qe m QI4-R \908 Z62. U67 ionwtt Kniwwitg ptag BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF licnrg W. Sage 1891 rt.flfl.fi'Ufr ot™~ " 3777 Cornell University Library QE 262.Q14U87 1908 The geology of the Quantock Hills and of 3 1924 004 550 434 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004550434 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 295. THE GEOLOGY OF THE QUANTOCK HILLS AND OF TAUNTON AND BRIDGWATER, BY W. A. E. USSHEE, F.G.S. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF IKE LORDS COMMISSIONERS 07 HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WYMAN & SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.C. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and u, Long Acre, London ; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any ' Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1908. Price Two Shillings. LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES, AND MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. J. J. H. TBAI.L, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. The Maps and Memoirs are now issued by the Ordnance Survey. They can be obtained from Agents or direct from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. Museum Catalogues, Guides, &c, are sold at the Museum, 28, Jermyn Street, London. - A Complete List of the Publications can be obtained from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. Price Bd. INDEX MAP (25 Miles to the inch). Map of the British Islands. Price— Coloured, 2s., uncoloured, la. GENERAL MAP (one inch to 4 miles). ENGLAND AND WALES.— Sheet 1 (Title); 2 (Northumberland, ■ .<■■ •Two of the 'species of Tadioliiia/./PoroMsGus &n.(£:Carpos?ptimra; are the same as those obtained by Messrs. Fox and Hinde-iH the;: Devon and Cornwall Culm chert beds. ■■ '•'-■"; - "■- Of the Pendleside. -forms -those distinguished by an -asterisk:! have also been found in Carmarthen in the Millstone Grit ~oi ;the \ north crop, above-.the- shales with- radiolarian cherts .- -"■■■,.. The fossils ■ mentioned are- Pterinopecteit papyrqeeus * (Goldf.), Posidoniella Icevis* (Brown), Lingula mytiloides J.Sow., -Glypkioceras bilingue* (Salt.), -G. spirale (Phill.), G. reticulaMm * (Phill). Posi- donomyabecheri-w&s also found inGower, but its precise position is not known. { Referring- to the Bishopston beds in 1904 Dr. Wheelton Hind says : " The cherty beds are here overlain by black. shales with Posidoniella Icevis and' Glyphioceras bilingue, fossils which occur low down in -the Pendleside series. These cherty beds are, I believe, homotaxial with the Coddon Hill beds." He goes on to. show that similar cherty beds inhollows in the Carboniferous ~ ■ — : rx3 — - — : —i, t — : — * Quart. Journ.-Geol. Soc, Vol. lxii., 1906, p. 362. . t The Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part viii. (Swansea), pp. 20-29, Mem. Geol. Sur,,- 1907, . . ■"■ '•'-- ■■■•■■ "• -■ ■' ->• ■ • RELATIONS OF CARBONIFEROUS AND DEVONIAN. 35 limestone at Clavier, near Dinant, yield a typical lower Pendleside fauna, and from the shales at Vise he determined Posidonomya becheri, Pterinopecten papyraceus, and Posidoniella Icevis. As regards the relative position of the Coddon Hill Beds and Posidonomya Limestones and Shales, wherever these two types are recognisable on the north or south crop the limestone series, is invariably the uppermost. As regards the Venn Limestone I satisfied myself that it formed no exception to this rule when on a visit to Mr. J. G. Handing in 1897. Dr. Hind's section shows the true relative position of these beds. . Glyphioceras spirale is a common fossil in the upper beds of the Lower Culm (Posidonomya Beds) at Bampton, W addon Barton, and elsewhere both in the northern and southern outcrops. Dr. Hind has shown a very good case for the correlation of the. Posidonomya becheri beds of North Devon with the Pendleside Beds, a case greatly strengthened by the Lower Coal Measure fauna of the Instow Beds: The Visean fauna, said to occur in beds above the. Posidonomya horizons by Mr. Harold Parkinson near Dillenburg, is a stumbling block to the correlation of the Devon Lower Culm with that of, the Continent, supposing the former to represent the Pendleside group- The stratigraphical position assigned to the beds contain- ing this fauna is warranted on high authority. Meanwhile we can only say that the British evidence in favour of Dr. Hind's view does not dispose of the question as to whether, the Carboniferous Limestone has died out southward, without any equivalent representation; or whether such repre- sentation is only to be sought in the Chert Beds of the Lower Culm, taken as its deeper water equivalent. The admission of the latter view would render Dr. Hind's correlation of the Culm Chert beds of Devon with the Bishopston Chert beds quite untenable. -When we turn to the Upper Devonian unquestionably the Pilton beds contain the Fammenien fauna and in the Cucuttcea Grits of the Baggy Beds we have the occurrence of forms which correspond to Mourlon's Assize III. or C. with Cuvullcea hardingi* in the Psammites de Condroz of Belgium. The Psammites de Cpndroz support Dupont's lower division of the Carboniferous Limestone. The Fammenien Shales underlie the Psammites in M. Mourlpn's sections. The French Ardennes shale type of the Fammenien, so^ beautifully worked out by Professor Gosselet in zones characterised , by different species of Rhynchonella, and the Psammites de Condroz - type, correspond to the Pilton Beds of North Devon and West Somerset in which gritty beds are disseminated throughout, although their development en masse in the Cucullwa Grits of Baggy Point is no doubt at a much lower horizon in the Fammenien than the beds characterised by the occurrence of Cucullwa in Belgium. * " Sur l'etage Devonien des Psammites du Condroz," Bruxelles, F, Hayez, 1875-6. BuLl. Acad. roy. de Bdgique., 2nd ser., Vol, xxxix., No. 5. May, 1875. Dupont, Ibid., Vol. xx„ Nos, 9 and 10, 1864, 36 CARBONIFEROUS. Marcel Bertram!* enunciated the principle that the earliest foldings of the terrestrial crust determined or influenced the nature and directions of the subsequent folds exhibited by the newer rocks, and that this influence might be seen even in the terrestrial and submarine contours. As an illustration the shape of England appears to have been determined by three systems of foldings. On the south the Armori- can east and west folds are seen in the Exmoor and Mendip anti- clines, reproduced later, on the same general line, by the Weald anticline trending eastward into France by Boulogne. The Tertiary basin of Hampshire follows on the line of the Culm syncline of Devon and North Cornwall. The Pembroke and South Wales Coal basins are on a syncline followed in the same direction eastward by the London Tertiary basin, but the structure is broken and interfered withf through the north and south Malvernian axis (? a variant of the Charnian strike) the influence of which is seen in the distribution of the Bristol and Somerset coal-fields. The Caledonian S.S.W. and N NE. foldings are apparent from St. Davids northward, and are seen in the Long Mynd, but as we proceed eastward in Charnwood Forest the axis of folding is north-west and south-east, and this is repro- duced at Atherstone and Nuneaton. These strikes are significant of a dividing ridge of older rocks connecting the Longmyndian and Charnian pre-Cambrian, but this does not imply an east and west folding, as the divergent strikes would naturally coalesce in the north direction of the Malvernian ridge, which is exemplified by the distribution of the Carboniferous rocks from Derby northward through Northumberland. The Charnian strike is reproduced roughly in the Jurassic outcrop from North Allerton to the Humber and in the Cretaceous outcrop from Hunstanton northward, and also in the general set of the coast line from Hartlepool to Yarmouth. Taking the British Islands as a whole the Caledonian folding determines their western limits from the Shetland Islands to Galway Bay; and the south of Ireland, as in the south coast of Wales and the south of England, is subject to the dominant influence of the East and West Armorican folds.J Marcel Bertrand divided France into anetwork of east and west folds traversed by north and south folds and showed thereby the distortion effected in the direction of either system where the other was most accentuated. Where folding had progressed to the stage of mountain- forming, he pointed out the tendency of over- folded axes to be nipped off from the parent fold and overthrust in nappes de recouvrement on the newer rocks of the synclinals, and that many such overfolds may have existed where, through the progress of denudation, there is now no trace of them. In our * Ann. Mines, Paris (Ser. 9), iii., p. 5, 1893. Oomptes Bendus, Paris, cxviii., pp. 212, 258, 1894, and other papers. t See A. Strahan, Presidential Address to Section C, Brit. Assoc., 1904. j See E. Suess, "Das Antlitz der Erde," vol. ii., 2nd section, pp. 102-103 and 152, Delations of carboniferous and devonian. 37 district the periclines of the Mendips may be due to the crossing of the east and west by north and south folds indicating the southerly dying out of the influence of the Malvernian axis. Again, in the Charnian strike (N.W. and S.B.) of the Quantock anticline we may have traces of a similar influence. The Luckington and Vobster Carboniferous Limestone patches can only be explained as relics of a nappe de recouvrement, " outlying inliers " to coin a para- doxical term. From what has been said it will be seen that on or near the north margin of the east and west Armorican folds a change has taken place from the Old Red type on the north to the Marine Devonian type on the south ; and from the representation of the Carboniferous on the north by the Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit, and Coal-measures, to the Culm type (including rocks of Pendleside facies, in the lower part having some faunal affinity with the Carboniferous Limestone) and to grits and shales representing an unproductive type of the Coal-measures, on the south. Among other instances of elevation accompanied by marine denu- dation, Marcel Bertrand cites the axis of Condroz, which forms the Lower Devonian shore line (probably up to the Black Sea). On his map the axis of Condroz is shown to continue north of Dover and Bristol along the Bristol Chaunel. South of Dublin Bay the Old Red is overlapped along the western margin of a tract of older rocks (inoluding Cambrian, Ordovician, granite and intrusive igneous rocks) exhibiting the Caledonian strike. The strikes of this pre-Devonian massif cross the east and west strike of the Old Red axes of the Knockmealdown Mountains. Near Wexford the Carboniferous Limestone rests directly on the Cambrian. On crossing St. George's Channel, and following the mass of older rocks eastward, we find the Old Red developed,* whilst on the north and south the Upper Carboniferous overlaps the Lower, and Coal- measures rest upon pre-Devonian rocks near Shrewsbury, Dudley, and Tamworth, and upon Old Red Sandstone in the Forest of Wyre, and east of Ludlow. From the borings at Culford, Weeley, and Stutton this Lower Carboniferous isthmus seems to be prolonged eastward. In East Cornwall, as I have shown, the Culm shales and grits, or unproductive Coal-measures, overlap the Lower Culm. In 1882, Professor Hull showed on a map of the British Isles the "central barrier " during the period of the Carboniferous Limestone.^ Now if the Devon Lower Culm-measures correspond to the Carboniferous rocks above the Carboniferous Limestone, and the Upper Devonian in no part represents the latter, the south shore of a strait in the Carboniferous Limestone sea would have been not far south of Cannington Park; and south of this the Carboniferous Limestone would not be found. * See De la Beohe, Mem. Geol. Sur., vol. i., pp. 221-227. t Scientific Trans. Ray. Dublin Soc., Vol. i. (Sen 2), Plate xxvii. $8 , CAEBOtiiFEiRb'XtS; , The movements which have resulted in the formation of the Armorican chain with its east and west strikes would appear to have been begun in Central England in Lower Carboniferous times, and to have produced an east and west ridge or shoal bank traversed by Caledonian and Charnian strikes to the north of the district in which the pre-Permian east and west strikes prevail (? determined by lines of pre -Carboniferous folding). The Carboniferous Limestone in the Bristol Channel depression would not have extended far to the south, through a similar uprise permitting the transgression of the Lower Culm-measures southward over the Upper Devonian sea-bed; if Dr. Wheelton Hind's correlations are justified. On the other hand, the writer is inclined to share in the views entertained by Dr. G. J. Hinde and Mr. Howard Fox * as to the deep water character of the British Lower Culm Measures. The opportunity of ascertaining the superposition of the Posidonomya Beds on the Chert Beds by actual mapping did not arise till a year or two after the publication of their paper. The equiva- lence of the Lower Culm Chert Beds to Carboniferous Limestone,' owing to a more" or 'less uniform deepening of the sea-bed to the south and south-west of Cannington Park, is here advocated. . Somewhere along the Bristol Channel a ridge of older rocks trending eastward may have formed the shore line of the Devonian sea, or a partial barrier between it and the Old Red areas of deposition. The abrupt ending of the Carboniferous Limestone of Cannington Park only explicable on the assumption of a pre- Triassie fault and the signs of disturbance, in the divergent strikes of the Quantock and Croydon Hill anticlines, point to the probability of the existence of such a barrier, of which the granite of Lundy Island may well have formed a part. " In Ireland (County Waterford) Ordovician strata exhibiting the Caledonian strike cross the east and west folds of the Old Red and Carboniferous rocks, but this earlier strike has influenced the foldings from Bantry Bay to Cork, which is suggestive of the pro- longation of the pre-Devonian massif in this direction. . . The presumed fault on the south side of Cannington Park must be irregular ; it should reach the coast somewhere north of East Quan- toekshead and would probably trend eastward toward Salisbury. In the area embraced in Sheet 295, the prospects of a Coal-basin north of this line would be very slight, but further north along the Lias synclinal at the Bason Bridge boring (where the Rhaetic was- not penetrated at a depth of 494 feet) ; and further north, or between Wells, Chapel Allerton, and Burtle, the prospects of the occurrence pf basins of Upper Carboniferous rocks are very strong, as such a structure would be the synclinal equivalent of the periclines of Old- Red in the Mendip anticline. It is, of course, possible that such basins might exhibit the unproductive Devon type, but on the other handthereis no proof that productive Coal-measures might not occur at.a depth of from 1,000 to 1 ,500 feet. * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., Vol. li., pp. 061-663. te Chapter vk NEW RED SERIES. PERMIAN AND TRIAS. It will be seen that on the south and east margin of the Quantocks, the Upper Sandstones are the oldest member of the New Red series shown at the surface, and that they occur irregularly on the margin of the? older rocks, . and in patches brought up by faults, a"s at Wembdon where : brecciated "beds are associated with them. (See Table,, p. 63.) : ' On the west of the Quantocks, however, the series is complete ; the Lower Sands rest on the older rocks on the west, and are -over- lain successively on the east- by breccia and .breccio-conglome- rate — Lower • Marls— the . Conglomerate' subdivision' represented by conglomerate; breccia and gravel — Upper "Sandstones cut out by fault between Riches Holford and Bicknoller — Keuper Marls faulted against the Devonian more- or less continuously from Crowcombe southward. Numerous dislocations bring Keuper Marls' aiid Lower^Marls together between Bipknollejr and Crowcombe,, and- Conglomerates against similar rocks in the Lower subdivision near Vellow. In addition to this, the variation due to local failure in supply of calcareous materials is strikingly exemplified .by the representa- tion of the Conglomerate near Crowcombe Heathfield by an unconsolidated subangular. ' gravel, and by the local develop- ments of massive conglomerate in breccia .and -less consolidated materials, with very little regard to definite stratigraphical horizons, in the "area south of Milverton. The lines of fracture which have been found more or. less frequently on the out- crop of the Conglomerate from Talaton ' in Sheet 326 north- ward, are .continued in this map with greater' persistence and intensity, as might be expected from movements of elevation and contraction acting on ajii area in which the older and more- con- solidated" rocks rise so irregularly amongst, the newer and softer materials. On the north of Stogumber these faults bring together the Permian BreGGio-conglomerates and breccias, and the Triassic Conglomerate subdivision, ..both so variable in character through the accidents "of derivation that they might, well' be taken for thVsame series, but for outlying masses Of the Lower Marls r here- and there truncated by the dislocations;/ The Upper and. Lower Sandstones also exhibit resemblances even extending to the local presence, of calcareous sandstones in the latter, •" Blake noted quaryos in. which calcareous sandstonesor marlstones were. 40 pEMttAN. worked for lime, viz., at 220 yards S.E. of Stogumber Church, and half-way between Stogumber and Stogumber Station. It has been elsewhere shown that in the area immediately south of this (Sheet 311) a series of interbedded clays and sands with brecciated bands comes in at the base of the Lower Marls on the north of the Tone Valley. The brecciated bands become a distinct thin subdivision on entering this map near Bathealton Court, and form a distinctive feature which breaks the slope in knolls south of Croford Bridge and north of Chapel Leigh. On the map, however, sands are shown immediately below the Lower Marls in twp places west of Milverton ; near Croford east of Wiveliscombe ; in the valley east of Pyleigh ; near Lydeard, St. Lawrence ; and east of Stogumber. These must be regarded as a sandy, locally brecciated, representative of the upper beds of the Breccio -conglomerate, and as a further proof of its variable character. "When, however, this variability is extended to the representation of the breccio -conglomerate by intercalated clays and sands (in the map to the south), which are homotaxial with, and may be represented by, the very much greater thickness of marls and sandstones between Straight Point and Exmouth on the south coast, it becomes highly probable that the upper beds of the Lower New Red represent the lower beds of the Lower Marls and merely indicate marginal conditions. The escarpment features referred to in the Introduction are made by respective outcrops of the upper coarser beds of the Lower New Red and the Conglomerate subdivision. The names breccio- conglomerate and conglomerate are only partially applicable to these subdivisions as both are largely represented by unconsoli- dated gravels, but there is an entire absence in the lower, of the large pebble conglomerates which occur in the upper, subdivision. PERMIAN. In the district west of Williton (Sheet 324), the Lower New Red beds if present are entirely concealed by the conformable overlap of successively higher subdivisions on the old rock margin. Their last and most northerly appearance is on the south of the fault at Vellow Wood Farm. The Lower Marls which here overlie them disappear at a short distance west in the adjacent map, in the same manner. Where it crosses the high road to Williton the Vellow Wood JFarm fault is marked by a boss of compact red mamrnilated and banded limestone of secondary origin. Lower Sandstones. The lowest New Red strata in the district consist of sands locally brecciated, and their junction with the overlying coarser beds is Well marked by feature especially from Tolland southward. In the cutting of the Devon and Somerset Branch Railway near Wood- lands Farm, a fault running W. 20 N., separates red sand rock from Upper Devonian slates. At Cobhay Farm the sands are faulted against the Lower Marls. In a well at the farm, said to be 40 feet deep, hard white sand was met with at tOWfiR SANDSTONES. 41 10 feet from the surface. On the west of Wiveliscombe coarse red yellow- mottled sand, brecciated with numerous angular fragments of the local Devonian rocks, forms an irregular marginal deposit of the sands. Near Langley soft red and blackish sands and sand-rock, locally brecciated, were well exposed, as also the junction with the outlier of breccio-conglomerate on the east. West of Billy Farm red sand rock was noted with black ironstone (pan, in places, and there were no signs of a faulted junction with the Devonian rock. At the bifurcation of the lanes to West Leigh and Pyleigh dark red false- bedded sand-rock with brecciated beds was seen. At Golden Farm both Devonian slates and beds of red rock-sand brecciated in places were exposed. In a pit north-north-west of Golden Farm brown-red sand containing rubbly calcareous concretions was noticed. The faulted junction of the sands and older rocks near Tolland is marked by feature. Devonian slates seem to be faulted up near Will by the lane west of Lydeard St. Lawrence Church. Sands were exposed at Will. Near Emble Farm brecciated bands occur in red sand and loam. The outlier between Willett and Coleford Water is not distinctly marked by feature. By the road from Coleford Water to Elworthy red-brown rock-sand, with yellowish and blackish streaks and bands of breccia, was exposed. Near Coleford Water even-bedded sandstones, brecciated sandstone and loam, and sand mottled with yellowish spots dip east at 10 to 15° and may be faulted against the Devonian. Between Houndhill and Stogumber the sands are so frequently brecciated and associated with gravelly beds, that their separation from the overlying breccio-conglomerates is often more or less arbitrary. Between Stogumber and Stogumber Station red calcareous sandstones generally brecciated with small fragments, intercalated in less consolidated materials, in places gravelly, were to be seen in several old quarries, in one of which there was a limekiln. At the bend in the road to the Station beds of sandstone and breccia dip in an E.N.E. direction. In the lane to Wood Farm the following downward succession, representing a thickness of about 15 feet, Was exposed : — Gravel of small pebbles, occasionally consolidated. Red sand with seams of fine gravel passing downward into fine gravel. Breccio-conglomerate or consolidated gravel with an irregular bed of corrugated calcareous sandstone in part brecciated. Sand-rock and sand dipping eastward. In the next road to the east of the above a section about 10 yards in length and 10 feet in height (Fig. 6) showed small pebble gravel irregular Fig. 6.— Section Hast of Wood Farm, South of Stogumber. B.G. Small well-worn gravel occasionally indurated into C. conglomerate. S. Ked-brown sand indurated to S.E. sand-rock in places, indurated to conglomerate, overlain irregularly by red-brown sand indurated to sand-rock in places and with a gravelly seam, under pebble gravel. Lower beds, consisting of very rubbly broken red whitish-mottled sandstone associated with dark red clay or sandy marl and breccia of small angular fragments of the local slate rocks, were seen in the blind lane south of Wood Farm. Ft. •: in. 4 7 5 5 5 10 3 5 10 42- • 'tERMiAtf. ','. ■■-)"• BBBCCiO-CONGLOMllRATE. • Oh the ntfrth jsEtst'srde "of Stbgumber the Breccio -conglomerates pass down into the more sahdy-'ma+erials. The beds dip N. 20° E. at 8°, andpresent' fee following downward sequence : — Breccio -conglomerate partly, rubbly, partly consolidated - ■' Breccio-conglomerate irregularly associated with sand-rock Dark red sand-rock with beds of breccio-conglomerate Sand-rock, irregularly' brecciated throughout, with impersistent beds of breccia ■-'-'- Rubbly breccio-conglomerate - .... Red sand and sandstone - ... Rubbly breccio-conglomerate - - ■ - - Dark red sand-rock with limestone pebbles cemented in bands irregularly along bedding planes - ' '- Dark red fine-grained sand-rock - - - Having traced the lower beds of this series northward, we will now follow f.he higher, or Breccio-conglomerate, beds.-from the vicinity of Yellow Wood Farm, where they rest on the Devonian rocks southward. Between Escott and Yellow Wood Farm the uppermost beds seem to be a r-ubbly partially consolidated gravel of shale and grit fragments; overlying and passing into breccio-cbnglomerates, even-bedded rubbly red rooks, composed pf- small pebbles, . and. subangular stones . of grit, slate and quartz, with larger fragments. of grit, quartz and limestone (with corals and crinoids). ■ The, rbckjs easily disintegrated and gives pla.ce to gravel and brecciated. sand. On tjie hill south of Vellow the Breccio-conglomerates are overlain by Lower Marls on the south side of their faulted junction with the Pebble-beds. They are exposed in. the railway cuttings on either side of Stpgumber Station, in which breccias. con tainmg small, subangular, and unworn stones of grit slate and quartz exhibit various degrees of consolidation, and often degenerate to rubbly angular and subangular gravel in an impure sand matrix ; toward Leigh Farm the contained fragments are larger. On the east of the railway the yellow Wood Farm fault is shifted :by a north and. south fault and continues along the tributary "valley, south of Culverhayes, bringing up a mass of rubbly breccia on the north side, which at about half a mile east of Yard Farm seems to pass, up into the Lower Marls through a series of intercalated even beds, of ^sandstone, breccia and marls, about 10 feet in thickness.. The proximity of the breccia to an outlier of Bunter Gravel. on the north is probably due to a fault forming the southern boundary of the latter. Following" the main outcrop south of this valley, a quarry near Water Farm exhibits 35 feet of red sandstone passing irregularly into dark red sand- rock with impersistent seams, and patches of;. gravelly breccia. Above this by the lane to Heddon Oak,, sandstones with'an 'apparent dip of 14°, seem to pass under the Lower Marls. In the railway cuttings.between Water Farm and. Leigh Farm the upper beds of the Lower New Red consist of .sandstones and brecciated^sand and loam With no distinct indications .of bedding. South of Stogumber Station on the west side of the aHuvium there is; a patch of gravelly conglomerate of small grit and quartz pebbles in red brown sand and loam, which "also occurs in "bands intercalated with the gravel. Similar rocks prevail toward. Houndhill, where the breccio-conglomerate occurs in strips and irregular patches in dark red, brown, partly false-beaded sand, .'South of 'Houndhill a thin corrugated band ' < bf.