CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Professor Howard B. Adelmann Cornell University Library PA 2095.R74 A Latin reader for the second year, with 3 1924 006 242 519 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924006242519 Plate U y. Imperator. 2. Legatus. j. Centurio. 4. Lictor* J. Signiferi. 6. Bucinator. 7. Tubicen. 8. Vexillum. q. Aquila. FOLATE 111 i. Slinger. 2. Light-armed Soldier, j. Soldier of the Legi 4. Sarcinae. J. Cavalry. Plate IV i. Testudo arietaria. a. Fire-signal Tower. 3. Tabcryiaculurn. 4. Order of Battle. J. Falx Miiralis. 6 Testudo. 7. Onager. S. Ballista. Q. Claris fusi/i ex Argilla. 10, Testudo fossaria. Plate V ^rsjr^ rv^ihhh i b r. Cessans Intrenchments before Alesia (VII. 70); la, Cippi, \b, Lilia, It, Stimuli 2. Agg€7%etc, J. Gallic City Wall. 4,3. Piutci, d.sVallum -with Passage-ways and Towers. J\ Turris Amhulatoria. 8. Qatapulta. 1?. Vinta. A LATIN READER FOR THE SECOND YEAR WITH NOTES, EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX, AND VOCABULARIES BY JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND WALTER DENNISON, PH.D. LATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN SWARTHMORE COLLEGE ALLYN and BA£ON Boston Nein garfe \,\ Chicago mini,,,,, (■■ '< """<'«l.llllliU^ \v- COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY JOHN C. ROLFE AND WALTER DENNISON. ffio tjje $a.emov$ of WALTER DENNISON PREFACE This book is designed to provide a course of reading for those who wish a partial substitute for the traditional four books of Caesar's Gallic War. The selections cover consider- ably more than the actual requirements for admission to college, thus making it possible to vary the work from year to year and to do additional sight reading. The selections from Caesar's Civil War have been especially arranged for sight reading and the Story of the Argonauts will be found to be well adapted either to that purpose or as an introduction to Caesar, since its vocabulary is largely based upon that of the Gallic War. While special pains have been taken to make the book attractive and convenient for use, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that the main object of the second year's work, if the student is to make any real progress, must be the ac- quirement .of a working vocabulary and a knowledge of the principles of grammar. With these two ends in view a Grammatical Appendix has been provided, to which frequent reference is made in the Notes, and particular attention has been given to the derivation of words both in the Vocabulary and in sections 107-118 of the Grammatical Appendix. The Selections from Caesar and the Fables have been an- notated with reference to the requirements of those who may wish to begin their reading with those parts of the book. The untimely death of Professor Dennison has delayed the appearance of the book, but has not diminished the extent and the value of his contribution to it. VI PREFACE Thanks are due to Professor B. L. D'Ooge, of the Michigan State Normal College, for the use of photographs of Carthage and its neighborhood, and to Professor Francis W. Kelsey, of the University of Michigan, for permission to use some of the plans in his new Caesar's Commentaries. John C. Eolfe. July, 1918. CONTENTS PA6E List of Illustrations xi Plates ; Maps ; Plans xv INTRODUCTION I. The Roman History xvii II. The Viri Romae xviii III. The Life and Works of Cornelius Nepos . . xix IV. The Life and Works of Gaius Iulius Caesar . . xxii V. Caesar's Army xxvi 1. Who Composed the Army (xxvi). 2. The Infantry: The Legion (xxviii). Officers (xxviii). The Legionary (xxx). Weapons (xxxi). 3. The Cavalry (xxxv). 4. The Auxiliaries (xxxv). 5. The Camp (xxxvi). 6. On the March (xxxix). 7. The Battle (xli). 8. Capture of a Town (xliii). 9. Artillery (xliv). 10. The Battle-fields of Caesar To-day (xlv). 11. Caesar's Navy (xlvi). 12. Cae- sar's Rules of Strategy (xlvii). 13. The Gauls (xlviii). 14. Caesar's Mission in Gaul (xlix). 15. Britain (1). Hints to the Pupil li TEXT AND NOTES I. ROMAN HISTORY .1 II. VIRI ROMAE: 1. Gaius Iulius Caesar 58 2. Marcus Tullius Cicero 82 III. CORNELIUS NEPOS: 1. Hamilcar 98 2. Hannibal 103 3. Cato 122 IV. THE STORY OF THE ARGONAUTS . . .128 yii Vlll CONTENTS V. CAESAR : DE BEIXO GALLICO: PAPir Book I 155 Book II 249 Book III, The Campaign against the Veneti (10-16) 295 Book IV, The First Invasion of Britain (20-36) . 304 Campaign against the Morini and Menapii (37-38) . 324 Book V, The Second Invasion of Britain (8-23) . 327 The Attack on Cicero's Camp (38-52) . . .345 Book VI, The Second Invasion of Germany (9-10) . 361 Customs of the Gauls and Germans (11-23) . . 363 The Hercynian Forest and Its Wonderful Animals (25-28) ... .... 377 Book VII, The Revolt of the Gauls (1-10, 63-67) . 380 The Siege of Alesia (68-90) 397 De Bello Civili : Book I, Caesar and the Senate (1-7) Book II, The Second Sea-fight off Massilia (3-7) The Destruction of Curio's Army (36-44) Book III, Operations in Illyricum and Epirus (12-18) The Battle of Pharsalia (82-99) The Death of Pompey (103, 104) . VI. FABLES 423 435 442 450 458 478 481 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 489 I. INFLECTIONS : A. Nouns 489 General (1-6). The Five Declensions (7-45). B. Adjectives 499 Declensions (46-55). Comparison (56-66). C. Adverbs .... .... 505 Formation and Comparison (67-71). D. Numerals . . . 506 Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive, Numeral Adverbs (72-74). E. Pronouns 508 Classes and Declensions (75-86). CONTENTS ix PAGE F. Verbs 512 Principal Parts (87). Sum (88). The Four Con- jugations (89-94). Deponents (95). Semi-Depo- nents (96). Periphrastic Conjugations (97). Irregu- lar Verbs (98-106). II. WORD FORMATION: A. Derivatives 535 Nouns (108-109). Adjectives (110-111). Verbs (112-113). B. Compounds 537 Word Groups 538 III. SYNTAX : A. General Rules 544 B. Nouns : 1. The Accusative 545 Direct Object (125). Adverbial (125, a). With Neuter Pronoun or Adjective (125, b). Subject of Infinitive (126). Two Accusatives (127-129). Extent (130). Place to Which (131-133). 2. The Genitive 547 General Rule (134). Possessive (135). Subjective (136). Objective (137). Partitive (138). Apposi- tional (139). Quality (140). Measure (141). Value (142). With Adjectives (143). With Verbs of Remembering (144). With Verbs of Judicial Action (145). With Impersonal Verbs (146-147). 3. The Dative 550 Indirect Object (148-149). With the Passive (150). Reference (151). Person Judging (152). Separa- tion (153). Possessor (154). Agency (155). Ser- vice (156). With Adjectives (157). 4. Tke Ablative 552 Separation (158). Source (159). Agency (160). Comparison (161-162). Means (163). Price (164). Cause (165). Manner (166). Accordance (166, a). Accompaniment (167). Degree of Difference (168). Attendant Circumstances (169). Quality (170) Specification (171). With dignus and in- dignus (172). Ablative Absolute (173). CONTENTS PAGE 556 557 558 559 559 562 563 565 5. Relations of Place (174-179) 6. Relations of Time (180-182) 7. Dates (183) .... 8. The Vocative (184) . C. Prepositions (185-187) D. Adjectives (188-195) E. Pronouns (196-203) . F. Verbs 1. General (204-205). 2. The Tenses (206-217). 3. Sequence of Tenses (218-219). 4. Peculiarities of Sequence (220-224). 5. Moods: a. Independent Sub- junctive : Hortatory (225). Jussive (226). Delibera- tive (227). Optative (228). *. Use of the Moods in Dependent Clauses : Purpose (229-231). Result (232). Characteristic (233). Temporal: Postquam (234). Cum (235). Dum (236-238). Priusquam (239). Causal Clauses (240-242). Conditional Sentences (243-249). Concessive and Adversative Clauses (250-254). Relative Clauses (255-256). Substan- tive Clauses (257-264). Indirect Discourse (265-271). Attraction (272). The Imperative (273). The Infinitive (274-275). Participles (276-281). The Gerund and Gerundive (282-285). The Supine (286-287). IV. FIGURES OF RHETORIC AND GRAMMAR 584 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN Latin Composition ... 585 Exercises based on The Roman History, Viri Romae, Nepos, and Story of the Argonauts (1-24) . . . 591 Exercises based on Caesar : Sentences (25-44) . . . 604 Continuous passages (45-95) . 615 VOCABULARIES Rules for Pronunciation of Proper Names . . . 642 Abbreviations 644 Latin-English Vocabulary 1-146 English-Latin Vocabulary 147-169 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Portraits : PAGE Lucius Junius Brutus . , 20 Sulla 55 Cicero xxi, 82 Pompey xxiv, 427 Caesar xxii, 58, 425 Octavian 93 Alexander the Great 63 Hannibal 103 Vercingetorix 417 Cleopatra 480 Other Works of Sculpture: ; , Jupiter 139 Athena 153 Mercury 371 Mars 73 Apollo 373 A Vestal Virgin 5 Fortuna 473 From Trajan's Column : A Roman General Addressing His Soldiers .... 241 Castellum 171 A Pontoon Bridge 187 Testudo 455 Views : Rome, Italy, and Sicily : The Roman Forum 381 A Roman Colonnade 65 The House of the Vestals 9 The Roman Campagna 3 Ostia, Temple and Colonnade ....... 15 xi Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAOE Ostia, The Tiber 19 Arpinum 83 Praeneste 33 The Anio at Tivoli 27 The Alban Lake . . 7 The Tomb of the Horatii ... .... 13 Tusculum, The Theatre 123 Tusculum, House on the Forum ....... 125 Brundisium 453 Lake Trasimenus 109 Cannae Ill Ravenna, the Pine Grove 431 Palermo .......... 87 Isles of the Sirens ......... 96 Africa : Carthage : The Harbors .......... 35 The Citadel from the Sea 39 Excavations on the Citadel ........ 43 Roman Aqueduct .......... 49 The Cisterns .......... 99 The Tomb of Juba 447 Greece: Delphi 131 The Vale of Tempe 147 Larissa 475 Gaul and Germany : Pas de l'Ecluse 167 The Jura 173, 175 The Arar 179 The Rhine 209, 211, 361 Vesontio (Besancon) 221 Country near Belfort 229 Site of Caesar's Camp on the Axona 255 Site of the Battle on the Axona 259 Bridge over the Axona 263 The Sambre 275 Tongres 347 Druid Stones 367 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii PAGE Gergovia 383, 387 Alesia . . 397 The Country about Alesia 399, 411 Marseilles 441 Aries, the Amphitheatre 438 Britain : Cliffs near Dover 305 Roman Baths 317, 323 Roman Ruins 341 Coins : Of Pyrrhus xvii Representing Aeneas 2 With the Corona Civica 61 Of Caesar, with Emblems of Pontifex Maximus ... 67 Of Caesar as Perpetual Dictator 76 Of Caesar with Gallic Trumpets 155 Of Pompey . 455 Of Quintus Nasidius ... 435 Commemorating Caesar's Assassination ..... 77 Commemorating Caesar's Elementia 80 With Gallic Arms 294 Of Caesar, commemorating the Conquest of Gaul . . . 422 Representing Vercingetorix 405 Representing Gallia Victa 421 Modern Pictures : A Roman Chariot Race .... Cicero arraigning Catiline . Battle between the Romans and the Helvetians Conference between Caesar and Ariovistus ' Desilite, commilitones ' . Frontispiece . 89 . 201 . 231 . 313 Antiquities : i A Roman Centurion xxix A Roman Soldier's Shield xxxi Gallic and Roman Sword Blades from Alesia .... xxxii Javelin Heads from Alesia xxxiii Glandes 415 1 Besides those mentioned under other heads. XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Falx Muralis Cornu Vexillum Tormentum ■ Caesar's Fortifications at Alesia A Roman Camp Vallum and Fossa . Roman Trench Roman Warship Trireme Rostra Antemna PAGK . 301 . XXXV xxxiv xlv 403 xxxviii xxxvii xlvi 297 135 . 299 303 Postal card views of places connected with the Gallic War may be ob- tained, as, for example, those of Alesia, by addressing Mile. Marlet, Alise-St. Reine, CSte d'Or, France. Photographs and slides of these places are supplied by George R. Swain, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Of these, the illustrations on pages 167, 173, 175, 179, 229, 255, 259, 263, 275, 305, 347, 383, 387, 397, 399, 411, 417 are reproduced in this book by the courtesy of Mr. Swain. I. II. III. IV. V. PLATES (At the beginning of the book.) Attack on a Besieged City. Officers. Standards and Musical Instruments. Soldiers of the Roman Army. Military Engines. Testudo, etc. Siege Works. Rampart of Camp, etc. MAPS Ancient Italy. Colored Frontispiece Page Imperium Romanum opposite 1 Rome " 57 Graecia cum Insulis et Oris Maris Aegaei .... " 97 Asia Citerior '• 115 Gallia. Colored "155 Britain according to Caesar = 333 Massilia and the Harbor 439 PLANS Caesar's Line of Works along the Rhone below Geneva opposite 171 II. The Battle with the Helvetii .... III. The Battle between Caesar and Ariovistus IV. The Battle at the Aisne V. The Battle at the Sambre VI. The Siege of the Stronghold of the Aduatuci VII. The Sea-fight with the Veneti VIII. The Siege of Alesia . ... IX. The Battle of Pharsalus . 198 244 260 277 288 294 400 466 INTRODUCTION. I. THE ROMAN HISTOEY. The Boman History is simplified Latin, based for the most part upon the texts of Livy and Eutropius. The legends of the founding of Bome and of the reigns of the seven kings, although believed in by the Eomans them- selves, and generally accepted in modern times until the publication of the first volume of Mebuhr's History of Bome, in 1811, cannot be ac- cepted as history. They are largely aetio- logical, that is, many of the stories have been A Coin of Pyrrhus ' invented to explain customs and institutions which were already in existence at the beginning of the historical period ; and many of them may be traced to Greek sources. The dates were traditional with the Bomans themselves, and are not to be relied on. According to Lewis (On the Credibility of Early Roman History), a trustworthy history of Bome does not begin until the war with Pyrrhus. In this statement he undoubtedly goes too far; but the his- tory of the period before the destruction of the city by the Gauls in 390 B.C., while it narrates some historical facts, cannot be accepted as genuine in the form in which it has come down to us. For an excellent discussion of the historical value of these legends, see Ihne's Early Rome. xvill INTRODUCTION II. THE VIEI ROMAE. The Viei Romae was compiled by Charles Francois Lho- mond, Professor Emeritus of the University of Paris, who lived from 1727 to 1794. Lhomond was an enthusiastic teacher of younger pupils, and refused many brilliant posi- tions in order to devote himself to his chosen work. His Viei Romae was a labor of love, especially designed to meet the difficulties of the early stages of Latin study. It is not manufactured Latin, but a compilation from Cicero, Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other Roman writers. In his preface he tells us that he shortened sentences which were too long, and slightly changed the order of the Latin words in some cases ; that in the selection of his material he aimed to stimulate the curiosity and influence the character of his pupils by giving the preference to acts of valor, of mercy, of unselfishness, of nobility of character, and of kindness. The text used in this book is that of the tenth edition of C. Holzer (Stuttgart, 1889), with a few changes in orthog- raphy and punctuation. Holzer revised Lhomond's original text by following more closely the phraseology of the Latin authors from whom the selections are made. He also omitted some passages and inserted others, mainly interest- ing anecdotes. CORNELIUS NEP08 xix III. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CORNELIUS NEPOS. 1. Life of Nepos. Cornelius Nepos was born in Cisalpine Gaul, the native country of Catullus, Vergil, and Livy. The elder Pliny speaks of him as Padi aceola ; and since we know that he was a native of that part of Cisalpine Gaul which was called Insubria, it has been assumed with considerable proba- bility that his birthplace was Ticinum, the modern Pavia. The dates of his birth and death are not certainly known, but he appears to have lived from 99 to 24 B.C. We know that he survived Atticus, who died in 32 B.C., and that he lived to a good old age. His praenomen is unknown. Nepos took up his residence at Rome early in life. He seems to have had an independent fortune and to have devoted his whole attention to literary pursuits. He took no part in politics ; at least, we know from one of Pliny's letters that he was not of senatorial rank, and therefore that he had not held even a quaestorship. He was on terms of intimacy with Cicero, Atticus, and Catullus. Catullus dedicated his book of poems to Nepos in the following complimentary lines : Whom shall I give this pretty little book to, New and fresh from the polish of the grit-stone 1 Thee, Cornelius ! For often thou hast said, these Trifles of mine were not without their merit — Thou, who hast dared, alone of all Italians, This world's tale in volumes three to trace out ; Jove ! What research, what marvels there of learning 1 Therefore, such as it is, this little booklet, Take, friend ; and then, oh tutelary Virgin, Centuries to come may find it still surviving. 1 1 Translated by Theodore Martin, " The Poems of Catullus, Translated into English Verse," Edinburgh and London, 1875. xxii INTRODUCTION IV. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. 1. Life of Caesar. 1 G-aius Julius Caesar is generally supposed to have been born in 100 b.c. in the city of Rome. There is doubt both as to the date of his birth and his 1 lirthplace. The latter was proba- bly Rome ; for if any other city or town had been able to lay claim to the honor, it would doubtless have done so. The date 100 b.c. rests upon the best ancient tra- dition. If it is correct, Caesar held the offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and con- sul two years be- f i ire the legal age. Therefore some scholars have as- sumed that he was born in 102. His family was of old patrician stock and also belonged to the new nobility (see note to p. 58, 1. 1), since 1 For fuller details see the Life of Caesar, pp. 58-82. GA1US JULIUS CAESAR xxill his father had attained the praetorship. He was a nephew of Gaius Marius and hence affiliated with the popular party. Little is known of Caesar's youth. At an early age he married Cornelia, daughter of China, a prominent leader of the popular party, and refused to divorce her at Sulla's command. He studied oratory with Apollonius Molo in Rhodes and in his first military campaign won a civic crown at the siege of Mitylene. In 68 he was elected quaestor and spent his year of office in Spain. As curule aedile in 65 he gave games and shows of unusual magnificence and thus contracted an enormous debt. To secure immunity from his creditors he became a candidate for the office of pontifex maximus, to which he was elected in 63 over candidates of greater age and higher rank. Caesar was suspected of complicity in the conspiracy of Catiline, but the charge could not be proved and it seems on the whole improbable. He was elected praetor for the year 62, and after his term of office became governor of Spain. His creditors attempted to prevent him from leav- ing Eome, but Marcus Crassus became surety for his debts. On his return he formed with Pompey and Crassus (in 60 B.C.) the agreement known as the First Triumvirate. He was elected consul for the year 59, and at the end of that year received the provinces of Cisalpine and Trans- alpine Gaul with Illyricum for a term of five years, which was later extended to ten. During that period he completed the subjugation of Gaul. Meanwhile Crassus had undertaken an expedition against the Parthians and lost his life at Carrhae (53 b.c.) while Pompey had taken sides with the Senate against Caesar. Caesar was ordered to disband his army and return to Eome as a private citizen, but refused to do so unless Pompey would also give up his legions. The Senate thereupon de- clared him a public enemy. Caesar crossed the Eubicon, the XXIV INTRODUCTION boundary of his province, with a legion and advanced upon Rome. Pompey and his followers sailed for Epirus, and Caesar, after spending a few days in Rome , returned to Gaul and led his army against Pompey's forces in Spain. Within forty days he com- pelled Pompey's two gen- erals to surrender, and captured Massilia (49 B.C.). Caesar then took his troops across the Adriatic and fi- nally routed the Pompeians at Pharsalus in Thessaly (4S b.c). Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assas- sinated by order of the king. During the next two years Caesar contended with the survivors of the Pompeian party in Africa and Spain, winning decisive victories at Thapsus in 46 and at Munda in 45 b.c. He then became dicator for life and turned his attention to plans for a reorganization of the government and the improvement of the city and of Italy. But a con- spiracy was formed against him under the lead of Brutus and Cassius and he was assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 b.c. Pompey. 2. The Works of Caesae. A catalogue of Caesar's writings is given us by his biographer Suetonius, who flourished during the reign of Hadrian (117-138 a.d.). Besides some youthful works they comprised a grammatical treatise (Be Analogue), two volumes in criticism of Cato (Anticatones), a collection of GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR XXV witticisms (Apophthegmata), and his Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars. Caesar probably wrote the seven books of the Gallic War in the winter of 52-51 B.C., in Gaul. The conquest of Gaul continued to occupy his attention until the end of the year 50 ; the events of the years 51 and 50 are narrated in the eighth book of, the Gallic War, which was apparently written by Aulus Hirtius, after Caesar's death. Caesar's Civil War has come down to us in three books, covering events of the years 49 and 48 b.o. ; joined with these are three other books, by different authors, on the Alexan- drian, African, and Spanish campaigns in 47, 46, and 45 B.C. Caesar's three books were perhaps written in 46 b.c. The be- ginning of the first book is lost, and there are other lacunae. The text as a whole is in a less satisfactory condition than that of the Gallic War, but this may be due in part to haste of composition if, as has been assumed, Caesar wrote his Civil War by dictation at a time when he was overwhelmed with public business. The first two books deal with the events of a single year, 49, while in other cases Caesar devotes one book to a year ; for this and other reasons it has been sug- gested that Books I and II of the Civil War as we know them formed originally one book. Book I opens with an account of the events which led to the outbreak of the war between Caesar and Pompey (Chap- ters 1-7 ; Selection I).. Twenty-six chapters (8-33) vividly trace the victorious progress of Caesar down the east side of Italy to Brundisium, whence Pompey escaped across the Adriatic, and to Rome, where Caesar spent a brief time, soon setting out for Gaul and Spain. The rest of Book I, and twenty-two chapters of Book II, are devoted to the siege of Massilia, which closed its gates to him, and to operations' in Spain. The chastisement of the Massilians was left to lieutenants, of whom one, Brutus, worsted them in two sea fights (the second is described in Selection II), and the other, XXV111 INTRODUCTION 2. The Infantry. The infantry constituted the chief strength and stay of the army. Relatively, the number of foot-soldiers, who were Italian recruits, was much larger than that of the cavalry, which consisted mainly of foreigners. The Legion. — The tactical unit of the infantry was the cohort. There were ten cohorts (cohortes) in each legion, and each cohort was divided into three maniples (manipuli), and each maniple into two centuries or companies (centuriae, also called ordines). Size. — The size of the legion varied. Theoretically the centuria should have had 100 men ; accordingly there would have been 200 men in a maniple, 600 men in a cohort, and 6000 men in a legion. But it is more than likely that none of Caesar's legions in the Gallic War had at any time its full complement of soldiers. Naturally the legion was largest when it was first recruited, but it gradually became smaller, as the war progressed, from fatalities due to fight- ing or disease. When a legion became too greatly reduced, it was apparently not restored by the addition of new recruits, but an entirely new legion was enlisted. From statements which Caesar makes in the course of his narrative, we may estimate that the legions which took part in the war varied in size from about 3500 to 4500 men. How designated. — Like the corps of the modern army, the legions were distinguished from one another by nu- merals. In the first year of the war Caesar had six legions, numbered consecutively VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. In the second year two new legions were enlisted, desig- nated by the numerals XIII and XIV. In the year 52 B.C., when Alesia was besieged, the Romans had ten legions, the two additional ones being numbered probably I and XV. Officers. — In general, the number of officers in Caesar's army was relatively smaller than in a modern army. The CAESAR'S ARMY XXIX commanding general was the dux or imperator, Caesar him- self. His principal officers, who were put in command of a legion and intrusted with important duties, were the legatl. They belonged to the senatorial order. Besides the legatl there were six tribunes (tribuni mlli- tum) assigned to each legion. It is probable that they performed their duties in rotation. In engagements with the enemy they com- manded possibly the entire legion, or at any rate detachments of it. They took part in councils of war and performed certain ad- ministrative duties. The captains of the maniple were the cen- turions, two in each ; there were thus sixty centurions in the entire legion. It is probable that they ranked ac- cording to the number of the maniple or co- hort in which they served. The primorurn ordinum centuriones ranked highest in the legion, and the ranking centurion of the first cohort of the legion, called primipilus, was perhaps the most impor- tant subordinate officer of the army. The centurions rose from the ranks and belonged socially to the plebs, or great mass of common people. They were almost without excep- A Roman Centurion. XXX INTRODUCTION tion soldiers of fearless courage, who in battle personally led their men, whom they knew by name and by whom they were liked and trusted. Caesar frequently called upon them to take part in councils of war (see Plate II). The quaestor was a financial officer corresponding nearly to the quartermaster-general of the modern army. He was a Eoman state official, who handled the money expended in the campaign and superintended the purchase of sup- plies, food, arms, and general equipment of the army, and paid the soldiers their stipendium. The Roman Legionary. — The foot-soldiers in Caesar's army during the G-allic War, in distinction from the cavalry, were of Italian birth and spoke Latin as their vernacular. Caesar expressly tells us of the enlisting of certain legions in Cisalpine Gaul, now northern Italy. They were, there- fore, not like mercenary troops who sold their services for pay, but their sympathies were strongly pro-Roman. The period of enlistment was twenty years. In stature they were a little undersized, and Caesar remarked upon this fact when comparing them with the tall, huge-bodied Germans. But the wonderful effectiveness of the Eoman army as a fighting machine was due to the rigid discipline and exacting system both of life and army service. Coupled with this was the fact that, as we see many times in the course of the war, the Eoman soldier was something more than a machine manipulated by another, for he frequently proved himself able to take the initiative and to act for himself when occasion demanded. His duties were those which soldiers have had to perform in pretty much every period of history ; besides fighting, he had to do his share in building, fortifying, and protecting the camp, to drill, and to prepare his food. The staple of his food was wheat, of which each soldier received about one peck a week. The wheat was crushed or ground in a handmill. Other articles of food the soldiers occasionally obtained by foraging and CAESAR'S ARMY XXXI looting, or by purchasing them from the camp traders. The soldiers wore a uniform, in the sense that the clothing of all was alike. Over a sleeveless shirt (tauten) of wool was the breastplate (lorica) of leather, strengthened by strips of metal. In cold weather they threw about their shoulders and upper person a military cloak (sai/nm), which was little more than a blanket. They did not wear trousers or stock- ings, but their feet were pro- tected by strong shoes, or at times by sandals. Weapons. — The defensive armor of Caesar's soldiers con- sisted of helmets, greaves, and shields. The helmet was either of metal (cassis) or of leather and metal (galea) (see Plate III). Crests (insignia) were worn on the helmet to distinguish dif- ferent divisions of the army. Greaves (ocreae) were a casing of metal to protect the lower leg; greaves are not mentioned by Caesar. The shields (scuta) were oblong (about 4 by 2 feet), usually rounded slightly. They were made of wood with a heavy leather covering, and were often stiffened by metal bands ; when they were in part of metal they were kept covered, when not in use, with leathern cases to protect them from wet, which would rust the metal and warp the frame. In the center of the outer side of the shield was a rounded projection called the boss (see Plate III, 3). As offensive weapons Caesar's soldiers had the sword and javelin. The sword (gladius) was two-edged and pointed and could thus be used for both slashing and stabbing. It was A Roman Soldier's Shield. xxxn INTRODUCTION not so long as the G-allic sword, being with the handle about 2 feet 3 inches in length. It was encased in a scabbard. The sword was worn on the right side of the body, in dis- tinction from modern usage, and was hung from a strap (balteus) passing over the left shoulder. The javelin (plltmi), which is frequently mentioned in the Commentaries, had a round, rather slender, wrought-iron head, about two feet long, which was fas- tened to the wooden shaft, the length of the whole being about six feet and its weight per- haps 10 pounds. The head of the weapon terminated in a barbed point. Since the head was of wrought iron, it bent easily. Once hurled it was, therefore, ordinarily rendered useless to the enemy, but after the battle the javelins could be gath- ered and straightened and so made serviceable again. Tliev could be thrown with effect from 75 to 100 feet. The discovery of many Roman weapons on the battle field of Alesia and elsewhere has made it possible for us to form a correct idea of their shape and appearance. Exact reconstructions of them have been made and may be seen in various collections of armor. On the march the soldier had to carry his weapons and tools as well as his personal belongings (sarcinae), consisting Gallic and Roman Sword Blades. These were found in the trenches at Alesia. The Roman swords were shorter than the Gallic CAESAR'S ARMY XXXlll of rations of food, cooking utensils, and his private posses- sions. These were all done up together into a compact bun- dle, which was fastened to the end of a short pole carried over the shoulder (see Plate III, 3). The weight of the sarcinae varied, of course, but may have averaged from about 45 to 60 pounds. The pay of the legionary soldier in Caesar's army is esti- mated at 225 denarii, or about $45 a year, but the purchasing power of money was much greater then than now and the require- ments of living simpler. A substantial addition to this pay might be expected from the sale of objects of booty that fell to the share of soldiers. Officers nat- urally received higher pay. The heavy baggage {impedimenta) of the legion was carried by pack-animals (iumenta), perhaps mules. It con- sisted of the soldiers' and officers' tents, which were made of leather, and the appliances for putting them up, tools, stakes,, and other materials for making the camp, commissary supplies, artil- lery, and all the necessary appurtenances belonging to the legion as a whole. It is estimated that between 500 and 600 pack-animals were necessary to transport the impedi- menta of one legion. Javelin Heads. These were found in the trenches at Alesia. XXXIV INTRODUCTION The Roman army had ensigns corresponding to our flags. For the legion as a whole it was an eagle (aquila), usually of silver, carried on the top of a staff by the aquilifer. For the maniple it was a signum, consisting of various emblems carried on a staff by the signifer. As in modern times, the standard was used to distinguish divisions of the army and was carefully guarded in battle. The importance of the signa is illustrated by the way in which this word is used in the follow- ing technical military terms : signa. ferre, ' to advance ' ; signa inferre, ' to advance to the attack ' ; signa refer re, ' to re- treat ' ; signa convertere, ' to face about.' The general had a vex- illum, or square cloth banner, of red, which was displayed near his tent as a signal for battle. The army did not have a band in the modern sense of the word, but it had different kinds of horns used for somewhat the same purposes as now. The tuba was a long, straight instrument with a flaring end, with whose deep notes the gen- eral gave the signal to advance or retreat. The cornu was a large curved instrument having a shriller tone, which took up and passed along the signal given on the tuba. The bucina was used for camp-signals, to sound the reveille and the different divisions of the day. The notes of these instruments were of course much more piercing than the human voice and more inspiring (see Plate II). The Vexillum. A banner of the cavalry. CAESAR'S ARMY XXXV 3. The Cavalry. Caesar's cavalry consisted of foreign troops, mainly Gauls, Germans, and Spaniards. Mention is made of a cavalry force of 4000 Gauls and of a division of 400 German cavalry. The unit of the cavalry was a division called an ala, commanded by a praefectus equitum. This was divided into turmae or squads and these in turn into decu- riae, each commanded by a decurio. The cavalry did effective scouting service and was often used in preliminary skir- mishes to test the strength of the enemy. Occasion- ally by their dash and rapid maneuvering they helped to turn the tide of battle in favor of the Romans (see Plate III). The Cornu. The figure shows the way in which the instrument was carried. 4. The Auxiliaries. Frequent mention is made in the Commentaries of the auxiliary troops of the army, the auxilia. They consisted entirely of foreigners and were drawn chiefly from the allies of Rome. They added numbers to the army and in- creased its apparent strength, but were little relied upon in a decisive engagement. Among important divisions of the auxilia were the slingers (funditores, see Plate III, 1) from the Balearic Islands, the archers (sagittarii) from Numidia and Crete, and the light armed troops (milites levis arrna- XXXVl INTRODUCTION turae), who were employed in raids and rapid movements impossible for the heavy infantry. 5. The Camp. During the summer campaigns the army was protected every night or during a temporary stay in one place by an intrenched camp. The site was chosen usually upon rising ground in the vicinity of timber and water. A supply of fuel near at hand was essential and also a space of ground sufficiently large and level on which to form the troops in line of battle. The camp for the night was undoubtedly quickly made, due to a system that for effectiveness and dispatch may be compared with that which characterizes the daily appearance of the modern circus. The exact lines of the camp and its various divisions were measured off by the army engineers, and detachments of soldiers were detailed to perform set duties. Within a very short time the trenches were dug and the camp set in order. In shape the camp was quadrilateral, approximately a square or a rectangle, but occasionally rather irregular, owing to the lie of the ground. Its dimensions naturally depended on the size of the army. One of Caesar's camps may be meas- ured with great exactness, for after the passing of twenty centuries it has been revealed to us by excavations. This particular camp was made during the Belgian campaign in the first half of the summer of 57 b.c. on the sloping ground between the Aisne river and the Miette brook (see Plan IV). The camp accommodated eight legions, number- ing perhaps about 30,000 soldiers, a division of cavalry, and auxiliaries. This camp was 2159 feet long and 2149 feet wide, enclosing therefore about 106 acres. The corners were rounded. There were two gates on the west side, the front of the camp, and one gate on each of the other three sides. The opening of each gate was shaped thus : -^~ , so that the enemy in attempting to enter would expose his right CAESAR S ARMY xxxvil (■unprotected) side to the tire of the missiles of defenders on the rampart. The gates had no doors, but the opening was closed when it was necessary with piles of turf. The intrenchment consisted of two parts, the fossa and the agger or vallum. The fossa or trench was usually V-shaped and in the case of the camp at the Aisne river was about ten feet deep. For a stronger defensive position, as at Alesia, two fossae were made. The earth removed from the fossa was thrown up toward the inside of the camp and formed the agger. To prevent the embankment from caving in on the outer side, a row of stakes (valli) were driven in along the outer edge, or turf was piled up on its outer face, the whole being called the ~r»:- vallum or rampart (see .^,^IjJl. figure). The height ^P''j 4'Jl of the rampart at the . LJll j . i I jh »,. .. Aisne river was about | ^few ' Jf^ ' twelve feet ; the agger ; ^kjy«F ' itself was perhaps only " ' „ „ - . , . , Cross-section of Vallum and Fossa. four or five feet nigh. At Alesia, and doubtless often elsewhere also, the rampart was further strengthened by erecting a breastwork (lorica) of branches, battlements (pinnae) of wicker-work, and towers at regular intervals. The rampart on the inside was made sloping, so that it could be mounted easily. The soldiers in time of attack stood on the rampart, and the enemy in order to force it had first to cross the fossa; the height of the rampart gave additional momentum to missiles' hurled from it. In the present European war, owing to effective long distance fire, the soldiers occupy the trench and are protected by the rampart, which is thus between them and enemy. The arrangement of the interior of Caesar's camp we do not know definitely. The legionary troops were quartered undoubtedly in their re- spective divisions, with the cavalry and auxiliaries by xxxvril INTRODUCTION themselves. In some central space were the general's tent, known as the praetorium, and the headquarters of his staff. In another place were the headquarters of the quaestor and his assistants, called the quaestorium, and in still another place was the military tribunal. Somewhere in the camp were guarded the food supplies of the army and elsewhere the hostages and prisoners of war. The Birdseye View of a Roman Camp. Note the arrangement of the gates, the fossa and vallum, and the arrangement of the interior with the general's tent near the center traders {mercatores) were established in the rear and out- side of the camp iiitrenchnients. There was a main street down the center of the camp called the via praetoria, con- necting the front gate, the porta praetoria, with the rear gate opposite, the porta decumana. Possibly another main street called the via principalis crossed the via praetoria at right angles and connected the other two gates. Within the camp, skirting the rampart for its entire circuit, ran a wide street, which made access to the wall easy and lessened CAESAR'S ARMY xxxix the likelihood of hostile missiles reaching the tents of the Eomans. When once the camp was made, it was protected against surprise by numerous sentinels, posted (in statione) along the wall and at the gates. Squads of cavalry may have been posted outside and scouts kept constant watch of the coun- try in the immediate vicinity of the camp. At night the number of pickets was undoubtedly increased and they were relieved at intervals ; the night, extending from sunset to sunrise, was divided into four equal watches (vigiliae). In the winter camp (castra hiberna) the arrangements were doubtless quite similar to those of the summer camp, except that in a permanent camp more attention could be given to the comfort of the soldiers. 6. On the Mabch. In the morning during the summer campaign the army, if on the march, left camp at sunrise, not taking the trouble of course to level the intrenchments, and marched from about 15 to 20 miles for the day's march, when they stopped to make camp again for the coming night. The day's march, counting periods of rest, occupied seven or eight hours. Forced marches (maxima itinera) were some- times necessary, on which the army could cover 25 miles or more a day; on one occasion Caesar made a forced march of 50 Roman miles in less than thirty hours. Since the day's march was from one camp to another, distances were sometimes expressed in " camps " ; thus a distance of " five camps " means a five days' march. It is to be noted that the Roman mile was somewhat shorter than the English mile. A Roman mile was accounted 1000 passus, a single passus being five feet, or the distance of two steps. Thus the Roman mile had 5000 Roman feet, as compared with the English mile of 5280 English feet. Furthermore, the xl INTRODUCTION Eoman foot was about .97 of an English foot; there are, therefore, about 4850 English feet in the Roman mile. On the march the soldier carried his private belongings, weapons, food, and work-tools (sarcinae); his helmet he sometimes carried on a cord passing around his neck; his shield was protected from dust and rain in its leather case, and his helmet crest and other insignia were also carefully protected. The head of the column was the primum agmen, which in case of sudden attack engaged the enemy until the main body of the army could prepare itself. The rear was called the novissimum agmen. The width of the column in regular marching order depended naturally on the character of the country traversed. But it may be conjectured that ordi- narily the army marched in divisions of maniples with 12 men abreast, occupying with the officers a space 40 feet wide. Marching in this fashion, a legion of 3600 men with four feet from breast to breast would stretch out 1200 feet and further (about a quarter of a mile), if we suppose, as would be reasonable, that a space was left between cohorts ; the train of pack animals attending each legion would be about half as long. If necessary, a simple maneuver could reduce this width of the column by one half. When there was no apparent danger of an attack by the enemy, the order of march was by legions, each followed by its own baggage' train (impedimenta). But when approaching the enemy, the legions of three quarters of the army were massed together, followed by the baggage train of the en- tire army, the remaining quarter of the army bringing up the rear. In this way the baggage was protected, and the greater part of the army was ready for instant action. A river was crossed by fords wherever possible ; other- wise a bridge was built. Bridges were either temporary pontoon bridges constructed by building a roadway over a line of anchored boats ? or more permanent ones of CAESAR'S ABMT xli wooden piles and cross timbers. For the latter the services of the military engineers (fabri) were required. Caesar's cavalry probably marched also in more or less regular formation. When he had 4000 mounted men, they could march eight abreast on a road 40 feet wide. If we allow ten to twelve feet for each rank, the entire line would stretch out over a mile, or twice that distance if they pro- ceeded four abreast. In the years when Caesar had 10 legions his entire army train, including the cavalry, would in close marching order trail along over 9 or 10 miles at least. 7. The Battle. A line of battle was formed (acies instructa) preparatory to an engagement with the enemy. Just what the arrange- ment 'was in detail is not known, but it is believed that each legion was drawn up by cohorts. The three maniples of each cohort stood side by side, each maniple having a depth of 10 ranks or lines, consisting of 12 each, abreast. With the officers each cohort of a legion of 3600 men would have a front of 120 feet and a depth of forty feet. This allows' about three feet of lateral space for each soldier and four feet between every two ranks. The ten cohorts of each legion were not placed side by side, but the most common arrangement was the acies triplex, in which there were four cohorts in the first acies and three in each of the other two, with a space between every two cohorts of the front lines equal in length to the front of the cohort posted behind, thus : This arrangement was adopted after long experimentation as the most effective. If the first line became exhausted, xlii INTRODUCTION it could be reenforced by the second line marching forward. The third line was held in reserve, and was often relied upon to turn the tide of battle when a crisis was reached. Usually the veterans were put in the first line. The front line of four cohorts would be 840 feet long, and since the legions stood side by side, each in three lines, the line of battle formed by the six legions at the Aisne river extended about a mile. The front of the line was divided into the right flank (cornu dextrum), the left flank (cornu sinistrum), and the center (media acies). The most experienced and reliable legions were placed on the flanks. The cavalry was often stationed on the extreme flanks. It was employed to execute flank movements on the enemy, and to pursue and kill them when they had been put to flight. The order to begin the battle (signum) was given on the tuba by command of the general, and passed on to the trumpeters of the various legions. Caesar himself, who was mounted, took up a position when the attack was begun, and watched closely the progress of the battle everywhere, sending order- lies with dispatches or directing the movements of rein- forcements as they were needed. The Romans, where it was possible, selected rising ground for their position, and having formed in a motionless line of battle challenged the enemy to approach and attack them from their lower position. Though disadvantageous to the enemy, the challenge was sometimes accepted. If it was not accepted and the ground between them was unob- structed, the Romans advanced sometimes with a rush. At a distance of about forty feet from the enemy's front they hurled their pikes upon them in a shower, and then at closer quarters drew their swords and the battle be- came a hand-to-hand combat. Warfare in Caesar's day was largely a contest of muscle and brawn, for artillery was em- ployed in the main only in siege operations. The volatile CAESAR'S ARMY xliii Gauls at the first onset frequently turned and fled in dis- order without making a desperate resistance, although there ■were many battles in which they displayed remarkable courage and yielded to the Romans a hard-earned victory. Caesar sent the cavalry to pursue, and put to death the fleeing remnants of the enemy's army. 8. Captube of a Town. A hostile Gallic town was captured by a rapid assault (oppugnatio) or by a formal siege (obsidio). The former method was employed to reduce fortified towns that were small or those which from their location or lack of de- fenders would be likely to make less resistance. First the native defenders standing armed upon the town walls were dislodged from their positions by the missiles of slingers and bowmen. Then the fossa about the town was filled up with brush and dirt, and scaling ladders were raised against the wall, by which the legionary soldiers clambered to the top. Operations were often facilitated by the battering ram (aries), a great swinging beam whose end, fortified by a metal head resembling a ram's, was powerfully driven against the side of the town wall, making a breach in it through which the troops forced their way (see Plate IV, 1). The whole action was most spirited and, if successful, required only a short time to carry out (see Plate I). If the town was large and occupied a strong natural posi- tion, Caesar settled down for a long siege. The tactics employed depended on circumstances. At Alesia, which occupied a high isolated elevation surrounded by depres- sions and streams of water, the Romans encircled the hill, on which the town lay, by an elaborate system of double intrenchments, one line to confine the imprisoned Gauls, another to prevent reinforcements or supplies from reaching them. The garrison was therefore reduced by starvation. Wherever the lie of the ground permitted, the besiegers xliv INTRODUCTION constructed as the most effective of siege -works a high intrenchment (agger), extending to the town and having a height equal to that of the town wall. The agger was in effect a colossal roadway, sometimes as high as 80 feet, giving access to the top of the wall. It was built of earth, stones, and timbers and was sometimes set on fire by the enemy. In the interior of the agger were galleries, and this feature of it hastened the action of fire. The agger was started some distance back from the wall, out of the range of the enemy's missiles. Nearer the town wall the work of con- struction was facilitated by the operations of slingers and archers, who under the protection of large movable shields, called plutel (Plate V, 4, 5), attempted to keep the town wall clear of defenders. Furthermore the workmen used roofed sheds (vineae, Plate V, 9) open at both ends ; they were moved on rollers, and could be shoved together end to end, forming a long protected gallery, through which materials could be brought forward safely. Sometimes movable towers having several stories were built and pushed forward (Plate V, 7), on which soldiers and artil- lery were posted to engage the townsmen with a fusillade of weapons ; at times in fact an agger was built on which the tower could be moved up to the very wall of the town. When the agger was completed, the legions had an unim- peded, straight roadway on which to force an entrance to the town. The battering ram might also be brought into service (see Plate IV, 1). 9. Abtilleby. Caesar's army was provided with hurling engines, which correspond to the artillery of a modern army, although with one exception they are uniformly called in the narra- tive of the Gallic War by the general term, tormenta (Plates IV, V). As in modern times, the different types of hurling engines had special names, among which the CAESAR'S ARMY xlv most common are catapulta, ballista, and scorpio; the latter is the only special type mentioned in the account of the Gallic War. The hurling power was torsion, that is, it was furnished by the motive power of twisted ropes or hair. The frame of the engine was from six to eight feet high. At the upper part of the frame on each side an arm was thrust into the meshes of rope or hair, which when twisted and let go threw the arms violently outward. The two ends of the arms were connected by a bowstring which was drawn down to the trigger by means of a windlass. It was possible to train the engine up or down, and to the right or left ; it thus had a wide range. The mis- siles hurled were heavy stones, large arrows, and pike- shaped shafts of wood. Missiles could be thrown with effect about a quarter of a mile. These hurling engines were used, not in field battles, but in the storming of cities, in positions of defense where they would remain stationary, or on the deck of a ship to drive the enemy away, and make a landing possible. They were heavy and cumbrous, and not so conveniently moved from place to place as are modern cannon. 10. The Battle-Fields op Caesak To-day. Several of the camp-sites and battle-fields of Caesar in Gaul have been absolutely identified. As stated above, the Eomans on breaking camp in the morning did not take the time and trouble to level their intrenehments, but these trenches have been leveled in the passing of the A Tormentum. xlvi INTRODUCTION centuries by rains and the processes of cultivation of the ground. Thus the fossa was filled in again, not with earth in its original strata, but with the miscellaneous mass of dirt that gradually slid down into it from the rampart. Hence an excavation to-day, made straight across one of Caesar's trenches, reveals its outlines sharply and clearly, shaped like the letter V. This evidence, aided by what Caesar him- self says in his text, leaves no doubt of the exact place where the battle with the Helve- tians occurred, or the battle at the Aisne, the siege of Alesia, and man}- others. At Alesia were found many swords, spears, javelins, remains of shields, coins, and other objects that once be- longed to the soldiers in Caesar's army. Among other things was a beautiful silver cup, booty that had perhaps fallen into the hands of some officer or soldier. A Cut across a Roman Trench (a little later than Caesar's time). About three feet of upper soil has formed since the trench was made. 11. Caesar's Navy. In his operations iu northern Europe Caesar required the assistance of war vessels (naves longae) and transports (naves oiierariae) for the campaign against the Yeneti and for the two British expeditions. For the Venetic campaign he had ships or galleys (naves longae) built. CAESAR'S ARMY xlvii They were of light draft and were propelled swiftly by means of both sails and oars, chiefly by the latter. The rowers sat under the deck on benches arranged usually in three tiers. The method by which a hostile ship was dis- abled was by ramming. The prow of the Roman galley was sheathed with a bronze beak (rostrum). Taking a good start, and propelled at a terrific speed by the oarsmen, the galley crashed amidships into the enemy's vessel, to stave a hole in its sides and cause it to sink. Another method was to approach the enemy's ship, hold the rail tightly with grappling irons, and then board her. If the hostile ship was built high, the Romans erected towers upon their own deck and showered missiles from its height down upon the enemy. In the sea-fight with the Veneti the Romans used knives fastened to the ends of long poles to cut the ropes that held the sails and thus won the victory. For the sails fell, and since the Venetic ships were propelled by sails only, they fell an easy prey to the resourceful Romans. In the first British expedition Caesar had 80 transports and a small number of galleys. In the second expedition he had a fleet of about 540 transports and 28 galleys. 12. Caesar's Rules of Strategy. Caesar was victorious so often, not only because he had a fine, well-disciplined army, a splendid, intelligent fighting machine, but also because he was a great general. The following are some of his rules of warfare which we can formulate from the story of his operations. They may be applied also in times of peace to win success in life. • 1. Strike quickly. Do not wait to begin an engagement when you can fight it now. 2. Divide the enemy's forces and conquer each part separately. 3. Make friends wherever you can. xlviii INTBODUCTION 4. Be brave but cautious. Before advancing be reason ably sure that it is safe to do so. 5. Engage the enemy's attention in some way, that they may be inactive and unsuspecting, while you seize the opportunity to strengthen your position. 6. Select a position for battle that is most advantageous to you and most disadvantageous to the enemy. 7. Act quickly, so that, before the enemy learn that you have started to do something, you will already have finished it. 8. Be merciless to those who prove treacherous. 9. Do not send an ultimatum to the enemy unless you know that you can back it up with force. 10. Make a surprise attack upon the enemy's rear while you are engaging them in front. 11. Keep intact the lines of communication with your base of supplies. 12. Hold a part of your forces in reserve. 13. Keep a watchful eye on the enemy all the time. 14. Make the enemy overconfident by minimizing the size and strength of your own forces. 15. Keep your word, even with the enemy. 16. Be fearless and confident. The enemy have been beaten before. 17. Never give up and neyer be discouraged, no matter what the odds are. 13. The Gauls. The Gauls at the time of Caesar's occupation had no national unity, being divided into a large number of more or less isolated states. It was during the progress of this war that they realized slowly the importance of a combina- tion of their forces, and in the seventh year of the war they elected a commander-in-chief of the entire Gallic army, Vercingetorix, who is justly honored to-day as the first CAESAR'S ARMY xlix national hero of France. The Gauls, it is needless to say, were brave in the defense of their country, but they failed, partly because they were not trained in military science and partly because they were by nature too volatile. They entered upon a battle with a fierce and determined onset, but in the face of the steady charge of the Romans they turned and fled. In numbers they surpassed their enemy, but in leadership, organization, and sustained effort they were quite inferior. But they were not nomadic bar- barians. They had villages and walled towns. They had a highly developed religious system and to some extent engaged in trade. The walls of their fortified towns were built of a cross-timbered construction with the intervening spaces filled with earth and stones. Well preserved remains of a Gallic wall were found at Bibracte (see Plate V, 3). This kind of wall construction provided an excellent means of defense against the Roman battering ram, which was designed to demolish a wall made entirely of stone or bricks and rubble. The Gauls did not tamely submit to Roman rule and they proved themselves to be a foe worthy of Caesar's best efforts. If they retreated, it was to make a determined stand at some other time or place. Some states preferred almost to suffer annihilation rather than surrender. They learned military tactics from the Romans themselves and later, after their subjugation, adopted in part the language and institutions of their conquerors. 14. Caesab's Mission in Gaul. Caesar was drawn gradually into the war. The reasons he assigns for invading a peaceful country sound plausible ; namely, that it was to protect the interests of the allies of Rome. Probably the lurking fear of a German invasion of Italy influenced him. At any rate, it may be questioned 1 INTRODUCTION whether an older civilized nation does not have the right to impose its civilization upon a primitive people, as the United States, for instance, is attempting to do in the Phil- ippines. By the slow process of absorption through the centuries ancient Gaul became transformed into modern Prance, having as a heritage from Rome in modified form her language, religion, coinage, and military and legal insti- tutions. 15. Britain. It is true that in his two expeditions into Britain Caesar did not in reality bring a new land under the sovereign power of Borne, but at least he called the attention of the Roman world anew to the islands lying beyond the North Channel. It was an expedition of adventure rather than of conquest. The natives, he found, were almost barbaric. They painted their faces in order to inspire fear in the enemy. Their dress and weapons were strange. Like all primitive peoples they were warriors and their method of fighting with war chariots was so strange that Caesar de- votes a chapter to a description of it. Although Caesar may have accomplished but little in a military sense by these expeditions, his narrative of this portion of the war is intensely interesting, and the fact that Julius Caesar once crossed the Thames river and was only a short dis- tance from the site of London will always stir the imagina- tion of all of us who belong to the English-speaking race. HINTS TO THE PUPIL 1 I. Pronunciation and reading of the Latin. — First read the assigned lesson through, aloud if possible, in the original, taking care to pro- nounce correctly, and to indicate clearly the distinction between long and short vowels. Observe that the pronunciation of u is lite that in English rude, not as in unite. Notice also that the e, %, 8, u differ from e, l, o, u not only in quantity, but in quality as well, the latter being close, and the former open vowels. Be careful about the pronuncia- tion of consonant i, of v, of bs and bt, of c, g, s, and x, and of the aspirates (ph., ch, ili). Of two doubled consonants each is distinctly sounded ; e.g. il-le, Metel-lus. This is not the case in English ; e.g. in wholly. Be careful to place the accent correctly. Remember that the ac- cent depends not on the quantity of the vowels, but of the syllables; e.g. Metel-lus, proftc-tus. As you read, try to divide the sentences into parts, according to the grammatical relations of the words to one another. These will often correspond to the marks of punctuation, but not always: e.g. Posthunc | Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, | genitus ex nobili femina \ captlva tamen etfamula. \ Try to understand the meaning of the text as far as possible, before translating it into English. Look up in the Vocabulary the "words whose meaning you do not know, and try to fix their significa- tion permanently in your mind. Notice the derivation of the words, or associate them with the English words descended from them, ■which are given in the Vocabulary. Do not look up the same ■word day after day, but learn its meaning the first time you meet it. II. Translation into English. — When you have read the lesson carefully in Latin, translate it into the best possible English. Re- 1 These Hints are the result of practical experience in the classroom, and an attempt has been made to warn the pupil against the errors which he is constantly liable to make. li Hi BINTS TO THE PUPIL member that Latin and English are different languages with differ- ent idioms, and that the one cannot be translated word for word into the other. Keep as close as possible to the original; but do not attempt to translate literally, when the Latin idiom differs from the English. E.g. pollicitus est se hoc facturum esse, ' he promised that he would do this'; ea re cognita, 'when this was known,' 'since this was known,' etc., according to the context. In preparing the reading lesson from day to day, be sure to look up carefully all references to the Introduction and Grammatical Appendix. Do not be discouraged if the meaning is not clear to you at first. Be patient and attack the sentence again, determined, like Caesar, to succeed in overcoming difficulties. Observe that Latin words cannot always be translated by the corresponding English word : for example, generosus, nobilis. Note the Latin derivation and the exact meaning of such words. Avoid such stereotyped translations as ille, ' that one ' ; quidam, ' a certain one ' ; quidem, ' indeed ' ; ipse, ' self ' or ' very.' Find out what the exact force of the word is in each instance, and render it accord- ingly. HI. History, Geography, Mythology, and Antiquities. — In order to read the Latin authors easily and appreciatively, it is necessary not only to have the ability to understand and to translate the text, but to gain as well a knowledge of the historical environment, and of the conditions of Roman life. This may be acquired gradually, by carefully noticing all references of that nature. The necessary information is given in the Notes and Vocabulary. In the case of geographical names, do not be content to be told the location of a place, but find its exact position on the map. If the Vocabulary, for example, tells you that Sparta was the capital of Laconia, turn to the map of Greece, and find out where Laconia was situated, and in what part of the state Sparta was located. IV. The Grammatical Appendix has been provided in order that the student may look up forms and constructions with as little labor as possible. Look up all references to it, unless their meaning is already clear to you. If you are weak on forms, review them con- stantly until you have fixed them permanently in your mind. F ° ^M^^^^tfe ^ HI \ % 4^ V LATIN READER ROMAN HISTORY Early Italian rulers; Aeneas comes to Italy. 1. Antiquissimls temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse dicitur. Ibi baud procul a Ianiculo arcem condidit, eamque 1. 1. Antiquissimls: 'very early.' 193. 1 temporibus: for the case see 181. in Italiam : for the meaning of in with the ace. see 186, 1 (a). venisse dicitur : ' is said to have come,' the pass, personal constr. Notice that the action of the verb venisse takes place before that of dicitur. See note preceding 274. What would be the meaning of venire dicitur; of venturus esse dicitur ? 2. Ianiculo : ' the Janiculum,' a hill on the west side of the river Tiber. See Vocab. and map opp. p. 57. eamque Satumiam: two accusatives, objects of appelldvit, both referring to the same thing, the latter being a pred. ace. 127. 1 The numbers throughout the Notes refer to the Grammatical Appen- dix, p. 489. These references should be looked up carefully, for the in- formation obtained in this way will assist in understanding the Latin. References like this, p. 10, 1. 8, are to the pages of this book. Transla- tions of Latin words or phrases are in single quotation marks. The ex- planations of proper names, and the location of places, are given in part in the Vocabulary. abl. = "ablative " ; abs. = " absolute " ; cf. (confer) =" compare " ; sc. (scilicet) = " supply," " understood " ; N. = " note " ; Rem. = " remark " ; Vocab. = " Vocabulary," at the end of the book ; dir. disc. = "direct dis- course " ; ind. disc. = " indirect discourse " (oratio obliqua) ; constr. = " construction " ; 1. = " line " ; p. = " page " ; pp. = " pages " ; lit. = " lit- eral," "literally"; trans. = " translate " or "translation"; deriv. = "derivation." For other abbreviations see the list preceding the Vocabulary. 1 2 ROMAN HISTOBY Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agrl culturam docuit. 2. Postea Latlnus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troia in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, 5 cum multis Troianis, quibus ferrum G-raecorum pepercerat, aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latlnus rex ei benigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quam in honorem coniugis Lavinium appellavit. 1. Italos . . . culturam : two accusatives, objects of docuit, one referring to the person affected, the other to the result produced, 128. primus . . docuit: ' was the first to teach,' 191. Primum, in place of primus, would mean ' in the first place he taught. ' 2. 3. in illis regionibus : for the constr. see 174. imperavit: here used intransitively, or absolutely, 205. Sub : 'under the rule of.' 4. Troia : Troy was captured and destroyed by the allied forces of the Greeks, under the Aeneas. \%9& of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Ac- A coin of the emperor cordm g t0 tradition this event took place at the Antoninus, representing beginning of the twelfth century b.c. in the flight of the hero from Asia . on the meaI1 i n g f ,;„ with the abl . see Troy. He carries his ° father, Anchises, on his 174. CI. ire Italiam, p. 1, 1. 1. Hinc : 'from shoulder and leads his son, this place,' 'thence,' i.e. from Troy. Learn Ascanius, by the hand. „ ,, TT , ,. . „._,-,, from the vocab. the meanings of hie, hue, hinc. Aeneas, Anchisae : see Vocab. For the declension of these Greek nouns see 15. filius : for the constr. see 121. 5. cum multis Troianis : 167. quibus : for the case see 149, o. Graecorum : see note on Troia, 1. 4 above, aufugit : meaning of an- ? What is the length of the root vowel in the present tense ? See Vocab. 6. pervenit : what is the force of per- ? What is the quantity of the root vowel in the pres. ? ei benigne recepto . dedit : 'received him kindly and gave to him.' Note the lit. trans., and see 276. For the case of el see 148. 7. Laviniam: see note on filius, 1. 4 above. 8. coniugis: objective gen. with honorem, 137. quam . . . Lavinium : see note on eamque Saturniam, p. 1,1. 2. THIS ALBAN KINGS 3 The Alban kings. 3. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae films, regnum accepit. Hie sSdem regnl in alium locum transtulit, urbem- que condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam Longam nun- cupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem The Roman Campagna. In the distance are the Alban Hills. The highest elevation is the Mons Albanus. 3. 1. Post : governs what word ? Limiting words are sometimes put between the prep, and its case. 2. sedem regnl : 'seat of royal government.' 3. in: 'on,' 'upon.' monte Albano : The Mons Albanus, now Monte Cavo, lies a few miles southeast of Rome. Albam Longam: the city was so called because it stretched out in a long line on the slopes of the mons Albanus; 127. nuncupavit : derivation? See Vocab. 4. Eum: 'him.' Is is frequently used as the pers. pron. of the third person. 4 SOMAN HISTORY a Lavinia genitus erat. Eius posterl omnes usque ad R.6- mam conditam Albae regnaverunt. 4. Unus horum regum, Bomulus Silvius, sg love maiorem esse dicebat, et, cum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clipeos 5 hastis percuterent, dicebatque hunc sonum multo elariorem esse quam tonitrum. Fulmine ictus, et in Albanum lacum praecipitatus est. ! 5. Silvius Proca, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Numitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, 10 fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona quae pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetulit; Amulius regnum obtinuit. I. a Lavinia : abl. of source, 159. ad Somam conditam : 'until the founding of Rome.' Note the lit. trans, and see 280. The traditional date of the founding of Rome is 753 b.c. : 2. Albae : locative case. How translated ? See 176. 4. 3. horum: i. e. of those who ruled at Alba. regum: what use of the gen. ? 138. se . . . esse : inf. with subj. ace. in ind. disc, introduced by dicebat. Study carefully 265. Trans, 'that he was.' Notice that esse represents time contemporaneous with that of edeebat ; se is a reflexive pron., 197. love : see 33; and for the case, 161. 4. dicebat: ' was wont to say. ' See 209. cum . . tonaret: on the mood see 235 ; tonaret is an impersonal verb, 204. mili- tibus imperavit : see note on quibus, p. 2, 1. 5. ut . . percu- terent : ' to strike,' a subst. clause of purpose, 260. 5. hastis : abl. of means or instrument, 163. multo elariorem : 'much louder.' For the case of multo see 168. nunc sonum . . . esse : ' that this sound was ' ; see note on se . . . esse, 1. 3 above. 6. quam tonitrum : tonitrum is in the same case as the thing with which it is compared (sonum). What other way of expressing comparison ? cf. love, 1. 3 above. ictus : sc. est. 5. 8. Proca : the twelfth in the series of the Alban kings ; 14. 9. Horum : see note on regum, 1. 3 above. minor natu : ' the younger.' For the case of natu see 171. 10. utrum . . . vellet, an bona : sc. habere; a double ind. ques- tion, ' whether — or,' depending on optionem dedit. See 269, a, and 219. II. reliquisset : ' had left,' the plup. and not the perf. is used be- ROMULUS AND REMUS; FOUNDING OF ROME 5 Romulus and Remus ; founding of Rome. 6. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possidgret, Numitoris fllium per Insidias interemit, et filiam fratris Rheam Sil- viam Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdoti- bus non licet viro nubere. Sed haee a Marte geminos filios Romulum et Kemum peperit. Hoc cum Amulius compe-5 cause the action of the verb is prior to that of vellet, upon which it depends. The subjunctive is used because quae . . . rellquisset is a part of the ind. question. This use is sometimes called subj. by attraction, 272. 6. 1. ut . . . possi- deret : a clause expressing the purpose of Amulius in killing (interemit) the son of Numitor. Trans, ut by ' in order that,' 229. 2. fratris : i.e. of whom ? filiam . . . Vestalem virginem fecit : see note on eamque Satur- niam, p. 1,1. 2. The Vestal Virgins were priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. They were bound by a vow of chastity, a violation of which was punished by burial alive. Rheam Silviam : 121. 3. sacerdotibus : dat. case with licet. 4. viro nubere : ' to marry,' lit. ' to veil oneself (as a bride) for the bridegroom.' For the case of viro see 149, a. nubere is the sub- ject of licet; see 274. haec : i.e. Rhea Silvia. Romulum et Remum : 121. Hoc : i.e. that she was the mother of twins. 5. cum . . . comperisset : cf. cum . . . tonaret, p. 4, 1. 4. Observe that here the time of comperisset is prior to that of the verb on which it depends, i.e. coniecit. A Vestal Virgin. A statue of Virgo Vestalis Maxima, or Chief of the Vestals, in her ritual dress. 6 ROMAN HISTORY risset, matrem in vincula coniecit, pueros autem in Tiberim abici iussit. 7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra rlpam se effuderat, et, cum pueri in vado essent positl, aqua refluens eos in sicco reli- 5 quit. Ad eorum vagitum lupa aecurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quldam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustulit, et uxor! Accae Larentiae nutriendos dedit. 8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores trans- egerunt. Cum adolevissent, et forte comperissent quis 10 ipsorum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium interf ecerunt, 1. matrem: so. puerdrum; i e. Rhea Silvia. 2. abici iussit : ' commanded to be cast away.' abici depends on iussit, 260, a, Note. 7. 3. Forte : adv. Tiberis : gen. case limiting aqua. ultra ripam : inundations, caused by the Tiber's overflowing its banks, were a common occurrence also in the historical period. se : a reflexive pron., 197. in vado : ' in a shallow place.' 4. essent positi : for the mood see 235. refluens: 'by flowing back,' a pres. act. part., expressing the manner of rellquit, 276 and Note. in sicco: sc. loco, 'on dry land.' 5. Ad eorum vagitum : ' attracted by their crying,' lit. ' towards their crying.' aecurrit : perf. tense. uberibus suis aluit : i.e. she suckled them. 6. Quod : in Latin a rel. pron very often introduces a sentence, where in Eng. we use a demonstrative or pers. pron., 202, a. Trans, 'one (quldam) Faustulus, seeing this.' pastor: 121. illius: what case ? 81. 7. Accae Larentiae : 121. nutriendos: ' to be nourished '; the gerundive (fut. pass, part.) agrees with pueros, and expresses the purpose of dedit, 285. 8. 8. transegerunt : for the agreement see 123, 6. 9. Cum adolevissent . comperissent : see note on comperis- set, p. 5, 1. 5. quis . . avus : sc. fuisset from the following clause. quis and quae are subjects, each of its own clause, while avus and mater are pred. nouns. 10. ipsorum : i.e. of Romulus and Remus, the subjects understood of adolevissent and comperissent. The word is here equivalent to a ROMULUS AND REMUS ; FOUNDING OF ROME 7 et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condi- derunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo nomine Eomam vocavit. Haec cum moenibus circumdaretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irrldens moenia transilit. The Alban Lake. A view across the Lacus Albanus. On the opposite side is the ridge on which the town of Alba Longa probably stood. reflexive pron., 201. fuisset : subj. in an ind. question, dependent on comperissent, 259. What would be the direct form of the question ? 1. Numitori: 148. 2. monte Aventino : it is believed by modern scholars that the city of Romulus was built rather on the Palatine Hill, situated at the south corner of the depression where the Forum Romanum was after- wards built. See map opp. p. 57. 3. H6rnam:127. Haec, i.e. urbs ( = Roma). moenibus : abl. of means, 163. circumdaretur : ' was being surrounded.' 4. dum . . . transilit : on the mood and tense see 236. irrl- dens : the pres. part, expressing the attendant circumstances of transilit. Cf. refluens, p. 6, 1. 4, and the note. ROMAN HISTORY The war with the Sabines. 9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum pate- fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis eivibus coniuggs deerant. Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos Instituit. Ad hos cum multi ex flnitimls 5populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Roman! inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- versus raptores susceperunt. Cum Romae appropinquarent, forte in Tarpeiam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce sacra 10 procuxabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, 9, 1. ut . . . augeret : cf . ut . . . possideret, p. 5, 1. 1. When the subject of a subordinate clause and the main clause is the same, it is usually put first in Latin ; but this order is to be avoided in English, asylum : the asylum (' place of refuge ') is supposed to have been opened in the natural depression lying between the northeastern and southwestern summits of the Capitoline Hill. See map, opp. p. 57. 2. quod : antecedent is asylum, pulsi : ' who had been expelled ' ; the part, should often be translated by a rel. clause. 3. coniugea : subj. of deerant. Deriv. ? SeeVocab. eivibus : dat. case with deerant; 154, a. 4. hos : sc. ludos. cum . . . venissent : see note on compe- risset, p. 6, 1. 5. 5. populis : 'peoples,' in the sense of 'nations,' 'tribes.' cum mulieribus et liberis : see note on cum Troianls, p. 2, 1. 5. inter ipsos ludos : 'in the very midst of the games.' Note the trans, of ipsos; 200, a. 6. spectantgs : modifies virgines. See note on pulsi, 1. 2 above. 10. 7. quorum: 'whose.' adversus : prep. SeeVocab. 8. Romae : on the case see 149, 6. appropinquarent : note the tense. What time does it denote ? 9. forte . . inciderunt: 'they happened to meet.' virginem: 121. in arce . . . procurabat : ' was conducting sacred rites in the citadel.' 10. ut monstraret : ' to show the way,' 260. THE WAR WITH THE SABINES 9 elque permiserunt, ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit ut sibi darent quod in sinistris manibus gererent, anulos aureos et armillas significans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutis Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et haec in sini- stris manibus gerebant. 5 The House of the Vestals. A restoration showing the courtyard with the surrounding colonnades iporticus). 1. ut . . . sibi posceret : 'to ask for herself,' 198. On the tense of posceret and monstraret (p. 8, 1. 10) see 219, and on the mood, 261. ut . . . darent : cf . ut . . . monstraret, p. 8, 1. 10. sibi : 148. 2. quod: the antecedent is id, the obj. of darent. in: 'on.' gererent : the subjunctive because the clause of which gererent is the verb is a part of the purpose clause. See note on rellquisset, p. 4, 1. 11. 3. significans: limits ilia, subj. of petiit. ab ea : i.e. Tarpeia. The abl. of the agent requires the prep, a, ab ; 160. 4. perducti : expresses time. How should it be translated ? scutis: see note on hastis, p. 4, 1. 5. et: 'also,' i.e. as well as what? 10 ROMAN HISTORY 11. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpeium tenebat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Ro- manum est. In media caede raptae proeesserunt, et hinc patres, hinc coniuges et soceros complectebantur, et roga- 5 bant ut caedis finem facerent. Utrique his precibus com- moti sunt. Romulus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. Division of citizens; death of Romulus. 12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, eosque cum ob aetatem turn ob reverentiam els debitam 11. 1. hoste: i.e. Sabinis. montem Tarpeium: the famous 'Tarpeian Rook,' probably on the south side of the Capitoline Hill. From this rock traitors and criminals were hurled. Cf. Byron, Childe Harold, iv, 112 : " Where is the rock of Triumph, the high place Where Rome embraced her heroes ? where the steep Tarpeian — fittest goal of Treason's race, The promontory whence the Traitor's Leap Cured all ambition ? ' ' 2. forum Romanum : see note on monte Aventino, p. 7, 1. 2, above. 3. in media, caede : 'in the midst of the bloody battle.' raptae: sc. mulieres, and trans, by a rel. clause. hinc hinc : ' on this side ... on that.' 4. patres : i.e. Sabinos, while coniuges et soceros are the Romans. 5. ut . facerent ; cf. ut . . . monstrdret, p. 8, 1. 10. TJtri- que : from uterque. precibus : 163. 6. foedus icit : 'made a treaty.' In early Rome, when a treaty was made, a. victim was killed ('struck ') as part of the ceremony. 12. 8. civitatem descripsit : ' divided the citizens into classes.' legit : note the quantity of the penult. How does it determine the tense of the word ? 9. cum . . turn : ' not only . . . but also.' See Vocab. ob aetatem : senatores is connected etymologioally with senex ' old man.' debitam: see note el is dat. governed by obviam. Hum est is impersonal. 7. publica pecunia: 'at the public expense'; 164. 8. Gravissimae : modifying inimicitiae ; note the emphatic posi- tion. 9. ut : = ita ut. res diriml non posse : ' the matter could not be settled.' nisi : ' except.' 10. quidem : ' for his part.' summo studio : 166. 14. veniam: 'pardon.' ultro: 'freely, without solicitation.' Octavianum : C. Octavius after his adoption by Julius Caesar took the name of C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, after the usual custom. He received the title Augustus in 27 b.c. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 93 Caesaris herSdem, fovit, Antoniuin impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur. Sed Antonius, inita cum Octayiano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi inimicum proscrlpsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in villam quae a marl proxime aberat 5 fugit indeque navem conseendit, in Macedonian! transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altuin provectum cum modo venti ad- versl rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris patl non posset, taedimn tandem eum et fugae et vltae cepit, regres- 1. Antonium : see note to p. 76, 1. 7, above. 4. iam diu ... inimlcum : 'who had long been his (personal) enemy, 5. transversis : ' cross- country.' itineribus : see note on quo, p. 92, 1. 6. a man . . . aberat : ' was nearest to the sea.' Note the Latin idiom, 'was near- est, reckoning (away) from the sea.' 9. Macedoniam: a country to the north of Greece, transiturus : see note on vindicaturus, p. 69, 1. 12. 7. Unde: 'from there,' i.e. from his villa near For- miae in Latium. aliquo- tiens : ' several times.' in altum : sc. mare. provectum • sc. eum. modo . . . modo : ' now . . . now.' 8. iactationem maris : that is, he was seasick. 9. fugae et vitae : objective gen. governed by taedium; cf. taedet with gen. (146). Octavian. First named "C. Octavius, then, after his adop- tion by Julius Caesar, C.Iulius Caesar Octavianus, and after 27 B.C. Augustus. 94 VIBI BOMAE susque ad villam, "Moriar," inquit, "in patria saepe ser- vata." Satis constat, adventantibus percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos patl quod sors inlqua cogeret 5 iussisse. Prominent! ex lectiea et immotam cervicem prae- benti caput praeclsum est. Mantis quoque abscisae ; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque iussii cum dextra manu in rostris positum. Cicero's patriotism ; his philosophical works. Quam diu res publica Eomana per eos gerebatur quibus 10 se ipsa commiserat, in earn curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius lull Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nee indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum I. Moriar : 228. saepe servata : trans, by a rel. clause with a verb in the first person of the perf. active. 4. deponi . . . pati : depending on iussisse. lecticam : litters for sick persons and invalids seem to have been in use at Rome from the earliest times. They were covered and inclosed with curtains, or with sides in which there were windows, and resembled a sedan chair. In later times they were used by people in health, especially in travel- ing, quietos: 'quietly.' Really an adj. agreeing with servos. cogeret : 268. 5. Prominent! : sc. ei ; see 153. 6. abscisae : sc. sunt. 7. iussii : see note on more, p. 72, 1. 4, above. 8. rostris : see note to p. 76, 1. 9. 9. Quam diu : ' as long as ' ; for the constr. see 237. 10. ipsa : = res publica. II. plus operae ponebat in : ' gave more attention to.' For the case of operae see 138. 12. dominatu : 163. 13. angoribus : ' melancholy, brooding.' 14. homine : 172. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 95 Fori urbisque rura peragrabat, abdebatque se quantum lice- bat, et solus erat. Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissimS molestias posse dgponl, si sg ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulSscens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scri-5 bendum; atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut doctiorgs fierent et sapientiores, plura- que brevl tempore eversa re publica scripsit quam multis annls ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae et Latinarum lit- terarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium prae- 10 cepto, qui docent non solum ex malls eligere minima oporteire, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit bonl. Specimens of his wit. ' Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, gene- rum suum, exiguae stattirae hominem, vidisset longo gladio I. rura : 'the country,' i.e. he went from one of his country resi- dences to another. See p. 92, 1. 1. ' 2. Nihil . . . non : the two negatives neutralize each other, ' since his mind must be busy ' or ' occupied.' I 3. honestissime : 'most honorably.' 4. rettulisset : representing the thought of Cicero, si rettulero ; . 271. adulescens : 'in his youth.' , 6. aliquid : 125, a. 7. ut . . fierent: 26P. 8. brevi tempore : 182. eversa re publica : ' after the over- throw of the republic. ' See 280. 9. ea : = re publico,. Trans, ea stante by a temporal clause. 10. evasit : ' he finally became,' ' turned out to be.' II. oportere : sc. nos or homines. 12. ex his ipsis : 'from evils themselves.' si quid insit bonl : ' whatever good there may be in thera.' For the mood of insit see 268 ; for the case of boni, 138. 13. facete ab eo dicta : ' witty sayings of his ' ; lit. ' things wit- tily said by him.' 14. exiguae statflrae : 140. Cf. excelsa statura, p. 81, 1. 5, above, gladio : 163, , ■■■ Emm**-* V- ■- ^^^s^^HBBmmBuSmtM fe^MH 1 ■ ■ HIMH^' ~Tf ** ■ -^*'' " '^^.-. £—r--~—?i- -?++v^-. _± * M *lWHBBii'^^^MBBI ', \ M V*\ 7' -^ ::-- ■•~^"^^ QiSS3ljja55g£^ I " "i^»^^^^--y- — ^i^— -— ' r-risxi""-.^' '""'Ti ii j|^^.. ". ■ . gjBSag ^^^H^^H ' ■".Hbl,-'""^---' — ~l^"-~- v"~"^^^SS3B«S'"" - ?^S*"3i^i§^B85^^H?i! C-: : ^BttaSaSr^-''" ' '- ~^* ^ajJuSaSf^frwiir'^ 7 -.-- \ [ -.^^*i'V ■'*ji— — — ■ ■■' '^T^~..t"'** *^^^B, -'^^^B52B 1 ^■r'i .VT"" 7 ": '""'■''"' "^ *■««- —<^'r'~-~X"- 3£"*"*~ ^HB'*"''^ ■''"ift**^S **">^. '""'"" . ^^H. ';"''. '' ''^''■"■JMi- ■ ■ '^""~ -• '!^Mfe^aWB6^ri!"^^S^ '■Mil iMWtSBhKS BHlHTfl^rT^* 1 ' "•■■'- ''^3|M^BB^B : vMUMI Tusculum. The birthplace of Cato. The view shows the theater and the hill on which the citadel stood. 1. stipendium meruit : see Vocab. under stipendium. annorum decern septemque : ' at the age of seventeen ' ; 141. Q. Fabio . . . consulibus : in 214 b.c. 4. castra secutus est : cf. in castra proficisci, p. 105, 1. 3. 5. magni : 142. in proelio apud Senam: known also as the battle of the Metaums Eiver. See map of Italy, opp. p. 1. The battle was fought in 207 b.c. 7. obtigit : ' fell to the lot of ' ; the quaestors were assigned by lot. This was in 205 b.c. pro sortis necessitudine : for the meaning of necessitudine, see Voeab. The relations of the consul and his quaestor were usually very intimate ; Cicero says that they should be like those of father and son. 124 CORNELIUS NEP08 necessitudine vixit ; namque ab eo perpetua dissensit vita. Aedilis plebei faetus est cum C. Helvio. Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poetam deduxerat, 5 quod non minoris aestim&mus quam quemlibet amplissi- nram Sardiniensem triumphum. His consulship and censorship ; his severity. 2. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerie Placco. Sorte provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, ex ea trium- phum deportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipio 10 Africanus, consul iterum, cuius in priore consulatu quae- stor fuerat, voluit eum de proviucia depellere et ipse ei succedere ; neque hoc per senatum emcere potuit, cum quidem Scipio prlncipatum in elvitate obtineret, quod turn non potentia, sed iure res- publiea administrabatur. 1. perpetua . . . vita : cf. 175. 2. Aedilis : in 199 B.C. Praetor : in 198 e.c. 4. ex Africa, decedens : ' on his way home from Africa.' That Ennius came back with Cato was mere chance. Cato had no love for poets, and was bitterly opposed to the tendencies which Ennius repre- sented. 6. minoris : 142. quemlibet amplissimum : a strong superla- tive. Note the lit. meaning. 2. 7. Consulatum gessit: in 196 b.c. Sorte . . . nactus: the provinces were assigned to the consuls by lot. 8. triumphum deportavit : in 194 b.c. 9. Ibi : in Spain. 10. quaestor fuerat : see p. 123, 1. 7. 12. cum quidem : ' even although,' ' in spite of the fact that.' 18. prlncipatum . . . obtineret : i.e. he was the most influential man in the state. Note the tense and meaning of obtineret. 14, turn : 'in those days,' contrasted with the writer's own time. potentia: 'personal influence.' Cf . potgstatl, p. 125, 1. 4. OATO 125 Qua ex rS Ir&tus sen&tui, consulatfi peracto, privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum eodem Macco factus, severe praefuit ei potestati ; nam et in complures nobiles animadvertit et multas res novas in edictum addidit, qua re luxurias reprimeretur, quae iam turn incipiebat pullulare. Circiter annos octoginta, usque ad extremam aetatem ab adulgscentia, rei publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A Tusculum. This modern house, into which numerous ancient marbles are built, is supposed to stand on the site of the Forum. 1. privatus in urbe mansit : i.e. he refused to accept another province. 3. censor: in 184 b.c. 4. nobiles : at that time the nobiles were those whose ancestors had held such offices as admitted them to senatorial rank. 6. multas res novas . . . addidit : i.e. he introduced many innovations into the usual edict which was published by the censors on their entrance to office. 6. reprimeretur : 230. Qua re is relative, referring to multas novas res. Circiter annos octoginta : he died in 149 b.c, at the age of 85. 126 CORNELIUS NEPOS multis temptatus, non modo nullum detrimentum existi* mationis fecit, sed quoad vlxit virtutum laude crevit. His energy and ability. His literary works. 3. In omnibus rebus singular! fuit industria ; nam et agricola sollers, et peritus iuris consultus, et magnus im- 5 perator, et probabilis orator, et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat, tamen tantum pro- gressum fecit ut non facile reperiri possit neque de G-raecIs neque de Italicis rebus quod el fuerit incognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Senex historias scrlbere 10 mstituit. Earum sunt libri septem. Primus continet r6s gestas regum popull Roman!, secundus et tertius unde quae- que civitas orta sit Italica ; ob quam rem omnes Origiries videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum Poenicum est primum, in quinto secundum. Atque haec o mni a, capita- ls latim sunt dicta. Reliqua quoque bella pari modo perse- 2. fecit : we should say ' suffered. ' vlxit : 237 . 3. 4. iuris consultus : ' jurist ' ; practically a compound noun, modified by peritus. 5. probabilis : note the derivation and meaning. Nepos is ap- praising Cato by the standard of his own times. Cato was the greatest orator of his day. 6. arripuerat : ' had taken up,' with the added idea of eagerness or energy. 7. reperiri possit : sc. aliquid. 9. historias: 'history.' 11. unde quaeque civitas: the first three books contained the origin of each state, including that of Rome, and also the history of Eome from the expulsion of the kings until the first Punic War. 12. omnes : sc. libros, i.e. 'the whole work.' 13. videtur : with ob quam rem. Nepos feels no uncertainty as to what the name was, but only as to the reason for it. CATO 127 cutus est usque ad praeturam Ser. G-albae, qui dlripuit Lusitanos ; atque horum bellorum duces non nominavit sed siue nominibus rgs notavit. In eisdem exposuit quae in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur admlranda; in quibus multa industria et diligentia comparet, nulla doetrma. 5 Huius de vita et moribus plura in eo libro persecutl sumus quern separatim de eo fecimus rogatu T. Pomponi Attici. Qua re studiosos Catonis ad illud volumen dele- gamus. 1. dlripuit Lusitanos : in 150 B.C. In 149 Galba was impeached for his misconduct. 2. horum bellorum duces : i.e. those after the second Punic War. He spoke of them merely as consul, praetor, etc. 3. quae . . . admlranda : i.e. noteworthy things. 6. comparet : ' are shown ' ; note the lit. meaning. doctrina t elegance. Used in the same sense as doctus, ' cultured.' 7. fecimus : the work has not come down to us. 8. studiosos Catonis : ' those who are interested in Cato.' delSgamus : editorial plural. THE ARGONAUTS The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought about as follows. Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson from Ms kingdom in Thessaly, and had attempted to take the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, hoivever, escaped, and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he returned to Thessaly, and Pelias, fearing that he might attempt to recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece from Colchis, supposing this to be an impossible feat. Jason, with a band of heroes, started in the ship Argo (called after Argus, its builder), and after many adventures reached Colchis. Here Aeetes, king of Colchis, who was unwitting to give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an im- possible task, namely, to plough afield with certain fire-breath- ing oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth. Medea, the daughter of the king, however, assisted Jason by her skill in magic, first to perform the task appointed, and then to procure the Fleece. Medea then fled with Jason, and, in order to delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her brother Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Medea caused the death of Pelias, and was, with her husband, expelled from Thessaly. They removed to Corinth, arid here Medea, becoming jealous of Olauce, daughter of Creon, caused her death by means of a poisoned robe. After this Medea ivas carried off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and Jason was soon afterwards acciden- tally killed. 128 THE WICKED UNCLE 129 The wicked uncle. 1. Erant olim in Thessalia duo fratrgs, quorum alter Aeson, alter Pelias appellatus est. Aeson primum rSgnum obtinuerat ; at post paucos annos Pelias, regnl cupiditate adductus, non modo fratrem suum expulit, sed etiam in animo habebat Iasonem, Aesonis filium, interficere. 5 Quidam tamen ex amicis Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae intellexerunt, puerum e tanto periculo eripere eonstituerunt. Noctu igitur Iasonem ex urbe abstulerunt et, cum postero' die ad regem rediissent, ei renuntiaverunt puerum mortuum esse. Pelias cum haec audivisset, etsi r6 vera magnum 10 1. 1. olim: 'once upon a time.' The usual way of beginning a story. in Thessalia: see Map opp. p. 97. quorum: 138. alter . . alter: why not alius . . . alius? See Vocab. under alter. With the first alter we must understand appellatus est. In English we use the verb with ' one ' and omit it with ' the other. ' 2. Aeson, Aesonis, a prince of Thessaly. Pelias, -ae, half- brother of Aeson and son of Neptune, primum : the adv., ' at first.' 3. regnl: 137. 4. expulit : sc. e regno. 5. in animo habebat : ' planned. ' Iason, -onis, Jason, the hero of the story. dium: 121. 6. Quidam ex amicis : ' some of the friends ' ; 138, a. tamen : 'however.' ubi . . . intellexerunt: 'when they knew,' a tem- poral clause ; see 234. sententiam : ' the design.' Peliae : Cf. regrii, 1. 3, and note the different relation of the two genitives to the words which they modify. 7. puerum: i.e. Iasonem. § tanto periculo : 158. 8. Noctu : 181. cum . . . rediissent : ' having returned ' ; see 235 and cf. ubi . . . intellexerunt, 1. 6. 9. puerum mortuum esse : ' that the boy was dead ' ; see 265, and the note preceding 274. 10. Pelias : subject of audivisset ; cum frequently follows one or two words of its clause ; for the mood cf . rediissent, 1. 9. 130 THE ARGON AUT8 gaudium percipiebat, speciem tamen doloris praebuit, et quae causa esset mortis quaesivit. Illi tamen, cum bene intellegerent dolorem eius falsum esse, nescio quam fabulam de morte pueri finxerunt. The Oracle and its fulfillment. 5 2. Post breve tempus Pelias, veritus ne regnum suum tanta, vi et dolo occupatum amitteret, amicum quendam Delphos misit, qui oraculum consuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrime Delphos se eontulit, et quam ob causam venisset demonstravit. Respondit oraculum nullum esse in prae- 1. percipiebat: 'felt.' Capio has many compounds; cf. Sample Word Group B, p. 539. speciem . . praebuit : ' made a show.' 2. quae causa esset : an indirect question ; see 259. Observe that an indirect question is a substantive clause ; that is, it is the sub- ject or object of a verb, here the object of quaesivit. TllT - 'they,' referring to Quidam ex amlcls Aesonis, p. 129, 1. 6. cum : ' since ' ; for the mood of intellegerent, see 240. 3. eius : sc. Peliae. esse : see note on puerum mortuum esse, p. 129, 1. 9. nescio quam : accusative of nescio-quis; with fabulam = 'some story or other.' See Vocab. under nescio and note the quantity of the o. Do not trans, nescio as a verb. fabulam : note the derivation ; see 108, c. Observe that the translation ' fable ' is not appropriate here. Why ? 2. 5. ne . . . amitteret : ' that he might lose ' ; 264. 6. occupatum : ' which had been gained ' ; a participle is often best translated by a relative clause. amicum quendam : ' a friend (of his) . ' Quidam often has about the force of the English indefinite article. 7. Delphos : note the omission of the prep, and see 132. Delphi (-drum, m. pi.) was in Phocis (see Map opp. p. 97) and was the seat of the famous oracle of the Pythian Apollo. qui . . consuleret : 'to consult'; 230. Hie: ' he,' referring to amicum quendam in 1. 6. quam celerrime : cf. 194 and 67. For the superlative form cf. 67. 8. venisset : cf. quae causa esset, 1. 2. Why is the tense of venisset different from that of esset; study 219 carefully. 9. nullum : to be taken with periculum. THE ORACLE AND ITS FULFILLMENT 131 sentia perlculum ; monuit tamen Peliam ut, si quis venlret calceum unum gerens, eum caveret. Post paucos annos accidit ut Pelias magnum sacrificium facturus esset ; nuntios in omnSs partes dimiserat, et certam diem conveniendi dixerat. Die constituta magnus numerus homiiram undique 5 ex agris eonvenit ; inter alios autem venit etiam Iason, qui Delphi. At the foot of Mt. Parnassus ; seat of the famous oracle of Apollo. The picture shows in the foreground the ruins revealed by recent excavations. The words of the oracle were : ' Si quis . . . The clause ut . . . caveret Is the object of 1. venlret : 271. veniet, eum cave.'' 2. caveret: 260. monuit. 3. ut . . facturus esset : 261 ; the clause is the subject of accidit. For the form of facturus esset see 97 (1). 4. certam diem : for the gender see 45. conveniendi : we should say ' for assembling.' 6. hominum : 138. 132 THE ARGONAUTS a puero apud centaurum quendam vixerat. Dum tamen iter facit, caleeum alterum in transeundo nescio quo fluraine amisit. The Golden Fleece. 3. Iason igitur, cum caleeum amissum nullo modo reci- 5 pere posset, altero pede nudo in regiam pervenit. Quem cum Pelias vidisset, subito timore affectus est ; intellexit enim hunc esse hominem quem oraculum demonstravisset. Hoc igitur iniit consilium. Rex erat quidam nomine Aeetes, qui regnum Colchidis illo tempore obtinebat. Huic 10 commissum erat vellus illud aureum, quod Phrixus olim ibi 1. a puero : = a pueritia, 'from boyhood.' centaurum: the centaurs were a fabulous race of monsters, half-man and half-horse. The centaur in question, Cheiron by name, was also the teacher of Achilles and other heroes. Dum . . facit : note the tense ; 236. 2. caleeum alterum: a Latin idiom ; we should say '■one shoe.' nescio quo flumine : ' some river or other. ' See note on nescio quam, p. 130, 1. 3. 3. 4. amissum : for the trans, cf. occupatum, p. 130, 1. 6. Here the active form might be used, ' which he had lost.' 6. altero pede : for the trans, cf . caleeum alterum, 1. 2. For the case see 169. regiam : sc. domuin, 'palace ' ; see 195, 6. Quem: be careful of the trans. ; see 202. Begin the sentence with cum. 7. quem . . . demonstravisset: see p. 181, 1. 1, and for the mood of the verb, 268. 8. quidam: 'a'; see note on amicum quendam, p. 130, 1. 6. nomine Aeetes: 'Aeetes by name.' Aeetes, (-ae, m.), was the child of the Sun by a daughter of Oceanus. For the case of nomine see 171. 9. Colchidis: 139. Colchis, (-idis, f. ), was in Asia, east of the Black Sea. obtinebat : be careful of the meaning. Do not trans, by the corresponding English word. 10. illud : 199. Phrixus : When his stepmother attempted to sac- rifice him to Zeus, Phrixus (-1) with his sister Helle escaped through the air on a ram with golden fleece, the gift of Hermes. Helle fell into the sea, giving her name to the Hellespont, where she was THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO 133 rellquerat. Constituit igitur Pelias Iasonl negotium dare ut hoc vellere potiretur ; cum enim res esset magni periculi, sperSbat eum in itinere periturum esse. Iasonem igitur ad sS arcesslvit, et quid fieri vellet demonstravit. Iason autem, etsi bene intellegebat rem esse difficillimam, negotium 5 libenter suscepit. The building of the good ship Argo. 4. Cum tamen Colchis multorum dierum iter ab eo loco abesset, noluit Iason solus proficiscT ; dlmisit igitur nun- tios in omnes partes, qui causam itineris docerent et diem certain eonveniendl dicerent. Interea, postquam omnia 10 quae sunt usui ad armandas naves comportari iussit, nego- tium dedit Argo cuidam, qui summam scientiam rerum nauticarum habebat, ut navem aedificaret. In his rebus circiter decern dies consumpti sunt ; Argus enim, qui open drowned. Phrixus arrived in Colchis and sacrificed the ram to Zeus. Aeetes hung up the fleece in the grove of Ares, olim : see p. 129, 1. 1. 2. ut . . . potiretur : a substantive clause in apposition with ne- gotium; 261. vellere: 163, a. cum: 'since.' magni periculi : see 140 and the note to 142. 3. periturum esse : for what tense of the dir. disc. ? See note preceding 274. 5. etsi . . . intellegebat : 252. difficillimum : for the form of the superlative see 58. 4. 7. multorum dierum : 141. iter : 130. 9. docerent . . dicerent : see note on qui . . . consuleret, p. 130, 1. 7. 11. UBui: 'of use'; lit. 'for use,' 156. armandas: be careful of the meaning ; see Vocab. iussit : note the tense and see 234. 12. Argo cuidam : from Argus, -i, ' one Argus,' or ' a man called Argus.' 13. ut . . aedificaret : cf. ut . . . potiretur, 1. 2. 14. circiter : the following sentence shows that the meaning is vily about.' operi : 149, 6. 134 THE ARGONAUTS praeerat, tantam diligentiam praebebat, ut ne nocturnum quidem teinpus ad laborem intermitteret. Ad nmltitudinem bonrinum transportandam navis paulo erat latior quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, et ad vim tempes- 5 tatum perf erendam tota e robore facta est. The anchor is weighed. 5. Interea ea dies appetebat, quam Iason per nuntios edixerat, et ex omnibus regionibus G-raeciae multl, quos aut rei novitas aut spes gloriae movebat, undique conve- niebant. Tradunt autem in boe numero fuisse Herculem, 10 Orpbeum, citbaroedum clarissimum, Tbeseum, Castorem et multos alios, quorum nomina omnes sciunt. Ex bis Iason, quos arbitratus est ad omnia subeunda pericula paratissimos 1. praeerat : ' was in charge of.' 2. ad . . . transportandam : 282 and 283. 3. hominum : 139. paulo : ' a little ' : 168. 4. quibus: for eae, quibus, 'those which.' nostro: said from the point of view of a Roman writer. 6. tota : ' throughout.' e robore : abl. of material ; we should say 'o/oak.' &. 6. appetebat . conveniebant : note the tenses ; see 209. ea dies : note the gender and cf. p. 131, 1. 4. 9. Herculem : see note to p. 63, 1. 8. 10. Orpheum : Orpheus (-1), a mythical poet and musician, who is said to have tamed wild beasts and moved rocks and trees with his music. Theseum : Theseus (-i) was the national hero of Athens, who performed labors rivaling those of Heracles. Castorem: Castor (-oris) was the twin brother of Pollux and celebrated for his skill in managing horses. The brothers took part in many adventures and were later deified. Their worship was introduced into Rome from Tarentum and a temple in the Forum commemorated their help in the battle of Lake Regillus. 11. omnes: the subst., 'all men,' 'everybody.' 12. quos . . eos : a common order in Latin, with which the student should make himself familiar. Trans, as if eos stood before quos, 'Jason selected those who he thought,' etc. A FATAL MISTAKE 135 esse, eos ad numeruni quinquaginta delegit, et socios sibi adiunxit ; turn, paucos dies commoratus, ut ad omnes casus subsidia compararet, navem deduxit et tempestatem ad navigandum idoneam nactus, magno cum favore omnium solvit. 5 A fatal mistake. 6. Haud multo post Argonautae (ita enim appellati sunt qui in ista navi vehebantur) insulam quandam nomine Cyzicum attigSrunt, et e navi egressi, a rege illlus regionis hospitio except! sunt. Paucas horas ibi commorati, ad solis Trireme. A relief found on the Acropolis at Athens, showing the waist of the vessel. We see the uppermost bank of rowers, but only the oars of the two lower banks. 1. socios : ' as companions ' : 121. 2. dies: 130. 3. deduxit : ' launched ' ; note the literal meaning. The early ships could be drawn out on the beach, instead of lying at anchor or at a dock. 6. 6. multo : cf. paulo, p. 134, 1. 3. Argonautae, -arum, m. pi., the Argonauts, from Argo and nauta. 7. ista : the pronoun of the second person, 'that ship about which I have been telling you.' nomine : cf . p. 132, 1. 8. 8. Cyzicum : Cyzicus (-i, f.) was situated on the southern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) ; it was later the site of a famous city of the same name ; see Map opp. p. 115. 9. hospitio: 'hospitality'; 166. 136 THE ARGONAUTS occasum rursus solverunt ; at, postquam pauca mllia pas- suum progress! sunt, tanta tempestas subito eoorta est, ut cursum tenere non possent, et in eandem partem Insulae unde nuper profecti erant magno cum periculo deieerentur. SIncolae tamen, cum nox esset obducta, Argonautas non agnoscebant, et navem inimicam venisse arbitrati, arma rapuerunt et eos egredi prohibebant. Acriter in lltore pug- natum est, et rex ipse, qui cum aliis decucurrerat, ab Argo- nautis occisus est. Mox tamen, cum iam lux oreretur, 10 senserunt incolae se errare et arma abiecerunt ; Argonautae autem cum viderent regem occisum esse, magnum dolorem perceperunt. The loss of Hylas. 1. Postridie eius diellason, tempestatem satis idoneam esse arbitratus (summa enim tranquillitas iam consecuta 15 erat), ancoras sustulit, et pauca mllia passuum progressus, ante noctem Mysiam attigit. Ibi paucas horas in ancoris 1. solverunt : so. navem. 3. et: 'trat,' a meaning which this conjunction sometimes gets from the context. 6. tamen: cf. p. 129,1. 6. cum: 'since.' obducta : sc. nubibus, 'with clouds' and trans, 'overcast.' 7. egredi : sc. navem. The infln. is common with prohibere, although quln with the subjunctive is also used. We should say ' from landing ' or ' disembarking.' pugnatum est : 204. Do not trans, literally. 8. decucurrerat : ' had run down ' to the shore. 10. errare : note the tense. 7. 13. Postridie eius die! : in English eius diel is superfluous. For its construction see 134. tempestatem : ' the weather.' 16. sustulit : see tollo. 16. Mysiam : Mysia (-ae), a country in northwestern Asia Minor; see Map opp. p. 97. Note that Mysiam is not ace. of limit of motion, which would require a preposition, but the direct object. Base your trans, on the lit. meaning of the verb. THE PUNISHMENT OF PHINEUS 137 exspectavit ; a nautis enim cognoverat aquae copiam quam sgcum haberent iam deficere ; quam ob causam quidam ex Argonautls, in terrain egressi, aquam quaerebant. HOrum in numero erat Hylas quidam, puer forma praestantissima ; qui dum aquam qjiaerit, a comitibus paulum secesserat. 5 Nymphae autem quae rivum colebant cum iuvenem vldis- sent, ei persuadere conatae sunt ut'secum mangret; et cum ille negaret se hoc facturum esse, puerum vi abstulerunt. Comites eius postquam Hylam amissum esse senserunt, magno dolore affecti, diu frustra quaerebant. Herculgs 10 autem et Polyphemus, qui vestigia pueri longius secuti erant, ubi tandem ad litus redierunt, Iasonem solvisse cognoverunt. The punishment of Phineus. 8. Post haec Argonautae ad Thraciam cursum tenuerunt, et postquam ad oppidum Salmydessum navem appulerunt, is 2. deficere : note the tense and trans, accordingly. ex Ar- gonautls : 138, a. 4. Hylas quidam : Hylas (-ae, m.) was a beautiful youth, son of a king of the Dryopes, an ancient people of Thessaly. For the trans, cf. Argo cuidam, p. 133, 1. 12. forma praestantissima : 170. Note the derivation of praestantissima. 5. qui dum : ' while he.' See 202 and note on p. 129, 1. 10. quaerit : for the tense see note to p. 132, 1. 1. 6. colebant: 'dwelt in'; they were water-nymphs. el: in- direct obj. of persuadere (149, a), while the direct object is the clause vt . . . maneret (260). 8. negaret: 'said that he would not.' Nego means 'say not ' and the negative should be transferred to the infinitive. 9. Comites : subject of senserunt; cf. qui dum, 1. 6, above. 10. quaerebant: 205. 11. Polyphemus (-1): one of the Argonauts. longius: 'too far'; 193. 8. 14. haec: 'this'; lit., 'these things.' Thraciam: for Thracia, -ae, t, Thrace, see Map opp. p. 115. 138 THE ARGONAUTS in terram egress! sunt. Ibi cum ab incolis quaesissent, quis regnum eius regionis obtineret, certiores facti sunt Phineum quendam turn regem esse. Cognoverunt etiam hunc lumina amisisse et immani quodam supplicio affici, quod olim se 5 crudelissimum in filios suos praebuisset. Cuius supplici hoc erat genus. Missa erant a love monstra quaedam specie horribili, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum habebant. Hae volucres, quae Harpyiae appellabantur, Phineo summam molestiam afferebant ; cum enim cibus 10 illi appositus erat, veniebant et id statim auferebant. Quae cum ita essent, baud multum afuit quin Phineus fame moreretur. His deliverance. 9. Res igitur in hoc loco erant, cum Argonautae navem appulerunt. Phineus autem simul atque audivit eos in 15 suos fines egressos esse, magnopere gavisus est. Sciebat 1. incolis : see Word Group 12. quaesissent : = quaeslvissent. 2. obtineret : be careful of the trans. Cf. p. 132, 1. 9. Phi- neutn : Phineus (4) put out his sons' eyes because of a false charge brought against them by their stepmother, Idaea. 3. lumina amisisse : had lost his sight; the punishment fitted the crime. 4. quodam : ' a.' 5. crudelissimum : 188. 8. Harpyiae, -arum, f. pi., Harpies. 9. cum . . . appositum erat : ' whenever food had been set before him ' ; see 235, a. 10. id : = cibum. 11. Quae cum ita essent : be careful of the trans. haud mul- tum . . . moreretur : ' Phineus came near dying. ' The subject of afuit is the substantive clause quin . . . moreretur, 263. 9. 13. loco: 'state,' 'condition.' cum . . appulerunt: sc. ad oppidum (cf. 1. 15, p. 137), 'at a time when the Argonauts lauded ' ; note the temporal force of cum and see 235, 15. gavisus est : 96, THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS 139 enim quantam opinionem virtutis Argonautae habSrent, nee dubitabat quin sibi auxilium ferrent. Ntintium igitur ad navem misit, qui Iasonem sociosque ad regiam vocaret. Eo cum vgnissent, Phineus demonstravit quanto in periculo suae res essent, et promisit se magna praemia daturum esse, 5 si ill! el rei auxilium repperissent. Argonautae negotium libenter susceperunt, et ubi hora venit, cum rege cgnaverunt ; at simul ae cena apposita est, Harpyiae domum intraverunt, et cibum auferre conabantur. Argonautae primum gladhs volucres petierunt ; cum tamen viderent hoc nihil prodesse, 10 Zetes et Calais, qui alis instruct! sunt, in aera sS sublevave- runt, ut desuper impetum facerent. Quod cum sensissent 1. opinionem virtutis : 'rep- utation for valor.' 2. quin . . . ferrent : 263. 3. regiam : cf. p. 132, 1. 5. Bo : i.e. ad regiam. 5. suae res : 'his affairs,' 'his fortunes.' Do not trans, res always -by 'things.' daturum esse . . . repperissent : see 270 (second example) . 7. ubi . . . venit: 234. 8. simul ac : 'as soon as'; 234. intraverunt . . . conabantur : note the different tenses used of a single act and of a repeated action. 10. petierunt : he careful of the meaning. nihil : 125, a. 11. instruct! : 'provided.' Zetes (-ae) and Calais (-is) were winged youths, sons of Boreas, the North Wind, and a nymph called Oreithyia. aera : from air, aeris, m., air; for the form see 38. Jupiter. A colossal mask found at Otricoli, the ancient Ocricolum, in Umbria, and now in the Vatican Museum. It rep- resents the Greek Zeus, with whom the Roman Jupiter was identified. 140 THE ARGONAUTS Harpyiae, rei novitate perterritae statim aufugerunt, neque postea umquam redierunt. The Symplegades. 10. Hoc facto, Phineus, ut pro tanto beneficio gratias referret, Iasoni demonstravit qua ratione Symplegades Svitare posset. Symplegades autem duae erant rupes in- genti magnitudine, quae a love in inari positae erant eo consilio, ne quis ad Colchida pervemret. Hae parvo inter- vallo nabant et, si quid in medium spatium venerat, in- credibili celeritate concurrebant. Postquam igitur a Phineo 10 doctus est quid faciendum esset, Iason sublatis ancoris navem solvit, et leni vento provectus, mox ad Symplegades appro- pinquavit. Turn in prora stans, columbam, quam in manu tenebat, emisit. Ilia recta via per medium spatium iter fecit et, priusquam rupes conflixerunt, incolumis evasit, 15 cauda tantum amissa. Turn rupes utrimque discesserunt ; antequam tamen rursus concurrerent, Argonautae, bene 1. neque . . . umquam : ' and . . . never.' lO. 3. gratias referret : distinguish gratiam habere, gratias agere, and gratiam (gratias} referre. See Vocab. under gratia. 4. Symplegades, -urn, two fabulous rocky islands in the Euxine (Black) Sea. 7. ne . . . pervemret: in apposition with consilio ; 260, a. Hae: sc. msulae. parvo intervallo : ' a short distance apart ' ; 169. 8. nabant: 'floated,' from no, ware. si quid : ' if anything.' 10. faciendum esset : see 97 (2). 