LIP"^ &>tntt College of ^Igrfculture 9t Cornell Winibttsiitg itbaca, A. 9. Hibvavp Cornell University Library TP 968.N27 The manufacture of glue and gelatine; the 3 1924 003 618 372 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003618372 ALBERT W. WALBURN, MAGNUS SWENSON, President and Treasurer. Secretary and Manager. Walburn-Swenson Company^ CHICAGO, ENGINEERS, FOUNDERS AND MflCfllNISTS. GLUE EVAPORATORS. Builders of Swenson's Patent Multiple Effect Evaporate GLUE, Tankwater, Extract of Beef, Pepsin, &c., &c. for 'J'lie following is a partia Armour & Co.. Chicag<.i, Armour & Co., Clncagro, Diamond Glue Co., Chicago, Diamond Glue Co., Cliicago, Cudahy Packing Co., Omaha, Armour Packing Co., Kansas Citv, Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co., Kansas City Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Cliicagn, WALBURN-SWENSON COMPANY, WORKS: Chicago Heightf, III. CHICAGO t of Glue JMaiuifacturers who use our Evaporalurs; I Double Effect. I Triple Effect for hig-li grades. I Double Effect (Chicago Factory). I Single Effect (iMadison Factory). I Double Effect. I Triple Effect. 1 Double Effect, I Double l^ffect. GLUE AND GELATINE The Application and Uses of Machinery, Etc. Complete List of Manufacturers and Dealers in the United States AND Canada Copyrighted published by The National Provisioner Publishing Co. NEW YORK, CHICAGO, KANSAS CITY, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, and LONDON, ENG. Main- Offices 284-286 Pearl St. , New York Western Offices -■ Rialto Building, Chicago Price, Ten Dollars {$10.00) r ' Eatered according to Act of Congress in the year 1S98, by The National Provisioneb Publishing Co. of New York and Cliicago In tlie Office of tlie Librarian of Congress at Washington. INTRODUCTORY. Tj^OR some time the publishers of The National Provisioner -*- have been importuned by leading members of the glue and gelatine trades to compile in book form the series of articles on the Manufacture of Glue and Gelatine which have appeared in the journal mentioned above. In pre- paring this valuable work we have not confined, ourselves altogether to the articles which have appeared in The National Provisioner ^ and have added much material cal- culated to .make its contents more complete. The manufacturers of glue have made, and continue to make, special efiforts to keep their different manufacturing methods and processes as secret as possible, nearly every-gluemaker "rest- ing in the belief that his recipes are superior to those of his competitors. Some good reason. may exist for all this. When opportunity is given to go through and inspect carefully al- most any glue factory, be it large or small, there can be noticed some nice neat arrangement, or some machine or device, or process, enabling economy and good results in one way or an- other, which might be advantageously copied by other manu- facturers. But as a general rule the manufacturer would be much better ofif if he would allow others to see his factory, and thus in return secure an opportunity to visit other factories. ^ The articles which appear in this work are from the. pens of practical men, acknoY'ledged experts and authorities on the sub- jects of glue and gelatine, and the encomiums which have been . received from the trade are sufficient guarantee of the value of their work. In presenting this book to the trade and the general, public we do not claim that the articles' or lists are infallible, but we know that we have used the utmost care and precaution to make them as correct as possible. For the convenience of scribbling-loving members of the trade, of whom there are not a few, it will be noticed that we have inserted a number of blank pages on which memoranda on glue topics may be jotted down. We take this opportunity to -thank our friends for the large number of advance orders and encouraging letters received prior to publication, and we hope to merit the continuance of the confidence and good-will thereby expressed. The National Provisioner Publishing Co. New York, Chicago, 284-286 Pearl street, Rialto Building. USED by the largest glue tnan- ufsLcturers in th«' country. THE FOOS IVIFG. CO., SPRINGFIELD, O. Also Mfrs. of Skull, Bone, Hoof and Horn Crushari. TABER ROTARY PUMPS, Specially Adapted to Pumping GLUE, SOAP, OILS, FATS, BRINE, Etc. Put In on Positive Guarantee and long trial. F>LJI>/II HOT, COLi, THICK, TUN FLUIDS. TABER PUMP CO., BXJFFA.LO, PT. Y. WRITE FOR CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. THE MANIFACTIRE OF GLUE AND GELATINE. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE TheManufactukeof Gluk axd Gelatine 1-210 Points on Glue Making 1 About Glue Stoolt ■. 2 About Liming oJ Glue Stoolt 9 Glues for Various Purposes 13 Waste of Glue Material 17 Points About the Water for Glue Factories 24 About Coloring Glues 31 Clarifying Glues 33 Glue in Coolers 36 About Drying of Glues 41 About Kettings for Drying Glues 45 About Bone Glue 49 The Cooking of Various Cattle Bones for Glue 63 The Leacbing of Hard Bones and Horn Fitbs 59 The Temperature for Cooking Glue 62 ' The Bleaching of Glues 67 Preservatives for Glue 71 About the Foaming of Glue .' 75 How to Make Sweet Glues 79 About New Glue Tests , 83 Recent Improvements and Inventions in the Manufacture of Glues. . 89 About the Cracking of Glued Joints 93 About the Cutting of Glue • , 95 About Hair from Glue Making 99 Utilization of By-Products In the Manufacture of Glues 103 The Evaporation of Glue in Vacuum Pan's 109 The Use of Vacuum Pans for the Concentration of Glue Liquor 113 About Evaporators 117 Glue Tests, (a) Water Tests ; (b) Test for " Sweetness ; " (C) Shot Test 137-148 The Manufacture of Pig's Foot Glue 151 The Body Test 159 Spandau Test and Other Tests for Adhesive Strength 162 Foaming Test of Glue 173 About Isinglass 179 About Haw Material for Making Gelatine. . . • 183 Cooking of Gelatine 187 How to Economize Acid in Leaching Bones for the Manufacture of Gelatine 191 Utilization of By-Products from the Manufacture of Gelatine 195 About Dissolving of Glue and Preparing Same for Use 199 liST OF Glue Makcfactukees and (Jlue Dealers in the United States and Canada 213-223 ADVERTISEMENTS. Blanchard Machine Co Ill Dopp, H. Wm, & Son 61 FoosMfg. Co II Frick Company Ill Kahrs, Friman IV National Provisloner Publishing Co V, VI, VII Taber Pump Co r II Walburn-Swenson Company I FRICK COMPANY ENGINEERS. Established 1853. ikcoepobated 1885. Capi-fcal, *l, 000,000. Manufacturers of the ECLIPSE ICE MAKING AND REFRIGERATING MACHINES We build the largest, and most successful Ice .Making and Eefrigeratine Machinery made in this or any other country. Send for our list of References and New Ice Machine Circular, describing latest im- provements and meth-. ods for Making Ice and Refrigerating. Also builders of First-class CORLISS STEAM EN- GINES. Send for Cor- liss