>'ma ! rlst6ne 'or calcaTepxis sandstone was noticed in the uhderlying'sandstones. ! ' ; ■ At-Rfes-tofr Farm beds of sandy 10am and fine welbwom.gravel cemented 'to'* conglomerate-in plaoes make .knoll-like features. Near Deans Farm a quarry* shows partly: false-bedded, sands with a few pebbles, on hard even^bedded? brown calcareous sandstones with occasional: angular and subangular grit stones. *nd :*«»ms /of, breccia; the.dip ia Ei'3£>° N<, at 7°. ■ • LOWER SANDSTONES AND BRECCIA. 43 An irregular north and south fault forming the boundary of the breccia and Lower Marls east of Rexton, runs southward by Lydeard St. Lawrence and Pyleigh to the vicinity of Chapel Leigh, where it is cut off by the east and west dislocation between 'Bishops Lydeard and Oakhampton House. At Lydeard St. Lawrence 'even-bedded breccias and breccio-conglomerates rest on the sands of Westowe and are cut off by the fault on the east against the. upper beds of the Lower New Red, consisting of sandstone, loam and breccia. At Pyleigh Lower Marls overlie the Breccio-conglomerates which make characteristic outcrop features on the south of the Tolland fault and near Chapel Leigh. The upper beds consist of sand which underlies the Lower Marls, on the east side of the fault, near Pitpear Farm. In the lane between Chapel Leigh and Hocoombe Mr. Woodward noted exposures of conglomerate and red sands brecciated with slate fragments, and containing thin seams of ironstone in places," and "dark reddish-brown sands with occasional brecciated beds about 12 feet in thickness." The Lower New Red rocks of the Wiveliscombe district are faulted against the Lower Marls, the upper beds containing breccio-coriglomerate are evidenced on the east side of the fault in the valley at Ford and near Croford The smaller outlier of Breccio-conglomerate is well exposed by the high road east of Langley, and consists of 20 feet of tough coarse-grained red sand-rock studded with pebbles and subangular stones of limestone, chert 1 , grit, quartz and decomposed (? igneous) rock, mostly small. The lime- stone fragments are numerous and mostly grey or pale grey and some» times oolitic: The majority resemble - Carboniferous Limestone (Mendip type) rather than Devonian. The cherts are dark rocks such as we find in bands" associated with the Culm limestones or in the chert beds. The sand grains, like the contained fragments, vary from angular to well-rounded. The Breccio-conglomerate rests on hard red buff-mottled sand-rock, in part knubbly and calcareous. On the south t>f Ridge Hill the Breccio-conglomerate rests on beds of coarse red sand-rock with red and whitish mottled clayey bands (also seen in the railway cuttings to the east). In a small quarry near this Mr. Wood- ward noted about 15 feet of conglomerate and sandstone. By the lane to Castle, north of the railway, the rocks dip N. at ld^ and • give the following descending sequence : — Ft. Thin-bedded rubbly breccia in a fine gravel matrix - - - 15 Sand with some corrugated sandstone - - 3 to 4 Hard even-bedded breccio-conglomerate with grit, quartz and occasional limestone fragments - - - 5 to 10 Near Croford 20 feet of reddish sand locally brecoiated overlies the Breccio-conglomerate. In the valley they are cut off against the Lower ■Marls on the east by'a north and south fault; In the road, from Castle, Hill to Croford Bridge the descending section shows': — Ft. Fine nodular brecciated sandstone - - - - - - 6 . , Red-brown coarse sandstone' with occasional subangular stones - 3 Harder beds of fine gravel with subangular stones and irregular- pebbles - - - - - r , - 10 On the south side of the road between Milverton and Croford Bridge 15 feet of fine breccio-conglomerate, rubbly in the upper, thick-bedded and hard in the lower beds, was shown. West of Quaking House thfe Breccio-conglomerate with its ..characteristic feature is in faulted proximity to the Buhtef Conglomerate. A quarry shows 8 feet of breccio-coriglomerate uva fine gravel matrix, stones of grit r quartz and limestone, on coarse red sand, with, impersistent nodular sandsforie and' a clayey seam, on hard calcareous . sandstone irregularly associated with red sand, and hard thick-bedded pale red sandstone. 44 tiiEMiAtf. A quarry on the knoll feature east of Cobhay Farm exposes hard nodular calcareous sandstone, on 10 feet of fine breccio-conglomerate, with fragments of grit, quartz and chert, dipping S.E. at 25°. The breccio-eonglomerates are also exposed in the roads from Screedy to Milverton and to Spring Grove, and in a quarry at a quarter of a mile north-east of Bathealton Court. Samples from the Lower Sandstones at East Town, near Tolland, in the high road south of Castle Hill, east of Wiveliscombe, at Stogumber, in the outlier near Elworthy, and from the Breccio- conglomerate near Langley, were submitted to Mr. H. H. Thomas, whose Eeport will be found further on. Lower Marls. These strata consist of red cuboidally-splitting marls mottled with greenish spots, but there are very few exposures in the area of sufficient depth to display their true character. Their presence is generally ascertainable by a red clay soil, quite indistinguishable from the soil of the Keuper Marls where brought into juxtaposition with them by the faults cutting out the intervening subdivisions south of Bicknoller. In the south-west part of the area their outcrop is traversed by cross faults. It is also narrowed and, near Worthington Farm, west of Milverton, nearly cut out, by strike faults. The water supply of Milverton is given out by a faulted mass of these marls over- lain by Conglomerate at Furber's Well. North of Castle Hill their outcrop is attenuated by the westerly bifurcations of the great east and west Ash Priors Fault, which cut it out altogether in one place and shift it eastward to near Chapel Leigh, whence it continues to the vicinity of Bicknoller ; in this extension the relation of the Lower Marls to the overlying Bunter gravels and conglomerates is seldom interfered with by faults, but on the west the irregular north and south fault already referred to often forms their eastern boundary. This fault has not been traced north of Lower Vexford, but it is probably con- tinuous with the fault running through Newton Farm, which bounds the Lower Marls and Bunter Gravel outliers on the^ west. At about 300 yards north of Yard Farm, loamy soil at the commence- ment of the railway cutting denotes the presence of the Lower Marls, where the Vellow Wood Farm fault crosses the cutting and throws down Bunter Conglomerates and overlying sandstones on the north ; these, intersected by several faults, form the railway section for about 300 yards when Keuper Marls come on. Thus from Newton Farm northward to the Bicknoller Valley and from the Bicknoller Valley to the appearance of Keuper Sand- atones on the east side of their fault boundary south of Halsway, the Lower Marls are in faulted contact with the Keuper Marls, and the position of their faulted junction can only be inferred from the distribution of the Bunter Gravel outliers. The Lower Marl forms a small outlier on the Lower New Red on the south side of Vellow Hill in faulted contact with Bunter Conglomerate, and LOWER MARLS. 45 further west it overlies the Lower New Eed rocks and conformably overlaps them on the Devonian slope. On the margin of the map a cross fault brings on the overlying Conglomerate division conformably above the Lower Marls on the older rock margin, from which they may be traced toward Capton and thence north-westward to the Williton Valley, near Orchard Wyndham, bounded by the overlying division on either side for about half a mile within the adjacent map, Sheet 294. This is as far as I could ascertain their last appearance at the surface. In the road from Croford Bridge to Quaking House the lower part of this division is exposed for some distance, equivalent to 90 feet in vertical height ; it consists of red marl with green-grey mottling, and beds of laminated whitish and greenish sandstone intercalated throughout. As a fault or faults cutting out the Breccio-conglomerate must cross the road, the actual thickness of the beds may be very much less than their apparent thickness. Above this red marls are visible here and there up to the base of the Bunter Conglomerate for a thickness,' as represented by vertical height, of 100 feet or more. Near Davey's Farm the Lower Marls have .been worked for bricks ; the sections showed 2 feet of red marly clay with greenish sandy mottling. The thickness, as represented by vertical height between the bottom of the valley near this and the base of the Conglomerate of Castle Hill, is more than 100 feet, and the base of the Conglomerate in Tipnoller Quarry is about 100 feet above the top of the breccio-conglomerate at Ford. If we include in the Lower Marls the sands and local intercalations of marl, sand and breccia at their base, it is probable that their maximum thickness may attain to 200 feet, but their northerly attenuation to 100 feet or less is by means improbable. The nearest strata ascribed to the Permian are the Haffield Breccias on the south of the Malvern range, about 70 miles off, and the oldest Triassic rocks which overlie them are ascribed to the Upper Bunter, no New Eed rocks as old as the Bunter Pebble- beds having been encountered in the intervening district at the surface, nor have they been proved in the deep borings of Burford and Batsford, near Moreton-in-the-Marsh. CHAPTER VII. NEW EED SERIES (contd). . TRIAS. Btjnter Pebble Beds and Conglomerate. This division is about 100 feet thick, and varies considerably in- character. In the southern part of the area it is usually repre- , sented by a calcareous conglomerate with limestone grit and quartz pebbles, more massive and with larger pebbles in the lower part," with smaller pebbles in the higher part and passing up into calcareous sandstone,- and sand-rock with pebbles, etc., very irregularly or very sparsely distributed. This type prevails from Combe Florey southward. From Combe Wood and. NethertOn northward to Bicknoller the subdivision is mainly represented by a. graver of Devonian grit fragments in an earthy sand matrix, comparable to the Lower New Red gravels on the margin of the Tiverton Valley. It must, however, be borne in mind that the whole thickness of the subdivision is not ■ represented in this central part of the valley, as the higher beds ar'e cut out by the great fault which throws down Keuper Marls, and, in places, Upper Sandstones on the east. The greatest vari- ability is exhibited in the Williton area, Where massive conglomer- ates form the major part of the division in some places, and brecciated sands and sandstones in others. " The influence of the Palaeozoic contour in determining the directions of the faults is well shown by the outcrop of this sub- division. In the Milverton district it is traversed and displaced by east and west faults, the most considerable of which shifts it from the vicinity of Wiveliscombe and Fitzhead to between Chapel Leigh and Ash Priors. The latitude of this dislocation roughly corresponds to the southern termination of the Quantocks. To the north of it as far as Bicknoller, where the main valley narrows at the northern termination of the Devonian rocks of the Brendon area, the Conglomerate subdivision and underlying Marls are affected by faults running in directions approximate to the boundaries of the older rocks, viz., fromN. and S. to N.N.W. and S.S.E. With the westerly deflection of the Palaeozoic boundary on the north of Stogumber, faults approximating to east and west are again conspicuous ; of these the Veljow Wood Farm fault is the most important, PEBBLE BEDS AS$B CONGLOMEKATE. 47 '.- The Junction.- of ifche .Conglomerate with the. overlying Sandstones is. marked near 'Fitehead,- Sampford BretV etc.-;- by intercalations of-marlwith the basement-beds of the latter, which, when these are absent, often exhibit ajtnore or less loamy character ; otherwise \t is .not e^asy.to distinguish the upper beds- °f the Conglomerate where pebbles are sparse or locally absent," from the coarser -cal- careous -and sometimes conglomeratic 'sandstones, Encountered .in. the overlying series. The . matrix of the , Conglomerate usually consists of comminuted materials f or th« most. pa|tJounded. or sub- rounded, and this is also the character of/Ste;eoarse.r beds ;in ; the Upper Sandstones. . ■■:.-..,. .; In the followihg notes the chief exposures -bearing oh points above mentioned, #re given '.. proceeding ; through the southern and central ~to the northern or Williton district^ , . - SffiUherrCflUtfic^.^rJxiL a valley behind Lower Lovelinch Farm an old quarry face^.partJy.Qyejrgro-wn, 30 feet in height; displayed a fault, running E.25" S.,. ajjd ; throwing the ifppei! beds of the subdivision— consistingqf red calcajeous sandstone and sand-rock with small pebbles and subangular fragments of quartz, against the lower — consisting of thick-bedded conglomerate with large limestone 'and grit pebbles. The downthrow is probably about 50 fbet. '•.'■.; . ; ; .; ^ . ' '■ "''''','":.;.'"'..;.".'.!.;' •By the high road east of Lower Lovelinch Farm, the.j.'jipper .beds were well exposed. They consist of sandstone much false-bedded, and hare), coarse, red-brown crystallise calcareous sandstone, with beds' and"- seams' of fine subangular ; - gravel of -quartz, grit,, and limestone running' -here aad' ; there thr&tfg&rcitr l -'■;''• ■'' ■>'•■-' ■'■••'-■■ --.>,.;••- ...,-.. ...-■ ..-■..- ' South 6f QuAnig' ! House, caves were seen in a quany'-faee <50 to 66 feet deep) of massive conglomerate with- grit, iossiliierous limfestbriei 'and quartz - pebbles, the -largest in the lower beds. . An appearance of : dislocation- in a' cefaglOmefitte ; quarry near" the' high 'road fronr^ifyerton'-to. Wivefiscombe ' may be.dfte'touhd'irm'inillg'throiigh the quarrymg of the iriassive lower beds, which are most profitably worked for lime. . .-- • ,A quarry near Milvertori Station, on the north Side of the railway.;, about 30 i feet deep, ;is .composed of eighteen beds of congloirieEate, massiveTin the lower part, where they average, over 5. feet, in h thickness. The -, contained fragments are of limestone, grit , of various kinds, and quartz., . .!,„., • I Qn the northern. summit of *<3aatle. Hill, near .WivefiscambesirQaw, fiGtstOifiO: ; feet of conglomerate is exposed ida-large quairyil 2Eh6>rdck' Consists ofclarg© i limestone and grit, and of smaller quartz pebbles, ina tough qalcajteous sand-; stone matrix, from which the limestone pebbles were, extracted and burnt. in ; an; adjacent kiln. The.upper beds are thinner and contain Smaller pebbles^ JEpnoller Quarry, (not. named on the new series ; 'l -inch, map) is near JTqrd, and over a.mila and a quarter north-west from Wiyelisoombe Church... The following notes are by Mr. Woodward : — ■■:,:,■- The conglomerate is exposed in a wooded escarpment/stretching, from Burrow Hill to Mjlyerton, along which it has been worked in numerous places;;. At Tipnoller Quarry the beds were well seen, there being 50 or 60 feet, of . canglomerate in massive bods, much jointed, and dipping E. at about 5°. ■ The included fragments consist of pebbles and boulder^ of Devonian grits "and sandstones, quartz, and limestone. The beds are" worked chiefly for the lime— the limestone pebbles being picked out for this purpose,' whilst the other stones are used for road-mending. The largest pebbles occur in 'the Idwer beds jtfhioh are most profitable for the limekiln. •- Hence," to avoid the removal- of overlying and less profitable materia! the beds are only.worked alfan'gthe line 'of. outcrop- and- not |ar into the hill, -- ------ •>■ ■ ■■ > •■' 48 TRIAS. East of Tipnolier Quarry is another large quarry in whioh massive beds of conglomerate were seen, rudely bedded and broken up by vertical cracks or joints. The matrix is calcareous and ferruginous, with pebbles of limestone, grits, sandstones, and quartzose conglomerate, all of local derivation. At the base 7 feet of conglomerate in one bed was that chiefly worked for lime — the whole of it was not seen ;* a thin bed of sandstone (18 inches) overlies it, and above is about 50 or 60 feet of conglomerate. There are many open fissures and caverns in the conglomerate. H. B. W. Between the faults south of Chapel Leigh, the lower beds of the Conglo- merate are seen, and near this the uppermost beds are exposed for 260 yards between the faults north of Holcombe Farm in a small valley. There is a large quarry at Denbury Farm in thick-bedded conglomerate with large limestone pebbles which have, as was usual in the district, been burnt for lime. Other conglomerate quarries are t<» be seen — by the Ash Priors Fault at about half a mile W. of Denbury, W. of Combe Florey, and N. of Combe Florey Church. In the railway cutting at Combe Florey the uppermost beds of the Conglomer- ate are even-bedded sandstones with occasional included fragments, which increase in number downward till the rock assumes the character of a true conglomerate. In the railway-cuttings south of Nethercot the numerous limestone pebbles die out northward, and the conglomerate forms a rubbly rock mainly composed of grit and a few quartz pebbles and subangular stones in a red and grey calcareous sandstone matrix. Central District. — At Coursley Farm, N.E. of Lydeard St. Lawrence, the division has passed from a consolidated rock into a loose gravel, conglomerate beds being only recognisable on the east side of the fault which here separates the upper beds from the lower. Near Crowcombe Heathfield Station a pit gives a section of gravel of subangular grit stones, very variable in size but never large, in red-brown loamy sand which also occurs in lenticular strips in the gravel. These are the lower beds of the division ; they are faulted against Keuper Marls on the east, and have been denuded from their dip slope on the west. Between New Marsh and Heddon Oak the gravels outcrop at or above the 500 foot contour, and dip eastward toward their faulted junction with the Keuper Marls, descending to below the 400 foot contour. Between Roebuck Farm and Roebuck Gate Farm a thickness of about 40 feet of the gravel is exposed on the east side of the railway. East of Lower Vexford the gravel is exposed to a depth of 25 feet in a pit, and consists of sub-angular and un- worn grit stones, very variable in size, in red-brown earthy sand and loam. Three lenticular strips of earthy sand are noticeable in the upper part of the section, which otherwise shows little sign of bedding. South-east of Heddon Oak, in a lane between Leigh Farm and Lawford, gravel of subangular and unworn grit stones in red loam, with no trace of bedding, was seen. Similar gravel in coarse earthy sand is exposed at Heddon Oak. The gravel patch N. of Heddon Oak consists of purple grit stones with red and whitish sand in places. It is well denned by feature on its western out- crop. The larger gravel patch west of Halsway is probably faulted on the south. Grit gravel and red sand were exposed, and in a sand-pit grey-brown sandstone was seen in, and under, dark red grey-mottled sandy clay. The smaller patch on the west is indicated by gravelly soil. In the valley between Thorncombe House and Newton Farm there is a knoll capped by the gravel. At the bend in the lane near this, at the letter " T " jn the word Thorncombe on the map, there is a lenticular strip of the gravel PEBBLE BEDS AND CONGLOMERATE. 49 let down by a fault bounding it on the north ; this was considered too small to show on the map. The two gravel outliers between Newton Farm and Chilcombe make Well-defined features, with grit gravel soils. WUliton District, — The railway cuttings near Newton Farm are separated by a depression marking a fault ; on the south of this 15 feet of rubbly con- glomerate, mainly composed of well-worn and subangular grit stones of various sizes, is faulted against Lower Marls on the south, and overlain by 15 feet of massive even-bedded red brecciated sandstone with occasional buff patches. The northern cutting displays red sandstone and sand-rock mottled with white and greenish patches on even-bedded sandstones overlying conglomerate with large grit pebbles in a subangular gravelly matrix of small grit and quartz stones. At Vellow the Conglomerate contains limestone pebbles, and is exposed in a quarry, in the southernmost part of which its faulted junction with the Lower New Red breccio -conglomerate was concealed by talus. A quarry by the road in the faulted strip of conglomerate north of Vellow, showed- massive rock with numerous limestone pebbles. In these and other quarries in the district where limestone pebbles are sufficiently numerous, they have been extracted for burning in the kilns. The Conglomerate division round Capton is in parts represented by sand, so that it is not certain that the patches shown as Upper Sandstone may not belong to it. The triangular patch (at Aller Farm) consists of cream-coloured and buff thick-bedded sandstones, faulted in the farmyard against thin, irregular, partly false-bedded beds of breccio-conglomerate. Near this, pale red tough calcareous sandstones, in places brecciated with small pieces of grit, slate and quartz, vary from thin, even flaggy to uneven knubbly beds, and are overlain by rubbly breccio-conglomerate with numerous small worn grit and quartz stones. On the north-west of Capton, conglomerate with rather large pebbles was seen on a knoll. North-east of Capton tho conglomerate contains small well-worn stones. South of Capton even-bedded red greenish -white mottled brecciated sand- stones were exposed to a depth of 20 feet, near the Vellow Wood Farm fault. In the high road the fault is marked by a mass of red and white banded lime- stone of secondary origin (referred to in introductory remarks), and the rock in contact with it consists of hard red calcareous sandstone with medium grains, subangular to rounded, containing small more or less worn fragments of grit and quartz. West of Sampford Brett conglomerate of small grit, quartz and limestone fragments dips N 22 E., at 10°. , . .. . _ ^ i In an orchard neaj Sampford Brett Church, 10 to 12 feet of rubbly calcareous conglomerate is overlain by 5 feet of sandy marl under 10 feet of pale buff and red, partly calcareous, sandstones, with a few small pebbles and sub- angular fragments. Although" not separated on the map, the sandy marls and overlying beds should be included in the Upper Sandstones. East of this in the railway cutting south of the road to Williton, these rocks consist of sand- stone with loamy seams, on brecciated sandstone with masses of conglomerate. These beds form the ridge on the north of Woolston. On the hill crest, pale buff-brown, raiher coarse-grained sandstone (freestone) has been quarried, in places in large blocks. The lowest bed is massive and partly brecciated, and occasional quartz and grit fragments occur throughout. The southern side of the hill is the mural face of a large quarry. ^ 10111. D <50 TRIAS. Pig. 7. Quarry at Woolston. Seen from above. Ked sandstones and conglomerates. Seen from above the downward succession with approximate thicknesses is as follows : — Ft. Irregularly jointed rubbly red sandstone * - - 12-15 Massive even-bedded red sandstone separating into two beds in places 10 Dark brown conglomerate splitting into impersistent even beds with from 2 to 3 feet of hard, coarse, purple-grey con- glomeratic sandstone in places 15 Massive conglomerate with numerous large limestone pebbles, giving the rock a grey tint, and a fair percentage of grit and quartz stones ; bedding is only distinguishable in the east part of the quarry where strips of sandstone occur probably 50 Water is held up in a pond sunk to some depth in the bottom of the quarry, suggesting the proximity of the Lower Marls. A fault at the foot of the dip slope of Woolston Hill, along the road to Williton throws down the Conglo- merate on the north ; here on the west margin of the alluvium a large quarry, 30 to 40 feet in height, forms a cliff of massive conglomerate with large lime- stone pebbles and grit and quartz stones, intersected by vertical joints. The ill-defined suggestions of bedding give a northerly inclination of 15°. Frag- ments suggestive of an older conglomerate are probably due to local cemen- tation in situ. The uppermost beds seem to be sandstones, and conglomerates UPPER SANDSTONES. 51 with smaller fragments crop out on the south. In the railway cutting on the east 19 feet of red-brown buff-mottled sandstones, loamy at their base, rest on a hard bed of breccio-conglomerate 4 to 5 feet thick, upon rubbly breccia of grit and quartz stones, with beds of sand. A quarry on Castle Hill above Torweston Farm shows massive conglomerate with large grit and limestone pebbles, intersected by a fault. The southern part of Castle Hill is composed of breccia, and the valley in which Torweston Farm is situated runs along a fault throwing down Keuper Marls on the east. Upper Sandstones. The Upper Sandstones consist of an irregular association of even-bedded sandstones and sand-rock, with calcareous sandstone occurring in thick even beds, thin concretionary beds, and irregular nodules. These rocks are often false-bedded, of which a good example seen by the high road east of Lower Lovelinch Farm is given. Fig. 8. False-bedded sandstone, east of Lower Lovelinch Farm, Milverton. The calcareous beds not infrequently exhibit a slight brecciation, resembling the Otterton Point conglomeratic beds, as in the road west from Preston Bowyer, etc. Between Riches Holford, Bag- borough and Bishops Lydeard, the calcareous sandstones assume the character of irregular, reddish and grey, sandy marlstone, and have been burnt for lime. The type recalls the marlstone of Lestre in Normandy. * The sandstones are usually fine and more or less angular in grain, but the calcareous beds are in places composed of coarser and more or less worn sand. Samples submitted to Mr. H. H. Thomas from Nynehead in Sheet 311, from Bishops Lydeard, Crowcombe and Preston Bowyer, from North Petherton and four places in the Bridgwater district are described further on in his Petrological Notes. Where the Upper Sandstones rest on the older rocks they are often brecciated with small fragments derived from them, near Kingston, Cheddon Fitzpaine, Walford near West Monkton, Shears- ton near Thurloxton, between Enmore and Broomfield Hall, in the small outliers east of Adsborough and near Holford, etc. Beds wholly made up of comminuted Devonian slate have been observed in a pit 10 feet deep on the south-west of Milverton, and between DolwelPs Farm and Lower Lovelinch Farm. * Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc, Vol. xxxv., 1879, p. 250. 