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THE ANGLO-SAXON POEMS 
 
 OF 
 
 BEOWULF, 
 
 THE SC6p OE GLEEMAN'S TALE, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE FIGHT AT EINNESBUEG. 
 
THE AITGLO-SAXON POEMS 
 
 OP 
 
 5E0WULF, 
 THE SC6p OE GLEEMAN'S TALE, 
 
 jLND 
 
 THE FIGHT AT FINNESBUEG. 
 
 WITH 
 
 A LITERAL] TRANSLATION, NOTES, GLOSSARY, ETC. 
 
 BY 
 
 BENJAMIN THOKPE, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADESfY OP SCIENCES AT MUNICH, AND OF THE SOCIETY 
 OF NETHERLANDISH LITERATURE AT LEYDEN. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN ETJSSELL SMITH, 
 
 36, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 MDCCCLXXV. 
 T 
 
i^^ 
 
 7'o^. 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 BILLINQ AMD S0N3, PRINTEnS, OUILDFOKD, SUBUEY. 
 
TO THE HONOTJEED MEMOEy 
 
 OF HIM 
 
 TO WHOM THOEKELIN INSCEIBED 
 
 THE FIEST EDITION OF BEOWULF, 
 
 THE FEIEND OF EASK, 
 
 THE MUNIFICENT FOSTEEEE OF THE ANCIENT 
 
 LOEE OF HIS NATIVE NOETH, 
 
 jomsr BiJLOw, 
 
 OF SANDEItUMOAARD IN IHE ISLE OF FYE£T, 
 
 THIS PEESENT EDITION OF THE SAME POEM 
 IS EESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 JLwENTY-FOUE years have passed since, while residing in 
 Denmark, I first entertained the design of one day pro- 
 'ducing an edition of Beowulf ; and it was in prosecution 
 ■of that design that, immediately on my arrival in England 
 in 1830, 1 carefully collated the text of ThorkeUn's edition 
 with the Cottonian manuscript. Portunately, no douht, 
 ibr the work, a series of cares, together with other literary 
 engagements, intervened and arrested my progress. I 
 had, in fact, ahandoned every thought of ever resuming 
 the task : it was therefore with no slight pleasure that I 
 hailed the appearance of Mr. Kemhle's first edition of the 
 text of Beowulf in 1833". StiU a translation was want- 
 ing, and this was a few years later supplied by the same 
 eminent Anglo-Saxon scholar, accompanied by a new and 
 revised edition of the text, a copious and valuable glossary, 
 and notes ^ 
 
 ■ The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Traveller's Song, and 
 •the Battle of Finnesburg ; edited together with a Glossary of the 
 more diflScult words and an Historical Preface, by John M. Kem- 
 fble, Esq. M.A. of Trin. Coll. Camb. London, Pickering, 1833. 
 
 I" I. The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, etc. Second edition, 
 
 1835. 
 
 2. A Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf, with a 
 ■copious Glossary, Preface, and Philological Notes, by John M. 
 Kemble, Esq. Pickering, 1837. 
 
Tiii PEEFACE. 
 
 Copies of Mr. Kemble's editions having for some time 
 past been of rare occurrence, I resolved on resuming my 
 suspended labour, and, as far as I was able, supplying a 
 want felt by many an Anglo-Saxon student both at home 
 and abroad. A plan was then to be adopted. 
 
 My first impulse was to print the text of the poem as 
 it appears in the manuscript, with a literal translation in 
 parallel columns, placing all conjectural emendations at the 
 foot of each page ; but, on comparing the text with the 
 version in this juxta-position, so numerous and so enor- 
 mous and puerile did the blunders of the copyist appear,, 
 and, consequently, so great the discrepance between the 
 text and the translation, that I found myself compelled to 
 admit into the text the greater number of the conjectural 
 emendations, consigning to the foot of the page the corre- 
 sponding readings of the manuscript. In every case which 
 I thought might by others be considered questionable, I 
 have followed the more usual course, of retaining in the 
 text the reading of the manuscript, and placing the pro- 
 posed correction at foot. 
 
 With respect to this the oldest heroic poem in any 
 Germanic tongue, my opinion is, that it is not an original 
 production of the Anglo-Saxon muse, but a metrical para- 
 phrase of an heroic Saga composed in the south-west of 
 Sweden", in the old common language of the North, and 
 probably brought to this country during the sway of the 
 
 " For when the poet (11. 35 — 38) says that the renown of Beowulf 
 the Scylding was widely known in the Scanian lands (Scede-landum 
 in), he evidently means that it had reached him at his own home 
 in Skane (Scania), the limits of which were then more extended 
 than those of the modern province so called. Let us cherish the 
 hope that the original Saga may one day be discovered in soma. 
 Swedish library. 
 
PEEFACE. ix 
 
 Danish dynasty. It is in this light only that I can view a 
 work evincing a knowledge of Northern localities and per- 
 sons hardly to he acquired by a native of England in those 
 days of ignorance with regard to remote foreign parts. 
 . And what interest could an Anglo-Saxon feel in the valor- 
 ous feats of his deadly foes, the Northmen's in the en- 
 counter of a Sweo-Gothic hero with a monster in Den- 
 mark? or with a fire-drake in his own country? The 
 answer, I think, is obvious — none wliatever. 
 
 This hypothesis may, perhaps, serve to account for some 
 at least of the deviations from the historic or, as our con- 
 tinental brethren would prefer to regard them, mythic tra- 
 ditions contained in the early annals of England and the 
 North, many of which may, no doubt, bo placed to the 
 account of the paraphrast. Let those to whom this view 
 may appear rash, consult any Anglo-Saxon version of a 
 Latin author, or even a metrical paraphrase of a prose 
 writer in his own tongue '', and, on seeing its numerous 
 misconceptions of the original, ho will, unless I greatly err, 
 considerably qualify, if not change, his opinion. Erom 
 the allusions to Christianity contained in the poem, I do 
 not hesitate to regard it as a Christian paraphrase of a 
 heathen Saga, and those allusions as interpolations of tho 
 paraphrast, whom 1 conceive to have been a native of 
 England of Scandinavian parentage. 
 
 As a monument of language the poem of BeowuK is 
 highly valuable, but far more valuable is it as a vivid and 
 faithful picture of old Northern manners and usages, as 
 they existed in the halls of the kingly and the noble at the 
 
 ^ As inatancea may be cited jElfred's Orosius, and the metrical. 
 Legend of St. Guthlac, in the Codex Exonienaia. 
 
x PEEFACE. 
 
 remote period to which it relates. In this respect, where 
 are we to look for its like ] Who presents them almost 
 to our gaze like the poet of Beowulf ? The whole economy 
 of the high hall he sets before us — the ranging of the 
 vassals and guests, the mead-cup home round by the queen 
 and her daughter, the gifts bestowed on the guests, the 
 ■decorations on the walls (11. 1986 — 1997), and the glee- 
 man's tale '. 
 
 • The following extracts from Peters'en's Danmark i Hedenold, 
 descriptive of an old Northern gueat-hall, are singularly corrobo- , 
 rative of what we find in Beowulf : — 
 
 " The haU was an oblong parallelogram, having its two longer 
 sides facing the north and south, with a door at each end exactly- 
 opposite the one to the other ; the door was hung on hinges, and 
 provided with a sort of lock. A row of benches was on each side, 
 the higher of which was the most honourable, and in the middle 
 of which was the high seat of the master or chief, having his face 
 towards the north. On the opposite or lower bench was a some- 
 what lower high seat, exactly opposite the chief's, for the noblest 
 .guest. The high seats were separated from the lower benches by 
 side-pieces, but were more particularly distinguished by two high 
 pillars (ondvSgis sftlur, setstokkar), on which were carved the 
 deeds of famous men and the like, and which were also adorned 
 with the image of some god. On each side of the master or chief 
 sat his men according to their rank, the higher on his right, the 
 inferior on his left hand, each in his appropriate seat) behind 
 which his weapons were suspended. If it was a royal hall, the 
 •queen sat in a high seat on the king's left side. Before the long 
 benches, which were covered with carpeting, and, for distin- 
 guished guests, provided with cushions, stood small tables, which 
 after refection could be removed. A large vessel on the middle 
 of the floor contained the drink, which was baled out in cups or 
 horns, and (like the presents made to the chief) was given across 
 the fire (trans foculum). Along the walls, at least for the master 
 and his family, beds were arranged, which could be shut in as in 
 an alcove, and were sometimes ornamented with carved work. 
 The walls were usually hung with painted and gilded shields, 
 helmets, and coats of mail, and with tapestry of some costly stuff; 
 sometimes of many colours, at others, as in mourning, of black or 
 
PEEFACE. xi 
 
 Unfortunately, as of Csedmon and the Codex Exoniensis, 
 there is only a single manuscript of Beowulf extant, which 
 I take to be of the first half of the eleventh century *■. AU 
 manuscripts of Anglo-Saxon poetry are deplorably inaccu- 
 rate, evincing, in almost every page, the ignorance of an 
 illiterate scribe, frequently (as was the monastic custom) 
 copying from dictation ; but of aU Anglo-Saxon manu- 
 scripts that of Beowulf may, I believe, be conscientiously 
 pronounced the worst, independently of its present lament- 
 able condition, in consequence of the fire at Cotton House 
 in 1731, whereby it was seriously injured, being partially 
 
 blue ; and when intended to be particularly splendid, wrought 
 or embroidered [like the Bayeux tapestry] with all kinds o£ his- 
 toric imagery. This could be taken down at pleasure, and be- 
 tween it and the wall there was so much space, that armed men 
 ■could conceal themselves in it. 
 