13. recta via : ' straight ' ; somewhat similarly we say ' straight- way,' but of time. per medium spatium : i.e. between the two islands. 16. cauda tantum amissa: 'losing only its tail feathers' ; abl. abs. Observe the lit. trans. In English we often use a present parti- ciple where the Latin with more exactness employs the perfect. 16. concurrerent : 239. The subjunctive represents the design A DIFFICULT TASK 141 intellegentes omnem spem salutis in eeleritate positam esse, summa vi remis contenderunt, et navem incolumem perdu- xerunt. Hoc facto, dls gratias libenter egerunt, quorum auxilio e tanto periculo erepti essent ; bene enim sciebant non sine auxilio deorum rem ita feliciter evenisse. 6 A difficult task. 11. Brevi intermisso spatio, Argonautae ad ftumen Phasim venerunt, quod in finibus Colchorum erat. Ibi cum navem appulissent et in terram egress! essent, statim ad regem Aeetem se contulerunt, et ab eo postulaverunt ut vellus aureum sibi traderetur. Hie cum audivisset quam ob causam 10 Argonautae venissent, iracundia commotus est et diu nega- bat se vellus traditurum esse. Tandem, quod sciebat Iaso- nem non sine auxilio deorum hoc negotium suscepisse, mutata sententia, promisit se vellus traditurum, si Iason labores duos dif&cillimos prius perfecisset; et cum Iason 15 dixisset se ad omnia perlcula subeunda paratum esse, quid fieri vellet ostendit. Primum iungendi erant duo tauri specie horribili, qui fLammas ex ore edebant ; turn, his of the Argonauts ; cf. confllxerunt (1. 14), which is merely temporal, since the dove knew nothing of the danger. 1. in . . positam esse : ' depended upon ' ; note the lit. trans. 2. summa vi remis : respectively abl. of manner and of means. incolumem : see note on crudelissimum, p. 138, 1. 5. 3. gratias . . . egerunt : see note on gratias referret, p. 140, 1. 3. 5. non sine : 289. 11. 6. Phasis, -idis, m., the Phasis, a river of Colchis, flowing into the Euxine (Black) Sea. 9. ut . . traderetur : substantive clause, object of postulaverunt. Why subjunctive ? 10. sibi : 198. Ille : of what verb is ille the subject ? 11. negabat : for the trans, see note on p. 137, 1. 8. 12. traditurum . sc. esse. 17. iungendi erant : 97 (2) . 142 THE ARGONAUTS iunctis, ager quidam arandus erat, et dentes draconis serendi. His rebus audltis, Iason, etsi rem esse summi periculi intelleggbat, tamen, ne hanc occasionem rei bene gerendae amitteret, negotium suscepit. Love finds a way. 5 12. At Medea, regis filia, Iasonem adamavit, et ubi audivit eum tantum periculuin subituram esse, rem aegre ferebat. Intellegebat enim patrem suum hunc laborem pro- posuisse eo ipso consilio, ut Iason moreretur. Quae cum ita essent, Medea (quae summam scientiam medicmae har lobebat) hoc consilium iniit. Media, nocte clam patrem ex urbe evasit, et postquam in montes flnitimos venit, herbas quasdam legit ; turn, suco expresso unguentum paravit, quod vi sua corpus aleret nervosque confirmaret. Hoc facto, Iasoni unguentum dedit ; praecepit autem, ut eo die quo isisti labores confieiendi essent, corpus suum et arma mane 1. quidam : remember the force of quidam. 2. serendi : so erant. rem : ' task ' ; see note on p. 139, 1. 6, above. 3. rei bene gerendae : ' of achieving success ' ; note the lit. trans, and see the preceding note. 12. 5. Medea, -ae, f., Medea, a celebrated sorceress, as well as a beautiful woman. 6. rem aegre ferebat : ' she was displeased.' In a more literal trans, rem might be rendered ' circumstances ' or ' situation.' 8. ut . . . moreretur : cf. p. 140, 1. 7. Quae . . . essent : of. p. 130, 1. 2. 10. hoc: 'the following.' clam: the prep. ' without the knowl- edge of.' 12. legit: 'gathered.' suco : from sucus, (-1), m., juice; of. Eng. 'succulent.' unguentum, -I, n., ointment; Eng. 'unguent.' 13. aleret . . confirmaret : 233. quo : sc. die. 15. isti : see note on ista, p. 136, 1. 7, above. confieiendi essent : a part of the injunction of Medea ; 271. SOWING THE DRAGON'S TEETH 143 Infieeret. Iason, etsi paene omnes magnitudine et viribus corporis praecSdSbat (vita enim omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris constiterat), tamen hoc con- silium non neglegendum esse censebat. Sowing the dragon's teeth. 13. Ubi is dies venit quern rex ad arandum agrum edixe- b rat, Iason, orta luce cum sociis ad locum constitutum se contulit. Ibi stabulum ingens repperit, in quo taurl inclusi erant ; turn, portis apertls, tauros in lucem traxit, et summa cum difficultate iugum imposuit. At Aeetes, cum videret tauros nihil contra Iasonem valere, magnopere mlratus est ; u nesciSbat enim filiam suam auxilium ei dedisse. Turn Iason, omnibus aspicientibus, agrum arare coepit ; qua in re tantam diligentiam praebuit, ut ante meridiem opus confecerit. Hoc facto, ad locum ubi rex sedebat adiit, et dentes draconis pos- tulavit ; quos ubi accepit, in agrum quern araverat magna 15 cum dlligentia insevit. Horum autem dentium natura erat 1. infieeret: sc. unguento, 'anoint.' omnes: substantive, 'all men.' Observe that praecedebat, although compounded with prae-, does not govern a dat. ; see 149, note. 2. venationibus : 'hunting'; properly, 'hunting expeditions,' the force of the plural. 3. rei militaris : ' military service, ' or 'military life.' consti- terat : ' had been spent in ' ; lit. ' had consisted in.' 13. 5. arandum : from aro, -are, plow; cf. Eng. 'arable.' 6. orta luce : ' at sunrise.' 7. stabulum : note the deriv. and primary meaning (108, c) ; also the English derivative, ingens : note the deriv. of this word also ; see Vocab. How does it differ in meaning from magnusf 9. imposuit : sc. els. 10. nihil : 125, a. 16. quos : ' them ' ; 202. 16. insevit : sc. eos, 'he sowed them.' 144 THE ARGONAUTS talis ut in eo loco ubi insiti essent viri armati miro quodam modo gignerentur. A strange harvest. 14. Nondum tamen Iason totum opus confecerat ; impera- verat enim ei Aeetes, ut armatos viros qui e dentibus gigne- 5 rentur solus interficeret. Postquam igitur omnes dentes in agrum insevit, Iason, lassitudine exanimatus, quieti se tra- didit, dum viri isti gignerentur. Paucas horas quieti dedit ; sub vesperum tamen e somno subito excitatus, rem ita eve- nisse ut praedictum erat cognovit; nam in omnibus agri 10 partibus viri ingenti magnitudine corporis, gladiis galeisque armati, mirum in modum e terra oriebantur. Hoc cognito, Iason consilium quod Medea dedisset non omittendum esse putabat ; saxum igitur ingens (ita enim Medea praeceperat) in medios viros coniecit. Illi undique ad locum concurre- 15 runt, et cum quisque sibi id saxum (nescio qua causa) habere vellet, magna controversia orta est. Mox, strictis gladiis, inter se pugnare coeperunt, et cum hoc modo pluriml occisi essent, reliqui vulneribus confectl a Iasone nullo negotio in- terfecti sunt. I. miro quodam modo : cf. p. 130, 1. 6, and p. 138, 1. 4. 14. 4. ut . . interficeret : object of imperavit, while ei is the indirect obj. (149, a) . Why is the verb in the subjunctive ? 6. quiet! . tradidit : ' went to sleep.' 7. gignerentur : 238. 8. rem : be careful in translating this word. 10. galeia : see Introd. p. xxxi. II. oriebantur: note the tense. 14. medios : ' the midst of.' ad locum : i.e. the place where the stone fell. 16. nescio qua causa : ' for some reason or other ' ; cf. nescio quam, p. 130, 1. 3. 18. nullo negotio : ' without difficulty.' THE WINNING OF THE FLEECE 145 The flight of Medea. 15. At rex Aeetes ubi cognovit Iasonem laborem propo- situm confecisse, iracundia graviter commotus est ; intelle- gebat enim id per dolum factum esse, nee dubitabat qurn Medea auxilium ei tulisset. Medea autem, cum intellegeret s6 in magno fore periculo si in regia mansisset, fuga salutem 5 petere constituit. Omnibus igitur rebus ad fugam paratis, media nocte, insciente patre, cum fratre Absyrto evasit, et quam celerrime ad locum ubi Argo subdueta erat se contulit. Eo cum venisset, ad pedes lasonis se proigcit, et multis cum lacrimis obsecravit eum ne in tanto periculo mulieremio desereret quae ei tantum profuisset. Ule, quod memoria tenSbat se per eius auxilium e magno periculo evasisse, li- benter earn excepit, et postquam causam veniendi audivit, hortatus est ne patrem timeret. Promisit autem se quam primum earn in nave sua ablaturum. 15 The winning of the fleece. 16. Postridig eius die! Iason cum sociis suis orta luce navem dMtixerunt, et tempestatem idoneam nacti, ad eum locum remis contenderunt quo in loco Medea vellus celatum esse demonstravit. Eo cum venissent, Iason in terram 15. 1. propositvun : for the trans, cf. occupdtum, p. 130, 1. 6. 5. fore : =futuram esse. 7. Absyrto : Absyrtus, brother of Medea, was a young child. 11. profuisset : an essential part of the clause ne . . desereret : 272. Hie : 'he,' or 'Jason.' 14. ne . . timeret : object of hortatus est. 15. ablaturum : sc. esse. For the meaning cf. p. 129, 1. 8. 16. 16. Postridie eius diei : cf. p. 136, 1. 13. 18. quo in loco : ' where.' The antecedent is sometimes repeated in the rel. clause. 146 THE ARGONAUTS egressus est, et sociis ad mare rellctis, qui praesidio navl essent, ipse cum Medea in silvas viam cepit. Pauca milia pas- suum per silvam progressus, vellus quod quaerebat in arbore quadam vidit. Id tamen auf erre res erat summae difficultatis ; 5 non modo enim locus ipse egregie et natura et arte munitus erat, sed etiam draco quidam specie terribili arborem cus- todiebat. At Medea, quae, ut supra demonstravimus, medicinae summam scientiam habuit, ramum, quern ex arbore proxima arripuerat, veneno infecit. Hoe facto, ad 10 locum appropinquavit, et draconi, qui faucibus apertis ad- ventum exspectabat, venenum dedit ; deinde, cum draco somno oppressus esset, Iason vellus aureum ex arbore arri- puit, et cum Medea quam celerrime pedem rettulit. The return to the Argo. 17. Dum ea geruntur, Argonautae, qui ad mare relict! 15 erant, animo demisso reditum Iasonis exspectabant ; bene enim intellegebant, id negotium summi esse periculi. Post- quam igitur ad occasum solis frustra exspectaverunt, de eius salute desperare coeperunt, nee dubitabant quin aliqui casus accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, maturandum sibi censu- 20 grunt, ut auxilium duci ferrent ; et, dum proficisci parant, 1. ad : ' by ' or ' at.' praesidio navi : 156, note. 3. in: 'on.' 4. res: 'a feat.' 6. et . . . et : ' both . . . and.' 10. adventum : sc. eius = Mediae. 17. 15. demisso: 'downcast.' 18. nee: 'and . . . not.' aliqui: the adj. 'some.' 19. Quae . . . essent: 'this being so,' ' accordingly.' matu- randum sibi : sc. esse, ' that they ought to make haste ' ; see 155 and 204. 20. ut auxilium . . . ferrent : ' to lend aid.' THE RETURN TO THE ARGO 147 lttmen quoddam subito conspiciunt minim in modum inter silvas nitens, et magnopere miratl quae causa esset eius rel, ad locum concurrunt. Quo cum venissent, Iasoni et Medeae advenientibus occurrgrunt, et vellus aureum luminis eius causam esse cognoverunt. Omni timoreB sublato magno cum gaudio ducem suum exceperunt, et dls gratias summas egerunt, quod res ita feliciter BvS- nisset. The Vale of Tempe. This celebrated gorge, between Mt. Olympus and Mt. Ossa, formed the outlet of the river Peneus to the sea. It was so famous that the name Tempe was applied to other beautiful valleys. 1. quoddam : 'a.' 2. nitens : ' shining ' ; from niteo, as is shown by the quantity of the i. 3. rei : how should this word be translated here ? Quo cum venissent : trans, as if it were eo cum venissent. 148 THE ARGONAUTS The flight from Colchis. The pursuit. 18. His rebus gestis, omnes sine mora navem rursus con- scenderunt, et sublatis ancoris prima vigilia solverunt ; neque enim satis tiitum esse arbitrati sunt in eo loco manere. At rex Aeetes, qui iam ante inimico in eos fuerat animo, ubi 5 cognovit filiam suam non modo ad Argonautas se recepisse, sed etiam ad vellus auf erendum auxilium tulisse, hoc dolore gravius exarsit. Navem longam quam celerrime deduci iussit, et militibus impositis, fugientes insecutus est. Ar- gonautae, qui bene sciebant rem in magno periculo esse, 10 summls viribus remis contendebant ; cum tamen navis qua vehebantur ingenti esset magnitudine, non eadem celeritate qua Colchi progredi poterant. Quae cum ita essent, mini- mum afuit quin a Colchis sequentibus caperentur; neque enim longius aberant quam quo telum adici posset. At 15 Medea cum vidisset quo in loco res essent, paene onmi spe deposita, nefarium hoc consilium cepit. 18. 2. prima vigilia : see 183 (last paragraph) . 3. satis: 'altogether,' 'quite.' 4. inimico : with animo ; 170. 6. auxilium tulisse : sc. els = Argonautls. hoc dolore : ' be- cause of resentment at this ' ; hoc is equivalent in meaning to an objective genitive. 7. exarsit : from exardesco. 8. fugientes : substantive, ' the fugitives.' 9. rem . . . esse: 'that the situation was critical.' 12. qua : instrumental abl. ColchI : sc. progrediebantur. Quae cum ita essent : see p. 146, 1. 19. minimum afuit . caperentur: cf. p. 138, 1. 11, and model your trans, on the one given there. The subject of afuit is quin . . . caperentur. 14. quo . . . posset: a spear's throw; 233. Quo = ' (the point) to which.' The subject of aberant and caperentur is el ( = Argonautae) understood. THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS 149 A fearful expedient. 19. Erat in nave Argonautarum filius quidam regis AeS- tae, nomine Absyrtus, quern, ut supra demonstravirnus Medea, ex urbe fugiens, secum abduxerat. Hunc puerum Medea constituit interficere, eo consilio ut, membris eius in mare coniectis, cursum Colchorum impediret ; pro certo enim 5 sciebat Aeetem, cum membra fill vidisset, non longius pro- secuturum esse. Neque opinio earn fef ellit ; omnia enim ita evenerunt ut Medea speraverat. Aeetes ubi primum membra vldit, dum ea colligerentur navem manere iussit. Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae, non intermisso remigandi 10 labore, mox (quod necesse fuit) e conspectu. hostium remoti sunt, neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Eri- danum pervenerunt. At Aeetes, nihil sibi profuturum esse arbitratus si longius progressus esset, animo demisso domum revertit, ut fill corpus ad sepulturam daret. 15 The bargain with Pelias. 20. Tandem post multa pericula Iason in eundem locum pervenit unde olim profectus erat. Turn e navi Sgressus, ad 19. 3. fugiens : trans, by a temporal clause. 5. impediret : the subject is ea understood, = Medea. 7. Neque . . . fefellit : ' and she was not mistaken ' (in so think- ing). Observe the lit. trans. omnia: 'everything'; cf. haec, p. 137, 1. 14, above. ita : omit, or trans, ita . . ■ ut by 'just as.' 8. ubi primum : 'as soon as.' 9. dum . . colligerentur : 238. 11. quod necesse fuit : ' as was inevitable.' 12. prius : to be taken with quam = priusquam. Eridanum : the mythical and poetical name of the Padus, or Po. 13. nihil : ' not . . . at all ' ; adverbial ace. 14. progressus esset : for the fut. perf. ind. of direct discourse. domum: 132. 150 THE ARGONAUTS regem Peliam (qui regnum adhuc obtinebat), statim se eon- tulit, et vellere aureo monstrato, ab eo postulavit ut regnum sibi traderetur ; Pelias enim pollicitus erat, si Iason vellus rettulisset, se regnum ei traditurum. Postquam Iason quid 5 fieri vellet ostendit, Pelias primum nihil respondit, sed diu in eadem trlstitia tacitus permansit ; tandem ita locutus est : " Vides me aetate iam esse confeetum, neque dubium est quin dies supremus mihi adsit. Liceat igitur mihi, dum vivam, hoc regnum obtinere ; turn, postquam ego e vita dis- 10 cessero, tu in meum locum venies." Hac oratione adductus, Iason respondit se id facturum quod ille rogasset. Medea shows her magic powers. 21. His rebus cognitis, Medea rem aegre tulit et regni cupiditate adducta, constituit mortem regi per dolum inferre. Hoc constituto, ad f ilias regis venit atque ita locuta est : 15 " Videtis patrem vestrum aetate iam esse confeetum neque ad laborem regnandi perferendum satis valere. Vultisne eum rursus iuvenem fieri ? " Turn filiae regis, his auditis, ita responderunt. " Num hoc fieri potest ? Quis enim umquam e sene iuvenis factus est ? " At Medea respondit : 20. 1. adhuc: 'still.' 2. monstrato : trans, as an active present participle in English; for the 'meaning cf. demonstravimus, p. 149, 1. 2 above. 4. rettulisset : for the fut. perf . of the direct discourse. 7 . neque dubium : 'and there is no doubt. ' 8. Liceat: 'Let it be allowed me,' 226; liceat is impersonal, the subject being the clause hoc . . . obtinere. dum vivam : ' as long as I live ' ; 237. Vivam is sub], by attraction (272) for the fut. ind. of direct discourse. 11. ille: 'Pelias.' Ille is often best translated by a noun. 21. 12. rem aegre tulit : see p. 142, 1. 6. 15. neque: 'and . . . not.' 16. perferendum : ' to endure, ' with laborem. THE KINO'S DAUGHTERS IMITATE MEDEA 151 "Scltis m§ medicinae summam habSre scientiam. Nunc igitur vobis demonstrabo quo modo haee res fieri posait." His dictls, cum arietem aetate iam confectum interfecisset, membra eius in vas aeneum coniecit, et igne supposito, aquae herbas quasdam addidit. Turn, dum aquam f ervefaceret, 5 carmen magicum cantabat. Post breve tempus ariSs e vase desiluit et vlribus refectis per agros currfibat. The king's daughters try to imitate her. 22. Dum filiae regis hoc prodigium magnopeie lrtii-atae in- tuentur, Medea ita locuta est : " Videtis quantum valeat medicina. Vos igitur, si vultis patrem vestrum in adules- 10 centiam reducere, id quod feci ipsae facietis. Vos patris membra in vas conicite ; ego herbas magicas praebebo." His verbis auditis, filiae regis consilium quod dedisset Medea non omittendum putaverunt. Patrem igitur Peliam neca- verunt, et membra eius in vas aeneum coniecerunt ; nihil 15 enim dubitabant quin hoc maxime ei profuturum esset. At res omnino aliter evenit ac speraverant ; Medea enim non 4. Igne supposito : sc. vdsl. aquae : dat. with addidit. 5. dum fervefaceret : ' while she was heating the water ' ; i.e. until the water should become hot; cf. gignerentur, p. 144, 1. 7. 6. carmen . . . incantabat : charms and incantations were in met- rical form, hence the terms carmen and incantabat (from cano, 112, ft). 7. desiluit . . . currebat : note the different tenses and their meaning. 22. 8. magnopere mirati : cf. p. 143, 1. 10. 9. quantum : 125, a. 10. Vos: emphatic by its position and in being expressed other than by the verb ending. 11. ipsae: 'yourselves,' i.e. ' for yourselves. ' Vos . . . ego: contrasted. 14. omittendum : sc. esse. 17. omnino aliter : 'altogether differently.' ac : 'than,' 152 THE ARGONAUTS easdem herbas dedit quibus ipsa usa erat. Itaque postquam diu frustra exspectaverunt, patrem suum re vera mortuum esse intellexerunt. His rebus gestls, Medea sperabat sS cum coniuge suo regnum accepturam esse. At elves cum intel- Slegerent quo modo Pelias periisset, tantum scelus aegre tulerunt ; itaque, Iasone et Medea e regno expulsis, Acastum regem creaverunt. A fatal gift. 23. Post haec Iason et Medea, e Thessalia expulsi, ad urbem Corinthum venerunt, cuius urbis Creon quidam reg- 10 num. turn obtinebat. Erat autem Creonti filia una, nomine Glauce ; quam cum vidisset, Iason constituit Medeam uxorem suam repudiare, eo consilio, ut Glaucen in matri- monium duceret. At Medea ubi intellexit quae ille in animo haberet, iracundia graviter commota, iureiurando confir- I5mavit se tantam iniuriam ulturam. Hoc igitur consilium cepit. Vestem paravit summa arte contextam et variis coloribus ornatam ; hane pernicioso quodam infecit veneno, cuius vis talis erat ut, si quis earn vestem induisset, corpus eius quasi igne ureretur. Hoc facto, vestem ad Glaucen 6. scelus aegre tulerunt : cf. rem aegre tulit, p. 150, 1. 12. 6. Acastum regem : 127. Acastus (-i) was the son of Pelias. 23. 9. Corinthum : Corinthus, (-5, i), Corinth ; see Map opp. p. 97. cuius urbis : see note on p. 145, 1. 18. Creon, -ontis: one oi the early kings of Corinth. 10. Creonti: 164. 11. Glauce, -es : Glance, also called Creusa. quam : trans, by a conjunction and a personal pronoun. 12. eo consilio, ut . . . duceret : ' with the intention of marry- ing.' 14. iureiurando confirmavit : ' she took oath,' ' she swore,' 15, ulturam : sc. esse, FLIGHT OF MEDEA ; DEATH OF JASON 153 misit; ilia autem, nihil mall suspicans, donum libenter accepit, et vestem novam (more feminarum) statim induit. Flight of Medea and death of Jason. 24. Vix vestem induerat Glaucei, cum dolorem gravem per omnia membra sensit, et post paulum diro cruciatu affecta e vita excessit. His rebus gestis, Medea furore atque 5 amentia impulsa filios suos necavit ; turn magnum sibi fore periculum arbitrata si in Thessa- lia maneret, ex ea regione fu- gere constituit. Hoc constitute, Solem oravit ut in tanto periculo 10 auxilium sibi praebSret. Sol autem, his precibus commotus, currum quendam misit, cui dra- cones alls instruct! iuncti erant. Medea non omittendam tantam 15 occasionem arbitrata, currum conscendit, itaque per aera vecta, incolumis ad urbem Athenas Athena. The patron goddess of Athens, Iden- tified with the Roman Minerva. She wears the Aegis with the Gorgon's head. The serpent was sacred to Athenae. 1. mali: 138. 2. more : 166, a. 24. 3. Vix . . . cum . . . sensit : the so-called cum inversum, which regularly takes an indicative. 10. Solem . . . ut . . . praeberet : cf. 128. The place of the second ace. is taken by the substantive clause; for the mood see 260. 12. alia Instruct! : cf. p. 139, 1. 11. 13. omittendam : sc. esse. 15. itaque : ita + -que, ' and . . . thus.' Ita modifies vecta and -que connects conscendit and pervenit. aera : cf. p. 139, 1. 11. 154 THE ARGONAUTS pervenit. Iason autem post breve tempus miro modo occl- sus est. Ille enim (sive casu sive consilio deorum) itixta navem suam, quae in litus subducta erat, quieti se tradide- rat. At navis, quae adhuc erecta steterat, in earn partem 5 ubi Iason iacebat subito decidit et virum miserum oppressit, 2. casu : abl. of cause ; so also consilio, ' through the design.' 3. quieti se tradiderat : cf. p. 144, 1. 6. 4. erecta steterat : the ships were usually held upright by props, one of which gave way or slipped from its place. in earn partem : ' towards that side.' C. IULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTAKII REEUM GESTAKUM BOOK I The Helvetian Wae The geography and inhabitants of Gaul. 1. Gallia est ononis divisa in partes tres, quanim unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqultani", tertiam, qui ipsorum lin- Title. C. Iuli Caesaris : Practically every Roman citizen of Cae- sar's day had three names, (1) a praenomen, or first name, like Gains (or Marcus or Publius), (2) a nomen, or family name, like Iulius, and (3) a cognomen, corresponding somewhat to our middle name, like Caesar. Notice that Caesar's first name, when abbreviated (most first names were abbreviated), was written C. (really an old form of G), but that when expressed in full it was spelled Gains. Rerum Gestarum : ' achievements. ' What is the lit. meaning? Commentary : 'memoir,' 'notes.' The " Commentaries " is the name by which Caesar's famous history has been known to generations of students. 1. 1 and 2. Gallia : before beginning his story Caesar describes briefly in the first chapter the geography of Gaul. Ancient Gaul was larger than modern France, comprising in addition to France also western Switzerland, western Germany, Belgium, and southern Holland; it did not include the Provincia Eomana in the south. est divisa : ' is divided,' This is not a pf . pass, tense but divisa is a pf. part, used like 256 Gallic Trumpets. On a coin of Albinus, son of Brutus {Albinus, Bruti, F.). 156 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,1 gua Celtae, nostra G-alli appellantur. Hi omnSs lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. ©alios ab Aqultanis G-arumna flumen, a Belgls Matrona et Sequana dlvidit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a pred. adj. omnia: ' as a whole.' in: 'into.' Why? See 186, 1 (a), tares : there were three grand geographical divisions of Gaul : (1) Aquitania in the southwest, corresponding roughly to Gascony, (2) the Belgian country, occupying approximately what is now modern Belgium and a portion of northeastern France, (3) between these the country of the Celtae or Gauls proper, by far the largest of the three. quarum: the antecedent is partes. How can you tell from its form what the antecedent of any rel. pron. is ? See 122. This whole sen- tence may be expanded as follows : quarum ( partium) unam (partem) incolunt Belgae, aliam (partem) incolunt Aqultdnl, tertiam (partem incolunt ei) qui ipsorwm lingua, Celtae (appellantur), nostra (lingua) Galll appellantur. The words in parentheses are not in the text but they are supplied in order to make the sentence clear. Belgae : the name has survived to our day in the English form, Belgians, which is familiar to us now. tertiam : the constr. of this word will be understood by studying the expanded sentence as it is given above. qui : for the antecedent see the expanded sentence above. ipso- rum : 'their own,' 135. 1. nostra : i.e. Romdnorum lingua, lingua, institutis, legibus : 171. These people did not, of course, speak Latin as their mother tongue ; the language of the Gauls proper was Celtic, which survives to-day in certain dialects of the British Isles. The Aquitanians and Belgians spoke a dialect that apparently was not like Celtic. Caesar probably did not speak the Celtic language ; he talked with the representatives of the Gauls and of the other races by the aid of interpreters. 2. inter se : the lit. trans, is oftentimes not permitted by English usage ; say ' differ from one another.' Gallos . . . dividit : trace the course of the rivers on the Map opp. p. 155, and learn their modern names. (See the Vocab.) 4. fortissimi : the Belgians of modern times have shown themselves to be worthy descendants of their brave ancestors. propterea : lit. ' on account of this, ' but the two words propterea quod may be trans. 'because. 1 1,1] GEOGRAPHY AND INHABITANTS OF GAUL 157 a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe comineant, atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important; proxi- mique sunt Germanis, qui trans Khenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua d6 causa Helvetii quoque 5 reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotldianls 1. cultu: 'civilization.' humanitate: 'refinement.' provinciae: the Provincia Roruana in southern Gaul (see Map), established in 120 b.o. This part of France is now sometimes called the Provence. The manners and customs of the mother country had as a matter of course been introduced into the Province ; and it is suggested here that civilization impairs the natural courage of a people ! 2. minime : limits saepe ; ' not very often.' minime saepe limits important also. mercatores : nom. case. Roman traders pene- trated into nearly every part of Gaul carrying their wares, which consisted of cloth-stuffs, wines, and ornaments of various kinds. ea : the antecedent of quae. In general avoid expressing the neut. idea by the trans. " things " ; use rather a noun suggested by the connection, e.g. here, 'those wares, which.' 3. ad effeminandos animos: can you distinguish readily the gerund and gerundive ? Which is this ? Note that the gerund ends only in -i, -5, -um, that it is active voice and a noun ; while the gerundive is an adj. having all the forms of an adj. and it is pass, voice. Gen- erally the gerundive may be best trans, by the Eng. verbal noun ending in -ing, the noun which it limits being the object ; translate here: 'to weaken the courage.' See 283. 4. Germanis : see 157. In Caesar's day also the Germans were the neighbors of the Belgians on their eastern border and these two peoples were almost constantly at war with each other, quibuscum : For the form see 185, 2 (a), note. 6. Qua de causa : what was the reason ? See 202, a. Helvetii : the Helvetians lived north of Lake Geneva in what is now western Switzerland. They acted somewhat as a "buffer" to Roman inter- ests by keeping the Germans from descending into Italy. quoque : i.e. as well as the Belgians. 6. virtute: 'courage.' The Latin word is rarely to be trans, by the Eng. deriv. For the case see 171. praecedunt: 'surpass.' What is its meaning from the deriv. ? 158 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,2 proelils cum G-ermanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Orgetorix, a Helvetian, persuades his countrymen to migrate. 2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala et M. Plsone consulibus, regni 5cupiditate induetus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civi- tati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exl- rent ; perfacile esse, cum virtiite omnibus praestarent, totlus Galliae imperio potiri. 1. proelils : see 163, d. finibus : for the case see 158. 2. prohibent . . . gerunt : for the mood see 235. eos, eorum : the Germans. Study the use of suns and is in this sentence. See 197 and 79. 2. In Chaps. 2 and 3 Caesar tells us of the ambitious designs and subsequent death of a Helvetian nobleman, named Orgetorix. 3. Apud: ' among,' a pre}. longe: 'by far.' nobilissimus: there was an aristocracy among these northern peoples also. 4. M. : = Marco (abl. case). M. Messala . . . consulibus: 'in the consulship of M. Messala and M. Piso.' This was in 61 B.C. Since the consuls held office for one year, it was convenient to date the year by their names. Sometimes (see note on p. 25, 1. 9), though not in the Commentaries, the year was dated by reckoning from 753 B.C., the year of the traditional founding of Rome. On the constr. see 173 and on methods of dating, 183. regni : Orgetorix wished to be king. What use of the gen. ? See 137. 5. cupiditate : see 165. induetus : 276 and note. Trans, by a clause introduced by 'because.' coniurationem: determine the meaning from the deriv. nobilitatis : what use of the gen. ? See 136. Trans. ' among the nobility.' fecit : ' organized.' civitati : 149, a. 6. ut . . . exirent : a subst. clause, 260. Orgetorix wanted his people to undertake a national emigration. The ut- clause following persuaded should be expressed in Eng. by an inf. clause ; thus here ' to emigrate.' 7 and 8. esse : the inf. because it is in ind. disc, and expresses what Orgetorix said. See 265. The idea of saying is implied in 1, 2] OBGMTORIX 159 Id hoe facilius els persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur : una ex parte flumine Khgno, latis- simo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanls dividit ; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et HelvStios ; tertia, lacti Lemanno et flumine 5 Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetils dividit. His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et minus fa- cile fluitimis bellum Inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandi eupidl magno dolore afllciebantur. Pro multitu- dine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque f ortitudinis 10 persuasit. Trans. ' (saying) that it was very easy.' virtute . . . praestarent : see p. 157, 1. 6, and 268. totius : what case ? See 49. Galliae : 137. imperio : why abl. case ? 163, a. potlri : the subj. of esse; 274. 1. Id : Orgetorix persuaded them to do 'this' (i.e. ut de flnibus suls exirent). Id is the dir. obj. of persuasit. hoc: 'for this reason,' i.e. quod . . continentur, 165. facilius: adv., 'more easily,' 67. exs : 149, a. loci natura : a glance at the map will show that the country of the Helvetians was hemmed in by mountains, rivers, and by Lake Geneva. 2. continentur : why indie. ? 241 . una ex parte : ' on one side,' 185, 4 (6). flumine Rheno, monte Iura, lacti Lemanno et flumine Rhodano : sc. Helvetii continentur. 3. qui : is masculine, instead of neuter, because of Rheno. Cf . qui below, 1. 6. 7. His rebus : 165. fiebat ut : lit. ' it happened that ' ; trans, 'the result was that.' What voice is fiebat? vagarentur, pos- sent: 261. facile: adv.; cf . facilius above, 1. 1. 8. finitimis : 149, 6. qua ex parte : equivalent in meaning to qua de causa above, p. 157, 1. 5. 9. bellandi : depends on cupidi. Is this a gerund or gerundive ? See note to p. 157, 1. 3. cupidi: gives another reason for magno dolore afficiebantur. Pro . . . hominum: ' considering the large number of people. ' 10.' gloria : ' reputation.' belli et fortitudinis : perhaps a case of hendiadys (288), to be trans. ' reputation for bravery in war.' 160 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAB [1,3 angustos s6 fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum ccxl, in latitudinem clxxx patebant. They make preparations ; Orgetorix plots, is caught, dies. 3. His rebus adductl et auctoritate Orgetorigis per- moti constituerunt ea, quae ad pronciscendum pertinerent, 5 comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum nume- rum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium 1. se . . . habere: 'that they had.' qui . . . patebant: a statement added by Caesar, not in ind. disc, dependent on arbitra- bantur, 269. The indie, is, therefore, used. 2. milia : 130. Perhaps the real reason why the Helvetians wished to emigrate is to be found in the fact that the Germans were persist ently pressing them on their northern border. At any rate it was because of the encroachments of the Germans that Caesar later required the Helvetians to return to their old home. 3. 3. His rebus : see note on these words, p. 159, 1. 7. adductl, permoti : 276. auctoritate: 'commanding influence.' 4. cSnstituerunt : sc. Helvetii. ea : see note on this word, p. 157, 1. 2. Sometimes as here a noun may be supplied from the verb; thus trans. ' to make these preparations.' quae . pertinerent: 271, 'which (they thought) were necessary.' proficlscendum : gerund governed by the prep, ad ; 282. 5. comparare, coemere, facere, confirmare : complementary infinitives depending on constituerunt. iumentorum: draft animals, such as mules, oxen, and horses. quam maximum numerum, sementes quam maximas : for the meaning of quam with the su- perlative see 194. 6. sementes : the Helvetians were not savages, they raised wheat and other kinds of grain. ut . . . suppeteret : 229. in itinere : i.e. during the emigration. 7. frumenti : wheat and other kinds of grain. 8. confirmare: 'establish.' Ad eas res conficiendae': 'to complete these preparations.' See 283. 1,3] ORGETORIX PLOTS AND IS CAUGHT 161 sibi satis esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas rSs conficiendas Orgetorlx deligitur. Is sibi lega- tionem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Se-5 quanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romanl amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat ; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri 1. satis: pred. adj. duxerunt: 'believed.' in tertium an- num : ' for the third year (following) . ' According to the Roman method of counting the first and last number of a series this would be the year 59 b.c. 2. lege: 'by law,' 166, a. confirmant: 'fix.' For the tense see 208. 3. deligitur : why present tense ? See 208. sibi suscepit : 'undertook.' legationem: 'mission.' 4. In eo itinere: i.e. in his visit to the several states. persua- det : the historical present occurs several times in this chapter. Cas- tico : 149, a. 5. filio : 121. Sequano : find on the map the location of the Sequani. They were an influential state of eastern Gaul but stood in great fear of the Germans, large numbers of whom had settled in their country. regnum : ' sovereign rule. ' He had been king. 6. annos: 130. a senatu : 160. 7. ut . . . occuparet: depends upon persuadet, (1. 4), 260. For the tense see 222. sua : refers to the subject (sc. Casticus) of occuparet, 198. occuparet : *' seize.' 8. quod : always use care to determine whether quod is the conj., ' because,' or the rel. pron., ' which.' The sense will help ; one must also look to see if there is an antecedent to which quod, if it is a rel- pron., may refer and with which it agrees. See 122. ante : an adv. Why is it not a prep. ? quod . . . habuerat : the indie, is used because this is what Caesar himself added to the sentence, not what Orgetorix originally said. Cf. also qui . . . acceptus erat, p. 162, 1. 2. Dumnorigi : 149, a. Aeduo : the Aeduans were a powerful state lying west of the Sequani and separated from them by a great water- way, the river Arar, Among the Aedui was a strong pro-Roman party, fratri; 121, 162 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,4 DiviciacI, qui eo tempore prmcipatum in civitate obtingbat ac maxime plebi aeceptus erat, ut idem eonaretur, persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata perficere, propterea 5 quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset ; non esse dubium, quln totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent ; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illls regna conciliaturum con- firmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et itis mran- dum dant, et regno occupato per teres potentissimos ac 10 firmissimos populos totius Galliae imperio sese potiri posse sperant. 4. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Mori- 1. eo tempore : when Orgetorix went on his mission. 2. plebi: 157, but plebi aeceptus (equivalent to a pred. adj.) may be trans, 'popular with the common people.' ut . eonaretur: with persuadet, 260. idem: with eonaretur, 'to make the same attempt.' See note to p. 160, 1. 4 and 125, 6. 4. esse : ind: disc, with probat, ' shows.' The subj. of esse is the inf . perficere (274) . Perfacile is a pred. adj. facta : 287. conata: obj. of perficere. propterea quod : see note on p. 156, 1. 4. 5. ipse : i.e. Orgetorix. obtenturus esset : 268, 213, a. 0d the periphrastic conjugation see 97. esse : see note on esse above. 6. quln . ..possent: 263. totius Galliae : 138. plurimum: neut. ace. used adv., with possent, ' had the most power.' See 125, a. se, suib, suo : emphasizes the confidence of Orgetorix to swing this project even alone. 7. conciliaturum : sc. esse. 8. oratione : ' discourse,' ' eloquence ' ; do not trans, by the Eng. deriv. inter se : see note on these words, p. 156, 1. 2. They swore mutual fidelity. 9. regno occupato : 173 ; expresses time, tares : the Helvetii, the Sequani, and the Aedui. 10. Galliae : with imperio, for which see 137. On the case of im- perio see 163, a. posse : has the force of a future tense. 4. 12. Ea res : i.e. this ambitious and treasonable design of Or- getorix, in league with Casticus and Dumnorix, to seize the supreme 1,4] DEATH OF ORGETORIX 163 bus suls Orgetorigem ex yinculis causam dlcere coegerunt ; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut Igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad itidicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decern, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum nume-B rum habebat, eodem conduxit ; per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob earn rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex power. Helvetiis : 148. est . . enuntiata : for the sake of variety the two parts of the verb are sometimes separated, per in- dicium := per indices, 'through informers' or 'spies.' Moribus: 166, a. 1. ex: in English we should say 'in,' 185, 4 (6). causam dicere : ' to plead his cause. ' 2. damnatum : sc. eurn (= Orgetorigem), the obj. of sequi. The part, expresses a condition, ' in case he were condemned,' 276 and Note. poenam : subj. of sequi (' be inflicted upon 'J. oportebat : an impersonal verb ; 204. ut . . . cremaretur : explains poenam, 261 and Note. Caesar elsewhere tells of other instances among the Gauls of the cruel practice of burning to death as a form of punishment. Die constituta : dies is masc. gender except when it means, as here, an appointed time, 45. 3. causae : depends on dictionis, which in turn depends on die, 137. dictionis : in Eng. we should say ' for the pleading.' omnem : what does it limit ? 4. familiam: 'household,' including slaves. The Eng. deriv. is more restricted in its meaning. ad : ' about ' with milia decern. See Vocab. under ad. hominum : 138. 5. clientes obaeratosque : these persons were in various ways under obligations to Orgetorix and were bound to support him. 6. eodem: adv. ne . . . eripuit: 'he escaped pleading his cause.' What is the lit. translation ? 229. 7. civitas : sc. Helvetiorum. ob earn rem : the attempt of Orgetorix to secure his acquittal by making a show of force with his crowd of retainers. armis : abl. of means, 163. ius suum exse- qui : ' to assert their rights.' 8. conaretur, cogerent : 235. 164 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,5 agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspieio, ut Helvetil arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. The Melvetii get ready ; they plan to go through the province. 5. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetil id, quod con- sstituerant, facere conantur, ut e floibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt, frumentum omne, praeter quod seeum portaturi erant, combtirunt, ut domum reditionis spe 1. magistratus : ' authorities ' ; nom. case. neque abest suspieio: -and there is some reason to suspect.' How is it lit.? 289. 2. ut : with the indie, means ' as. ' quin . consciverit : ' that he committed suicide. ' Translate literally. 263. 5. 4. In chaps. 5 and 6 we learn that the Helvetians continued making preparations to migrate. nihilo minus : see Vocah. for lit. trans. id: obj. of facere and the antecedent of quod; it is explained by the clause, ut . exeant (261). The Helvetians did not condemn Orgetorix because he had urged them to leave their country (they also wanted to migrate), but because of his treasonable designs. 5. Ubi : ' when.' 234. 6. ad earn rem : i.e. ut e flnibus suis exeant. oppida, vicos : the Helvetians were not distinctively a migratory or nomadic people, for they had ' walled-towns ' and settled ' villages.' 7. numero : 171. ad : (occurring twice) see note above, p. 163, 1.4. 8. incendunt : sc. et connecting it with comburunt (208). The grain was spoiled by the action of fire so that it could not be used by an enemy. praeter quod : = praeter id frumentum quod. 9. secum : 185, 2 (a), Note. portaturi erant: the fut. peri- phrastic; ' they were going to take, ' 97. domum : ' home,' with the idea of motion in reditionis, 132. reditionis : depends upon spe, which with subldtd is in the abl. abs. constr., 173. I,ii] THE HELVETIANS 165 sublata paratiorgs ad omnia pericula subeunda essent ; trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracls et Tulingis et Latobrigis flnitimis, uti eodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum els proficiscantur; Boiosque, qui trans 5 RhSnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Nore- iamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi asciscunt. 6. Erant omnlno itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo 1. sublata: 'taken away.' What are the prin. parts of this verb? paratiores : pred. adj. Notice the degree of the adj. ad . . . subeunda : What is subeunda t See note on effeminandos, p. 167, 1. 3 and on ad . . . conjiciendds, p. 160, 1.8; as is often the case, the infin. in Eng. gives the best trans. Say 'to face every danger.' essent : 229. 2. mensium: 141. molita cibaria: see Vocab. under mold. What is the lit. trans. ? A three months' supply of flour for each person of the 368,000 Helvetians and allies who migrated would re- quire in itself an enormous number of carts reaching for many miles, as they often had to proceed single file. sibi : refers to quemque, the subject of efferre (see 260, a, Note). domo : 178. 3. Rauracls, Tulingis, Latobrigis : 149, a. Locate these peoples on the Map. 4. flnitimis : 121. uti (=ut) . . . proficiscantur: 260. eo- dem : ' the same ' as their own. consilio : 163, a. Notice the posi- tion of usi (from utor) . oppidis . . . exustis : 173. 6. una . an adv. eis : refers to the Helvetians. Trans, usi and exustis as coordinate to proficiscantur : ' they persuade (them) to adopt, ... to burn . . . and to set out . . . ' 7. oppugnarant : a contracted form for oppugn&verant. re- ceptos (agreeing with Boios) . asciscunt : ' they received and admitted to alliance with themselves.' A part, should often be trans, thus as coordinate with the main verb. socios : 127. 6. 8. Erant: 'there were.' omnlno : 'only.' duo: with high mountains on the east and west and the hostile Germans at their northern frontier the Helvetians had an outlet only in the south ; even there a river and a lake hindered their passage. itineribus : re- peated fpr the sake pf clearness, 166 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,6 exire possent : unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Ehodanum, vix qua singull carri ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpaucl prohibere possent ; alteram per provinciam 5nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacatl erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque non ntillis locis vado tran- situr. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helve- 1. possent : 233. unum : sc. iter. This was the narrow pass, now called the Pas de l'Ecluse, by which the Rhone forces its way through the Jura range. See the Map opp. p. 155 and the picture on p. 167 showing the appearance of the pass at the present day. angus- tum : to-day a carriage road and a railroad (partly tunneled in the rock) traverse this pass. 2. vix : 'barely' limits ducerentur; its unusual position makes it emphatic. Place the corresponding Eng. word also in an emphatic position in the Eng. sentence. qua (ut ed via) . . . ducerentur : a clause of characteristic, 233 ; trans. ' so that carts could be driven along it (the road).' singull : ' one at a time.' 3. mons . . . impendebat : look at the picture of the pass. 4. facile : adv. ; see note on vix above. perpaucl : the per is emphatic ; ' very few.' prohibere : used absolutely, 205. An object (eos) is necessary in Eng. possent: 232. alteram : sc. iter. provinciam nostram : the Roman Province south of Gaul (see Map opp. p. 155), which for over sixty years had belonged to Rome. By this route the migration of the Helvetians would be to- wards the southwest, through a comparatively peaceful and level country. 5. multo facilius: 'much easier,' 168. facilius, expeditius: neut. adjectives in the comparative degree limiting iter to be supplied. propterea quod : see note on these words, p. 156, 1. 4. 6. nuper : the Allobroges had been defeated by a Roman army in 61 B.C., three years before this, and, as might be expected, their mood was not altogether friendly to Rome. 7. is: i.e. Rhodanus. non nullis : 'some.' vado: 163. 9. Extremum: ' the most remote' from Rome. 1,6] THE HELVETIANS 167 tiorum flnibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Komanum viderentur, existimabant, Pas de l'Ecluse. The pass of the Jura mountain, the mum iter per Sequanos, through which the Helvetians went. The river is the Rhone. 1. flnibus : 157. Genava : the old part of the town is to-day on the south side of the Rhone. The modern city of Geneva is on the north side. pons : as we see from the next chapter this bridge was undoubtedly a timber bridge built on piles. To-day a. fine stone bridge spans the river at about the same point. ad Helvetios : the bridge connected Genava with the northern Helvetian bank. 2. Allobrogibus : 149, a. vel . . . vel (connected with volo, ' wish ') : ' either . . . or ' ; it did not matter which plan they followed. persuasuros, coacturos : sc. esse, nondum bono animo : ' not yet well-disposed ' ; see note on nuper, above. For the abl. case of animo see 170. The abl. of quality may usually be lit. trans. by the prep. ' of.' 8. in: ' towards ' and hence the ace. case following. viderentur: 168 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,7 vel vi coacturos, ut per suos fines eos Ire paterentur. Omni- bus rebus ad profectionem comparatls diem dicunt, qua die ad rlpam Rhodani omngs conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. v. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gablnio consulibus. Caesar hastens to Geneva • he keeps the Selvetii from crossing the Rhone river. > 7. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provin- ciam nostram iter facere oonari, maturat ab urbe profioisci 1. vi : 163. ut . . . paterentur : 260. suos : the Allobroges. eos : the Helvetians. Omnibus . . comparatls : 173 ; expresses time and should be trans, by a clause introduced by ' when.' 2. ad: 'for.' dicunt: 'they fixed.' qua die ( = ut ea die) : see note on die cdnstitiita, p. 163, 1. 2 and 181. 3. conveniant : 230. Trans. ' They appointed a time at which all were to assemble.' dies : the word is masc. gender because used here in a general sense, 45. a. d. v. Kal. Apr. : = ante diem qulntum Kalendas Aprllls, 'the fifth day before the Kalends of April,' i.e. MarchJ8. Read carefully 183. 4. L. Pisone . . . consulibus : 173 and note on p. 158, 1. 4. 7. Caesar now appears upon the scene ! He was in Rome when the news of the Helvetian restlessness reached him. He instantly left the capital and hurried northward, traveling, it is said, ninety miles a day, and he arrived at Genava in eight days. 5. Caesari : although Caesar wrote the Commentaries, he almost always refers to himself in the third person. id : subj. of nuntiatum essent and explained by the infin. clause, eos (= Helvetios) conari. per provinciam . . . facere : Caesar felt that he was justified in proceeding against the Helvetians because their contemplated passage through the Roman Province would be harmful to Roman interests. This, then, was the entering wedge in his interference in the affairs of Gallia ulterior, or Gaul beyond the Alps, for his governorship officially did not extend beyond Gallia Cisalpina, or Gaul south of the Alps. 6. iter facere : ' to march,' a common phrase from now on. urbe: ' Rome,' the city 1,7] CAESAR OPPOSE8 THE HELVETIANS 169 et, quam maximls potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet reseindl. 5 Ubi de eius adventu Helvetil certiores fact! sunt, legates ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nam- meius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dlcerent sibi esse in animo sine tillo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter baberent nul- 10 1. quam . . . itineribus : ' as fast as he could travel ' ; lit. 'by as long marches (roads) as possible,' 194 and Note. Galliam ulteriorem: i.e. Transalpine Gaul, or Gaul beyond the Alps. 2. ad Genavam pervenit : ' reached the neighborhood of Geneva.' What would Genavam alone mean ? 132 and 133. Provinciae : 149, a. toti : 49. quam . . . numerum : ' as many troops as possible.' Cf. the note above on quam . . . itineribus. 3. imperat : ' levies.' 4. legio : on the size of the legion see Introd., p. xxviii. This was the Tenth legion, ad : ' at. ' 5. rescind! : pres. pass. inf. The use of the word shows that the bridge was made of wood. See note on pons, p. 167, 1. 1. 6. Ubi : 234. eius : = Caesaris. certiores fact! sunt : ' had been informed,' a frequent idiom in Caesar, legates: legatus some- times denotes the military officer, 'lieutenant,' and sometimes, as here, it means 'delegate,' 'representative,' 'envoy'; cf. the deriv. from lego, ' appoint.' On the use of the word see 121. 7. nobilissimos: adj. used as noun, 195, a. 8. qui . . . dicerent : rel. clause of purpose, depending on mittunt, 230. Trans., 'sent to say.' 9. sibi . . . animo : ' that it was their intention (to march).' How literally ? The inf. is in ind. disc, after cRcerent. maleficio : meaning from deriv. ? 10. facere : subj. of esse, nullum ; separated from aliud iter to make it emphatic. 170 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR p,7 lum ; rogare, ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat, L. Cassium consulem oecisum ex- ercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico animo, 5 data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundl, tempera- turos ab iniuria et maleficio existiinabat. Tamen, ut spa- tium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis respondit, diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum ; si quid vellent, ad Id. April, reverterentur. 1. rogare (so. se) : in same constr. as esse above. ut . . . liceat : 260. This tells what they were to ask for. eius : Caesar. sibi : the Helvetians. id : obj. of facere, which is the subj. of the impersonal verb, liceat; but trans, 'that it be permitted . . to do.' Caesar : in Latin when the subj. of both a dependent and inde- pendent clause is the same, it is often placed first in the sentence, but this is not permissible in the English translation ; ' because he re- membered that . . . , Caesar did not think. ' 2. memoria tenebat: how lit. ? oecisum, pulsum, missum sc. esse, ind. disc, after memoria tenebat. This humiliating defeat took place in 107 B.C., nearly 50 years previously. 3. sub iugum : two spears were set up and a third placed acrt on top ; this was the ' yoke,' and conquered soldiers were made to ptss under it, one by one, as a token of complete submission and humilia*. n. 4. concedendum : sc. esse. Caesar thought that their reque; go through the Province ' ought not to be granted.' 5. data facultate: 173, expresses condition; trans, by * r introduced by 'if.' facultate: 'opportunity.' itineris facii ndi : depends on facultate, 283. 6. ab : 158 and Note. ut . . posset : depends on respondit, 229. 7. dum ('until') . convenirent: 238. 8. diem: 'a little time.' Caesar was playing a part; he really wanted the ' time ' to use in fortifying his position on the south bank of the river. deliberandum : 282. 9. sumpturum : sc. esse. si . . . reverterentur : in ind. disc., a part of what Caesar replied to the Helvetian delegates. In Latin he said, "si quid voletis, ad Idus Apriles (= Apr. 13) revertimirii," 266, 268, 270. ad : ' about.' 1,8] CAESAR OPPOSES THE HELVETIANS 171 8. Intereg, ea legione, quam secum habebat, militi- busque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Khodanum influit, ad rnontem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum xviiii murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. 5 Eo opere perfects praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo faoilius, si se invito transire conarentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat, se more et exemplo populi Ro- man! posse iter ulli per provinciam dare ; et, si vim facere 10 This distance is equivalent to 8. 1. legione, militibus : 163. 4. muia passuum XVIIII : 130. about 17^ Bug. miles. 6. murum, fossam : it is probable that Caesar protected the south bank of the Rhone in the vicinity of easy fording places only. Where the banks were high and precipitous, a rampart and trench would have been unnecessary. See Plan I opp. p. 171. pedum sedecim : 141. 6. Bo . . . perfecto : 173. Trans. by a clause expressing time. prae- sidia: 'garrisons.' castella: 're- doubts.' quo . . . possit : 229, a. Quo usually introduces a clause of pur- pose when it contains a comparative ; as here, facilius. 7. se invito : ' against his will.' How lit.? 173. 8. lggatis : mentioned in the pre- vious chapter. 9. negat, se . . . posse: 'he says that he can not.' When nego is thus followed by an infin. clause in ind. disc, its negative is in Eng. transferred to the infin. more, exemplo : 166, a. 10. iter : obj. of dare, which depends on posse, villi : case ? See 49. vim facere : 'to use force.' prohibiturum(esse) : sc. se as the subj. and eos as the obj. A Castellum. From a picture in relief on the col- umn of Trajan at Rome. 172 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,9 conentur, prohibituru.ni ostendit. Helvetil, ea spg deiectl, navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Bbodani, qua minima altitude fLiiminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati, operis 5 mumtione et militum concursu et tells repulsi hoc conatii destiterunt. They get permission to go through the country of the Sequani. 9. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanls invitis propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorlgem 10 Aeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanls impetraremt. .¥ 1. ostendit : Caesar pointed to the recently raised fortifications. He had outwitted the Helvetians. spe : 158 and note. 2. navibus . . . factis : 173. Trans, by coordinate clauses. iunctis: 'lashed together.' alii: i.e. some tried to cross the riyer on rafts, ' others ' by the fords. 3. qua: 'where.' non numquam : 'sometimes.' 4. si . . . possent: with conati; 'tried (to see) whether they could,' 259. 5. militum concursu ; ' the rapid concentration of troops.' conatii : 158. 9. 7. una . . . via : this was along the north bank of the Khone and so presumably outside the sphere of Roman " interests. " Examine the Map opp. p. 155 to see where the country of the Sequani lay. per SSquanos : ' through (the country of) the Sequani. ' Sequanls invitis : see note on se invito, p. 171, 1. 7. 8. angustias : see the pictures, pp. 173 and 175. His : with per- suadere, 149, a. cum . . . possent: 235. sua sponte : 'by their own efforts.' They did not themselves possess sufficient influence; it was necessary to employ a mediator, Dumnorix, of the Aeduan state. 9. legatos : see note on this word, p. 169, 1. 6. 10. e5 deprecatore: lit., 'he being intercessor,' that is, 'by his intercession,' 173. impetrarent : the obj. is understood; 'might obtain (this permission),' i.e. to go through the pass. 1,9] THE COUNTRY OF THE SEQUANI 173 Duinnorlx gratia et largltione apud SSquanos plurimum po- terat, et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgeto- rigis flliam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas clvitatSs suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem susci-5 pit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per flngs suos Helvetios The Jura. A view down the canyon east of Nantua. 1. gratia: ('popularity'), largltione: 165. apud: 'among.' plurimum : used as an adv. ; with poterat, ' was very powerful.' 2. Helvetiis : 157. ex ea civitate : i.e. ex Helvetiis. 4. adductus : expresses the cause of studebat, 276 and note, novis rebus: 'for a revolution.' How lit.? 149, a. quam plurimas: 194. 5. obstrictas: limits civitates; 'under obligations,' lit., 'bound (by bis kindness).' As to its use with habere see 281. rem : 'matter.' 6. ut . . . patiantur, uti . . . dent : 261. 174 CAESAB'8 GALLIC WAR [I, IIS Ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent, perficit: Se- quani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant; Helvetil, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant. Caesar returns to Italy and gets five legions. 10. Caesari renuntiatur, Helvetils esse in animo pei sagrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae futurum, ut homines bellicoaos, 1. obsidesque : the -que connects impetrat and perficit. The ' hostages,' often mentioned in the Gallic War, were prominent person- ages (men, women, and children) who were held as a guarantee oi good faith. Their lives were endangered if the promises made by the people giving the hostages were not fulfilled. Sequani: following are the terms of agreement. With Sequani and Helvetii sc. obsidis dant. 2. itinere : 158 and note. ne . . . prohibeant, ut . transe- ant : in Eng. it is better to use the phrase, ' not to keep them from . . ., to pass through. ' 10. 4. renuntiatur : ' word is brought back (re-) to Caesar,' by scouts, who had been sent to reconnoitre. Helvetils ... animo: see note on sibi ■ animo, p. 169, 1. 9. Esse is in ind. disc, depend- ent on renuntiatur. The subj. of esse is facere (1. 6). 5. Santonum : the Santones lived in the southwestern part oi Gaul. See Map opp. p. 155. The Helvetians gave as their reason foi migrating their desire to live in the more open lands of the west From the dawn of history migration and empire have ever taken then way westward. 7. Id si fieret, etc. ; Caesar again has as a plausible reason foi thwarting the desired migration of the Helvetians the protection oi Roman "interests." intellegebat: sc. Caesar. On the expressioi of the condition in ind. disc, see 270. What Caesar thought was. Id si fiet, magno cum periculo provinciae erit. magno : separatee from its noun, as often, by the prep. ; this makes it emphatic. 8. provinciae : dat, case, with periculo, ut . . . haberet ; 261 1,10] CAESAR RETURNS TO ITALY 175 populi Roman! inimlcos, locis patentibus maximSque fru- mentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causes ei munition!, quam f ecerat, T. Labienum. legatum praefgcit ; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones The Jura. The view shows the nature of the country which separated the S^Quani from the Helvetians. 1. locis : with finitimos, 157. 2. finitimos : limits homines. munition! : with praefecit, 149, 6. 3. T. Labienum : one of the ablest and most frequently men- tioned of Caesar's lieutenants in the Gallic War ; but he deserted Caesar's cause in the Civil War that followed the Gallic War. 4. Italiam: i.e. Cisalpine Gaul, his province, magnis itineribus : 'by forced marches,' 169. ■> contendit : Caesar knew of course that he never could check the advance of the Helvetians with his present meager forces ; his only way, therefore, was to hurry back to his own province, and exercising his right as governor, to raise an adequate force, duas : these were numbered XI and XII. 176 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,11 conscrlbit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hiberms edueit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus 5 occupatls itinere exereitum prohibere conantur. Com- pluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris pro- vinciae die septimo pervenit ; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segtisiavos exereitum ducit. Hi sunt 10 extra provinciam trans Rhodanum priml. The Aedui and other states ask for protection against the Helvetii. 11. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant, et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant eoriimque agros populabantur. Aedui, cum se suaque ab I. tres: numbered VII, VIII, and IX. See Introd., p. xxviii. Aquileiam : Caesar's official residence, near the modern Austrian city of Triest (see Map). 4. locis . . . occupatis: i.e. the Alpine heights, 173. 5. compluribus, etc. : trans, in the order, his (the Alpine peoples) pulsis compluribus proeliis. 6. ab : 'from.' 7. extremum (sc. oppidum) : from the point of view of Rome. Find Ocelum on the Map. 8. die: 181. 9. Hi : i.e. the Segusiavi, who were ' the first people outside the Roman Province across the Rhone.' In from 40 to 60 days Caesar had mobilized his army and returned northward ; he intercepted the Helvetians at the Arar river about 100 miles west of the Rhone pass. II. 11. iam : i.e. while Caesar had been mobilizing. 13. populabantur: trans, by the progressive form, 'were laying waste,' 209. Aedui: see note on Caesar, p. 170, 1. 1. cum: ' since,' 240. se suaque : ' themselves and their possessions.' sua is the neut. pi. ace. 1,11] THE AEDUI ASK PROTECTION 177 els dSfendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium : Ita se omnl tempore de populo Romano meritos esse, lit, paene in conspectu exercitus nostri, agri vas- tari, liberi eorum in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnan non debuerint. Eodem tempore, quo Aedui, Ambarrl, ne-5 cessarii et consanguine! Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese depopulatis agrls non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item AllobrogSs, qui trans Rhodanum yicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem reci- piunt, et demonstrant, sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse 10 reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis in Santonos Helvetii pervenlrent. 1. els : the Helvetians. 2. rogatum: 'to ask for,' the supine expressing purpose, 286. Ita . . . debuerint : ind. disc, depending on an idea of saying con- tained in rogdt um. Ita: ' to such a degree. ' de populo Romano meritos esse : ' that they had deserved well of the Roman people.' 8. nostri : i.e. Romdni. agri, liberi, oppida : subjects of debuerint. vastari, abdtici, expugnarl : depend on debuerint. 4. abdtici : ' carried off.' 5. debuerint : for the mood, 232, and tense, 223. quo Aedui : = quo tempore Aedui Caesarem certiorem faciunt. necessarii, consanguine!: 121. 8. Item : as well as the Aedui and Ambarri. 9. fuga se recipiunt : ' fled. ' How lit. ? 10. nihil : subj. of esse. 11. reliqui ; the neut. adj. used as a noun (195, a) ; a partitive gen. depending on nihil, ' nothing left ' ; 138. The Allobroges alleged that their fields had been completely stripped by the invaders, leaving nothing but the bare ground. ' exspectandum : sc. esse. See note on concedendum, p. 170, 1. 4. 12. sibi : 155. dum . . . pervenirent : explain the subjunctive mood ; 238. omnibus . . . consumptis : 173. Trans, by a clause. sociorum : another plausible reason for Caesar's inter- ference, — the allies of Rome must not be allowed to suffer. 178 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,11 Caesar destroys one division of the Helvetii at the Arar. 12. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in Khodanum Influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat, iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iimctis transfbant. Ubi per 5 exploratores Caesar certior faetus est, tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castrls profectus ad earn partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos 12. Caesar intercepts the Helvetian host "and destroys a portion of them . 1. Flumen, etc. : 'there is a river (called) the Arar.' Arar: now the Saone river, which joins the Rhone at the city of Lyons. Examine the Map opp. p. 155 and locate the Aedui and Sequani. 2. lenitate : 170. "With ita the phrase may be trans. ' is so in- credibly sluggish that,' etc. The point where the Helvetians crossed the river is believed to be at the modern town of Trevoux, about 8 miles north of Lj/ons. Here even to-day the current of the Sadne is so sluggish that Caesar's description is still applicable. See the pic- ture on p. 179. 3. ut . . . possit : 232. oculis : i.e. by looking at it. utram : Exact meaning ? See Vocab. partem : ' direction.' The clause in utram part em fluat is really the subj. of possit. fluat: 259. Ex- plain the tense ; 219. The Helvetians were crossing the river when Caesar arrived ; they did not all get across. 5. exploratores : every good army must have them. tres partes : ' three-fourths. ' partes, flumen : 129. 6. Helvetios : subj. of tradiixisse. tradiixisse : Why inf. ? quartam partem : 'one-fourth.' 7. citra : on the east side of the river. de : ' in,' 185, 3 (c). For the expression see 183 (end). What time was it ? 8. earn partem : i.e. the quartam partem. This division of the enemy was encamped in a valley near the river and the approach of the Roman army was screened by a high hill overlooking the valley. 9. impeditos : they were getting ready to cross. 1,12] HELVETIAN DEFEAT AT THE ABAB 179 et inopinantes aggressus magnam partem eorum coneidit; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigunnus ; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divlsa est. Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum5 memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exerci- tum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive easu sive consilio deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem ca- The Arar. A view of the place where, in all probability, the Helvetians crossed, pursued by Caesar. The current is so slight that the trees are mirrored in the water. 2. sese . . . mandarunt ( = manddverunt) : about equivalent to sese in fugam dederunt. in . . . silvas : the ace. because of the idea of motion in abdiderunt. 3. Is pagus : the quarta pars. omnis: 'entire.' 4. divlsa est : cf. the note on the words, p. 155, 1. 1. 6. cum exlsset : 'having gone forth'; 235. 6. memoria: 'within the memory.' interfecerat: see notes to p. 170, lines 2 and 3. 7. casfi, consilio : 165. 8. pars : attracted into the rel. clause ; trans, it with the ea fol-. lowing. 180 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,13 lamitatem populo Romano iiitulerat, ea prlnceps poenSs persolvit. Qua, in rg Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurml eodem proelio quo 5 Cassium interfecerant. The Helvetii send delegates to Caesar. 13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequl posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat atque ita exercitum traducit. Helvetii repentmo eius adventu commoti, cum id, quod ipsi diebus xx aegerrime confece- 10 rant, ut flumen transirent, ilium uno die fecisse intelle- gerent, legates ad eum mittunt; cuius legationis Dlvico prlnceps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare egit : 1. populo Romano : 149, 6. princeps : ' (was) the first (to pay the penalty).' See 191. 4. L. Pisonem : obj. of interfecerant. The order for trans, is L. Pisonem legatum, avum eius (= Caesaris) socerl, L. Pisonis. The family name was Calpurnius and Calpurnia is the familiar name of Caesar's wife. quo Cassium : so. interfecerant. 13. The long pursuit of the Helvetians begins. 6. copias : obj. of consequl; it is made prominent by the unusual position of ut. ut . . .posset: expresses the purpose of faciendum curat, 229. 7. pontem : probably a pontoon bridge. See cut, p. 187. in: ' over.' faciendum curat : ' he had a bridge built,' 285. 9. commoti: 'alarmed.' id: antecedent of the fol. quod ('that which ') and explained by ut . . . transirent. ipsi : the Helvetians. diebus XX : 182. 10. ilium : Caesar. uno diS : within 24 hours Caesar had con- veyed his army of about 25,000 men across the river ; the Helvetians bad been three weeks in crossing. 12. princeps : pred. noun. bello Cassiano : referred to above, 1. 4. See 181. 18, cum Caesare egit: lit., ' be treated with Caesar,' »'.«, 'head- 1,13] HELVETIANS SEND ENVOYS TO CAESAR 181 Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetils faceret, in earn partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios, ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset ; sin bello per- sequl perseveraret, reminlscer&tur et veteris incommodi populi Roman! et prlstinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod 5 improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum el, qui flumen translssent, suls auxilium, ferre non possent, ng ob earn rem aut suae magnopere virttiti tribueret aut ipsos despi- ceret; se ita a patribus maioribusque suls didicisse, ut magis virtute contenderent, quam dolo aut insidils nite-lfl rentur. Qua re ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi consti- dressed Caesar.' The remainder of the chap, quotes the speech of Divico in ind. disc. Study carefully 265-271. It would be fine prac- tice for the pupil to reproduce first in English and then in Latin the exact words of Divico. 1. faceret: faciet in dir. disc. in earn partem, ibi: the ante- cedent of ubi. 2. ituros, futuros : sc. esse. 3. constituisset, voluisset : for the fut. perf. (constitueris, volu- eris) of dir. disc, to express an action completed at the time of the action of the mam verb, 217. sin : ' but if.' 4. perseveraret : sc. Caesar. reminisoeretur : for remimscere (imper. ) of dir. disc. veteris incommodi : a covert reference to the helium Cassidnum. incommodi, virtutis : 144. 5. Quod . . adortus esset : ' As to his having attacked,' 258. 6. improviso : meaning from deriv. ? unum pagum : referred to p. 178, lines 9 ff. 7. suis : 'to their friends.' n§ . . . despiceret : 'let him not on that account exaggerate his own prowess or look down upon them ' ; for noli tribuere, despicere of dir. disc. 9. a: 'from.' 10. dolo aut insidils : implying that this was the way that Caesar fought. See 163, b. niterentur : 'rely upon.' 11. ne . . . committeret: 'let him not suffer,' for noli commit- ter of dir. disc. This speech of Divico (now an old man, since he had been a Helvetian officer at the defeat of Cassius fifty years before) may seem boastful, but it is the speech of a brave man. 182 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,14 tissent, ex calamitate popull Romani et internecione ex- ercitus nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet. They reject Caesar's terms. 14. His Caesar ita respondit : Eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, quas legati 5 Helvetil commemorassent, memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito popull Romani accidissent ; qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere ; sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, qua re timeret, neque sine causa timendum io putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae obllvlscl vellet, num 14. 3. His : i.e. legafis Helvetiorum. 4. Eo sibi . . esse facturum : the speech of Caesar in reply to Divico's is also expressed in ind. disc. The pupil should reproduce it in Caesar's own words. Eo : 'for this reason,' i.e. the quod-clause following ; 165. sibi : with dari, 148. minus dubitationis : subj. of dari. minus is the neut., comp. degree, used like a noun. For the case of dubitationis see 138 ; lit., 'less of hesitation,' i.e. in Eng., 'less .hesitation.' 5. memoria teneret : ' he remembered.' eo, quo : 168 ; Caesar remembered with ' the ' more indignation, ' the ' less the Roman peo- ple had deserved this treatment. 6. ferre : sc. eas res as obj. accidissent : sc. eae res as subj. qui : i. e. populus Romdnus, ' they . ' 7. alicuius : case ? See 86. iniuriae : 143. si . . fuisset, non fuisse : cond. contrary to fact, 270 ; cf. 247. 8. cavere: 'to be on their guard.' deceptum (esse) : sc. popu- Uim Romanum. eo : cf. eo above, 1. 4. neque commissum: ' they did not know that they had done anything to cause them to be alarmed.' 9. timendum : sc. esse ; ' that they should feel alarm.' 10. Quod si: 'but if.' contumeliae : 144. vellet : sc. Caesar. num: is used to ask a question to which the answer, "no," is ex- pected. It is not translated. 1,14] CAESAE'S terms rejected 183 etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo invito iter per pro- vinciam per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambar- ros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse ? Quod sua victoria tarn Insolenter gloriarentur, quodque tarn diu s<5 impunS iniurias tulisse ' admirarentur, eodem perti-5 nere. ConsuSsse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homi- ngs ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. Cum ea ita 'sint, tamen, si obsides ab els sibi dentur, uti ea, quae polliceantur, facturos intelle- 10 gat, et si Aeduis de iniuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum mtulerint, item si Allobrogibus satis faciant, sSse cum els pacem esse facturum. 1. reoentium : described in the previous chapter. iniiiriarum : depends on memoriam, 1. 3. quod: ' the f a,ct that.' The word is repeated below for emphasis. eo invito : see note on se invito, p. 171, 1. 7. 2. per vim temptassent : ' had tried to force. ' 3. Allobrogas : ace. case, 38. posse : why infin. ? See 267. 4. Quod : like quod, p. 181, 1. 5, 258. victoria : 165. 6. se := Caesarem. The Helvetians wondered that Caesar had so long put up with the outrages they had committed. eodem perti- nere : 'pointed in the same direction,' i.e. the threatened destruction of the Helvetians. 6. quo . . doleant: 229, a. ex: 'in consequence of.' 7. quos: antecedent is homines, pro: 'for,' ' in retaliation of . ' 8. his: i.e. hominibus. secundiores res : 'prosperity.' How lit.? 9. concedere: depends on Gonsuesse, 1. 6. Heaven, says Caesar, gives criminals a long period of prosperity so that punishment, when it does come, will bring bitter suffering. Cum: 'although,' 251. obsides : see note on this word, p. 174, 1. 1. 10. facturos : sc. esse eos ( = Helvetios) . 11. de : ' for. ' ipsis : = Aeduis, 149, 6. 12. intulerint : ' have inflicted. ' satis faciant : ' give satisfac- tion.' Divico's brief reply is also in ind. disc. 184 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,15 Dlvico respondit : Ita Helvetios a maioribus suis institu- tes esse, uti obsidSs accipere, non dare, eonsuerint; eius rei populum Eomanum esse testem. Hoc response date discessit. The Selvetii march on and Caesar follows. 5 15. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, quern ex omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis co- aetum habebat, praemittit, qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen TnsecutI 10 alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; et pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere non numquam et novis- simo agmine proelio nostras lacessere coeperunt. Caesar 15 suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti inter novissi- 15. 5. movent : sc. Helvetii. Idem : neut. ace. sing. 7-8. coactum habebat : see 281 . Caesar's cavalry was recruited largely from the friendly allies. qui videant : 230 and 123, 6. 9. faciant : 259. Qui : = equites ; do not trans, lit. but see 202, a. cupidius: 'too eagerly,' 193. novissimum agmen: see Introd., p. xl. 10. alieno : ' unfavorable. ' 11. de nostris : 185, 3 (d). proelio: 165. sublati: 'elated.' 13. audacius : ' quite boldly ' ; 193, and cf . cupidius above, sub- sistere : ' halt.' novissimo agmine : 'with their rearguard.' 14. nostros : sc. milites. 15. satis: (sc. esse) habebat in praesentia: 'regarded it as sufficient for the time. ' IB. rapinis : 158. 17. dies : 130, 1,16] THE AEDUI NEGLECT TO SEND GRAIN 185 mum hostiuin agmen et nostrum prlmum non amplius qul- nis aut senis milibus passuum interesset. The Aedui neglect to bring the promised grain ; Caesar learns of the reasons for it. 16. Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, quod essent publics polliciti, flagitare. Nam propter frigora non modo frumenta in agrls matura non erant sed n6 pabuli qui- 5 dem satis magna copia suppetebat ; eo autem frumento, quod fluorine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea minus uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetil averterant, a quibus 1. prlmum (sc. agmen): 'vanguard.' See Introd., p. xl. 2. milibus: 161. During this time the march of both armies was probably along or near the west bank of the Arar river. 16. Caesar's food supply gets short. 3. Aeduos, frumentum : 128. The Aedui, as allies of Rome, would be expected to contribute to the support of the Roman army which was ostensibly operating in Gaul for tbeir benefit. But there was a strong anti-Roman party among the Aedui, which accounts for Caesar's difficulties in getting a supply of grain promptly. frumen- tum : ' grain,' mostly wheat. See the Introd., p. xxx. 4. essent polliciti : the subjunctive because it is in ind. disc, de- pending on the idea of saying implied in flagitare ; ' which (Caesar said) they had promised.' 271. publice: 'in the name of their state.' flagitare: why inf.? 275. frigora: i.e. relatively, as compared with the warmer climate of Italy. 6. frumenta: ' standing grain. ' ne . . quidem : 'not even,' always incloses the emphatic word, pabuli: grass and hay for the pack-animals: depends upon copia. This was the month of June. 6. frumento : with uti (1. 8) ; 163, o. 7. flumine : the supply of grain on hand was more easily carried on the river, navibus : 163. propterea : to be taken with the follow- ing quod. minus : = non. 8. poterat : sc. Caesar. averterant : the Helvetians were bear- ing off toward the northwest, away from the Arar. quibus : i.e. the Helvetians. 186 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,16 discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedul; eonferri, eomportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duel intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, coirvocatis eorum 5 principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris babebat, in bis Dlviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quern ' vergobretum ' appellant Aedul, qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos babet potestatem, graviter eos accusat, quod, cum neque emi neque ex agris sumi posset, 10 tarn necessario tempore, tarn propinquis bostibus, ab els non sublevetur, praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit ; multo etiam gravius, quod sit destitutus, queritur. 1. Diem ex die: 'from day to day.' ducere, dicere: 275. eonferri, eomportari, adesse: sc. frumentum as subj.; the infinitives are in ind. disc, with dicere. Conferri refers to the gathering of the grain in the fields, eomportari to the bringing together of the different crops, and adesse to delivery in the near future. 3. intellexit: so. Caesar. instare: 'was at hand.' 4. frumentum . . . metiri : the soldiers received their rations at stated times, eorum : = Aeduorum. 6. principibus: 'leading men.' copiam: 'number.' 6. Diviciaco. Lisco : sc. convocatls. magistratui: 149,6. 7. vergobretum : a native Celtic word, here Latinized for Roman readers, annuus : an adj., but trans, by an adv., ' annually,' 190. 8. vitae . potestatem: an autocratic ruler. in suos: 'over his people.' 9. posset : sc. frumentum as subj. 9-11. quod . . sublevetur: Caesar's reason ; ' because he was not helped (as he complained),' 241. 10. necessario: 'critical.' tarn propinquis hostibus : 173, but trans, by a clause expressing time. 12. multo: 168. 13. sit destitutus : see 241 and note above on sublevetur. 1,17] THE REASON FOR THEIR NEGLECT 187 17. Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat, proponit : Esse non niillos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plttri- mum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsl magistra- tes. Hos sSditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem 5 A Pontoon Bridge. A relief on the column of Trajan at Rome. It was probably by such a pontoon bridge that Caesar's army crossed the Arar river. 17. 1. quod: see 125, b. Its antecedent is id, to be supplied as the obj. of proponit. 3. Esse non niillos : the remainder of the chap, gives Liscus's speech in ind. disc. ' There are some, etc' plurimum valeat : ' is very great,' 125, a. i. plus possint : ' have more power,' 125, a. These influential Aeduans were naturally anti-Roman and sought in every way to embarrass the Roman expedition. 188 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,18 deterrere, 116 frumentum conferant, quod debeant : prae- stare, si iam prlncipatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Bomanorum imperia perferre ; neque dubi- tare "debere, quin, si Helvetios superaverint Bomani, una 5 cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint ereptuxl. Ab elsdem nostra consilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, bostibus enuntiari ; bos a se coereeri non posse. Qum etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu 10 potuerit, tacuisse. The treachery of Dumnorix, who is anti-Roman. 18. Caesar bac oratione Lisci Dumnorlgem, DiviciacI fratrem, designari sentiebat ; sed, quod pluribus praesenti- bus eas res iactar! nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Lis- 1. ne . oonferant: 262. Trans. ' (kept) from contributing the grain.' debeant: se. conf err e. praestare . . . ereptiiri: ind. disc, within ind. disc, expressing the opinion of 3os and depend- ing on an idea cf saying implied in oratione. praestare : ' it was better' ; the subject is perferre. 2. possint : sc. Aedul. 4. qum . . Bint erepturi : 263. 5. Aeduis : 153. 6. elsdem : the non nullos above (p. 187, 1. 3) ; see 160. 7. Qum etiam: 'nay even.' quod . enuntiarit: 258. 9. quanto: with cum periculo. fecerit: 259. quam diu potuerit: 'as long as he could.' 18. 11. Dumnorigem (subj. of designari) -. friendly to the Helve- tians, as we saw above in chap. 9. Diviciacus, his brother, who is mentioned here, was strongly pro-Roman. 12. pluribus praesentibus : 173. 13. iactari : 'to be discussed.' dimittit : a connective (et) be- tween this word and retinet is omitted ; 290. 1,18] TREACHERY OF DUMNORIX 189 cum retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventii dixerat ; dioit llberius atque audacius. Badem sScreto ab aliis quaerit, reperit esse vera : Ipsum esse Dumnorlgem, suinma audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. 5 Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo lieente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus, et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas oomparasse ; magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu sem- 10 per alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi, sed etiam 1. ex solo : sc. Lisco. Quaerit ea, quae : ' he questioned him about what (lit. those things which).' 2. elicit : sc. Liscus. 3. Ipsum esse to desperare (p. 190, 1. 12) : in ind. disc. Ipsum esse Dumnorlgem : ' that Dumnorix was the very man referred to.' 4. audacia, gratia ; 170. 6. annos : 130. portoria : ' customs tolls,' levied on merchan- dise passing through the country, particularly along its water routes ; vectigalia were taxes in general. 7. pretio : 164. redempta habere : 281. Practically equiva- lent to redemisse. 8. illo lieente : abl. abs. expressing condition ' if he made a bid, no one dared to bid against him.' It was customary all over the Roman world for the public taxes to be "farmed out"; that is, the highest bidder at a general auction paid a lump sum to the state, which was thereby saved the trouble and expense of collecting the taxes, but the taxes were collected mercilessly by the contractor, for whom all that he could extort over and above the amount paid to the state was clear gain. These collectors were the pUblicanl or "publicans" of the New Testament. Thus the influence of Dumnorix was so great that in this matter of bidding he had things his own way. et . . . et: 'both . . . and.' 9. auxisse, comparasse : sc. eum (= Dumnorlgem). 11. domi: 176. 190 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR p, 18 apud flnitimas civitates largiter posse, atque hums poten- tiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo colloeasse ; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in 5 alias civitates colloeasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn affinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesaiem et Eomanos, quod eorum adventti potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque ho- noris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanls, summam in 10 spem per Helvetios regni obtinendl venire ; imperio popxdi Roman! non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Eeperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium 15 eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui, quern auxilio Caesari Aedui rniserant, Dunmorix 1. largiter posse : 'he had great influence.' huius potentiae causa : ' for the sake of (strengthening) this influence.' 2. matrem colloeasse (= collocavisse) -. 'had arranged a mar- riage for his mother.' 4. sororem ex matre: 'sister on his mother's side,' i.e. a half- sister, nuptum colloeasse : ' had sent to he married ' ; see 286, Note. 5. cupere : ' was well-disposed to.' 6. suo nomine : ' on his own account,' ' personally.' 7. deminuta : sc. sit. 9. Si quid accidat Romania : i.e. if the Romans should lie defeated and driven out of the country, summam in spem venire: 'he entertained the highest hopes.' 10. regni obtinendl : depends on spem, 283. imperio : i.e. if the Romans were supreme, 169. 13. in quaerendo: 'in the course of his investigation,' 282. quod proelium esset factum : ' as to the unsuccessful cavalry battle that had taken place,' 258. 14. paucis diebus : 168. 15. factum : sc. esse. 16. equitatui : 149, b. auxilio Caesari : 156 and Note. 1,19] CAESAR CONSULTS DIVICIACUS 191 praeerat), eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perte- ritum. Caesar consults Diviciacus and for the time pardons Dumnorix. 19. Quibus rebus cognitls, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios tradiixisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curas- 5 set, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu Aeduo- ram acciisaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, qua re in eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. 10 His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Eomanum studium, smnmam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat; nam, nS eius supplicio Diviciaci animum 19. 4. accederent : lit. meaning (derived from ad and cedo) in successive stages is ' go to,' ' approach,' ' become a part of,' ' be added to.' The word is commonly used with the latter meaning; thus here, 'when to these suspicions positive tacts were added,' or 'when in addition to these suspicions there were the positive facts.' quod: 'the fact that'; the four substantive clauses (257) following are in apposition with res and specify the ' facts. ' 5. tradiixisset (and three fol. verbs) : sc. Dumnorix as subj. dandos curasset : ' had effected an exchange, etc.,' 286. 6. suo: i.e. Caesar's. civitatis: also with iniussu. 7. ipsis: Caesar and the Aedui. magistratu: i.e. Liscus. 8. satis: used as a noun, with causae (138); 'sufficient reason.' 9. animadvertere: 'punish,' 233. 11. unum repugnabat : ' one thing stood in the way of,' i.e. ' there was one objection.' Unum is explained by the fol. quod clause ; 267. 12. studium: 'devotion.' 14. cognoverat : sc. Caesar. ne . . . offenderet : 264. eius : = Dumnorlgis. 192 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR p,20 offenderet, verebatur. Itaque prius, quam quicquam con&- retur, Dlviciacum ad se vocari iubet et, cotidianls interpreti- bus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucilhim, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum 5 fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur ; simul commonefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorlge sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Petit atque hortatur, ut sine eius offensione animl vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat, vel clvitatern statuere iubeat. 10 20. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : Scire se, ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam 1. prius quam : ' before.' 2. cotidianls: 'ordinary,' lit. 'everyday.' interpretibus : Caesar probably could not yet speak Celtic, and he had to depend upon the services of friendly natives who knew Latin. An especially trustworthy friend was the interpreter, C. Valerius Troucillus (1. 3), whom Caesar retained for the interview with Diviciacus. 5. eo : = Divicideo. 6. ipso : Diviciacus. sint dicta, dixerit : 259. 7. eo : Duranorix. apud se: 'in his (Caesar's) presence.! 8. offensione : Caesar was extremely careful not to hurt the sen- sitive feelings of the friendly Aeduan. ipse : Caesar. 9. eo : Dumnorix. statuere : 260, a, Note. 20. 10. multis cum lacrimis complexus : the Celtic, like the Latin, peoples were and are very emotional. It is frequently observed to-day in scenes of parting at railroad stations. 11. ne . . . statueret: 260. These clauses are not as a rule to be translated literally; so here, 'beg him not to take too severe meas- ures, etc' quid : quis and quid following ne or si have an indefinite force, 'anyone,' 'anything.' gravius: 193. 12. Scire . . averterentur : gives in ind. disc, the substance of what Diviciacus said, ilia : what Caesar had discovered (Chap. 18). ex eo : ' on that account. ' plus : used as a noun (see 64) ; with doloris (138), ' more pain,' obj. of capere. 1,20] CAESAR PARDONS DUMNORIX 193 se doloris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adule- acentiam posset, per se crevisset ; quibus opibus ac nerns non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore f raterno et existima- 5 tione vulgl commoverl. Quod si quid el a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum, non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae animi a s<5 averterentur. Haec cum pltiribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar ic eius dextram prgndit ; consolatus rogat, finem orandi faciat ; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et rei publicae 1. cum : ' at the time when. ' ipse : Diviciacus. plurimum ; with posset supplied from the fol. clause. 2. ille: Dumnorix. minimum: 'had very little power,' con- trasted with plurimum. 3. crevisset: sc. Dumnorix as subj. se : means whom ? quibus: 'which' resources, i.e. the resources and strength gained through the position of his brother, Diviciacus. opibus, nervis : 163, a. i. ad minuendam gratiam : 282 and 283. 5. suam : (of Diviciacus) also limits gratiam. fraterno : ' for his brother.' ezistimatione vulgi : i.e. public opinion. 6. Quod si: 'but if.' quid : see note on this word, p. 192, 1. 11. 5: ' at the hands of.' gravius: limits quid, 193. 7. accidisset : the expression is softened. Diviciacus means to imply that Caesar might punish Dumnorix severely or even take his life. The verb would be fut. pf. in dir. disc. eum locum : referred to on p. 191, 1. 12. apud eum : Caesar. 8. factum (esse) : i.e. si quid gravius accidisset. 9. futurum uti : 'the result would be that.' 261. 11. dextram prendit : the manner of expressing good-will then as now. rogat : sc. ut introducing faciat. orandi : What form ? 282. 12. tanti: 'worth so much,' 142. eius : = Diviciaci. rei publicae : ' (harm) done to the state,' 137. 194 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,21 iniuriam et suum dolorem eius voluntatl ae precibus con- donet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet ; quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit ; quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas queratur, proponit ; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes 5 suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Divieiaco fratrl condonare dicit. Dumnorigl custodes ponit, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. Caesar plans an attack on the Helvetii ; his plan is frustrated by a false report. 21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior f actus, hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castrls octo, 10 qualis esset natflra montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, misit. Eenuntiatum est, facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et els ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, sum- I. voluntati, precibus : 149, a ; ' out of regard for his wishes and entreaties.' 3. eo : Dumnorix. 4. in reliquum tempus : ' for the future.' 5. praeterita : obj. of condonare ; for fratrl see note on volim- tati above. 21. 9. sub monte: 'at the foot of a hill.' milia octo : 130. ipsius : Caesar's. 10. qualis esset : depends (259) on qui cognoscerent, which in turn depends on misit. qui : antecedent is explordtores to be supplied, in circuitu : lit. ' in the going around. ' Caesar means that he wished to find out what the ascent of the hill was like from the rear. He wanted to see if it was feasible to surprise the enemy by an attack in the rear from the top of the hill, at the same time that he made a frontal attack. II. Renuntiatum : trans, the re-. esse : sc. ascensum as subj. De tertia vigilia ; about what time ? 183. 12. pro praetore : ' with the powers of a general.' 1,22] CAESAR'S PLAN MISCARRIES 195 mum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid sui consili sit, ostendit. Ipse d<5 quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rel mllitaris perltissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. Crass! fuerat, cum explo-5 ratoribus praemittitur. 22. Prima luce, cum summus mons a, Labieno tenere- tur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsms adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, Considius equo 10 admisso ad eum accurrit, dicit montem, quern a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab bostibus teneri ; id se a G-allicis armis I. consili : 138 ; with quid, ' what his plan was.' On the form see 18. 4. rel militaris : 143. perltissimus : but on this occasion, as we shall see, he was badly scared. habebatur: 'was regarded.' Cf. our English phrase, " was held to be." 5. L. Sullae : the famous Roman general, who died in 78 B.C. in M. Crassi : sc. exercitu. M. Crassus, a general of great ability, noted for his wealth ; with Pompey the Great and Caesar he was a member of the first Triumvirate, in 60 b.c. Caesar thought it neces- sary to give this account of the military experience of Considius to justify his unfortunate selection of him on this occasion. 22. 7. Prima luce: 'at daybreak,' about four o'clock in the morning. summus mons : 192. teneretur : Labienus had taken position above and back of the Helvetian camp, but his presence was of course not known to the enemy. 8. mille et quingentis passibus : ' a mile and a half.' 9. neque : trans, the negative with aut . . . aut : ' and . . . neither . . nor.' 10. ipsius : = Caesaris. adventus : nom. case, equo admisso : 'at full gallop,' 173. II. accurrit : ' hurried up.' 12. voluerit : sc. Caesar. ab hostibus teneri : of course Con- sidius was mistaken. id: i.e. montem ab hostibus teneri. a: ' from. 196 ■ CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS [1,22 atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proxi- nmm collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat el praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae 5 essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostras exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit, et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et Con- sidium, timore perterritum, quod non vidisset pro viso sibi 10 renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castrls castra ponit. 1. insignibus : ' crests ' of helmets and standards. Caesar . . instruit : Caesar, not knowing that Considius was wrong, did the only safe thing, namely, formed his army in line on an elevation ready to fight. 3. ut : 'as.' ei : 150; 'as he had been instructed.' His in- structions are given in the following ne . . . committeret ('not to engage ') nisi . . . visae essent. 4. ipsius : Caesar's. 6. ut . . . fieret (229) : the Helvetians were to be caught in a trap between the simultaneous attacks of the two divisions of Caesar's army. 6. proelio abstinebat : Caesar did not appear owing to the report of Considius, and naturally Labienus did not make a move. Meantime the Helvetians, unsuspecting, broke camp and left. 7. Multo die : ' late in the day. ' 8. Considium . . . renuntiasse : a grim remark. Considius never appears again in the story of the Gallic War. 9. quod : antecedent is id supplied as the obj. of renuntiasse. proviso: 'as (something) seen.' Considius thought the soldiers of Labienus were Gauls. 10. quo consuerat intervallo : ' at the customary interval,' about five or six miles. Consuerat is for consueverat. 1,23] CAESAR TURNS TOWARD BIBRAGTE 197 Caesar turns toward Bibracte; the Helvetii follow to attack. 23. Postridig eius diei, quod omnlno blduum supererat, cum exercitul frumentum mgttrl oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longg maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius mllibus passuum xvm aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit; iter ab Helvetiis avertit acs Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res per fugitlvos L. Aemili, decurionis equitum G-al- lorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore per- territos Eomanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis quod pridie superioribus locis occupatis proelium non com- 10 misissent, sive eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse con- 23. 1. Postrldie eius diei : ' on the next day,' 134. 2. frumentum : see note to p. 185, 1. 3. a : 'from.' 3. oppido: 121. Bibracte: the capital city of the Aedui, situ- ated on a high plateau, now called Mt. Beuvray. Excavations have revealed its city- walls and private and public buildings. It was well known for its manufacture of iron tools and other objects. In this town in the last year of the war Vercingetorix was made commander- in-chief of the allied Gallic forces, and there is reason to believe that in the winter of 52-51 B.C. the story of the Gallic War was written there by Caesar in the form in which you are now reading it. 4. rei frumentariae : 149, 6 and 150. 6. Bibracte : 132. 7. Ea res : that Caesar was leaving the Helvetian pursuit and go- ing toward Bibracte. fugitlvos : deserters from a squad of cavalry commanded by L. Aemilius. See Introd., p. xxxv. On the form Aemili see 18. 8. perterritos : thinking that the Romans were cowards. 9. existimarent : for this and the fol. subjunctives see 241. eo: 165. 10. commlsissent : the Helvetians evidently had heard of Caesar's scheme but either they did not know the whole story or they dis- credited it. 11. re frumentaria : 158. posse : sc. Romanos as subj. 198 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,24 flderent, commutato consilio atque itinere converso nostras a novissimo agmine Insequi ac lacessere coepSrunt. Both sides prepare to fight. The battle begins. 24. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subdticit equitatumque, qui sustineret shostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tri- plicem aeiem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum; atque supra se in summo iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari ac totum montem hominibus compleri, et interea sarcinas 1. itinere converso : 'reversed their march.' 2. a: 'on.' On the night before the battle the Romans were en- camped near Toulon on the west bank of the Arroux river (see Plan II, opp. p. 198) and the Helvetians were three miles along the trail to the northwest. In the morning the latter continued their journey north- westerly and Caesar marched rapidly toward the north to replenish his supplies at Bibracte and later pick up the pursuit of the Helvetians, but the enemy misinterpreted Caesar's move. 24. 3. Postquam . . . advertit : ' after he (Caesar) noticed this. ' animum is obj. of advertit and id is governed by ad in advertit. 4. collem: the hill above Armecy (see Plan II). It must have been 18 Roman miles south of Bibracte. Caesar always chose a position, if possible, on an elevation. qui sustineret : 230. The cavalry was used to bear the brunt of the first charge of the enemy. 6. in colle medio : ' half-way up the hill.' triplicem aciem : see Introd., p. xli. 6. veteranarum : the legions numbered VII, VIII, IX, and X These had already seen fighting and could be relied upon. 7. supra se : Caesar was, therefore, near the front, in summo iugo : ' at the top of the hill.' duas legiones : XI and XII, just enlisted ; they were held as a reserve force. quas . . conscrip- serat : see p. 175, 1. 4. 8. auxilia: see Introd., p. xxxv. The auxilia were not "regulars "; they were non-Roman light-armed troops, as were also the slingei. and archers. collocari : ' to be posted.' 9. sarcinSa : the soldiers' individual ' packs '; see Introd., p. xxxii. BATTLE BETWEEN CAESAR AND THE HELVETI1 Lib. I, 24-29 p LAN n 1 X EXPLANATION. a Camp of Caesar the night before the battle. b Camp of the Helvetii. c Intrenchinent made to protect the two Legions of recruits, the Aux- iliaries and the baggage, on the summit of the hill (p. 198, 7). dd The four old Legions in line of bat- tle (p. 198, 6). ee The Helvetii in line of battle (p. 199, U). EE The Helvetii thrown back upon the heights a mile from the first posi- tion {p. 200, 7). e'e' Second position of the Helvetii, having returned to the attack (p. SOI, 2). f f Tne Boii and Tulingi, having ap- proached from the left side, attack- ing the rear of the Eoman force (p. 200, 11). d'd' First and second Eoman lines, facing the Helvetii (p. 201, A). d"d" Third Eoman line, facing the Boii and Tulingi (p. 201, 5). g Enclosure formed by the carts of the* Helvetii (p. 199, S; p. 202, 7). Eomans ^^ Helvetii ' I 1,26] THE BATTLE BEGINS 199 in unum locum conferri et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suls earns secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi, confertissima acis reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 5 25. Caesar, primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. Milites g loco superiore pills missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disiecta, gladiis dgstrictis in eos impetum 10 fecerunt. 1. eum : so. locum, where the packs were collected. 3. impedimenta : the general army baggage. 4. acie : 166. reiecto . . . equitatu : 173. phalange facta : 173. This was a close formation in which those in front held their shields before them overlapping each other and those behind held their shields also overlapping above their heads. We shall see how the active Roman fighters disorganized this forma- tion. 5. sub : ' up against. ' 25. 6. suo ; sc. equo ex conspectu remoto, 173. Trans, by a clause coordinate with the main clause. The horses were perhaps tethered below the brow of the hill at the east. 7. aequato omnium periculo : 173, but trans. ' by making the danger of all equal.' spem fugae tolleret : they had to fight or die, they could not escape on horseback ; but Caesar was no better off than bis men. 8. cohortatus : this was their first real battle in Gaul and Caesar wanted them to win it. 9. e loco superiore : i.e. the Romans stood on higher ground and their missiles fell with more force, pills: seelntrod., p. xxxii. They could be hurled with effect from 40 to 60 feet. 10. Ea: i.e. phalange. disiecta :' disorganized,' 173. gladiis destrictis : 173. The battle became a hand-to-hand struggle and resembled a modern bayonet charge. See the picture on p. 201, which in imagination reproduces this scene. 200 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR • p,25 G-allls magno ad pugnam erat impediments, quod pluribus eorum scutts uno ictu pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum ferrum se Inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedlta satis commode pugnare poterant, multi ut diu iactato brac- 5 chio praeoptarent scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter mllle passuum spatio, eo sg recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus nostrls, Boil et TulingI, 10 qui homhium milibus circiter xv agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros ab latere 1. Gallls impedlmento : 156 and Note. Trans. ' The Gauls were greatly hindered in fighting. ' 2. scutiB . . . transfixiB et colligatis (' pinned together ') : 173. ictu: 163. 3. evellere: sc. pila. sinistra: manu, 'fore-arm,' on which each carried his shield. 4. satis commode: 'very conveniently.' Since their shields overlapped in the phalanx formation (see note above, p. 199, 1. 4), the wrought iron point of the Roman pila in many instances pierced the overlapping edges and bent, holding the shields together, so that in the end the shields had to be thrown away. See p. xxxiii. multi : emphatic position ; subj. of praeoptarent. iactato: 'jerked back and forth.' bracchio : i.e. sinistro. 5. nudo: 'exposed.' 6. pedem referre : see Vocab. 7. eo : 'there' (i.e. 'thither'), = ad montem. This mons is be- lieved to be just north of the village of Montmort. See Plan II. 9. Capto : ' reached. ' succedentibus : the prep, shows that the Romans were pursuing them hotly. 10. agmen claudebant : 'were bringing up the rear.' 11. novissimis (= novissimo agmirii) praesidio: 156 and note. ox itinere : ' on the march,' without stopping to rest or re-form their line, ab latere aperto : ' on the exposed flank,' which would be on the right side of the Roman line, unprotected by the shield. In order to do this the Boii and Tulingi went around the Roman rear (circwm- venire) . DEFEAT OF THE HELVETIANS 201 aperto aggressi circumvenlre, et id oonspicati HelvStil, qui in montem s6s6 receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Eomani conversa signa bipertito intulerunt ; prima et secunda aciSs, ut vietis ac summotls resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret. 5 The Helvetii are defeated. Some escape. 26. Ita ancipiti proelio diu. atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum sustingre nostrorum impetus non The Battle between the Romans and the Helvetians. An imaginative restoration of the scene at the very beginning of the battle. 2. rursus instare : the Helvetians were encouraged by the ap- pearance of their allies 3. Roman! . . . intulerunt : ' The Bomans changed front (lit. standards) and advanced in two divisions. ' In reality only one line wheeled to meet the Boii and Tulingi (venientes), the other two lines continued to engage the Helvetians (vietis ac summotls). 26. 6. ancipiti: 'double.' Do not trans, the remainder of this sentence literally. 202 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,26 possent, alterl se, ut coeperant, in montem reeeperunt, alterl ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potu.it. Ad multam noctem, 5etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros veni- entes tela coniciebant, et non null! inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrasque vulnerabant. Diu cum esset pugnatum, impediments castrlsque nostri pottti 10 sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filils captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter bominum mllia cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte eontinenter ierunt ; nullam partem noctis itinere intermisso, in fines Lingonum die quarto perveng- runt, cum et propter vulnera mllitum et propter sepul- I5turam occlsorum nostri trlduum moratl eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque mlsit, 1 . possent : sc. hostes as subj. alter! . . . alterl : ' one division (the Helvetians) . . . the other division (the Boii and Tulingi).' 2. impedimenta et carros : marked G on Plan II. 3. proelio : 180. cum : 251 . ab hora septima : from about one o'clock. See 183 (end). 4. aversum : not one of the enemy was seen running away. Caesar admired bravery even in an enemy. Ad multam noctem : ' until late at night. ' 5. ad: 'by.' 6. e loco superiore : from the top of the rampart of wagons. 9. impedimentis, castris: 163, a. 10. e rails: 185,4, (d). 11. superfuerunt: 'survived.' 12. nocte : 180. eontinenter : ' without stopping. ' partem : 130. 14. cum: 240. 16. occlsorum : victory was hard earned. trlduum : 130. 16. Lingonas: ace. case, 38. ne eos . . . habiturum: the sub- stance of Caesar's message in ind. disc. 1,28] DEFEAT OF THE HELVETIANS 203 ne eos frumento nSve alia rg iuvarent; qui si iuvissent, se eodem loco, quo Helvetios, habiturum. Ipse trlduo intermisso cum omnibus copiis eos sequl coepit. 27. Helvetil omnium rerum inopia adducti legates de dSditione ad eum mlserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere con- 5 vSnissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locutl flentes pacem petlssent, atque eos in eo loco, quo turn essent, suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsidSs, arma, servos, qui ad e6s perfugissent, poposcit. 10 Dum ea conqulruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa, circiter hominum milia vi eius pagi, qui Verbigenus appel- late, srve timore perterritl, ne armis traditis supplicio affi- oerentur, slve spe salutis inductl, quod in tanta multittidine deditlciorum suam fugam aut occultari aut omnino ignorari 15 posse exlstimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressl ad Ehenum flnesque G-ermanorum eontenderunt. The terms of surrender. 28. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant, his uti conqulrerent et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse 1. ne . . . iuvarent (so. Lingones): 266. iuvissent : iuveritis (fut. pf. ind.) of dir. disc. 2. eodem loco : i.e. Caesar would regard their act as hostile, quo Helvetios : sc. haberet. 27. 4. de deditione : ' to negotiate for surrender.' 7. eos : = omnes Helvetios. 8. iussisset : sc. Caesar. 11. ea : obsides, arma, servl. conqulruntur: ' searched for, ' 236. 13. ne . . . afficerentur : depends on timore ; of. 264. supplicio afficerentur : ' (lest) they be punished.' 16. exlstimarent : why subjunctive ? 241. prima nocte : ' early in the night. ' 28. 19. his: 149, a ; it is the antecedent of quorum (1. 18). sibi: 'in his sight,' 152. purgati: 'guiltless.' 204 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,28 vellent, imperavit ; reductos in nostrum numero habuit ; reliquos omnes obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis in dedi- tionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, revertl iussit ; et, quod omnibus 5 frugibus amissis domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit, ut els frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos ineenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit, eum locum, unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum 10 German!, qui trans Bhenum incolunt, e suis f Inibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios, petentibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute erant eogniti, ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit ; quibus ill! agros dederunt, quosque postea in 15 parem iuris llbertatisque condicionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. 1. reductos . . . habuit: i.e. they were all put to the sword without mercy. This was war, and war justified General Sherman's description of it then as now. 5. amissis : they had destroyed their excess grain (p. 164, 1. 8). domi: 176. tolerarent: 233. 6. facerent: 'provide.' 7. ipsos : = Helvetios. 8. Id : making the Helvetians return to their mountain home and occupy it again. ratione: 165. 9. vacare: 'to be unoccupied.' transirent: 229. Caesar here expressly says that he forced the Helvetians to return in order to offer an obstruction to the advance of the Germans southward. In this he was safeguarding the interests of Italy. 12. Boios: obj of collocarent. Aeduis: ind. obj. of concessit, 148. 13. ut collocarent : with petentibus, 260. virtute : 170. 14. quibus, quos : the Boii. illi : = Helvetii. 15. parem atque : 'the same as.' The Helvetian population had become greatly depleted by the war and they needed the help of the Boii in combating the Germans. 1,29] • CAESAR'S TRIUMPH 205 The Helvetian roster. 29. In castrls Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litterls Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim pueri, senes mulieresque. Qu&rum omnium rerum summa eratB capitum Helvetiorum milia cclxiii, Tulingorum milia xxxvi, Latobrigorum xmi, Eauraoorum xxin, Boiorum xxxn ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia coclxviii. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, censu babito, ut Caesar imperaverat, 10 repertus est numerus milium c et x. Gallic chieftains congratulate Caesar. 30. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae legati, principgs civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum con- venerunt : 29. 1. tabulae: 'lists.' litterls Graecis : the Greek alphabet was used, but the language was undoubtedly that native to the Helve- tians, namely, the Celtic. 3. nominatim: 'by items,' referring to what follows. ratio: 'statement.' exisset: 259. 4. separatim : ' under separate heads.' 5. summa: 'total.' omnium summa : 'grand total.' 10. censu habito : 'a census having been taken.' According to these figures less than a third of the original number of emigrants sur- vived the experiences of the summer. War statistics, however, are likely to be somewhat inaccurate. 