Engine Circular. Special High Speed (New Pattern) AUTO- MATIC STEAM EN- GINES. Send for High Speed Engine Circular. Corliss Steam Engines. Ice Malcing Machinery. High Speed Engines. -Steam Boilers. FRICK COMPANY, Waynesboro Engineers, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. Qlanchard Disintegrators . Are especially adapted to the needs of themaimfactiirer of (line and Gelatine. The Standard machines are everywhere used to Orind Cooked Bone and Tankage and to QrindQIue for making the ordinary mixtures. The Blanchard Pulverizer is the only machine which will successfully Pulverize Gelatine, and it has recently been adopted by some of the largest manu- facturers after severe competitive trials. Write for catalogue and full information to the makers, BLANCHARD MACHINE CO., 303 Congress St., UI Boston, Mass. MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE* Points on Glue Making. The manufacture of glue and the quality of the result- ing product is influenced by so many factors that it is of the greatest importance to proceed with every step in the manufacture in the proper manner. Close attention to all the difficult details will alone insure satisfactory re- sults. It is common enough to hear a glue maker com- plain about the difficulty to produce two consecutive lots of glue of the same quality, though using under the same conditions identically the same material, the same process and the same apparatus for both lots. It requires no argument that the same causes have the same effects and that the same materials treated in the same manner under the same conditions must result in the same character of product. If, therefore, glue- makers fail to obtain the same products, as they claim, from the same materials under the same conditions, they may be' assured that there is something which must ac- count for the difference. There must be some variance somewhere, either in the materials or in the conditions after or during the treatment. Another thing is to recog- nize these variances, and still another to secure and con- trol material and conditions in the once recognized most suitable form. The average glue maker, if he cannot pos- sibly find the reason for unsatisfactory results, usually being satisfied that he exercised all his skill, is very apt to blame the condition of the atmosphere for his failure * Copyrighted. 2 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE to produce good results. It cannot be denied that atmos- pheric conditions have a great influence upon the quality of the glue. The same atmospheric conditions used to have a great influence upon the more or less satisfactor)' result of our grandmother's weekly washing. Who among manufacturers and dealers of glue would accept as valid excuse the condition of the atmosphere if your laundryman, be he only John Chinaman, should dare to deliver vour laundry in a damp or soot spotted con- dition; you expect even the Cliinaman to be independent of atmospheric condition. Why should the glue maker continue to offer the time worn excuse of unfavorable weather for his mistakes. We recognize ■ that the glue maker's troubles in this respect are not easily overcome. And yet if we see so frequently good material spoiled and the same old "song and dance" performed, we think it's high time that intelligent efforts are made to make the glue manufacturer independent, not only of the weather, but of all those other unfavorable factors, rarely fully recognized as such and still more rarely kept under proper control. About Glue Stock. As in every other branch of manufacturing, a thorough knowledge of the raw material is necessary in order to produce good results; so in glue making. The quality and quantity of the glue, grease and fertilizer depend di- rectly upon the quality of the raw material from which these products are to be obtained. Poor raw material will never produce qualitative and quantitative good results. It is therefore of the greatest importance that the glue manufacturer examine carefully his raw material. Such in- spection will tell the manufacturer beforehand what results to expect. If the material is poor the manufacturer will have no cause to hunt for any imaginary defects in his THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 6 processes if the glue produced is not quite satisfactory. On the other hand, if the resuhs of working good glue material are not up to standard it is high time for the manufacturer to look for defects in liis methods of hand- ling and treating the stock. Enough reason why the careful manufacturer should begin at the beginning. It requires time and long prac- tice to enable a man to become a good judge of glue stock ; however, we want to give a few pointers as to how to test glue material in a practical manner. Dry stock, not cured, and dry salted stock, such as rawhide or South American stock, off er^ relatively -few difficulties. If a few pieces of such stock are soaked in cold water over night they will gain about 50 per cent, of the original weight, and must offer considerable re- sistance when attempt is made to cut them; in other words, they must be tough. The odor of the soaked stock as well as the soak water must be sweet. The amount of moisture, dirt and salt shall not exceed 10 per cent. In green salted stock, such as hide pieces, sinews, calf heads and pates, we must see that there is no excess of salt; further, no bad smelling pieces, black or blue; none heated — especially during the warm season. This stock must all be of tough nature, the hair must not be loose, the material must have a mild animal odor. The amount of ihoisture and salt should not exceed 40 per cent. Pieces of dry limed fleshings and dry limed sheep stock should be soaked in cold water over night; the character- istic odor of limed glue stock should be well developed; among such soaked pieces there should iJii MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 183 About Raw Material For Making Gelatine. Gelatine is a glue of the finest quality and of the highest strength, being at the same time perfectly odorless and colorless and containing but a very small percentage of mineral salts. The purity of the gelatine makes it neces- sary to select the raw material very carefully, qnd to use the greatest care in preparing and curing same. We can state emphatically that it is the curing of the raw material alone which results in a product of superior or inferior quality. There is, principally, but two kinds of raw ma- terial which can advantageously be worked into gelatine, and they are : First — Hard shank bones; second, horn piths. By hard shank bones we understand round shins, flat shins, buttocks, shoulders, thigh and blade bones. These bones must be free of all grease before they are worked into gelatine, which is accomplished in two ways; either by the benzine