 Of the hall of Olaf Pft (an Icelandic chieftain in the loth cen- 
 tury) we read, that in his dwelling at Hjarderholt, he had an apart- 
 ment (eldh<is) constructed, with representations on the wooden 
 walls or panelling, so well executed that the apartment was thought 
 more beautiful when the tapestry, that was else used, was not 
 hung up, but the walls themselves were visible. The representa- 
 tions were from the mythology. There, for instance, might be 
 seen Baldur's funeral pile, with the beings that were there pre- 
 sent : — Odin with his ravens, Frey with his gold-biistled hog, the 
 Valkyriur, Heimdall on his horse, etc. ; also Thor's conflict with 
 the Midgard's serpent, how be looks on the monster's sparkling 
 «yes while he is spitting venom on him, together with many other 
 of Thor's feats, as his wading across the river Vimur and his ad- 
 venture with Hymir ; finally a representation of the myth of the 
 contest between Loki and Heimdall at the Singasteen. All this 
 imagery is said to be marked and wrought (markalSr ok smi^aSr) 
 which seems to signify that it was cut in wood, but that colours 
 were employed to relieve and give more life to the figures. The 
 latter supposition is countenanced by the mention of the golden 
 bristles of the hog. See Laxdselas. Fragments from the Hfls- 
 ■drapa ap. SkMdskap. ; F. Magnusen de Imaginibus in Mie Olavi 
 Pavonis in Laxdasla memoratis. ' MS. Cott. Vitellius A. 15. 
 
xii PEEFACE. 
 
 rendered as friable as touchwood. In perfect accordance 
 with this judgment of the manuscript and its writer is the 
 testimony of Dr. Grundtvig, who says, "The ancient scribe 
 did not rightly understand what he himself was writing j. 
 and, what was worse, the conflagration in ^731 had ren- 
 dered a part wholly or almost illegible b." Mr. Kemble's 
 words are to the same effect: "The manuscript of Beowulf 
 is unhappily among the most corrupt of aU the Anglo- 
 Saxon manuscripts, and corrupt they all are without ex- 
 ception ''." 
 
 When Thorkelin, in the year 1786, made his transcript, 
 the manuscript was evidently much less injured than when 
 I collated it with his edition, there being many words in 
 his text which were not to bo found in the manuscript in 
 1830 ; and his ignorance of Anglo-Saxon is alone a suffi- 
 cient guarantee that they were really found there, and not 
 supplied by him'. Very shortly after I had collated it, the 
 manuscript suffered still further detriment. 
 
 In forming this edition I resolved to proceed indepen- 
 
 t "Den gamle Skriver bar neppe ret vidst, livad ban selv skrev, 
 og det som voBrre var, lldebrauden 1731 havde gjort en Deel 
 ganske eller ncesten ulseseligt." Indledning, p. xxx. 
 
 A better proof of tbe scribe's gross ignorance of wbat be was 
 writing can bardly be adduced tban tbat displayed at 1. 3925, 
 wbere, deceived by tbe similarity of sound, and unconscious of 
 tbe want of alliteration, be bas written ' geomor ' instead of tbe 
 proper name 'Eomer,' tbe grandson of Offa of Angeln, wboisnow 
 restored to bis place among the ancestors of tbe kings of Mercia, 
 
 i" Beowulf ii. Append, note on 1. 3853. 
 
 ' Of Tlnrkolin's ignorance of tbe subject of Beowulf, tbo very 
 title-page of bis edition affords a convincing proof, viz. "Do 
 Dunorum rebus gestis Seoul. IlI.et IV. Poema Danicum Dialecto 
 Anglo-Saxonica, ex Bibl. Cott. Mus. Brit, edidit versiono Lat. et 
 indicibus auxit Grim. Jobnson Tborkelin, Dr. J. V. Havnise, 
 MDCCCXV." 
 
PEEFACE. xiii 
 
 •dently of the version or views of every preceding editor. 
 In fact, what others had done had pretty well passed from 
 my memory ; and it was not until my task was completed 
 that I compared my own views with those of Grundtvig, 
 Kemble, Leo, and Ettmiiller. From these scholars I differ 
 on many points, though least, perhaps; from the last men- 
 tioned, whose notes on " The Sc6p or Gleeman's Tale * " I 
 regard as the best commentary on that ancient and curious 
 nomenclature of persons and places, many of which occur 
 also in the poem of Beowulf. " The Sc6p or Gleeman's 
 Tale " has been repeatedly printed : in manuscript it is to 
 be found only in the Codex Exoniensis. It will be seen in 
 the present work that ample use has been made of Ettmiil- 
 . ler's notes, as well as of Lappenberg's, on the same poem'. 
 
 The fragment on the Fight at Finnesburg was first 
 printed by Hickes, from the cover of a manuscript of 
 Homilies in the archiepis copal library at Lambeth, but 
 where it is not now to be found, having probably perished 
 under the hands of an ignorant workman in rebinding the 
 volume. The text, as given by Hickes in his Thesaurus, 
 abounds in errors, but whether of ancient or modern date 
 it is impossible to decide. It appears to have formed part 
 of a poem on the events celebrated in the gleeman's recital 
 in Beowulf (11. 2130 — 2322). 
 
 The earliest notice we possess of the poem of Beowulf is 
 given by Wanley, who in his Catalogue (p. 218) designates 
 
 '' ScOpea vldsidh (a title certainly founded on misconception). 
 Sangera Weitfahrt. Angelaachaiach und Deutsch, von Ludwig 
 EttmUUer. Zurich, 1839. 
 
 ' Aus den Berliner Jahrb. f Ur wissensch, Kritik. August 1838. 
 The SoOp or Gleeman's Tale I am inclined to regard as an Anglo- 
 Saxon version of an Anglian original. 
 
xiv PEEFACE. 
 
 it " Tracjatus nobilissimus poetice scriptus." Ho errone- 
 ously describes it as celebrating the exploits of Beowulf 
 against the petty kings of Sweden ". From Wanley's time 
 (1705) it lay neglected till the late Mr. Sharon Turner 
 gave some extracts from it, in . his . History of the Anglo- 
 Saxons, accompanied by his translation ; but it was not till 
 the year 1815, or a hundred and ten years after the notice 
 given by Wanley, that an edition of the entire poem, by 
 the learned Icelander, G. J. Thorkelin, appeared at Copen- 
 hagen, exhibiting a text formed according to his ideas of 
 Anglo-Siaxon, and accompanied by his Latin translation, 
 both the one and the other standing equally in need of an 
 Oedipus. But Thorkelin did his best, and his labour has. 
 not been in vain ; let us, therefore, take the good intention 
 for the deed, and look on him as a ■well-wishor to, and, as 
 far as in him lay, a zealous promoter of, the ancient litera- 
 ture of the North. 
 
 Thorkelin made two translations of Beowulf : the first, 
 with all his literary labours of more than thirty years, was 
 destroyed in the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807. 
 Some years after, at the instance and aided by the munifi- 
 cence of the Danish privy councillor, John Biilow, he un- 
 dertook and completed a second ". 
 
 °" In hoc libro, qui poeseos Anglo-Saxonioae egregium est ex- 
 emplum, desoripta videntur bella, quae Beowulfus quidam Danus, 
 ex regia Soyldingorum stirpe ortua, gessit contra Sueoiaa regulos. 
 
 " " Periit iato exoidio Scyldingidos mea versio cum toto ap- 
 paratu suo ; et periisset leternum una animus earn iterandi, nisi 
 Eeros illustri^simus Johannes Bulowius, dynasta Sanderum- 
 gaardi, exhortatus fuisset me, consiliis et sere suo adjntum, opus 
 iterum inchoare, ut publicam videret lucem." 
 
 It was at the cost of tll^ same nobleman and noble individual that 
 Grundtvig published his translation. The Danish edition of Bask'a 
 
PEEFACE. XV 
 
 Of Mr. Kemble's editions notice has been already taken. 
 
 In the year 1826 appeared the " Illustrations of Anglo- 
 Saxon Poetry," containing copious extracts from Beowulf, 
 witli a spirited paraphrase in English blank verse, and a 
 literal Latin translation, by the late Eev. J. J. Conybeare, 
 •which, although very far from' faultless, is infinitely supe- 
 rior to either of the before-mentioned attempts. 
 
 Beowulf has been twice translated into Danish : 
 
 I. By Dr. Grundtvig. This is a metrical paraphrase, 
 ■which, although evincing in its author a knowledge both 
 of the language and subject far from trivial, is, on account 
 of its occasional tone and the structure of the verse, but ill 
 calculated to impart to the reader a just idea of the ori- 
 ginal. Taken however as a whole, I know of no better 
 paraphrastic version of Beowulf thau that of Grundtvig". 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Grammar iis also dedicated to John Billow. This 
 volume I dedicate to his memory. 
 
 " Bjownlfs Drape. Et Gothisk Helte-Digt fra forrige Aar-Tu- 
 sinde, af Angel-Saxisk paa Danske Kiim, ved N. F. S. Grundtvig 
 Praeat. Kjob. 1820. For the extraordinary freedom of his version 
 Dr. G. shields himself under the example of Cicero, whose tvords 
 he translates : "I have translated Demosthenes not as a gram- 
 marian but as an orator," etc. From the following extracts, how- 
 ever, the reader will probably be inclined to suspect that Hudibras 
 rather than any classic composition was uppermost in the Dr. '3. 
 mind when writing. He makes Hunferth say to Beowulf : 
 " Paa Landet var I friske, 
 
 Men Vand kan slukke lid, 
 
 I svommed som to Fiske, 
 
 Ja snart som dode Sild." 
 
 On land ye were frisky, 
 But water can quench fire, 
 Ye swam like two fishes, 
 But anon like dead herrings. 
 
xvi PREFACE- 
 
 2. By Frederik Schaldemose. This work I have not 
 seen, aud know of its existence only from the preface to 
 Mr. Wackerbarth's editionP. 
 
 Besides Mr. Kemhle's literal prose translation, there is 
 one in English verse by Mr. Wackerbarth, which I regard 
 as a lively and, with a few exceptions, faithful repre- 
 sentative of the original, evincing in numerous passages 
 considerable poetic talent on the part of its author. The 
 mere English reader, who wishes to become acquainted 
 with Beowulf, cannot use a better medium than Mr. Wack- 
 erbarth's translation"!. From much contained in the In- 
 troduction I totally dissent. 
 