10111. d2 52 TRIAS. Beds and seams of marl, clay, loam and loamy sand are encountered in the lower part of this division, and although not confined to it, form a useful divisional line between the upper beds of the Conglomerate division, which are often devoid of pebbles, and the lower beds of the Upper Sandstones in which conglomeratic beds are often met with. It is doubtful if the Upper Sandstones attain a thickness of 100 feet in the Williton district, and, except for the higher beds which appear near Crowcombe, the division is cut out by fault between Bicknoller and Crowcombe Heathfield Station. At Trebles Holford their breadth of outcrop does not justify the assignment of any great thickness, and where they occupy a large superficies, as south of Bagborough, at Halse, and south of North Petherton there is reason to think that the beds are partly horizontal, partly kept at the surface through undulations. In the Index the estimate of 250 feet is only given to cover possi- bilities of the cutting out of parts of the division by faults which have not been detected ; and to allow for the local representation of the upper beds of the sandstone by sandy marls or marls with beds of sandstone, which may be the case at and near Bradley Green, between the Cannington and Charlinch Devo- nian inliers. In the Bridgwater area the breccias of Wembdon, although separated by lines, are not distinguished by colour from the Upper Sandstones, as, although homotaxeous with the Conglomerate sub-division, they are considered to be of later formation. In the following notes the chief exposures are given as we proceed along the main outcrop northward, and round the south margin of the Quantocks into the Bridgwater area. In field by high road at bend on east side, east of Lower Lovelinch Farm, the following beds were exposed in descending order : — Beddish brown sand Soft red-brown sandstone splitting into tabular pieces, and apparently passing into red clay with irregular soft red and grey flaggy beds - - - - White sand with red mottling, and a thin seam of clay Bed clay Top of Conglomerate division — rubbly conglomerate - Hard red sandstone with occasional pebbles. All the beds effervesce briskly with strong acid. Near this a fault crosses the high road and runs N. 6° W., and S. 6° E., along the central face of an adjacent quarry where the following descending section was taken : — a. Bed loamy soil, 5 to 8 feet. 6. Dark red slightly calcareous clay with beds of coarse sandy loam and greenish-grey and red sandstone, 5 feet. c. Hard coarse rubbly sparry sandstone with pebbles and sub-angular stones — the upper beds of the Conglomerate. Ft. in. 2 1 1 1 2 2 UPPER SANDSTONES. 53 The roads round Milverton afford good sections of rock-sand and calcareous sandstone. In the upper part at Houndsmoor there are calcareous beds, partly conglomeratic with a few small pebbles, under whitish and pale red sand-rock resembling freestone in places : a type also seen near Williton, where it is of economic importance. At the west end of Preston Bowyer 2 or 3 feet of marl are associated with the basement beds. In a quarry in the valley south of Halse the clayey base of the Upper Sandstones rests on con- glomerate. These clayey beds, judging from ponds, aie nearly horizontal near Halse, where they are overlain by finely conglomeratic concretionary sandstone. The following notes are by Mr. Woodward :— Section in descending order in road leading north from E. end of Fitzhead : — Fine conglomerate with greenish-grey calcareous matrix. Calcareous sandstone. Mottled micaceous sands, rather clayey in places. Calcareous sandstone or sandy limestone in thin irregular beds. Mottled sand and red clay. In a quarry at Dean, near Fitzhead, about 30 feet of soft red -brown sand- stone which hardens on exposure. Dip N. 35° E. at 7°. In lane between Eitzhead and Dean, and deep lane cuttings between Halse and Preston Bowyer, conglomeratic beds occur in reddish-brown sand, showing much false -bedding. The Ash Priors fault is exposed in the railway cutting west of Bishops Lydeard, where it hades southward at about 30°, separating variegated Keu- per Marls and-clays on the south, from red, yellow and green mottled sand on red-brown sand with rubbly beds of calcareous sandstone. Toward Sandhill Park loamy beds, red and yellow sand and greenish clay, are met with north of the pond by the railway. H. B.W. Half-way between Watts House and Bishops Lydeard Church building-stone used in restoration of the latter and for the Cotford Asylum, has been quarried. Marl and shaly sandstone at the surface rest on 5 feet of red-brown greenish- mottled sandstone with regular but impersistent joints, on rubbly sandstone and rock-sand ; below this the sandstones are coarser in grain and finely conglomeratic, containing small quartz and slate fragments in red-brown sand with a network of crystalline carbonate of lime. The lowest bed is a rougher brecciated sandstone. The fine-grained and more even-bedded sandstone, I was informed, had been sent to Bath as facing stone to contrast with the Oolite. In 1906 the quarry was not worked. At the cross roads N.E. of East Combe purple-grey and reddish knubbly marlstones are associated with sand-rock in a quarry with disused limekiln. At the turning to Shopnoller, a quarry about 20 feet deep, showed irregular knub- bly marlstone in sand on thick beds of marlstone. North of this calcareous sand- stones are associated with sands up to their junction with the Keuper Marls. Near Bagborough Church the sandstones (Fig. 9) were seen in faulted con- tact with the Devonian. The marlstones are also exposed at Yard Farm and in quarries at Trebles Holford. In the railway cutting south of Crow- combe Heathfield Station, about 30 feet in the highest part, the marlstone forms a boss of thick-bedded grey rock overlain by red sand and sandstone, and passing horizontally in rubbly bands into even-bedded red sandstone and rock-sand. It is faulted against the gravels of the Conglomerate division §4 IfelAS. on the west, but as the fauit crosses the cutting very obliquely the section is much obscured by talus. Fig. 9. Section near Bagborough Church. D. Devonian Slates. T. Trias (sandy loam on sand-beds on calcareous sandstone). Faulted junction. Crowcombe Valley.— East of Roebuck Farm, S. of Lawford, is a large quarry 40 to 50 feet high, which showed in descending order : — Even-bedded red sandstones, on thick bed of rubbly sand-rock splitting in cuboidal pieces, on red and pale buff-mottled sandstone, on greyish corrugated calcareous sandstones with impersistent gravelly beds. The beds are nearly horizontal. Williton District. — The basement beds, greenish and pale buff even-bedded sandstones with seams of marly clay, are exposed in the lane by Newton Farm, the sandstones in the adjacent railway cuttings being below them and probably in the Conglomerate division. A lane section W. of Sampford Brett, showed in descending order : — 1. Thin beds of hard whitish sandstone. 2. Rubbly partly calcareous sandstones. 3. Red marl with two beds of greenish sandstone exposed for 12 yards. 4. Hard red sandstone. Here a fault repeats 3 and 4 ; and 5. A bed of marl is exposed under the latter. On the road from Sampford Brett to Vellow is a section of even-bedded reddish grey calcareous sandstones, brecciated with small red rock fragments. At the bend 400 yards from Sampford Brett, the basement beds (marls with a bed of sandstone) are seen, the underlying conglomerate being exposed in an adjacent quarry. The ridge on the south of Woolston consists of even-bedded calcareous sandstones, rubbly and brecciated in places, and with marly seams, under red and buff-mottled sandstone, capped by a conglomeratic bed, which forms the crest and northern dip-slope of the ridge. On the hill in the alluvium N.E. of Vellow, a pit near the Mill shows whitish and buff, red-mottled, irregularly fissile sandstones, on buff and pale green mottled sandstone, with easterly dip of 10°. One of the lower beds is over 3 feet thick. On the hill south of Williton new church, the following descending section vas shown of a long quarry on the map margin : — Rubbly beds of red sandstone Hard calcareous conglomeratic sandstone Irregular beds of red and buff-mottled sandstones - Bed of red sandstone .... Thick bed of hard red sandstone (freestone) used for facing buildings - ... Thick bed of harder sandstone used for building and wall stone exposed to depth of - - - Ft. in. 5 3 3 5 10 7 UPPER SANDSTONES v t>5 w There is a pond in the bottom of the quarry, and marl is said to occur for 20 feet below. At 360 yards east of the above, conglomeratic sandstones with small pebbles and subangular fragments of grit and quartz, are exposed over red sandstones partly mottled buff. E.N.E. of this exposure the hill terminates in a bold knoll feature, on which thin rubbly buff and yellow sandstone was seen on two beds of buff con- glomeratic sandstone with small stones, dipping N. 10° W. at about 9°. Gushuish. — Junction of Keuper Marls, red sandy marls with two beds of shaly sandstone, and Upper Sandstones, soft whitish and red sandstones, were shown in a quarry on N. side of the high road N. of Fennington. The south boundary of sandstone is probably a fault. Yarford and Kingston. — South of Tarr Farm red sand occurs, with calcareous sandstone nodules, some of marlstone type. Alter- nating red and whitish beds of sand-rock are faulted againat calcareous sandstones near Park Farm. Near Yarford there are quarries in sandstone, with irregular cal- careous beds on red and whitish sand rock. Cheddon Fitzpaine. — E. of Pyrland Hall and in Cheddon Fitzpaine, calcareous sand- stone and rock-sand locally brecciated with small slate fragments. The tongue of sand by road to Volis Cross is mottled and partly brecciated The extension of tongue of Devonian on south of it is somewhat doubt- ful. West Monhton. — Outlier of red sandy loam, with small slate and quartz fragments N.W. of West Monkton, is of doubtful extent. On W. of West Monkton 10 to 12 feet of red sand, with irregular seams of grit and slate gravel, seen in a pit. Sand brecciated near Walford House. North Petherton. — Between Durston and North Petherton the sandstones contain cal- careous matter very irregularly distributed in corrugated bands, also, concretionary nodules and small flakes ; the red tints are often mottled with irregular buff and greenish patches and streaks, the rocks being similar to those in the Nynehead section. There are good exposures in the lane by the church near North Newton, by the high road on S. side of stream S. of North Petherton, and S.W. of North Petherton. South of Woolmersdon mottled calcareous sandstones crop out beneath the Keuper Marls ; at 78 yards S. variegated marl with a band of greenish sandstone is let down for 25 yards between an E. and W., and an E. 28° S. and W. 28° N. fault (Fig. 10). The resultant of these faults determines the Devonian boundary at Dancing Hill and at Huntstile, where the high dips in the "3 i §s|tu S§ « sandstones are due to it. Near Goathurst 'Ww' -' & m % V £ 02 & 56 tatiAS. the outward limit of the marginal sandstones ia ill defined. On N. of Broomfield Hall, partly consolidated fine breccia is associated with dark red sand; the breccia becomes coarser toward Heathcombe House. Marl Was observed near the mouth of the valley. Marl with beds of sand occurs on the south of Enmore and rests on sand and coarse breccia at about a quarter of a mile S.E. of Enmore Church. Spaxton.— In a quarry on N. of Spaxton, Keuper Marls with a sandy bed rest on thick-bedded grey sandstones ; toward Absley Farm horizontal beds of mottled sandstone finely breeciated and calcareous in places, were seen. The faulted termination of these sandstones on the north is doubtful. Charlinch. — Red and purple sandstone, partly breeciated, passes under marls with beds of sandstone on the north, and rests on the small faulted Devonian inlier near Little Charlinch. Near E. termination of the Char- linch Devonian inlier, against which they are faulted, beds of sandstone dipping S. at 20° were'exposed in the garden of a cottage. The termination of the inlier is rendered indefinite by breeciated clay, a patch of which, undistinguished by colour, is shown on the map on S. side of the fault further east. Bree- ciated clay also occurs on the E. of Gothelney and ST. of the prolongation of the Little Charlinch fault, which cuts oS a strip of sandstone with thin beds of breccia between Gothelney and Clayhill Farm. Tough buff sandstone broken by numerous joints was seen at the northernmost shed in Clayhill Farmyard, and further north marl with a bed of sandstone. Wembdon. — Near the cross roads between Chilton Trivett and Sandford Farms hard beds of breccia were exposed Further east in a quarry by the path to Sandford Farm the breccias are overlain by sandstone partly knubbly and calcareous. Sandford Farm is on sandstones faulted against the breccia on the north and against Keuper Marls on the south. These sandstones may be overlain by a small patch of Keuper Marl, as clay is evidenced by the high road east of Sandford. Farm. North of Cokehurst Farm (reservoir and stand-pipe), by the road to Chilton Trinity, buff sand-rock was seen on tough irregular mottled calcareous sandstones slightly breeciated in places. These beds dip north to a faulted junction with the Keuper Marls ; they are also exposed by the high road and in a quarry on the south side of it called " Mount Radford Quarry." There they rest on coarse thin-bedded breeciated sandstones, and thick beds of breccia of subangular stones and a few pebbles of grit of various kinds, quartz and occasionally limestone, in a hard calcareous sandstone matrix, with beds of sandstone. These beds dip south to their faulted junction With the Keuper Marls which was exposed in 1872 in a bye- lane near Wembdon. Oannington. — Between the Carboniferous and Devonian inliers, there are red and yellowish sandstones with calcareous beds partly coarse-grained and finely breeciated at the junction with Devonian. Sand is also exposed on S. margin of the Devonian and at west end of Oannington, where hard red sandstones are overlain by marly clay. Gravels conceal the relation of the Oannington sand- stones to the sands bordering the alluvium near the Grange and Perry Court Farm. Near the turning to the Grange evidence of sandy marls with sand and shaly sandstone. On N. side of Chilton Trinity Church beds of red sandstone were seen in a drain. In a sawpit at Bradley Green sandstone was seen under 3 feet of marly clay. Sandstone (not shown on the map) bounds the Devonian inlier at Ashford Farm, and is probably intercalated with the marls between Brymore House and Oatley Farms. Fiddington.— At Whitnell, S. of Fiddington, thin-bedded red sandstones and tough grey sandstone and sandy marl are faulted against Keuper Marls on the south. Nether Stowey.— There are large quarries at a quarter of a mile S. and half a mile S.E. of Nether Stowey Church, in hard buff, whitish and red thick- bedded sandstones dipping N., and yielding large blocks for building purposes. The stone hardens on exposure. KEUPSR MARLS. 57 Mottled sandstone dipping north was seen S. of the Gamp or " Castle." Prom here to beyond Plainsfleld the sandstones fringe the Devonian Rooks more or less continuously, and are exposed in road sections and pits. Doddington, — The church is on thin-bedded rather coarse breccia. S.E. of Doddington, by the road to Stringston, there was a pit in red and pale grey sandstone dipping N.E. A hard brecciated band was seen near this. Sand was also exposed in a pit south of the high road. Holford. — In the Hodder's Combe stream-gorge for 30 yards above the confluence with the Holford Combe stream, Triassic rocks are exposed (Kg. 1 1 ), Fig. 11. — Junction of Trias and Devonian, Holford Stream. Scale : Horizontal =1 inch to 10 yards. Vertical =1 inch to 20 feet. A. Hard whitish sandstone. B. Red shaly marl mottled greenish with impersistent beds of sandstone. C. Devonian shales. consisting of from 2 to 3 feet of hard whitish sandstone upon from 8 to 10 feet of variegated shaly marls with impersistent beds of hard whitish, grey, and reddish sandstone, one of which attains 2 feet in thickness. The beds dip off the Devonian eastward at 12°. For 56 yards below confluence (see Fig. 4 ) the gorge exhibits Devonian Rocks which are faulted against breccio-con- glomerate and rubbly brecciated sandstone with fragments of local Devonian rocks, mostly subangular and varying in size. At 52 yards from the fault a dip of about 12° N. 10 3 E. was obtained, and at 20 yards from this the coarser beds give place to sandstones. Further down stream a promontory of Devonian crosses the gorge, and Keuper Marls seem to dip off it on the north. The outlier on the hill between the Holford and Hodder's Combe streams, at about 300 yards from their confluence, as exposed in a pit 10 feet deep, consists of red sand with subangular grit stones on mottled sand with no clear signs of bedding. By the road on the south side of Alfoxton Park, loam with subangular grit-gravel and sandy loam may be taken as a tiny outlier of New Red. Upper (Keuper) Marls. The Upper or Keuper Marls consist of red and red-brown marls , variegated with greenish streaks, spots, and patches, splitting in cuboidal pieces, and with harder more or less shaly bands. The lower beds are often more or less sandy and do not effervesce with acid, as is the case in the road on the east of Houndsmoor, S.E. of Milverton, where red sandy marls with grey and whitish sandy bands are exposed to a depth of 12 feet and rest on the Upper Sandstones. At Cushuish, Spaxton, Bradley Green, and elsewhere, the basement beds of the marls seem to be of similar character, but the exposures are shallow and do not often display more than the mottled clay soil and subsoil. No good sections of the lower beds, such as those in the Poole Brickyard, near Wellington, in Sheet 311, were met with in Sheet 295. 58 TRIAS. The upper beds often display alternations of red with greenish or bluish marls, shown as follows in the Rowbarton Brewery boring, at a quarter of a mile north of Taunton Station : — Ft. Loamy marl - - 12 Blue marl 6 Red marl - 15 Blue marl - 10 Brown marl - 4 Solid blue marl - 16 Brown and blue marl 8 Solid red marl - - 7 Blue and red marl 4 Solid red and grey marl 11 Blue grey and brown marl - 10£ Brown and grey marl 3 Solid brown marl - 2 Brown and grey marl 23£ Solid brown marl - 25$ Brown marl - - - 4 Brown and blue marl 5 Brown marl - - - - 2J. Brown marl with traces of gypsum at 169 ft. from surface - 3 Similar alternations in colour, denoting the upper beds of the Keuper Marls, have been noticed by Mr. H. B. Woodward " in the wooded and hilly ground south of the high road " between Norton Fitzwarren and Longlands Farm. In the West Somerset Brewery boring, put down by Messrs. Isler & Co., by the river Tone near St. James' Church, lower beds (presumably) are exposed, under 8 feet of made ground and gravel, commencing with 20 feet of red marl on 12 feet of red marl and sand, which suggests sand-beds in the marls, or redeposited materials. Beneath this the generalised section is as follows : — Ft. in. Gypsum Red marl and gypsum Red marl Red marl and gypsum Red rock Red rock and gypsum Hard marl and rock Hard marl and gypsum Marl mostly brown Brown marls and gypsum Marls mostly brown Grey sandstone Brown marl Brown marl and gypsum Brown marl - Brown marl and gypsum ... The bed of grey sandstone encountered at between 202 feet 6 inches and 206 feet 9 inches from the surface is probably, a similar bed to those interca- lated in the marls at Knapp, North Curry, Mare Green, and Stoke St. Gregory — if not on the same horizon. At these places the Upper Keuper Sandstones are intercalated with bluish-green marls, as at Lipe Hill in Sheet 311, and they form a 7 5 7 6 7 4 7 12 2 9 10 36 8 3 9 62 7 4 3 at 206 ft. 9 in. 21 10 from surface. 5 5 4 7 57 2 fcETJPER MARLS. 59 Series attaining a thickness of from 10 to 15 feet. The sandstones are of a hufE-grey colour and occur in bands of from 1 to 18 inches in thickness, in places coalescing to form beds over 2 feet in thick- ness. They vary from sand to tough sandstone or freestone, locally occurring beneath the thin intercalations, and forming a durable building stone. The very feeble indications of the outcrop of these beds between Stoke St. Gregory and Broad Lane Farm, and at and near North Curry Church, are evidently due to the impersistence of the sandstones. The stone used in building the Wesleyan College on the north side of Taunton was obtained from a quarry at Knapp, now mostly overgrown. The intercalations of marl and sandstone were well shown in the avenue leading to Moredon, Major Barrett's house, and also in the lane leading from thence to Hay Moor, where a tough greenish concretionary marlstone bed occurs in red marls at 8 or 10 feet below the sandstones. A quarry recently deepened and now worked between the road to Broad Lane Farm and More- don gave the following section in descending order : — Ft. in. Ft. in. Bluish marly shales with irregular courses of pale drab sandstone 3 to 4 Sandstone - - about 1 6 Alternating beds of sandstone and bluish marl „ 2 Tough sandstone - „ 2 Tough sandstone - - from 2 6 to 3 The lower beds quarry out in fine large blocks. The bluish shales contain Estheria minuta, and sandy tube -like markings which may be of organic origin. At the turning from the south of Mare Green to Huntham there is a pit in pale buff false-bedded sand which seems to pass into the comparatively hard sandstones exposed by ponds in Mare Green. Even beds of sandstone were noticed at Huntham apparently in situ. At Dyke's Farm and in the road to Stoke St. Gregory, bluish marls with beds of sandstone are visible. The chart of the boring by Messrs. Isler & Co., at Messrs. Starkey, Knight & Co.'s, at Bridgwater, gives 84 feet of red sandstone at between 50 and 134 feet from the surface, the marls below being pene- trated to a depth of 167 feet. As there is not the slightest reason for regarding the sandstones that flank the Quantocks on the south and east side, as anything but Upper Sandstones, or for excluding the Wembdon sandstones from the same series, we can only account for the thickness in this boring by assuming either that Upper Sandstones are brought up by a reversed fault, or that Upper Keuper Sandstones may have been encountered for 10 feet or more, and that the remaining 70 feet or so is composed of marls and marlstones, perhaps in a somewhat sandy condition. Ormerod noted the occurrence of pseudomorphs after crystals of rock- salt in a shallow cutting in the marls by the high road near Black Brook, east of Taunton.* Pale coloured Upper Keuper Sandstone was exposed at Beere Farm and in the lane leading toward Otterhampton from the farm between it and Bolam House, N. of Cannington Park. In the same district between Coult- ings and Bonstone Farm laminated sandy marls were seen. On the hill- top at Sutton Hams, on the margin of the map,f Upper Keuper Sandstones intercalated with marls were quarried. The stone is said to have been used in the construction of the docks at Bridgwater and in Weston Zoyland Church tower, and the series appears, as at Moredon, to attain » thickness of from 10 to 15 feet. " Dr. Bucklandj recognised the Keuper-sandstone in the * Trans. Devon. Assoc, Vol. ii., p. 384, 1868. ■f Geology of East Somerset, etc., Mem. Geol. Sur., 1876, p. 64. t Proc. Geol. 8oc., Vol. ii., 1836-1837, pp. 453, 454. 60 PERMIAN AND TRIAS. quarries of Sutton Mallet near Bridgwater, and of Rumwell Heale and Oake near Taunton ; the latter have supplied the freestone used in the towers and bridges at the town of Taunton." The Upper Keuper Sandstone of Lipe Hill south of Rumwell, in Sheet 311, is evidently referred to in the above passage, but no evidence of the occurrence of sandstones at Hele or at Oake, in this map, was obtained. Faults have not been shown in the Keuper Marl areas beyond the points where their positions can be inferred with certainty, but there can be no reasonable doubt that numerous faults occur which cannot be traced in the Marls, and that these render unreliable any estimates of the thickness of the series based on its outcrop between the Rhsetic beds on the one hand and the Upper Sandstones on the other. The fault which bounds the south-western flank of the Quantocks is evidently prolonged through the Marls between Crowcombe and Halsway, and unites with the N.N.W. fault near the latter place, determining its change in direction toward Woolston and Torweston. When one of the upper houses at Halsway was being built a section of red marls with greenish streaks, exposed in the yard to a depth of 10 feet, gave a S.35° W. dip of 40°, evidently due to proximity to the fault. The Quantook fault is also prolonged in the opposite direction to Taunton, as an exposure north of the bend in the lane at a quarter of a mile east of Lambrook Farm, east of Taunton, showed red marls with irregular greenish bands terminating abruptly against greenish marls, with an appearance of northerly dip at 70°. As this point is midway in line of direction between the Quantock fault at Nailsbourne and the West Hatch fault at Ash, east of Stoke St. Mary in Sheet 311*, the latter is evidently a continuation of the former. The nearest deep boring to the district is that put down at Compton Dundon (Sheet 296) in 1815, about 12 miles east from North Petherton. In the section given by Moore, the Keuper Marls were proved to a depth of 519 feet, the uppermost bed being probably about 30 feet or more below the base of the Rhsetic in the neighbouring escarpment. The Gypseous Marls seem to have been encountered at about 200 feet below the Rhsetic and to have proved over 200 feet in thickness. The only suggestion of sandstone is the mention of a sandy brown rock 2 feet thick at about 500 feet below the Rhsetic. To judge from this boring the thickness of the Keuper Marls at Compton Dundon may be anything between 700 and 1,000 feet. In the Quantock district, making every allowance for eliminations by faults, the numerous inliers between Bridgwater and Watchet suggest a shallowing of the older rock floor, and it is highly probable that in this region the Keuper Marls may not attain a greater thickness than 400 or 500 feet. Petrographical Notes on the New Eed Sands and Sandstones. By H. H. THOMAS, M.A., B.SC. It has become quite evident, from a microscopic study of sands and sandstones, that most sediments up to a certain point contain identical detfltal minerals ; but beyond this point, in any sand or sandstone, we may find one or more mineral species which give a character to that particular sediment either by simple occurrence or by relative abundance. This character, helped possibly by a consideration of the wear to which the grains have been subjected, may give us much information with regard to the source and mode of deposition of the material. During my previous work on these rocks in Central and South Devon, the results of which have been published only in part, i t * Geology of Wellington and Chard, Mem. Oeol. Sur. (Explanation of Sheet 311), 1906, pp. 22, 28. PETROGRAPHY. 