30. Caesar's operations in Gaul during this summer did not end with the defeat of the Helvetians. Certain Gallic states, oppressed by the westward migrations of the Germans, appealed to Caesar for help in driving out the hateful invaders. He promptly complied and found in this an excellent excuse for remaining longer in Gaul. 13. gratulatum : 286. 206 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,30 Intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniu- riis populi Eomani ab his poenas bello repetlsset, tamen earn rem non minus ex usu. terrae Galliae quam populi Eomani accidisse, propterea quod eo consilio florentissimls 5 rebus domos suas Helvetil reliquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent imperioque potlrentur locumque domicilio ex magna copia, deligerent, quern ex omni Gallia opportu- nissimum ac fru.ctuosissim.um iudicassent, reliquasque civi- tates stipendiarias haberent. 10 Petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris voluntate facere liceret ; sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vel- 1. Intellegere to haberent (1. 9) : ind. disc, depending on the idea of saying implied in gratulatum. sese : (the duplicated form) referring back to legdti who represented totafere Gallia. Helvetio- rum : 136. 2. populi Romani : 137 and Note. Study these two uses of the gen. case carefully, tametsi . . . repetlsset ( = repetlvisset) : ' although . for the past wrongs which the Helvetians had done to the Roman peo- ple he (Caesar) had exacted punishment from them (the Helvetians) in war, ' 252. 3. earn rem : i.e. poenas repetlsse. ex usu : lit. 'from advan- tage,' i.e. 'to the advantage of.' terrae is gen. case depending on usu. 4. accidisse : ind. disc, depending on intellegere. eo consilio : 'with this intention,' explained by the clause uti . . haberent (see 260, a). 5. rebus : 173. Galliae : 149, 6. 6. imperio: 163, a. domicilio: 156. 7. ex magna copia (sc. locorum): 'out of numerous localities.' quern : antecedent is locum. 8. iudicassent ( = iudicdvissent) : for the fut. perf . of dir. disc. 9. stipendiarias : a pred. adj. 10. Petierunt: sc. legdti. certam: 'particular.' 11. indicere: 'appoint.' liceret: 260. habere: ind. disc, depending on an idea of saying in Petierunt, 1,31] THE GAULS ASK AID OF CAESAR 207 lent. Ea re permissa, diem concilio constituerunt et iure iurando, n6 quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio mandatum esset, inter s§ sanxerunt. They entreat him to defend Gaul against the German king, Ariovistus. 31. Eo concilio dimisso, Idem principes civitatum, qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt petieruntque, ut5 sibi secreto de sua omniumque salute cum eo agere lice- ret. Ea re impetrata, sSse omnes flentSs Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt : JTon minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea, quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent ; propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum ia in crueiatum se venturos viderent. Locutus est pro his Dlviciacus Aeduus : 1. Ea re : i.e. permission to call a general council of Gaul. 2. ne . . . enuntiaret: depends on sanxerunt (261). quia: meaning after ne ? nisi (sc. ut ex enuntiarent) quibus : ' except those to whom,' i.e. only those having official authority should disclose the proceedings of the council. consilio : 166, a. 3. mandatum esset : = fut. perf . of dir. disc. inter se sanxe- runt : ' they bound themselves mutually. ' 31. 4. idem : nom. pi. masc. Note the length of the first vowel. 5. ante : an adv. 6. sibi, sua : refers to whom ? 197. secreto : adv. modifying agere. The Gauls were extremely anxious to keep Ariovistus, king of the Germans, from hearing of their action. 7. re: 'request.' Caesari: trans, toy the gen. case ; 151, a. 8. Won minus . . . viderent: ind. disc. id: obj. of the fol. infinitives, and explained by ne . . . enuntiarentur (note the voice). 9. quam :' than ' after minus above, ea : 'those things' (=favors). 10. enuntiatum esset : fut. perf. of dir. disc. summum . . . venturos: 'that they would suffer the most cruel torture.' 11. pro : 'on behalf of.' The speech of Diviciacus, occupying the rest of the chap., is quoted in ind. disc. Study 265-271 while read- ing it. 208 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,31 Galliae totiu3 factiones esse duas ; harum alterius prin- cipatum tenere Aeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum tan- topere de potentate inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernls Sequanlsque German! mercede 5 arcesserentur. Horum prim.6 circiter milia xv Rhenum transisse ; postea quam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbarl adamassent, traductos plures ; nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et xx milium numerum. Cum his Aeduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum 10 armis contendisse ; magnam calami tatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute et populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plu- rimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis 1. factiones: 'parties.' harum: sc. factionum. alterius, alterius : ' of the one (party), of the other.' The Aedui and Arverni between them controlled the affairs of Celtic Gaul. 3. annos: 130. 4. factum esse, uti : 'it happened that.' mercede: the Ger- mans were hired to come. 5. Horum : = Gfermanorum, 138. Rhemim : 129. The Rhine Eiver has practically always been the dividing line between the Celts and the Teutons. 6. cultum: 'civilization.' postea quam := postquam. 7. adamassent: 'had taken a liking to.' traductos: sc. esse. 8. ad : with numerum. milium : 139. 9. his : = Germariis. semel atque iterum : ' again and again.' 10. pulsos: modifies e.os (= Aeduos) to be supplied as the subj. of accepisse. Trans, by two coordinate verbs, 'had been beaten and had suffered.' 12. Quibus: 202. fractos: see note on pulsos above. The eos to be supplied is antecedent of qui and subj. of coactos esse (1. 14). 13. virtute, hospitio, amicitia : 165. populi Romani : with both hospitio and amicitia. plurimum potuissent : see note on plurimum, p. 173, 1. 1. 14. ante : adv. 1,81] THE GAULS ASK AID OF CAESAR 209 obsides dare nobilissimos clvitatis et iure iurando civita- tem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetlturos neque auxilium a populo Bomano imploraturos, neque recusatu- ios, quo minus perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio essent. Unum si esse ex omni clvitate Aeduorum, qui 5 adduci non potuerit, ut iiiraret aut llberos suos obsides daret. Ob earn rem se ex clvitate profugisse et Eomam The Rhine. Showing one of the numerous castles which crown the hills and the vineyards which clothe their slopes. 1. obsides: 121. 2. sese . . . recusaturos : ind. disc, depending on iure iurando obstringere. What is the meaning of re- In repetlturos ? 4. qu5 minus . . essent : 262. illorum : Sequanorum. 5. Unum : 'the only man.' 6. potuerit : would be subjunctive in dir. disc, 233. obsides : 121. 7. Romam: 132. 210 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,31 ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque iure iurando neque obsidibus tenergtur. Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis victis acci- disse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in 5 eorum finibus consedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequanl, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset, et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxmi ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac sedes pararentur. Euttl- 10 rum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pelle- rentur atque omnes German! Rhenum transirent; neque enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque hanc consuetudinem victtis cum ilia comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vi- 15 cerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos 1. postulatum: 286. quod: 'because.' 3. peiuB : 60. peius . . . accidisse : ' a worse fate had hap- pened to.' How lit. ? Sequams : this state was nearest the Ger- man borders. See Map opp. p. 155. quam : 'than.' 7. Sequanos decedere ; 260, Note. 8. mensibus : with ante, 168. 9. locus ac sedes: 'a place to settle,' 288. pararentur: ' must be made. ' What is the lit. meaning ? 10. armls : 182. omnes : sc. Galli. pellerentur, transirent : 261. 12. conferendum esse Gallicum (sc. agrum) : ' the land of the Gauls is not to be compared with,' etc. In Eng. we should reverse the order. 13. hanc : of the Gauls, ilia. : of the Germans, comparandam : see note above on cdnferendum. 14. ut semel : ' as soon as. ' 15. factum sit : 'took place.' Admagetobrigae: 176. 16. nobilissimi cuiusque (from quisque) : ' every one of high rank,' 203. 1,31] THE GAULS ASK AID OF CAESAR 211 poscere et in eos omnia exempla eruciatusque Sdere, si qua r6s non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. Homi- nem esse barbamm, iracundum, temerarium; non posse eius imperia diutius sustingre. Nisi quid in Caesare popu- loque Eomano sit auxill, omnibus Gallis idem esse faci-s endum, quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortu- namque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. The Rhine. Another view, showing the beauty of its banks and the swift current of the river. 1. ezempla eruciatusque : 'every species of cruelty,' 288. qua: meaning after si f 3. posse: sc. Gallos as subj. 5. auxili : with quid, 138. Gallis: 155. idem: subj. of esse faci- endum, idem is explaiped by the fol. ut . . . emigrent, petant, experi- antur. What is shown by the quantity of the first syllable ? See 81. 8. quaecumque : indefinite rel. pron. referring to fortunam. 212 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,32 Haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum sint, gravissimum suppli- cium stimat. Caesarem vel auctoritate sua atque exercitus vel recentl victoria vel nomine populi Roman! deterrere 5 posse, ne maior multitude Germanorum Rhenum tradH- catur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovist! iniuria posse de- fendere. Caesar espouses the cause of the Gauls. 32. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita, omnes, qui aderant, magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. 10 Animadvertit Caesar, unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum faeere, quas ceteri facerent, sed trlstes capite demisso terram intuerl. Eius rei quae causa esset miratus, ex ipsls quaesiit. Nihil Sequani respondere, sed in eadem tristitia tacit! permanere. Cum ab bis saepius quaereret I5neque ullam omnlno vocem exprimere posset, idem Divici- acus Aeduus respondit : I. Haec : the fact that Diviciacus was giving Caesar this infor- mation, dubitare : sc. se as subj., referring to Diviciacus. 3. exercitus: sc. auctoritate ('prestige'). 4. recenti victoria : ,the one gained over the Helvetians. 5. ne . . . traducatur: 262. 6. defendere : 'protect.' 32. 8. oratione : do not trans, by the English deriv. ; ' when Diviciacus had made this speech.' 10. unos : 'alone.' II. facerent : 268. tristes : trans, as an adv. ; 190. 12. demisso: 'bowed.' Eius rei : depend on causa, esset: 259. 13. Nihil : emphatic position, ' not a word.' respondere. per- manere : 275. 14. saepius: 'repeatedly.' 15. neque : = et non. idem Diviciacus : ' Diviciacus again.' What is idem literally ? 1,33] CAESAR PROMISES AID 213 Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem querl neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovistl crudelitatem, velut si coram adesset, horrerent, propterea quod reliquis tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, 5 qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate eius essent, omnes cruciatiis essent perferendi. 33. His rebus cognitls, Caesar Qallorum animos verbis conflrmavit pollicitusque est, sibi earn rem curae futuram ; io magnam se habere spem, et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum flnem iniurils facturum. Hac ora- tione habita concilium dlmlsit. Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, qua re sibi 1. Hoc esse to the end of the chap, is in ind. disc. Hoc : 166 ; looks forward to the clause, quod . . . auderent. fortunam : ' the lot.' 2. reliquorum : sc. fortunam. soli : sc. iSequanl. ne . . . qui- dem : 'not even,' followed immediately in the English sentence by the trans, of the emphasized words placed between ne and quidem. 3. absentia: has an idea of concession, 'though he was away.' 4. horrerent : 'dreaded.' 5. reliquis : in contrast with Sequanis following. This sentence has a concessive force ; although the rest had a chance of escaping, the Sequani had to submit. tamen : ' at any rate.' Sequanis : with essent perferendi, 155. 33. 10. sibi, curae : dat. case, 156 and Note ; ' that he would give attention to this matter.' futuram : sc. esse. 11. magnam : note the position of this word. se habere : ind. disc. To whom do se and suo refer ? 12. Ariovistum . . . facturum (esse): depends upon habere spem, which is equivalent to sperare. 14. secundum: prep, governing ea; 'besides these (considera- tions).' qua re . . . putaret : 230; '(forced him) to think.' sibi: 155. 214 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,33 earn rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, in prlmls, quod Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero S senatu appellator, in servitute atque in dicione videbat Germanorum teneri, eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum 5ac Sequanos intellegebat ; quod in tanto imperio populi Romanl turpissimum sibi et rei publieae esse arbitrabatur. Paulatim autem Germanos consueseere Rhenum trans- Ire, et in G-alliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire, populo Eomano perlculosum videbat ; neque sibi homines loferos ac barbaros temperaturos existimabat quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante CimbrI Teutonlque fecissent, in provinciam exlrent atque inde in Italiam eon- tenderent, praesertim cum Sequanos a proviacia nostra Ebodanus dlvideret ; quibus rebus quam maturrime occur- I5rendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spi- ritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur. 2. Aeduos: subj. of teneri (1. 4). quod : 'a situation which' ; refers to the facts stated in the preceding sentence. 8. magnam : with multitudinem. 9. populo Romano : 157. perlculosum : pred. adj. with esse to be supplied, the subj. of esse being the infin. clauses preceding. videbat : sc. Caesar. 10. quin . . exlrent, . . . contenderent : 262. ' (would not refrain) from going into the Province, etc' 11. ut: 'as.' 12. fecissent : for fecerant of dir. disc, 268. The event had hap- pened in 102 e.c. in Italiam contenderent : there was undoubtedly a real danger of this happening and Caesar was, therefore, justified in taking early measures against the Germans. 14. Rhodanus : i.e. the Rhone would be the only barrier to the progress of the invaders. quibus rebus : dat. with occurrendum, 149, b. quam maturrime : 194. occurrendum : sc. sibi. 15. sibi sumpserat : ' had assumed.' 16. ut . . . videretur : ' that he seemed unbearable.' 1,34] ABI0VISTU8 DECLINES A CONFERENCE 215 Be invites Ariovistus to a conference ; Ariovistus declines and to Caesar's demands sends back a haughty reply. 34. Quam ob rem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum lSgatOs mitteret, qui ab eo postularent, utl aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio deligeret; velle sese d6 rS publica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere. Ei legation! Ario- vistus respondit : 5 Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum Msse; si quid ille se velit, ilium ad se venire oportere. Praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere, quas Caesar possideret, neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum locum 10 contrahere posse. Sibi autem mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut omnino populo Eomano negoti esset. 34. 1. placuit ei : 'he resolved ' ;• how lit.? ut . . . mitteret : subj. otplacuit, 261. 2. postularent : 230. medium utriusque : ' midway between each' (i.e. Caesar and Ariovistus), 134. 3. re publica : 'political matters.' 4. summis . . . rebus : also governed by de ; ' matters of the greatest importance to each of them.' 6. Si quid : ind. disc, to the end of the chapter. Si quid . . esset: 'if he had wanted anything from Caesar.' ipsi: dat. case, referring to Ariovistus. sese : Ariovistus. Who is eum ? ven- turum fuisse : for venissem of dir. disc. This is a cond. contrary to fact. See 270. 7. si . . . velit : ' if he (Caesar) wanted anything from him.' quid, se : for the two accusatives see 128. velit : for vis (pres. indie.) of dir. disc, a simple cond. To whom do ilium and se refer ? 11. minim : pred. adj., the subj. of videri being the clause quid . . . esset. quid is used with negoti (1. 13) ; ' what business,' 138. in sua Gallia : ' in his (part of) Gaul.' 12. Caesari, populo Romano : 154. Trans. ' what business Caesar or the Roman people in general had, ' 216 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,35 Caesar sends an ultimatum. 35. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum Caesar legates cum his mandatis mittit : Quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio afectus, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus 5 esset, hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret, ut in colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur neque de communl re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, haec esse, quae ab eo postularet : primum, ne quam multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rbenum in G-alliam tradticeret ; deinde, ohsi- 10 des, quos baberet ab Aeduis, redderet, Sequanisque permit- teret, ut, quos ill! baberent, voluntate eius reddere illls liceret ; neve Aeduos initiria lacesseret, neve bis sociisque eorum bellum Inferret. 35. 1. responsis : trans, by the sing., 'reply.' 3. Quoniam : ind. disc, to the end of the chap, beneficio : with both suo and popull Romani ,- ' kindness on his (Caesar's) part and that of the Roman people.' affectus : 'treated.' 4. in consulatu suo : in the previous year, 59 B.C. rex atque amicus appellatus : this was a political expedient to gain the good- will of Ariovistus, but, as we shall see, Ariovistus was shrewd enough to understand it. senatu : the Roman senate. 5. hanc gratiam referret : ' he showed his gratitude in this.' Hanc is explained by the fol. Mf-clause. 6. invitatus : expresses time, 276 and Note. neque : = et non. communi re : ' a matter of common interest.' 7. dicendum, cognoscendum : sc. esse; 'that he should speak or learn.' haec . . postularet : Caesar's ultimatum, which fol- lows, ne . . traduceret, . . . (ut) . . . redderet, . . . permitteret, . . . neve . . lacesseret, . . . Inferret, clauses which explain haec and depend upon postularet, 260. 8. quam : meaning after ne f 10. Sequams : 148. 11 ut . . liceret: 260. illi, illis : the Sequani. eius: = Ariovisti. 12. iniuria : ' wrongfully,' 166, 1,36] THE HAUGHTY REPLY OF ARIOVISTUS 111 Si id ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram ; si non impe- traret, sSsS, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus sena- tus cSnsuisset, uti, quicunque G-alliam provinciam obtineret, quod eommodo rel publicae facere posset, Aeduos ceterosque 5 amicos populi Roman! defenderet, se Aeduonim iniurias non ueglectiirum. The haughty reply of Ariovistus. 36. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : Ius esse belli, ut qui vicissent, els quos vicissent, quern ad modum vellent, imperarent ; item populum Romanum 10 vietis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. Si ipse populo Romano non praescri- 1. fecisset : fut. perf. of dir. disc , 270. sibi populoque Romano : 154. 2. eo : = Ariovisto. impetraret : subj. = Caesar. 3. M. Messala . . . consulibus: see note to p. 158, 1. 4. The date was 61 B.C. 4. uti . . . defenderet : with censuisset, 260. quicumque : indefinite rel. pron., having as its antecedent the subj. of defenderet. Galliam provinciam : 127. obtineret : as governor. 5. quod : ' in so far as.' eommodo : 166, a. 6. se : repeats the sese above (1. 3). 7. neglecturum (esse): ' would not allow to go unpunished.' 36. 8. respondit : the rest of the chapter is again expressed in ind. disc. The pupil will find interest in putting into English the exact text of these diplomatic " notes " that passed between Caesar and Ariovistus. 9. Ifls esse belli : ' that it is the right of war.' qui : antecedent is subj. of imperarent. eis : with imperarent; 149, a. What is the modern view of the rights of conquerors over the conquered ? 11. vietis: see note on els above, ad: ' according to.' alterius: i.e. a third party. 12. populo Romano : 149, b. 218 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,36 beret, quern ad modum suo iure uteretur, non oportere sesg a populo Komano in suo iure impedirl. Aeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armls congress! ac superati essent, stipendiarios esse faetos. Mag- 5 nam Caesarem iniuriam faeere, qui suo adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret. Aeduis se obsides redditurum non esse, neque his neque eorum sociis iniuria bellum illaturum, si in eo manerent, quod convenisset, stlpendiumque quo- tannis penderent; si id non fecissent, longe els fraternum 10 nornen popull Komani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret, se Aeduorum iniurias non negleeturum, neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. Cum vellet, congrederetur ; intelleeturum, quid invieti G-er- manl, exercitatissimi in armls, qui inter annos xiiii tectum 15 non subissent, virtute possent. I. suo : refers to populus Romanus, the subj. of uteretur. sese, suo : refer to Ariovistus. 4. stipendiarios : 129, a. Magnam : note the position of this word and explain it. 6. qui . . . faceret : rel. clause expressing cause ; ' since he made,' 242. To whom do suo and sibi refer 1 6. deteriora: pred. adj. 7. iniuria : see note on this word above (p. 216, 1. 12). 8. si . . . convenisset : ' if they should abide by that which had been agreed upon.' 9. longe els afuturum : ' would be of little help to them.' fraternum : ' of brothers.' II. Quod . . . denuntiaret: ' as for Caesar's threatening him.' se : refers to Caesar. 12. secum : refers to Ariovistus. Bua : refers to neminem ; 198, Note. 13. congrederetur • 266. intelleeturum : sc. se ( = Caesarem) esse. quid . . . virtute possent: 'what their mettle was.' How lit.? 14. inter: 'during.' tectum non subissent : ' had not had the 1,87] CAESAR HASTENS TO VESONTIO 219 Caesar hastens to Vesontio. 37. Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur, et lggati ab Aeduis et a Treveris veniebant : Aedui questum, quod Harudes, qui miper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur ; sgse n6 obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse ; Treveri autem, pagos 5 centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar yehementer commotus matu- randum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus facile io resist! posset. Itaque re frumentaria, quam celerrime shelter of a roof.' The tone of Ariovistus's message throughout is boastful and insolent. He becomes more reasonable when Caesar gets nearer. 37. 1. eodem tempore : applies to referebantur and veniebant ; 1 at the same time that this message was delivered, delegates came, etc' 2. Aedui : sc. veniebant, naturally omitted in Eng. as in Latin. questum: 286. 4. eorum : = Aeduorwm. popularentur : explain the mood, 241. sese . . . fratres: ind. disc, depending on an idea of saying implied in questum. ne . . . quidem : see note on these words, p. 213, 1. 2. For the case of obsidibus, see 173. Trans. ' not even by giving hostages.' 6. Treverl : sc. veniebant questum. 6. ad : ' by,' ' on.' The Suebi were at present on the east bank of the river and were trying to cross to the west or Gallic side. 7. his : 149, 6. 8. vehementer commotus : the situation was serious. matu- randum : sc. esse. 9. Sueborum : a nomadic German people occupying extensively the country east of the lower Rhine. Cf . the modern Swabians. 10. copiis Ariovisti : already on the west side of the river. 11. resist! posset : used impersonally, but trans. ' resistance could be made less easily.' 220 CAESAR' 8 GALLIC WAR [1,38 potuit, comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum con- tendit. 38. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est el, Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Veson- 5tionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanomm, conten- dere, triduique viam a suis finibus processisse. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar exlsti- mabat. Namque omnium rerum, quae ad bellum usui erant summa erat in eo oppido facultas, idque natura loci sic nm- 10 niebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, proptereaquodflumen Dubis, ut circino circumductum, paene totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium, quod est non am- plius pedum mdc, qua fLumen intermittit, mons continet I. magnis itineribus : how many miles did Caesar's army march in a day ? See Introd., p. xxxix. 38. 3. tridui: 141. processisset: sc. Caesar. 4. ad occupandum Vesontionem : gerundive expressing pur- pose ; ' to seize Vesontio.' 5. quod: neut. gender to agree with oppidum. contendere, processisse : note the different tenses in translating ; see note pre- ceding 274. 6. Id : i.e. the seizing of Vesontio. . This report of Ariovistus's approach was probably false. He was at this time too far away to attempt to get possession of Vesontio. ne accideret : depends on praecavendum (esse), a strong word, 'that he ought to make every effort to prevent. ' 8. rerum: with facultas. usui : 156. 9. natura loci : ' its natural location.' 10. daret : 232. II. Dubis: now called the Doubs. ut: 'as if.' Besancon, the modern name of Vesontio, is now a French fortress of the first class. The present-day picture, on page 221, shows how the river Doubs winds in a loop about three sides of the town, the remaining portion between the banks of the river being occupied by a high mountain of rock. Thus the town is natura loci admirably protected. 12. pedum : 162 and 141. qua . . . intermittit : ' where the river leaves a gap.' !>• PANIC IN THE ARMY 221 magna altitudine, ita, ut radices montis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant. Hune murus circumdatus arcem efflcit et cum oppido coniungit. Hiic Caesar magnls noctumls diurnisque itineribus contendit occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium collocat. 5 Panic spreads in the Roman camp. 39. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rel frumen- tariae commeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione no- strorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti Besan^on. A town in France, the site of ancient Vesontio. It is still a strongly fortified place and the seat of an artillery school. 1. altitudine: 170. ita: ' in such a way.' radices: 'base.' 2. ripae : subj. of contingant. Hunc : refers to what ? arcem : 127. 39. 7. dies : 130. ad : 'in the vicinity of.' 7. causa : ' for the sake of,' used with the two genitives preceding, moratur : sc. Caesar. Explain the tense, 236. ex : ' as a result of. ' 8. vocibus: 'talk.' mercatorum: 'traders,' who naturally had traveled about a good deal. 222 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,39 magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepe numero s6se cum his congressos ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), tantus subito timor 5 omnem exereitum occupavit, ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hie primum ortus est a tribums militum, praefectis reliqulsque, qui ex urbe ami- citiae causa Caesarem secutl non magnum in re mflitarl usum habebant ; quorum alius alia causa illata, quam sibi load proficlscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat, ut eius voluntate discedere lieeret ; non null! pudore adductl, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant. Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant; 1. magnitudine, virtute, exercitatione : 170, used in the pred. The people of the North were and are generally taller and bigger men than the Romans and Italians of the South. Besides, unseen dangers are always more terrifying. 2. saepe numero . . potuisse : ind. disc. 3. cum his congressos: 'when they had met them.' aciem: 'piercing glance.' 5. non mediocriter: 'in no small degree,' that is, a good deal, 289. 6. Hie : sc. timor. 7. tribums militum : read p. xxix. praefectis: ' the auxiliary officers. ' urbe : Rome. 8. causa : see note on causa above (p. 221, 1. 7). seciiti : young; inexperienced fellows went to Gaul with Caesar out of curiosity or for adventure, but they were of little {non magnum, 289) real service. 9. alius illata : ' one giving one reason, another giving an- other reason.' The Latin use of alius is condensed; in Eng. we may say, 'each giving a different reason.' causa: 173. 10. diceret : why subjunctive ? 271, ' which, as he said, made it imperative for him to leave.' 11. eius: i.e. Caesaris. 13. vultum fingere : i.e. pretend to be indifferent. 1,39] PANIC IN THE ARMY 223 abditl in. tabernaculis aut suum f atum querebantur aut cum familiaribus suis commune perlculum miserabantur. VulgS totis castris testamenta obsignabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ei, qui magnum in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque, quiques equitatui praeerant, perturbabantur. Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant, non se hostem verSrl, sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum, quae inter- cederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumenta- riam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere dic6bant. 10 Non nulli etiam Caesari nuntiabant, cum castra movSri ac signa fern iussisset, non fore dieto audient^s milites neque propter timorem signa laturos. 1. tabernaculis : the tents of the soldiers, made of leather. See Plate IV, 3. 3. totis castris : for the omission of the preposition see 176. obsignabantur : their wills were made with strict formality, having been duly witnessed and sealed ; this shows how seriously they took the situation. 5. centuriones : these officers (see p. xxix) were brave men, but they were unnerved by this 'oalk about the formidable Germans, quique : = et qui, the antecedent el (to be supplied) being one of the subjects of perturbabantur. 6. Qui: sp. el as antecedent and subj. of dicebant (1. 10). ex his: 185,4, (d). 7. vereri, timere : ind. disc, depending on dicebant. They were not afraid of the Germans, no, but only of the roads and food supply ! It is an amusing touch of human nature. 9. ipsos : 201. 10. ut . . . posset : 264. How is ut to be trans. ? Supply res frumentaria as the subj. of posset. 12. signa ferri: 'the army to advance.' What is the lit. meaning? See p. xxxiv. non fore : = non futuros esse. non fore dicto audientes : ' would not obey.' 13. laturos : sc. esse. 224 CAUSAE' 8 GALLIC WAR [1,40 Caesar addresses his soldiers. 40. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omni- umque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit: Primum, quod, aut quam in partem aut quo consilio duce- 5 rentur, sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent. Ario- vistum se consule cupidissime popull Bomani amlcitiam appetisse ; cur hunc tarn temere quisquam ab officio dis- cessurum iudicaret ? Sibi quidem persuader!, cognitis suls postulates atque aequitate condicionum perspecta, eum neque 10 suam neque populi Eomani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si furore atque amentia impulsus bellum intulisset, 40. 1. animadvertisset : sc. Caesar. How many ordines were there in each legion ? See p. xxviii. Since at this time Caesar had six legions, how many centurions were present at the council ? 3. incusavit : the remainder of the chap, quotes Caesar's speech (from Ariovistum) in ind. disc. It is a model of clearness and per- suasiveness. Like other young Romans Caesar had had training in public speaking and was accounted by his contemporaries as an orator of unsurpassed ability. The pupil should write out the exact English text in dir. disc, of this speech of Caesar. It had the immediate effect of stopping the panic among his men and of filling them with increased courage. 4. quod. : ' because ' introduces putarent. ducerentur : 269. With the following gerundives supply esse. 6. se consule : Caesar was consul in 59 b.c. cupidissime: an exaggeration. Do political speeches in modern times contain exag- gerated statements ? 7. cur . . iudicaret: 267. officio: 'loyalty.' 8. quidem : emphatic ; ' that he (Caesar) for his part was con- vinced.' cognitis . . . perspecta : ablative abs. expressing time, 173. Caesar was sure that Ariovistus would be reasonable when he knew what he (Caesar) wanted and how fair his terms were. 9. eum : = Ariovistum. 11. Quod si: 'but if.' impulsus: 'carried away.' 1,40] CAESAR ADDRESSES HIS SOLDIERS 225 quid tandem vererentur? aut cur de sua virtute aut d6 ipsius dlligentia desperarent? Factum eius hostis perlcu- lum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum Cimbris et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperator meritus videbatur ; factum etiam nuper in 5 Italia servlll tumultu, quos tamen aliquid usus ac disciplina, quae a nobis accepissent, sublevarent. Ex quo iudicari posse, quantum haberet in se boni constantia, propterea quod, quos aliquamdiu inermos sine causa timuissent, hos postea armatos ac victores superassent. 10 Denique bos esse eosdem Germanos, quibuseum saepe numero Helvetil congress! non solum in suis, sed etiam in 1. quid tandem: 'what, pray.' 2. ipsius : = Caesaris. perlculum : 'trial, ' subj. of Factum esse. This was not the first time that the Romans had met the Germans in battle. 3. Cimbris . . . pulsis : 173. It was in 102 b.c. that these German nations planned an invasion of Italy and were prevented from carrying out their plan by a crushing defeat inflicted by Marius. 4. exercitus : nom. case, subj of videbatur. 6. meritus : sc. esse. factum : sc. esse eius hostis periculum. 6. servfli tumultu : 'at the time of the rebellion of the slaves,' in 73-71 b.c, when a serious uprising of gladiators and slaves took place in Italy under the leadership of Spartacus; many of those who took part in the rebellion were Germans. quos : antecedent is ser- vorum, the equivalent of servili. tamen : and yet in that slave war the rebels were harder to overcome than are these Germans of Ario- vistus, for the former had learned from the Romans something about the science of war. aliquid: 'in some respect,' 125, a. usus: 'experience.' 7. accepissent: 'learned.' sublevarent: why pi. ? 123, 6. 8. posse : the subj. is the clause, quantum . , . constantia, boni: 138. constantia: 'steadfastness.' 9. hos : antecedent of quos ; refers tQ the slaves. 12. congressl : 'met in battle,' 226 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,40 illorum finibus, plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent, reperlre posse, diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis, Ariovistum, cum 5 multos menses castris se ac paludibus tenuisset neque sul potestatem fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum, magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. Cui ratioiil contra homines barbaros atque impe- ritos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostios 10 exercitus cap! posse. Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare aut praescribere viderentur. Haec sibi esse curae ; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lin- 15 gones sumministrare, iamque esse in agris f rumenta matura ; de itinere ipsos breyi tempore iudicaturos. 1. illorum : = Germanorum. 2. exercitui: 157. Caesar tells his men that they have a "line" on these Germans, for the Helvetians usually vanquished the Germans and the Roman army had just vanquished the Helvetians. quos : 'any.' adversum proelium: described on p. 208. 8. fuga Gallorum : see p. 208. commoveret : see note on sul- levarent above, p. 225, 1. 7. 4. diuturnitate: with defatigatis, 165. 5. castris, paludibus: 175. neque . fecisset: 'and did not give them (the Gauls) a chance at him.' sul : 137. 6. desperantes, dispersos : sc. Gallos, the obj. of adortum. dispersos: 'scattered.' 7. ratione et consilio : ' by craft and strategy.' 8. Cui ration! . . . hac : trans, in the order hac ratione cui, etc. 9. ipsum : Ariovistus. 12. conferrent : ' ascribe. ' facere : sc. eos as subj. and ante- cedent of the preceding Qui. 13. praescribere : sc. officium, 14. curae ; 166 and Note. 1,41] CONFIDENCE RETURNS 227 Quod non fore dicto audientSs neque signa laturi dican- tur, nihil sg ea re commoveri ; scire enim, quibuseumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortu- nam dSfuisse, aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam; suam innocentiam perpetua vita, f Slioitatem 5 fielvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset, repraesentat&rum et proxima nocte dg quarta vigilia eastra mSttirum, ut quam primum intellegere posset, utrum apud eos pudor atque officium an timor valeret. Quod si prae- 10 terea nemo sequatur, tamen s§ cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam co- liortem futuram. Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat prae- cipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. Confidence returns to the soldiers. 41. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae 15 sunt omnium mentes. summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli 1. Quod : ' as for the fact that ' ; with dlcantur trans. ' as for the report that, they would not,' etc. 2. nihil : ' not at all,' 126, o. 3. male re gesta: 'because of poor management,' 173. fortu- nam: 'luck.' 4. defuisse : sc. els, the antecedent of quibuseumque. The mutiny of soldiers is caused, Caesar says, either by the bad luck or the wrong- doing of the general. 7. collaturus esset : ' he was going to postpone ' 8. repraesentaturum : ' he would do at once.' 9. quam primum : 194 ; ' as soon as possible. ' utrum ... an . . . valeret : 259, a. 10. valeret: 'was stronger.' 12. praetoriam cohortem : 'body-guard.' 13. legiom : 149, a. 41. 15. mirum in modum : ' in a marvelous manner.' 16. belli gerendl : 283. 228 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,41 gerendl irmata est, princepsque decima legio per tribunos militum el gratias egit, quod de se optimum iudicium fecis- set, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam conflr- mavit. Deinde reliquae legiongs cum tribunis militum et 5 primorum ordinum centurionibus egerunt, uti Caesari satis facerent ; se neque umquam dubitasse neque timuisse, neque de summa belli suum iudicium, sed imperatoris esse existi- mavisse. Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisite per Divi- 10 ciacum, quod ex Gallis el maximam fidem habebat, ut milium amplius qumquaginta circuitii locis apertis exer- citum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dlxerat, profectus est. Septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est, Ariovisti copias a nostris milibus passuum 15 quattuor et xx abesse. 1. princeps : ' first oi all,' 191. 2. iecisset : ' expressed.' 3. paratissimam: agreeing with se, which stands for decimam legionem. 6. egerunt: 'arranged.' satis facerent : 'apologize.' 6. se . . existimavisse : ind. disc. 7. summa belli : ' the management of the war.' suum, impera- toris : pred. with esse, the suhj. of which is iudicium. 10. ex Gallis : i.e. ' of all the Gauls.' 11. milium (so. passuum) -. depends on circuit u. See 162 and 139. circuits : ' by a detour.' The detour was toward the northwest (see Map opp. p. 155) and was made in order to avoid the mountainous country which lay across the direct line of march toward the point where Ariovistus was said to be ; cf. locis apertis. 12. de quarta vigilia : ' in the fourth watch ' ; see 183, end. 13. iter non intermitteret: i.e. he marched every day. 14. nostris : sc. copus. milibus : 168. This march of the Ro- mans northward into an unknown country and against a hostile army appeals strongly to our imagination. 1,43] ABI0VI8TUS BEQUESTS AN INTERVIEW 229 Ariovistus requests an interview. 42. CognitO Caesaris adventtt Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit : quod antea d§ colloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licSre, quoniam propius accessisset, seque id sine peri- culo facere posse existimare. Non respuit condicionem Caesar, iamque eum ad sanitatem revertl arbitrabatur, cum 5 id, quod antea petenti denegasset, ultro polliceretur, mag- namque in spem veniebat, pro suis tantis populique Roman! Country near Belfort. Through this Caesar made his detour (milium amplius qumquaginta, page 228, line 1 1) to avoid the wooded and mountainous districts. 42. 2. quod . . existimare : ind. disc. postulasset : sc. Caesar, per se : 'as far as he was concerned.' 3. accessisset : sc. Caesar. 4. condicionem : ' offer.' 5. ad sanitatem : ' to reason.' 6. petenti: sc. sibi (= Caesarl). denegasset, polliceretur; SC Ariovistus, 230 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,42 in eum beneficiis, cognitis suis postulatis fore, utl pertina- cia desisteret. Dies colloquies dictus est ex eo die quintus. Interim saepe cum legatl ultro citroque inter eos mitte- rentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quern peditem ad collo- 6 quium Caesar adduceret : Vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur ; uterque cum equitatu veniret ; alia rati- one sese non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque collo- quium interposita causa toll! volebat neque saltitem suam Gallorum equitatu! committere audebat, commodissimum 10 esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallls equitibus detractis, eo legionarios milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime con- fidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, non irridicule quldam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit: Plus, quam 15 pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere ; pollicitum, se in cohortis praetoriae loco decimam legionem habiturum, ad equum re- scrlbere. 1. fore : =futurum esse, uti . . . desisteret : 261. 5. Vereri . . . venturum : ind. disc, se : Ariovistus. Meaning of ne after Vereri? 264. per insidias: 'treacherously.' eo: = Caesare. 6. veniret: = venidmus oi dir. disc, 266. ratione : 'condition.' 8. toll! : ' to be stopped.' neque : = et non. 9. Galldrum: Caesar's cavalry consisted of Gauls and Germans. He could not trust them in an emergency like this. commodisii- mum: 'test'; pred. adj.; the subj. of esse is imponere. 10. eo : = in equos. Caesar mounted the legionaries of the tenth legion on the horses of his Gallic cavalry. 12. quid opus facto : ' any need for action ' ; facto is abl. 13. non irridicule: 'not without humor,' i.e. ' rather humorously,' 289. Caesar could enjoy a joke ! The point of the joke lies in the phrase, ad equum rescrlbere, which may mean ' to mount on horse- back' or 'to enroll among the equites or knights,' a Roman title of rank. 1,43] CONFERENCE W1TB ARIOVISTUS 231 The conference of Caesar and Ariovistus. 43. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus satis grandis. Hie locus aequo fere spatio a castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venS- runt. Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus dueentis ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti 5 pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus, ex equis ut collo- The Conference between Caesar and Ariovistus. An imaginative representation of the famous interview. Ariovistus is speaking. 43. 1. tumulus : half way between the Roman and German camps, as Caesar states in the next sentence ; it has been identified with the hill of Plettig near the village of Dambaeh. terrenus : formed of soil, not rock, satis grandis : it rises to a height of more than 170 ft. above the surrounding plain. 2. spatio : 168. 3. ut erat dictum : ' as had been agreed.' 4. passibus dueentis ; what fraction of a mile was this ? See p. xxxix. 6. ex equis : ' on horseback.' 232 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,43 querentur et praeter se denos ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatus- que in eum beneficia commemoravit, quod rex appellate 5 esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod inunera amplissime missa; quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnls hominum officiis consuesse tribul docebat ; ilium, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi iustam haberet, beneficio ac ll- beralitate sua ac senatus ea praemia consecutum. 10 Docebat etiam, quam veteres quamque iustae causae necessitudinis ipsis cum Aeduis intercederent, quae senatus consulta quotiens quamque honorifica in eos facta essent, ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedul tenuis- sent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam appetissent. isPopuli Eomani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, digni- I . denos : ' ten each. ' 3. TTbi eo ventum eat: impersonal use; trans, 'when they reached there.' 4. eum : Ariovistus. beneficia : with both sua and senatus. Ariovistus undoubtedly understood with what political purpose these ' marks of kindness ' had been so grandly bestowed on him. quod : ' the fact that.' 5. amicus : sc. appellatus esset. missa : sc. essent. 6. pro: ' in return for. ' 7. docebat: sc. Caesar. ilium: Ariovistus; subj. of consecu- tum {esse), aditum : ' right of approach.' 9. ea praemia: just referred to (11. 4ff.). II. necessitudinis : ' alliance.' ipsis . . . intercederent : ' ex- isted between them (the Romans) and the Aedui.' On ipsis see 151. For the mood and that of essent (1. 12) and tenuissent (1. 13) see 259. 13. ut: 'how.' 14. prius etiam, quam : ' even before. ' 15. consuetudinem: 'policy.' 16. sui (138) nihil deperdere : ' to lose none of their own power.' 1,44] CONFERENCE WITH ARI0VISTU8 233 tate, honore auctiores velit esse ; quod vero ad amici- tiam populi Romanl attulissent, id els eripi quis pati posset ? Postulavit deinde eadem, quae legatis in mandatis dede- rat : n6 aut Aeduis aut eorum sociis bellum inf erret ; ob- 5 sides redderet ; si nullarn partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur. 44. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit : 10 Transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessltum a Gallis ; non sine magna spe magnisque prae- miis domum propinquosque reliquisse ; sedes habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate datos ; stipendium capere iure belli, quod victores vietis imponere 15 1. velit : sc. populus Bomanus. quod : antecedent is the fol. id, which is subj. of eripi. 2. els: 'from them,' 153. 4. Postulavit eadem: 'he made the same demands,' explained by the fol. clauses, ne . . . inferret, redderet, ne . . . pateretur, 266. 7. at: 'at any rate.' 44. 9. pauca: obj. of respondit ; trans, 'briefly.' 10. multa : ' a great deal.' The remainder of the chap, quotes Ariovistus's reply in ind. disc. It is most clever and a model of clear thinking and argument. The pupil should ask himself, as he reads on, whether this "barbarus" was not reasonable in his point of view. 11. sua sponte : ' on his own initiative.' rogatum, arcessltum : express cause. 12. spe, praemiis : before translating spb 288. 14. ipsis, ipsorum : the Gauls, concessas : 'ceded,' limits sedes. obsides : obj. of se habere to be supplied. 15. victores vietis : placed together for rhetorical effect ; read the sentence in Latin to appreciate this. For vietis see 149, 6. 234 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAB [1,44 consuerint. Non sese Gallls, sed Gallos sibi bellum intu- lisse ; omnes Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse ; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. Si iterum experirl velint, 5 se iterum paratum esse decertare ; si pace uti velint, ini- quum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Roman! sibi oraamento et praesidio, non detrimento esse oportere, atque se hac spe petisse. Si 10 per populum Romanum stipendium remittatur et deditlcii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese recusaturum populi Roman! amicitiam, quam appetierit. Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniend!, non Galliae impugnandae causa facere; 15 eius re! testimonium esse, quod nisi rogatus non vSnerit, et quod bellum non intulerit, sed defenderit. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Numquam 1. Non : note the emphatic position ; ' it was not he who had made war on the Gauls, hut, etc' See 149, 6. 3. castra habuisse : 'had taken the field.' uno: with proeliio. See p. 210, 1. 15. 4 . velint : sc. Galll. 6. decertare: with paratum. flti: 'have,' 'enjoy'. 6. recusare: subj. of esse; inlquum is pred. adj. sua volun- tate : this is hardly true. 8. sibi . . . detrimento : 156 and note. Do not trans, literally. 9. hac ape : hope of what ? 10. per : ' through the efforts of.' 13. Quod: 'as to the fact that,' hut trans, with traducat, 'as to his bringing over.' 14. sui muniendi : with causa, also. See 282 and note. 15. quod . . . vinerit, quod . . . defenderit: these clauses are the subj. of esse, 267. Trans, quod by ' that.' nisi rogatus ; ' with- out being asked.' 16. defenderit ; ' warded off ' war. 1,44] CONFERENCE WITH ARIOVISTUS 235 ante hoc tempus exercitum popull KomanI Galliae pro- vinciae finibus egressum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessionem veniret ? Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, 5 quod in suo iure se interpellaremus. Quod fratres Aeduos appellators diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut non sciret, neque bello Allobrogum proximo Aeduos Romanis au- xilium tulisse, neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas 10 Aedui sgcum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio popull Eomani usos esse. Debere se suspicari, simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regi-15 2. finibua: 177 and 178. Quid sibi vellet: 'What did he (Caesar) mean ? 267. 3. veniret : 267. hanc . . . Galliam : ' this part of Gaul ' around them ; subj . of esse. i. illam : the JProvincia Romano,, nostram: = Romanam. Ut : 'as.' ipsi : Ariovistus, with concSdi, 149, a. concedi . . oporte- ret : ' no favor ought to be shown.' How lit. ? 6. impetum : ' raid.' nos, and fol. : ' we were acting unfairly in blocking him ' ; nos = Romanos. 7. Quod : see note on Quod above, p. 234, 1. 13. fratres : pred. 8. rerum : 143. 9. proximo : three years before. 10. tulisse, usos esse : ind. disc, depending on sciret (1. 8) . ipsos : = Aeduos. 13. Debere . . . suspicari: 'he could not help suspecting.' simulata : Ariovistus did not mince matters. Caesarem : separates the two parts of the abl. abs. constr. 14. sui opprimendi : with causa, expressing the purpose of habere. See 282 and note. 15. Qui : ' and if he (Caesar).' 236 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAB [1,45 onibus, sese" ilium non pro amico, sed hoste habiturum. Quod si eum interfeeerit, multis sese nobilibus principi- busque populi Romanl gratum esse facturum (id se ab ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere), quorum om- Snium gratiam atque anricitiam eius morte redimere posset. Quod si decessisset et llberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se ilium praemio remuneraturum et, quaecumque bella geri vellet, sine ullo eius labore et periculo confecturum. 10 45. Multa ab Caesare in earn sententiam dicta sunt, qua re negotio desistere non posset : Neque suam neque populi Roman! consuetudinem pati, uti optime merentes socios desereret, neque se iudicare, Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Eomani. Bello I5superat6s esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Qulnto Tabic 1. non: only witli pro amico. habiturum: 'regard.' 2. Quod si : 'and it' eum: Caesar. 3. gratum esse facturum : ' would do a favor. ' Ariovistus is courageous and outspoken. id : namely, gratum esse facturum. 4. ipsis : nobilibus principibusque, to which eorum likewise refers. compertum habere : = comperisse, 281. 5. eius : = Caesaris. No doubt what Ariovistus says here was true. 6. decessisset, tradidisset : what tense of dir. disc. ? Thesubj. is Caesar to be supplied. 7. remuneraturum: this was said to the great Caesar I Let the pupil imagine this striking historical scene of a famous Roman gen- eral and a barbarian German king facing each other in conference on the lonely hill in modern Alsace. See the illustration, p. 231. 45. 10. in earn sententiam : ' to this effect.' The gist of what he said was to show qua re . . . posset. 11. negotio : 158. Neque suam to the end of the chap, is ind. disc. 12. suam: sc. consuetudinem (' policy '). 13. uti . . . desereret: 261. optime merentes : ' most deserving.' 14. Ariovisti, populi Roman! : pred. gen. of possession, 135, it. 15. superatos esBe : in 121 b.c. How long before this was it? 1,46] TBEACHEBY OF THE GERMANS 237 Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in pro- Tinciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. Quod si antlquissimum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, po- pull Roman! iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium; si indicium sen&tus observari oporteret, llberam debere esses Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset. Treachery of the Germans. 46. Dum haee in colloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntia- tum est, equites Ariovisti propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros eonicere. Caesar loquendl flnem facit seque ad suos recepit suisqueio imperavit, ne quod omnlno telum in hostes reicerent. Nam etsi sine ullo perleulo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat, ut pulsis hostibus did posset, eos ab se per fidem in collo- quio circumventos. Postea quam in vulgus militum gla-15 1. quibus: 149, a. With redegisset supply quos (= Arvernos et Butenos) and with imposuisset supply quibus. 2. Quod si . . . oporteret : i.e. if one should consider the earliest occupation of Gaul in determining who had rightful posses- sion. On antlquissimum quodque tempus see 203. 6. suis legibus uti : ' to he independent. ' How lit.? voluisset: sc. sendtus. 46. 7. geruntur: explain the tense, 236. 8. propius: used like a prep., 'nearer' the hill. The Germans were showing had faith. 11. quod : meaning after ne ? It was important that the Romans should not retaliate. 12. legionis : 'to the legion,' 137. cum equitatu : with proelium. 13. committendum (esse): lit., 'that it ought to be allowed,' i.e. 'that occasion ought to be given.' 14. ut . . posset : the clause is subj. of committendum. pulsis hostibus: trans, by a conditional clause, 173. per fidem: 'when he had given his word. ' 238 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,47 turn est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque ut in nostras eius equites fecissent, eaque res colloquium ut diremisset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnandi maius exercitui 5 iniectum est. Ariovistus detains two envoys of Caesar. 47. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates mittit: Velle se de his rebus, quae inter eos agl coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo ; uti aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis legatls 10 aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendl Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod pridie eius diei German! retineri non potuerant, quin in nostros tela conicerent. Legatum e suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum et hominibus feris obiecturum 15 existimabat. Commodissimum visum est Gaium Valerium 1. arrogantia : with usus. Gallia : 158. 2. Romanis: 151. With interdixisset trans, 'had forbidden the ■Romans to be in Gaul at all.' interdixisset, fecissent, diremis- set : indirect questions, 259. ut (occurring twice) : 'how.' 3. eius : = Ariovisti. 4. multo: 168. maius: with studium. exercitul: 149,6. 47. 6. Biduo post : 'on the following day,' 168. 7. Velle . . mitteret: ind. disc. coeptae: sc. essent. neque : = et non. 8. eo : = Caesare. uta . . . constitueret, mitteret : 266 ; supply Caesar as subj. 9. minus : = non. 11. Colloquendl . . est: ' there seemed to Caesar to be no good reason for a conference.' eo : 165; looks forward to the quod clause. 12. quin . . . conicerent: 262. 13. magno cum periculo : magno is in an emphatic position, ' he thought that it would be a great risk for him to send, etc.' 14. obiecturum : ' expose to the mercy of.' 15. Commodissimum : ' best,' a pred. adj. 1,47] ARIOVISTUS DETAINS THE ENVOYS 239 Procillum, C. Valeri Caburi filium, summa virtute et hu- manitate adulescentem, cuius pater a Gaio Valeria Macco clvitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peceandl Germaniss causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et una Marcum Metium, qui hospitio AriovistI utebatur. His mandavit, ut, quae diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad sB referrent. Quos cum apud s6 in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente conclamayit : Quid ad se venirent ? an specu- 10 landi causa? Conantes dicere probibuit et in catenas oonigcit. 1. Procillum: obj. of mittere (1. 6). virtute, humanitate : 170. 2. Plaoco : a former governor of Gaul. When he used his influence to have Oaburus made a Roman citizen, the latter, following the cus- tomary procedure, took the praenomen and nomen of his patron and became 0. Valerius Caburus. 3. linguae Gallicae scientiam : this made him invaluable as an interpreter. i. qua {lingua) . ■ . utebatur : Ariovistus had learned to speak Celtic and it was probably in this language that his conference with Caesar was conducted. multa.: limits qua {lingua), but trans, as an adv., 'well,' 'fluently.' 5. consuetudine: 165. quod: 'because.' in eo : 'in his case.' peceandl: with causa. Germanis: 154. The Germans would have no reason to harm Procillus, because he was of Gallic, not of Koman, birth. 6. esset: why subjunctive ? 241. mittere: subj. of visum est (p. 238, 1. 15). una: adv. 7. hospitio . . . utebatur : ' was on friendly terms with Ario- vistus.' 10. praesente : so that the German soldiers might hear and believe that these men were spies. Quid . . . venirent : 267. specu- landi causa : sc. venirent. See 282 and note. 11. Conantes : sc. eos. 240 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,48 Ariovistus moves nearer Caesar ; the German cavalry. 48. Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum sex a Caesaris castrls sub monte consedit. Postridie eius die! praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus pas- suum duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo consilio, uti frumento 5 commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur, Caesarem intercltlderet. Ex eo die dies continues qulnque Caesar pro castrls suas copias produxit et aciem mstructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. io Ariovistus bis omnibus diebus exercitum castrls con- tinuit, equestrl proelio cotidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se German! exercuerant. Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos 48. 1. promovit : sc. Ariovistus. . 2. monte : the Vosges mountains (Latin, Vosegus) that hound the Rhine Valley on the west. See Map. 3. praeter: 'past.' Ariovistus marched past on the higher ground near the mountain and for that reason Caesar could not pre- vent him. 4. ultra castra fecit : toward the southwest of the Roman camp, which would cut Caesar off from his base of supplies. The German camp was near the modern village of Zellenberg. See Plan, eo consilio, uti intercluderet : ' with the intention of cutting off.' How lit. ? See 260, a. 5. supportaretur : 272. 6. dies: 130. 7. castris : Caesar's camp was a little north of the modern village of Ostheim. See Plan. aciem . . habuit : 'kept them in line formation ready to fight.' 11. equestrl proelio : cavalry skirmishes frequently preceded the general engagement. hoc : trans, as pred ; ' as follows.' 13. numero : 171, but trans, with totidem pedites, ' the same num- ber of infantry.' quos ainguli singulos : 'from which (i.e. the infantry) each (cavalryman) had chosen one.' 1,48] THE GERMAN CAVALRY 241 ex omnI copia singuli singulos suae salutis causa dele- gerant ; cum his in proeliis versabantur. Ad eps se equites recipiebant ; hi, si quid erat durius, concurrehant, si qui, graviore vulnere accepto, equo deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, 5 tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut iubis equorum sublevati cursum adaequarent. A Roman General addressing his Army. The general, attended by his staff, wears the paludamentum. Observe the eagle, or standard, the signa, the shields, and the crests of the soldiers' helmets. 1. copia : ' host.' 2. eos : = equites. 3. hi := pedites. si . . . durius: 'if there was any difficulty.' On durius (nom. case) see 193. concurrebant : ' they rallied ' to their assistance. qui : = quis. 4. graviore : 193. equo : 178. 5. quo: 'to any place.' longius, celerius: 193. recipien- dum : ' obliged to retreat.' 6. ut . . . adaequarent: i.e. they clung to the horses' manes and so kept up with their speed. 7. sublevati: has a reflexive or middle meaning, ' supported them- selves. ' 242 CAS BAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,49 Caesar builds another camp beyond Ariovistus. 49. Ubi eum castrls se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco German! consederant, circiter passus sexcentos ab his, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplicl Instructa ad 5 eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat. Eo cir- citer hominum numero sedecim milia expedita cum omnl equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros perterrerent 10 et miinitione probiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante con- stituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus per- flcere iussit. Munitis castris, duas ibi legiones reliquit et partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra maiora reduxit. 49. 1. eum : = Ariovistum, subj. of tenere. ne . . . prohibe- retur : expresses the purpose of delegit and venit later in the sentence. 2. ultra eum locum : about a half-mile {passus sexcentos) to the south of the German camp. By fortifying this position Caesar was able to checkmate Ariovistus and reopen communication with his supplies. 4. castris : 157 ; marked C on the Plan. acie triplicl : for an explanation of this line formation see p. xli. 5. in armis : ' under arms ' ; Caesar did not expect to secure this position without opposition from Ariovistus. 7. Bo : = ad eum locum. 8. expedita : trans, with hominum ; ' 16,000 light-armed troops.' 9. quae copiae : = ut eae copiae, 230. 10. Nihilo setius : 'Nevertheless,' 168. ut : meaning with the indio. ? 11. duas: i.e. primam et secundam aciem. opus: fortifying the new camp. 13. castra maiora : Caesar's main camp, marked A on the Plan. The new camp was called the castra minora. I, BO] THE GERMAN 8 AVOID BATTLE 243 The Germans avoid battle. 50. Proximo die Institute suo Caesar S castrls utrlsque copias suas Sduxit paulumque a maioribus castris pro- gressus aciem instruxit, hostibus pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra rediixit. Turn demumS Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, mlsit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasii suas copias Ariovistus, multis et illatis et acceptls vulneribus, in castra reduxit. Cum ex eaptlvis quaereret Caesar, quam ob rem Ario-io vistus proelio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut matres familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum proe- lium committi ex usti esset necne ; eas ita dicere, non esse 50. 1. Inatituto suo : ' according to his custom.' 3. potestatem : ' opportunity.' 4. ne . . quidem : see note on these words, p. 185, 1. 6. 5. quae . . . oppugnaret : 230. Do not trans, literally. castra minora : the new and smaller camp to the south. 7. Acriter . . . pugnatum est : before translating, see 204. usque ad : 'up until.' vesperum: ' late afternoon.' What Eng. word is derived from it ? 11. proelio decertaret : 'fight it out in battle,' i.e. 'fight a deci- sive battle.' quod . . . esset : in apposition with causam, ' namely, that, etc' 12. apud: 'among.' ut . . . declararent: explains ea con- suetudo; 261. 13. sortibus et vaticinationibus : ' by their lots and divinations.' utrum . . . necne : 259, a. 14. ex usii : 'of advantage.' necne: 'or not.' dicere: i.e. on this particular occasion, esse : the subject is Germanos superare, lout begin the trans, with ' it.' 244 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1, 51 fas Germanos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio con- tendissent. Caesar forces a battle and the Germans are routed. 51. Postridie eius diet Caesar praesidio utrisque castris, quod satis esse visum est, reliquit, omnes alarios in con- 5 spectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur ; ipse tri- plici instructs, acie usque ad castra hostium aceessit. Turn demum necessario German! suas copias castris eduxerunt 10 generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, ISTemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam raedis et earns circumde- 1. ante novam lunam : we still have superstitious ideas con- nected with the new moon. For example, one should see the new moon first over the right shoulder ; again, there are people who believe that certain crops should be planted only when the moon is new. The exact day of this battle can be very nearly determined, for the new moon appeared in 58 B.C. on September 18. 51. 3. praesidio : 156. 4. reliquit : sc. id {praesidium) as the obj., and also antecedent of quod. alarios : 'auxiliary troops,' so named because they were posted on the wings (alae) of the army. 5. quod . . . valebat : Caesar's regular infantry was not very strong numerically 'in comparison with ' (pro) the enemy. 7. ad speciem : ' to make a show ' and so to call attention away from the comparatively small number of his regular troops, triplici acie : see p. xli. 8. usque ad : ' clear up to.' 10. intervallis : 169. Harudes, etc. . find the location of these peoples on the Map. 12. raedis et carris : 148, a. The raeda was a large, four-wheeled wagon, probably with a covered top, used by people traveling long BATTLE BETWEEN CAESAR AND ARIOVISTUS Lib. I, 42-54 Plan III SCALE OF ROMAN MILES SCALE OF ENGLISH MILES EXPLANATION. a MaincampofCaesar(p.240,2). e The Auxiliaries in lino of battle (p. 244, 7). b Camp of Ariovistus ( p. 240, 4). ff The line of battle of the Germans (p. 244, 9) c Caesar's small camp \p. 242, 6). gg Caesar's Cavalry in two detachments. dd The Six Legions in line of bat- h The German Cavalry. tie, in the order assigned them ill Wagons of the Germans (p. 244, IS). by Colonel Stoffel (p. 244, 8). Eomans gg Germans ^§ 1,52] BATTLE WITH THE GERMANS 245 dgrunt, ne" qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres im- posuerunt, quae in proelium proficlscentes passis manibus flentSs implorabant, ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent. 52. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quae- storem praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis habe-^ ret ; ipse a dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime f lrmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commlsit. Ita nostri acriter in hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes coniciendi non dargtur. Eeiectls pills eomminus gladiis 10 pugnatum est. At G-ermam celeriter ex consuetudine sua phalange facta impetus gladiorum exeeperunt. Eeperti sunt complures nostri, qui in phalanga insilirent et scuta manibus revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hostium distances. The carrus was a two-wheeled cart, on which baggage or merchandise could be carried. 1. Bo : = in raedas et carros. , 2. proficlscentes: sc. eos (= milites) . 3. flentes : modifies the subj. of implorabant. 52. 4. Caesar . . . praefecit : ' Caesar put individual lieu- tenants and his quaestor each in command of a legion,' i.e. each of five legati was in command of a legion and the one quaestor was in command of a sixth legion. 5. testes : pred . quisque : sc. miles. 6. earn partem : this would be the enemy's left wing. 9. spatium := tempus. pila: obj. of coniciendi, which depends on spatium. 10. Beiectis pilis : the javelins could be hurled with effect only when the enemy was 40 to 60 feet away ; but the Germans came on with such a rush that the Romans threw aside javelins and drew their swords, which were dangerous weapons in a hand-to-hand encounter. 12. phalange : see note on this word. p. 199, 1. 4. 13. qui . . . insilirent, . . . vulnerarent : 233. This struggle proves the efficiency of the Roman soldier. Active as wild animals, 246 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [1,53 acies a sinistra cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat 5 quam el, qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem labo- rantibus nostris subsidio misit. 53. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quln- 10 quaginta, pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci aut viribus conflsl tranare contenderunt aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deli- gatam ad ripam naetus ea profugit ; reliquos omnes con- secuti equites nostri interfecerunt. 15 Duae fuerunt AriovistI uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum dtixerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat, a f ratre missam ; utraeque in ea, fuga some of them leaped up on the shields that were upheld by the stout Germans in the phalanx formation, tore them apart, and stabbed the enemy from above. How did the phalanx formation of the Helve- tians succeed (see p. 199, 1. 9)? 1. a sinistro cornu: their weak place. pulsa: sc. essent; 'beaten.' 2. a dextro cornu : opposite the Roman left. See the Plan. 3. Crassus : this was the son of the triumvir. 4. expeditior • 'freer to observe.' 6. subsidio : 156 and note. 53. 8. prius: with quam, 'before.' 10. perpauci : per- intensifies the paucl. 13. ea : sc. naviculd. profugit: Ariovistus apparently got away successfully. He is never heard of again. 16. una, altera : sc. uxor. natione : 171. 16. duxerat : ' had brought.' 17. duxerat: sc. in mdtrimonium, 'had married.' utraeque: sc. uxores. 1,54] WINTER QUARTERS 247 perigrunt. Duae flliae; haruin altera occlsa, altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a ciistodibus in fuga trinls catenis vinctus trahergtur, in ipsum Caesarem hostgs equi- tatu insequentem incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari nons minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod homi- nem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e manibus hostium, sibi restitutum videbat, neque eius calamitate dg tanta voluptate et gratu- latione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. Is se praesente deio se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum Igni statim neca- rStur an in aliud terapus reservargtur ; sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum reductus est. Winter quarters. 54. Hoc proelio trans Ehenum nuntiato Suebi, qui ad 15 ripas Eheni venerant, domum revert! coepgrunt ; quos ubi, qui proximl Rhenum incolunt, perterritos senserunt, insectlti magnum ex his numerum occiderunt. I. flliae : sc. erant. 3. Procillus: see p. 239, 1. 1. 4. hosts b : obj. of insequentem. Quae . . . attulit: shows the human side of Caesar. He no doubt was sincere in saying this. 7. honestissimum: 'most honorable.' 9. eius : = Procilli Bad luck in the death (calamitas) of his friend had not lessened Caesar's joy in his victory. 10. Is: Procillus. se praesente: ' in his own presence. ' II. sortibus consultum (sc. esse) : ' that the lots had been cast.' utrum: '(to determine) whether.' 54. 16. domum: 132. 17. qui: antecedent is el to be supplied as subj. of senserunt. prozimi Rhenum : 'nearest the Rhine.' The adj. is used with the force of a prep, perterritos (sc. esse) : the subj. is quos ( = et eos). 248 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAB [1,64 Caesar, una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturins paulo, quam tempus annl postulabat, in hlbema in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; hibernis Labienum prae- posuit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos sprofectus est. 2. hiberua : see p. xxxix. 3. hibernis : 149, 6. 4. in citeriorem Galliam : he perhaps went to Aquileia, his official headquarters. ad conventus agendos : ' to hold court,' one of the governor's duties being to administer justice in his province. BOOK II The Campaign against the Belgae The Belgae rise against Borne. 1. Cum esaet Caesar in citeriore Gallia, ita utl supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores aflEerebantur, lit- terlsque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. Coniu-5 In the first year of the Gallic War Caesar's operations were confined to the southeastern part of Gaul, in which he gained a foothold and where his army spent the winter, probably at Vesontio. During the second year, the events of which are described in Book II, the Roman army was engaged in vigorous campaigns against the Belgae and their allies. The country of the Belgae (see the Map) corresponds in general to modern Belgium, but on the southwest it extended beyond Belgium's present border. 1. 1. esset Caesar . . Gallia : Caesar spent the winter per- forming administrative duties in his province, 235. supra. : see the end of Book I. What is the meaning of utl with the indie. ? 2. demonstravimus : as the author, Caesar speaks of himself in the 1st pers. pi. (=the editorial "we"). afferebantur, fiebat: Why the imperf. tense ? 209. litteris : 'dispatches.' 3. Labieni : ' from Labienus ' ; 136. Labienus (see p. 248, 1. 3) was in command of the winter camp. certior fiebat : ' he was in- formed.' How lit. ? See 105. quam : refers to Belgas but it is put in the sing, on account of partem. 4. dixeramus : Caesar said this in the first chap, of Book I (p. 155, 1. 2). 5. inter se dare : ' exchange hostages.' What was the purpose of exchanging hostages ? coniurare, dare, esse : ind. disc, depend- ing on the idea of saying contained in certior fiebat. Caesar calls the 249 250 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [II, 2 randi has esse causas : primum, quod vererentur, ne omni pacata Gallia ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur ; deinde, quod ab non nullis Gallis sollicitarentur, partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi 5 Roman! exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia molests ferebant, partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperils studebant ; ab non nullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque eis, qui ad conducendos homi- nes faeultates habebant, vulgo regna occupabantur, qui 10 minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. Caesar marches toward their territory. 2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus, Caesar duas legio- nes in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit et inita aestate, action of the Belgae a "conspiracy" against Eome, but from their point of view they were patriotically uniting to drive out a common enemy. 1. vererentur: sc. Belgae. ne . . adduceretur : 264. omni . Gallia : 173. Gallia here means Celtic Gaul. 2. deinde : ' in the second place.' 3. partim: sc. ab els. qui: subj. of ferebant. ut: see note on utl above. 6. moleste ferebant : 'were angry.' How lit. ? partim: sc. ab eis. mobilitate et levitate : 165. These qualities are charac- teristic of the Gauls ; they were unstable and volatile. 7. novis imperils : ' a change of government,' 149, a. stude- bant : ' were eager for.' ab non nullis : sc. sollicitarentur. 8. a potentioribus atque eis : with occupabantur. qui . . ■ habebant: 'who had the means of hiring mercenaries (lit., men),' 283. 9. regna : ' royal authority.' 10. imperio : 169. 2. 11. duas legiones novas : numbered XIII and XIV. Caesar now had eight legions, or about 30,000 legionary soldiers. 12. inita aestate : ' at the beginning of summer ' ; 178. 11,3] THE FRIENDLY REMI 251 in ulteriorem Galliam qui deduceret, Qulntum Pedium lega- tum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabull copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliqulsque Gallls qui finitiml Belgls erant, utl ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cognoseant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. 5 Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt, mantis cogl, exercitum in unum locum conduct Turn vero dubitandum non exl- stimavit, quln ad eos proficisceretur. B.S frumentaria com- parata, castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. 10 The friendly Remi. 3. Eo cum de improvise celeriusque omnI oplnione venisset, BemI, qui proximl G-alliae ex Belgls sunt, ad eum 1. in ulteriorem Galliam : with deduceret, the obj. of which is eds to be supplied (= duds legiones). On the mood see 230 ; do not trans, literally. 2. cum primum . . . inciperet : 236. Trans, cum primum, ' as soon as.' pabull copia : in the early spring when grass began to be abundant for horses and draft animals. 3. Senonibus, Gallia: 148. These peoples were outwardly friendly to the Romans. 4. Belgls : 157. utT cognoseant, . faciant : ' to find out, . . . and inform him ' ; 260. eos = Belgds. 6. constanter : ' uniformly. ' 7. dubitandum : sc. esse sibi. 8. quln . . . proficisceretur : 263 ; ' did not think that he should heBitate about starting. ' 9. diebus: 182. 3. 11. E6 : = ad fines Belgarum. de improvise : ' unex- pectedly ' ; Deriv. of improvlso ? celerius . . . oplnione : ' more quickly than anyone would have supposed (that he could).' What is the lit. trans.? 161. 12. Remi : a state loyal to the Romans. The famous cathedral city of Rheims (a city named from the Remi) is located on the site of their ancient capital. Galliae : 157. ex Belgls: 138, a. 252 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,3 legatos Iccium et Andecumborium, prinios clvitatis, mise- runt, qui dicerent, se suaque omnia in fidem atque in pote- statem populi Eomani permittere, neque s§ cum Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum con- 5 iurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata faceie et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque, qui cis Bhenum ineolant, sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem, lofratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iiire et lsdem legibus utantur, unum imperium uuumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint, quin cum bis con- sentlrent. 2. qui dicerent : 230. Do not trans, literally. The remainder of the chap, is in ind. disc, depending on cRcerent. se suaque omnia : 'themselves and all their possessions,' obj. of permittere, the subj. of which is se to be supplied. fidem : ' protection.' 3. neque : = et non. i. coniurasse : coniuravisse. 5. dare and the three fol. infinitives : depend on paratos esse, ' are ready to give, to carry ont, etc. ' 6. recipere, iuvare : sc. eum ( = Caesarem) as obj. 7. reliquos : all besides the Kemi. Germanos : again we hear of the Germans. They threatened all the western bank of the Rhine. 8. cis : ' on this {i.e. the west) side of ' ; from the point of view of the Roman army. 9. furorem : subj. of esse. Suessiones : obj. of deterrere (1. 12). 10; suos > of the Remi. iure, legibus : 163, a. iure : 'right'; the principles of right as distinguished from leges, the statutes oi enacted 'laws.' Isdem: = elsdem ; 81. 11. utantur: 'enjoy,' 'have.' 12. ipsis: = Bemis. potuerint: 232. quin . . . con- sentirent : 262. H.*] THE BELGIANS 258 The origin of the Belgae; their forces and their allies. 4. Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat : Plerosque Belgas esse ortos a Germanls Bhenumque antlquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse, Gallosque, qui ea loca iucolerent, expulisse, solosque esse, 5 qui patrum nostrorum memoria omnl Gallia vexata Teuto- nos Cimbrosque intra suos fines ingredl prohibuerint ; qua ex re fieri, utl earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctori- tatem magnosque splrittis in re mllitarl sumerent. De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata EemI dl- 10 cebant, propterea quod, propinquitatibus afflnitatibusque couiunctl, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Bel- garum coneilio ad id bellum pollieitus sit, cognoverint. 4. 1. ab his : = ab Bemls. quaereret : so. Caesar. 2. essent, possent : 259. quid : 125, a ; ' what strength they had.' sic : ' the following.' 3. Plerosque . . . sumerent : ind. disc. a Germanis : 159, a. Rhenum : with traductos, 129. The Belgae, as the Belgians of to-day, probably had both Celtic and Germanic blood in their veins. 4. antiquitus : 71. 5. Gallos : obj. of expulisse. solos : ' the only people.' 6. memoria : 182. vexata : by the incursions of the Germans (the Teutoni and Cimbri), 173. Teutonos . . . prohibuerint: 'had kept the Teutoni and Cimbri from invading their country.' See note to p. 225, 1. 3. 7. suos : = Belgdrum. On the mood of prohibuerint see 233. 8. memoria : 165. 9. magnos spuitus : ' high airs.' in re militari : ' in the science of war.' sumerent: 'assumed,' 261. 10. habere explorata : = exploravisse, 281. 11. propinquitatibus afflnitatibusque: 'by ties of blood-rela- tionship and of intermarriage.' 12. quisque : each state (through its representative). 254 caesar's gallic war pi,4 Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere ; hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totlusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse finiti- 8 mos ; fines latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, turn etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit ; nunc esse regem Galbam ; ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiam- 10 que suam summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferrl; oppida habere numero xn, polliceri milia armata qumquar ginta ; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habe- antur longissimeque absint; quindeeim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decern milia, Morinos xxv milia, Menapios yii 15 milia, Caletos x milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Aduatucos decern et novem milia; Condrusos, Eburones, 1. Plurimum . . . valere : see note on these words, p. 187, 1. 3. Ind. disc, from this point to the end of the chap. Bellovacos : a brave and turbulent race. 2. conficere: 'muster.' ., 3. electa: 'picked men.' totius: what case ? 49. 4. imperium : ' general management.' suos : of the Kemi. 6. nostra : i.e. of those still living. Diviciacum : of course not the same as the Aeduan (p. 162, 1. 1). 7. cum . . . turn : ' not only . . but also.' partis : depends on imperium. 8. etiam: 'even.' nunc: 'at the present time.' 10. summam : a noun, ' the chief command.' 11. habere : so. Suessiones. numero : 171. 12. totidem: i.e. milia armata quinquaginta. Nervios: sc. polliceri. 13. Atrebates: and the fol. proper names: sc. polliceri. Find the location of these peoples on the Map opp. p. 156. 16. totidem : i.e. X milia. II, 5] CAESAR ENCAMPS BY THE AXON A 255 Caerosos, CaemanOs, qui uno nomine German! appellantur, arbitrari ad xl milia. Caesar encamps north of the Axona river. 5. Caesar Eemos cohortatus llberaliterque oratione pro- seeutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab his 5 dlligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviciacum Aeduum Site of Caesar's Camp. By the river Axona (Aisne), looking towards the river. 1. qui appellantur : Caesar's own statement ; it is, therefore, put in the indie. ; 269. 2. arbitrari : sc. se (= Bemos) ; i.e. the Remi thought that the Condrusi, etc. promised about 40,000 men. ad: 'about.' The total number of men promised for the war amounted to 296,000. 5^ 3. principumque liberos : why were they chosen particularly as hostages ? 5. obsides : trans, in the pred. Quae : 202. 6. dlligenter ad diem : ' punctually to the day.' Diviciacum: 256 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,5 magnopere cohortatus, docet quanto opere rei piiblicae communisque salutis intersit, mantis nostrum distinerl, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum 5 introduxerint et eorum agros popular! coeperint. His man- datis earn ab se dlmittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit, neque iam longe abesse, ab els, quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, fLumen Axo- 10 nam, quod est in extremis Kemorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res et obj. of both cohortatus and docet. This is Diviciacus, the Aeduan, not the Diviciacus mentioned above. 1. quanto opere : 'how greatly.' rei publicae, . . . salutis: the gen. with intersit. See 147. ' It is to the interest of the state and the general welfare.' 2. manus: 'forces.' distinerl: 'kept apart,' subj. of intersit, 274. 3. ne . . . confligendum sit (sc. sibi) : ' that he might not have to fight,' 229. 4. Id : refers to what ? posse : ind. disc, depending on docet ( = dixit) . 5. introdiixerint, coeperint : would be fut. perf . indie, in dir. disc. His mandatis : ' with these instructions,' 169. 7. Postquam . . . vidit : 234. Trans, vidit by 'he found.' coactas : trans, by a verb coordinate with venire ; ' had concentrated . . and were approaching.' 8. neque : trans, the negative (non) with abesse, which depends on cognovit. The subj. of abesse, to be supplied, is Belgas. ab els : with exploratoribus and cognovit. 9. Axonam : 129. This is the modern Aisne river, which in the present European war also has been within the firing line. 10. quod . finibus : about 7 or 8 miles north of Rheims. 11 . ibi : the Roman camp was on rising ground on the north bank of the river. See Plan IV. Quae res : ' now this movement,' 202. et : omit. 11,6] THE BELGIANS ATTACK BIBBAX 257 latus flnum castrorum rlpis fluminis muniebat, et post eum quae erant, tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus ab Rgmis reliqulsque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari possent, efflciebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Quintum Titu- 5 rium Sabinum lggatum cum sex cobortibus relinquit ; castra in altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum miinire iubet. The Belgae attack the town of Bibrax, which Caesar relieves. 6. Ab bis castris oppidum Eemorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu 10 1. latus : obj. of muniebat; what gender? A river is always a barrier against the approach of an enemy. post . . . reddebat : 'made his rear safe,' lit. 'made safe from the enemy that (sc. ea) which was behind him.' The rear of the camp was the northeast side. See Plan IV. 2. commeatus: subj. of possent; here ut is not the first word in its sentence. 3. ut . . . possent, eificiebat : ' made it possible for supplies to be brought up,' 261. eum : = Caesarem. 4. In: 'over.' pons: A fine, stone bridge at this point now carries a national highway over the river. 5. praesidium : at the north end of the bridge. At the present time there is a little village, Berry-au-Bac, on the site of the praesidium. in altera parte : 'on the other {i.e. south) side.' 6. Sabinum relinquit : in this way Caesar kept communication open with his supplies which came from the south. sex cohortibus : what part of a legion and about how many men ? See p. xxviii. 8. pedum : 141. fossa : it was 18 ft. wide across the top. 6. 9. his castris: Caesar's camp north of the Aisne river and the fortifications at the bridge have been excavated and a portion of the trenches discovered. They have been measured and much of our information about the shape and size of Caesar's camps has been obtained from this site. See p. xxxvii, and for a description of the method of excavating, p. xlvi. nomine: 'by name,' 171. 10. milia: 130. Id: sc. oppidum. ex. itinere : 'on the march,' 258 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [n,6 Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegr<5 eo die sustentatum est. Grallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Ubi, circumiecta multitiidine hominum totis moeni- bus, undique in murum lapides iaci coeptl sunt, murusque 5 defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succendunt nmrumque subruunt. Quod turn facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta multitude lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consi- stendi potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Eemus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter LO suos, qui turn oppido praefuerat, unus ex eis qui legatt de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit, expecting to capture it quickly without much interruption to their march toward the Romans. magno impetu : ' with a furious charge.' 1. Aegre . . . sustentatum est : ' they held out with difficulty.' The verb is passive and impersonal, 204. 2. Gallorum, Belgarum ; 136. eadem atque : ' the same as.' oppugnatio: ' method of storming. ' 3. haec: 'following.' circumiecta multitudine: 173, but trans, by a coordinate clause. totis : i.e. of the entire town. moenibuB : 149, b. i. coepti sunt : the pass, is used when the infin. depending on it is also pass. 5. defensoribus : 158. testudine : the word means ' tortoise,' but in the military sense it was a close formation of men holding their shields, overlapping, above their heads. If missiles were hurled down upon them, they were protected, as the back of a tortoise is protected by its hard shell. See Plate IV. 6. subruunt: 'undermine.' Quod: 202. facile: 'easily,' 69. 7. conicerent: Why pi. ? 123, 6. consistendi : with potestas, 282. 8. null! : What case ? See 49 and 154, ' no one had a chance of keeping his place on the wall.' 9. Remus : ' one of the Eemi.' nobilitate, gratia : 170. 10. oppido : 149, 6. unus : in apposition with Iccius, 121. ex els : 138, a. 11,7] CAESAR BELIEVES BIBBAX 259 nisi subsidium sibi summittatur, sese" diutius sustinere nou posse. 7. Eo d6 media noete Caesar, Isdem ducibus usus, qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanls mittit; quorum ad- 5 ventu et Rgmls cum spg defensionis studium propugnandi aecessit, et hostibus eadem dg causa spes potiundi oppidi Site of Battle on the Axona (Aisne). A view down the slope occupied by Caesar's legions towards the Miette brook (behind the trees). 1. nisi . . . posse : this is what the messenger was instructed to say. What were the exact words of the message ? 7. 3. Eo : i.e. to Bibrax. de media nocte : 'in the middle of the night.' isdem : = eisdem, used as a noun, ducibus : 163, a. 4. nuntii: pred. nom., 120. Numidas : Numidia was in northern Africa. Cretas : Crete is a large island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. 5. Baleares : the Balearic islands were east of Spain. See Map. Caesar's army was made up of men from different parts of the world. Bubaidio oppidanls : 156 and Note, but trans., ' to relieve the towns- people.' 6. Hemis : 149, 6. 7. hostibus: 163. eadem de causa : ' for the same reason.' spes potiundi oppidi : ' the hope of getting possession of the town,' 283. This sentence (from Bernis) has a balanced order of words. It 260 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,8 discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulatl, omnibus vicis aedificiisque, quos adire potuerant, incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copils con- tenderunt et a mllibus passuum minus duobus castra posu- 5 erunt ; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. Caesar strengthens his position. 8. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam opinionem virtiitis proelio supersedere star tuit ; cotidie tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtute 10 posset et quid nostri auderent, periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse Inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportune atque idoneo, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum is only an accident tbat the last two words of each part end in the same two syllables. I. morati : sc. hostes. 3. copiis : 167. 4. a mHibus . . duobus: 'less than two miles away.' The use of a is unusual. castra : marked D on the Plan. 6. patebant : the length of the Belgian front could be roughly determined at night by the camp fires. 8. 7. et . . . et: 'both . . . and.' 8. opinionem virtiitis : 'reputation for courage,' 137. proelio; 149, 6. 9. equestribus proeliis : ' skirmishes with the cavalry,' 'cavalry skirmishes. ' quid . . . posset : see note to p. 218, 1. 13 ; ' tried (to see) what they could do,' 259. virtute : 171. II. loco : limited by opportuno atque idoneo, 176. The remainder of the sentence is long and has many subordinate clauses. It should be read through carefully in the Latin before translating. Do not trans, by a single sentence in English, but express the thought in several independent sentences. pro: 'in front of.' 12. natura: 'naturally (suited for forming a line of battle),' 171. 18. editus : ' rising.' tantum . . . poterat : ' extended facing < =3 ^ o. - a 2 ° § s ■« 1 & < CO "■2 a , -| ). quos : antecedent is el to be supplied as subj. of consisterent. For the mood of consisterent, sustinerent and ponerent see 240. ventum erat: 204. 7. priores: 'those in the front ranks,' ' the van' ; subj. of pone- rent. viderentur: 'they seemed (as they thought),' 241. The mood of continerentur is explained in the same way. 9. clamore : of those fighting in the rear. This abl. abs. gives the reason for perturbatis. II, quantum . . . spatium: i.e. as long as they could see to kill, sub occSaum solis : ' toward sunset ;' 186, 2 (6). 12. 13. prius quam . . reeiperent: to explain the mood see 239 ; 'before they should recover,' i.e. ' before they could recover.' n,12] OTHER STATES SUBMIT TO CAESAR 267 Rgmls erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, prop- ter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem, paueis defen- dentibus, expugnare non potuit. Castris munitis vlneas5 agere, quaeque ad oppugnandum iisui erant, comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitude in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitute, mag- nitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli nequeio audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti legatos ad 1. exercitum duxit, contendit : follow Caesar's movements on the Map opp. p. 155. magno itinere : a forced march. 2. Noviodunum : perhaps the capital city of the Suessiones. The word is of Celtic deriv. and means 'Newtown.' ex itinere: i.e. 'immediately after his arrival.' 3. ab defensoribus : with vacuum, 158 ; ' destitute of defenders,' i.e. 'undefended.' 4. paucia defendentibus : ahl. abs. expressing concession. Trans, by a clause introduced by ' although.' 5. expugnare : cf . with oppugnare above. On the Roman method of besieging a town read p. xliii. Castris : of the Romans, vineaa : ' movable sheds. ' See p. xliv and Plate V. 6. agere: 'push forward.' The soldiers were protected under cover of the sheds. quaeque : the -que connects agere and com- parare. usui : 156. 7. in oppidum convenit : i.e. before Caesar could complete his siege operations. 8. proxima nocte : ' on the next night.' 9. aggere : a roadway to the town wall made by throwing earth and brush into the fossa. See p. xliii. turribus : the towers were also movable and they afforded an elevation from which missiles could be hurled. 10. operum : the siege works. ante : adv. 11. et : connects magnitudine and celeritate. 268 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [II, 13 Caesarem de deditione mittunt et, petentibus Remis, ut conservarentur, impetrant. 13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipslus Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex 5 oppido traditls, in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitum- que in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium eontulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitti circiter milia passuum qutnque abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egress! manus ad Caesarem lOtendere et voce significare coeperunt, sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castra- que ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab Bomanis petierunt. I. de : 'to negotiate for.' petentibus Remis: abl. abs. tut trans, 'at the request of the Eemi.' ut conservarentur: depends on petentibus, 260. 13. 3. obsidibus : in apposition with primis and filiis, ' having taken as hostages the leading men, etc' 5. traditls : ' surrendered.' in deditionem . . . accepit : trans. ' he accepted the surrender of the Suessiones. ' 6. Qui : 202. se suaque omnia : see note to p. 176, 1. 13- 7. Bratuspantium : perhaps the capital city of the Bellovaoi. eontulissent, abesset : 235. 9. maiores natu: 'older men.' On the abl., natu, see 171; for the comp. see 63. 10. tendere ; 'stretch out.' voce significare: they did not speak Latin, but they made their meaning clear. sese . ve- nire : ' that they placed themselves under his protection, etc' II. neque : = et non. 12. accessisset, poneret : note the different tenses ; ' had ap- proached,' ' was making a camp.' See also eontulissent and abesset above. 13. passis : a synonym of tendere above. 14. suo more : 166, a. 11,14] THE NBRV1I 269 14. Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dlmissis Aeduorum copils ad eum reverterat) facit verba ; Bellovacos omni tempore in fids atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse ; impulses ab suls prmcipibus, qui dicerent, Aeduos a Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes indignitates 5 contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo Eomano bellum intulisse. Qui eius consili prlncipes fuis- sent, quod intellegerent, quantain calamitatem clvitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Aeduos, ut sua dementia ac i(i mansuetudine in eos iitatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint. 14. 1. Pro his : ' on behalf of these' (the Bellovaci). Dlvicia- cus : the Aeduan. 2. eum : = Caesarem, facit verba : ' spoke ' ; 208. 3. Bellovacos to the end of the chap. : ind. disc. omni tem- pore : ' at all times.' i. impulsos : 'instigated.' 5. in servitutem redactos : ' reduced to slavery,' ' enslaved.' 6. perferre: ind. disc, depending on dicerent (1. 4). et . . . et: 'both . . . and.' defecisse, intulisse: sc. Bellovacos as subj. modified by impulsos. 7. Qui : antecedent Is eos to be supplied as subj. of profugisse. prlncipes : 'ring-leaders.' 8. clvitati : 149, 6. 9. intulissent : 259. in Britanniam : across the channel. 10. Bellovacos : subj. of petere. Aeduos : sc. petere. ut . . . iitatur : 260. clementia, mansuetudine : Caesar was mer- ciful to a fallen enemy who submitted ; he was absolutely merciless to a treacherous foe. 11. eos : who? Quod : obj. of fecerit and refers to ut . . . iitatur. 12. amplificaturum (esse) ; sc. eum (= Caesarem) as subj. 13. qua: 'any.' sustentare: 'holdout.' 14. consuerint : sc. Aedui. 270 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS, [n,l6 15. Caesar honoris DiviciacI atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit; et quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides popo- 5 scit. His traditls omnibusque armls ex oppido eollatls, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit ; qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum fines Nervii attingebant ; quorum de natflra mori- busque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat : Nullum aditum 10 esse ad eos mercatoribus ; nihil patl vlnl reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remittl virtutem exlstima- rent ; esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis ; increpitaie atque inctisare reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Bomano dgdi- 15 dissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent ; conflrmare, sese 15. 1. honoris : with causa ; ' out of respect for Diviciacus and the Aeduans.' 2. eos : the Bellovaoi. 3. civitas : of the Bellovaoi. magna auctoritate : 170. 4. sexcentos obsides : Caesar had to find a place for these in his camp and keep them at his own expense. 8. Eorum: of the Ambiani. attingebant: i.e. they lived next to the Ambiani. 9. sic : 'the following.' From Nullum aditum the rest of the chap, is expressed in ind. disc. 10. mercatoribus : dat. case, 154. pati : sc. eos (= Nervios). They had a prohibition law ! Read again p. 157, 1. 3. vini : with nihil, 138. 11. pertinentium : agreeing with rerum ; trans, by a rel. clause in English. inferri : depends on pati, 274. rebus : 165. 12. relanguescere animos eorum : ' that their courage was weak- ened.' 13. esse and the pres. infinitives following : sc. eos (= Nervios). virtutis: 140. 14. qui . . dedidissent, proiecissent : the rel. clause expresses cause, ' for having surrendered, . . . and cast aside.' II, 17] CAESAR MARCHES AGAINST THE NERVII 271 neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepttiros. He marches against the Nervii and prepares to fortify a camp. 16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fScisset, inve- niebat ex captivis, Sabim flumen a castris suis non am- plius milia passuum x abesse; trans id flumen omness Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorura exspec- tare una cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam bis utrisque persuaserant, uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur) ; exspectari etiam ab bis Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere ; mulieres, qulque per aetatem ad 10 pugnam inutilgs viderentur, in eum locum coniecisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. 17. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionSsque prae- I. neque . . . neque: 'neither . . . nor.' 16. 3. eorum : whose country ? triduum : ' for three days,' 130. inveniebat : = reperiebat, used before. Ind. disc, to the end of the chap. 4. captivia : a source of information commonly used in war. Sabim : now called the Sambre. Caesar was approaching from the north side of this river. See Plan V. 5. trans id flumen : on the south side. 6. consedisse, exspectare : note the tenses in translating. 7. una : adv. 8. his utrisque : ' both of these peoples. ' For the case see 149, a. persuaserant : sc. Nervii. uti . . . experirentur : ' to try,' 260. 9. ab his : 160. Aduatucorum : we shall hear more about them in chaps. 29-33. 10. mulieres : obj. of coniecisse (sc. Nemos as subj.). quique : = et eos (also obj. of coniecisse) qui. per aetatem : ' by reason of their age.' II. quo : = ad quern locum. 12. exercitui : 154. 272 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR pi, 17 mittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediti- ciis Belgls reliquisque Gallls complilres Caesarem secutl una iter faeerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captlvis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostrl Sexercitus perspecta, nocte ad ]STervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt, inter singulas legiones impedimento- rum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis 10 adoriri ; qua pulsa impedlmentisque dlreptis, futurum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. 17. 1. qui . . deligant: remember that this kind of clause (230) is best trans, in Eng. by an inf. clause ; ' to select.' castris : 157. ex . . Belgis . . Gallls : with complures. See 138, a. Cf . also ex his below. 2. secutT : a pf. part, but trans, by a verb coordinate with faeerent. 4. eorum dierum : ' during these days.' consuetudine . . perspecta : ' having observed the order of marching, '173. nostri exercitfis : depends on itineris which in turn depends on consuetudine. 5. nocte : 181. 0. his : 148. inter singulas . . auderent : ind. disc. im- pedimentorum : Caesar is thinking of the pack-animals, as numerum shows. 7. neque . . . negoti: 'and that there would be no difficulty.' For the case of negoti see 138. 9. spatium: 130. sub sarcinis: i.e. while the men were still carrying their packs (see p. xl) . 10 qua : sc. legione. futurum ut . . auderent : 261. 11. reliquae : sc. legiones. contra : adv. The plan of the Nervii was a good one and might have succeeded, if Caesar, prudent and shrewd, had not made it a rule to proceed more cautiously when he was near an enemy. The Nervii were going to attack successively each legion as it came up and plunder the baggage that followed be- hind it, but on approaching the enemy's country Caesar changed his marching order and massed six legions together in one column (chap. 19). 11,17] THE HEDGES OF THE NERVII 273 Adiuvabat etiam eoruni consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Nervi! antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus el rel student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copils), quo facilius fmitimorum equita- tum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedlrent, teneris 5 arboribus incisis atque inflexis crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis et rubis sentibusque interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimentum praeberent, quo non modo non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus 1. Adiuvabat : the obj. is consilium and the subj. is the clause quod . . . effecerant, 257. Ease of trans, may be gained by changing the voice of the main verb ; i.e. ' the plan was favored by the circum- stance that, etc. ' The sentence in Latin is a long one and should be divided into several sentences in the English translation. eorum : antecedent of qui (= the escaped prisoners mentioned above). 2. antiquitus : 71. nihil possent (and below quicquid pos- sunt) : see 125, a. neque . . . student: ' for up to the present time they give no attention to this branch of the army (» - ei),' i.e. the cavalry. 4. quo . . . impedlrent : quo is used because of facilius, 229, a. 5. praedandi causa : 282, Note, venissent : stands for the fut. perf. indie. teneris . . . interiectis : three instances of abl. abs. They express the means of effecerant. They may be trans, by verbs coordinate with effecerant. teneris: 'young.' 6. crebris . . . enatis : the trees when young were cut into on one side and bent over more or less horizontally. The branches of the trees then grew out thickly sideways (in latitudinem'). 7. rubis . . . interiectis : brambles and brier bushes were planted in between. This made a hedge which hindered greatly the movements of cavalry. Thorn hedges are still seen in this part of France, ut . . . praeberent : 261. 8. instar muri : ' like a wall. ' munimentum : ' a barrier.' quo . . . posset : ' so that one not only could not penetrate it but could not even see through it.' quo = in quod referring to munimen- tum. 9. His rebus: i.e. by the obstacles to advance presented by these thick hedges. 274 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [II, 18 p.nrh iter agminis nostri impedlretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervil existimaverunt. 18. Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen 5 Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari accllvitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos Infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspicl posset. Intra eas silvas hostes in occulta sese continebant ; in aperto loco 10 secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitude pedum circiter trium. 2. consilium : the ' plan ' mentioned above. 18. 3. haec: 'the following,' about to be described. locum: repeats the antecedent of quern. 4. ab summo : 'from the top,' where Caesar was, on the north bank. aequaliter declivis : ' sloping evenly. ' 6. Ab eo flumine : i e. on the other, or south, side. 6. pari acclivitate : the gradient on that side was the same as on the north side. nascebatur : ' arose. ' adversus huic et contrarius : ' opposite to it (the hill on the north side) and fac- ing it.' 7. passus : 130. apertus: the ground was 'cleared,' i.e. not wooded, for about a thousand feet back from the river ; above this it was thickly wooded (aft superiore . . . possei). 8. perspici: pass, voice. Do not trans, lit., but thus, 'so that one could not see through into it.' 10. secundum: 'along'; a prep, stationes: 'pickets.' It was a peaceful scene along the river on which Caesar gazed, but thousands of barbarian eyes behind the trees on the height were watching his movements. 11. pedum: 141. The river has been canalized by the French government and it is now much deeper than in Caesar's day but also much narrower (Caesar calls it latlssimum flumen, p. 286, 1. 12). There is now at this point a busy iron manufacturing town, called Hautmont. 11,19] THE ATTACK OF THE NEB VII 275 The enemy attack him unexpectedly. 19. Caesar equitatQ praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habsbat, ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam quod hostibus appro- pinquabat, consugtudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat ; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta collocarat ; 5 inde duae legiones, quae proximo conscrlptae erant, totum The Sambre. A view of the river at Boussieres just about or a little above where the Nervii crossed. 19. 1. equitatu praemisso : as usual, for a preliminary testing skirmish. 2. copiis : 167. aliter . . ac : ' was different from what.' How lit. ? 3. hostibus : why dat. case ? 4. expeditas: 'in light marching order,' i.e. with baggage re- duced to a minimum. The word is used in the predicate. 5. eas : the sex legiones. 6. proxime : in the spring (chap. 2). What were the numbers of these two legions ? 276 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [II, 19 agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equi- ties nostrl cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen trans- gress! cum nostrum equitatu proelium commiserunt. Cum se ill! identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex 5 silva in nostros impetum facerent neque nostrl longius, quam quern ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones sex, quae priruae venerant, opere dlmenso castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostrl exercitus ab els, qui in lOsilvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordi- nesque constituerant atque ipsl sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equi- tes fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili 15 celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene unci tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris bostes I. praesidio : 156 and note. First came the six veteran legions, then all the baggage, then the two newly enlisted legions. The Roman victory in this battle, though it was dearly bought, might never have been won if Caesar had not changed the order of his marching column. 4. illi: = hostium equitatus. 5. neque: = et non. 6. quam. . pertiuebant : i.e. than to the edge of the clearing. 7. cedentes : sc. hostes, ace case. primae : 191. 8. dlmenso : read pp. xxxvi f. on the making of the camp. The part, has a pass, meaning ; see 279, second note. 9. prima impedimenta: 'the first division of the baggage,' ap- pearing immediately behind the column of the six legions. This was the signal agreed upon (convenerat) by the enemy to rush to the attack. 10. visa sunt : ' was seen.' II. ut : ' just as.' 14. His : = equitibus. 16. uno : ' the same.' 16. in manibus nostris ; ' upon us,' How lit. ? 11,20] CAESAR PREPARES TO MEET THEM 277 viderentur. E&dem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra eastra atque eos, qui in opere occupatl erant, contenderunt. Caesar hurriedly prepares to meet the attack. 20. Caesarl omnia iino tempore erant agenda: vexil- lum proponendum, quod erat Insigne, cum ad arma con- curri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandls milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendl causa processe- rant, arcessendl, acies Instruenda, milites cohortandl, signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erat subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod supe-io 1. adverso colle : 'up the opposite hill,' where the Romans were. ad : with both eastra and eos. Consult Plan V constantly as the details of the battle are described. 20. The situation was serious and tense. The Romans, scattered in the work of making the camp, were completely surprised. Perhaps at no other time in the Gallic war did the personality and command- ing presence of Caesar count for so much. 3. Caesarl : dat. case (155) used with all the following gerundives. vexillum proponendum (sc. erat) -. ' he had to display the flag ' (the signal for arming). See p. xxxiv on the flags of the army. 5. tuba: 'on the trumpet,' 163. This was the si.snal to form in line. See p. xxxiv on the musical instruments of the army, dandum: sc. erat. With the fol. gerundives also erant or erat is to be supplied. The sentence moves quickly, without connectives, as if reflecting the hurry of preparation. On the gerundives see 97 (2) . 6. qui .- antecedent is ei milites, the subj. to be supplied of arces- sendl (erant). paulo longius: 'a little too far,' 193 and 168. causa : 282 and note. 7. signum : to begin fighting. Review the three kinds of signals mentioned in this chapter. 9. incursus : ' rush.' difficultatibus, subsidio : 156 and note. 10. scientia . . . militum : ' the knowledge and experience of the soldiers' ; the first ' thing,' in apposition with duae res. The second ' thing ' is the clause quod . . . vetuerat. 278 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,21 rioribus proeliis exercitatl, quid fieri oporteret, non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere, quam ab aliis doceri pote- rant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. Hi 5 propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperimn exspeetabant, sed per se, quae vide- bantur, administrabant. He passes from one part of the field of battle to another, inspiring and encouraging his men. 21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortan- dos milites quam in partem fors obtulit decurrit et ad lolegionem decimam devenit. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus, quam utl suae pristinae virtutis memoriam reti- nerent neu perturbarentur animo, bostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius bostes aberant, quam quo telum adigl posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. I. quid . . oporteret : with praescribere, 259. The Roman soldiers did not have to be told what to do ; they could take the initiative themselves, whenever it was necessary. 3. singulis: 'respective.' singulos: ' the individual.' 4. nisi . . . castris : ' before the camp was fortified.' How lit.? 5. nihil : ' not at all,' 125, a. 6. videbantur : sc. administranda esse. 21. 9. quam in partem: trans, as if in earn partem decurrit in quam. II. quam uti, etc.: 'than to urge them to remember, etc.' utl .... retinerent, . . . perturbarentur, . . . sustinerent: express in ind. disc. Caesar's hurried injunction to his favorite legion. The subjunctives represent imperatives of the dir. disc, 266. Reproduce in English Caesar's exact orders. 12. animo : 171. 