vi^^. ■■;'r.:^v^: '^l^iri ■0mm^^Mmx' ii ii.i.iiii.iiii.iuiinliiml Diilil ,u Huntington FrheLibrarv ^^ttve American Collection CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library 'em hi' The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104075126 A\ l!ITIX(;s ox A1{('H.E()1.()(1V. I'V ( 'l.AUKXIlC 1!. ^looHK. Ceiiain Shell Heaps of the St. Julius lii\-er, l-'hiriila, liitlieilu uiiexpliu'eil. The Aiiierieaii Xaturalist, Xdv., ISOL', lo Jauy., 1S'.)4, iui'lusi\'c. I-''i\-e ])a])ei's wilh illusli'atidiis in text, and maps. Certain Sand Mounds ot ilie St. Johns River, Florida, Parts I and II. Journal of the Academy of X'atural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PSilJ. \'ol. X. (,)uarfo, loO and 123 paj^es. Frontis|)ieces, majis, plates, illustrations in tin' t<'xt. Certain Sand Mounds of Du\-al Count\-, Florida; Two Alounds on Mur])hy Island, I'dorida: Certain Sand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River! Florida. Jourii. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., FMi."). Vol. X. (,)uar(o, lO-S passes. ]''rontispi('ce, maps, ]>lates, illustrations in text. Additional Mounds of Duval and of Clay Counties. Florida: !\l(jund Iin-estigation on 1 he i;ast Coast of Fdorida; Certain Florida Coast Mounds north of the St. Johns Ri\-ei'. Pri\-ately printed, Phila- delphia, hS'.Hi. I.^uarlo, :-)0 panes. 3.1ai), ])lales, illusi rations in text. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the (Icori^ia Coast. Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., IS'.IT. \'ol. XI. (Quarto, 144 ]iasj;es. l''i-on1 isjjiece, nia|), plates, ilhisti'ations in texC Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the ('oast of South Carolina: Cerlain Aboriginal Mounds of the Savannah River; Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Altainaha Ri\i'r; Recent Aciiuisit ions: A Cache of Pendent Ornaments, Journ. .\cad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., bsits. \'o|. XI. (Quarto, 4S pages. Fr(jntisi)iece, maps, iUustrations in text, ('ertain Alioriginal Remains of the Alabama Ri\-er. Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phihi., 1S!)9. ^'ol. XI. (iuarto, (i'i jiages. Map, illustraf i(jns in text. Certain Antiv.iuities of the Florida "l^'est-Coast . .lourn. A.cud. Xat. Sci. of Phila., IfKHI. \'ol. XI, (^larto, 4() pages. ^laps, illustrations in text. ('ertain Aboriginal Piemains of the X"orfh\\'est I'lorida ('oa.st, Part 1; Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Tomlugbee River. Jom'm Acad. Xal . Sci. of Phila., lilDI. \'ol. XI. (,)uarto, 100 pages. Maps, illustrations in text. Cer(;iiii Alioriginal licmains of the X'orlhwest I'lorida ( 'oasi , Part II. Jotti'ti. ,\cad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., li)02. \'ol. XII. (Quarto, 2:1;') pages. Maiis, jihistral ions in text . ('ertain Aboriginal Mounds of the ('enfral Florida \Vest-('oast: ('ertain Aboriginal [Mounds of llie Ajia- huJucola River. Jotu'n. .*icad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., I DO:-!. \'ol. .\II. (Quarto, bJI-i |)ages. Maps, illust rations in text. Sheet-co]ipcr from the Motnids is not Xecessarilv of I'airopeaii ()rigin. American .\ntliro]iologist , Jan.- Mairh, \'.m. Plates in text. The So-called " Iloe-shaped Implement." American .\nthropologis(, .hih'-Sept,, I'.lO:!. Illusi rations in text. Aboriginal rrn-burial in the United States. American Anthropologist, ( )ct.-l)ei-., l'.)04. Plate. A F'orm of Urn-burial on Mobile B.'iy. .Vmei'ican Anthrojjologist, Jan.-Mar(di, ItlO.'). Certain Aboriginal Remains of the i->lack Warrior River [;\Ioundville| : Ceitam Aboriginal Picmains (.if the Lower Tombigliee Ri\-er; Certain Aboriginal Remains of Mobile Ba>- and Mississipi)i Sound: Mis- cellaneous Iii\-estigation in I'lorida. .lourn. .-\cad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., 100,"). A'ol. XIII. (,)uarto, 206 ])ages. Maps, illustrations in text. Motmth'ille Revisited: Crystal Ri\-er Revisited; Mounds of the Lower Chattahoo(diee and Lower Flint Rivers; Xotes on the Ten Thousand Islands, Mofida. Jourir Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., I'.KJT. \'ol. XIII. (,)uar1o, 144 pages. Ma])s, illustrations in text, (.'eitain Mouials of Arkansas and of Mississippi (induding Doctor Hrdlicka's jjaper on the Crania). .lotu'ii. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., UIO.X. Vol. XIII. (Quarto. f:-i(l pages. :\lai)s, illustrations in text, eight colored plates. -Anti(iiiities of the Ouachita \'alle\-. Journ. Acad. Xa1 . S(!. of Phila., I'.IO'.I. \'ol.Xl\'. (,)uai4o, 170 pages. iMa])s, illustrations in text, eight colored plates, (In addition in this munbei' is Doctor Hrdlicka's ])aiier on the skeletal remains.) Antiiiuities of the St. I''i-ancis, White, and Pkad^ Ri\-crs. .loiirn. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., 1!)10. \'ol. XIA'. (,)iiai1o, 112 |)ages. Alaps, ilhtsti'ations in lexl, t wem y coloi'ed |ilates. !"^f- ■ Alx.iiiginal Sites on ^Iississi])pi Ri\-ei-. .lourir Acad. Xat. Sci.' of Phihi., Kill. \'ol. XI\'. (,)tiarto, II (i pages. .Map, ilhisti'ations in text , eight colored plates. S(.)nie Aboriginal Sites on Picd RuA-cr. .lourn. .\cad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., 1012. A"ol. XI\'. (,)uarto, 1 (i:5 |)ages. Ma]), plans, illustrations in text, eight colored plates. Some Aboiiginal Sites in Louisiana and in Arkansas. (Alchafalaya Ri\er, Lake Larto, Tensas River, Rayou Macon, I'.ayou D'Arbonne, in Louisiana: Saline River, m .\rkan,sas.) Jot'irn \cad Xat' Sci. of Phila., fOi:;. \-ol. X\'l. ()uarto, 102 iiages. Maps, plans, illustrations in text, two colored ])lates. Aboriginal Sites on Teimes.see Puver. Jouiii. Acad. Xat. Sci. of Phila., fOl."). ^'ol. X\l. (^larto, 2."xS l)ages. Majis, ])lans, illustiat ions in text , four (d'oied ]il;;les. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES ON GEEEN RIVER, KENTUCKY CERTAIN ABORIGINAL SITES ON LOWER OHIO RIVER ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION ON MISSISSIPPI RIVER BY CLARENCE B. MOORE Reprinted from the Journal of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. XVI. PHILADELPHIA 191G SOME ABORIGINAL SITES ON GREEN RIVER, KENTUC^KY. C^ERTAIN ABORIGINAL SITES ON LOWER OHIO RIVER. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION ON MISSISSIPPI RIVER. By Clarence B. Moore. ixtruductiox. Green river, having its source in central Kentucky, runs westwardl}' to its junction with Barren river, ^ after which its general course is westward and north- ward until its union with Ohio river, a few miles above the city of Evansville, Indiana, which is, as we know, across the Ohio. Green river, which, with the aid of a series of dams and locks, is navi- gable as far up as Mammoth Cave, 196 miles following the course of the stream, was to that place searched carefully in advance of our visit, by J. S. Raybon, captain of our steamer, and a com])anion, and was gone over by our exi^edition ascending to Mammoth Cave and descending. The time devoted by us to this work, addresses of owners of properties and jiermission to dig having been obtained in advance, was nine weeks of the fall and winter of 1915-1916, the remainder of nearly five months being devoted to rather profitless work on Ohio and Mississii^i^i rivers. There has been no systematic search along Green river preceding our own, though some digging has been done, ])robal3ly through local endeavor. The river was dammed and locked about 1830, and the land bordering that part visited by us is cultivated throughout, so that such mounds and other sites as there are on the river have been known for a long time. The mounds are small and sometimes are used as sites for pens for stock; some are comi:)Osed of masses of rock and of clay — usually an unproductive kind from an archteological point of view — and a few are of raw clay and seemingly were not made for burial purposes. Aboriginal dwelling-sites along the river are few and as a rule are small. A number of the mounds have been dug into, while the smaller ones, as well as numerous dwelling-sites, and some stone graves of which we heard, have been destroyed by cultivation. An interesting feature of our work this season was the knowledge gained by us that a class of so-called banner stones, oblong in form or of kindred shapes, 1 BaiTcn river, uavisable to the city of Bowlius Oi'een, aliout thirty miles l)y water, was searched as far as that town by our agents, who failed to discover any site of inteix'st upon it. 432 SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. and also iwobably some of the winged stones, were not ceremonial or ornamental but had a definite ])ractical use. Exactly what this use was, however, un- fortunately we are unable ])Ositively to determine. Along ]iart of dvevn river, Ky., and particularly in "The Indian Knoll," Ohio County, were found by us objects of antler, hooked at one end and having a cavity in the other end, in which sometimes was asphalt,' used for fastening something introduced into the cavity. These objects, all that were found by us except eight- too fragmentary for restoration, are shown in Figs. 4, 10, 12, 13. Usually in intimate association with these hooked imi)lements of antler were found, in nearly every instance where the hooked implements were present, as exactly described later in this report, other objects, some of antler (most of which were made from the base of the horn), some of stone. These objects of stone and of antler evidently were em])loyed for the same purjjose, sometimes those of stone being with the hooked imj^lements, as were sometimes those of antler. Each has a longitudinal perforation of considerable diameter. The objects of stone, which would ])e called banner stones and regarded as belonging to the ornamental or ceremonial class were their associa- tion at this place unknown, are oblong in outline or of some similar form, a few being of the winged variety. They are carved with the utmost care,^ as a rule almost flat on one side, somewhat convex on the other, and having on the convex side a slight ridge extending longitudinally along the median line. The material for their making was evidently carefully selected, some being of stone rich in coloring, including quartz, flint, chalcedony, and a silicious material closely resembling jade.^ A few of the objects of antler have the rough, original surface and ]:)erhaps were unfinished. ' Dr. H. F. Keller writes: "The matei'ial 'from eavity in needle from Buiial S4,' Indian Knoll, is asplialium mixed with a large pi'0])ortion of mineral matter. It melts readily, hums with a bright flame, and tlie ])itch is readily extracted with solvents like chloroform, carbon bisulphide and turjien- tiue. The ash amounts to about 70 i)er cent., and consists of a fei-ruginous clay, and a considerable proportion of phosphate of lime." Asphalt is at present found in ([uantit}- near Green river, not far from "The Indian Knoll," where it is taken out foi' commercial purjxjses. The aborigines probably used it as they found it, witliout attempt at refining. ■•! Belonging to Burials Xos. 34, S4, S7, 10."), 11.5, 211, 21i), 2."il, all from "The Indian Knoll." •' The following (piotation is of great interest, sliowing as it does the high esteem in which sizers used in net-making, which it is likely these objects wei'e, were held among Papuans and pevha])s explains the importance attached to them at "The Indian Knoll." " ]5esides tlie netting cord . . . the only tool used is the mesh-l)lo(d<;. This is a (hin blo(dc of hard wood rasped into shape, and, since these tools are treasured as heirlooms, together with inter- minably long rhythmical recitals of the wonderful takes of fish nuule by nets fabricated on each lilock, the wood most comnujnly employed is the very dense and hard iron-wood (CnsiiiiriiKi cquisdifolia). It is highly polished and usually ornamented upon the ends with property marks, showing the exo- gamous marriage class and geini of the owner, which here take the place occupied by tribal distinctions among the endogamous races." William Churchill, "Reef Knot Nets," Popular Science Monthly, vol. XL, p. S4. •• Of course no slides for microscopical examination have been out from these sizers, but tests as to specific gravity and hardness have been made. Mr. F. .1. Keeley writes: "As far as I was able to judge from physical appearance and hardness of the objects, I felt confident they were jade, but HOME ABORIGINAL 8ITES. 433 These objects of antler and of stone, which, as we have said, evidently were used for the same purpose, the hooks being with one or with the other class indiscriminately, are shown in Figs. 3, 4, 9, and Plates IX, X, XI, which in- clude illustrations of all of both classes found by us, some of the objects of stone, found broken ceremonially, having been restored. Judging that some use in common could be found for the hooked imple- ments and the objects of antler and of stone, it seemed to us at first that the correct solution of the problem might be that resi)ectively they were netting needles and objects used with them for spacing the meshes of the nets, varioush' called sizers, spacers, mesh-measurers, mesh-gauges, mesh-boards, mesh-blocks. Hereafter in this report, for convenience and not because we arc fuUj" con- vinced they are such, we shall designate the hooked implements as needles and the objects found with them as sizers. We were aware that we had to face two probable objections in connection with our determination, namely, the orifices in the ends of the needles, and the l)erforations in the sizers, neither of which seem absolutely necessary for the use to which the needles and sizers were assigned. The hollow i^art in the needles we considered to be a recei)tacle for some adjunct, perhaps purely decorative; and the perforation in the sizers to have been made for the reception of a handle, knowing that the Eskimo of Alaska have handles on their sizers, which, however, are of bone and all of one piece. More- over, we have found b_v experiment that a handle affixed to one of our sizers is of assistance in net-making with it, and, in addition, would afford a means for suspension much preferable to running a cord through the perforation and bringing it up along a side, since this would interfere with the work for which the sizer was intended. A section of net made by J. S. Raybon, captain of our steamer, with wooden models of a needle and sizer found by us, is shown in Fig. 1. In this net (where the knot is a half-hitch as used by civilized i)eoples in net-making and, according to IMason, by some modern Indians) the hooked needle, not used as a bobbin with the cord wound around an end of it, was a decided advantage in catching the cord and pulling it through the knot. Bv this process, of course, the entire length of cord employed must be drawn through each mesh, a comparatively slow but not ]:)rohibitive performance for a i^eople who girdled a tree with fire, pounded out the charcoal, and kept on rei)eating this operation until the tree was felled. Besides we are not sure that cord of considerable length was pos- sessed by the aborigines in the far-off days of "The Indian Knoll." If, on the other hand, a hooked implement were to be used as a combination bobbin and needle, the hook would at least be of no evident advantage in the kind of net-making above described. after learning the specific gravitj' (2.765) I am compelled to conclude that they are probably of a silicious character. The objects are decidedly harder than any variety of serpentine I have ever seen." (WTlay, as we have determined i:)y experiment, the presence of the hook b(Mng a decided aid in catching up the cord to form the knot as made by the Papuan, the bobbin end of the implement taking the place of the ball. Moreover, the use of a combination bobbin and hooked implement probably would necessitate the attachment of something to the base of the imi)lement to prevent the slipping off of the cord, and this would account for the ])resence of the hollowed space found there and hitherto not satisfactoril}^ exi)lained. It may be added that a hooked im])lement not used as a bobbin but in con- junction with the l)all of cord described as used by the Papuans would hardly be of any benefit, there not being sufficient space in the hand to accommodate both, and to lay down the ball in order to tak(> U]) the hook would cause delay. Although it would greatly support our original contention that the hookc^d implements found l:)y us were netting needles, and conseciuently the objects of stone and of antler found with them were sizcrs, we have l)een unable i)Ositively to learn that a hooked needle has been used in place of a shuttle- or as a bobinn or in place of one, b}' aboriginal people, ancient or modern, in net-making where a knot is tied, although we have consulted a number of authorities, through their works or in person. Lieutenant Emmons describes and figures netting needles resembling crochet needles, and consequently of the same class as ours, as in use among modern Indians of the Northwest coast.'' In a personal letter, however. Lieutenant Emmons writes: ''Native tril^es of the coast of Alaska used a netting needle just like those figured in m,y Tahltan writing, but in all instances I have observed these needles were used in the fine snowshoc filling. It is possible that their use might also have been applied to net-making in earlier days." Mr. Charles C. Willoughby, whose valued assistance in our work we so greatly appreciate, aided by his thorough acf[uaintance with al)originaI life and his intimate familiarity with the rich collections of Peabody Museum of ' William Churchill, op. cit., p. S3. -As the reader probably is aware, cord is wound loiigil udinally on the shuttle, or is wrapjied around the bobbin and thus is passed tlu'ough the meshes with celeritj'. ^ G. T. Emmons, "The Tahllan Indians," University of Pennsyh'ania, The Museum Antlu'o- pological Publications, ^-ol. JX, Xo. 1, p. 5(j ct wv/. 43G SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. Harvard UnivM'.sit^', doe^ not consider the suggestion offered l)y us in regard to tlie use of tlie needles and sizers can l^e the correct on(> from the fact that he beheves a bobliin or a shuttle, similar to those now in use for net-making, was known to primitive peoples and i)ro))ably to the inhabitants of "The Indian Knoll." Air. A^'illoughby, who thought at first, judging from descriptions and out- lines, that the hooked imi)l(>ments might be distal ends of throwing sticks, after a ]:)rolonged and careful examination of the objects, now doubts if they were so used. Lest any of our readers, especially our fric-nds in Europe and in Argentina, where so many of oiu' rejwrts are sent, unable to make a i)ersonal insi:)ection of these hooked imi)lemcnts, might, judging only from the illustrations, con- sider them to have belonged to throwing sticks, it may be well to remind them of the following points: 1. That the throwing stick, or positive evidence of its use,' has not been found anywhere in the region- in which is "The Indian Knoll." 2. That nearly all throwing sticks are of one piece, a construction that insures the reciuired strength. 3. That small ])oints of antler or of flint, which might have served as tips of the shafts used with atlatls, were not fovmd associated with our discoveries. 4. That some of oiu' hooked implements are too crooked to have been used on throwing sticks and that the cavities in some are too inconsiderable to have served for the insertion of the main i)art of the atlatl. 5. That the assumi)tion that the hooked implements were parts of atlatls offers no explanation in regard to the large objects of stone and of antler found with the hooked implements and indul)itably connected with them. As a further aid in this ({uestion of the form(>r use of the hooked implements and the objects of stone and of antler, which we sincerely trust others may take u]), a resume of the association of the so-called needles and sizers found in "The Indian Knoll" is here api)ended. It may be well to ])oint out, however, that when a needle was not present with a burial having a sizer, or when reverse conditions were encountered, there was usually a good reason to exi)lain the absence of the object, namely: an aboriginal disturbance of the burial; a ceremonial breaking of the sizer where fragments of it were found but where ])robably ])arts of the needle, broken at the same time, less (lural)le, had decayed away; interment in the shell material ' Dr. ('liafle.s Pcalioijv fciuiid in Coahoiua C'liuiily, Miss., an oljjcct rofcrrfd to as of hone lia\'ina; at one end a hook ainh at the otiici-, part of a tenon for insci'tion, which is dcsei'ified as havinj^ Ijehjiised to an atlatl. " flxijloi'ations of ^loiinds, Coahonia County, Mississippi," Pealiody Museum Paix'i's, vol. Ill, No. 2, Plate XX. " Prof. Marshall H. Saville wi-ites: "I know of no exanii)les of spear throwers outside of the Cliff Dwellers ref>;ion and the sporadic find of Cushin.ii; at Key ^larco in Florida. The Southwestern ex- ample's, of course, show Mexican influences. I do not consider, of course, tlie throwins-sticks of the eastern ]<]skimos or those (jf the Northwest coast Indians." SOAIE ABORKIIXAL SITES. 437 formin' 4.1 . . stone 47 ()7 stone stniif. S2 stone S4 S7 '.)'.') .... stniie ')') st one '.)'.) .', win^x 10."") 11.") 124 Kil 1 (■>:-; 202 21 1 stone 210 2I<.) 2:1::! 2:-!