61 was found that each subdivision of the New Red Sandstone Series had some special mineralogical characteristic, and the work done on the samples collected by Mr. Ussher from Sheet 295 fully con- firms the conclusions already arrived at. The New Red Rocks, taken as a whole, contain a fair variety of detrital and secondary minerals, several of which are by no means constant in occurrence in all the divisions into which these rocks have been divided. Some of these minerals, as regards original source, can be referred to pre-existing rocks occurring in, or within easy reach of, the district under consideration ; on the other hand others must be referred to a more remote area containing rocks of different types to those represented in the West of England. Of those minerals of the New Red Sandstone which are present in almost all sediments alike, and on the occurrence of which it is next to impossible to base any conclusions, we may mention zircon, rutile, various iron-ores, the micas, and a few others : occasionally, however, a notice of their relative abundance and the inclusions they contain may be of value. Amongst the minerals which have been found to have a rather special distribution are staurolite, two habits of anatase, one in colourless rectangular tables and the other in steep steel-blue pyramids ; two habits of blue aluminous tourmaline, the one in acicular crystals the other in hexagonal plates flattened at right angles to the piism; pink garnet, brookite, cordierite, and barytes. There is every reason to believe that the barytes and the tabular anatase were formed in the rock subsequent to its deposition, the former as a cement, and the latter from the decomposition of ilmenite ; that the pink garnet, pyramidal anatase, brookite, and blue tourmaline are referable to Devonian, Carboniferous, and the associated igneous rocks of the West of England ; while the staurolite, cordierite and shimmer- aggregates (probably decom- position products from cordierite) must be referred to a more remote source, for no rocks are at present known in the West of England capable of yielding this material. For the minerals of local derivation a general westerly source is suggested, but the distribution of the staurolite proves more or less conclusively that it, at any rate, has been derived from rocks which existed to the south of Devonshire.* In South and Central Devon garnets are absent from the Lower Breccias and Sandstones, and occur first in the marls below the Pebble Bed. They are absent from the Pebble Bed in Devon, but present in Somerset and common in the Upper Sandstones and Marls of both counties. Blue tourmaline is abundant in the Lower Breccias and Sand- stones, rare or absent in the higher beds, except in the Pebble- bed of Somerset. Brookite is more abundant in the lower beds of the New Red * Thomas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. lviii., 1892, p. 620. See this paper also for a description of the oharaoters'presented by the various minerals contained in the New Red Rocks. 62 PERMIAN AND TRIAS. Series, as also is staurolite, which reaches its maximum in the Pebble- bed, where it is extremely common both in Devon and Somerset. The grains composing the sandstones below the Pebble-bed are all well-rounded, the finer material of the breccias angular, of the Pebble-bed sub-rounded, and of the Upper Sandstones and Marls sub -rounded or angular according to dimensions. It is generally in the Lower Sandstone division that the rounding of the grains is most complete. The subjoined table shows the distribution and relative abun- dance of the chief mineral species occurring in a few of the samples submitted to me. These samples were collected from the following localities, the number attached to each corresponding to those in the table. Lower Sandstones. 1. East Town, east of Tolland : Dull-red, iron-stained, non-calcareous sand, fairly uniform in grain ; contains many grains of chert, and one grain of unaltered cordierite was noticed. 2. Wiveliscombe, High Road south of Castle Hill : Highly calcareous, red, marly sandstone. 3. Stogumber : Highly calcareous, deep-red sand ; fairly coarse grain, containing a good quantity of chert and fine siliceous sediments. 4. Elworthy, outlier near : Deep-red, non-calcareous sand with fairly well rounded grains. 5. Langley, east of, north of Wiveliscombe : Highly calcareous breccia at the top of the Lower Sandstone Series. Fragments mostly vein-quartz, grits and cherts up to J inch in diameter. Very little pure quartz of original character. The grains of the matrix are well rounded, almost ' millet seed ' when of any size but sub-rounded when minute. The cement is partly calcite and partly barytes replacing calcite. Upper Sandstones. 6. Bishops Lydeard, building-stone quarry near : Highly calcareous dull-red sandstone with grains closely cemented. Shows plentiful spangles of white mica. Secondary anatase was noticed growing on ilmenite and leucoxene. 7. Crowcombe, west of : Calcareous sandstone of a dull-red colour with a.fair percentage of grains of chert and other fine siliceous sediments. 8. North Petherton. Bridgwater area. Near the top of the Upper Sandstones: Friable, slightly calcareous, dull-red sand with green patches and layers. 9. Chads Hill, on south side of the Cannington inlier, north-east of Withiel Farm : Non-calcareous dull-red sandstone. 10. Plainsfield, east of, east of Quantock Hills : Pale coloured, feebly oemented, non-calcareous sand ; fine-grained, with a good deal of barytes probably acting as the cementing medium. 11. Cannington Park Farm, north side of inlier : Deep-red, non-calcareous sand. 12. Nynehead, Road and Quarry. Upper part of Upper Sandstones (Sheet 311) : Highly calcareous deep-red sand and sandstone with a large percentage of grains of siliceous sediments. Tho heavy residue was rich in titanium oxides. 13. Wembdon, near Bridgwater. Breccia in Upper Sandstones : Highly calcareous, with calcareous cement, siliceous sediments abundant in the form of chert and fine grits. 14. Preston Bowyer : Highly calcareous red sandstone. A great per- centage of the grains are of sedimentary rocks. 15. Stoke St. Gregory. Upper Keuper Sandstone : Calcareous, pale greenish-grey, oompact sandstone containing a little iron pyrites. PETROGRAPHY. 63 M o o Ph ft H § o s Eh •a b s a = § DO m M5 1 II p. in aco s ^~ ^"^ ■w'a X •a^uoiqo X) X X M •ajpiiso o a u U u M u o Q X •9?lJ9ipj00 * 'S9qv39j^3y X ^ lamauqg '9anuoda9g *eu9xoon9i X XI X X XJ XI XI X X X X X X W X '9aeiaoi9«u XI X •9UII90IOIH XI (H •onsqdg X X '9e«iaoq!)J0 X X X X (H X XI X M X X M fc- *.. X ■9?JAO0BnJ([ X XI XI XI X •9iRoja X •9}]I0m'H)g X X X o X » X t- X X (■ X L- X X •o^HOoaa u f- XI X ■satire jj U X ■(jsinqsi) X ^ f ( smp^nijuoj, 9nia) OUIIBUIJUOJ, K X h XI o XI " X X X M (- X X ■(uMOjg) aui[T;nunox X X X- X X X XI XI X X X X X X X 'd^mgmii u X X « XI XI X o o o X o o X X '9)r)HU19H X XI X •nooijz o H X X X XI X XI X X X X X X X ■9inna u o X X XI o XI X X H X X X X X ■(jsinqsj) X o t- o o o X o X X •(luprarejia) 9s»}»uv X XI XI X o* ■- X X ■3C(jiau3<;jv" X X X u XI X H X X X X X X X X •}9UJ»D X X! X) S* o Q tH X X X X o « PS PS Id PS a ■§ tf PS PS ■a •§ «! K PS PS PS PS va t- 00 9 o N « ■>*« U3 T 64 PERMIAN AND TRIAS. The above table shows more or less clearly that certain minerals are more abundant in certain beds than in others. We see many points of similarity to the distribution of minerals in the South Devon Ked Rocks ; at the same time there are a few interesting differences. As in other districts garnets are more abundant in the upper beds. In Somersetshire, however, garnets occur together with blue tourmaline all through the various divisions of the New Red, whereas to the south their vertical distribution is more restricted. Ilmenite and its dependent tabular anatase is abundant in the upper beds. Staurolite continues as a constant and plentiful constituent of the Pebble-bed from the south coast as far north as this horizon is exposed, and as in the southern district is more abundant in the lower divisions of the New Red series. It is worth mentioning that this mineral is extremely common in the Pebble-bed of the Midlands, occurring with the same asso- ciates and presenting identical character". It appears likely that these two areas were connected (probably east of the Mendips) and that part of the material in each case was derived fiom the same source. There is a tendency for all members of the New Red to become calcareous northwards, but it must not be forgotten that the Keuper Marls of the south coast contain often as much as 16 per cent, of calcium carbonate. From the abundance of chert fragments and grains of siliceous sediments it is evident bhat much of the material of the New Red Series must have been derived from the neighbouring Carboniferous and Devonian Rocks. 65 CHAPTER VIII. TRIAS (continued). Rh.etio Beds. by h. b. woodward and w. a. e. ussher. The Rhsetic Beds form a passage -series between the Keuper Marls and the Lower Lias. Although owing to faults and concealment by alluvium they do not exhibit a continuous outcrop, yet they are exposed here and there along the northern borders of the area, and they furnish one of the more important sections in the country, that of St. Audrie's. There a thickness of 156 feet was assigned to them by H. W. Bristow and R. Etheridge, from measurements made in 1864. The Rhsetic Beds as denned by those authorities and as repre- sented on the map, comprise three subdivisions, and their relative thicknesses are approximately as follows : — Watchet. St. Audrie's. Puriton. Ft. In. Ft. Iin. Ft. In. f White Lias 8 8 8 4 8 4 Rhaetic. j Black shales 36 34 33 I Grey and buff marls 100 114 30 Keuper. Red and variegated marls. The figures above given fairly indicate the thicknesses of the strata ; but it must be admitted that precise measurements are difficult, as the individual layers vary a good deal and the main divisions merge one into another ; moreover, the cliffs are not everywhere easy of access, and they are obscured in places by slip3. Hence it is not surprising that the published records of different observers differ a good deal in reference to the limits and consequent thicknesses of the subdivisions. The White Lias comprises bands of cream-coloured or whitish marly and compact limestone and shaly marls. The top bed, known as the sun-stone or dew -stone, is usually a hard compact and fine- grained limestone of a pale bluish-grey colour. At or near the base at Puriton and St. Audrie's there is a band of similar compact limestone, striped like portions of the Cotham marble, and some- times exhibiting arborescent markings. The Black Shales yield the more abundant and characteristic Rhaetic fauna. This division consists mostly of black paper -shales, with bands of hard earthy and fossiliferous limestone, occasional sandy layers, a good deal of fibrous carbonate of lime or " beef," Win. E 66 TRIAS. and pyrites. Fish-remains occur at all horizons, but are more abundant in certain bone-beds One of these layers occurs about 8 feet from the base of the shales at St. Audrie's. The occurrence of " the bone-bed " near Watchet appears to have been first pointed out by Robert Anstice of Bridgwater.* The bed is perhaps best developed at Blue Anchor to the west of Watchet. A noteworthy feature in the Grey Marl Series is the presence of dark grey and black shaly marls, that seem to foreshadow the black shales above. This feature has been observed on the coast between Axmouth and Pinhay Bay in Devonshire, where likewise the general aspect of the Grey Marl Series is distinct in mass from that of the red and tea-green Keuper Marls below, despite the fact that the beds shade into one another.") - The Grey Marl Series there forms in fact " passage-beds," as Mr. L. Richardson admits, and although he would restrict the term Rhsetic to those beds which contain fossils, J the fact that many years ago fossils were recorded by Etheridge and Professor Boyd Dawkins from the grey marls near the area now under consideration, is of special interest. Since that date attention has been drawn to the occurrence of a bone -bed in the green marls below the black shales at Gold Cliff in Mon- mouthshire, and Mr. Richardson has obtained fossils including Ostrea bristovi from the upper part of the grey marls (called by him the " Sully Beds ") at Sully and Lavernock near Penarth.§ The linking of the grey marls with the higher Rhsetic Beds is further shown by the intercalation of hard marls, marly limestones, and occasionally of hard compact limestone, like varieties of White Lias, in the beds below the black shales at St. Audrie's. In the small area of sea coast represented on the map we have, east of Watchet Harbour, a cliff formed of the red Keuper Marls, a good deal fissured, dipping seaward at an angle of over 30°, from a little west to a little east of north, while on the foreshore at low tide the successive outcrops of red marls, Rhsetic Beds and Lower Lias may be traced on the sea-eroded platform of rock, as shown in J. H. Blake's section drawn in 1872, Fig. 12. To the south of the cliff, the red marls are faulted against the Lower Lias, and the fault is seen in the cliff east of the pleasure ground, on the north- western side of what may be called Doniford Bay, and just within the limits of our map. The red marls adjacent to the fault are disturbed and traversed by small subsidiary faults. The Rhsetic Beds are finely shown in the cliff known as St. Audrie's Slip, on the western side of St. Audrie's Bay. Eastwards the Red Keuper Marls presenting a gentle anticlinal structure- form the cliffs as far as the old limekiln, and they are * Buckland and Conybeare, Trans. Geol. Soe., Ser. 2, Vol. i., p. 301. f H. B. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, Vol. x., p. 532. t Ibid., Vol. xix., p. 402. See also W. B. Dawkins, Geol, Mag., 1864 p. 260. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. lxi., pp. 389, 394. RHjETIC BEDS. 67 faulted near Blue Ben, just beyond the northern margin of the map, against the Lower Lias, with a narrow intervening faulted belt of Rhaetic Beds. e t3 O a CD CD 6 0)13 3 M-| p. 3 CD w -3 p. 3 en § 02 10 CO cq CQ IS O 10111. E2 TEIAS. Although the coast near Watchet is for the most part undergoing erosion, the western part of St. Audrie's cliff, which rises a little over 100 feet, is grass grown and protected by a platform of shingle above the. high-water mark of ordinary tides. The beds dip to the "W.S.W. and the succession in descending order from west to east, is as follows * : — Ammonite Zones. I Coromceras ) Jointed yeUow limestones and shales, bucklancu. J J Schlotheimia \ Thick grey shaly marls with few angulata. Ft. Psiloceras planorbis White Lias Black Shales zone of Pteria contorta [Avieula auctt.] Grey Marls. Keuper. /Alternations of red and green marl passing down I into red marli. 6 18 5 or 6 bands of | limestone - 30 to 35 Bands of brownish-yellow limestone and blue or brown shales with Psiloceras planorbis, the shell sometimes converted into Selenite Grey and brown shales, Psiloceras planorbis Limestones, some even-bedded, and fissile lime- stone shales : with Lima punctata, Ostrea liassica and Saurian remains : the lowest band 18 inches thick Grey laminated shales with Ostrea liassica and "Pullastra." Cavernous fissures eroded by sea along joints 7 Sun Bed : hard cream-coloured limestone with bluish-grey core, the lower portion some- "what nodular Pale shales and limestones with much pyrites, fish-scales, Lima prcecursor and Ostrea irregu- laris. The lowest layer a hard limestone striped like Gotham Marble Black shales with much fibrous carbonate of lime " beef," and bands and nodules of hard earthy limestone with fish-remains, also Pteria con- torta, Myophoria ? cloacina [Axinus auctt.], Protocardia rhcetica, Lima prcecursor, Ostrea irregularis, Pecten valoniensis Bone bed. Hard greenish-grey grit with numerous teeth and scales of fishes : Acrodus, Hybodus, and Saurichihys acuminatus - Black shales with hard limestone in upper part, Protocardia rhcetica : at base gritty material infilling cavities in pale and greenish marl below - - ■Hard pale grey and greenish marls and earthy limestones, with Oervillia prcecursor about 5 feet from top. Alternations of black shaly clay and pale grey marl with streaks of darker marl. Hard and soft marls with celestine (strontian sulphate). Pale grey and greenish-grey maris and bands of hard limestone 25 1 to 3 8 114 * The details are summarised, with some additions, from the section by Bristow and Btheridge (Vertical Sections, Geol. Survey, Sheet 47). Therein the base of the Lias was taken about 10 inches above the Sun Bed, so as to include a thin layer of sandy limestone with Ostrea liassica, now grouped with the Lower Lias, bft^TIC BEDS; In 1864, Professor W. Boyd Dawkins described the Rhaetic Beds that were exposed on the coast between high and low-water marks about a quarter of a mile east of Watchet Harbour — just within the limits of our present map. His section is as follows : — * [Lower Lias] Various beds of grey limestone and shale. (" Compact bluish-grey limestone White Lias -j Grey limestones and shales - [ Hard blue limestone Black shale. Ripple-marked sandstone with Devonian pebbles, overlying earthy limestone with fibrous carbonate of lime Black shale Ft. In. Black Shales Avicula contorta Series 3 in. to Grey Marls Keuper Pecten-bed (limestone) Black shale. Pecten-bed with fibrous carbonate of lime 2 Black shales with occasional earthy limestone. Bone-bed, hard sandy limestone 2 in. to 3 Black shale. Bone-bed, sandy calcareous rock with quartz pebbles and limestone-nodules 2 in. to 3 Ripple-marked micaceous and sandy limestones with fibrous carbonate of lime ; black shales and bands of shelly limestone, and sandy marl (at base) - 9 6 Bone-bed — a thin film of conglomerate deposited upon the water-worn surface of a greenish-grey sandy marlstone, pebbles of which are included in it 1 in. to 2 / Grey indurated marlstones and black shales with but \ two or three faint bands of red - 84 (Grey and red marls in nearly equal proportions 30 Black shale 1 Red and grey marls — the former predominate ; the latter are very much indurated - 84 The basal bone-bed of this section, is evidently on the horizon of the gritty material noted by us at the base of the black shales in the St. Audrie's section. Professor Dawkins recorded from this bed east of Watchet, Acrodus minimus, Gyrolepis alberti, and Avicula contorta. The same fish-remains were obtained by him from the bone-bed between 9 and 10 feet higher ; while the uppermost bone-bed yielded also Saurichthys acuminatus, Sargodon tomicus and Hybodus minor. Among the fossils which he recorded from the black shales, and included limestones, the following may be mentioned : Anatina suessi Placunopsis alpina Avicula contorta Pleurophorus angulatus Cardium rhseticum elongatus Myophoria postera Pteromya crowcombeia Pecten valoniensis Pullastra arenicola No fossils were found in the grey marls below the lowest bone-bed at this locality, but in the area to the west, and beyond the limits * Quart. J (mm. Geol. Soc., Vol. xx., p. 400. The beds here grouped as Lower Lias wer6 then placed with the White Bias. 70 TTRIAS. of our map, Professor Dawkins announced his discovery of fossils at a lower horizon in the Grey Marl series or " Lower Ehsetic." These included the tooth of a marsupial, regarded as the oldest known British mammal. It was described under the name Hypsi- prymnopsis rhaticus, but has since been referred to Microlestes. The specimen of Microlestes was obtained by Professor Dawkins on the foreshore west of Watehet, where the Ehsetic Beds are exposed between high and low tides. He " chiselled it out of the ripple-marked surface of a reef which the sea had freed from the deposits above, and out of which also were obtained teeth of Acrodus minimus and Sargodon tomicus, scales of Gyrolepis alberti and 0. tenuistriatus, a hollow compact Pterodactylian bone, a portion of the pen of Beloteuthis or Oeoteidhis, a small undetermined amphi- ccelian vertebra, and a few fragments of wood and of Pecten valoniensis." Its exact position was stated to be 10 feet 6 inches below the bone-bed.* It is noteworthy that a bed yielding Qervillia precursor and Annelide- burrows was observed by Bristow and Etheridge about 12 feet beneath the bone-bed at St. Audrie's (see p. 68) ; and this may be about the same horizon as that from which Professor Dawkins recorded so many fossils. Throughout the area of Lias and Rhsetic Beds so clearly shown in the coast-sections beyond the limits of our map, and in those tracts which occur within it, the strata are much broken by faults. The accompanying section, Fig. 13, shows the disturbed beds in the neighbourhood of Doniford. To the east of Stogursey, at Combwich and Otterhampton, there is evidence of much faulting. In a quarry between Hill Farm and Beere Farm west of Combwich the section shown in Fig. 14 was observed. Fig. U.— Fault South of Hill Farm, West of Combwich. (W. A. E. U.) L. Lower Lias, R. Rhaatic Beds. F. Fault. Lower Lias Even-bedded blue limestones and dark grey shales. / Black shales with selenite and band of dark blue earthy I limestone. Rhsetic The section in the railway cutting at Puriton was measured by Bristow and Etheridge, and subsequently in 1868 by ourselves in company with J. H. Blake. The details are as follows : — Ft. In. I Brown and grey shales and limestones with PsUoceras planorbis : Pleuromya crowcombeia and Ostrea Liower ljias *, liassica at base about 20 Even-bedded limestones and fissile limestone shales I with Modiola- - - - - - lOorllO * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. xx., p. 409, and pp. 397, 398 ; and Geol. .Uuj., 1334, p. 200; 1865, p. 482. RH-SITIC BEDS. 71 White Lias ("Sun bed or Dew stone. Ft.In. J White and grey limestones and shales, with near base, j a band of hard striped limestone like Cotham I marble 8 • Black shales with thin bands of limestone with Pecten valoniensis - 15 Bone-bed, calciferous sandstone with bones, scales and coprolites, Acrodus minimus, Gyrolepis aiberti, Black Shales I Hybodus, 2 to 3in. Black shales with seienite Ptcria contorta, Pmtocar- dia rhoBtica 17 Sands and shales with " Pvllastra '' arenicola, Pteria contorta, Pleurophorus dongalus 2 / Sandy clays and limestone, grey and greenish, and Grey Marls ■! cream-coloured marls and shales, seen to depth of i about 25 Between Puiiton and Cossington the Rhsetic Beds are exposed in a broad belt extending across a denuded anticline. The cuttings on the railway near Cossington station are referred to further on (p. 74.) It may be noted that from the fine section at Puriton to the outlier of Pendon Hill near Chedzoy, a distance of not quite three miles, the Rhaetic formation has probably diminished in thickness to the extent of quite 30 feet. semicostatum Zone of Coroniceras bucUandi n CHAPTER IX. JURASSIC. Lower Lias, by h. b. woodward. The Lower Lias is shown in the cliffs bordering Doniford Bay and in those of St. Audrie's, as well as on the foreshore at low tide. The strata are much faulted but the following divisions are repre- sented in the area of the map * : — „ . /-Dark shaly marls with thick bands of argillaceous . . J limestone and, near the base, a conspicuous band of \ paper-shales: Arnioceras semicostatum, Arieliles <■ turneri, Oardinia, Isocrinus - - - 40 to 45 ' Alternations of grey limestones, sometimes in thin bands, with shales and shaly marls, but merging into a more prominent mass of blue limestones and thin shaly marls. Alternate bands of thin blue and yellow (iron-stained) limestones, twenty-five or more in number, with blue and brown marly shales. The limestones being jointed and standing out irregularly, present a zig-zag appearance amongst the clays : Coroni- ceras bucUandi, Nautilus, Pleurotomaria, Gryphcea arcuata, Lima gigantea, Rhynchondla calcicosta, Isocrinus, etc. - - about 40 SchMheimia l Dajk g re y shale and S^7 marl "**& omv occasional anaulata I bands of limestone : Schlotheimia angulata 30 to 35 Zone of f Slaty marls, dark shales and bands of limestone : Psiloceras I PsUoceras planorbis, Ps. johnstoni, Ostrea planorbis I liassica, "Pullastra," Modiola minima - -about 40 The beds observed in the cliff of St. Audrie's have been noted already (p. 68). There slabs covered with " Pullastra " with the shell preserved, have been obtained from the shales near the base of the Lias. As we approach Doniford we lose the cliffs for a short space. On the foreshore Arietites turneri occurs in shaly limestone and in the low cliffs succeeding, we find shaly marls with thick bands of argillaceous limestone belonging to the zone of Arnioceras semicostatum. Continuing towards the Bathing Cove on the west side of Doniford Bay, we find shaly marls and paper shales much jointed, with occasional thick beds of limestone, exposed in the cliffs and forming sloping pavements dipping seawards on the foreshore, but faulted in places. Large Ammonites suggestive of Asteroceras stellaris occur, but in the cliffs at the Bathing CoVe, * H. B. Woodward, " Jurassic Rocks of Britain," Vol. iii., p. 92. LOWBR lias. 73 apparently on a higher horizon, we find A. turneri in beds of grey marl and shale with occasional limestone, shown to a thickness of 25 feet. These beds are faulted to the north against a narrow belt of grey limestones and shaly marls with Gryphcea arcuata, strata which are highly inclined towards the south and arch over slightly towards the north where they are faulted against the Keuper Marls. Whether in this district there are any marly and clayey beds above tbe zone of Amioceras semicostatum is not clear, for the beds are so repeatedly faulted ; further palseontological evidence is much to be desired. The Lower Lias Limestones and the Rhaetic Beds have been well exposed in the cutting of the Great Western Railway at Dun- ball, near Puriton and in the adjoining Cement and Lime Works belonging to Messrs. John Board & Co. The quarry showed the following beds * : — Ft. In. Rubble and clay ' - Top Lias. Limestone Lowbb Lias. Second Lias. Limestone Shale {Limestone Shale - Limestone Shale Six-Inch. Limestone used for building ; it cuts out well, but will not stand the weather - Shale Hotjse Paviotje. Limestone - - 1 Dunch Pavioxte. Limestone - J Shale Sandstone. Hard limestone Second Lias. Limestone Shales Clogs. Two beds of limestone - Shales with Modiola minima Little Paviotjrs. Three bands of limestone and shales (ground up for making cement) - Bottom Lias. Shelly limestone with Pleuromya crowcombeia Burning Scale. Fissile limestone-shale Cement. Dark fissile shaly marl - Black Scale. Blue shaly or earthy limestone (put with cement shales for making cement, otherwise the material will not set) (Jrey and yellow earthy limestone, appearing to merge into the bed below. Ostrea liassica, etc. - - - 10 10 1 9 9 5 4 5 1 6 1 1 1 7 3 5 3 9 1 3 9 1 1 1 6 2 1 8 4 Rilkuc Beds. f Dew Rocks. \ Lias) Compact limestones. ( top of White 1 7 A section at Puriton, showing about 30 feet of the Lower Lias with Psihceras planorbis, etc., was recorded by Bristow and Etheridge. | The higher beds consist of clays with bands of limestone, so * Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Vol. iii., p. 81. t Vertical Sections (Geol. Sur.), Sheet 46, No. 1. 