. The Prince of Machiavelli. Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans, by W. K. Marriott, pp. 1 21-123, 133. 134, 141-143. (Everyman's Library) 116 77. Puritan Principles of Government. John Calvin, Insti- tutes of the Christian Religion, trans, by John Allen, Vol. Ill, pp. S15-551 passim 117 IV. The Divine-Right Theory 118 78. Speech of James I of England. Works of fames I, p. 556. Cited in G. C. Lee, Source Book of English History, pp. 336-337. (Henry Holt and Company, 1901) 118 79. The Theory of Louis XIV. Bossuet, Politique tirie des propres paroles de V^criture Sainte, trans, in J. H. Robinson and C. H. Beard, Readings in. Mod- em European History, Vol. I, ^^. $-7 119 V. The Social-Contract Theory 120 80. The Leviathan of Hobbes. T. Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. by Sir. W. Molesworth, Vol. Ill, pp. 153-154, 159, 161 120 81. The Two Treatises of Government of Locke. John Locke, Works (London, 1824), Vol. IV, pp. 339-340> 389-390, 415 120 xii READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 82. The Social Contract of Rousseau. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans, by H. J. Tozer. Cited in Penn. Trans, and Rps.,\o\.Nl,-^^.\\-\b ... 121 VI. The Organic Theory 122 83. Society as an Organism. H. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, Vol. I, pp. 436-453. 53S-536. (D. Apple- ton and Company, 1890) 122 84. The Organic Nature of the State. J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, ^^. 18-22 123 VII. Present Political Theory 124 85. English and Continental Political Theory. Sir. F. Pol- lock, History of the Science of Politics, pp. 1 1 o-i 1 8 1 24 86. Changes in Political Theory in the United States. C. E. Merriam, American Political Theories, pp. 304, 332-333. (The Macmillan Company, 1903) . . . 125 VIII. SOVEREIGNTY 127 I. Nature of Sovereignty 127 87. Meaning of the Term " Sovereignty." C. E. Merriam, History of the Theory of Sovereignty since Rous- seau, pp. 224-225. Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. XII, No. 4 127 88. Sovereignty as Unlimited Power. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, PP- S3-5S 128 89. Characteristics of Sovereignty. J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, pp. 493-495 129 90. Sovereignty as Supreme Will. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 194-196 130 91. Sovereignty from a Sociological Standpoint. F. H. Giddings, Descriptive and Historical Sociology, PP- 357-359- (The Macmillan Company, 1906) . 130 92. The Limits of Sovereignty. A. L. Lowell, Essays on Government, pp. 215-216. (Houghton Mifflin Com- pany, 1889) 132 II. Location of Sovereignty 133 93. Sovereignty of the People. A. B. Hart, Actual Gov- ernment, pp. 357-359 . 133 CONTENTS xiii rTER PAGE 94. Political Sovereignty. H. Sidgwick, The Elements of Politics, pp. 604-605, 611. (The Macmillan Com- pany, 1897) 134 95. Ultimate Political Sovereignty. D. G. Ritchie, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. I, p. 407 135 96. The Legal Sovereign. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, yp. 209-212 135 97. Sovereignty as Total Lawmaking Power. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 302-307 137 98. Divisibility of Sovereignty. United States Supreme Court, in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dallas, 435; United States Supreme Court, in Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dallas, 232 ; James Madison, Works, Vol. IV, p. 394 ; N. Chipman, Principles of Government, P- 273 138 99. Delegation of Sovereignty. Sir W. Markby, Elements of Law, TpTp. 26-27. (Oxford University Press, 1899) 139 III. Modern Concepts of Sovereignty 140 100. Present Theory of Sovereignty. C. E. Merriam, His- tory of the Theory of Sovereignty since Rousseau, pp. 222-224. Columbia University Studies in His- tory, Economics and Public Law, Vol. XII, No. 4 140 loi. Criticism of the Theory of Sovereignty. S. Leacock, Elements of Politics, pp. 59-62. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1906) ■ 141 102. International Law and Sovereignty. C. E. Merriam, History of the Theory of Sovereignty since Rous- seau, pp. 2 1 4-2 1 6. Columbia University Studies in Histoiy, Economics and Public Law, Vol. XII, No. 4 142 103. Sovereignty in Constitutional and International Law. R. T. Crane, The State in Constitutional and Inter- national Law, pp. 7-1 1, 73-74. fohns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series XXV, Nos. 6-7 143 IV. Revolution 146 104. Moral Right of Revolution. H. Sidgwick, The Ele- ments of Politics, pp. 618-623 146 xiv READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE PAGE CHAPTER 105. Types of Revolutions. S. Amos, The Science of Pol- itics, pp. 430-431 '47 106. The Right of Revolution. Extracts from the American Declaration of Independence '4° 107. An Ordinance of Secession. War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series I, Vol. I, p. 1 10 ... 148 108. Decree for suspending Louis XVL F. M. Ander- son, Constitutions and Documents Illustrative of the History of France, lySg-jgoi, No. 24. (The H. W. Wilson Company, 1904) 149 IX. INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY 15° I. Nature of Individual Liberty ... 150 109. Different Meanings of Liberty. J. R. Seeley, I?ttro- duction to Political Science, -p^. 12.6-12& . . . 150 no. Relation of Sovereignty to Liberty. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp- ss-56 ISI 111. The Idea and Source of Individual Liberty. Ibid. pp. 174-176 152 112. The Rise of Individual Liberty. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, -pp. -^11-2,121 ■ ■ • • '53 113. The Evolution of Liberty. G.l..Sche:rgcr, The Evolu- tion of Modern Liberty, pp. 1-4. (Longmans, Green & Co., 1904) 154 II. National Liberty 156 ■ 114. National Independence. F. Lieber, On Civil Liberty and Self -Government, pp. 41-42 156 115. The American Declaration of Independence. W. Mac- donald. Select Documents of U. S. History, No. i 156 116. The Acknowledgment of American Independence. Speech of George III, Annual Register, 1783, pp. 311-312 157 117. Recognition by the Powers of Greek Independence. Protocols of conferences relative to the affairs of Greece. Quoted in Robinson and Beard, Readings in Modem European History, Vol. II, No. 345 157 118. Bulgarian Proclamation of Independence. London Weekly Times, October, 1908. Ibid. No. 351 . 158 CONTENTS XV CHAPTER PAGE 1 19. Recognition by the United States of the Independence of Cuba. United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXX, pp. 738-739 IS9 III. Civil Liberty 160 120. The Meaning of Civil Liberty. F. Lieber, On Civil Liberty and Self-Government,^^, la-ii, . . . . 160 121. Liberty and Authority. J. S. Mill, On Liberty, pp. 8-28 i6i 122. Civil Liberty in the United States. E. McClain, Con- stitutional Law in the United States, pp. 292-294. (Longmans, Green & Co., 1904) 163 123. Civil Liberty guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States. Constitution of the United States, Amendments I-VIII 164 124. Civil Liberty in England. S. Amos, The English Constitution, pp. 131-135. (Longmans, Green & Co., 1895) 165 125. Magna Charta. The Statutes of the Realm, Vol. I, pp. 9-13 166 126.. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. F. M. Anderson, Constitutions and Documents, pp. 58-60 167 127. Civil Liberty in Russia. W. F. Dodd, Modem Con- stitutions, Vol. II, pp. 187-188. (The University of Chicago Press, 1909) 168 IV. Political Liberty 169 128.. Political Rights. J. Q. Deal^y, The Development of the State, pp. 294-296 . . 169 1.29, Political Liberty in Oklahoma. F. N. Thorpe, The Fed- eral and State Constitutions, Vol. VII, pp. 4278- 4279 171 130. Manifesto summoning the First Russian Duma. Lon- don Weekly Times, August 25, 1905. Cited in Robinson and Beard, Readings in Modem Euro- pean History, Vol. II, No. 339 '! 172 131. Weakness of Democracies. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. II, pp. 436-437 173 xvi READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE X. LAW 174 I. Nature of Law '74 132. The Meaning of Law. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, ^'p. 237-238 '74 133. The Concept of Law. G. C. Lee, Historical Juris- prudence, pp. 3-5. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) ^7S 134. The Nature of Law. W. Wilson, The State, p. 587 176 135. Law as Custom. Sir H. Maine, Early History of Institutions, p. 380. (Henry Holt and Company, 1875) 176 136. Positive Law. W. W. Willoughby, Political Theories of the Ancient World, pp. -^id-^i 176 137. Definition of Law. T. E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, p. 40 177 138. Definition of Law. Sir W. Markby, Elements of Law, p. 3 .... '. 1 78 n. Sources and Development of Law 178 139. The Sources of Law. T. E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, chap, v 178 140. Present Sources of Law. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 150-159 178 141. The Beginnings of Law. 'E.]&nks, Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp, 295-299 1 79 i'42. The Development of Law in Modern Europe. Sir W. Markby, Elements of Law, pp. 53-61 . . 181 143. The Spread of Roman and English Law. J. Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, pp. 121- 123. (Oxfprd University Press, 1 901) . ... . . 183 144. The Diffusion of Law. G. C. Lee, Historical Juris- prudence, pp. 9-10 185 145. Universality of Legal Conception. W. Wilson, The State, p. 601 . 185 146. Scientific Legislation. J. Q. Dealey, The Develop- ment of the State, pp. 260-263 186 III. Divisions of Law . . 188 147. Classification of Law. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 142-143 188 CONTENTS xvil CHAPTER PAGE 148. Divisions of Law. T. E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, pp. 121-122, 160-161, 358 . . . 188 149. Nature of Administrative Law. F. J. Goodnow, Com- parative Administrative Law, Vol. I, pp. 7-9, 14-16. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1903) 189 150. The Application of Law. T. E. Holland, The Ele- ments of Jurisprudence, p. 397 191 IV. Law and Ethics 192 151. Distinctions between Law and Morality. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 602-603 192 152. Moral and Legal Norms. W. Wundt, Ethics: The Principles of Morality, pp. 162-163, 166-167, 178-179. (The Macmillan Company, 1 901) . . . 193 XL RELATION OF STATE TO STATE 195 I. International Relations 195 153. The World Powers. A. C. Coolidge, The United States as a World Power, pp. 1-7 195 1 54. Advantages of International Relations. P. S. Reinsch, World Politics, pp. 2/^-26 197 1 5 J. Scope of International Interests. A. C. Coolidge, The United States as a World Power, pp. 13-14 . . 198 1 56. Scope of International Law. G. G. Wilson and G. F. Tucker, International Law, pp. 4-5. (Silver, Bur- dett & Company, 1910) 199 II. History of International Law 200 157. Development of the Theory of International Law. T. D. Woolsey, International Law, pp. 29-31. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1887) 200 158. The Formation of International Law. G. G. Wilson and G. F. Tucker, International Law, pp. 13-19 201 159. Importance of the Conception of Territorial Sov- ereignty. T. J. Lawrence, The Principles of Inter- national Law, pp. 36-37. (D. C. Heath & Co., 1906) 203 160. Influence of Grotius on International Law. G. B. Davis, Elements of International Law, pp. 1 6-20. (Har- per & Brothers, 1900 and 1908) 203 xviii READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE PACE CHAPTER i6i. International Law since 1648. T. J. Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, pp. S3-S4 ■ • ^°5 162. Influence of the United States on the Development of International Law. G. G. Wilson and G. F. Tucker, International Law, ^^. 