process, which is largely used in Europe, or by cooking the bones a short time, which is principally used in the United States. Although the ben- zine process turns out bones containing only one-tenth per cent, of fat, it has not come into general use in the United States, in spite of the fact that cooked bones con- tain always i^ per cent, or more fat. The principal rea- son why the benzine process has not been adopted is the low-grade quality of the fat produced and the danger of the process in itself, in regard to fire, explosion, etc., but this last point has been largely overcome in the last few years. The hard shank bones are, so far, the best ma- terial. From the bulk of the bones in the market, under some conditions, shoulder blades, jawbones and some other bones could replace the costly shank bones. ^ The nature of shank bones requires a separate cooking of them for dififerent lengths of time. Before they are cJDoked they go to the sawyer, who cuts oiif the caps, in order to 184 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE open the bones on both ends and allow the fat to cook out as completely as possible. The bones are then put in cold water, which is frequently changed until the bones have a perfectly white appearance. Blood is extracted easier and more completely with cold water than with warm water. It is necessary to have all the blood com- pletely removed, as it would cause a great deal of trouble later on by coloring the gelatine and making it extrem'ely difficult to clarify same. The rule for cooking shank bones is to continue it long enough so that the meaty fiber becomes loose and can easily be removed. If the fiber remains with the bones it will produce milky liquors. Round or flat shinbones require from three to four hours' cooking; thigh bones about seven hours; the rest of the bones, buttocks, shoulder blades, about eight hours. The marrow of these bones can either be taken out or left in the bones for cooking, as a different treatment affects the grease only, and not the bones. After being properly cooked and the glue liquor being drawn off, the bones are washed several times with warm water, to allow the last particles of grease and meat fiber to be removed. Hot water for washing bones is absolutely necessary, as greasy bones are not wanted; they get a rancid smell, especially if stored dry for any length of time. The best way is to use as much of the bones as possible in fresh condition, and to dry them only sufficiently that they may be broken in smaller pieces with a crusher. The pieces shall not be too fine and not too coarse, in order to avoid waste of bones or waste of time in the leaching process. The crushed bones are put in wooden vessels and covered with a dilute solution of muriatic acid or phosphoric acid. Second — The horn piths are the finest and richest ma- terial for preparing gelatine. In buying horn piths a few points must be observed: Horn piths should, if possible, be dried by ppen air drying. Drying on coils is liable to THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 185 partly destroy the glue, or at least discolor it. The hair and skin should be removed from the pith, and it should have a white and smooth appearance. This is of .great importance, as hair and skin are acid consumers, and be- come totally destroyed and dissolved in- the acid and give a dark color and strong smell to the remaining gelatine. Besides it is impossible to free the pith from the blood if the skin is not removed, and it is, therefore, advisable to have the pith, after being slugged, cooked from about one-half to one hour, thereby loosening the skin. If the skins are then removed and blood properly washed out, and the horn pith dried at a moderate temperature, they will show a nice, white, clear color. Occasionally pieces of fat may adhere to the hard surface, which is due. to careless sawing ofif, and in cooking such pith the grease will give the gelatine a rancid smell. The properly pre- pared piths are crushed into coarse pieces and submerged in a weak solution of muriatic or phosphoric acid. This muriatic acid should be about 2° B.; phosphoric acid of 6° to 8° B. is not too strong. FRIMAN KAHRS > ^ ^ Consulting Expert ^ "^ and Analyst of Glue, 1. Separate physical tests of Adhesion, Strength and Setting as basis for the Grading of Glue and the Valuation of Glue. 2. Disinterested advice on the Sale and Purchase of Glue. 3. Determination of the Actual Equivalents of Different Glues for practical work. 4. Construction of patented Glue Testing Apparatus, Glue Heaters and Glue Pots. 5. Licenses given for the use of ray patented process for Dissolving Glue and Making Clay Size. 108 Broad St., New York. IV THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 187 Cooking of Gelatine- The green raw gelatine or leached bones and horn piths still contain a considerable amount of acid, even after receiving a thorough washing, and the quantity of acid present would be sufficient to turn out low grades of gelatine. Raw gelatine, furthermore, has a very peculiar smell, very similar to that of rancid tallow. The strength of this odor varies with the quantity of grease present in the bones as leached. Bones treated with benzine, by which process the per- centage of grease has been reduced to o.i per cent., show v hardly any of this rancid smell. For these reasons the green raw gelatine cannot be directly converted into gelatine proper. The acid and smell are best neutralized by placing the raw gelatine into fresh milk or lime, and keeping it there for three days under constant stirring. This is easiest accomplished in washing mills, wherein the raw gelatine requires no more handling or attention until the acid and smell are removed. The limed raw gelatine is then washed until the lime is entirely removed, and the material shows a nice, clean, white appearance and a mild, agreeable smell of limed elue stock. The material is then further treated with a weak solution of sulphurous acid in water until the raw gelatine becomes transparent and the odor of sulphurous acid becomes plainly noticeable. The material thus prepared receives a final washing with clean water, and is then ready to be transferred into the cooker. In hot weather and when it is not possible to cook the material immediately, the washed and limed raw gelatine is pressed, dried and stored away in a dry and airy place, and undergoes the same treatment as green limed raw gelatine before going in the cooker. Properly prepared, raw gelatine requires •only boiling hot water, without any additional steam in the cookers. Live steam of high pressure is liable to dis- 188 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE color the gelatine. Water used for cooking must be free from salt; distilled water is preferable. The material dis- solves rapidly in hot water of i8o° F. Six to