74 JUBASStC. that we have evidence, confirmed by the new railway cuttings between Bridgwater and Edington, that the zones of ScMotheimia angulata and Coroniceras bucldandi are not represented by any great mass of limestones in this neighbourhood. This was to be inferred from the playey character of the northern slopes of the Polden Hills, and of the island of Lias that appears in the moors at Meare, where we find clay with only occasional bands of limestone. In a quarry at Bawdrip, adjoining the new railway to Edington, the lower beds of the Lower Lias were exposed to a depth of 20 feet. They consist of thick layers of argillaceous limestone and slaty marl, on the horizon of the limestones worked at Dunball. In the railway cuttings near by, and onwards to Cossington, we find a considerable development of the higher blue shales and clays, with bands of marly limestone, and sometimes hard and compact beds, even-bedded or nodular, that represent mainly the zone of Coroniceras bucMandi: Near King's Farm these beds were seen tp dip in a northerly direction, and to be faulted in three places. Beyond, in the direction of Cossington, the beds are bent into an undulating synclinal fold, and thence outcrop for some distance with regularity, dipping in a southerly direction at an angle of about 15°. In this great series, which may be estimated at 160 feet thick, there is a band of limestone to about every 4 feet of clay, and these beds may be traced on, until they are underlain by 20 feet of the lower limestones belonging to the zone of PsUoceras planorbis. Very few fossils appear in the beds, but Ostrea liassica ranges about 50 feet above the basal limestones. I have been informed by Mr. Henry Corder, of Bridgwater, that some large Ammonites were obtained, also Nautilus, large specimens of Lima gigantea, some with Ostrea attached to them, Gryphcea arcuata, and Rhynchonella calcicosta. Mr. J. F. M. Clarke (then resident engineer), who kindly accompanied me along the railway, obtained bones of Ichthyosaurus, Coprolites, small specimens of Cypricardia, Lima tuberculata, and Pecten suttonensis (P. pottux).* In the lower limestones, Mr. Corder noted a bed, about 6 feet above the White Lias, crowded with Pleuromya crowcombeia, as at Dunball. Remains of Plesiosaurus were found east of Cossington. Here also PsUoceras planorbis occurs in abundance, and some remains of Otozamites were obtained by Mr. Clarke. The beds are faulted at many places along the railway, but the southerly dip, before mentioned, helps to bring up the Rhaetic Beds near Cossing- ton. They are well shown in cuttings by the railway station. The junction-beds were as follows : — Ft. In. r Clays with two or three massive beds of argilla- LoWbr Lias. -< - ceous ^^ne [ 9 I Clays and thin stone-beds - . J I Pale laminated limestone shales - 6 * Identified by Mr. G. Sharman. See account of railway-cuttings, with diagram section, by J. F. M. Clarke, Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Clvb., 1891, Vol. vii. p. 127. LOWEU LlAS. 75 Rh^itio Beds, /White Lias, four beds of pale and compact lime stone, with clay partings ; yielding Pleuromya, Protocardia rhcctica, Lima precursor The lowest bed resembles Cotham Marble in texture. Bluish -grey and yellow shaly clay with " race " Bed of hard banded limestone Dark blue and black paper shales rusty at top, with thin limestone layers and nodules of limestone, exposed to depth of - Ft. In. 4 9 16 76 CHAPTER X. PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT. Under this head are included all the superficial deposits and accumulations of the area. These consist of gravels and redeposited New Red and Liassic materials, marine sands and shingle known as the Burtle Beds, Peat Beds, Forest Bed and Alluvial Clays and Silt. They date hack certainly to the age of the mammoth and rhinoceros, remains of which have been found in Old Terrace Gravels at Taunton. Of the submerged forest era, and of the oscil- lations in the subsidence which led to its final destruction, there is abundant proof. Horner * alludes to the discovery of fragments of two Roman Potteries under 12 feet of silt at Anstice below Bason Bridge (in the flats to the north of the area in this map), and near this a Roman road was found on silt not 6 feet below the level of high water. He also refers to De Luc's mention of the finding of Roman pottery, moulds and coins on peat under 7 feet of river silt, when the channel of the Brue was deepened. " Hence," he says, " it is evident that at the time of the Roman occupation the surface of the peat was exposed and protected from inundation." Poole f alludes to the discovery of a piece of gold Phoenician ring -money at Bridgwater, 7 feet below the surface. No signs of raised beach have been observed in the area, although there are no doubt many contem- poraneous fluviatile gravels. It should, however, be observed that on Westonzoyland, Chedzoy and near Chilton Trinity, the sands of the Burtle Beds are found in places between 4 and 9 feet above springtide high water. For descriptive purposes the area may be divided into three districts : (a) The higher Palaeozoic lands ; (c) the Bridgwater levels and main alluvial flat of the Tone ; and (b) the intermediate area where Secondary rocks are at the surface . On the Quantocks and older rocks on the west margin of the map no old gravels have been detected ; the valleys are narrow and steep, and the threads of gravelly detritus in their bottoms only spread out on reaching the softer Keuper Marls of the Secondary area, as at Holford, East Quantockshead, and Over Stowey on the east, and between Yarf ord and Kingston, Triscombe, Crowcombe, Bicknoller, and Weacombe on the west, of the Quantocks. These form pene- plains descending at various gradients to the main alluvial tracts and valleys, and are composed of redeposited Secondary materials mixed with gravel, and Head, or talus, shed from the higher Palaeozoic lands. * Trans. Geol. Soc, 2nd ser., Vol. i., p. 310. f Quart Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. xx., p. 118. OLDER GRAVELS. 77 Besides these tracts in the lines of actual drainage there are gravels of similar origin formed before the valleys in the Palaeozoic rocks had been cut to their present depths, and these occur in isolated patches and in more or less extensive remnants of pene- plains, as between Triscombe and Crowcombe Heathfield ; west of Staple Plantation ; at Rydon Farm ; near Perry Court Farm on the north of the Quantocks ; on the Lias near Putsham and Stogursey ; near Nether Stowey ; between Over Stowey and Cannington Park ; at Four Forks and Gothelney Green; at and near Bridgwater, Durleigh and North Petherton ; between Creech St. Michael, Durston and West Monkton ; north of Taunton ; between Norton Fitz- warren and Bishops Lydeard, and at Oake. Older Gravels. The limits of the gravel patches and deposits are often ill-defined, as a scattering of stones over the surface, as observed by Mr. Wood- ward on Ash Priors Common, is not an unusual phenomenon, and it is impossible to distinguish redeposited marls from the ordinary soil in the absence of sections. It is doubtful whether the patch of gravel at North Town, Taunton, is surrounded by marl at the surface. Pits open in 1880 showed 5 feet of reddish-brown gravel of more or less worn grit, slate and quartz fragments, mostly small. The preponderance of stones derived from Devonian Rocks in the gravels is due to the small area along the south border of the map that has received the drainage of the Cretaceous and Liassic rocks on the south ; and on the north to the seaward drift of 1 the materials derived from the Lias and Rhaetic Beds. Mr. Woodward calls attention to the comparative absence of Liassic materials in the coast section of the Williton valley gravel between St. Audrie's and the Watchet Bathing Cove. Besides direct deriva- tion from the older rocks the gravels, conglomerates, and breccias of the New Red furnished materials in the western part of the area. A patch of gravel on the hill on the north side of Norton Fitzwarren Church* contains flfht and chert as well as quartz, slate and grit fragments. It was exposed in a pit to » depth of 2J feet. The gravel tract between Kingston and Taunton has a gradient of 1 in 79. Near Dodhill, where small slate fragments in reddish loam were exposed, and in other shallow exposures, current-bedding was noticed. Near its descent to the alluvium at Obridge a pit showed quartz and grit gravel in loamy sand. In a pit on the north of Taunton Station the following descending section was taken by Mr. Woodward : — Ft. Reddish brick-earth - - - 3 to 4 Reddish loamy gravel with quartz slate and grit, and seams of yellow and coarse red sand, resting on variegated marl - about 9 * According to the Rev. F. Warre, remains of an earthwork on the hill are supposed to mark the site of a British camp or town coeval with Dows- borough Camp, against which the Roman general Ostorius is thought to have marched after attacking Dowsborough. Conquest Farm is supposed to mark the site of a battle won on that occasion by the Romans. Proc, Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist. Soc, Vol. i., pp. 38-47, 78 PLEISTOCENE. Higher up the road he noted very sandy reddish brick -earth with gravelly seams, 6 feet in thickness, under gravelly warp, and overlying 8 feet of stiff yellow brick-earth. By the turning to the Goods Yard (Wood Lane) on the west side of Taunton Station, red gravel of grit, slate, quartz, and occasionally flint or chert frag- ments, more or less worn, was exposed upon re -deposited marl and loam through which stones are also dispersed. The road cutting to Taunton Station on the up side, showed grit, slate and quartz gravel, mostly small, in a red sandy matrix, with red sand 3 to 5 feet thick, resting on redeposited marl. At a place called Rowbarton by the Kingston Road, nearly opposite to this, the late Wm. Bidgood, Curator of the Taunton Museum, obtained bones and portions of antlers of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and horn cores and teeth of Bison priscus, also a fragment of flint or chert apparently worked, near a seam of clean whitish sand, under about 12 feet of gravel. The specimens and a sample of the sand were lodged in the Taunton Museum. Mr. Woodward noted 12 feet of fine gravel made up of slate, grit, and quartz on the north-east side of Staplegrove Church. At its western termination the base of the gravel was exposed in the high road at, perhaps, 30 feet or more above the valley bottom at Langford Bridge. Part of the frontal bone and antlers of the Irish elk (Cervus giganteus) in Taunton Museum, were found under the trunk of a tree on gravel in excava- tions at the Gas works, Tangier, Taunton, according to the late Wm. Bidgood. This discovery, and of Rhinoceros remains in excavations at Taunton Gaol in 1853, at 6 feet above the vegetable bed, was described by the Rev. W. R. Crotch in 1854,* as mentioned in the Memoir on the map to the south, Sheet 311. The Rev. W. A. Jones recorded the deposit in which the remains occurred as marly earth with flint and chert stones, and the identification of the bones by Prof. Quekett as belonging to Rhinoceros tichorinus.f Prof. Boyd Dawkinsf considered them older than the forest bed. . Poole§ alludes to the discovery of remains of Mephas primigenius in clay and gravel between parallel outcrops of Lias Limestone-beds at the foot of the cliff at St. Audrie's. The probability of these remains having been washed out of the seaward extension of the Doniford gravel must be admitted. The lower part of the humerus of a young mammoth is- said to have been found at Chedzoy, by Baker,|| but no particulars are given, so that it had most probably been derived from much earlier deposits than those in or on which it was found. Gravel pits or exposures were to be seen in the following places when the district was surveyed : — At Foxhole, N.E. of Creech St. Michael, reddish sand on small, mostly subangular, gravel. Near Ham, east of Ruishton, the gravel consists of chert, grit* and quartz stones, more or less worn. Near Forty Acres, S.E. of North Petherton, angular and subangular slate and grit gravel was seen in the corner of a field. In west part of North Petherton 10 feet of slate, slaty grit and quartz gravel often well worn, with strips of reddish loam, showing signs of current-bedding. In N.W. part of North Petherton closely packed worn slate gravel in red loam. At Parker's Field 10 or 12 feet of slate gravel is said to have been penetrated, to marl with beds of sandstone (Trias). The gravel between Huntworth, Compass, and Petherton Park is very uneven. - Near Compass dense gravel, of angular and subangular grit and slate stones, was seen. * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Sec, Vol. v., p. 129. t Ibid., Vol. vii.,p. 25. } Ibid., Vol. xviii., pp. 26-31. § Quart. Jo-am. Qeol. Soc, Vol. xx., p. 120. || Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. i., p. 136, OLDER GRAVELS. 79 In a gravel pit and road section near Durleigh Church closely packed gravel, with angular and subangular grit and quartz stones and flat grit pebbles, was exposed. At Spaxton Lodge there is a thin capping of gravel on a surface sloping eastward at 1 in 66, The gravels from Nether Stowey to Fiddington and between Inwood and Oatley Farm e"xhibit easterly gradients of 1 in 53. In the former locality gravel was exposed in one place to a depth of 6 feet. The extensive gravel flat of Holford and Stringston also exhibits a north- easterly slope of 1 in 53. At Tuxwell Farm grit, slate and quartz gravel was exposed to a depth of 4 feet. The gravel flats between Over Stowey and Cannington have a gradient of about 1 in 79. A gravel pit near the S.W. end of Brymore Park, by the high road, displayed the following descending section : — Ft. in. Dusty grey soil with angular and worn grit stones 1 Yellowish clayey and loamy soil, with a few small grit pebbles 6 in. to 1 Gravel of angular, subangular and well-worn grit stones in coarse sand, base not exposed 3 6 The East Quantockshead gravel flat has a northerly slope of about 1 in 20. The Weacombe valley gravels slope westward at 1 in 17 to 18, but the main valley surface from Williton and Torweston to Doniford slopes north- ward at about 1 in 105. The older gravel east of Torweston slopes westwards, at about 1 in 26. The slope of the large gravel patch between Crowcombe Station and Triscombe has a similar gradient. This gravel is on the water- parting between the Williton drainage basin and that of the Tone. According to J. H. Blake, the gravels were well exposed at about half a mile west of East Quantockshead, and there were also exposures near Bick- noller and Quantock Moor, in the road from Crowcombe Station to the Quantocks, and in the road at about half a mile south of Crowcombe Church. Mr. Woodward notes : " The gravel, which occurs in patches over the red marls between Taunton and Bishops Lydeard, being entirely of local derivation, is made up more of grits or slates in some places than others. Between Tithill and Dean Court 2 or 3 feet of gravel was seen in the lane. East of Wey Farm the red marl contains pockets of gravel, and traces of it are seen here and there in the brook. North of Wey Farm there is a gravel formed of grit, slate and quartz stones, 4 feet thick, resting on coarse red and yellow sand on its eastern border." H. B. W. The wide spread of low-lying land between Bishops Lydeard, Nailsboume, and Norton Fitzwarren, is covered by reddish and brown clay and loam, irregularly associated with gravel derived from the Middle Devonian Rocks. At Nailsbourne the slate fragments are closely packed in red sandy loam. Norton Fitz- warren is (like Wey Farm) on a terrace sloping down to and merging into the flatter land ; between the latter and the alluvium of the Tone an arbitrary line has been drawn, as, with their gently sloping borders, it seemed advisable to colour these tracts as valley gravel, instead of drawing very uncertain boundaries for alluvium within them. A similar arbitrary distinction has been made on the map border between Taunton and Ruishtpn. There is said to be a 80 PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT- trace of gravel at the Market Place, Taunton. A trace of gravel was met with at Knapp, west of North Curry and north of Thur- loxton, all too insignificant to show on the map. The last-mentioned was seen in a lane-cutting north-west of Shearston, 10 feet deep. Here gravel of slate and slaty grit fragments with an irregular band of brownish loam rests on slates, and abuts against contorted slates which, at the surface, have been bent back, so as to form a Head on the gravel, as in the accompanying sketch (Fig. 15). Pig. 15.— Old Stream Gravel, N.W. of Shearston. Gravel with a bed of loam overlain by disintegrated slate. Deposits op the Bridgwater Levels. The data are insufficient to supply an accurate notion of the contour of the surface of the Secondary rocks beneath the Bridg- water levels. We have no positive evidence that the sea had access to the area during the raised beach formation. The traces of raised beach near Weston-super-Mare, on the Carboniferous Limestone promon- tories at about 25 feet above high water, might give colour to the belief that it had, and thus a plain might have been cut of which the low marl inliers of Chedzoy and Westonzoyland, now nearly covered by more recent deposits, might be the denuded remnants. If so, we could not expect the beach margins to have withstood succeeding denudation. Be that as it may, the subjects for con- sideration presented by well-sections and borings, the chief of which are unfortunately outside the border of the map, viz., Bason Bridge at East Huntspill on the north, and in the turf moor at Shapwick on the east, are the infillings of hollows cut out during, or at the culmination of, the elevation which succeeded the raised beach formation. These disclose terrestrial, alternating with fluviatile, estuarine, and marine conditions — and the later stages have been largely influenced by human agencies. The Tone is tidal up to Creech St. Michael, the Parrett to 20 miles from its mouth. The Bridgwater levels are below the level of spring tide high water, where the surface is peat. As pointed out by Poole, the land surface slopes from the sea and from the river till the peat — " A black vegetable mould with little or no coherence and easily con- verted into pasture or arable" — is reached. The Bridgwater levels, as well as the moors to the north of the Poldens, are protected by embankments of earth, except at exposed points where they are of masonry. These works are thought to have been made by the Romans, though some antiquaries regard them as still earlier. In Camden's time (1727) the River Parrett at Bridgwater was BRIDGWATER LEVELS. 81 " so large and deep about the bridge that ships of 100 tons may and often do ride there." We are also told that " In the tenth year of King William III. there was an Act of Parliament passed for the making and keeping the River Thone [Tone] navigable from Bridgwater to Taunton.* It is on record f that prior to 1739 theParrett had two outlets separated by an island of about 80 acres. The smaller and more northerly outlet was on the east side of the Gore Sand, but in that year an accumulation of ice dammed it and diverted bhe current into the main channel. The accumulation of mud in consequence proved so rapid that on the melting of the ice this outlet was per- manently blocked up. Phelps | records the filling up of a channel cut at Highbridge, with tidal deposits to a depth of 20 feet in about twenty-five years. " It was excavated again and now forms the entrance to the Glastonbury Canal Navigation." Though beyond .the borders of the map the two cases cited above show the rapid silting up of natural and artificial channels by natural causes, and suggest the presence in the flat lands of old channels of the Parrett of which there is no record. Mr. R. Y. Foley, of the Somerset Trading Co., Bridgwater, kindly furnished the following information respecting the occurrence of peat in the brickyards of Bridgwater. " A bed or layer of peat is generally found in our yards about 11 feet from the surface, 3 to 5 inches thick. In one case we came to another layer, 3 feet thick, about 16 feet from the surface. The depth at which the layer of peat is found appears to vary in different yards. We find at times the antlers of deer at various depths from 6 to 16 feet in the blue clay." He also sent a skull of Bos longifrons, identified by Mr. E. T. Newton, which was found in 1906 at their brickyard at Chilton Trinity, at 11 feet below surface, and a large thimble " found in the solid undisturbed clay 7 feet below the surface at Dunwear Brickyard." The excavation for the canal at Huntworth in 1826 disclosed a section noted by Baker and subsequently published by Rev. W. A. Jones in 1853, § and at greater length by Poole, 1864,|| in descending order : — Ft. Firm silt - - 16 Peat in. two irregular beds ; the upper bed contains marine and freshwater shells, the lower bed an abundance of freshwater shells — branches of alder with silvery bark, bones, horns of deer 1 Soft silt - - .... 9 Gravel with shells, coarse hand-made pottery, bones of ox, horse, deer (dog or fox, porpoise, human bones Tf) 1 Blue clay penetrated by roots and rootlets of plants • 2 Red Marl at 29 feet from surface. Surface a little below highest spring tides. ■ * ' " Magna Britannia Somerset," Vol. iv., pp. 795, 809. f Letters and Papers on Agriculture, planting, etc., selected from the Correspondence Book of the Society, instituted at Bath, Vol. v., p. 205. i Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. iv., p. 91, and Geology of East Somerset, etc., Mem. Ged. Sur., p. 160. § Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. iv., p. 128. || Quart. Journ. Ged. Soc., Vol. xx., and Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. f per. 2, Vol. iii., No. 6, p. 46. 5 Letter from Anstice to Buckland in November. 1826. 10111. F Ft. In. 7 9 - 1 - 6 - 1 6 - 3 82 PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT. Poole also gives a section near the railway bridge over the River Parrett, below Huntworth, i.e. at Dunwear, as follows : — Soft silt ... - Gravel - - - Firm silt - Peat --- Soft silt Running sand Red Marl - - at 23 3 In Barclay Street, Bridgwater, probably at about 160 yards east of the river, according to information supplied by a well sinker in 1872, the Marl was encountered at 21 feet from the surface, under 4 feet of red gravel, be- neath 17 feet of blue and grey clay ; whilst at the Police Station near the bridge over the Parrett, only clay and slime was met with above the Marl. - A Further north on the north of Castle Field Brick and Tile Works, in the deepest of the two trial borings put down by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff there is no mention of peat — the section is as follows : — Ft. In. Sandy clay ... . - 15 6 , Grey loamy sand - ... . 3 G Grey sand with seams of clay and pebbles and shells 6 Red marl at 25 feet from the surface. The patch of gravel shown in the flat on the north of Cannington Park was seen in a ditch overlying a mound of Keuper Marl. No attempt was made to separate the peaty surface from the alluvial clay, which overlies it so irregularly that it is doubtful whether a satisfactory separation could be made. Marl may be at or near the surface near Moor- land House south of Westonzoyland. There is a small inlier of Marl in the east of Chedzoy, south of Parchey (shown on the map as BurtleBeds by mistake). According to Buckland and Conybeare, 14 feet of silt rests on compressed peat in Crandon Bridge drain.