13. quod . . . aberant : gives the reason for signum dedit. quam quo : = quam ut eo ; the enemy were now within javelin range. 11,22] CAESAR ENCOURAGES HIS MEN 279 Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectua pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas ho- stiumque tarn paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad insignia aecommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas soutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. Quam 5 quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suls pugnandi tempus dimitteret. 22. Instructs exercitu, magis ut loci natura deiec- tusque collis et necessities temporis, quam ut rei militaris 10 ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legion6s aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstrayimus, interieetis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia collocari neque, quid in quaque parte opus esset, providerl, neque ab uno omnia imperia admi-15 1. in alteram partem : ' in the opposite direction.' Study the Plan in order to understand the positions of the various legions. 2. pugnantibus : sc. els, 149, b. 3. ut . . . demerit : 232. 4. insignia : probably the ' crests of their helmets.' induendas : how did the soldier carry his helmet on the march ? See p. xl. 6. soutis : 168. For the way in which the shields were protected against the weather see p. xxxi. Quam in partem : = in ea parte in, quam. 6. quaeque : = et quae (signa). prima: pred. 7. signa : they identified the various divisions of the legion. See p. xxxiv. haec. sc. signa. suls : sc. signis. There was no time to find their right places. 22. 9. ut ; meaning with the indie. ? 10. collis ■ gen. case rei militaris : ' military science.' 11. aliae (legiones) alia in parte : ' some in one place, others in another.' See note to p. 222, 1. 9. 12. hostibus : 149, a. 14. certa: 'at fixed points.' On account of the thick hedges Caesar could not see where reinforcements were needed, quid . . . esset : depends on providerl (sc. poterat), 259. quaque : from quisque. 280 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR pi, 23 nistrari poterant. Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate f ortHnae quoque gventus varii sequebantur. 23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie constiterant, pills emissis cursu ac lassitudine Bexanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates (nam his ea pars obvenerat) celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen. compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progress! lOrursus reaistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis Viromanduis, quibuscum erant congress!, ex loco superiore, in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra I. fortunae : with eventus, ' issues of fortune.' Conditions in dif- ferent parts of the field being so bad, things turned out differently in different places. 23. 3. in sinistra parte : see the Flan. 4. acie : a form of the gen. sing, for aciei. 6. exanimatos, confectos : with Atrebates (the obj. of compu- lerunt). nam . . . obvenerat : i.e. the Atrebates were on the right of the enemy's line and therefore encountered the ninth and tenth legions of Caesar's left. See Plan. his : = Atrebatibus. 7. conantes: sc. eos (= Atrebates). 8. impeditam: in trying to get across the river. Ipsi: the Romans. 9. in locum iniquum: i.e. the Romans were now pursuing up- hill. 10. resistentes : limits hostes (ace. case) . II. alia in parte: in the center of the fighting line. Here the eleventh and eighth legions engaged the Viromandui. See Plan. diversae : trans, as an adv., 'separately.' 13. ex loco superiore : with projtigafis. in ipsis ripis : ' right on the banks,' 200, a. 14. a fronte, a sinistra parte : see 185, 1 (6). 11,24] A DESPERATE SITUATION 281 parte nMatls, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam im- peri tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt ; quorum pars aperto latere legiongs circumvenlre, pars summum castro-5 rum locum petere coepit. The situation is desperate. 24. Eodem tempore equites nostrl levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum eis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetii pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversls hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam pete- 10 bant, et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros Yictores fliimen transisse conspexerant, prae- I. nudatTs: 'exposed.' The four legions, the ninth, tenth, eleventh and eighth, in the course of the battle had shifted their posi- tions forward, so that the front and left sides of the camp were left unprotected. The Nervii swarmed up the hill bent, some on entering the camp, others on engaging the remaining legions, the twelfth and the seventh, on Caesar's right wing. See Plan. non magno inter- vallo : ' at no great distance,' 168. 3. confertissimo: 'most compact.' duce Boduognato: 'under the leadership of Boduoghatus,' 178. summam imperi: 'the chief command.' 5. aperto latere: 'on the exposed flank,' i.e. on the left flank, now left unprotected by the withdrawal of the other legions. 24. 9. pulsos : sc. esse, dixeram : see p. 276, 1. 14. adversls hostibus : ' face to face with the enemy,' 149, b. The cavalry and light-armed infantry returning to the Roman camp came unexpectedly upon the Nervii as they were entering it (see 1. 5 above). II. calones: 'camp-servants,' drivers and servants of the officers, some of them undoubtedly slaves. ab decumana porta : ' from the rear gate.' See p. xxxviii on the streets and gates of the camp. summo : 192. 12. Victoria : pred. These were the four legions stationed on the center and left of Caesar's line. 282 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,24 dandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostrls castris versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum, qui cum impedimentls venisbant, clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterritl 5 f erebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, quorum inter G-allos virttitis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa a civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra nostra compleri, legiones premi et paene 10 circumventas tenerl, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostrls rebus domum contenderunt ; Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt. 1. egress! : thinking that the battle was over and that the Ro- mans had won the victory. For the construction of praedandi see 282 and note. respexissent : meaning of re- ? 2. versari : ' moving about.' praecipites : ' precipitately,' 190. 3. impedimentis : the baggage train that followed the six legions was just coming up. Events followed each other in quick succession in this engagement. 4. fremitus: 'uproar,' a confused sound of voices. alii aliam in partem : ' in different directions.' For this idiom see note to p. 222, 1. 9. 5. ferebantur: 'fled'; lit., ' were carried.' 6. Treverl : a Belgian state of perhaps Germanic origin. Caesar's cavalry were mercenary troops from this state. 7. virtutis opinio : ' reputation for bravery. ' 8. a civitate : with missi, 160. cum : introduces vidissent. 9. legiones : the Twelfth and Seventh. 11. diversos: a participle. partes: 'directions.' 12. domum : 132. 13. pulsos, superatos, potitos : sc. esse. castris, impedi- mentis : 163, a. 11,25] SUCCESS OF THE ROMANS 283 The tide of battle turns in favor of the Bomans. 25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cobortatione ad dex- trum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impediments vldit, quartae cobortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signos amisso, reliquarum cobortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in bis prlmipllo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiorgs et non nullos ab novissimls dgserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare, 10 hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermit- 25. 1. Caesar : this is a long but not difficult sentence, though it has many subordinate clauses and phrases. Bead it all through care- fully in the Latin before attempting to translate. cohortatione : mentioned p. 278, 11. 10 and 11. 2. urgeri: ' hard pressed. ' signis . . . collatis: 173. 3. confertos : ' crowded together ' ; they were becoming panic- stricken and were huddling together with no room to fight. sibi, impediments : 156 and note. They were in the way of one another. 4. ipsos : agrees with milites. quartae cohortes : with centu- rionibus, signifero, and signo. On the divisions of the legion see p. xxviii ; on the standards, p. xxxiv ; on the centurions, p. xxix. 6. reliquarum cohortium : with centurionibus. 7. in his : sc. centurionibus. primipilo : ' chief centurion.' See p. xxix. Baculo : mentioned several times in the Gallic war and fre- quently praised for his bravery. 8. ut . . . posset : result of confecto, 232. From loss of blood Baculus was unable to stand up. 9. esse and the following pres. infinitives : ind. disc, depending on mdit (1. 4). 10. novissimls : ' the rear ' ; they could more easily leave their posts, vitare: 'dodge.' 11. neque subeuntes intermittere : 'did not cease coming up,' f.e. the enemy were advancing up the hill in an unbroken stream. 284 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [II,. 26 tere et ab utroque latere Instare et rem esse in angusto vldit, neque ullum esse subsidium, quod summitti posset ; scuto ab novissimis uni militl detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque 5 nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladils Uti possent. Cuius adventu spe illata militibus ac redinte- grate animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam nftvare cuperet, paulum 10 hostium impetus tardatus est. 26. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta eon- stiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunes mllitum 1. ab : see 185, 1 (6). rem . . . angusto : 'that matters were in a critical condition.' 2. subsidium : the two newly enlisted legions, following the bag- gage train, were still too far away. 3. scuto . . . detracto : Caesar saved the day by plunging into the fight like a common soldier and inspiring his men to follow, ab : see note on ab above. uni : ' a.' militl : 153. quod . . . venerat : implying that Caesar had a shield, which he sometimes carried. 4. in primam aciem : where the fighting was hottest. He was fearless, although the danger to his person must have been great. 5. nominatim: he knew them byname. signa inferre: 'to advance. ' See p. xxxiv. 6. manipulos laxare : 'to open up the ranks.' They had been huddling together (p. 283, 1. 3). quo . . possent : with facilius; 229, a. 7. adventu : the cause of spe illata, 165. militibus : 149, 6. 8. in conspectu imperatoris : this inspired them to do their best. 9. operam navare : ' to give a good account of themselves.' How lit.? 10. tardatus est : ' was checked.' 26. 11. septimam legionem : on the extreme right. See Plan. 12. tribunos : on these officers see p. xxix. 11,27] SUCCESS OF THE ROMANS 285 monuit, ut paulatim sese legiongs coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes Inferrent. Quo facto cum alils alii sub- sidium ferrent, neque timerent, ne aversi ab hoste circum- venirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. Interim mllites legionum duarum, quae in novissim6 5 agmine praesidio impediments fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursti incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur. et Titus Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex loco supe- riore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus, decimam legionem subsidio nostris mlsit. Qui cum ex 10 equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nibil ad celeritatem sibi reliqul fecerunt. 27. Horum adventu. tanta rerum commutatio est facta, 1. sese coniungerent : the two legions were apparently fighting separately. On the mood of the verb (and Inferrent) see 260. conversa . . . inferrent : ' face about and charge the enemy.' 2. alils alii : ' each to the other.' 3. ne : meaning ? 264. aversi : ' in the rear. ' 6. legionum duarum : the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. 6. proelio niintiato : this abl. abs. gives the reason for cursu incitato. 7. in summo colle : they were on higher ground and could be seen. 8. castris . . . potitus : Labienus, in command of the tenth legion, had crossed the river and taken possession of the enemy's camp (see p. 271, 1. 5). ex loco superiore : from the top of the hill on the south side of the river, where the enemy's camp was located, he could look across the river and see how desperately the Boman legions on that side were fighting. 10. Qui: the soldiers of the tenth legion. cum . . . cogno- vissent: 235. 13. nihil fecerunt: lit., 'they left nothing undone in regard to speed ' ; i.e. ' they went at their utmost speed.' reliqul : with nihil, 138. 27. 14. est facta : ' was wrought.' 286 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,2 ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent seutis innixi proelium redintegrarent, calones perterritoi hostSs conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent, equi tSs vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibui 5 in locTs pugnando se legionariis militibus praeferrent. A hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem prae stiterunt, ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacenti bus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent ; hi; deiectls et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent, ut ei 10 tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta remit terent ; ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis bomines iudicar: deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascenden 1. etiam : 'even.' procubuissent . for the mood sei 272. 2. seutis : 163, 6. redintegrarent, occurrerent, praeferrent introduced by ut (1. 1), 232. 3. hostes: ace. case. etiam inermes (nom. case): 'evei unarmed.' armatis : sc. hostibus. Whydat.? 4. ut . . . delerent : expresses the purpose of praeferrent, 229. 6. pugnando : the gerund, 282. se . . praeferrent: 'viec with the legionary soldiers in showing themselves superior.' nuTi tibus : 149, 6. 7. primi, proximi : used like nouns. iacentibus : sc. eh ' their prostrate bodies.' How lit. ? For the case see 149, 6. 8. insisterent, pugnarent: 232. ex: 'on.' his : = the subj of Insisterent and pugnarent. 9. qui . . . superessent : antecedent is ei ( = hostes) to he sup plied as the subj. of conicerent and remitterent ; with the last tw< verbs supply ut (same constr. as insisterent, pugnarent above). ul ex tumulo : ' as from a mound of dead bodies. ' 10. intercepta remitterent : make two verbs in Eng., ' picked uj and threw back.' 11. ut . . . deberet : result clause, 232. non nequiquam : wit! aus5s esse, the subj. of which is homines. The order of words is, u deberet iudicarl homines tantae virtutis non nequiquam ausos esse, etc virtutis : 140. 11,28] THE NERVII SURRENDER 287 altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum, quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitude redegerat. The Nervii surrender. 28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ae nomine Nerviorum redacto, maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac palildes coniectos 5 dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victorious nihil impe- dltum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui super- erant, consensu legatos ad Caesarem mlserunt seque ei dediderunt, et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad trgs senatores, ex hominum mllibus lx vix ad 10 quingentos, qui arma ferre possent, sese redactos esse dixe- runt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus miseri- cordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atc[ue oppidls uti iussit et finitimis imperavit, ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. lfi 1, facilia : pred. 2. animi : ' courage.' Trans, the clause, ' which things, in them- selves most difficult (lit., ' from most difficult things '), their greatness of courage had made easy. ' 28. 3. internecionem : ' annihilation.' 5. pueris: 'children.' 6. dixeramus : p. 271, 1. 10. cum : introduces arbitrarentur ? victorious . . . tutum : ' that there was no obstacle in the way of the victors and no safety for the conquered.' Sc. esse. For the case of vietoribus and victis see 151. 9. civitatis : 137. 10. vix : limits quingentos. ex hominum . . redactSs : this statement is probably exaggerated. At any rate the Nervii joined in the general uprising in Gaul five years later. 12. misericordia : with usus (esse), 163, a. On the case of usus, 274, a. 14. finitimis : 149, a. 288 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,29 The Aduatuci gather in one stronghold, which Caesar besieges. 29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omni- bus copils auxilio Nerviis venlrent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt ; cunctls oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munl- 5 turn contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu parti- bus altissimas rupes deiectusque baberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducento- rum pedum relinquebatur ; quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant ; turn magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas 10 trabes in muro collocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbrls Teutonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in prOvinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, els impedi- mentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citia 29. 1. supra : p. 271, 1. 9. cum : this is not the prep. How do we know 1 2. auxilio Nerviis : 156 and note. 3. ex itinere : i.e. immediately, without halting. 4. egregie : limits munitum which in turn limits oppidum and should be trans, by a rel. clause in English. The Aduatuci were pre- paring to resist Caesar. 5. Quod: antecedent is oppidum. cum: 'although,' 251. ez omnibus . . . partibus : ' around it on all sides.' 7. leniter: limits acclivis, 'gently sloping.' 8. pedum . see both 141 and 162. There were high rocks all around except on one side, where there was an approach 200 feet wide. 9. praeacutas : ' sharpened at the end,' so that they were pointed. This oppidum Aduatucorum has been identified by some with the modern fortress-town of Namur, situated at the confluence of the Sambre and the Meuse, but others do not regard this identification as proved. See the Plan. 11. Cimbrls Teutonisque : mentioned before p. 258, 1. 6. prog- nati: 'descended.' 12. impedimentis depositis : 173. 13. agere : refers to cattle, portare : refers to baggage. citr§ : the west side. n,30] CAESAK BESIEGES TBE ADUATUCI 289 flumen Rhgnum depositis custodiam ex suls ac praesidium sex milia hominum una rellquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a flnitimis exagitati, cum alias bellum Infer- rent, alias illatum defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta, hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. 5 30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris con- tendSbant ; postea vallo pedum xu, in circuits, xv milium crSbrisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul eonstituTic viderunt, primum irridere ex muro atque increpitare Toci- bus, quod tanta macbinatio a tanto spatio institueretur : Quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines 1. custodiam, praesidium : pred. 2. eorum : those who went on in the invading army. 3. annos : 130. alias . . . alias : adv. ' at one time ... at another time.' 4. illatum : so. bellum. The Aduatuci were the descendants of an original guard of 6000 Cimbri and Teutoni left here with their super- fluous baggage. eorum : = finitimorum. 5. domicilio : 156. 30. 6. adventu : 181. nostri : with exercitus. I. faciebant : sc. Aduatuci. parvulis : ' insignificant.' On the meaning of the suffix, -ulus, see 109, d. 9. circummuniti : the fortification was built by Caesar's army. 10. vineis, aggere, turrim : see notes on these words in chap. 12 and read pp. xliii f . turrim constitui : ' that a tower was being built at a distance.' The tower was built out of range of the enemy's fire and was then moved on rollers up to the town. For the form turrim see 29. II. irridere, increpitare : historical infinitives, 275. irridere : 'jeered.' 12. a tanto spatio : 'at so great a distance.' quod . . . insti- tueretur : ' because, as they said, it was being erected, etc.,' 241. 13. Quibusnam manibus : ' with what hands, pray ? ' -nam ex- presses their taunting manner, viribus : what is the nom. case ? 290 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR pi, 31 tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus G-allis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra contemptul est) tantl oneris turrim in muro sese eollocare posse conf iderent ? They surrender, attempt treachery, and are sold into slavery. 5 31. Ubi vero mover! et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti : ISTon se exlstimare, Romanos sine ope deorum bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate lopromovere possent, se suaque omnia eorum potestati per- mittere dixerunt. Unum petere ac deprecari : si forte pro sua dementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset, Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis despo- liaret. Sibi omnes fere fmitimos esse inimlcos ac suae 15 virtuti invidere ; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non 1. tantulae: 'so small.' staturae: 140. The Romans were such little fellows ! plerumque : ' as a rule. ' omnibus Gallis : ' in the estimation of all the Gauls ' ; 152. prae : ' in comparison with.' 2. brevitas: 'short stature.' contemptul: 156, but trans, 'an object of contempt.' The Italians of southern Italy are to-day of short stature. 3. oneris : 140. 4. conflderent : sc. Romarii, 267. Quibusnarn . . . cinfUb- rent expresses in ind. disc, what they said. 31. 5. mover! et appropinquare : sc. turrim as subj. 6. specie: ' sight, '' spectacle. ' 7. locuti : sc. sunt. The remainder of the chap, is in ind. disc. 8. ope : 'help.' 9. qui . . . possent : the rel. clause expresses cause, tanta celeritate : ' with so great speed,' 166. 11. Unum: ' one thing.' pro :' in accordance with.' 13. ne . . . despoliaret : explains Unum above. armis : 158. 15. virtuti ; 149, a. traditis armis : expresses a condition, 173. 11,32] SURRENDER OF THE ADUATUCI 291 possent. Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano patl, quam ab his per cruciatum interne!, inter quos dominari consuessent. 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit : Se magis consuStudine sua quam merito eorum clvitatem 5 conservaturum, si prius, quam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. Se id, quod in Nerviis fecisset, facturum ftnitimlsque imperaturum, ne quam deditlciis populi Eo- mani iniuriam inferrent. 10 Es nuntiata ad suos, quae imperarentur, facere dlxgrunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sie ut prope summam murl aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in op- 15 pido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. 1. Sibi praestare : 'that it was better for them.' casum: i.e. the surrender of their arms. 2. quamvis fortunam: 'any fate whatever.' patl, interne! : subj. of praestare. 32. 5. Se magis . . . inferrent : ind. disc. 6. aries : see p. xliii for a description of the battering ram. 7. dedidissent : for the fut. perf. of dir. disc. sed deditionis . . . traditis : no good general could decide otherwise. 8. in : ' in the case of.' 9. finitimis, deditlciis : why dat. case? quam: 'any.' 10. inferrent : 260. 11. dizerunt: sc. Aduatucl. facere : sc. se as subj. and ea as obj., the antecedent of quae. 12. multitudine . . . iacta : abl. abs. expressing time. 13. prope summam adaequarent : ' were almost as high as the top.' 14. acervi : subj. of adaequarent. 16. usi; 'kept.' 292 CAESAR* 8 GALLIC WAR [11,33 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudl militesque ex oppido exlre iussit, nS quam noctu oppidan! a mllitibus iniuriarn acciperent. Illi, ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos 5aut denique indlligentius servaturos credider'ant, partim cum els, quae retinuerant et celaverant, armis partim sctitis ex cortice factls aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mumtiones ascensus 10 videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem feeerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperaverat, Ignibus significa- tione facta, ex proximis castellls eo concursum est, pugnar tumque ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut a viris fortibus in 15 extrema spe saltitis iniquo loco contra eos, qui ex vallo tur- ribusque tela iacerent, pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret. Occlsis ad hominum mlli- bus quattuor, reliqul in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius die! refraetis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque 20 intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem eius oppidi univer- 33. 1. sub vesperum : 'toward evening,' or late afternoon. 2. quam : cf. the same word above, p. 291, 1. 9. noctu : adv. 4. deducturos (sc. esse) : ' would withdraw. ' 6. quae : antecedent is armis. 9. qua ('where') . . . videbatur: to he taken closely with eruptionem. 12. ante : what part of speech ? imperaverat : apparently the watchful general anticipated some surprise. ignibus: 'by signal fires,' 163. 13. eo : adv. concursum est, pugnatum est : 204. 14. ut : 'as.' 15. eos : the Eomans. 16. cum . . consisteret: they knew that they were fighting for their lives, 240. 11,35] WINTER QUARTERS 293 sam Caesar vendid.it. Ab els, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium qulnquaginta trium. Several states along the coast are subdued by P. Crassus. 34. EOdem tempore a PubliO Crasso, quern cum legiSne una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Coriosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae dvitatess Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est, omnes eas dvitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Roman! esse redactas. Envoys come from the Germans ; winter quarters ; a thanksgiving at Rome. 35. His rebus gestis omnI Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab els nationibus, quae trans Ehenum ineolerent, legatl ad Caesarem mitteren- 10 tur, qui sS obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyrieumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se revert! iussit. 1. Caesar vendidit : the survivors were sold into slavery, 53,000 of them, as were also all their possessions. Traders and slave dealers accompanying the army no doubt quickly purchased the entire booty. Caesar had no mercy to show to those who proved treacherous. 2. eum : = Caesarem. relatus est : ' reported.' milium : 141. 34. 3. Publio Crasso : the triumvir's son, mentioned in the campaign against Ariovistus (p. 246, I. 3). 4. miserat : sc. Caesar. Venetos, etc. : states along the west coast. Find their location on the Map. Coriosolitas : Greek ace. See 38. 6. Oceanum : the Atlantic. 35. 10. ineolerent : for the mood see 272. 11. daturas, facturas : sc. esse. The fem. form is used in agree- ment with se (= nationes). pollicerentur: 230. 13. properabat : to perform his administrative duties as governor of Gaul. inita . . . aestate: 'at the beginning of the next summer.' 294 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [11,35 Ipse, in Carnutes, Andes, Turonos, quaeque civitates propinquae his locis erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legionibua in hiberna deductls, in Italiam profectus est. Ob easque rSs ex litteris Caesaris in dies quindecim supplicatio decrSta 5 est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulll. 1. in Carnutes . . Turonos : with deductis. quaeque civi- tates : = et in eds civitates quae. 4. litteris: 'despatches' reporting the victories of the army. supplicatio : celehrated by holidays and thanksgiving services in the temples at Rome. 6. quod: ' a thing which.' nulll : what case ? 49. A Silver Denarius. This coin, struck about 49 B.C., represents on one side a head of Pietas and on the other a trophy of Gallic arms. SEA-FIGHT WITH THE VENETI Lib. Ill, 10-16 Plan VII SCALE OF ENGLISH MILES 6 I 53 Ef 8CALE OF ROMAN MILES a Js EXPLANATION Caesar's fleet was built on the Loire (Liger) and placed in command of Brutus. From the mouth of the Loire it followed a northerly course till it met the fleet of the Veneti (Chap. 14). Operations against a Town op the Veneti (III, 12) a. Mainland. b. Stronghold, oppidum, surrounded by water at high tide. c. Parallel dikes over land submerged except at low tide. The dikes, or em- bankments, were high enough to keep out the water at high tide. MILES TTSTJk BOOK III The War with the Veneti Necessity compels Caesar to make war on the Veneti. 10. Erant hae diffieultates belli gerendi, quas supra ostendimus, sed multa tamen Caesarem ad id bellum inci- tabant: iniuria retentormn equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civita- tum coniuratio, in primls ne, hac parte neglecta, reliquaes nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur. Itaque cum intel- legeret omnes ferS Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura llbertati studere et condicionem servitiitis odisse, prius- quam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi acio lathis distribuendum exercitum putavit. 10. 1. belli gerendi : 283. We say ' in waging war.' 2. multa: 'many considerations'; lit. 'many things,' explained by iniuria, rebellio, defectio, coniuratio, and ne . . arbitrarentur. Note that ne . . . arbitrarentur is the equivalent of a noun ; sc. Umor and see 264. 3. retentorum : see 280 and trans, accordingly. equitum : here means 'knights,' the order to which Caesar's tribunes commonly belonged (see note to p. 82, 1. 3) ; not the cavalry, who were foreigners (see Introd. p. xxxv). 4. datis obsidibus : the abl. abs. has the same general force as post deditionem and the participle is used like retentorum, 1. 3. 5. hac . . . neglecta : equivalent to a condition. 6. idem : ' the same conduct.' We might have expected a plural, referring to the acts included in multa, 1. 2. 8. natvirS : 166. Natura has the force of an adverb, ' naturally.' 9. priusquam . . . conspirarent ; that is, to prevent their con- spiring ; see 239. 296 296 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS. [111,11 He distributes his forces, giving Brutus command of the fleet and himself leading the land forces. 11. Itaque Titum Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximl flumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mandat Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat atque in officio contineat Germanosque, qui auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dlce- sbantur, si per vim navibus fiumen transire conentur, pro- hibeat. Publium Crassum cum cohortibus legionariis xn et magno numero equitatus in Aqultaniam proficisci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae lOnationes coniungantur. Qulntum Titurium Sabinum le- gatum cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Coriosolitas Lexoviosque mittit, qui earn manum distinendam curet. Decimum Brutum adulescentem class! G-allicisque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliqulsque pacatls regionibus 15 convenlre iusserat, praeficit et cum primum possit in Venetos proficisci iubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copiis con- tendit. The strongholds of the Veneti and their formidable ships. 12. Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum, ut posita in extremis lingulls promunturilsque neque pedibus aditum 11. 3. adeat . . contineat: 260. 4. auxilio : 156. arcessiti: sc. esse; 274, a. 5. navibus: 163, d. 12. distinendam : 285. 16. pedestribus copiis : 167. 12. 18. eius modi: 'such' ; lit. 'of such a kind,' 140. ferS: 1 as a rule. ' posita : agreeing with oppida understood, implied in oppidorum. 19. extremis: 192. in, 12] THE SHIPS OF THE VENETI 297 haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitayisset, quod bis accidit semper horarum xn spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadls afflictarentur. Ita utraque r6 oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur ; ac si quando, mag- nitudine operis forte superati, extruso marl aggere acg A Roman War-ship. It is filled with armed soldiers. The ship was propelled by oars. Notice the beaked prow for ramming a hostile vessel. 1. incitavisset : we might have expected the indie. (235, a), but the verb is attracted to the mood of haberent. quod : the ante- cedent is the preceding clause. bis accidit: according to our reckoning a high tide occurs but once every twelve hours, but Caesar is counting in the inclusive Roman fashion ; cf. 183. 2. neque navibus : so. aditum haberent. • 3. afflictarentur : ' would be wrecked,' sc. si conatl essent. A future condition transferred to past time. utraque re : that is, both by the rise and the fall of the tide. 5. aggere ac molibus : ' huge dikes ' j 288. For the meaning of i»6Ks see Vocab. 298 CAESAB'S GALLIC WAR 1111, 13 molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatls, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium appulso, cuius rei summam facultatem frabebant, sua deportabant omnia seque in proxima oppida recipiebant ; ibi se rursus isdem 5 opportunitatibus loci def endebant. Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur, summaque erat vasto atque aperto marl, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas navigandi. 10 13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae armataeque erant : carinae aliquanto planiores quam no- strarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum aestiis exci- pere possent ; prorae admodum erectae atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae ; l5navSs totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam ; transtra ex pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus, 1 . f ortunis : dative with desperare ; 149, a. 2. cuius rei : = quarum, referring to navium. 4. isdem : for ilsdem. 5. opportunitatibus : 169. 6. faciebant: 'continued to do ' ; 209. 7. summaque : agreeing with difficultas, the position gives em- phasis. 8. vasto . . . portibus : abl. abs. denoting cause ; 173. 13. 10. ipsorum : ' their own,' referring to the Veneti. 11. aliquanto: from aliquantum ; 168. planiores: 'flatter'; that is, the line from stem to stern was less curved. nostrarum navium : sc. carinae. 12. excipere : 'encounter, cope with.' 15. totae: 'throughout.' ad . . . perferendam: 283. quam- vis : the pronoun, from quivls. contumeliam : ' buffeting.' 16. transtra: 'cross-beams,' to strengthen the hull and support the deck; not 'thwarts,' since the ships had no rowers. in alti- tudinem : we should say ' in thickness.' In altitudinem really means ' in height,' from bottom to top of the beams. Ill, 13] THE SHIPS OF THE VENETI 299 confixa clavis ferrels digit! pollicis crassitudine ; ancorae pro funibus ferrels catenls revinctae ; pelles pro vSlIs alutae- que tenuiter confectae, hae slve propter llni inopiam atque eius usus Inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verl simile, quod tantas tempestates Ocean! tantosque impetus ven-5 torum sustineri ac tanta onera navium reg! veils non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. Cum his navibus nostrae class! eius mod! congressus erat ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, reliqua pro loci natura, pro v! tempestatum illis essent aptiora et aceom- 10 modatiora. Neque enim his nostrae rostro nocere poterant (tanta in e!s erat firmitudo), neque propter altitudinem 1. crassitudine : 170. The gen. digitl pollicis takes the place of the usual adjective. 2. pelles: 'hides.' alutae tenuiter confectae: 'leather dressed so as to be thin.' This would be lighter than the pelles. Apparently both were used. 4. veri simile : ' prob- able ' ; lit., ' like the truth.' Simile is used as a subst. and governs a gen. As an adj. it takes the dat. 5. tantos impetus Rostra. Beaks of Roman warships, fastened to the prow and used for ramming the enemy's vessel. ventorum : ' such violent winds.' In the same way trans, tanta onera navium. 6. regi : note the quantity, which shows that the word is from rego. What part of the verb ? non satis commode : modifies posse. Hence it is to be taken with sustineri, as well as with regi. 8. class! : 154. eius modi : see note on p. 296, 1. 18, above. 9. una: 'alone.' pulsu remorum: i.e. in having oars, since the ships of the Veneti were without them ; see p. 302, 1. 3, below. reliqua : ' but everything else ' ; 290. 10. pro : ' considering ' ; that is, ' because of. ' 11. Ms : 148, a. nostrae : sc. naves. rostro : the prow of the Roman warship had a brazen beak, for ramming hostile vessels. 300 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [III, u facile teluin adigebatur, et eadem de causa minus commode copulls continebantur. Accedebat ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset et se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu rellctae S nihil saxa et cautes timerent ; quarum rerum omnium nostrls navibus casus erat extimescendus. Brutus cripples the enemy's fleet and wins a decisive victory. 14. Compluribus expugnatis oppidls Caesar, ubi intellexit fruatra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugam captls oppidls reprimi neque eis noceri posse, statuit exspectandam 10 classem. Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ccxx naves eorum paratissimae atque omul genere armorum ornatissimae, profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt : neque satis Briito, qui class! praeerat, vel tribu- 1 . minus commode : that is, ' less conveniently ' than if the enemy's ships were not so high. 2. copulis : the Romans endeavored to make the contest as much like a battle on land as possible. 3. coepisset . . dedissent : 272 ; cf. incitdvisset, p. 297, 1. 1. ferrent . . consisterent . . . timerent : 261. 4. in vadis consisterent : ' came to anchor in shoal water.' ab aestu : abl. of agent ; personification of aestu. 5. nihil : 125, a. 6. navibus: 155. casus: 'occurrence,' with the idea of disaster. 14. 8. sumi: 'undertaken,' 'expended.' captls oppidls: the abl. abs. denotes means ; 173. 9. eis noceri : 150. exspectandam : sc. esse and sibi. 10. Quae : 202. 11. paratissimae . . . ornatissimae: 'well prepared and pro- vided'; 193. 12. armorum : used generally, ' equipment.' 13. neque satis Briito . . . vel tribunis . . constabat : ' and Brutus and the tribunes were not quite sure ' ; note the lit. trans. m, u] THE ENEMY'S FLEET CRIPPLED 301 nls militum centurionibusque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae, constabat quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae Insisterent. Eostro enim noceri non posse cognoverant ; tur- ribus autem excitatis, tamen has altitude puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis commode 5 tela adigi possent et missa a Gallls gravius acciderent. Una erat magno usul res praeparata a nostris, falces praeacutae insertae afflxaeque longurils, non absimili forma muralium falcium. His cum funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant comprehensi adductique erant, navigio remis io 2. agerent . . . insisterent : 259, a ; for quid agamus . . . insistamus ? 3. Rostro : 163 ; with noceri, sc. els. tur- ribus . . . excitatis : what does the abl. denote ? observe tamen and see 173. 4. ex barbaris navibus : equivalent in mean- ing to barbararum navium. 6. missa : so. tela. gravins : ' with greater force,' because thrown from a higher position. 7. Una : with res. usui : 156. 8. praeacutae: prae- has intensive force, ' very- sharp.' absimili forma : 170. 9. falcium: sc. ei (=formae): cf. planiores quam nostrarum navium, p. 298, 1. 11. For the falx muralis, used for tearing down walls, see Plate IV, 5. nines . . . destinabant : ' the halyards,' by which the sails were hoisted and which were made fast at or near the gunwale. It is inconceiv- able, however, that Caesar should have described the halyards as funes qui antemnas ad malos des- tinabant. Viewing the battle from a distance, he did not clearly see what was done and assumed that the ropes which bound the yards to the masts were cut. See Classical Weekly, vol. XI, pp. 106 f . 10. adducti erant : ' drawn taut ' ; lit. ' to- wards ' the Roman ships. For the mode see 285, a. Falx muralis. A wall-hook, used for pulling down walls or for dragging the besieged from the walls. 302 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS [III, 15 incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus abscisis antemnae ne- cessario concidebant ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in veils armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat certamen 5 positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile superabant atque eo magis, quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset ; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tene- 10 bantur. 15. Deiectls, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi tran- scendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navi- 15 bus, cum el rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Ac iam conversis in earn partem navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tran- quillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco movere non possent. Quae qui- dem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime f uit opporttma ; 20 nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae 1. praerumpebantur : ' were rent apart.' Prae- seems to be in- tensive, as in praeacutae. 2. concidebant : ' fell in a heap ' ; the imperi. denotes several occurrences of the act ; 212 : navibus : 151, a. 3. in veils armamentisque : that is, they had no oars ; see note to p. 299, 1. 9, above. 4. erat . . . positum in : 'depended upon.' 7. fortius: 193. 15. 11. binae ac ternae : we should say ' two or three ships at a time.' 12. circumsteterant : see note on adducti erant, p. 301, 1. 10. 15. eT rei : that is, the capture of their ship by the device described. 17. quo : = in quam (partem). 20. singulas : ' one by one ' ; sc. naves. 111,16] PUNISHMENT OF THE VENETI 303 ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terrain pervenerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnarStur. 16. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque orae mari- timae confectum est. Nam cum omnis iuventus, omnSs etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consill aut dignitatis 5 frit, eo convenerant, turn, navium quod ubique fuerat, in unum locum coegerant ; quibus amissis reliqui neque quo se reciperent, neque quern ad modum oppida defenderent, habebant. Itaque se suaque omnia Caesari dediderunt. In quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius 10 in reliquum tempus a barbaris ius legatorum conservaretur. Itaque omni senatu necato reliquos sub corona vendidit. 1. pervenerint : 223. 2. cum: 'although.' hora . . . quarta: about ten o'clock ; see 183. 16. 4. cum . . . turn: 'not only . . . but also.' iuventus: the men of military age. 6. navium . . . fuerant : ' all the ships that they had anywhere ' ; for the case of navium see 138. 8. reciperent . . . defenderent : ' a place to which to retreat or any means of defending ' ; a rel. clause of purpose. 10. gravius : ' with special severity ' ; 193. vindicandum : sc. esse and sibi, 'that he ought to punish them.' 12. sub corona : ' as slaves. ' When slaves were offered for sale garlands were put upon their heads. Antemna. In the Roman ships the yards were not lowered with the sails, but the sails were brailed up upon the yards. BOOK IV Fiest Invasion op Britain Caesar prepares to invade Britain. 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficiscl contendit, quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostrls inde summini- 5 strata auxilia intellegebat et, si tempus annl ad bellum ge- rendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, In the third year of the Gallic War, 56 B.C., the events of which are described in Book III, Caesar directed operations in western Gaul, the account of which is enlivened by the narration of an exciting sea battle with the maritime state of the Veneti. In the fourth year of the war, 55 b.c, the events of which are described in Book IV, Caesar entered Germany, crossing the Rhine river on a pile bridge which took him ten days to build. But particularly attractive, because of its ro- mantic interest, is the account of Caesar's first invasion of Britain, a land which then seemed to the Romans to be at the very end of the world. 20. 1. parte . . . reliqua : abl. abs. expressing cause. 2. ad septentriones vergit : ' lies to the north.' Examine the word, septentrio, in the Vocab. 4. hostibus : with sumministrata. The undoubted fact that Gaul received reinforcements from Britain would be a sufficient excuse for invading the country. Possibly Caesar thought that the political effect in Rome of the news of the invasion would be good. But besides this he had the spirit of an explorer, and he wished to see with his own eyes this all but unknown land. He was the first Roman to do so, and the recorded history of Britain virtually begins with his account. 5. si : ' even though.' 6. sibi usui : 156. 304 IV, 20] INVASION OP BRITAIN 305 si modo Insulam adisset, genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque els ipsis quicquam praeter Oram maritimam atque eas regiones, quae sunt contra Grallias,5 notum est. Itaque yocatls ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitude, neque quae aut Cliffs near Dover. The chalk cliffs (colles) rise perpendicularly to a height of from 350 to 400 feet and prevented Caesar's landing at th's point. 1. adisset, perspexisset, cognovisset : would be fut. perl indie, in dir. disc. 8. illo : adv. ; ' to that country.' 4. eis : the traders. 5. contra : ' opposite.' Gallias : read the first sentence of Book I, chap. 1. 7. quanta esset : this and the fol. indirect questions depend on reperire (p. 306, 1. 3). 269. 306 caebar's gallic war [iv,2i quantae nationes incolerent, neque quern usum belli hate- rent aut quibus Institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad maiorum navium multitudinem idonel portus, reperlre poterat. 5 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, prius quam perieulum faeeret, idoneum esse arbitratus Gaium Volusenum cum navl longa praemittit. Huic mandat, ut, exploratis omnibus rebus, ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan- 10 niam traiectus. Hue naves undique ex f Initimis regionibus et, quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat classem, iubet convenire. Interim consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britannos, a compluribus Insulae civitatibus ad eum lslegati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Eomani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberalitei pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia, permanerent, eos domum remittit et cum els una Commium, quern ipse 1. incolerent: sc. earn (= Britanniam) . 2. quibus institutis : 163, a. qui : with portus. qui is the in- terrogative adj . ; see 84 . 3. idonel : pred. 21. 5. perieulum: 'attempt.' faeeret: 239. 6. idoneum: pred. ; 'competent.' navl longa: 'a galley,' or war-ship, propelled by oars. They were light and swift. 8. quam primum: 'as soon as possible,' 194. revertatur: 260. 9. brevissimus : the channel was narrowest here. The place from which Caesar sailed to Britain was probably Portus Itius, the modern Boulogne. See Map. 11. quam: antecedent is classem. superiore: 'previous.' 13. eius : = Caesaris. 16. qui polliceantur : ' to promise, ' 230. imperio : 149, b. 17. permanerent : 260. 18. quern, legem : 127. IV, 22] IN VASION OF BRITAIN 307 Atrebatibus superatis rggem ibi constituerat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat et quern sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in his regionibus magni habSbatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit, adeat civita- tes horteturque, ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, sgques celeriter. eo venturum nuntiet. VolusSnus, perspectis regi- onibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur, quaeque ibi perspexisset, renuntiat. 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa 10 moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legatl vSne- runt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarentj quod homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae impe- rasset, facturos pollicerentur. Hoc sibi Caesar satis oppor- 15 tune accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem I. ibi: i.e. among the Atrebates. cuius: antecedent is Com- mium (p. 306, 1. 18). 3. magni : pred. gen. of value. See 142 and note. 4. Huic : 149, a. quae : antecedent is clvitntes. possit : sc. ac&re. adeat, hortetur : sc. ut, 260. 5. Be : Caesar. 7. quantum . . . potuit : ' as far as opportunity could be afforded one.' ei : antecedent of qui. facultatis : with quantum, 138. 8. auderet : why subjunctive ? See 242. Trans, qui by ' since he.' 9. renuntiat : notice the large number of cases of historical pres. in this chap., 208. 22. 10. causa : 282, note. II. moratur: 236. 12. consilio : refers to matters described in Book III. excfisS- rent : why subjunctive ? 13. barbari, imperiti: in the pred., give the reason for bellum fecissent. consuetudinis : 143. For the mood of fecissent see 241, 15. Hoc : subj. of accidisse. 16. hostem : obj. of relinquere. 308 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [IV, 22 relinquere volebat neque belli gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum occupa- tiones Britanniae anteponendas iudicabat, magnum els numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis eos in fidem 5 recepit. Navibus circiter uxx onerariis coaetis contractisque, quod satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimahat, quod praeterea navium longarum habebat, quaestor!, lega- tis praefectisque distribuit. Hue accedebant xvm onera- 10 riae naves, quae ex eo loco a milibus passuum viii vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum venire possent; has equitibus distribuit. Eeliquum exercitum Q. Titurio Sabino et L. Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, a quibus ad eum legati non vene- 15 rant, ducendum dedit ; P. Sulpicium Eufum legatum cum 1. belli : with facultatem. 2. tantularum : note the meaning of the diminutive ending, -vlus, 109, d. 3. Britanniae : dat. case with anteponendas (sc. esse). 149, b. 6. Navibus onerariis : 'transports.' 7. quod : rel. pron. having as its antecedent the whole idea con- tained in Navibus . . . onerariis ; trans. ' a number which, etc' satis : pred. There were perhaps about 100 men on each transport. The Tenth and the Seventh legions were taken. 8. quod . . . habebat : ' What galleys he had besides ' he as- signed to the quaestor, etc. navium : 138. 9. Hue accedebant : ' in addition to these there were.' How lit. ? See note to p. 191, 1. 4. 10. eo loco : Portus Itius. a: 'away.' 11. tenebantur : the cavalry transports were held by contrary winds at a port, now called Ambleteuse, eight Roman miles up the coast. quo . . . possent : 'from being able to make the same port' (i.e. where Caesar was, at Portus Itius). See 262. 15. ducendum ; gerundive with exercitum (1. 12). For the trans, see 285. IV, 23] INVASION OF BRITAIN 309 eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere iussit. He sets sail. 23. His constitutes rebus, nactus idoneam ad nayi- gandum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi et naves conseendere et ses sequi iussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius esset admini- stratum, ipse hora die! circiter quarta cum prlmis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cuius loci haec erat natura, atque ita montibus anguste mare continebatur, 10 utl ex locls superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad ggrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum 1. portum tenere : to insure a safe landing on their return. 23. 3. idoneam tempestatem : ' favorable weather.' 4. tertia fere vigilia : it was about midnight, solvit : sc. naves, 'weighed anchor,' 'set sail.' This was on the night of August 25. "It was just five days before the full moon ; and high tide that eve- ning was about six o'clock. About midnight the moon set, and we may suppose that, like the ships of William when he sailed to en- counter Harold, each vessel carried a lantern," Holmes, Ancient Britain, p. 314. 5. ulteriorem portum : see note on tenebantur above (p. 308, 1.11). conseendere: 'board.' 6. A quibus . . . administration : the cavalry were slow in carrying out Caesar's orders. 7. ipse : Caesar with his fleet, hora . . . quarta : about nine o'clock in the morning. See 183 (end) . prlmis navibus : the swifter galleys. 8. in . . . collibus : they approached Britain at Dover (see Plan) ; above the strand and for several miles to the northeast and southwest rise precipitous cliffs of chalk ; see p. 305. Standing on these (expositas) Caesar saw groups of armed natives ; they had heard long before of Caesar's preparations (see p. 306, I. 13). 9. haec : ' such.' 12. dum (' until ') . . . convenient : with expectavit, 238. 310 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [IV, 24 reliquae naves eo convenlrent, ad horam nonam in ancorls exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunlsque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit mo- Snuitque, ut rel militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae r<5s postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab els admi- nistrarentur. His dlmissls et ventum et aestum uno tem- pore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancorls 10 circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. The natives resist his landing. 24. At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, pTae- misso equitatu et essedarils, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquls copils subsecuti nostroB 1. ad horam nonam : until nearly three o'clock in the aiternoon. In ancoris : ' at anchor.' 8. convocatis : to come on board his own boat for a council. 5. ut : ' as.' 6. postularent: for the mood see 272. ut quae: 'since they,' i.e. maritimae res, the antecedent. 7. haberent: 'involved.' ad nutum: i.e. orders were to be carried out on the instant. administrarentur : sc. ut, depends on monuit (1. 4), 260. 8. aestum : the tide turned up channel toward the northeast. 9. secundum: adj., 'favorable.' sublatis: 'weighed.' 10. ab eo loco : at Dover. aperto ac piano litore : in the neighborhood of Deal. The chalk cliffs had disappeared and there was a level strand here suitable for landing. 24. 12. consilio : the ' intention ' of Caesar to find a good land- ing place. 13. essedarils : the Britons' method of fighting with chariots is described in detail later, chap. 33. quo genere : ' a kind of war- riors (i.e. esseddrii), which they are accustomed to use, etc.' IV, 25] THE LANDING 311 navibus egredl prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant, militibus autem, ignotls locis, impe- dltls manibus, magno et gravl onere armorum oppressis simul et d6 navibus dgsiliendum et in fluctibus consisten- 5 dum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illl aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progress!, omnibus membrls expedltls, notissimis locis, audacter tela conicerent et equos Insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae imperiti non eadem 10 alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus uti proeliis con- suerant, utebantur. But the Eomans succeed in disembarking. 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum et speciSs erat barbaris iniisitatior et motus ad usum expedltior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis 15 incitari et ad latus apertum nostrum constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac summoveri 1. navibus egredi : ' from landing.' The inf. is sometimes used with prohibere, but see 262. prohibebant : an attempted action, 'they tried to prevent.' 2. nisi in ajto : ' except in deep water.' 3. militibus: with desiliendum (I. 5) and the fol. gerundives, 165. locis : 175. impeditis : by their shields and javelins. 4. oppressis : with militibus. 6. consistendum : ' keep their foothold.' 6. cum: 'while.' 1111: the enemy. 9. insuefactos: 'trained,' i.e. to go into the water. 10. generis : with imperiti, 143. 25. 13. Quod : i.e. the way in which his men were handicapped. 14. inusitatior : 'quite unfamiliar,' 193. The naves longae were narrower and longer and were propelled by oars. 16. latus apertum : the enemy's right flank. 17. tormentis : see pp. xliv f. 312 CAESAR' S GALLIC WAR [ry,26 t iussit ; quae res magno usul nostris fuit. Nam et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem rettu- lerunt. 5 Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter alti- tudinem maris, qui deeimae legionis aquilam ferebat, obte- status deos, ut ea res legioni felieiter evenfret, - Desilite,' inquit, ' commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam bostibus prodere ; ego certe meum rei publicae atque imperatorl officium 10 praestitero.' Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, se ex navi proiecit atque in bostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri cobortati inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt. 15 26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter fnsistere neque 1. usui : 156. 3. constiterunt: 'stood still.' 5. maxime : ' especially.' 6. qui: antecedent is is to be supplied as subj. of inquit (1. 8). ferebat : he was the aquilifer of the legion. On the aquUa see p. xxxiv. 8. commOitones : ' comrades,' a most effective term of address. vultis : see 100. prodere : ' surrender.' The ' eagle ' meant as much to the Roman soldier as the flag to » modern army. Is the eagle still used by any country as a national symbol ? 9. officium praestitero : ' I shall have performed my duty.' The meum is emphatic. Why does Caesar give here the exact words of the aquilifer instead of expressing it in ind. disc. ? 10. magna: 'loud.' 12. inter se : ' one another. ' tantum dedecus : see note above on prodere. universi : ' all together.' 13. ex . . . navibus : to be taken closely with the subj. of con- spexissent; 'those on the nearest ships.' 26. 15. Pugnatum est : 204. 16. ordines servare : ' to keep the ranks.' IV, 26] THE LANDING 313 signa subsequl poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibus- cumque signis occurrerat, se aggregabat, magnopere pertur- babantur; hostes vgro, notls omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulars ex navi egredientes conspexerant, incitatls equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, 5 alii ab latere aperto in universos tela coniciebant. Desilite, Commilitones ! An Imaginative reproduction of the scene of the eagle-bearer jumping boldly into the water and urging his comrades to follow. 1. signa subsequl : 'to follow their own maniples.' See pp. xxxiv. alius . . . navi: 'one from one ship, another from another,' i.e. 'soldiers from different ships.' quibuscumque (indef. rel. pron.) . . . signis : = els signis (se aggregabat) quibuscumque, etc. occur- rerat and aggregabat are sing, number because of alius. i. aliquos singulares : ' some by themselves,' i.e. groups of a few disembarking. 6. plures : the enemy. paucos : the Romans. 6. ab latere aperto: which side of a Roman soldier was 'ex- ' ? universos : as contrasted with singulares. 314 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [IV, 27 Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri hissit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia summittebat. Nostri simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis 5 in hostes impetum f ecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt ; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque Insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. The Britons sue for peace. 27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga 10 receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legates de pace miserant ; obsides daturos, quaeque imperasset, facturos esse pollicitl sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quem supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc illl e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris 15 mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula conie- cerant ; turn proelio facto remlserunt. In petenda pace eius 1. scaphas : the ' small boats ' carried on the galleys. 2. speculatoria navigia : ' spy-boats.' Both kinds of boats were small and could come close in to shore. 4. simul: = simul ac, 'as soon as.' suib : referring to Nostri. 7. capere: 'reach.' It will be remembered that they had diffi- culty in getting away from port. 27. 11. daturos (esse), facturos esse: sc.se. quaeque: = et ea quae. 12. Atrebas: adj., 'one of the Atrebates.' 18. supra : p. 306, 1. 18. 14. illl : the Britons. egressum : expresses time. oratoris : in its lit. meaning, ' pleader,' from oro ; with modo (abl. case of modus), ' in the character of an envoy.' 16. remlserunt: sc. eum. eius rel : i.e. the seizure of Commius, to be taken with culpam. IV, 28] CAESAR'S TRANSPORTS DRIVEN BACK 315 rel culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et, propter impru- dentiam ut ignosceretur, petlverunt. Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petrssent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ; quorum 5 illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucls diebus sese daturos dlxerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se ciyitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. io Caesar's cavalry transports are driven back to the continent. 28. His rebus pace conflrmata, post diem quartum, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves xviii, de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito 15 1. in multitudinem contulerunt: 'laid upon the people.' Re- sponsibility for a wrong has often been shifted in this manner. 2. ut ignosceretur : sc. sibi (149, a and 150) ; the verb is imper- sonal, ' that they be pardoned. ' 3. questus : not from quaero. ultro : ' voluntarily ' without his requiring them. 4. intulissent : Caesar's own reason, 241. 5. ignoscere : sc. se. imprudentiae : what case ? Why ? 7. diebus: 182. 8. suos : subji of remigrare. 28. 11. post diem quartum quam : = quarto die postquam. 13. ex superiore portu : now Ambleteuse. 14. solverunt: 'weighed anchor.' 15. ex castris : from the Soman camp on shore. viderentur : 'were seen.' This was on the morning of August 30. tempestas : 'storm.' The word means simply 'time' or 'weather,' sometimes 'good weather' (as p. 309, 1. 4), or, as here, 'bad weather.' 316 CAESAR' 8 GALLIC WAR [IV, 29 coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur, aliae ad Inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo deicerentur ; quae tamen ancoris iactts cum Sfluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. Caesar' s fleet is damaged by a heavy storm. 29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas 10 naves, quibus Caesar exereitum transportandum curaverat, 1. nulla: sc. navis. aliae {naves) . . . aliae: 'some . . . others.' 2. eodem: adv. ad inferiorem partem : along the coast to the southwest. 3. propius: prep., 'nearer.' sui: 137. 4. deicerentur: 'were driven along.' cum flflctibus: with complerentur. They tried to weather the storm by riding at anchor near the island, but it proved too dangerous and they were forced to put to sea and get in deeper water. 5. necessario : adv. adversa nocte : ' in the face of the night.' This made the danger so much the greater, in altum: = in mare. 6. provectae: 'putting out.' 29. 7. Eadem nocte: August 30. accidit . . . plena: 'it happened to be full moon.' qui dies, etc. ; ' a time (of the month) which usually causes very high tides in the ocean.' It was high tide a little before midnight that night. 9. nostris . . . incognitum : there is almost no tide in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is strange that during his preparations for the expedition Caesar had not learned from some source of the con- nection between moon and tide. 10. quibus: abl. of means, 163. transportandum curaverat : see 285. IV, 29] CAESAR'S fleet damaged 317 quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus complgverat, et one- rarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Complitribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent, funi-5 bus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis, ad navigan- dum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totlus exercitus perturbatio facta est. ISTeque enim navgs erant aliae, quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves erant usui, et, quod omnibus constabat, 10 Roman Baths in Britain. Among the Roman remains in Britain are these baths at Aquae Solis, the modern Bath in southern England. 1. complgverat : ' had filled' with water. 2. afflictabat : ' was racking. ' 5. fractis : 'wholly wrecked.' 7. inutiles : pred. with reliquae (sc. naves) essent. 8. perturbatio: 'panic' 9. quibus : cf. quibus above, p. 316, 1. 10. 10. usui : 156. quod . . . oportere : ' as it was clear to all that they would have to pass the winter in Gaul.' 318 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [IV, 30 hiemarl in Gallia oportere, frumentum in his locls in hiemem provlsum non erat. The Britons make a treacherous attack. 30. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocate, cum 5 equites et naves et frumentum Eomanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem mllitum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentls Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum facta esse duxe- runt, rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostras pro- 10 hibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod his superatis aut reditu interclusls neminem postea belli Inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confldebant. Itaque rursus, coniu- ratione facta, paulatim ex castrls discedere ac suos clam ex agrls deducere coeperunt. 15 31. At Caesar, etsl nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, 1. in his locis: i.e. in Britain. 30. 3. Quibus . . cognitis : ' when this (the damage to the Roman fleet) became known (to the Britons).' principes: subj. of duxerunt (1. 8). 7. hoc: ' on this account,' 165. etiam: 'even.' 8. optimum . . . duxerunt : ' thought that the best thing to do was,' optimum is pred. adj. ; the subj. of esse is prohibere and produ- cere. On the supine factu with optimum, see 287. 9. rebellione facta: 'to renew hostilities.' Trans, the abl. aba. coordinate with the fol. infinitives. Note the deriv. of the noun. The word rebellione should not be trans, by "rebellion," for this would describe the uprising of a subject state, which Britain was not. 10. rem : ' campaign.' his : the Romans already in Britain. 13. paulatim : a few at a time so that their departure would be noticed less. ex castris: they had come to the Roman camp (1. 6 above). IV, 32] A TREACHEBOUS ATTACK 319 tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsidSs dare intermlserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnSs casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et fru- mentum ex agris cotidis in castra conferebat et, quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aeres ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et, quae ad eas res erant usui ex continent! comportarl iubebat. Itaque, cum summo studio a militibus administraretur, xn navibus amissis, reliquls ut navigari commode posset, effecit. 32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consugtudine una fru-ic mentatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum in agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, el, qui 31. 1. ex eo quod : 'from the fact that ' 2. fore : =futurum esse. quod : rel. pronoun. 3. omnes casus: 'every emergency.' 4. conferebat : note the tense, 209. quae . . . naves, earum : = earum navium quae. 5. aiflictae : 'damaged.' materia: 'timber.' aere : used for the beaks and certain parts of the frames of the ships ; the sides were not sheathed with metal plates as are modern war vessels. 6. ad reliquas (sc. naves) reficiendas : ' to repair the rest of the ships,' 283. quae : antecedent is ea, to be supplied as the obj. of iubebat. Some of the ships were in such condition that they could cross to the mainland for the necessary supplies. 7. usui: 156. 8. xn . . . amissis : expresses concession. 9. ut . . . poHset : 261. 32. 10. geruntur : why pres. tense ? frumentatum : the supine, 286. 11. neque ulla . . . interposita : there had been no good reason thus far for suspecting the good faith of the natives. 12. hominum : the Britons. 13. ventitaret : i.e. they kept coming and going. For the fre- quentative form (from venio) see 112, 6. ei : soldiers of the Tenth 320 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [IV, 32 pro portls castrorum in statione erant, Caesari nuntiavg- nmt, pulverem maiorem, quam consuetudo ferret, in ea parte viderl, quam in partem legio iter fecisset. Caesar id, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum 5 consill, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficlscl, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes suc- cedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. Cum paulo longius a eastris processisset, suos ab hos- tibus premi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex 10 omnibus partibus tela conicl animadvertit. Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento, pars una erat reliqua, suspicati bostes, hue nostros esse ventures, noctu in silvis delituerant ; turn dispersos depositis armis in 1. in statione: 'on guard.' 2. maiorem . . . ferret: ' more than usual. ' How lit. ? 3. parte : ' direction. ' 4. id . . . suspicatus : ' having suspected the true reason.' How lit. ? The following clause aliquid novi . . consili (138) is in apposition with id; trans, 'namely, that,' etc. initum: sc. esse. 6. reliquis : sc. cohortibus. duas cohortes : about how many men ? See p. xxviii. 7. reliquas : sc. cohortes. armari: ' to arm themselves.' Caesar ordered the cohorts on guard duty (perhaps there were two of them, since they were relieved by two others) to go with him, two (of the remaining eight cohorts) to relieve the guard, and the remainder (six cohorts) to follow him immediately. Sentries stood night and day at the four gates of the camp and no one was allowed to enter unchal- lenged. 8. paulo longius : ' quite a distance,' 168. 9. conferta : ' crowded together. ' 10. quod: introduces erat (1. 11). 12. hue : i.e. to the one place where the grain had not yet been cut. Did Caesar have any right to take this grain ? 13. delituerant : from delitesco. dispersoB, occupatoB, reli- quos : sc. Romanos. IV, 83] BRITISH WAR CHARIOTS 321 mStendo occupatos subito adortl, paucls interfectis reli- quds incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. The war chariots of the Britons. 33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Prlmo per omnes partes perequitant et tela coniciunt atque ipso terrores equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant, et cum sS inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio exeedunt atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos re- 10 ceptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum Hsu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in dSclivi ac praecipiti loco in- citatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo insistere et se inde in currus 15 citissime recipere consuerint. 1. paucls : of the Romans. 2. incertis ordinibus : 169. 33. 4. hoc : ' the following. ' 6. terrore equorum : ' by the fear inspired by their horses,' 136. 6. strepitu : ' rattling. ' ordines : of the enemy. 8. Aurigae: 'the drivers.' Each chariot carried the driver and several warriors. The chariot was at first driven all over the field making a great clatter ; meantime the warriors threw their missiles. Then the warriors dismounted and the driver withdrew the chariot, ready, in case the warriors were hard pressed, to return and pick them up. 9. illi : the warriors. 10. receptum : a noun. 12. praestant: 'exhibit.' 14. brevi: 'in an instant.' 322 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [TV, 34 The Britons are routed and give hostages ; Caesar returns to Gaul. 34. Quibus rebus perturbatls nostris novitate pugnae tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit; namque eius adventu bostes constiterunt, nostrl se ex timore recepgrunt. Quo facto ad laeessendum hostem et ad 5 eommittendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitrates, suo se loco continuit et brevi tempore intermisso in castra legiones reduxit. Dura haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in agris reliqul, discesserunt. Secutae sunt continues complures dies tempestates, quae et nostras 10 in castris continerent et bostera a pugna probiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandl facultas daretur, si Eomanos castris expulissent, demon- 15 straverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine pedi- tatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt. 35. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus ac- eiderat, fore videbat, ut, si essent bostes pulsl, celeritate 34. 1. rebus expresses the means (163) and novitate the cause (165) of perturbatls. nostris: ind. obj. of tulit. 5. alienum : ' unfavorable.' 6. suo se loco continuit : ' he held his ground. ' 8. qui : antecedent is ei, to be supplied as subj. of discesserunt. 9. continuos : 'without ceasing.' dies: 130. tempestates: ' storms. ' 10. continerent ; prohiberent : why subjunctive ? See 233. 13. quanta: with facultas on which praedae and sui depend. See 283. in perpetuum : ' forever.' 14. daretur: 269. expulissent: stands for the fut. pf. indie. of ind. disc. 35. 17. idem: for the form study 81. superioribus: 'preced- ing.' 18. ut . . . effugerent : explains idem above, ' namely, that,' etc. essent puis! : see note on expulissent above (1. 14). celeritate: IV, 36] THE BRITONS GIVE HOSTAGES 323 perlculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter xxx, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legionSs in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso proeliQ diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt. Quos 5 tanto spatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere po- tuerunt, complures ex els oceiderunt, deinde, omnibus longe lateque aedificiis incensis, se in castra receperunt. 36. Eodem die legatl ab bostibus missi ad Caesarem d6 pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quern 10 Roman Baths at Bath. See cut on page 3 1 7. read again what is said p. 321, 11. 4 f . about the combination of infantry and chariot fighting. 2. ante : p. 314, 1. 12. secum transportaverat : since his cav- alry transports had not been able to make a landing (chap. 28), Cae- sar had been greatly handicapped in his operations against the Britons. 6. Quos : the enemy. 6. secuti : sc. nostri. tanto . . . potuerunt : ' as far as their speed and strength permitted.' How lit. ? 324 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [iv,37 ante imper&verat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adddci iussit, quod propinqua die aequiuocti Infirmis navibus hiemi navigationem subiciendam non exlstimabat. Ipse idoneam tempestatem nactus paulo post mediam noctem 5 naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continentem perve- nerunt ; sed ex els onerariae duae eosdem portus, quos reliquae, capere non potuerunt, et paulo infra delatae sunt. Caesar's sailors are attacked by the Morini. The attack fails. 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter 10 trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suorum numero circumstete- runt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere iusserunt. 36. 1. in: 'to.' adducT iussit : only two states complied with this request. 2. propinqua die aequinocti : ' the period of the equinox being near, ' 173. Note the gender of die (45) . Caesar sailed back probably about the middle of September. 3. hiemi: ' stormy weather. ' For the case see 149,6. subici- endam : ' exposed. ' 6. incolumes : see 190. 6. eosdem portus : undoubtedly Portus Itivs, whence they had sailed. 7. reliquae : sc. naves ceperunt. infra : westward down the coast. Caesar apparently had not accomplished much in this first expedi- tion to Britain, but he had learned a good deal and besides he was going again. 37. 9. Quibus ex navibus: the two transports mentioned at the end of the last chapter. expositi : ' landed.' 12. non ita: ' not so very.' 13. nollent : 270. In dir. disc, a simple condition in the pres. indie. ponere : with the force of deponere. For the constr. see 260, Note. IV, 38] CAESAR RETURNS TO GAUL 325 Cum ill! orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis quattuor f ortissime pugnaverunt et paucis vul- 5 neribus acceptis complures ex his occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abiectls armis terga verterunt magnusque eorum uumerus est occisus. 38. Caesar postero die Titum Labienum legatum cum eis JO legionibus quas ex Britannia reduxerat in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates pallidum quo se reciperent non haberent, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, 15 omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii sS omnes in densissimas silvas abdi- derant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. 20 1. orbe : a circle formed on the same principle as a hollow square. ad clamorem : that is, attracted by the shouts of the combatants. 6. Postea . . . quam : = postquam. 38. 12. rebellionem : ' a rebellion,' since they had submitted to Caesar before he left for Britain. siccitates : ' dryness ' ; ' be- cause the marshes were dried up.' The plural of the abstract noun is used because of the plural in pallidum. In English we use the 13. quo . . . reciperent : see note on p. 303, 1. 8, above. 17. quod . . abdiderant : the reason for the following se rece- pervnt. 19. Bp : that is, to his winter quarters. 326 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [rv >38 His rebus gestis, ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti sup- plicatio a senatu decreta est. 1. diSrum viginti supplicatio: the longest previous thanksgiving had been one of fifteen days, also in Caesar's honor ; see p. 294, 1. i, Suetonius (Julius, 24) says that Caesar had more thanksgivings decreed in his honor than any previous commander and for longer periods. His opponents at Rome, however, severely criticized his conduct. The senate decreed that a commission be appointed to in- quire into the condition of the Gallic provinces, and some even recom- mended that he he surrendered to the enemy because of his treatment of the Usipetes and Tencteri. BOOK V The Second Invasion of Bbitain Caesar sails to Britain on his second expedition. 8. His rebus gestls, Labieno in continent! cum tribus legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relict.63 ut portus The summer of 54 b.o. was devoted chiefly to the second expedition into Britain. More extensive and careful preparations were made by Caesar, who naturally profited by his experiences of the preceding year. Before he left winter quarters for Italy, he had ordered his lieutenants during the winter to have the old fleet repaired and to have as many new ships as possible built. They were to be made a little shallower and wider than those that sailed the Mediterranean so that they could be loaded rapidly and hauled up on shore and could better carry horses and supplies. They were to be equipped with oars and sails. The tackle for rigging the ships was ordered from Spain. When he returned to camp the following spring, Caesar found about 600 ships of the type described above and 28 war galleys practi- cally ready for launching. All were ordered to assemble at Portus Itius (the modern Boulogne) from which place the expedition was to start, the distance from there to Britain being estimated to be about thirty miles. All but 60 ships, which had been built in the country of the Meldi and were unable on account of rough weather to reach Portus Itius, reported at this harbor ready for service. About 4000 cavalry from all Gaul had also assembled there. Caesar's infantry comprised the eight legions that had seen service for the first two years, and a large number of auxiliaries, slingers, and archers. He was obliged to wait more than three weeks for a favorable wind. 8. 1. His rebus : during the past four years Caesar had often been caused anxiety by Dumnorix, the Aeduan chieftain (Book I, chaps. 18 ff . ) , and he decided to keep an eye on this insurgent by taking him along to Britain. Dumnorix refused to go and escaped with a detachment of cavalry ; he was overtaken and put to death. Labieno relicto : to guard the army's base at Portus Itius. 327 328 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V,8 tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur, cognosceret, consiliumque pro tem- pore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quern in continentl reliquerat, ad 5 solis occasum naves solvit ; et leni Africo provectus, me- dia circiter nocte vento intermisso, cursum non tenuit et longius delatus aestu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem secutus remls contendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, 10 qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. 1. quaeque : = et ea quae. 2. pro: 'according to.' Action on matters in Gaul was left to the discretion of Labienus, Caesar's trusted and able officer. 3. quinque legionibus : over 20,000 men. 4. pari numero : i.e. as many as he was leaving with Labienus, namely, 2000 cavalry. 6. naves solvit: 'set sail.' It was towards sunset on July 6. Africo : a southwest wind would take the fleet almost straight on its course. Consult the Plan throughout the account. media nocte : in these latitudes in July there is no difficulty in sailing at night. 6. vent5 intermisso : ' the wind dropped.' cursum non te- nuit : because the wind died down and a strong tide {aestu) was run- ning northeasterly up the channel. 7. longius delatus: 'drifting too far,' 193. orta luce: 'at daybreak,' of July 7, at about half-past three a.m. sub : ' on.' 8. relictam conspexit : the fleet had been carried up the channel past the landing place of the preceding year ; at daybreak they could see the shore of Britain off toward the left. See Plan, aestus . . . contendit : they waited for the ebb tide to set in, which would carry thein back in a southwesterly direction, and by the aid of oars they tried to make a landing at the same place (near Deal) where they had disembarked the year before. 13. adaequarunt : the soldiers earned Caesar's praise because they V, 9] SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN 329 Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus ; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captlvis cognovit, cum magnae maniis eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis prlvatlsque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, 5 amplius octingentae uno erant vlsae tempore, a litore dis- cesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. Me puts the Britons to flight. 9. Caesar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captlvis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohortibus x ad mare relictis et equitibus ic ccc, qui praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit, eo minus veritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoras relinquebat ; el praesidio navibusque Q. Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus mllia passuum circiter xn hostium copias conspicatus est. 15 rowed with so much energy that they made even their heavily loaded transports keep up with the galleys. I. Accessum . . . Britanniam: 'they reached Britain,' 204. 3. cum : ' although.' 4. eo : = ad eum locum, quae amplius octingentae . . tem- pore : ' of which more than 800 were visible at the same time. ' cum ' counting.' privatis (sc. navibus) : ' ships built by individuals.' quas . . . fecerat : ' which they (lit. ' each ') had made for their own conven- ience. ' commodi : sc. causa. 9. 8. exposito: 'landed.' castns: 167. 9. ubi: 'when.' 10. cohortibus x : probably selected from the different legions. II. praesidio : why dat. case ? de tertia vigilia : between mid- night and 3 a.m. 12. contendit : Caesar lost no time in starting on the campaign. 13. deligatas : sc. naves. praesidio, navibus : 149, 6, 330 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V, 10 111! equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progress! ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coepe- nint. Repulsl ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nactl egregie et natura et opere munltum, quern domestic! 5 belli, ut videbatur, causa iam ante praeparaverant ; nam crebrls arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusl. Ipsa ex silvis ran propugnabant nostrosque intra munl- tiones ingredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae, testtidine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto, locum loceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod magna parte diel consumpta, munition! castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. His fleet is again damaged by a storm ; he repairs it. 15 10. Postrldie eius diel mane tripertlto milites equitesque in expedltionem mlsit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressls, cum iam extreml essent 1. essedis : see Book IV, chap. 33. ad flumen : this was the Great Stour River. ex loco superiore : with progressl. 5. belli : depends on causa. 6. praeclusi : ' blocked. ' 7. ran: 'in small groups.' ex silvis propugnabant: 'they came out of the woods and fought in defense (of the stronghold).' 8. ingredi prohibebant : ' they kept from entering. ' 9. testudine : see note on this word, p. 258, 1. 5. aggere : see note to p. 267, 1. 9. 10. eos : the Britons. fugientes : ace. case. 13. castrorum : this ' camp ' was the one made for the night in the vicinity of the enemy's stronghold. lO. 17. aliquantum itineris: 'for some distance,' 138. ex- tremi : ' the rear ' of the divisions ordered to pursue the fugitives was still in sight when word from Atrius arrived. V.ll] CAESAR'S FLEET AGAIN DAMAGED 331 in prospectu, equites a Q. Atoio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent, superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves afflletas atque in lltus eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatorSsque vim tempestatis pati possent; itaque ex 5 eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. 11. His rebus cognitls Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad naves re- vertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntils litterlsque cogno- verat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter xl navibus 10 reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! alios arcessi iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut, quam plurimas posset, els legionibus, quae sint apud eum, naves Instituat. Ipse, etsl res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissi- IB 1. Q. Atri5 : the officer in command of the shore camp. See p. 329, 1. 14. 2. qui nuntiarent: 'to report,' 230. superiore nocte: 'on the night before. ' 3. afflletas : ' damaged. ' in litus eiectas : ' dashed ashore. ' 4. subsisterent : ' hold. ' nautae : see 14. 6. concursu: 'collision.' 11. 8. in itinere resistere: 'to defend themselves (while) on the march.' On receiving news of the shipwreck Caesar started back to the shore camp with all possible speed, ordering the main body of his army to follow him cautiously, for this new disaster to the ships would inspire the enemy with renewed courage. 10. coram : ' in person. ' amissis . . . navibus : the abl. abs. expresses concession, as tamen shows. Trans, by a clause introduced by ' although.' 11. magno negotio : ' with a good deal of trouble.' 14. eis legionibus : ' with those legions.' instituat: 'build.' 16. res . . . laboris : ' the matter involved much trouble and labor.' The genitives, operae and laboris are pred., 140. commo- disBunum : ' best.' 332 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V, 11 mum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et cum castris una mumtione coniungi. In his rebus cireiter dies x consumit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum inter- missis. 5 Subductls navibus castrisque egregie munitls, easdem eopias, quas ante, praesidio navibus relinquit, ipse eodem, unde redierat, proficlscitur. Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant, summit imperi bellique administrandi communi consilio 10 permissa, Cassivellauno ; cuius fines a maritimis civitati- bus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a marl cireiter milia passuum lxxx. Huic superiore tempore cum reli- quis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hunc totl bello imperioque prae- 15 f ecerant. 1. subduci : 'hauled up.' 2. coniungi : ' connected.' The site of the camp and the space where the ships lay were surrounded by one intrenchment. 3. ne nocturnis . . . intermissis : by appointing several shifts of men the work was carried on night and day. The indomitable Roman met and remedied the disaster in a comparatively short time. Caesar has been criticized for not having beached his ships at once, before striking a blow at the enemy, for he could not have forgotten the disaster of the preceding year. The beach, however, he says, was open and nearly level, and it would have taken a good deal of valuable time to haul the ships up ; besides there was no full moon, as in the previous year, to cause an excessively high tide. 6. quas ante : sc. reliquerat. See p. 329, 1. 10. eodem : adv. 7. maiores: with copiae, ' reenf orcements. ' 9. summa : a noun. 10. Cassivellauno : the Latinized form of Caswallon. 11. Tamesis : the historic Thames. The country of Cassivellaunus lay on the north side of this river. 12. Huic . . . intercesserant : Cassivellaunus had before this car- ried on incessant warfare with the other tribes. 14. bello imperioque : why dat. case ? V,12] THE BRITONS 333 The geography and inhabitants of Britain. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab els incolitur, qu6s natos in insula ipsa memoria proditum dicunt, maritima pars ab eis, qui praedae ac belli inferendl causa ex Belgio transi- erunt (qui omnes fere eis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus ortl ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt), et bello illat6 5 ibi permanserunt atque agros colere eoeperunt. Hominum est InfTnita multitude crSberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis oonsimilia, pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut aere 12. Chaps. 12-14 give a fragmentary but entertaining account of the geography and inhabitants of Britain. Doubtless it is faulty in many particulars, for Caesar could hardly have had the time to make a thorough investigation of the topics on which he touched. 1. pars interior: 'the interior.' natos : sc. esse, dependent in ind. disc, on proditum (esse), which in turn depends on cRcunt. The Britons ac- cording to tradition were aboriginal. 2. dicunt : indefinite subject; 'they say.' 3. transierunt : i. e. the coast tribes were descended from Celtic emigrants who came from the mainland. 4. eis nominibus : e.g. the Atrebates. 5. quibus : with ex civitatibus. eo : i.e. to Britain. 6. Hominum: 'people,' 'population.' 7. Gallicis : sc. aedificiis. Similarity of architecture suggests identity of race. 8. pecorum: 'of cattle.' Utuntur . . . nummo : 'they use bronze (as currency) or gold coins or they use as coins iron bars measured according to a fixed weight.' Map of Britain. According to Caesar's description of the island and its surroundings. 334 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V, 13 aut nummo aureo aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus ex- aminatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia ; aere utun- 5 tur importato. Materia cuiusque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; baec tamen alunt animl voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. 10 13. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantmm, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter milia passuum qumgenta. I. nummo aureo : many gold coins have been discovered in Brit- ain, some dating from a, period 150 years before Caesar's invasions. taleis ferreis : a large number of these ' iron bars ' also have been found. 3. Nascitur : ' is produced.' plumbum album : 'tin.' Britain was the chief source of this metal in antiquity, mediterraneis : ' midland. ' 4. maritimis: sc. regionibus. eius: = ferri. copia: 'supply.' aere : 'bronze,' a composition of copper and tin. 5. Materia: 'timber.' cuiusque: 'every.' 6. fagum : Caesar is incorrect in this statement. 7. fas (an indeclinable noun) : sc. esse, of which gustare is the subj. animi : ' pastime.' 8. temperatiora : on account of the influence of the Gulf Stream. 9. remissioribus : ' less severe. ' 13. This chapter contains a description of the shape and relative position of Britain as crudely known in Caesar's day. See Map, p. 333, which conforms to this description. 10. natura: 'in shape.' contra: 'opposite.' II. ad Cantium : 'byOantium.' The modern deriv. is Kent. 12. appelluntur : use care in identifying this verb. 13. inferior : sc. angulus. The ' lower ' or southwestern corner, ad V.13J THE BBIT0N8 335 Alteram yergit ad Hispaniam atque oecidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut exlstimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula, quae appellatur Mona ; complures praeterea minorSs sub- 5 iectae insulae exlstimantur ; de quibus insulls non nulll scripserunt, dies continues xxx sub bruma esse noetem. Nos nihil d<5 eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctgs . . . spectat : ' faces. ' Hoc : sc. latus Insulae. The south coast of Britain is in reality about 645 miles long. 1. Alteram: sc. latus; ' a second side.' vergitad: practically equivalent to spectat ad above. This statement that Spain lay west of Britain is perhaps the most astonishing of any in the chapter. 2. dimidio : 168. 3. pari . . . atque: 'the same as.' transmissus: 'passage'; gen. case with spatio ; i.e. the width of the channel between Britain and Ireland is the same as that between Britain and Gaul. 4. In hoc (sc. latere) : 'on this side.' medio cursu: 'halfway across,' between Britain and Ireland. 5. Mona : probably the Isle of Man. subiectae (sc. esse) : ' lie near by. ' 6. non nulll scripserunt : evidently Caesar had been reading up on Britain in the works of earlier writers ; a good deal of what he found, however, was untrustworthy and based on hearsay. 7. dies: 130. sub bruma: 'about t"he winter solstice.' noe- tem : this statement as applied to the latitudes of Britain is, of course, incorrect. It must have been derived from traditional ac- counts of lands lying farther north. 8. Nos: the editorial "we." certis: 'accurate.' 9. ex aqua: 'with a water clock.' The water clock was con- structed on the principle of the sand-glass. It had at the bottom a small perforation through which a certain amount of water could trickle within a certain time; the divisions of the hour might be roughly determined in this way. breviores . . . noctes : this fact has struck the attention of every visitor to England. 336 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS [V, 14 videbamus. Hums est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, dcc milium. Tertium est contra septentriones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Germa- 5niam spectat. Hoc milia passuum dccc in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnia insula est in cireuitu vicies centum milium passuum. 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissiml, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a 10 Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerlque fru- menta non serunt, sed lacte 1 et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestitl. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro Inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso atque omnl parte 15 corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent denl duodenlque inter se communes, et maxime I. illorum : of the Britons. 3. Tertium: so. Intun est contra ■ 'faces.' 4. angulus : its eastern ' corner. ' 5. Hoc : sc. latus. 6. vicies centum : as a matter of fact the coast line of Britain, following roughly its deep indentations, is about 4650 miles. 14. 8. his : the natives of Britain. sunt : sc. el. humanis- simi: ' most civilized.' 10. Interiores : ' those who live in the interior.' II. non serunt : only relatively true, for we know that grain was cultivated in the interior even in the Bronze Age. lacte et carne : 163. On the decl. of carne see 34. pellibus vestiti : also only relatively true, since woolen cloth and linen were worn (in Yorkshire) in the Bronze Age. 12. vitro : ' woad,' a plant from which a bluish dye was obtained. 13. hoc : 165. horridiores . . . aspectu : ' they have a wilder look in battle.' 14. capillo . . . promisso : 170 ; ' their hair is long.' 16. deni duodenlque: subj. of habent- communes : with JJxdrei- V,15] THE BRITONS RESIST BRAVELY 837 fratres cum fratribus parentgsque cum llberis ; sed, qui sunt ex eis nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo quae- que dsducta est. ■ The Britons resist bravely. 15. Equites nostrum essedarilque aeriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere confllxerunt, ita tamen, ut nostrl 5 omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silyas col- lesque compulerint; sed compluribus interfectls cupidius Insectitl non niillos ex suis amlserunt. At illl intermisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munltione oastrorum, subito se ex silvls eiecerunt impetuque in eos io facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocatl, aeriter pugnavgrunt, duabusque missis subsidio eohortibus a Caesare, atque his prlmls legionum duarum, cum hae per- exiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios audacissime 15 perriiperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Q. 1. qui : antecedent is liberi. 2. eorum: antecedent of quo (= ad quos). This is the custom called polyandry. The correctness of Caesar's statement has been called in question. 15. The account of Caesar's military operations, interrupted in chaps. 12-14, is here resumed. 7. cupidius : 193. 8. InsecutI : the Romans. ill! : the enemy. intermisso spa- tio : ' after a little time.' 10. eos : antecedent of qui. 13. his primis : sc. eohortibus; 'and these the first cohorts of the two legions.' hae : sc. eohortes. perexiguo . . . spatio : ' a very short distance away.' On the force of per- see p. 166, 1. 4. 14. loci : with spatio. novo genere : not having been in Britain the year before these men were not familiar with the Britons' method of fighting with chariots. 338 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [v, 16 Laberius Durus, tribunus mllitum, interficitur. 111! phiri- bus summissis cohortibus repelluntur. 16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis om- nium ac pro castrls dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros 5 propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque Insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dirnicare, propterea quod ill! etiam con- sults plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus 10 nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dis- pari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proeli ratio et cedentibus et inaequentibus par atque idem perlculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut numquam conferti, sed ran magmsque intervallls proeliarentur stationesque dispositas 15 haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. 17. Posters die procul a castrts hostes in collibus constiterunt rarique se ostendere et leniiis, quam prldie, nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, 20 cum Caesar pabulandT causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum C. Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt sic, utl ab 16. 5. cedentes : sc. hostes ; ' when they were retreating.' 6. minus : = non. 8. illi : the Britons. consults : ' purposely.' 11. Equestris ratio . . . inferebat: 'the manner in which the (Britons') cavalry fought, was the same (in its effect on the Romans) whether they (the Romans) were retreating or pursuing and it exposed them to the same danger.' 13. Accedebat . . . proeliarentur : ' besides this, they fought.' How lit.? 17. 17. castrls : of the Romans. 98. rari : ' in groups here and there.' V.18] CAESAR MARCHES INLAND 339 signis legionlbusque non absisterent. Nostrl acriter in eos impetu faete reppulSrunt neque flnem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidiS confisi equites, cum post se legiones vi- dgrent, praecipites hostSs Sgerunt, magnoque eorum nu- mero interfecto neque sul colligendl neque consistendi auts ex essedis desiliendl facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convSnerant, auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus umquam summis noblscum copiis hostes contenderunt, Caesar marches inland. 18. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen TamesimlO in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno onmino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cu- venisset, animadvertit, ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Eipa autem erat aoutis sudibus praefixis munita, eiusdemque generis sub 15 aqua defixae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque, Caesar, prae- 1. signis : the standards suggest the ordered ranks. absiste- rent: lit., 'stand away from,' i.e. they were bold enough even to attack the legionaries as they stood in line. 3, subsidio : sc. legionum. Pido and confido govern the abl. 4. praecipites : pred., with hostes. 6. Ez : ' after,' and implying ' as a result of.' 7. auxilia : of the Britons. 8. summis copiis : ' with all their forces.' 18. 10. consilio: the 'plan' set forth in the fol. chap. 13. hoc : sc. loco, transiri : it is impossible to say just where Caesar crossed the Thames ; possibly it was near Brentford. 16. aoutis sudibus praefixis : ' sharp stakes fastened along the edge (of the bank).' The stakes projected out toward the river and made a landing on the bank difficult, eiusdem generis : i.e. acutae. 16. tegebantur: 'were covered.' 340 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V,19 misso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se 6 fugae mandarent. 19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omul deposita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, mfli- bus circiter quattuor essedariorum relietis, itinera nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis 10 ac silvestribus sese occultabat atque eis regionibus, qui- bus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas eompellebat et cum equitatus noster liberius praedandi yastandique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum 15 periculo nostrorum equitum cum eis contligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Eelinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum disced! Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus 2. ea, eo : = tall. cum: 'although.' 19. 7. deposita: 'given up.' contentionis: i.e. of fighting in the open field. dimissis: 'disbanded.' 9. via : ' the main track ' or ' trail.' impeditis : ' difficult of access.' 10 . regionibus : 175. 12. eompellebat : ' drove.' 18. se eiecerat : ' made a dash.' 15. equitum: 137. eis : = equitibus. hoc metu: 'through fear of this,' i.e. of his sudden attacks. 16. ictelinquebatur ut : ' there was nothing left for Caesar hut to.' neque . . . pateretur ■ trans. ' forbid.' See 261. 17. longius: 'very far,' 193. 18. hostibus: dat. case (149, a) with noceretur, an impersonal verb (see 150). The cavalry had always been of service to Caesar in making swift raids upon the enemy's property ; but since they fared so ill in their encounters with the enemy's chariot warriors, their V.20] SUBMISSION TO CAESAR 341 noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii mllites efficere poterant. Many tribes submit to Caesar. 20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissirna earum re- gionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in continentem Galliam venerats (cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfec- tusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vltaverat), legatos ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque, sese ei dedi- Roman Ruins in Britain. At St. Albans, about twenty miles from London, near the site of the ancient Verula- mium, one of the chief towns of Roman Britain. activity was greatly curtailed. One should remember that the Romans were fighting in unfamiliar country, while their adversaries knew every foot of it well. 20. 3. Trinobantes : a prominent state in Britain antagonistic to the state over which Cassivellaunus ruled ; it was located east of the latter. 4. Caesaris . . . secutus : ' put himself under the protection of 342 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR fV,21 turos atque imperata facturos ; petrnnt, ut Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitateni mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsidgs quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubra- 5 ciumque ad eos mittit. 111! imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. 21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni mflitum iniuria prohibitls, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bi- broci, Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesarl dedunt. Ab 10 his cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum au- tem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa 15 convenire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus. Locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus 20 ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt com- prebensi atque interfecti. 22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, 2. Cassivellauni: ' at the hands of Cassivellaunus,' 136. mittat: so. eum (= Mandubracium). 3. praesit, obtineat : 230. 21. 7. militum: what use of the gen. case? The Cenimagni and the following were more distant tribes. 10. oppidum : it is not known with certainty where the stronghold of Cassivellaunus was located or what its name was. 11. quo : = ad quod (oppidum). satis: 'quite.' 12. Oppidum : sc. id and see 127. 22. 22. in Ms locis : at the stronghold of Cassivellaunus. 28. ad mare : ' by the sea.' V,23] CAESAR RETURNS SAFELY TO GAUL 343 quibus regionibus quattuor reggs praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his imperat, uti, coactis omnibus eopiis, castra navalia de im- provise adoriantur atque oppugnent. El cum ad castra vetrissent, nostri eruptione facta multls eorum interfec-5 tis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumgs reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentls acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defec- tione clvitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de dS-10 ditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continentl propter repentlnos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahl posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Eomano Britannia penderet, 15 oonstituit ; interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Man- dubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. Caesar returns safely to Gaul with his army. 23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naveis invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat et non nullae tempestate deperierant 20 I. quibus regionibus : the antecedent is contained in Cantium. II. constituisset : perhaps Caesar had at first planned to quarter a part of his army in Britain for the winter. 13. neque . . . superesset : ' and not much of the summer was left.' id : i.e. what was left of the summer. 14. quid: with vectigalis, 138. in annos singulos: 'yearly.' This tribute was never paid, or, at least, not for long. Britain was not completely subdued until 84 a.d., or 138 years after Caesar's second invasion. 23. 19. refectas: after the storm. deductis: 'launched.' quod . . naves : the reasons for instituit. SO. non nullae : so. naves. 344 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS [V,23 naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, utl ex tanto navium numero tot naviga- tionibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnlno navis, quae milites portaret, desideraretur, at ex els, quae iaanes 5 ex continentl ad eum remitterentur prioris commeatus expositls mllitibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat, numero lx, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas cum aliquam diu. Caesar frustra expectasset, ne annl tempore a navigatione ex- 10 cltideretur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac, summa tranquillitate conseciita, se- cunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terrain attigit omnesque incolumes naves perdiixit. 1. commeatibus: 'trips.' 2. tot navigationibus : ' after so many voyages.' 4. portaret : 233. desideraretur: 'lost.' at: 'while.' ez els : sc. navibus. inanes : after carrying over the first ship- load. 6. ad eum . Caesar evidently did not return on the first ship. 6. quas : sc. ex eis navibus as antecedent. Labienus had had 60 new ships built after the shipwreck. 7. locum caperent : 'reached their destination,' i.e. Britain, on the return trip to take the second shipload. caperent is in the same constr as desideraretur above. 8. reicerentur : to the continent. 10. suberat : ' was at hand.' 11. collocavit: on the transports. secunda inita vigilia: 'at the beginning of the second watch.' While Caesar did not actually bring Britain under the yoke of Rome, the results of his two expeditions are notable. He called the attention of his countrymen to a new world and opened the way for a complete conquest of it. The coming of the Romans gave a new turn to British history. V,38] CICERO'S CAMP ATTACKED 345 The winter camp of Cicero is attacked. 38. Hac victoria sublatus, Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficiscitur ; neque noctem neque diem intermittit, peditatumque sSsS subsequi iubet. Eg demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque, ne sui in 5 perpetuum liberandl atque ulciscendi Eomanos pro eis, quas acceperint, iniuriis occasionem dimittant ; interfectos esse legatos duos magnamque partem exercitus interisse demonstrat ; nihil esse negoti, subito oppressam legionem, In the winter of 64-53 B.C., following the second British expedition, Caesar was forced by the inadequate food supply to distribute his legions in various places. One legion and five cohorts were stationed in the country of the Eburones, under the command of two legati, Q. Titurius Sabinus, who had held the bridge at the Aisne River (see p. 257, 1. 5), and Arunculeius Cotta. Sabinus, weakly yielding to the representations of a wily Gaul named Ambiorix, who posed as a friend of the Romans and who said that the Gauls were to make a simultane- ous attack on all the Roman camps and that the Germans were on the way to help the Gauls, unwisely abandoned the camp, in spite of the protests of Cotta, and marched out with his troops with the intention of reaching the other camps. They were attacked in ambush by the Eburones and virtually annihilated ; only a handful of men escaped to the camp of Labienus to tell the story. Elated by his success, Ambiorix enlisted the interest of the Aduatuci and the Nervii ; in the country of the latter one legion had been quartered under the command of Q. Cicero, the younger brother of the orator, M. Tullius Cicero. Hurrying to the camp of Cicero the Gauls tried in vain to frighten him as they had frightened Sabinus. The story is told in a most dramatic way in the following selection. 38. 1. Hac victoria . over Sabinus and Cotta. 4. Re : i.e. what had happened at the other camp. 5. Nervios : these were the people who had suffered so disastrous a defeat at the Sabis River (book II, chap. 27). ne . . . dimittant : 'not to lose.' 8. legatos duos : Sabinus and Cotta. 9. nihil esse negoti : ' that there would be no difficulty.' 346 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V,39 quae cum Cicerone hiemet, interfici ; se ad earn rem pro- fiteer adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. 39. Itaque confestim dimissls nuntiis ad Ceutrongs, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub 5 eorum imperio sunt, quam maxiinas possunt manus cogunt, et de improviso ad Ciceronis hlberna advolant, nondum ad eum fama de Tituri morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut non null! milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equi- i turn adventu. interciperentur. His circumventis, magna manu Eburones, Nervil, Aduatuei atque riorum omnium soon et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. Nostrl celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. AegrS is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate 15 ponebant atque hanc adopt! victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant. Cicero prepares to defend his camp. 40. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim a Cicerone lit- terae, magnls propositis praemils, si pertulissent ; obsessis omnibus viis missl intercipiuntur. Noctu ex materia, 20 quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum oxx excitantur incredibill celeritate ; quae deesse open 1. se, adiutorem : 127. 39. 5. eorum : = Nerviorum. 7. eum: Cicero. fama: 'report.' Tituri: i.e. Sabinus. Huic quoque : to Cicero as well as to Sabinus and Cotta. 40. 17. ad Caesarem : Caesar was at Samarobriva (the modern Amiens), litterae : 'a dispatch.' 18. pertulissent : sc. eds litterds nuntii : ' carry through (per-) to Caesar. ' obsessis : Cicero's camp had been completely sur- rounded by the enemy. 19. missl : the part, is used like a noun, = nuntii. 20. turres . . . excitantur : to give a longer range to their missiles. V.40] CICEBO PREPABES TO DEFEND BIS CAMP 347 videbantur, perficiuntur. Hostgs posters die multo maio- ribus coactis copils eastra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione, qua prldie, a nostris resistitur. Hoc idem reliquls deinceps fit diebus. Nulla pars noc- turni temporis ad laborem intermittitur ; non aegris, nons vulneratls facultas quietis datur. Quaecumque ad proximl die! oppugnationem opus sunt, noctu comparantur ; multae praetlstae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum numerus Insti- taitur ; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus Tongres. A town of Belgium near the site of Cicero's camp. 1. perficiuntur : sc. ea. 4. deinceps: 'following.' 