(i 2.51 '"T)') sf niir' 272 2!)0 a 11 (lei anile aiitle neiMll( IK neeilh iieedh i: antler antler il St one net die nee lie nee lie net die needle needle ne( die antlei' antler 2 antler 1 neetUe needle needle needle needle needle \vi nredle needle needle needle needle neeiUe needle needle needle That part of Ohio river between Cairo, llhnois, where the river joins the Mississi])])i, and Evansville, Indiana, about ISo miles by water, forming the northern boundary of part of Kentucky, almost all the southern limit of Illinois and of a i)ortion of Indiana, was carefully searched by our agents in advance of our investigation of it. Their rc^port, rather discouraging, tallied with the result of our investigation. Sites still remaining along the river were found to be small and unim])ortant; mounds were few, considering the area gone over, and permission to investigate them was not always obtained, the larger ones being of vital imi)ortance in times of flood, and the smalk^r ones feeing regarded l)erhai)s as receptacles of treasui'e or containing Indian relics to wliich an ex- aggerated value was attributed. Mississipi:)i river was covered ])y our agents before our visit to that pai't of it, twice from Mem])his, Tenn., to New Madrid, Missouri, and once between the latter point and Cairo, Illinois, in all a distance of '230 miles by water. 4;') .Kiruy, A. x. I'HIOA.. \'(ir. x\i. 438 SOME ABORKHNAL SITES. Alwut 35 miles of the river above Mempliis was explored by us about five j-ears ago, the results being given in a former report.' The archaeology of ^'lississippi river between Memphis and Cairo, with the exception of the eniuneration of certain (luadrangular mounds with flat tops, and of details of small ones, is mainly a memory of the past; one hears only of what used to be. The sites, prodded over, dug out, and constantly under cultivation, have yielded their treasures. Much of our investigation, more- over, along Mississippi river this season was hamjjcred through high water cutting off access to sites and by excess of nmd, rendering roads almost im- passable. As usual, we have forwarded to the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C, aU pathological specimens obtained during our season's work, otherwise all skulls and skeletons saved have been sent to the United States National jNIuseum. All other objects of importance found ]?}' us are on exhibition in the Moore Collection at The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, except the collection of pottery from Hale's Point, Tenn., which has been presented to the Royal Ethnographical Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. M. G. Miller was with the expedition as anatomist, as he has been through- out all our archaeological work in the South, and has aided in i)utting this report through the press. Mr. S. G. Weir, with us for the sixth season as general assistant, greatly aided us throughout this j^eriod, which proved to be of exceptionally hard work. The Academy of Natural Sciences tenders its warm thanks to Dr. Cierrit S. Miller, Jr., curator. Division of Alammals, United States National INIuseum, for determination of the bones of lower animals; to Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of the Division of Physical Anthropology, United States National Aluseum, for information as to skeletal remains; to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. E. G. Vanatta, of The Academy of Natural Sciences, for identification of shells; to I\Ir. F. J. Keeley, curator of the Vaux collection, Academy of Natural Sciences, for determination of minerals and rocks;- to Dr. H. F. Keller for chemical tests; to Mr. Charles C. Willoughby, director of Peabody Museum of Harvard University, for valued assistance in many ways; to Miss H. N. Wardle for aid with the index; to Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for literary revision of this report. The AcadeniA' also warmly thanks all the owners of ])ro])erties along Green river, lower Ohio river, and the Mississippi between Cairo, Illinois, and Mem])his, Tennessee, who so courteously placed them at its disi)osal, and wishes to convey to them its great appreciation of their kindness. All mounds and sites are described in order going up-stream. Skeletons, unless otherwise specified, are of adults. 1 "Some Aborigiiuil Sites on Mississippi River." .Joukn. Atad. \at. Sci. Phila., vol. XIV 1911. '^ As the reader is aware, lor absolute deterniiiiatioii in such matters a small section cut from the stone is neccssar)'. We need liardly explain that such a proceedinif in connection with most archa;- ological specimens is out of the (piestion. -'- C ^ C or'' > cr: I , I fl O „ Li- (1) u Q_ Q_ 4-10 SOME AP)()lU(iINAL SITES. SOME ABORIGIXAL SITES OX (IREEX RIVER, KEXTUCTvY. The Following mounds and sites arc of most interest, among those investi- gated l_)y us on Cireen river. ^Mox^xDs AND Sites. Site near BlufF City, Hend(>rson County. Site on tire Austin Place, McLean County. Site near Calhoun, McLean County. Site near Smallhous, Ohio County. "The Lidian Knoll," Ohio County. Mounds on the Annis Place, Ikitlcr ( 'ounty. Mound on th(> ALu'tin Place, Jjutler County. IMound and site on the Cherry Place, Butler Count>'. Mounds near Little Reedy Point, Butler County, hidian Hill, Pxlmonson County. Site ne.\r Bluff City, IIexdeuson Covnty. Al)out one-half mile above Bluff City, between the highroad and the bluff and probably on the other side of the road also, though need to leave space for wagons to turn out ])revente(l our digging there, overlooking the liver, is ground considerably higher than the road, consisting of black soil, which pi'oved to have been an aboriginal dwelling-site and a i)lace of l)urial. In the comi)aratively limited amount of digging done in the space necessarily- so restricted, seventeen Inirials were found, exclusiA'c of many scattered ];)ones: eleven adults, two adolescc^nts, four children, none so much as 3 feet in depth, some extending about 1 foot into luulerlying yellow cla\'' otherwise undisturbed. The adults and adolescents were in various forms of flexion, except one which lay at full length and four al)original disturbances whose form of burial ^^'as not determined. ^^ltll one l)urial were two very rude arrowheads or knives, of flint; a small one was with another burial. ^A'ith the skeleton of an adult, in front of the face, was some ])igm(>nt, doubtless iron oxide, and at the neck a small, rude, copper celt. Li the soil, apart from bui'ials, were a small, grooved axe of sandstone; two piercing implements of bone; a stone of circular outline having a single pit on each side. Site on the Austin Pl.\ce, McLe.vn County. On the propei'ty of Mr. A. J. Austin, resident on the ])lace, about four miles below the town of Rumsey, is a small, aboriginal dwelling-site visible from the river bank and easily distinguishal)le by its dai'k s(.)il and the presence of a f(nv shells scattered on the surface. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA., 2ND SER., VOL. XVI PLATE IX A!- i-. 'BAMC/i^ MESH -SPACERS. A, AUSTIN PLACE; B-I, INCLUSIVE, "THE INDIAN KNOLL." A, SANDSTONE; B, QL'ARTZ, BUR. NO. 99; C, LIMESTONE, BUR. NO. 2, D, LIMESTONE BUR. NO U; E, FERRUGINOUS FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE, BUR. NO. 45,- F, ANTLER, BUR. NO. 29; G, ANTLER, BUR. NO. 124; H, ANTLER, BUR. NO. 29; I, ANTLER, IN SOIL, (full sriL.) UJ (^ o 442 SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. A limited amount of digging quickly came upon sixteen burials and some scattered bones. Twelve burials were closely flexed; two were disturbances, and two were burials of children, one somewhat disturbed. One of the flexed burials lay with the trunk on the back, the lower extremities closely flexed over it. One skuU in fragments was saved from this place, and a reunited femur. A lancepoint and several arrowheads, of flint, lay near burials but not certainly with them. Some arrowpoints or knives, aU of flint and all of coarse workman- ship, were found apart from burials, as were several bone awls. In the soil thrown out in digging at this place was an object of sandstone, shown in Plate IX, A, and in cross-section in Fig. 2, A, which, at the time, we supposed to be a banner stone, but which may have been, as the reader of the introduction wiU recaU, a sizer used in the making of nets. Fig. 3.— Sizcr of antler. With Burial No. 16. Austin Place. (Full size.) With Burial No. 16, the upper part of whose flexed skeleton had undergone disturbance, was a sizer of antler (Fig. 3) lying between the knees and the right elbow. No netting needle was found, though presumably its absence can be accounted for by the disturbed condition of the bones. This site was not completely dug through, though seemingly the best parts of it were examined. Site near Calhoun, McLean County. In the outskirts of Calhoun is a farm belonging to Mr. G. W. HuU, who resides in the town. On part of this property is considerable high ground in sight from the river, on which is much dark soil, evidentlj^ once an aboriginal place of abode. Near here, it is said, was a ford where Indians formerly crossed the river. Numerous buildings are now on this site, but through the courtesy of Mr. Hull we were permitted to dig in an extensive vegetable garden and on a slope between the dwelhng-housc and the river. Sixteen burials were encountered, as follows: closely flexed, 9; partly flexed, 1 ; in a squatting position but tilted to one side, 1; extended on the back, 1; dis- turbances, 2; child, 1. Burial No. 14 lay with the trunk face down, the legs closely flexed to the right. The skull was missing. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 443 Burial No. 2, partly flexed to , s^' the left, had, near the back of the Jf ' neck, two tubular, shell beads, '"'jj together, one, 1.5 inch in length, the other, .9 inch, the smaller hav- ing the perforation irregularly drilled so that its opening at one end is much to one side. At each ear was a pair of canine teeth of the wolf, all perforated for suspen- sion at the proximal end. These teeth would make effective orna- ments hanging, as they probably '\" did, from both sides of the lobe of ;* the ear. Under the right thigh ;'' were two knives and a large arrow- fe_ . head of flint, not in a pile but near f. ■ together. |/': Over the left elbow was a sizer of antler, with which was a netting ■.• needle of the same material (Fig. 4). Burial No. 11, closely flexed to the left, had twelve discoidal beads at the neck, each about .75 inch in diameter. A number ^of bone awls, sev- eral tools of flint, a globular stone of quartzite, and a small muller of claystone were found in the mid- den debris, as was the skeleton of a dog (Canis familiaris) , while an- other lay in the underlying clay beneath the shell and midden deb- '(fJL- ris which at this site was about 26 inches in depth. • . Wl ' ,^- "'^m 'm r- ;, ■ '■^ '■Wm y- '. ^'' >^ ''\i ' ■,' ■« liV Site near Smallhous, Ohio County. At the settlement of Small- hous, near the Louisville & Nash- ville railroad bridge, on the left- hand side of the river going up, is a property belonging to Mr. Frank Tichner %j Fig. 4. — Netting needle and sizer of antler. With Burial No. 2. Site near Calhoun. (Full size.) 444 SOMK yV]'.()i;i(;iNAI. SITES. On this i)foi)oi-ty air a numl)er of small i'is(\s in slight from each other and from the watoi- when vea;etation docs not interfere. These rises, very irregular in outline of base and ranji;ini^ up to al)out f f(>et in height, are on rolling land of uneven surface, showing results of wash in Hood time, and themselves seemed to us probably to have l)een caused In- swirl of watci' in periods of ovcrflow\ Investigation, in one instance, came ui)on a bit of sandstone, a small frag- ment of potter}', an inconsiderabl(> part of a bone of a lower animal, and what seemed to l)e small mass(\s of charcoal. All these, however, we believe might have be(>n included in material ])ile(l up by the action of water. Digging in other rises yi(4ded no objects indicating the agency of man. On i)art of a ridge somewhat nearer Smallhous than the rises just described, has l)een an aboriginal dwelling-site as indicated ))>' man\' brcjken shells on the surface and a few fragments and Ijroken arrowpoints of flint. The soil, rich in organic matter, has a maximiun dei)th of 30 inches. A considerable number of trial-holes, but not sufficient to constitute an extensive investigation, came u]X)n hve burials. Three of these were flat de- posits of liuman bones in no apparent order, having, respectively, one, foiu', and eleven skulls. A little abov(> the largest (lei)osit was a small, grooved axe of quartzite, which may have l)een placed with the burial or possibly had hcon lost in the j^eriod of the growth of the site. The skeleton of an adol(\sccnt, extended on the back, lay 30 inches down on undisturbed, yellow clay; a burial clos(>ly tiexed to the right was somewhat more than one foot Ijelow the surface. "The Indian' Knoll," Ohio Coitnty. Beginning o])])osite the town of Paradise, which is across the river in Muhlen- b(Tg county, a property- belonging to Mr. Jarc^d Brown, of Paradise, extends for some distance along th(> left-hand side of the liver, going up. A short distance back from tlie river, on the Brown property, is a rise con- sisting of made-gi'ound, between an acre and an acn^ and a half in ext(>nt, we were informed, which is locally well known as "The Indian Knoll." This Knoll is composed of dark soil, rich witli admixture of organic matt(a', containing considerable shell in \'ai'ying proportions scattered throughout, l)ut nowhere fonuing nearly a homogeneous deposit. The maximum depth of this made- ground, the result of slow accretion during aboriginal occupancy, is 4 feet 7 inches. There is no evidence or history of any jjix^vious digging for relics oi' treasure in "The Indian Knoll," and as the plow had not reached th(> graves, the ele- vation was practicall\' intact, save in on(> respect. At the sid(> facing the river there has been some wash in i)eriods of high wat(>r, but to what extent the original size of the Knoll has been diminished cannot now be determined. On the Knoll ai'e sevei-al frame structur(>s, of course ])recluding digging to the extent of the ai'ca occupied by them, ])ut a.mjile i-oom foi- adeciuate investi- ti 8()MI^] AliORKIINAL SITE8. 445 o;ation was ])ut at our disposal and Mr. I:)rowii's courtes>' to the Aeadcm>' is g;reatly api)r('eiated by it. One hundred and seventy-nine hours, or about twenty-two and one-half workings days of eight hours each, with eight men to dig, were devoted b>' us to this interesting site, burials l)cing found in practically all of its available extent with the excei:)tion of extreme marginal jiortions, where our work was not productive. The graves at this place were in the main roughl}' circular or elliptical. Their size, as a rule, was somewhat limited, there being usually but little space in them beyond that needed to accommodate the skeletons which, as a rule, w'ere closely flexed, purposely, no doubt, for economy of space. In depth the burials ranged between one foot and 8 feet 5 inches,^ many of them ending in the yellow^ sand (some l^eing 2 feet, 3 feet, or exceptionally nearly 4 feet in it) on which rested the made-ground composing the Knoll. Two hundred and ninety-eight burials were taken out' by us (exclusive of many scattered bones), which, so nearly as could be determined, were as follows: of adults, 183; of adolescents, 23; of infants and children, 92. The adult and adolescent skeletons were: closely flexed, 128; partly flexed, 29; extended on the back, 1; aboriginal distui'bances, 23; biu'ials to be described ])articularly, 25. Burials Nos. 7 and 9 had trunks lying on the back, shoulders elevated, heads on chests, humeri alongside the trunks, the elbows at the pelvis of each, the forearms closely flexed on the humeri, the femora vertical, with the legs closely flexed against them. Burial No. 118 lay in a grave-pit, 7 feet 3 inches from the surface, the deposit of midden debris at that part of the site being 4 feet 7 inches in thickness. Presumably the grave had not been dug from the present surface but when the surface of the Knoll was at a lower level, and this most likely was the case with numer- ous burials at this site. The skeleton (see diagram. Fig. 5) had been greatly bent to accommodate it to the re- stricted dimensions of the grave which, so far u]) as it was traceable, had diameters, roughly- circular, 23 inches by 25 inches. = l£ Fig. 5.— Buiial No. 118. "The Indian Knoll." Tlic skiloton lies flat on the liotlom ol tlie i^rax'e. 1 One grave, wiiieh ])arlly filled with water during a high stage of the river, may have been even d(>cper than this. -In one instanee a \'eritalde tangle of burials at consideraljle (lei)th necessitated great enlarge- ment of tli(> area uncovered. This, by se\-eral days' work, iiad nearly been accomplished when, after the close of lUii' working hours, a constant and affable s])ectatoi', in the ])resence of three com|ianions — a mule and two Ijipeds, all intoxicated except the one customarily designated a. Iica.st — with the aid of a sho\'el obtained from us ostensibly foi- another ]iurp((se, dug down to the skeletons and remo\-ed t hem . 411 ,l()tU\'. A. X. S. PHILA,. \'i)r,. \VI. 44G SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. Burial No. 119. At the l)ott<)ni of the same deep grave as Burial No. 118 was a skeleton closely flexed, the truuk on the back, the knees drawn up to within G.25 inches of the chest, tlie head slanting forward so that but 6 inches inter- A^ened between the knees and the face. This grave had a depth of 7 feet 9 inches. Fid. 0.— Burial No. 132. "The Indian Knoll." Burial No. 122, the trunk on the back, the thighs together and almost verti- cal, the legs flex(>d closely on the thighs. Burial No. 126, the skeleton on the back to the knees, a leg closely flexed to the outer side of each thigh. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 447 Burial No. 132, the trunk on the back, the skull over the right shoulder so that the chin rested on the upi)er part of the chest, the humeri alongside the trunk, the forearms crossing above the pelvis, the right femur closely flexed to the right, the leg flexed on it, the foot l^eing against the pelvis, the left femur flexed on the trunk, the knee reaching to the chin, the leg closely flexed, the foot resting on the pelvis (Fig. 6). The grave was roughlj' circular, having a diameter of about 19.5 inches. Burial No. 133, the trunk lying on the back to the knees, the legs flexed to the left against the thighs. Burials Nos. 138 and 161, the trunk face down, the thighs and legs closely flexed to the left. Burials Nos. 151, 210, and 253, the trunk on the back, the limbs closely flexed on it. Burial No. 160, the trunk face down, the legs closely flexed to the right. Burial No. 164, the trunk face clown, the thighs, with the legs flexed on them, brought back and up at right angles to the pelvis. Burial No. 167, the trunk on the back, the thighs flexed to the right, extending upward somewhat, the legs closely flexed on the thighs. The iwsition was necessitated by the restricted dimensions of the pit, as was the case with a number of l)urials in this site. Burial No. 170, the trunk face down, the lower extremities closely flexed and slightly to the right. Burial No. 171, semireclining against the side of the grave, the lower ex- tremities closely flexed, bringing the knees to the left shoulder, the upper arms alongside the trunk, the forearms across the thorax. Burial No. 193, the trunk on the back, the thighs vertical, the legs flexed on them, the feet somewhat to the right. Burial No. 195, adolescent, the trunk on the l^ack, the right thigh flexed to a vertical position, the leg flexed on it, the left thigh flexed and to the right across the pelvis, the leg being closely flexed against the thigh. Burial No. 204 lay very closely flexed on the right, the knees coming even with the to]) of the head. Burial No. 205, very closely flexed to the left. Burial No. 232, closely flexed, face down. In and just above the pelvis were minute human bones of which Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, to whom some of them were forwarded, writes: "The little bones which you have sent me are those of a human foetus near or at term." The skull of this skeleton, which presumably was that of a muscular Indian woman, was badly crushed. Burial No. 294, the trunk almost face down, the left thigh closely flexed to the right side; the right arm curving alDove the head. In the crook formed by the left arm was the skeleton of a child (Number 294a), the head extending out, the bod}'^ and legs parallel to the other skeleton. Burial No. 296, closely flexed on the back, tlie chin resting on the chest. 44S SOAIE AP.OP.KilNAL SITI'^S. Sixty-six skulls, often witli most of their skeletons, were saved, conditions at this place beino; favorable, on the whole, for while skulls lying in the midden (lei)osit were often crushed, and sometimes otherwise more or less injured by shells and bits of stone forced into the facial imrts, those in the sand beneath the dei)osit rested in soft material containing no shells and doubtless had been rein- forced through infiltration of lime salts from above. TIk> fact that man>' of the graves se(>mingly had Ijeen made at various stages in tli(^ growth of the mound and that often a considerable dei^th of deposit had formed above where their incei)tion presumal)l>' was, and tlie kncjwledge that among a very large number of artifacts discovered b>' us, none in an>' wa}' indi- cated contact with k]uroi)eans, argues a consideral)le age for the skulls from this place. These crania and other bones, sent by us as a gift to the United States Na- tional ]Museum, have l)een examined in a i)reliminai'y wa>' l)y Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, who writes that the crania ar(> "typical, undeformed, Algonciuin skulls," and adds that they are " (evidently not Shawnee, although coming from the region ascribed in general to that tribe." In anotlier communication Doctor Ilrdlicka writes: "None of the skulls is deformed and their type is that of the Algon- ciuin. . . . The location is in the region still generally ascribed to the Shawnee, but the remains evidently reiwesent another tribe. This may have l^een the Aliami, or one of the tribes from Illinois, or one of the Lenape." Throughout the digging, as will be detailed later, a nunil)er of skeletons of dogs were found, of which Dr. Cerrit S. Miller, Jr., writes: "I am ])articularly giad to see the dogs, as their perf(>ct similarity in essential charactei's to modern Euro])ean dogs helps to confirm m}' idea that all domestic dogs had a common origin." Artifacts with burials in "The Indian Knoll" were comparatively numerous, but unfortunatel)' ])rescnt little diversity, the so-called netting needles and their sizers being, of course, tlie feature of the jilace. Shell beads were with many l)urials, as we shall see, and were in a wonderful state of ])reservation, owing, no doubt, to the presence of lime salts from the shells in the midden debris, which ])resumably exerted so strengthening an influence on the skulls. (Uobular beads of shell were not found; fine tubular shell beads, from .5 inch to 1.6 inch in length, were encountered, and (juantities of discoidal ones, ranging from mimite beads only .1 inch to others a full inch in diamet(>r. There are flat l)eads almost annular, th(> i:)erforations being .5 inch in a total diameter of .85 inch. Numerous lots of beads were made from fresh-water uni\'alves (Anciilom prarosa; Anculosa, a small, undetermined species), and (jne lot from the marine univalve M(ir(/iri(ila apicina. All these were ground on (jn(> side to allow stringing. A feature of this ])lace, in coimection with the shell beads, was that nearly all the various lots found with burials were accomi)anied with other beads, of jet or of red claystone, the jet beads Ix'ing scjinctimes singly with a deposit, some- times two or thive. Most of tlie jet beads are l:)arrel-shaped, the largest found SOME ABORI(;iXAL SITES. 