* Turning now to the basin of the Brue there are two sections sufficiently distant from Secondary rocks at the surface, to give some idea of the depth to which these valleys had been eroded in the age succeeding the raised beach formation. One of these sections is in the turf moor near Shapwick Railway Station, nearly 5 miles east of Woolavington. The deposits, etc., penetrated are given in the following descending order + : — Peat Blue clay containing lime wash Clay and sand Sand, hard, clean, sharp, like silver sand Quick sand Clay containing sand Peat very dense containing sticks, leaves, etc. Sand and gravel Gravel containing ragged pieces of Lias Blue clay ... Peat containing rushes and roots, well preserved Black earth containing gravel, very dense Gravel sharp and broken Shale perfectly dry (probably Lias) 61 1\ * Trans. Geol. Soc, Vol, i., 2nd ser., p. 311. f Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. xxvi., p. 12G. Ft. In. 16 9 10 5 10 14 3 4 6 4 4 2 11 1 6 3* 2 1 7 o 4 43 6 10 1 1 10 3 ■ 1 BRIDGWATER LEVELS. 83 Mr. E. W. Stevens of Taunton furnished Mr. Woodward with a section of the Artesian Well boring at the New Board Schools at Bason Bridge, East Huntspill, over 2 miles north of Woolavington,and sent samples of the materials penetrated. The descending section down to the Lias is as follows : — Ft. In. Fine calcareous silt - - - 16 Peat - - - - - - 3 to Fine calcareous silt Blowing sand, marine shells, Pecten Photos, etc. - Sand with clay Calcareous shale Blowing sand with bits of flint, shells at 8 feet Hydrobia (Rissoa)- Shingle containing Pecten, Pholas, bits of Lias, Carboniferous limestone, quartz, etc., Belemnites, Gryph&a, Ammonites Sand with clay - - - Lias, clays, etc. 89 The various sections given above differ so much in details that it is unsafe to attempt a correlation of the deposits below the surface silt, or clay, and underlying peat, and between any particular marine bed or beds in them and the Burtle Beds. The Burtle Beds at the surface at Chedzoy, Westonzoyland, and near Chilton Trinity, consist of yellowish and occasionally reddish sand, with thin beds or layers of sandstone cemented by percolation through com- minuted shell bands. The recent marine shells are accompanied by freshwater shells in places, as noted by Buckland and Cony- beare * in the patch near Chilton. A similar commingling of marine and freshwater shells is noted in the upper part of the peat bed in the Huntworth canal section under 16 feet of silt. Here, and at the Castle Field borings, the surface is a little below spring -tide high water level. The grey sand with seams of clay and pebbles, and shells, at 19 feet from the surface, may be considered as evidence of Burtle Beds resting on Keuper Marl. The Westonzoyland and Chedzoy sand beds also rest on Keuper Marl. The patches of Burtle Beds in this and the adjacent maps, occur in the flats which are not naturally protected by sand dunes on the r coast, as at Burnham, Berrow, and Bream, and it seems natural to infer that before the construction of artificial embankments the sea-board extended to Meare on the north, and to Othery on the south, of the Poldens Hills, and was bordered by sand dunes of which the higher sand tracts are the relics. To this stage in the depression of the land we would refer the submergence of the forests on the coast. Horner mentionsf roots and prostrate trunks of trees in peat under 14 feet of silt in the bed of the Parrett near its mouth. This forest ground is probably represented by the one foot of peat above referred to in the Hunt- worth section, by the three to four feet of peat in the Bason Bridge section, and by the thick bed of peat (16 feet), at the surface in the section near Shapwick Railway Station. The last-named section, however, affords evidence of forest growth at an earlier period, in a * Trans. Ged. Soc, ser. 2, Vol. i., p. 309. t Trans. Ged. Soc,, Vol. ii., p. 338. 10111. F 84 REOENT. peat bed only four inches thick, but evidently much compressed, at over 34 feet below the top bed ; and the intervening beds may denote a subsidence during which the lower forest bed was buried, and the succeeding elevation which allowed the forest growth to advance, before its final destruction, beyond the present foreshore. Below the second peat bed there is no evidence of marine conditions in this section, but beneath another bed, apparently of marsh peat only, the dense sharp and broken gravels seem to be the oldest deposits of which we have any record in these sections. Without knowing more than is recorded we can only hint at the possibility of the contemporaneity of these gravels with the glacial gravels of South Wales, between hummocks, of which patches of peat are often found. In the Bason Bridge boring, the lower bed of shingle might corre- spond to the later glacial gravels. Coast Erosion, by h. b. woodward. A broad rocky platform 200 to 600 yards wide, coveted at high water, extends along the Watchet cqast, covered in places by mud, sand, and shingle. It is a plain of marine erosion, excavated on an area that had been trenched in places where the streams flow out to sea, and at a period when the land stood at a higher level. Evidence of depression in recent geological times, is afforded by the " Sub- marine Forests " at Shurton Bars off Lilstock, and at Stolford, to the north of our area. The cliffs are nearly everywhere undergoing considerable waste. D. Mackintosh, in a paper read before the Geological Society in 1868, mentioned on the authority of " a very old fisherman at Watchet, whose veracity no one seemed to doubt," that not more than 150 years ago a brewery stood at a distance of at least 200 yards from the present cliff east of Watchet Harbour ; and that formerly there was a village or hamlet called Easenton, about a quarter of a mile from the coast. Mackintosh added that he found the following record among the documents of a solicitor of Williton : " North of Eaclose [a part of Watchet] in 1662, a barn and other buildings, with orchard and garden beyond. In 1751, all gone to sea."* On the east of Watchet there is cause for serious alarm. The Red Marls which form the cliffs for a short distance east of the Eastern Pier have a steep sea-ward inclination, and they are faulted inland against the Lias clays and limestones. The distance between cliff face and fault is only from 20 to 80 yards — and the fault is a plane of weakness. Where the sea has eroded this facing of Red Marl further eastward, and has cut into the Lias, its progress has been more rapid, and a bay has been formed. The * Quart. Joiirn, Gcol. Sue., Vol. xxiv., p. 2S0, COAST EROSION. 85 Lias is here covered by gravel which, descends eastwards to the shore-level at Doniford. At one point, in 1906, the erosion had actually gone as far as the railway land, and the wire-fence for several yards was suspended owing to the breaking away of the cliff. (See Fig. 12, p. 67.) Some hundreds of blocks of hard limestone from Burlescombe have been tipped over the cliff from the railway, and these are being slowly scattered and distributed eastwards along the fore- shore. A little to the east of Doniford a small amount of land has been gained- The erosion of the bay on the west has modified the action of the breakers, and the shingle has been driven along the fore- shore in a north-easterly direction. This has enabled the Doniford stream to abandon a small portion of its old course and to tem- porarily flow out to sea to the north of it. The river is, however, slowly working its way back again. East of the outlet the cliffs for a space of one-third of a mile are subject to no direct erosion from the sea ; they are protected by a broad bank of shingle, up to 20 yards in width, and their slopes are grass-covered. On the western side of St. Audrie's Bay the Lias and Khaetic Beds form a bold headland a little more than 100 feet high, fronted by strong reefs of the strata. Eastwards the bay has been excavated in the softer Eed Marls, the cliffs being for the most part under 100 feet above O.D. Various small landslips have occurred along this coast.* * See Report of Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, 1907, pp. 119, &c. 861 ECONOMICS. CHAPTER XL ECONOMICS. Water Supply and Wells. The least permeable rocks in the district are the Lower Marls, Keuper Marls, Rhsetic Beds and Lower Lias. The most permeable are the Lower Sandstones and the Upper Sandstones, but these constitute superficially a comparatively small area, chiefly confined to the western part. In the older rocks of the Quantocks the drainage sources are much nearer the western than the eastern margin of the range and are highest, often 1,000 feet above datum, north of Bagborough, and lowest, 500 to 600 feet, in the southern and eastern parts between Thurloxton and Broomfield. In the northern part of the range, occupied by the Hangman Grits, there are few cultivated tracts, and Quantock Earm is the only house, whilst east of Bagborough the ground is largely under cultivation and farms and hamlets render the streams liable to contamination, as is also the case in the older rocks on the western margin of the area. Shallow wells in the superficial gravels may yield small supplies sufficient for household purposes, but this only where their position and surroundings do not render them liable to pollution. The same remark may be applied to wells in the Lias limestones and clays or shales. TAUNTON. The principal water supply of Taunton* is derived from the Cretaceous area oi the Black Downs. The following records of borings in Taunton were communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. : — 1. Messrs. Newton Electricity Works, Ltd. Lined with 60 feet of 5-inch tubes, top 5 feet below surface. Water level 18 feet 8 inches from surface. Supply 5,000 gallons per hour. f Red marl (evidently re-deposited) River J Red shingle Deposits. I Light gravel *■ Light gravel and red sand f Red marl with layers of hard marl ^ u P er \ Light grey sand - Marl. I Hard red marl Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft In. 5 5 4 6 9 6 3 6 13 9 3 22 3 124 9 147 2 149 13 162 * See " Geology of the Country between Wellington and Chard," Mem Qeol. Survey, 1906, p. 59. WATER SUPPLY. 81 Keuper 2. West Somerset Brewery, 1885. [Off St. James' Street.] Bored through- out. A sluggish supply of water at 100 feet. River r Stony made ground Deposits. { Coarse ballast (River gravel) r Red marl Red marl and sand Gypsum Red marl and gypsum - Red marl Red marl and gypsum - Red rock Red rook and gypsum Hard marl Hard marl and rock Rock Hard marl and gypsum Mottled marl Red marl Brown marl Brown marl and gypsum Brown marl - Red marl Grey marl Brown marl Grey marl Grey rock-marl Brown marl Grey sandstone Brown marl Brown marl and gypsum Brown marl - - - v Brown marl and gypsum 3. Rowbarton Brewery. [A quarter of a mile north < Station.] Bored throughout. Water-level 15 feet down. Keuper Loamy marl (Probably brickearth or re-deposit) /Blue marl Red marl Blue marl Brown marl Solid blue marl Brown and blue marl Solid red marl Blue and red marl Solid red and grey marl ( Blue, grey and brown marl Brown and grey marl - Solid brown marl Brown and grey marl Solid brown marl - Brown marl Brown and blue marl - Brown marl - Brown marl with traces of gypsum Brown marl - - - - - r Brown and blue marl - Thickness Ft. In. . Depth. Ft. In. 4 4 4 8 20 28 12 40 7 47 5 52 7 6 59 6 7 66 6 4 70 6 7 77 6 2 79 6 3 6 83 6 8 89 8 9 10 99 6 1 6 101 4 105 31 2 136 2 3 9 139 11 8 6 148 5 3 6 151 11 3 8 155 7 29 6 185 1 2 187 1 3 6 190 7 11 11 202 6 4 3 206 9 21 10 228 7 5 5 234 4 7 238 7 57 2 295 9 f Taunton Railway Supply abundant. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 12 12 6 18 15 33 10 43 4 47 16 63 8 71 7 78 4 82 11 93 10 6 103 6 3 106 6 2 108 6 23 6 132 25 6 157 6 4 161 6 5 166 6 2 6 169 3 172 9 181 13 194 88 , ECONOMICS. The last two borings are quoted from published accounts,* excepting, the observations in brackets. Prom the thickness of superficial deposits. the site of Messrs. Newton's borings is evidently nearer the centre of the old bed of the Tone than the West Somerset Brewery well, which is beside the present channel. This site has been abandoned for the Rowbarton site. The loamy surface marl in the boring at the latter site is probably connected with the superficial deposits near Taunton Station. The borings are all in Keuper Marls, the gypseous beds in the West Somerset section being lower than those in the Rowbarton well. The grey sand in Messrs. Newton's borings and the grey sandstone in the West Somerset Brewery section suggest the presence of Upper Keuper Sandstone. BRIDGWATER. The town supply is obtained from springs in Seven Wells (Wood) Combe, Rams Combe and Cockercombe. These are conducted to the pumping station at the Waterworks, north of Charlinch and about 3£ miles from Nether Stowey. Here the water is filtered and pumped to a -tank with stand-pipe on Wembdon Hill. During the drought of 1884 the streams supplying Bridgwater, which in ordinary summer-flow yield 4,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, were very low, but yielded more than the daily consumption' of 200,000 gallons, "j" A well was sunk at Wembdon J at a site 60 feet above mean sea level, to a depth of 30 feet in red sandstones with a band of conglomerate. A plentiful supply (except in very dry summers) of clear and very hard water was obtained. The well is near a considerable fault, probably that which bounds the Wembdon sandstones on the north. A well at Eastcroft, 1 mile west of Bridgwater, according to a communica- tion from Mr. E. W. Stevens to Mr. Woodward (June 30th, 1900) was dug to a depth of 52 feet. Water stands in it to a depth of 17 feet, but can be easily pumped out by the house pump. The following information respecting wells in Bridgwater was obtained in 1872 from a well-sinker : — In Barclay Street, Eastover (east of the River Parrett) a well was sunk to Keuper Marls through 17 feet of blue and grey clay, upon 4 feet of red gravel. . In Fore Street and at the Baptist Chapel in St. Mary Street from 9 to 10 feet of gravel was proved in wells. At the Clarence Hotel 7 or 8 feet of gravel overlies the Marls. At the Police Station near the bridge over the Parret, clay and silt, but no gravel was met with on the Marls. At Kings' Square a well was sunk through made ground on Keuper Marls in which water was obtained at 68 feet from the surface. Castle Street, between Kings' Square and the river, is built on made ground. Messrs. Isler & Co. furnished the following record of a boring at Messrs. Starkey, Knight & Co., Ltd., Bridgwater • — Dug well .... Red and blue marl and stone - Red marl .... Red sandstone .... Hard red sandstone Red marl with layers of rock Hard red rook Very hard red marl with layers of rock liokn ess. Depth. it. in. Ft. in. 10 10 12 22 28 50 70 120 14 134 64 198 2 8 200 8 101 1 301 9 * Proc. Bath Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. vii., No. 4, pp. 344, 345. f " Report of the Committee on the Circulation of Underground Waters " Bep. Brit. Assoc, 1885, p. 393. t Ibid., 1875, pp. 118 and 134. WATER SUPPLY. 89 Lined with 90 feet of 6-inch tubes 7 feet below surface. Water leve 16 feet inches. The thickness of sandstone (84 feet) in the above, unless sandy marls and marlstone are thus referred to, is difficult to account for, as there is no proof of such a development in the Keuper Marls. Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff put down two trial borings on the south- east side of the Parrett a little to the north of Castle Field Brick and Tile Works. Mr. A. M. Parkinson, for whom the borings were made in 1899, kindly supplied the following account : — No. 1 Trial boring. 11.70 -f O.D. Ft. in. Sandy clay Grey loamy sand with a little. water Grey sand with seams of clay and pebbles and shells (water overflowed) Red marl No. 2 Trial boring. 10.30 + O.D. Blue clay Grey loamy sand, no water 15 6 3 6 C 7 32 Ft. in. 4 17 21 WIVELISCOMBK. Messrs. Isler & Co. furnished the following account of a. boring put down at the Brewery, Messrs. Hancock & Sons : — Ft. In. 7 J Borehole from bottom of cellar through red sandstone 114 Hard conglomerate rock - 144 258 Lined with 60 feet of 1\ tubes. Water level 55 feet from surface. Supply 1,512 gallons per hour. The hard conglomerate rock may either be a marginal condition of the lower beds of the Lower New Red Sandstones, or the Pickwell Down Grits. The latter seems to be the more probable interpretation. MILVERTON. The town is supplied from a spring called Ember's Well, between Dolwell's Farm and Spring Grove, given out at the base of the Bunter Conglomerate. The adjacent reservoir is about 20 feet square and 8 feet deep. Mr. A. C. U. Cameron states that the town was formerly supplied from a spring named Goglet in Court Bottom pastures, 150 yards below Milverton Court, which is said to be a strong spring. Milverton Court is supplied by springs issuing on a fault line at about 300 yards north-west of the house. One of these yields 336 gallons a day. Mr. Cameron also supplied us with the following information respecting wells in Milverton and in the surrounding district : — Milverton Post Office, 120 yards S.E. of the church. 238 feet above O.D. Diameter of shaft, 12 feet, not lined, said to be an old engine pit. Depth, 35 to 40 feet. Supply sufficient at all times and of good quality. Water at times 15 to 20 feet from surface. Infor- mation communicated by the postmaster. 90 ECONOMICS. Heale's Stores, 200 yards S.W. of the church. 240 feet above O.D., and 2 feet above street level. Depth, 33 feet 6 inches. Water level varies from 5 to 12 feet above bottom. Information communicated by Mr. Heale. St. Michael's Mount, 100 yards N.W. of the church. 282 feet above O.D. Depth, 70 to 75 feet, not lined. Depth of water averages 12 feet. Communicated by T. Biss and R. Andrew. Rectory, 100 yards E. of above and similar. Water very hard. Com- municated by T. Biss. The Mount House, 450 yards N.W. of the church. 315 feet above O.D. Depth, 60 feet. Water level 40 feet from surface, said to be " prin- cipally sand rock " by the well sinker. Mount Farm, opposite side of road to above. Depth 60 feet. These wells .are close to a fault shown on the map. Old Market Place, 150 yards S.W. of the church. Trial well to depth of 25 feet, no water. Thome's House, 250 yards N.W. of the church. About 285 feet above O.D. Depth 29 feet. Shattooks, 120 yards N.W. of the church. 290 feet above O.D. Depth, 22 feet. Water level, 19 feet from surface, but well not known to run dry during the last fifty years. The Lodge, 150 yards N. of the church. 280 feet above O.D. Depth, 70 feet. Roadside 100 yards N. of the church. 278 feet above O.D. Depth, 60 feet. The Fort, near the church. Well 70 yards S.W. of church. 275 feet above O.D. Depth, 38 feet, no yield. Well in yard of the house. 270 feet above O.D. Estimated depth, 50 feet. Wells in sand- rock slightly conglomeratic in places and with a marly seam about 1 inch thick. Olands, 600 yards S.W. of the church. 315 feet above O.D. Several suction pumps under 30 feet supplying four water troughs. South-east of Milverton, at the Elms, Houndsmoor. About 250 feet above O.D. A shaft on the lawn not lined. Depth, 35 feet. Water level, 29 feet from the surface. Communicated by Mr. Quick. A windpump at 150 yards S. of Farthings Farm, about a mile westward of Milverton, at about 450 feet above O.D. Shaft, 28 feet deep ■ in conglomerate, bricked. Water level, 25 feet from the surface. Water pumped to a reservoir for the supply of the farm. Between the lodges of Spring Grove, south of' the above, about 1£~ miles from Milverton Church, a spring given out by the conglomerate supplies the house and yields 56 gallons an hour of very soft water. Other springs in the same park field, not so soft and pure, are piped to the stables and outhouses. MINES AND MINERALS. 91 CHAPTER XII. ECONOMICS (contd.). Mines and Minerals. The spathose iron-ore, and limonite mines of the Brendon Hills are confined fco the adjacent map on the west (Sheet 294). The lodes have been worked here and there for a distance of 6 miles from west to east, from Higher Goosemoor near Cutcombe Barrows to Colton Mine, about 2 miles west from Elworthy Church. The ancient workings in the Colton pits are extensive and reach 100 feet from the surface.* But although between Stogumber and Monk- silver the soil is deeply peroxidated, no lodes have been detected, even where one might expect the prolongation of the Brendon Hill lodes between Tolland and Stogumber. The same series of rocks probably occupies the area between Thurloxton and Cothelstone in the southern part of the Quantock range. On the south of Merridge on the Quantocks an unprofitable attempt to work iron-ore was at one time made. On Main (or Maun ) Down on the west of Wiveliscombe hematite has been detected. Unremunerative attempts to work copper ore were made at Broomfield, and at Doddington. Copper seems also to have been obtained in a valley on the north-east of Pepper Hill north of Plainsfield. W. Baker f describes the ore at Broomfield as " a rich yellow sulphuret associated with quartz and greywacke." J. H. Payne J describes the lode as quartz with sulphuret of copper in killas, and vertical in the adit. Leonard Horner § published an account of the Doddington copper mine in 1816. He tells us that the mine was sunk in " a loose friable quartzose sandstone " containing copper ore. In driving a level from north to south "a black slaty limestone "was encountered, "and immediately afterward they found a large nest of copper ore, consisting of the green carbonate and yellow sulphuret." The workings in the sandstone and the driving of the adit were imme- diately given up and the limestone was worked on all sides. The mine had however been abandoned when Horner wrote, as the produce was not sufficient to justify the expense of an engine to drain off the water. Doddington mine " was worked in 1820 ' according to Phelps,' and produced rich ore, with fine specimens of oxides of copper. A steam engine was erected, and a considerable sum expended. . . . After a trial of the veins for some * See Paper by M. Morgans, Trans. S. Wales Inst, of Eng., Vol. vi., p. 79. f Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. i., p. 128. t Ibid., Vol. v., p. 103. § Trans. Geol. Soc., Vol. iii. pp. 352, 353. 92 ECONOMICS. time, the returns of ore were not sufficient to reimburse the expense to the proprietors, when the workings were given up and abandoned."* From statistics published in 1822, we learn that in the year ending June 30th, 1820, 3 tons of copper were produced in Somerset, and during the succeeding twelve months 28 tons. As there is no further mention of Somerset copper, the Doddington mine seems to have ceased working by 1822. f Films of malachite were noticed lining joints in the Lower Devonian grit quarry in Smith's Combe, and in the large quarry near Bicknoller. Traces are also said to occur in whitish sand- stones (probably the top of the Upper Sandstones) excavated in Crowcombe Churchyard, and near the margin of the Devonian rocks at Crowcombe Court. Horner refers to the veins of barytes in the Cannington Park Limestone. " The barytes contains copper pyrites and green oxide of copper." Building Stones. The district abounds with materials more or less suitable for building purposes, but in this respect the excellent quality of the bricks and tiles manufactured at Taunton and Bridgwater from the Keuper Marls and alluvial clays obviates the necessity of employing ordinary building stone except for strictly local purposes. The harder Lower Devonian grits of the northern part of the Quantocks are used for local building-purposes, as wall-stones and for outbuildings. De la Bechef speaks of the colour of these red and brown grits as being against them, although " many of them are very hard and durable." The grits and limestones in the Middle Devonian are also similarly employed for building-pur- poses. Formerly cob or adobe made of clay soil mixed with chopped straw and pressed in frames was in common use. Masses of the Hestercombe diorite, then known as granite or syenite, are said§ to have been found in taking down the old towers of St. Mary's and St. James' Churches at Taunton. Horner|| described the contemporaneous igneous rock near Adscombe [of Dibbles quarry] as a variety of slate very useful as a firestone. The larger masses of this rock can be readily worked for ornamental building-purposes, mantelpieces, etc. In the New Ked Series, good building-stones are obtainable where the cementing material is sufficiently strong. In the breccias or breccio -conglomerates of the Lower New Red, stone sufficiently indurated for local building-purposes is quarried * " The History and Antiquities of Somersetshire," by the Rev. W. Phelps, Vol.i., p. 20. ■f Trana. Boy. Oeol. Soc, Corn., Vol. ii., pp. 442, 443. X Report on the Geology of Cornwall, etc., p. 490. § Rev. W. A. Jones, Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. xviii. Part 1, p. 34. || Op cU., p. 348. BUILDING -STONES. 93 here and there, and these rocks are homotaxial with those worked between Halberton and Sampford Peverell for building bridges, etc. As observed by De la Beche,* " the conglomerate with the mag- nesian cement, between Williton and Thorne St. Margaret, is in places used for common building purposes." The harder massive beds in the lower part of this series in the Milverton, Combe Florey, and Williton districts would yield large blocks suitable for sea- walls and embankments. The Upper Sandstones locally yield good building-stone, particularly in the upper part of the series, as in the quarry on the hill south of Williton, where the bottom beds work freely and have been used as facing stone and as ordinary building and wall stone ; and in the quarries a quarter of a mile south, and half a mile south-east, of Nether Stowey Church, where the thick beds yield large blocks. The variability of these sandstones is well shown in the quarry near Bishops Lydeard from which the stone used in the restoration of the church tower and in the building of Cotford Asylum was obtained. In this quarry the lower beds are rather coarse-grained, thick, and in places evenly bedded, and finely conglomeratic, in part dense and tough. In the soft sandstones overlying them an even bed 5 feet thick with regular impersistent joints is noticeable. This stone, we were told, had been sent to Bath for facing-stone to alternate with the Bath oolite. There are no doubt many places in which quarrying would reveal equally good building-stones at from 10 to 15 feet below the surface in the Upper Sandstone outcrop, but the persistence of good building -stone on any particular horizon is not to be expected. The harder calcareous sandstones are used for local building- purposes where found suitable. The Upper Keuper Sandstones of Knapp and North Curry, where thick even beds occur in them as at Moredon, furnish an excellent whitish freestone ; this has been quarried at Knapp and used in building Taunton College on the north side of the town. The same series has been quarried for building-purposes at Sutton Mallet in the adjacent map (Sheet 296) east of Sutton Hams. The Lower Lias Limestones are used as a local building-stone and for wall-stone. Some of the beds, locally called " paviours," are used for paving -stones. Slates. A good quality of slate is furnished by the quarries near Oak- hampton House. One of these, the largest, called Wiveliscombe Slate quarry, is now worked. It has been carried on to a depth of 250 feet from the surface. The reddish and pale greenish tints which characterise the outcrops disappear and give place to dark grey in depth. Besides roofing slates, the rocks yield even slabs of half an inch or more in thickness, which can be tooled and polished for mantelpieces. * Report, etc., p. 489. 