 A German translation still remains to be noticed, that 
 of Ettmiiller. With this version I am but slightly ac- 
 quainted, having referred to it on one or two occasions 
 only, when I found it to coincide with Mr. Kemble's. 
 Mr. Ettmiiller's fancy of adopting the alliteration of the 
 original I consider far from happy. The work is preceded 
 by an introduction, containing much just criticism^ 
 
 I will add one more specimen of the Hudibrastic : 
 " Grendel blev om Nsesen bleeg, 
 Bange som en Hare," o. s. v. 
 Grendel about the nose grew pale, 
 Frighten'd as a hare, etc. 
 " Beowulf og Scopes Wld-si'S, to Angel-Saxiske Digte, med 
 Oversaettelse og oplysende Anmserkninger, udgivne af JTrederik 
 Schaldemose. 8vo. Kjob. 1847. 
 
 1 Beowulf, an Epic Poem, translated from the Anglo-Saxon 
 into English verse by A. Diedrich Wackerbarth A. B. Professor 
 of Anglo-Saxon at the College of our Ladyo of Oscotfc, etc. eto. 
 London, Pickering, 1849. 
 
 ' Biowulf. Heldengedicht dea achten Jahrhunderts, zum ersten 
 Male au dcm AngelsUohsisohcn in das Neuhoolidoutscho stabrci- 
 mend Ubersetzt und mit Einleitung uiid Anmerkungon versehou 
 von Ludwig Ettmiiller. Mit einem Kartchen. Zurich 1840. 
 
PEEFACE. xvil 
 
 Dr. Leo's work, " Ueber Beowulf," contains a good ana- 
 lysis of tlio poem and much that is interesting ; though, at 
 the same time, much with which I do not agree". 
 
 It seems worthy of remark that the Swedes, whoso title 
 appears well founded to regard as national a poem most 
 probably deriving its origin from their country, and cele- 
 brating the heroic deeds of a Sweo-Gothic prince, have no 
 translation of Beowulf into their native tongue. 
 
 In this edition of Beowulf I have done my utmost to 
 clear away the numerous errors with which the manuscript 
 abounds, and to render my version as literal as was con- 
 sistent with perspicuity, and almost in every case line for 
 line with the original. Could I have revisited the North, 
 have had access to works on the topography of West 
 Gotliland and Jutland', and made inquiries after local tra- 
 ditions among the peasantry of those parts, I flatter myself 
 that the result would have been corroborative of the views 
 here set forth. 
 
 Preceding editors have regarded the poem of Beowulf as 
 a myth, and its heroes as beings of a divine order". To 
 
 " Be6wiilf, dasz alteste deutsche, in angelsachsischer mundarfc 
 erhaltene heldengedicht, nach seinem inhalte, und nach seinen bia- 
 torischen iind mythologischen beziehungen betraohtet. Ein bcitrag 
 zur gescbichte alter deutsclier geistes zustande, vonH. Leo. Hallo 
 1839. 
 
 • Such as "Odmaima Bohusliin" and "Tidegrens VostergStlanda 
 Hiat. ooh Eeskrifvelse," etc. 
 
 " Were there no other record of the exiatence of our own Bichard 
 I. than the Rommint bearing hia name, and composed within a 
 century of his death, he would unqueationably have been numbered 
 by the Mythists among their ahadowy Keroea ; for among the 
 Buperhuman feats performed by that pious ciuaader, we read, in 
 the above-mentioned authority, that having torn out the heart of 
 a lion, he merely pressed out the blood, dipt it in salt, and ate it 
 
 6 
 
xviii PREFACE. 
 
 my dull perception these appear as real kings and chieftains 
 of the North, some of them, as Hygelac and Offa, entering 
 ■within the pale of authentic history, while the names of 
 others may have perish'd, either because the records in 
 ■which they once ■were chronicled are no longer extant, or 
 the individuals themselves ■were not of sufficient importance 
 to occupy a place in them. K this vie^w be an erroneous 
 one, I am an object rather of condolence than of any less 
 kind sentiment, Pallas Athene being alone to blame, she 
 never having vouchsafed to favour me as she did of old the 
 son of Tydeus, ■when, dispelling the mist before his eyes, 
 she thus addressed him : 
 
 'A;^^.uv &' aZ roi am' Itp^akfJM^ eXov, ^ m^h swJiev, 
 
 "O^^' sS Xiviiexfif ^fih hhv ride xal avi^a, 
 
 without bread ; that being sick, and longing after pork (which in 
 a land of Moslems and Jews was not to be had), 
 
 " They took a Sarezyne yonge and fat, 
 
 ******* 
 
 And soden fnl hastely, 
 
 With powdyr and with spysory. 
 
 And with saffron off good colour." 
 Of this Apician dish ' ' the kyng eet the flesh and gnew the bones.'' 
 Sichard afterwards feasts his infidel prisoners on a Saracen's head 
 each, every head having the name of its late owner attached to it 
 on a slip of parchment. Surely all this is as mythic as it is pos- 
 sible to be, and yet Bichard is a real, historic, earth-born, per- 
 sonage. 
 
 The mythic mode of interpretation has been well and humor- 
 ously parodied by the American theologian, Theodore Parker, 
 (Critical and Miscellaneous Writings,) in the instance of Strauss's 
 celebrated work. He shows "how the whole history of the 
 United States might, by future myth detectors, be pronounced a 
 tissue of mythical stories, borrowed in part from the Old Testa- 
 ment, in part from the Apocalypse, and in part from fancy," See 
 the extract inColbum's New Monthly Mag. for May, 1854, p. 109. 
 
PEEFACE. xix* 
 
 During the progress of my task I have but too often had 
 cause to feol that an interpreter of Beowulf lives in a glass 
 house, and, consistently with that feeling, have abstained 
 from casting any harsh censures on what I regard as errors 
 in the productions of my predecessors in the same field. 
 To those, therefore, whose superior attainments in Anglo- 
 Saxon and old Northern lore entitle them to pronounce a 
 judgment on my work, I may fairly be allowed to address 
 the petition : 
 
 That mercy I to others show. 
 
 That mercy show to me. 
 
 B. T. 
 
 J— 2 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Xn the prefatory portion, preceding the first canto of Beo- 
 wulf, wo are presented with the 'genealogy of the Danish 
 king Hrothgar, beginning with Scef (Sceaf), and termi- 
 nating with a prince named, like the hero of the poem, 
 Beowulf. Now as this Beowulf the Scylding is, no 
 douht, to he considered identical with the Beaw who 
 figures in the genealogies as an ancestor of "Woden, there 
 is a vast chasm to be filled up between him and HeaKdene, 
 the father of Hiothgar, the reigning prince at the time of 
 the poem ; although, judging from the text, it would seem 
 that the line from Scef to Hrothgar was unbroken through- 
 out. But it may be right to observe, that the words 
 (1. 112) "otSfset him eft onwoc heah HeaKdene" do not 
 necessarily imply any such uninterrupted line, but simply 
 that, in course of time, not immediately, there sprang from 
 him (Scef) " the lofty Healfdene.'' To have given all the 
 intermediate links of the pedigree would have been tedious 
 and, therefore, unpoetical, and the poem of BeowuK is 
 neither. This preface closes with the death of Scyld, 
 and an account of his being laid in a ship, with his arms 
 and treasures, and committed to the winds and waves, in 
 manner like to that in which he had, in his infancy, been 
 sent to the Danish shore. 
 
xxii INTEODUCTIOK 
 
 Canto I. Healfdene had four sons, viz. Heorogar, Hrotli- 
 gar, Halga, and Ela, Hrothgar succeeds his brother Heo- 
 rogar^. This prince causes a splendid royal residence to 
 be constructed, to which he gives the name of Heorot or 
 Heort. This is soon made a scene of slaughter, in conse- 
 quence of the nightly attacks of a fiendish being called 
 Grendel, II., who carries off at one time no less than thirty 
 thanes, for the purpose of devouring them in his retreat. 
 These dreadful visitations are continued during a period 
 of twelve years. III. Intelligence of this calamity having 
 reached Beowulf, a nephew of Hygelac, king of the oppo- 
 site territory of West Gothland, he resolves to rid the 
 
 ■ Healfdene and his successors I take to have been petty kings 
 reigning in the north o£ Jutland, where traoo8 o£ their rosiJonco 
 (Heort) still exist in some local names, as Hirtshals, Hiiirring, etc. 
 That their kingdom was on the main land is evident from 1. 894, 
 where Hrothgar'a people are called Ilrethmen, in other words, 
 Jutlanders. By preceding editors Hrothgar has been considered 
 as the same individual with Roe, the reputed founder of Eoes- 
 kilde, which they suppose to be the Heorot of the poem. The 
 following extract from Petersen's Danmark i Hedenold, i. p. 190, 
 wiU enable the reader to judge as to the identity of the two : 
 " Eoe (or Hrdar) was gentle and meek, and devoted to peaceful 
 occupations. To him is ascribed the founding of Eoskilde (Hrois- 
 kellda, i.e. Eoe'a spring). King Koe is said to have made an ex- 
 pedition to England, whore he married Oyn, a daughter of a king 
 of Northumberland. He afterwards returned to Denmark, and 
 
 transferred that kingdom to his brother Helgi Ogn gave 
 
 birth to a son named Agnar." The only points of resemblance 
 between the two that I am aware of are, that the father of each 
 was named Halfdan (Healfdene), and the brother, Helgi (Halga), 
 both names of frequent occurrence among the princes of those 
 times, It must also bo remarked that Jutland continued under 
 its own kings, till they were subdued, and their territories (sjslur) 
 united to the rest of Denmark, by Gorm the Old. (ob, A.D. 935.) 
 Of those petty states the most northern was Vondsyasci, which, 
 I imagine, was Hrothgar'a kingdom. 
 