27-11 206 163. Present Tendencies in International Relations. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 404-409 207 III. Sources of International Law 208 164. Meaning of the Phrase, "Sources of International Law.'' T. J. Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, p. 91 ^°^ 165. Sources of International Law. G. G. Wilson and G. F. Tucker, International Law, pp. 37-42 . 209 166. Legal Bases of International Law. Ibid. pp. 9-10 . 210 167. Influence of Roman Law on International Law. W. C. Morey, Outlines of Roman Law, pp. 207-209. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1902) . . . 210 IV. Nature of International Law 211 168. Meaning of the Term " International Law.'' T. E. Holland, The Elements of furisprudence, pp. 128, 380-381 211 169. The Nature and Origin of International Law. W. E. Hall, A Treatise on International Law, p. i. (Oxford University Press, 1904) 212 170. Nature of International Rights. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, '^^. zoo, lOT, .... 212 171. International Law not strictly Law. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 604-605 213 172. Municipal Law and International Law. G. B. Davis, Elements of International Law, ■p^. 2-^ . . . 213 173. International Law and Morality. H. Sidgwick, The Elements of Politics, pp. 280-283 214 1 74. International Law as Law. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science, Y^. 102-103 215 175. The Sanction of International Law. Elihu Root, The Sanction of International Law. Pamphlet pub- lished by the Association for International Concil- iation, No. 8 216 CONTENTS xix CHAPTER TAGE XII. CONTENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 218 I. Independence and Equality 218 ^ 176. Nature of Intervention. W. E. Hall, A Treatise on International Law ^ pp. 284-285 218 177. Intervention of the Powers in Behalf of Greek Inde- pendence. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VI, pp. 4-5 218 178. Reply of Japan to the Intervention of Russia, Ger- many, and France. Mikado's rescript withdrawing from Manchuria, quoted in A. J. Beveridge, The Russian Advance, p. 468. (Harper & Brothers, 1903) 219 179. American Statements of Policy regarding Noninter- vention. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VI, pp. 12-32 220 180. Intervention of the United States in Cuba. Foreign Relations, 1898, pp. 764-765 221 181. The Monroe Doctrine. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. V, pp. 246-250 222 182. The Olney Doctrine. House Documents, No. i, PP- 545-562 (54th Cong. 1st sess.) 222 183. The Drago Doctrine. House Documents, No. i, pp. 2-;i (58th Cong. 2d sess.) 223 184. The Theory of the Balance of Power. T.J.Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, pp. 126-127 224 II. Property and Jurisdiction 224 185. Territorial Waters of a State. H. Wheaton, Inter- national Law, p. 242 224 186. The Three-Mile Limit. 41 and 42 Victoria, c. 73 . . 225 187. River Boundaries. 8 Op. Att. Gen., p. 175 . . . . 225 188. Acquisition of Territory by Discovery. United States Supreme Court, in Johnson v. Mcintosh, 8 Wheaton, 533 226 i8g. Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXX, pp. 750-751 . . 226 190. The Determination of Nationality. F. Snow, Cases and Opinions on International Law, pp. 213-214. (The Boston Book Company, 1893) 227 XX READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 191. Extradition for Political Offenses. J. B. Moore, Inter- national Law Digest, Vol. IV, pp. 332, 352-353 228 192. Immunities of Diplomatic Agents. F. Snow, Cases and Opinions on International Law, pp. 98-99 . . • 229-, III. Diplomacy 239 193. Importance of the Diplomatic Service. Senate Execu- tive Document, No. 93 (3 2d Cong, ist sess.) . . . 229 194. Rank of Diplomatic Agents. J. W. Foster, The Prac- tice of Diplomacy, p. 1 6. (Houghton Mifflin Com- pany, 1906) 230 195. Reception of Envoys. Ibid. pp. 55-56 230 196. Refusal to receive Diplomatic Agents. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. IV, p. 480 . . . 23 1 197. Privileges and Immunities of Consuls in Eastern Countries. Ibid. Vol. V, pp. 37-38 231 198. Exchange of Gifts on the Ratification of Treaties. J. W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy, pp. 260-261 232 199. The Open Door. Department of State, Correspondence concerning American Commercial Rights in China (1900), p. 16 232 200. The Call of the First Peace Conference. F. W. HoUs, The Peace Congress at The Hague, pp. 1 8 ff. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) 233 201. The Work of the Second Hague Conference. J. B. Scott, The Work of the Second Hague Conference. Pamphlet published by the Association for Inter- national Conciliation, No. 5 233 IV. War 234 202. Reprisals. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VII, pp. 133-135 234 203. Kinds of War. Ibid. pp. 155, 159. . . ... 234 204. Residence in Case of War. United States Supreme Court, in The William Bagalay, 5 Wallace, 408 235 205. Conquest and Private Ownership of Land. United States Supreme Court, in United States v. Moreno, I Wallace, 400 235 206. Treatment of Prisoners of War. J. B. Moore, Inter- >- national Law Digest, '^(A.^WX,^. i\% .... 236 CONTENTS xxi CHAPTER PAGE 207. The Geneva Convention. G. B. Davis, Elements of International Law, pp. 526-527 236 208. Flags of Truce. Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, July 29, 1899, 32 Stat, Vol. II, p. 1819 237 209. Methods of carrying on War. G. B. Davis, Elements of International Law, 'p^. i^iy)-i^t,o 237 210. Legal Principles observed by Prize Courts. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VII, pp. 599-600 238 V, Neutrality and Neutral Commerce 239 211. Neutralized States. Ibid. Vol. I, p. 26 239 212. International Position of the Suez and Panama Canals. Senate Documents No. 85 (57th Cong, ist sess.) . 