eight runs are made from one lot of prepared gelatine, according to the amount filled into the cooker. The liquors first drawn off are naturally the best and clearest, and are kept sep- arate from the subsequent runs. After remaining undis- turbed in the cooker for about a half hour the liquor is run off slowly, so as to obtain it as clear as possible; it should show then about i° B. on the glue. A sample is drawn and put in a small dish in a cool place. The re- sulting jelly must be perfectly clear, odorless and color- less. It must be firm and should not break easily. Occa- sionally a little coloring with aniline blue is necessary to neutralize the yellow shade. If the gelatine liquors are not quite clear, as is frequently the case with the last runs, it is necessary to clarify same with blood or al- bumen. The clarified liquor has to settle for twelve hours, and will produce a very ni-ce, but somewhat foam- ing, gelatine. The liquors are run into the cookers with- out any previous evaporation in the vacuum pan. As gelatine shreds must be as thin as possible, the liquor should rather be kept below i° B. than above. It is not necessary to add that everything should be kept scrupu- lously clean, from the cookers down to the packing of the dry gelatine sheets. This gelatine must be of nice, glossy appearance; six sheets laid together should not show any yellow color, and in solution it must be per- fectly tasteless and odorless. One pound of gelatine should take up sixteen pounds of water, and the jelly pro- duced must be firm. Good gelatine does not dissolve when placed in ice cold water. It is preferable to dry gelatine on clean cotton nettings, as zinc nettings, even if new ones are used, could be injurious to the health of • the consumer. THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE 189 MEMORANDA 190 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 191 How to Economize Acid in Leaching Bones for the IVIanufacture of Gelatine. If soundj hard bones are leached they require equal parts of strongest muriatic acid of 22° B.; of weaker acids they require proportionately more. Horn piths require about 10 per cent, less acid than bones. Hard bones and sound horn piths seldom show a loss of acid, as the weak acid penetrates the material easily; but it is different with overcooked bones or burnt horn oiths; these become soft in the acid in a very short time, as they contain no substance to hold the raw material together when the organic substance has been destroyed, either by pro- longed cooking or heating. Such material becomes very smeary in the leaching vats and forms a solid mass, stop- ping the process entirely. In working such material there is finally nothing left but a few hard, untouched bones, as the acid and the gelatine have been washed ofif entirely. This is naturally a very serious loss, and will not occur if the quality of the raw material has been prop- erly tested. Another serious loss of acid can occur from leaking vats and faucets. As mentioned above, it requires about 100 pounds of muriatic acid of 22° B. for leaching 100 pounds of bones. This makes the process rather expensive, and the at- tempt has been made to replace muriatic acid by sul- phuric acid, and it proved successful, when proper care was taken. Sulphuric acid is largely used in the muriatic acid process, as well as in the phosphoric acid process, and the cost is thereby greatly reduced. It requires about 1,300 pounds of sulphuric acid of 60° B. to leach 2,000 pounds of bones. The manner in which this is accom- plished is as follows: The bones are covered, to begin with, with a weak solution of muriatic or phosphoric acid. The saturated acid is drawn off, and the monophos- phate of calcium in this solution converted into phos- 192 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE phoric acid by adding a certain amount of sulphuric acid. The sulphate of lime formed is allowed to settle, and the clear solution to run back again onto the bones. This is repeated as often as required to finish the process, i. e., to render the bones soft and transparent. The time re- quired for this process is increased from the time required for the muriatic process to the length of time required for the phosphoric acid process, as the entire amount of muriatic acid used in the start forms but a small per- centage of the total active acid. In this manner of work- ing the phosphoric acid solution gets stronger and stronger, as the entire phosphoric acid of the bones is dis- solved and helps to dissolve new quantities of the bone. It might seem that a very small quantity ol acid would be suflficient, as this acid get stronger, and could be used over and over again. But this is not the case; the strong acid does not dissolve the bones as rapidly and com- pletely as weak acid, and it is, therefore, necessary to dilute the strong acid solution; this is done with the weak waters obtained when the soft bones have been covered with clean water to recover the greatest part of the acid in the bones, before the bones go into the actual washing process. Bones receive usually three or four clear waters, and these weak solutions run in the leach- ing acid 'before same is mixed with the sulphuric acid. After the acid has been used for some length of time its dissolving power is constantly decreasing, and finally dis- appears almost entirely. This is due to the great amount of alkali salts, especially sulphate of magnesia and sul- phate of sodium, which accumulate in the acid. Generally such acid is of a dark brown color, and possesses a mouldy odor. It must be allowed to run away from time to time, as it is of no more use, and a new start must be made with freshly prepared acid. THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE Utilization of By-Products From the Manufac- ture of Gelatine. A good deal of fine bone dust is produced in crushing the bones and horn piths. This dust would be a com- plete loss if it were put into the acid to be leached, be- cause it would be washed away and inevitably escape into the sewers. It is, therefore, better to screen the crushed material, thereby separating the fine dust, which is to be boiled with limed glue stock, giving in this manner a good quality of glue, besides giving a full yield and help- ing to clarify the hide glue. The tank refuse of this glue stock will be a very good fertilizer, showing 7 per cent, 'ammonia and. 25 per cent, phosphate. The utilization of the phosphoric acid is another item which, if properly taken care of, helps to reduce the cost of making gelatine. Immense quantities of phosphoric acid are rendered solid by the leaching process. As long as the acid is dissolving bones (active acid) it is used over and over again, but if the acid loses its dissolving power for bones, which occurs only when large quantities of soluble sulphates