INTEODUCTION. xxiii 
 
 Danist land of tlie monster, and, in pursuance of this 
 design, saUs from home with a company of fifteen war- 
 riors''- On reaching Hrothgar's realm, ho is challenged 
 by the officer stationed at the extreme point of the land'', 
 to give notice of the approach of enemies. IV. V. VI. 
 After a parley, Beowulf and his companions are conducted 
 to King Hrothgar, to whom he relates the object of his 
 voyage, and meets with a welcome reception. VII. Hroth- 
 gar recapitulates all that he has suffered from Grendel, and 
 all sit down to feast and drink. VIII. During their potor 
 tion, Beowulf is taunted by a quarrelsome, envious courtier, 
 named Hunforth, on the subject of a swimming match 
 between the Gothic warrior and Breca, prince of the 
 Brondings'' ; but is effectually answered by Beowulf, who 
 relates the perils he underwent at the bottom of the sea, 
 in his encounters with the nickers. IX. Beowulf continues 
 his narrative. "Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen, is then 
 introduced presenting the mead-cup to the guests, who at, 
 length with her consort retires to rest, leaving Beowulf and 
 his companions in the hall. X. While the other warriors 
 are sleeping, Beowulf awaits the coming of Grendel. XL 
 Immediately on entering the hall, Grendel seizes a sleeping 
 warrior, whom ho devours. A conflict then ensues between 
 
 ■■ Probably from the mouth of the Gotha Elv (the junction point 
 of the three Scandinavian kingdoms), near the spot where Gothen- 
 burg now stands. Here begins the great chain of the KuUen, 
 which divides Sweden from Norway. At 1. 427 we read that Beo- 
 wulf and his associates stationed their vessel under the mountain. 
 
 " Where the little town of Skagen now stands, on the extreme 
 point of Jutland, or a point between the Baltic and the Cattegat, 
 where the well-known dangerous sand-bank extends itself, called 
 Skagen's Kif or Skagerak. This sand is mentioned at 11. 590-— 597. 
 
 ^ See Index of Folks and Countries. 
 
xxiv INTEODUCTION. 
 
 him and. Beowulf, XII., Tvliose companions come to his 
 aid, but find that the monster's carcase is proof against their 
 ■weapons ; but Beowulf, grasping him, tears his arm from 
 his shoulder, and the monster, thus mutilated, escapes to 
 his fen-habitation. XIII. All the people are eager to be- 
 hold the hand and arm of Grcudol ; the praises of Beowulf 
 are sung, while a king's thane tells of the exploits of Sige- 
 mund Wajlsing and his son Fitela' ; horse-racing succeeds. 
 XIV. Hrothgar visits Ileorot and sees Grendel's hand, and 
 is loud in Beowulf's praise. XV. Ileorot is restored to 
 its former splendour ; a great feast is held, at which Beo- 
 wulf and his companions are munificently rewarded for 
 their services. XVL A gleeman sings the story of the 
 Frisian king. Fin Folcwalding', of Hnaif and Hengest, and 
 Hildeburh and her sons. XVII. The lay being finished, 
 Wealhtheow presents the cup to her consort, and com- 
 mends her sons, Hrethric and Hrothmund, to the protec- 
 tion of IlrothwuKe. XVIII. Beowulf is presented with 
 a rich dress and a collar of gold, which the poet compares 
 with the celebrated collar of the Brosings, that was carried 
 off by Hama, and afterwards came into the possession of 
 the Gothic king Hermanric''. This collar became after- 
 
 ' The story, as here related, differs in many respects from the 
 German and Northern versions. For a specification of the prin- 
 cipal discrepancies, Will. Grimm's Ileldensago (pp. 14 — 17.) may 
 be advantageously consulted. 
 
 ^ His territory was most probably North Friesland, or that 
 part of the west coast-land of the modern duchy of Slesvig, which 
 lies between Husum on the south and Tijndern on the north. 
 
 K See Index of Persons. 
 
 •" Saxo (edit. MilUer, p. 412) commemorates Hermanric's trea- 
 sures: "In hujus domus magnificentiam omnem opum suarum ap- 
 paratum congessit." Among them we are, of course, to suppose 
 
INTEODUCTION. xxv 
 
 ■wards the property of Hygelac, at -whose death in Priesland 
 it fell into the hands of the Franks'. The warriors then 
 
 ■was the far-famed Brisinga men. Eeinaert de Vos also alludes to tlio 
 treasures of Hermanric. See vv. 2245, 2265, 2610. edit. WiUems. 
 ' The death of Hygelac is recorded by Gregory of Tours, who 
 lived in the year 595. He says (III. 3.); .... "Hisgestis Dani 
 cum rege suo, nomine CJiocJdlaicho, evectu navali per mare Gallias 
 appetunt. Egressi ad terras, pagum unum de regno Theuderici 
 devastant atque captivant ; oneratisq^ue navibus tam de captivis 
 quam de reliquis spoliis reverti ad patriam cupiunt. Sed rex 
 eorum in littus residebat, donee naves altum mare comprehende- 
 rent, ipse deinceps secuturus. Quod cum Theuderico nunciatum 
 fuisset, quod soil, regio ejus fuerit ab extraneis devastata, Theu- 
 debertum, filium suum, in illas partes cum magno cxercitu ac 
 magno armorum apparatu direxit. Qui intertecto rege, liostes 
 navali projlio superatos opprimit, omneraque rapinam terraj resti- 
 tuit. " In accordance with the foregoing, Dr. Leo cites from the 
 Gesta Regum Francorum, c. xix., the following passage : "In illo 
 tempore Daui cum rege suo, nomine Chochilago, cum navale hoste 
 per altum mare Gallias appetunt, Theuderico pagum Attoarios et 
 alios devastantes atque captivantes plenas naves de captivis haben- 
 tes, alto mare intrantes, rex eorum ad litus maris resedit. Quod 
 cum Theuderico nunciatum fuisset, Theudebertum, filium suuin, 
 cum magno cxercitu in illis partibus dirigens, qui consequens cos 
 pugnavit cum eis ctede maxima, atque ipsis prostratis regem eorum 
 interfecit, prsedam tulit et in terram suam restituit." On the 
 above Ettmuller remarks : "This account agrees most accurately 
 with the poem of Beowulf, which tells of Hygelac's fall in a hostile 
 expedition against the Htetwaras and Frisians on the sea-coast. 
 Chochilaic is the Frankish form [for Hygelac, as Chilperic for Hiil- 
 freich, etc.]. That the chroniclers make him a Dane matters 
 naught ; the Northern pirates being sometimes called Danes, some- 
 times Marcomanni, sometimes Nordmanni, just as it might occur 
 to the writer. The Heimskringla, therefore, relates only what is 
 true of Hugleik, when it makes him a Swede, Goths (Gautar, A. 
 S. Gedtas) and Swedes being at the time of its composition united 
 as one nation, and makes him fall in Fyrisvolhim, by which is no 
 doubt meant Friesland, the Fres-wa;l of 1. 2144. The rest of the 
 story differs ioto ccslo from that here given. That the Latin 
 chroniclers called all the Northern pirates by the general name of 
 
xxvi INTEODUCTIOK 
 
 betake themselves to rest. While they are sleeping, Gren- 
 del's mother, bent on vengeance for her son, enters the 
 hall ; but the warriors being roused, she hastens away, 
 taking with her in her flight an old friend and counsellor 
 of Ilrothgar, named ^schere. Beowulf, who had slept in 
 another place, is thereupon summoned to attend Ilrothgar, 
 XX., who relates to him the calamity that had befallen 
 them, and gives a highly poetic description of the place 
 around Grendel's abode, promising at the same time great 
 rewards to Beowulf, if he will achieve the adventure of 
 seeking and, of course, destroying Grendel and his mother 
 in their habitation. XXI. Beowulf undertakes the adven- 
 ture, and, accompanied by Hrothgar and their followers, sets, 
 out on an exploring expedition. The description of tha 
 tracts they traverse is very picturesque. On their way they 
 find jEschere's head lying on the bank of the lake. A vivid 
 picture of the terrible lake and its monstrous inhabitants is 
 then given. Beowulf prepares for his descent, armed with 
 a celebrated sword named Hrunting, lent to him by Hun- 
 ferth. XXII. XXIII. Having recommended his followers 
 to the protection of Ilrothgar, he plunges into the water, 
 which was so deep that a day had passed ere he reached 
 the bottom. Here he encounters Grendel's mother. Tho 
 particulars of their conflict need not be repeated, being so 
 fuUy given in the poem itself. XXIV. Beowulf relates his 
 
 Dani, is well known, and, in the present instance, is most easily 
 accounted for, when we call to mind that the provinces adjoining to 
 W. Gothland, viz. Halland and Skane, were in those days Danish, 
 and so continued till the year 1658, when they were ceded to Swe- 
 den : the monkish writers, too, o£ western Europe were not very 
 knowing in Scandinavian matters. Tho credit of identifying Hy- 
 gelac with Chochilaigus belongs to Outzen, in his paper " Ueber 
 das Angelsaohsisohe Beowulfs Gedicht," in the Kieler Blatter. 
 (1816?) 
 
INTEODUCTION. xxvii 
 
 adventure to Hrothgar, and presents to Inm the hilt of the 
 sword with w]iich he had slain the mother of Grendel, the 
 blade of which had been melted by her hot, venomous 
 blood. Hrunting had failed him in the contest. XXV. This 
 canto is chiefly occupied by Hrothgar's exhortations to 
 Beowulf. XXVI. Hrothgar and Beowulf take leave of each 
 other, and Beowulf with his presents embarks. XXVII. He 
 sets sail and arrives at the residence of Hygelac on the sea- 
 coast. Here follows a short and obscure notice of Hygd*, 
 the daughter of Hsereth, and queen of Hygelac, who, after 
 her consort's death, became the wife of Oifa, son of Gar- 
 mund, king of Angeln. XXVIII. Beowulf finds a welcome 
 reception from Hygelac, to whom he relates his fcxploits at 
 Heorot, and tells how Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen, dis- 
 tributed bracelets to the warriors present, -while Freaware, 
 her daughter, who was betrothed to the son of Proda', 
 
 k The story of Hygd, the queen of Uffi (OflFa) of Angeln (Beow. 
 3857, sqq.), has by the author of the Lives of the two Offas (both 
 of whom he supposes to have reigned in England) been, with some 
 variations, transferred to Cynethry th, the queen of Offa of Meroia, 
 whom he represents as a Frank, who, for some atrocious crime, 
 being sent out to sea in an open boat, and being found by the 
 then youthful Offa, induced him to conduct her to his home, and 
 make her his wife. See Lives of Offa I. and II. ad. calc. Matt. 
 Paris, edit. Watts, also Lappenberg's England, i. p. 237. The 
 signature of Cynethryth appears to many of OfFa's charters. See 
 Kemble's Cod. Diplom. i. ; also a coin of her's in Ingram's Saxon 
 Chronicle, from Ending. 
 