449 being 2.1 inches in length; exceptionally they are discoiclal, and about .7 inch in diameter. Examples of jet beads from the Knoll are shown in Plate XIL The beads of cla.ystone arc tubular, ):)arrel-shaped, globular, and discoiclal. They vary considerably in size, and occasionally a number were with a single burial, nineteen, we believe, being the maximum. A fine globular bead of clay- stone, much larger than others of the same kind, is shown in Plate XIL Beads of claystonc and of jet were seldom found in the same deposit, though once a bead of jet and five much smaller ones of claystonc, were with shell beads. In one instance a ])ea(l of ]vt, more than one inch in length, was accompanied with a shell l)ead of about the same size, and on a single occasion a tubular shell bead more than 1.5 inch long took tlie place of a jet or of a claystonc bead with a deposit. There wer(^ also with burials some shell gorgets, most without decoration, a few, however, showing line and j^unctate work very rudely executed. With a number of the deposits of beads, and usually found in pairs, were curved strii)s of sliell cut from the bodywhorls of large marine univalves, similar to those shown in Plate XII. These ornaments, pierced at one end for suspen- sion, in a few instances were found at each side of the head and may have been used as ear ornaments, but in otlu^r cases they lay near the neck with beads and apparently had been strung among them; in fact the imi)ression of a bead was in one instance found alongside the jierforation of one of these ornaments. Also strimg among the beads, as was done by the Caribs of British Ciuiana, and elscwlicre, were canine teeth of carnivores, perforated for suspension, the greatest number found at the Knoll with any one lot of beatls being eight. The teeth from the Knoll have been identified by Dr. Gerrit S, Miller, Jr., as belong- ing to the wolf, the co>'ote, and the bobcat {Lynx rufus). Doctor Miller writes; "I was struck by the absence of dog's teeth among the ornaments. While I liave no doubt about the determination of the coyote and l>'nx, it must always l)e remembered that dog and wolf are separated by size onh'; hence in dealing with a single tof)th there is always possibility of an error. In the case of this carnassial I tlnnk tliat such ];)0ssi))ility is at its minimum." Some lanceheads, and a fair number of arrowheads and knives, difficult to differentiate owing to the considerable size of all the pointed flints at this place, were present with !)urials. All are of flint, of dark shade as a rule. In the nnddc^n debris were numerous other lanceheads, arrowheads, and drills of flint, and a number of arrowheads of antler, some broken. A selection of flints from "The Indian Knoll" is shown in Fig. 7. X'o celts were found by us in the Knoll, with the sole exception of a diminutive one but 2.1 inches in length, though fifteen grooved axes were imearthed, none more than G.5 inches in length, two distinctly with l:iurials, the others, badly f)attered as a rule, scattered in the midden deposit. These axes, most of lime- stone though one at least is of sandstone, evidently took tlie ])lace of celts in tlu' aboriginal life on the Knoll. Fig. 7. — Lauccpoiiits, urrowpoiuts, knives, scrapers, drills, of flinl. "The Indian Knoll." (Full size.) SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 451 Near a post-hole which apparently had been connected with the site, lay a grooved axe almost 5 feet below the surface, the deposit being 3 feet G inches in thickness at this place. Presumably the axe had been connected with the making, or the driving down, of the post and was lost or forgotten. There were also found a number of i:)estles of limestone, not connected with burials as a rule, some about 1 foot in length and all uns,vmmctrical and care- lessly made. A large number of mullers were present in the debris, in two instances three of them lying together. These mullers, nearly all of limestone, though one is of gneiss, one of ferruginous claystone, two of quartzite, are most of them badly liattered and chipped. Some are too small to have served for the grinding of maize, except, perha]is, as to.ys. A number have centrally round dei)ressions and had been used also as hammerstones, perhaps for the cracking of nuts, though no pitted stones were found in the site. As might be expected, awls, pins, and various other objects of bone were present in the debris, while some were found with burials. A selection of these objects, many of which are in excellent condition, including a fish-hook, is shown in Fig. 8. With four burials in the Knoll, all of infants or of young children, were five tubes of bone, the longest about 6.7 inches, the two shortest, found with the same burial, each 4.5 inches long. The diameter common to all is about .8 inch. As will be described in our account of the burials, all these tubes are highly polished and all have been worked down exteriorly and cleared out within. While there was no evidence or history of any digging in recent times in the Knoll, aboriginal disturbance through intersection of graves was frequently noted in parts of it, and this fact doubtless accounts for the finding, in the midden debris, of several sizers and netting needles of antler, always separately. Of course, some of these may have been lost during the growth of the site, as other objects were, though the aborigines inhabiting the Knoll seem to have parted with very little of value through inadvertence. While the makers of "The Indian Knoll" knew the use of copper in the manufacture of ornaments, they possessed but little of it, as will ))e noted in the detailed list of objects found with burials; and the use of pottery also seems to have been very limited at this place, only a few small fragments, some bearing a rude decoration, having been found in the entire site. These fragments were in the midden debris comparatively near the surface, though probabl.y small bits were scattered throughout the deposit. It is probable that the inhabitants of the Knoll used vessels of wood to a considerable extent. Small masses of sandstone, which had to be brought from some distance, were scattered in numbers throughout the debris. These, heated, may have been used to cause water to boil. No pipe or fragment of a pipe, either of earthenware or of stone, was found by us in "The Indian Knoll." A visitor, however, showed us an object of sand- stone which he said he had just picked up on the surface near the Knoll. Into I'm;. S. -()liii'i'ts (if lidiic — orii;niicii(s, awls, pins, lisli-hnok, r\v. mIhii :i spciirhcad of aiillcr. " Thu Indian Knoll." (Full size.) SOME ABORIC;iNAL SITES. 4.33 this object, a])out the size of a small hen's egg, a bowl had be(>n drilled, and a perforation at right angles to the bowl. In making the latter, howe\'er, a i^art of the mass had been broken off. Unciuestionably this object was a ])ipe ruined in the making, though we cannot sa>' that it belonged to the jx-riod of the growth of the Knoll. As this site is by far the most im])ortant one on Green river, so far as the stream was investigated by us, we shall descril)e each burial with which artifacts were found, and other burials in an>' way noteworthy. Burial No. 2, closely flexed to the left. At the neck were discoidal beads of shell, and a bead of jet, 1.4 inch in length, also spires of two marine shells, pierced for suspension. On the left himrerus were small shell beads and a sizer of antler (Fig. 9, /). On the thorax lay a sizer of limestone (Plate IX, ('). On the pelvis were fragments of a rattle made ].)robably from the shell of a tor- toise, perforated for suspension, which had contained a quantity of small pebbles. A lancepoint of flint, 4 inches in length, lay near this burial and j^erhaps be- longed to it. The burial was in the midden debris at a ])lace where a considerable pro])ortion of shells was mingled with it, and these shells, we think, ma}' have cut and broken the needle or needles of antler which jirobably accompanied the sizers, and the sjiiculse of antler may have been mingled with fragments of bone, as the burial at this place had been badly injured ])y the shells. Burial No. 4, closcdy flexed to the left, lay in a grave 4 feet 10 inches deep, one foot of which was in the underlying sand on which the Knoll had grown. Above the skull was some red pigment (iron oxide), and below the cranium, a small ciuantity of charcoal. Burial No. 6, an aboriginal disturl-)ance, had associated small, shell beads and a lancej^oint of flint. Burial No. 13. a child, had a few shell beads at the neck. Burial No. 15, closely flexed on the right, had at the neck, a fc>w discoidal shell beads, two of which, together, were considerably larger than the rest, each being .75 inch in diameter. Burial No. 1t11ow sand, the original surface, which at this i)oint was 3 feet 10 inches deej). With the remains were a netting needle of antler (Fig. 10, E) and its sizer of limestone (Plate X, .1; shown in cross-section. Fig. 11, .4). The finding of a sizer and a netting needle with so young a child would seem rather out of place did we not know that sometimes relatives and fi'iends seem to have contributed objects of their own at burials, as, for exampl(>, in a moment of exjiansion, one might j^ut with a small child, a pii)e or a weapon. 47 .lOI'UX. A. X. S. I'llILA., \'()L. XVI. f ^i^ J"- \."W & t> . ^t. % ^ * I •'^>'. ■)■ i IP) i ^- { \*%li i»«';^1 ^«H« '^t^ t V. .% J^ I, fit ■;., • I i* ■•^" V^ a- ■ >■' H Fig. 10. — Xctting needles of antler. .1, Bur. Xo. 206; B, no Imrial; C, I5ur. Xo. 124; I), F.iir. Xo. 2.V.1; A', Bur. Xo. 272; Cr', IJur. No. 28; //, Bur. Xo. S2. "The Indian Knoll." (Full size.) ^1); /•', Jiur. X( Fli;. I I.— Tn f;icc l'l;itc X, r'ross-scf'l ii)ns. Tlic IcttiTinii cfirrcspoiids If) IIkiI oh tlir Plate. fFull size. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA., 2ND SER., VOL. XVI PLATE X MESH -SPACERS. "THE INDIAN KNOLL." j'^.L.EiAHl^K^ CRYSTALLiNE ROCK, BUR. NO- 87. 1, SILICIOUS ROCK, BUR- NO. 67. (full s.zl.) SOME ABORICIXAL SITE8. 457 Burial No. 22, jxirtly flexed to tlie left. At the light of the ])elvis, together, were two piercing implements, evidently of avian bones, and a small muUer. Burial No. 27, closely flexed to the right. At the right of the skull, together, were: three im])lements of bone, one witli pointed end, the others with rounded ones, perhaps used in ])asketr>'; two arrowheads or kni\'es, of fiint, as were all such objects at this place; a drill; the jjointed end of a large flint weapon or tool; a rude or unfinished knife. ( )n tlie left humerus and on jxirt of the thoi'ax was a mass of pure clay, recalling a. custom observed in connection with some aboriginal burials along Tennessee river.' Burial No. 28, closel>' flexed to the right. Around the neck were many discoidal l.)eads, each slightly less than one inch in diameter, while numerous tubular l^eads of shell, th(^ largest ones al^out 1.5 inch in length, encircled the pelvis. With this burial were man\' bones in no order, including four skulls, having in association: a lancehead 4 inches long; six discoidal shell beads; a long, bone implement showing considerable workmanshij) (Fig. 8, to the reader's left); a long pin in a fine state of i)reservation; a sizer of antler (Fig. 9, G). Burial No. 29, adolescent closely flexed. Together on the right humerus was the following miscellaneous assortment: a small mass of giauconite, or green earth, probably used as a paint; three incisors of a woodchuck (Marmota viona.v); a small amount of red pigment (hematite); a small, im])erforate object of shell, elli])tical in outline; two lancehc^ads or knives about 3.5 and 4.5 inches in length, respectively; a netting needle of antler (Fig. 12, F); two sizers of the same material (Plate IX, F, H). Burial No. 31, a disturbance. Near the neck were small shell beads and part of a pin made from a bone of the deer. Burial No. 33, a disturbance. In association with the bones were: minute shell beads; five large discoidal ones; a barrel-shaped bead of claystone, 1.25 inch in length; ]jart of a large weapon of flint. Burial No. 34, a disturbance. Shell beads were near the head in great numbers, discoidal, minute and large. With these were shell ornaments, one at each side of the skull, and one over the right shoulder, being sections of the body-whorl of the marine shell Busyco)}, each about 3.75 inches long by 3.5 inches wide, having two perforations at one end and one in the center. These rude gorgets were without decoration. At the neck and on the upper part of the thorax were shell beads and a bead of jet, barrel-shai)ed, 2.1 inches in length (Plate XII). With the shell l^eads were two other beads of jet and one of clay- stone; also parts of two curved strips of shell; a long bead of shell partly i:)erfo- rated; four canines of th(> wolf, i:)ei-forated at the proximal end for susi)ension, which evidently had been strung among the ))eads. Lying on the right side of the thorax, its long axis corres]ionding with that ' ( '. li. .Moore, " Alioviiiiiial Sites on 'rcniicsscc Hi\-('r," /iiisxiiii. .loritx, Ai\i). X \|-. Sci. Pmi.A., vol. XVI. ■yii IV ■■ II r( .,„tlf.v 4 Bur X(i. i'>; li, Bur. Xo. 23(i; (', ]5ur. No. 216; D, Bur P,, „.-N,.ttn,g needle, o, ^;^^^^^^^^;^^^^^^^^ ^Z^,.,. ^„. 3,, ^, Bur, No. 163. "The Indian Knoll." iFuU sue.) No. 202 (with the antler sizer); E, Bin'. No. -- 'i^-iiM ,£^ iN,; 'p^^ i V N-.^ ?ti~ ,.■?;; i'i- VT ^-'i ^,««v- ;' ^- ^- Fid. 13.— Netting needles of antler. .1, Bur. No. 37; B, Bur. No. 93; C, Bur. No. (17; D, Bur. No. 77; E, Wwv. No. 101 ; F, Bur. No. i).5; d, Bur. No. 233; //, no burial. "The Indian Knoll." (Full .size.) 460 SOAIK AP>()RI(;iXAL SITKS. (»r the skeleton, was a sizer of liinestoDe (Plate IX, />), its needle of antler, much broken, in association. Burial No. ;-!G, a child, having associated shell beads, large, medium, small, and minute, with others made from an undetermined sjx'cies rjf the river uni- A'alve Ancido.'^a. With this burial also were traces of red i)igment, and the shell of a tortoise containing i)cbbles — a rattle. Burial Xo. 37, closeh' flexed on the right, bringing the right knee and elbow together, near which lay a netting needle of antlei- (Fig. b3, .4) and its sizer of claystone (Plate XP (', shown in cross-section. Fig. Id, C) which a])i)arently had been brokcai ceremoniall>', as parts of it were sei)ai'ated one from another by at least G inches. Burial X^o. 38, a young child having at the neck a considerable number of beads wrought from the river shell Anculosd pra-rosa. Burial No. 39, closely flexed on th(- left. Under the skull, piled on one another, were three undecorated ornaments of shell, one badl>' l)rok(>n, rude gorgets similar to those aln^ady described in connection with Burial Xo. 34. Burial Xo. 42, adolescent, closely flexed to th(> left. At th(> right shoulder was red pigment (iron oxide), and shell beads extended down the right side. Burial X^o. 43, partly flexed on the right. At the i)el\'is were shell beads and a barrel-sha])ed bead of jet. Burial Xo. 45, lying ])artly flexed on th(> left, had the up])er ])art of the trimk i)rone. Extending around ihc neck were sliell beads having at intervals amcmg them, foui' canine teeth of the coyote, with i)erf orations in the ])roximal parts. PTnder the middle i^art of the thorax was a sizer of fossiliferous, ferruginous limestone (Plate IX, E), and immediately alongside it, its needle of antler (Fig. 12, A). X'ear these, on the ch(>st, were many shell beads, and others were along the forearm. Burial X"o. 47, extended on the back, at the liottom of a grave nearly 6 feet from the surface, the thickness of the midden dci)osit at this ixjint being 3 feet 9 inches, so that th(> pit extended about 2 feet into the yellow, underlying sand. Beads of shell were on the temple, under the skull, at the neck, and on the chest, some, ])erliai)s, dis])laced from their original positions at the time of the inter- ment. ^^'ith the shell Ix'ads were thre(> fine, barrel-shaped f^eads of jet, the largest shown in Plate XII. Between the femora and l)e>'ond the pehds were two curved strips of sirell of th(> kind often found among the b(>ads at this place, this dei)Osit Ix'ing i)robably a gift and placed hastily without I'cgard for posi- tion. ( )n the thorax, below the neck, was a sizer of ciuartz ( Plate XI, A). Most careful search failed to come ui)on the expected needle of antler, and no dis- turbance or deposit of shell in the grave was present to explain its al)sence- Burial Xo. 48, a distui'bance accompanied with shell beads and two lance- heads of flint, 4.7.3 inches and ;!..■> inches in l(>ngtli, respectively. P)urial Xo. of, 1liat of a child aliout ten years of age, had three undecorated JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA., 2ND SER., VOL. XVI PLATE XI ^V^yate^""^ r, "•' ^ f V r,^. .,-j^- ^ ^'' f# ^'^ MESH -SPACERS. "THE INDIAN KNOLL." A, QUARTZ, BUR. NO. 47; B. QUARTZ, BUR. NO. 251; C, CLAYSTONE, BUR. NO. 37; D- CLAYSTONF BUR^ NO. 93 E LIMESTONE, BUR. NO. 211; F, BANDED CLAYSTONE, BUR. NO. 105; G, SILICIOUS MATERIAL RESEMBLING JADE, BUR. NO. 95; H, QUAKIZ, BUR. NO. 202; I, GABBRO, BUR. NO. 236. (full size.) Fii;. 14. — To face Plalc XI. ( 'I'oss-sectiuiis. The letUTiiig cuiTcspoiids lu t lial (.m Flat c XI. ( I'uU .size.) 4S .JOUHN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XVI. 462 SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. slicU gorgets similar to those found witli Burial Xo. 34, which presumabl}' had been arranged around the neck, judging from the position in which they were found. Burial No. 52, closely flexed on the left. Near this skeleton was part of that of a dog, the rest having been removed by a neighboring burial with which other l:)ones belonging to the same dog's skeleton were found. At the back of the neck of Burial No. 52 was an object of limestone, 4.1 inches in length, some- what reseml^ling a bar amulet, but without i^crforation. Burial No. 53, closely flexed on the right, lying at the bottom of a grave 5.5 feet from the surface and extending about 2 feet into the underlying, yellow sand, had a piercing imi^lement of bone on the i:)elvis. Burial No. 56, closely flexed on the right, had at each ear a curved ornament of shell of the kind already several times described. At the top of the skull was a mass of gray clay, ])robably a pigment, and a rude implement of flint. Burial No. 60, an infant in a grave pit, having shell beads at the neck, among which was a long, tubular one of shell, a central piece, no doubt. Burial No. 61, closely flexed on the left, having a mass of pigment (hematite) at the right of the skull. Burial No. 62, an infant. Near the head were shell beads and two of the curved strijjs of shell well known at this place. Burial No. 64, a child lying with the skeleton next to be described, that of an adult. On the chest of the child, hanging downward and extending over on the })elvis of the adult, where presumably they had swung at the time of burial, was a rouleau of discoidal beads of shell, each about .7 inch in diameter, having centrally in the string a barrel-shaped bead of jet and terminally an ornament of copper about 4 inches in length, somewhat resembling a small, ceremonial blade. At the cutting edge, however, is a perforation for suspension. Many small, shell beads were on the chest. Burial No. 65, closely flexed on the left, had on the pelvis a bone pin and two incisors of the beaver. Burial No. 67, partly flexed to the right. Near the skull was an arrowhead or knife. On the right side of the thorax lay a netting needle of antler (Fig. 13, C), between the closely flexed forearm and the ribs. Some distance away, on the upper part of the pelvis, lay a beautiful sizer of silicious rock (Plate X, I). Burial No. 71, closely flexed on the left, had on the pelvis a lancehead or knife, of flint, about 3 inches in length. Burial X'^o. 72, closely flexed on the left. Near the skull were two lance- heads or kni^^es, respectively about 3,5 inches and 4 inches in length, and another near))y 4.25 inches long. Under the thorax was a mass of gray clay, probably a pigment, and under the left shouldc^r was an object of fine-grained sandstone, which seems to have l)een jmrt of a small sizer, an indication of the original per- foration remaining on one side of the object as it now is. An effort apparently was made to drill a hole longitudinally through it, but the attempt was abandoned SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 463 Fig. 15. — Incom- plete ornaniciit of fine-grained sand- stone. With Burial No. 72. "The In- dian Knoll." (Full (Fig. 15). With this were several bone i:iins, all broken. An arrowhead or knife of flint lay near the left forearm. Burial No. 73, closely flexed to the right, had spread on the left thigh: a bone fish-hook, shown in Fig. 8; eight arrowheads or knives; part of another; two fragments of antler; jawbones of the woodchiick (Mar- mota vionax) ; two bits of flint. Burial No. 75, imrtly flexed on the right, had at the neck two curved, perforated strips of shell, and a similar one on the chest. Burial No. 76, adolescent, closely flexed to the left. The skeleton la}^ on the bottom of a grave-pit, 6 feet 9 inches from the surface. The midden deposit at this place was 3 feet 5 inches thick, so the bones lay 3 feet 4 inches deep in the un- derlying, yellow sand. Shell beads and tubular beads of bone were around the neck; shell beads were at the left wrist. A flint knife lay at the pelvis. Burial No. 77, closely flexed on the right. Under the right side of the thorax lay a netting needle of antler (Fig. 13, D), and immediately with it a sizer, also of antler (Fig. 9, C). Burial No. 78, a child. At the head were: two undecor- ated shell gorgets; a mass of glauconite, or green earth; a drill and probably a knife, of flint. Burial No. 80, closely flexed on the left, had at the neck shell beads and a large barrel-shaped bead of jet. Burial No. 82, a child about five or six years of age. Ai:)parently a double string of shell beads had been placed around the back of the neck and continued down on each side of the chest in front to just above the pelvis, where they united. At this point lay a sizer of quartz (Plate X, E), its long axis corre- sponding with that of the child's body, some of the beads lying under the upper end of the sizer. With the sizer was its netting needle of antler (Fig. 10, H). About half-way down the strings of beads, on each side, was a barrel-shaped bead of jet. Curved shell ornaments, perforated strips of shell, were, one at the right shoulder, another about 4 inches away in the sand (Plate XII), the ornament nearest the skeleton lying among the beads. Burial No. 83, closely flexed on the left, having on the pelvis an arrowhead or knife, of flint. Burial No. 84, closely flexed to the right. At the outer side of the left shoulder in a heap and in no order, were: a rude, blunt tool of limestone; a grooved axe of limestone; a bone awl; three arrowheads or knives and two drills, all of flint; a fragment of flint; a number of unworked bones, mostly of the deer but some having belonged to birds, many broken; a sizer of antler (Fig. 9, E); its netting needle of antler, h'ing with it, too much crushed and deca^'ed for exact restora- 4C4 SOME AP.