6. quietis : gen. case with facultas. 8. praeustae : ' burned at the ends ' to harden them, muralium pilorum : very heavy pikes hurled from the walls. 9. contabulantur ■- ' were provided with platforms.' pinnae loricaeque : for the protection of the soldiers hurling missiles. 348 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS [V,41 attexuntur. Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valgtudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquehat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur. The enemy ask for a conference; Cicero's reply. 41. Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum, qui aliquem 6 sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habe- bant, colloqul sese velle dicunt. Facta, potestate, eadem, quae Ambiorlx cum Titurio egerat, eommemorant : omnem esse in armis Galliam ; Germanos Ebenum transisse ; Cae- saris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari. Addunt etiam de iu Sabini morte ; Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faeiundae causa. Errare eos dicunt, si quicquam ab his praesidi sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant ; sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Eomanum animo, ut nihil nisi hiberna recu- sent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint ; licere 15 illis per se incolumibus ex hibernis discedere et, quascum- que in partes velint, sine metu proficisci. I. cum . . esaet : ' although lie was in very poor health.' See 170 and 251. 3. ultro : the soldiers did it of their own accord ; trans. ' actually.' sibi : Cicero, 149, a. 41. 10. ostentant: 'point to.' causa : 282 and Note. II. eos : Cicero and his men. qui . . diffidant : i.e. Caesar and his army. 12. rebus ■. 149, a. hoc animo : 170. 13. nihil . . . nolint : the Nervii would do anything for Cicero and the Roman army except to allow them to quarter troops for the winter in their country, especially if this is to be a permanent arrange- ment. 14. licere : why infin. ? 15. perse: 'as far as they were concerned.' incolumibus: limits illls (= Romdnls). See 190. discedere, proficisci: the Nervii wished to play upon their fears and lure them out of the camp. V,42] THE SIEGE CONTINUED 349 Cicero ad haec Unum modo respondit : Non esse eonsug- tudinem populi Komani, acoipere ab hoste armfito condi- cionem ; si ab armis discedere velint, se adititore utantur ]§gatosque ad Caesarem mittant ; sperare, pro eius iiistitia, quae petierint, impetraturos. 5 The enemy renew the attack with great vigor. 42. Ab hac spe repulsl Nervil vallo pedum x et fossa pedum xv hiberna cingunt. Haec et superiorum annorum consuetudine a nobis cognoverant et, quosdam dg exercitu nacti captlvos, ab his docebantur ; sed nulla ferramentorum copia, quae esset ad hune usum idonea, gladiis caespites 10 oircumcidere, manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire coge- bantur. Qua quidem ex rg hominum multitudo cognosci potuit ; nam minus horls tribus milium passuum xv in cireuitu munitionem perfecerunt. Eeliquis diebus turres 1. unum modo : 'only one thing.' Cicero's reply was that of a brave soldier and met the full approval of Caesar. 2. condicionem : 'terms.' 3. ab armis discedere: 'lay down their arms.' adiutore: pred. 4. sperare : sc. se. pro : ' in view of.' 5. impetraturos (esse): sc. eos. 42. 6. hac spe : the hope of deceiving Cicero. pedum x : in height. 7. pedum xv : wide at the top. Haec : i.e. how to invest a besieged site with a rampart and trench. 8. exercitu : the Roman army. 9. nacti captlvos : ' having taken prisoners.' his: i.e. capt wis. nulla . . . copia : ' because they did not have a supply of iron tools,' shovels, etc. 10. quae esset idonea : ' such as were suitable,' 233. caeapitSa : 'sod.' 11. exhaurire: 'take up.' 350 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V,43 ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas idem captivl docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. 43. Septimo oppugnationis die, maximo coorto vento, ferventes fusili ex argilla glandes fundis et fervefacta 5 iacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, iacere" coeperunt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem locum castrorum distulerunt. Hostes maximo clamore, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria, turres testudinesque agere et scalis vallum as- 10 cendere coeperunt. At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit ut, cum undique flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur, suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo demigrandl causa de vallo dece- 15 deret nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac turn omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. 1. ad . . . valli : 'in proportion to the height of the (Roman) rampart.' falces : wooden beams with a hook-shaped iron on the end, used to tear down the enemy's wall or rampart. testudines: moveable sheds under the protection of which the soldiers might work. Idem: 'likewise.' What case ? 2. coeperunt : sc. hostes. 43. 4. ferventes . . . glandes: 'red-hot balls of plastic clay.' fundis : perhaps the slings were lined with metal to prevent them from being burned. 5. casas : 'huts,' a more permanent structure built for the winter camp, stramentis tectae :' thatched.' Thus they caught fire easily. 6. Hae : i.e. casae. 7. distulerunt : sc. Ignem. The burning straw thatch of the roofs was carried by the wind and spread the flames all over the camp. 9. agere : ' push forward.' 10. ea : = talis. 11. cum: 'although.' torrerentur: 'scorched.' 13. fortunas: 'their personal belongings.' 16. respiceret : ' looked back ' toward the camp and the destroy- V,44] THE BRAVERY OF TWO CENTURIONS 351 Hie dies nostris longg gravissimus fuit ; sed tamen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus numerus hostium vul- nerarStur atque interficeretur, ut s6 sub ipso vallo constl- paverant recessumque primis ultimi n6n dabant. Paulum quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco turri adaetae et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suosque omnes remove- runt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introlre vellent, vocare eoeperunt ; quorum progredi ausus est nemo. Turn ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbatl, turrisque sue-io cfinsa est. The bravery of two centurions. 44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi virl, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pullo et L. Vore- nus. Hi perpetuas inter se controversias babebant, uter alterl anteferretur, omnibusque annls de loco summls si- 15 multatibus contendebant. Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, ' Quid dubitas,' inquit, ' Vorene ? Aut quern locum tuae probandae virtutis exspeetas ? Hie dies de nostris controversils iudicabit.' Haec cum dlxisset, ing flames ; practically every man kept at his post facing toward the enemy , — so great was their self-control. 3. sub : ' at the foot of.' 4. ultimi : ' those in the rear ranks. ' 5. turn : a tower of the enemy's. 44. 13. primis ordinibus appropinquarent : ' were getting close to the first rank ' (of centurions) . For the mood see 233. 14. uter : ' which of the two.' 15. alteri: what case? See 49 and 149, 6. omnibus annls: 'every year.' de loco : ' for the position ' of chief centurion. 18. locum: 'opportunity.' tuae . . . virtutis: 'for showing your courage.' 352 GAESAB'8 GALLIC WAR [V, 44 proceidit extra munitiones, quaeque pars hostium eonfertis- sima est visa, irrumpit. JSTe Vorenus quidem sese vallo continet, sed omnium Ve- ritas existimationem subsequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto 5 Pullo pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit ; quo percusso et exanimato, hune scutis protegunt hostes, in ilium universi tela conieiunt neque dant progrediendl facultatem. Transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitar. Avertit hie casus 10 vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit inimlcus ill! Vorenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo con- vertit ; ilium veruto transflxum arbitrantur. G-ladio com- 15 minus rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit ; dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectas mferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvents subsidium I. quaeque pars : = et in earn partem (irrumpit) quae, etc. 3. He . . . quidem : ' nor . . . either. ' omnium . . esistima- tionem : he was afraid of what every one would think of him. 4. subsequitur : he also went outside of the rampart. spatio : ' distance. ' 6. procurrentem : trans, by a rel. clause in Eng. quo, hunc : = the unum procurrentem. 7. ilium: Pullo. 9. Pulloni: 151,o. balteo: 'sword-belt.' 10. vaginam : the lance struck his sword-belt and knocked his 'scabbard' around so that he could not draw his sword easily. conanti: sc. el (= Pulloni). For the case and trans. Bee 161, a. II. impeditum : Pullo. 13. hunc : Vorenus. 14. ilium : who ? 16. cupidius: 'too eagerly,' 193. in locum . . . concidit: Vorenus stumbled and fell. V, 45] CAESAR GETS WORD FROM CICERO 353 fert Pullo, atque ambo incolumes, compluribus interfectis, summa cum laude sese intra munltiones recipiunt. Sic forttina in contentione et certamine utrumque ver- savit, ut alter alterl inimicus auxilio saltitlque esset, neque dliudican posset, uter utrl virtute anteferendus videretur. 5 Cicero succeeds in getting a message to Caesar. 45. Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppu- gnatio, et maxime" quod, magna parte militum confecta vulneribus, res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crSbriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mitteban- tur ; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum 10 militum cum cruciatu necabatur. Erat unus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque el fidem praestiterat. Hie servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis, ut litteras ad Caesarem ie deferat. Has ille in iaculo illigatas effert et Gallus inter 8. utrumque versavit : 'changed them about,' exhibiting the bravery now of one, now of the other. 4. inimicus: 'rival.' auxilio salutique : 156 and Note. 5. utrl : case ? See 49. 45. 6. Quanto . . tanto : ' the more burdensome . . . the more frequently,' 168. 8. r§s . . . pervenerat : the number of men who could stand the tremendous strain of service on the rampart was becoming small. 10. quorum := nuntiorum. deprehensa: 'intercepted.' 12. Erat: 'there was.' intus: 'in the camp.' nomine: 171. 13. a prima obsidione : ' after the beginning of the siege.' 14. Hie : Vertico. servo: sc. suo, 'a slave of his.' 16. illigatas : the dispatch was undoubtedly concealed in some way, perhaps by winding cord about it on the javelin. The plan succeeded and Caesar was informed of the grave situation in Cicero's camp. 354 CABBAn'8 GALLIC WAR [V, 46 Gallos sine villa susplcione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de perlculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. Caesar quickly starts to relieve Cicero. 46. Caesar, aeceptis litterls hora circiter undecima diel, statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem 5 mittit, cuius hlberna aberant ab eo milia passuum xxv ; iubet media noete legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad C. Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua, sibi iter faciendum sciebat. Scribit Labieno, si rel 10 publicae commodo facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. Eeliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam ; equites circiter cccc ex proximis hlbernis cogit. 47. Hora circiter tertia ab anteeursoribus de Crassi isadventu certior factus, eo die milia passuum xx procedit. 46. Caesar acts quickly and surely. 3. bora undecima : it was late afternoon, toward 5 o'clock, when Caesar got the dispatch. 4. nuntium : he was mounted on horseback, in Bellovacos : not far from Caesar, who was at Samarabriva. See Map. 7. cum nuntio: 'immediately on receipt of the message.' Al- terum : sc. nuntium. 9. qua . . . sciebat: Fabius was to join Caesar on his way to the relief of Cicero. Labieno : this officer was some distance away, near the country of the Treveri. rei publicae commodo : ' con- sistently with the public interest.' 10. ad fines Nerviorum : to join Caesar. 47. 14. Hora tertia : shortly after nine o'clock. Caesar waited merely to learn from the advance guard (anteeursoribus) of Crassus that he was coming and then at once set out, about 16 hours after he received Cicero's message. The long march of 20 miles on that day indicated his anxiety. V, 47] CAESAR STARTS TO RELIEVE CICERO 355 Crassum Samarabrivae praeficit legionemque ei attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitiis, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas frumentumque omne, quod eo tolerardae hiemis causa devexerat, relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum moratus, in itinera cum legione occurrit. B Labienus, interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent, veritus, ne, si ex hlbernls fugae similem profectionem fScisset, hostium impetum sustinere non posset, praesertim quos recentl victoria efferri sciret, litteras Caesarl remittit, quanto cum 10 periculo legionem ex hiberms educttirus esset ; rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit ; docet, omnes equitatus pedita- tusque copias Treverorum tria, milia, passuum longg ab suis castris consedisse. 1. Samarobrivae: 149, h. 2. quod . . . relinquebat : Samarobriva was the headquarters for the winter. litteras ptiblicas : ' state papers,' accounts and documents relating to army business. 5. occurrit: sc. ei (= Caesari). nOn ita multum moratus: 'with very little delay,' 289. 6. interitu . . . cohortium : see introductory note to chap. 38. 7. venissent : with hostile intent. Labienus did not think it wise under the circumstances to leave his camp. 8. fecisset : 271 ; for the fut. perf. ind. of dir. disc. 9. praesertim quos . . . sciret: ' especially since he knew that, etc.,' 242. 10. quantS : introduce this clause with ' saying.' 11. rem . . . perscribit : ' he described in detail (per-) what had happened in the country of the Eburbnes,' i.e. the fete of Sabinus and Cotta and of his legion and a half. The story is told that when Caesar heard of the disaster he let his hair and beard grow long and swore that he would not cut them again until he had avenged the death of his men . . 12. tria milia: with longe, 130. 356 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V, 48 He reaches the vicinity of Cicero's camp and sends him a cheering message. 48. Caesar, consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium legionum delectus ad diias redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in . Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivls eognoscit, 5 quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. Turn cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet, uti ad Ciceronem epistulam deferat. Hanc Graecis conscrlptam litterls mittit, ne intercepts epistula nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. Si 10 adlre non possit, monet, ut tragulum cum epistula ad amen- tum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abipiat. In litterls scrlbit, se cum legionibus profectum celeriter affore ; hortatur, ut prlstinam virtutem retineat. Callus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. 15 Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque a nostris biduo ani- 48. 1. eta. . . . redierat: Caesar had only two legions, whereas he had expected to have three. 6. cuidam : ' one.' 7. uti . . . deferat : it was important to get word to Cicero at once that Caesar was hurrying to his relief. 8. Hanc : sc. epistulam. Graecis . . litterls : he wrote the letter in Latin using Greek letters. Some of the Nervii might have understood Latin hut apparently Caesar believed that they were not familiar with the Greek letters. 9. Si . . . possit : ' if he (the messenger) could not enter (the camp of Cicero).' 10. cum : prep. ; trans, the sentence by two coordinate clauses, ' tie the letter to the thong of his javelin and throw it over inside the in- trenchments of the camp. ' amentum : a ' thong ' of leather fastened to the handle of the javelin near the middle ; by means of it the javelin could be thrown with greater force and accuracy. 15. Haec : i.e. trdgula. adhaesit : ' lodged,' the point sticking into the wood. V,49] THE GAULS TURN UPON CAESAR 357 madversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, dSmpta ad Ciceronem dSfertur. Ille perlSctam in conventu mili- tum recitat maximaque omnes laetitia afftcit. Turn fuml incendiorum procul videbantur; quae r§s omnem dubita- tionem adventus legionum expulit. 5 The Gauls turn upon Caesar. 49. Galli, re cognita per exploratores, obsidionem re- linqivunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt. Haee erant armata circiter milia lx. Cicero data facilitate Gal- ium ab eodem Verticone, quern supra demon stravimus, re- petit, qui litteras ad Caesarem deferat ; hunc admonet, iter 10 caute diligenterque faciat; perscribit in litteris, hostes ab s§ discessisse omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media nocte Caesar allatis, suos facit certiores eosque ad dimicandum animo confirmat. Postero die luce prima movet castra et circiter milia 15 passuum quattuor progressus trans vallem et rivum multi- tudinem hostium conspicatur. Erat magni periculi rgs, tantulis copiis iniquo loco dlmicare ; turn, quoniam obsidi- 3. maxima laetitia : we can easily imagine that their ' joy ' was 'very great.' 4. incendiorum : the smoke of burning villages marking Caesar's advance.* 49. 6. re : Caesar's approach. 8. Galium : the slave of Vertico mentioned above, p. 353, 1. 14, ap- parently had returned safely to Cicero's camp. 10. deferat : why subjunctive ? hunc : = Caesarem. 11. faciat : 260. perscribit : the purpose of this dispatch was to inform Caesar that the Gauls had raised the siege and were now marching against him in full force 17. magni periculi: pred. gen. of quality (140) ; ' involved great danger.' 18. tantulis : Caesar had less than 7000 men ; the enemy had 60,000, 358 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAB [V, 50 one llberatum Ciceronem sciebat, aequo animo remittendum de celeritate exlstimabat. Consedit et, quam aequissimo potest loco, castra communit atque haec, etsi erant exigua per se, vix hominum milium septem, praesertim nullis cum 6 impediments, tamen angustiis viarum, quam maxime po- test, contrahit, eo consilio, ut in summam contemptionem hostibus veniat. Interim speculatoribus in omnes partes dimissis explorat, quo commodissime itinere valles transiri possit. They are beaten and flee. 10 50. Eo die parvulls equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utrique sese suo loco continent : Galll, quod ampliores copias, quae nondum convenerant, exspectabant ; Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra yallem pro castris proelio contenderet ; si 15 id efficere non posset, ut exploratis itineribus minore cum perlculo vallem rlyumque translret. Prima luce nostrum equitatus ad castra accedit proeli- 2. aequissimo : ' most favorable. ' 4. milium : 141. Since Caesar had two legions with him, there was an average of 3500 men in each. See p. xxviii. 6. contrahit : Caesar reduced the width of the streets of the camp and diminished the size of the entire camp, with the intention of mak- ing the enemy despise him and become overconfident. 7. hostibus : 151, a. 50. 10. parvulls: 'rather unimportant.' What does the suffix -ulus mean ? 11. G-allT: sc. se suo loco continent. ampliores copias : 'rein- forcements. ' 12. Caesar : sc. se suo loco continet. 13. timoris simulatione : ' through pretence of fear ' ; read again, lines 2-7. in suum locum : ' to his own ground.' 14. ut . . . contenderet (229) : trans, before si forte . . . pos- set- citra vallem : ' on bis side of the valley.' V, 51] DEFEAT OF THE GAULS 359 unique cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar consults equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet ; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque obstrui atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxims concursarl et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet. 5 51. Quibus omnibus rgbus hostes iovitati copias tradu- cunt aciemque iniquo loco constituunt ; nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis, propius accedunt et tela intra muniti- onem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt praeconibusque cir- cummissis pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Koma-10 nus velit ante horam tertiam ad se transire, sine periculo licere ; post id tempus non fore potestatem. Ac sic no- stras contempserunt, ut, obstrtictis in speeiem portis, singu- lis ordinibus caespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas complgre 15 inciperent. Turn Caesar omnibus portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso celeriter hostes in fugam dat, sic uti 2. cedere : ' to retreat,' in order to create the impression of fear. 4. obstrui : ' blocked,' by filling up the gateways with piles of sod. 5. concursari . . . agi : pass, and impersonal ; ' he ordered them to rush about as hurriedly as possible and to work with a pretence of fear, ' 204. Caesar wished to make the enemy think that he and his men were panic-stricken. That would draw them across the river, they would be forced to attack uphill, and their overconfidence would be their undoing. 51. 6. traducunt : across the river. 7. iniquo : because they were on lower ground. 8. de vallo deductis : as if they were afraid. 13. in speeiem : ' for show ' merely, singulis . . caespitum : ' each with a single row of sod.' 14. el: 'that way,' i.e. by the gates. 16. Turn : ' then ' Caesar showed his hand, eruptione : the slight barrier of sod was flung aside and a sudden ' sally ' was made from each gate. A cool head and good strategy prevailed over the force of a great army. 360 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [V, 52 omnlnS pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnumque ex els numerum' occidit atque omnes armis exuit. Caesar inspects Cicero's camp. 52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercedebant neque etiam parvuls detriments illorum 5 locum relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copiis eodem die ad Cieeronem pervenit. Institutes turres, te- studines mumtionesque hostium admiratur ; legione pro- ducta cognoscit, non decimum quemque esse reliquum mllitem sine vulnere ; ex his omnibus iudicat rebus, quanto 10 cum periculo et quanta cum virtute res sint administratae. Cieeronem pro eius merits legionemque collaudat ; centu- riones singillatim tribtinosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De casii Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cognoscit. 15 Posters die cSntione habita rem gestam propSnit, milites consSlatur et conf Irmat ; quod detrlmentum culpa et teme- ritate legatl sit acceptum, hoc aequiSre animS ferendum docet, quod, beneficis deSrum immortalium et virtute eSrum expiats incommodo, neque hostibus diutina laetitia neque 20 ipsis longior dolor relinquatur. 52. 8. non . . vulnere: ' that not one man in ten had escaped unwounded.' 11. collaudat, appellat : let the pupil dwell on this scene in his imagination. It will afford him one means of understanding why Caesar was popular with his soldiers. 15. rem gestam : the story of Sabinus and Cotta. 17. legatl : Sabinus. hoc: subj. of ferendum (esse), aequiore animo : ' more calmly. ' 18. eorum : the soldiers to whom Caesar was speaking. 19. incommodo : ' the loss ' of that part of the army commanded by Sabinus and Cotta. 20. ipsis : the Romans. BOOK VI The Second Invasion oe Germany Caesar again invades Germany, bridging the Rhine. The Ubii send envoys to him. 9. Caesar postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, dua- bus de causis Kaenum transire constituit : quarum una erat, quod German! auxilia contra se Treverls miserant ; altera, The Rhine. The so-called ' Place of the Four Lakes.' In 53 b.c, the sixth year of the war, the events of which are de- scribed in Book VI, Caesar made a second invasion into Germany. In the following chapters he gives an interesting account of the great Hercynian Forest and the animals that are found in it. To appreciate the extent of this Forest see the Map. 9. 1. venit: 234. duabus de causis : 185, 3, d. 2. una : sc. causa. 8. altera : sc. causa. 361 362 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 10 ne ad eos AmbiorTx receptum haberet. His eonstitutis rebus, paulum supra eum locum quo ante exercitum tra- duxerat facere pontem instituit. Nota atque instituta ratione, magno militum studio, paucis diebus opus efncitur. 5 Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio rellcto, ne quis ab his subito motus oreretur, reliquas copias equitatumque traducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem ve- nerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mittunt, qui lOdoceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa neque ab se fidem laesam ; petunt atque orant ut sibi parcat, ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro no- centibus poenas pendant ; si amplius obsidum velit dari, pollicentur. Cognita Caesar causa, reperit ab Suebis au- 15 xilia missa esse ; Ubiorum satisfactionem accipit, adittis viasque in Suebos perquirit. The Suebi prepare for war. 10. Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Ubiis certior Sue- bos omnes in unum locum copias cogere atque els nationi- 1. His . . rebus: 'this course of action.' 2. quo : the rel. pron. ; sc. loco and see 175. ante . . tra- duxerat : in his first invasion of Germany, described in Book IV, chapters 14 ff. 3. Nota . . . ratione, magno . . . studio : 290. The ablatives absolute denote the cause. It was easy to build a bridge because it had already been done. The method is fully described in IV, 17. 6. quis : with motus. 6. his: the Treveri. 7. traducit: sc. Rhenum or pontem. 9. quidoceant: 230. 10. missa . . . laesam: sc. esse. 12. communi odio : 165. Germanorum: 137. 10. 17. fit: sc. Caesar. 18. cogere: note the tense and trans, accordingly. VI, 11] CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS AND GERMANS 363 bus quae sub eorum sint imperio denuntiare ut auxilia peditatus equitatusque ruittant. His cognitls rebus rem frumentariam providet, castris idoneum locum deligit; Ubils imperat ut pecora deducant suaque omnia ex agris in oppida conferant, sperans barbaros atque imperitoss homines, inopia cibariorum adductos, ad inlquam pugnandl condicionem posse deducl ; mandat ut crebros exploratores in Suebos mittant quaeque apud eos gerantur eognoseant. 111! imperata faciunt et paucls diSbus intermissis refe- runt : Suebos omnes, postea quam certiores nuntii de exer- 10 citu Eomanorum venerint, cum omnibus suis sociorumque copiis quas coegissent penitus ad extremos finSs se rece- pisse ; silvam esse ibi Infmlta magnitudine, quae appellatur Bacenis ; hanc longe introrsus pertinere et pro nativo mu.ro obiectam Cheruscos ab Suebis Suebosque ab Cberuscis is prohibere ; ad eius silvae initium Suebos adventum Eomano- rum exspeetare constituisse. The customs of the Gauls and Germans. Party strife among the . Gauls. 11. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum esse videtur de G-alliae G-ermaniaeque moribus, et quo differant hae nationes inter sese, proponere. 20 1. eorum : sc. Sueborum. 2. peditatus equitatusque : 139. 3. castris : 157. 9. nil: sc. Ubii. 11. venerint : why subjunctive ? Note the tense and cf. coegissent, which takes its tense from recepisse ; 221. 14. nativo : ' natural. ' 16. ad : ' near ' or ' at.' 11. 18. ad hunc locum: 'to this point' in the narrative. alienum : ' out of place,' 'inappropriate.' 364 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 12 In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in om- nibus pagis partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis domi- bus factionSs sunt, earumque factionum princip.es sunt qui summam auctoritatem eorum iudicio habere existimantur, 5 quorum ad arbitrium iudiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat. Idque eius rei causa antiquitus institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxili egeret ; suos enim quisque opprimi et eircumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter 10 si faciat, ullam inter suos habet auctoritatem. Haec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae ; namque omnes eivitates in partes divisae sunt duas. The Sequani, aided by the Germans, obtain the leadership in Gaul. Caesar's arrival gives first place to the Aeduans and second to the Remi. 12. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis prlncipes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani. Hi cum per se 15 minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in Aeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adiunxerant eosque ad se magnis iacttiris pollicitationibusque perduxerant. Proeliis vero compluri- 4. iudicio : 166, a. 5. summa . . . rerum : ' the final decision in all matters ' ; summa is the noun. 7. antiquitus : an adv. from antiquus. 8. ex plebe : 138, a. auxili : gen. with egeret. Some verbs denoting plenty and want govern a genitive. 11. ratio: 'state of affairs.' Galliae: with ratio, while in summa means 'in general.' Galliae may be trans, 'throughout Gaul.' 12. 13. Cum . . . venit : ' at the time when Caesar came ' ; 236. 16. clientelae: ' dependencies,' referring to the states which were subject to them. VI, 12] THE 8EQUANI IN GAUL 365 bus factls secundls, atque omnI nobilitate Aeduorum inter- feeta, tantum potentia antecesserant ut magnam partem clientium ab Aeduis ad se tradticerent, obsidesque ab els prlncipum filios acciperent, et publics iurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consili inituros, et partem finitimi agri 5 per vim occupatam possiderent, G-alliaeque totius prlncipa- tum obtinerent. Qua necessitate adductus Diviciacus auxili petendi causa Eomam ad senatum profectus imperfecta re redierat. Ad- ventil Caesaris facta commutatione rerum, obsidibus Aeduis 10 redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, quod hi qui se ad eorum amicitiam aggrega- verant meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se uti videbant, reliquls rebus eorum gratia dignitateque ampli- ficata, Sequani principatum dimiserant. 15 In eorum locum Bern! successerant ; quos quod adae- quare apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, el qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Aeduis coniungi pote- 1. nobilitate : ' nobles ' ; the abstract for the concrete. 2. potentia : 171. 4. iurare : sc. Aeduos. 6. occupatam : trans, by a rel. clause, ' which they had forcibly seized. ' 8. adductus : gives the reason for profectus. 9. imperfecta re : ' without accomplishing his purpose ' ; abl. abs. 10. Aeduis : dative. 12. eSrum: sc. Aeduorum. 13. uti : note the quantity, which shows that the word is from utor. 14. reliquls rebus : with amplificatd. eorum : sc. Aeduorum. 16. adaequare . . . gratia : ' to stand equally high in Caesar's favor' ; lit., ' to equal (the Aeduans) in respect to favor with Caesar.' 17. intellegebatur : the subject is quos . . adaequare. qui . . . poterant : that is, their hostility to the Aeduans was too great to allow them to unite with tbem. 366 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 13 rant se Remis in clientelam dicabant. Hos ill! dlligenter tuebantur ; ita et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant. Eo turn statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur Aedul, secundum locum dignitatis Rem! obti- 5 nerent. Condition of the common people in Gaul. The power of the Druids. 13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore genera sunt duo ; nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, null! adhi- betur consilio. Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magni- 10 tudine tribtitorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitiitem dicant nobilibus, quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae dominls in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alteram est druidum, alte- rum equitum. 111! rebus dlvinls intersunt, sacrificia publica 15 ac privata proctirant, religiones interpretantur ; ad eos mag- nus adulescentium numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, I. Reims : 151, a. dicabant: note the form and quantity; can it come from dico ? 3. E6 . . . statu: 'in such a condition.' longe: the adv. modifies the verbal idea implied in principes, as if it were longe praestdre. 13. 6. aliquo . . . numero: 'of any account.' 7. plebes : nom. sing. ; see Vocab. and 123, 6. 8. quae : the antecedent is plebes and the rel. clause denotes cause. Observe that this does not require the subjunctive and see 242. II. nobilibus: cf. Remis, line 1, above. quibus . . . sunt: 'who have'; 154. in hos: 'over them,' with iura. 12. quae : ' as ' ; lit. ' which ' ; sc. iura. dominls : 154. in servos : cf. in hos, line 11, above. 13. druidum . . . equitum : 139. 15. procurant : note the deriv. and meaning. religiones inter- pretantur : • explain religious matters ' ; that is, the various rites and Ceremonies, the meaning of oracles and portents, and the like. VI, 13] THE POWER OF THE DRUIDS 367 magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque constituunt et, si quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, dS finibus controversia est, idem deeernunt, praemia poe- nasque constituunt ; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum 5 decrSto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero ' ' Druid Stones " in France. These huge stones, from six to nineteen feet high, are found in Great Britain, France, and some other countries. Though often called " Druid Stones " or "Druidical Rings " they seem to have no connection with the Druids. 1. hi : the Druids. eos : the Gauls. 4. deoernunt : 'pass judgment' ; see 205. 6. stetit: 'abide by '; lit. 'stand by.' sacrificiis interdicunt : so. ei (dat. of indirect object), ' exclude him from the sacrifices.' Sacrificiis is abl. of separation. 7. Quibus: dat., like el in sacrlficus el interdicunt, above. The relative precedes its antecedent hi. 368 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 14 impiorum ae sceleratorum habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione in- commodi aocipiant, neque his petentibus ius redditur neque honos ullus communicatur. 5 His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, aut si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate succedit, aut si sunt plures pares, suffragio druidum deligitur ; non numquam etiam armis de principatu. contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus 10 Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. Hiic omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt eorumque decretis iudieiisque parent. Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur, et nunc qui diligentius earn 15 rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur The privileges of the Druids ; their training and beliefs. 14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt, militiae vacationem omniumque 1. his: 153. 2. incommodi : with quid; 138. 4. honos : the old form of honor, with its usual meaning in Latin of ' public office.' 6. Hoc mortuo : ' when he dies. ' si qui ex reliquis : ' any one of the rest who ' ; lit. ' if any one of the rest.' 8. deligitur : sc. successor or qui succedat. 9. certo : be careful of the meaning. 12. eorum : = druidum. 13. reperta . . translata : 274, a. Caesar seems to be wrong in supposing that Druidism originated in Britain, although in his time it was stronger in Britain than in Gaul. 14. nunc: 'to-day.' 15. illo: 'thither' ; i.e. to Britain: illo is the adverb. VI, 14] TRAINING AND BELIEFS OF THE DRUIDS 369 rerum habent immunitatem. Tantis excitati praemils, et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque annos non null! vicenos in di- sciplina permanent. Neque fas esse exlstimant ea litteris 5 mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicls privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis Instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgus disci- plinam efferri velint neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos minus memoriae studere; quod fere plerisque accidit utio praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memo- riam remittant. In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc ma- xims ad virtiitem exeitari putant, metu mortis neglecto. 15 14. 1. praemiis: 'privileges.' 2 . in disciplinam : ' for a course of training. ' et a parentibus : we should say ' or are sent by their parents ' or ' and others are sent.' 4. ediscere : ' to learn by heart ' ; e- gives the idea of ' thoroughly.' vicenos : ' twenty each ' ; 72. 5. ea : ' those things,' referring to the contents of the verses. 6. cum: 'although.' 7. rationibus : ' accounts ' ; see p. 205, 1. 3, above. Graecis lit- teris: that is, 'Greek characters,' in which they wrote their own (Celtic) language. Inscriptions of that kind have come down to us. 8. in vulgus . . . efferri: that is, to become generally known. 9. velint: 271. litteris: abl. with confisos. Fido and its compounds govern an abl. 10. memoriae: 149, a. studere: 'train,' 'give attention to,' depending on velint. quod : for id quod, referring to the preceding sentence and further explained by the appositional clause ut . . . remittant; 261. 13. interire animas : 274; in apposition with the preceding hoc. 14. hoc : abl. 15. exeitari : sc. homines. metu . . . neglecto : the abl. abs. denotes cause. 370 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 15 Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnittidine, de rerum natura, de deorum im- mortalium vi ae potestate disputant et iuventutl tradunt. The Knights. 15. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est usus 5 atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod ante Caesaris adventum fere quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi iniurias Infer- rent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bello versantur ; atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc 10 unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt. Human sacrifices, 16. 2>Tati6 est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita reli- gionibus, atque ob earn eausam qui sunt affeetl gravioribus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur aut pro victimls homines immolant aut se immolaturos vovent, ad- 1. sideribus : 'the heavenly bodies,' more comprehensive than Stella. mundi : ' the universe. ' 2. terrarum : = orbis terrarum, ' the earth.' rerum natura : 'nature' ; rerum should not be translated. 15. 4. equitum : see note on equitum, p. 82, 1. 3. cum : ' when- ever.' 6. uti . . . inierrent . . . propulsarent : the wSi-clauses explain quod; cf. p. 369, 1. 10. 8. genere : ' family ' ; 171. 9. ambactos : ' retainers ' ; they seem to have been hired serv- ants, inferior in rank to the clientes. Hanc . . noverunt : ' this is the only kind . , . that they know.' 16. 11. admodum dedita : ' remarkably addicted.' religio- nibus : ' religious ceremonies. ' 12. qui . . . quique : sc. el, subject of immolent and vovent. 13. pro : 'as.' 14. immolaturos : sc. esse. administros : in apposition with druidibus; ' they rely upon the help of the Druids.' VI, 17] TRAINING AND BELIEFS OF THE DRUIDS 371 ministrisque ad ea saeriiicia druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita, hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium niimen placari arbitrantur, publicSque eius- dem generis babent instituta sacrificia. Alii immani ma- gnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibuss membra vivis bominibus complent ; quibus succensis cir- cumventi flamma exanimantur bomines. Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxa sint eompre- hSnsi gratiora dls immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed cum eius generis copia def ecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia 10 descendunt. Their gods. 17. Deum maximg Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima simulacra ; hunc omnium inventorem artium fe- 4. habent instituta : 281. 5. simulacra : these were great cages of wickerwork (contexta vlmi- nibus), made in the shape of the human figure. 6. quibus - the antecedent is simulacra. 10. eius generis : i.e. eorum qui in furto aut latrocinio sunt com- prehensi. 11. descendunt: 'resort.' 17. 12. Deum: for the form see 19 and 21. Mercurium : this and the other gods whom Caesar mentions were of course Celtic deities with Gallic names, whom he identifies with the Roman gods, just as the Romans identified Mercury with the Greek Hermes, etc. 13. simulacra : these were prob- ably huge standing stones, rather than actual statues. Mercury. A bronze statue from Herculaneum, representingthe messenger god. with his winged sandals, awaiting a sum- mons from Jupiter. 372 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 18 runt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestOs pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere quain reliquae gentes habent opinio- 5 nem : Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum at- que artificiorum initia tradere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque devovent ; cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant reliquasque 10 res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in civitatibus ha- rum rerum exstructos cumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet ; neque saepe accidit ut neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita toilere auderet, gra- vissimumque el rei supplicium cum cruciatu constittitum est. Their method of reckoning time. Relation of father and son. 15 18. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant idque ab druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob earn causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt ; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sic ob- servant, ut noctem dies subsequatur. 3. Apollinem . . Minervam : sc. colunt. 4. quam : ' as ' : lit. ' which,' sc. habent. 6. tradere : = docere. caelestium : 137. 7. cum : ' whenever ' ; note the mood of the verb and see 235, a. 8. ceperint: 233. 11. locis consecratis : 176. IS. capta : = quae bello ceperit: see line 8. posita: the things deposited in the locis consecratis, 1. 11. 14. eirei: 'such an action.' 18. 15. ab Dite : 159, a. prognatos . . . proditum: sc. esse. 17. noctium : the Germans also had the same method of reckon- ing, which survives in our ' fortnight.' VI, 19] TRAINING AND BELIEFS OF THE DRUIDS 373 In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur, filium- que puerill aetate in publico in conspectu. patris assistere turpe ducunt. 5 Marriage customs ; funerals. 19. Virl, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suls bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus communicant. Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur fructusque servantur ; uter eorum vita supe- 1. fere: 'in general.' ab re- liquis : ' from all other peoples ' , repetition of reliquis is rather awk- ward. 2. ut . . . possint : result clause without an introductory word mean- ing ' so,' which may be supplied. 4. assistere : 'to appear.' 5. turpe ducunt : ' they consider it disgraceful.' Turpe agrees with the subst. clause filium assistere; 274. 19. 6. Viri: 'husbands.' quan- tas pecunias . . . tantas : for tantas pecunias, quantas. Pecunias here means ' property,' which among primitive peoples was reckoned in cattle (pecus). dotis . . . nomine : ' by way of dowry.' 7. cum dotibus communicant : that is, a common fund is formed from the wife's dowry and an equal sum furnished by the husband. 9. fructus : 'the income.' vita: 171 ; the meaning is, ' whichever outlives the other.' Apollo. The god is represented in his ca- pacity of Cltharoedos. player upon the lyte or zither. 874 CAESARS GALLIC WAR [VI, 20 ravit, ad eum pars utrlusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in llberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem ; et cum pater familiae illustriore loco natus Sdecessit, eius propinqul conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaesti- onem habent et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tor- mentis excruciatas interficiunt. Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa ; 10 omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur in ignem In- ferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes quos ab eis dilectos esse constabat iustis fune- ribus confectis una cremabantur. Oossip about public affairs forbidden. 20. Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam ad- 15 ministrare existimantur habent legibus sanctum, si quis 3. in: 'over.' 4. cum: 'whenever.' loco: 'rank,' ' position.' 5. de morte . . . venit : that is, if there is any suspicious cir- cumstance connected with the death. 6. de uxoribus . . . quaestionem habent : ' they examine his wives under torture,' as was usual among the Romans in the case of slaves under similar circumstances. 7. si compertum est : ' if they are found guilty ' ; cf. 206. 9. pro cultu : ' considering the (degree of ) civilization.' 10. cordi : ' dear to ' ; 156 and Note. 11. supra hanc memoriam : ' before our time ' ; that is, before the recollection of men still living (hanc). 12. iustis confectis : ' when the funeral rites had been duly com- pleted.' 20. 14. Quae civitates : = eae civitates, quae. commodius : 1 to best advantage ' ; more lit. ' to better advantage ' (than the rest). rem publicam : ' public affairs.' 16. habent . . . sanctum: 281. The phrase might be translated ' have laws which provide. ' VI, 21] CUSTOMS OF THE GERMANS 375 quid dS r6 publics a i'initimis rumore aut fama aceeperit, utl ad magistratum deferat neve cum quo alio communicet, quod saepe homings temerarios atque imperitos falsis ru- moribus terreri et ad facinus impelll et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistrates quae -visas sunt occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicavefunt multi- tudinT produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur. Customs of the Germans : their religion ; manner of assigning land. 21. German! multum ab Mc consuetudine differunt. Nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divlnis praesint, ne- 10 que sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos dueunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam ; reliquos n6 fama quidem acc§- perunt. Vita omnis in vSnationibus atque in studiis rei militaris 15 consistit ; a parvis labor! ac duritiae student. 22. Agri culturae non student, maiorque pars eorum victus in lacte, cased, carne consistit. Neque quisquam 1. rumore aut fama : by ' rumor or report.' 3. homines temerarios . . . cognitum est: trans, as if it were the personal construction, homines temerdrii cogniti sunt. 5. quae visa sunt : sc. occultanda, ' what (it) has seemed best (to conceal).' 6. ex iisu : ' advantageous ' ; for the meaning of ex see 185, 4, d. 7. per concilium : ' in a council ' ; more lit. ' through the medium of a council. ' 21. 11. Deorum numerS . . . Lunam : that is, the Germans had a more primitive worship of the forces of nature, while the Gauls had personified them, perhaps under Greek influence (from Massilia) . Tacitus' account of gods corresponding to Mars and Mercury (Ger- mania, 9) represents conditions a century later, 32, 18. in : we should say ' of,' 376 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 23 agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios, sed magistra- tes ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, quique una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt. 5 Eius rei rnultas afferunt causas : ne assidua consuStu- dine capti studium belli gerendi agricultura commutent ; ne latos fines parare studeant, potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant; ne aecuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedifieent ; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupi- loditas, qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari videat. Their frontiers. 23. Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum se vastatis flnibus solittidines habere. Hoc proprium virtti- 1. certum: be careful of the meaning. proprios: 'of his own,' emphatic position. 2. gentibus cognationibusque hominum : ' clans and groups of kinsmen. ' 3. una : ' with them ' ; that is, their clients and dependents. 4. agri : with quantum, ' as much . . . as, ' the relative, as is shown by the mood of the verb. anno post : ' a year later '; 168. alio : the adv. 5. Eius rei : ' for this custom. ' causas : enumerated in the following substantive clauses. 6. agricultura : abl. of association (an instrumental use) ; we say 'exchange for.' 8. aecuratius : ' with too great care ' ; note the derivation. frigora atque aestus : ' cold and heat ' ; the plu. of the abstract nouns means lit. ' seasons of cold and heat '; cf. siccitates, p. 325, 1. 12. 11. aequitate: 'contentment'; abl. of means, 'that they may control (contineant) the people by keeping them contented.' 12. aequari : ' put on an equality '; cf. p. 199, 1. 7. 23. 13. Civitatibus : 151, a. 14. vastatis Enibus : the abl. abs. denotes cause. proprium VI, 25] THE HERCTNIAN FOREST 377 tis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere neque quem- quam prope audere consistere; simul hoc sS fore tutiorgs arbitrantur, repentinae incursionis timore sublatO. Cum bellum dvitas aut illatum defendit aut infert, magistratus qui ei bello praesint et vitae necisque habeant potestatem 5 deliguntur. In pace ntillus est communis magistratus, sed prlncipfis regionum atque pagorum inter suos his dicunt. The Hercynian forest, and the wonderful animals found in it. 25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitudo novem dierum iter expedite patet ; non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. Oritur 10 ab Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Eauracorum finibus, rec- taque fluminis Danuvi regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium ; hinc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis a flumine virtutis : ' a sign of courage ' ; proprium is used as a subst. : for the gen. of. verl, p. 299, 1. 4. 1. cedere . . . audere : in apposition with hoc. 2. hoc : ' on this account,' explained by the causal abl. abs. which follows. 4. bellum . . . illatum defendit aut infert : ' repels an invasion or makes offensive war ' ; illatum is taken only with defendit, bellum with both verbs. 5. qui . . . praesint : 230. 6. communis : ' general ' or ' central,' that is, common to a whole nation. 7. pagorum : ' cantons,' probably explanatory of regionum, or perhaps referring to the inhabitants rather than to the district itself. 25. 8. supra : in the preceding (omitted) chap. 9. dierum : with iter, 141. expedito : dat. case ; ' f or a man traveling light (i.e. without unnecessary baggage).' aliter: you cannot tell its extent in miles. 10. noverunt : sc. as subj. in Eng., ' the people who live there.' Oritur : 'it starts.' 11. rScta . . . regione : ' straight along the Danube River. ' 13. flumine : the Danube. 378 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VI, 26 regionibus ruultarumque gentium fines propter magnitu- dinem attingit ; neque quisquam est huius Germaniae qui se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae dicat, cum dierum iter lx processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur acceperit ; multaque sin ea genera ferarum nasci constat quae reliquis in locis visa non sint ; ex quibus quae maxime differant a ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur, haee sunt. 26. Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aurgs unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque derectum his quae 10 nobis nota sunt cornibus ; ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. 27. Sunt item quae appellantur alces. Harum est con- similis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine i5paulo antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crura sine nodis articullsque habent, neque quietis causa procumbunt, neque, si quo afflictae casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubllibus ; ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reelinatae quietem 3-4. dicat, acceperit : 233. Note the difierence in tense, cum : ' although.' 5. in ea : so. silva. 6. sint, differant, videantur : 233. 7. haec : 'the following.' 26. 8. fronte: 'forehead.' 9. excelsius : comp. degree of the adj., limits cornu. 10. cornibus: 161. sicut: 'just as,' 'like.' Perhaps the animal was a reindeer. 27. 14. capris: 157. varietas pellium: 'spotted coats,' i.e. with patches of black and white. 16. antecedunt : sc. copras. cornibus : 171. 16. quietis causa. : ' to sleep.' 17. qu5 : ' any,' with casu. 19. se applicant : ' they lean.' VI, 28] THE HERCTNIAN FOREST 379 capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a vSnatoribus quo sS recipere consuSrint, omnes eo loco aut ab radleibus subruunt aut accldunt arborSs, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum s6 consuStu- dine reclinaverunt, Iriflrmas arbores pondere affligunt. 5 28. Tertium est genus eorum, qui url appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos, specie et colore et figura taurl. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque hominl neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos stu- diose foveis captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durantio adulescentes atque hoc genere vgnationis exercent, et qui pltirimos ex bis interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed assues- cere ad homines et mansuefieri ng parvuli quidem except! possunt. Amplitude cornuum et figura et species multumis a nostrorum bourn cornibus differt. Haec studiose con- quisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculls utuntur. 3. arbores : the obj . of subruunt also. The natives either partly uproot the trees or they cut a deep notch in them. 4. earum : = arborum. On the gender of this word see 37. 28. 6. url : " The urus, or aurochs, was the ox known as Bos primigenius, which in our own country (England) survived into the Bronze Age." — Holmes (see Ancient Britain, p. 68). 9. hominl, ferae : 149, a. 10. foveic : ' pits.' Deep holes were dug and concealed by means of loose brush. The heavy animal fell crashing into the pit and was unable to get out. 13. quae sint : =ut ea sint, 230. 14. parvnli : sc. url. They cannot be tamed. 16. Haec : sc. cornua. 17. ab labris : ' on their rims.' 18. pro poculis : cf. the phrase, 'drinking-horn.' utuntur: sc. els. BOOK VII The Ebvolt of the Gauls Believing that Caesar is detained by troubles in Borne, the Gauls form conspiracies. 1. Quieta Gallia, Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos proficiscitur. Ibi cognoscit de Clodi caede ; de senatiisque consults certior factus ut omnes iuni- ores Italiae coniurarent, dilectum tota provincia habere Slnstituit. Eae res in Galliam. Transalpinam celeriter per- feruntur. Addunt ipsi et affingunt rumoribus Galli quod After the events of the preceding six years the various Gallic states became convinced that Caesar's purpose was the complete subjugation of their country. Gradually they realized that their only hope lay in a united effort to fight the common foe. A leader, one of great strategic ability and a foeman worthy of Caesar himself, rose to their need from among the Arverni. His name was Vercingetorix. He told his people that against a united Gaul the whole world could not stand in arms. At a general council held at Bibracte, the capital of the Aedui, he was elected commander-in-chief of the allied Gallic forces. The struggle culminated at Alesia, the stronghold of the Mandubii, and was most desperate on both sides. 1. 1. Quieta Gallia: the abl. abs. denotes time. Italiam: Caesar includes Cisalpine Gaul under this term, although in reality at this time Italy extended only to the Rubicon, ad conventus agen- dos : ' to hold court,' part of the duty of the governor of a province. 2. Clodi : refers to P. Clodius Pulcher, murdered in 52 B.C. by T. Annius Milo, a partisan of Pompey, on the Appian Way. 8. ut . . . coniurarent : a, substantive clause in apposition with consults. Coniurarent here means to take the oath of military service, ' enlist.' iuniores : men between the ages of 17 and 46. 4. tota provincia : 175 ; the reference is to Cisalpine Gaul. 6. affingunt rumoribus : 'exaggerate in their gossip.' Rumori- bus is abl. of means. 380 VII, 1] THE BEVOLT OF THE GAULS 381 rgs poscere videbatur, retinerl urbano motu Caesarem neque in tantis dissgnsionibus ad exereitum venire posse. Hac impulsi occasione, qui iam ante s<3 populi Roman! imperio subiectos dolerent, liberius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt. Indictis inter se prlncipes Galliae 5 consilils silvestribus ac remotis locls queruntur de Acconis The Roman Forum. 1. res: ' the circumstances.' urbano motu: 'disturbances in the city,' i.e. at Borne. 3. qui . . dolerent: 242. 4. liberius . . . audacius : the comparatives suggest that the plot was already on foot and was brought to a head by the death of Clodius. This is also suggested by the rapidity with which the rebel- lion spread. 5. prlncipes : on the position of the word see note on p. 113, 1. 6. 6. Acconis : Acco had led a rebellion during the previous year and been put to death by Caesar. 382 CAE8AE , 8 GALLIC WAR [VII, 2 morte ; posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demonstrant ; miserantur communem Galliae' fortunam ; omnibus pollici- tationibus ac praemiis deposcunt qui belli initium faciant et sui capitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent. In sprimis rationem esse habendani dicunt, prius quam eorum clandestlna consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu in- tercludatur. Id esse facile, quod neque legiones audeant absente imperatore ex hibernis egredi neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire possit. Postremo, in lOacie praestare interfici, quam non veterem belli gloriam libertatemque quam a maioribus acceperint recuperare. The Carnutes are first to rebel. 2. His rebus agitatis, profitentur Carnutes se nullum perlculum communis saltitis causa recusare, prmcipesque ex omnibus bellum facttiros pollicentur et, quoniam in 15 praesentia obsidibus cavere inter se non possint, ne res efferatur, at iure iurando ac fide saneiatur petunt, collatis 2. omnibus : ' all kinds of.' 3. qui . . . faciant : sc. eos, a rel. clause of purpose. 4. periculo : ' at the risk ' ; 169. 5. rationem . . . babendam : ' that plans ought to be made.' eorum : we might have expected sua, which, however, is rarely used in the nominative. 10. praestare: for praestat (impersonal) of the dir. disc; the sub- ject is interfici. 2. 12. agitatis : in the various meetings referred to in 1. 5, p. 381. profitentur : in a general meeting. 13. prmcipes : ace. agreeing with se (understood) subject of facturos; for the meaning of prmcipes see 191. 15. cavere inter se: 'bind one another.' ne . . efferatur. ' for fear that the act (of exchanging hostages) might become known.' 16. at: 'atleast.' iureiurando. . . saneiatur: object of petunt. The subject of saneiatur is the clause ne . . . deserantur. collatis VII, 3] THE REVOLT OF THE GAULS 383 mllitaribus signls, quo more eorum gravissima caerimonia contingtur, ng facto initio belli ab reliquis dgserantur. Turn collaudatis Carnutibus, dato hire iurando ab omni- bus qui aderant, tempore eius rei constitute a concilio disceditur. 5 They massacre the Bomans at Cenabum. 3. Ubi ea digs venit, Carnutes Gutruato et Concon- netodumno ducibus, desperatls hominibus, Cenabum signo *■ ■ ; * ; -- 1 ", •■"^■<-^ r i Gergovia. Slopes of the hill on which the town lies, seen from the neighboring ridge. . . . signls : ' by interlocking their military standards.' The Gauls went armed to their councils. 1. quo: not to be taken with more ; the antecedent is collatis . . . 2. deserantur : sc. Carnutes. 4. eius rei : that is, of beginning the war. 3. 6. ea dies :\ note the gender. The words refer to tempore eius rei in 1. 4. 384 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 4 dato concurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, in his C. Mum Citam, honestum equi- tem Eomanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu. Caesaris prae- erat, interficiunt bonaque eorum dlripiunt. Celeriter ad 5 omngs Galliae civitates fama perf ertur. Nam ubi quae maior atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regio- nesque significant ; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et proxi- mis tradunt, ut turn aceidit. Nam quae Cenabi oriente sole gesta essent, ante priniam confectam vigiliam in fini- 10 bus Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium passuum circiter clx. Vercingetorix collects a numerous force, which he rules with great severity. 4. Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Ar- vernus, summae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater princi- patum totius Galliae obtinuerat et ob earn causam, quod 1. negotiandi causa : the business of the Roman negotidtores was for the most part money-lending. 2. honestum : ' distinguished ' ; note the deriv. 3. rei frumentariae . . . praeerat : that is, was charged with the duty of supplying the army with provisions. 6. clamore : that is, the news was passed along by shouting it from one place to another. regiones : probably =pdgi; cf. p. 377, 1. 7. 7. hunc : sc. clamorem. 8. quae : with concessive force ; 254. 9. ante primam . . . vigiliam : that is, before eight in the eve- ning, since the time was winter. 10. milium passuum : 141. 4. 12. ibi := in finibus Arvernorum. 13. principatum: 'a position of leadership'; not actual sover- eignty, as is shown by the words quod regnum appetebat. 14. Galliae : here refers to the central one of the three divisions mentioned in Book I, Chap. 1. ob earn causam: referring to the following clause quod . . appetebat. VII, i] VERCINGETORIX A SEVERE RULER 385 regnum appetebat, a clvitate erat interfectus, convocatis suis clientibus facile incendit. Cognito eius consilio, ad arma concurritur. Prohibetur a Gobannitione, patruo suo reliqulsque prlncipibus, qui hane temptandam fortunam non exlstimabant ; expellitur ex oppido Gergovia ; non 5 dSstitit tamen, atque in agris habet dilectum egentium ac perditorum. Hac coaeta manu, .quoscumque adit ex civi- tate ad suam sententiam perducit ; hortatur ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adversarios suos, a, quibus paulo ante erat eiectus, expellit 10 ex civitate. Rex ab suis appellatur. Dimittit quoque versus legationes ; obtestatur ut in fide maneant. Celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios, Pictongs, Cadtircos, Tu- ronos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos reliquosque omnes, qui Oceanum attingunt, adiungit ; omnium consensu ad 15 eum defertur imperium. Qua oblata potestate, omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci iubet, armorum quantum quaeque civitas domi quodque ante tempus efficiat constituit; in primis equitatui studet. Summae diligentiae summam20 imperi severitatem addit ; magnitudine supplicl dubitantes cogit. Nam maiore commisso delicto igni atque omnibus 2. incendit: 'spreads the flame' of revolt; used absolutely, 205. 3. Prohibetur : ' he is opposed. ' 7. quoBcumque adit : ' all those to whom he has access.' 12. in fide: 'loyal'; lit. 'in loyalty.' 16. imperium: ' the chief command. ' 18. armorum quantum : 'how great a quantity of arms.' 19. quodque ante tempus : ' and before what date.' in primis . . . studet: 'gives special attention to.' 21. dubitantes : ' those who hesitated,' used as a noun. 22. cogit: he coerces, ' forces to enlist.' 386 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 5 tormentis necat, leviore de causa auribus desectis aut singulis efdossis oculis domum remittit, ut sint reliquls documento et magnitudine poenae perterreant alios. fercingetorix arouses the Bituriges to revolt. The Aeduans refuse to join them. 5. His suppliciis celer'iter coacto exercitu, Lucterium 5 Cadiircum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copia- rum in Rutenos mittit ; ipse in Bituriges proficiseitur. Eius adventu Bituriges ad Aeduos, quorum erant in fide, legatos mittunt subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint. Aedui, de consilio legatorum loquos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, copias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturigibus mittunt. Qui cum ad lumen Ligerim venissent, quod Bituriges ab Aeduis divi- dit, paucos dies ibi morati neque flumen transire ausi, domum revertuntur legatisque nostris renuntiant, se Bitu- 15 rigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quibus id consili fuisse cognoverint ut, si flumen transissent, una ex parte ipsi, altera Arverni se circumsisterent. Id eane de causa quam 1. necat : sc. eos qui commiserunt, implied in commisso delicto. leviore de causa. : for a slighter offense ; 185, 3, d. 3. documento : ' a lesson ' ; note the deriv. 5. 7. in fide : here means 'under the protection,' but cf. p. 386, 1. 12. 8. rogatum: 286. 9. de consilio : 185, S, d. 15. quibus . . . cognoverint: ' whose design, as they had learned, was this.' Id is the subject of fuisse, quibus is dat. of the possessor, and consili is a partitive gen. 16. transissent : representing the thought of the Bituriges ; for the fut. perf. of the dir. disc. 17. eane de causa : cf. de consilio, line 9. VII, 6] CAESAB RETURNS FROM ITALY 387 legatis pronuntiarunt an perfidia adducti fecerint, quod nihil nobis constat, non videtur pro certo esse ponen- dum. Bituriges eorum discessu statim se cum Arvernls coniungunt. Caesar returns to his army. 6. His rebus in Italiam Caesarl nuntiatis, cum iam ille 5 urbanas res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum Gergovia. View of the plateau from Orcet. 1. quod . . . constat: ' since it is not at all clear to me.' 2. videtur : the subject is the double indir. question id . . . fecerint. pro certo . . . ponendum : ' that a decided opinion, ought to be expressed.' 6. 5- in Italiam : the ace. instead of the abl. because of the idea of motion in nuntiatis, ' when news was brought.' 6. urbanas res : ' affairs at Rome. ' Cn. Pompei : Pompey had just been elected consul without a colleague. 388 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 7 pervenisse intellegeret, in Transalpmam Galliam profectus est. Eo cum venisset, magna ditficultate afficiebatur qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset. Nam si legiones in provinciam arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio di- 5 micaturas intellegebat ; si ipse ad exercitum contenderet, ne els quidem eo tempore qui quieti viderentur suam salutem recte committi videbat. 7. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus earn civitatem Arvernis eonciliat. Progressus in Nitio- lobroges et Gabalos ab utrisque obsides accipit et magna coacta. manu, in provinciam ISTarbonem versus irruptionem facere contendit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnibus eon- siliis antevertendum existimavit ut Narbonem proficisce- retur. Eo cum venisset, timentes eonfirmat, praesidia in isRutenis provincialibus, Volcis Arecomieis, Tolosatibus cir- cumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus erant finitima, con- stituit, partem copiarum ex provincia supplementumque quod ex Italia adduxerat in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet. 2. magna . . . afficiebatur : ' he was confronted by the difficult problem. ' Note the lit. meaning. 4. provinciam ; the Roman 'Province.' 6. eis . . . qui : sc. Gallis. 7. recte : ' properly. ' 7. 11. in . . . versus: ' in the direction of . ' 13. antevertendum : sc. esse. The subject is the following ut . . . proficlsce.retur, ' that the march to Narbo ought to take precedence of all (other) plans.' 14. timentes : used as a subst. : cf. dubitantes, p. 385, 1. 21. 15. provincialibus: 'in the (Roman) Province.' Only apart of the Ruteni were in the Province. 17. supplementum : 'the draft,' referring to the levy mentioned at p. 380, 1. 4. Its purpose was to fill gaps in the legions already enrolled. VII, 8] CAESAR ATTACKS THE ARVERNI 389 Be attacks the Arverni ; Vercingetorix comes to their aid. 8. His rSbus comparatls, represso iam Lucterio et remoto, quod intrare intra praesidia perieulosum putabat, in Helvios proficlscitur. Etsi mons Cebenna, qui Arver- nos ab Helviis discliidit, durissimo tempore anni altissima nive iter impediebat, tamen discussa nive sex in altitudi-B nem pedum atque ita vils patefactls, summo mllitum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. Quibus oppressis inopi- nantibus, quod se Cebenna ut muro munitos existimabant ac ne singular! quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni sgmitae patuerant, equitibus imperat ut quam latissimeio possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem Inferant. Celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem per- f eruntur ; quern perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistuut atque obsecrant ut suis fortunis consulat neu se ab hosti-15 bus diripi patiatur, praesertim cum videat omne ad sS bellum translatum. Quorum ille precibus permotus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus. 8. 1. His rebus comparatls : giving the cause of represso . . . remoto, ' when Xiucterius was checked by these preparations, ' etc. 2. putabat: sc. Lucterius. 3. proficlscitur : sc. Caesar. 4. durissimo : 'most rigorous ' ; it was mid-winter. 5. discussa: 'cleared away.' sex . . . pedum: gen. of meas- ure with nive. 9. ne singular! quidem: 'not even to a single person,' not to mention an army. 13. fama ac nuntiis : first by rumor, then by messengers. 15. suis . . . se : referring to the Arverni. 16. se : referring to Vercingetorix, ' that the charge of the whole war had been committed to him. ' 18. in . . . versus : cf. p. 388, 1. U, 390 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 9 Caesar assembles legions and cavalry. Vercingetorix besieges the Boii. 9. At Caesar, biduum in his locis moratus, quod haee dS Vercingetorige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam supplement! equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu dis- cedit, Brutum adulescentem his copils praeficit; hunc 5 monet ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime perva- gentur ; daturum se operam ne longius trlduo a castrls absit. His constitute rebus, suls inoplnantibus, quam maximis potest itineribus Viennam pervenit. Ibi nactus recentem equitatum, quern multis ante diebus eo praemiserat, neque 10 diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso, per fines Aeduo- rum in Lingones eontendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant, ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab Aeduis iniretur consili, celeritate praeeurreret. Eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit priusque omnes in unum locum cogit, 15 quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset. 9. 1. haec de Vercingetorige: 'these movements of Vercin- getorix.' 2. usu ventura : so. esse, ' would happen ' ; more lit. ' would come about in practice.' opinione praeceperat: 'had conjectured.' per causam : ' under pretense,' the invariable meaning oiper causam in Caesar. 6. daturum . . . operam absit : ' (saying) that he would take pains not to be. ' 8. Viennam : a town on the Rhone about twenty miles south of Lyons, modern Vienne, the chief city of the Allobroges. recentem equitatum : ' a fresh force of cavalry,' probably from the Province. 10. diurno . . . nocturno : with the force of adverbs, ' neither by day nor by night.' 12. etiam de sua salute : ' even against his personal safety ' ; he was suspicious of the Aedui, cf . p. 386, 11. 9, fol. consili : with quid. 14. priusque : with quam. 15. posset: 239, VII, 10] CAUSAE RESCUES THE BOII 391 Hac rg cognita, Vercingetorix rursus in Bituriggs exerci- tum reducit atque inde profectus Gorgobinam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi Helvetico proelio victos Caesar collocave- rat Aeduisque attribuerat, oppugnare Instituit. Caesar goes to the rescue of the Boii. 10. Magnam haec rgs Caesari difficultatem ad consilium 5 capiendum afferebat : si reliquam partem hiemis tino loco legiones contineret, ne stipendiariis Aeduorum expugnatis cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amicis in eo praesidium videret positum esse ; si maturius ex hibernis educeret, ne ab rg frttmentaria duns subvectionibus laboraret. 10 Praestare visum est tamen omngs difncultates perpeti, quam tanta contumglia. accepta omnium suorum voluntates alignare. Itaque cohortatus Aeduos de supportando com- 3. quos : the antecedent is Boiorum. collocaverat : see p. 204, 11. 12, fol. 10. 6. haec res: 'this movement ' of the enemy. ad: 'with reference to.' 7. stipendiariis . . . deficeret : trans, by two finite verbs, ' the dependents of the Aedui should be captured and (in consequence) all Gaul should revolt.' 9. videret : the subj. represents the thought of the Gauls. 10. ab re frumentaria : that is, suffer from the lack of provisions ; ab may be translated ' with respect to. ' duris subvectionibus : ' because of the difficulties of transportation,' it being the winter season. 11. tamen: in spite of the danger of leaving the winter quarters too soon. 12. tanta contumelia : ' such a disgrace ' as the defeat of the Boii would bring upon him. suorum: 'his allies,' an unusual use of the word. Perhaps Caesar wrote sociorum, as has been suggested. voluntates: 'good will,' the plural because it refers to many states. 392 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 63 meatu, praemittit ad Boios qui de suo adventti doceant bortenturque ut in fide maneant atque nostrum impetum magno animo sustineant. Duabus Agedinci legionibus atque impedimentis totius 5 exercitus relictis, ad Boios proficiscitur. The revolt of the Gauls. Vercingetorix is made commander-in-chief. 63. Defectione Aeduorum cognita, bellum augetur. Legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur ; quantum gratia, auetoritate, pecunia valent, ad sollicitandas eivitates nltuntur ; nacti obsides quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, 10 horum supplicio dubitantes territant. Petunt a Vercinge- torige Aedui ut ad se veniat rationesque belli gerendi communieet. Re impetrata, contendunt ut ipsis summa imperi tradafcur, et re in controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur. Eodem conveniunt 15undique frequentes. Multitudinis suffragiis res permitti- tur ; ad unum omnes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. Ab boc concilio B,emi, Lingones, Treveri afuerunt : illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur ; Treveri, quod 1, qui: = eos qui. 4. Agedinci: with reUctls. impedimentis: referring to the heavy baggage, which was not actually needed on the march. 63. 7. quantum . valent: ' so far as they are able . ' 10. dubitantes : cf. p. 385, 1. 21. 12. communieet: sc. secum, 'make known to them.' He im- petrata : ' when this was granted.' 13. re in controversiam deducta : that is, when Vercingetorix opposed the leadership of the Aeduans. 15. Multitudinis : refers to the members of the council, not, as often, to the common people. 17. Illi: 'the former,' including the Remi and the Lingones, as is shown by the following sentence. VII, 64] VERCINGETORIX COLLECTS AN ARMY 393 aberant loiigius et a Germanis premgbantur, quae fuit causa quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitte- rent. Magno dolore Aedui ferunt se deiectos prlncipatu, queruntur ibrtunae commutationem et Caesaris in se in- dulgentiam requlrunt, neque tamen suscepto bello suum con- 5 silium ab reliquis separare audent. Inviti summae spel adu- lescentes, Eporedorlx et Viridomarus, Vercingetorlgi parent. 64. Ille imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides itemque ei rel constituit diem ; omnes equites, xv milia numero, celeriter convenire iubet. Peditatu quern antea habueritio se fore contentum dicit, neque fortunam temptaturum aut in acie dimicaturum ; sed, quoniam abundet equitatu, per- facile esse factti frumentationibus pabulationibusque Ro- manos probibere ; aequo modo animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant aedificiaque incendant, qua rei familiaris iactura 15 perpetuum imperium libertatemque se consequi videant. His constitutis rebus, Aeduis Segusiavisque, qui sunt finitiml provinciae, decern milia peditum imperat ; hue addit equitSs octingentos. His praeficit fratrem Epore- dorigis bellumque inferri Allobrogibus iubet. Altera ex 20 parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, 2. toto bello : 180. 3. deiectos: sc. esse. 5. requlrunt: 'miss.' 6. summae spel: ' of the highest promise.' 64. 8. Ille: Veroingetorix. 9. ei rel: i.e. for the delivery of the hostages. 10. Peditatu : 165, a. 12. perfacile . . . factu : ' a very easy thing to do ' ; 287. 14. aequo animo : ' cheerfully, willingly.' 15. corrumpant . . . incendant: 266. qua: = cum ('since') ea. 18. hue : ' to these,' referring to peditum. 20. Altera ex parte : on the western side. 394 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS, [VII, 65 item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Arecomico- rum depopulandos mittit. Nihilo minus clandestine nuntiis legationibusque Allobrogas sollicitat, quorum mentes nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat. Horum prlncipibus pe- 5 eunias, civitati autem imperium totius provinciae pollicStur. Caesar levies cavalry in Germany. 65. Ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohor- tium duarum et viginti, quae ex ipsa coacta provincia ab L. Caesare legato ad omnes partes opponebantur. Helvii sua sponte'cum finitimis proelio congress! pelluntur 10 et C. Valerio Donnotauro, Caburi filio, principe civitatis, compluribusque aliis interfectis intra oppida murosque compelluntur. Allobroges crebris ad Khodanum dispositis praesidils magna cum cura et diligentia suos fines tuentur. Caesar, quod bostes equitatu superiores esse intellege- 15 bat et interclusis omnibus itineribus nulla re ex provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Ehenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas elvitates quas superioribus annis pacaverat, 3. Allobrogas : a Greek accusative form ; 38. 4. superiore bello : they had been subdued in 61 b.c. Cf . p. 166, 1. 6 and the note. 65. 6. casus: 'emergencies.' 8. L. Caesare : consul in 64 b.c. He was a distant relative of Julius Caesar. 9. sua sponte: ' of their own accord.' 11. oppida murosque : ' the walls of their towns,' 288. 13. magna cum cura: 166. 14. equitatu : 171. 15. interclusis . . . itineribus : the ahl. abs. has conditional force; 173. 16. poterat : the subject is Caesar. 17. quas . . . pacaverat : the TJbii and several others, as told in the early (omitted) part of Book IV. VII, 66] CAESAR LEVIES CAVALRY IN GERMANY 395 equiteisque ab his arcessit et levis armaturae pedites, qui inter eos proeliari consuerant. Eorum adventu, quod minus ido- neis equis utebantur, a tribunls militum reliqulsque equitibus Romania atque evocatis equos sumit Germanlsque distribuit. 66. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex 5 Arvernis equitSsque qui totl G-alliae erant imper&tl conve- niunt. Magno horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in SS- quanos per extremos Lingonum fines iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium provinciae ferrl posset, circiter milia passuum decern ab Komanis trfnis castrls Vercingetorix 10 consedit convocatisque ad concilium praefectls equitum venisse tempus victoriae demonstrat : fugere in provinciam Eomanos Galliaque excedere. Id sibi ad praesentem obti- nendam libertatem satis esse ; ad reliqui temporis pacem atque otium parum proficl ; maioribus enim coactls eopiis 15 reversuros neque finem bellandi facturos. Proinde in agmine impeditos adoriantur. Conclamant equites sanctissimo iure iurando confirmari oportere, ne t6cto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentis, ne ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen ho- 20 stium perequitarit. 1. inter eos : for a description of this manner of fighting see i. 48, p. 240, 11. 12, fol. 2. minus idoneis : the German horses were small and ugly (deformia, iv. 2). 3. reliquis equitibus Romania: 'the Roman knights,' as well as the tribunes, who belonged to that order. 4. evocatis : ' volunteer veterans,' serving on Caesar's staff. 66. 10. trims: 74. 13. Id : i.e. Romanos Gallia excedere. 14. reliqui temporis : ' for the future.' 15. parum profici : ' little was accomplished.' 17. adoriantur: 266. 21. perequitarit : = perequitdverit, perf . subj. 396 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 67 The Gauls are defeated in a cavalry engagement. 67. Probata re atque omnibus iure iurando adactis, posters die in tres partes distributo equitatu duae se acies ab duobus lateribus ostendunt, Una a primo agmine iter impedire coepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar suum quoque 5 equitatum tripertito divisum contra hostem ire iubet. Pugnatur una omnibus in partibus. Consistit agmen ; impedimenta intra legiones recipiuntur. Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius prenii videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque convertl iubebat ; quae res et 10 hostes ad insequendum tardabat et nostros spe auxili con- firmabat. Tandem German! ab dextro latere summum iugum nacti hostes loco depellunt ; fugientes usque ad flumen, ubi Ver- cingetorix cum pedestribus copiis consederat, persequuntur 15 compluresque interficiunt. Qua re animadversa reliqui, ne circumlrentur veriti, se fugae mandant. Omnibus locis fit caedes. Tres nobilissimi Aedui capti ad Caesarem perdiicuntur : Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controver- siam cum Convictolitave proximis comitiis babuerat, et 20 Cavarillus, qui post defectionem Litavicci pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Aedui cum Sequanis bello contenderant. 67. 3. iter : so. Romanorum. 4. Qua re nuntiata : Caesar was evidently taken by surprise. 6. consistit : ' halted.' 7. intra legiones : that is, the legions formed a hollow square about the baggage. 10. spe : ' through the hope ' ; 165. 13. fugientes: ' in their flight,' sc. if til Ids. vn, i THE GAULS RETIRE TO ALESIA 397 Vercingetorix takes refuge in Alesia. Caesar lays siege to the town. 68. Fugato omni equitatu, Vercingetorix copias, ut pro castrls collocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris edilci et se siibsequi iussit. Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis, duabus legioni-5 bus praesidio relictis, seeutus hostes, quantum diel tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus ex novissimo agmine interfeetis, altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus, quod equitatu, qua Alesia. Marked by the monument to Vercingetorix on the summit of the hill. 68. 1. ut : ' just as ' ; i.e. in the same order. 6. quantum : = tantum spatium quantum, ' as far as.' 7. ex novissimo agmine : 138, a. 8. aitero : =postero. 398 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 69 maxime parte exereitus confldebant, erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit. Description of Alesia. A preliminary cavalry skirmish. 69. Ipsum erat oppidum. Alesia in colle summd ad- modum edito loco, ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse 5 videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flu- mina subluebant. Ante oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat ; reliquis ex omnibus partibus colleSj mediocri interiecto spatio, pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. Sub muro, quae pars collis ad lOorientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gal- lorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in alti- tudinem pedum praeduxerant. 70. Opere institute fit equestre proelium in ea pla- nitie, quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in lon- I5gitudinem patere supra demonstravimus. Summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. Laborantibus nostris Caesar Ger- 2. circumvallare : so. urbem. Note the derivation of the word. 69. 3. in colle summd : to follow Caesar's detailed description of Alesia and its surroundings consult the Plan opp. p. 400. 5. cuius . . . partibus: 'the base of this hill on two sides.' radices : ace. case. flumina : the Ose on the north side and the Oserain on the south. Both are now mere brooks. Their waters unite at a point about two miles west of the hill. 6. Ante: i.e. west of the town. planities: now called the plain of Les Laumes. 8. mediocri . . . spatio : i.e. at a short distance from Alesia. pari . fastigio : the surrounding hills are of about the same ele- vation as Alesia. 9. quae pars : its antecedent is hunc omnem locum. 11. maceriam : ' a wall of stones.' 70. 13. Opere : the work of investing the town. ■ 16. Germanos: Caesar's best cavalry were Germans. See p. 84*4. VII, 70] ALESIA 399 manos summittit legionesque' pro castris constituit, ne qua siibito irruptio ab hostium peditatti fiat. Praesidio legionum addito nostris animus augStur; ha- stes in fugara coniectl se ipsi multitudine impediunt atque angustioribus portis relictis coartantur. Germanl acriuss usque ad munitiones sequuntur. Tit magna caedes ; non nulll, relictis equis, fossam transire et maceriam transcen- The Country about Alesia. A view from the town looking northwest toward Puy de Dome. 1. pro castris : ' in front of the camp.' 3. nostris: trans, as if nostrorum. animus: 'confidence.' 4. in fugam : the cavalry of the Gauls in their flight galloped back to the east end of the town where the gates (portis, 1. 5) were. 5. angustioribus: the gateways were so narrow that the Gauls in trying frantically to enter got jammed (coartantur) in the passages. German! : cf. the note above on this word. 6. non nulll : the Gauls. 400 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS. [VII, 71 dere conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar, quits pro vallo constituerat, promoverl iubet. Non minus, qui intra muni- tiones erant, Galll perturbantur ; venlrl ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant ; non nulll perterritl in 5 oppidum irrumpunt. Vercingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multls interfectis, compluribus equis captis, G-ermanI sese recipiunt. Vercingetorix sends a secret message to his countrymen for reinforcements. 71. Vercingetorix, prius quam munitiones ab Eoma- nis perficiantur, consilium capit, omnem ab se equitatum lonoctu dimittere. Discedentibus mandat, ut suam quisque eorum clvitatem adeat omnesque, qui per aetatem arma ferre possint, ad bellum cogant. Sua in illos merita pro- ponit obtestaturque, ut suae salutis rationem habeant, neu se optime de communl libertate meritum hostibus in cru- I5ciatum dedant. Quod si iudlligentiores fuerint, milia hominum delecta lxxx una secum interitura demonstrat. Eatione inita se exigue dierum xxx habere frumentum, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse parcendo. His datls mandatls, qua, erat nostrum opus intermissum, 3. veniri : ' that the enemy were coming. ' 6. castra : the Gallic camp at the east of the town. See the Plan. 71. 9. perficiantur: before trans, see 239. consilium capit : ' determined. ' 10. Discedentibus : sc. els, the Gallic messengers. 12. illos : = Gallos. 14. optime . . . meritum : ' who had served most unselfishly (the cause of) their common liberty.' 15. milia LXXX : this was the number of men that Vercingetorix had with him in Alesia. Caesar had an army of about 60,000. 17. Ratione inita : 'by a careful calculation,' 173. 19. intermissum : there was a gap in the Roman lines ; the Romans Lib. VII, 69-90 THE SIEGE OF ALESIA Plan VIII r SCALE OF ENGLISH WILES 8CJLE OF ROMAN MILES EXPLANATION Caesar's lines of works about Alesia encompassed a circuit of 11 Roman miles on the inside, 14 miles on the outside. In the plain west of the city, and at other points where required, there were two systems of defenses, one to protect Caesar's men against the attacks of Vercingetorix in the city, the other as a defense against the relieving army. Camps of infantry were probably located at A, B, C, D ; of cavalry at G, H, I, K. The redoubts, castella (chap. 69), are numbered 1 to 23. On the west, along the edge of the plain, a trench, or moat, 20 feet wide, with vertical sides, was constructed (chap. 72', 11. 3-5). Further west, in this order, 'goads,' stimuli; ' wolf -holes, ' lllia; 'boundary posts,' cippi; two V- shaped 'trenehes,'/ossae; 'rampart,' agger, and 'palisade,' vallus, with a 'breastwork,' lorica, and 'battlements,' pinnae; also 'towers,' turres, at intervals of 80 feet. These defenses formed the line of contka validation (chap. 72-73). The same defenses, in a reverse series, the ' goads ' being furthest outside, the rampart inside, formed the line of cikcomvallation (chap. 74). VII, 72] CAESAR BUILDS FORTIFICATIONS 401 secunda, vigilia silentio equitatum dimittit. Frumentum omne ad se referri iubet; capitis poenam els, qui non paruerint, constituit ; pecus, cuius magna erat copia a Mandubiis compulsa, viritim distribuit, frumentum parce et paulatim metiri Instituit. Capias omnes, quas pros oppido collocaverat, in oppidum recepit. His rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum parat administrate. Caesar builds fortifications and lines of investment. 72. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et captivis, Caesar haec genera munitioms instituit. Fossam pedum xx derectis lateribus duxit, ut eius fossae io solum tantundem pateret, quantum summae fossae labra distarent. Eeliquas omnes munitiones ab ea fossa pedes cccc reduxit, id hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset neces- sario spatium complexus, nee facile totum opus corona had not yet had time to draw a line of investment completely around the town. 1. dimittit and the fol. verbs : se. Vercingetorlx. 2. capitis poenam : ' penalty of death. ' Vercingetorix took every precaution to husband his resources until the army of relief should come. He sent word to the Gallic states that he could hold out for a month ; but it was more than a month before reinforcements arrived. 72. 10. derectis: 'vertical,' further defined by ut . . . distarent. 11. solum: 'b6ttom.' labra: 'edges.' Ordinarily the Roman trenches were made V-shaped, but this one was |J-shaped, the sides being perpendicular. It was twenty feet deep and was dug across the west approach to the hill (marked f. f. f. on the Plan), and was an effective barrier against the enemy. This trench was found during the excavations on the site. Most of the fighting took place on the level plain to the west. 14. complexus: by the line of investment. corona: 'ring.' Caesar did not have an army large enough to man the entire works with an unbroken line of troops. 402 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 73 mllitum cingeretur, ne de irnprovlso aut noctu ad muniti- ones multitude) hostium advolaret, aut interdiu tela in no- stras open destinatos conicere possent. Hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas xv pedes latas, eadem 5 altitudine, perduxit ; quarum interiorem campestribus ac demissis locls aqua ex flumine derivata complevit. Post eas aggereiri ac vallum xn pedum exstruxit. Huic lorlcam pinnasque adiecit, grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissilras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum ho- 10 stium tardarent, et turres toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes lxxx inter se distarent. 73. Erat eodem tempore et materiarl et frtimentari et tantas munitiones fieri necesse demintltis nostris copils, quae longius a castris progrediebantur ; ac non numquam 15 opera nostra Galli temptare atque eruptionem ex oppido pliiribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. Qua re ad 3. operi destinatos : ' while they were busy with the work of fortification.' 4. Hoc . . spatio: i.e. 400 ft. latas: 15 ft. wide at the top. eadem altitudine : one trench was as deep as the other (about 8 ft.). Both trenches have been found. See p. xlvi. 5. interiorem : the outer trench ran all about the town and on the lower level it was filled with water from the river. 7. Post : ' next ' to the trenches, beyond them. vallum : 8. lorlcam pinnasque: 'breastwork and embattlements,' made of intertwined pliant branches. This protected the soldiers on the rampart from the enemy's missiles. cervis: 'forked branches' (like a stag's horn). ad: 'at.' 9. pluteorum : = vallum, lorlca pinnaeque. The cervi were placed along the line where the palisade and rampart pined. 11. distarent : the towers were placed near enough to each other (80 ft.) so that the spaces between them would be within the range of miRsiles. See illustration, p. 403. 73. 12. materiari : ' to get timber ' for the works. VII, 73] CAESAR'S FORTIFICATIONS 403 haee rursus opera addendum Caesar putavit, quo miiiore numero militum munitiones defend! possent. Itaque truncis arborum aut admodum finals ramis abscisis atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus perpetuae fossae quinos pedes altae diicebantur. Hue ill! 5 stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, ne revelli possent, ab ramis eminebant. Qulni erant ordines, coniuncti inter se atque implicati ; quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant. Hos cippos appellabant. Caesar's Fortifications at Alesia. Showing in order from the left : the stimuli (' goads '), Illia (' lilies '), cippi (' stakes '), fossae ('ditches'), cervi ('stags'), vallum ('rampart' surmounted by the lorica 'breastwork' and pinnae 'parapets') and the turres ('towers'). 1. qu5 : why is this word used rather than ut ? 229, a. 4. cacuminibus : ' ends. ' They were made smooth by stripping off the bark (delibratis) and were sharpened to a point (praeacutis). 5. perpetuae : ' continuous.' altae : ' deep.' Hue : = in fossa's. 6. ab iniimo revincti: 'anchored at the bottom.' 7. Quini ordines : ' five rows (of boughs) in each (trench).' 9. induebant : the attacking enemy would stumble and fall on the sharp points, cippos : ' grave-stones,' a term facetiously applied by the soldiers. 404 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 73 Ante hos obllquls ordinibus in qulncuncem dispositis aerobes in altitudinem trium pedum fodiebantur paulatim angustiore ad Infimum fastigio. Hue teretes stipites femi- nis crassittidine ab summo praeacutl et praeusti demitte- 5bantur ita, ut non amplius digitis quattuor ex terra eminerent ; simul confirmandi et stabiliendl causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra, exculcabantur ; reliqua pars scro- bis ad occultandas insidias vlminibus ac virgultis integebatur. Hums generis octoni ordines ducti ternos inter se pedes 10 distabant. Id ex similitudine floris liliura appellabant. Ante haec taleae pedem longae ferrels hamls Infixis totae in terram infodiebantur mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus locis disserebantur, quos stimulos nomi- nabant. 1. obllquls . . . dispositis : ' in slanting rows arranged in a diamond pattern.' quincuncem: tbe name of the five-spot on a die. Placed side by side several of these would form a diamond pattern. 2. aerobes : ' pits.' Many of these were found in the course of the excavations. paulatim . . fastigio : they gradually tapered to the bottom. 3. feminis : nom. case is femur. 4. ab summo praeacuti : ' sharpened to a point at the top end.' 5. digitis quattuor : the logs projected about three inches above the surrounding level. 7. ab Infimo : earth was tamped in about the logs one foot in depth. 10. lnium . again a jesting appellation of the soldiers. 11. taleae . . . infixis : blocks of wood a foot long into which barbed iron spikes were driven. A dreadful wound would be inflicted on any one who fell on them. 13. stimulos : ' spurs,' cf. the names cippos and Ulium above. Several of these iron stimuli have been recovered and are now in the Museum at St, Germain. See p. xxxiii and Plate V, 1. VII, 74] THE GAULS MUSTER A GREAT ARMY 405 74. His rebus perfectis, regiones secutus quam potuit aequissimas pro loci natura, xnn milia passuum complexus pares eiusdem generis munitiones, dlversas ab bis, contra exteriorem bostem perf ecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine, si ita accidat, munltionum praesidia circumfundi possent; 5 ae ng cum periculo ex castris egredi cogatur, dierum xxx pabulum frumentumque babere omngs convectum iubet. The Gauls muster a great army for the relief of Alesia. 75. Dum baec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilio prin- cipum indicts non omnes, qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum io cuique civitati imperandum, ne tanta multitudine confusa nee moderari nee discernere suos nee frumentandi rationem babere possent. Imperant Aeduis atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis, 74. 3. pares . . . munitiones : these were a similar line of fortifications, facing away from the town, and were made to protect the Romans from the assaults of the army of relief which was coming. dlversas : ' facing in the opposite direction,' i.e. outward. The line of fortifications already constructed was made to confine Vercingetorix and his army in the town. This is sometimes called the line of contravallation ; the other is called the line of circumvallation. Between these two lines Caesar's army was encamped. Vercingetorix. 7. pabulum frumentumque . . . iubet : st A ck s "^ t ¥b*Tc' nevertheless the army suffered for lack of representingVercinge- provisions. torix with long, pointed beard. Behind is a 75. 11. imperandum (esse): 'should be shield. levied.' 14. Segusiavis : find the location of all of these states on the Map, in order to determine how wide-spread the movement was. Coins of many of these states were found in the trenches. 406 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 76 Ambivaretls, Aulercis Brannovicibus, milia xxxv ; parem numerum Arvernis, adiimctls Eleutetls, Cadurcis, Gaballs ; Vellavils, qui sub imperio Arvernorum esse consuerunt ; Sequanis, Senonibus, Biturlgibus, Santonis, Rutenis, Car- 5 nutibus duodena milia ; Bellovacls x ; totidem Lemovici- bus ; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helvetiis ; sena Andibus, Ambianis, Mediomatricls, Petroeoriis, Ner- viis, Morinis, Nitiobrogibus ; quina milia Aulercis Ceno- manis ; totidem Atrebatibus ; ira Veliocassis ; Aulercis 10 Eburovlcibus in ; Rauracis et Boils blna ; xxx universls clvitatibus, quae Oceanum attingunt quaeque eorum con- suetudine Aremoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero Coriosolites, Eedones, Ambibaril, Caletes, OsismI, Venetl, Lexovil, Venelll. 15 Ex his BellovacI suum numerum non compleverunt, quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum Komanls bellum gestu- ros dlcerent neque cuiusquam imperio obtemperattiros ; rogati tamen a Commio pro eius hospitio duo milia una miserunt. 20 76. Huius opera Comml, ut antea demonstravimus, fidell atque utill superioribus annls erat usus in Britan- nia Caesar ; quibus ille pro meritls clvitatem eius 6, duodena : ' twelve each. ' 6. octona : ' eight each.' 7. sena : ' six each.' 10. bina: 'two each.' 11. quaeque : = et quae. The sum total of the levy according to this list is 287,000. The Bellovaci later decided to send only 2000, reducing this total to 279,000. The number actually sent apparently fell short of the levy, for we are told below (p. 407, 1. 7) that 268,000 responded to the call. 76. 21. in Britannia : see p. 306, 1. 18. 22. ille : Caesar. civitatem : the Atrebates. VII, 76] THE GAULS MUSTER A GREAT ARMY 407 immunem esse iusserat, iura legesque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. Tanta tamen universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae, et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria movSrentur, omngsque et animo et opibus in ids bellum incumberent. Coactis equitum mllibus viii et peditum eirciter ccl, haec in Aeduorum finibus recensebantur, numerusque inibatur, praefectl constituSbantur. Commio AtrebatI, Viridomaro et Eporedorigl Aeduis, Vercassivellauno Ar-10 verno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperl traditur. His delect! ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum administraretur. Omnes alacres et flduciae pleni ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam, qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse 15 arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae copiae equitatus pedi- tatusque cernerentur. 2. ipsi : Oommius. 3. libertatis vindicandae: with consensio; 'to assert their liberty.' 4. laudis : in the same constr. as libertatis. 6. moverentur, incumberent : so. Gain. 7. CCL : a huge army of a quarter of a million infantry ; see note above on p. 406, 1. 11. 11. summa imperl : the ' chief command ' was intrusted to four generals. 12. His . . . administraretur : the four generals were not given unlimited authority but they were obliged to consult with representa- tives from the various states. 14. ad : see 133. 15. modo : ' merely,' with aspectum. 16. arbitraretur: 233. ancipiti proelio : 'battle on two fronts.' The Romans would have the enemy ou both sides. 408 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 77 Speech of Critognatus in a council of the besieged in Alesia. 77. At el, qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die, qua auxilia suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni fru- mento, Inscii, quid in Aeduls gereretur, eoncilio coacto de exitu suarum fortunarum consultabant. Ac varus dic- 5tis sententiis, quarum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebat, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur propter eius singularem et nefariam crudelitatem. Hie, summo in Arvernis ortus loco et magnae habitus 10 auctoritatis, 'Nihil,' inquit, 'de eorum sententia dicturus sum, qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appel- lant, neque hos habendos civium loco neque ad concilium adhibendos censeo. Cum his mihi res sit, qui eruptionem probant ; quorum in consilio omnium vestrum consensu 15 pristinae residere virtiitis memoria videtur. Animi est ista mollitia, non virtus, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse. Qui se ultro morti offerant, facilius reperiuntur, quam qui dolorem patienter ferant. 77. The story is told with remarkable clearness. While the great army of relief is on its way to Alesia we are given a glimpse of what was happening in the besieged town. 1. praeterita: 'having passed.' 4. dictis : part. ; see 173. 6. non . . . videtur : ' the speech of Critognatus, it seems (to me), should not he passed over.' The speech is given in dir. disc. Why is this more effective than ind. disc. 1 10. dicturus sum : 'it is my intention to speak,' 97 (1). 13. Cum ... sit : 'let me have to do with those.' 15. Animi mollitia : ' weakness of spirit. ' 16. ista : expresses contempt ; it is explained by the clause, paulisper . . . posse, which is in apposition with it. VII, 77] SPEECH OF CRITOGNATUS 409 ' Atque ego hanc sententiam probarem (tan turn apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam vitae nostrae iactu- ram fieri viderem ; sed in consilio capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. Quid hominum milibus lxxx uno loco interfectis propin-5 quis consanguineisque nostrls animi fore existim&tis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus proelio dScertare cogentur? Nolite hos yestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, nee stultitia ac temeri- tate vestra aut animi imbecillitate omnem Galliam proster- 10 nere et perpetuae servituti subieere. 'An, quod ad diem non venerunt, de eorum fide con- stantiaque dubitatis? Quid ergo? Eomanos in illis ulterioribus munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis ? Si illorum nuntiis confirmari non potestis omni 15 aditu praesaepto, his utimini testibus, appropinquare eorum adventum ; cuius rei timore exterriti diem noctemque in opere versantur. 1. probarem, bI . . viderem : see 246. tantum : 125, a. 2. dignitas : ' respect.' nullam . . . fieri : ' that no loss of life was involved except that of ours.' 4. respiciamus : 225. 5. Quid ; with animi, ' what feelings.' propinquis consan- guineis : dat. case, 154. 8. auxilio : 158. 10. prosternere, subieere : depend on Nolite. 12. An: omit in trans. quod: ' as to the fact that,' 258. ad diem : ' at the appointed time. ' 14. animi causa : ' for their amusement ' ; -me appended to animi asks the question. Oitognatus pointed down the hill to where the Romans were feverishly toiling to complete the outer line of fortifica- tions ; "there," he said, "is sufficient proof that our reinforcements are on the way." 15. illSrum : the Gauls. 16. bis : the Romans. 410 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 77 'Quid ergo mei consill est? Facere, quod nostrl ma- iores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fece- runt ; qui in oppida compulsi ac simill inopia subactl eOrum eorporibus, qui aetate ad bellum inutiles videbantur, 5vitam toleraverunt neque se bostibus tradiderunt. Cuius rei si exemplum non baberemus, tamen libertatis causa institui et posteris prodi pulcberrimum iudicarem. 'Nam quid ill! simile bello fuit? Depopulate Gallia Cimbri magnaque illata calamitate finibus quidem nostris 10 aliquando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt ; iura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. Romanl vero quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nobiles potentesque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque considere atque bis aeternam iniun- 15 gere servittitem ? Neque enim umquam alia condicione bella gesserunt. Quod si ea, quae in longinquis nationibus geruntur, ignoratis, respieite finitimam Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta, iure et legibus commlltatis, seeuribus subiecta perpetua premitur servitute.' 1. Quid . . est : 'what, then, is my advice ?' 138. Facere : subj. of est to be supplied from the preceding sentence. 2. nequaquam pari : our situation is not to be compared with theirs. 4. eorporibus : 163. It was a horrible suggestion. aetate : 166. 6. exemplum: 'precedent.' haberemus, iudicarem : 246. 7. institui. prodi : subj. of esse to be supplied ; pulchemmum is pred. adj. 11. Roman! : emphatic position ; ' as for the Romans. ' 13. quos : antecedent is horum. 18. seeuribus: ' the lictor's ax,' symbol of authority : with sub- iecta, 149, b. VII, 78] WBETCHEDNE8S IN ALESIA 411 Wretched fate of the inhabitants of Alesia. 78. Sententils dictis constituunt, ut el, qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sint bello, oppido excSdant, atque omnia prius experiantur, quam ad CritognatI sententiam descendant ; illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si r6s cogat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut deditionis aut 5 pacis subeundam condicionem. Mandubii, qui eos oppido receperant, cum llberls atque uxoribus exire eoguntur. Hi, The Country about Alesia. View looking from the plateau towards Gresigny. illo consilio : ' that they 78. 4. descendant: 239. should rather adopt that plan. ' 7. eoguntur : the Mandubii could not fight and the store of food for the army, which had to fight, was very small. The fate of the Mandubii forces upon the reader vividly one of the awful aspects of war. They presented themselves before Caesar's lines and begged for food, but the game of war did not permit him to grant their 412 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 79 cum ad munitiones Romanorum accessissent, flentes om- nibus precibus orabant, ut se in servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. At Caesar, dispositis in vallo custodils, recipj prohibebat. The Gauls make a desperate attack and are repulsed. 5 79. Interea Commius reliquique duces, quibus summa imperi permissa erat, cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam per- veniunt et colle exteriore occupato non longius mille pas- sibus ab nostrls munltionibus considunt. Postero die equitatu ex castris educto omnem earn planitiem, quam in 10 longitudinem tria mllia passuum patere demonstravimus, complent pedestresque eopias paulum ab eo loco abditas in locls superioribus constituunt. Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. Concurrunt his auxiliis visis ; fit gratulatio inter eos atque omnium animi ad laetitiam exci-- IB tantur. Itaque productis copiis ante oppidum considunt et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent seque ad eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant. prayer, and they slowly starved to death on the hillsides below their native town. • 79. 7. colle exteriore : the hill west of the town, now called Mussy-la-Fosse. See Plan. 12. Erat . . . campum : ' from the town of Alesia one could look down over the plain.' 13. Concurrunt : the besieged in Alesia. 14. gratulatio : the sight of their brother Gauls bringing relief to them after so many days of weary waiting filled their hearts with joy and thankfulness. At the west end of the plateau of Alesia, which commands a view of the hill where the relief army encamped, Napo- leon III erected a bronze statue of Vercingetorix. See p. 417. 16. proximam fossam ; the twenty-foot trench described in chap. 72, VII, 80] ATTACK BY THE GAULS 413 80. Caesar, omnI exercitu ad utramque partem muni- tionum disposito, nt, si usus veniat, suum quisque loeum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium committi iubet. Erat ex omnibus castris, quae summura undique iugum tenebant, despectus, atque omnes mllitSss intentl pugnae proventum exspeetabant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expedltosque levis armaturae in- teriecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio succurrerent et nos- trorum equitum impetus sustinerent. Ab his complures de improviso vulnerati proelio excedebant. 10 Cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ei, qui munitionibus continebantur, et hi, qui ad auxilium convenerant, clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirma- bant. Quod in conspectu omnium res gerebatur neque 15 recte aut turpiter factum celarl poterat, utrosque et laudis cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabat. Cum a. merldie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria pugnaretur, G-ermanI una in parte confertls turmls in hostes impetum fecerunt eosque propulerunt ; quibus in 20 fugam coniectls sagittaril circumventl interfectlque sunt. 80. 1. ad utramque partem : ' on both lines of the fortifications,' i.e. one facing towards Alesia, the other towards the army of relief. 5. despectus : it was like a huge amphitheater ; the plain where the battle raged was the stage, on the hills about were the spectators. 7. raros : ' here and there,' with the fol. nouns. 8. suis : = suorum, 151, a. On the subjunctives see 230. 9. complures : of Caesar's men. 13. continebantur : within Alesia. 14. ululatu : their barbarian yell ; cf. the war-whoop of the Amer- ican Indian. 16. recte . . . factum: the subj. of poterat; trans, (with neque) ' and no brave or cowardly act. ' utrosque : both Gauls and Romans. 19. German! : Caesar's cavalry. 414 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 81 Item ex reliquls partibus nostrl cedentes usque ad castra Insecutl, sui colligendl facultatem non dederunt. At el, qui ab Alesia processerant, maesti, prope victoria despe- rata, se in oppidum recepSrunt. The Gauls make a second attack by night and are again repulsed. 5 81. Uno die intermisso Galli atque hoc spatio magno cratium, scalarum, harpagonum numero effects, media nocte silentio ex castris egressl ad eampestres mumtiones ac- cedunt. Subito clamore sublato, qua, significatione, qui in oppido obsidebantur, de suo adventu cognoscere possent, 10 crates proicere, fundis, sagittls, lapidibus nostros de vallo proturbare reliquaque, quae ad oppugnationem pertinent, parant administrare. Eodera tempore, clamore exaudlto, dat tuba signum suis Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. Nostrl, ut superioribus diebus suus cuique erat locus 15 attributus, ad mumtiones accedunt ; fundis librilibus sudi- busque, quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallos proterrent. Prospectu tenebris adempto, multa utrimque 1. cedentes : sc. Gallos. 3. maesti : they had been fully confident of being released from the siege that day. 81. 6. Uno . . . intermisso : 'after an interval of one day.' atque : connects die and numero. hoc spatio : 180. 6. harpagonum : ' grappling hooks ' for pulling down the Eoman breastworks. 7. eampestres : those facing on the plain. 8. sublato : sc. ab Gallis. It was dark (media nocte) and the be- leaguered Gauls could not see them. 9. possent : 230. 10. crates : brushwood for filling up the trenches. 15. fundis librilibus : ' slings throwing pound missiles. ' 16. glandibus : see p. 416. VII, 82] ATTACK BY THE OAULS 415 vulnera accipiuntur. Complura tormentls tela coniciuntur. At M. Antonius et C. Trebonius lggati, quibus hae partSs ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostras preml intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deductos summittebant. 5 82. Dum longius a munitione aberant Galli, plus multi- tudine telorum proficiebant; postea quam propius suc- cesserunt, aut sS stimulis inopinantes induebant aut in scrobes delati transfodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti pills muralibus interlbant. Multis undique vul-10 neribus acceptls, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appe- teret, veritl, ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione circumvenlrentur, se ad suos receperunt. At interiores, dum ea, quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata erant, prof erunt, priores fossas explent, diutius 15 Glandes. Lead sling bullets, found near Asculum in Italy. The inscription says, ' strike Pompeius,' the besieger of the town. 2. M. Antonius : the famous Mark Antony of history. 3. qua ex parte : ' where,' the general antecedent of his. 82. 7. postea quam : = postqv.am. 8. inopinantes : on account of the darkness the Gauls could not see where they were going. These diabolical means of defense (de- scribed in chap. 73) may be compared to the modern use of barbed wire entanglements charged with electricity. 12. ab . . . castris: the soldiers from the Roman camps A, and B, on the Flavigny heights (see Plan) could attack the Gauls on their right, unprotected side. 15. priores: 'nearer.' 416 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 83 in his rebus administrandis morati, prius suos discessisse cognoverunt quam munitionibus appropinquarent. Ita re Infecta in oppidum reverterunt. In a third attack they strike at one of the less protected camps of Caesar. 83. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli, quid agant, 5consulunt; loeorum peritos adhibent; ex his superiorum castrorum situs miinltionesque cognoscunt. Erat a septen- trionibus eollis, quern propter magnitudrnem circuitus opere circumplecti non potuerant nostri; necessario paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi castra fecerant. Haec C. Antistius 10 Eeginus et C. Caninius Kebilus legati cum duabus legionibus obtinebant. Cognitis per exploratores regionibus, duces hostium lx mllia ex omm numero deligunt earum eivitatum, quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant; quid quoque pacto I5agi placeat, occulte inter se constituunt; adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur. His copiis Vercas- sivellaunum Arvernum, unurn ex quattuor ducibus, propin- quum Vercingetorigis, praeticiunt. Ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus, prope confecto sub lucem itinere, post 1. prius : trans, with quam, 'before.' 2. re infecta : a second bitter disappointment. 83. 4. quid agant : 259. 5. loeorum peritos : = ebs qui loeorum periti sunt, 143. 7. eollis : now called Mont Rea. 9. castra : camp D on the Plan. 14. quoque : = et quo ; note the quantity. 16. cum meridies esse videatur : they could tell when it was about noon by the position of the sun. People who spend much of their time in the open are able with a fair degree of accuracy to tell the time of day from the sun. 18. prima vigilia : early in the evening, so as to get a good start. 19. itinere : the probable route is given on the Plan. VII, 84] THIBD ATTACK BY THE GAULS 417 niontem se occultavit, militesque ex nocturno labore sesS reficere iussit. Cum iam meridies appropinquare videre- tur, ad ea castra, quae supra demonstravimus, contendit ; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestres munitiones acce- dere et reliquae copiae pro castris sgse ostendere coeperunt. 6 84. Vercingetorix, ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus, ex oppido egreditur; crates, longurios, musculos, falces reliquaque, quae eruptionis causa paraverat, profert. Pug- natur uno tempore omnibus locls, atque omnia temptantur ; quae minime visa pars firma est, hue concurritur. Boma-10 norum manus tantis munltionibus distinetur nee facile pluribus locls occurrit. Multum ad terrendos nostros valet clamor, qui post tergum pugnantibus exsistit, quod suum 4. campestres : on the level plain immediately west of Alesia. 84. 7. musculos : to protect the Gauls while they were filling up Caesar's trenches. 10. hue : = in earn par- tem. 11. distinetur : the Ro- man forces were scattered because of the extent of the fortifications, which covered a circuit of 14 Roman miles around the hill of Alesia. 12. occurrit: 'move.' 13. post tergum : in either case, whether defend- ing the inner or outer line of fortifications, the Romans could hear the shouts of the enemy behind them. This tended to unnerve them. Vercingetorix. Astatue erected at Alesia by order of Napoleon III. 418 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 83 periculum in aliena vident virtute constare ; omnia enim plerumque, quae absunt, vehementius bominum mentes perturbant. Caesar's generalship meets the test. 85. Caesar idoneum locum nactus, quid quaque in parte 5 geratur, cognoscit ; laborantibus summittit. Utrisque ad animum occurrit', unum esse illud tempus quo maxime contend! conveniat : Galli, nisi perfregerint mumtiones, de omni salute desperant ; Roman!, si rem obtinuerint, frnem laborum omnium exspectant. Maxime. ad superiores muni- 10 tiones laboratur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demon- stravimus. Inlquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium mag- num babet momentum. Alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt ; defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt. Agger ab iiniversis in munltionem coniectus et ascensum I5dat Gallis et ea, quae in terra occultaverant Eomani, contegit ; nee iam arma nostrls nee vires suppetunt. pugnantibus : trans, as if it were the gen. case with clamor, 151, a. quod constare : their safety depended on the courage of others. I . omnia . . . perturbant : a general observation ; it is interest- ing and of course correct. 85. 4. idoneum locum : on the Flavigny heights ; the spot is marked with a cross on the Plan. From this commanding position Caesar could see and direct. 5. Utrisque : both Gauls and Romans. For the trans, see 161, a. Both sides realized that the supreme moment had come. 8. rem: 'their position.' II. ad declivitatem fastigium : ' downward slope.' The Roman camp D was on the side of the hill, not on its crest (see p. 416, 1. 9). magnum . . . momentum: 'greatly affected the situation,' un- favorably for the Romans. 12. Alii: sc. hostes. .16. ea ; the cippi, lilia, and stimuli (ohap. 78) , VII, 86] THE FINAL CONFLICT 419 86. His rebus cognitls Caesar, Labienum cum cohortibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit ; imperat, si sustinSre non possit, dSductis cohortibus eruptione pugnet ; id nisi neces- saries n<3 faciat. Ipse adit reliquos ; cohortatur, ne labor! succumbant ; omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in 5 eo die atque bora docet consistere. Interiorgs, dgsperatis campestribus locis propter magnitudinem munltionum, loca praerupta ex ascensu temptant; hue ea, quae paraverant, conferunt. Multitudine telorum ex turribus propugnantes deturbant, aggere et cratibus fossas explent, falcibus vallum 10 ac loricam rescindunt. 87. Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliis C. Fabium legatum ; postremo ipse, cum vehementius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit. Eestituto proelio ac repulsis hostibus, eo quo Labienum 15 miserat, contendit; cohortes quattuor ex proximo castello deducit, equitum partem se sequi, partem circumire ex- teriores mtinitiones et a tergo hostes adoriri iubet. La- bienus, postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium 86. 3. id . . . faciat : ' but not to do this except as a last resort.' 4. Ipse : Caesar. 6. consistere : success or failure in the whole war hinged upon the events of the next hour. 7. loca praerupta : probably the works on the Flavigny heights. They attacked these, perhaps because the system of fortification here was not so complete. 9. propugnantes : the Romans. 87. 12. Mittit: to the place where, as mentioned in the previous chap., the besieged were trying to break through the fortifications on the Flavigny heights. Brutum : Decimus Junius Brutus, who was destined to be one of Caesar's assassins. 13. post : adv. 14. integrSs : 'fresh troops.' 15. eo : to Mont Rea. 420 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR [VII, 88 sustinere poterant, coactis una xl cohortibus, quas ex proxi- mis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit, Caesarem per nuntios facit eertiorem, quid faciendum existimet. Accelerat Caesar ut proelio intersit. The Gauls go down in defeat. 5 88. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insigni in proeliis uti consuerat, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis, quas se sequi iusserat, ut de locls superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt. Utrimque clamore sublato, excipit rursus ex vallo atque 10 omnibus munitionibus clamor. JSTostri omissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt. Eepente post tergum equitatus cernitur ; cohortea aliae appropinquant. Hostes terga vertunt ; fugientibus equi- tes occurrunt. Fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et prin- 15 eeps Lemovicum, occiditur ; Vereassivellaunus Arvernus Tivus in f uga comprebenditur ; signa militaria lxxiiii ad Caesarem referuntur ; pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum, desperata, salute, copias a munitionibus reducunt. 20 Fit protinus hac re audita ex castris Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi crebris subsidiis ac totius die! labore milites essent defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen conse- 88. 5. ex colore vestitus : Caesar wore a scarlet cloak. See Plate II. 1. 7. ut : 'as,' 'since.' haec : sc. loca. 9. excipit : ' is taken up.' 12. Repente, etc. : the short, crisp sentences that follow betray the writer's intense feeling. equitatus : Caesar's. 18. Conspicati : the besieged. vn,89] SURRENDER OF VERCINQETORIX 421 quitur; magnus numerus capitur atque interfieitur, reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt. Surrender of Vercingetorix and the practical end of the entire war. 89. Postero die Vercingetorix, concilio convocato, id bel- lum se suscepisse non suarum necessitatum, sed communis libertatis causa demonstrat, et quoniam sit fortunae ceden-5 dum, ad utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Eo- manls satis facere seu vivum tradere velint. Mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem legati. Iubet arma tradi, principSs produci. Ipse in munitione pro castris consedit ; eo duces producuntur. Vercingetorix deditur, arma proiciuntur. 10 Eeservatis Aeduis atque Arvernis, si per eos civitates recu- perare posset, ex reliquis captivijs toti exercitui capita sin- gula praedae nomine distribuit. 89. 5. fortunae : dat. case. 6. ad utramque rem : ' for either alternative. ' 11. recuperare : ' regain ' the good will of the two states. 12. toti . . distribuit : ' he gave to every soldier in his army one prisoner as booty.' The engagement at Alesia is one of the most decisive in the history of northern Europe and marks an epoch in the affairs of Gaul and of the future France. Caesar's 50,000 men conquered 338,000 of the enemy by superior strategy, supe- rior discipline, hard work, and the ability to find Gallia Victa. some way of meeting emergencies, no matter a sliver denarius, how difficult. struck in 48 B.C., rep- resenting Gallia Victa, Vercingetorix was sent to Rome and was a with long, dishevelled prisoner for six years. In 46 b.o. he walked hair ; behind is a Gai- in the train of Caesar's triumph and then was put to death . His memory is still honored in France as her first great national hero. 422 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAS, [VII, 90 Caesar sends his legions into winter quarters. A thanksgiving is de- creed at Borne. 90. His rebus confectis in Aeduos proficlscitur ; clvi- tatem recipit. Eo lggati ab Arverms missi quae impera- ret se facturos pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones in hiberna mittit. Captivorum circiter 5 xx mllia Aeduis Arvernisque reddit. T. Labienum duabus cum legionibus et equitatti in Sequanos profioiscl iubet ; huic M. Sempronium Butilum attribuit. C. Fabium legatum et Lueium Minucium Basilum cum legionibus duabus in Remis collocat, ne quam a fini- 10 timis Bellovacis calamitatem aceipiant. C. Antistium Eegi- num in Ambivaretos, T. Sextium in Bituriges, C. Caninium Rebilum in Butenos cum singulis legionibus mittit. Q. Tullium Ciceronem et P. Sulpicium Cabilloni et Matiscone in Aeduis ad Ararim rei frumentariae causa collocat. Ipse 15 Bibracte hiemare constituit. His rebus ex Caesaris litteris cognitis, Bomae dierum vlginti supplicatio redditur. 90. 2. recipit : = in deditionem accipit. 10. aceipiant : sc. Send. 13. Cabilloni et Matiscone : names of towns. 17. supplicatio : see note on p. 326, 1. 1. Eo: in Aedws. A Coin of Caesar. The scene commemorates the conquest of Gaul. At the foot of a trophy adorned with two oval shields and two Gallic trumpets, sit Gallia weeping, at the left, unci Vercingetorix with his arms bound behind his bacfc C. IULI CAESARIS DE BELLO CIVILI OOMMENTARII RERUM GESTARTTM I. Caesar and the Senate. (Book 1, 1-7) Bitter opposition to Caesar is manifested in the Senate. 1. Litteris Caesaris consulibus redditls, aegre ab his im- petratum est summa tribunorum plebis contentions, nt in senatu recitarentur ; ut vero ex litteris ad senatum ref erre- tur, impetrarl non potuit. Referunt consules de re publiea. Incitat L. Lentulus 6 consul senatum : rel publicae se non defuturum pollicetur, si audacter ac fortiter sententias dlcere velint ; sin Caesarem respiciant atque eius gratiam sequantur, ut superioribus 1. 1. consulibus : L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus and C. Claudius Marcellus (49 b.c), elected because of their hostility to Caesar. ab his : 'from these,' sc. consulibus. 3. ut . . . referretur : here in a technical sense, 'that a motion should be made with reference to the (contents of the) letters. ' The tti-clause is the subject of potuit ; 261. 5. de re publics . ' about the condition of the state.' Beferunt has the same meaning as referretur in 1. 8. incitat : 'puts pressure upon ' ; more lit. ' spurs on. v 7. sententias dlcere : used technically, of giving votes in the Senate. 8. respiciant : ' have regard for. ' 423 424 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR P, 2 fecerint temporibus, se sibi consilium capturum neque sena- tus auctoritati obtemperaturum ; habere se quoque ad Cae- saris gratiam atque amlcitiam receptum. In eandem sententiam loquitur Scipio : Pompeio esse in 5 animo rei ptiblicae non deesse, si senatus sequatur ; si cunctetur atque agat lenius, nequlquam eius auxilium, si postea velit, senatum imploraturum. His supporters are intimidated and he is ordered to disband his army. Two tribunes interpose a veto. 2. Haec Scipionis oratio, quod senatus in urbe habe- batur Pompeiusque aberat, ex ipsius ore Pompel mitti vide- lobatur. Dixerat aliquis leniorem sententiam, ut primum M. Marcellus, ingressus in earn orationem, non oportere ante de ea re ad senatum referri, quam dllectus tota Italia habit! et exercitiis conscript! essent, quo praesidio ttito et liberg senatus quae vellet decernere auderet; ut M. Cali- 1. fecerint : for an indie, of dir. disc. What then is the meaning of utf se capturum : i.e. he would look out for his own personal interests ; note the lit. trans. 2. habere se . . . receptum : ' he could take refuge in. ' 4. Scipio : Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law. 5. sequatur: sc. eum; ' should follow his lead. ' 6. cunctetur . . . agat : sc. senatus. eius : sc. Pompel. 2. 8. senatus : ' the meeting of the Senate. ' 10. dixerat aliquis : ' some had expressed ' ; lit. aliquis is singu- lar, hut three such opinions are cited in what follows. 11. Marcellus : consul in 51 b.c. and elder hrother of the Mar- cellus mentioned in the note to p. 423, 1. 1. ingressus . . . orati- onem : i.e. who spoke to the following effect ; note the lit. trans. 12. ante : with quam. Italia : 175. 13. quo praesidio : ' under whose protection '; note the lit. trans. 14. Calidius : a zealous supporter of Caesar, highly praised by Cicero as an orator. Calidius is in the same construction as Mar- cellus. 1,2] CAESAR AND THE SENATE 425 diiis, qui censSbat ut Pompeius in suas provincias proficis- ceretur, n6 qua esset armorum causa ; timere Caesarem, ereptis ab eo duabus legionibus, n6 ad eius periculum re- servare et retinere eas ad urbem Pompeius videretur ; ut M. Eufus, qui sententiam Oalidi paucis fere mutatis verbis i sequebatur. Hi omnes convicio L. Lentuli consulis cor- repti exagitabantur. Lentulus sententiam Calidi pronun- tiaturum se omnino negavit, Marcellus perterritus convlciis a sua sententia discessit. 1. censebat : equiva- lent to sententiam dixit, see note to p. 423, 1. 7. 2. timere • so. dixit (Calidius). 3. eo . . . eius : refer- ring to Caesar. 4. ad urbem : ' near the city.' 5. Riifua : M. Caelius Eufus, defended by Cioero in his Pro Caelio ; a man of dissolute character, who supported Caesar in the hope of getting rid of his great debts. When disappointed, he made a conspiracy against Caesar, in which he lost his life. In the same con- struction as Marcellus and of 'only.' 6. convioio correptl . . . violent invective ' ; conmcio ' assailed ' and exagitabantur 7. pronuntiaturum : sc. Senate. ' Calidius. Julius Caesar. fere : here with the force exagitabantur : ' were assailed with means ' abusive language, ' correpti violently attacked. ' esse, 'put to vote,' 'lay before the 426 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [1,3 Sic vocibus consulis, terrore praesentis exercitus, minis amicorum Pompei plerique compulsl, inviti et coacti Scipi- onis sententiam sequuntur : uti ante certain diem Caesar exercitum dimittat ; si non faciat, eum adversus rem publi- 5 cam facturum videri. Intereedit M. Antonius, Q. Cassius, tribiini plebis. Eefertur confestim de intercessione tri- bunorum. Dicuntur sententiae graves ; ut quisque acer- bissime crudelissimeque dixit, ita maxime ab inimicis Caesaris collaudatur. Caesar's enemies, aided by Pompey, force the passage of an act de- signed to strip him of power. His friends try to gain time. 10 3. Misso ad yespemm senatu, omnes qui sunt eius ordinis a Pompeio evocantur. Laudat Pompeius promptos atque in posterum confirmat, segniores castigat atque incitat. Multi undique ex veteribus Pompei exercitibus spe praemiorum atque ordinum evocantur, multi ex duabus I. vocibus: 'language'; not quite the same as verbis. prae- sentis exercitus : ' the presence of the army. ' Praesentis is in effect a participle ; see 280. minis : ' threats. ' 5. videri : i.e. 'he should he considered as.' Intereedit: used technically, ' entered a veto. ' This was one of the fundamental rights of the tribunes. Cassius : Q. Cassius Longinus, of the same name as the leader with Brutus of the conspiracy against Caesar's life, but a different person ; sc. et and see 290. 6. Refertur : see note to p. 423, 1. 3. intercessione: 'veto': cf . Intereedit, 1. 5 above. 7. graves: 'weighty.' ut quisque ... collaudatur : 'the more harshly . . . the more highly ' ; note the Ut. trans. 3. 10. Misso : = dimisso. II. evocantur : ' summoned ' from the city. 12. in posterum: 'for the future.' segniores: 'sluggards'- Ut. 'the slower, more backward.' 14. ordinum : ' promotions, commissions ' as centurions. evo- cantur : ' induced to enlist,' a technical use of the word, see note on evocdtls, p. 427, 1. 3, 1,8] CAESAR AND TBE SENATE 427 legionibus, quae sunt traditae a Caesare, arcessuntur. Com- plStur urbs mllitibus, comitium tribunis, centurionibus, evocatis. Omnes amici consulum, necessarii Pompel atque el qui yeteres inimicitias cum Caesare gerebant, in senatum coguntur ; quorum vocibus et concursu terrentur inf Irmiores, 5 dubii conf Irmantur, plerisque vero libere deeernendi potestas eripitur. Pollicetur L. Piso censor sesS iturum ad Caesarem, item L. Eoscius praetor, qui de his rebus eum doceant ; sex dies ad earn rem conficiendam spati postulant. Dicuntur etiam 10 ab non nullls sententiae, ut legati ad Caesarem mittantur, qui voluntatem senatus ei proponant. 3. evocatis : ' reserv- ists,' veterans who were induced to enlist again after serving their terms. necessarii : ' adherents, supporters.' 4. veteres : ' of long standing. ' 5. vocibus et con- cursu : ' noisy throngs ' ; 288. 6. plerisque : 153. 8. Piso : Caesar's fa- ther-in-law, L. Cornelius Piso Censorinus, consul in 58 b.c. 9. Roscius : one of Caesar's legati during his campaigns in Gaul. do- ceant: 230. 10. spati: 'time'; lit. Dicuntur . . . sententiae : sebant, cf. p. 425, 1. 1. 11. proponant : note the mood Pompey. This bust, if authentic, represents Pompey as younger than he was at the time of the Civil War. ' of time,' gen. depending on dies. equivalent in meaning to non nulli cen- 428 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR P, 4 The motives of Caesar's opponents. Pompey' s jealousy and fears. 4. Omnibus his resistitur omnibusque oratio consulis, Scipionis, Catonis opponitur. Catonem veteres inimicitiae Caesaris incitant et dolor repulsae. Lentulus aeris alien! magnitudine et spe exercitus ac provinciarum et regum 5 appellandorum largitionibus moyetur, seque alteram fore Sullam inter suos gloriatur, ad quern summa inrperi redeat. Scipionem eadem spes provinciae atque exercituum impellit, quos se pro necessitudine partiturum cum Pompeio arbitra- tor, simul iudiciorum metus atque ostentatio sui et adula- 10 tio potentium qui in re publica iudiciisque turn plurimum pollebant. Ipse Pompeius, ab inimicis Caesaris incitatus, et quod neminem dignitate secum exaequarl volebat, totum se ab eius amieitia averterat et cum communibus inimicis in I5gratiam redierat, quorum ipse maximam partem illo 4t. 1. Omnibus: 149, a. consulis: Lentulus; see note to p. 423, 1. 1. 2. Catonis : refers to M. Poreius Cato Utioensis, great-grandson of Cato the Censor. 3. dolor repulsae : i.e. resentment for Ms failure to be elected consul in 51 b.c. 4. provinciarum : ' a province. ' The plural refers to the several provinces from which a selection would be made. regum . . . largitionibus : i.e. ' profits from king-making'; he hoped that the bribes offered to the Senate to induce it to confer the title of king on petty rulers {appellandorum = ' naming ') would pass through his hands. 8. pro necessitudine : ' because of his relationship ' ; see note to ,p. 424, 1. 4. partiturum : so. esse. 9. iudiciorum : ' the courts.' In the event of Caesar's victory he feared prosecution for bribery. ostentatio sui : ' his ostentatious disposition.' Sui is an objective genitive with ostentatio. 11. pollebant : = plurimum poterant. 13. exaequarl : ' to be made equal. ' 1,5] CAESAR AND THE SENATE 429 affinitatis tempore iniunxerat Caesari; simul infamia duarum legionum permotus, quas ab itinere Asiae Syriaeque ad suam potentiam dominatumque converterat, rem ad arma dsduci studebat. The measures are rushed through, the rights of the tribunes are disregarded, the senatus consultum ultimum is passed. 5. His ds causis aguntur omnia raptim atque turbate. 5 Nee docendi Caesaris propinquis eius spatium datur nee tribunis plebis sui periculi deprecandi neque etiam extremi iuris intercessionis retinendi, quod L. Sulla reliquerat, facultas tribuitur ; sed de sua saltite septimo die cogitare coguntur, quod illi turbulentissimi superioribus temporibus 10 tribuni plebis octo denique menses variarum actionum respicere ac timere consugrant. I. affinitatis : i.e. during the lifetime- of Julia, daughter of Caesar, whom Pompey had married ; she died in 54 e.c. iniunxerat : 1 had saddled upon, imposed upon. ' Infamia: ' scandal, discredit. ' The relative clause has the same relation to the sentence as the parti- ciple to the noun in 280. It might be translated : ' the scandal caused by the diversion of two legions, ' etc. 5. 5. raptim . . . turbate : ' in a hurried and disorderly (i.e. illegal) manner.' 7. extremi iuris: 'their most fundamental right.' See note to p. 426, 1. 5. 8. intercessionis : 139. quod : Sulla curtailed the powers of the tribunes, but left them the right of veto. 9. septimo die : i.e. ' within seven days. ' 10. quod : ' whereas. ' illi . . . tribuni : such as Satuminus and the Gracchi ; see notes to p. 434, lines 9 and 10. II. denique : here with the force of ' at least. ' actionum :' acts ' ; here ' official acts.' The meaning is that ordinarily the tribunes did not begin to fear prosecution until they failed of reelection. The elec- tions were held four months before the expiration of their term of office, so that they had the record of eight months to think over with apprehension. 430 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [1,5 Decurritur ad illud extrgmum atque ultimum senatus consultum, quo nisi paerie in ipso urbis incendio atque in desperatione omnium salutis sceleratorum audacia numquam ante deseensum est : dent operam consules, praetores, 5 tribuni plefcis, qulque pro consulibus sint ad urbem, ne quid res publica detriment! capiat. Haec senattis consulta per- scribuntur a. d. vn Id. Ian. Itaque v primis diebus qui- bus baberi senatus potuit, quo ex die eonsulatum iniit Lentulus, biduo excepto comitiali, et de imperio . Caesaris et 10 de amplissimis virls, tribunis plebig, gravissime acerbissi- meque decernitur. The tribunes flee to Caesar. Profugiunt statim ex urbe tribuni plebis seseque ad Caesarem conferunt. Is eo tempore erat Eavennae 1. Decurritur : 'recourse Is had ' ; note the lit. trans. 2. quo : 'to which,' the adverb. 3. audacia : 165. 4. deseensum est : 'it was resorted,' or with quo, 'which was resorted to.' 5. qulque ... ad urbem : ' whatever proconsuls are near the city.' 6. perscribuntur : ' recorded, written out.' That is, these decrees of the Senate were formally recorded on January 7 and thereupon became laws. 8. senatus : as on p. 424, 1. 8. quo ex die : for ex eo die quo. Ex means 'after.' 9. biduo excepto comitiali: 'not counting two election days,' on which meetings of the Senate were not held. 10. amplissimis : ' highly important. ' 11. decernitur: ' decrees were passed. ' What is the lit. trans. ? See 204. 13. Ravennae : an important seaport of Cisalpine Gaul, in north- eastern Italy. See the illustration on p. 431, 1,6] CAESAR AND THE SENATE 431 exspectabatque suls lenissimis postulates responsa, si qua hominum aequitate res ad otium deducl posset. In accordance with Pompey , s advice the Senate makes active prep- arations for war, regardless of order or precedent. 6. Proximis diebus habetur extra urbem senatus. Pom- peius eadem ilia, quae per Scipionem ostenderat, agit; senatus virtutem constantiamque collaudat ; copias suas ex- 5 ponit : legiones habere sSse paratas x ; praeterea eognitum The Pine Grove at Ravenna. This beautiful grove of stone pines lies between the modern city of Ravenna and the sea and extends for many miles along the shore. This Pinetum is mentioned as early as the fifth century a.d. 1. si . . . posset : an indirect question depending on ezspectabat : ' to see whether, etc. 17 6. 4. agit : ' carries out,' or with eadem ilia, 'follows exactly the line of conduct.' 6. exponit : ' gives an account of ,' showing their strength. 432 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [1,6 compertumque sibi alieno esse animo in Caesarem milites neque els posse persuader! utl eum defendant aut sequantur saltern. De reliquis rebus ad senatum refertur : tota Italia dilectus habeantur ; Faustus Sulla propere in Mauretaniam 5 mittatur ; pecunia uti ex aerario Pompeio detur. Eefertur etiam de rege Iuba, ut socius sit atque amicus ; Marcellus consul passurum in praesentia negat. De Fausto impedit Philippus, tribunus plebis. De reliquis rebus senatus consulta perscribuntur. Prey 10 vinciae privatis decernuntur, duae consulares, reliquae praetoriae. Scipioni obvenit Syria, L. Domitio Gallia. Philippus et Cotta privato consilio praetereuntur, neque I. alieno: ' disloyal, disaffected. ' 3. saltern : here ' only.' 4. Faustus Sulla : Faustus Cornelius Sulla, son of the famous dictator and son-in-law of Pompey. Mauretaniam : in northeastern Africa, modern Morocco. 6. Iuba : Juba I, king of Numidia. ut . . . sit : i.e. that he be formally called an Ally and Friend of the Roman people ; cf . p. 232, 1. 5. 7. passurum : for se id passurum esse, referring to the alliance with Juba. impedit : = intercedit, see p. 426, 1. 5. 8. Philippus : L. Marcius Philippus, son of the ex-consul of 1. 12. 9. perscribuntur : see p. 430, 1. 6. 10. privatis : here means ' ex-magistrates, ' at the time holding no office. consulares . . . praetoriae : sc. provinciae, referring to provinces governed respectively by consuls and by praetors. II. Domitio : L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, brother-in-law of Cato Uticensis and consul in 54 B.C. ; one of the ablest of Pompey's lieutenants. 12. Philippus : father of the tribune mentioned in 1. 8. He had been consul in 56 B.C. and later became the stepfather of Augustus. Cotta: L. Aurelius Cotta, consul in 65 B.C. He was related to Caesar's mother. privato consilio: ' by a private arrangement,' because of their relationship to Caesar. 1.7] CAESAR AND THE SENATE 433 eorum sortSs delciuntur. In reliquas provincias praetorgs mittuntur. Neque exspeetant, quod superioribus annis aeciderat, ut ds eorum imperio ad populuni feratur, paluda- tique votis nuncupatis exeunt. Consules ex urbe proficiscuntur, quod ante id tempus5 accidit numquam, lictoresque habent in urbe et Capitolio privati contra omnia vetustatis exempla. Tota Italia dilecttis habentur, arma imperantur, pecuniae a. municipiis exiguntur, e fanis tolluntur, omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur. 10 Caesar, at Ravenna, addresses his soldiers, complaining of the uncon- stitutional acts of his foes. The Thirteenth legion pledges its support. 7. Quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar apud milites contionatur. Omnium temporum initirias inimicorum in se commemo- rat ; a quibus deductum ac depravatum Pompeium queritur invidia atque obtrectatione laudis suae, cuius ipse honor! et dignitati semper faverit adiutorque fuerit. Novum in rem 15 1. deiciuntur : so. in urnam. They were not allowed to draw lots with the others for the provinces. 2. quod : the antecedent is the clause ut . . . feratur. 3. paludati : ' clad in (scarlet) military cloaks (paludamenta) .' Thus anticipating the action of the people, who must confirm their appointments. 4. votis nuncupatis : ' after offering their vows ' as usual to Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. 7. privati: 'private citizens,' which they were until their ap- pointments had been confirmed by the people. 10. permiscentur : ' thrown into confusion. ' 7. 11. contionatur: 'makes an address'; contionor means lit- erally ' to address an assembly. ' 13. depravatum : ' corrupted.' 14. obtrectatione: 'a desire to disparage.' cuius: with con- cessive force ; the antecedent is Pompeium. 15. faverit . . . fuerit: 254. 434 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [1,7 publicam introductum exemplum queritmr, ut tribunicia potestas armis notaretur atque opprimeretur. Sullam, nudata omnibus rebus tribunicia potestate, tamen inter- cessionem liberam reliquisse ; Pompeium, qui amissa srestituisse videatur bona, etiam quae ante habuerint ademisse. Quotienscumque sit decretum darent operam magistrates ne quid res ptiblica detriment! caperet (qua voce et quo senatus consulto populus Romanus ad arma sit vocatus), factum in perniciosis legibus, in vi tribunicia, 10 in secessione popull, templis loclsque editioribus occupatis ; atque haec superioris aetatis exempla expiata Saturnini atque Gracchorum casibus docet ; quarum rerum illo tem- pore nihil factum, ne cogitatum quidem. Hortatur, cuius imperatoris ductu vim annis rem publicam felicissime lSgesserint plurimaque proelia secunda fecerint, omnem 2. notaretur : ' was being dishonored ' ; more lit. ' branded (with, ignominy).' 8. omnibus . . . reliquisse : cf. p. 429, 1. 8. 5. bona : ' privileges. ' 9. factum : so. esse, ' it was done. ' in : ' in the case of. ' per- niciosis legibus : such as the agrarian laws of the Gracchi. vi tribunicia: 'tribunicial violence,' i.e. violence on the part of a tribune such as that of Ti. Gracchus, who resorted to unconstitutional methods in his attempt to bring about his reforms. 10. secessione : The first secession was to the Sacred Mount {Moris Sacer) in 494 b.c. Later instances were the occupation of the Capitoline by Ti. Gracchus and his followers in 133, of the Aventine by C. Gracchus in 121, and of the Capitoline by L. Saturninus in 100 b.c. templis . . . occupatis: explanatory of secessione; see the preceding note. 11. expiata : sc. esse. Saturnini : L. Apuleius Saturninus, tribune in 100 b.c. ; see note to p. 429, 1. 10. 12. quarum rerum . . nihil : ' nothing of that kind.' 13. ne . . . quidem : ' or even thought of ' ; sc. esse. cuius imperatoris . . . eius : = eius imperatoris . . . cuius. H, 3] SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MAS8ILIA 435 Galliam Germaniamque pacayerint, ut eius existimationem dignitatemque ab inimicis defendant. Conclamant legionis xm, quae aderat, milites (hanc enim initio tumultus evocaverat, reliquae nondum convenerant) s§se paratos esse imperatoris sui tribunorumque plebis5 iniurias defendere. II. The Second Sea-fight off Massilia (Book II, 3-7) The Massilian fleet is reinforced with ships sent by Pompey ; the Massilians repair their losses and the combined force sails forth con- fident of victory. 3. Interim L. Nasidius, ab Cn. Pompeio cum classe navium xvi, in quibus paucae erant aeratae, L. Domitio Massiliensibusque subsidio missus, freto Siciliae impru- dente atque inopinante Ciirione peryehitur, appulslsque io Messanam navibus atque inde propter repentinum terrorem principum ac senatus fuga facta, navem ex navalibus eorum deducit. Hac aditincta ad reliquas naves, cursum Massi- 3. 8. aeratae: 'armored'; i.e. provided with brazen beaks. Domitio : see note to p. 432, 1. 11. 9. Massilienaibus : ' the Massilians,' the peo- ple of Massilia in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Marseilles, freto Siciliae : (or Siciliensi), ' the Strait of Messina,' between Italy and Sicily ; fretd is abl. of the way by which ; cf. 163, d. A Coin of Q. Nasi- 10. Curione : C. Scribonius Curio, tribune in dius. 50'B.c; pp. 442 ff. pervehitur : ' sails along ' ; " shows a war-ship , . . . . . ■■ , and a star, lit. ' is carried. ' 11. Messanam : a city of northeastern Sicily, modern Messina, inde : 'from there ' ; i.e. from Messana. 12. senatus: referring to the local senate. navalibus; 'docks.' 13. deducit : ' launches ' and carries off. 436 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [H. 4 liam versus perficit praemissaque clam navicula Domitium Massiliensesque de suo adventu certiorgs facit eosque mag- nopere bortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe additis suis auxiliis confligant. 5 4. Massilienses post superius incommodum veteres ad eundem numerum ex navalibus productas naves refecerant summaque industria armaverant (remigum, gubematorum magna copia suppetebat) piscatoriasque adiecerant atque contexerant, ut essent ab ictu telorum remiges tuti ; bas 10 sagittariis tormentisque compleverunt. Tali modo Instructa classe, omnium seniorum, matrum familiae, virginum preci- bus et fletti excitati, extremo tempore civitati subvenirent, non minore animo ac fiducia, quam ante dimicaverant, naves conscendunt. 15 Commu.ni enim fit vitio naturae, ut invisitatis atque in- cognitis rebus magis confidamus vebementiusque exterrea- mur ; ut turn accidit. Adventus enim L. Nasidi summa spe et voluntate civitatem compleverat. Nacti idoneum ventum ex portu exeunt et Tauroenta, quod est castellum 1. versus: 'towards, in the direction of.' 3. Bruti: D. Junius Brutus Albinus, who defeated the Veneti in 56 B.C. ; see pp. 296 ff. He later joined the conspiracy against Caesar, led by M. Junius Brutus and C. Cassius. 4. 5. incommodum: 'disaster,' referring to the defeat of their fleet by Brutus in a former sea-fight. 6. eundem numerum: 'the same number,' as that which they had lost. 8. piscatorias : sc. naves, ' fishing-boats.' 9. contexerant: 'decked over,' 'provided with decks.' 12. extremo . . . subvenirent : ' beseeching them to help the state in its extremity.' The clause depends upon- the verbal idea in precibus etfietu. 17. ut turn accidit : referring only to confidamus, not to exter- redmur. 19. Tauroenta : a town southeast of Massilia, modern Tarente. For 11,5] SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MASSILIA 437 Massiliensium, ad Nasidium perveniunt ibique naves expe- diunt rursusque se ad confligendum animo cdnflrmant et cdnsilia communicant. Dextra pars attribuitur Massi- liensibus, sinistra Nasidid. Brutus goes to meet them. The Massilians rest all their hopes upon the outcome of the contest. 5. Eodem Brutus contendit, aucto navium numerd. 5 Nam ad eas, quae factae erant Arelate per Caesarem, captivae Massiliensium accesserant vi. Has superidribus diebus refecerat atque omnibus rebus instruxerat. Itaque suds cohortatus, quos integrds superavissent, ut victos contemnerent, plenus spei bonae atque animl adversus eos 10 proficiscitur. Facile erat ex castris C. Treboni atque omnibus superio- ribus locis prospicere in urbem, ut omnis inventus quae the form see 38. In Latin the accusative of limit of motion is used in such cases, but in English we should say ' at Taurois. ' 1. expediunt : * clear for action.' 2. animo : 171. Animo conflrmant, 'they make up their minds.' 3. consilia communicant : ' take counsel together ' ; note the lit. trans. 5. 6. Arelate : ' at Arelate,' a town of southern Gaul on the Khone, modern Aries. The word is indeclinable and usually neuter, rarely feminine. 7 . captivae : sc. naves ; they were ships captured from the Massil- ians. 9. quos . . . contemnerent : = ut eos quos integrds superavis- sent victos contemnerent. 12. C. Treboni : left in charge of the siege of Massilia by Caesar, when he went to Spain. 13. ut : introducing an indirect question, 'and see how.' iu- ventus : ' young men,' referring to those of military age, under forty-five. 438 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [11,5 in oppido remanserat, omnSsque superioris aetatis cum liberis atque uxoribus ex publicia locis eustodiisque aut mfiro ad caelum manus tenderent aut templa deorum im- mortalium adlrent et ante simulacra proiecti victoriam ab 5dis exposeerent. Neque erat quisquam omnium, quin in eius die! casti suarum omnium fortunarum eventum consis- tere existimaret. Nam et honestl ex iuventute et cuiusque Roman Amphitheater at Aries. One of the best preserved of the Roman amphitheaters, at Arelate, modern Aries, in Southern France. 1. superioris aetatis: ' of greater age,' i.e. series, men of forty- five and upwards. 2. custodiis : 'guard-houses.' 4. simulacra: 'images, likenesses,' in the shrines. 5. quisquam omnium : ' a single one. ' quin : ' who did not ' ; note the lit. meaning. 6. consistere : 'rested.' 7. honest! ex iuventute : ' the young men of good family ' ; 138, a. II, 6] SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MASSILIA 439 aetatis amplissimi, nominatim Svocati atque obsecrati, naves conscenderant, ut, si quid adversi accidisset, n6 ad conandum quidem sibi quicquam reliqui fore viderent ; si superavissent, vel domesticis opibus vel externls auxiliis d§ salute urbis conflderent. 5 They fight with desperate valor, hut the superior tactics and courage of the fiomans win the day. 6. Commisso proelio, Massiliensibus r6s nulla ad virtu- tem defuit ; sed memores eorum praeceptorum quae paulo ante ab suls acceperant, hoc animo decertabant, ut nullum aliud tempus ad conandum habituri vidSrentur et, quibus in pugna Yitae periculum accideret, non ita multo se reliquorum io clvium fatum antecedere existimarent, quibus urbe capta eadem esset belli fortuna patienda. Diductisque nostris paulatim navibus, et artificio gubernatorum et mobilitati navium locus dabatur ; et si quando nostri facultatem nacti f erreis manibus iniectis navem religaverant, undique suis 15 1. amplissimi : cf. p. 430, 1. 10 2. adversi: 138. 3. viderent : 232. 6. 0. Massiliensibus . . . defuit : get the lit. meaning and then express in good English. 8. hoc : ' such. ' 10. vitae: 137. 11. antecedere: ' antici- ' quibus : 155. Diductis : dis- + 12. duco. 13. 15. artificio : 'skill.' ferreis manibus : ' grappling-irons. ' ' had made a ship fast ' to their own, Massilia and the Harbor. navem religaverant : 440 CAESAB'S CIVIL WAR [11,7 laborantibus succurrebant. Neque vero coniuncti Albici comminus pugnando deficiebant neque multum cgdebant virtute nostris. Simul ex minoribus navibus magna vis eminus missa 5teldrum multa nostris de improvise imprudentibus atque impeditis vulnera inferebant. Conspicataeque naves triremes duae navem D. Bruti, quae ex insignl facile agnosci poterat, duabus ex partibus sese in earn incitaverunt. Sed tantum, re provlsa, Brutus celeritate navis enisus est ut parvo 10 moments antecederet. Illae adeo graviter inter se incitatae conflixerunt, ut vehementissime utraque ex concursu labora- ret, altera vero praefracto rostro tota collabefieret. Qua re animadversa, quae proximae el loco ex Bruti classe naves erant, in eas impedltas impetum faciunt celeriterque ambits 15 deprimunt. Nasidius renders little help. The brunt of the battle falls upon the Massilians. 7. Sed Nasidianae naves null! usul fuerunt celeriter- que pugna excesserunt ; non enim has aut conspectus patriae 1. succurrebant : sc. hostes. coniuncti : i.e. who fought on the side of the Massilians. Albici : a people dwelling in the moun- tains above Massilia. 6. multa : with vulnera. de improviso imprudentibus : ' unexpectedly taken off their guard. ' 7. insignl : a substantive, 'ensign,' the commander's vexillum. 8. tantum . . . enisus est : ' drove his ship ahead with such speed ' ; lit. ' made such an effort with the speed of his ship. ' parvo moments : ' by an instant ' ; 168. 10. Illae : the attacking ships. 12. altera . we should say 'one of them.' collabefieret : ' col- lapsed, went to pieces. ' quae prozimae . . in eas: for in eas naves, quae prozimae erant. 15. deprimunt: 'sink.' 7. 16. nQlli usui : 156 ; we should say ' of no use ' or ' no use.' 11,7] SECOND SEA-FIGHT OFF MASSILIA 441 aut propinquorum praecepta ad extremum vitae perlculum adire coggbant. Itaque ex eo numero navium nulla desiderata est ; ex Massiliensium classe v sunt depressae, iv captae, una cum Nasldianis profugit ; quae omnes citeriorem His- paniam petiverunt. At ex reliquis una, praemissa Massi-5 liam huius nunti perferendi gratia, cum iam appropinquaret urbl, omnis s6s6 multitude ad cognoscendum effudit, et re cognita tantus ltictus excepit, ut urbs ab hostibus capta eodem vestigio yideretur. Massilienses tamennihilo setius ad defensionem urbis reliqua apparare coeperunt. 10 *UUMIIMM»»IWf|||l]|||B|^ 'illMUIIIMMIl •' '_' -liil"' " > "■'LwdSBfcEE? iJU* - ' ■tfffSI^P'' " " mam. -. -r.-S 55> '■#£-■. »'*^»HK SSSS4* 1 Marseilles. The ancient Massilia, founded by Greek colonists about 600 B.C. city is the principal seaport of France. The modern 1. perlculum : 'risk.' 8. excepit: ' ensued, followed.' 9. eodem vestigio : ' on the spot ' lit. ' at the same instant.' 442 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [11,36 III. Destruction of Cubio's Army in Africa (Book II, 36-^4) Curio, having commenced the siege of Utica, learns of the approach of Juba. 36. Postero die Curio obsidere Uticam valloque cir- cummunire instituit. Erat in oppido multitudo insolens belli diuturnitate oti : Uticenses pro quibusdam Caesaris in se beneficiis ill! amicissimi, conventus is qui ex variis 5 generibus constaret, terror ex superioribus proeliis magnus. Itaque de deditione omnes iam palam loquebantur et cum P. Attio agebant, ne sua pertinacia omnium fortunas per- turbari vellet. Haec cum agerentur, nuntii praemissi ab rege Iuba venerunt, qui ilium adesse cum magnis copiis lOdicerent et de custodia ae defensione urbis hortarentur. Quae res eorum perterritos animos confirmavit. At first he is over-confident and incredulous, but finally prepares for defense. 37. Nuntiabantur haec eadem Curioni, sed aliquam diu fides fieri non poterat ; tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam. Iamque Caesaris in Hispania res secundae 15 in Africam nuntiis ac litteris perferebantur. Quibus omni- bus rebus sublatus nihil contra se regem ausurum existima- bat. Sed ubi certls auctoribus comperit minus v et xx 36. 1. Curio : see note to p. 435, 1. 10. 2. insolens : note the derivation and trans, accordingly. 3. belli : 143. diuturnitate : 165. 4. illi : = Caesari. conventus . . . constaret : ' a body of (Roman) citizens made up of various classes.' These were corpora- tions of traders. Since they were of different classes and political opinions, they could not all be counted upon. Is qui = ' such as. ' 7. Attio : P. Attius Varus, one of Pompey's ablest officers, in command at Utica. II, 38] DESTRUCTION OF CURIO'S ARMY 443 milibus longe ab Utica eius copias abesse, relictis munltio- nibus sese in castra Cornelia recepit. Hue frumentum comportare, castra munire, materiam conferre coepit statim- que in Siciliam misit, utl duae legiones reliquusque equitatus ad sS mitteretur. 5 Castra erant ad bellum ducendum aptissima natura loci et munitione et maris propinquitate et aquae et salis copia, cuius magna vis iam ex proximis erat salinis eo congesta. Non materia multitudine arborum, non frumentum, cuius erant plenissimi agrl, deficere poterat. Itaque omnium 10 suorum consensu Curio reliquas copias exspectare et bellum ducere parabat. Trusting to a false report that Juba had started back, Curio im- prudently assumes the offensive. An attack by his cavalry is successful. 38. His constitutis rebus probatisque consilils, ex per- fugis quibusdam oppidanis audit Iubam, revocatum finitimo bello et controversiis Leptitanorum, restitisse in regno ; 15 Saburram, eius praefectum, cum mediocribus copiis missum, Uticae appropinquare. His auctoribus temere credens consilium commutat et proelio rem committere constituit. 37. 1. mDibua : 168 ; minus does not affect the construction, see 162. 2. castra Cornelia : so called from P. Cornelius Scipio Af ricanus, who had a camp there in the latter part of the Second Punic War ; it was on a point of land between Utica and the Bagradas River.- 6. bellum ducendum : ' waging a prolonged war. ' 8. cuius : the antecedent is salis. salinae : ' salt-works, ' an ad]', used as a substantive (195, 6), sc. fodinae, ' pits, mines.' 9. multitudine : 165. 38. 15. Leptitanorum : the people of Leptis Minor, on the north- ern coast of Africa between Hadrumetum and Thapsus. We should say ' quarrels with the people of Leptis.' 444 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [11,39 Multum ad hano rem probandam adiuvat adulSscentia, magnitude animi, superioris temporis proventus, fiducia rei bene gerendae. His rSbus impulsus, equitatum omnem prima nocte ad 5 castra hostium mittit ad flumen Bagradam ; quibus praeerat Saburra, de quo ante erat auditum ; sed rex cum omnibus eopils sequebatur et vr milium passuum intervallo ab Sa- burra consederat. Equites missi nocte iter conficiunt, im- priidentes atque inopinantes hostes aggrediuntur. Numidae 10 enim quadam barbara consuettidine nullis ordinibus passim consederant. Hos oppresses somno disperses adortl mag- num eorum numerum interficiunt; multi perterritl pro- fugiunt. Quo facto, ad Curionem equites revertuntur captivosque ad eum reducunt. Misled by the boastfitlness of his cavalry, Curio orders a general attack. 15 39. Curio cum omnibus copiis quarta vigilia exierat, cohortibus v castris praesidio relictis. Progressus milia passuum vi, equites convenit, rem gestam cognovit ; e captivis quaerit quis castris ad Bagradam praesit ; respon- dent Saburram. Reliqua studio itineris conficiendi quaerere 20 praetermittit proximaque respiciens signa, 'Videtisne,' in- quit, ' mllites, captivorum orationem cum perfugis con- 2. superioris . . . proventus : i.e. the outcome of former enter- prises. 3. rei bene gerendae : ' of success. ' 6. Bagradam : the principal river in the Roman province of Africa, flowing into the Gulf of Carthage near Utica. 10. consuettidine: 166, a. nullis . . . passim: 'in random disorder. ' 39. 19. Reliqua : ' further questions,' the adj. used as a substan- tive ; 195, a. II, 40] DESTRUCTION OF CURIO'S ARMY 445 venire? abesse regem, exiguas esse copias missas, quae panels equitibus pares esse non potuerint? Proinde ad praedam, ad gloriam properate, ut iam de praemiis vestris et ' de referenda gratia cogitare incipiamus.' 'Erant per se magna quae gesserant equites, praesertims cum eorum exiguus numerus cum tanta multitudine Numi- darum conferretur. Haec tamen ab ipsis inflatius com- memorabantur, ut de suis homines laudibus libenter prae"di- cant. Multa praeterea spolia praeferebantur, eaptl homines equique producebantur, ut quicquid intercederet temporis, 10 hoc omne victoriam morari videretur. Ita spei Curionis militum studia non deerant. Equit6s sequi iubet sese iter- que accelerat, ut quam maxime ex fuga perterritos adorirl posset. At ill! itinere totius noctis confeeti subsequi non poterant atque alii alio loco resistebant. ISTg haec quidem 15 r6s Curionem ad spem morabatur. Juba comes to the rescue of Saburra and Curio is lured into an advance against overwhelming odds. 40. Iuba, certior factus a Saburra de nocturno proelio, 11 milia Hispanorum et G-allorum equitum, quos suae custOdiae causa circum se habere consuerat, et peditum earn partem cui maxime confidebat, Saburrae summittit; ipse cum 20 reliquis copiis elephantisque lx lentius subsequitur. Sus- 5. perse: 'in fact'; i.e. without exaggeration. 7. inflatius: 'rather boastfully.' 8. ut : notice the mood of the following verb. 9. praeferebantur : ' were displayed. ' 11. Ita . . . non deerant : i.e. so far were they from falling short. 16. ad : ' with regard to.' 40. 18. suae custodiae : i.e. as a bodyguard. 446 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAB [11,41 picatus, praemissis equitibus, ipsum affore Curionem, Sa- burra copias equitum peditumque instruit atque his im- perat, ut simulatione timoris paulatim cSdant ac pedem referant; s§se, cum opus esset, signum proeli daturum Set quod rem postulare cognovisset imperaturum. Curio, ad superiorem spem addita praesentis temporis opinione, hostes fugere arbitratus, copias ex loeis superioribus in cam- pum deducit. 41. Quibus ex locis cum longius esset progressus, con- lofecto iam labore exercitu, xvi milium spatio constitit. Dat suis signum Saburra, aciem constituit et circumire ordines atque hortari incipit; sed peditatu dumtaxat proeul ad speciem utitur, equites in aciem immittit. Curio and his men show great valor, but they are outnumbered and surrounded. Non deest negotio Curio suosque hortatur ut spem omnem 15 in virtute reponant. Ne militibus quidem, ut defessis, neque equitibus, ut paucis et labore confectis, studium ad pugnandum virtusque deerat; sed hi erant numero cc, reliqui in itinere substiterant. Hi quamcumque in partem 1. affore : = affuturum. 3. simultatione timoris : ' feigning fear.' 6. rem : ' the occasion, the situation. ' _^ cognovisset : for the fut. perf . ind. of dir. disc. 6. praesentis . . . opinione : i.e. his (false) idea of what was happening at the time. 41. 9. longius: 193. 10. spatio : ' at a distance. ' 12. dumtaxat : ' only ' ; note the derivation and lit. meaning. 14. Non deest negotio: 'is equal to the emergency.' spem omnem . . . reponant: 'rely wholly upon.' 16. ut . . . ut .- ' although ' ; more Ut. ' as they were. ' II, 41] DESTRUCTION OF CURIO' S ARMY 447 impetum fecerant, hostes loco cSdere cogebant, sed neque longius fugientes prosequi neque vehementius equos incitare poterant. At equitatus hostium ab utroque cornu cireumire aciem nostram et aversos proterere incipit. Cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae integrl celeritate impetum 5 nostrorum effugiebant, rursusque ad ordines suos se reci- pientes circumibant et ab acie excludebant. Sic neque in loco manere ordinesque servare neque procurrere et casum subire tutum videbatur. The Tomb of Juba. vehementius incitare : 2. longius : with fugientes. ' urge to greater efforts. ' 4. aversos : ' from the rear ' ; lit. , ' turned away,' sc. nostros. proterere : ' ride down, trample under foot.' 5. integrl : with causal force. 6. recipientes : sc. nostros or cohortes. 7. acie: 'the main body.' 448 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [11,42 Hostium copiae summissls ab rege auxiliis crebro augg- bantur ; nostras vires lassitiidine deficiebant, simul ei qui vulnera acceperant neque acie excedere neque in locum tutum referri poterant, quod tota acies equitatu hostium circumdata 5 tenebatur. Hi de sua salute despSrantes, ut extremo vitae tempore homines faeere consuerunt, aut suam mortem miserabantur aut parentes suos eommendabant, si quos ex eo periculo Fortuna servare potuisset. Plena erant omnia timoris et luctus. Curio refuses to leave the field and dies fighting ; few escape. 10 42. Curio ubi, perterritis omnibus, neque cohortationes suas neque preces audm intellegit, unam, ut in miseris rebus, spem reliquam salutis esse arbitratus, proximos colles capere universos atque eo signa ferri iubet. Hos quoque praeoccupat missus a Saburra equitatus. Turn vero ad 15 summam desperationem nostri perveniunt et partim fugi- entes ab equitatu interficiuntur, partim integri procumbunt. Hortatur Ciirionem Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, cum paucls equitibus circumsistens, ut fuga, salutem petat atque in castra contendat, et se ab eo non discessurum pollieetur. 20 At Curio numquam se, amisso exercitu. quern a Caesare suae fidei commissum acceperit, in eius eonspectum reversurum confirmat atque ita proelians interficitur. Equites ex proelio perpauci se recipiunt ; sed ei quos ad novissimum agmen equorum reficiendorum causa substitisse 1. crebro. 'frequently,' adv. from creber. 7. eommendabant : so. eis ; els, si quos is about equivalent to els quos. 42. 11. audiri : ' were listened to. ' They fell on deaf ears. 13. universos: 'in a body.' Hos : sc. colles. 16. integri procumbunt : 'fall without a wound.' II, 43) DESTRUCTION OV CURIO'S ARMY 449 demonstratum est, fuga totlus exercitus procul animadversa, s6se incolumes in castra conferunt. Milites ad unum omnes interficiuntur. The soldiers in camp, after vainly attempting to escape by sea, fall into a panic. 43. His rebus cognitls, Marcius Rufus quaestor, in cas- tris relictus a Curione, cohortatur suos n<5 animo deficiant. 5 111! orant atque obsecrant ut in Siciliam navibus reporten- tur. Pollicetur magistrisque imperat navium ut primo ves- pere omnes scaphas ad litus appulsas habeant. Sed tantus fuit omnium terror, ut alii adesse copias Iubae dicerent, alii cum legionibus instare Varum iamque s6 pulverem 10 venientium cernere (quarum rerum nihil omnino acciderat), alii classem hostium celeriter advolaturam suspicarentur. Itaque, perterritis omnibus, sibi quisque consulebat. Qui in classe erant proficisci properabant. Horum fuga navium onerariamm magistros incitabat ; pauci lenunculi 15 ad oftlcium imperiumque conveniebant. Sed tanta erat completis litoribus contentio, qui potissimum ex magno numero conscenderent, ut multitudine atque onere non nulli deprimerentur, reliqui hoc timore propius adire tardarentur. 1. demonstratum est : see p. 445, 1. 14. 43. 7. magistris : 'captains.' 8. scaphas : ' boats,' carried by the naves. 10. Varum: P. Attius Varus ; see p. 442, 1. 7. 14. properabant : ' made off,' ' hastened to depart.' 15. lenunculi : here synonymous with scaphas, 1. 8. 17. qui . . . conscenderent : an indirect question, ' (to see) who.' 18. multitudine atque onere : take together by hendiadys ; 288. non null! : sc. lenunculi. 19. hoc timore : ' through fear of this.' tardarentur: 'hesi- tated ' ; about equal to prohiberentur. Tor the construction cf . p. 311, LI. 450 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [II, 44 A few escape; the greater number surrender to Varus, but are put to the sword by Juba. 44. Quibus rebus accidit ut pauci milites patresque fami- liae, qui aut gratia aut misericordia valerent aut naves an- nare possent, recepti in Siciliam incolumes pervenirent. Reliquae copiae, missis ad Varum noctu legatorum numero 5 centurionibus, sese el dediderunt. Quarum cohortium mili- tes postero die ante oppidum Iuba conspicatus, suam esse praedicans praedam, magnam partem eorum interfici iussit, paucos electos in regnum remlsit, cum Varus suam fidem ab eo laedi quereretur neque resistere auderet. Ipse equo 10 in oppidum vectus, prosequentibus compluribus senatoribus, quo in numero erat Ser. Sulpicius et Licinius Damasippus, paucis quae fieri vellet Uticae constituit atque imperavit, diebusque post paucis se in regnum cum omnibus copiis recepit. IV. Operations in Illteicum and Epibus (Book III, 12-18) Caesar, having crossed the Adriatic, receives the submission of many cities. 15 12. Eecepto Caesar Orico nulla interposita mora Apol- loniam proficiscitur. Eius adventu audito L. Staberius, qui ibi praeerat, aquam comportare in arcem atque earn 44. 3. recepti : ' taken on board ' the ships (naves). 4. legatorum numero : ' as envoys, in the capacity of envoys.' 8. cum: 'while.' suam fidem : 'his honor.' 9. eo:=sc. Iuba. neque . . . auderet: 'yet did not dare.' Ipse : Juba. 12. paucis : sc. verbis. 12. 15. Orico: Oricum, a. seaport in Epirus, on the bay formed by the promontory of Acroceraunia. Ill, 13] OPERATIONS IN ILLYRICUM AND EPIRU8 451 munire obsidesque ab Apolloniatibus exigere coepit. 111! vero daturos sS negare neque portas consul! praeclusuros neque sibi indicium sumptiiros contra atque omnis Italia populusque Pomanus iudicavisset. Quorum cognita volun- tate, clam profugit Apollonia Staberius. 111! ad Caesarem 6 legates mittunt oppidoque reeipiunt. Hos sequuntur Byllidenses et Amantmi et reliquae finitimae civitates totaque Epirus et, lggatis ad Caesarem missis, quae imperaret facturos se pollicentur. Pompey reaches Dyrrachium first, and there encamps. Caesar encamps near by. 13. At Pompeius, cognitis his rebus quae erant OricilO atque Apolloniae gestae, Dyrracbio timens diurnis eo noc- turnisque itineribus contendit. Simul Caesar appropinquare dicebatur ; tantusque terror incidit eius exercitul, quod properans noctem diei coniunxerat neque iter intermlserat, ut paene omnes ex Epiro finitimisque regionibus signa re- 15 linquerent, complures arma proicerent, ac fugae simile iter videretur. Sed cum prope Dyrrachium Pompeius con- stitisset castraque metari iussisset, perterrito etiam turn exercitu, prrnceps Labienus procedit iuratque se eum non 2. consul! praeclusuros : 'shut in the face of the consul.' 3. sibi . . . sumptiiros : i.e. come to any decision. atque : ' to what ' ; lit. ' than ' ; see Vocab. 6. reeipiunt : sc. eum. 7. Byllidenses . . . Amantini : inhabitants of the neighboring towns of Byllis and Amantia. 13. 11. Dyrrachio : 'for Dyrrachium.' It was a town of Illyri- cum nearly opposite Brundisium. 13. eius : sc. Pompel. 14. coniunxerat . . . intermiserat : sc. Pompeius. 18. metari : ' to be measured off ' for fortifying. 452 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,14 deserturum eundemque casum subittirum, quemeumque el Fortuna tribuisset. Hoc idem reliqui hirant legati ; hos tribuni militum centurionesque sequuntur, atque idem omnia exercitus iurat. 5 Caesar, praeoccupato itinere ad Dyrrachium, finem properandi facit castraque ad fl.um.en Apsum ponit in flni- bus Apolloniatium, ut bene meritae civitates tutae essent praesidio, ibique reliquarum ex Italia legionum adventum exspectare et sub pellibus hiemare constituit. 10 Hoc idem Pompeius fecit et trans flumen Apsum positis castris, eo copias omnes auxiliaque eonduxit. The rest of Caesar's army, at Brundisium, is unable to join him on account of the vigilance of Pompey's fleet. Caesar loses one ship, whose crew is massacred by Bibulus. 14. Calenus, legionibus equitibusque Brundisi in naves impositis, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, quantam nayium facultatem habebat, naves solvit, paulumque a portu pro- 15 gressus litteras a Caesare aceepit, quibus est certior factus portus litoraque omnia classibus adversariorum teneri. Quo cognito, se in portum recipit navesque omnes revocat. Una ex his quae perseveravit neque imperio Caleni obtempera- 1. ei : so. Pompeio. 5. praeoccupato : ' forestalled ' ; that is, by Pompey. 6. Apsum : the Apsus was a river of Illyricum, flowing into the Adriatic, north of Apollonia. 9. sub pellibus : 'in tents' (made of skins), instead of in the usual winter quarters. 14. 12. Calenus : Q. Fufius Calenus, who had been a legdtus of Caesar in the Gallic War also. 13. quantam . . . habebat : i.e. so far as the number and capacity of his ships allowed. 17. portum : i.e. Brundisium. 18. perseveravit: 'kept on.' Ill, 15] OPERATIONS IN ILLTBICVM AND EPIRUS 453 vit, quod erat sine mllitibus priv&toque consilio administra- batur, delata Oricum atque a Bibulo expugnata est ; qui de servis liberlsque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium sumit et ad unum interiicit. Ita in exiguo tempore magnoque casu totius exercitus saliis constitit. 5 Bibulus and his fleet suffer from lack of fuel and water, but continue the blockade. 15. Bibulus, ut supra demonstratum est, erat cum classe ad Oricum et, sicuti marl portibusque Caesarem prohibebat, The Harbor of Brundisium. 2. delata : sc. est. Bibulo : L. Calpurnius Bibulus, Caesar's colleague in the aedileship, praetorship, and consulship. 3. ad impuberes: 'including (down to) minors.' For the mean- ing of ad cf . ad unum, 1. 4. 4. magno casu : ' so (ita) great a piece of good fortune,' namely, the opportune arrival of Caesar's letter. 454 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAS [111,15 ita ipse omni terra earum regionum prohibebatur. Praesi- dils enim dispositls omnia litora a Caesare tenebantur, neque lignandi atque aquandi neque naves ad terram deli- gandi potestas fiebat. Erat res in magna difficultate sum- smisque angustiis rerum necessariarum premebantur, adeo ut cogerentur, sicutl reliquum commeatum, ita ligna atque aquam Corcyra navibus onerariis supportare ; atque etiam uno tempore accidit ut, difficilioribus usi tempestatibus, ex pellibus quibus erant tectae naves noeturnum excipere 10 rorem cogerentur ; quas tamen difncultates patienter atque aequo animo ferebant neque sibi nudanda litora et relinquendos portus existimabant. Bibulus and Libo ask for a truce, holding out hopes of peace. Sed cum essent in quibus demonstravi angustiis ac se Libo cum Bibulo coniunxisset, loquuntur ambo ex navibus 15 cum M. Acilio et Statio Murco legatis, quorum alter oppidi muris, alter praesidiis terrestribus praeerat : velle se de maximis rebus cum Caesare loqui, si sibi eius facultas detur. Hue addunt pauca rei confirmandae causa, ut de composi- tione acturi viderentur. Interim postulant ut sint indu- 20 tiae, atque ab els impetrant. Magnum enim quod afferebant 15. 1. omni terra : i.e. he was unable to land anywhere. 6. angustiis : ' scarcity. ' 6. commeatum: 'supplies.' 8. uno tempore: 'on one occasion.' difficilioribus: 193. usi : ' experiencing. ' 10. rorem : ' dew,' which they were obliged to use for drinking water, since the bad weather made it impossible to go to Corcyra. 14. Libo : L. Scribonius Libo, father-in-law of Pompey's son Sextus. 18. rei confirmandae : 'of confirming the impression,' explained by the following final clause. compoaitione : ' an agreement, treaty of peace. ' 20. els : the legdtl of 1. 15, in, 16] OPERATIONS IN ILLYRICTJM AND EPIBU8 455 videbatur, et Caesarem id summe sciebant cupere, et pro- fectum aliquid VlbullI mandatis exlstimabatur. Libo has an interview with Caesar, but Bibulus is unable to confer with him because of personal hostility. 16. Caesar eo tempore, cum legione una profeetus ad recipiendas ulteriores civitates et rem frumentariam expe- diendam (qua angusta utebatur), erat ad Buthrotum oppidum 5 oppositum Corcyrae. Ibi certior ab Acilio et Murco per litteras factus de postulatis Libonis et Bibuli, legionem relinquit ; ipse Oricum revertitur. Eo cum vgnisset, evocantur illl ad colloquium. Prodit Libo atque excusat Bibulum, quod is iracundia summa erat 10 iuimicitiasque habebat etiam privatas cum Caesare ex aedi- litate et praetura conceptas ; ob earn causam colloquium vitasse, n6 res maximae spel maximaeque utilitatis eius ira- cundia impedirentur. Suam summam esse ac fuisse semper voluntatem ut componeretur atque ab armis discederetur, 15 sed potestatem eius rei nullam habere, propterea quod de 1. summe : adv. from summus. pro- f ectum : sc. esse, ' had been accomplished. ' 2. VTbullI : he had been sent to Pompey by Caesar with proposals for peace. 16. 4. ulteriores : 'more remote.' 5. qua . . . utebatur : ' which he was find- ing scanty ' ; of. usl, p. 454, 1. 8. 10. iracundia summa : ' of a very violent Pompey. temper.' This coin with the „- ._ , ., . , , trident and the inscrip- 12. conceptas: 'conceived, contracted.' tion Afcpfeirf represents 13. spei : 'promise.' Pompey as Ruler of the 14. Suam : referring to the speaker, Libo. 15. componeretur : for the meaning cf . compositione, p. 454, 1. 18. 16. de : ' in accordance with. ' 456 CAESAR 1 8 CIVIL WAR [111,17 consill sententia summam belli rerumque omnium Pompeio permiserint. Sed postulatis Caesaris cognitis, missuros ad Pompeium, atque ilium reliqua per se acturum hortantibus ipsls. Interea manerent indutiae, dum ab illo rediri posset, 5 neve alter alter! noceret. Hue addit pauca de causa et de copils auxiliisque suls. The negotiations for peace fail. Caesar prepares for war. 17. Quibus rebus neque turn respondendum Caesar existimavit, neque nunc ut memoriae prodantur satis causae putamus. Postulabat Caesar ut legatos sibi ad Pompeium 10 sine periculo mittere liceret, idque ipsi fore reciperent, aut acceptos per se ad eum perducerent. Quod ad indutias perti- neret, sic belli rationem esse divisam, ut ill! classe naves auxiliaque sua impedirent, ipse ut aqua terraque eos prohi- beret. Si hoc sibi remitti vellent, remitterent ipsi de mari- 15 timis ctistodils ; si illud tenerent, se quoque id retenturum. Nihilo minus tamen agi posse de compositione, ut haec non remitterentur, neque hanc rem ill! esse impediments. Libo neque legatos Caesaris recipere neque perieulum praestare eorum, sed totam rem ad Pompeium reicere ; 2. missuros : sc. se, referring to Libo and Bibulus. 4. manerent: 266. 5. causa : i.e., of the war. 17. 7. Caesar . . . putamus : note the use of the third and the first person of the same individual. 10. fore: =futurum esse. reciperent: ' should guarantee, take upon themselves.' 11. se : Libo and Bibulus. eum : Pompey. Quod . . . perti- neret : ' so far as a truce was concerned. ' 12. rationem: 'conduct.' 14. hoc . . . remitti: 'a concession to be made in this regard.' 16. ut: 'although.' 18. recipere, etc. : 275. perieulum praestare : ' guarantee them from danger. ' Ill, 18] OPERATIONS IN ILLYR1CUM AND EPIRUB 457 unum InstSre de" indutiis vehementissimgque contendere. Quern ubi Caesar intellexit praesentis periculi atque inopiae vltandae causa omnem orationem Instituisse neque ullam spem aut condicionem pacis afferre, ad reliquam cogitatio- nem belli sese recepit. 5 As a result of his privations Bibulus falls ill and dies. Pompey prevents further negotiations for peace. 18. Bibulus multos dies terra prohibitus et graviore morbo ex frigore ac labore implicitus, cum neque curarl posset neque susceptum officium deserere vellet, vim morbi sustingre non potuit. Eo mortuo, ad neminem unum summa imperi rediit, sed separatim suam quisque classem ad 10 arbitrium suum administrabat. Vibullius, sedato tumultu quern repentinus Caesaris adventus concitaverat, ubi primum e re visum est, adhibito Libone et L. Lucceio et Tbeophane, quibuscum communi- care de maximis rebus Pompeius consuerat, d§ mandatis 15 1. de indutiis : explanatory of unum. 4. reliquam . . . belli: i.e., to a consideration of plans for con- tinuing the war. 18. 7. morbo . . . implicitus: we should say 'attacked by' or ' seized with. ' 9. neminem unum : ' no one person.' 10. ad : ' according to. ' 12. Vibullius : see p. 455, 1. 2. 13. ere: ' advantageous. ' E here means ' in accordance with ' ; 185, 4, d. 14. Lucceio : the writer of history whom Cicero asked to celebrate his consulship (Cic. Ad Famil. 5. 12. 1). He was a candidate for the consulship with Caesar in 59 e.c, but was unsuccessful. Theo- phane : a native of Mytilene, whom Pompey met during the Mithri- datic war and made a Eoman citizen. He wrote a history of Pompey 's campaigns. communicare : ' to consult. ' 458 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [m, 82 Caesaris agere instituit. Quern ingressum in sermonem Pompeius interpellavit et loqui plura prohibuit. ' Quid mini,' inquit, ' aut vita aut clvitate opus est, quam beneficio Caesaris habere videbor ? cuius rei opinio toll! non poterit, 5 cum in Italiam, ex qua profectus sum, reductus existi- mabor.' Bello perfects, ab els Caesar haec facta cognovit qui sermon! interfuerunt ; conatus tamen nihilo minus est aliis rationibus per colloquia de pace agere. V. The Battle of Phaesalia (Book III, 82-99) Pompey, having forced Caesar's withdrawal from Dyrrachium, effects a junction with Scipio 1 s forces and enters Thessaly. 82. Pompeius paucls post diebus in Thessaliam per- lOvenit contionatusque apud cunctum exercitum suis agit gratias, Scipionis milites cohortatur ut, parta iam victoria, praedae ac praemiorum velint esse participes, receptisque omnibus in una castra legionibus, suum cum Scipione honoremrpartitur classicumque apud eum can! et alterum 15 ill! iubet praetorium tendi. 3. civitate : ' citizenship. ' . 4. cuius rei : i.e., Pompeium vltam et clvitdtem Caesaris beneficio habere. 5. reductus : sc. esse. 82. 10. contionatus : see note to p. 433, 1. 11. 11. Scipionis ; see note to p. 424, 1. 4. 12. velint : ' they should consent. ' 14. honorem : 'official dignity, rank.' classicum . . . cani : ' that the trumpet should be sounded. ' 15. praetorium: 'general's tent, headquarters.' He thus gave Scipio the outward and visible signs of a rank equal to his own. m, 82] THE BATTLE OF PHARHALIA 459 Believing Caesar as good as conquered, the Pompeians arrange for the division of the spoils. Auctls copiis Pompei duobusque magnls exercitibus conitmctis, pristina omnium confirmatur opinio et sp6s victoriae augetur, adeo ut, quicquid intercederet temporis, id morari reditum in Italiam videretur ; et si quando quid Pompeius tardius aut consideratius faceret, unius esse 5 negotium diei, sed ilium delectari imperio et consulares praetoriosque servorum habere numero dicerent. Iamque inter se palam de praeturls ac de sacerdotils contendebant in annosque consulatum definiebant, alii domos bonaque eorum qui in castris erant Caesaris petebant ; magnaque 10 inter eos in consilio fuit controversia, oporteretne Lueill Hirri, quod is a Pompeio ad Parthos missus esset, proximis comitiis praetoriis absentis rationem haberi, cum eius necessarii fidem implorarent Pompei, praestaret quod profi- ciscenti recepisset, ne per eius auctoritatem deceptus 15 2. opinio : ' confidence ' (opinion of success). 4. si quando : ' if ever, whenever. ' 6. tardius aut consideratiuB : ' with some slowness or delibera- tion ' ; 193. 7. dicerent : in the same construction as videretur, 1. 4. 8. sacerdotils: 'priesthoods.' 9. in armos : i.e., for years in advance. 10. magna : with controversia. 12. Hirri : he had been sent by Pompey to Orodes, king of the Parthians, to ask for his help. The king demanded Syria as a recom- pense and when it was refused cast Hirrius into prison. 13. absentis : with Hirri. rationem haberi : ' account should be taken' ; i.e., whether he should be allowed to be a candidate. 14. praestaret : 260. Here we have the jussive subjunctive with- out ut. 15. recepisset : for the meaning of. p. 456, 1. 10, and for the mood see 272. 460 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,83 videretur, reliqui in labore pari ac periculo ne unus omnes antecederet recusarent. They wrangle over the disposal of the offices and decide the fate of Caesar's adherents. 83. lam de sacerdotio Caesaris Domitius, Scipio Spintberque Lentulus cotidiams contentionibus ad gravis- 5 simas verborum contumelias palam descenderunt, cum Lentu- lus aetatis honorem ostentaret, Domitius urbanam gratiam dignitatemque iactaret, Scipio affinitate Pompei confideret. Postulavit etiam L. Afranium proditionis exercitus Acutius Kiifus apud Pompeium, quod gestum in Hispania diceret. 10 Et L. Domitius in consilio dixit placere sibi bello conf ecto ternas tabellas dari ad iudieandum els qui ordinis essent senatorii belloque una cum ipsis interfuissent, sententiasque de singulis ferrent qui Romae remansissent, quique intra praesidia Pompei fuissent neque operam in re militari prae- I. videretur : sc. Hirrius. ne unus . . recusarent : ' ob- jected to one man's getting the advantage of all.' 83. 3. sacerdotio Caesaris : lie had been pontifex maximus since 63 b.c. i. Lentulus : P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, a former friend of Caesar. 5. verborum : 139. 6. aetatis honorem : i.e., he claimed it because of his age. urba- nam : 'in the city.' 7. affinitate : see note to p. 424, 1. 4. 8. Postulavit : in a technical sense, ' arraigned, accused.' 9. quod: 'an act which.' Quod refers to proditionis but does not agree with it in gender. II. temas : the distributive (72) :' three each. ' tabellas: 'tab- lets,' diminutive of tabula. 13. de singulis : ' individually about those. ' 14. operam . . . praestitissent : ' offered their services. ' Ill, 84] THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA 461 stitissent : unam fore tabellam, qui liberandos omnI perl- culo censerent; alteram, qui capitis damnarent ; tertiam, qui pecunia multarent. Postremo omn6s aut de honori- bus suis aut de praemils pecuniae aut de persequendls ini- micis agebant, nequequibus rationibus superare possent, 5 sed quern ad modum uti victoria deberent, cogitabant. Caesar draws up his army near Pompey's camp, challenging a gen- eral engagement. He trains his cavalry to meet the superior force of the enemy 84. Re frumentaria praeparata confirmatisque militibua et satis longo spatio temporis a Dyrrachinis proeliis inter- misso, quo satis perspectum habere mllitum animum vidergtur, temptandum Caesar existimavit quidnam Pom- 10 peius propositi aut voluntatis ad dimieandum haberet. Itaque exercitum ex castris eduxit aciemque instruxit, primo suis locis pauloque a castris Pompei longius, conti- nentibus vero diebus ut progrederetur a castris suis 1. qui: sc. eis, 'for those who.' Uberandos : sc. eds and esse. 2. capitis: 145. 3. pecunia: 163. Postremo: ' finally, in short.' de . . . agebant : ' were discussing. ' 84. 8. Dyrrachlms : ' at Dyrrachium,' in which the Pompeians had had the advantage. intermisso : ' allowed to elapse. ' 9. quo : ' that '; lit. , ' in which,' the antecedent is spatio (temporis). satis perspectum habere : ' to have sufficient assurance of ' ; note the lit. meaning. 10. temptandum : sc. sibi and esse. 11. propositi :' plan, purpose.' For the case see 138. 13. suis: i.e., favorable to himself. continentibus : 'subse- quent, following.' 14. ut : ' in such a way that. ' 462 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [in, 85 collibusque Pompeianis aciem subiceret. Quae r§s in dies confirmatiorem eius exercitum efficiebat. Superius tamen Institutum in equitibus, quod demon- stravimus, servabat, ut, quoniam numero multis partibus 6 easet inferior, adulescentes atque expedites ex antesignanis electos, mutatis ad pemicitatem armis, inter equites proe- liari iuberet, qui cotidiana consuetudine usum quoque eius generis proeliorum perciperent. His erat rebus effectum ut equites mllle etiam apertioribus locis vn milium Pompeia- 10 norum impetum, cum adesset usus, sustinere auderent, neque magnopere eorum multitudine terrerentur. Namque etiam per eos dies proelium secundum equestre fecit atque unum Allobrogem ex duobus, quos perfugisse ad Pompeium supra docuimus, cum quibusdam interfecit. Pompey tries to induce Caesar to fight in an unfavorable place. Caesar plans to keep on the move, but sees an opportunity for battle. 15 85. Pompeius, qui castra in colle habebat, ad infimas radices montis aciem instruebat, semper, ut videbatur, exspectans si imquis locis Caesar se subiceret. Caesar nulla ratione ad pugnam elici posse Pompeium existimans, hanc 1. Pompeianis : i.e., on which Pompey was encamped. 2. confirmatiorem: part, of confirmo used as an adj., 'more confident. ' eius : sc. Caesaris. 3. Superius . . . institutum : ' previous custom.' 4. multibus partibus : ' many times fewer '; 168. 5. adulescentes atque expeditos : ' lightly equipped young men ' ; lit. , ' young and lightly equipped men. ' antesignanis : ' skirmishers ' ; those who fought in the van, ' before the standards.' 6. ad pemicitatem : ' with reference to swiftness. ' 7. consuetudine: 'practice.' usum: 'experience.' 10. adesset usus : ' they had gained experience '; cf. 1. 7. 14. quibusdam : = quibusdam aliis. 85. 16. instruebat : the tense denotes repeated action ; 209. Ill, 86] THE BATTLE OF PHABSALIA 463 sibi commodissimam belli rationem iudicavit, uti castra ex eo loco moveret semperque esset in itineribus, haec spectans, ut movendls castrls pluribusque adeundis locis commodiore re fmmentaria uteretur, simulque in itinere ut aliquam oc- casionem dimicandi nanclsceretur et Insolitum ad laborem.5 Pompei exercitum cotldianis itineribus defatlgaret. His constitutis rebus, signo iam profectionis dato taber- naculisque detensls, animadversum est paulo ante extra cotidianam consuStudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressam, ut non inlquo loco posse dimicarl yideretur. 10 Turn Caesar apud suos, cum iam esset agmen in portis, 'Differendum est,' inquit, 'iter in praesentia nobis et de proelio cogitandum, slcut semper depoposcimus. Animo slmus ad dlmicandum paratl ; non facile oceasionem postea reperiemus.' Confestimque expedites copias edueit. 15 Pompey resolves to fight ; he assures his followers of victory, count- ing upon his superiority in cavalry. 86. Pompeius quoque, ut postea cognitum est, suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare. Namque etiam in eonsilio superioribus diebus dlxerat, prius quam concurrerent acies, fore uti exercitus Caesaris pelleretur. 3. commodiore . . . uteretur : i.e., might get his supplies with less trouble. 5. nanclsceretur: 'meet, meet with.' 8. detensis: 'struck,' lit. ' unstretched.' extra :' contrary to. ' 10. non : with iriiquo. 12. nobis ; 155. 14. slmus : 225. 15. expeditas : ' in light marching order. ' 86. 18. etiam : with dwerat, 'he had actually said.' 19. fore uti . . . pelleretur : takes the place of the fut. pass. inf. of pello. 464 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [III, 87 Id cum essent plerique admirati, ' Scio me/ inquit, ' paene incredibilem rem polliceri ; sed rationem consili mel accipite, quo firmiore animo in proelium prodeatis. Persuasi equitibus nostrls, idque mihi se facturos confirmavSrunt, ut, 5 cum propius sit accessum, dextrum Caesaris cornu ab latere aperto aggrederentur, et circumventa a tergo acie, prius perturbatum exercitum pellerent quam a nobis " telum in hostem iaceretur. Ita sine perlculo legionum et paene sine vulnere bellum conficiemus. Id autem difficile non est, cum letantum equitatu valeamus.' Simul denuntiavit ut essent animo parati in posterum diem et, quoniam fieret dimicandi potestas, ut saepe rogitavissent, ne suam neu reliquorum opinionem fallerent. Labienus approves Pompey's tactics and expresses contempt for Caesar's present army. 87. Hunc Labienus excepit et, cum Caesaris copias 15 despiceret, Pompei consilium summis laudibus efferret, ' Noli,' inquit, ' existimare, Pompei, hunc esse exercitum qui Galliam Germaniamque devicerit. Omnibus interfui proeliis neque temere incognitam rem pronuntio. Per- exigua pars illlus exercitus superest ; magna pars de- 2operiit (quod accidere tot proeliis fuit neeesse), multos autumni pestilentia in Italia consumpsit, multi domum 1. admirati : ' expressed their surprise at. ' 2. rationem consili mel : ' the nature of my plan.' 7. perturbatum . . . pellerent : 'drive in confusion.' 10. denuntiavit : ' urged. ' 12. rogitavissent : intensive of rogo ; see 112, 6. 87. 14. excepit : for the meaning, see p. 441, 1. 8. cum . . despiceret . . . efferret: 'depreciating . . . extolling.' 18. Perexigua : taking the place of the superlative of exiguus. 21. autumni : taking the place of an adj., ' autumnal.' Caesar's Ill, 87] THE BATTLE OF PHAB8ALIA 465 discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in continent!. An non audistis ex els qui per causam valetudinis remanserunt cohortes esse BrundisI factas ? Hae eopiae quas videtis ex dilectibus horum annorum in citeriore Gallia sunt refectae, et plerique sunt ex coloniis Transpadanis. Ac tamen, 8 quod fuit roboris duobus proeliis Dyrrachinis interiit.' Haec cum dixisset, iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum, reliquosque ut idem facerent hortatus est. Hoe laudans Pompeius idem iuravit ; nee vero ex reliquls fuit quisquam, qui iurare io dubitaret. Haec turn facta sunt in consilio magnaque spe et laeti- tia omnium discessum est ; ac iam animo vie- 15 toriam praecipiebant, troops had felt the change when they went to Apulia and Brundisium from the cooler climate of Gaul and Spain. 2. per causam: 'under pretence. ' 3. cohortes : ' whole cohorts. ' 5. tamen: 'even so,' ' even as it is. ' 6. quod fuit roboris : 'their flower.' 8. idem: note the quan- tity ; what then is the gender ? 13. spe et laetitia : 169. Roman Soldiers forming a Testudo 16. praecipiebant : with their Shields. ' were anticipating.' 466 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,88 quod de re tanta et a tarn perito imperatore nihil frustra conflrmari videbatur. Caesar makes ready for battle. 88. Caesar cum Pompel castris appropinqu&sset, ad hunc modum aciem eius lnstructam animum advertit. 5 Erant in sinistro cornu legiones duae traditae a Caesare initio dissensionis- ex senatus consulto ; quarum una prima, altera tertia appellabatur. In eo loco ipse erat Pom- peius. Mediam aciem Scipio cum legionibus Syriacis tenebat. Ciliciensis legio coniuncta cum cohortibus Hispanis, quas tra- loductas ab Afranio docuimus, in dextro cornu erant eollo- catae. Has firmissimas se habere Pompeius existimabat. Eeliquas inter aciem mediam cornuaque interiecerat numeroque cohortes ex expleverat. Haec erant numero milia xlv, evocatorum circiter duo, quae ex beneficiariis 15 superiorum exercituum ad eum convenerant ; quae tota acie disperserat. Eeliquas cohortes vn in castris propinqulsque castellis praesidio disposuerat. Dextrum cornu eius rivus quidam I. nihil frustra . . . videbatur: i.e. it did not seem possible that in such a crisis so skillful a general as Pompey would encourage his men without weighing his words carefully. 88. 9. Ciliciensis : ' Cilician,' of Cilicia, a country of south- eastern Asia Minor. The legion was called Gemella (' Twin ') because it was made up of two incomplete legions which had served under Cicero in 51-50 b.c. II. Has . . . habere : we should say 'the strongest which he had ' or ' the strongest part of his forces.' 14. evocatorum: see note to p. 427, 1.3. quae: 'who': the antecedent is duo (milia). beneficiariis: ' privileged soldiers ' of various grades, who owed their advancement to the personal interest of their commander. They commonly served as orderlies. 15. quae : 'these '; for the agreement see quae in 1. 14. 18. praesidio : ' as a garrison. ' eius : sc. Pompei. Ill, 89] THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA 467 impeditis rlpls muniebat ; quam ob causam cunctum equi- tatum, sagittarios funditoresque omnes sinistra cornu adiecerat. He plans to offset the superiority of the enemy in horsemen. He commands his men not to advance until ordered. 89. Caesar superius institutum servans, x legionem in dextro comu, nonam in sinistra collocaverat, tametsls erat Dyrrachinis proeliis vehementer attenuata, et hnic sic adiQnxit octavam ut paeng unam ex duabus efB^ceret, atque alteram alter! praesidio esse iusserat. Cohortes in acie lxxx constitutas habebat, quae summa erat milium xxn; cohortes vn castris praesidio reliquerat. Sinistro cornu lo Antonium, dextro P. Sullam, mediae aciei Cn. Domitium praeposuerat. Ipse contra Pompeium constitit. Simul his rebus animadversis quas demonstravimus, timens ne a multitudine equitum dextrum cornu circum- veniretur, celeriter ex tertia acie singulas cohortes detraxiti5 atque ex his quartam instituit equitatuique opposuit, et quid fieri vellet ostendit monuitque eius diei victoriam in earum cohortium virtute constare. Simul tertiae aciei totique exercitui imperavit ne iniussu suo concurrerent ; se, cum id fieri vellet, yexillo signum daturum. 20 89. 4- superius Institutum : 'his former custom.' 9. quae summa : ' the total number of which. ' 11. Sullam : P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of the dictator, defended by Cicero in his Pro Sulla. 15. singulas : i.e. one from each legion. 16. quartam: sc. aciem. 18. constare: 'depended upon.' 20. vexiUo : a red flag ; see Introd., p. xxxiv. 468 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,90 He addresses the soldiers, dwelling upon his attempts at a reconciliation. 90. Exercitum cum mllitari more ad pugnam cohorta- retur suaque in eum perpetui temporis officia praedicaret, in primis commemoravit : Testibus se multibus uti posse, quanto studio pacem 5 petisset, quae per Vatlnium in colloquiis, quae per A. Clo- dium eum Scipione egisset, quibus modis ad Oricum cum Libone de mittendis legatis contendisset. Neque se um- quam abuti militum sanguine neque rem publicam alterutro exercitu prlvare voluisse. io Hac habita oratione, exposcentibus militibus et studio pugnae ardentibus, tuba signum dedit. Crastinus, a veteran centurion of the tenth legion, heads the charge. 91. Erat Crastinus evocatus in exercitu Caesaris, qui su- periore anno apud eum primum pilum in legione x duxerat, yir singular! virtute. Hie signo dato, ' Sequimini me,' inquit, 15 ' manipulares mei qui fuistis, et vestro imperatori quam consuevistis operam date. Unum hoc proelium superest; quo confecto et ille suam dignitatem et nos nostram liberta- 90. 2. perpetui. . . officia: 'his invariable kindness.' 5. quae . . . egisset : ' what negotiations he had carried on. ' Vatlnium : P. Vatinius, who as tribunus plebis in 59 b.c. proposed the bill by which Caesar was given the provinces of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum. Clodium : a friend of Caesar's of whom little is known. 7. contendisset : see p. 456, lines 7 ff. 9. abuti : ' waste, squander.' 91. 13. primum pilum duxerat: i.e. he had been primipllus ; see Introd., p. xxix. 15. manipulares : ' comrades, fellow soldiers ' ; lit., members of the same maniple ; see Introd., p. xxviii. 17. dignitatem; 'honor.' Ill, 92] THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA 469 tern recuperabimus.' Sinml respiciens Caesarem, ' Faciam,' inquit, 'hodie, imperator, ut aut vivo mihi aut mortuo gratias agas.' Haec cum dixisset, primus ex dextro cornfl procucurrit atque eum elect! milites circiter cxx voluntarii' sunt prosecuti. 6 Pompey orders his men to hold their ground and receive the enemy's charge. Caesar's criticism of his tactics. 92. Inter duas acies tantum erat rellctum spati, ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque exercitus. Sed Pompeius suls praedixerat, ut Caesaris impetum exciperent neque s<3 loco moverent aciemque eius distrahi paterentur ; idque admonitu. C. Triari fecisse dicebatur, ut primus excursus 10 visque militum Infringeretur aciesque distenderetur, atque in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adoiirentur ; leviusque casura pila sperabat, in loco retentis militibus, quam si ipsi immissis tells occurrissent ; simul fore ut duplicate cursu Caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur. 15 Quod nobis quidem nulla ratione factum a Pompeio videtur, propterea quod est quaedam animi incitatio atque alacritas I. Faciam: ' I will give occasion. ' 92. 9. distrahi: ' to be thrown into disorder. ' 10. admonitu : 165. Triari : a friend of Cicero, who speaks highly of Triarius as an orator. excursus: 'charge.' II. distenderetur : with about the same force as distrahi in 1. 9. 12. dispositi : sc. Pompeidni. 13. retentis : with conditional force. 14. duplicate cursu : the meaning is that Caesar's men would have twice as far to run, if Pompey's did not run to meet them. 16. nulla ratione : ' without reason ' ; in Caesar's opinion it was an error of judgment : 166. 17. incitatio : cf. incitat, p. 426, 1. 13. 470 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,93 naturaliter innata omnibus, quae studio pugnae incenditur. Hanc non repriinere, sed augere imperatores debent ; neque frustra antiquitus Institutum est, ut signa undique concine- rent clamoremque universi tollerent ; quibus rebus et hostes 5 terrerl et suos incitari existimaverunt. Caesar's veterans halt during their charge, to take breath, then rush upon the foe. His fourth line routs Pompey's cavalry and executes a flank movement. 93. Sed nostrl milites dato signo cum infestis pills procucurrissent atque animum advertissent non concurri a Pompeianis, usfl peritl ac superioribus pugnls exercitati sua sponte cursum represserunt et ad medium fere spatium con- 10 stiterunt, ne constimptis viribus appropinquarent, parvoque intermisso temporis spatio ac rtirsus renovato cursu, plla miserunt celeriterque, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, gladios strlnxerunt. Neque vero Pompeiani huic rei defuerunt. Nam et tela missa exceperunt et impetum legionum tulerunt 15 et ordines conservarunt pllisque missis ad gladios redi- erunt. Eodem tempore equites ab sinistro Pompei cornu, ut erat imperatum, universi procucurrerunt, omnisque multitudo 1. incenditur : this verb and the preceding est are singular, be- cause incitdtio atque alacritds form one idea. The two words might be joined by hendiadys (288). 3. undique : i.e. altogether, in all parts of the line. 93. 6. infestis pilis : ' with leveled pikes.' 8. usu : for the meaning cf . p. 462, 1. 7. 9. represserunt . . . constiterunt : showing that Caesar's sol- diers were not mere fighting machines, but could think and act for themselves. 18. rei: ' emergency, situation. ' 14. exceperunt : l met (and parried).' 15. redierunt : ' took to, turned to.' Ill, 94] THE BATTLE OF PHABSALIA 471 sagittariorum se profudit. Quorum impetum noster equi- tatus non tulit, sed paulatim loco motus cessit, equitesque Pompel hoc acrius instare et sg turmatim explicare aciem- que nostram ab latere aperto circumlre coepSrunt. Quod ubi Caesar animum advertit, quartae acieT, quams Instituerat sex cohortium numero, dedit signum. Illae eeleriter procucurrerunt Infestisque signis tanta vi in Pom- pel equitSs impetum fecerunt, ut eorum nemo consisteret omnSsque conversi non solum loco excederent, sed protinus incitati fuga montes altissimos peterent. Quibus summotis, 10 omngs sagittarii funditoresque destituti inermgs sine prae- sidio interfecti sunt. Eodem impetu cohortSs sinistrum cornu, pugnantibus etiam turn ac resistentibus in aci§ Pom- peianis, circumierunt eosque a tergo sunt adortae. Caesar' 's third line enters the action ; Pompey's infantry gives way, and he himself withdraws to his camp. 94. Eodem tempore tertiam aciem Caesar, quae quietal5 fuerat et se ad id tempus loco tenuerat, procurrere iussit. Ita cum recentes atque integrl d&fessis successissent, alii autem a tergo adorirentur, sustinere Pompeiani non potuerunt atque uniyersi terga verterunt. Neque vero Caesarem f ef ellit quin ab eis cohortibus quae contra equi- 20 2. cessit : ' gave ground. ' 3. turmatim explicare : ' to deploy by squadrons. ' Lit. explicare is ' unfold, spread out. ' 5. quam instituerat : see p. 467, 1. 15. 7. infestisque signis : 'with flying colors.' 10. summotis : ' dislodged. ' 11. destituti inermes : ' left defenseless. ' 94. 16. loco : ' in its position.' 18. sustinere : used absolutely (205), ' hold out, hold their ground.' 20. Caesarem fefellit quin : ' was Caesar mistaken in thinking that ' ; observe the literal meaning of the words. 472 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,95 tatum in quarta acie collocatae essent initium vietoriae oriretur, ut ipse in cohortandls mllitibus pronuntiaverat. Ab his enim primum equitatus est pulsus, ab lsdem factae caedSs sagittariorum ac funditorum, ab lsdem acies sPompeiana a sinistra parte circumita atque initium fugae factum. Sed Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit atque earn partem cui maxime confidebat perterritam animum advertit, aliis diffisus acie excessit protinusque se in castra equo 10 contulit et eis centurionibus, quos in statione ad praetoriam portam posuerat, clare, ut milites exaudirent, 'Tuemini,' inquit, ' castra et defendite diligenter, si quid durius acci- dent. Ego reliquas portas circumeo et castrorum praesidia confirmo.' Haec cum dixisset, se in praetorium contulit issummae rei diffidens et tamen eventum exspectans. Caesar takes Pompey , s camp. 95. Caesar, Pompeianis ex fuga intra vallum eompulsis, nullum spatium perterritis darl oportere existimans, milites cohortatus est ut beneficio Porttinae uterentur castraque oppugnarent. Qui, etsi magno aestu fatigati — nam ad 4. factae : so. sunt. 5. circumita . . . factum : so. est. 9. aliis : 'of the rest (of his forces).' He had placed his entire reliance on the cavalry. 10. praetoriam portam : see Introd., p. xxxviii. 11. clare: ' in a loud voice. ' 13. circumeo . . . confirmo: presents with fut. force. 14. praetorium : see Introd., p. xxxviii. 15. diffidens . . . exspectans : ' doubtful of victory, yet awaiting the issue.' 95. 17. nullum . . . existimans : Caesar always followed up a Ill, 95] THE BATTLE OF PBAESALIA 473 meridiem res erat perducta — tamen ad omnem laborem animo parati, imperio paruerunt. Castra a cohortibus quae ibi praesidio erant relictae industrie defendebantur, multo etiam acrius a Thracibus barbarisque auxiliis. Nam qui ex acie reftigerant milites, et animo perterriti et lassitudine 5 eonfecti, missis plerique armis signisque militaribus, magis ds reliqua fuga quam de castrorum defensione cogitabant. Neque vers diutius qui in vallo constiterant multitudinem telorum sustinere potuerunt, sed eonfecti vulneribus locum reliquerunt, protinusque omnes, ducibus usi centurionibus 10 tribunisque militum, in altissimos months, qui ad castra pertinebant, confQgerunt. success. Wlien Pompey failed to take advantage of his victory at Dyrrachium, Caesar said tliat his rival did not know how to conquer. spatium : ' time. ' I. res : ' the battle, the con- test. ' 3. industrie : ' vigorously. ' 6. plerique : ' in most cases,' with milites; on the position of plerique see note to p. 113, 1. 6. 7. reliqua: 'further.' 8. qui : as antecedent sc. ei, sub- ject of potuerunt. constiterant : note the tense, 'had taken their place,' i.e. 'were standing.' 10. ducibus usi : sarcastic : ' fol- lowing the lead of ' the officers, who were the first to flee, instead of try- ing to rally their men. On ducibus see 163, a, and on centurionibus, 121. II. qui . . . pertinebant : 'which were near the camp' ; see p. 471, 1. 10. Fortuna. Fortuna, or Fortune, was worshiped as a goddess by the Romans. Here she has her usual attributes of a cornu- copia, or horn of plenty, in her left hand and a steering-oar, or rudder, in her right hand. 474 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,96 Its luxurious equipment, indicating the overconfidence of the Pompeians. 96. In castris Pompei videre licuit trichilas structas, magnum argent! pondus expositum, reeentibus caespitibus tabernacula constrata, L. etiam Lentuli et non nullorum tabernacula protecta hedera, multaque praeterea quae 5nimiam luxuriam et victoriae flduciam designarent; ut facile existimari posset nihil eos de eventu eius die! timuisse, qui non neeessarias conquirerent voluptates. At hi miser- rimo ac patientissimo exercitui Caesaris luxuriam obieiebant, cui semper omnia ad necessarium tlsum defuissent. Pompey flees to Larisa and puts to sea. 10 Pompeius, cum iam intra vallum nostri versarentur, equum nactus, detractis insignibus imperatorils, decumana porta se ex Castris eiecit protinusque equo citato Larisam contendit. Neque ibi constitit, sed eadem celeritate paucos suos ex fuga nactus, nocturno itinere non intermisso, comi- 15 tatu equitum xxx ad mare pervenit navemque f rumen tariam 96. 1. videre licuit : ' one might see. ' trichilas: 'arbors, bowers. ' 2. argent! : ' silver plate. ' 3. constrata: 'laid, paved.' non nullorum : sc. aliorum and cf. p. 462, 1. 14. 4. protecta : ' overgrown. ' hedera : ' ivy. ' 5. designarent: 'indicated.' 7. non : with neeessarias. conquirerent : 242. 9. cui : the antecedent is exercitui. defuissent : 254. 11. insignibus : the scarlet cloak (paludamentum) and other indi- cations of his rank. 12. Larisam : a city of Thessaly on the river Peneus, modern Larissa. 14. nactus : ' f ailing in with. ' Ill, 97] THE BATTLE OF PHAR8ALIA 475 conacendit, saepe, ut dicebatur, querens tantum sS opinionem fefellisse ut, a quo genere hominum victoriam sperasset, ab eo initio fugae facto paene proditus videretur. Caesar follows up his victory. 97. Caesar castrls potltus a mllitibus contendit ne in praeda occupati reliqui negoti gerendr facultatem dimit-5 Larisa. A distant view of the town, showing the river Peneus and an old Roman road in the foreground. 1. tantum . . . fefellisse : ' that he had been so completely de- ceived ' ; for the construction and literal meaning cf. p. 471, 1. 20. 2. a quo genere . . . ab eo : = ab eo genere ... a quo. Eo genere hominum refers of course to the cavalry. 3. initio facto : the abl. abs. gives the reason (173) for proditus (esse') videretur. 97. 4. contendit: ' urgently demanded. ' 5. reliqui . . . gerendi: ' completing their victory.' facultatem dimitterent : ' lose the opportunity ' ; 260. 476 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [in, 98 terent. Qua re impetrata, montem opere circummunrre instituit. Pompeiani, quod is mons erat sine aqua, difTisi ei loco, relicto monte, universi iugis eius Larisam versus sS recipere coeperunt. Qua r<5 animadversa, Caesar copias 5 suas divisit partemque legionum in castris Pompei remanere iussit, partem in sua castra remisit, iv secum legiones dflxit commodioreque itinere Pompeianis occurrere coepit, et pro- gressus milia passuum vi aciem Instruxit. Qua re animad- versa, Pompeiani in quodam monte constiterunt. Hunc 10 montem flumen subluebat. Caesar milites cohortatus, etsi totius die! continent! labore erant confecti noxque iam suberat, tamen munitione flumen a monte seclusit, ne noctu aquari Pompeiani possent. Quo perfecto opere, ill! de deditione missis legatis agere coeperunt. Pauci ordinis 15 senatorii, qui se cum his coniunxerant, nocte fuga salutem petiverunt. The surviving Pompeians surrender and Caesar spares their lives and property. 98. Caesar prima luce omnes eos qui in monte con- sederant ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere atque arma proicere iussit. Quod ubi sine recusatione fecerunt 20 passisque palmis proiecti ad terram, flentes ab eo salutem 1. montem : one of the heights near Pompey's camp ; cf. p. 473, 1. 11. 3. ei loco : dat. with diffisi ; 149, a. This is the usual construc- tion, while fldo and confido commonly govern an abl. iugis : abl. of the way by which ; cf. freto, p. 435, 1. 9. Larisam versus : ' towards Larisa, in the direction of Larisa. ' 7. occurrere : ' to go to meet.' 98. 19. sine recusatione : ' without demur. ' 20. passis palmis : 169. proiecti ad terram : ' throwing them- selves on the ground.' Ill, 99] THE BATTLE OF PHABSALIA 477 petiverunt, consolatus consurgere iussit et pauca apud eos de lenitate sua locutus, quo minori essent timore, omnes conservavit militibusque suis commendavit ne qui eorum yiolaretur, neu quid sul desiderarent. Hac adhibita dili- gentia, ex castris sibi legiones alias occurrere et eas quass secum duxerat in vicem requiescere atque in casfcra revert! iussit, eodemque die Larisam pervSuit. The losses on both sides. Caesar's include the valiant Orastinus. 99. In eo proelio non amplius cc milites desideravit, sed centuriones, fortes viros, circiter xxx amisit. Inter- fectus est etiam fortissime pugnans Crastinus, cuius men- 10 tionem supra fgcimus, gladio in 6s adversum coniecto. Neque id fuit falsum, quod ille in pugnam proficiscens dixerat. Sic enim Caesar existimabat, eo proelio excellen- tissimam virtutem Crastim i'uisse, optimeque eum de se meritum iudicabat. ■ 15 Ex Porupeiano exercitu circiter milia xv cecidisse vide- bantur, sed in deditionem venerunt amplius milia xxiv (namque etiam cohortes, quae praesidio in castellis fuerant, sese Sullae dediderunt), multi praeterea in finitimas civitates 3. ne qui : ' urging that none of them. ' 4. quid sul desiderarent : ' be deprived of any of their be- longings.' Hac . . dUigentia : i.e. after having taken these pre- cautions. 6. in vicem : ' in turn. ' 99. 8. desideravit : ' lost. ' Amisit has the same meaning and only one verb need be used in English. 11. in 6s adversum : 'full in the face.' coniecto : con- is in- tensive, ' having received a violent thrust.' 13. Sic : leads up to eo proelio . . . fuisse and need not be trans- lated into English. 19. Sullae : see note to p. 467, 1. 11. 478 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [111,103 refugerunt, signaque militaria ex proelio ad Caesarem sunt relata clxxx et aquilae ix. L. Domitius ex castris in mon- tem refugiens, cum vires eum lassitudine defecissent, ab equitibus est interfectus. VI. The Death op Pompey (Book III, 103, 104) Pompey, landing at Pelusium in Egypt, is treacherously murdered. 5 103. Quibus cognitis rebus, Pompeius, deposito adeundae Syriae consilio, peciinia a societatibus sublata et a quibus- dam privatis sumpta et aeris magno pondere ad militarem usum in naves imposito, duobusque milibus hominum arma- tis, partim quos ex familiis societatum delegerat, partim a 10 negotiatoribus eoegerat, quos ex suis quisque ad hane rem idoneos existimabat, Pelusium pervenit. Ibi pasu rex erat Ptolemaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis eum sorore Cleopatra bellum gerens, quam paucis ante mensibus per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expul- 15 erat ; castraque Cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castris 103. 6. societatibus : 'the guilds of tax-collectors' (publicdnT), who farmed the revenues in the Roman provinces. 7. sumpta: i.e. borrowing, while he seized the funds of the tax-gatherers. aeris : ' bronze coinage, 4 for paying the sol- diers. 9. familiis : here = semis, the slaves belonging to the establishments of the tax-collectors. 10. negotiatoribus: 'traders, merchants,' Romans who had gone to the provinces to transact business. eoegerat: 'requisitioned.' quos . . . existimabat : i.e. he left it to the tax-gatherers and the merchants to select the slaves whom they thought best fitted for his purpose. 11. Pelusium : a town of Lower Egypt at the eastern end of the Delta of the Nile. 111,104] THE DEATH OF POMPEY 479 distabant. Ad eum Pompeius misit, ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris Alexandrlam reciperetur atque illlus opibus in calamitate tegeretur. Sed qui ab eo missi erant, conf ecto lesgationis officio, liberius cum militibus regis colloqul coe- perunt eosque hortari ut suum officium Pompeio praestarent 5 neve eius forttinam despicerent. In hoc erant numero com- plures Pompei milites, quos ex eius exercitu acceptos in Syria Gabinius Alexandriam traduxerat belloque confeeto apud Ptolemaeum, patrem pueri, reliquerat. 104. His turn cognitls rebus, amici regis, qui propter 10 aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni, sive timore ad- ducti, ut postea praedicabant, sollicitato exercitti regio ng Pompeius Alexandriam Aegyptumque occuparet, sive de- specta eius for tuna, ut plerumque in calamitate ex amicis inimici exsistunt, eis qui erant ab eo missi palam liberaliter 15 responderunt eumque ad regem venire iusserunt ; ipsi clam consilio inito Achillam, praefectum regium, singularl hominem audacia, et L. Septimium, tribunum militum, ad 1. eum : so. Ptolemaeum. pro : ' in consideration for, in re- turn for. ' 2. patris: objective gen., so. Ptolemael. illius : sc. Ptolemaei. 3. qui : sc. el, subject of coeperunt. 6. In hoc . . . numero : sc. militibus regis. 8. Gabinius : A. Gabinius, tribune of the commons in 66 b.c, when he proposed the bill which gave Pompey sole command against the pirates. 104. 11. in procuratione : 'in charge.' 12. sollicitato : i.e. incited to treachery by bribery and other in- ducements. The abl. abs. modifies occuparet and is best translated after the ne-clause. 14. ut : note the mood of the verb and translate accordingly. ex amicis . . . exi stunt : i.e. friends become enemies. 16. responderunt : the subject is amlcl in 1. 10. 17. consilio: 'a plot.' regium: the adj. takes the place of a gen., regis. 480 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR [III, 104 interficiendum Pompeium miserunt. Ab Ms liberaliter ipse appellatus et quadam notitia Septimi productus, quod bello praedonum apud eum ordinem duxerat, navieulam parvulam conscendit cum paueis suis ; ibi ab Achilla et 5 Septimio interficitur. Item L. Lentulus comprehenditur ab rege et in custodia necatur. 1. liberaliter : ' courteously.' ipse : Pompey. 2. quadam: 'some': i.e. 'a slight.' productus: 'led. on, induced.' 3. bello praedonum: 'in the war with the pirates' (67 b.c). ordinem duxerat : cf. p. 426, 1. 14, and p. 468, 1. 13 with the notes. 4. ibi : temporal, ' thereupon. ' Cleopatra. From an Egyptian relief representing the queen with divine attributes. Her cartouche (or name in hieroglyphics) is in the upper left-hand corner. FABLES 1. ACCIPITEK ET COLUMBAB Columbae milvi metu accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas de- fenderet. Ille annuit. At in columbarium receptus, uno dig maiorem stragem edidit, quam mllvus longo tempore potuisset edere. Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 5 The Fables are a medieval prose paraphrase of various metrical versions of the so-called Aesopian fables. Of Aesop himself little is known. He appears to have lived in the sixth century b.c, and to have been born a slave. On gaining his freedom he was sent by Croesus, the famous Lydian king, to distribute a sum of money among the people of Delphi. When the Delphians objected to the principle of division, Aesop refused them the money, whereupon they threw him over a precipice. The details of his history are obscure and mythical, and his very existence has been called in question. 1. 1. Columbae: nom. pi., subject of rogaverunt. mHvi: ob- jective gen., depending on metu. metu : ' because of fear, ' ' through fear ' ; 165. accipitrem : the nom. case appears in the title of the fable. rogaverunt: this verb may take two objects; see 128. In this instance accipitrem is one of the objects, while the other is the substantive clause ut . . . defenderet, 260. Trans. ' asked a hawk to defend them.' eas : ' them ' (= cohtmbas). 2. Ule: 'he': i.e. accipiter. annuit: note the deriv. and lit. meaning. in columbarium : note the meaning of in with the ace. 186, 1 (a). receptus : ' when he had been received. ' uno die : 'in asingleday,' 182. 3. quam : 'than.' longo tempore : see note on uno die above. 4. potuisset : 246. The condition is implied in longo tempore, which = ' if he had tried for a long time ' ; 248. 6. malorum : ' of the wicked.' The adj. is here used as a noun. patrocinium . . . vitandum esse : ind. disc, 265. vitandum esse: 'that one should shun.' 481 482 FABLES 2. Mfjs bt Milvus MHvus laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, ut eum, cor- rosis plagis, liberaret. Quo facto, milvus liberatus murem arripuit et devoravit. Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mall pro benefieils 5 reddere soleant. 3. Geus et PIvo Pavo, coram grue pennas suas explicans, "Quanta est," inquit, " formositas mea et tua deformitas ! " At grus evo- lans, " Et quanta est," inquit, " levitas mea et tua tarditas ! " Monet haec fabula, ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis 2. 1 . laqueis : for the case see 163. irretitus : ' that had be- come entangled.' Cf . receptus, p. 481, 1. 2. musculum : a dimin. of mus. On the meaning of the suffix -cuius see 109, d. exoravit : note the force of the prep. ex-. Cf. exorare with orare in the Vocab. ut . . . liberaret : ' to free.' Cf. ut . . . defenderet, p. 481, 1. 1. eum : i.e. milvum. oorrosis plagis : 'by gnawing the nets,' 173. Do not trans, the abl. abs. literally. 2. Quo facto: 'and when this had been done,' i.e. when the mouse had gnawed the nets. See note on corrosis plagis above. Note the trans, of quo ; we have here, as is often the case, a rel. pron. introducing a sentence where in Eng. we should have a dem. pron.; 202. 4. ostendit : what is the object of this verb ; i.e. what does the fable show ? quam : ' what,' the interrog. pron. used as an adj. mali: see note on malorum, p. 481, 1. 5. pro: 'in return for.' beneficiis : deriv. ? 5. soleant : a semi-deponent verb ; see 96. For the mood see 259. 3. 6. grue : nom. case is grits. suas : 197. explicans : ' that was spreading out.' Quanta : takes its gen. and number from formo- 7 . inquit : a defective verb. formositas : this word, with de- formitas, levitas, and tarditas, is a predicate noun. 9. Monet . . . ne . . . contemnamus : ' warns us not to look down on.' Cf. ut . . . defenderet, p. 481, 1. 1. bonum: 'good thing,' 'blessing.' quod: antecedent? 122. FABLES 483 natura tribuit, alios contemnamus, quibus natura alia et fortasse maiora dedit. 4. Pavo Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Iunonem, dominam suam, quod voeis suavitas sibi negata esset, dum luscinia, avis tarn panmi decora, cantu excellat. Cui Iuno, "Et5 merito," inquit, " non enim omnia bona in unum conferrt oportuit." 5. 5jstseeb!S et Grttes In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Adveniente domino pratl, grues facile avolabant ; sed an- seres, impedlti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt. 10 1. alia maiora : for the trans, of. bonum, p. 482, 1. 9. 4. 3. graviter : for the formation of this adv. see 67. apud : ' in the presence of.' The peacock was sacred to Juno. dominam : for the construe, see 121. 4. quod . . . negata esset : the sub j. because the reason is given as that of the peacock, not of the writer of the fable, 241. sibi : see note on suds, p. 482, 1. 6. dum : ' while.' 6. avis : see note on dominam, 1. 3. tarn parum: ' not very ' ; lit. 'so little.' cantii : for the case see 171. Cui : for the use of the rel. as a connective see note on quo facto, p. 482, 1. 2. Et merito : sc. hoc ita est, i.e. that the peacock excels in beauty but not in song, while the reverse is true of the nightingale. 6. bona : for the trans, see note on bonum, p. 482, 1. 9. in unum : ' upon one (creature).' conferri oportuit : ' ought not to have been bestowed.' 5. 8. eodem : notice that only the first part of the word is de- clined, quondam: 'once upon a time.' Note the order, which is a common one in Latin. 9. Adveniente domino : abl. abs. expressing time. How should it be translated ? On the form of the part, see 55. facile : adv. avolSbant : ' flew away ' ; note the deriv. 10. impedlti : 276. gravitate : for the case see 165. depre- hensl : sc. sunt. 484 FABLES Sic saepe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crlmine deprehensl, soli dant poenam, dum illl salvl evadunt. 6. Capka et Lupus Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, "Cur non," inquit, "relinquis ntida ilia et sterilia loca, et hue sdescendis in herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum orferunt ? " Cui respondit eapra, " Mini non est in animo, dulcia tutis praeponere." 7. Canis et Botes Canis iacebat in praesaepl, bovesque latrando a pabulS arcebat. Cui unus bourn, " Quanta ista," inquit, " invidia 1. pauperes : used substantively ; of. malorum, p. 481, 1. 6. cum potentioribus: 167. 2. illl : i.e. potentiores. salvl : a pred. adj. 6. 3. in : ' upon.' 4. inquit : what is the subject ? loca : note that locus has two forms for the nom. pi. ; for the difference in meaning see Vocab. hue : what is the difference in meaning between hlc, hue, and hinc ? See Vocab. 5. in campos : see note on in columbarium, p. 481, 1. 2. 6. Cui : see note on Cui, p. 483, 1. 5. Mihi non est in ammo : ' I do not intend ' ; note the lit. meaning. 7. dulcia tutis praeponere : this phrase is the subject of est. On dulcia and tutis see note on bonum, p. 482, 1. 9 ; on tutis, 149, 6. Dulcia is the object of -ponere, while tutis is governed by prae-. 7. 8. iacebat : distinguish in meaning between iaceo and iacio. boves : for the declension see 33. latrando: 'by barking,' a gerund expressing means, 282. 9. bourn : for the constr. see 138. Quanta : see note on Quanta, p. 482, 1. 6. ista : carries with it an idea of contempt. FABLES 485 est, quod non pateris ut eo cibo vescamur, quern tu ipse capere nee veils nee possis ! " Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 8. Bo vis In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima Con- cordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione ttiti erant. Sed, 5 discidio inter illos orto, singuli a feris petit! et laniati sunt. Fabula docet, quantum boni sit in eoncordia. 9. Asinus Asinus pelle leonis indutus territabat homines et bgstias, tamquam leo esset. Sed forte, dura se celerius movet, aurSs 1. quod non pateris : cf. quod . . . negdta esset, p. 483, 1. 4. What mood and tense is pateris ? What does the mood denote ? ut . . vescamur : cf. ut . . ■ defenderet, p. 481, 1 1. cibo : for the case see 163, a. ipse : intensive ; ' yourself.' 2. velis . . . possis: why sulij.? 233. For the conjugation of velis see 100. 8. 4. In . . . pascebantur : cf. the beginning of Fable 6. eon- cordia : deriv. ? 5. sic: 'so,' 'therefore,' i.e. because of the maxima, eoncordia. ab . . . incursione : 158. Note the position of ferarum ; for the case see 136. 6. discidio . . . ort5 : what does the abl. abs. denote ? petit! : sc. sunt. 1. quantum boni : ' how much good.' See note on bourn, p. 484, I. 9. sit : for the mood see note on soleant, p. 482, 1. 5. 9. 8. pelle : see note on laqueis, p. 482, 1. 1. indutus :' clad. ' 9. tamquam: 'just as if.' dum . . . movet: for the mood and tense see 236, celerius ; ' rather quickly ' ; 193, 486 FABLES eminebant ; unde agnitus in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poenas petulantiae dedit. Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui immeritls honoribus su- perbiunt. 10. Muliek et GallIna 5 Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae ei cottidie ovum pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam auri massam iatus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in ea repperit, nisi quod in aliis gallinis reperirl solet. Itaque dum maio- ribus divitils inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 11. Vulpes et Uva 10 Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiluit omnium virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 1. unde : 'for this reason,' i.e. because aures eminebant. agnitus . . abductus est : ' was recognized and taken away.' 2. petulantiae : gen. case modifying poenas. poenas dedit : see Vocab. under poenas. 3. honoribus : abl. of cause. 10. 5. mulier quaedam : ' a woman. ' Notice that quldam (see Vocab.) is very frequently equivalent to the Eng. indef. article. 6. pariebat : principal parts ? Cf . paro and pared. Hinc : 'from this circumstance,' ' for this reason,' i.e. because cottidie ovum pariebat aureum (gallina). coepit: sc. mulier. illam . . . celare: in ind. disc, depending on suspicari ; see note on patrocinium vitandum esse, p. 481, 1. 5. illam = gallinam. 7. repperit : from reperio . Notice the spelling of the perfect, which was originally -peperi; hence the pp. 8. nisi : ' except.' quod : = id quod. 9. divitils : for the case see note on tutis, p. 484, 1. 7. minores : sc. divitids. 11. 10. in: 'upon.' conspicata : note the gender, and see 6. 11- si . . . posset : ' to see whether it could,' FABLES 487 Tandem defatlgata inanl labore discgdens dixit, " At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem." Haee fabula docet, multos ea contemnere quae se assequi posse desperent. 