 ' Ingeld, the son of Froda (FroSi) appears here as the betrothed 
 of Hrothgar's daughter, and leader of the Heathobards, though 
 it would seem from what follows (11. 4056, sqq. ) that hia visit 
 was originally a hostile one, as chief of a fleet of vikings or pirates 
 (seo Scop or Gleoraan's Talc, 11. 91 — 100). Ingeld, son of Fro'Si 
 IV., is, no doubt, the individual in question, though, according 
 to the chroniclers, he is king of Denmark, and in no incident of 
 
xxviii INTEODUCTIOK 
 
 presented, the ale-cup. Here follows an allusion to a war 
 with, and the subjugation of, the Heathobards, and the 
 fall of their prince, Withergyld, together with some obscure 
 matter uttered by Beowulf relating to the same subject and 
 to Ingeld ; after which he resumes his nan-ative about his 
 conflict with Grendel, and ^sohere, and Grendel's mother, 
 
 XXXI. and the further rewards bestowed on him by 
 Hrothgar, a portion of which he presents to Hygelac and 
 Hygd, and receives in return from Hygelac a precious 
 fiword, that had belonged to Hrethel. An allusion follows 
 to subsequent events, viz., the fall of Hygelac and Heardred 
 (who is called the nephew of Hercric), and to the accession 
 of Uoowulf to the throne. Then follows an account of a 
 dragon that infested the neighbourhood of Beowulf's resi- 
 dence brooding over a treasure hidden in a niound, that 
 had been there deposited by some prince in by-gone days". 
 
 XXXII. This entire canto is devoted to the treasure, its 
 owners, and the dragon, and is very obscure. XXXIII. The 
 dragon begins to vomit forth glowing embers, and destroys 
 Beowulf's residence, who thereupon resolves to go out 
 against him and destroy him.- Further allusion is here 
 made to the death of Hygelac in Friesland, whence Beowulf, 
 who had accompanied him, escaped by swimming. On his 
 return home, Hygd offers him the throne, to the prejudice 
 of her son Heardred, who, on account of his tender age, 
 appeared unequal to the task of withstanding the foes of 
 his country. But Beowulf nobly rejects the proffered boon, 
 
 hia life bears the faintest resemblance to the Ingeld here com- 
 memorated. For these remote times, I feel more inclined to 
 trust the poet than Saxo Grammaticua. 
 
 '" Here the state of the MS. is such as to render an intelligible 
 account of the treasure and its ancient owners impossible. 
 
INTEODUCTION. xxix 
 
 and is satisfied ■with, being the friend and guardian of 
 Heardred. This prince, it appears, was slain in a battle with 
 some pirates, who had previously overcome the son of 
 Ohthere, the son of Ongentheow, king of the Swedes". 
 After the death of Heardred, Beowulf ascends the vacant 
 throne. XXXIV. Here allusion is made to BeowuK's 
 friendship for Eadgilso, the son of Ohthere, whom it seems 
 he aided with men and money for the recovery of his king- 
 dom. Beowulf now goes with his followers to reconnoitre 
 the dragon's haunt. Here the aged king sits and relates 
 the sad story of the accidental death of Herebeald, the 
 eldest of Hrothel's sons, by the hand of his brother Hajth- 
 cyn, XXXV. and continues his narrative with the account 
 of a war between the Swedes and Goths, after the death of 
 Hiethel, the Swedes having, it seems, laid siege to Hreos- 
 na-beorh, the residence apparently of the Gothic kings. In 
 this war Hsethcyn was slain, and Ongentheow also fell by 
 the hand of Eofer. Beowulf then recounts his battles with 
 the Hugas, and the death by his hand of their leader, 
 named Dseghrefn. After a short farewell greeting, he 
 prepares for a conflict with the dragon. The combat is 
 then described, in which Beowulf is reduced to great 
 straits, XXXVI. when a young warrior, a kinsman of 
 Beowulf, named Wiglaf, resolves to aid him. An account 
 of Wiglaf s sword affords the poet an opportunity of a 
 
 " O. N. Angantyr, JV king of Sweden, of the race of the Scilfinga. 
 In Grimnismal, 54, Odin, among other names, calls himself Scil- 
 fingr, and in the HyndlulioB 11, I2. they are enumerated with the 
 Skioldftngs among the royal races. Neither of Ongentheow nor 
 his sons is there anything in the chronicles resembling what is 
 here related. 
 
 ° The Adils of Snorri, and Athislus of Saxo. Here, too, the 
 poet and the chroniclers are irreconcilably at variance. 
 
XXX INTEODUCTIOK 
 
 digression (not very intelligible) concerning Weohstan, the 
 father of Wiglaf, and his battles with Eanmund, a son of 
 Ohthere. Wiglaf then summons to follow him, to his 
 prince's succour, those warriors who had accompanied 
 them. The fight continues, Beowulfs sword, Ntegling, 
 snaps asunder, and the dragon clutches the aged warrior 
 in his talons. XXXVII. Wiglaf having wounded the 
 monster, Beowulf draws his knife (seax), which he wore 
 on his coat of mail, and cuts the dragon through the 
 middle. Beowulf is then sensible that his death is at 
 hand, caused by the venom. Sitting on a stone, he com- 
 mands Wiglaf to go and bring the treasure from the cave, 
 that, having looked on it, he may die the more tranquilly. 
 XXXVIII. Wiglaf visits the mound, the treasure he there 
 sees is described. On his return he finds his master at 
 the point of death, who, while giving directions for his 
 funeral and mound on Hrones-nses, expires. XXXIX. The 
 men, who had retired to the wood (1. 5 1 85), now come 
 forth, and are bitterly reproached by Wiglat XL. Wiglaf 
 sends a messenger to the warriors who were awaiting the 
 event on the promontory (1. 505 1), who announces to them 
 the death of the king, and its probable consequences, 
 namely a war with the Franks and Frisians. He repeats 
 the account of the war with the Swedes and the fall of 
 Hsethcyn (11. 4935 sqq.), part of which is very obscura 
 XLI. Ongentheow's last battle with Hygelac and fall are 
 described. The messenger concludes by exhorting them 
 to prepare a funeral pile. XLII. XLIII. The remainder is 
 devoted to the funeral of Beowulf. 
 
Genealogy of the Scyldings. 
 
 Scef 
 
 I 
 
 Soyld 
 Beowulf (Beaw) 
 Tcetwa 
 Oedi 
 
 Oodwulf 
 
 I 
 Finn 
 
 Frithuwulf 
 
 Frealdf 
 Frilhuwald 
 
 Woden 
 
 Healfdene 
 
 Heorogar Hrothgar=Wealhtheow Halga(Helgi) Ela. 
 
 Heoroweard | 
 
 rreaware=Ingeld, Froda'sson. Hrethrio Hrothmund. 
 
 From Ttetwa to Woden inclusive, the list is from the Saxon 
 Chronicle, a. 855. 
 
Genealogy of the OotMc Royal Race. 
 
 Hrethel Swerting 
 
 Iterebeald^Iiethcyn H'ygelao=Hygd adaugther=Eogtlieow 
 
 a daughter =Eof or Heardred 
 
 Beowulf 
 
 Genealogy of the Scilfings. 
 
 Ongentheow = (See 11. 5852—5857. ) 
 
 Onela Ohtliere = not named. 
 
 Eanmund Eadgila 
 
Genealogy of the Kings of Angeln and Mercia of 
 tlie line of Offa\ 
 
 Woden 
 
 Wihtlseg 
 
 Wermund (Garmund) 
 
 Offa I. (Uffi)=Hygd, relic of Hygelao 
 I or Hugleik. 
 
 Dan Mykiliati, Angeltheow (Angengeat. Flor. Wigorn. ) 
 
 K. of Denm.^ | 
 
 Eomer 
 
 I 
 Icel 
 
 Cnebba 
 
 Cynewald 
 
 Ckeoda (iu England), ob. A. D. 593. 
 
 Wybba 
 
 Eawa, ob. A. D. 642, 
 
 I 
 Osmod 
 
 Eanwult 
 
 Thingferth 
 
 Offa II. =Cynetlirytli, ob. A.D.796. 
 
 " See Lappenberg, "England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,'' 
 i. pp. 227, 2gi. 
 
ABBEEVIATIONS EXPLAINED 
 
 OOOURRING IN THE NOTES AND GLOSSABT. 
 
 Aasen= Aasen, Ordbog over det Norske Folkesprog. Christiania 
 
 1850. 
 A. and E. = Andreas und Elene, herausgegeben von Jacob Grimm. 
 .^Ifrio Hem. = The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, printed 
 
 for the ^Ifric Society. 
 C3edm.=Caedmon'3 Paraphrase o£ Parts of the Holy Scripture. 
 
 London 1832. 
 Cod. Exon. = Codex Exoniensis. London 1842. 
 Comp. =Compoaition. 
 D. Gr. = Deutsche Grammatik von Jacob Grimm. 
 
 D. M. = Deutsche Mythologie von Jacob Grimm. 2nd edit. 
 
 E. H. S.=Engli3h Historical Society. 
 Etholw.=Etholwerdi Chronicon. 
 Faye=Norske Eolkesagn. Christiania 1844. 
 E. F. = Fight at Finnosburg. 
 Oraff=Graff, Altbochdontscher Sprachschatz. 
 H. = Hiokesii Thesaurus Lingg. Septent. 
 Hallager=Norsk Ordsamling. Kjiib. 1802. 
 K. = Kemble's Beowulf, 2nd edit. 
 
 Mhg. = Middle High German. 
 
 North. Mythol. = Northern Mythology and Superstitions, by 
 
 Thorpo. 
 O. Fris.= 01dPrisio. 
 Ohg. = 01d High German. 
 O. Nor. = Old Norso or Icelandic. 
 
 O. Sax. = Old Saxon, as in the Heliand by Schmoller. Munich, 1830. 
 Ila3k=Rask'3 Anglo-Saxon Grammar. 
 S. T.= Sc6p or Gleeman's Tale. 
 Vercelli Poetry, edit. Kemble, for the .iElfric Society. 
 