()RI(;iNAI. SITES. tion. I']vcn the sizer had ))ecn injured l)y .iuxtai)o,siti(jn witli the tools of stone. AsphaU. found in the cavit>' of the needle and te.sted by Doctor Keller, is d(>scribed in the Inti'oduction. "The Indian Knoll," it should be remembered, is not, i)roperly si)eakino', a mound, Init a dwelling-site, and the finding of a grooved axe in it has no bearing on tire (question as to whether or not grooved axes were i)laced in mounds. Burial No. 87, a child. On the chest lay a sizer of coarsely crystalline rock (Plate X, H), which had been broken longitudinallA' and across, but not by a blow that had crushed or chijjped in any way, leaving four parts about equal in size. Three of these parts lay almost together, the fourth was not found, and, presumably, when the ceremonial breaking occurred, the portion was left else- where. It seems hardly necessary to say here that when part of a sizer was not recovered the matter was not lightly passed over or abandoned until after a thorough search. Near the skull, upright, was the thicker or hollow end of a netting needle of antler. The l)urial of an adult la>' immediately above that of the child under descrii)tion, and it is likely that its i)osition rasiy account for the loss of part of the needle and even for that of the fragment of sizer. Bin-ial No. 92, adolescent, closely flexed on the right. At the pelvis were a few shell beads made from Ariciilosd pnvro^^n and an imdetermined species of Ancidosa, river univalves. AVith these were two beads of jet. Burial No. 93, i^artly flexed, the upper i:)art of the trimk face-down, throwing the knees to the left. At the neck were shell beads and two of jet. Near the left elbow, over the left femur, and on the trunk were fragments of a large marine shell, seemingly broken ceremonially and scattered. In the angle between the kne(>s and the trunk of the skeleton, at the edge of the grav(\ was a sizer of claystone (Plate XI, J)), broken but with all i^arts present except one. Its needle of antler la.v with it (Fig. 13, B). AYith these were: a spearjjoint of antler; a small mass of glauconite; a lunrp of powdered hematite; a bone pin; several fragments of flint; tlic pointed ends of four lance- heads and the lower ])art of one of them, all of flint. With these fragments was a rude arrowhead which readily coifld ha\T been made from i)art of a lance- ])oint such as were found. Burial No. 95, closely flexed to the right, lying on the bottom of a pit 5 feet 10 inches from the surface. The midden deposit was here 4 feet 2 inches in thickness, and the burial lay 1..") foot deep in the yellow sand. At the outer side of the left humerus la>' a netting needle of antler (Fig. 13, F). Its sizer, of sihcious mat(>rial resembling jade (Plate XI, (J), was found in the sand near the pelvis. Shell l)eads encircled the left elbow. P)urial No. 97, closely flexed on the right. On the upi^er part of the left side of the thoivax were a flint knife and a bone awl. Burial No. 99, adolesc(>nt, closely flexed on the left. At the neck were sheU beads in great numl)(>rs (Anndoxa prirrosri and the undetermined Ancidosd) continuing down the up])er part of the thorax. SOMJ<] ABORKllNAL SlTl^^S. 4()5 On the verteljrte, l^elow the chest, were three ])arts of a winged stone of ([uartz (Plate IX, B), rei)resenting about half the ornament. It is very unlikely that the remainder of this object had been with the fragments found, as our digger had come upon a part of the skeleton remote from where the object lay, without disturbing the bones, which were entirely removed with a trowel. More- over, all the surrounding soil was conscientiously sifted without success. Here we have another instance of ceremonial breaking apart from the burial and failure to inter all the fragments. No netting needle was found with this winged stone, though latei' in the digging we met this type associated with a netting needle. Burial No. 101, a child having shell beads at the neck. Burial No. lOo, closely Hexed to the left. At the face was an ornament of copper, 6 inches long, centrallj' perforated and somewhat resembling a bar amulet in outline. Shell beads, including a barrel-shaped one of jet, were at the neck. Burial No. 104, partly flexed to the left. At the right wrist were discoidal shell beads and perforated river uniA'alves (Ancidasa prarrMi). Evidently strung with these beads were eight canine teeth of the wolf, having each a per- foration in the i^roximal end. Burial No. 105, a 3'oung child. Aroimd the neck were a few shell beads and two of the curved strips of shell common at this i)lace, one somewhat shorter than the other, as we sometimes found them; also two canine teeth of the wolf, each having two iierforations in line at the proximal end. At the left shoulder was a netting needle of antler too badly decayed for exact restoration, and its sizer of banded claystone (Plate XI, F). Burial No. 109, a child. At th(^ neck were shell beads and one of jet accom- panied with a large shell bead, evidently a companion i)iece. On the chest, l)rol)ably having been sus])ended from the bead necklet, was a gorget of sh(dl, l)adh' crushed, having had a small, rude decoration of three parallel lines en- closing two rows of punctate marks. Burial No. 110, closely flexed to the left. At the neck and on the upi)er ])art of the chest were shell beads and two b(\ads of jet. At each side of the head was a curved, ])erforated strip of shell, of the kind C(_)mmon at the Knoll, seemingly ear-ornaments in this instance. I^urial No. Ibl Closely flexed on the left. At the left side of the thorax was a small (luantity of hematite i)igment. Burial No. 114, a young child, having a necklet of shell beads interspersed with four i)erf orated, canine teeth of the bob-cat (Lynx ruft(s). With the beads, apparently as a central ornament, were two of the well-known strips of shell. About 6 inches from the feet of the skeleton was a bone tube 5.25 inches in length, apparently ])olislicd by use, as are the other four tubes from this place. 8ix inches distant from the skeleton w^as the shell of a turtle or of a tortoise, broken, a I'attle, containing ]iebbles unusually large, some having the size of the end of one's little finger. 466 SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. Burial No. 115, adolescent, closely flexed to the right. Shell beads, a bead of jet, and two ]:)erforated canine teeth of the wolf were at the neck. Between the left humerus and the ribs was a netting needle of antler, too badly decayed for complete restoration. On the upper part of the right side of the thorax lay a sizer of granite (Plate X, D). Burial No. 116, adolescent, closely flexed to the right. Under the skeleton but not on the other parts of the bottom of this grave, was a layer of ]iowdered hematite, having a maximum thickness of about .5 inch. Back of the skull, together, were two of the well-known curved shell strips. Burial No. 122, jmrticularly described elsewhere. Across the ui)per part of the right thigh were shell beads, including a large one of jet. Burial No. 124, closely flexed to the right. On the ribs of the right side of the thorax lay a netting needle of antler (Fig. 10, C). A handsome sizer of the same material (Plate IX, G) rested on the left elbow. Burial No. 126. This skeleton lay on the back to the knees, the legs closely flexed to the outer side of the thighs. A knife or arrowhead, of flint, was at the right knee. Burial No. 129, closely flexed to the left. At the neck were three large, tubular beads of shell and one of jet. One of the shell beads, haA'ing split when in use, had been fastened with asphalt. Burial No. 134, closel}' flexed to the right. Red pigment (hematite) was on the upper part of the right humerus. At the lower part of the right side of the thorax la}' a flint knife 4.5 inches in length. An arrowhead or knife, of the same material, 2.75 inches long, was on the lower part of the thorax. Halfway down the right thigh was a blunt, celt-shaped imi^lement of ciuartzite, lying near the knife, owing to the flexion of the skeleton. A mass of gra}' clay was near the pelvis. Burial No. 136, partly flexed to the left. At the left of the skull was a knife or arrowhead, of flint. Burial No. 139, closely flexed to the left. Around the neck were beads of shell and one of jet. Burial No. 142, closely flexed to the left. The skeleton lay at the bottom of a grave 6 feet 7 inches from the surface, the midden dei)osit there being 4.5 feet thick, so that the grave-i)it extended about 2 feet into the yellow sand. Near the skull burial of this and having one leg under the cranium, was the skeleton of a dog, its skull immcdiatel.y against the human cranium. Burial No. 145, a child having shell beads around the neck, including two of jet. Burial No. 148, closely flexed to the left, lay in a deep grave and had a bone piercing implement under the left leg, which must have been intentionally placed, as the skeleton lay far from the midden refuse. Burial No. 150, a child about 3 ^^ars of age, having beside it the skeleton of a dog. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 467 /'■■ Burial No. 152, closeh' flexed to the right, more than 6 feet from the surface. On the upper part of the chest lay a knife or lancehead, of flint. Burial No. 153, a child, lay immediately under Burial No. 152, but in reverse position, the head of the child being under the pelvis of the adult. Around the child's neck were beads of shell {Anculom prcerosa and one Ccunpeloma of un- determined species) accompanied with a bead of claystone. Burial No. 154, an infant. At the neck were four discoidal beads of sheU. Burial No. 155, closely flexed on the right. On the upper i^art of the chest, was an arrowhead or knife, of flint. Burial No. 157, closely flexed to the right. Five discoidal, shell beads were at the neck. Burial No. 159, a child. Around the neck and extending down on the chest were shell beads and nineteen beads of claystone, none especially large. Burial No. 160, described in our special forms of burial. Shell beads and two beads of claystone were around the neck and around the left wrist and on the pelvis. The beads were as follows: the marine ^ univalve Marginella apicina, the fresh-water univalve .4?!- culosa of undetermined species, with many discoidal beads of medium size and some fairly large. With them were also two perforated fragments of shell, one being of a large marine univalve, and two shell tops of heads of hairpins. These, as shown in Fig. 16, had been made by placing the end of a pin in a lumj) of material, prob- ably asphalt, and the section of shell on toj:). The shanks of the ornaments were missing, probably through decay. Burial No. 161, already described as to the form of burial. Under the i)elvis were two small, undecorated shell ornaments, each having two perforations at one end. With these were shell beads of the ordinary kind and of the two varieties of Anculosa found in this site, also a bead of bone, all probably having hocn on the front of some garment. Near together, where the hands would be, the body being face-down as described, were a netting needle of antler (Fig. 13, E) and a sizer of banded claystone (Plate X, B). Asphalt remained in the perforation of this sizer. Under the right foot was an arrowpoint. Burial No. 163, partly flexed to the right. At the outer side of the lower part of the right humerus was a sizer of chalcedony (Plate X, C), a beautiful object. On the oi)posite side of the arm, an inch or two distant from the sizer, lay the usual netting needle of antler, considerably crushed but since restored (Fig. 12, G). Near the elbow were two discoidal, shell beads which may have been attached to one end of the sizer in an ornamental capacity. In the case of Burial No. 263, this site, we shall see how beads were used as ornaments in conjunction with asphalt. At the neck of the skeleton were a few shell beads. Fi( . IG.- Head of hair- pin. With Burial No. 1(10, 'The Indian Knoll." (Full size.) 4()S SOME AHORKIINAl. SITJ'^S. Burial No. ]()4, whoso form has ah'ead>' l)eon described. Near the left of the pelvis were three bone pins. In tlie vicinity of tlie I'igiit elbow were masses of red clay and of .gray clay, near these being a rattle made from the shell of a tortoise, containing pebl:)les, and a large l^ead of jet, also a bit of flint. P)Uiial Xo. Kio, an infant. On the bottom of the pit in which the skeleton lay was hematite pigment covei'ing a space somewhat larger than that occu])icd b>' the bones. Bmial No. 1()6, partly Hexed f)n the left, lay in a i)it above Burial No. 167, the burial under descrii)tion being nearly 7 feet from the surface. One of its limibar vertebra' is transfixed by a spearhead of antler, our first exjjerience in discovering a i)oint of any kind embedded in human bone. Dr. M. (b ]\iiller, wdio, while carefull>^ removing each bone of tliis skeleton for transmittal to the National Museum, the ]:)resent writer being at hand, came upon the transfixed vertebra, kindly has ])repared a note on this subject to follow the close of our account of our work at "The Indian Knoll." Burial No. 167. The form of this l_)urial has been already described. At the base of the skull was a celt-shaped, blunt implement without the ]X'rforation at one end that some of these tools possess, though none of the perforated kind was found in the Knoll. Also near the skull wei'e two discs of shell, accompanying hemis])heres of asphalt,' the up])er })arts of ornamental hairpins of the kind shown in connection with Burial Xo. 160. Under this Inuial in pai't and i)artly under that of a child lying nearby, was the skeleton of a dog. Burial X"o. 169, closely flexed to the left, had an ar- rowhead or knife near the skull. Burial Xo. 170, already deseril)ed as to form. Ex- tending along the right side (.)f the lower jmrt of the thorax, ])lace(l face to face closely, resembling a solid mass, were eleven heart-shai)ed beads of shell arranged to pre- sent a uniform outline as shown in Fig. 17. If these lieads had been fastened together, i^resiunabh' gimi had l)een emjiloyed, as no trace of asi)halt remained. Burial No. 171, already described as to form, had, at the right ell)ow, a lance-point of flint, 4.25 inches in length. Burial Xo. 173, the skeleton of an infant at the bot- tom of a circular pit 20 inches in diameter, extending in- to the sand. The bottom of the grave had been covered Fi(_i. 17. — Objects of shell, shown as rouml. With t5ui'ial Xo. J 70. '■ The Indian Ivnoll." (Full size.) ' Doelor KeUer wrilr's of (liis sidjslanre loniid witii I'.ui-ial Xo. Ili7 as "a luiltle material wliicli on i^i'inilinu; >'iehls a h,i{hf hfown jxiwiiei-. It afso roiitains neail>' .'50 per i-rui . of asphaltuni and yields an ash (jf hii^lilx' silicioiis sniistaiice wliiidi also eoutains sonn' ]ilios]iliale of lime, hut nuieli less than the ])i'eeedin!j; si)eeimen." lieferenee is made liy Doetoi' Kelha' lo I he asphalt found with liiirial Xo. S4, refcn'ed to Ijy us in the Introdilrtion. Doelor Iveiha' made a nundier of tests (jf the asphalt from this site, not all of wliieh are !ii\'en in del ail I iv us. SOME ABORIGINAI. SITES. 469 with a thin deix),sit of hematite, pink in sliade. At the face was a tul:)e of l:)one G.7 inches in length and .8 inch in niaxinuun diamet(>r, liighh' pohshed, like all similar tulles in this mound, as already stated. Burial No. 172 la^^ closely flexed to the left at the bottom of a grave 7 feet 8 inches deep, extending 3 feet 2 inches into the sand. The skull and skeleton were saved. The skulls and other bones given l)y us to the United States National IN'Iuseum were shipped from the field without thorough cleaning. After their arrival at destination we were gratified to receive from Dr. Ales Hrdlicka the following communication: "In cleaning skull No. 290,056, a young female from 'The Indian Knoll,' we found a ragged hole in the right temi)le and a crude, larg(>, flint arrowhead within the skull cavity," in reference to Burial No. 172. The outline of the broken i)art is clearly notched by the edge of the arrow- point on entrance. On the opi)osite side of the skull, in line, is a broken space in thin bone, the margin of part of which is recent. It is i)ossil.)le that the skull at this place may have been fractured by the impact of the arrow within and parts may have broken awa,v then and parts afterward. One hardly looks for the fate indicated by the presence of this arrowhead to have befallen a young woman even in savage times. Doubtless some story of nnirder or of massacre lies behind this episode. Fid. 17(1. — A)-i'owlic;ul of flint, found within tlic skull cavity of Burial ^'o. 172. 15otli sides ai't; shown. (Full size.) The arrowhead of flint, found within the skull cavity, about 2 inches in present length, has lost part of the point and seemingly some of the shank, both i)resumably through force of impact. An interesting fact in connection with this arrowpoint, which was used to such effect, is its crudity, ajmrt from its nnitilation; if found by us under any other circumstances, it would have been considered unfinished or a "waster." This 49 .TOTTRX. A. X. S. PUILA., VOL. XVI. 470 SOME ABORIGINAL 8ITP]S. arrowhead, which demonstrates the result of how rude an effort sometimes saw actual use, is shown in Fig. 17a, both sides being represented. Burial No. 174, closely flexed on the left. Near the skull was an arrowhead of antler. Burial No. 179, adolescent, closely flexed to the right. A few shell beads encircled the right forearm. Burial No. 185, the skeleton of a child, slightly disturbed. Against the lower jaw was a small ornament of sheet-copper, somewhat broken. Biu'ial No. 186, an infant with which was a mass of the red oxide pigment, about the size of a woman's fist. Burial No. 189, a young child. At the neck were four beads of shell and at the pelvis a tube of bone slightly smaller than the one described in connection with Burial No. 173. Burial No. 192, adolescent, closely flexed to the right. At the back of the skull lay a muller which, as this biuial lay 6.5 feet from the surface in the under- lying yellow sand, jn-esumably had been intentionally interred with the burial. Burial No. 196, a young infant lying at the bottom of a grave, 7 feet from the surface and extending nearly 3 feet into the sand. The bones were wonder- full.y i)reserved for those of one so young. The bottom of the small grave-i:)it, about 21 inches in diameter, was covered with red hematite pigment. Burial No. 201, an infant. At the neck and on the thorax were discoidal shell beads and others made from the river shell A}iculo.sa prcerosa. With the beads was a small ellipse of shell with a large central opening, also a strip of shell about one inch in length, pointed at one end and having a perforation at the other. Burial No. 202, closely flexed on the left, the upper arms along the chest, the forearms partly flexed and almost in contact with the knees, which were about one foot from the forehead. Near the right knee and the right hand was a sizer of fiuartz (Plate XI, H), having its needle of antler (Fig. 12, E) only 2 inches away. At the right hand were a sizer of antler (Fig. 9, J) and its needle of the same material (Fig. 12, D). At the right shoulder was a grooved axe of limestone, the poll at the shoulder, the blade down the side of the burial. This skeleton lay 5 feet 6 inches deep, 1.5 foot in the yellow sand, so that the axe evidently had Ijeen intentionally placed and was not an accidental apposition. Burial No. 204, described elsewhere as to jwsition. At the ])elvis lay a flint knife or arrowhead. Burial No. 206, adolescent, ])artly flexed to the right. Around the neck were a few small, discoidal, shell I)eads and three larger ones of shell with a barrel-shaj^ed bead of jet. Burial No. 208, a child. Placed side by side were two parts of a pestle of limestone which had been 13 inches in length, lying beside the skull. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 471 Burial No. 209, a child. Shell beads and one of jet were at the neck. Burial No. 210, closely flexed on the back, at the bottom of a grave, S feet 5 inches from the surface, extending 2 feet 2 inches into the sand. Around the neck were shell beads and a tubular one of claystone. Alongside the skull, in fragments, was a large drinking-cup made from the marine shell Busycon pcr- versum. Burial No. 211, adolescent, closely flexed on the left. On the ui)i)er i)art of the right side of the thorax were twenty-three discoidal beads of shell, each about .7 inch in diameter, and a fine l)ead of jet. On the lower part of the thorax was a sizer of limestone (Plate XI, E) and its netting needle of antler, somewhat decayed. Burial No. 212, closely flexed on the right. Shell beads and one of jet lay across the ui>pcr part of the thorax. Burial No. 216, a child, flexed closely on the right, having around the neck and extending down on the thorax a few discoidal shell beads and many made from the two species of Anculosa, often encountered at this site. Among these were; a barrel-shaped bead of claystone one inch in length; two perforated canine teeth of the bob-cat (Lynx rufus) ; and one of the curved shell strips having perforations, found at this site. On the lower part of the thorax, together, were a sizer of silicious material resembling jade (Plate X, G) and its needle of antler (Fig. 12, C). Burial No. 218, an infant. At the neck were shell beads and a barrel-shaped one of cla3^stone. Burial No. 219, a child. At the pelvis was a small sizer of antler (Fig. 9, D) and its needle, the latter somewhat decayed and having i)art missing from a break in early times. Near the sizer was a bead of antler 1.2 inch in length and an arrowhead or knife of flint, another being at the right femur. A bonc^ ])in in fragments lay near the pelvis. Burial No. 222, partly flexed to the right. Fifteen shell beads were around the neck, and a fine barrel-shaped one of jet. Burial No. 226, closely fiexed to the right. At the ui)i)er part of the left humerus was a bone awl; a flint scraper lay over the right elbow. Burial No. 229, adolescent, closely flexed on the left. On the thorax were a few shell beads. Between the knees and thorax was the carai:)ace of a tortoise, having two holes at one end for suspension — doubtless part of a rattle. Burial No. 230, an infant, having five tubular shell beads at the neck, each from 1 inch to 1.6 inch in length, and a large tubular iDcad of jet. Near the beads were four gorgets of shell, bearing a rude decoration common to all, shown in Fig. 18. Burial No. 231. Parts of a skeleton interred on the back, the central portion missing. Around the neck were shell beads and a tulmlar bead of claystone. Near the right femur was an arrowhead of flint, while another arrowhead and a bone pin, together, were nearby. 472 SOAIl': Ai^jORKlIXAL SITES. Burial No. 283, i)artl>^ fkwcd t(j the I'iolit. Around the neck and above the shoukler, as if thc> sti'ing had swung out from the neck, were beads of sliell and tmm'^'^'^'T^^ / r-v y 18.— (;urs>:et uf shell. Willi Burial Xo. 230. 'The Indian Knoll." (Full size. one of ckiA'stone. Other Iwads were on the upi)er ])art of the thorax. A l)one awl and a netting needle of antler (P'ig. 13, (r) were at the left of the pelvis, but no sizer was found. With this l:)urial was also an incisor of a beaver {C the level of the thighs and over them. Immediately under this burial was that of another child, i)artly flexed to the right, the pelvis below that of the uj^per one, though the trunks were not in the same line, the head of the deeper burial being to one side. Just back of the i)elvis of Burial No. 23() was a netting needle of antler (Fig. 12, B) and most of a sizer of gabbro (Plate XI, /). The breaking of this sizer we believe to have been ceremonial, as the needle was intact and the Ijones of the skeleton were undisturbed. There was every evidence that a double biu'ial had been made at one time. The two i)rincii)al imrts of the sizer were lying together, th(jugh the position of one ])art was re- versed in reference to the other, that is, its outer, or unbroken margin was toward the ))roken i)art of the other. Moreover, small ])arts of the sizer lay near the skull and one in front of the thorax. Though this burial was entirely removed wdth the aid of a trowel and all the material taken out was ])ass(^d through a sieve, some minor i)arts of the sizer \\(:'yc not recovered, and these, presumabh', were left behind at the scene of the ceremonial bi'caking. In front of the skull were tw(.) discs of shell fitting to hemisi)h(>res of asphalt, each having a hole in the hnver part where the end of a pin had been. These, SOMIO AP.()RI(!1NAL SITES. 473 when entire, had been ])ins used as ornaments in the hair, hke others in this l)Iace. Shell beads were at the pelvis and in front of the trunk below the thorax, having with them eleven shell strips of various shapes and sizes, each with a perforation at one end but without decoration. With the ])eads also were eight tubular beads of red claA'stone, the longest 1.6 inch in length, and a fine bead of the same material, ol:)late spheroidal, shown in Plate XII. These beads and ornaments may haA^e formed a girdle around the waist. Under the pelvis was a drill of flint. Burial Xo. 237, a child, having shell beads, a large one of jet and four smaller ones of claystone. Burial Xo. 240, partly flexed to the left. At the right wrist were a few shell beads and a small, undecorated, shell j^endant. The condition of the skull of this individual showed him to have been born under an evil star. A blow from a club, the poll of an axe, or some other blunt weajwn had fractured the skull on the left side, which he had survived, as shown by the condition of the fracture. On the other side of the skull are marks of four wounds: a circular oi)ening evidently left by the end of an antler point; another oj^ening where seemingly two antler points have entered near together, and a third jierforation caused either b}' a glancing blow from an arrow, a thrust of a si:)ear coming obliquel.y, or from the edge of an axe. From these wounds the victim did not recover, as there is no sign of repair on the margins. Dr. M. G. Miller has kindl>' prepared the following note in reference to these wounds: "Starting from a point on the left ]mrietal l:ione, two inches below the sagittal suture and the same distance back of the coronal, a wide line of fracture extends downward and forward to the ui)i)er end of the temporo-sphenoidal suture and continues down this suture almost to the base of the skull. From the upper end of this fracture another line, less oj^en but clearly deflned, extends downward and backward to the temporo-parietal suture which it intersects about 1.5 inch back of the main fracture. Connecting these about 1.5 inch below their ])oint of union is a third line antero-posterior in direction. "Throughout most of its course the princii)al line of fracture is superficially wide, the separation of the margins of the outer j^late of the skull measuring over .1 inch in places. The edges are rounded and somewhat irregular, evidently the result of a sui)purative process. Along the middle ])art of its course, for about .75 inch, the fissure extends through the inner ])late also, presenting here a free opening into the cranial cavity. Restoration of bone tissue, however, is evident along the upper part, where there is some thickc^ning of the outer ])late. "The shorter line of fracture, clearly defined, is solidly luiited throughout its course, while the connecting fracture is merely a trac(\ "The part of the ])arietal l\'ing in the angle formed b>' the two principal lines of fractui'c is somewhat depressed, cspeciall.y at the apex, where consid(n-al:)le SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 475 Burial No. 253, adolescent, closely flexed on the back. At the neck were seven discoidal beads of shell, each about one inch in diameter. Burial No. 254, a child. At the neck were shell Ijeads. Burial No. 255, closely flexed on the right. At the outer side of the right elbow was a rattle made from the shell of a box-tortoise, having in place pebbles much larger than were usually employed l^y the aborigines for this purpose. Burial No. 256, closely flexed on the left. A portion of a lance or dagger, of flint, 3.3 inches in length, rested on the lower part of the chest. Burial No. 258, closely flexed to the right. Above and around this skeleton and also Burials Nos. 266 and 267, were mingled bones, including three calvaria. Burial No. 259, closelj^ flexed on the left. This skeleton lay at the bottom of a pit extending into the yellow soil, the bottom of which was covered with a thin layer of charcoal immediately beneath the burial but not beyond it. At the left knee was part of a sizcr of gneiss (Plate X, F) and its needle of antler (Fig. 10, D). Protracted sifting failed to find the remainder of this sizer and presumably we have here another case of ceremonial breaking. Burials Nos. 260 and 261. A skeleton closely flexed on the right had delicate bones and a skull resembling that of a woman. On the right arm, the face against the breast of Burial No. 260, was Burial No. 261, an infant. Burial No. 262, closely flexed to the left. At the left side of the skull was a deposit of pointed implements of bone, and three claws of a raptorial bird. Burial No. 263, partly flexed to the right. Encircling the pelvis, and prob- ably on the belt, at one time, were beads made from the fresh-water univalve Anculosa yrcerosa. At the right side of the pelvis were two complete hairpins of bone, having heads made of asphalt and shell beads, shown in Plate XII. "A new use for beads," said Mr. Wifloughby, on seeing them. Burial No. 264, adolescent, closely flexed to the right. Shell beads and one small bead of claystone were at the left wrist. Burial No. 265, closely flexed to the left, but without a skull. This burial lay under Burial No. 258, and near Burials Nos. 266 and 267, near which were disconnected bones, and while it is possible the individual may have lost his head in battle, it is more likely it fell off before burial and probably was present among the crania lying near these skeletons. Burial No. 269, partly flexed to the right, also lacked the cranium, but here the cause was apparent, as a deeper grave (Burial No. 270) had intersected the one under description to the extent of the removal of the skull. Near where the cranium of Burial No. 269 had been, lay a flint knife. Burial No. 272, closely flexed to the right. At the outer side of the right elbow, with a mass of asphalt' was a sizer of antler (Fig. 9, A). Back of the left shoulder was another sizer of antler (Fig. 9, F) and its netting needle (Fig. ' Doctor Keller writes: "The .specimen marked 'Asphalt, Indian Knoll, Burial 272' contains less than 60 per cent, of mineral matter, and about 40 per cent, of asplialtum which is easily extracted with carbon bisulphide. The ash contains silica, alumina, lime, pliosphoric acid, and traces of oxide of iron." 47() SOME 7\B()RK;INAL SITES. 10, F), also a, laucchead or knilV more than 4 inches Ions, somewhat, broken. Al)0A'e the left shoulder was a smaller lancehead or knife. Across the thorax and lower, near the pelvis, were respectively, two bones of a dog. Burial No. 273, infant, having at the neck some discoidal shell beads, others made of Anculosd prcerosa, one l)ead of claystone .5 inch in diameter, five small fragments of marine sheU, each with a perforation for suspension, a small fossil having a natural perforation, perhaps used as a bead, and two canine teeth of a bob-cat {Lynx rufus), each having a perforation in the proximal end. Burial No. 2S0, closely fiexed on the right. Shell beads were at the neck. Fragments of a large marine univalve, which ]Kjssibly had been a cuj), were at the lower })art of the thorax. Burial No. 281, closely flexed to the right. Shell beads made from an un- known species of Anculosa, and a large bead of jet were at the lower part of the right humerus. A (quantity of red hematite i)igment extended along the right upper arm. In the angle between the knees and the body was a rattle made from the shell of a box-tortoise, in fragments, as were nearly all found here. Under the left knee was a lancehead 4 inches in length. Burial No. 2S3, a child. On the thorax, as though it had l)een susi)ended from th(> neck, was a molar of a wolf, ])erforated for suspension through each of the two roots and having, in addition, auxiliarj' grooves running longitudinall>" along the sides of each root. Burial No. 2S7, partly' fiexed to the right. Transversel,y under the pelvis lay the skeleton of a dog, the head projecting on one side, the hind-cjuarters on the other. Near the right elbow was the shell of a tortoise containing j^ebliles, badl>' crushed. Burial No. 290, infant, ha^'ing shell beads at the neck, among which were two curved strips of shell of the kind already described as found at this place. Burial No. 291, a child, had shell beads at the neck. Burial No. 295, infant. At the neck were shell beads and a tubular bead of claystone. Burial No. 296, already described as to form of burial. A lancehead 4 inches long, without a point, lay under the trunk. Another about one inch shorter was against vertebrae of the tliorax. Near the skull was a netting needle in fragments, which has since been restored (Fig. 10, A), probably a ceremonial Ijreaking which may ha^-e included the sizer, though none was found with the l)urial, which was carefully removed with a trowel. On that side of tlie Knoll toward the river, where ther(^ had been some w^ash, we were informed AIi'. W. F. Oundiff', son-in-law of ^Nlr. Brown, th(> owner of the Knoll, had picked up an object which proved to be a l)eautiful, winged stone of fiint, of exfiuisite shades and s>'mmetry. Tins we obtained from Mr. Cundiff and illustrate on Plate XII. We purchased from a resident of Paradise, which is opi)osite the Knoll as we have stated, an object a])parenth' of claystone, having a deep, rounded JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA., 2ND SER., VOL. XVI PLATE XII BUR. 263 *^m BUR. 236 BUR. 82 BUR. 263 BUR. 34 BUR. 47 ^rz:.g,'?rt-£^z. ORNAMENTAL HAIR-PINS; BEAD OF CLAYSTONE; SHELL ORNAMENTS; BEADS OF JET; WINGED STONE OF FLINT. "THE INDIAN KNOLL." (full size.) SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 477 notch at one end, at the bottom of which arc two diaji;onal the detail accomi)anying the ilhistration (Fig. 19). Mr. found this object to serve admirably as an ar- rowshaft wrench and that it may have been so used. Mr. E. K. Williams, living about two miles from Paradise, Ky., possesses a bi-cavc stone of silicious material, 4.75 inches in diameter and 2.8 inches across each of the hollowed ])or- tions. This stone, which is not entirely sj'm- metrical, was, according to Mr. Williams's statement, found by his father on the ]:)roperty now occupied by the son. The stone was kindly submitted to us for examination. "The Indian Knoll," though larger, in com- l)osition resembles a number of dwelling-sites farther up Green river, where shells are largely mixed with the dark soil. These sites are, in order going up: the Newton Brown Place, at CJreen River P. O., Ohio County; the Austin Place, ^ Butler County; the Rhone Place and the Deweese Place, Butler County. These dwelling-sites, however, all investi- gated by us to some extent (except the Austin l)lace, where the i^resence of numerous build- ings stood in the way), so far as ascertained had much more solid and deeper dei)osits of shell than is that at the Indian Knoll. A well at the Deweese Place was dug through 12 feet of shell, it is said. At none of the ])laces men- tioned was soil beneath the shell reached by us. The burials found in our digging were grooves, as ^^'illoughb^ shown in saA's he widely scattered and ])anying them. liad no artifacts accom- Fi(!. 19. — Arrow-shaft wrc Indian Knoll." (Full size neli. "Tin Human Vertebra Transfixed by a Speakpoixt of Antler. By M. G. Miller, M.D. The vertebra penetrated by an antler spearhead (from "The Indian Knoll," Ohio ('o., Ky.) is the second of the lumbar series. The point entered the left intervertebral foramen between the first and second lumbar vertebrii?, ixissed ' The reader will recall that a. place wf I he .';e warehouse where they will remain imtil the new building is fin- ished . . . ." ^^'ilsorl desci'ibes' from th(> collection of the National Museum: a skull from an al)orii),inal cemetery in Henderson County, 111., which bears in the left squa- mosa a stone point of the drill tyj^e; a pelvic bone i)ierced by a flint ])oint, and the head of a femur, possibly human, wdth a flint point engaged in it, both from a cave near Bowling (ireen, Ky. The Army Medical ^'luseum ])ossesses a number of specimens.'- A skull of a ( 'alifornia Indian has a long, flint arrowhead embedded in the left orbit. Another fronr an Indian burial place in the same State has tw^o stone i)oints, one ol^sidian, the other poi'phyritic, in the right parietal bone. A lumbar vertebra i:)enetrated by a small arrowpoint of white cjuartz is from an Indian mound in Dakota. In addition the Museum has several instances of human l)ones bearing arrowheads of iron. The Museum of the Ohio State Archa:^ological and Historical Society has: an OS innominatum i)ierced by an arrowhead of flint; a similar Iwne with an arrow- or spearhead of flint thrust into the joint cavity; a skull from a grave in Miami County, Ohio, with a flint point eml)edded in it; and a skull pierced witli* a bone arrow." Dr. C. L. Metz, referring to human bones Ijearing arrow- or lanceheads, foimd in the aboriginal cemetery at Madisonville, mentions: a skull with a i)art of a flint arrowhead in the occipital bone (evidently the one now in Peabody Museum); the first and second lumbar vertelwic of a skeleton, penetrated by a triangular flint point; a ril) transflxed l)y a similar point. In the Museiun of Anthropology, University of California, is a femur w^ith a l)iece of an obsidian ai-rowhead (mil^edded in the greater trochanter, from a shell- mound at Ellis Landing, Contra Costa County, Cal.^ Mounds on the Annis Place, Butler County. On the property of Mr. W. T. Annis, who resides upon it, is the largest UKHUid seen or heard of by us on Green river. This mound, of sandy loam, ap])roximateiy scjuare with corners rounded by time, has a flat summit-i:)lateau, is 11 fe(^t in height and about 110 feet in diameter of base. It stands immedi- ately on the river bank. A central hole, 12 feet S(iuar(>, reached a well-defined dark line in the soil at a depth of feet 10 inches, on which was a fireplace — no doubt marking a period of occui)ancy. Twelve feet down the excavation came upon a distinct base of dark soil resting on undistui'bed, yellow sand throughout, no grave ' 'rii(iin:is Wilson, ''.Vi'fdw Wounds," A iiiitIcii ii A iillndpiihujif:!, X. S., \'ol. Ill, ]). .51:3 ct scq. - Sninni:ii-\' kinill>- fm'nislicd by Lieut. Col. ('. C. McCullocli, cui-alor of tlie Army Medical»Mu- scuni. LdciTsI iiii;- dnscripl ions of mosl of llicsc s|")ccini('ns n.i-c i^i\'cn in Wilson's pajnu-, ■' William ( ', .Mills, M.Sc, cin'alor, in Iclfrr. ' l)i'. t:. W. (jilford, in loffer. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 481 extending below. No trace of former l)urials was ai)])arent in the mound, which doubtless had been domiciliary. About 80 yards directly bacl^ of the larger mound, in a field that lias been under cultivation, is a mound of sandy loam, 2 feet 8 inches in height and a):)Out ()0 feet in diameter of ]:)ase. The mound evidcnth' has been plowed over and considerably reduced in height. A number of trial-holes carried to the base, in one instance came upon remains of a skull much decayed, and traces of other bones. Mound on the Martin Place, Butler County. On the extremity of a ridge is a mound overlooking the river, on proj^erty belonging to Mr. J. W. Martin, who lives somewhat farther inland. This mound, fiuadrilateral and having a top originally flat, has been much dug into for a long time and locally has a great reputation for containing human bones and "rocks," though there seems to be absolutely no history as to the discovery of artifacts. We were told of the removal from it of numerous slabs which had been used later in minor details of building. The mound, 5 feet in height, had basal diameters of 115 feet and 90 feet, the summit-plateau being about 60 feet sc^uare. The mound probably was a residential one used later for interments, or possibly one constructed for burial liurposes, as some low, fiat mounds a])pear to have been. Evidently burials had been very numerous in the mound, for when spaces were selected which showed no evidence of former digging, eight trial-holes all ffuicklv came upon stone graves, one of which, however, in spite of our careful selection of spaces for investigation, proved to be a comi^lete disturbance, while others had been interfered with to some extent. It has been noted that th(> valley of the Cumberland river, in Tennessee, was the region where the regular stone box-grave was most fre(|uently in use, and as one departs from that region variants in the form of the grave make their appearance. Details as to these variants are often so numerous and of such a character as to make exact description difficult, but when to this is added the fact that there has been disturbance among the graves, a clear recital of details is well nigh impossible. However, one can but do one's best. Burials Nos. 1 and 2. Near the surface was what had the api)earance of a i:)avement of small slabs evenly laid, but leaving inconsiderable spaces un- covered, as would of necessit.y be the case when undressed slal^s were employed. This jmvement, nearly cjuadr angular, was 5 feet 7 inches by 4 feet 3 inches in extent and was made of sandstone slabs, which variety of stone was the onh' one noticed by us in the mound. At the southeastern corner of the ]iavement and incorporated with it, was a box-grave (Burial No. 1) containing the bones of a young child, much decayed. This grave, shown in diagram (Fig. 21, where relative positions are given, not all drawn exactly lo scale) as ha.ving the coA'cring slabs removed, had a neat flooring of slabs. Tlie upper margins of the sides and ends, upright slabs, were 4S2 SOME ABORKIINAL SITES. 