12. Lupus et Gktts In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercgde igitur conducit 5 gruem, qui illud extrahat. Hoe grus longitudine colli facile effecit. Cum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus et dentibus infrendens, " JSTum tibi," inquit, " parva merces yidetur, quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti ? " 1. defatlgata : so. mdpes. 2. etiam: 'also,' i.e. sour as well as hard to get. acerbae: so. eae = uvae. repertas . . tollerem : cf. longo tempore . . . potuisset, p. 481, 1. 3. 'I would not pick them up (tollerem), if I found them (repertas) in the road. ' 3. multos . . contemnere : ind. disc, with docet. se . . . posse : ind. disc, with desperent. 12. 5. os : what two words of different meanings have this same form ? Note the difference in quantity. See Vocal). inhaeserat : notice the tense. Mercede : for the case see 164. condflcit : for the tense see 208. 6. qui . . . extrahat ; ' to remove it ' ; a rel. clause of purpose, 230. Hoc : i.e. the removal of the hone. longitudine : ahl. of cause, facile : see note on facile, p. 483, 1. 9. 7. Cum . . postularet : for the mood see 235. 8. dentibus infrendens : ' gnashing his teeth.' Observe that in Latin the abl. of means is used; lit. 'gnashing with his teeth.' Hum : introduces the question, to which the answer, "No," is im- plied. The word should not be translated. merces : a pred. noun. The clause, quod . . . extraxisti, is the subject of videtur, 257. 9. videtur : for the special meaning of video in the pass, see Vocab. quod: 'that.' GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX I. INFLECTIONS A. NOUNS 1. Nouns are distinguished as Abstract and Concrete. Abstract nouns designate qualities: virtus, valor; divitiae, riches. Concrete nouns designate individual objects : domus, house ; homo, man ; exercitus, army. 2. There are three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Gender in Latin may be either Natural or Grammatical. 3. Natural Gender is based upon sex and is confined to the names of persons. These are Masculine, if they denote males: agricola, farmer. They are Feminine if they denote females : virgQ, maiden. 4. Grammatical Gender is determined by the general significa- tion of a word, or by the ending of the Nominative Singular. The latter is the more common and will be considered under the various declensions. The following nouns take their gender from their signification : Masculine: names of Rivers, Winds, and Months: Sequana, Seine ; Africus, southwest wind ; Maius, May. Feminine : names of Trees and of Countries, Towns, and Islands ending in -us: 1 quercus, oak; Corinthus, Corinth; Rhodus, Rhodes; Aegyptus, Egypt. Neuter: indeclinable nouns : nihil, nothing; fas, right. 5. Some nouns have Common Gender ; that is, they are some- times Masculine and sometimes Feminine : civis, citizen. i Other names of Countries, Towns, and Islands follow the gender of their endings. 489 490 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 6. Names of animals commonly have Grammatical Gender, ac- cording to the ending of their Nominative Singular, but one form may designate either the male or the female : aquila, r., eagle ; anser, m., goose. THE FIVE DECLENSIONS 7. There are Five Declensions in Latin, distinguished from each other by the final letter of the Stem, and also by the ending of the Genitive Singular: Deolenbion First Second Third Fourth Fifth 8. Certain cases are alike in form : The Vocative is like the Nominative, except in the Singular of nouns in -us of the Second Declension. The Dative and Ablative Plural are always alike. In Neuters the Nominative and Accusative are always alike, and in the Plural end in -a. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions the Accusative Plural is regularly like the Nominative. 1. First Declension. 5-Stems 9. Nouns of the First Declension regularly end in the Nomina- tive Singular in -a and are of the Feminine Gender. They are declined as follows : causa, f., cause ; stem causa- Ending of Stem Gen. Ending & -ae -i i Some consonant -is n -US 5 -el SINGULAR PLURAL Cabe Ending Case Ending Nom. causa -a causae -ae Gen. causae -ae causarum -arum Dat. causae -ae causis -is Ace. causam -am causis -as Toe. causa -a causae -ae Abl. causa -a causis -is INFLECTIONS 491 v a. Special Forms 10. An old form of the Genitive Singular in -as is usually pre- served in pater familias, the father of a family (also in mater familias), although pater familiae is also found. 11. The Locative Singular ends in -ae : Romae, at Rome; militiae, in war, in the field. 12. A Genitive Plural in -urn, instead of -arum, is sometimes found. 1 13. Besides the regular ending -is, a Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus occurs in dea, filia, and some other words, especially when it is necessary to distinguish those cases of dea and filia from the corresponding forms of deus and films. 6. Exceptions to the Rule for Gender 14. Nouns denoting males are Masculine by signification : nauta, sailor; agricola, farmer. c. Greek Nouns 15. These end in -as or -es, Masculine. In the Plural they are declined like Latin nouns of the First Declension. In the Sin- gular they always have the Latin form in the Dative and frequently throughout. But they are sometimes inflected as follows : Nom. Aeneas Nom. Anchises Gen. Aeneae Gen. Anchisae Dat. Aeneae Dat. Anchisae Ace. Aeneam (or -an) Ace. Anchisen Voc. Aenea Voc. Anchise (or -a) Abl. Aenea Abl. Anchise (or -a) Note. — Feminine nouns end in -e in Greek (Gen. -es, Ace. -§n, Abl. -e), but in Latin for the most part they have assumed the ending -a and are declined like causa. 2. Second Declension. o-Stems 16. Latin nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, -er, -ir, Masculine ; -um, Neuter. They are declined as follows : 1 This is not a contraction. 492 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX munis, m., wall ; stem muro- puer, m., boy ; stem puero- SINGULAR Case Ending Case Ending Nom. murUB -us puer wanting Gen. muri -i pueri -i Dat. muro -0 puero -5 Ace. murum i -urn puerum -urn Voc. mure -e (same as nominative) AH. muro -6 puero FLTOAL -5 Nom. muri -I pueri -i Gen. murorum -Brum puerorum -orum Dat. muris -is pueris -is Ace. mflros -OS pueros -OS Abl. muris -is pueris -Is ager, m ., field > vir, m., man ; bellum, n., war; stem . igro- stem viro- stem bello- SINGULAR Nom. ager 1 , vir bellum Gen. agri viri belli Dat. agro Tiro bello Ace. agrum virum bellum Abl. agro viro PLURAL bello Nom. agri Tiri bella Gen. agrorum Tirorum bellorum Dat. agris Tiris bellis Ace. agroE i Tiros bella Abl. agris Tiris bellis 17. The following nouns in -er are declined like puer : gener, son-in-law; socer, father-in-law; vesper, evening; and compounds in -fer and -ger. a. Special Forms 18. Proper names in -ius regularly form the Genitrve Singular in -I, instead of -ii, and the Vocative Singular in -I, instead of -ie : Licim, of Licinius or Liciniits. 1 The VoeatiTe will be omitted hereafter, unless it differs in form from the nominative. INFLECTIONS 493 Common nouns in -ius and -ium also formed the Genitive Sin- gular in -i until after the beginning of the reign of Augustus (B.C. 31) : ing^ni, fill. Filius formed the Vocative Singular in -I (instead of -ie). Genitives and Vocatives in -i accent the penult even when it is short. 19. Deus, god, has the Vocative Singular like the Nomina- tive. The Plural is declined as follows : Nom. del, dii, di Ace. deos Gen. Dat. deorum, doum dels, diis, dis Abl. dels, diis, dis 20. The Locative Singular ends in -i : Corinthi, at Corinth. 21. A Genitive Plural in -um, instead of -orum, sometimes occurs. 1 b. Exceptions to Gender 22. Some exceptions occur to the rule for Gender given in 16. The following nouns in -us are feminine : Names- of Countries, Towns, Islands, and Trees (see 4), and humus, ground. Vulgus, crowd, is neuter. c. Greek Nouns 23. Greek nouns in -os are commonly Latinized to -us ; occa- sionally they have -os in the Nominative and -on in the Accusa- tive, but Nominatives in -os may also have -urn in the Accusative. 3. Third Declension 24. Nouns of the Third Declension include several classes of stems: pure consonant stems; i-stems; consonant stems inflected in part like i-stems ; stems ending in a long vowel or diphthong ; irregular nouns. a. Consonant Stems 25. Consonant Stems may be Mute, Liquid, Nasal, or Spirant, according to the kind of consonant -with which they end. The stem appears unchanged in the oblique cases. l See footnote to § 12. 494 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX (1) Mute Stems 26. Mute stems may be Labial, Guttural, or Dental, accord- ing to the kind of Mute in which they end. The Labial stems show the -s of the Nominative unchanged; in the Guttural stems it unites with the Guttural, forming -x; and in the Dental stems final d or t of the stem disappears before -s. princeps, m., chief lex, f., law miles, m., soldier SINGULAR Case Endings Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. princeps principis principi principem principe lex legis legi legem lege PLURAL miles inllitis militl militem mllite -s -is -I -em -e Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. principes principum principibus principes principibus leges legum legibus leges legibus niilites militum militibus mllites militibus -es -um -ibus -es -ibus 27. (2) Liquid and Nasal Stems SINGULAR consul, m., consul corpus, N., body homo, m., man Norn- Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. consul consulis consul! consulem consuls corpus corporis corpori corpus corpore PLURAL homo hominis homini homiuem homine Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. consules consulutn consulibus consules consulibus corpora corporum corporibus corpora corporibus homines hominum hominibus homines hominibus 28. (3) s-Stems The final a of the stem becomes r between vowels, and in some words the r made its way into the Nominative by analogy ; thus, INFLECTIONS 495 honos became honor, although the form in -6a is sometimes retained. mos, m., custom Nom. mos Gen. moris Dat. morl Ace. m5rem Abl. more Nom mores Gen. niorum Dat. moribus Ace. mores Abl. moribus tempus, n., time honor, m.. honar SINGULAR tempus tempo ris tempori tempus tempore honor honoris honor! honorem honore PLURAL tempora temporum temporibus tempora temporibus honores honorum honoribus honores honoribus b. i-Stems 29. These regularly end in -is Masculine and Feminine, and -e, -al, and -ar Neuter. They always have -ium in the Genitive Plural. Masculines and Feminines originally had -im in the Accusative Singular, -I in the Ablative Singular, and -is in the Accusative Plural ; but these endings have for the most part been displaced by -em, -e, and -es. turris , F., tower civis, c, citizen mare, n., sea vecti) ral, n., revenue SINGULAR Nom. turris civis mare vectigal Gen. turris civis maris vectigalis Dat. turri civi marl vectigali Ace. turrim (-em) civem mare vectigal Abl. turri (-e) cive mari (-e) vectigali PLURAL Nom. turres cives maria vectigalia Gen. turrium clvium marium (marum) veetigalium Dat. turribus civibus maribus vectigalibus Ace. turris (-es) elves (-is) maria vectigalia Abl. turribus civibus maribus vectigalibus 30. Not all nouns in -is are i-sterns. For example, oanis, dog, and iuvenis, youth, are consonant stems. Mensis, month, although 496 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX originally a consonant stem, has in the Genitive Plural both -um and -ium. 31. On the other hand, some i-stems have become disguised in the Nominative Singular : so pars, part, for par(ti)s ; mors, death; dos, dowry; noz, night; sors, lot; mens, mind; ars, art; gens, tribe. c. Consonant Stems with Partial i-Slem Inflection 32. These have -ium in the Genitive Plural and -Is in the Ac- cusative Plural, but they never have -im in the Accusative Singular or -I in the Ablative Singular. 1 sedes, i- '., seat arx, p.. , citadel SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. sedes sedes arx arces Gen. sedis sedium arcis arcium Oat. sedi sedibus arci arcibus Ace. sedem sedis (-es) arcem arcis (-es) Abl. sede sedibus arce arcibus 33. d. Nouns in -l, -u, and Diphthongs vis, F. , force; bos, u., ox, cow; Iuppiter; ste stem vi- stem bou- SINGULAR Nom. vis bOs Iuppiter Gen. vis bovis Iovis Oat. vi bovi Iovi Ace. vim bovem Iovem Abl. vi bove PLURAL love Norn- vires boves wanting Gen. virium bovum or bourn Dat. viribus bobus or bubus Ace. vires (-is) boves Abl. viribus bobus or bubus To this class belong nouns in -es with the Genitive in -is (clades) ; many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by n consonant (urbs, arx) ; most nouns in -ns and -rs (cliens, cohors) ; uter, venter, Us, mus ; fauces penates, Samnites, Quirites, Optimates; and sometimes nouns in -tSs' Gen. -tatis. INFLECTIONS 497 34. e. Irregular Nouns senex, m ., old man caro, f., flesh SINGULAR Nom. senex carO Gen. senis carnis Dat. seni carni Ace. senem earn em Abl. sene came PLURAL Nom. senes carnes Gen. senum carnium Dat. senibus carnibus Ace. series carnes Abl. senibus carnibus os, s., bone ,os ossis ossi os osse ossa ossium ossibus ossa ossibus 35. Iter, itineris, n., way, is inflected regularly from the stem itiner-. f. Gender in the Third Declension 36. The following are the General Rules for Gender in the Third Declension : (a) Nouns in -6, -or, -6s, -er, and -§s are Masculine. (ft) Nouns in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, and -s (preceded by a conso- nant), -do, -go (Gen. -inis), -io (abstract and collective), -us (Gen. -utis and -udis) are Feminine. (c) Nouns ending in -a, -e, -T, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, and -us are Neuter. g. Exceptions to Gender 37. The principal exceptions to the above rules are the fol- lowing : (a) To the Rule for Masculines : Nouns in -6 : caro, flesh, p. Nouns in -or: arbor, tree, p.; cor, heart, ja. Nouns in -6s : 6s, oris, mouth, n. Nouns in -er : linter, boat, p. ; cadaver, corpse ; iter, way; fiber, udder, n. (6) To the Rule for Feminines : Nouns in -as : vas, vessel, N. Nouns in -es: abieB,fir; aries, ram; pee, foot, m. 498 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Nouns in -is : those in -nis and -guis are M. ; also collis, hill ; lapis, stone; mensis. month; piscis, fish; postis, post; pulvis, dust; orbis, circle. Nouns in -x : grex, flock, M. Nouns in -s preceded by a consonant: dens, tooth; fons, foun- tain ; pons, bridge; mons, mountain, M. Nouns in -do : 61 do, order, m. (c) To the Rule for Neuters : Nouns in -1 : sal, salt ; sol, sun, m. h. Greek Nouns 38. These have the ending -a in the Accusative Singular; -Ss in the Nominative Plural; -5s in the Accusative Plural. Proper names in -es form the Genitive Singular sometimes in -is, some- times in -1. But Greek nouns often have the regular Latin endings. 4. Fourth Declension. u-Stems 39. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Masculine and -u Neuter. They are declined as follows: impetus, M., attack cornu. n., horn SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. impetus impetus cornu cornua Gen. impetus impetuum cornus cornuum Dat. impetui impetibus cornu cornibua Ace. impetum impetus cornu cornua Abl. impetii impetibus cornu cornibus a. Special Forms 40. a. Domus, house, in the following cases has forms of the Second Declension in addition to those of the Fourth ; the former express relations of place : domi (Locative; Gen. domus), at home; Abl. domu, domo (from home) ; Ace. domum (homeward, to one's home) ; Ace. Plur. domus, domos (homeward, to their homes). b. A Dative in -u, instead of -ui, sometimes occurs. INFLECTIONS 499 b. Exceptions to Gender 41. The following nouns of the Fourth Declension in -us are Feminine: domus, house; manus, hand; porticus, colonnade; tribus, tribe; Idiis (Plural), Ides. 5. Fifth Declension. 5-Stems 42. Nouns of the Fifth Declension end in -es and are declined as follows : dies, M. AND F. , day SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. dies dies Gen. diei dierum Dat. diei diebus Ace. diem dies Abl. die diebus res, f., thing rGULAR PLURAL res res rei rerum rei rebus rem res re rebus a. Special Forms 43. The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is -Si, in- stead of -ei, when a consonant precedes : spel, rSi, fidSi. 44. Only dies and res are ordinarily declined in the Plural; but acies, species, spes, and a few others are used in the Nomi- native and Accusative Plural. b. Gender in the Fifth Declension 45. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are regularly Feminine, except dies, day, and meridies, mid-day. Dies is sometimes Feminine in the Singular, especially when it means an appointed day. B. ADJECTIVES 46. Adjectives are of two classes : those of the First and Sec- ond Declensions and those of the Third Declension. 1. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions 47. The Masculine is declined like murus, puer, or ager (16), the Feminine like causa (9), and the Neuter like bellum (16), 500 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Nom. magnus Gen. magni Dat. magno Ace. magnum Foe. magne Abl. magno Nom. magni Gen. magnorum Dat. magnis Ace. magnos Abl. magnis magnus, great SINGULAR magna magnae magnae magi] am magna magna PLURAL magnae magi i arum magnis magnas magnia magnum magni magno magnum magnum magno magna magnorum magnis magna magnis a. The Genitive Singular Masculine and Neuter of Adjectives in -ius ends in -i! (not in -i as in the case of nouns; see 18). The Vocative Singular ends in -ie (not in -I; see 18). Nom. miser Gen. miseri Dat. misero Ace. miserum Abl. misero Nom. miseri Gen. miserorum Dat. miseris Ace. miseros Abl. miseris miser, wretched SINGULAR misera miserae miserae miseram misera PLURAL miserae miserarum miseris miseras miseris miserum miseri misero miserum misero misera miserorum miseris misera miseris Nom. sacer Gen. sacri Dat. sacro Ace. sacrum Abl. sacro sacer, sacred SINGULAR sacra sacrae sacrae sacram sacra sacrum sacri sac io sacrum sacro INFLECTIONS 501 Nom. sacri sacrae sacra Gen. sacrorum sacrarum sacrorum Dat. sacris sacris sacris Ace. sacros sacras sacra Abl. sacris sacris sacris 48. Most adjectives in -er are declined like sacer. Like miser are: tener, tender; asper, rough; liber, free ; prosper, prosperous; compounds in -fer and -ger; and sometimes dexter, right. 49. Nine adjectives of this class have the Genitive Singular in -ius (-lus) and the Dative Singular in -i, namely, alius, another; alter, the other (Gen. alterius) ; ullus, any ; nflllus, none; uter, which (of two); neuter, neither; solus, alone ; totus, whole; Gnus, one, alone. They are declined as follows : Nom. solus s5la solum Gen. solius solius solius Dat. soli soli soli Ace. solum solam solum Abl. solo sola solo uter utra utrum utrius utiius utrius utri utii utii utrum utram utrum utro utrS utro Nom. soli solae sola Gen. solorum sOlarum solorum Dat. selis solis solis Ace. solos solas sola Abl. solis solis solis utri utrae utra utrorum utrarum utrorum utris utris utris utros utrSs utra utris utris utris 2. Adjectives of the Thied Declension 50. These fall into three classes : Adjectives of Three Termina- tions, of Two Terminations, and of One Termination. Except for Comparatives and a few other words, 1 all Adjectives of the Third Declension are inflected as i-stems, with -i in the Ablative Singu- lar, -ium in the Genitive Plural, -is (as well as -es) in the Accu- sative Plural Masculine and Feminine, and -ia in the Nominative and Accusative Neuter. ivetus, old; dives, rich (Neut. pi., ditia) ; particeps, sharing; pauper, poor ; princeps, chief; superstes, surviving. 502 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. Adjectives of Three Terminations Seer, sharp SINGULAR Nom. aeer acris acre Gen. acris acris acris Sat. acri acri acri Ace. acrem acrem acre Abl. acri acri acri PLURAL acres acres acria acrium acrium acrium acribus acribus acribus acres (-is) acres (-is) acria acribus acribus acribus 51. Like acer are declined : alacer, lively ; celeber, famous; equester, equestrian; pedester, pedestrian; Silvester, woody; terrester, terrestrial; voluoer, winged; and names of months in -ber. Celer, celeris, celere, swift, retains the e before r, but lacks the Genitive Plural. In the Nominative Singular of Adjectives of this class the Feminine form is sometimes used for the Masculine; regularly so in terrestris and silvestris. 52. b. Adjectives of Two Terminations fortis, brave fortlor, braver SINGULAR Nom. fortis forte fortior fortius Gen fortis fortis fortioris fortioris Dat. forti forti fortiori fortiori Ace. fortem forte fortiorem fortius Abl. forti forti PLURAL fortiore, -i - fortiore, -i Nom. fortes fortia fortiores fortiora Gen. fortium fortium fortiorum fortiorum Dat. fortibus fortibus fortioribus fortioribus Ace. fortes (-is) fortia fortiores (-is) fortiora Abl. fortibus fortibUB fortioribus fortioribus 53. Observe that the first of these Adjectives differs from those of three terminations only in the Nom. Sing. Masc. The Ablative Singular is sometimes in -e when the Adjectives are used as Substantives. The Ace. Sing, in -is is rare in Compara- tives which have -a in the Nom, and Ace. PL Neut. and -urn in the Gen. PL INFLECTIONS 503 5 *- c. Adjectives of One Termination praesens, present audax, bold SINGULAR Nom. praesens praesens audax audax Gen. praesentis praesentis audacis audacis Bat. praesenti praesenti audaci audaci Ace. praesentem praesens audacem audax Abl. praesenti (-e) praesenti (-e) PLURAL audaci audaci Nom. praesentes praesentia audaces audacia Gen. praesentium praesentium audacium audacium Dat. praesentibus praesentibus audacibus audacibus Ace. praesentes (-is) praesentia audaces (-is) audacia Abl. praesentibus praesentibus audacibus audacibus vetus, old plus, more SINGULAR Nom. vetus vetus plus Gen. veteris pluris Dat. veteri Ace. veterem vetus plus Abl. vetere PLURAL plure Nom. veteres Vetera plures pllira Gen. veterum plurium Dat. veteribus pluribus Ace. veteres vetera pis res plura Abl. veteribus pluribu 3 55. Participles in -ans and -ens follow the declension of i-stems ; but they have -T in the Ablative Singular only when used as Adjec- tives. When used as Participles or as Substantives, they have -e. 3. Comparison of Adjectives 56. There are three degrees of Comparison : the Positive, Com- parative, and Superlative. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (neut. -ius) and the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um) to the stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. latus, broad latior latissimus audax, bold audacior audacissimus fidelis, faithful fidelior fidelissimus 504 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX So also Participles, when used as Adjectives : doctus, learned doctior doetissimus 57. Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by adding -rimus to the Nominative of the Positive. The Comparative is regular : acer, sharp miser, wretched acrior miserior acernmus miserrimus 58. Several Adjectives in -lis form the Superlative by adding -limus to the stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. The Comparative is regular : facilis, easy similis, like facilior similior facillimus simillimus So also difficilis, dissimilis, and humilis, low. 59. Adjectives in -flcus form the Comparative and Superlative as if from forms in -ficens : magnificus magnificentior ra agii i ficentissimu s a. Irregular Comparison 60. Several Adjectives vary the stem in Comparison : bonus, good melior optimus malus, bad peior pessimus magnus, great major maximus parvus, small minor miuimus multus, much plus plurimus b. Defective Comparison 61. Some Adjectives have the Positive only in special instances or lack it entirely : externa exterior extremus, extimus Inferus inferior infimus, imus posterus posterior postremus, postumus superus (pr5, prae) (props) (ultra) superior prior propior ulterior supremus, summus primus proximus ultimua INFLECTIONS 505 62. Some Adjectives lack the Comparative : vetus, old 1 veterrimus fidus, faithful ■ fidissimus novus, new 2 noviBBimus sacer, sacred sacerrimus falsus,/atee falsissimus 63. Some lack the Superlative : alacer, lively alacrior ingens, great ingentior iuvenis, young iuuior 8 senex, old senior (maior natu) * 64. The Superlative is also lacking in many Adjectives in -alis, -ilia, -His, -bilis, and a few others. c. Comparison by magis and maxime 65. Many Adjectives form their Comparative and Superlative -with magis and maxime : idoneus, fit magis idoneus maxime idoneus 66. Some Adjectives do not admit comparison because of their signification ; for- example, mortalis, mortal. C. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 67. Adverbs from Adjectives of the First and Second Declen- sions form the Positive by changing -l of the Genitive Singular to -e ; those from Adjectives of the Third Declension by changing -is of the Genitive Singular to -iter. But Adjectives in -ns and a few others form the Adverb with -ter, instead of -iter. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accu- sative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective. The i Supplied by vetustior, from vetustus. 2 Supplied by recentior. 8 Supplied by minimus natu. 4 Supplied by maximus nStu. 506 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Superlative of the Adverb is formed by changing -I of the Genitive Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -e. late latius latissime fortiter fortius fortissimo audacter audacius audacissime sapienter sapientius sapientissimS aegre aegrius aegerrime facile facilius facillime bene melius optime magnopere magis maxime multum plus plurimum parum minus minims diu diutius diutissime 68. Some Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form an Adverb in -6, instead of in -e : continuo, immediately ; ^ subito, suddenly: raro, rarely; and some others. 69- A few Adjectives use the Accusative Neuter Singular as the Positive or Superlative of the Adverb : multum, much ; paulum, little ; minimum, least ; facile, easily. 70. A few Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive in -iter : largiter, copiously ; aliter, otherwise. 71. Other adverbial suffixes are -tus and -tim : antiquitus, anciently ; paulatim, gradually. D. NUMERALS 72. Numerals include Numeral Adjectives (the Cardinals, unus, one; duo, two, etc.; the Ordinals, primus, first; secun- dus, second, etc.; the Distributives, singuli, one by one; bini, two by two, etc.), and Numeral Adverbs (semel, once ; bis, twice, etc.). 1 Also continue, continually. INFLECTIONS 507 Cardinals Ordinals DISTRIBUTIVES Adverbs 1. flnus, -a, -urn primus, -a, -um 1 singuli, -ae, -a s semel 2. duo, -ae, -o secundus,-a, bini bis 3. tres, tria tertius terni (trlni) ter 4. quattuor 2 quartus quaterni quater 5. quinque quintus quini quinquiSs 6. sex sextus seni sexies 7. septem Septimus septeni septies 8. octo octavus octOni / octies 9. novem nonus noveni novies 10. decern decimus deni decies 11. undecim flndecimus flndeni findecies 12. duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodecies 13. tredecim tertius decimus terni deni terdecies 14. quattuorde- quartus decimus quaterni deni quaterdeeies 15. quindecim quintus decimus quini deni quinquies decies 16. sedecim sextus decimus seni deni sexies decies 17. septende- cim septimus decimus ■ septeni deni septies decies 18. duodevi- ginti (two from twenty) duodevicesimus duodeviceni octies decies 19. iindeviginti undevicesimus findevlcem novies decies 20. viginti vicesimus viceni vicies 21. viginti flnus 1 vicesimus pri- mus 4 viceni singuli 4 vicies semel 4 unus et unus et vicesi- singuli et viceni viginti 4 mus 4 30. triginta tricesimus tricenl tricies 40. quadra- gin ta quadragesimus quadragenl quadragies 50. quinqua- ginta quinquagesimus quinquageni quinquagies sexagies 60. sexaginta sexagesimus sexagenl septuagies 70. septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni 80. octSginta octogesimus octogeni octogies 90. nonaginta, nonagesimus nonageni nonagies 100. centum centesimus centenl centies i The ordinals are all inflected in this way. a The cardinals to which no terminations are appended are indeclin- able. 8 The distributives are all inflected in this way. 4 The following numerals to 30 are formed in the same way. 508 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX ( 3ABDINAL6 Okdinalb DISTRIBUTIVES Advebbb 101. centum Onus 1 centesimus pri- mus 1 centeni singuli 1 centies semel 1 centum et centesimus et pri- centeni et singuli 1 i Onus 1 mus 1 200. ducenti, ducentesimus duceni ducenties 300. -ae, -a trecentl, trecentesimus trecenl trecenties 400. -ae , -a * quadrin- gentl quadringentesi- mus quadringeni quadringenties 500. quingenti quingentesimus quingeni quingenties 600. sescenti sescentesimus sesceni sescenties 700. septingenti septingentesimus septingeni septingenties 800. octingenti octingentesimus octingeni octingenties 900. nongenti nongentesimus nongeni nongenties 1000. mille ; pi. milia, -ium millesimus singula milia milies 73. 1. Declension of the Cardinal Numerals unus (like the singular of solus, 49) Norn.. duo duae duo tres tria milia 8 Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium trium milium Dat duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus milibus Ace. duos (duo) duas duo tres (tris) tria milia Abl. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus milibus 74. The Distributives are used when nouns which are ordina- rily Plural in form, but Singular in meaning, are employed in a Plural sense : binae litterae, two letters. But in such cases uni is ordinarily used for one and trini (not terni) for three. E. PRONOUNS 75. Pronouns are divided according to their uses into the fol- lowing classes : Persona] Demonstrative Interrogative Reflexive Intensive Indefinite Possessive Relative 1 The following numerals to 200 are formed in the same general way. The hundreds up to 1000 are declined in this way. 8 Indeclinable in the singular. INFLECTIONS 509 76. The Personal Pronouns are ego, J, and tu, thou (Plur. you). For the third person the demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id is com- monly used. Ego and tu are declined as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL Norn, ego tu nos vSs „ „ . . ( nostrum f vestrum Gen. mei tui J . - -j . - J nostri I vestn Dat. mihi tibi nobis vobis 4cc. me te nos v69 Abl. me te nobis vObis 77. Reflexive Pronouns refer to the subject of the clause or sentence in which they stand. The First and Second Persons are supplied by the oblique cases of the personal pronouns ego and tii. The Third Personal Pronoun is se, which serves for all gen- ders and both numbers. It is declined as follows : Gen. sui Dat. sibi Ace. se Abl. se 78. The Possessive Pronouns are really adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are inflected accordingly. They are the following : meus mea ineum, my etc., like magnus tuus suus tua sua tuum, thy suum, his, her, its noster nostra nostrum, our etc., like vester vestra vestrum, your sacer 79. Suus is used only reflexively : otherwise his, her, its are commonly expressed by eius, the Genitive Singular of is, and their by eorum, the Genitive Plural of the same pronoun. 80. The Vocative Singular Masculine of •meus is mi. 81. The Demonstrative Pronouns are hie, this; iste, that of yours; ille, that; is, that (less strong than ille) ; idem, the same. They are declined as follows : SINGULAR Nom. hie haec hoc ille ilia illud Gen. huius huius huius illius illius illius Dat. huic huic huic illi illi illi Ace. nunc hanc HOC ilium ill am illud Abl. hof. hac hoc illo ilia illo 510 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Nom. hi hae haec ill! illae ilia Gen. horum harum horum illorum illarum illorum Dat. his his his illis illis illis Ace. hos has haec illos ill as ilia Abl. his bis his illis illis illis SINGULAR PLURAL is ea id ii (ei) eae ea eius eius eius eorum earum eorum ei ei ei iis (eis; 1 iis (eis) iis (eis) earn earn id eos eas ea eo e£ eo iis (eis) SINGULAR iis (eis) iis (eis) Nom. idem eadem idem Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Dat. eidem eidem eidem Ace. eundem eandem idem Abl. eodem eadem eodem Nom. iidem (eidem) eaedem eadem Gen. eorundem earundem eorundem Dat. iisdem (eisdem) iisdem (eisdem) iisdem (eisdem) Ace. eosdem easdem eadem Abl. iisdem (eisdem) iisdem (eisdem) iisdem (eisdem) a. Like ille is declined iste, that of yours, often referring to something previously mentioned by the person addressed, and frequently having a sarcastic force. 82. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse, self. It is de- clined as follows : SINGULAR Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsius Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum Abl. ipso ipsa ipso PLURAL ipsi ipsae ipsa ipsOrum ipsarum ipsorum ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsos ipsas ipsa ipsis ipsis ipsis INFLECTIONS 511 qui quae quae qu5i'um quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus quos quas quae quibus quibus quibus 83. The Relative Pronoun, qui, who, is declined as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cuius cuius cuius Dat. cui cui cui Ace. quern quam quod Abl. quo qua quo 84. The Interrogative Pronouns are the Substantive quia, who ? and the Adjective qui, what kind of? The latter is declined ex- actly like the Relative Pronoun qui (83). The former is inflected as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL like qui 85. The Indefinite Pronouns, meaning in general some one, any one, with their corresponding Adjective forms, are the following: M. AND P. a. Nom. quis quid Gen. cuius cuius Dat. cui cui Ace. quern quid Abl. quo quo SUBSTANTIVES quis aliquis quisquam quisque quivls quaevis qullibet quaeli- bet quidam quae- dam quid 1 ""V™' \ anything. some one, some- thing, any one, any- thing. quidque, each, any aliquid . quidquam or quicquam quidvis quidlibet quiddam one, any- thing you wish. a cer- tain person or thing ADJECTIVES F. ri. qui quae or qua quod, any. aliqui aliqua aliquod, any. No corresponding adjective. quisque quaeque quodque, each. quivis quaevis quodvis ' any quilibet quaelibet quodli- j you bet I wish quidam quaedam quod- dam tain. 512 GBAMMATICAL APPENDIX 86. Only the pronominal part is declined, after the following models : SINGULAR Nom. aliquis, aliqul aliqua Gen. alicuius alicuius Dat. alicui alicui Ace. aliquem aliquam Abl. aliquo aliqua aliquid, aliquod alicuius alicui aliquid, aliquod aliqu5 Nom. aliqul Gen. aliquOrum Dat. aliquibus Ace. aliquos Abl. aliquibus aliquae aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus aliqua aliquorum aliquibus aliqua aliquibus Nom. quidam Gen. cuiusdam Dat. cuidam Ace. quendam Abl. quodam SINGULAR quaedam cuiusdam cuidam quandam quadam quiddam, quoddam cuiusdam cuidam quiddam, quoddam quodam Nom. quidam Gen. quSrundam Dat. quibusdam Ace. quosdam Abl. quibusdam PLURAL quaedam quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam quaedam quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam F. VERBS 1. Principal Parts 87. The Principal Parts of a Verb are those which contain the different stems, from which the entire conjugation of the Verb may be derived. These are the Present Indicative, Present Infini- tive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle. When the last named is lacking, the Future Active Participle is given in its place. INFLECTIONS 513 2. Conjugation op sum 88. The Irregular Verb sum, be, which enters into the inflection of all other verbs, is conjugated as follows : Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui, futurus 1 INDICATIVE Present SUBJUNCTIVE sum sumus sim simus es estis sis sitis est sunt sit Imperfect sint cram eramus essem essemus eras eratis esses essetis erat erant esset Future essent ero erimus eris eritis erit erunt Perfect fui fuimus fuerim fuerimUB fuisti faistis fueris fueritis fuit fuerunt (fuere) fuerit fuerint Pluperfect faeram fueramus fuissem fuissemus fueras fueratis fuisses fuissetis fuerat iuerant fuisset Future Perfect fuissent fuero fuerimus fneris fueritis fuerit fuerint IMPERATIVE Pres. es este Fut. esto estote esto suntS INFINITIVES Pres. esse Perf. fuisse Fut. futurus esse (fore) PARTICIPLE Fut. futurus i The Perfect Participle of sum is wanting. 514 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 89. There are four regular conjugations, distinguished from one another by the vowel of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows : Con-jug vtiox Infinitive Ending Characteristic Vowel First -are -3. Second -ere -e Third -ere -S Fourth -ire -i 90. a. Fikst Conjugation. 5-Stems laudo. laudare, laudavi, laudatus, praise INDICATIVE subjunctive Active Present laudo laud as laudat laudamus laudatis laud ant laudem laudes laudet laudemus laudetis laudent Imperfect laudabam laud abas laudabat laudabamus laud abatis laudabaut laudarem laudares laudaret Future laudaremus liuidaretis laudarent laudabo laudabis laudabit laudabimus laudabitis laudabunt Perfect laudavi laudavisti laudg. vit laud avimus laudavistis laudaverunt (-ere) laudaverim laudaveris laudaverit Pluperfect laudaverimus laudaveritis laudaverint laudaveram laudaveras laudaverat laudaveramus laudSvissem laudaveratis laudavisses laudaverant laudavisset Future Perfect laudavissemns laudavissetis laudavissent laudavero laudaveris laudaverit laudSverimus laudaveritis laudaverint INFLECTIONS 515 Passive Present laudor laudSris (-are) laudatur laudamur laudamini Jaudantur lauder lauderis (-ere) laudetur laudemur laudemini laudentur Imperfect lamiabar laudabaris (-abare) laudabatur laudabamur laudabamini laudabantur laudarer laudareris (-arere) laudaretur Future laudaremur laudaremini laudarentur laudabor laiuiaberis (-abere) laudabitur laudabimur laudabimini laudabuutur Perfect laudatus sum laudatus es laudatus est laudati sumus laudatus sim laudati estis laudatus sis laudati sunt laudatus sit Pluperfect laudati simus laudati sitis laudati siut laudatus eram laudatus eras laudatus erat laudati eramus laudatus essem laudati eratis laudatus esses laudati eraut laudatus esset Future Perfect laudati essemus laudati essetis laudati essent laudatus ero laudatus eris laudatus erit laudati erimus laudati eritis laudati erunt IMPERATIVE Active Passive Pres. lauda Fut. laudato laudato laudate laudatote laudauto laudare laudator laudator laudamini laudantor rNFiNrriVE Active Pres. laudare Perf. laudavisse Fut. laudaturus esse Passive laudari laudatus esse laudatum iri 516 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX PARTICIPLE Active Pres. laudans Per/. Fut. laudaturus Passive laudatus laudandus Gen. laadandi Dot. laudando Ace. laudandum AH. laudando laudatum laudatu 91. 6. Second Conjugation. §-Stems doceo, docere, docui. doctus, teach INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present doceo doces docet docemus doceam docetis doceas docent doceat Imperfect doceamus doeeatis doceant docebam docebas docebat docebamus docerem docebatis doceres docebant doceret Future doceremus doceretis docerent docebo docebis docebit docebimus docebitis docebunt Perfect docui docuisti docuit docuimus docuerim docuistis docueris docuerunt docuerit (-ere) Pluperfect docuerimuB docueritis docuerint docueram docueras docuerat flucueramus docuissem docueratis docuisses docueraut docuisset docuissemu docuissetis docuissent INFLECTIONS 517 Future Perfect docuero docueris docuerit docuerimus docueritis docuerint Passive Present doceor doceris (-ere) docetur docemur docemini docentur docear docearia (-eare) doceatur doceamur doceamini doceautur Imperfect docebar docebSris (-ebare) docebatur docebamur docebamini docSbantur Future docerer docereris (-erere) doceretur doceremur doceremini docerentur docebor doceberis (-ebere) docebitur docebimur docebimini docebuntur Perfect - doctus sum doctus es doctus est docti sumus docti estis docti sunt doctus sim doctus sis doctus sit docti simus docti sitis docti Bint Pluperfect doctus eram doctus eras doctus erat docti eramus docti eratis docti erant doctus essem doctus esses doctus esset docti essemuB docti essetis docti esseut Future Perfect doctus ero doctus eris doctus erit docti erimus docti eritis docti erunt Active imperative Passive Pres. docS Fut. doceto doceto docete docetote doceuto docere docetor docetor docemini docentor 518 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX INFINITIVE Active Passive Pres. docere Perf. docuisse Fut. docturus esse doceri doctus esse doctum Iri PARTICIPLE Active Passive Pres. docens Per/. Fut. docturUB doctus docendus GERUND supine Gen. docendl Dat. docendo Ace. docendum AN. docendo doctum doctfi 92. c. Third Conjugation. 6-Stems. Verbs in -5 rego, regere, rexi, rectus, rule INDICATIVE subjunctive Active Present rego regis regit regimus regitis regunt regam regas regat regamus regatis regant Imperfect regebam regebas regebat regebamus regerem regebatis regeres regebant regeret regeremus regeretis regerent Future regam reges reget regemus regStis regent Perfect rexi reximus rexerim rexerim us resist! rexistis rexerls rexeritis rexit rexerunt (-ere) rexerit rexerint INFLECTIONS 519 rexeram rexeras rexerat Pluperfect rexeramus rexeratis rexerant rexissem rexisses rexisset rexissemus rexissetis rexissent rexero rexeris rexerit Future Perfect rexerimus rexeritis rexerint Passive Present regor regeris (-ere) regitur regimur regar regimini regaris (-are) reguntur regatur Imperfect regamur regamini regantur regebar regebaris (-ebare) regebatur regebamur regerer regebamini regereris (-erere) regebantur regeretur Future regeremur regeremini regereutur regar regeris (-ere) regetur regemur regemini regentur Perfect rectus sum rectus es rectus est recti sumus rectus aim recti estis rectus sis recti sunt rectus sit Pluperfect recti simus recti sitis recti sint rectus eram rectus eras rectus erat recti eramus rectus essem recti eratis rectus esses recti erant rectus esset Future Perfect recti essemus recti essetis recti essent rectus ero rectus eris rgctus erit recti erimus recti eritis recti erunt 520 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX IMPERATIVE Active Passive Pres. Fut. rege regito regito regite regitote regunto regere regimini regitor regitor reguntor INFINITIVE Active Passive Pres. Per/. Fut. regere rexisse recturus esse regi rectus esse rectum iri PARTICIPLE Active Passive Pres. Per/. Fut. regens recturus GERUND rectus regendus SUPINE Gen. Bat. Ace. Abl. regendi regendo regendum regendo rectum rectu d. Third Conjugation. 6-Stems. Verbs in -io 93. Verbs in -io retain i before the personal ending when the latter begins with a vowel. capio, capere, cepi, captus, take indicative subjunctive Active Present capio capis capit capimus eapiam capitis capias capiunt capiat Imperfect eapi&mus capiatis capiant capiebam capiebas capiebat capiebfimus caperem capiebatis caperes capiebant caperet caperemus caperetia caperent INFLECTIONS 521 Future capiam capies capiet capiemus capietis capient Perfect cepi cepisti cepit cepimus cepistis ceperunt (-ere) ceperim ceperis ceperit Pluperfect ceperimus ceperitis ceperint ceperam ceperSs ceperat ceperamus ceperatis ceperant cepissem cepisses cepisset cepissemus cepissetis cepissent Future Perfect cepero ceperis cepsrit ceperimus ceperitis ceperint Passive Present capior caperis (-ere) capitur capimur capimiui capiuutur capiar capiaris (-iare) capiatur Imperfect capiSmur capiamini capiantur capiebar capiet aria (-iebare) capiebStur capiebamur capiebaminl capiebantur caperer capereris (-erere) eaperetur Future caperemur caperemini caperentur capiar capieria (-iere) capietur capiemur capiemini capientur Perfect captus sum captus es captus est capti sumus capti estis capti sunt captus aim captus sis captus sit capti Bimufl capti sitis capti gint 522 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX captus eram captua eras captus erat captua ero captus eris captus erit Pluperfect capti eramus capti eratis capti erant captus essem captus esses captus esset Future Perfect capti erimus capti eritis capti erupt capti eaaemus capti essetis capti essent Pres. cape Fut. capito capito IMPERATIVE Active capite capito te capiunto capere capitor capitor Passive capunini capiuntor INFINITIVE Active Pres. capere Perf. cepisse Fut . capturus esse Passive capi captus esse captum Sri PARTICIPLE Active Passive Pres. Perf. Fut. capiens capturus GERUND captus capiendus SUPE Gen. Bat. Ace. Abl. capiendi capiendo capiendum capiendo captum captu 94. „. Fourth Conjugation. I-Stems munio, munire, mumvT, munitus, fortify indicative subjunctive Active Present muniS munis munit imtnimua munitis muniunt muniam muniSs miiuiat muniamus muniatis muniant INFLECTIONS 523 Imperfect muniebam muniebamus mQnirem muniebas muniebatis munires inuniebat muniebant muniret rnumremuB munlretis munirent mumam munies muniet mumvi munivisti munivit mumemus munietis in anient Future Perfect mumvunus muniverim munivistis muniveris muniverunt muniverit (-ere) muniverimus rnuniveritia muniverint Pluperfect muniveram muniveramus raunivissem muniveras muniveratis munivisses muniverat muniverant munivisset munivissemus munivissetis munivissent Future Perfect munlvero muniveris muniverit muniverimus nmniveritis muniverint Passive Present munior muniris (-ire) munitur munimur munimini muniuntur muniar muniaris (-iare) muniatur Imperfect muniebar muniebaris (-iebare) muniebatur muniebamur muniebamini muniebantur munirer munireris (-irere) munlretur mfmiamur muniamini mfiniantur muniremur muniremini munirentur muniar munieris (-ere) munietur Future mun lemur muniemini munientur 524 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX munitUB sum mfinitus es munitus est id milt! sumus muniti estis muniti sunt Perfect munitus aim munitus sis munitus sit muniti simus muniti sitis muniti sint Pluperfect mfinitus eram muniti eramus munitus essem muniti essemus munitus eras muniti eratis munitus esses muniti essetis munitus erat muniti erant munitus esset muniti essent munitus ero munitus eris munitus erit Future Perfect muniti erimua muniti eritis muniti eruut IMPERATIVE Active Passive Pres. muni Put. munito munito infinite munitote mfiniunto in Quire monitor munitor inunimim muniuntor INFINITIVE Active Pres. mfinire Perf. munivisse Put. muniturus esse Passive miirilri munitus esse infinitum iri Pres. muniens Perf. Put. muniturus participle munitus miiniendus Gen. Bat. Ace. Abl. QERUND mfiniendi muniendo muuiendum muniendo infinitum mfiuitu f. Deponent Verbs 95. Depouent Verbs have as a rule Passive forms with Active meaning. They have the following Active forms : Future Infini- INFLECTIONS 525 tive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and the Supine ; and the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle. The following are the synopses of Deponent Verbs of the four conjugations, in the Third Person Singular : Cohj. I. mlror, mlrarl, mlratus sum, admire II. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear III. sequor, sequl, secutus sum, follow IV. partior, partiri, partitus sum, divide Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. mlratur mirabatur mlrabitur mlratus est mlratus erat mlratus erit II III INDICATIVE veretur verebatur verebitur veritus est veritus erat veritus erit sequitur sequebatur sequetur secutus est secutus erat secutus erit rv partitur partiebatur partietur partitus est partitus erat partitus erit SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. Imperf. Perf. Pluperf. miretur miraretur mlratus sit mlratus esset vereatur vereretur veritus sit veritus esset sequatur sequeretur secutus sit secutus esset partiatur partiretur partitus sit partitus esset Pres. Fut. mirare x mirator IMPERATIVE sequere ' sequitor partire 1 parti tor INFINITIVE Pres. mirari vereri sequi partiri Perf. miratus esse veritus esse secutus esse partitus esse Fut. miraturus esse veriturus esse secuturus esse partiturus esse Pres. Act. mirans Fut. Act. miraturus Perf. Pass, mlratus Fut. Pass, mirandus PARTICIPLE verens veriturus veritus verendus sequens secuturus secutus sequendus partiens partiturus partitus partiendus i Second person. 526 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX mirandl, -0, -dm, -o verendi, -5, -um, -0 sequendl, -0, -um, -0 partiendi, -6, -um, -o SUPINE miratum, -u veritum, -S secfitum, -u partitum, -u g. Semi-Deponents 96. Semi-Deponents have the Present System in the Active Voice and the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. These are : audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare gaudeo, gaudere, gavlsus sum, rejoice soleo, solere, solitus sum, be accustomed fido, 1 fidere, flsus sum, trust h. The Periphrastic Conjugations 97. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations, Active and Pas- sive. The former is made by combining the Future Active Par- ticiple with sum; the latter, by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary ; as follows : (1) First (Active) Periphrastic Conjugation indicative Pres. laudaturus sum, 2 J am about to praise Imperf. laudaturus eram Pluperf. laudaturus fueram Fut. laudaturus er6 Fut. Per/, laudaturus fuero Per/. laudaturus fui SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. Imperf. laudaturus slm laudaturus essem Perf. Pluperf. INFINITIVE Pres. laudaturus esse Perf. laudaturus fuerim laudaturus f uissem laudaturus fuisse 1 And compounds of fido. 2 So also : docturns sum, / am about to teach ; recturus sum, I am about to rule ; capturus sum, I am about to take ; muniturus sum, I am about to fortify. INFLECTIONS 527 (2) Second (Passive) Periphrastic Conjugation indicative Pres. laudandus sum, 1 / must be praised (am to be praised) Imperf. laudandus eram Pluperf. laudandus fueram Fut. laudandus era Fut. Per/, laudandus fuerd Per/. laudandus ful SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. laudandus sim Imperf. laudandus essem Perf. Pluperf. INFINITIVE laudandus fuerim laudandus fuissem Pres. laudandus esse Perf. laudandus fuisse i. Irregular Verbs 98. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most impor- tant are sum, 2 do, edo, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, fio. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal end- ings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel; thus fer-s (2d Sing, of fer-6) instead of fer-is. These are survivals of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs. 99. (1) possum, posse, potui, be able INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt possim possis possit Imperfect possim us possltis possint poteram poteras poterat poteramus poteratis poterant possem posses posset possSmus possetis possent 1 So also: dooendus sum, I must be taught; regendus sum, I must be ruled ; capiendus sum, I must be caught ; muniendus sum, I must be protected. 2 For the conjugation of sum see 88. 528 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Future poterfl poterimus poteris poteritis poterit poterunt Perfect potul, -isti, etc. potnerim, -eris, etc. Pluperfect potueram, -eras, etc. potuissem, -isses, etc. Future Perfect potuero, -eris, etc. infinitive PARTICIPLE Pres. posse potens, -entis (only as adj.) Perf. potuisse 100. (2) volo, velle, volui, wish INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present vol6 volumus velim velim us vis vultis velis velitis vult volunt velit Imperfect velint volebam, -bas, etc. vellem vellemus velles velletis vellet vellent Future volam, voles, etc. Perfect volui, -isti, etc. voluerim, Pluperfect -eris, etc. volueram, -eras, etc. voluissem Future Perfect , -isses, etc. voluerO, -eris, etc. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. velle volcns. -entis Perf. voluisse INFLECTIONS 529 101. (3) nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling INDICATIVE Present SUBJUNCTIVE n0l6 nolumus nolim nOlimus nOn vis n6n vultis n5lis nSlitis nan vult nolunt nolit Imperfect nSlint nolebam, -bag, etc. nollem nollemus nslles nolletis nollet nollont Future nSlam, noles, etc. Perfect sti, etc. noluerim, Pluperfect -eris, etc. m, -eras, etc. noluissem, Future Perfect -isses, etc. , -eris, etc. IMPERATIVE Pres. noli nolite Fut. nslito nolitste nolito ndlunto INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. nolle nolens, -entis Per/, noluisse 102. (4) malo, malle, malui, prefer INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present malo malumus malim malimus mavis mavultis mails malitis mavult malunt malit malint Imperfect malebam, -baa, etc. mallem mallemus malles malletis mallet mallent 530 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Future malam, males, etc. malui, -isti, etc. Perfect maluerim, -oris, etc. malueram, -eras, etc. Pluperfect maluissem, isses, etc maluero, -eris, etc. Future Perfect INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. malle Per/, maluisse waDting wanting ferO fers fert indicative subjunctive Active Present ferimus feram feramus fertis feras feratis ferunt ferat ferant ferebam, -bas, etc. feram, feres, etc. tuli, -isti, etc. tuleiam, -eras, etc. tulero, -eris, etc. feror ferris fertur Imperfect ferrem ferres ferret ferremus ferretis ferrent Future Perfect Pluperfect tulerim, -eris, etc. tulissem, -isses, etc. Future Perfect Passive Present ferimur ferar feramur feraris (-are) feraminl ferimini feruntur feratur ferantur INFLECTIONS 531 ferebar, -baris, etc. ferar, -eris, etc. latus sum, es, etc. Imperfect ferrer, -reris, etc. Future Perfect latus sim, sis, etc. Pluperfect latus eram, eras, etc. latus essem, esses, etc. Future Perfect latus erO, eris, etc. IMPERATIVE Active Passive Pres. fer ferte ferre ferimlnl Fut. fertO fertOte fertor ferto ferunto fertor INFINITIVE feruntor Pres. ferre ferri Perf. tulisse latus esse Fut. laturus esse PARTICIPLE latum iri Pres. ferens, -entis Perf. latus Fut. laturus ferendus GERUND ferendi, ferendo, ferendum, ferendo 104. (6) eo, ire, ivi, itum, go INDICATIVE Present SUPINE latum, latu SUBJUNCTIVE eO imus earn earn us is itis eas eatis it emit eat Imperfect eaut ibam, -bas, etc. Future irem, -res. , etc. IbO, -bis, etc. , 632 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Perfect m (HVivisti, etc. iverim (ierim), -eris, etc. Pluperfect iveram (ieram), -eras, etc. ivissem (iisem, issem), -ses, etc. Future Perfect iverO (iero), -eris, etc. IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. I ite Pres. ire iens, euntis, etc. Fut. ito itote Perf. ivisse (iisse, ito eunto isse) Fut. iturus esse itflrus GERUND SUPINE eundl, eundO, eundum, eundd itum, itu 105. (7) fid, fieri, factus sum, become (Used as the passive of faoio, from which all but the present system is supplied.) INDICATIVE Present SUBJUNCTIVE fi6 fis fit (firaus) 1 (fitis) fiunt Imperfect fiam fiam us lias fiatis fiat fiant fiebam -bas, etc. Future fierem, -res, etc. fiam, fies, etc. Perfect factus sum, es, etc factus sim, sis, etc. Pluperfect factus eram, eras, etc. factus essem, esses, etc. Future Perfect factus er5, eris, etc. 1 The forms in parenthesis are very rare. INFLECTIONS 533 IMPERATIVE Pres. fi Fut. (fitO)i INFINITIVE Pres. fieri Per/, faotus esse Fut. factum iri fite PARTICIPLE factus faciendus 106 (8) do, dare, dedi, datus, give (Irregular only in the present system, and there only in the quantity of the a ; the supine also has a.) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present do damus dem demus das datis des detis dat dant det dent dabam, -bits, etc. dabs, -bis, etc. dedi, -isti, etc. dederam, -eras, etc. dederS, -eris, etc. Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect darem, -res, etc. dederim, -eris, etc. dedissem, -isses, etc. Future Perfect IMPERATIVE Pres. da Fut. dato dato INFINITIVE Pres. dare Perf. dedisse Fut. daturas esse date datdte danto PARTICIPLE dans daturas 1 The forms in parenthesis are very rare. 534 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX GERUND SUPINE dandl, etc. datum, datu Passive Formed regularly from the corresponding active forms. The synopsis in the third person singular is as follows : Indicative, datur, dabatur, dabitur, datus est, datus erat, datus erit ; Subjunctive, detur, daretur, datus sit, datus esset ; Imperative (entire) , dare, damini, da tor, da tor, dan tor ; Infinitive, dari, datus esse, datum iri; Participle, datus, dandus. II. WORD .FORMATION A. DERIVATIVES 107. Derivatives are formed by adding terminations called Suffixes to roots, or to stems of nouns, adjectives, or verbs. Words formed directly from roots or from verb stems are sometimes called Primitives; those formed from noun or adjective stems are called Denominatives. 1. Nouns 108. Nouns are derived from verbs by means of the following suffixes : L a. -tor or -sor denotes the agent or doer of the action ex- pressed by the verb: imperator, 'commander' (from impero, ' command ') ; 2 defensor, ' defender ' (from defends, ' defend ') . b. The suffixes -io, -tio (-sio), -tus (-bus), -ma, and -ium de- note the action expressed by the verb or the result of such action : legio, 'collection, legion' (from lego, 'collect'); oratio, 'plea, oration ' (from oro, ' plead ') ; aditus, ' approach ' (from adeo, ' approach ') ; fama, ' report, fame ' (from for, ' speak ') ; aedifi- cium, 'building' (from aedifico, 'build'). c. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -ulum, -culum, -bula denote the means or place of an action, or its result: fiumen, 'flowing stream, river ' (from fluo, ' flow ') ; ornamentum, ' ornament ' (from orno, ' adorn ') ; vinculum, ' bond ' (from vincio, ' bind ') ; periculum, ' trial, danger ' (from perior, ' try ' 8 ) ; f abula, ' story ' (from for, ' speak, tell ') . 1 The lists are of course not complete ; only a selection is given. a That is, from imperii-, the stem of the verb, and so in the other ex- amples in 108-113. The stem is sometimes modified, as in magnitudo for magno-tudo, etc. 8 Found only in composition ; cf . experior. 535 536 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX d. The suffix -or denotes a state or condition : timor ' fear ' (from timed, ' fear ') . 109. Nouns are derived from adjectives or from other nouns by means of the following suffixes : a. The suffixes -ia, -tia, -tas, -tudo form abstract nouns denot- ing qualities : audacia, ' boldness ' (from audax, ' bold ') ; amicitia, ' friendship ' (from amicus, ' friendly, friend ') ; civitas, ' state ' (from oivis, ' citizen ') ; magnitudo, ' greatness ' (from magnua, ' great '). b. The suffix -arium denotes place : aer arium, ' treasury ' (from aes, 'money '). v. The suffix -atus denotes position or office : consulatus, ' con- sulship' (from consul, 'consul'). d. The suffixes -ulus, -a, -um and -cuius, -a, -um form Diminu- tives : adulescentulus, ' very young man ' (from adulescens, ' young man ') ; navicula, ' boat ' (from navis, ' ship '). 2. Adjectives 110. Adjectives are derived from verbs by means of the follow- ing suffixes : a. The suffix -ax denotes an inclination or tendency: audaz, 'daring ' (from audeo, ' dare '). b. The suffixes -ilis, -bilis, and -tivus form adjectives with a passive meaning: 1 facilis 'capable of being done, easy' (from facio, ' do ') ; captivus, ' captive ' (from capio, ' take ') . c. The suffix -idus denotes a state or condition : cupidus, ' de- sirous' (from cupio, 'desire'). 111. Adjectives are derived from nouns by means of the follow- ing suffixes : a. The suffix -osus denotes fullness : periculosus, ' full of dan- ger' (from periculum, 'danger'). b. The suffix -eus frequently denotes material : aureus ' golden ' (from aurum, ' gold ') ; ferreus, ' of iron ' (from ferrum, ' iron '). ■ 1 The first two frequently denote capability in a passive sense. WORD FORMATION 537 c. The suffixes -anus and -ensis mean belonging to : Romanus, 'Roman' (from Roma, 'Rome'); Carthaginiensis, 'Carthagin- ian ' (from Carthago, ' Carthage '). d. The suffixes -alis or -ills mean pertaining to : hostilis, ' hostile' (from hostis, 'enemy'); llberalis, 'liberal' (from liber, 'free- man '). 3. Verbs 112. Verbs are derived from other verbs by means of the fol- lowing suffixes : a. -soo forms inceptives, denoting the beginning of an action : concupisco, ' begin to have an eager desire.' 1 b. -to or -so (-ito with verbs of the First Conjugation) forms frequentatives or intensives : iacto, 'toss about, hurl' (from iacio, 'throw ') ; volito, ' flit about ' (from void, 'fly '). c. Some verbs in -sso denote vigorous action : capesso, ' seize ' (from capio, ' take '). 113. Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are called De- nominatives. Denominatives are most frequently of the First Con- jugation and transitive. Those of the Second Conjugation are intransitive, while those of the Third and Fourth are sometimes transitive and sometimes intransitive : euro, -are, ' care for ' (from cura, ' care ') ; laudo, -are, ' praise ' (from laua, ' praise ') ; llbero, -are, ' free ' (from liber, ' free ') . B. COMPOUNDS 114. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member commonly contains the essential meaning of the compound, while the first member qualifies that meaning in various ways. 1. Real Compounds 115. In compound nouns the first part may be an adjective, an adverb, a preposition, or an inseparable prefix, modifying the sec- ond part : de-decus, ' disgrace ' ; aequi-noctium, ' equinox.' i Con- is intensive: The vowel before -sco is regularly long. 538 GBAMMATICAL APPENDIX Or the first part may represent the oblique case of a noun and the second a verb stem: agri-cola, 'farmer' (ager, colo). 116. Adjectives may be formed by the union of a preposition or inseparable prefix with an adjective or noun, or of a noun or adjective with a verb stem : dif-ficilis, ' difficult ' ; prae-clarus, ' very famous ' ; parti-oeps, ' sharing.' 117. Verbs may be formed by the union of a verb with a noun, an adverb, a preposition, or an inseparable prefix : aedi-fico, 'build'; satis-facio, 'satisfy'; ab-duco, ' lead away'; se-iungo, ' separate.' 2. Apparent Compounds 118. Apparent compounds are formed : a. By the union of a noun and a modifying adjective, both parts being declined : respublica, 'republic'; iusiurandum, 'oath.' b. By the combination of two nouns, of which one has an un- changing case ending, while the other is declined : agri-cultura, 'agriculture' ('cultivation of the field'). The Derivation of words and their connection with one another may be illustrated by the following WORD GROUPS Note. — Sample groups are first given, with the meanings of all the words and with some references to various sections of the Grammatical Appendix. In those which follow, the meaning of the first word only is given except in cases of especial difficulty, and the student is expected to determine the other meanings from the force of the suffixes and prefixes, with the help of the Vocabulary, if he needs it. SAMPLE GROUPS A liber, free. 48 liber (continued) libera, freely. 67 libertas, freedom. 109, a liberalis, liberal. Ill, d libero, to free. 113 liberSliter, liberally. 67 libertus (for liberatus),/reed- liberalitas, liberality. 109, a man. 195, u liberl, (freeborn) children. 195, a, WORD FORMATION 539 duco, lead. 92 abduco, lead aioay.i 117 adduco, lead to conduco, lead together deduco, lead down or away educo, lead out educo, 2 -axe, educate indued, lead into obduco. lead be/ore duco (continued) perduco, lead through r educo, lead back subduco, lead under or up to traduco (for transduco), lead across ductus, leadership. 108, b dux, ducis," leader. 26 1. Seer, sharp acriter. 67 acerbus, 8 bitter acerbe. 67 acervus, (pointed) heap acies, sharp edge, line of battle 2. aedes, temple, house aedilis. 4 Ill, d; 195, a aediflco. 5 117 aedificium. 108, b 3. aequus, equal aeque. 67 aequalis. Ill, d aequaliter. 67 aequitas. 109, a aequo, make equal. 113 aequinoctium. 115 4. ago, lead, drive ager, field agricultura. 118, b agricola. 115 1 The primary force of these prefixes is practically the same in all in- stances; the derived meanings differ according to that of the primitive verb. Such compounds are formed, in greater or less number, from all the verbs in the following lists, but they are not included in the lists except in special instances. The form of the verb and the prefix are fre- quently changed; thus we have from capio, 'take,' accipio; from cedo, 'yield,' abscedo ; from fero, 'bear,' affero; from iacio, 'throw,' abicio; and from sequor, ' follow, ' assequor. 2 The differences in quantity are due to different forms of the root (due and due) ; cf. dxco with iudico, fido with fides, etc. Sometimes the dif- ferent forms of the root have different vowels ; cf. toga and tego. 3 See footnote 2. 4 For the connection with aedes see Note to p. 64, 1. 6, 6 Originally, ' build a house ' ; then ' build.' 6 For the meaning cf ■ eo and quo. ago (continued) agito, drive about, agitate. 112, b agmen. 108, c 5. alius, another alitor. 67 alias, adv., at another time alio, adv. 6 alienus abalieno. 117 6. audeo, dare audax. 110, a audacter audacia. 109, a 7. annus, year annuus annaiis. Ill, d; 195, 6 annona, year's provisions annotinus, of the preceding 540 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 8. arceo, ward off curro (continued) exerceo, exercise 1 excursio. 108, 6 exercitus. 108, 6 incursus (exercito). 112, b incursio exercitatus exercitatio. 108, b 14. dico, say, tell arc, citadel dictito. 112, 6 dictator. 108, u 9. brevis, short dictatura brevi (sc. tempore), adv. dictio. 108, 6 brevitas dictum bruma 2 edictum 10. capio, take (dicio), dicionis, swa capto. 112, b condicio capesso. 112, c index captivus. 110, 6 indicium. 108, b acceptus s iudex princeps iudicium. 108, b praecipuus s vindex praecipue vindico incipio, begin inceptum 15. decern, ten decemvir 11. caput, head decemplex oapillus, hair December capitulatim, adv. decimus Capitolium Decimus capitalis anceps 4 16. equus, horse praeceps eques praecipito equester 12. colo, cultivate equito cultus equitatus cultura 6 17. for, fari, speak colonus fama. 108, o colonia famosus. Ill, a incolo 6 inf amis » incola fSbula. 108, c 13. curro, run (facundus, eloquent) currus fScundia. 109, a cursus fatum concur sus. 108, b fatalis. Ill, d 1 Lit., drive about, keep busy. 2 See Vocab. 8 For this and other compounds with prepositions see Sample Word Group, B. For the meanings see Vocab. * See Vocab. 6 s ee under ager. 8 For prepositional compounds see Sample Word Group B. 1 From dico, ' proclaim, assign ' • for the quantity see p. 539, footnote 2. 8 in- is not the prep,, but an inseparable particle with negative force. WORD FORMATION 541 18. fas nefas fanum (fateor) Infitior infitiae confiteor fides, faith fidelis fideliter fidens fidoi confido (fidus) fiducia 19. ftad, flow lumen. 108, c fluvius fluctus 20. eo, go 2 iter comes comitor comitatus comitium exitus exitium initium interitus praetors praetorius praetura reditio reditus seditio * seditiosus 21. fruor, enjoy fructus fructuosus frumentum frumentarius 22. gigno, beget, bear (root, gen-) genus generatim generosus gener gens ingenium, (inborn) talent ingenuus ingens 6 honos, honor, honor honestus dehonesto honestas honeate honorificus honorifice ius, right iustus iuste iustitia iniustua initiate iudex 6 iudico iudicium ini&ria iusiurandum. 118, a iuro coniuro coniuratus coniuratio 26. magnus, magnitude magnificus magnificentia magnopere. 115 maior maiores maximus maxime 1 See p. 539, footnote 2. 2 For compounds of eo with prepositions see p. 539, footnote 1, and Vocab. 8 See Vocab. 4 se- is an inseparable prefix with negative force. 6 See p. 540, footnote 8. 6 See dico. 542 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX magnus (continued) magis magiater magistratus malo macto ! 26. mater, mother materia materior matrimonium matrona matricida. 115 2 27. navis, sAjp navicula. 109, d navalis navalia, ducks nauta (for navita) nauticus nSvigium. 8 115 naufragium. 4 115 28. multus, much, many multimodis." 115 multiplex multitudo. 109, a 29. nosco. know notus ignotus 6 ignosco ignoro cognosco cognomen nobilis 7 nobilitas nomen nomino nominatim, adv. noto 8 nota 8 30. os, mouth oscular ostium OBtia oro oratio orator oraculum. 108, c 31. post, after 9 postea, adv. 9 postquam, conj. 9 posthac posterus posterins, adv. m postremus postremo, adv. 11 posticum. 12 195, 6 32. rego, direct, rule rectus regio dirigo surgo 18 rex regno regnum regia. 14 195 6 33. sacer, sacred sacrum, sacra sacellum, dimin. sacerdos sacerdotium sacrarium, 109, 6 sacrifico consecro sancio 34. simul, at the same time, to- gether, adv. 9 simul atque, as soon as, conj. 9 simultfis, encounter ; anger 1 See Vocab. 2 The second part is eaedo. 8 The second part is ago. 4 The second part is (rag- from f ran go 6 Abl. of manner used as adv. 6 See p. 640, footnote 8. 7 See Vocab. 8 See Vocab. and p. 539, footnote 2. 9 These should be carefully distinguished. 10 Neuter ace. of the comp. as adv. i 1 Abl. of postremus as adv 12 Sc. ostium. is sub+rego. i* Sc. domus. WORD FORMATION 543 similis 36. sequor, follow similiter sector. 112, b simulo secundus, following 2 simulatio secundum, prep. 2 simulatim socius s simulacrum sociaiis 35. sedes, seat societas sedeo 37. sto, stand sella consto obsideo constans obses constantia iusidiae constanter insidior status praesidium statuo consul i constituo * consularis. 195, a statim consulatus. 109, c statio consilium statura consulo praesto ' praestans 1 Con and sedeo, with change of d to I. 2 Note the various meanings in the Vocab. all derived from the meaning 'following.' 8 See p. 539, footnote 2 (last part). * For other compounds with prepositions see Sample Word Group B. III. SYNTAX A. GENERAL RULES 119. The Subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative case. Sdturnus in Italiam venisse dicitur, ' Saturnus is said to have come into Italy.' a. The subject may be a pronoun implied by the form of the verb. Ibi arcem condidit, 'there he founded a citadel.' 120. A predicate noun, denoting the same person or thing as the subject, is in the Nominative case. Numa rex creatus est, ' Numa was made king.' 121. A noun or pronoun which describes another, and denotes the same person or thing, is called an appositive. An appositive is put in the same case as the word which it describes. Flumen est Arar, ' there is a river (called) the Arar.' 122. The case of a relative pronoun is determined by its con- struction within its own clause. It agrees with its antecedent in gender, person, and number. Urbem condiderunt, quam Romulus Romam vocavit, ' they founded a city, which Romulus called Rome.' a. The relative sometimes agrees with a predicate nominative, instead of with its antecedent. RubicSnem flumen, qui prdvinciae eius finis erat, transiit, ' he crossed the river Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province.' 123. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. Romani responderunt, ' the Romans replied.' a. In compound forms of the verb the participle agrees with the subject also in gender and in case. Legati ad Pyrrhum missi sunt, ' envoys were sent to Pyrrhus.' 544 BTNTAX 545 6. When there are two subjects, the verb is commonly in the plural, but in some cases a singular verb is used. A collective noun regularly takes a singular verb, but a plural verb may be used. Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter past5res trdnsigerunt, ' Romulus and Remus spent their youth among the shepherds.' CIvitati persuasit ut . . . exirent, ' he persuaded the state (i.e. the citi- zens) to go forth.' 124. Impersonal Verbs have no personal subject. They may have as subject an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun. Romae regnatum est per septem reges, ' the rule was carried on at Rome through seveu kings.' B. NOUNS 1. The Accusative Case 125. The direct object of a verb is in the Accusative case. The object may be (a) the Person or Thing Affected, or (6) the Result Produced by the action of the verb. Duilius Carthaginienses vicit, ' Duilius defeated the Carthaginians.' Urbem condiderunt, 'they founded a city.' a. The Accusative of "the Result Produced is sometimes used adverbially. Cum equitatu nihil possent, ' since they are not at all strong in cavalry.' 6. Some verbs which are ordinarily intransitive take a Neuter Pronoun or Adjective used as an Accusative of Result. Ut idem cSnaretur, ' to attempt the same thing.' 126. The subject of an infinitive is in the Accusative case. Dicens regem grave vulnus accepisse, ' saying that the king had suffered a severe wound.' a. If the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of the Finite Verb, it is in the Nominative case. Rex dixisse fertur, ' the king is reported to have said.' Note. — For the subject of an Historical Infinitive, see 275. 546 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 127. Many verbs meaning make, choose, call, show, and the like, take two Accusatives of the same person or thing. Tullia coniugem regem salutavit, ' Tullia hailed her husband as king.' o. The second Accusative may be an Adjective. Hex iuvenem incolumem dimisit, 'the king sent off the youth un- harmed.' 128. Some verbs, meaning ask, demand, teach, conceal, and the like, take two Accusatives, one of the person and one of the thing. Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum flagitare, ' meanwhile Caesar daily demanded the grain from the Aedaans.' Hie Italos primus agri culturam, docuit, ' he was the first to teach the Italians agriculture.' 129. Transitive verbs sometimes take a second Accusative when compounded with trans., intransitive verbs a single Accusative. Certior factus est, tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen tra- duxisse, 'he was informed that the Helvetians had already led three- fourths of their forces across that river.' a. With the passive of the verbs mentioned in 127, 128, and 129 the Direct Object becomes the Subject and the Predicate Accusative becomes Predicate Nominative. Amicus appellatus est, 'he was called friend.' 130. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are denoted by the Accusative. Cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat, ' whose father had been king among the Sequani for many years.' 131. Place to Which is usually denoted by the Accusative with the preposition ad, in, or sub. Legates ad eum mittunt, ' they send envoys to him.' Ad fines Belgarum pervenit, ' he arrived at the frontier of the Belgians.' Ipsi . . . sub primam nostram aciem successerunt, ' they themselves advanced up to our van.' 132. But the Accusative of Limit of Motion, without a preposi- tion, is used with names of towns and small islands, with domum SYNTAX 547 meaning home, and sometimes with verbs compounded with ad, per, in, or sub. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit, ' afterwards Pyrrhus proceeded to Rome.' EOrum qui domum redierunt, ' of those who returned home.' Urbem adiit, ' he visited the city.' 133. Motion in the direction or to the vicinity of a town is indicated by the Accusative with the preposition ad. Ad Qenavam pervenit, ' he reached the neighborhood of Geneva.' Ad Praeneste venit, ' he advanced in the direction of Praeneste.' 2. The Genitive 134. A noun or pronoun which limits another, and does not denote the same person or thing, is put in the Genitive. This rule covers in a general way all the uses of the Genitive not included under 135-142. Postridie eius diet, ' the day following that day.' Honoris Diviciaci causa, ' for the sake of doing honor to Diviciaeus.' Aliquem locum medium utriusque, ' some place midway between each.' Angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum, ' the narrowness of the roads and the great size of the forests.' 135. The Possessive Genitive denotes possession or ownership. Qui ipsdrum lingua Celtae appellantur, ' who in their own language are called Celts.' a. The Possessive Genitive is often used predicatively, especially with esse and fieri. Non suae esse virtutis, arma adversariis tradere, ' (he said) that it was not consistent with his valor (lit. ' of his valor ') to surrender his arms to the enemy.' 136. The Subjective Genitive denotes the person who acts or feels. Militum concursu repulsi sunt, ' they were driven back by the coming of the soldiers.' 137. The Objective Genitive denotes the object of an action or feeling. It is not always translated into English with ' of.' Regni cupiditate inductus, ' led by desire for royal power.' 548 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Note. — The difference between the Subjective and the Objective Genitive may be seen in the following clause, in which both are used : pro veteribus Helveliorum iniuriis popull Romani, ' on account of the ancient wrongs inflicted by the Helvetians (subjective) on the Roman people (objective).' 138. A Genitive signifying the whole may be used to limit a word indicating a part. This is commonly called the Partitive Genitive, but is more accurately termed the Genitive of the Whole. lumentorum quam maximum numerum coemere, ' to buy up as great a number as possible of pack-animals.' Satis esse causae arbitrabatur, 'he thought there was sufficient (of) reason.' a. Instead of the Genitive of the Whole the Ablative with ex or de is frequently used, regularly with Cardinal Numerals and with quidam. Unum ex Bomanls provocavit, 'he challenged one of the Romans.' 139. A Genitive is sometimes used instead of an appositive (see 121) and is then called an Apposition al Genitive. Triplicem aciem instruxit legionum qnattuor veteranarum, ' he drew up a triple line (consisting of) four veteran legions.' Note. — The Genitives in 138 and 139 are sometimes con- founded. In the former, the Partitive Genitive, the genitive de- notes the Whole, of which a Part is taken; in the latter, the Appositional Genitive, the genitive and the noun which it limits denote the same thing. 140. The Genitive, modified by an adjective, may be used to denote a Characteristic or Quality of a person or thing. Mlrae audaciae f acinus edidit, 'he committed a crime of remarkable boldness.' 141. When the Genitive of Quality denotes a measure of ex- tent or time, it is sometimes called the Genitive of Measure. Post Romuli mortem unius annl interregnum fuit, ' after the death of Romulus there was an interregnum of one year.' Titulum trium verborum, ' an inscription of three words.' SYNTAX 549 142. When the Genitive of Quality denotes indefinite value, it is sometimes called the Genitive of Value. Tanti (sc. preti) eius apud se gratiam ostendit, ' he showed him that his influence with him was worth so much ' (literally, ' was of so great value '). Note. — Many of the above varieties of the Genitive may be used in the predicate. There is no genitive known as the Predi- cate Genitive, but we may have a Predicate Genitive of Posses- sion, etc. (see 135, a). 143. Many Adjectives take a Genitive to complete their mean- ing, especially those signifying desire, knowledge, familiarity, mem- ory, participation, power, fullness, and the opposites of these. Mulier auguriorum perita, ' a woman skilled in auguries.' Dominationis avidus, ' eager for sovereignty.' 144. The Genitive is sometimes used with verbs meaning re- member and forget (memim, reminiscor, and oblivlscor) . Beminisceretur . . . veteris incommodi populi Roman!, ' let him hear in mind the ancient disaster to the Roman people.' Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, ' if he were willing to forget the ancient insult.' 145. Verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and acquitting take the Genitive of the charge or penalty. A dictatore capitis damnatus est, ' he was condemned to death by the dictator.' 146. The Impersonal Verbs miseret, paenitet, pudet, piget, taedet, and their compounds, take the Accusative of the person affected and the Genitive of the person or thing toward whom (which) the feeling is directed. Quasi ignaviae eum pertaederet, ' as if he were disgusted with his in- capacity.' 147. The Impersonal Verbs refert and interest govern a Geni- tive of the person (or thing) concerned. Docet quantopere rei publicae intersit, ' he shows how greatly it is to the interest of the state,' 550 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 3. The Dative 148. The indirect object of a verb is in the Dative case. Latinus rex ei filiam Laviniam dedit, 'King Latinus gave him his daughter, Lavinia.' a. Some verbs which govern an indirect object in the Dative also admit another construction, especially dono and circumdo. Romam moenibus circumdabat, ' he was surrounding Rome with walls ' (Abl. of Means ; 163). 149. The Dative of the Indirect Object is also used. a. With many verbs of special meanings, such as favor, help, trust, injure, please, displease, command, obey, serve, resist, indulge, spare, pardon, threaten, believe, persuade, and the like. Cum multis Troianis, quibus ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, ' with many Trojans, whom the sword of the Greeks had spared.' Multae Italiae civitates Bomdnis paruerunt, 'many states of Italy obeyed the Romans.' b. With many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con- (com-), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and circum. Cum virtiite omnibus praestarent, ' since they surpassed all in valor.' UtI totl Oalliae bellum inferrent, ' that they might make war on all Gaul.' Note. — Observe that not all of the verbs under 149, a and b, govern a, Dative ; for example, Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtiite praec&Aaat, ' the Helvetians surpass all the rest in valor. ' Qui cum eum in itinere convenissent, ' when they had met him on the road.' Those which govern the Dative must be learned by observation and experience. 150. Verbs which govern a Dative can be used only imperson- ally in the passive. His persudderi ut diutius morarentur . . non poterat, ' these could not be persuaded to remain longer.' 151. The Dative of Reference denotes the person to whom a statement or action refers or to whom it is of interest. Docebat quam veteres et quam iustae causae necessitfldlnis ipsis cum Aeduis intercederent, ' he pointed out what old and what legitimate SYNTAX 551 causes for an alliance existed between them (the Romans) and the Aedui ' (literally, ' for them with the Aedui '). a. The Dative of Reference is sometimes about equivalent to a Possessive Genitive. Sese omnes flentes Caesarl ad pedes proiecerunt, 'all in tears threw themselves at Caesar's feet.' Special varieties of the Dative of Reference are : 152. The Dative of the Person Judging. Caesarl Pompeiana dignitas gravis erat, ' in Caesar's opinion the pres- tige of Pompey was dangerous.' 153. The Dative of Separation, used with compounds of ab, de, ex, ad, sub, prae, and dis-, and inter- usually of persons only. Advenienti aquila pilleum ahstulit, ' as he was coming an eagle carried off his cap.' Scuto a, novissimis unl militi detracto, ' having seized a shield from one of the soldiers in the rear.' 154. The Dative of the Possession, used with the verb sum. Est mihi liber, ' I have a book.' a. Also with compounds of sum. Novae urbis civibus coniuges deerant, ' the citizens of the new city lacked wives.' 155. The Dative of Agency, used regularly with the Second Periphrastic Conjugation. Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, ' Caesar decided that he must not wait ' (more literally, ' that it must not be waited by him ') . 156. The Dative of Service or Purpose is used to denote the end or purpose toward which an action is directed, or for which something exists. Ut aliquem locum colloquid deiigeret, ' that he should choose some place for a conference. Eum optimatium partibus exitio futflrum, ' that he would be the ruin of the party of the aristocrats ' (literally, ' for a ruin ') . Note. — The Dative of Purpose is sometimes used with another Dative, as in the second example, when the construction is often called that of the Two Datives ; sometimes without another Dative, 552 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX as in the first example. When it is used with esse, it is equiva- lent in force to a Predicate Nominative or Accusative. 157. Many adjectives take a Dative to complete their meaning, especially those meaning friendly, unfriendly, similar, dissimilar, equal, near, related to, suitable, ft, and the like. Proximi sunt Germdnis, ' they are nearest to the Germans.' Qui locum idoneum castris deligant, ' to select a place suitable for a camp.' 4. The Ablative 158. The Ablative of Separation is used sometimes with and sometimes without a preposition. Ubi mflrus defensoribus nudatus est, ' when the wall was stripped of defenders.' Satis habebat . . . hostem rapinis . . prohibere, 'he regarded it as sufficient to keep the enemy from plundering.' Ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere, ' to keep the violence of the enemy from their towns.' Qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, ' which separates the terri- tory of the Sequani from the Helvetians.' Note. — Whether a preposition is to be used or not must be learned mainly by observation. Verbs of freeing, depriving, and lacking, and the corresponding adjectives, regularly omit the prepo- sition. Of verbs meaning to keep from, remove, withdraio, some take the preposition, and others omit it, the same verb often hav- ing both constructions (as in the second and third examples). Other verbs of separation usually take the ablative with a preposi- tion. The preposition is very commonly used of persons. For the Ablative of Place from Which, see 177 and 178. 159. The Ablative is used to denote the Source from which anything is derived. a. Participles denoting birth or origin are followed by the Abla- tive of Source, usually without, but sometimes with, a preposition. Ndbilissima genitus familia, 'born of a very noble family.' Genitus ez nobili femina, ' born of a lady of high rank.' SYNTAX 553 160. The Agent, or doer of an action, is expressed by the Abla- tive with a or ab. A Volscis occlsus esse dicitur, 'he is said to have been killed by the Volscians.' Note. — For the Dative of Agency, see 155. 161. An Ablative translated by than is often used with a com- parative and called the Ablative of Comparison. RSmulus Silvius se love maiSrem esBe dicebat, ' Romulus Silvius used to say that he was greater than Jupiter.' a. This construction is usually a substitute for quam ('than') with the Nominative or Accusative. In other cases quam must be used, and quam is sometimes used even with the Nominative or Accusative. Dicebat hunc sonum multO clariorem esse quam tonitrum, 'he said that this sound was much louder than the thunder.' 162. Plus, minus, amplius, and longius are often used with the force of plus quam, minus quam, etc., instead of being fol- lowed by the Ablative of Comparison. Ut milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu . . exercitum duceret, ' that he might lead his army by a detour of more than fifty miles.' (Milium is Genitive of Measure ; see 141.) Note. — Sometimes, however, the Ablative of Comparison is used : Non amplius quinis aut sents milibus passuum, ' not more than five or six miles.' 163. The Ablative is used to express the Means by Which, or the Instrument with Which, an action is accomplished. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribvs iunctis transibant, ' this the Helvetii were trying to cross by a bridge of rafts and boats ' (literally, ' by rafts and by boats joined together.') The Ablative of Means or Instrument is very common in Latin and is used in many cases where a different construction is used in English. The following special varieties occur : a. The deponents Qtor, use, fruor, enjoy, fungor, perform, po- tior, get possession of, vescor, eat, and their compounds, take the Ablative. Veientes dolo fisi e6s in insidias pellexerunt, ' the people of Veii, by the use of treachery, enticed them into an ambuscade.' 554 GHAMMATICAL APPENDIX Impedimentis castrisque nostrl potiti sunt, ' our men got possession of the baggage and the camp.' b. The Ablative is used with nitor and innitor. Ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo aut insidiis niterentur, ' that they rather fought with valor than relied on treachery and ambus- cades.' c. The Ablative is used with verbs of jilting and adjectives of plenty. Cophinus stercore plenus, ' a basket full of filth.' d. The Ablative is used in various other constructions differing from the English idiom. Frumento quod ndvibus subvexerat, ' the grain which he had brought in ships ' (literally, ' by ships ') . Fere cotididnis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, ' they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles.' Ne studium belli gerendi agricultura commiitent, ' that they may not prefer agriculture to war ' (literally, ' exchange with agriculture the desire of making war ') . 164. Price is expressed by the Ablative. Portoria . . . parvo pretio redempta habere, ' that he had bought up the customs tolls at a low price.' 165. The Ablative of Cause gives the cause or reason for an action. Quod sua victoria tam insolenter gloriarentur, ' as for their boasting so arrogantly on account of their victory.' Note. — Cause is also expressed by the Ablative with ex ; for example, quo gravius homines ex commutations rerum doleant, 'that men might feel the deeper grief in consequence of a change of fortune.' a. The Ablative of Cause is used with the adjective contentus. Eegni finibus contentus erat, 'he was satisfied with the limits of the kingdom.' 166. The Ablative, regularly with cum, is used to express the Manner of an action, like an adverb. Cum may be omitted when the Ablative has an adjective modifier, and with some special words. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimix Caesarem complexus, 'Diviciacus em- bracing Caesar with many tears' (i.e. tearfully). SYNTAX 555 IncredibiK celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ' with wonderful speed they rushed down to the river ' {i.e. very swiftly). a. The Ablative is used to denote that in Accordance with Which anything is done. Negat se more popull Roman! posse iter QUI per provinciam dare, ' he says that he cannot in accordance with the custom of the Roman peo- ple give any one a passage through the province.' 167. The Ablative of Accompaniment is ordinarily used with the preposition cum, but in military expressions the Ablative alone may be used, when it is modified by an adjective. Hinc Aeneas cum multls Troianis ffigit, ' Aeneas fled from here with many Trojans.' Caesar equitatu praemisss subsequebatur omnibus copiis, ' Caesar sent forward the cavalry and followed with all his forces.' 168. The Ablative of Degree of Difference is used with com- paratives and words implying comparison, including expressions of distance. Duobus annis post bellum adversus Samnites gerebant, ' two years afterwards they waged , war against the Samnites ' (literally, ' after- wards by two years ') . 169. The Ablative is used to indicate the Attendant Circum- stances of an action or situation. Qui minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi poterant, ' who were less easily able to accomplish this under our rule.' 170. A noun in the Ablative, modified by an adjective, may be used to denote a Quality or Characteristic. Gallus quidam eximid corporis magnitudine, ' a Gaul of extraordinary size of body.' Quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, ' because they did not yet seem well disposed towards the Roman people' (predicate use of the construction) . 171. The Ablative of Specification is used with verbs and adjec- tives to denote the respect in which anything is done or exists. Hie vir aequitdte av5 similis fuit, ' this man was like his grandfather in justice.' 172. The adjectives dignus and indignus govern the Ablative. Indignae homine docto voluptates, ' pleasures unworthy of a man of refinement.' 556 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 173. A noun or pronoun in the Ablative accompanied by a predicate noun, adjective, or participle in the same case, may be loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. This is called the Ablative Absolute. The Ablative Absolute is generally the equivalent of a clause expressing time, condition, cause, means, or other attendant cir- cumstances, and should be translated by such a clause. Time. — Ed opere perfecto, praesidia disponit, ' when that work was finished, he stationed garrisons.' Condition. — Quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo, ' because if he made a bid, no one dared to bid against him.' Opposition or 'Concession.' — Propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem panels defendentibus (oppidum) expugnare non potuit, 'on account of the breadth of the ditch and the height of the wall, he was unable to take the town, though the defenders were few.' Means. — Ut aequdto omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, 'that by making the danger of all equal he might take away the hope of flight.' Mannek. — Incitatis equis hostes impeditos adoriebantur, ' when the enemy were in difficulties the cavalry charged them at full speed ' (' with their horses urged on.') 5. Relations of Place Note. — For Place to Which see 131-133. 174. Place Where is regularly denoted by the Ablative with the prepositions in and sub. Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit, ' Latinus ruled in those regions.' 175. The preposition is omitted with the general designations of place, loco, locis, and parte, with other words when they are modified by totus, and in some set expressions. Qui . . . alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt, 'they joined battle with the cavalry of the Helvetians in an unfavor- ableplace.' Tota Africa 5tium reddidit, ' he restored peace in all Africa.' 176. Names of towns and small islands express Place Where by the Locative. ' At home ' is also expressed by the Locative form domi. The Locative has in the singular of the first and second declen- SYNTAX 557 sions the same form as the Genitive ; elsewhere the same form as the Ablative. Eius poster! Albae regnaverunt, ' his descendants were kings at Alba.' Carthagine quotannls bin! reges creabantur, ' at Carthage two kings were chosen each year.' 177. Place from Which is regularly denoted by the Ablative with the preposition ab, de, or ex. Qui niintii ab Iccio venerant, 'who had come as messengers from Iccius.' Castra ex eo loco movent, ' they move their camp from that place.' Ut definibus suis exirent, ' to go out from their territories.' 178. The preposition is omitted with names of towns, with domo. ' from home,' and sometimes with other words, especially when governed by verbs compounded with ab, ex, or de. Erant omnlno itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent, ' there were only two routes by which they could go forth from home.' German! suas copias castris edfixerunt, ' the Germans led their troops from the camp.' 179. Motion from the vicinity of a town is expressed by the Abla- tive with a preposition (cf. 133). Ab Ocelo ... in fines Vocontiorum pervenit, ' he came from the neigh- borhood of Ocelum into the territory of the Vocontii.' 6. Expressions of Time Note. — For the Accusative of Duration of Time see 130. 180. Duration of Time is occasionally denoted by the Ablative. Ed totd node continenter ierunt, 'they continued to march all that night.' Note. — The Ablative of Duration of Time and that of Time When do not differ greatly in some cases. In the example, con- tinenter shows that we have the former. 181. Time When or At Which is denoted by the Ablative. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos populus Romae seditionem fecit, ' in the sixteenth year after the expulsion of the kings, there was an outbreak of the people at Rome.' Qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum f uerat, ' who had been the leader of the Helvetians at the time of the war with Cassius.' 558 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 3.82. Time within Which is denoted by the Ablative. Diebus circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit, ' within about fifteen days he came to the country of the Belgians.' 7. Dates 183. The Romans designated each year by the names of the consuls for that year. The days of the month were reckoned back- ward from three points, the Kalends (Kalendae), Nones (Nonae), and Ides (Idfis). The Kalends were the first day of every month. The Nones were the fifth and the Ides the thirteenth, except in March, May, July, and October, when they were the seventh and fifteenth, respectively. The names of the months were adjectives, agreeing with Kalendae, Nonae, and Idus. They are as follows : Ianuarius, Februarius, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Itinius, Quinc- tllis (later Iulius), Sextilis (later Augustus), September, Octo- ber, November, December. The day before the points of the month from which time was reckoned was pridie Kalendas, pridie Nonas, or pridie Idus ; but the day before that was called, not the second day before the Kalends, etc., but the third (ante diem tertium Ealendas Ianua- rias), because the Romans counted the day from which they began to reckon. Thus, in December the Kalends of January counted one day, the 31st of December a second (pridie Kalendas Ianua- rias), and the 30th of December was the third day before the Kalends. Therefore, in order to turn Roman dates into English, when a day before the Kalends is given, add two to the number of days in the preceding month, and subtract the given number ; when a day before the Nones or Ides is given, add one to the day on which the Nones or Ides fall, and subtract the given number. Until Caesar's reform of the Calendar, in 46 B.C., March, May, July, and October had 31 days and the rest 29. For example : ante diem V. Kal. April., L. Pisone, AulO GabiaiS cOnsulibus, 'on the 28th of March (31 + 2 — 5), 55 B.C.' The expression ante diem V. Kalendas Aprilis, although the usual form, is not strictly grammatical. Die quinto ante Kalen- das Aprilis, ' on the fifth day before the Kalends of April,' became SYNTAX 559 by attraction ante diem qulntum Kalendas Aprilis, where Ka- lendas is governed by ante diem qulnturn as if by a preposi- tion. The day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve hours, which of course differed in length at different seasons of the year, designated as hora prima, secunda, etc. The night was divided into twelve hours from sunset to sunrise (prima hora noctis, etc.) and also into four watches (vigilia prima, etc.). 8. The Vocative 184. The Vocative is the case of direct address. Desilite, commllitdnes, ' leap down, fellow-soldiers.' C. PREPOSITIONS 185. The following prepositions govern the Ablative only : ab (a), cum, de, ex (e), prae, pro, sine. 1. (a) Ab is used with verbs, nouns, and adjectives to denote motion from, separation, source, and distance, literally and figura- tively. Ab Allobrogibus in SegusiavSs exercitum ducit, ' he led his army from (the country of) the Allobroges into (that of) the Segusiavi.' A Sequanis impetrat, ' he obtains from the Sequani.' Oppidum vacuum a defensoribus, ' a town destitute of defenders.' Milia passuum tria ab eorum castris, ' three miles from their camp.' (6) Ab is used to denote the point of view from which, with the force of place where. A dextro cornu, ' on the right wing.' (c) Ab with the Ablative is used in expressions of time in the sense of from . . . (on) and after. A prima aetate regnum concuplscebat, ' from early youth he was desirous of royal power.' Pharnacem intra qulntum ab adventu diem prsfligavit, ' he routed Phar- naces within five days after his arrival.' (d) For ab with the Ablative of Agent see 160. 560 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 2. (a) Cum denotes accompaniment, association, and intercourse (friendly and unfriendly). Dies quam constituerat cum legatis, ' the time that he had agreed on _ with the envoys.' Unum imperium . . cum ipsis, ' one (and the same) government with themselves.' Note. — With the personal and relative pronouns cum regularly follows its case and forms a single word with it. Quibuscum, ' with whom V ' (6) For cum with the Ablative of Accompaniment see 167 ; with the Ablative of Manner, 166. 3. (a) De denotes motion down from or from. De gradibus curiae deiectus est, ' he was thrown down (from) the steps of the senate-house.' (6) De has the meaning about, concerning, or with respect to. De re publico, agere, ' to confer about political matters.' De populo Romano meritos, 'deserved well of (i.e. with respect to) the Roman people.' (c) De with the Ablative is used in expressions of time when. De tertia vigilia, ' in the third watch.' (tf) De with the Ablative denotes cause, accordance, and manner, and sometimes has the force of a Partitive Genitive (see 138, a). Qua. de causa . . ., ' for which reason.' De improvlso, ' unexpectedly.' 4. (a) Ex (e) is used with verbs, nouns, and adjectives to denote motion out of or from, separation, and source, literally and figuratively. Tres (legiones) ex hibernis educit, ' he leads three legions out of winter quarters.' Ex captivis comperit, ' he found out from captives.' (b) Ex denotes the point of view from which with the force of place where; cf. 1 (i). Una ex parte, ' on one side.' (c) Ex with the Ablative is used in expressions of time from . . . (on) and after. Onus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publics, administrabat, ' from that time on Caesar managed all the affairs of the state alone.' Dies . . . ex eo die quintus, ' the fifth day after that day.' SYNTAX 561 (d) Ex with the Ablative may denote cause, accordance, manner, or respect, and may be equivalent to a Partitive Genitive (see 138, a). Ex eo, 'on that account.' Ex communi consensu, 'with (i.e. in ac- cordance with) the common consent.' Magna ex parte, ' in a great measure.' 5. Prae, pr6, and sine, see Vocabulary. 186. In and sub govern the Ablative or the Accusative, with a difference of meaning. 1. (a) In with the Accusative is used with verbs, nouns, and adjectives to denote motion to or towards, literally and figuratively. In Italiam, ' into Italy.' In deditionem accipere, ' to receive into sur- render. ' In ipsum Caesarem . . . incidit, ' he fell in with Caesar himself.' (V) In with the Accusative is used in some expressions where there is no idea of motion in English. In altitudinem pedum sedecim, ' of sixteen feet in height.' (c) For other meanings of in see Vocabulary. 2. (a) Sub with the Accusative denotes motion up to or so as to come under a place. Exercitum sub iugum miserat, ' he had sent the army under the yoke.' Sub primam nostram aciem, ' up to our van.' (ft) Sub with the Accusative denotes time, with the meaning towards or about. Sub vesperum, 'towards evening.' (c) Sub with the Ablative denotes rest under or at the foot of, literally or figuratively. Sub monte, ' at the foot of a mountain.' Sub illorum dicione, ' under their sway.' 187. All the prepositions not mentioned in 185 and 186 govern the Accusative only, namely, Ad, Adversus, Apud, Ante, Cir- cum, Cis, Ob, Per, Post, Prope (Propius), Secundum, Trans, and those ending in -a and -ter (Circiter, Citra, Contra, Extra, Inter, Intra, Praeter, Propter, Supra, Ultra). 562 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX D. ADJECTIVES 188. An adjective agrees with the noun which it limits in gender, number, and case. Adjectives may be attributive, apposi- tive, or predicate. The first modify nouns directly ; the second are joined to nouns in the manner of an appositive (see 121) ; the last modify a noun through the medium of a verb, usually esse. Equitatum omnem . . praemittit, ' he sends forward all the cavalry ' (Attributive Adjective). Helvetii continentur . . monte Ifira altissimo, ' the Helvetians are bounded by the Jura Mountain, of great height ' (Appositive Adjec- tive) . Horum omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae, ' of all these the Belgians are the bravest' (Predicate Adjective). 189. An Attributive Adjective which modifies two or more nouns usually agrees in gender and number with the nearest. NSn eddem alacritate ac studio . . . fitebantur, ' they did not show the same eagerness and zeal.' 190. In Latin an adjective is often used where the English employs an adverb. Qui creatur annuus, ' who is elected annually.' 191. Adjectives meaning first and last are used adverbially with the force shown in the following example. Carcerem primus aedificavit, 'he was the first to build a dungeon.' 192. Some adjectives, mostly Superlatives, may be used to de- note a part of an object. Cum summus mons a Labien5 teneretur, • when the top of the mountain was held by Labienus.' Ad ei.trem.as fossas castella eonstituit, ' at the ends of the trenches he placed redoubts.' 193. The Comparative and the Superlative of adjectives and adverbs are often translated by too, rather, very, etc., instead of by more and most. Cupidius novissimum agmen insecflti, ' having followed the (enemy's) rear too eagerly.' Flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, ' by the river Rhine (which is) very broad and very deep.' SYNTAX 563 194. Quam with the Superlative denotes the highest possible degree. Quam maximum numerum, ' as great a number as possible.' Note. — The full form, which sometimes occurs, is (for example) quam maximis potest itineribus, ' by the longest possible marches. On quisque with the Superlative see 203, below. 195. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways : a. The meaning of the noun is determined by the gender of the adjective. LegatSs ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, ' they send to him as envoys the noblest men of the state.' Qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem . . . populi Roman! permittere, ' to say that they intrusted themselves and all their possessions to the protection of the Roman people.' 6. The meaning of the noun is determined by some word under- stood, with which the adjective agrees. Caesar eius dextram (sc. manum) prendit, 'Caesar grasps his right hand.' Multa in ea genera ferarum (sc. bestidrum) nasci cSnstat, ' it is well known that many kinds of wild animals are born there.' Note. — Conversely, a noun may be used as an adjective. Vic- toribus Sequanls, ' to the victorious Sequani.' E. PRONOUNS 196. The Personal Pronoun is omitted when it is the subject of a finite verb, unless it is emphatic for some reason. Ego certe meum rei pfiblicae . . . officium praestiterO, ' I at any rate will do my duty to the state.' 197. The Reflexive Pronoun se and the corresponding adjective suus in principal clauses refer to the subject of the main verb. Se in castra receperunt, ' they returned . (betook themselves) to the camp.' 198. Se and suus in dependent sentences may refer to the sub- ject of the verb of the dependent sentence (direct reflexive) or to that of the principal sentence (indirect reflexive). Tribunos mllitum monuit ut sese legiOoes cpniungerent, 'he directed 564 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX the tribunes of the soldiers that the legions should join themselves together ' (Direct Reflexive) . His uti conquirerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperii, vit, ' he ordered them to hunt them up, if they wished to be guiltless in his sight ' (In- direct Reflexive) . Note. — The various uses of se and suus are illustrated in the following sentence. (Ariovistus dixit) quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Aeduorum inifirias non neglectiirum, neminem seeum sine sua pemicie contendisse, '(Ariovistus said) that as for Caesar's threatening him that he would not neglect the wrongs done to the Aeduans, no one had contended with him without being destroyed.' Sibi refers to the subject of the main verb of saying which in- troduces the indirect discourse (indirect reflexive) ; se refers back to the subject of denflntiaret (indirect reflexive) ; secum refers to the same person as sibi (indirect reflexive) ; while sua refers to the subject (neminem) of its own clause (direct reflexive). 199. The Demonstrative Pronoun ille often means ' the famous,' ' the well known.' Cato ille, ' the famous Cato.' 200. The Intensive ipse is used to emphasize the word with which it agrees, or as an emphatic pronoun. Ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt, ' they themselves carry on war in their own territories.' a. Ipse is very often translated by another word than ' self.' In ipsis fluminis ripTs proeliabantur, ' they were fighting right on the banks of the river.' 201. Ipse is sometimes used as an Indirect Reflexive (see 155), when two reflexives are needed, or when se or suus would not be clear. Cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia. desperarent, 'why should they despair of their own valor or of his care 1 ' For the construction of the Relative Pronoun, see 122. 202. A Relative Pronoun at the beginning of a sentence is usually best translated by a personal or a demonstrative pronoun. Quod ubi Caesai' resciit, ' when Caesar learned this.' SYNTAX 565 a. Sometimes the Relative serves as a connective with the pre- ceding sentence and should be translated by a Personal or Demon- strative Pronoun with a conjunction. Qui si iuvissent, ' for if they should aid them.' 203. The Indefinite Pronoun quisque is used idiomatically with Superlatives to indicate a class. Nobilissimi cuiusque liberi, ' the children of every one of high rank:' F. VERBS 1. General 204. Verbs are sometimes used impersonally with or without a clause as subject. Rogare ut . . . id sibi facere liceat, ' they asked that it might be allowed them to do this.' (The subject of liceat is the clause id facere.) Ita . . . diu et aeriter pugnatum, est, ' thus the battle raged, long and fiercely ' (literally, ' it was fought ') . 205. Verbs that regularly take a Direct Object are sometimes used without one and are then said to be used Absolutely. Ut facile perpauci prohibere possent, ' so that a very few could easily prevent.' 2. Tenses Note. — Each tense expresses two things : the period of the action, whether present, past, or future ; and the stage of the action, whether going on, completed, or undefined. 206. The Present Tense is used of an action going on in the present, or of a general truth. His Vestae sacerdotibus non licet viro niibere, ' these priestesses of Vesta are not allowed to marry.' 207. In connection with iam, iam diu, iam prldem, and similar expressions the Present is often used of an action begun in the past and continuing in the present (cf. 211). a. Sometimes iam is implied or understood. Hoc viginti annos audio, ' I have (already) heard this for the last twenty years.' 566 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 208. The Historical Present may be used in narration to refer to past events. Dicit montem . . . ab hostibus tenerl, ' he said that the mountain was held by the enemy.' 209. The Imperfect may denote an action going on, or re- peated, in past time. Qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat, ' who at that time was holding the chief place in the state.' 210. The Imperfect may be used of an act undefined in past time, especially in descriptions. Here it is to be translated, not by the progressive form, but as a simple past. Id natura loci sic miiniebatur, ' this was so strengthened by its natural location.' 211. The Imperfect with iam, iam pridem, iam dudum, etc., is sometimes used of a past action which had been continuing for some time. Iam pridem Pompei5 suspectae erant Caesaris opes, ' the power of Caesar had for some time been an object of suspicion in Pompey's mind.' 212. The Imperfect is used of a repeated or customary action. Se love esse maiorem dicebat, ' he used to say that he was greater than Jupiter.' 213. The Future is used of an act going on, or undefined in future time. Faciam, si mihi fidem quam postulo dederis, ' I will do it, if you will give me the pledge for which I ask ' (literally, ' if you shall have given me '). a. Sometimes the first Periphrastic Conjugation is used, instead of the simple future, or as a past future. Frfimentum omne, praeter quod secum portdturl erant, comburunt, ' they burned all the grain except what they were going to take with them.' 214. The Perfect Indefinite denotes an act undefined in the past. Is ita cum Caesare egit, ' he treated as follows with Caesar.' SYNTAX 567 Note. — The Perfect Indefinite is sometimes called the Histori- cal Perfect. a. On account of the meaning of the verbs, the Perfects odT, memini, novl, and consuevi have the force of Presents. Thus novi means ' I have learned,' hence ' I know.' 6. The Perfect is sometimes used of a state of things no longer existing. Fuit antea tempus, ' there was formerly a time.' 215. The Perfect Definite is like the English Present Perfect, and is used of an action completed in present time. Ita utl supra demonstrdvimus, ' as we have shown above.' 216. The Pluperfect Indicative, like the English Past Perfect, denotes an act completed in the past. Quod ante tacuerat propOnit, ' he revealed that about which he had previously kept silent.' a. The Pluperfects noveram, memlneram, oderam, and con- sueverani have the force of a simple past. See 214, o. 217. The Future Perfect denotes an action completed in the future. Ego certe meum officium praestitero, ' I at least shall have done my duty.' a. The Future Perfect is sometimes used in Latin where Eng- lish less exactly employs a Present or Future. See dederis (213). 3. The Sequence of Tenses 218. The tenses are divided into Primary (or Principal) and Secondary (or Historical) tenses, the former denoting present or future action, and the latter- past action. The Primary and Secondary tenses of the Indicative and of the Subjunctive are as follows: — Indicative Pbimabt Subjunctive Pbimary Present. Present (used of incomplete or Future. future action). Perfect Definite (translated with Perfect (used of completed or pre- ' have ') . vious action) . Future Perfect. 568 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Indicative Secondary Subjunctive Secondary Imperfect. Imperfect (used of incomplete or Perfect Indefinite (translated by a future action). simple past). Pluperfect (used of completed or Pluperfect. previous action). 219. In dependent clauses in the Subjunctive Primary Tenses regularly follow Primary Tenses in the principal clause, and Secondary Tenses follow Secondary Tenses. Primary Sequence Quaere quid faciat, ' I ask what he is doing ' (or ' will do ') - 1 Quaeram quid faciat, 'I shall ask what he is doing ' (or ' will do'). Quaesivero quid faciat, ' I shall have asked what he is doing ' (or ' will do '). Quaero quid fecerit, 'I ask what he has done ' (or ' did ') . Quaeram quid fecerit, ' I shall ask what he has done ' (or ' did '). Quaesivero quid fecerit, ' I shall have asked what he has done ' (or 'did'). Secondary Sequence Quaerebam quid f aceret, ' I asked what he was doing ' (or ' would do ') . 2 Quaesivi quid faceret, ' I asked what he was doing ' (or ' would do '). Quaesiveram quid faceret, ' I had asked what he was doing ' (or ' would do'). Quaerebam quid fecisset, ' I asked what he had done.' Quaesivi quid fecisset, ' I asked what he had done.' Quaesiveram quid fecisset, ' I had asked what he had done.' 4. Peculiarities of Sequence 220. The Perfect Indicative is usually a secondary tense and is followed by the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, even when translated into English as a present perfect. 