239 213. Rules of Neutrality applied in the Geneva Award. F. Snow, Cases and Opinions on International Law, pp. 431-432 240 214. The Rule of 1756. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VII, p. 383 240 215. The Declarafion of Paris. G. B. Davis, Elements of International Law, Appendix C 240 216. Policy of the United States regarding Neutral Trade. F. Wharton, Commentaries on Law, sec. 242 . . 241 217. Method of exercising the Right of Search. United States Instructions to Blockading Vessels and Cruisers, General Orders, No. 492, June 20, 1898. Foreign Relations, 1898, p. 781 242 218. Kinds of Blockade. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. VII, p. 783 242 219. Contraband in the Declaration of London. ... G. G. Wil- son and G. F. Tucker, Intemati0nal Law, Appen- dix XII 242 XIII. FORM OF THE STATE AND OF GOVERNMENT . . 244 I. Forms of the State 244 220. Aristotle's Classification of States. Aristotle, Politics, Book III, trans, by Jowett 244 22 1 . Four Fundamental Forms of the State. J. K. Bluntschli, The Theory of the State, pp. 338-339 . . 244 xxil READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE PAGE CHAPTER 222. Criticism of Bluntschli's Classification. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, p. 75 24S 223. Classification of States according to International Law. J. B. Moore, International Law Digest, Vol. I, pp. 21-27 246 224. Impossibility of classifying States. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, ^^. ZS^-ZS^ ■ • • ■ 247 II. Forms of Government 247 225. Classification of Governments. Ibid. pp. 355-360 . . 247 226. Forms of Democratic Government. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. II, pp. 225-226 . 248 227. Classification based on the Spirit of Government. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 121-122 249 228. Types of Government. F. H. Giddings, Descriptive and Historical Sociology, pp. 365-366 .... 250 229. Governments classified according to the Character of the Chief Executive. W, W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 374-375 250 230. Forms of Government. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 1-13 251 III. Parliamentary and Nonparliamentary Governments 254 231. Parliamentary System and Congressional System. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 243-244 . 254 232. Defects of the Presidential System. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, pp. 286-287 . 255 233. ^'residential and Cabinet Systems in Times of Crises. W. Bagehot, The English Constitution, chap, ii, sec. 9 256 IV. Modern States 257 234. Varieties of Organization. E. Jenks, History of Pol- itics, pp. 152-155 257 235. Classification of Modern States. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science, p. 120 259 236. Modern Democratic States. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 81-82 259 CONTENTS xxiii CHAPTER PAGE 237. Modem National Empires. P. S. Reinsch, World Politics, pp. 13-14 260 238. The Government of the Future. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 38-40 261 XIV. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 263 I. Forms of Union . 263 239. Classification of Unions. W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 234-238 263 240. Degrees of Relationship among States. R. T. Crane, The State in Constitutional and International Law, pp. 76-78. /. H. U. Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series XXV, Nos. 6-7 . . 264 241. Forms of Union. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 78-81 . . 265 242. Nature of the Union between Austria and Hungary. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Con- tinental Europe, Vol. II, pp. 177-179 .... 266 II. Nature of Federal Government 268 243. Distinctions between Federation and Confederation. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 124-125 268 244. Distinguishing Marks of a Federal State. W. Wilson, The State, p. 566 268 245. The Nature of a Federal State. W. W. Willoughby, The American Constitutional System, pp. 6-10. (The Century Co., 1904) 269 III. Distribution of Powers 271 246. Development of the Theory of the American Union. C. E. Merriam, American Political Theories, pp. 302-304 271 247. Distribution of Powers in the United States. E. McClain, Constitutional Law in the United States, pp. 37-42 272 248. Continental Theories of Federalism. C. E. Meniam, History of the Theory of Sovereignty since Rous- seau, pp. 219-220. Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. XII, No. 4 273 xxiv READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER ^'^'^^ 249. Powers of the Imperial Government of Germany. W. F. Dodd, Modern Constitutions, Vol. I, pp. 327-328 274 250. Powers of the Federal Government of Switzerland. Ibid. Vol. II, pp. 258-276 275 IV. Advantages and Disadvantages of Federal Govern- ment 276 251. Advantages of Federal Organization. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, Vol. I, Book IX, chap. i. Quoted in The Federalist, No. IX 276 252. Weaknesses in Federal Government. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, pp. 334, 341 . 277 253. Advantages and Disadvantages of Federal Union. H. Sidgwick, The Elements of Politics, pp. 516-519 278 254. The Weakness of the American Confederation. J. Elliott (editor). Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Vol. V, pp. 207-210 . . 279 255. Probable Future of Federalism. H. Sidgwick, The Development of European Polity, p. 439 . . . 280 XV. CONSTITUTIONS 282 I. Nature of Constitutions 282 256. Meanings of the Term " Constitution." A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. I, pp. 1-8. (The Macmillan Company, 1908) 282 257. Definitions of the Term " Constitution." T. D. Wool- sey. Political Science, Vol. I, pp. 283-284; J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 207- 208. S. Amos, The English Constitution, p. xix 283 258. Classification of Constitutions. J. Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, pp. 127-132 . . . 284 259. Written and Unwritten Constitutions. E. McClain, Constitutional Law in the United States, pp. 1 1-16 285 260. The Nature of the English Constitution. S. Amos, The English Constitution, pp. 1-4 286 II. Requisites of Constitutions 287 261. The Fundamental Parts of a Constitution. J. W. Bur- gess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. I, pp. 137, 263-264 287 CONTENTS XXV CHAPTER PAGE 262. Contents of Constitutional Law. T. E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, pp. 360-361 .... 288 263. The American Conception of a Constitution. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, p. 56 289 264. Preambles to Constitutions. W. F. Dodd, Modem Constitutions, Vol. I, pp. 2, 33, 185, 325 ; Vol. II, pp. 257, 293 289 III. Creation of Constitutions 291 265. The Constitution and State Origin. W. W. Wil- loughby, The Nature of the State, pp. 1 29-1 31 291 266. Adoption of Written Constitutions. S. Leacock, Ele- ments of Political Science, -pf. 124-125 .... 292 267. English Written Constitutions. Ch. Borgeaud, Adop- tion and Amendment of Constitutions in Europe and America, pp. 5-6 ; Rise of Modem Democracy in Old and New England, pp. 38, 98. Quoted in M. Hill, Liberty Documents, pp. in-112. (Long- mans, Green & Co., 1903) 293 268. Early American Constitutions. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 46-48 294 269. The Sources of the American Constitution. C. E. Stev- ens, Sources of the Constitution of the United States, pp. 55-57. (The Macmillan Company, 1894) 295 270. Adoption of the Constitution of the United States. E. McClain, Constitutional Law in the United States, pp. 32-33 296 271. The Creation of the French Constitution. J. H. Rob- inson and C. A. Beard, The Development of Mod- ern Europe, Vol. II, pp. 159-160 297 272. Scope and Character of French Constitutional Laws. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 218-219 297 273. The Formation of the German Constitution. Ibid. pp. 254-256 298 274. The Practical Nature of the German Constitution. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Con- tinental Europe, Vol. I, p. 242 299 IV. Amendment of Constitutions 299 275. Methods of Amendment. W. F. Dodd, Modem Con- stitutions, Vol. I, pp. 288, 351 ; Vol. II, pp. 287- 289, 305-306 299 xxvi READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 276. The Difficulties of Constitutional Amendment in the United States. H. V. Ames, Amendments to the Constitution, Annual Report of the American His- torical Association {i?i<)6),Vo\. II 301 277. Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 63-64 . . 302 278. The Doctrine of Implied Powers. United States Supreme Court, in McCuUoch v. State of Mary- land, 4 Wheaton, 401-421 304 PART II. THE ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT XVI. THE ELECTORATE 305 I. The Electorate 305 279. The Nature of Democracy. H. Sidgwick, The Ele- ments of Politics, pp. 582-587 305 280. Development of the Electorate. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 215-216 . . . 306 281. The Reform Act of 1832. 2 William IV, c. 45 . . 307 282. Arguments for Woman Suffrage. Orations of George William Curtis, Vol. I, pp. 182 ff. (Harper & Brothers, 1893) ... 308 283. Acquirement and Loss of Citizenship in the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 16-17 3°8 284. Results of the Restrictions on Negro Suffrage in the South. A. B. Hart, The Realities of Negro Suffrage, in Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (l<)o^),Yo\. II, f. 164 309 285. An Educational Test. F. N. Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions, 'SI (A. I, p. 554 310 286. Restriction on the Suffrage of Military Forces. W. F. Dodd, Modem Constitutions, Vol. I, p. 302 . . 310 ^1. The Exercise of the Suffrage. A. B. Hart, Practical Essays on American Government, No. 2. (Long- mans, Green & Co., 1893) 311 288. The Injustice of Equal Voting. W. S. Lilly, First Principles in Politics, pp. 181-183. (G. P. Put- nam's Sons, 1899) 311 II. Control of Electorate over Government . . . . 312 289. The Electorate as a Governmental Organ. J. Q. Dealey, The Developm-ent of the State, pp. 217-219 . . 312 CONTENTS xxvii CHAPTER PAGE 290. Evolution of Elections. E. Jenks, History of Politics, pp. 136-138 313 291. Elections under the Roman Republic. D. C. Munro, A Source Book of Roman History, p. 63. (D. C. Heath & Co., 1904) 314. 292. The Ballot Act. 35 and 36 Victoria, c. 33 . . . 314 293. Methods of influencing Voters in the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 104-105 . . 315 294. Comparison between Greek and Swiss Democracy. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Conti- nental Europe, Vol. II, pp. 333-334 315 295. Representative Government. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 38-39 316 296. The Recall. Supplement to the Code of Iowa (1907) 317 III. Initiative and Referendum .... 317 297. The Origin of the Referendum in Switzerland. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. II, pp. 238-246 . 317 298. Extension of the Principles of Initiative and Referen- dum. E. P. Oberholtzer, The Referendum in Amer- ica, pp. 400-405. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900) 318 299. Initiative and Referendum in the United States. C. A. Beard, American Government and Politics, pp. 461-465. (The Macmillan Company, 1 910). . 319 300. Arguments for the Referendum. The Arena, May, 1906 320 301. Arguments against the Initiative and Referendum. C. A. Beard, American Government and Politics, pp. 466-469 321 IV. Minority Representation 322 302. The Nature and Conduct of Political Majorities. F. H. Giddings, Democracy and Empire, pp. 183- 195. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) . . . . 322 303. Necessity for representing Minorities. J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, pp. 145-146 323 304. Objections to the Principle of Proportional Represen- tation. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Sci- ence, pp. 468-469. (American Book Company, 1910) 324 xxviii READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 305. Objections to Representation of Classes or Interests. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 473-474 32s XVII. SEPARATION AND DIVISION OF POWERS ... 326 I. The Ordinary Government 326 306. A Broader Definition of Government. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, -p^. i^^-ii^S . . 326 307. Historical Evolution of the Separation of Govern- mental Powers. W. Bondy, The Separation of Gov- ernmental Powers. Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 7-10 327 II, Theory of the Separation of Powers 329 308. Development of the Theory of Separation of Powers. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 411-417 329 309. Montesquieu on Separation of Powers. Ch. Montes- quieu, Spirit of the Laws, Book XI, chap, vi . . 330 310. Blackstone on Separation of Powers. Sir W. Black- stone, Commentaries, Vol. I, pp. 146, 269 . . . 331 311. The United States Supreme Court on Separation of Powers. Justice Miller, in Kilbourne v. Thompson, 103 U. S. 188 331 312. Checks and Balances in the United States Govern- ment. E. McClain, Constitutional Law in the United States, pp. 63-64 332 III. Criticism of the Separation of Powers 333 313. True Meaning of the Theory of Separation of Powers. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 417-425 333 314. Modern Theory of Separation of Powers. F. J. Good- now. Comparative Administrative Law, Vol. I, pp. 22-23 334 315. The Two Functions of the State. F. J. Goodnow, Politics and Administration, pp. 9, 10, 22. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) 334 IV. Division of Powers 335 316. The Theory of Division of Powers. F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law, Vol. I, pp. 38-46 335 CONTENTS xxix CHAPTER PAGE 3 1 7. Division of Powers in the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 54-55 336 318. Expansion of Federal Power in the United States. W. Wilson, Congressional Government, pp. 52-55. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1885) 337 319. Division of Powers in the German Empire. B.E.How- ard, The German Empire, pp. 21-25. (The Mac- millan Company, 1906) 338 XVni. THE LEGISLATURE 341 L Structure of Legislatures 341 320. Development of the Lawmaking Department. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 188-191 341 321. General Principles of Legislative Organization. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 106-116 343 322. Advantages of the Bicameral System. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 432-436 . . 344 323. Apportionment of Representatives in the United States. United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXXI, p. 733 344 324. Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Election. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 448-451 345 325. Results of Election by Majority in France. W. Wil- son, The State, 'pY>- 221-222 346 II. Comparative Power of the Two Houses 347 326. Relations of the Two Houses in the United States. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, pp. 181-185 347 327. The House of Lords and Money Bills. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. I, pp. 400-402 348 328. Nature of the German " Bundesrath." A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. I, p. 264 349 ■III. Internal Organization and Procedure .... 349 329. General Method of Legislation. J. W. Burgess, Polit- ical Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 127-130 349 XXX READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 330. Procedure in the House of Lords. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. I, pp. 403-404 . . 35° 331. Seating of Members in the House of Commons. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 394-395 35' 332. The French Chamber a Tumultuous Body. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. I, pp. 17-19 • • • • • • 35' 333. Interpellations in the French Chamber of Deputies. Ibid. pp. 1 19-123 352 334. Organization of the German " Reichstag." W. Wilson, The State, pp. 266-267 353 335. The Speaker of the House of Representatives. C. A. Beard, Am-erican Government and Politics, pp. 280-281 353 336. Committees in the House of Representatives. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 533-534 354 337. Results of the Committee System in the House of Representatives. J. Bryce, The American Com- monwealth, Vol. I, pp. 155-159 355 338. The " Previous Question " in the House of Represen- tatives. Ibid. p. 130 356 IV. Functions of Legislatures 357 339. Proper Functions of Lawmaking Bodies. W. Wilson, Congressional Government, pp. 295-298 .... 357 340. Difficulties preventing Intelligent Legislation. E. Freund, The Problem of Intelligent Legislation, in Proceedings of the American Political Science Association {i(^oy),Yo\.W, 'p'p. ^l-^^ .... 358 341. The Powers of Congress in the United States. Con- stitution of the United States, Article I, sec. 8 . . 359 342. Functions of the German " Bundesrath." W. Wilson, The State, pp. 260-261 360 343. Danger of Overlegislation in the United States. J. W. Jenks, Principles of Politics, pp. 103-104. (Columbia University Press, 1909) 361 344. Impeachment. F. J. Goodnow, Cojnparative Admin- istrative Law, Vol. II, p. 296 361 XIX. THE EXECUTIVE 363 I. The Executive Head .... 363 345. Forms of Executive Organization. S. Leacock, Ele- ments of Political Science, pp. 191-192 . . . 