 COEEIGENDA. 
 
 Line 663. insert hyphen between bis and manna 
 989. dele hijiilien 
 1200. for n^'S read njd 
 1203. /or for rather read at 
 241 1, for nyshtan read nyhstan 
 5318. dele hyphen. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 HWiET we Gar-Dena, 
 in gear-daguni, 
 )>e6d-cyninga, 
 J^rym gefrunon : 
 hG t5a sefelingas 
 ellen fremedon. 
 Oft Scyld Scefing 
 sceapena Jjreatum, 
 monegum msegf um, 
 meodo-setla ofteaH : 
 egsode eorl[a3] 
 sySSan serest wearS 
 feSsceaft funden : 
 he f £ES frofre gebad, . 
 weox under wolcnum, 
 weorfmyntum ])ah, 
 oSftet Wm seghwylc 
 Jjara ymb-sittendrp, 
 ofer hron-r&de 
 hyran scolde, 
 gomban gyldan : 
 fset vfBds g6d cyning. 
 Deem eafera yvxa 
 
 At, -we the Gar-Danes', 
 
 in days of yore, 
 
 the great kings', 
 
 renown liav? heard of : 
 
 how those princes 
 
 valour display'd. 
 
 Oft Scyld Scef 's son 
 
 from bands of robbers, 
 
 from many tribes, 
 lo their mead-benches drag'd away : 
 
 inspired earls with fear, 
 
 after he first was 
 
 found destitute : 
 
 he thence look'd for comfort, 
 
 flourished under ilie clouds, 
 
 in dignities throve, 
 
 until him every one 
 
 of those sitting around 
 
 over the whale^road 
 20 must obey, 
 
 tribute pay : 
 
 that was a good king I 
 
 To him a son was 
 I. Suppl. [aa] K. 
 
 1 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 setter canned, 
 geong in geardum, 
 fone God sende 
 folce t6 fr6fre : 
 eyien-fearfe ongeat 
 ef hie ser drngon 
 aldor-[le]Sse, 
 lange hwile. 
 Him fajs Lif-freS, 
 Wuldres "Waldend, 
 worold-dre forgeaf. 
 Beowulf wa33 iDreine, 
 tlajd wide sprang 
 Scyldes eaferan 
 Scede-landum in : 
 sw5. sceal [gu6-fru]ma 
 g6de gewyroean, 
 fromum feoh-giftum, 
 on fa2der-[bea]rme, 
 fast Mne on ylde , 
 let gewunigen 
 fil-gesif as ; 
 ])onne wig cume, 
 leode gelsesten : 
 ISf-dsedum sceal, 
 in miEgfa gehwsere, 
 wan ge])e6n. 
 Him t5a Scyld gewSt 
 
 afterwards born, 
 a young one in his courts, 
 whom God sent 
 for comfort to the people : 
 he the dire need felt 
 that they ere had suffered 
 30 while princeless, 
 for a long whUe. 
 To him therefore the Lord of life, 
 Prince of glory,' 
 gave worldly honour. 
 BeoAvulf was rcnown'd, 
 the glory widely sprang 
 of Scyld's offspring 
 in the Scanian lands : 
 So shall ft warlike chief 
 40 work with good, 
 
 with bounteous money-gifts, 
 in his paternal hoihe, 
 that it in his age 
 again inhabit 
 his welcome comrades ; 
 and when war comes, 
 for the people act : 
 by praiseworthy deeds shall, 
 in every tribe, 
 50 a man floiirish. 
 Scyld then departed 
 
 29. MS. haet. 37. MS. eafera. 39. [gutS-fru] K. 
 
 42. [bea]rme. This word is very doubtful. Mr. ICcmblo reads 
 peor]me, but to which I object, I. because it affords no very ap- 
 parent sense, and 2. because of tho double alliteration, whicli 
 rarely occurs in the second line of an alliterative couplet. I regret 
 to add that my own reading is far from satisfactory. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 see gesceap-hwile, 
 fela/-hror feran 
 on Frean wsere. 
 Hi hyne pa ajtbseron 
 t6 brimes farope,- 
 swsBse gesifas, 
 twa he selfa basd,' 
 fenden wordum weold 
 wine Scyldinga ; • 
 leof land-fruma 
 longo ilhto. 
 pxr a3t liy^G stod 
 hringed-stefna 
 isig and ufc-ffls; 
 6 elinges fajr. 
 Aledon Jia 
 le6fne feodeu, 
 beaga bryttan, 
 on bearm scipes, : 
 m»rne bei mreste : 
 fail was maSnla fela, 
 of feor-wegum,- 
 frajtwa gelseded. 
 Ne hyrde ic cymlicor 
 ce61 gegyrwan 
 hilde wrepnum, 
 and heatJo-wsednin, 
 billiun and byrnum. 
 Him on bearme-lseg 
 madma mjenigo, 
 fa him mid scoldon 
 on flodes £eht, 
 feor gewitan, 
 
 52' 
 
 at Jiis fated time, 
 tJie much strenuous, to go 
 into the Lord's keeping. 
 They him then bore away 
 to iJie sea-shore, 
 his dear companions, 
 as he had himself enjoin'd 
 while with words had sway 
 60 the Scyldings' friend ; 
 tJie beloved land's chief 
 had long possessed it. 
 
 There at tlie hithe stood 
 
 the ring-prow'd ship 
 
 icy and eager to depart, 
 
 tJie prince's vehicle. 
 
 They laid then 
 
 tlie beloved chief, 
 
 the dispenser of rings, 
 70 in tJie ship's bosom, 
 
 tJie great one by tlie mast : 
 
 there were treasures many 
 
 from far ways, 
 
 ornaments brought. 
 
 I have not heard of a comelier 
 
 keel adom'd 
 
 with war-weapons 
 
 and martial weeds, 
 
 with glaves and byrnies. 
 80 On his bosom lay 
 
 treasures many, 
 
 which were with him to go 
 
 into tJie flood's possession, 
 
 far depart. 
 MS. gesciBp. 
 
 1—2 
 
4 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Nalses hi hine liBssan 
 lacum te6dan, 
 ])e6d-gestre6num, 
 fonne fa dydon, 
 fe hine ait frumsceafte 
 for6 onsendon 
 aenne ofer ySe 
 umhor wesende. 
 ))&-gyt hie him asetton 
 segen [gyljdenne 
 heah ofer ho5,fod j 
 leton holm beran, 
 geafon on garseeg. 
 Him wees geomor sefa, 
 murnende m6d : 
 men ne cunnon 
 Becgan to soSe, 
 sele-raedende, 
 hseleS under heofenum, 
 
 They him not with less 
 
 gifts provided, 
 
 lordly treasures, 
 
 than they did, 
 
 who him at the beginning 
 
 9° sent forth 
 
 alone o'er the wave, 
 being a child. 
 They moreover set 
 a golden ensign 
 high o'or his head ; 
 let the sea bear him, 
 gave him to ocean. 
 Their mind was sad, 
 mourning their mood : 
 
 loo men cannot 
 say for sooth, 
 counsellors in hall, 
 heroes under heaven, 
 who that lading received. 
 
 hwa f Eem hlseste onfeng. 
 
 85. The poet, or hia prototype, here assigns to Scyld the legend 
 that properly belongs to Scef. The following passages from the 
 chronicles are illustrative of the legend. Ethelw. III. 3 : " Ipse 
 Scef cum uno dromone advectus est in insula oceani quae dicitur 
 Scani, armis oircundatua, eratque valde reoens puer, et ab incolis 
 
 illius terrae ignotus ; attamen ab eis suscipitur et post 
 
 in regem eligunt." W. Malmesb. p. 173, edit. E. H. S. : '<Iste 
 (Sceaf ), ut ferunt, in quandam insulam Germaniic, Scandzam (de 
 qua Jordanes, historiographus Gothorum, loquitur), appulsus, 
 navi sine remige, puerulus, posito ad caput frumenti manipulo, 
 dormiens, ideoque Sceaf nuncupatus, ab hominibus regionia illius 
 pro miraculo exceptus, et sedulo nutritus, adulta aetate regnavit 
 in oppido quod tunc Slaswic, nunc vero Haithebi appellatur." 
 Simeon of Durham gives similar testimony. 
 
 88. MS. ton, no doubt for J>on. 
 
 102. MS. rtedenne. K. no doubt correctly. See hereafter. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 Da yrses on burgum 
 Beowulf Scyldinga 
 leof leod-cyniug 
 longe f rage 
 folcum gefrsege : 
 feeder ellor hwearf, 1 1 o 
 aldor of earde, 
 0(S})a3t him eft onwoo 
 
 heah Healfdene ; 
 heold penden lifde, 
 gamol aud giiS-reouw, 
 glsecle Scjldingas. 
 DJ9m feower bearii 
 forS-geriitied 
 in worold wocon, 
 ■weoroda rseswan 120 
 
 Heorogar and Hropgar 
 
 and Halga til 
 
 * * * 
 
 Hyrdo ic ]>!)et -Elan cwen,. 
 HeaSo-Scylfinges 
 
 heals-gebedda. 
 
 * # * 
 
 pa wses HrotSgare 
 
 here-sped gyfep, 
 
 ■wigcs weor^mynd, 130 
 
 Then was in tlie towns 
 Beowulf, the Scyldings' 
 beloved sovereign 
 for a long time, 
 fam'd among nations : 
 (his father had passed away, 
 tlie prince from his dwelling), 
 until from him in turn sprang 
 
 forth 
 ifie lofty Healfdene ; 
 lie ruled while lie liv'd, 
 old and war-fierce. 
 Hie glad Scyldings. 
 From him four children 
 numbered forth 
 sprang in Hie world, 
 heads of hosts, 
 Heorogar and Hrothgar 
 and Halga the good 
 
 * * # ,, 
 
 I have heard that Ela's queen, 
 the martial Scylfing'a 
 bed-partaker. 
 
 # * * 
 Then was to Hrothgar 
 martial prowess given, 
 warlike glory, 
 
 119. MS. wocun. 120. MS. rJESwa, 
 
 124. Ela I take to be the name of a Scylfing married to a 
 daughter of Healfdene, being the fourth of his children, three of 
 whom are named. 
 