are present, such as sulphate of mag- nesia, sulphate of sodium and of ammonia, this acid must be taken out of the process. There are different ways of utilizing this acid. First — The entire phospKoric acid in form of mono- calcium phosphate is evaporated to syrup consistency and used in the manufacture of phosphorus. The evapora- tion is a difficult process on account of the large quanti- ties of sulphate of calcium present, which forms a hard crust on heating pipes and walls of the kettle, and may thereby stop the concentration entirely. Second — ^The entire phosphoric acid is precipitated with lime as bicalcium phosphate. This separates and settles easily, and the clear supernatant liquor which contains all soluble salts, as chloride of calcium and sodium, is 196 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE allowed to run into the sewer. The bicalcium phosphate (in German called kalk precipitat, or futter kalk), is of a very nice, white "color, and can be readily ground into fine powder containing from i to 4 per cent, ammonia and 35 to 45 per cent, phosphoric acid, according to the care given to its production. It is a high grade fertilizer, as the entire phosphoric acid is availaible and soluble in organic acids. If mixed with potash and ammoniates it makes a complete fertilizer of general utility. Bi-calcium phosphate in its purest form can be used in the manufac- ture of baking powder on account of its richness in phos- phoric acid. It can also be used in the manufacture of phosphorus, and for this purpose is far better than burned bones, being free of fluoride of calcium and requiring less sulphuric acid to convert into monocalcium phosphate, giving thus only one-half the quantity of sulphate of lime. Very little attention is given to the manufacture of phos- phorus in this country, England still supplying almost exclusively all the phosphorus used in the manufacture of matches. Third — The acid liquor is moderately concentrated with the acid of waste heat, and the concentrated liquor is mixed into bone meal and tankage before being run through a dryer. This process improves the quality of the fertilizer to a great extent. A good deal of fat can be recovered in the leaching vats in the manufacture of bones by having the vats skimmed frequently; ^ to ^ per cent.- of grease may thus be recovered from bones containing 3 per cent, of grease. Of course, this fat has a very bad odor and contains large quantities of free fatty acid, but compares favorably with No. 2 tallow or with poor bone grease. By running the waste water obtained in washing the raw gelatine through catch basins a great deal of phos- phoric acid, waste lime and ammoniates can be recovered by having the catch basins cleaned frequently. THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 197 MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 199 About Dissolving of Glue and Preparing Same For Use. The ordinary and usually practiced method of dissolv- ing glue, consisting in soaking the glue for some time in cold water and then heating it on a water-bath, has one great drawback: It requires considerable time. Even when ground glue is used, the preparation of the glue for cabinetmaker's and other uses takes from one to three hours and more, depending on the size of the glue particles. Glue in shfeds requires soaking for several hours, usually overnight, to get the glue into condition where it will readily dissolve on the water-bath. A U. S. patent lately granted to Mr. Friman Kahrs, of New York, throws some very interesting light on the possibility of dissolving glue rapidly . His invention re- lates to iniprovements in processes for dissolving glue and for the making of clay size, and its object is to ex- pedite the dissolving process and to insure the production of a glue solution and of clay size of improved quality, to do this more rapidly, with less power, and at a lower cost than heretofore. The nature of the process referred to is best under- stood by a careful study of his patent specification, of which we print here some interesting portions: A. The Dissolving of Glue. — In dissolving glue it is usual first to soak the glue in cold water, the glue taking up a certain amount of it and swelling to a jelly, which is then melted in a glue-pot. When melted it is boiled in order to make it "fit for use," as the popular notion is that the glue will not yield full strength without boiling. The soaking is deemed necessary, because experience shows that hard glue dissolves very slowly in hot or boil- ing water, as it forms tough, sticky lumps that resist re- duction; but, on the other hand, it was found that if the glue had been steeped in cold water and had absorbed 200 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE some of it, the melting of the jelly was always compara- tively easy; therefore the soaking. This experience in regard to soaking and the popular belief as to the boil- ing are both so strongly imbued by all glue consumers that it was only after repeated demonstrations of the waste of time by soaking and the evident damage done by boiling that I found it necessary to inquire into the real facts by suitable experiments in order to discover the truth, and this is what I found: 1. Thirty gallons of water heated in a water-bath could be brought up to 210° F. in twenty-five minutes, but the same quantity of a thirty-five per cent, glue solution in the shape of a stiff jelly required from ninety to one hundred and twenty minutes for the same result. 2. One pound of steam would heat one thousand five hundred and forty pounds of water i" Fahrenheit, but the same amount of steam would only heat four hundred and seventy-five pounds of a mixture of water and glue (and some clay). It was clear then that glue and glue solu- tions were poor transmitters of heat, and that this caused the delay in heating. 3. Experiments with glue jellies had shown that the stiffness of the jelly decreased the nearer the temperature rose to the congealing-point ; also that if the temperature exceeded this point by only a few degrees the jelly be- came liquid; also that nearly all glue solutions had a congealing-point below 95° Fahrenheit. 4. While using very warm glue solutions, say above 160° Fahrenheit, it was found that hard glue put in such solutions became soft and very sticky and hard to dis- solve. 5. Examination of glue pieces that by soaking in cold water had become jellified showed the water to have been absorbed gradually toward the center, indicating that the hygroscopic qualities of the glue had been assisted in THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 203 the water-absorbing act by a certain natural porosity of the glue while cold. 6. This porosity of the hard cold glue changed into stickiness and did not disappear before the heat began to soften the glue itself, and this softening changes grad- ually into stickiness as the temperature of the glue solu- tion increases. 