1 :iii(l at the level of the pavement, the covering; slabs of the grave being above the level and forming the only exception to the fiat surface of the pavement. A l)art of the outer side of the grave continued be.yond it, forming a portion of a kind of curb present on the eastern and north- ern sides of the jmvement, l)ut not found by us on the southern and western sides. The eastern curb, however, which seemed to have been slightly disturbed or irregularly made at the north(>rn end, reached the level of the ])avement only, while that on the northern side projected G or S inches above it. An interesting feature cf the northern curb was that each upright slab rested on a rudely- oblong l)ase apparently selected for the purpose, each slab seemingly ha^ang its own ])articular base, which in a rude '\\'a>' conformed to the lower ends of the upright slalis, which were roughly triangular, presenting a serrated appearance above the level of the pavement. Extending below the western ])art of the pavement throughout its entire length was a l:)Ox-grave (Burial No. 2) having sides, ends, flooring and toji, of slabs, the top being about G inches below the pavement. No trace of bones remained in this grave. Under no ])art of the pavement, except in the cases specified, were there burials or slabs. This is the description of this interesting ]ilacement of slabs and its burials as found by us. It is well to Ix^ar in mind, however, in connection with it, that the i^lacement was near the surface and in a mound where much digging had been done. We think it not unlikely that the i)avement may have been the resting-place of a skeleton, constituting a burial similar to one described by Fowke' as found in Ohio, and as encountered l)y us in eastern Tennessee,- though in the instances cited a curb siu'rounded the ])avement, which possibly was the case here at one time. Burials Nos. 3 and 4 (Fig. 22). I^urial No. 3, a box-grave without flooring, having the sides di\'erging considerably, on which rested covering slabs whose size showed their extremities nuist have j^rojected considerabh' beyond the sides of the grave l^efoix' th(> outward deflection took place. The ends of the grave wer(> ui)right. This grave, about S feet long and 4 feet wide, outside measure- ment, contained the skeleton of an adult, at full length on the back, very nnich decayed. ' rjci'ard t'liwkc, " .Vri-li;iM)liniic;il Histoi'v of Ohio," p. 402, V\n the lower i)art of the chest. Fig. 22. — Stone graves. The Martin Place. Burial No. 3 (to the reader's left) 8 feet long by 4 feet wide. Burial No. 4-, 8. .5 feet hv 3.5 feet. Two features of interest were noticed in connection with these graves. It seemed as if the makers of them had wished to confer a uniform appearance^ to them and had selected for grave No. 3 large covering slabs as an afterthought to project and to make the top of grave No. 3 about uniform in width with that of grave No. 4, which probably was the first to be built, the inside width of grave No. 4 being considerably greater than that of gra\T No. 3. If such was the design of the aborigines, the}' had succeeded, for when the soil was removed from above the graves they had the appearance of a single grave with an offset. At the northeastern corner of grave No. 4, as shown in the diagram (P"ig. 9-A) which is not drawn exactly to scale, was a small, triangular, compartment, not ])uilt within the grave proper but outside it, containing no bones and seemingly too small to have been used for l:)urial purposes, though possibly the skeleton of a ^'oung infant may have been crow^dcd into it. 484 SOME AP,()RI(!TXAL SITES. It api)ear('d to us that, in pursuance of tlic desire for symmetry to which we have referred, the aborii^ines had built this adchtion in order to bring out the end of the grave, wliich ta])ered somewhat, to the; diameter of the remainder of the tirave. Vw.. 23 —Burials X(js. 3 and 4. The Martin Place. At the nortlieastern corner of this small comimrtment a few stones were missing, evidently through a rec(>nt disturlxmce. In our diagram these stones are rejjresented as in place. Burial No. 5. This burial was contained in a grave 9 feet in length, nearly 4 feet in width, and 2 feet in height, outside measurement. The sides, some of whose slabs w(>re very large, slanted inward as to their upper parts, giving a very uneven ai)ix>arance to the covering slabs which remained, a few having been removed from one i)art of the grave b>' a previous digger. The ui)per part of the grave, from which these slabs had been removed, nearly ai)proached the surface. The grave had been floored with slal)s, but the upright stone which i)re- sumabh' had been at one end (that at the other end being ])rescnt) j^'obabh' had been removed by previous digging, and the flooring at this point also was missing. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 485 Throughout this grave, whose inside measurement ranged Ijetwcen 16 and 20 inches in height, were human bones in no anatomical order, though an effort clearly had been made to i)lace the long bones longitudinally and horizontally. Thirteen skulls, all much decayed, as were the other bones, were present. iVs to the discovery of artifacts, as is usually the case with stone graves, we had our labor for our pains, as the sajnng goes. Mound and Site on the Cherry Place, Butler County. On the property of Dr. E. A. Cherry, of Morgantown, Ky., on a hill, is a mound a):iout one ([uarter of a mile ))ack from the river, in a straight line. This mound, 3 feet 6 inches in height and 32 feet b}' 22 feet in basal diameters at the l)resent time, seemingly had been greatly dug into before our coming, as quanti- ties of masses of stone, evidently from it, lay in all directions on its surface. So numerous were these masses that it seemed to us more likely that the mound had been an ordinary stone mound of the kind so often found on hilltops, rather than one containing a large single grave. On an adjoining field of the same property, under and around the home of the tenant occupying Doctor Cherry's place, evidently had been a cemetery of stone })ox-graves, traces of a number of which still remainecL Four of the better-i)reserved graves examined b_y us were without covering and had been rifled but had the sides and ends still remaining. Mounds near Little IIeedy Point, Butler County. On the property of Air. G. AI. Taylor, who lives uiwn it, is a high ridge, one end of which, reached by a winding road, looks down upon the river. On this extremity of the ridge are two mounds near together, while two others but a short distance apart are about one hundred yards back along the ridge which, where the mounds are, is covered with light woods. These mounds, which imfortunately had been thoroughly dug out previous to our visit, had each contained a single, large grave, judging from part of the contents of one mound not wholly scattered. The mound in question, 21 feet in diameter, centrally had contained a stone grave 7 feet 10 inches in length and 3 feet 5 inches in width, inside measurement, built of slabs and masses of sandstone and of limestone, the masses in nearly every case showing flat surfaces which had been utilized in the construction of tlie grave, giving it interiorly a comparatively regular surface. Unfortunately one of the longer sides, which was almost perfectl}' even, could not be shown in the ]5hotograph (Fig. 24) owing to the presence of trees where the camera must needs have hcQii placed to show it. The large block seen i)rojecting from the side at the reader's left in the illustration, had not been originalh' jjlaced as it now is, but owes its position to the roots of a neighboring tree, which have pushed it beyond the general line of the wall. This interesting grave had not been constructed, the reader will note, as .51 .JOUKX. A. N. S. PHILA., Xnl,. XVI. o Oh « SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 487 the l:)ox-grave.s were, with slabs and masses arranged on edge (with the exception of a large slab at one end of the grave which was so placed), l)ut had been I'cgu- larly built up from the 3'ellow, undisturbed clay which served as a foundation, of slabs and blocks laid on their sides as in the case of walls, to a height of 2 feet 3 inches. Presumably this height, plus that of the covering slabs (which had been removed and la}^ on the sides of the mound) and the thickness of some soil above them represented the original height of the mound. The largest of the covering masses was 3 feet in length by about 2 feet in width, not sufficient to have spanned the grave. Possibly the covering slabs originally were held in place by interior supports, i)erha]xs of wood, as has been suggested was sometimes the case with some of the stone box-graves. Within the grave a few fragments of human bones had been left by the diggers. The remaining three mounds, one of which was larger than that described, one of about the same size, one smaller, had been so comi)leteh' dug out that the single graves they ])robably had contained w(^re rejwesented only b.\' scattered masses of stone. Indian Hill, Edmonson County. This site, well known locall3% is a table-land surrounded on all sides by a bluff, about one mile NE. from Brownsville, Ky. The site was carefull>" (>x- amined but did not seem to be covered with the usual layer of black soil, which possibly had washed away from so exposed a position. A few coarse arrowheads of l)lack flint were found on the siu'face. Owing to the field being i)lanted in wheat no digging was attempted. CERTAIN ABORIGINAL SITES ON OHIO RIVER. In the following list all mounds of any considerable size in the territory visited by us (namely, between the mouth of Ohio river and Evansville, Indiana) are included, and all dwelling-sites which seemed to be of any interest are de- scribed. Mounds and Sites. Mounds and site on the Terrell Place, Ballard ( 'ounty, Kentucky. Mounds at Mound City, Illinois. Dwelling-site near Colvin Lake, Ballard County, Ky. Dwelling-site near the mouth of Massac Creek, McCracken County, Ky. Dwelling-site near Owens Ferry, Massac County, 111. Mounds and site on the Kincaid and Lewis Places, Massac and Pope Counties, 111. Aboriginal Cemetery on the Thirlkill Place, Livingston County, Ky. Aboriginal Cemetery on the Davis Place, Livingston County, Ky. Aboriginal Cemetery near Bay City, Pojie County, 111. Aboriginal Cemetery on the Orr Place, Hardin County, 111. Mound near Murphy Landing, Posey Comity, Indiana. 488 80^IE ABORIGINAL SITES. Mounds and Site on the Terrell Place, Ballard County, Kt. Holloway is opposite INIound City, 111. Following the road inland about three-(iuarters of a mile from Holloway, on the i)roperty of Mr. James Pv.. Terrell, Kevil, Ky., are two mounds, formerly (luadrilateral with flat tops, now greatly trami.)led and washed. On(> of these, 24.5 feet high, has a diameter of base of 173 feet E. and W. On the south side has been a causeway leading up to the mound, while on the north side is a causeway connecting the mound with the other one about 40 yards away. These causeways made imix)ssible the deter- mination of the diameter of th(> base of the mound northerly and southerly. The second mound, 15 feet high and 172 feet N. and S., in diameter of base, has a frame structure u])on it. As these mounds are of vital necessity in times of high water, no digging on them was attemj^ted. In the sanre great field in wliich are the mounds are two ridges, on one of which are several humi)s. These ridges and himii)s, evidently made by the aborigines, had apparent!}' been gathered from the rest of the field and ])iled, not deposited by the accretion of dw'elling-site material, as very little debris was mingled with the clay composing them. One of the humi:)s, extensively dug into l)y us, yielded neither artifact nor burial. Holes in the other ridge came ui)on, in one instance, a burial extended on the back, slightly more than 3 feet dee]). Pottery on the field was undecorated as a rule, though one fragment of thin ware was found, having a coating of crimson pigment, and another bore a design in relief, ellii)tical, possil^ly intended for an ear on an effigy vessel. Mounds at Mottnd City, Illinois. Mound Cit}', 111., named after aboriginal high places formerly there, was visited l)y us, but the mounds, with the (>xcei)tion of one about 7 feet in height, had been I'emoved to fui'nish material for tlie IcA'ee. There is no history of the discovery of artifacts dming the demolition of these mounds, and the remaining one, we learned, had been dug into without discovery of relics. DwT.LLINO-SlTE NEAR CoLVIN LaKE, P)ALLAUD CoUNTY, Ky. This site, shown on our ma]) of Mississippi rivei- in this re])ort, is about ten miles above Mound City but on the o])i)osite side of the river. Colvin lake, about one-half mile l:)ack from the river, is itself pari of a former course of the Ohio, l)ut is now enclos(^d by land and called a lake, as it is the custom to do in such cases in the Mississip])i valley and elsewher(\ On the border of Colvin lake, on the i)roperty of Col. W. H. \"iets, of La Center, is a large aboriginal dw(>lling-site having much del)ris on the surface, including fragmcTits of ])ottery ))ut with few other ai'tifacts. Near the end of a ridge on which the dwelling-house on th(> ])ro])erty stands, in a cultivated field, SOME ABORICIXAL SITES. 489 is a slight rise, largely of sand, which is filled with burials and ])robably was the ];)rincipal cemetery of the place, though doubtless scattered burials were made throughout the site. In fact considerable digging over parts of the remainder of the proj^ert}" came upon the remains of one infant. When thirty-six burials had l^een taken from the rise digging was discon- tinued owing to the jiaucity and the inferior quality of artifacts with them. These burials, thirt}' of adults and adolescents, six of infants and older children, showed that the form of burial mainly practised in the ])lace was at full length on the back, though one adult skeleton was closely flexed on the back, and there were three regular, bunched burials, each of a pile of parallel bones with a skull. There was also a bunched burial made up of a mingling of bones including fragments of three skulls. There had been great disturbance in this cemetery, caused by intersecting graves. The burials, none deeper than 2 feet, excei)t in one instance where one lay in a narrow grave nearly 4 feet from the surface, were so easily reached and la}^ in such a favorable medium for the preservation of relics that it is unfortunate that artifacts had not been placed more numerously with them, and that such as had been deposited were not of better finality. One burial had at the skull a flat mass of jet 9 inches by 6.5 inches by 2.5 inches; another had at the head two small earthenware ])ots, about the same size, each having a row of encircling knobs below the opening, while another burial had a pointed implement of bone near the head. Burial No. 9, extended on the back, was without a skull in i^roper position, though one lay near the i^elvis. On the lower part of the thorax was a shell gorget with some kind of a decoration, much encrusted and badly decayed. At the outer side of the right humerus was a slab of silicious material, 1 foot long, 4.75 inches in maximum width, about I inch in thickness, lying flat. A con- siderable depression in this slab indicated its former use as a hone or mortar. On it la}' a long spike-shai)ed arrowpoint or drill, of flint. At the right hand of the burial were a chisel and three triangular arrowheads, all of flint. Near this burial was a small, undecorated, toy bottle of earthenware, but so much dis- turbance was evident in the neighborhood that one could not determine if the vessel belonged to this skeleton or not. A burial of an adolescent, somewhat disturbed, had near it a small earthen- ware ])ot with two looi)-handles; with the burial of a child was associated a very elementary effigy form, two knobs indicating eyes. The skeleton of a child had a few discoidal, shell beads at the neck; near the head of the skeleton of an adult was a small mass of iron ore used as pigment; near the left leg of an adult skeleton stood a small, undecorated water-bottle. An adult burial had at the skull a piercing implement of bone in fragments. a diminutive slab of sandstone, a mass of hematite about 1.5 inch by 1 inch b}' .5 inch, and a small mass of vesicular lava. A short distance from the skull was a water-bottle, undecorated, with wide mouth, more suited in size for a child than for an adult. 490 SOME ABORIGINAL 8ITE8. With the largest bunch l)urial were: a pot having two loop-handles and a rude, current scroll around the l^ody, containing a musselsheU in fragments, no doubt formerl}' used as a spoon; an undecorated pot having two loop-handles, inverted over a small undecorated bowl; a pot without decoration, having two looi)-handles. One somewhat similar to the foregoing was with another bunched burial. In the midden debris were several arrowheads and piercing implements of bone; also half of an effigy vessel representing a fish. Da^tdlling-Site near the Mouth of Massac Creek, McC'racken County, Ky. Near the mouth of Massac creek, on the i)roi)erty of Mr. J. D. McP]lya, living nearby, is an aboriginal dwelling-site of promising a])pearance, no doubt con- taining a large number of burials. After twentj' skeletons had been removed without the discovery of an associated artifact, work was discontinued. D^\TELLIN(i-8lTE NEAR OwENS FeRRY, MaSSAC CoUNTY, IlL. Near Owens Ferry, opposite Paducah, Ky., on property of Captain Brack Owen, of Paducah, is a dwelling-site into which twelve holes were sunk without encountering signs of interment. JMouNDS and Site on the Kincaid and Lewis Places, ^Iassac and Pope Counties, III. About six miles al)Ove Paducah, Ky., but on the Illinois side of the river, a mile inland from Kincaid Landing, is by far the most promising site seen by us on Ohio river, on which are seven mounds on the property of Mrs. T. M. Kincaid, and eight on the adjoining land of Messrs. T. and E. Lewis. All these mounds were seen but not measured by us, as we were unable to ol^tain permission to dig them. According to our agent, a good judge in such matters, who examined the mounds more carefully than we did, their heights range all the way to 30 feet. Doubtless the smaller ones would be more pro- ductive, were anv result obtained bv digging into them. ^&&*-^'& Aboriginal Cemetery on the Thirlkill Place, Livingston County, Ky. On government land which formerly was part of the Thirlkill Place, on ground overlooking the river, in a restricted area of sand, had been a number of stone box-graves with flooring of limestone and of sandstone. All the graves had been somewhat disturbed by cultivation, but the ten best preserved — eight extending easterly and westerly, and two northerly and southerly — were examined by us. The skeletons, badly decayed, had not been placed uniformly; for example, some in the graves running E. and W. having the heads to the east, others to the west. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 491 No artifacts were found with the l_)urials, nor is tljere a history of any from this place. Aboriginal Cemetery on the Davis Place, Livingston County, Ky. About one mile below tlie union of Cumberland river and the Ohio, on the property of Mr. C. B. Davis, of Smithland, Ivy., on the first high ground near the dwelling-house of the estate, have been numerous stone graves, slabs and l^arts of graves remaining. Many graves are reported to have been found on the place during the digging of a shallow pond for hogs. While no entire grave was found by us, the former presence of a box-grave with a flooring was indi- cated. There is no history of the discovery of artifacts. Aboriginal Cemetery near Bay City, Pope County, III. On the verge of tableland overlooking the river, about one-half mile NW. by W. from Bay City, on property belonging to Mr. R. H. Dunning of that place, is a group of stone graves of the box variety, having floors. The toj^s of these graves have been plowed away and piles of slabs of sandstone and of limestone from graves of the group lie around. The owner recalls no artifact having ))een found there in the last thirty years. Aboriginal Cemetery on the Orr Place, Hardin County, III. This place, of which Mr. David Orr is owner, is a short distance below Eliza- bethtown, 111. It formerly has had a considerable stone grave cemetery of the box variety' of grave, on the high ground just above the river. Sciuarely across the road, which is a short distance back from the margin of the high ground, are rows of slabs on edge, being the sides of stone graves and presenting a curious appearance in such a ])lace. Such graves as we found had been disturbed, though bones remained in some. 