 125. MS. Scylfingas. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 Jiset him his wine-magas 
 
 geomo liyidon, 
 
 ot5j)set seo geogop geweox, 
 
 mago-driht micel. 
 
 Him on m5d 'be-aih 
 
 faet [he] heal-reced 
 
 hEtan wolde, 
 
 medo-aern micel, 
 
 men gowyrcean, 
 
 fone yldo-bearn 140 
 
 sefre gefrunon ; 
 
 and fser on-innan 
 
 eall gedjelan. 
 
 geongum and ealdura, 
 
 swylc him God sealde, 
 
 buton folo-scare 
 
 and fooi'um gumona. 
 
 Da ic wide gefrsegii 
 
 weorc gcbannan 
 
 manigre msegfo 150 
 
 goond J>isuo niiddangeard, 
 
 folc-stedo frsetwian. 
 
 Him on fyrste gelomp, 
 
 £edro mid yldum, •• 
 
 pset hit weariS eal gearo, 
 
 heal-serna msest. 
 
 Scop him Heort naman, 
 
 se ])e his wordes geweald 
 
 ■wide hsefde. 
 
 so that him his dear kinsmen 
 
 willingly obeyed, 
 
 untU the youth grew up, 
 
 a great kindred train. 
 
 It ran through his mind 
 
 that [he] a hall-house 
 
 would command, 
 
 a great mead-house, 
 
 men to make, 
 
 which tJie sons of men 
 
 should ever hear of; 
 
 and there within 
 
 all distribute 
 
 to young and old, 
 
 as to him God had given, 
 
 except the people's share, 
 
 and the lives of men. 
 
 Then I heard tJiat widely 
 
 the work was proclaim'd 
 
 to many a tribe 
 
 through this mid-earth, 
 
 that ft public place was building. 
 
 Him it in time befel, 
 
 soon among men, 
 
 that it was all ready; 
 
 of hall-houses greatest. 
 
 Gave it the name of Heort, 
 
 he who power of his word 
 
 widely had. 
 
 136. he not in MS. 
 
 151. middangeard. So called from its position between Asgard, 
 the abode of the gods, and Utgard, the abode of the giants. See 
 Thorpe, Northern Mythology, vol. i. 
 
 152. MS. fraatwan. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 He beot ne aleafi' • i6o 
 bedgas deelde, 
 sine set symle. 
 sele hlifade ; 
 hoali and horn-geap ; 
 hea^o-wylma bad 
 15.t!an liges. 
 
 Ne wses hit lenge fa-gen, 
 faet se secg hete- 
 afum swerian, 
 softer wa3l-ni'6e 170 
 
 wsecnan scolde. 
 y^V^ se ellen-g£est 
 earfoflice 
 f rage gef'olode, 
 se fe in Jjystrum bad, 
 faet he dogora gehwam 
 dreS,m gehyrde 
 hllidne in healle.- 
 pajr wa3S hearpan sweg, 
 swfitol sang scopes : 1 80 
 ssegde so ])0 ciijic 
 frumsccaft fira 
 feorran reccan, 
 cwsef ])8et se ^Imihtiga 
 eorfan ^[orhte], 
 wlite beorhtne wang, 
 swa wseter bebugeS ; 
 gesette sige-hrefig 
 \ snnnan and monan, 
 Jeoman to leohte, igo 
 
 land-bfiendum, 
 and gefraetwade 
 
 He belied not his promise, 
 
 bracelets distributed, 
 
 treasure at i/i« feast. 
 
 Tlie hall rose 
 
 high and horn-curv'd ; 
 
 heat intense awaited H 
 
 of hostile flame. 
 
 Nor was it yet long, 
 
 when the warrior promis'd 
 
 with oaths to swear, 
 
 that after from deadly enmity 
 
 he, would cease. 
 
 Then the potent guest 
 
 with difficulty 
 
 for a time endur'd, 
 
 (he who in darkness dwelt,) 
 
 that he each day 
 
 heard merriment 
 
 loud in tluL hall. 
 
 There was sound of harp, 
 
 loud tlu gleeman's song 
 
 he said, who could 
 
 the, origin of men 
 
 from far hach relate, 
 
 told that the Almighty 
 
 wrought tlie, earth, 
 
 the, plain in beauty bright, 
 
 which water embraces ; 
 
 set, in victory exulting, 
 
 sun and moon, 
 
 beams for light 
 
 to tlu dwellers on land, 
 
 and adorn'd 
 
 160. MS. aleh. 
 
8 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 foldan sceatas ■ 
 leomum and leSfum': 
 lif eSc gesce6p 
 cj'nna g&hwylcum, 
 fSra ])e cwice liwyrfa8. 
 Swa pa driht-guman 
 dreSmum lifdon 
 eSdiglice ; 
 o^fait an ongan 
 fyrene frem[ni]an, 
 fe6nd onlielle. 
 "Wxs so gi'imma gajst 
 Grendcl hS,ten, 
 Hi sere mearc-stapa, 
 se J>6 moras heold, 
 fen and foesten ; 
 fifel-cynnes eard 
 •wonsselig wer, 
 weardode hwile, 
 siftSan hiin Scyppend 
 forscrifen hicfdo. 
 In Caines cynne 
 pono cwealni gowrac 
 See Drihtcn, 
 pees pe lie Abel sl6g- 
 
 earth's regions 
 with, boughs and leaves : 
 life eke created 
 for every kind 
 
 of those that quick go to and fro. 
 Thus the retainers 
 lived in delights 
 200 happily, 
 
 till that one began 
 crime to perpetrate, 
 a fiend in hell. 
 The grim guest was 
 Grendel hight, 
 
 the great traverser of the mark, 
 that held the moors, 
 the fon and fastness ; 
 the Fifel-race's dwelling 
 210 the unbless'd man 
 inhabited a while, 
 after the Creator him 
 had proscribed. 
 On Cain's race 
 that death avenged 
 tlie eternal I^ord, 
 
 for that he Abel slow, 
 'Ne gefeah he psere fsehSe, He joy'd not in that enmity, 
 ac he hine feor forwrsec, for he him far banish'd, 
 io the Creator for that crime 
 from mankind. 
 Thence monstrous births 
 all sprang forth, 
 eotens, and elves, ■^ 
 
 Y.^ 
 
 ■ / 
 
 Metod for py mSne 
 man-cynne fram. 
 panon untydras 
 ealle onw6con, 
 e6tena3 and ylfe, 
 
 2IO. MS. wonsiEli. 
 
 220—227. This ia no doubt of rabbinical origin. 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 /^ 
 
 'i 
 
 It 
 
 :..V 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 9 
 
 and oicneas, 
 
 swylce gigantas, 
 
 J>a wits Gode wunnon 
 
 lange Jirage : 
 
 He him }>£es lean forgeald. 
 
 and orkens, 
 so likewise tlie giants, 
 wh.0 against God war'd 
 for a long space ; 
 He for that gave them tlieir 
 reward. 
 
 Gewat ])5, neosian, 
 syjj'San nilit becom, 
 hettn hGses, 
 hd hit Hring-Dene, 
 sefter beor-fege, 
 gebfln hsefdon. 
 Tand fa fser-inne 
 aejjelinga gedriht 
 swefan sefter symble ; 
 sorge ne cu8on, 
 wonsceafb wera, 
 wiht unhselo. 
 Grim and grjedig 
 gearo sona wses, 
 re6o and repe 
 and on reste genam 
 fritig fegna : 
 fanon eft gewat, 
 hflfe hremig, 
 t5 hS.m faran, 
 mid faera wa3l-fylle, 
 wica neosan. 
 Da w£E3 on uhtan, 
 mid aer-dsege, 
 Grendles gfitScrseft 
 
 II. 
 
 230 He departed then to visit, 
 
 after night had come, 
 
 the lofty house, 
 
 how it the Eing-Danes, 
 
 after their beer potation, 
 
 had occupied. 
 
 He then found therein 
 
 a company of nobles 
 
 sleeping after tlieir feast ; 
 
 sorrow tliey knew not, 
 240 misery of men, 
 
 aught of unhappiness. 
 
 Grim and greedy, 
 
 lie was soon ready, 
 
 rugged and fierce, 
 
 and in their rest took 
 
 thirty thanes : 
 
 thence again departed, 
 
 in his prey exulting, 
 
 to his home to go, 
 250 with the slaughter'd corpses, 
 
 his quarters to visit. 
 
 Then in tlie morning was, 
 
 at early day, 
 
 Grendel's war-craft 
 
10 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 gumum undyrno. 
 
 p.l wtcs £eftor wiato 
 
 w5p up-ahafen, 
 
 micel morgen-swSg. 
 
 Msere feoden, 
 
 sefeling ser-god, 260 
 
 unHiSe sset, 
 
 Jjolode tSryS-swytS ; 
 
 pegn sorgo dreSh, 
 
 sySfan hie paes laSan 
 
 last sceSwedon 
 
 worgan gilstcs : 
 
 waes ])SBt gewin to Strang, 
 
 ICvS and longsum, 
 
 ISTies hit lengra fyist, \ 
 
 ac ymh i\no niht 270 
 
 eft gefremedo 
 
 morS-beala mare, 
 
 and no mearn fore 
 
 failiilio and fyreno ; 
 
 w£es to fsest on fam. 
 
 pa, WiBS eatS-fynde 
 
 ]»e him elleshwair 
 
 gerumlicor reste. 
 
 to men manifest. 
 
 Then atos after the repast 
 
 a whoop up-rais'd, 
 
 a great morning sound. 
 
 The great prince, 
 
 the noble excellent, 
 
 unblithe sat, 
 
 suffered the strong in hosts, 
 
 the thane endur'd sorrow, 
 
 when they the foe's 
 
 traces beheld, 
 
 the accursed sprite's : 
 
 that strife was too strong, 
 
 loathsome and tedious. 
 
 It was no longer space, 
 
 but after one night 
 
 he again perpetrated 
 
 greater mortal harms, 
 
 and regretted not for 
 
 his enmity and crime ; 
 
 he was too firm in them. 
 
 Then was easily found 
 
 who elsewhere 
 
 more commodiously would rest. 
 