7. The softness of the very warm glue had evidently changed the porous condition of the cold glue, and by closing the pores and increasing the natural adhesiveness by increase of temperature induced a stronger cohesion and caused the delay in dissolving the hard glue in the hot glue solution or in hot water. 8. If a temperature slightly above the congealing- point of the liquid was used for melting the glue, there was no jelly formation and no stickiness or clogging of the glue particles and the dissolving process went on rapidly and evenly, especially if the denser parts of the solution aftd the still unmelted glue were by stirring pre- vented from sinking or settling at the bottom. - 9. Practical trials proved that thirty gallons of a thirty per cent, glue solution could be prepared in twenty- five minutes if kept at a heat not over 120° Fahrenheit and if stirred while dissolving. ID. As this was an unboiled solution and as it might not be considered as strong as a boiled solution, a test was made with some of it boiled and some unboiled, both worked into test-pieces alongside of each other. The un- boiled glue was stronger by twenty per cent., proving this to be the amount of damage done to the glue by boiling. II. The practical strength trial had here confirmed what the soaking of glue in water had indicated — namely, that glue immersed in cold water absorbs same perfectly and forms a jelly, indicating that glue and water will mix 204 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE or unite mechanically very well without the use of heat and that a perfect union of glue and water might be pos- sible without any heat at all without forming a solution. 12. All this had been repeatedly indicated by my ex- periments, but had never been acted on, as it was abso- lutely against popular belief and as it lacked the con- firmation of practical trials. I was thus convinced that it was not alone desirable, but even necessary, to abandon, the fallacious notions of "soaking" and boiling glue and reshape the dissolving process on the basis of indications given by the above- noted experiments. In order to prevent any possible damage done to glue by heat or heating, I have devised the following process, where I have used to advantage the better understanding of the physical phenomena re- lating to the dissolving of glue in water, as acquired through the knowledge gained from the experiments described. Glue itself is, as before stated, a very poor conductor of heat, and so are glue solutions in jelly form, as they prevent the convecting currents that always pro- mote the heating of liquids. The best way is, therefore, to take advantage of the superior heat-absorbing quali- ties of water by heating it to the proper temperature be- fore the glue is added, then to add the glue, taking care not to apply any heat to the mixture after the glue is added, and these are the substantial features of the new process. This process was tried and worked very well indeed, because when glue is put into luke-warm water the heat is applied to all parts of the glue at once, jellifica- tion is prevented, the formation of sticky lumps is im- possible, and the dissolving action is comparatively rapid. I find, however, that to give uniform and good results and to increase the rapidity of solution it is better to stir or agitate the mixture after the glue is added to the warm water, first, because this removes the viscous glue solu- THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA 206 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE tion from the surface of the glue particles as fast as it is formed, thereby exposing continuously new portions of the hard glue to action of the surrounding water liquid, and, secondly, because otherwise the heavier glue par- ticles and glue solution would sink to the bottom and jQl -fZ ■^^r-^-^ . "151 — ]i S-- remain there. For reasons formerly stated the tempera- ture of the water at the start must be high enough to raise the final mixture of glue and water above its congealing- point when dissolved; but this temperature must not be high enough to materially soften the hard glue. From 90° to 120° Fahrenheit I have found most suitable for low- grade glues. THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 207 Over the old process of melting glue the new one has the following advantages: First, the preparation is done more rapidly. Thirty gallons of a thirty to a forty per cent, solution can be dissolved in one-third or one-fourth the time formerly required. Second, the spoiling of the glue by overheating or boiling is done away with entirely. The damage now done by using steam or hot water to heat glue is often very large, especially if it is attempted to hasten the action, and sometimes the value of glue solutions have been reduced by fifty per cent, or more. Mr. Kahrs says, in the patent referred to, the following in regard to the dissolving of glue, with special reference to ground glue. It is one of the weightiest arguments we have ever read for the use of ground glue, and both manufacturers and consumers will find it of special in- terest to study this part carefully. For a better understanding of the process I refer to the accompany drawing, which represents a vertical section of a mixing or stirring apparatus adapted to the carrying out of the dissolving of glue. A is a vessel or tank in which is mounted a mixing or stirring device, consisting of a shaft B, driven by any suitable means, as by a driving wheel C, and having pro- jecting arms or blades D, which co-operate with fixed blades E, supported from the sides of the tank. Said shaft is provided with a bearing B^ at the bottom of the tank and journaled in a suitable bearing B^ at the top. F is a nozzle or pipe connecting with a source of live steam. In making a glue solution the amount of water neces- sary to form a batch of liquid glue is put into the tank A, and the steam is then admitted through the pipe F until the water is warmed to the proper degree, or until it is lukewarm, but not so hot that the hand cannot bear it. 208 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE The temperature to which the water is heated depends to some extent on the amount of glue to be added, but it must be sufficiently high to give to the final mixture a temperature somewhat above the congealing-point of the glue solution itself, while not high enough to cause any lumpiness or sticking together of the dry glue particles, due to excessive softening of the latter. I have found that temperatures not above 120° Fahrenheit and not below 90° Fahrenheit are the limits for ordinary conditions of practice for low-grade glues, and it is within these limits of temperature that I prefer