'VMth one skeleton was a knife of flint, some- what more than 3 inches in length. The discovery of other graves while plowing back in the field is reported, but the field is planted in alfalfa and investigation was possible only in a few bare spots, in which nothing was found. There is no history of the discovery of artifacts in the graves on this place. Mound near Murphy Landing, Posey County, Indiana. About twelve miles by water below Mount ^'ernon, Ind., on the ])roperty of Mr. J. L. Faulhaber, of Elwood, Ind., is a mound, 1G.5 feet iii height, which has been fjuadrilateral but is now of somewhat irregular outline, its diameters of base being 290 feet ENE. and WSW., and 188 feet NNW. and SSE. On the flat top of the mound are various wooden structures. We attempted no digging in this mound, which no doubt was domiciliar}'', as a high i)lace like this is of great importance when the river is in flood. h 'the, living nearb>', is covered with about one foot of comparatively recent alluvial dei)Osit which, while enriching the place from an agricultural i)oint of view, somewhat interferes with the discovery of aboriginal burials which are present in the held. The site has been prodded over and dug by the Indian Crowfoot, who has done so much work in the St. Francis river region, Ark., and elsewhere, with the view of discovering Indian pottery for the market. Our investigation at Hale's Point was carried on during three days in the field described, on a low, short ridge parallel to, and a few yards from, the woods. During this time water from the river in flood was seeping into our digging, making our work hard to carry on to advantage. Fifty-four bin-ials were encountered, as follows: of adults, 33; of adolescents, 8; of infants and children, of which one was an urn-burial and two others partaking of the nature of urn-burials, 13. The adult and adolescent burials, some of which had l^een disturbed to some extent by intersecting graves, wer(> extended on the back, with one exception, four of the skeletons having the feet crossed at the ankles. A skeleton found in the utmost disorder near a refuse^ pit presumal)!}' had been disturbed when the pit was dug. No burial except the disturbance, which was somewhat more, was deej^er than 4 feet 4 inches from the ])resent surface, which, as stated, is on a com- paratively recent deposit al)0ut one foot in dej^th. The deeper burials, below the level of the river at the time, were removed with difficulty from regular bogs of mud and watei'. Skeletal remains at this ])laee were in fairly good condition, eleven skulls with most of their skeletons, one of these including a united fracture of a left radius, being obtained for the National Museum. Reminiscent of the urn-burials found at Hale's Point by \h'. Hall, our Burial No. 4 consisted of an earthemvare pot, undecorated, 14 inches in height and about the same in maximum diameter, having two solid ijrojections for handles on each of two opposite sides. In this vessel were most of the bones of a child, on the bottom being the pelvis, ribs, i)halanges, one os calcis, but no vertebra\ Laid across irregularly, but in the same general direction, were the ))ones of the arms. Above these again were the long bones of the lower extremities, paralkd, in an obliciue position, SOME ABORIGINAL 8ITE8. 495 their upper ends resting against tlie side of tlie vessel. Supported by tliese and by the side of the vessel was the skull. Over the containing ];)ot had been an inverted l^owl, without decoration, having two small projections for handles, which was badly crushed, the base of it having fallen in upon the bones, which did not fill more than half the lower vessel, part of which also had given way under the pressure from above. Burial No. 5, the bones of an infant, having over the skull and thoracic ]mrt a fragment of a pottery vessel, of irregular outline, 9 inches by 10.5 inches, approximately, from beneath which the pelvis and legs projected. Burial No. 12, adolescent. At the left shoulder were two elongated arrow- points of flint and one of antler, while near the skull was what seemed to be a mass of red pigment in the mud and water in which it lay. Accomimnying this was an astragalus of an elk, carefully smoothed on the sides scemingij^ for use as a die in some kind of game. Burial No. 14 had red hematite at the feet. Burial No. 21, adolescent, had at each side of the head a shell ear-plug of the bracket-shajjed variety, having near the end of the shank a perforation to furnish additional securit}" by attachment. The ends of these ornaments lay under the skull, showing that the flat ]:)art of the ear-plug had been against the outer side of the lobe of the ear. At the neck of the skeleton was a single bead of shell, of irregular outline, about .75 inch in diameter. Burial No. 29 had, at the left of the skull, a pottery bottle, and on the middle of the trunk a miscellaneous assortment of objects in a pile as follows: several arrowflakers of antler; fragments of handles of antler, with which were two incisors of the beaver, which presumablj*' had been in the handles; four long, l)iercing imi)lements of bone, one very imperfect; a pebble, probably a smoothing stone; a small celt of shale; six flakes of flint; a small mass of agate; two rude chisels of flint, 4 inches and 7.75 inches in length, respectiveh'; two rude imi:)le- ments or weapons of flint, perhai)s blunt knives; thirteen arrowheads, knives, and spearheads, of flint, the longest about 4 inches, nearly all more or less im- perfect. Burial No. 32, adolescent, had two vessels at the head, and at the neck an irregular fragment of shell having a jjerforation, which may have been part of a gorget. Burial No. 34 had on the sacrum two small rings of bone, very fragile, broken on removal. Burial No. 48. In addition to a bowl near the head there was, with this burial, at each side of the skull, a number of bone pins much decayed and broken. Burial No. 51, an infant, had the skull covered with a fragment of a large vessel, the concave side downward. A number of burials had onl>' earthenware vessels a,ssociated with them. Thirt3'-two vessels were met with at Hale's Point, one apart from human remains. The vessels with burials, always near the liead at this place, never more than 496 SO^IE AP>ORI(;iNAL SITES. three to,ii;ctlier, are representative of the general run of the pottery of that imrt of the middle :\[is.sissippi region inekuled in Teiniessee, which pottery, taken together, is inferior to the earthenware of Arkansas north of Arkansas river, which is also in the Middle Mississippi region. One of the bottles found by us at this i)lace has a representation of the ab- original idea of a frog, which is endowed witli a tail. In relic^f on one side are shown the head and two legs, and, on the otlier, the rc^maining two legs and a tail. Another bottle belongs to the human effig>' class, the face of the figure being in relief on the neck of the bottle. These vessels are shown in Fig. 25. Fig. 2.5. — \'c.sscLs of cai'llieiiwai'i;. Half's I'oini , Tciiu rcspeclivcly.) (llci^hls 8.7.") inches and G.7.5 iuclics, There arc also bowls having handles rei)resenting heads and tails of fish; bowls with beaded margins, and ijots having upright fillets around the neck. The usual ]:)roportion of coarse, undecorated ware (which the investigator alwaj's finds unduly great in this region) also was present. The use of color appeal's but twice: a bowl has traces of red i)igment, and a small bottle has jmrallel, vertical liands of red and white alternating. The effect l)roduced b,y these efforts to decorate in color is disapi)ointing, the ware being coarse, shell-tenr})ered, and without the slij), or coating, recjuired on such material for a successful application of ])ainted decoration. In the soil, apart from burials, were: a small celt seemingly of igneous rock; four ]wttery discs; a number of liones of a bison (Biso)i hiso)i); an effigy of the head of some animal, from a large pottery vessel; a well-preserved implement of bone, fiat at one end, })erha,ps used in basketr}-. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 497 Mound on the McCoy Place, Dyer County, Tenn. On the McCoy Place, said to ho twenty-five miles u\) Forked Deer river, is a mound in a cultivated field, in view from the water, on pro])erty of J\Ir. A. D. Burks, living nearby. The mound, considerably' plowed away, is 5 feet in height and 50 feet in diameter of base, which is irregularly circular. A central excavation, 12 feet sciuare, showed the mound to be of sandy clay, and while without a marked base-line, to be upon undisturbed clay at a depth of 4 feet from the top. At a depth of 18 inches, with traces of a skeleton at length, was part of a pot having had a scanty and rude scroll decoration. About 3.5 feet in depth, jierhayjs ]:)laced with a skeleton no longer remaining, for no bones were found, was an undecorated pot of most inferior ware, which offered slight resistance when a shovel cut through it. This vessel, somewhat verging on the bottle in form of body, is rather elongated and constricted toward the opening, on each of two opposite sides of which is a looi)-handle. Near the base of the mound, separately, were several rude hsdh of clay, perhai)s used in the Indian hand-game. A similar ball came from one of the holes dug by us in level ground near the mound. The Neeley Mounds, Dyer County, Tenn. On the property of Mr. Sterling Fowlkes, of Dycrsburg, Tenn., are the Neeley mounds, so-called locally, all near together in woods, about 1.5 mile in a straight line northeastwardly from Booth Point landing. There are two mounds and a number of low ridges or rises, the latter, so far as could be deter- mined, being due to wash of water and not to agency of man, though some had been lived upon by the aborigines and used as ])laces of burial to a limited extent. Our investigation of this ]:)lace was interfered with l)y stormy weather and by back-water from the rising river. Mound A. This mound, of sand, like the neighboring mounds and rises, was 2.5 feet high and 45 feet across the circular base. On it, as elsewhere on this site, was a small deposit of clay, probablj^ from recent overflows of the river. This small mound proved to be of considerable interest in that it furnished, like the site at Hale's Point below it on the river, examples of urn-burial, a custom not widely practised by the aborigines of Tennessee.^ About centralh' on the base of the mound, which was 2 feet 9 inches from the surface, was a grou]) of four vessels ])ractically in contact one with another. Three of these were pots of comparatively thin, shell-tempered ware that fell in fragments on removal. All were undecorated save for the presence of two loop-handles, one on each of two opposite sides, if this could be called a decoration. ' Sec our article on urn-burial in "Handbook of Amci'ican Indians." 498 SOME Al«:)rj(iINAL SITES. The i)rii)cip;il of these vessels was 15 inches in heiglit, 16.5 inches in maximum (hameter, and 13 inclies across the opening. Within the pot were some of the small bones lying on the lx)ttom, a skull r(^sting against the side above them, and fragments of long bones around the skull. Many of the bones in this pot showed marked effect of fire, inchiding the skull, which went to i)ieces when removed. Other fragments of bone, however, were without evidence of the action of heat. Another yxA, 12 inches in height, 15.5 inches across the widest part, and having an opening one foot in diameter, illustrates the si)irit of economy that was strong in man>' of the aborigines. The bottom of the ])ot, missing through break- age preceding the time of interment, had l^een replaced b.y a platter or basin arranged below the missing ])art. This ):>asin was itself defective, a jiai't of the rim being absent. On the basin was coarse, incised decoration, consisting of lines and circles. This composite rece])tacle, illustrating in a way that two wrongs can make a right, contained the bones of an adult, showing no trace of the effect of fire. In the basin, on the bottom, were the ])elvis and small bones. Next, the long bones had been ])laced diagonall}' in the A'essel, and on the slant of these rested the skull which, like all crania found at this ])lace, dro])ped to pieces when removed. The third i)ot, 11.5 inches high, 16.5 inches in gi-eatest diameter, 12 inches across the opc^ning, contained small bones on the l.)ase, on them resting the skull, over which were the long bones ))laced oblicjuely. A singular feature of this l)urial, adult like the rest, was that the bones and fragments immediately on the base of the ])ot clearly showed the action of fire, while none of the bones aboA'e them did so, tluis indicating that the vessel with its contents had been |)laced over a fir(> for a time. The cei'emony, liowcA'er, nuist have been performed a])art from the site of the urn-burial, as no sign of fire was a]:)i)ar(>nt in the neighborhood. The fourtli vessel, without shell tem])ering, of inferior ware, as was practically all the earthenware, was a cup-shai)ed bowl having had the effigies of a small head and tail extending from the rim at opi)osite sides, which had Ix^en broken off and lost prior to the interment. Thre(> incised circles surrounded the upper part of the bowl, curving under the places where tlie head and tail had been. This vessel, of medium size, contained no Imrial. Surrounding the grouj) of vessels was a deposit of l)ones and fragments of ])ones in no order whatever, including six skulls. This dei)osit, an indiscriminate mixture of bones, some showing the mark of fire but more being without it, was from 4 to 5 inches in thickness and 5 feet 9 inches by 5 feet 4 inches in extent, irregular with rounded corners, having from one of them an extension 2 feet wide and 18 inches in length. Below and between the pots were no bones, though we liave included the si)ace occupied l:)y the vessels in giving the dimensions of the dei)osit. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 499 In the soil near the pots was a sniaH, rucle effigy of earthenware, re])re- senting the head of a bird, perhajis a toy, as it (ns]:ilays no broken area as would be the case did it come from a vessel. Near this was a ring of earthenware somewhat more than Lo inch in diameter, resembling a section (»f the neck of a bottle, but showing no irregularity of the margins. The ware also gives evi- dence of an even effect of heat inside and out; the object probably was made as it now is, for some purj^ose. In the bone dejiosit was part of a rude pijie of (>arthenware, having a base on which to rest, the bowl and the orifice for the stem forming the upi)er i)art of what was hardly more than a luni]) of burnt clay. Also in this mound were encountered (as exi^lained, our investigation was not complete) four unenclosed bmdals. One, traces of a skeleton extended, lay 2 feet below the surface. At the head were a flake of flint; a pebble; a small mass of hematite paint; a trowel of earthenware, mushroom-sha])ed; part of another one; a mass of jet 3 inches by 3 inches by 1.25 inches. ^A'ith these were two pots, each of less than one quart capacity and ha^•ing two loo])-handles. One of these, having a rude attem])t at decoration in the way of lobes, was inverted and contained an earthenware trowel having a small i)art missing, and a mass of jet of about the same size as the other. These masses seem to have been subjected to considerable wear or intentional polish, one being esjie- cially smooth. The three other burials from this mound were cremations, de])osits of burnt and calcined fragments of bones not far from the surface, one 2 feet by 30 inches in area and 6 inches in thickness, having parts of three skulls; the other two somewhat smaller, and evidently individual burials. Moi^ND B. Mound B had been used as a refuge for cattle in flood time, and was much trami)led and spread. Its height was 4 feet; the diameter of its circular base, S2 feet. A distinct base-line was noticed 3.5 feet from the top of the mound. What probably constituted most of the original area of the mound was covered with numerous trial-holes b>' us, resulting in the discovery of twelve burials (two l)eing of children), excluding many fragments of human bones scattered throughout. The burials, all badly decayed, were in depth from a few inches from the surface to a central grave in the l)ase of the mound, 6 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 10 inches, and extending 1 foot 4 inches into underlying sand beneath the mound, previously undisturl^ed. In form the burials were extended on the back, flexed, and of the bunched variety; also several fi'agments of human bones affected by fire were encountered. The following l^urials were accompanied with artifacts: Burial No. 1, a bunched burial having one skull and seven femora, in addi- tion to other bcmes, had associated a flint blade, leaf-shaped, 6.5 inches long, 2.1 inches in maximum width, and a small mass of lead sulphide. 500 SOME AB()RI(;iNAL 8ITE8. Burial No. 3, extended on the l)aek, had at tlie I'iglit of the skull a cup-shaped vessel from which, i)resuniably, a head and tail of an effigy had i:)ro.iected; also a mass of oolitic hematite iron ore, having a dee]) depression in which rested a lump of red hematit(> showing flat surfaces where grinding had taken place — her(> was evitlently a kind of paint cup with its contents. At the right of the pelvis were traces of a rattle of tortoise oi- turtle shell, having contained pebbles. Burial No. 7, a child, had with it an luidecorated bowl and fragments of a rude, human-effigy vessel. Burial No. ntral, cremated deposit 4 inch(\s to 6 inches in thickness, including eight skulls, crushed when found, though rej^resented ap- i:)arently in all their jmrts. This area, oblong with rounded corners, 7 feet long by 2 feet wide, ai)proximately, could not be definitely defined, as fragments of burnt bones were scattered here and there in the soil adjacent to it. With this dej^osit was a fragment of a bowl of thin and fairly good ware, and also a diminutive pot containing material in small fragments, of which Doctor Keller writes : "I have mad(> a careful c|ualitative and rough ([uantitative analysis of the black material from Neeley Mounds. It turns out to be a silicate resembling hornblende. It contains oycy (50 per cent, silica, about 20 of alumina and f 1 oxide of iron. Also a few per cent, of lime and magnesia (rather more of the latter than of lime), and traces of manganese and alkalies. Ordinary hornblende contains less of both silica and alumina, and more of lime and magnesia. Like hornblende it is very hard, gives a graj' powder, and melts before the blowpipe, giving sUghtly magnetic globules, and is only shghtly attacked by acids. It is not distinctly crj'stalline, however. I think it is jx^rfectly safe to call it a silicate of the hornblende or augite type." In connection with this deposit of ci'emated remains was a feature not noted in the othei' cremated burials at this place. With the bones, mainl>^ above them, to a limited extent, was sand reddencMl by fire. Below the bones was no SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 501 trace of heat. It was evident, then, tliat the cremation had l:)een performed elsewhere and the reddened sand gathered u|) with the l^ones. Mounds on the Markham Place, Lake County, Tenn. Going in a short distance from the river, al)out one-half mile below Bass Landing, one reaches the property of Mi'. A. E. Markham, of Tiptonville, Tenn., on which is a mound about 7.5 feet in height, covered with recent graves, and five remnants of mounds. These remainders, which ha\'e been under culti- A^ation for a considerable time, are in no case more than 3 feet in height. Two of these, having heights respectively of 2 feet and 2 feet 9 inches, and diameters of 50 feet each, were investigated hj us, holes S feet I)}" 10 feet and 8 feet b}^ 12 feet being carried to the base. Centrally in the smaller excavation, l^eginning at the base and extending 2 feet into the underlying clay, was a grave 3 feet 4 inches wide by 8 feet long, containing the remains of a skeleton at full length, having at the right hand a coarse, undecorated pot in fragments, and at the outer side of the left shoulder a pipe of claystone, of the monitor type, also greatly broken, which, put together and slightly restored, is shown in Fig. 26. Via. 20. — Pipe of monitor type. The J\rai'ls during cultivation, and none of the mounds seem to have been dug. Two of these mounds on fallow land were selected for investigation. ^lound A, 4 feet 9 inches in height, diameter 50 feet, proved to be of clay dry and hard when an excavation 10 feet s(iuar(> was carried to the base. Nothing was found in the body of the mound, but at the central ])art of the base was a grave having a length of 7 fc>et 8 inches, a width of 3 feet, and extending about 1 foot below the line of the l)ase, which was 5 feet 7 inches from the top of the mound. On the bottom of th(> ])it were decayed remains of a skeleton, at full length on the back, the head ENFL Mound B, slightly smaher than the other, was similarly investigated. No grave or l)urial was cncounter(>d, nor was the i)resence of a ])it below the base discovered. The comiTOsition of the mound was such that the determination of a Y)it would ha\'e beei^ difficult, and it is very likely that a sub-basal burial in a shallow grave, which was not found, had decayed away. 80ME ABORIGINAL SITES. 