363 CONl'ENTS xxxi CHAPTER PAGE 346. Relation of the Executive to Congres^ in the United States. W. Wilson, The State, p. 546 364 347. Classes of Presidential Candidates in the United States. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. II, pp. 153-154 364 348. Utility of the Crown in England. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. I, pp. 47-51 . . . 366 349. Position of the President in France. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. I, pp. 28-30 367 II. Heads of Departments 368 350. Members in Modern Cabinets. Statesman's Year- Book (1910), pp. 6-8, 353-3S4. 742-743. 824 . 368 351. Responsible and Irresponsible Ministries. J. W. Bur- gess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 313-316 370 352. Development of the Cabinet in England. H. D. Tra- hill, Central Government, pp. 23-25. Quoted in W. Wilson, The State, pp. 376-377 370 353. Nature and Functions of the English Cabinet. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. I, pp. 54-56 371 354. Power of the Ministers in France. A. L; Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. I, pp. 64-65 373 355. The Imperial Chancellor in Germany. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 268-270 373 III. The Civil Service 374 356. Importance of Subordinates in Government Service. J. W. Jenks, The Principles of Politics, pp. 1 24-1 25 374 357. The Civil Service in England. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science, pp. 200-202 375 358. Patronage of Office in France. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 228-229 376 359. The Spoils System at its Height. Senate Reports, No. 567 (47th Cong.) 376 360. The United States Civil Service Act. Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (1908), PP- 43-45 377 xxxii READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE 361. Acceptance of Office. F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law, Vol. II, pp. 23-25 . . . 379 IV. Functions of the Executive 379 362. The Nature of Administration. Ibid. Vol. I, pp. 1-4 379 363. The Executive Power. J. W. Gamer, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 547-548 380 364. Functions of the German Emperor. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Vol. I, pp. 275-276 381 365. Powers of the President of the United States. Con- stitution of the United States, Article II, sec. 2 . 382 366. The Veto Power. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 564-566 383 XX. THE JUDICIARY 384 I. Evolution of the Judicial Department 384 367. The Evolution of State Justice. E. Jenks, Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp. 100-108. (Henry Holt and Company, 1898) 384 368. Evolution of Forms of Punishment. J. Q. Dealey, The Development of the State, pp. 183-186 . . 385 369. The People and the Courts. J. W. Jenks, The Prin- ciples of Politics, p. 143 386 II. Functions and Requisites of the Judiciary .... 387 370. The Judicial Function. J. Q. Dealey, The Develop- ment of the State, p. 168 387 371. Jurisdiction of Courts. E. McClain, Constitutional Law in the United States, p. 220 387 372. Methods of choosing Judges in the United States Commonwealths. C. A. Beard, American Govern- ment and Politics, yp. t,l\-li,i 388 373. Barristers and Solicitors in England. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. II, pp. 468-469 389 374. Importance of Lawyers in the United States. J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Vol. II, pp. 365-366 390 III. Relation of Judiciary to Executive 391 375. Necessity of Judicial Independence. H. Sidgwick, Elements of Politics, pp. 487-488 301 CONTENTS xxxill CHAPTEK ' PAGE 376. Advantages and Disadvantages of Separate Adminis- trative Courts. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Polit- ical Science, pp. 586-588 392 IV. Relation of Judiciary to Legislature 393 377. The Great Writs. C. A. Beard, American Govern- ment and Politics, pp. 302-304 393 378. Judicial Power over Legislative Acts. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, pp. 594-600 . . 394 379. Disallowance of a Colonial Bill. E. B. O'Callaghan (editor). Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, Vol. VIII, pp. 202-203 395 380. Declaring Laws Unconstitutional. A. L. Lowell, Essays on Government, pp. 124-125 395 V. Organization of the Judiciary 396 381. Influence of the Justices of the Peace in England. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. II, pp. 270-271 . . 396 382. Organization of Justice in Germany. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 274-275 397 383. Growing Distrust of the Supreme Court in the United States. J. A. Smith, The Spirit of American Gov- ernment, pp. H0-116. (The Macmillan Company, 1907) 397 384. Defense of the Supreme Court. Congressional Record, Vol. XLII, Part I, p. 589 398 385. The Supreme Court in the Future. D. J. Brewer, The Supreme Court of the United States. {Scribner's Magazine, March, 1903) 399 XXI. POLITICAL PARTIES 401 I. Functions of Political Parties 401 386. Functions of Political Parties. J. Bryce, The Amer- ican Commonwealth, Vol. II, p. 45 401 387. Relation of Party Strength to Governmental Organi- zation. F. J. Goodnow, Politics and Administra- tion, pp. 133-136 401 388. The Function of Third Parties. J. W. Jenks, The Principles of Politics, pp. 71-73 403 xxxiv READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER PAGE II. History of Political Parties 404 389. Development of Parties in England. H. St. C. Feil- den, A Short Constitutional History of England, pp. 147-149. (Ginn and Company, 1897) . ... 404 396. Origin of Parties in the United States. John Adams, Works, Vol. X, pp. 22-23 . . . . ■ ... 405 391. Fuildamental Oppositions in American Politics. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, pp. 649-650 405 III. Present Political Parties 407 392. Present Tendencies in English Politics. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. II, pp. 118-120 407 393. Political Parties in France. J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, The Developm,ent of Modem Europe, Vol.. II, pp. 172-175 408 394. Political Parties in Germany. W. M. West, Modern History, p. 494 409 395. Political Parties in Hungary. A. L. Lowell, Govern- ments and Parties in Continental Europe (V (A. II, pp. 160-161 410 396. Danger of Party Divisions on Class Lines. Ibid. pp. 65-67 410 397. The " Ins " and the " Outs." J. W. Jenks, The Prin- ciples of Politics, ■^'p. 70-71 411 IV. Party Organization 411 398. Functions of Party Organization. A. L. Lowell, The Government of England, Vol. II, pp. 18-19 . . 411 399. Primary Elections and Party Organization. J. Macy, Influence of the Prim.ary Election upon Party Organization, in Proceedings of the Am.erican Polit- ical Science Association (1907), Vol. IV, pp. 175-177 412 V. Party Reform 414 400'. Beginnings of the Spoils System. G. Hunt, Office- Seeking during Jefferson 'j A dministration ,m Amer- ican Historical Review, Vol. Ill, pp. 273-274 . . 414 401'. Evils of the Spoils" System. C. Schurz, Civil Service Reform,m Proceedings of the National Civil Service Reform League, 1894 a-^c CONTENTS XXXV CHAPTER PAGE 402. The Machine and the Boss. B. S. Coler, Municipal Government, pp. 189-194. (D. Appleton and Com- pany, 1900) 417 403. The Nature of the American Boss. J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol. II, pp. 80-82 . 418 404. Necessity for Party Responsibility in the United States. F^ J. Goodnbw, Politics and Adminis- tration, pp. 197-198 420 405. Legal Recognition of Political Parties. Preamble to Statutes of the State of Oregon relating to Elec- tions (1907) .421 406. Primary Election Reform. J. A. Woodburn, Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States, pp. 285-291. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909) . . . 422 XXII. LOCAL GOVERNMENT 424 I. Relation of Local to Central Government .... 424 407. Local and Central Government. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science, ^^. 293-295 424 408. Degrees of Centralization. J. Q. Dealey, The Devel- opment of the State, ^^. 165-167 ..... 424 II. Commonwealth Governments . . . .... 425 409. The Swiss Cantons and the Union. W. Wilson, The State, p. 304 425 410. The German Empire and the Individual States. B. E. Howard, The German Empire, pp. 20-21 426 411. Variety and Unity of Commonwealth Organization in the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Govern- ment, pp. 114-116 427 III. Rural Local Government 428 412. Centralization of Local Government in France. A. L. Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental- Europe, Vol. I, pp. 34-36 428 413. Complex Character of English Local Government. W. Wilson, The State, pp. 402-404 .... 429 414. Rural Local Government in the United States. C. A. Beard, American Governm.ent and Poli- tics, pp. 638-639 430 xxxvi READINGS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER ^'^'^^ IV. Historical Development of Cities . 43' 415. Definition of City. J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Admin- istration, p. vi. (The Macmillan Company, 1901) 431 416. Causes of Cities. F. J. Goodnow, City Government in the United States, pp. 9-12. (The Century Co., 1904) 431 417. Results of the Growth of Cities. J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, The Development of Modem Europe, Vol. II, pp. 384-385 432 418. Political Consequences of City Growth. L. S. Rowe, Problems of City Government, pp. 98-100. (D. Appleton and Company, igo8) 433 419. The Spirit of Modern City Life. Ibid. pp. 37-41 434 V. Municipal Government 435 420. Character of Urban Population. F. J. Goodnow, Municipal Government, pp. 38-40. (The Century Co., 1909) 435 421. Democracy and City Life in America. D. F. Wilcox, The American City, pp. 4-10. (The Maciilillan Company, 1904) ... 436 422. The Position of the -Modern City. F. J. Goodnow, Municipal Government, pp. 91-92 437 423. The Mayor and the City Council. L. S. Rowe, Prob- lems of City Government, pp. 206-207 . . . . 437 424. The Biirgermeister in Germany. W. B. Munro, Gov- ernment of European Cities, pp. 186-187. (The Macmillan Company, 1909) 438 425. The Mayor in England. Ibid. pp. 253-255 .... 439 426. Need of Experts in City Administration. F. J. Good- now, Municipal Government, p. 387 439 VI. Municipal Reform in the United States 440 427. Essential Defects of City Government in the United States. A. B. Hart, Actual Government, pp. 210- 212 440 428. Needs of City Government in the United States. F. J. Goodnow, City Government in the United States, pp. 303-304 441 CONTENTS xxxvii CHAPTER PAGE 429. Merits and Defects of the Commission Plan. W. B. Munro, The Galveston Plan of City Government, pp. 8-15. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the National Municipal League 442 VII. Municipal Activities 444 430. Municipal Functions. F. J. Goodnow, Municipal Government, pp. 392-393 444 43 1 . Difficulty of comparing Municipal and Private Owner- 'ship. Ibid. pp. 356-359 446 XXIII. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 448 I. Importance of Colonial Development 448 432. Importance of Colonial Dependencies. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science, pp. 258-259 . . 448 433. Area and Population of Modern Colonies. H. C. Mor- ris, The History of Colonization, Vol. II, p. 318. (The Macmillan Company, 1900) 448 434. Importance of Colonization. Ibid. pp. 319-321 . . 449 .435. Consequences of National Imperialism. P. S. Reinsch, World Politics, pp. 68-70 450 436. Influence of Foreign Interests on Home Affairs. Ibid. pp. 347-348 451 437. Colonies and the Position of the United States. H. C. Morris, So?ne Effects of Outlying Depend- encies upon the People of the United States, in Proceedings of the American Political Science yijjo«