94 ECONOMICS. In the south part of the Quantocks between Cothelstone and Thurloxton there arc no sections of sufficient depth to prove the presence of good roofing slate, but at Beacons Close Hill and else- where east of Kingston, thick slabs suitable for stiles, etc., may be quarried. Whetstones. Leonard Horner tells us that the finer varieties of the slaty grits in the vicinity of the Hestercombe syenite [diorite] have been used for honestones or whetsones. ROADSTONES. Although the district furnishes abundant materials for road-metal, the rock most used for the purpose in the roads south of Wivelis- combe, between WiveKscombe and Milverton, near Bishops Lydeard, north of Taunton, and west of Bridgwater is Lower Culm Limestone, brought from the Westleigh Quarries near Burlescombe. The Carboniferous limestone of Cannington Park is also used for road metal in that neighbourhood. Between Tolland and Combe Florey large blocks of dark grey and lilac-red grit brought from the Lower Devonian grit Quarries at Triscombe are stacked by the roadsides and broken up for road metal when required. Materials for accom- modation roads and bye-roads are obtained from the numerous quarries in the Middle and Lower Devonian Rocks of the Quantocks. Lime. < Before the use of artificial manures became, general, lime for agricultural purposes was obtained from Cannington Park, the Quantock limestones, the New Red Conglomerates where lime- stone pebbles prevailed, the marlstones in the Upper Sand- stones between Bishops Lydeard and Riches Holford, and the Lias Limestones. Pits were dug in the New Red Marls for top dressing ; and the calcareous shelly sands of the Burtle beds would naturally subserve the same purpose. Respecting the Cannington Park limestone, Horner testifies that " it produces a very pure white lime which is (1816) carried to a great distance."* Payne says that the red limestones of Over Stowey are (1854) much burnt for lime.f " The lime obtained from the Lias is hydraulic in character ; and it is stronger and also darker in colour (owing to the clay and iron) than the ' fat lime ' obtained from purer limestones. Thus Lias Lime is sometimes spoken of as ' Brown Lime,' in distinction from the ' White Lime ' or ' Marble lime ' made from the rich Carboniferous or Devonian Limestones. Owing to its strong and * Trans. Oeol. Soc, 1st ser., Vol. iii., p. 365. ■j- Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. v., p. 104. BUILDING -STONES. 95 binding character, the Lias Lime is not, as a rule, adapted for agri- cultural purposes, though it is sometimes put on light lands, the ' Marble Lime ' being used for heavy soils." The lower strata of the Lower Lias are worked for hydraulic lime and cement at Puriton. Owing to the limited quantity and variation in the quality, of the good cement beds, to ensure uniformity a number of the layers of stone are used in admixture with shale or clay. " Some of the best cement beds are dark shaly limestones, others are nodular masses of argillaceous limestone."* Brick Clays and Marls. To judge from disused brick pits, the New Red Marls were formerly worked much more extensively in the district than they are now. The Lower Marls have been worked for brickmaking at Davey's Farm on the east of Castle Hill, between Fitzhead and Wivelis- combe. The Keuper Marls were worked for the same purpose in the following places : — By the site of the canal at nearly half a mile west of Taunton Station ; on the south border of the map (near Tauntfield House) south-west of the Workhouse ; by the canal near Durston Station ; at about half-way between Durleigh and Goathurst. There was also a brickyard on the north of Taunton Station on the south side of the turning to Staplegrove, in which redeposited red loamy clay overlying gravel was used. The pits now worked by Messrs. Thomas & Co. and Messrs. Penny, barely encroach on the southern border of the map near Bishops Hull, and have been described in the Memoir on the adjacent map, Sheet 311. f The material used in the Bridgwater brickyards for the manu- facture of bricks and tiles is alluvial clay, Keuper Marls being only employed as an accessory. The principal brickyards are situated near the river, at Dunwear, Castle Field, near Chilton Trinity, south of Pawlet, and near Combwich. Mr. Foley of the Somerset Trading Company has kindly supplied the following information respecting the working of the clays : — The surface soil having been removed, the" first three spits are set aside. The next six spits are used for tiles, for which they are very suitable. Below this is the blue bottoming clay, which is mixed with the first three spits, and ground up for the manufacture of ordinary red bricks, which are very dense and hard. Keuper Marl is sometimes mixed with the clay in the proportion of one to two, as it contracts less. There is a little race in the clay which is mostly got rid of by crushing. The Somerset Trading Company own the largest works for the manufacture of bricks and tiles and of Bath bricks. * H. B. Woodward, Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Vol. iii., pp. 288, 289, f The Geology of Wellington and Chard, p. 24. 96 ECONOMICS. BATH BRICKS. These bricks are named from the founder of the industry, Mr. Bath. Mr. Foley informs us that the slime used for Bath bricks is obtained by cutting shelves or batches in the river bank within a vertical range of 8 feet, at base 3 feet above low-water mark. In an exceptional spring tide four or five inches of slime may be deposited, and during the run of spring tides a thickness of about two feet. The slime is used entirely without artificial admixture. It is passed through a pug mill and then made into bricks by hand. The brickyards where Bath bricks are manufactured are situated at about one mile on either side of Bridgwater bridge. If occasion arose, the cutting of the batches might no doubt be extended for some distance above and below these limits. The following is an analysis of a typical sample of the slime sent us by Mr. Foley :— Analysis of Brick Slime : Raw Material, for Mr. J. A. Howe (Mus. No. 381C.) (Lab. No. 255). Si0 2 - 60-25 TiO., -57 A1 2 3 7-17 Fe 2 0., 3-41 MnO -35 Ca,0 9-40 MgO 1-83 K 2 1-65 Na 2 1-06 Li 2 - trace. H 2 O105°C. .- 1-47 H 2 above 105° - 3-18 PA • -13 Organic matter 2 • 14 C0 2 7-99 Total 100-60 The state of oxidation of the iron cannot be accurately determined owing to the organic matter, hence all iron calculated as Pe i 3 . E. G. Radley. April nth, 1907. The following is the result of the examination of a sample of the slime by the late R. Etheridge and F. Eutley made about thirty-two years ago :— " The siliceous organisms, of which this silt has been said to consist, appear (after microscopic examination) to be present only in very small quantity, the mud being almost wholly composed of very fine amorphous particles of sand, carbonate of lime, and clay. By treatment with hydrochloric acid, carbonic anhydride is evolved, and an insoluble residue of about 75 per cent, is left. The substance also contains a little peroxide of iron. " The organisms are minute bacilliform or slender fusiform bodies and constitute a very trifling and insignificant part of the materials' being of extreme rarity, the only forms detected being spiculae BUILDING STONES. 97 of marine and fresh-water sponges, frustules of diatomacese of the genera Pleurosigma,Navicida, Bacillaria, Squedra, and apparently Achnanthes."* Agriculture. The only part of the area that can be termed ' barren ' is the Lower Devonian grit district forming the northern and higher portion of the Quantocks, and this is renowned for the growth of ' whortles ' or wortleberries. Buckland in an address delivered at the first annual meeting of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society in 1851 recalled as his boyhood's memories of the Quantocks " that persons brought from these hills to Axminster and Lyme, donkeys laden with wortel berries to make pies.'* The inhabitants of the neighbouring hamlets are at the present day as assiduous in collecting the crop and turning it into money as their forefathers were. The fertility of the Middle and Upper Devonian districts is variable through the association of grits of various kinds and locally of limestone with the slates, so that they yield both heavy and loamy soils, and in places where the rocks are peroxidated, as about Escott near Stogumber, the soil is scarcely distinguishable from that of the New Red rocks. In the New Red rocks the lightest soil is made by the Upper Sandstones, that of the Lower Sands being of a rather more loamy character. For arable or grazing, however, the Keuper Marls form the best soil and have given to Taunton Dene a widespread reputation for fertility. The Lias and Rhsetic limestones and clays afford heavy, and moderately heavy, land suitable for certain roots and cereals, and fair grass land. For grazing, however, the rich silty clays of the Bridgwater levels leave little to be desired. In his humorous address Buckland remarked : " In the vale of Taunton and at Bridgwater the land was too fat, and afforded not to the well-fed farmer sufficient work. . . . Where farmers had nothing to do but to buy lean Welch cattle — turn them into the Bridgwater meadows to walk about and get fat."' He concluded with the exhortation ; " Let gentlemen buy their estates ... on the red marl." De la Beche alludes to the suitability of the marls, especially in the higher parts adjoining the Lias, for orchard growth, but cider is very much less drunk now in Somerset than it used to be, and in many parts is not obtainable. * Geology of East Somerset, etc., Mem. Geol. Survey, 1876, p. 161. 10111. 98 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. List of Principal Works on the Geology of the District. 1816. Horner, L. Sketch of the Geology of the South-western part of Somersetshire. Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 1, vol. iii., p. 338. 1818. Anstice, R. Letter accompanying a specimen of Arragonite from the Quantock Hills. Ann. of Phil., vol. xi., p. 67. 1821. Letter on Arragonite on the Quantock Hills. Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 1., vol. v., p. 613. 1822. Mining Statistics. Trans. Roy. Oeol. Soc. Com., vol. ii., pp. 442-443. 1824. Buckland, [Rev. Prop.] W., and Rev.* W. D. Conybeare. Obser- vations on the South-western Coal District of England. Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 2., vol. i., p. 264, and pp. 309-312. 1836. Phelps, Rev. W. The History and Antiquities of Somersetshire. Vol. i. 1837. Buckland, [Rev. Prop.] W. On the occurrence of Keuper-Sandstone in the upper region of the New Red Sandstone formation or Poilcilitic System in England and Wales. Proc Oeol. Soc, vol. ii., p. 453. Sedgwick Rev., A., and [Sir] R. I. Murchison. On the Physical Structure of Devonshire, and on the Subdivisions and Geological Relations of its older Stratified Deposits, etc. Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 633. 1839. De la Beche, [Sir] H. T. Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. 8vo. London. Oeol. Survey. Williams, Rev. D. On as much of the Transition or Granwacke System as is exposed in the Counties of Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 115. [See also Ibid., p. 158] 1840. 1841. Phillips, [Proe.] J. Figures and Descriptions of the Palasozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. 8vo. London. Oeol. Survey. 1842. De. la Beche, [Sir] H. T. On the Connexion between Geology and Agriciilture in Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset. Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc, vol. iii., p. 21. 1846. Formation of Rocks in South Wales and South-Western England. Mem. Oeol. Sur., vol. i., pp. 1-296. Williams, Rev. D. On the circumstances and phenomena presented by the Granite of Lundy Island, and of Hestercombe in the Quantock Hills, compared with those which characterise the Granite of Devon and Cornwall. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. ii., p. 68 On the Killas group of Cornwall and' South' Devon; its relations to the subordinate formations in Central and North Devon and West Somerset ; its natural subdivisions • and its true position in the scale of British strata. Trans. Roy. Oeol. Soc. Corn., vol. vi„ p. 122 , BIBLIOGRAPHY. 99 1850. Acland, [Sib] T. D. On the Farming of Somersetshire. [Notes on the Geology.] Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc, vol. xi., p. 666. 1851. Baker, W. Geology of Somersetshire. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. i., p. 127. Bttckland, [Rev. Dr.] W. Address. Ibid., p. 9. Stradltng, W. On the Turbaries between Glaston and the Sea. Ibid., p. 48. Warre, Rev. F. Ancient Earthwork at Norton Fitzwarren. Ibid., p. 38. 1852. Crosse, Andrew. Holwell Cavern. Ibid., vol. ii., pp. 14-32, pp. 123, 124. Baker, W. The Cannington Park Limestone. Ibid, vol., iii., p. 127. Moore, Charles. On the Palaeontology of the Middle and Upper Lias. Ibid., p. 61. 1853. Jones, Rev. W. A. Section of the Old Canal basin at Huntworth, near Bridgewater. Ibid., vol. iv., p. 128. Phelps, Rev. W. On the formation of Peat Bogs and Turbaries which extend from the Bristol Channel into the central parts of Somerset- shire. Ibid., p. 91. 1854. Clark, J. A. On the Bridgewater and other Levels of Somersetshire. Journ. Bath and West of England Agric. Soc, new ser., vol. ii., p. 99. Crotch, Rev. W. R. On the Natural History of the Past Year. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. v., p. 129. Payne, J. H. On the Geology of the Quantocks. Ibid., p. 95. 1857. Jones, Rev. W. A. On Mendip Bone Caves. Ibid., vol. vii., p. 25. 1858. Pring, J. D. On the Gravels at Taunton in Somersetshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 164. Voelcker, Dr. A. On the use of Lime, Marl, and Shell-sand in Agri- culture, with special reference to the Soils in the West of England. Journ. Bath and West of England Agric. Soc, new ser., vol. vi., p. 220. 1860. Wright, Dr. T. On the Zone of Avicula Contorta and the Lower Lias of the South of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., p. 94. 1861. Moore, C. On the Zones of the Lower Lias and the Avicula-contorta Zone. Ibid., vol. xvii., p. 483. 1863. Salter, J. W. On the Identity of the Upper Old Red Sandstone with the Uppermost Devonian (the Marwood Beds) and of the Middle and Lower Old Red with the Middle and Lower Devonian. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1862. [See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix., p. 474.] 1864. Bristow, H. W. On the Rhtetic or Penarth Beds of the Neighbour- hood of Bristol, and the South-west of England. Geol. Mag., vol. i., p. 236. Dawkins, [Prop.] W. B. On the Rhaetic Beds and White Lias of Western and Central Somerset ; and on the Discovery of a new Fossil Mammal in the Grey Marlstones beneath the Bone-bed. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xx., pp. 396-412. Outline of the Rhoetic Formation in West and Central Somerset. Geol. Mag., pp. 257-260. Moore, Charles. On the Geology of the South-west of England. Ibid , vol. i., p. 235. Poole, G. S. On the recent Geological Changes in Somerset and their Date relatively to the Existence of Man and of certain of the extinct Mammalia. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xx., p. 118. [See also Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii., No. 6, p. 46.] 10111. G 2 100 APPENDIX. 1865. Dawkins, Prop. W. Boyd. Note on the Palaeontology of the Rhaetic (Penarth) Beds in Western and Central Somerset. Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 481-484. Jukes, J. B. Notes for a Comparison between the Rocks of the South-west of Ireland and those of North Devon and of Rhenish Prussia. Roy. Geol. Soc, Ireland. 1866. On the Carboniferous Slate (or Devonian Rocks) and the Old Red Sandstone of South Ireland and North Devon. Quart. J (mm. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., p. 320. 1867. Etheridge, R. On the Physical Structure of West Somerset and North Devon and on the Palaeontological value of the Devonian Fossils. Ibid., vol. xxiii., p. 568. Hall, Townshend M. On the Relative Distribution of Fossils through- out the North Devon Series. Ibid., p. 371. Jukes, J. B. Additional Notes on the Grouping of the - Rocks of North Devon and West Somerset. 8vo. Dublin. (Privately printed.) 1868. Mackintosh, D. On the mode and extent of Encroachments of the Sea on some parts of the shores of the Bristol Channel. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 279. Morgans, M, The Brendon Hills Spathose Iron Ore and Mines. Trans. S. Wales Inst, of Eng., vol. vi., p. 79. [See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 255.] Obmerod, G. W. On the Pseudomorphous Crystals of Chloride of Sodium and their Occurrence in Devon. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. ii., p. 383. Poole, G. S. (Account of Submarine Forests, Swamps, etc., of Somerset.) Proc Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii., No. 6, p. 45. Ravts, C. F. Supplementary Notes on some of the late movements on the Somersetshire Coast. Ibid., No. 9, p. 89. Reid, H. A. Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Portland Cement. [Analysis of British Cement Stones, p. 15.] 8vo. London. 1869. Bristow, H. W. Table showing the thickness of the Secondary Strata in the Southern Counties of England. Report of Coal Commission, fol. Ormerod, G. W. On the " Waterstone Beds " of the Keuper, con- taining Pseudomorphous Crystals of Chloride of Sodium, in the Counties of Somerset and Devon. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 50. 1871. Bristow, H. W., and H. B. Woodward. Remarks on the Prospects of Coal to the South of the Mendips. Geol. Mag., p. 500. 1872. Dawkins, [Prop.] W. Boyd. Remarks on Somersetshire Geology. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xviii., pp. 26-31. Jones, Rev. W. A. Remarks. Ibid., p. 34. Perceval, S. G. On the Limestone at Cannington Park, near Bridg- water. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., p. 94. 1873. Bristow, H. W., and R. Etheridqe. Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheets 46 and 47. Etheridge R. Notes upon the Physical Structure of the Watchet •Area, and the relation of the Secondary Rocks to the Devonian ' series of West Somerset. (Read 1S71.) Proc. Cotteswold. Nat Club., vol. vi., p. 35 MoMurtrie, J. The Geographical Position of the Carboniferous For- -mation in Somersetshire, with Notes on Possible Coal Areas in Adjoining Districts of the South of England. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, vol. ii., p. 454 Winwood, Rev. H. H. Devonian Fossils from the Sandstones on the N.E. of the Quantocks. Ibid., p. 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 101 1873. Woodward, H. B. Remarks upon the Present State of the Devonian Question. Quart. J own. Science, new ser., vol. iii., p. 104. 1875. De Rance, C. E. Report of the Committee on the Circulation of Underground Waters. Rep. Brit. Assoc, pp. 118 and 134. Tawney, E. B. On the age of the Cannington Park Limestone, and its relation to the Coal Measures South of the Mendips. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, vol. i., part 3, p. 380. Usshee, W. A. E. On the Subdivisions of the Triassie Rocks, between the Coast of West Somerset and the South Coast of Devon. Oeol. Mag., p. 163. 1876. On the Triassie Rocks of Somerset and Devon. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxxii., p. 367. Woodward, H. B. Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol Coal- fields. Mem. Oeol. Survey. 1877. Woodhouse, Rev. T. Notes on the Geology of Otterhampton Proc Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 65. 1878. Hull, [Prof.] E. A Possible Explanation of the North Devon Section. Oeol. Mag., vol. v., p. 529. 1879. Champernowne, A., and W. A. E. Ussher. Notes on the Structure of the Palaeozoic Districts of West Somerset. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxxv., p. 532. Hull, [Prop.] E. On the Geological Age of the Rocks forming the Southern Highlands of Ireland, generally known as " The Dingle Beds " and " Glengariff Grits and Slates " (Jukes). Ibid., p. 699. Ussher, W. A. E. Geology of Parts of Devon and West Somerset. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 1. 1880. Anon. Section of Strata in the turf-moor near Shapwick Railway Station. Ibid., vol. xxvi., p. 126. Hull, [Prof.] E. On the Geological Relations of the Rocks of the South of Ireland to those of North Devon and other British and Continental Districts. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., p. 255. 1881. Ussher, W. A. E. On the Palaeozoic Rocks of North Devon and W. Somerset. Oeol. Mag., p. 441. 1882. Hull, [Prop.] E. Palseo-Geological and Geographical Maps of the British Islands and the adjoining parts of the Continent of Europe. Scientif. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc'., ser. 2, vol. i., p. 257. Reprinted in separate vol. 1885. De Rance, C. E. Report of the Committee on the Circulation of Underground Waters. Rep. Brit. Assoc, p. 393. 1887. Bates, E. H. Leland in Somersetshire. Proc Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xxxiii. 1889. Ussher, W. A. E. The Triassie and Devonian Rocks of West Somerset. IbiS., vol. xxxv., p. 1 . 1890. • On the Probable Nature and Distribution of the Palaeozoic Strata beneath the Secondary, etc., Rocks of the Southern Counties, with special reference to the prospects of obtaining Coal by boring South of the Mendips. Ibid. , vol. xxxvi. The Devonian Rocks as described in De la Beche's Report, interpreted in accordance with Recent Researches. Rep. Brit. Assoc, pp. 801, 802. 1891. Clarke, J. P. M. The Geology of the Bridgwater Railway. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field Club, vol. vii., p. 127 102 APPENDIX. 1893. Whitaker, W., and H. B. Woodward. Notes of some Somerset Wells. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, vol. v., No. 4, p. 344. Woodwaed, H. B. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. iii. The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted). (Mem. Oeol. Survey.) 1895. Hinde, Dr. G. J. and H. Pox. On a well-marked Horizon of Radio- larian Rocks in the Lower Culm Measures of Devon, Cornwall, and West Somerset. Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc, vol. li., p. 609. 1896 & 1897. Hicks, Dr. H. On the Morte Slates and Associated Beds in North Devon and West Somerset. Part I., Quart. Joum., Oeol. Soc, vol. Iii., p. 254. [Part II., Ibid., vol. liii., p. 438.] 1900. Ussher, W. A. B. The Devonian Carboniferous and New Red Rocks of West Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlvi., p. 1. 1904. Arber, E. A. Newell. The Fossil Flora of the Culm Measures of North-west Devon and the Palseobotanical Evidence with regard to the Age of the Beds. Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. lxxiv., p. 95. Rogers, I., and E. A. Newell Arber. A New Fossiliferous LimestoDe in the Upper Culm Measures of West Devon. Oeol. Mag., p. 305. Hind, Wheelton. On the Homotaxial Equivalents of the Lower Culm of North Devonshire. Ibid., p. 392. Strahan, A. Presidential Address to Section C. British Assoc. 1905. Vaughan, A. The Palteontological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area. Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc, vol. lxi., p. 181. 1906. Hamliug, J. G. Notes on the Devonian Rocks of the Quantocks, Proc. Somerset Arch and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. Iii., p. 163. Sibly, T. F. On the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of the Mendip. Area (Somerset) with especial reference to the Pakeontological Sequence. Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc, vol. Ixii., p. 324. Ussher, W. A. E. The Geology of Wellington and Chard. Explanation of Sheet 311. Mem. Oeol. Survey. 1907. Arber, E. A. Newell. Upper Carboniferous Rocks of West Devon and North Cornwall. Quart. Joum. Geol.^. Soc. vol. lxiii., p. 1. INDEX. Absley Farm, 56. Acland, Sir T. D., 99. Adobe, 26, 92. Adsborough, 9, 18, 26, 51. Adscombe, 4, 8, 22. Agriculture, 97. Aley Farm, 22. Alfoxclen, see Alfoxton. Alfoxton Park, 14, 57. Aller Farm, 49. Analysis of Bath-brick Slime, 96. , Slate, 19. Anatase, 61, 63, 64. Andrew, B., 90. Anstice, Bobert, 66, 81, 98. Anstice, 76. Arber, E. A. Newell, 102. Ardennes, 35. Armorican Chain, 38. folds, 36, 37. Ash, 60. Priors, 1, 46. Common, 77. fault, 44, 48, 53. Ashbeer, 27. Ashbrittle district, 33. Ashfield House, 26. Ashford Farm, 25, 56. Asholt, 9, 18, 21, 22. Wood, 21. Atherstone, 36. Axis of Condroz, 37. Axminster, 97. Axmouth, 66. Baggy Beds, 8, 30, 31, 33, 35. Bagborough, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 51-53, 81 Baker, W., 32, 33, 78, 91, 99. Bampton, 35. Bantry Bay, 38. Barclay Street, Bridgwater, 82, 88. Barrett, Major, 59. Barytes, 32, 61, 63. Bason Bridge, 38, 76, 80, 83, 84. Bates, E. H., 101. , Bath, Mr., 96. Bath bricks, 2, 96, 97. Bathealton Court, 1, 40, 44. Batsford, 45. Bawdrip, 74. Beacon Hill Tumulus, 11. Beacons' Close Hill, 25, 94. Beere Farm, 59, 70. Belgium, 35. Berrow, 83. Bertrand, Marcel, 36, 37. Bicknoller, 2, 5, 10-12, 39, 44, 46, 52, 76, 79, 92. Bidgood, Wm. 78. Billy Farm, 41. Bishops Hull, 2, 95. Lydeard, 1, 6, 43, 51, 53, 62, 77, 79, 93, 94. Bishopston, 34, 35. Biss, T., 90. Black Brook east of Taunton, 59. Dovms, 86. Sea, 87. Blake, J. H, 5, 6, 39, 66, 67, 70, 79. Blue Anchor, 66. Ben, 67. Board, John, ifc Co., 73. Bolam House, 59. Bonstone Farm, 59. Boomer, 25. Boulogne, 36. Bower Hill, 25. Bradley Green, 52, 56, 57. Bream, 83. Breccio-Conglomerate (Lower New Red), 42-44. Brendon Hills, 1, 8, 46, 91. Brick Clays and Marls, 95. Bridgwater, 2, 59, 60, 74, 76, 77, 80-82, 88, 92, 94, 96. Levels, 1, 80-84, 97. Water Supply of, 88. Bristol, 37. Channel, 2, 37. Bristow, H. W., 5, 7, 32, 65, 68, 70, 73, 99, 100. British Islands, Folding of rocks in, 36. -Broad Lane Farm, 59. Brompton, Ealph, 27. Brookite, 61, 63. Broomfield, 9, 19, 25, 26, 86, 91. Hall, 51, 56. Hill, 2, 19, 21. Brue, river, 76, 82. Brymore House, 25, 56. Park, 79. Buckland, Dr. W., 32, 59, 81-83, 97, 98, 99. Building-stone, 92, 93. Buncombe Hill, 2, 19, 21, 26. Wood, 25. 