503 Mounds on the Hunter Place, New Madrid County, Mo. In a cultivated field about 2 miles in a westerly- direction from the town of Linda, Mo., on ])ropert,y belonging. to the Hon. William Hunt(>r, of Benton, Mo., whose courtesy to the Academy we already' have had occasion to mention in this report, is a mound slightly more than 4 feet in height and about 70 feet across its irregularly circular base. This mound has been much trampled by cattle, and to add to its unsymmetrical ai)i)earance, a considerable hole, remaining unfilled, had been dug into one side of it. An excavation carried down between recent burials yielded nothing in the way of aboriginal interments or artifacts. Another mound on the same property, said to he filled with recent burials, was not visited by us. Mounds near New Madrid, New jNIadrid County, Mn. The group of mounds on this famous site near New Madrid, on ])roperty of Hon. L. A. Lewis, of that place, was reached by us by tying our steamer about one mile below New Madrid, at the foot of Church road, and following this highway about 1.5 mile inland, where the mounds arc in full view. The group consists of a large ixiound and, all in sight from one another, a small mound of the domiciliary class, presumably, only a few yards from the large mound, and eight remainders of mounds with circular bases, in a field in whose cultivation they are included. This field borders the two larger mounds which have not been under cultivation. The princij^al mound, originally' (luadrilateral, no doul)t, whose sides about face the cardinal points, is somewhat more than 17 feet in height. Its diameters of base are, N. and S., 255 feet, and 200 feet E. and W. The diameters of the summit-plateau, in the same directions, respectively, are 170 feet and 120 feet. The neigh])oring domiciliary mound is 7 feet in height. Its sides are greatly worn and its basal measurements would be hard to determine. On its summit- plateau and all over that of the great mound arc many modern l^ui'ials, some of whose head-stones are of very recent date. Digging into these mounds seemed out of the question, and judging from their shape, we suffered but little disappointment at the deprivation. Across the greater mound a trench had been made about E. and W., the original depth of which cannot now be determined. At present it is about 5 feet deep. It is said to have been made in 1858 with the aid of slaves driving nuiles hauling scoops, and that enough pots were found "to fill a museum." The soil around the mound (itself of clay) is sandy and readily ])rodded and dug, and we are strongly of the ojjinion that collections of pottery taken from cemeteries in the level ground, and perhaps from the low mounds of the group, have been, in the course of years, credited to the large mound. We learn that for years the site has yielded nothing in the way of Indian relics during its extensive cultivation. 504 SOME AP>r)RIGINAL SITES. In spite of the ])lowiiig in progress during our visit, we ai'rangcd to put down some exploratoi-y holes here and there in low remainders of mounds and in a ridge forming i)art of the site, l:)ut found neither bone nor artifact. Doubt- less the furor for pot-hunting at this i)lace in the jmst, and constant cultivation since, have complctel>' cl(>ared the site of all the relics it formerly contained. The settlemc^nt of New Madrid is i)ai-ticularly mentioned by ^Nlajor Fornran,' who went down the Ohio and Mississi]:)pi in 1789-90. At that time there was danger from the Indians along the Ohio. From New Madiid, Mo., to Bayou Pierre, sixty miles above Natchez, Miss., was no settlement along the Mississippi. Shortly before reaching New Madrid, Major Forman had guests at dinner on his boat and had ])rovided a large ])iece of fresh beef, "enough and to spare." Three Indians who had come aboard were invited to share the repast, which they no doubt appreciated. At the close of the meal one of the guests, perhaps enlivened by some stimulant, though Major Forman does not say so, took his fork and pitched it in a way to take hold and stand u])right in the meat that was left. The Indians, always jirone to ceremonA' and no doubt considering this a ceremonial act incumbent on well-bred ]:)ersons after a repast, and not wishing to be wanting in courtesy to their host, each hurled his fork into the meat, leaving it i)lanted therein. The Campbell Mound, Fttlton County, Ky. About six miles westward from Hickirran, Ky., on the proj^erty of Mr. T. M. French of that place, is the ('amp]:)ell mound. This mound, formerly cjuadri- lateral with a summit-plateau, is 18 feet in height and 225 feet ])y IGO feet in diameters of base. The remains of a causeway, now largeh' i)lowed away, is evident on one side of the mound. As this mound is a refuge in time of flood, the tenant on the ])roi)ert3' was not willing to have trial-holes ])ut down in the summit-i)lateau, where the soil seemed dark and there might hav(> been super- ficial burials. Near the mound were two slight rises of very restricted area in the cultivated field in which the mound stands. We wc^'e ijermitted to put down eight trial- holes in these, five of winch, in one of them, yielded nothing. The remaining three holes, dug hito the other rise, came ui)on two burials, as follows: Burial No. 1, 2 feet 4 inches from the surface, was a deposit of calcined frag- ments of human bones, roughly circular, about 1 foot 3 inches in diameter and 5 inches in thickness. With these were fragments of sheet-copi)er showing the effect of fire, presumably parts of an ornament. This deposit of crematc^l l^ones had Ix^en i)laced on a fragment of a very large vessel of eartlienware. In places on this large sherd other fragments of l)ottery had been (iei)osited, making, h(>re and there, a double thickness. ' Xa.rr;itivc of ;i .Jounic}' ddwii tln' Ohio :iiiil Mississip|ii in 17S!)-!)0. I-Sy Maj. Samuol S. Forman. Cincinnati, LSSS. SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 505 Nine inches l:)eIow tlie pottery was the bottom of a concave fire-])Iace on which was charcoal. Tlie surrounchng earth showed the effect of fire. Here and there in the soil loetween tlie base of the fire-place and the larg;e fragment of earthenware above it, were fragments of calcined bone, l)Vit far too few in number to be termed a deposit. It seemed as if th(> cremation might have takc>n place on the fire-place and the fragments of calcined bones been gathered and placed in the pottery receiitaclc, leaving some of them still scattered in the ground. Burial No. 2, 3 feet 2 inches deep, was a bunched burial comi:)osed of the bones of one skeleton. Alongside this burial was an undecorated vessel of lenticular shape, possibly a rude attempt at a shell-form. In this vessel were some fragments of bones having belonged to a young infant. The vessel, how- ever, was far too small to have contained the skeleton of even so young an infant as the bones found would indicate, and cannot be considered to have been an urn-burial. The remaining bones were not found, and we think it likely that the skeleton of the infant, with the exception of such i)arts as may have fallen into the A^essel, was cut away when the bunched burial was interred, the infant's burial, in this event, of course, having preceded the other. In the soil near the surface, ai)art from human remains, was a large frag- ment of a vessel, the remainder of which apparently had been plowed away. This vessel, originally a bottle, the body consisting of four lobes, had l;)een coated with red pigment. This is the farthest north that we have found earthenware giving evidence of such excellence of design and coloring. AIOUNDS ON PiNHOOK RiDGE, MISSISSIPPI CoUNTY, Mo. On Pinhook Ridge, on the western side of Teefo Pond (we spell the name as it is locally pronounced), drained b}^ Pinhook Bayou, about three miles in a straight line WNW. from the lower end of Wolf Island chute, is a group of five mounds. These mounds, forming an irregular circle, are on the property of Mr. W. C. Russell, of Charleston, Mo. Mound A, the largest of the group, oblong with extensive summit-plateau, has been frequontl}- used for protection of stock in times of overflow. Height, 18.5 feet; length and width of base, respectively, 239 feet and 181 feet. Mound B, 25 yards 8. from Mound A, oblong with rounded corners, has been under cultivation for a number of years. Height, 6.5 feet; length of base, 152 feet; width of base, 122 feet. Trial-holes in the summit-]:)lateau were with- out return. Mound C, also oblong with summit-plateau, 60 yards 8E. from Mound B, had been under cultivation. Height, 5 feet; length and width of base, re- spectively, 131 feet and 114 feet. A number of trial-holes yielded only a small, undecorated bowl of coarse ware, having two holes together on two opi)Osite sides for suspension. Mound D, 75 yards NE. from Mound C, circular as to the base and probably o06 SOME ABORICINAL SITES. originalh' without sviminit-platoau, though recent use has caused some flattening. Height, 14.5 feet; diameter of base, 90 feet. Mound E, 22 yai'ds NW. from Mound D and 90 yards E. by S. from Mound A. Heiglit, 7 ivQt; diameter of the circular base, 87 feet. The presence of buildings on this mound prevent(>cl investigation. Extending from the side of Mound E in a NW. direction is an irregular ridge about 270 feet long, 102 feet wide, having a maximum altitude of 6 feet, almost entirely covered with l:)uildings. Trial-holes put down in various i^arts of the area surrounding the mounds failed to find artifact or burial. Mound on the Chaney Place, Hickman County, Ky. About two miles in a straight line eastwardly from the lower end of Wolf Island, near Little Obion river, on property of Mr. J. W. Chaney, hving upon it, is a mound with summit-plateau in which arc nimierous burials of recent date. Height, 11 feet 4 inches; diameters of base, 120 feet and 135 feet. Mounds on the Turk Place, Ballard County, Ky. On the estate of the late Mr. J. W. Turk, BardwcU, Ky., about 1.5 mile in an easterly direction from the lower end of Island No. 1, are three mounds which were courteously ])laced at our disi)osal by Mrs. Turk. These mounds have been plowed over for a nimiber of years and are considerably modified in shape. Mound A, westernmost, running about N. and S., has a flat top and is some- what less than 11 feet in height. Its basal measurements are: length, 182 feet; width, 134 feet. The plateau in the same directions is 115 feet and 64 feet. Mound B, of which th(> western end almost adjoins the northern end of Mound A, extends about east and west and consists apparently of two mounds united by a ridge slightl.v lower than the mounds themselves, which are entirely distinct from Mound A. The basal length of the mound, that is to say the ridge and its two extremities, is 283 f(>et; the width of the western end, 104 feet; that of the eastern end, 120 feet. Th(> dimensions of the summit-plateau in corre- sponding directions, respectively', arc 200 feet, 36 feet, and 40 feet. The height of the eastern end is 8 feet, and that of the w(>stern end, 13 feet. INIound C, al)out 36 yards east of Mound B, is 36 feet across its circular base; its height is about 6 feet, though its base, the origiiial surface of the ground, was but 4 feet from the summit of the mound. A central excavation 12 feet square was carried to the base of this mound. Eighteen inches down wei'e fi'agments of an object of wood copper-coated, whose original shape is not determinable. About 1.5 foot cHstant from this object, with no bones in association, though of course a burial may have been there, were the fragments of an undecorated water-bottle with wide mouth. Api)arently originally inverted in the mouth 80ME ABORIGINAL SITES. 507 of this bottle was a small, undecorated bottle having a neck in the form of a truncated cone. The ware of both these bottles, which was without shell- tempering, was of fair (luality and had ])orne a high polish originally. About 20 inches down in another part of the excavation was a burial extended on the back. In the field surrounding the mounds are humps and ridges that have been plowed over for a long period. Trial-holes in these came upon midden debris but no burials. At the Turk Place we ol)tained from a boy who said he had found them to- gether on the Allen Place nearby, three im])lements of flint, probably hoes. These objects, the longest of which is about 8 75 inches, the others slightly less, are each about 3.25 inches in width, have rounded, unground edges, and are without the polish that one sometimes observes on flint implements that have seen use in cultivation of the soil. All are on one face flat transversely, some- what concave longitudinally, and on the other face convex transversely and longitudinally — a shai)e fitted readily to enter and displace the soil. Mounds on the Edwards Place, Ballard County, Ky. About one mile east from the head of Island No. 1 and from the mouth of Mayfield creek, on high table-land, on i)roperty of Mr. J. P. Edwards, who lives on the extensive estate, are two mounds of clay but a few feet a])art, the larger 62 feet across its circular base, with a height of 6 feet 3 inches. An excavation 12 feet scjuare showed the former surface of the ground to be but 5 feet 2 inches below the top of the mound. No burial was encountered in the body of the mound, but commencing at the dark base-line was an oblong grave-pit 8 feet 2 inches by 3 feet G inches in size, extending 3 feet 3 inches into the hard, underlying clay. Every part of the contents of this grave was carefull}^ removed with a trowel without the discovery of any artifact or bone — not even so much as the crown of a human tooth. The grave, cut into dense clay, had served as a tank, holding moisture, its contents ])eing mud while the remainder of the mound and the surrounding underlying clay was solid. Pro]:)ably long-continued wet had aided in the complete destruction, through decay of the skeleton which the grave at one time must have contained. A hole 12 feet scjuare, sunk in the smaller mound, which was less than 2 feet in height and about 50 feet in diameter, yielded no return. A low mound much plowed away on another part of the Edwards Place was carefully dug into bj^ us, but seemed to have been built as a place of domicile. In the soil was what probably had been the handle of a tool. This object is of antler, hollowed at one end as if for use as an arrowhead, but greatly curved at the other end. In a field adjoining the Edwards Place, having some fragments of flint on the surface, a number of holes failed to find l)urials, but came upon, in one in- 508 SOME ABORIGINAL SITE8. staneo, a liandsonio celt of flint, nearly flat on one side, convex on the other, havintz,' a gracefully i-ounded cuttinf^- edge, highly ])oli,shed on each side. Length 6 inches. AbORKJINAL DWELLINOSITE AT WiCKLIFFE, BaLLARD CouNTY, Ky. This site, locally celel)ratcd, is at the town of Wickliffe, the property of the Wisconsin ("hair Co., of Port Washington, ^Vis. Careful digging over this site tailed to find artifact or bui-ial, tliougli there is liistory of ol),iects having been found thei'c. INDEX Additional Iiu'csl ii;al ion on Mississippi lii\'cr, W.', Aunis Place, mounds on, 4S0 Antler, handles ol', 4'.).'), oOT Antler spearhead (ranstixina; \'ertcbra, 4().S Antler, spearpoints of, 464, 46S, 47S Arrow-flakcrs of antler, 41)o Arrowpoint of flint, within skull of vounj^ woman, 469 Arrowshaft wrench of claystone, 477 Asphalt used for allachment, 432, 464, 46(i, 467, 468, 475 Association of so-called needles and sizers, resume, 437 Atlatl, essentials of, in I'ehition to (diaracter of hooked implements, 436 Astragalus of elk, used in a game, 405 Austin Place, J-iutler county, site on, 477 Austin Place, McLean county, site on, 440 Ball of st(jne, 443 Balls of clay, 467 Bandy Place, Mo., nnjunds on, 501 Banner si ones in)t always ornamental or cere- monial, 431 Bar-amulet, olijects resemliling, 462, 465 Ba}' City, ahoiiginal cemetery near, 401 Bead of antler, 471 Bead of bone, 467 Beads of clavstone, "Tlie Indian Knoll," 440, 457, 467, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 47(i Beads of jet, "4die Indian Knoll," 448, 440. 153, 457, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 468, 470, 471, 473, 476 Beads of shell, 443, 44S, 453, 457, 460, 4(i2, 4(i3, 464, 465, 466, 467, 470, 471, 472, 473, 4/4, 475, 476, 480, 405 Beads of shell, heart-shaped, 468 Beads, varieties of, "The Indian Knoll," 44S Beaver, incisoi's of, 462, 472, 405 Bieave stone found near "The Indian Knoll," 477 Bird's claws, willi burial, 475 Bison, bones of, Hale's Point, Tenn., 406 Bluff City, site near, 440 Bone implcmenls, blunt, 457 Bone im])lcnienls, llattened, 405 Bone, oljjects of, "The Indian Knoll," 451 Bone tubes, 451, 465, 4()0, 470, 474 Burials, arrangiunent of, "The Indian Knoll," 445, 446, 447 Burials, nninbei- of, "The Imlian Knoll," 445 Calhoun, site near, 442 Campbell mound, 504 Canine teeth of carnivores, perforated for suspen- sion, 443, 449, 457, 460, 465, 466, 471, 476 Canine teeth of the wolf, each having two pcrfoi'a- tions, 4()5 Claws of raptorial bii'd, with burial, 475 .54 .lOtFRX. .\. .\. S. I'HILA., VOL. X\'I. ( '(41 of cop])er, 440 C(4t of fiuit, EdwariN Place, 50S Celt of igneous rock, Hale's P(]inl, 405 ('elts almost alisent fr(nn "4'lie Indian Knoll," 449 ( '(4t-shaped implements, blunl, 466, 46S ( 'eremonial breaking ol large marine shell, 464 Ceremonial breaking of sizers, 460, 4(i4, 465, 472, 474, 475 Certain Aboriginal Sites on ()hio R,i\'er, 487 ( 'lianejr Place, mound on, 506 (duircoal, layer of, on bottom (jf grave, 475 ('hcrry Place, mound and site on, 485 Chisels of flint, 489, 495 ( 'hurehill, William, 432, 435 ( 'lay, masses of, with buiials, 457, 462, 466, 468 (davstone, beads of, "The Indian Knoll," 449, 457, 467, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476 Colvin Lake, dwelling-site lu'ai', 4SS Copper, celt of, 440 Copper-coated ornament of wood, Turk Place, 506 ('opi)er ornament, Cain|)bi'll mound, 504 Copjx'i-, ornaments of, 462, 465, 470, 504 ( 'opper, " I'he Indian Knoll," 451, 462, 465, 470 Crennition, Campliell nH)und, 504 Crenudion, Xeeley mounds, 40S, 400, 500 Davis Place, Ky., aboilginal cemetery on, 491 I)a\'is Place, Mo., nu)unds on, 502 Depth of burials at "The Indian Knoll," 445 Deweese Place, P.iitler ('ounty, site on, 477 Discs of pottery, 405 Discs of shell, fi'om heads of haii'iiins, 468, 472, 474 Disturliancc, aboiiginal, "Th(.' Indian Knoll," 451 Dogs, skeletons of', 443, 44s, 462, 466, 468, 474, 476 Drinking-cup made fi'om IIiiki/coii prrt'crsuin, 471 Dwelling-sites of the t\'pe of "The Inihan Knoll," 477 Liar-ornaments, canin(> tcelL of the wolf, 443 Ear-ornaments of shell, curx-ed, from marine uni- valves, 440, 462 Ear-plugs of shell, 405 Edwards Place, mounds on, 507 Idhgv ve.-;sels, Hale's Point, 406 i:fKgy ves.sels, Xeeley Mouiuls, 40S, 400 Ihnmons, Lieut. C. T., 435 I'ire, ceremonial use of, in conni'i'tion with urn- burial, 49S Fish-hook of bone, "ddie Indian Knoll," 451, 463 I'lint knife, Xeeley ALjunds, d'laui., 400 "Lliids" fi'om "The Indian Kmjll," 440 I'oetal remains in skeleton, 447 Fossil, ])erforate, ])robabh' used ,'is bead, 476 Fowke, (ierard, 4S2 ■>t)0 510 INDEX Ftilldii, iiKiunds near, I'.lo INlillei', \)r. M. (!., 43S, 4(iS, 473, 477 MillH, William C, 4S() ('.il4'(>r(l, l)i\ ]']. \A'., 4S() Mississi]ipi rivci', nioumls ami sites, 4l.»;j Cilauconitc, or fiTccii oartli, with liui'ials, 457, 4(')3, Molar of wolf, j^roovoil ami perforated for sus- 4(i4 pension, 47() (lorgel of shell, fi-asminitary, Hale's I'oint, 4!);') Monitoi' pijic of claystojie, Markliani I^laec, Gorget of shell, near ('olvin [jake, Ky., 4S!I Tenn., oOl Gorgets of shell, "Tlie Imlian Knoll," 44!), 4r)7, Mound (.'ity, mounds at, 4S,S 4li(), 4(>2, 4()3, 4(55, 471 Mounds and sites on Gi'eeu rix'er, 440 Graves, base of, showing I'ed hematite pigment. Mounds, eharaeter of, on Green ri\-cr, 431 4(;fi, 4(iS, 470 Muller of (daystone, 443 (ii'een ri\'ei\ di'seription and com-se, 43,1 i\Iidlers, "The Indian Knoll," 451, 457, 470 Groo\'ed axe, ])i-olialily used for dia\'ing posts, 451 Mnri)hy Landing, mound near, 491 Groo\-ed axes from "Tlie Indian Knoll," 440, 403, MeCov Place, moun' mounds, 4!)!) Pi|)e ol sandstone, said to Inn'e been found near Ma]) of i)arl of Given ri\'ei', Ky., 43!) "4die Imlian Knoll," 151 .Map ol i)art of Alississip])i liver, 1!)2 l^ipes for snmking, none fouml in "The Indian Markham Place, Tenn., nmunds on, 501 Knoll," 451 .Mai'tin Place, nnjund on, 4S1 I'itted stones, 440 Mason, Otis, T., 433 I'ot-boiler st(jnes, "ddie Imlian Knoll," 451 Massac crei'k, d\\-elling-site neai- mouth of, 4!)0 I'ol-sherd with crimson pigment, 4SS Metz, 1)1-. ('. L.. 17!), ISO Pot-sherd with red pigment, Campbell nn)und. Miller, Dr, (4errit S., .Ir., 43S, 44S, 44!) 5()5 INDEX 511 Pottery from Hale's Point (jreseiited to the Royal Ethuograpliical Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, 438 Pottery, scarcity of, in "The Inchaii Knoll," 451 Pottery, site near Colvin Lake, Ky., 4S!), 401 Pottery vessel, Campbell mound, 505 Pottery vessel, mound at McCoy Place, 41)7 Pottery vessel, mounds on Piidiook Ridge, 505 Pottery vessels, site at Hale's Point, T(>nn., 404, 495, 496 Skulls well pi'esci'\'ed at "The Indian Knoll," 44S Smallhous, site neai', 44.'-) Smith, Harlan I., 470 Some Aboriginal Sites on (Ireen Ri\'ei', K>-., 440 Spearhead of antler transfixing vertebra, 4(iS Spearpoints of antler, 4ti4, 47S Stone graves near Bay City, III., 401 Skinner, Alanson, 479 Stone graves of peculiar form, n(>ar Jjittle R<'edv Point, Ky., 485, 486, 487 Pottery vessels, Ne(4ey mounds, Tenn., 407, 408, Stone graves on Green river deslroyed by culti- vation, 431 Stone graves on the Cherry Place, Ky., 485 Stone graves on the Davis Place, Ky., 401 Stone gra\'es on tlic Mai'tin Place, Kv., 4S1, 482, 483, 4,S4, 4S5 Stone graves on the Orr Place, III., 401 Stone graves on the Thirlkill Place, Ky., 40(1 499, 500 Pottery vessels, Turk Place, 506, 507 Rattle, Xe(>lev mounds, Tenn., 500 Rattles, 453, 460, 465, 468, 471, 475, 47(), 500 Ravbon, .1. S., 431, 433 Rhone Place, 477 Ring of earthenware, 490 Rings of bone, site at Hale's Point, Tenn., 405 Saville, Prof. Marshall 11., 436 Scraper of fliut, 471 vShell beads. — See Beads of shell Shell beads, emliedded in asphalt, forming heads of pins, 475 Shell beads, heart-shaped, 468 Shell drinking-cup, Bii-si/con pcrrcrninii, 471 Shell gorgets, "The Indian Knoll," 440, 457, 460, 462, 463, 465, 471 Shell ornament, ellipse, 470 Shell ornaments, cui'\'ed, ma.de from nuirine univalves, 440, 457, 462, 4()3, 465, 466, 471, 476 Shell ornaments, pointed, 470 Shell ornaments, with two |)ei-forations at one end, 467 Shell, strips and beads of, from a girdle, 473 Shell tops of heads of pins, 467, 468, 472, 474 Sizers for net making, 432, 442, 443, 451, 453, 457, 460, 462, 463, 4(i4, 465, 46(i, 4()7, 470, 471, 472, 474. 475 Skull fractured, and |)ierced by wea.jions, 473 Skull, injuries to. desci-iplion of, 473 Skull of young wonuin, containing ai'rowjjoint of Teeth, canine, of cai'ni\'oi'es, ))erfora1e m