221. A dependent Perfect Infinitive is treated as a secondary tense, whenever it would be secondary if resolved into an equiva- lent Indicative. Satis constat Sullam proclamasse vlncerent, ' it is well known that Sulla cried that they might have their way ' (dir. disc. Sulla clamavit). 1 To express ' what he will do ' quid factiirus sit is often used instead of quid faciat. 2 To express ' what he would do,' quid facturus esset is often used in- stead of quid faceret. SYNTAX 569 222. The Historical Present (208) is sometimes regarded as a primary, and sometimes as a secondary tense. 223. The Perfect Subjunctive is sometimes used as a secondary tense, or after a secondary tense. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas, ut ad galeas induendas . . . tempus de- fuerit, ' so short was the time, that they had no time to put on their helmets.' 224. In Indirect Discourse (see 265) Primary Tenses of the Sub- junctive are often used after a past verb of saying for vividness or for variety. Sometimes the regular sequence of tenses is observed in the same speech. Ariovistus respondit . . . quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi causa . . . faeere ; eius rei testimonium esse, quod nisi rogatus non venerit et quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit . . . Quid sibi vellet ? cur in suas possessionem veniret. Note. — For the Sequence of Tenses in Conditional Sentences, see 270. 5. Moods a. The Independent Subjunctive 225. The Hortatory Subjunctive is used in the first person plural of the Present, in exhortations. The negative is ne. Festinemus, inquit Cicero, prius quam abeat magistrate, Met us has- ten, said Cicero, before he abdicates his office.' 226. The Jussive Subjunctive expresses a command. It is regu- larly in the Present Tense and most commonly in the Third Per- son Singular or Plural. The Second Person also occurs. Pietatem colas, ' observe justice.' a. Negative commands are regularly expressed by noli (nolite) with the infinitive. Noll existimdre, ' do not suppose.' 227. The Deliberative or Dubitative Subjunctive is used in questions or exclamations implying doubt or indignation. Cur hunc quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicet, ' Why should any one suppose that he would withdraw from his allegiance ? ' 570 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 228. The Optative Subjunctive is used to express a wish. The negative is regularly ne. Moriar in patria saepe servata, ' may I die in the fatherland which 1 have often saved.' 6. Use of the Moods in Dependent Clauses (1) Purpose Clauses 229. Clauses of Purpose, or Final Clauses, are introduced by ut (uti), ne, and quo, and take the Subjunctive. Anmlius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Numitoris fllium interemit, ' Amulius, in order to get a strong hold on the throne, slew Numitor's son.' a. With comparatives quo is usually used instead of ut. Praesidia disponit quofacilius eos prohibere possit, ' he stations garri- sons, that he may be able the more easily to prevent them.' 230. A Relative Pronoun, equivalent to ut is, ut ii, etc., or a Relative Adverb, is often used with the Subjunctive to express purpose. Patres Menenium Agrippam miserunt, qui plebem senatui conciliaret, ' the fathers sent Menenius Agrippa to reconcile the people to the senate.' 231. Purpose clauses are often ' Parenthetical ' ; that is, they depend upon something to be supplied from the context instead of upon the main verb of their own sentence. Ub omittam Philippum, omnium eius temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit, ' to say nothing of Philip, Antiochus was the most powerful king of his times.' • Note. — Purpose may also be expressed by the Gerund, or Gerun- dive (282), or by the Supine (286) ; but never by the Infinitive (as in English). Note. — For substantive Clauses of Purpose see 260. (2) Result Clauses 232. Clauses of Result are introduced by ut and ut non. and take the Subjunctive. The main clause often, but not always, SYNTAX 571 contains a word meaning so or such (tantus, talis, tot, tarn, is, etc.). Id natiira loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, ' this was so strengthened by its situation, that it offered _ a great opportunity for prolonging the war.' A superiOre parte silvestris, ut non facile intrSrsus perspici posset, ' wooded on the upper part, so that one could Dot easily see through into it ' (i.e. ' so thickly wooded that it could not easily be seen into,' etc.). (3) Characteristic Clauses 233. A relative clause which is used to express a quality or characteristic of an antecedent not otherwise defined is called a Clause of Characteristic, and is put in the Subjunctive. Characteristic Clauses are especially common after expressions of existence and non-existence (est qui, sunt qui, etc.), and after unus and solus. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus dome exire possent, ' there _were only two routes by which they could leave their home.' Unum se esse . . . qui adduci non potuerit ut iflraret, ' that he was the only one who could not be induced to take an oath.' (Potuerit would be subjunctive in the direct discourse.) (4) Temporal Clauses 234. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam (postea- quam), ut, ubi, simul ac (atque), and cum prirnum take the Indicative, usually the Perfect or Historical Present. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides poposcit, ' after Oaesar came there, he demanded hostages.' . Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legates ad eum mit- tunt, 'when the Helvetians had been informed of his arrival, they sent envoys to him.' a. The above conjunctions are sometimes followed by the Plu- perfect Indicative. This is regularly the case with postquam in expressions denoting a definite interval of time. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post i annum undevicesi- mum quam i coeperat, ' thus the second Punic war came to an end nineteen years after it had begun.' 1 Note the separation of post and quam, which is not uncommon. 572 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 235. Temporal Clauses introduced by cum, 'when,' take the Indicative to denote the lime when an action takes place, and the Subjunctive to denote the circumstances under which an action takes place. With the impcr'ect and pluperfect tenses the Subjunctive is almost always used ; with the other tenses the Indicative. Cum bellum pardbis, te ipsum frSstraberis, ' when you prepare for war you will deceive yourself.' Ut numquam in pari periculo fuerit Carthago, nisi cum deleta est, ' that Carthage was never in so great danger except at the time when it was destroyed.' Hoe cum Amulius comperisset, matrem in vincula coniecit, 'having learned this, Amulius cast the mother into prison.' a. When cum means ' whenever,' the Indicative is used. His cum funes comprehensi erant, praerumpebantur, ' whenever the ropes had been caught by these, they were broken asunder.' Note. — The Imperfect and Pluperfect Indicative are rare. Cum-causal and cum-concessive, translated by 'since' and 'al- though,' always take the Subjunctive ; see 240 and 251. 236. Temporal Clauses introduced by dum, while, regularly take the Indicative in the Historical Present. Dum Ardeam oppugnat, imperium perdidit, ' while he was besieging Ardea, he lost the sovereignty.' 237. Temporal Clauses introduced by dum, donee, quoad, and quam diu, as long as, take the Indicative. Quam diii in Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, ' as long as he was in Italy, no one opposed him in battle.' Note. — In the examples belonging under 236 the action of the verb of the Temporal Clause and that of the verb of the Main Clause are not coextensive in time; in those belonging under 237 they are coextensive. 238. Dum, donee, and quoad, until, take the Indicative to denote an actual event, but the Subjunctive to denote anticipation or expectancy. Ut spatium intercederet, dum milites convenlrent, legatis respondit, ' that a little time might intervene, until the soldiers should assemble (i.e. for the soldiers to assemble), he replied to the envoys,' etc. SYNTAX 573 Hostes eohibuit donee pons a tergo ruptus esset, ' he held the enemy in check until the bridge should be destroyed behind him.' 239. Temporal Clauses introduced by priusquam take the In- dicative to denote an actual fact, the Subjunctive to denote antici- pation or expectancy. Nee prius f ugere destiterunt quam ad fliimen Rhenum . . . pervenerunt, ' and they did not cease to flee, until they came to the river Rhine.' Caesar priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Sues- sionum . . . exercitum dflxit, ' Caesar led his army into the lands of the Suessiones before the enemy could recover from their panic flight.' (5) Causal Clauses 240. Cum causal takes the Subjunctive. Praesertim cum . . . eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit, multo etiam gravius queritur, ' especially since he undertook the war moved by their entreaties, he complained the more bitterly.' 241. Causal Clauses introduced by quod and quoniam take the Indicative, unless the reason is given as that of some other person than the speaker or writer, or unless a verb of saying is implied, in which case the Subjunctive is used. Dumnorix . . . Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, ' Dumnorix was a friend of the Helve- tians, because he had married the daughter of Orgetorix from that state.' Etiam gravius quod sit destitutus queritur, 'he complains the more bitterly because he has been deserted.' 242. Relative Clauses denoting cause are usually a special variety of the Clause of Characteristic (233) and take the Subjunctive. Fuit mirifica vigilantia, Caninius, qui toto suo consulate somnum non vlderit, ' Caninius was a man of extraordinary vigilance, since he did not close his eyes during his whole consulship.' (6) Conditional Sentences 243. In Conditional Sentences with nothing implied as to the fulfillment of the Condition, which are expressed Positively (or Vividly) any tense of the Indicative may be used in either the Condition (Protasis) or the Conclusion (Apodosis). 81 verum est, ut populus Romanus omnes gentes virtflte superarit, non est Infltiandum . . ., ' if it is true that the Roman people surpassed all nations in valor, it must not be denied,' etc. 574 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. In future conditions of this class the Future Perfect is used in the Protasis when its action is regarded as completed at the time represented by the verb of the Apodosis. Si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt, 'if we cross (' shall have crossed ') the little bridge, everything must be accom- plished by arms.' 244. To this class also belong those Conditional Sentences in which the Protasis denotes a repeated action, sometimes called General Conditions. Si quando nostri ierrels manibus iniectis navem religaverant, suis labo- rantibus succurrebant, 'if ever our men had fastened to a ship by throwing grappling-irons upon it, they came to the rescue of their countrymen who were in distress.' 245. Conditional Sentences with nothing implied as to the ful- fillment of the condition, which are expressed Less Positively (or Vividly), take the Present or Perfect Subjunctive in the condition, and the Present Subjunctive in the conclusion. Si qui ex reliquis excellat dignitate, succedat, ' if any one of the rest should be superior in rank, he would succeed.' a. The Perfect Subjunctive is used under the conditions which call for the Future Perfect Indicative in conditions of the first class ; see 243, a. 246. Conditions and conclusions Contrary to Fact take the Imperfect Subjunctive to denote present time and the Pluperfect Subjunctive to denote past time. SI qui ex reliquis exeelleret dignitate, succederet, ' if any one of the rest were superior in rank, he would succeed.' Si qui ex ceteris superior fuisset dignitate, successisset, ' if any one of the rest had been superior in rank, he would have succeeded.' 247. The Apodosis of a Condition Contrary to Fact sometimes stands in the Indicative, frequently in expressions of ability, obliga- tion, or necessity and with the two Periphrastic Conjunctions. Actum erat de pulcherrimo imperio, nisi ilia coniuratio in Cieeronem et Antanium cOnsules incidisset, ' it would have been all over with that noble state, had not that conspiracy happened during the consulship of Cicero and Antonius.' SYNTAX 575 248. The Protasis of any kind of Conditional Sentence may be implied in a single word or phrase, instead of being expressed by a clause with si, or it may be omitted altogether. Ego cum tdlibus virls brevi orbem terrarum subigerem, ' with such men I would soon conquer the world ' (= si tales viros haberem). 249. Conditional Clauses of Comparison are introduced by quasi, tamquam si, velut si, or simply by tamquam and velut. They take the Subjunctive in the tenses demanded by the Sequence of Tenses (219). Quasi ignaviae eum pertaederet, missiSnem continuo efflagitavit, ' as if he were disgusted with his incapacity, he at once asked for his dis- charge.' (7) Concessive and Adversative Clauses 250. Adversative sentences introduced by quamquam state facts and are put in the Indicative. Quamquam quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur, ' although he was suffering from quar- tan ague, he was forced to change his hiding-places almost every night.' 251. Cum concessive or adversative takes the Subjunctive. Cicero cum posset armis suam salutem defendere, maluit urbe cedere, ' although Cicero might have protected himself by arms, he preferred to leave the city.' 252. Adversative Clauses introduced by etsi (tametsi) take the same moods and tenses as conditional sentences. Quarum studium etsl senior arripuerat, tamen magnum progressum fecit, ' although he had taken up the study of this late in life, yet he made great progress.' 253. Clauses with dum or dum modo, denoting a proviso, take the Subjunctive. Vincerent, dum modo scirent eum optimatium partibus exitio futiirum, ' they might have their way, provided they bore in mind that he would be the ruin of the aristocratic party.' 254. Relative Clauses denoting Concession are a special variety of the Characteristic Clause (233) and take the Subjunctive. See 256. Cicero, qui omnes superiores dies milites in castris continuisset, septimo die quinque cohp/tes f rumentatum mittit, ' although Cicero had kept 576 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX the soldiers in camp on all the previous days, on the seventh he sent five cohorts to forage.' (8) Relative Clauses 255. Relative Clauses are regularly in the Indicative. Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, f uga se . . . recipiuut, ' the Allobroges, who had villages and possessions across the Rhone, fled.' 256. Relative Clauses of Purpose (230), Characteristic (233), Cause (242), and Concession (254) are put in the Subjunctive. (9) Substantive Clauses 257. Substantive Clauses are used like nouns, as the subject and object of verbs and in some other constructions. They are in the Indicative, except as mentioned below. His omnibus rebus fraum repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fidem . . . cogno- verat, ' of all these things one thing stood in the way, namely, that he knew the loyalty of Diviciacus.' 258. Quod introducing a substantive clause sometimes means as to the fact that, as to. The mood is the Indicative. Quod rem Caesari enflntiarit, ' as to his having reported the matter to Caesar.' (The Subjunctive is due to Indirect Discourse.) 259. Indirect Questions are substantive clauses. They are in- troduced by interrogative words, and sometimes by si, ' whether,' and take the Subjunctive. Qualis esset natura montis . . qui cognoscerent misit, ' he sent men to find out what the nature of the mountain was.' Si perrumpere possent conati, ' having tried (to see) whether they could break through.' a. Double indirect questions are introduced by utrum or -ne in the first member, and by an in the second. ' Or not ' is translated by neone. Fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet an bona quae pater reliquisset, ' he gave his brother his choice, whether he wished to have the throne or the goods which his father had left.' Ut declararent utrum proelium committi ex flsii esset necne, ' that they should declare whether it was of advantage for battle to be joined or not.' b. In indirect dubitative questions the Subjunctive was used in the direct question (see 227). SYNTAX 577 260. Verbs meaning to ask, demand, persuade, advise, command, and the like, are followed by object clauses in the Subjunctive, usually introduced by ut and ne. (Orgetorix) dvitati persuasit, ut de finibus suls cum omnibus cOpiis exirent, ' Orgetorix persuaded the state to go forth from its territory with all its forces.' Ilia petiit ut sibi darent quod in sinistris manibus gererent, ' she asked that they give her what they wore on their left arms.' a. Such clauses may be used as appositives to nouns implying purpose or design. Scaevola in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, ut regem oecideret, ' Scaevola entered the enemy's camp with the intention of killing the king.' Note. — Iubeo, order, veto, forbid, and oupio, desire, take the Iufinitive with Subject Accusative. 261. Substantive Clauses resembling result clauses are used as the subject and object of certain verbs, and as appositives. They are introduced by ut (negative ut . . . non) and take the Subjunc- tive. His rebus flebat, ut minus late vagarentur, ' it happened on account of these things that they roamed less widely.' Ei permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret, ' they gave her permission to ask for a gift.' Note. — In some cases the idea of result has been entirely lost, as in poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur, the law re- quired that the punishment of being burned to death should follow.' 262. Substantive clauses in the Subjunctive, introduced by nS, quin or quominus, are used as the objects of verbs meaning hinder, prevent, refuse, etc. Qui regem impediret quo minus cOpias in Italiam traduceret, ' to pre- vent the king from leading his forces into Italy.' 263. Substantive clauses in the Subjunctive, introduced by quin, are used with verbs and expressions of doubt and uncer- tainty, when these are negatived. Neque abest suspicio quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit, ' and the sus- picion is not lacking that he committed suicide.' Nemo dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum, ' no one doubted but that there was something written (in it) about peace.' 578 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 264. Verbs of Fearing are followed by the Subjunctive intro- duced by ut, ' that not,' and ne ' that ' (or ' lest '). Nam ne eius suppliciO Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur, ' for he feared that by punishing him he might hurt the feelings ot Diviciacus.' Rem frfimentariam, ut satis commode supportari posse*, timere dicebant, ' they said that they feared that supplies could not be brought there readily.' 6. Indirect Discourse 265. In Indirect Discourse Principal Declarative sentences are put in the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The tenses of the Infinitive denote time present, past, or future to that of the verb of saying, thinking, or knowing which introduces the Indirect Dis- course. Angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, ' they thought that they had narrow limits.' Direct Discourse : angustos fines habemus. (Dixit) se (eos) eodem loco quo Helvetios habiturum, ' he said that he would hold them in the same estimation as (he did) the Helvetians.' Direct Discourse : eOdem loco vos quo Helvetios habeb5. Cum id . . . ilium uno die/ecisse iutellegerent, 'when they knew that he had done that in one day.' Direct Discourse : id ille uno die fecit. 266. Imperative sentences in Indirect Discourse are put in the Subjunctive. The tense depends on that of the verb of saying, according to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses (219 ff.). Satis constat Sullam proclamasse vincerent, dummodo scirent, etc., ' it is well known that Sulla cried that they might have their way, pro- vided they knew,' etc. Direct Discourse : Vincite, dummodo sciatis. 267. Real questions in Indirect Discourse are usually put in the Subjunctive. Rhetorical questions (see 227) may be put in the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. Ariovistus respondit : Quid sibi vellet ? Cur in suas possessionem veniret, ' Ariovistus answered : What did he want ? Why did he come into his dominions ? ' Direct Discourse : Quid vis 1 Cur in ineas possessionem venisti ? Num etiam recentium initiriarum memoriam depSnere posse, ' could he lay aside the recollection of the recent wrongs also.' Direct Discourse : Num etiam recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere possim ? 268. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse are put in the Subjunctive if they are not already in that mood. The tense is determined by that of the verb of saying, according to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses (21 9 f£.). SYNTAX 579 (Dicit) esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plflrimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsl magistrates, ' that there are some whose influence with the commons is very great, who as private indi- viduals have more power than the magistrates themselves.' Direct Discourse: Sunt nonnulli, quorum . . . valet, qui . . . possunt. (Dixit) sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, qnas legati Helvetii commemorassent, memoria teneret, ' he felt less hesitation, because he remembered those things which the Helvetian envoys had related.' Direct Discourse : Mini minus dubitationis datur, quod eas res, quas . . . commemoraverunt, memoria teneo. 269. Subordinate Clauses which are not thought of as a part of the Indirect Discourse are in the Indicative. Condrusos, Eburones, Caeroesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine German! appellantur, arbitrari ad XL mllia, ' they thought that the Condrusi, Eburones, Caeroesi, and Paemani, who are called by the single name Germans, (would furnish) about 40,000.' 270. Conditional sentences in Indirect Discourse follow the general rules, the condition becoming Subjunctive, if it is not already in that mood, and the conclusion being put in the Infini- tive with Subject Accusative. But Conditions Contrary to Fact retain the past tenses of the Subjunctive even after a primary tense, and in the conclusion take the Future Participle with fuisse. (Dicit) sinon/acw£, eum ad versus rem publicam /aciwrum (esse) viderl, ' he says that if he does not do it, he will seem to be acting contrary to the interests of the state.' Direct Discourse : si non facies, adver- sum rem publicam facere videberis. (Dixit) si id ita fecisset, 1 sibi populoque Romano perpetuam amicitiam . . . cum eo futurum, ' he said that if he did this, there would he last- ing friendship with him on the part of himself and the Roman people.' Direct Discourse : si id feceris (fut. pert.) . . . perpetua amicitia erit. Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse, 'that if he wanted anything from Caesar, he would have come to him.' Direct Discourse : si quid mihi opus esset, venissem. 271. The Subjunctive is used in clauses in which Indirect Dis- course is implied. Caesar Aeduas frumentum quod essent pollicili flagitare, ' Caesar de- manded of the Aeduans the grain which (as he reminded them) they had promised.' 1 A Future Perfect Indicative of the Direct Discourse appears in Indirect Discourse as a Perfect Subjunctive after a Primary Tense and a Pluperfect Subjunctive after a Secondary Tense. 580 GBAMMATICAL APPENDIX 7. Subjunctive by Attraction 272. A dependent clause attached to a subjunctive or infinitive clause, and forming an essential part of it, may be put in the Sub- junctive by Attraction. UtI commeatu qui ex Sequams svpportaretur Caesarem intercluderet, ' that he might cut off Caesar from the supplies which were coming from the Sequani.' 8. The Imperative 273. The Imperative is used in commands or exhortations. Iacta alea esto, ' let the die be cast.' For negative commands see 226, a. 9. The Infinitive Note. — The Infinitive is a verbal noun. As a noun it may have an adjective in agreement ; as^a verb, it may govern cases, has tense and voice, and may be modified by adverbs. The tenses of the Infinitive denote time present, past, or future to that of the main verb. For the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse see 265. 274. The Infinitive, with or without a subject accusative, may be used as the subject or object of a verb or as an appositive. Commodissimum visum est mittere, ' it seemed best to send.' Moribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt, ' ac- cording to their custom they forced Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains.' a. A Predicate Noun, Adjective, or Participle with these Infini- tives is attracted into the Nominative (cf. 126, a). Cato esse qnam videri bonus malebat, ' Cato preferred to be, rather than to seem, good.' 275. The Historical Infinitive, with its subject in the Nomina- tive, is sometimes used in narration instead of a past tense of the Indicative. Interim cotidie Caesar AeduOs frumentum flagitare, ' meanwhile Caesar every day asked the Aeduans for the grain.' SYNTAX 581 10. The Participle Note — The participle is a verbal adjective. As an adjective it agrees with the noun which it limits ; as a verb it governs cases, has tense and voice, and may be modified by an adverb. 276. The tenses of the participle denote time present, past, or future to that of the main verb. Roman! spectantes virgines rapuerunt, ' the Romans carried off the maidens, while they were looking on.' Timore perterriti Roman! discedunt, ' The Romans withdrew because they had been frightened.' Note. — As is seen in the second example, the context often gives to the participle an idea of time, cause, condition, conces- sion, manner, attendant circumstances, and the like ; cf . 173. 277. Some Perfect Passive Participles of Deponent and Semi- Deponent verbs are used as presents. Such are arbitratus, ratus, ausus, gavisus, solitus, usus, confisus, diffisua, secutus. 278. The Future Active Participle (except futurus) is regu- larly confined to the First Periphrastic Conjugation, but it is sometimes used to express purpose. Hanc iniuriam vindicatums, in Italiam rediit, ' to avenge this wrong he returned into Italy.' 279. The Future Passive Participle denotes capability or neces- sity, and is commonly used with the verb sum. Acies erat instruenda, ' the line of battle had to be drawn up.' Ariovistus tantos sibi splritiis sumpserat, ut ferendus nOn videretur, ' Ariovistus had assumed such arrogance that he seemed unbearable.' Note. — The Latin has no Present Passive Participle, and no Perfect Active Participle, except in the case of deponent verbs. With other verbs the ideas expressed in English by these partici- ples must be expressed in Latin by the Ablative Absolute (173), or by a clause introduced by a conjunction (dum, cum, etc.). Note. — The Perfect Participles of deponent verbs are usually active in meaning, but they sometimes have a passive meaning. Depopulate agrls, 'since their fields had been devastated.' 582 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 280. The Perfect Passive Participle sometimes contains the leading idea of its phrase and is translated by a verbal noun. So also the Future Passive Participle when used as the Gerundive. Ejus poster! usque ad Romam eonditam Albae regnaverunt, ' his de- scendants were kings at Alba until the founding of Borne.' 281. The Perfect Passive Participle with habere is often nearly equivalent to a pluperfect, but lays stress rather on the existing state of affairs than on the action of the verb. Portdria redempta habere, ' that he had the customs tolls bought up.' 11. The Gerund and Gerundive Note. — The Gerundive is the future passive participle when it contains the leading idea in its phrase (see 280). The Gerund is a verbal noun, found only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative. 282. The Gerund is used in the genitive to limit a noun or adjective, in the accusative with ad, when it often denotes pur- pose, and in the ablative. Homines bellandi cupidi, ' men desirous of making war.' In locum iniquum progredl pugnandi causa, ' to advance into an un- favorable place for the purpose of fighting.' Constituerunt ea quae ad proflclscendum pertinerent comparare, ' they resolved to get ready the things which had to do with their depart- ing.' Eeperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, ' Caesar also found out on in- quiring.' Note. — Observe the second example. Causa is used both with the gerund and with the gerundive to denote purpose, with the meaning ' for the sake of ' or ' for the purpose of.' 283. Instead of the Gerund governing a noun, the Gerundive in agreement with the noun is commonly used, especially after a preposition. Data facultate per provinciam itineris faciendi, ' if given the oppor- tunity of making a march through the province.' Paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda, ' more ready to face every danger.' Ne in quaerendis suis (signis) pugnandi tempus dlmitteret, ' lest in seeking his own standards he should lose time for fighting.' SYNTAX 583 284. The genitives meT, tul, sui, nostri, and vestri, which were originally neuter singular, are used in the gerundive con- struction without reference to gender or number. Neque sui colligendl hostibus facultatem relinquunt, ' and they leave the enemy no opportunity of collecting themselves.' 285. The Gerundive in agreement with the object is used with do, euro, and some other verbs, with the value of an object clause, or to express purpose. Faustulus pueros uxor! nutriendos dedit, ' Faustulus gave the hoys to his wife, to be nourished.' Pontem in Aran faciendum curat, ' he had a bridge built over the Arar.' 12. The Supine Note. — The Supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension, used only in the accusative and ablative singular. 286. The Supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express the purpose of the motion. Aedui legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogdtum auxilium, ' the Aeduans sent envoys to Caesar to ask for help.' Note. — Sometimes the Supine in -um is used with other verbs, if motion is implied. Sororem et propinquas nuptum in alias civi- tates collocasse, = ' that he had sent his sister and (other) female relatives to other states, to be married.' 287. The Supine in -u is used with adjectives as an Ablative of Specification. It is most naturally translated by an English Infinitive. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata perficere, ' he proves to them that to accomplish their attempts is an easy thing to do.' IV. MGUEES OP EHETOEIC AND GEAMMAE 288. Hendiadys is the expression of one idea through two nouns connected by a conjunction. In eos omnia exempla craciatusque edere, ' that he was visiting upon them every species of cruelty.' 289. Litotes asserts a thing with emphasis by denying the opposite. Non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum reliquisse, ' that they had left home not without great hope of great rewards ' (i.e. ' with the greatest hope ') . 290. Asyndeton is the omission of the conjunction between words, phrases, or clauses. Felicissime dimicavit, Samnites delevit, 'he fought with the greatest success (and) destroyed the Samnites.' 291. In Zeugma one verb is made to stand for two. Alii naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum scriptum relique- runt, ' some have recorded that he perished in a shipwreck, others that he was killed by his own slaves.' 684 LATIN COMPOSITION The following Exercises have been prepared because it is believed that a much more thorough acquaintance with, and appreciation of, Latin idioms, constructions, and forms can be gained from the turning of English into Latin than from mere translation from the original. The Exercises cover the entire text except pp. 21-68 and pp. 423 ft Exercises 1-24 are based on the text preceding Caesar ; they are carefully graded and are made very simple. Exercises 25-95 are based on the text of the Gallic War. With one exception Exercises 25-60 are based each on a single chapter of Book I (a single Exercise is made on Chapters xxix and xxx). The remaining Exercises are dis- tributed evenly over the rest of the Gallic War. Exercises 25-52 are accompanied by carefully graded Grammar Les- sons, which are illustrated by the sentences of each Exer- cise, together with a review of the principles of the preceding Lessons. At first very easy, detached sentences are given, from which there is a gradual transition to con- tinuous passages. Therefore those who prefer to do so may begin their work in Composition with Caesar, omitting the pre- ceding Exercises. The Exercises are based closely upon the Latin text, and require a reproduction of various words and constructions, but with many changes of form and combination. All the words required in translating will be found in some part of the text upon which they are based, or will be suggested in 585 586 LATIN COMPOSITION the foot-notes. In the first place, the Latin should be trans- lated carefully and thoroughly understood, attention being directed especially to peculiarities of construction, or to points in which the Latin idiom differs from, the English. The pupil will then be prepared intelligently to attempt the translation from the English. The Latin text should be re- ferred to for the verification of doubtful points. There is an English-Latin Vocabulary at the back of the book. Some of the errors to which beginners are especially in- clined are guarded against in the following Hints, to which references are made by Roman numerals (VI, X). Refer- ences are also occasionally made to the pages and lines of the Text (as p. 10, 1. 6), to call attention to words or phrases which may have been forgotten. Words between parentheses are to be omitted in translating into Latin. HINTS I. Remember that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle. With other verbs, ' having done this ' and similar expressions must be translated into Latin by the ablative absolute, or by a clause introduced by cum, ubi, etc. II. The present participle is often used loosely in Eng- lish. It must be translated into Latin by a perfect parti- ciple or an equivalent (see I), unless its action is strictly contemporaneous with that of the verb on which the parti- ciple depends ; e.g. ' Attacking them when they were in dis- order, he slew a great part of them,' eos impedltos aggressus, magnam partem eorum concldit. III. Tenses are generally used more exactly in Latin than in English. We say, for instance, ' If he comes, I shall see him ' ; the Latin, more exactly, si veniet or si venerit EXERCISES 587 (fut. perl). In translating into Latin, determine the exact relations of time, and use the corresponding tenses. IV. Study the way in which Indirect Discourse is ex- pressed. Eead carefully 265-271. When reading Latin, carefully notice the moods and tenses of all indirect quota- tions. In Indirect Discourse the time must be determined with reference to that of the verb which introduces the in- direct discourse. The past, present, or future tense of the infinitive is to be used, according as the action takes place before, at the same time with, or after the action of the main verb upon which it depends. The infinitive expresses no time in itself, but its time is viewed only with reference to the main verb in the sentence. The same is true of the participle. V. Before translating a sentence in Indirect Discourse, try to reproduce the speaker's words : e.g. ' The Aedui said that their towns were being stormed and their fields laid waste.' The words of the Aedui may be given as follows : op'pida nostra oppugnantur, et agrl vastantur ; this becomes in indirect discourse after a past tense, Aedui dixerunt oppida sua oppugnari et agros vastari. Pay special attention to the, principle of the Sequence of Tenses. See 218, 219. Note that the present subjunctive, following a primary tense of the indicative, and the imper- fect subjunctive, following a secondary tense of the indicative, express an action that is going on at the same time as the action of the main verb, or at some time future to that action ; and that the perfect subjunctive, following a primary tense of the indicative, and the pluperfect subjunctive, following a secondary tense of the indicative, express an action that is completed at the time of the action of the main verb. VI. Independent statements are much more common in English than in Latin. Hence, in translating English into 588 LATIN COMPOSITION Latin, many coordinate verbs in English should be made subordinate in the Latin in some of the ways suggested in I and II. VII. The Latin pronouns are more numerous and more definite than the English. Where in English we repeat a proper name to avoid ambiguity, or use such paraphrases as ' the general,' ' the Roman,' etc., a carefully chosen pronoun should be used in Latin. VIII. Be careful in the use of pronouns. On se and suus see 197, 198. In your Latin reading carefully observe the use of pronouns. IX. Note the various ways of expressing Purpose. See 229, 230, 282 n., 286. X. The voluntary agent is expressed by the ablative iviih a preposition ; the means or instrument, by the ablative without a preposition. XI. Be careful in translating English prepositions : e.g. ' He killed him with a sword,' gladio eum inter -fecit ; ' he went with him,' cum eo ivit; ' when he heard of this,' cum de hoc audivisset; a 'man of great eloquence,' vir magna eloquential; ' the possessions of his father,' paterna bona. Determine the exact force of the English preposition, and translate accord- ingly- XII. In translating into Latin such sentences as ' the man I saw,' the relative cannot be omitted, but we must say vir (homo) quem vidi. XIII. Prepositional phrases are seldom attached to nouns in Latin. When such cases occur in English, unless the re- lation can be expressed in Latin by the genitive, a relative clause should be used, or a participle added : e.g. ' the em- bassy from Caesar,' Caesaris legatio, legatio a Caesare missa, legatio quae a Caesare missa est. EXERCISES 589 XIV. A personal or demonstrative pronoun at the' begin- ning of a sentence, and sometimes a noun (see VII), is often best translated into Latin by a relative pronoun. XV. Some conjunctions, like enim, autem, etc., are post- positive ; i.e., they do not stand first in the sentence, but after one or more words. This is always indicated in the Vocabulary. Inguit, ' said he,' always follows one or more words of a quotation. XVI. Observe that verbs which govern the dative, or another case than the accusative, must be used imperson- ally in the passive : e.g. ' He persuaded the Helvetians,' Helvetiis persuasit; but 'the Helvetians were persuaded,' Helvetiis persuasum est. XVII. In expressing the relations of place, the preposition is regularly omitted with names of towns, etc. (132) ; place where is expressed by the locative, which in the singular of the first and second declensions has the same form as the genitive ; in the third declension, and in the plural, the same form as the dative or ablative. 176. XVIII. Prohibitions, or negative commands, are some- times expressed by the present or perfect subjunctive ; but generally by noli (pi. nolite) with the infinitive, or cave (pi. cavete) with the subjunctive. XIX. Causal clauses introduced by quod, quia, and quo- niam take the indicative, unless the reason is viewed as that of some other person than the speaker or writer, when the subjunctive is used. 241. XX. Note the idiomatic use of certain adjectives : e.g. in extremo ponte, ' at the end of the bridge ' ; in media, urbe, ' in the middle of the city ' ; summus mons, ' the top of the moun- tain ' ; primus doeuit, ' he was the first to teach.' XXI. Distinguish : ' I may do this,' licet mihi hocfacere, or 590 LATIN COMPOSITION licet hoc faciam ; ' I can do this,' hoc facere possum ; ' I ought to do this,' hoc facere debeo, or oportet me hoc facere ; ' I must do this,' me hoc facere necesse est, necesse est ut hoc faciam, or hoc mihi faciendum. In the past tenses the auxiliary becomes past, and not the infinitive as in English : e.g. licuit mihi hoc facere. XXII. To write good Latin one must not only express one's self with grammatical correctness, but also idiomati- cally. Many English expressions cannot be rendered liter- ally ; in fact, a continuous passage of idiomatic English can hardly ever be translated word for word into idiomatic Latin. Read the passage carefully, and translate the thought, not the words. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 1. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 1-4. (a) Review of First and Second Declensions. 9-15, 16-19.* (6) Use of Prepositions in and sub. 186. (c) Subject and Direct Object of Verb. 119, 125. 1. Saturn came into Italy. 2. He founded Saturnia upon 1 the Janioulum. 3. Aeneas fled from Troy, 2 which 8 is in Asia. 4. Latinus was a king in Italy. 5. He gave his 4 daughter in marriage. 6. Aeneas transferred the seat of government to Alba. 6 7. This city was on the Alban mount. 8. Romulus Silvius was thrown-headlong into the Alban lake. 9. Aeneas and Ascanius founded cities in Latium. 6 10. In very early times, under the rule of ' Romulus, a city was founded. 1 Use the prep. in. 4 Omit. 2 ' from Troy,' use the abl. case. 6 ' to Alba,' cf. p. 3, 1. 2 ; see 132. 8 quae. e Nom. case, Latium. See Vocab. 7 See note, p. 2, 1. 3. 2. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 5-8. (o) Review of First Conjugation. OO. (6) Agreement of Adjective. 188, 189. (c) Indirect Object. 148, 149. 1. The good Proca was ruling 1 in those districts. 2. This * king had 8 two sons. 3. They were called 4 Numitor and Amulius. 4. Amulius gave the ancestral property to Numitor. 5. The younger ° son threw the daughter of Numitor into chains. * References like this are to the Grammatical Appendix to be found on pages 489-584. 591 592 LATIN COMPOSITION 6. But the twin sons restored the kingdom to Numitor. 7. Rom- ulus founded a city on the Aventine mount and called it 6 Rome. 8. Romulus had surrounded his 7 eity with walls. 8 9. Romulus gave Remus his 7 choice. 10. Nevertheless 9 he killed his brother. 1 Imperfect tense. 2 Use the pronoun, hie, haec, hoc. See 81. 8 Use the verb, habeo. T Omit. * See p. 2, 1. 1 ; what voice ? 8 ' with walls,' abl. of means. 6 See p. 4, 1. 9 and note. 9 tamen. 6 earn. 3. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 9-11. (a) Review of the Verb sum. 88. (6) Predicate Noun. 120. (c) Predicate Adjective. 188. 1. The city, of which 1 Romulus had been king, was new. 2. Many neighbors viewed the games. 3. Tarpeia was a maiden who had charge of the place-of-refuge. 2 4. The Romans will be in the midst of the slaughter. 5. The rings and armlets are golden. 6. You gave to the children a small 8 gift. 7. The road to the stronghold is long,* but there 5 are many soldiers there. 8 Romulus admitted the Romans into the stronghold, and was called king. 9. All of the enemy are on 6 the Tarpeian mount. 10. This place is now called the Roman forum. 1 cuius. * longus, adj. 2 ' the place-of-refuge,' asylum. 5 Omit. 8 parvus, adj. 6 Cf. p. 3, 1. 3. 4. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 12-14. (a) Pronouns, Relative, Demonstrative, Possessive. 78, 81, 83. (b) Possessive Genitive 135. (c) Agreement of Relative. 122. 1. The senators, whom he chose, he called fathers. 2. After the death of their 1 king, the Romans carried on no wars. EXERCISES 593 3. Numa, who was elected king, was of great 2 advantage to the state. 4. He sought to civilize 8 the character of a warlike people. 5. These women have come with their children. 6. The second 4 king of Rome was Numa, to whom Tullus Hostilius succeeded. 7. Pie did everything which was of ad- vantage 6 to the state. 8. Those men who fought 7 against 8 the Sabines are brave and active. 9. Tullus Hostilius, whom the Romans elected king, undertook 8 this war. 10. He ends the battle on account of the faithlessness of Tarpeia. 1 See note on se, p. 4, 1. 3, and Hint VIII. 6 Dat. case. 2 multum, the adv. See p. 11, 1. 10. 6 Use the subjunctive mood. 8 mollio. * alter. See 49. i pugno. 8 cf. p. 8, 1. 8. 5. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 15-17. (a) Review of the Third Declension. 24-37. (6) Two Accusatives : (1) Both referring to the same person or thing. 127. (2) One referring to the person affected, the other to the result produced. 128. (c) Apposition. 121. 1. The Romans chose Ancus Marcius, the grandson of Numa, king. 2. He taught 1 the Romans agriculture. 3. He called the city, which he founded at the mouth of the Tiber, Ostia. 4. They asked Tarpeia, the daughter of a Roman soldier, the way to the stronghold. 5. Tarquinius came to the city of Rome. 6. Then he gained the friendship of Ancus, the king of Rome. 2 7. The latter 8 made Tarquinius guardian of his * children. 8. Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius, was skilled in augury. 6 9. Afterwards 6 he accomplished 7 many things. 8 10. Neverthe- less, 9 the two sons of Ancus, who had been his wards, were the cause of his death. 10 i cf . p. 2, 11. 1-2. 2 ' of Rome,' express by an adjective. 8 Hie. 4 See Ex. 4, note 1. 6 a plural idea in Latin. See p. 14, 1. 6. « cf. p. 10, 1. 8. i i.e. did. 8 ' many things,' express by one word; see 195, a. » See Ex. 2, note 9. w i.e. killed him. 594 LATIN COMPOSITION 6. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 18-20. (a) Review of Second Conjugation. 91. (6) Subjective Genitive. 136. (c) Objective Genitive. 137. 1. The woman, of whom 1 Servius Tullius was born, was noble. 2. By the command 2 of the king, Tarquinius Priscus, this boy was brought up in the royal 3 house. 3. TanaquiL in honor 4 of her husband, appointed him king. 4. Thus he, who had been a slave, now 6 possessed 6 royal-power. 5. Servius Tullius had been the first to 7 manage the government well. 6. In the first place, 7 he put an end to the slaughter. 8 7. During the reign of this king the Roman city had 9 many thousand citizens. 10 8. Tullia, the wife of Tarquinius Superbus, killed her 11 own 12 father. 9. Tarquinius Superbus was the son of the fifth 18 king of Rome. 14 10. She drove the carriage over the dead 13 body of her father. 1 'of whom,' express by the prep, e, with the abl. of the rel. pronoun. 2 Cf. p. 12, 1. 2. 9 Imperfect tense. 8 Use the adj., regius. 10 See 138, and say ' thousands.' 4 Cf. p. 2, 1. 8. u See Ex. 4, note 1. 6 nunc. 12 ipsms. 6 Cf. p. 5, 1. 1. 18 qulntus, adj. 7 See note to p. 2, 1. 1. u Express by an adj. 8 Cf. p. 10, 1. 5. I6 mortuus, adj. 7. Grammar Lesson. Roman History, 21-24. (a) Adjectives, their Declension and Comparison. 46-66. (6) Accusative of Limit of Motion. 132. (c) Accusative of Duration of Time and Space. 130. 1. Tarquinius Superbus was more active in war than in peace. 1 2. Nevertheless, he made very many buildings, 2 among 3 which was the temple of Jupiter. 3. Then he advanced 4 to 6 Ardea, a city which is not far from 6 Rome. 4. Lucretia, a very high- born lady, killed herself in the sight of her husband, Col- latinus. 5. For this reason her husband, together with many others, closed the gates of the city against Tarquinius. 6. Tar- EXERCISES 595 quinius is said' to have been too proud. 8 7. For many years the-government-was-administered by kings. 8. Afterwards the Romans went to Rome and elected consuls. 9. In the first year five consuls were chosen, who were very unlike 9 the kings. 10. Tarquinius and several others made war upon Rome, but they were conquered in the first battle. 1 ' than in peace,' express by quam, followed by the ablative case of the noun. 2 aediftcium. 8 Use the prep. in. * Cf . p. 10, 1. 3. 6 Do not translate ' to.' Apply Grammar Lesson, 6. « ' not far from.' Cf. p. 1, 1. 2. ' Cf . p. 1, 1. 2. s Cf. 193. 9 ' unlike,' dissimilis, adj. Cf. p. 13, 1. 2. 8. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, p. 58 to p. 62, 1. 6. (a) Review of Third Conjugation of Verbs. 92, 03. (6) Ablative Absolute. 173. 1. Caesar, when he had lost his father, 1 was deprived of his property. 2. He was more hostile to Sulla than 2 to Cinna. 3. The former 8 sought for Caesar for the purpose of killing him,* but Caesar changed his robe J and escaped to 6 Alba. 4. He was seized by a slave, but by giving him money 1 he obtained pardon. 5. At first 6 Sulla refused to grant 7 the pardon, but Caesar's relatives at last 8 obtained it. 6. In Asia, where he had served his first campaign, he captured Mitylenae. 7. When Caesar had been presented with a civic crown, Sulla died. 8. He withdrew to Rhodes, where Apollonius Molo was a famous teacher. 9. Caesar was captured by pirates, but he conducted himself in such a way that he was ransomed when fifty talents had been given 1 them. 10. Then he hastened to 6 Miletus. 1 Express this clause by the abl. abs. constr. and cf. Hint I. 2 quam. 8 ille. * ' for the purpose of killing him,' express by two words. Cf . p. 59, 1. 4. 6 Cf. Ex. 7, note 5. 8 prima. 7 dare. 8 tandem. 596 LATIN COMPOSITION 9. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, p. 62, 1. 7 to p. 67, 1. 5. (a) Review of Fourth and Fifth Declension of Nouns. 39-45. (6) Ablative of Means. 163. (c) Ablative of Comparison. 161, 162. 1. Caesar was more eager for power than many other Romans. 2. ' Therefore,' said he, 1 ' there is no opportunity for ambition in a poor village.' 3. He ever longed to obtain royal-power by means of his forces. 4. He came to z Gades, a town in Spain. 5. There he noticed a temple of Hercules, in which was a statue of Alexander. 6. He was disgusted at his own inactivity be- cause Alexander was 8 greater than himself. 4 7. The Forum and Capitol were adorned with porticoes by Caesar, when 5 aedile. 8. By giving games and hunting-spectacles, 6 he squandered his patrimony. 9. After Caesar had been elected consul, Pompey and Crassus formed an alliance. 10. Bibulus, the colleague of Caesar, was driven out of the Forum by force of arms. 1 Cf. p. 68, 1. 10, and Hint XIV. * See Ex. 4, note 1. 2 Cf. Ex. 7, note 5. 6 Omit ; 121. 8 Subjunctive mood. 6 Cf. Ex. 8, note 1. 10. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, p. 67, 1. 6 to p. 72. (a) Review of Fourth Conjugation of Verbs. 94. (V) Uses of the Participle. 276-281 and Hint II. 1. Caesar, when he had completed his consulship, 1 attacked the Gauls. 2. For nine years 2 he carried on war in the province of Gaul. 3. He was the first one to 8 build a bridge and attack the Germans. 4. Having attacked the Britons, he reduced their country to the form of a province. 5. Hastening forward to the front of the battle line, he snatched a shield from the hands of a retreating soldier. 6. When Julia, the daughter of Caesar, married x Pompey, harmony was preserved. 7. When the former 4 died, 1 the power of Caesar was suspected. 8. Caesar returned into Italy, and became a candidate for the consulship a second time. 9. He stood at the river Rubicon for a little while, but finally crossed the bridge. 10. He captured : Brundisium with his army, and hastened on to Rome. 1 See Ex. 8, Grammar Lesson, and note 1. s ' the first to,' cf. p. 2, 1. 1. 2 See Ex. 7, o, Grammar Lesson. * Me. EXERCI8E8 597 11. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, pp. 73-81. (a) Dative ■with Compounds. 149, b. (6) Ablative of Cause. 165. (o) Clauses of Purpose. 229, 230, and Hint IX. (d) Clauses of Result and Characteristic. 232, 233. 1. Caesar made war on the Gauls J in order that he might re- turn to Rome as victor. 2 2. Caesar was the only one 8 who could 4 conquer Pompey. 3. When Pompey had been killed, 6 Caesar finished the civil wars. 4. Antony placed the crown on Caesar's head. 5. The conspirators sent Cassius to stab 6 him. 6. They came into the senate so that 7 they might approach nearer to him. 7. Because of his many wounds Caesar could not spring up. 8. The assassins slew Julius Caesar in order that he might not be king. 9. Caesar was so merciful 8 that he was unwilling to read the letters which had been sent to Pompey. 10. His reputation was so 9 injured by the verses of Catullus that he could not lay aside his hatred. i Cf . p. 76, 1. 2. • « See 230 and p. 32, 1. 10. 2 See Ex. 3, Grammar Lesson, 6. 7 See 229, a. 8 units. e tam clemens. 4 See Grammar Lesson, d. • adeo. 6 See Ex. 8, Grammar Lesson, b. 12. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, pp. 82-89. (a) Partitive Genitive. 138. (b) Genitive of Quality. 140. (c) Dative of Possession. 154. (d) Uses of the Subjunctive and Imperative. 225, 273, and Hint XVIII. 1. One of the teachers 1 said, " Let us apply ourselves with all our mind to this study." 2. Let us not change our name. 3. Cicero's reputation was so great 2 that many wished 8 to see him and hear him. 4. He went to Athens in order that he might have Antiochus as teacher. 5. Let us return to Rome from Greece. 6. Cicero had 4 many books 6 in his library. 6 7. He was a man of great eloquence. 8. During the consulship of Cicero 7 the conspiracy of Catiline was checked. 9. Because 598 LATIN COMPOSITION of his many crimes Catiline was not elected consul. 10. Do not advance 8 to the city and seize those who are in prison. 1 See 138, a. 2 Use tantus. 8 Ex. 1 1 , Grammar Lesson, d. 4 Do not use habeo; apply Grammar Lesson, c. 6 Use liber. 7 Ex. 8, Grammar Lesson, 6. 6 bibliotheca, -ae, f. 8 See p. 89, 1. 2. 13. Grammar Lesson. Viri Romae, pp. 90-97. (a) Ablative of Agent. 160. (6) Ablative of Place 'Where and Locative. 174-176, and Hint XVII. (c) Causal Clauses. 240-242, and Hint XIX. 1. The fatherland was saved by Cicero. 2. The Romans called Cicero the father of his country because 1 he had saved his country. 3. Cicero could not defend himself because he had no arms. 4. Cicero lived 2 at Rome for many years. 8 5. Caesar and Pompey waged war in Italy. 6. Cicero attacked Antony because 4 he was an enemy. 7. Antony entered into an alliance with Octavianus in order that he might declare Cicero an outlaw. 8. Cicero died in his native land because he was unwilling 6 to flee. 9. Do not cut off his hands. 10. Cicero was called by the Romans the father of eloquence. 1 The reason of the Komans. 4 The reason of Cicero. 2 vivo. 6 nolo. 8 Ex. 7, Grammar Lesson, c. 14. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hamilcar, 1, 2. (a) Ablative with Deponents. 163, a. (b) Cum-Clauses. 235, 240. 1. When Hamilcar was in command of the army, he was a very young man. 2. Since he was in command of the army, the Carthaginians did not yield to the enemy. 3. The Romans could not use 1 their fleet in the war. 4. He wished 2 to renew the war so that 8 he might pursue the Romans. 5. When they conquered the enemy, they got possession of 4 their arms. 6. When peace had been made, 6 he returned home. 7. Let us not leave our arms. 8. When they besieged Carthage, they EXERCISES 599 used mercenary soldiers, because they had a large number of them. 9. Since he drove the Romarjs away from the walls of the city, they perished from hunger. 10. Hamilcar was so great 6 a general that he drove the enemy away from the walls of his city. tutor. s Ex. 1 1 , Grammar Lesson, c 6 Ex. 8, Grammar Lesson, 6. 1 volo. * potior. 6 tantus. 15. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hamilcar, 3, 4, Hannibal, 1, 2. Temporal Clauses. 234-239. 1. After the Carthaginians made Hamilcar general, 1 they sent him to Spain to make war 2 with the Romans. 2. Before Hamil- car a crossed the sea into Spain, he was made general. 4 3. Hamil- car was killed before he could carry the war into Italy. 4. Since his hatred for the Romans' was 5 eternal, Hannibal tried to subdue them in the second Carthaginian war. 5. The Romans waited 6 until Hannibal came into Italy. 6. As long as he lived, he never ceased to keep his hatred for the Romans. 7. While these things were going on, 7 the Romans were making preparations for war. 8. When Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, was setting out for Spain, he commanded his son to go with him. 9. After he had given a pledge, he went to Spain. 10. The Romans came to the king before Hannibal could find out about his wishes. 1 Ex. 5, Grammar Lesson, & (1). i See 129, a. . 2 See Ex. 11, note 6. 6 Ex. 14, Grammar Lesson, 6. 8 Put this word first in the sentence. 6 exspectd. 7 See p. 53, 1. 1. 16. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hannibal, 3-5. Substantive Clauses. 260-264. 1. They persuaded J him 2 to set out for Spain. 2. The Car- thaginians caused Hannibal to be made 8 general. 3. The Ro- mans feared 4 that Hannibal would capture Saguntum. 4. After he reached Italy, he conquered the army of the Roman consul and put it to flight. 5. When this army had been conquered, 6 he started-f or 6 Etruria. 6. They feared that he would conquer all the Roman armies and set out for Rome. 7- They tried tQ 600 LATIN COMPOSITION prevent 7 him from " making his camp in the vicinity of 9 Rome. 8. There is no doubt 10 that Hannibal inspired fear in the Romans. 9. He commanded n them 12 to go 18 outside the rampart. 10. Let us count 14 over all the battles. i See p. 16, 1. 7. 8 See 262. 2 See 149, a. 9 See 133. 8 See p. 107, 1. 2, and 261. 10 Non est dubium, and see 263. * See 264. n impero. 6 Ex. 8, Grammar Lesson, 6. M See 149, a. tpeto. "See 260. ? prohibeo. 14 Ex. 13, Grammar Lesson, d. 17. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hannibal, 6-8. Indirect Questions. 259. 1. Why 1 was Hannibal recalled to Carthage ? 2. I ask 2 why Hannibal was recalled to Carthage. 3. When" a conference had been agreed upon, they tried to settle the war. 4. They sent envoys to Rome because (as they said) they wished to settle the war. 5. He wished to learn 4 what the Romans would reply. 6. After the Roman envoys came, Hannibal boarded a ship so that he might escape. 7. Tell me 5 what the Carthaginians did. 8. He tried to see whether 6 he could persuade Antiochus to make war on the Romans. 9. We fear that Hannibal went to Antio- chus. 10. Do not 7 set sail. 1 cur. * cognosco. 2 quaero. 6 Die mihi. 8 Ex. 14, Grammar Lesson, b. 8 ' tried to see whether,' conari si ; see 259. T See 226, a. 18. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hannibal, 9-11. Conditional Sentences, — Simple and Future. 243, 245, and Hint III. 1. If I should go to Rome, I should be in great danger. 2. If I go 1 to Rome, I shall be in great danger. 3. Hannibal was afraid that he would be given up because he had a good deal of money. 4. If he is placing his money in amphorae, he is deceiv- ing them. 5. If you get your enemies out of the way, 2 it will be easier. 6. He used a-large-number-of ships, 8 so that they might EXERCISES 601 be overcome. 7. He caused 4 a large number of snakes to be gathered alive. 8. When Hannibal instructed 6 his soldiers to capture or kill the king, he sent a messenger to the king's ship ■with a letter. 9. When 6 Eumenes opened the letter which Han- nibal had sent him, he could find nothing in it. 10. If the enemy should attack the ship of Eumenes, he would withdraw within his garrisons. 1 See Hint III. * Ex. 16, Grammar Lesson. 2 See note to p. 75, 1. 1. 6 g ee p. 118, 1. 3. 8 Ex. 14, Grammar Lesson, a. • Use cum. 19. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Hannibal, 12, 13. (a) Conditional Sentences, — Contrary to Pact. 24S. (6) Concessive Clauses. 250-254. 1. If the envoys had not dined at the house of Flaminius, men- tion would not have been made of Hannibal. 2. If he should bring this matter before the senate, the Romans would send en- voys to Prusias. 3. If Hannibal were keeping himself in one place, they would find him easily. 4. Although * Prusias asked them not to 2 demand this, they refused. 5. Although 8 Hanni- bal feared that he would be seized, he was a very brave man. 6. After the slave-boy looked out of the door, he reported to Hannibal what he had seen. 7. Hannibal took poison, because (as he thought 4 ) the Romans wished to seize him. 8. He was so 6 brave that when the Romans were coming he took poison. 9. Let us live as long as fortune permits. 10. Devote some time to literature. 1 Use quamquam. s Use cum. 6 tarn, see 232. 2 See p. 120, 11. 4, 5, and 260. * See 241. 20. Grammar Lesson. Nepos, Cato, 1-3. Indirect Discourse. 265-271, and Hints IV and V. 1. Nepos says that Cato moved to Rome. 2. The Romans think that he brought the poet, Ennius, back from Sardinia. 3. I think that his father left to him an hereditary estate. 4. We think that the soldiers are in the forum. 5. It was said x 602 LATIN COMPOSITION that as long as he lived Cato suffered no loss of reputation. 6. 1 believe that if he should drive Cato out of the province, he would succeed to his 2 place. 7. Cato said that they should check 8 extravagance. 8. We know* that many men write histories, although they are not great generals. 9. He replied 5 that the seven books of histories, which Cato wrote, were called the Origines. 10. They say that in these books he describes many wars. 1 dicebatur. 8 This would be the imperative in dir. disc. 2 Use ille. * scio. 5 responded. 21. Review Grammar Lesson. The Argonauts, 1-6. (a) Sequence of Tenses. 218-224. (6) Temporal Clauses. 234-239. 1. When Aeson had held the rule for a few years, he was driven out by his brother. 2. Pelias had intended 1 to TH11 Jason before he could be taken away from the city by his friends. 3. When Pelias hears that Jason is dead, he will inquire what the cause was. 4. Pelias sent some of his friends 2 to Delphi, that he might know whom to guard against. 3 5. When a man comes to the palace with one foot bare, 4 the king will fear him. 6. While Jason was crossing a river, one of his shoes 6 was carried away. 7. As long as Jason lived with 6 the centaur, Pelias held the rule of Thessaly. 8. As soon as the king knows that Jason has come, he will send him to Colchis to get possession of the golden fleece. 9. Jason will employ 7 Argus to build a ship in which he may transport a great number of men. 10. When the weather is suitable for voyaging, Jason will set sail with fifty companions. 8 1 See p. 129, 1. 5. * See p. 132, 1. 5. 6 gee p. 132, 1. 1. 2 See p. 129, 1. 6. 5 See p. 132, 1. 2. ' See p. 133, 1. 1. 8 Use eavere with a direct object. 8 See p. 135, 1. 1. 22. Review Grammar Lesson. The Argonauts, 7-12. Sequence of Tenses. 218-224. Indirect Questions. 259. 1. When the Argonauts had landed in Mysia to look for 1 water, Hylas was carried off by the nymphs. 2. While Hercules was EXERCISES 603 ■waiting (to see) whether 2 Hylas would return, the Argonauts set sail. 3. Let us inquire of these men who is king of Thrace at this time. 4. The Argonauts inquired from the inhabitants of what kind the punishment of Phineas was. 5. Zetes and Calais attacked the Harpies from above, before they could carry off the food. 6. As soon as Jason had weighed anchor, he asked of Phineas in what part of the sea the Symplegades lay. 8 7. If the Argonauts do not ply their oars 4 with incredible speed, their ship will not go through 6 unharmed. 8. Aeetes asked of the Argonauts what they had come to seek 1 in Colchis. 9. " I will give you the golden fleece," said the king, " if you will yoke these two bulls.'' 10. Medea persuaded Jason to make use of 6 her skill in medicine. 1 286. 4 See p. 141, 1. 2. 3 si. 5 ' be led through.' 8 ' had been placed.' 6 Use utor. 23. Review Grammar Lesson. The Argonauts, 13-18. Sequence of Tenses. 218-224. Conditional Sentences. 243-246, and Hint III. 1. Unless Jason ploughs the field before sunrise, he will not be able to place the yoke upon the bulls. 2. Jason will ask the king what the nature of the dragon's teeth is. 3. He slew the armed men before they were able to draw their swords. 4. If Medea had not lent l aid to Jason, the armed men would have slain him. 5. Let us urge Jason not to desert Medea. 6. If Jason should attempt to carry off the golden fleece, Medea would aid him by her great knowledge of medicine. 7. The Argo- nauts will wait until Jason returns. 2 8. While Jason and Medea were making their way 8 through the woods, they saw a wonder- ful light. 9. If it were safe to remain in Colchis, we should not be weighing anchor. 10. When Jason had ordered the ship to be launched, 4 the Argonauts asked him how great the danger was. 1 See p. 143, 1. 11. 3 See p. 146, 1. 2. 2 238. 4 See p. 135,1. 3. 604 LATIN COMPOSITION 24. Review Grammar Lesson. The Argonauts, 19-24. Indirect Discourse. 265-270, and Hints IV and V. 1. The king says that the enemy will not cease to flee until they reach the river. 2. When Aeetes was pursuing the Argo- nauts, he saw the limbs of his son in the sea. 3. Jason says to Pelias that he must give l him his kingdom, since he has brought back the golden fleece. 4. Jason asked of the king why he wished to hold the rule as long as he lived. 2 5. Medea said to the daughters of Pelias that she would make their father young, 8 if they would do what 4 she wished. 6. The daughters of the king hoped that their father would be young, 8 if they should do what Medea had done. 7. He said that if Jason had not come to Corinth, he would not have divorced 5 Medea. 8. Since Glauce suspects no evil, she will put on the robe which Medea has poisoned. 6 9. Medea, having killed her children, fled from Thessaly in a chariot which the Sun god had given her. 10. It is said that Jason was crushed by his ship, which had been drawn up on the shore. 1 Direct Disc. ' give me your kingdom.' 4 ' that which.' 2 272. 5 See p. 152, 1. 12. 8 ' a young man.' 6 See p. 152, 1. 17. 25. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 1. (a) Review of First and Second Declensions. 9-15, 16-18. (6) Use of Prepositions, in and sub. 186. (c) Subject and Direct Object of Verb. 119, 125. 1. Caesar came 1 into Gaul. 2. The Belgians inhabit one part of Gaul. 3. The Belgians carried on war in Gaul. 4. Gaul extended 2 to the river Rhine. 5. The Romans divided Gaul into three parts. 6. The merchants did not bring wine 8 into Aquitania. 7. The Aquitani are nearest to Spain. 8. The Garonne river separated the Celts from the Aquitani. 9. The Helvetians, who fought with the Germans, were brave. 10. The rivers were wide, 4 1 venio. s vinum. 2 Imperfect tense. 4 latins, -a, -um. EXERCISES 605 26. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 2. (a) Review of First Conjugation. 90. (6) Agreement of Adjective. 188, 189. (c) Indirect Object. 148, 149. 1. Messala and Piso were very rich. 2. The Sequani do not give money 1 to the Germans. 3. Orgetorix persuades the Helvetians. 4. The river is wide and the mountain is high. 5. The Helvetians, whose 2 territory is contracted, are very brave. 6. They excel 8 all the Gauls. 7. The Helvetians do not roam about widely, because 4 they are hemmed in by a broad river. 8. The Jura mountain is very high. 9. The grief of the Helvetians is great. 10. Caesar and Orgetorix were of very high rank. 6 1 pecunia. 2 Use the gen. plu. of the rel., qui, quae, quod. 8 Observe the case used on p. 157, 1. 6. 4 quod. * ' of very high rank,' i.e. ' very noble.' 27. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 3. (a) Review of the verb sum. 88. (6) Predicate Noun. 120. (c) Predicate Adjective. 188. 1. Caesar was called king. 1 2. The Helvetians gave their daughters in marriage to the Sequani. 3. The Roman people called Casticus a friend. 4. Orgetorix establishes friendship with Dumnorix. 5. A good friend persuaded me. 2 6. Divi- ciacus was a friend of Caesar. 7. All the Gauls are very powerful. 8. The sovereign-rule was seized 8 by 4 Dumnorix. 9. The influence of Caesar was great. 10. Orgetorix tried to persuade 6 the Helvetians. 1 rex. 2 ' me,' mihi. 8 What voice is this ? 4 Use the prep. ab. 5 ' to persuade,' use the inf. 606 LATIN COMPOSITION 28. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 4. (a) Pronouns, Relative, Demonstrative, Possessive. 78, 81, 83. (6) Possessive Genitive, 135. (c) Agreement of Relative, 122. 1. The Helvetians condemned Orgetorix, who committed sui- cide. 2. According to the custom of the Helvetians he was burned to death. 3. The Helvetians appointed a day for his trial, 1 but he saved himself. 4. Orgetorix collected his sup- porters, 2 of whom he had ten thousand. 5. The state is roused to arms. 6. This matter, which was reported to the Helvetians, rouses them to arms. 7. His retainers, to whom this matter was reported, are gathered together. 8. Orgetorix tried to plead his own 8 case. 9. The punishment, which he suffered, 4 was heavy. 6 10. The number of his retainers is large. 1 Use the gen. ease, as on p. 163, 1.3. s ' his own,' express by one word. 2 Omit ; use poss. adj . as noun (195, o). 4 Study p. 163, 1. 2. 6 gravis. 29. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 5. (a) Review of the Third Declension. 24r-37. (6) Two Accusatives : (1) Both referring to the same person or thing. 127. (2) One referring to the person affected, the other to the result produced. 128. (c) Apposition. 121. 1. The Helvetians did not make 1 Orgetorix king. 2. They call 2 the Boii allies. 3. The Rauraci, allies of the Helvetians, adopt the plan which the Boii had previously 8 adopted. 4. The Helvetians tried to teach * them everything. 5 5. We ask 6 our friends (for) their opinion. 7 6. The Tulingi, their neighbors, will depart with them. 7. I shall take away the hope of returning home. 8. This month is called 8 December. 9 9. You have besieged many towns and villages. 10. The Boii, whom the Helvetians took as allies, give orders to burn all their villages. 1 creo. 6 rogo. 2 See p. 161, 1. 7. 7 sententia. *prius. » nomino. i doceo. 9 The form is the same in Latin . 6 Use the neut. pi. of omnis (195, a). EXEBCISMS 607 30. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 6. (a) Boview of Second Conjugation. 91. (6) Subjectlvo Genitive. 136. (c) Objectivo Genitive. 137. 1. The hope of safety 1 was taken away. 2. By the narrow roads they hold the enemy back. 3. The Helvetians make this request, 2 because they are trying to go through the territory of the Sequani. 4. The enemy were impelled by a desire 8 of sovereign- rule. 5. On account of 4 the safety of their allies the Sequani will not allow the Helvetians to go through their territory. 6. The fears 6 of the Sequani were groundless. 6 7. The moun- tain, which overhangs us, is called the Jura. 8. Hold the enemy back ! 9. There ' were very few bridges in Gaul, be- cause 8 the rivers were crossed by fords. 10. On account of the departure of the Helvetians Caesar hastened 9 into Gaul. 1 saliis. 2 i.e., ' ask this thing.' See Ex. 29, sentence 5. 8 See p. 158, 1. 5. 6 vdnus, -a, -urn. 8 contends. 4 ' On account ot,' propter, a prep. 7 Omit. 6 timor. 8 See Ex. 26, note 4. 31. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 7. (a) Adjectives, their Declension and Comparison. 46-66. (6) Accusative of Limit of Motion. 132. (c) Accusative of Duration of Time and Space. 130. 1. The Helvetians set out and came to Geneva. 1 2. Caesar remained 2 in farther Gaul for many days. 3. Envoys were sent, men 8 of highest rank. 4. The envoys informed 4 Caesar of their arrival. 5. With the consent of the other envoys they marched to Geneva. 8. It is our intention 6 to refrain from evil-doing. 7. Caesar was too proud. 6 8. The Helvetians will march home, because Lucius Cassius, the consul, was killed. 9. Caesar informed the Helvetians, who wished ' to march through the province, of his intention. 10. They returned home and for many days refrained from mischief. 1 Notice that ad Genavam (p. 169, 1. 2, see note) means ' into the vicin- ity of Geneva.' In the trans, of sentence 1 apply the Grammar lesson, b. 2 maneo. 4 Study the Latin-English Vocah. under the word certus. 8 Omit. * Study p. 169, 1. 9. 6 superbus. See 193. ' volo. 608 LATIN COMPOSITION 32. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 8. (a) Review of Third Conjugation of Verbs. 93. (6) Ablative Absolute. 173. 1. When Caesar had made a trench, he was able to keep the Helvetii from the march. 2. When Caesar had stationed garri- sons and fortified redoubts, 1 he went into Italy. 3. I cannot allow 2 you to march through the province. 4. Having been informed of 8 this, Caesar sent messengers to Italy and levied soldiers. 5. You have been disappointed in this expectation. 6. Against Caesar's will 1 the Helvetians could not cross the Rhone river. 7. The Jura mountain is* nineteen miles from Lake Geneva. 8. Having tried 5 to use force, the enemy made several rafts. 9. You will show that you will keep the Helve- tians from our territory. 10. For many days the enemy tried to drive the Romans back. 1 Express the clause by the abl. abs. const, and study Hint I. The Latin order puts Caesar at the beginning of the sentence. 2 Study p. 171, 1. 10. 8 Use the prep, de, as in p. 169, 1. 6. 4 Use absum. 6 Study the first part of Hint I. 33. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 9. (a) Review of Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns. 39- 45. (6) Ablative of Means. 163. (c) Ablative of Comparison. 161, 162. 1. Dumnorix was more x powerful among the Sequani than his brother, Diviciacus. 3 2. He was more friendly 8 to the Helve- tians than to the Sequani. 3. For these reasons* they will allow hostages to be given. 6 4. When envoys had been sent, 6 they persuaded the Sequani.' 5. By means of bribery he had the state under obligation. 6. The daughters of this consul had been married. 7. The enemy unwillingly 8 gave up the attempt. 9 8. The other road is easier than this one. 10 9. By this speech Caesar was greatly u influenced. 10. And so the mat- EXERCISES 609 ter having been undertaken, Dumnorix persuaded more states than (did) Divioiacus. 1 plus. « See Ex. 32, note 1. 2 Ex. 29, Grammar Lesson, c. 7 See Grammar Lesson 26, u. 8 Use amicus as an adj. 8 Use the adj. invltus. 4 i.e. ' on account of these things 9 See p. 172, 1. 5. (res).' Use the abl. case. 10 Omit. 6 Use the inf. u 7 34. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 10. (a) Review of Fourth Conjugation of Verbs 94. (6) Uses of the Participle. 276-281, and Hint II. 1. "When this had been done, 1 the Helvetians decided 2 to re- port the matter to Caesar. 2. If this is done, 1 Caesar will carry on war 8 in the territory of the enemy. 3. Even * though the Helvetians 6 refrain from mischief, 6 they will be the enemies of the Roman people. 4. Men who are f ond-of-war, easily fight with their neighbors. 5. Titus Labienus, the lieutenant of Caesar, was far away from Rome. 7 6. When Caesar had en- rolled two new legions and had withdrawn three from winter quarters, 1 he returned s to Gaul. 7. The commander 9 remained in Italy for several days. 10 8. Hastening by forced marches, Caesar led his army to Labienus. 9. Caesar defeated the moun- taineers u in several battles. 10. He was the first 12 to lead his troops into farther Gaul. 1 See Ex. 32, note 1. 6 See p. 170, 11. S, 6. 2 Cf. p. 160, 11. 4, 5. ' Use the abl. case. s Cf. p. 158, 1. 2. « redire. 4 ' even,' etiam. 9 imperator. 6 The Latin order is, ' The Helve- 10 See Ex. 81, Grammar Lesson, c. tii, even though,' etc. u montanus. ^ Study 191. 35. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 11. (as) Dative with Compounds. 149, b. (6) Clauses of Purpose. 229, 230, and Hint IX. 1. When the Helvetians 1 had taken 2 the troops through the narrow pass, they carried off the children of the Aeduans into slavery. 2. Titus Labienus was in command 3 of a legion. 610 LATIN COMPOSITION 3. The Helvetians sent soldiers to 4 lay waste the land. 4. Caesar hastened into Gaul, in order that the enemy might not capture the towns of his allies. 5. The Aeduans fled to Caesar, in order that they might more easily defend themselves 6. When their land had been laid waste and their properly destroyed, 2 the Allobroges had nothing left. 5 7. I shall place the lieutenant in command of the army. 8. Caesar made war 6 upon the Helvetians as they were leaving 7 their country. 9. Fortune did not fail 8 Caesar. 10. They were informed op? the arrival of Caesar, whose army was hastening 9 by forced marches. 1 Cf. Ex. 34, note 5. 2 Cf. Ex. 32, note 1. 'praesum. 4 Study Grammar Lesson, 6. 6 See note to p. 177, 1. 11. s bellum inferre. Cf. Grammar Lesson, a. 1 Cf . Grammar Lesson 34, 6, and see p. 164, 1. 6. 8 ' fail,' i.e. ' was not wanting ' (desum) . 9 What tense ? 36. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 12. (a) Ablative of Cause. 165. (6) Clauses of Result and Characteristic. 232, 233. 1. The Arar is a river whose current is wonderfully smooth. 1 2. When three quarters of the forces had been led across, 2 Caesar arrived. 3. They were so hindered-in-their-movements that a large part of them were killed. 4. Caesar was lucky 8 in that 4 he attacked the enemy when 6 off-their-guard. 5. Since Lucius Cassius, the consul, had been killed, 3 Caesar defeated 6 the army of the Helvetians. 6. Many fled so quickly 7 that Caesar could not follow" them. 7. Many fled quickly so that Caesar could not follow them. 8. Because of fear they tried to cross the river, but Caesar, having sent 9 his soldiers forward, 2 prevented it. 5 9. "I shall avenge the death of a Roman consul," he said. 10 10. He is the only n one who paid the penalty. 1 t.e. ' which flows with wonderful smoothness.' 2 See Ex. 32, note 1. 'fortunatus. * ' in that,' etc., study Grammar Lesson, 6 ; 'in that he ' = ' who.' 5 Omit. 6 j, 6 . « sen t under the yoke.' ' tarn celeriter. 8 consequi. o ' sent forward,' praemitto. 10 inquit. On its position in the sentence see Hint XV. 11 solus. Study Grammar L6sson, b. EXERCISES 611 37. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 13. (a) Partitive Genitive. 138. (6) Genitive of Quality. 140. (c) Review of Clauses of Purpose and Result. 229-232. 1. The majority 1 of the Helvetians had already crossed the river. 2. The enemy were so stirred by the arrival of Caesar, that they sent envoys to him. 3. Caesar's soldiers were so well trained, 2 that they crossed the river in one day. 4. I shall send soldiers to treat with Divico. 5. Caesar will make peace with the Helvetians in order that they may not attack his allies. 6. Nevertheless 8 they do not wish to return home. 7. A man of great courage 4 will always 6 fight for 6 his fatherland. 7 8. Caesar attacked one canton, so that the enemy might not bring help to their men. 8 9. Caesar built a bridge over the Arar, so that he might the more easily cross the river. 10. There is no one * who does not learn 10 from his forefathers. 1 ' majority,' i.e. ' the greater (comp. degree) part.' 2 'well trained,' exercitatus. ^tamen. ^virtus. 6 semper. *pro, a prep. 7 patria. 8 Omit ; 195, a. 9 nemo. w Study Ex. 36, Grammar Lesson, b. 38. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 14. (a) Dative of Reference. 151. (6) Dative of Possession. 154. (c) Uses of the Subjunctive and Imperative. 225, 273, and Hint XVIII. 1. Let us be on our guard. 2. The name of this Gaul was Divico. 3. I have less hesitation because I cannot forget the old insult. i. May they not try to force their way through the province I 5. Give x me hostages and do x the things that you promised. 6. Let Divico not boast of his victory. 7. For the Romans are so brave, 2 that they will easily be able to send 8 the Gauls under the yoke. 8. Divico, do not apologize to the Romans for the wrongs which you have done them. 9. The Romans were not braver than the Helvetians. 10. Let us make peace with the Helvetians, our enemies. ' i Use the singular number. Vfortis. " See p. 179, 11. 6, 7. 612 LATIN COMPOSITION 39. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. IS. (a) Ablative of Agent. 160. (I) Ablative of Place Where and Locative. 174-176, and Hint XVII. (c) Causal Clauses. 240-242, and Hint XIX. 1. All the cavalry was sent forward by Caesar. 2. The majority 1 of the soldiers remained in camp. 3. Caesar had 2 many personal enemies 3 at Rome. 4. Caesar was satisfied 4 to keep his men from fighting. 5. The Helvetians harassed Caesar's army in the rear, because (as they thought) the Romans were thoroughly frightened. 6 6. Many Romans were killed by the Helvetians, because the former (in reality) had joined battle in an unfavorable place. 7. Do not attack the Romans too eagerly. 8. When the Aeduans had been sent forward, 6 battle was joined. 9. The Aeduans did not attack the Roman army, because Caesar was their friend. 7 10. At Geneva for many days Caesar kept his men from plundering. 1 See Ex. 37, note 1. tperterreo. 2 See Ex. 38, Grammar Lesson, 6. 6 g ee Ex. 32, note 1. 8 ' personal enemies,' use inimicus. i Cf. sentence 3. 4 Cf. p. 184, 1. 15. 40. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 16. (a) Dative of Purpose. 156. (6) Ablative with Deponents. 163, a. (c) Cum- Clauses. 235, 240. 1. The grain supply 1 was of the greatest concern 2 to Caesar. 2. Caesar made use of the boats that were on the Arar river. 3. Since the grain was not yet ripe, it could not be brought up the river by the Aeduans. 4. Caesar was put off from day to day by the Aeduans. 5. Caesar reproaches the Aeduans, because (as he charged) they put him off from day to day. 6. This was a great disadvantage 3 tp the Romans. 7. .Since Caesar i had 6 to distribute grain to the army, he called together the chief men of the Aeduans. 8. Since the war had been undertaken because of the entreaties of the allies, Caesar com- EXERCISES 613 plained bitterly. 6 9. Let us purchase grain. 10. Do not reproach me. 1 res frumentaria. 2 Study Grammar Lesson, a. * detrimentum. Of. note 2. 4 See Ex. 34, note 5. 6 Use oportet and study p. 186, 1. 4. tgraviter. 41. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 17. (a) Pronouns, Personal and Indefinite. 76, 85, and Hints VII and VIII. (6) Temporal Clauses, postquam, ut, ubi, cum prlmum. 234. 1. Was 1 not Liscus induced by what Caesar said ? 2 2. After the Romans overcame the Helvetians, they took away the liberty of the Aeduans. 8 3. As soon as our plans were reported to the enemy, Liscus came to Caesar. 4. Caesar has more power 4 than Liscus. 5. Who will be able to check them l 1 6. Liscus informed Caesar of this, because (as he said) the magistrates did not have the greatest influence. 7. Ought not the Gauls to have borne the rule of the Romans? 1 8. Liscus was silent, because he was forced to be so 6 by the magistrates of the Aeduans. 9. This 6 Caesar did, in order that deserters might not report anything 7 to the enemy. 10. After they had fur- nished the grain, Caesar pardoned 8 them. 11. Let us report whatever is done in Caesar's camp. 1 Interrogative questions in Latin are introduced (a) by interrogative pronouns and adverbs, or (6) by nonne when they imply the answer " Yes," by num when they imply the answer " No," or by -ne, appended to an important word, when they merely ask for information. 2 i.e. ' by the speech of Caesar.' 8 ' of the Aeduans,' cf. p. 188, 1. 5. 4 Cf . p. 187, 1. 4. 5 ' to be so,' omit. 6 Use the neut. pi. 7 Cf. p. 170, 1. 9, and Ex. 35, Grammar Lesson, b. s ig}idsco. Cf. Ex. 26, Grammar Lesson, c. 42. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 18. (a) Adjectives, Various Uses with Nouns. 143, 157, 158 N. (6) Temporal Clauses, antequam, priusquam ; dum, donee, quoad. 236-239. 1. Before Dumnorix, the brother of Diviciacus, could speak, Caesar dismissed the meeting. 2. Dumnorix, who was eager for 614 LATIN COMPOSITION a revolution, was a man J of great generosity. 3. Whenever he bid, 2 no one dared to bid against Mm. 4. While this was going on, 3 Dumnorix arrived in the land of the Sequani. 5. He main- tained so large a number of cavalry, that he was influential also among the Sequani. 6. Liscus did not speak freely, before Caesar dismissed the meeting. 7. Lisous waited for Caesar 4 to dismiss the meeting. 8. Because of his boldness Dumnorix bought up all the revenues. 9. By the arrival of the Romans Liscus was freed 6 from danger. 10. Have you come to help me? 1 Omit. 2 See Ex. 40, Grammar Lesson, c. 8 i.e. ' while these things were being done ' (gero). 4 i.e. ' until Caesar should dismiss,' etc. 5 libero. 43. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 19. Substantive Clauses. 260-264. 1. He begged Liscus to speak freely. 2. Caesar urged Divi- ciacus to come to him and to tell him the truth. 1 3. Although hostages had been given, 2 the Gauls did many things without the knowledge of Caesar. 8 4. The result was 4 that Caesar censured Dumnorix, and gave orders that the Aeduans punish him. 5. When this had been done, 2 he summoned Diviciacus, so that he might have a conference with him. 6. Before he had a con- ference with Diviciacus, he sent away the ordinary interpreters. 7. What 6 did Caesar say to Diviciacus? 8. Let the state punish Dumnorix I 9. May the state punish Dumnorix I 10. I beg 6 you not to punish Dumnorix. 11 the truth,' i.e. 'true things.' 2 Cf. Ex. 32, note 1. s Cf. p. 191, 1. 7. 4 ' the result was,' i.e. ' it happened that ' (factum est ut) . 6 i.e. ' what things.' 6 i.e. ' I beg that you do not,' etc. 44. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 20. Indirect Questions. 259. 1. I beg you to inform me what has happened to Diviciacus- 2. Wherefore it will come about that he will have very little influence in Gaul. 3. The result was 1 that in answer to the EXERCISES 615 ■wish of Diviciaous, Caesar overlooked the wrong done to the state. 2 4. I wish to know what you are doing. 5. Let us ad- vise Caesar to put a watch upon Dumnorix. 6. I feel more pain as a result of this than you (do). 7. Your influence with me is so great that I advise you to avoid every suspicion. 8. Caesar did not know with whom Dumnorix was talking. 9. Do not make this request of Caesar. 10. Let us ask him to come to help us. 8 1 See Ex. 43, note 4. 2 See Ex. 30, Grammar Lesson, u. 8 See p. 190, 1. 16. 45. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 21. Conditional Sentences — Simple. 243, and Hint III. If the enemy have encamped at the foot of the mountain, they are distant not more 1 than eight miles from Caesar's camp. Since Publius Considius has been. in the army of Lucius Sulla, he is considered most skilled in warfare. Therefore Caesar will send him ahead with all the scouts to find out what the nature of the mountain is. If the ascent of the mountain is easy, and if the enemy have encamped at the foot of it, Titus Labienus has already climbed to a the top of the mountain. He has done this in order that he may make an attack on the enemy at daybreak. When Caesar has sent ahead all the cavalry in s the third watch, he will follow them with all his forces. If you were skilled in warfare, you understood what his plan* was. He will take possession of the mountain in order that the enemy may not climb it. i Cf. p. 185, 11. 1, 2. » Cf. p. 195, 1. 2. 2 Omit, and cf . p. 195, 1. 1. * Cf. p. 195, 1. 1. 46. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 22. Conditional Sentences — Future. 245. If the enemy should take possession of the hill, the Gallic arms and ensigns would be seen there by Considius. If Titus Labienus holds possession of the mountain, he and Caesar will make an attack on the enemy on all sides at once. Although 616 LATIN COMPOSITION Labienus was holding the top of the mountain, and x the enemy did not know of 2 Caesar's arrival, Considius, who was thoroughly 8 frightened, reported to Caesar a thing 4 which was not true. 6 Since Labienus did not see Caesar's forces near the camp of the enemy, he did not make an attack upon the Gauls. Although Considius had reported to Caesar as seen, a thing 6 which he had not seen, the scouts informed Caesar late in the day what had been done. Since Caesar was not able to do what 6 he had wished, he did not join battle with the enemy, but drew up his men on the nearest hill. 1 Connect the two sentences by neque. i id. 2 Do not use the gen. ; cf . p. 195, 1. 10. 6 verus, -a, -urn. 8 Express hy a compound verb. » = ' that which.' 47. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 23. Conditional Sentences — Contrary to Fact. 246. On the next day Caesar decided 1 to turn away 2 from the Helvetians and to go to a well-supplied town of the Aeduans, Bibracte by name. If he had not wished to distribute grain to his soldiers, he would have followed the Helvetians. If the town had been distant more than eighteen miles, Caesar would have been cut off from a supply-of -grain. Deserters from 3 Lucius Aemilius, who was in command of * a part of the cavalry of the Gauls, hastened to the enemy, to report to them what Caesar had done. The Helvetians changed their plan and turned their march, in order to make an attack on the rear-guard of the Romans. The Helvetians said to one another ° : "If the Romans were not thoroughly 6 frightened, they would have joined battle after 7 having possession of the mountain. Let us follow them, 8 and cut them 8 off from their grain supply." 1 Cf. p. 160, 11. 4-6. 2 = ' to turn away his march.' a Use the gen 4 Cf. p. 186, 1.6. 6 inter se. 6 See Ex. 46, note 3. 7 Use the abl. abs. construction. 8 Express only once. 48. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 24. Concessive Clauses. 250-254. After Caesar had 1 drawn up two legions on the top of the hill, he commanded his troops to withstand the attack of the enemy. EXERCISES 617 Although he had four legions of veteran soldiers, he decided to fortify the hill. On the top of the hill he placed two legions which had been enrolled last in Hither Gaul, in order that they might fortify that part of the hill. He thought as follows 2 : " Although the Helvetians should come up 8 with all their forces, they will not be able to defeat my line of battle. The two legions which I have led up 8 to the top of the hill will protect the baggage.'' Meanwhile 4 the Helvetians formed a phalanx, in order that they might make an attack on the Romans. They thought as follows 2 : " If we can drive back ° the Roman cavalry, we will go up to the middle of the hill and attack the veteran legions. Then 6 we will make an attack on the auxiliaries, and seize all the baggage." 1 Be careful of the tense ; see Ex. 41, Grammar Lesson, 6. 2 ita. 8 Express by a compound verb ; cf . p. 199, 1.5. 4 Interea. 5 Express by a compound verb ; cf. p. 199, 1. 4. 6 Deinde. 49. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 25. The Infinitive. 274, 275. Since Caesar wished to make the danger of all equal, he re- moved first his own horse and then those 1 of his soldiers from sight, so that the Romans could not flee. He ordered his men 1 to hurl their pikes from the higher ground, 2 that 8 they might the more easily break through the phalanx of the Gauls. If the phalanx should be broken, it would be easy to defeat the enemy. Although the Gauls were greatly hindered 4 in fighting, because the pikes of the Romans bound their shields together, yet they fought with the greatest bravery. But they were so exhausted by wounds, that they retreated to a height which was about a mile away. When the Romans were going up 6 the mountain, the Boii and the Tulingi attacked them on the open flank. As soon as the Helvetians saw this, they began to return. If the Romans had not wheeled about and advanced to the attack 6 in two divisions, it would have been easy for the enemy 7 to sur- round them. 1 Omit. '* = ' place.' 8 Be careful of the conjunction. 4 ' it was a great hindrance to the Gauls ' ; cf . p. 200, 1. 1. 8 See Ex. 48, note 3. 6 signa inferre. 1 Ace, subject of the infin. 618 LATIN COMPOSITION 50. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 26. Indirect Discourse. 265-271, and Hints IV and V. When the Helvetians thought that the attacks of the Roman* could no longer be withstood, they began to retreat, in order to protect their baggage. The Gauls are said to have fought so bravely, that the Romans did not see the back 1 of an enemy dur- ing that whole day. Caesar tells us that they were still 2 fighting late at night, and that they wounded many of the Roman soldiers. When the Romans held possession of the camp, they captured one of the sons of Orgetorix. It is said that one hundred and thirty thousand of the Gauls, who survived from that battle, marched that whole night without cessation. 8 A letter was sent by Caesar to the Lingones, to say 4 that they should not give grain to the Aeduans. He announced to them that if they did this, he would regard them as 6 enemies of the Roman people. When three days had passed, 6 he followed the Gauls with all his troops. 1 =' an enemy turned away.' 2 iam. 8 Express by an adv. 4 Omit. &pro. » = ' let pass ; ' 173. 51. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 27. Numerals. 72. While the Helvetians were awaiting the arrival of Caesar, he sent soldiers to them, to demand a hundred hostages. Mean- while 1 the Helvetians, since they had no provisions, 2 decided ' to send envoys to Caesar, to ask for peace. The envoys are said to have thrown themselves at Caesar's feet, and to have obeyed him, when he ordered them not to leave the place in which they then were. He said that he would give them an answer within two days ; meanwhile they should 4 hunt up the slaves who had run away from the camp of the Romans. Afterwards he learned that five thousand men of cne canton, Verbigenus by name, since they had been thoroughly frightened, had left their camp and retreated to the river Rhine. If their flight had been concealed, or had been ignored by Caesar, they would have reached 6 the boundaries of the Germans, which were about fiiteen miles distant. i See Ex. 48 , note 4. 2 See p. 165, 1. 2. 8 See Ex. 47, note 1- 4 For an imperative or jussive subj. of the dir. disc. tpervenio. EXERCISES 619 52. Grammar Lesson. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 28. (a) The Gerund and Gerundive. 282-285. (6) Dative of Agent. 155. Caesar was obliged x to do many things at one time. Messengers had to be sent to the states, through whose territories the Hel- vetians were hastening, and those who had fled had to be hunted up. If they had been brought back to Caesar, he would have re- ceived them by 2 capitulation. Since the Helvetians had lost their crops and burned their towns, they did not wish to return home. Although there was no grain in the fields, Caesar said that they must go home, because he feared that the Germans would cross over into Gaul, to take possession of the fields. Since the Boii were men of great valor, the Aeduans had the hope of conquering their enemies, if they could have such 8 brave allies. Therefore they are said to have received the Boii into their territories, and to have given them land. 4 Caesar said to the Helvetians that the towns which they had destroyed 6 by fire must be rebuilt. 6 This must be done by them at once,' in order that those lands might not be unoccupied. i 1 Say ' many things had to be done by Caesar.' a = ' into surrender.' 8 tarn. 4 i.e. ' fields.' 5 deled. « Cf . p. 204. 1.7. istatim. 53. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 29, 30. Caesar found lists x in the camp of the Helvetians, drawn up 2 in Greek letters. From these lists he learned that the number of the Helvetians was reduced to one hundred and thirty thou- sand men. If this was true, 8 they had lost two thirds 4 of their forces. The envoys, who came to Caesar, said that the Helvetians had left their homes and had almost 5 obtained control of all Gaul. They did this because they wished to choose the most fruitful region of all Gaul for a dwelling-place. They hoped that the rest of the states would pay tribute to them. If this had happened, it would have been dangerous 6 to Caesar and the Roman people. The envoys moreover asked permission ' to ap- point a day for a meeting of all GauL They did this because 620 LATIN COMPOSITION they wished to ask aid from Caesar. Caesar said that he would grant 8 this, if they would promise that they would not make war on the Romans. He did this for the sake 9 of establishing 10 peace. 1 tabula. 2 conflcio. 8 See Ex. 46, note 5. i Say ' two parts ' and of. p. 178, 1. 5. tpaene. 6 periculosus, -a, -um. 7 ' asked that it might be allowed them.' 8 Cf . p. 170, 1. 4. 9 causa with preceding gen. 10 = ' making.' 54. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 31. Then 1 the chief men of all Gaul treated with Caesar privately. When they had cast themselves down at his feet, it came to pass 2 that they obtained what 8 they wished. Ariovistus had not been able to get possession of the children of Diviciacus as hostages. Therefore Diviciacus was the only one who dared to beg aid from the Romans. He spoke to Caesar as follows 4 in behalf of all the chief men of the Gauls : " The Germans, who have been sum- moned, have crossed the Rhine. If they covet the lands of the Gauls, the Sequani will be forced to give them 5 hostages. We have therefore 6 come to you, to beg for help. 7 You are the only one who can prevent Ariovistus from ruling cruelly. We do not doubt that you can protect all Gaul. If you do 8 not do this, we must seek another dwelling-place. Do not 9 report to Ariovistus that we have come to you for the sake 10 of asking for aid. We fear that he will inflict punishment on us." n 1 See Ex. 48, note 6. 4 See Ex 48, note 2. 2 Cf. p. 208, 1. i. 6 Omit. 8 See Ex. 46, note 6. 6 ' therefore ' = ' wherefore.' 7 Ace. ; for the construction of verb cf . p. 205, 1. 13. 8 Be careful of the tense. What kind of a condition is this? See Ex. 46, Grammar Lesson. 9 Use nollte with the infin. 10 See Ex. 53, note 9. " Cf. p. 203, 1. 13 55. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 32. When Caesar had heard this speech of Diviciacus, he perceived that all those who were present were weeping. 1 He asks the Sequani why 2 they look at 8 the ground so * sadly 6 ; but they are EXERCISES 621 silent, because they are obliged 6 to admit Ariovistus into their territories. Caesar wondered why the Sequani made no reply. 7 Diviciacus said that no opportunity at all for flight was given to the Sequani. If they had not admitted Ariovistus into their territories, their lot s would not have been so wretched. While Ariovistus was absent, 9 they dreaded his cruelty and did not 10 dare to ask for aid. There was no doubt n that Ariovistus had taken possession of all the towns of the Sequani. For this reason they did not dare to make 12 any reply to Caesar. If they should offend the mind of Ariovistus, he would inflict punishment on 18 the hostages, which the Sequani had given him. They did not wish their children to be cruelly slain. tfleo. * quam ob rem. 8 Cf. p. 212, 1. 12. * tarn. 5 Use an adj. agreeing with ' they.' • See Ex. 52, note 1, and cf . p. 213, 11. 7, 8, 7 i.e. ' replied nothing.' 8 = ' fortune.' 9 What tense 1 See Ex. 42, Grammar Lesson, 6. i° See Ex. 46, note 1. u = ' it was not doubtful.' 12 Cf. note 7. w See Ex. 54, note 11. 56. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 33. When the meeting has been dismissed, 1 Caesar thinks that he ought to take up the matter as soon as possible, because it is dis- graceful that Ariovistus should assume so arrogant a manner. 2 If the Germans gradually become accustomed to cross the Rhine, they will not refrain from occupying all Gaul. The Germans were such wild and barbarous men, that Caesar did not wish to have them as 8 neighbors to the Eoman province. Since the Aeduans had been called brothers by the Roman senate, Caesar thought that they must 4 not be held in slavery by the Germans. Caesar said to the Aeduans : " The power of the Roman people is so great that they can very easily protect all their allies from injury. The haughtiness of the king of the Germans is too 6 great for me to bear. If he does not at once put an end to his wrong doing, it will be dangerous both for him and for his people.'' i Use abl. abs. construction. 2 i.e. ' so great arrogance.' 8 Omit. 4 Express by second periphrastic conjugation. 6 Trans, 'greater than so that I can bear it.' 622 LATIN COMPOSITION 57. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 34. Caesar resolves x to treat with Ariovistus concerning affairs of the greatest importance, and sends envoys to him ; but Ariovistus 2 says that he does not dare to come at that time. Ariovistus also said that he did not wish to choose a place for a conference, be- cause he thought that Caesar had 3 no 4 business in that part of Gaul. Ariovistus said to Caesar : " I do not wish to take posses- sion of the whole of Gaul. If you will remain in that part of Gaul which you possess, I myself will go with my army into that part which has been conquered by the Germans. We have held those regions continuously for many years. It would be dangerous for me, if I should go without my army into your part of Gaul. I fear that I should not return ; for your soldiers would wish to capture me and kill me, 6 if I should give them the opportunity." 6 1 Trans. ' it pleases Caesar.' 4 nihil; cf. p. 215, 11. 11-13. 2 Trans, by Me; see Hint VII. 6 Express only once. 8 Use sum and dat. of possessor. 6 Cf . p. 170, 1. 5. 58. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 35. "When envoys had been sent 1 again to Ariovistus, Caesar de- manded of him not to permit that other Germans cross the Rhine. The envoys spoke as follows : " If you wish to be called a friend of the Roman people, you ought 2 to return the hostages which you have from the Aeduans, and not 8 make war upon the Aeduaus. 4 If you do not do this, we must defend our friends." If Ariovistus had wished to make requital to Caesar for 5 his kind- ness, he would have done what Caesar asked. Caesar did not dare to neglect the Aeduans, because the senate had decreed that all the friends of the Roman people in 6 Gaul should be defended. Since Caesar had been placed in command of the province of Gaul, he did not see why ' he should permit s Ariovistus to 8 make war upon the Aeduans and their allies. If he should do this, it would be so disgraceful to himself and to the Roman people, that he feared that he would lose his province. 1 Use abl. abs. construction. tpro. 2 Use oportut with the iufin. « See Hint XIII. 8 See Ex. 46, note 1. T See Ex. 58, note 2. 4 Use the proper form of hie. 8 ' permit that Ariovistus should make.' EXERCISES 623 59. Caesar, Book I, Chap. 36. The German king replied as follows : " I shall rule those whom I have conquered as 1 I wish, and I ought not to be hindered by you in the exercise 2 of my own rights. Caesar is doing me a wrong in 8 making my revenues less profitable. The Aeduans have promised that they will pay tribute to the Germans every year. If they do this, I will be their friend, and I will not make war upon them. If the Romans engage in battle with me, they will not 4 contend with the unconquered Germans, men well- trained in war, without 4 great danger to 5 themselves. The Aeduans were made tributary to me, because they were conquered by my soldiers in war. I cannot understand why they do not do what 6 has been agreed upon. Because Caesar has come into Gaul with his army, the Aeduans ought 7 not to think that they must 8 not pay the tribute. If they do not wish to obey me, let them try the fortune of war a second time." 9 1 = 'In what manner.' 2 See Vocab. under the word ius. 6 See Ex. 46, note 6. 8 Use a rel. clause. 1 See Ex. 58, note 2. 4 Join ' not ' and ' without.' 8 See Ex. 56, note 4. 6 Use the possessive pronoun. 9 iterum. 60. Caesar, Book I, Chap, 37. At this time the Aeduans and the Treveri sent envoys to Cae- sar to x say that their lands were being devastated by the Harudes, and that these men could not easily be stopped. 2 Moreover, they feared that the Suebi, whom two brothers, Nasua and Cimberius by name, commanded, would lead their forces across the river Rhine, and devastate the fields of the Gauls. They said that they would not refuse to give hostages to Ariovistus if he would make peace with them. Caesar replied to the envoys as follows: "I shall at once hasten to march against Ariovistus, and I shall pro- cure as great a supply of grain as possible. 8 As long as the Suebi remained 4 on the other bank of the river Rhine, I did not fear Ariovistus and his army ; but 6 if the Suebi join themselves with Ariovistus, I shall be exceedingly troubled. It is not easy to fight 624 LATIN COMPOSITION with two armies of the enemy at the same time. Therefore I shall lead my men against Ariovistus by forced marches." 1 The infin. must not be used. 2 Study carefully p. 219, 11. 10, 11. ' They ' should be translated by his. 8 Express by quam and the superlative. 4 What tense should be used? See Ex. 42, Grammar Lesson, 6. 6 See p. 181, 1. 3. 61. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 38, 39. Caesar hastened to occupy Vesontio, in which it was reported that there was a great abundance of everything which was of ser- vice in war. He therefore took precaution that Ariovistus should not occupy this town first, 1 since it was fortified by its natural location. 2 When Caesar, by forced marches, reached 3 the town, he stationed a garrison there. 4 When the traders said that the Germans were of extraordinary courage, the Romans were so frightened, that they could not control their features. Some sealed their wills 5 and hid themselves in their tents. One 6 lamented his fate, another reported to Caesar that the soldiers would not break camp. Even the tribunes of the soldiers feared the enemy, although they 7 said that they were afraid that the supply of grain could not conveniently be brought up. 1 primus. 2 Where should this last clause come in the Latin sentence 1 8 pervenio; cf. p. 178, 11. 8, 9. * ibi. s Use the abl. abs. constr. 6 Study carefully p. 222, 1.9. 7 ' they,' i.e. the tribunes ; trans, by Mi. 62. Caesar, Book I, Cfiaps. 40, 41. Therefore when all the centurions had been called together, 1 Caesar spoke as follows: "If, during my consulship, Ariovistus desired the friendship of the Roman people, why should he now 2 withdraw from his obligation? I am persuaded that he will not reject my favor. What, pray, do you fear ? We made trial of the enemy when the Cimbri were defeated by Marius. If the Helve- tians have generally overcome the Germans, we shall overcome them, because the Helvetians are not a match for the Romans. I shall look 8 after the grain. As to your saying 4 that you will not advance when the signal is given, 6 I am not at all disturbed by that, for I do not doubt that the tenth legion will be a body-guard MXJUBVISBS 625 for me." When the camp had been broken, 6 Caesar set out with his army. 1 See Ex. 61, note 5. 8 Study p. 226, 1. 14. 5 signum dare. 1 nunc. * Study p. 227, 1. 1. 6 See note 1. 63. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 42, 43. When Caesar approached nearer, Ariovistus came to his senses and sent envoys to say that he wished to have a conference. 1 The result was, that a day was set for a conference. 2 If each did not 8 come with his cavalry, Ariovistus feared that Caesar would sur- round him by stratagem. Caesar took all the horses from the Gallic horsemen and put on them the soldiers of the tenth legion. When the soldiers had been halted 4 near by, s Caesar and Ariovis- tus held their conference on horseback. Caesar said, " You have been called friend and king by the Roman senate, a thing which has happened to few. You know how often honorary measures 6 have been passed in behalf of the Aedui. Do not make war upon the Aedui. Return their hostages. Do not allow the Germans to cross the Rhine." 1 Cf . p. 216. 1.6. < See Ex. 61 , note 5. 2 Study p. 230, 11. 1, 2. tprope. 8 'If . . . not ' trans, by nisi. 'Omit; see 195, a. 64. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 44-46. When the speech of Caesar had been thus 1 delivered, 2 Ario- vistus replied briefly : " I did not make war upon the Gauls, but when they came to attack me, I defeated their forces. If they had wished to try it again, I should have been ready again to fight it out, in order that I might force 8 them to pay the tribute. I shall gladly seek the friendship of the Romans, if it will be a protection to me. I did not bring the Germans into Gaul for the sake of making war. What do you mean ? I am not such a bar- barian 4 that I do not know that you have an army in Gaul for the sake of crushing me." When Caesar 3 had said that he could not give up the undertaking, he broke off the conference. 6 1 sic. s See the phrase, p. 163, 1. 1. 2 See Ex. 61, note 5. 4 i.e. ' so barbarous.' * The best Latin order requires that the sentence begin with the word Caesar. 6 See p. 237, 1. 10. 626 LATIN COMPOSITION 65. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 47-50. Caesar thus soliloquized 1 : " The Germans can not be kept from throwing their weapons at the Romans, I shall send Procillus to Ariovistus, because he is a young man of the greatest courage. 2 Moreover, 8 the German king speaks the Gallic language fluently, and will know what Procillus says." Although Ariovistus cut Caesar off from his grain supply, because he led his troops past Caesar's camp, still the latter formed a line of battle. Ariovistus remained in camp, so that he might keep Caesar from supplies ; but Caesar 4 sent soldiers to select a place suitable for a camp and to form a triple line of battle. Then he forced 5 Ariovistus to come with his army. Among the Germans there is this custom, that they do not contend in battle before the new moon. 1 ' soliloquize,' secum loqui. 2 The Latin manner of expression would be, 'Because Procillus is a young man of the greatest courage, I shall send him to Ariovistus.' 8 Praeterea. i hlc. • See p. 163, 1. 1. 66. Caesar, Book I, Chaps. 51-54. All the auxiliary troops having been drawn up in sight of the enemy, Caesar formed a triple line of battle. The Germans left to their kinsmen 1 no hope in flight. The women wept because their husbands 2 were 8 setting out for the battle. When the battle had been joined, 4 the Romans could not throw their pikes at the enemy, because they 6 ran forward too quickly 6 and formed a phalanx. Many, having been wounded, 7 were put to flight, and no one 8 sent reinforcements 9 to help them in their distress. Al- though Ariovistus escaped to the Rhine river, Caesar killed many of his soldiers. Caesar said that Procillus, his friend, was saved from the hands of the Germans, and that this fact gave him pleasure. Procillus did not know whether he would be killed, 10 or saved from the hands of the enemy. 1 ' to their kinsmen,' trans, by suis. ? Use the perf . pass. part. 2 maritus ; see Vocab. 8 < an( j no one,' neque quisquam. 8 What tense of the verb should be used 1 9 auxilia. * Use the abl. abs. constr. 6 hi. 10 Use interfido. 8 Use the comparative degree of the adverb. EXERCISES 627 67. Caesar, Book II, Chaps. 1-4. Caesar was afraid that all the Belgians would conspire against the Roman people and exchange hostages ; for it has been shown that he was informed by a despatch from Labienus that the Gauls were annoyed because the Eomans were becoming estab- lished in Gaul. As soon as he had enlisted two new legions, Caesar J did not doubt that he ought not to delay about coming to his army. Therefore he directed the Gauls to make ready a supply of grain. Envoys sent by the Remi came to say : " We surrender ourselves and our possessions to the Roman people; but we can not prevent the rest of the Belgians from uniting with the Germans. The Bellovaci are the only ones who can 2 muster a thousand armed men. The result is, that s they are the most powerful." 1 See Ex. 64, note 5. » See 233. 8 i.e. ' wherefore it happens that,' etc. 68. Caesar, Book II, Chaps. 5-8. The Remi did all the things that Caesar ordered. It was important for the welfare of all, that Caesar hasten to lead his army across the river Axona. In this way x he made it possible a to fortify the camp. The Belgians stormed a town of the Remi and hurled stones at the wall. The result was 8 that Iccius sent a messenger to Caesar to say : " If you do not send us aid, we can not hold out any longer." When Caesar sent soldiers to help the Remi, 4 the zeal of the latter 5 to fight on the defensive was in- creased. Caesar saw that redoubts ought to be constructed at the ends of the entrenchments, in order that he might leave two legions in the camp and draw up the rest in line of battle. i ita. 2 Cf. the note to p^ 257, 1. 3. s See Ex. 67, note 3. i Cf. p. 259, 1. 4. 6 Use the proper form of hie; cf. p. 259, 11. 6, 7, 628 LATIN COMPOSITION 69. Caesar, Book II, Chaps. 9-13. Caesar waited to see if the Belgians would start to cross, 1 and when they z had hurried to the river, they found a ford. They wished 8 to cut down the bridge, so that the Remi could not 4 be of service to the Romans. Although the Romans attacked the enemy, the latter tried most bravely to cross, but they were dis- appointed in their expectation. 5 Therefore they said : " Let us return home and defend our territory." When Caesar found this out, he ordered Labienus to cut to pieces their rear, so that they might not put hope 6 -of-refuge in flight. On the next day Caesar decided to storm the town of Noviodunum, in order that it might not be of service 7 to the Belgians. The Gauls, who had never seen arbor-sheds and towers and other siege-works, begged for peace. 1 i.e. ' make a beginning of crossing.' 6 See p. 264, 1. 8. 2 hi. « See p. 266, 1. 9. 8 void. i See Ex. 68, note 4. 4 Cf. p. 261, 11. 7-9. 70. Caesar, Book II, Chaps. 14-17. Diviciacus pleaded for the Bellovaci as follows : " The Bellov- aci revolted from the Aeduans because (as they thought) 1 the Aeduans 2 had been reduced to slavery by Caesar. Show mercy to the Bellovaci. If you do this, you will extend the influence of the Aeduans." When this speech had been delivered 8 Caesar took the Bellovaci under his protection and saved them. The Nervii are men of great courage, and do not allow any wine to be imported into their country. They therefore did not sur- render to Caesar nor send envoys to beg for peace. Caesar was informed by captives, that they had persuaded their neighbors to put their wives in the swamplands. The Gauls had observed the usual marching order of the Roman army and the Nervii decided to attack each legion separately 4 and plunder the baggage. 1 See Ex. 39, Grammar Lesson, c. 8 See Ex. 61, note 5. 8 hi. * separdtim. EXERCISES 629 71. Caesar, Book II, Chaps. 18-22. One could 1 not look into the wooded hill where 2 the Nervii had encamped. Caesar knew that he was approaching the enemy and so, 8 leading 4 six legions light armed, in order that they might protect 6 the heavy baggage, he built 6 a camp. As soon ? as the Nervii saw the baggage of the Romans, they rushed forth with all their troops from the woods, in order that they might attack the Roman cavalry. Caesar's soldiers had to rush to arms in a short s time, but they did not have to be told what ought to be done, be- cause they had been well 9 trained. Caesar urged his men to fight bravely and to wait until 10 he should give the signal to join battle. On account of the thick hedges he could not see what was going on u in other places. 1 Use the impersonal constr. ; cf . the note to p. 274, 1. 8. 2 i.e. ' in which.' ' Cf. p. 251, 1. 2. 8 itaque. 8 brevis. 4 Use the abl. abs. constr. 9 bene.