104 INDEX. Bunter Pebble Beds and Conglom- erate, 46-51. Burford, 45. Burlescombe, 85, 94. Burlinch, 26. Burnham, 83. Burrow Hill, 47. Burtle, 38. Beds, 2, 80-83, 94. Burton Farm, 27. Caithness, 17. Caledonian foldings, 36. strikes, 38. Cambrian, 37. Camden's Magna Britannia, 2, 80. Cameron, A. C. G., 89, 90. Cannington, 10, 56, 79. inlier, 25, 52, 62. Park, 2, 5, 10, 32-34, 37, 38, 59, 77, 82, 92, 94. Farm, 62. Capstone Hill, Ilfraeombe, 19. Capton, 45, 49. Carboniferous, 32-38. Carmarthen, 34. Caeruthees, W., 17. Castle Field, Bridgwater, 82, 83, 89, 95. Hill, near Williton, 51. , near Wiveliscombe, 43, 44, 45, 47, 62, 95. Mound or Camp, Nether Stowey, 22, 57. Chads Hill, 62. Champernowne, A., 3, 101. Chapel Allerton, 38. Leigh, 1, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48. Charlinch, 10, 25, 52, 56, 88. Charnian strike, 37, 38. Charnwood Forest, 36. Cheddon Down, 26. Fitzpaine, 28, 51, 55. Chedzoy, 2, 71, 76, 80, 82, 83. Chilcombe, 49. Chilton Trepit, 56. Trinity, 56, 76, 81, 83, 95. Clark, J. A. 99. Clarke, J. F. M., 74, 101. Clavier, Belgium, 35. Clayhill Farm, 56. Cleveden, 32. Coast Erosion, 84, 85. Cob, 26, 92. Cobhay Farm, 40, 44. Cockercombe, 9, 13, 21, 22, 28, 88. Coddon Hill Beds, 34. Cokehurst Farm, 56. Coleford Water, 41. Colton Mine, 91. Combe Florey, 46, 48, 93, 94. Wood, 46. Combwich, 1, 70, 95. Compass, 78. Compton Dundon, 60. Conquest Farm, 77. Conybeaee, Eev. W- D., 32, 82, 83. Coombe Mill, 26. Copper, 22. Coedee, Henry, 74. Cordierite, 61, 63. Corduroy Plant, 17. Cork, 38. Cossington, 71, 74. Cotford Asylum, 53, 93. Cotham Marble, 65, 71, 75. Cothelstone, 4, 9, 18, 19, 25, 91, 94. Beacon, 1, 19. Coultings, 59. Coursley Farm, 48. Crandon Bridge, 82. Creech St. Michael, 77, 78, 80. Croford, 40, 43. Bridge, 40, 43, 45. Crosse, Andrew, 20, 99. Cross Farm, 13. Crotch, Eev. W. K., 78, 99. Crowcombe, 9, 12, 28, 39, 51, 52, 54, 60, 62, 76, 79, 92. Heathfield, 39, 77. Station (or Crowcombe Station), 48, 52, 53, 79. Croydon Hill anticline, 38. Gumdloea Grits, 35. Culcombe Farm, 27. Culford, 37. Culm Syncline, 36. Culverhayes, 42. Cushuish, 55, 57. Cutcombe Barrows, 91. Cypridinen Schiefer (Upper De- vonian slates with Cyprids : German Type), 33. Dancing Hill, 25, 55. Danesborough see Dowsborough. Davey's Farm, 45, 95. Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, 7, 66, 69, 70, 78, 99, 100. Dean, 53. Co.urt, 79. Deans Farm, 42. De la Beche, Sir H. T., 3-5, 7, 32, 37, 92, 93, 97, 98. De Luc, J. A., 76. De Eance, C. E., 101. Denbury Farm, 48. Devonian, 8-31. Diatoniaceie, 97. Dibbles Quarry, &c, 13, 22, 28, 92. Dillenburg, 35. Dinant, 35. Dingle Beds, 3. Diorite,29, 92. INDEX. 105 Doddington, 9, 18, 23, 57, 91, 92. Dodhil], 77. Dolwell's Farm, 51, 89. Doniford, 66, 67, 70, 72, 78, 79, 85. Dover, 37, Downhead, 34. Dowsborough Camp, 2, 11, 13, 77. Dublin Bay, 37. Duck's Pool, 19. Dudley, 37. Dukes plantation, 13. Dunball, 73, 74. Clyce, 2. Dunwear Brickyard, 81, 82, 95. Dupont, E., 8, 35. Durleigh, 77, 79, 95. Durston, 55, 77, 95. Dyke's Farm, 59. Easenton, 84. East Combe, 53. Huntspill,80, 83. Quantockshead, 9, 10, 38, 76, 79. Town, 44, 62. Eastcroft, 88. Eastover, Bridgwater, 88. Ebbor Rocks, 34. Economics, 86-97. Edbrook, 32. Edington, 74. Eight Acre Farm, 30. Elworthy, 1, 2, 27, 41, 44, 62, 91. Ely Green, 28. Emble Farm, 41. Enmore, 20, 21, 51, 56. Escott, 26, 42, 97. Etheeidge, R., 3, 7, 32, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 96, 100. Exmoor, 1, 36. Exmouth, 40. Fammenien, (Upper part of Upper Devonian), 31, 53 x 35, Farthings Farm, 90. Fennington, 55. Fiddington, 56, 79. Fire Beacon 12. Fitzhead, 46, 47, 53, 95. Flett, Dk. J. S., 14, 15, 28, 29. Foley, R. Y., 81, 95, 96. Ford, 43, 45. Foreland grit type, 3, 9-12, 14. Forest of Wyre, 37. Forty Acres, 78.. Four Forks, 77. Fox, H., 34, 38, 102. Foxhole, 78. France, 36. Frasnien (lower part of Upper Devonian), 31, 33. Furber's Well, 44, 89. 10111. Galway Bay, 36. Garnet, 61, 63, 64. Gerolsteiner Ward, 11, 17. Gibb Hill, 19. Glastonbury Canal Navigation, 81. Glengarriff Beds, 3. Goathurst, 55, 95. Gold Cliff, Monmouthshire, 66. Golden Farm, 41. Goldsoncot, 4. Gore Sand, 81. GOSSELET, PEOE. J., 35. Gothelney, 56. Green, 77. Gotton, 26. Gower, 34. Grange, The, near Cannington, 56. Great Hangman Hill, 9, 14. Holwell, 20. Greenway House, Wiveliscombe, 30. Haffield Breccias, 45. Halberton, 93. Hall, Townshend, M., 3, 20, 100. Halse, 52, 53. Halseycross Farm, 24. Halsway, 12, 44, 48, 60. Halswell House, 25. Ham, 78. Hamling, J. G., 9, 35, 102. Hampshire Tertiary basin, 36. Hancock and Son's Brewery, 89. Hangman grits 9-17. Hartlepool, 36. Hatch Beauchamp, 9. Hawkridge Common, 21. Hay Moor, 59. Heale, Me., 90. Heale, see Hele. Heathcombe Farm, 21. • House, 20, 56. Heddon Oak 42, 48. Hele (Heale), 60. Hestercombe, 4, 26, 28, 29, 92, 94. Hicks, Dr. H, 4, 27, 31, 102. Highbridge, 81. Higher Durston, 26. Goosemoor, 91. Heathcombe Farm, 19, 20. Hill Farm, 26, 28, 70. Hind, De.Wheelton, 34, 35, 38, 102. Hinde, Dr. G. J., 34, 38, 102. Hoccombe, 43. Hodder's Combe, 14, 23, 57. Holcombe Farm, 48. Holford, 8, 9, 12, 23, 51, 76, 79. combe, 14, 57. glen, 14, 23, 24, 28. stream, 57. Holwell Cave, 19, 20. Hoenee, Leonaed, 4, 7, 26, 28, 32, 33, 76, 83, 91, 92, 94, 98. H 106 INDEX. Houndhill, 41, 42. Houndsmoor, 52, 57, 90. Howe, J. A., 96. Hull, Prof. E., 3, 37, 101. Humber, The, 36. Hunstanton, 36. Huntham, 59. Huntstile, 25, 26, 55. Huntworth, 78, 81-83. Hurley Beacon, 2, 12. Ilfracombe, 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 18-25. Instow, 35, Inwood, 79. Ireland, 36, 38. Islee & Co., 58, 59, 86, 88, 89. Ivyton Farm, 25. Jones, Rev. W. A., 78, 81, 92, 99, 100. Jukes, J. B., 3, 100. Jurassic (Lower Lias), 72-75. Eenley Bottom, 19. Keuper Marls, 57-60. Kidston, R., 11, 17. Kidwellian, 33. Kings Cliff Wood, 25. Farm, 26, 74. Kingston, 25, 51, 76, 77, 94. King William III., 81. Knapp, 58, 59, 80, 93. Knight's Farm, 27. Knockmealdown Mountains, 37. Lambrook Farm, 60. Langford Bridge, 78. Langley, 41, 43, 44, 62. Lavernock, 66. Lawford, 48, 54. Le Grand and Sutcliff, 82, 89. Leigh Farm, 42, 48. Leighland Chapel, 4. Lestre (Normandy), 51. Lilstock, 84. Lime, 94, 95. Lipe Hill (in sheet 311), 58, 60. Literature, 3-7. Little Charlinch, inlier, 25, 56. Quantock Farm, 13, 18. Longlands Farm, 58. Long Mynd, 36. Lower Asholt, 21. Blaxhold, 20. Culm, 33-38. Devonian, 8-17. Shore line, 37. Lias, 72-75. Lovelinch Farm, 47, 51, 52. Marls, 44, 45. Sandstones, 40, 41. Vexford, 44, 48. Luckington, 37. Ludlow, 37. Lundy Island, 38. Luxborough Farm, 18, 21. Lydeard Cross, 19. Hill, 13, 18. St. Lawrence, 4, 5, 40, 41, 43, 48. Lyme Regis, 97. Lynton Beds, 5, 9, 10. Mackintosh, D., 84, 100. McMubtbie, J., 100. Main, see Maun, Down. Malvern range, 45. Malvernian ridge, 36, 37. Marble lime, 95. Mare Green, 58, 59. Maun Down, 8, 91. Meare 74, 83. Mendips, 32, 34, 64. Mendip anticline, 36, 38. Merridge, 20, 21, 91. Microlestes, 70. Middle Devonian, 18-28. Hill, 13. Mill, N.E., of Vellow, 54. Miller, Hugh, 17. Millstone Grit, 34. Milverton, 1, 2, 6, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51 52, 57, 89, 90, 93, 94. Wells, 89, 90. Minehead, 12. Minerals, table of, from New Red rocks, 63. Mines and Minerals, 91, 92. Mining Statistics, 92, 98. Monksilver, 91. Mooee, Charles, 60, 99. Moorland House, 82. Moredon, 59, 93. Moreton-in-the-Marsh, 45. Morgans, M., 99, 100. Morte slates, 4, 8, 9, 18, 25-27, 31. Morthoe, 3, 4. Mount Radford Quarry, 56. Mourlon, M., 35. Muechison, Sir., R. I., 10, 98. Muschelkalk, 5, 6. Myalina bed, 9, 12, 14. Nailsbourne, 60, 79. Nethercot, 48. Nether Stowey, 4, 9, 22, 23, 56, 77, 79, 88, 93. " Castle," 22, 57. Netherton, 46. New Marsh, 48. New Red Series, 39-64. Newton, E. T., 81. Messrs., Electricity Works. 86, 88. INDEX. 107 Newton Farm, 44, 48, 49, 54. North Allerton, 36. Curry, 58, 59, 80, 93. Newton, 55. Petherton, 25, 51, 52, 55, 60, 62, 77, Y8. — — Town, Taunton, 11. Northcombe Farm, 27. Norton Fitzwarren, 58, 11, 79. Nuneaton, 36. Nunnington Park, 30. Nynehead, 51, 55, 62. Oake, 60, 77. Oakhampton House, 43. (or Wiveliscombe) Slate quarry, 4, 9, 27, 93. Oatley Farms, 56, 79. Obridge, 77. Old Ked Sandstone, 34, 37, 38. Orchard Wyndham, 45. Ordovician, 37, 38. Oemerod, G. W., 59, 100. Ostorius, 77. Othery, 83. Otterhampton, 59, 70. . Otterton Point, 51. Over Stowey, 13; 22, 28, 76, 77, 79, 94. Parchey, 82. Pardlestone, 10. Hill, 14. Park End, 19. Farm, 55. Parker's Field, 78. Parkinson, A. M., 89. , Harold, 35. Parrett river, 1, 2, 80, 81. Parsonage Farm, Wiveliscombe, 30. Parson Farm, see Pardlestone. Patcombe Farm, 25. Pawlet, 95. Payne, J H, 5, 9, 10, 19, 20, 22, 26, 22, 91, 94, 99. Pembroke and South Wales Coal- field, 36. Penarth, 66. Pendleside type, 34, 35, 37. Pendon Hill, 71. Penny's, Messes., brickyard, 95. Pepper Hill, 21, 22, 91. Perceval, S. G., 5, 33, 100. Permian, 40-45. Perry, 11. Court Farm, North of the Quantocks, 5, 12, 77. , East of Canning- ton, 56. Perthshire Old Eed Sandstone, 17. Petherton Park, 78. Petregraphical Notes, 15, 28, 29, 60-64. Phelps, Eev. W., 81, 91, 92, 98, 99. Phillips, Prop. J., 32, 98. Pickwell Down Beds, 3, 8, 30. Pilton Beds, 3, 8, 30, 31, 33, 35. Pinhay Bay, 66 Pitpear Farm, 43. Pitsford Hill, 27. Plainsfield, 21, 57, 62, 91. Plant remains, 11, 12, 16, 17, 23, 30. Pleistocene and Recent, 76-85. Plymouth limestone, 32. — schatsleins, 28. Polden Hills, 1, 74, 80, 83. Poole, G. S., 16, 80, 81, 99, 1C0. Poole Brickyard, near Wellington, 57. Prentice, Rev., 23. Preston Bowyer, 51-53, 62. Pring, J. D., 5, 9, 10, 13, 19, 26, 99. Psammites de Condroz, 33, 35. Puriton, 2, 65, 70, 71, 73, 95. Putsham, 77. Pyleigh, 40, 41, 43. 'Pyrland Hall, 55. Quaking House, 43, 45, 47. Quantock anticline, 9, 12, 18, 37, 38. Combe, 13. Farm, East of Crowcombe, 13, 86. — , North of West Monk- ton, 26. Lodge, 28. Moor, 12, 79. Quantockshead, 1. Quekett, Prof. J., 78. Quick, Mr., 90. Raclose (Watchet), 84. Radlet Farm, 10. Eadley, E. G, 96. liaised beaches, 80. Bams Combe, 13, 88. Raswell, 26. Eavis, C. F, 100. Rectory, 27. Reid, H. A., 100. Rexton Farm, 42, 43, Reynolds, Prof. S. H, 34. Rhaetic Beds, 65-71. Richardson, L., 66. Riches Holford, 6, 39, 5i, 94. Ridge Farm, 30, 31. Hill, 43. Roadstones, 94. Eoadwater, 4. Rod way, 25. Roebuck Farm, 48, 54. Gate Farm, 48. Rogers, Inkerman, 102. Roman Potteries, 76. 108 INDEX. Books Castle Wood, 25. Bound Hill, 21, 22, 28. Bowbarton Brewery, near Taunton, 58, 78, 87, 88. Bowden Farm, 26. Buborough Gamp, 19. Buishton, 78, 79. Bumwell, 60. Butley, F., 96. Bydon Farm, 77. St. Audrie's, 11, 65, 66, 68-70, 72, 77, 78, 85. St. Davids, 36. St. James' Church, Taunton, 58, 92. St. Mary's , , 92. Salisbury, 38. Salter, J. W., 99. Sampford Brett, 5, 47, 49, 54. Peverell, 93. Sandford Farm, 56. Sandhill Park, 53. Scenery, 2. Screedy, 44. Sedgwick, Bev. A., 10, 98. Seven Wells Wood, 13, 22. Combe, 88. Shapwick, 80. Bailway Station, 82, 83, 101. Sharman, G., 74. Shearston, 51, 80. Shervage Wood, 13. Shetland Islands, 36. Shopnoller, 53 Shrewsbury, 37. Shurston Bars, 84. Sibly, T. F., 34, 102. Silurian, 4, 34. Slates, 93, 94. Sminhay, 30, 31. Smith's Combe, 9-12, 14, 16, 17, 92. South Wales Coal-basin, 36. Spaxton, 56. Lodge, 79. Spring Grove, 44, 89, 90. Stalagmite, growth of, 20. Staple, 9, 11. Plantation, 12, 77. Staplegrove, 78, 95. Staekey, Knight & Co., Bridg- water, 59, 88. Staurolite ; '61, 63, 64. Stevens, E. W., 83, 88. Stogumber, 1, 2, 18, 26, 27, 39, 40-42, 44, 46, 62, 91, 97. Station, 40-42. Stogursey, 1, 2, 6, 70, 77. Stoke St. Gregory, 58, 59, 62. St. Mary, 60. Stolford, 84. Stowborrow Hill, 11. Stradling, W., 99. Straham, Dr. A., 36, 102. Straight Point, 40. Stringston, 57, 79. Stutton, 37. Sully, 66. Sutton Hams, 59, 93. Mallet, 60, 93. Table of Formations, 3. Minerals from New Bed Bocks, 63. Talaton, 39. Tamworth, 37. Tangier, Taunton, 78. Tarr, 27. Farm, 55. Taunton, 2, 6, 58, 60, 76-80, 81, 86- 88, 92, 95. borings, 58, 86-88. College, 93. Museum, 5, 11, 19, 20, 22,23, 33, 78. Vale 97. Tawney, E.'B., 5, 32, 33, 101. Tetton, 25. y Thomas & Co. Brickyard, 95. H. H., 44, 51, 60-64. Thorncombe Barrow, 12. House, 48. Thorne, Mr., 26. Thome, St. Margaret, 93. Thurloxton, 9, 26, 51, 80, 86, 94. Tilbury Farm, 13. Timbercombe, 19. Tipnoller Quarry, 45, 47, 48. Tithill, 79. Tiverton Valley, 46. Tolland, 18, 26, 27, 40,41, 44,62,91,94. Tone, river, 2, 58, 80, 81, 88. Valley, 40. Torweston Farm, 51, 60, 79. Toulton, 25. Tourmaline, 61, 63, 64. Trap Ash, 8, 13, 22, 28. Trebles Holford, 6, 52, 53. Treborough, 4. Trias, 46-60. Triscombe, 8, 12-14, 18, 76, 77, 79, 94. Stone, 13. Tudball's Farm, 19, 20. Tuxwell Farm, 21, 79. Upper Cheddon, 25. Devonian, 30, 31. Marls (Keuper), 57-60. Sandstones, 51-57. Ussher, W. A. E., 61, 65, 101, 102. Vale of Taunton, 97. Vaughan, Dr. A., 33, 102. Vellow, 1, 39, 44, 49, 54. Wood Farm, 40, 42, 44, 46,49. INDEX. 109 Venn, 35. Vinney Combe Plantation, 11, 12, 14. Visean fauna, 33. Vobster, 37. Voelckee, Dr. A., 99. Volis Cross, 55. Volcanic rock, Holf ord Glen, 24. Adscombe, 28. Waddon Barton, 35. Wales, 36. Walford, 26, 51. House, 55. Watford's Gibbet, 13. Warre, Rev. F., 77, 99. Watchet, 6, 60, 65-69, 77, 84. Harbour, 84. Water Farm, 42. Waterford County, 38. Waterpits Farm, 19. Water Supply and Wells, 86-90. Watery Bottom, 20. Watts House, 53. Weacombe ; 12, 76, 79. Weald anticline, 36. Weeley, 3. . Wells, 34, 38. Wembdon, 39, 52, 56, 59, 62, 88. West Hatch, 9, 60. Leigh, 41 . Monkton, 26, 51, 55, 77. Somerset Brewery boring, 58, 87, 88. Westleigh Farm, 19. Quarries, Burlescombe, 94. Weston-super-Mare, 80. Westonzoyland, 2, 59, 76, 80, 82, 83. Westowe, 43. Wexford, 37. Wey Farm, 79 Whetstones, 94. Whidborne, Key. G. F., 27. Whitakeb, W., 102. Whitnell, 56. Will, 41. Willett, 41. Tower, 1, 8, 27. Williams, Rev. D., 21, 32, 98. Williton, 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 40, 46, 47, 49, 50 52, 54, 77, 79, 84, 93. Willoughby Farm, 19. Wills Neck, 1, 2, 13. Winwood, Rev. H. H., 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 23, 33, 100. Withiel Farm, 62. Wiveliscombe, 1, 2, 8, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 62, 89, 91, 94, 95. (or Oakhampton House) Slate Quarry, 9, 93. Woodadvent Farm, 4. Wood Farm, 41. Woodhouse, Rev. T., 101. Woodlands, South of Holford, 23. Farm, South of Wivelis- combe, 30, 31, 40. Quarry, South of Holford, 23. Woodward, H. B., 6, 43, 47, 48, 53, 58, 65, 72, 77-79, 83, 84, 88, 100, 101, 102. Woolavington, 82, 83. Woolmersdon, 55. Woolston, 49, 50, 54, 60. Hill, 50. Worthington Farm, 44. Wright, Dr. T., 99. Yard Farm, 6, 42, 44, 53. Yarford, 55, 76. Yarmouth, 36. Zones, Lower Lias, 72. 10111. GENERAL MEMOIRS. SUMMARY OP PROGRESS of the GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY for 1897 to 1906. Each 1». PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By C. REID. 6s. 6(2. CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF BRITAIN.— VOL. I. GAULT AND UPPEE GREENSAND OF ENGLAND. 9s. Vol. U. LOWEB AND MIDDLE CHALK 10s. VOL. III. UPPEE CHALK. 10s. By A. J. Jukbs-Brownb and W. HILL. JURASSIC SOCKS OF BEITAIN.— Vol. I. YOEKSHIEE, 8s. 6(2. Vol. II. YORKSHIRE, Fossils, 128. By C. Fox- Stbanswayb. Vol. m. LIAS OF ENGLAND (Yorkshire excepted). 7s. Bd. By H. B. Woodward. Vol. IV. The Lower Oolitic Rocks of England. 10s. By H. B. Woodward. Vol. V. The Middle and Upper Oolitic Bocks of England. 7s. 6d. By H. B. Woodward. BRITISH ORGANIC EEMAINS. Decades I. to XIII., with 10 Plates each. Price is. ed. each 1 to ; 2s. U. each 8vo. MONOGRAPH I. On the Genus PTERYGOTUS. By T. H. Huxley and J. W. Salter. 7s. MONOGRAPH II. On the Structure of the BELEMNITIDjE. By T. H. Huxley. 2s. 6(2. MONOGEAPHin. CROCODILIAN REMAINS found in the ELGIN SANDSTONES. By T. H. HUXLEY. 14». 6(2. MONOGRAPH IV. On the CHIMvEROID FISHES of the British Cretaceous Bocks. By E. T. Newton. Ss. VERTEBRATA of the PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By E. T. NEWTON, is. Museum Catalogues, Jce. : — HANDBOOK to BEITISH MINERALS. By F. W. RUDLER. Is. HANDBOOK to the MUSEUM of PEACTICAL GEOLOGY. 6(2. FOSSILS :-CAMBRIAN and SILURIAN, 2s. 6(2. \ CRETACEOUS, 2s. ad. ; TERTIARY and POST-TERTIARY, Is. Sd. DISTRICT MEMOIRS. CAMBRIDGE. By W. H. Penning and A. J. Jukes-Browne. 4s. ed. CORNWALL, DEVON, AND WEST SOMERSET. INDEX to De la BEOHB'S Report on. By C. EEID. Is. DERBYSHIRE, NORTH. By A. H. Green, C. Lb Nete Foster and J. R. Dakyns. 2nd Ed. By A. H. Green and A. Sirahan. 5s. 6d. BALMOUTH AND TRURO, and MINING DISTRICT OF CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH. By J. B. HILL and D. A. MaoAlister. 7s. 6d. FENLAND. By S. B. J. Skertohlt. 36s. 6d. HOLDEENESS. By C. Reid. 4s. ISLE OF MAN. By G. W. LAHPLUGH. 12s. TEETIAEY FLUVIO-MAEINE FOEMATION of the ISLE OF WIGHT. By EDWARD FORBES. 5s. ISLE OF WIGHT. By H. W. Bristow. New Ed. By C. Reid and A. Strahan. 8s. ed. ISLE OF PURBECK AND WEYMOUTH. By A. STRAHAN. 10s. 6<2. GUIDE TO GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF ISLE OF PURBECK. By A. STRAHAN. 6d. LAKE DISTRICT, NOETHEEN PAET OF. By J. C.WARD. 9s. LANCASHIRE, SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS OF SOUTH WEST. By C. E. De EANOE. 10s. 6d. LONDON AND PART OF THE THAMES VALLEY. By W. WHITAKER. Vol. I., 6s. Vol. II. 6s. MIDLAND COUNTIES, TRIASSIC and PERMIAN ROCKS of the. By E. HULL. 5s. NORFOLK and SUFFOLK, VERTEBRATA of the FOREST RED SERIES of. By E. T. NEWTON. 7s. ed. NORWICH. By H. B. WOODWARD. 7s. RUTLAND, &c. By J. W. Judd. 12s. ed. Eruptive Socks :— ERUPTIVE ROCKS of BRENT TOR. ByF. RUTLBY. 15s. ed. FELSITIC LAVAS of ENGLAND and WALES. By F. RuTLEY. 9(2. Iron Ores of Great Britain. :— Part II. South Staffordshire. Price Is. Part III. South Wales. Price Is. 3d. Part IV. The Shropshire Coalfields and North Staffordshire. Is. 3d. Coal Fields t— YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. By A. H. GREEN, R. RUSSELL [and Others]. 42s. EAST SOMERSET and BRISTOL COALFIELDS. By H. B. WOODWARD. 18s. WARWICKSHIRE COALFIELD. By H. H. HOWELL. Is. ed. LEICESTERSHIRE and SOUTH DERBYSHIRE COALFIELD. By C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. 6s. NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELDS. By W. GIBSON fand Others]. 6s. SOUTH WALES. (See under Sheet Memoirs, New Series). Sanitation and Water Supply :— SOILS AND SUBSOILS from a SANITARY POINT of VIEW. By H. B. WOODWARD. 2nd Ed. Is. 6(2. WATER SUPPLY OF SUSSEX. By W. WHITAKER and C. EEID. 3s. WATEE SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. By J. H. BLAKE and W. WHITAKER. 3s. WATEE SUPPLY OF LINCOLNSHIRE. By H. B. WOODWARD [and Others]. 4s. 6(2. WATEE SUPPLY OF SUFFOLK. By W. WHITAKER [and Others]. 3s. ed. WATEE SUPPLY OF EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. By C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, with contributions by H. R. MILL. 3s. SHEET MEMOIRS OF OLD SERIES MAPS. London Sheet. Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitaker. 6th Ed. Is. 34 - ■ . PARTS of WILTS, and GLOUCESTERSHIRE. By A. C. RAMSAY, W. T. AVELINB, and E. HULL. 8(2. 44 - • ■ CHELTENHAM. By E. HULL. 2s. ed. 46 • • • BANBURY, WOODSTOCK, and BUCKINGHAM. By A. H. GREEN. 2s. 45 SW • • WOODSTOCK. By E. HULL. Is. 47 - . ■ N.W. ESSEX ifc N.E. HERTS. By W. WHITAKER, W. H. PENNING, W. H. DALTON, & F. J. BENNETT. 2s. 6(2. 48 SW ■ - COLCHESTER. By W. H. DALTON. Is. 6(2. 48 SE - . EASTEEN END of ESSEX (WALTON NAZE and HARWICH). By W. WHITAKER. 9(2. 48 NW, NE • IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, and FELIXSTOWE. By W. WHITAKER, W. H. DALTON, & F. J. BENNETT. 2*. 49 8, 60 BE - ALDBOEOUGH, &c. By W. H. DALTON. Edited, with additions, by W. WHITAKER. Is. 49 N • • SOUTHWOLD. By W. WHJIAKBR. 2». 6(2. 60 SW - • STOWMAEKET. By W. WHITAKER, F. J. BENNETT, and J. H. BLAKE. Is. 50 NW- • DISS, EYE, &c. By F. J. BENNETT. 2s. 50 NE - - HALES WORTH and HARLESTON. By W. WHITAKBR and W. H. DALTON. Is. 61 BE - - BUEY ST. EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. BBNNBTT, J.H. Blake, and W. WHITAKER. Is. 61 NE • - PARTS of CAMBRIDGESHIRE and SUFFOLK By W. Whitaker [and Others]. 2s. 68 SE • • PART of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. By W. T. AVBLINB and RICHARD Trbnoh. Si. SHEET MEMOIES OF OLD SEEIES MAPS— continued. 63 NE • ■ PARTS of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE and WARWICKSHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. id. 66- . . S'iW. 'NORFOLK and N. CAMBS. By W. WHITAKER. S. B. J. SKERIOHLY and A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. S». 68 SW . . ATTLEBOROUGH. By F. J. BENNETT. Is. ed. 67 KW. - E. DEREHAM. By J. H. BLAB*. Is. 6d. 67 - . . YARMOUTH and LOWESTOFT. By J. H. BLAKE. 2s. 68 E • -CROMER. By C. Reid. 6s. 68 NW, SW . FAKENHAM. WELLS, &e. By H. B. WOODWARD. 2s. 69- - . BORDERS OF THE WASH. By W. WHITAKER and A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. Ss. 70- - . S.W.LINCOLNSHIRE, &c. By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE and W H. DALTON. 4s. 71 NE . - NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. AVELINE. (2nd Ed.) Is. 79 NW- . RHYL, ABERGELE, and COLWYN. By A. STRAHAN. (Notes by R. H. TIDDEMAN). Is. ed. 79 SE ■ . FLINT, MOLD, and RUTHIN. By A. STRAHAN. (Parts by C. E. De Rance). 4s. 6dt. ; Supplement 2d. ,80 NW- ■ PRE3COT, LANCASHIRE. By E. HULL. (3rd Ed. With additions by A. STRAHAN.) Ss. 80 SW • - CHESTER. By A. STRAHAN. 2s. _ m , „ „ 81 NW. SW ■ STOCKPORT, MACCLESFIELD, CONGLETON, and LEEK. By E. Hull and A. H. GREEN. 4s. 82 SE ■ ■ PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. (2nd Ed. ed. 82 NE • - PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. (2nd Ed.) By W. T. AVELINE. Is. 83 • - - LINCOLN. By W. A. E. USSHER, A. J. Jukes-Browne, and A. STRAHAN. 3s. 84 • - - EAST LINCOLNSHIRE. By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. 3s. ed. 86 • - - N. LINCOLNSHIRE and S. YORKSHIRE. By W. A. E. USSHER [and Others]. 2s. 87 NW - ■ WAKEFIELD and PONTEFRACT. By A. H. GREEN. ed. 87 SW • - BARNSLEY. By A. H. GREEN. 9d. 88 SW • - OLDHAM. By E. HULL. 2s. 88 SE • - PART of the YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. By A. H. GREEN, J. R. DAKYNS, and J. C. WARD. Is. 88 NE - ■ DEWSBURY, &c. By A. H. Green, J. R. Dakyns, J. C. Ward, and R. Russell, ed. 89 SE - - BOLTON.LANCASHIRE. By E. Hull. 2s. 90 SE - - COUNTRY between LIVERPOOL and SOUTHPORT. By C. E. DE RANOE. M. 90 NE - - SOUTHPORT, LYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By C. E. DE RANOE. ed. 91 BW - - COUNTRY between BLACKPOOL and FLEETWOOD. By C. E. DE Rance. 6d. 81 NW - - SOUTHERN PART of the FURNESS DISTRICT in N. LANCASHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. ed. 92 SE - • BRADFORD and SKIPTON. By J. R. DAKYNS, C. FOX-STRANQWAYS, R. RUSSELL, and W. H. DALT0N. 6i. 93 NW- ■ NORTH and EAST of HARROGATE. By C. FOX-STRANGWAYS. Bd. 93 NE • - COUNTRY between YORK and MALTON. By C. FOX-STRANOWAYS. Is. 6d. 98 NW - - N. and E. of LEEDS and near TADCASTER. By W. T. AVELINE, A. H. Green [and Others]. 93 SE, 94 SW COUNTRY between YORK and HULL. By J. R. Dakyns, C. Fox-Strangways, and A. G. Cameron. Is. 6d. 94 NW- -DRIFFIELD. By J. R. Dakyns and C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. 9d. 94 NE • - BRIDLINGTON BAY. By J; R. DAKYNS and C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. Is. 95 SW, SE - SCARBOROUGH and FLAMBOROUGH HEAD. 3y C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. (2nd Ed.) 4s. 6d. 96 NW ■ WHITBY and SCARBOROUGH. By C. Fox-Strangways and G. Barrow. Is. ed. 96 SE - - NEW MALTON, PICKERING, and HELMSLEY. By C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. Is. 96 NE - - ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &c. By C. Fox-Strangways, C. Reid, and G. Barrow. Is. ed. 96 NW, SW - NORTHALLERTON and THIRSK. By C. Fox-Strangways, A. G. Cameron, and G. Barrow Is. id. ■ 97 SW - - INGLEBOROUGH. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. TIDDEMAN, W. GUNN, and A. STRAHAN; 2s. 97 NW • • M ALLERSTANGl By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H: TIDDEMAN [and Others]. 3s. ed. 98 NE ■ - KENDAL. By W. T. AVELINE and T. Mc K. HUSHES. 2nd Ed. by A. STRAHAN. 102 SW - 104 SW, SE 107 108 SE - 108 NE - 108 SW - 110 SW - 110 NW- 110 NE - 110 SE • 110 123 141 156 156 230 231 247 248 249 262 263 267 268 282 296 298 811 814 315 817 825 326 & 340 828 329 332 334 846 S48 850 361 &368 APPLEBY, ULLSWATER, &c. By J. R. Dakyns, R. H. TrDDEMAN, and J. G. GOODCHILD. NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. BARROW. Is. ed. CARLISLE. By T. V. Holmes, Is. Sd. -OTTERBURN and ELSDON. By Hugh Miblbr. 2s. 6d. CHEVIOT HILLS. By C. T. Clough. Is. ed. ■ PLASHETTS and KIELDER. By C. T. Clot/GH. Is. WOOLER and COLDSTREAM. By W. Gtjnn and O. T. Clough. Is. ed. NORHAM and TWEEDMOUTH. By W. Gunn. ed, COAST SOUTH of BERWICK-ON-TWEED. By W. Gunn. id. BELFORD, HOLY ID, and FARNE ISLANDS. By W. Gtjnn. 2s. 6d. SHEET MEMOIES OF NEW SERIES MAPS. MACCLESFIELD, CONGLETON, &e. By T. I. POOOCK [and Others]. 2s. ed. STOKE-UPON-TEENT. By W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd. (2nd Ed.) Price Is. ed. DERBY, BURTON-ON-TRENT, &o. By C. Fox-Strangways. 2s. ATHERSTONE and CHARNWOOD FOREST. By C. FOX-STRANQWAYS. 2s. LEICESTER, By C. Fox-Strangways. 3s. AMMANFORD. By A. STRAHAN [and Others]. 2s. ed. ' MERTHYR TYDFIL. By A. Strahan, W. Gibson, and T. C. Cantrill. Is. ed. ABERGAVENNY. By A. Strahan and W. Gibson. 2s. WEST GOWER. By A. STRAHAN. Sd. SWANSEA. By A. STRAHAN [and Others]. 2s. Sd. ' PONTYPRIDD. By A. STRAHAN, R. H. TIDDEMAN, and W. GIBSON. Is. ed. NEWPORT, MON. By A. STRAHAN. 28. BRIDGEND. By A. Strahan and T. C. Cantrill. Is. ed. CARDIF.F. By A. Strahan and T. C. Cantrill. 2s. 3d. HUNGERFORF and NEWBURY. By H. T. OSBORNE WHITE. 2s. 6