to work. At temperatures higher than 120° Fahrenheit the glue itself is as stated, liable to soften independently of the action of water and the glue particles resist and retard solution by sticking together and forming lumps, while temperatures below 90° Fahrenheit may bring the final temperature below the congealing-point of the glue solution and then prevent a perfect mixture to be formed and prevent adhesion of the glue. The water having thus been brought to the desired temperature the steam supply is cut of? and the necessary amount of glue, preferably in a finely divided condition, is introduced into the tank. The mixer is then set in motion and the particles of glue are quickly dissolved, since the agitation brings each glue particle into contin- uous contact with a larger quantity of water than would otherwise be possible, this because the rubbing of the par- ticles against each other and against the liquid detaches the viscous melting surface therefrom as fast as formed and hastens the melting and the dissolving by continuous exposure of more surface on the particles to the dissolv- ing action. By taking advantage of the superior heat- absorbing qualities of water and by imparting all the nec- essary heat to the water beforehand I obtain a rapid and uniform heating of the resulting mixture of glue and water, while there is absolutely no possibility of damage THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE 209 MEMORANDA 210 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE done to the glue by overheating, since no heat is supplied to the mixture after the glue is added. A lumpy coagula- tion of the glue particles is at the same time completely prevented, for while the temperature is above the setting- point of the glue solution it is too low to cause softening and clogging up of the glue itself. The result is a smooth and uniform and perfectly liquid glue solution obtained with a minimum of heat and at the expense of a short time and a little power. [We have tried Mr. Kahrs' process and found it to be just what he says it is, and his process is now, by special arrangement, used in our laboratory whenever glue is dis- solved. We think those interested ought to write to Mr. Kahrs and make arrangements for the use of his patent. For paper makers and manufacturers of kalsomine and the Hke, the patent will prove specially interesting, as it refers to these arts as well. — The National Provisioner.] ^^ The National Provisioner, THE ORGAN OF THE Meat and Provision Industries OF THE UNITED STATES, Is Read and Subscribed For By Every Intelligent and Progressive Pork and Beef Packer, Wholesale Butcher and Slaughterer, Lard Renderer and Refiner, Pi'ovision Dealer, Tallow Renderer and Dealer, Provision Broker and Commission Merchant, Oleo Oil, Oleomargarine and Stearine Mfr. , Sausage Manufacturer, Fertilizer Manufacturer and Dealer, Soap and Candle Maker, Hide and Skin Dealer and Tanner, Glue Manufacturer, Cottonseed Oil Manufacturer, and Retail Butcher IN THE CIVILIZED \A/ORLD. ^«_I^L.I^HIED E'VEf^Y ^A-n-I^OXVV. Subscription Price in the United States and Canada, $4.00. " " Foreign Countries, ... - 5.00. The National Provisioner Publishing Go. New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Boston, Philadelphia. PRINCIPAL OFFICES: New York: Chicago: 284-286 Pearl St., cor Beekman. Rialto Building. V 212 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 213 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN GLUE AND GELATINE IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Note, Names preceded with asterisk (•) are those of dealers; with a dagger (t) those of gelatine manufacturers. A number of the glue manufacturers listed below are also manufacturers of gelatine. CALIFORNIA. Corder, F. W Golden Gate Holje, Martin io6 Pine St., San Francisco KunitZj E Santa Cruz Russia Cement Co 23 Davis St., San Francisco CONNECTICUT. Parks, Chas. D Danbury DELAWARE. Delaware Glue Works Wilmington DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. *0'Meara & Co., John D., 1301 9th St.,N.W., Washington GEORGIA. ^Chapman Glue Co 13 N. Forsyth St., Atlanta ILLINOIS. American Glue Co 27 Market St., Chicago Armour Glue Works, Benson, bet. 31st and 32d Sts., ■■ Chicago Baeder, Adamson & Co 182 Lake St., " Chicago Ink Co 59 S. Canal St., Diamond Glue Co 31st and Robey Sts., Illinois Glue Co Cass Ave. and 45th St., " *Kirk, Henry D 26 W. Randolph St., " Lister, Joseph 1 156 Elston Ave., Russia Cement Co 25 Lake St., " Swift and Company 214 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE *Wisdom & Co 206 Lake St., Chicago INDIANA. Conrad & Kammerer New Albany- Hammond Glue Co Hammond Kingan & Company, Mclntyre and West Sts., Indianapolis Madison Fertilizer and Glue Works Madison *Vonnegut, Clemens. . 184 E. Washington St., Indianapolis KENTUCKY. Tanners' Offal Co., Story Ave. and Pocahontas St., Louisville MAINE. Seavey, G. H Hallowell MARYLAND. Baker Bros. & Co 36 Charles St., Baltimore Baugh & Sons Co 412 Exchange Place, " Bullock, John & Son 205 Smith's Wharf, Coulson, E., & Co " Henry, Noah O 35 Gutman Ave., Steir, Henry W. D . . . . , Mt. Winans, MASSACHUSETTS. American Glue Co 415 Atlantic St., Boston American Glue Co Washington St., Peabody Anderson, John M Salem Atlantic Glue Co 36 Broadway, Baeder, Adamson & Co (factory) Woburn Beach Soap Co Lawrence Boston Glue Works Boston Cape Ann Isinglass Co Rockport Cilley, Brad. J ; New St., Boston Davis, Wm. A., & Co. (Jas. Athertoji, mucilage manu- facturer) 7 Northfield, Boston THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 215 MEMORANDA ■216 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE MEMORANDA THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 217 Dodd, A. W., & Co 5 Wharf, Gloucester Deike, D. F, & Son 191 High St., Ellwell, Benj. F Rockport Ferdinand, L. W., & Co 267 Federal St., Flint, P. P Lowell Fuller & Steinhauser (sizing) " Gloucester Glue Case Co Gloucester Gloucester Isinglass & Glue Co., 109 Prospect St., Fall River Holt, Jonathan & Co 270 Tanner St., Lowell Hub Fish Glue Co . 223 Commercial St., " Haskins, L. M., & Co. (isinglass) Boston Improved Process Glue Co Fort Point, Gloucester International Glue Co 8 Oliver St., Jeffords, J. G Off Greenwood St., Worcester Mills, F Needham Norwood, C. J. (isinglass) Ipswich Robinson Bros Ft. Whittemore, Gloucester Russia Cement Co. (gelatine), off Essex Ave., " Sawyer, F. M 8 Cambridge Terrace, Allston Searles, M. L .' 687 Summer Ave., Lynn *Shattuck & Son, Horace B .... 50 Central Ave., Lowell ' Shea, Daniel, & Bro Newton, Upper Falls Standard Liquid Glue Co. . . .53 Central Wharf, Boston Sullivan, James 55 Lincoln, Newton, Upper Falls Sullivan, James Marblehead Tarr's Islinglass Co 45 Fort Sq., Gloucester Taylor, Addison Taunton Union Glue Co 102 High St., Boston Whiten, J. O., Co 68 Western Ave., Wiggin & Stevens Maiden Winward, James Winward Ave., Fall River Worson, H. A .Rocky Neck Ave., Gloucester 218 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE MICHIGAN. Barry Bros., Ltd Wight and Lieb Sts., Detroit Boland, James Jackson Fischer Bros Delrav Fitch Fertilizer Works (poultry food) Bay City Grand Rapids Glue Co Grand Rapids *Heal, George 1 120 River St., Detroit Jackson Rendering Works Jackson Michigan Carbon Works 5 Front St., Detroit Schreidt, August Muskegon MINNESOTA. Adams Mfg. Co 409 Sixth Ave., Minneapolis Fuller, H. B 173 W. 3rd St., St. Paul Kaiser, E., & Co Winona Minnesota Transfer Packing Co Minneapolis MISSOURI. Chittenden, C. L 15 S. 4th St., Dold, Jacob Packing Co Kansas City Heller, Michael 1709 N. 8th St., St. Louis Kansas City Glue & Fert. Works. (Peet Bros. Mfg. Co.) Kansas City Mathiason, P. B., & Co 5310 N. 2d St., St. Louis Neuer, Ernest 5746 Manchester Rd., Peet Bros. Mfg. Co Kansas City Reardon Glue Co 1015 Lucas Ave., St. Louis Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co. ..Osage Ave., Kansas City *Stuyvesant Glue Co., Burd 321 N. 2d St. St. Louis Tamni Bros. Glue Co 16 S. 2d St., " Tamm, John J 3864 Shaw Ave., NEBRASKA. Cudahy Packing Co South Omaha NEW HAMPSHIRE. Keene Glue Co Keene Wiggin & Stevens 89 Cocheco St., Dover ' ^1^^^ y^fj^ -^^iu^ -fotftf-K!^ ,.<,*trf-«,d^ ■3«l!*/'-'t/ ^(^st^^t,^, --st^rtrfi^ '^li?? ^^^^u:^t- 1 T v- ^-«»«^ '/ CORNISH MAILINC ACENCy APR i 11 S8AM 1898 18 4 20 Rose St. NEW VOBK , Yl 220 THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GBLATtNE NEW JERSEY. Baeder, Adamson & Co : . . Lockwood St., Newark De Clyne, Chas., Est. of New Durham Lane, F. T. L Ferry and Blanchard Sts., Newark Lister's Agricultural Chem. W'ks.. Lister Ave., " New Jersey Glue Works Ferry St., " Pashley, F Trenton Ward, M. L Paterson Weiss, Constantine 322 Preakness Ave., " NEW YORK. American Glue Co 197 Water St., New York *Arabol Mfg. Co 13 Gold St., Armour Glue Works 182 Duane St., " Baeder, Adamson & Co. . . .67 Beekman St., " *Behr, Herman, & Co 75 Beekman St., " *Blehden, Y. R. (curled hair),. . .255 Bryant St., Buffalo Brower, & Son, A 321 W. Fulton St., Gloversville Buffalo Glue Works (B. J. Cilley) Buffalo Chalmers, James , Williamsville Cooper's Glue Factory, Peter, Maspeth Ave. and Gardner Brooklyn Couch, B. T., & Co 166 S. Park Ave., Buffalo Couch, A. S 215 Tuttle Ave., Elmira Deike, D. F., & Son 602 W. S2d St., New York Delany & Co 306 Pearl St., *Dolan, J. B. Glue Co 245 Pearl St., *Duche, T. M., & Sons (importers), loi Water St., New York *Dunn, T. W. (gelatine also) 47 Beekman St., " Evans, Richard 355 Abbott Rd., Buffalo Fulton County Glue Co Maple Ave., Johnstown Gaensslen, Fisher & Co Gowanda ^Gardiner, A. K., & Bro 284 Pearl St., New York Gardner Pulp Co. (sizing) Gouverneur Herzf elder, Bernhard 15 Crosby St., New York *Hewitt, C. B., & Bros. ... .48 Beekman St., THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 221 *Hodge, A., & Co. (also importers), io8 Broad St., New York Holthusen, Alex, (broker) 284 Pearl St., Hoyt, A. S 126 Chambers St., Improved Process Glue Co. . . .94 Reade St., *Isaacs, S., & Co 299 Pearl St., " *Jones, B. W 38 Spruce St., Kergott, Chas., & Co Gowanda Knox, C. B. (gelatine also). .17 Chestnut St., Johnstown *Leggett & Bro 301 Pearl St., *Leibundgut, E. A. (importer). .23 S. William St. New York Lister's Agri. Chemical Wks. .159 Front St., " Long Island Agri. Chem. Co. Long Isl. City, " *Magnus, S., & Co. (importers) 275 Pearl St., *Marks & Meyer 40 W. Broadway McLeish, E. E., & Co. (gelatine) Buffalo Milligan & Pliggins Glue Co. .222 Front St., New York Olean Glue Co Olean Parsons, W. N., & Co Binghamton Pennsylvania Glue Co Buffalo Pfeffer, L., & Sons (gelatine) Preston Fertilizer Co Box i, Station G, Brooklyn *Putnam, T. L., & Son (gelatine also). .186 Front St., New York *Salomon & Schwartz 112 William St., New York Somerset Chemical Co. (gelatine) 52 Wall St., Stappenbreck, H. (boneyard) Grand St., Utica *Taylor's Sons, Geo. F 80 Pine St., New York *Toch, J. L. & J 85 Pearl St., *Townsend, Chas 276 Pearl St., *Waddell, R. J., & Co. (importers), 52 Beekman St., New York Zuker & Levatt Chem. Co Maple Ave., Flushing 222 THE MANUFACTURE OP GLUE AND GELATINE OHIO. Ahrendt, Herman Columbus Berk, Kingery & Co. (gelatine) Hamilton *Bird Glue Co Third and Main Sts., Cincinnati Cincinnati Glue & Paste Co., Plum and Mo- hawk Bridge Kingery, S. S. (gelatine). . . . 131 E. Pearl St., " Ohio Glue Co 127 E. Pearl St., Rickerstaff, Jas. L 2800 Broad St., Richmond Sanders, Robert Urbana Stephens & Bro., Miami, Canal an-d Marshall Sts., Cincinnati Stockerberger, J. C Canton Strecker, John Marietta PENNSYLVANIA. American Glue Co 219 S. Canal St., Alleghany Baeder, Adamson & Co., 730 Market St. (head- quarters) Philadelphia Baugh, B., Son & Co. .20 S. Delaware Ave., " Delany & Co 155 Jefiferson Si, " *Erterline & Steid'.e 252 S. Main St., Williarnsport Keystone Glue Mfg. Co Warren Levan, Joseph Reading Levi & Simonia Philadelphia Lamparter, Elizabeth Rockland St., Lancaster Morrow, J Newport Pennsylvania Glue Co Springdale Rohill & Morrow Harrisburg Sickler Bros Butzbach Station, Williamsport Talbot, S. S. . .Bermuda and Tucker, Fkd., Philadelphia *Taylor, R. T 706 Market St., Troutman, Joseph Clearfield Tunnell, F. W., & Co 15 N. 5th St., Philadelphia *Wilhelm, Henry 4 Fountain, Pittsburg THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND GELATINE 223 RHODE ISLAND. *Chambers, Calder & Co. .21 Exchange PL, Providence Darling, L. B., Fertilizing Co Pawtucket VIRGINIA. Christian, Thomas 1418 E. Main St., Richmond WASHINGTON. Baker & Rickards 107 S. 2d St., Seattle WEST VIRGINIA. GilHland, R. M Wheeling WISCONSIN Brumer, Franz Tess Corners Manitowoc Glue Co Manitowoc Russe, F Berthelet Schneidt, A. L Milwaukee Wahl, Frederick 292 S. Water St., CANADA. Onta.fto. Harris, W., & Co 420 Pape Ave., Toronto Hawkins, Geo Pt. Hope Huber, J. T., & Co Doon Leheup, Henry Barrifield Reid Bros Birchton Wintermeyer, John H Berlin Quebec. Auld Mucilage Co 759 Craig St., Montreal Fox, Thomas M 60 N. Bank St., Jamieson, R. C, & Co 13 St. John S., Jonas, H., & Co 389 St. Paul, " Lefsieffer, Ed 30 Hospital St., Montreal Size Co Cote St. Paul Tellier, Rothwell & Co 8 De Bresoles St., National ProYisioner Publishing Co., NEW VORK: CHICAGO: 284-286 Pearl Street. 609 Rialto Building. PUBI-ISHERS OF THE Pork and Beef Packers' Hand Book and Directory of the Meat and Provision Trades, pnee $10.00. The Manufacture of Cottonseed Oil and Allied PrOdUCtSj Price $3.00. Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Linseed Oil and Varnishes, pnce $5.00. The Manufacture of Glue and Gelatine, price $10.00. We can furnish, at the very shortest notice, any book, scientific or other- wise, published in this country or abroad. Write us what subject you are interested in. Information Cheerfully Furnished. Vll