 280 
 
 bed setter bCirum 
 J)E him gebeScnod wies. 
 Gessegde s6'61ice, 
 Bweotolan tacne, 
 
 beds along the bowers, 
 
 when it was indicated to him. 
 I Said truly, 
 ' by a manifest token, 
 
 278. MS. raeste. 
 
 282 — 289. Very unintelligible ; some lines manifestly lost. 
 
 284. MS. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 11 
 
 hoal-Jiegncs liete 
 
 heold liyno sytSjtan 
 
 fyr and festor, 
 
 se JJEcm fooudo sctwand. 
 
 Swa rixode, 290 
 
 and wis rihte wan, 
 
 ana witS eallum, 
 
 offset idel stod 
 
 husa s61est. 
 
 Wses seo hwil micel, 
 
 tweK wintra tid 
 
 torn gef olode 
 
 wine Scyldinga, 
 
 weana gehwylcne 
 
 sidia sorga ; 300 
 
 forfam [sytJSan] wearS 
 
 ylda bearnum 
 
 undyrne cuS, 
 
 gyddiun geomore, 
 
 J^astte Grcndel wan 
 
 hwile wits IlrocSgar, 
 
 hete-niSas wseg, 
 
 fyiene and fsehtSe, 
 
 fela missera, 
 
 singale sasce ; 310 
 
 sibbe ne wolde 
 
 wis manna hwone 
 
 msegenes Deniga, 
 
 feorh-bealo feorran 
 
 feo Jingian ; 
 
 the hall thane's hate : 
 
 held himself afterwards 
 
 farther and faster, 
 
 ho who from the fiend escap'd. 
 
 So Grendel rul'd, 
 
 and against right war'd, 
 
 alone against all, 
 
 until empty stood 
 
 of houses best. 
 
 Great was the while, 
 
 twelve winters' tide 
 
 his rage endur'd 
 
 iJie Scyldings' friend, 
 
 every woe, 
 
 ample sorrows ; 
 
 for it [after] became 
 
 to tlie children of men 
 
 openly known, 
 
 sadly in songs, 
 
 that Grendel war'd 
 
 awhile 'gainst Hrothgar, 
 
 waged hateful enmities, 
 
 crime and hostility, 
 
 for many years, 
 
 incessant strife ; 
 
 peace would not have 
 
 with any man 
 
 of the Danes' power, 
 
 or mortal bale withdraw 
 
 with money compromise ; 
 
 298. MS. Scyldenda. 299. MS. gehwelcne. 
 
 301. sjrlJ^an, not in MS., but necesasry to the sense, the 
 rhythm, and the alliteration. 
 315. MS. fea. 
 
12 
 
 BEOWULE. 
 
 ne fiEr naenig -wilita 
 wSnan forfte , ^ 
 
 teorhtre b6te 
 t6 banan folmum. 
 [Atol] segljeca 
 ehtende waes, 
 deorc deaf-scua, 
 dugufe and geogofe, 
 se6mode and sj'rede. 
 Sinnihte heold 
 mistige mSras. 
 Men no cunnon 
 liwydcr hel-rdnan 
 hwyrftum scrifaS. 
 Swa fela fyrcna 
 feond man-cynnes, 
 atol Sngengea, 
 oft gefremede. 
 heardra hyntSa. 
 Heorot eardode, 
 fiinc-fSge seld 
 sweartum nihtum : 
 n6 he fone gif-st61 
 gretan moste, 
 maptSum for Metode, 
 
 ne his myne wisse : 
 ymt was wrtot micel. 
 "Wine Scyldinga, 
 mSdes brecSa 
 
 nor there any wight 
 
 might hope for 
 
 a lighter penalty 
 
 at tlie murderer's hands. 
 320 The fell wretch 
 
 was persecuting, 
 
 the dark death shade, 
 
 noble and youthful, 
 
 oppress'd and snar'd them. 
 
 In perpetual night he held 
 
 the misty moors. 
 
 Men know not 
 
 whither hell-sorcerers 
 
 at times wander.//' 
 330 Thus many crimes 
 
 the foe of mankind, 
 
 the fell solitary, 
 
 oft perpetrated, 
 ■ cruel injuries. 
 
 Heorot he occupied, 
 
 the seat richly variegated, 
 
 in the dark nights : 
 
 not the gift-seat he 
 
 might touch, 
 340 that treasure, for the Lord's 
 p-otedion, 
 nor his design knew : 
 
 that was a great marvel ! 
 The Scyldiug's friend, 
 
 in spirit broken. 
 
 316. MS. witena. 319. MS. banum. 
 
 320. Atol, wanting in MS., supplied from conjecture. 
 ■'■'■' MS. seomade. 336. MS. "ol 
 
 324 
 
 J..<J. i.iU. SI.UUIOUI'. JJU. i.XU. OOJ. 
 
 342. MS. wrcec. The allusion is to the gift-seat or throne. 
 
BEOWULF. 13 
 
 monig-'ofl gesset many a time sat, 
 
 rice t5 riine, the powerful o«e in deliberation, 
 
 rjed eahtedon, counsel they devis'd, 
 
 hwset swit5-ferht5um what for tlie strong-soul'd 
 
 s§Iest WEere, it were best, 
 
 wits fer-gryrum, 350 against the perilous horrors, 
 
 to gefremmanne. to accomplish. 
 
 Hwilum hie geheton Sometimes they promis'd, 
 
 set hearg-trafum, at the temples, 
 
 wig-weor])unga ; idolatrous honours ; 
 
 wordum bsedon, in words prayed, 
 
 ])8et Mm gast-bona that them the spirit-slayer 
 
 geoce gefremede would aid afford 
 
 wis feod-freaum. against the great afflictions. 
 
 Swylc wses fea-^fr hyra, Such was their custom, 
 hfefenra hyht ; 360 tlie heathens' hope ; 
 
 helle gemundon hell theij remember'd 
 
 in mod-sefan, in tlieir mind, 
 
 Metod hie ne cufon, the Creator they knew not, 
 
 daeda Demend, the Judge of deeds, 
 
 ne wiston hie Drihten God, they knew not the Lord God, 
 ne hie huru heofena Helm nor, indeed, the heavens' Pro- 
 tector 
 herian ne cuf on, knew they how to praise, 
 
 Wuldres "Waldend. Glory's Euler. 
 
 Wa bits ])8eni ])0 sccal, Woo shall bo to him who shall 
 
 furh slitSne niiS, 370 through cruel malice, 
 
 sawle bescufan thrust a soul 
 
 in fyres fsejim ; into tlie fire's embrace ; 
 
 frofre ne wene of comfort let him not expect 
 
 wihte geweorSan. aught to betide him. 
 
 353. MS; hrjerg trafum. 
 
 356. gast-bona, the devil, the soul-slayer. 
 
 373. MS. wenan. 374. MS. gewendan. 
 
14 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Wei WS ])£em fe mot, 
 «fter deHS-dajge, 
 Drihten sgcean, 
 and to Faeder fsetSmum 
 I'reoSo wilniaii. 
 
 Swa Sii niEel cearo 380 
 
 maga Healfdenes 
 
 singala seaS ; 
 
 ne mihte snotor haslotS, 
 
 wean onwendan : ' 
 
 wses faet gewin to swyS, 
 
 latS and longsum, 
 
 fe on fa le6de becom, 
 
 nyd-wracu nif-grim, 
 
 niht-bealwa nisest. 
 
 paframham gef rsegn 390 
 
 Higelaces pegn, 
 
 god mid GeStum, 
 
 Grendles dseda : 
 
 se wses mon-cynues 
 
 msegenes strongest 
 
 on fiem dsege 
 
 fysses lifes, 
 
 sefele and eacen, 
 
 het him yS-lidan 
 
 gSdne gegyrwan ; 400 
 
 cwJeS he giii5-cyning 
 
 ofer swan-rade 
 
 secean wolde, 
 
 m&me fcSden, 
 
 Well shall it be to him who may, 
 
 after Ms death-day, 
 
 seek the Lord, 
 
 and in his Father's bosom 
 
 desire peace. 
 
 III. 
 
 So then a time of care 
 
 Healfdene's son 
 
 constantly seeth'd ; 
 
 tJie sagacious hero could not 
 
 the calamity avert : 
 
 the strife was too strong, 
 
 loathsome and tedious, 
 
 that had come on the people ; 
 
 force-misery with malice grim, 
 
 of night-evils greatest. 
 
 When from home had heard 
 
 Hygelac's thane, 
 
 (a good man among the GothSjJ 
 
 of Grendcl's deeds ; 
 
 who of mankind was 
 
 in power strongest 
 
 in that day 
 
 of this life, 
 
 noble and vigorous, * 
 
 he bade for him a wave-traverser 
 
 good be prepar'd ; 
 
 said tJiat he the war-king 
 
 over the swan-road 
 
 would seek, 
 
 the renowned prince, 
 
 390. MS. )>set. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 15 
 
 fS, him wses manna pearf. 
 pone siSfet him 
 snotere ceorlas 
 lythwon logon, 
 ])e§,h he him leof wsere : 
 
 as he had need of men. 
 
 That voyage to him 
 
 prudent men 
 
 somewhat hlam'd, 
 
 though he was dear to them ; 
 
 * # * 
 
 410 * * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * >f * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 hwetton hige-rofne, 
 
 rAey whetted tlie renowned c/w«/, 
 
 hael sceawedon ; 
 
 observed tha omen ; 
 
 hsefde se goda 
 
 the good chief had 
 
 Geata leoda 
 
 of tlie Goths' people 
 
 cempan gecorene, 
 
 chosen champions, 
 
 fSra fe he cenoste 
 
 of those whom he tlie bravest 
 
 fmdan mihte ; 
 
 could find ; 
 
 fiftena sum 
 
 420 with some fifteen 
 
 sund-wudu sohte : 
 
 the floating wood lie sought. 
 
 secg wisade 
 
 A warrior pointed out, 
 
 lagu-craeftig mon 
 
 a water-crafty man, 
 
 land-gomyrcu. 
 
 the laad-houndarics. 
 
 Fyrst forS-gewat, 
 
 A time passed on, 
 
 fl6ta wses on ytSum, 
 
 tlie floater was on the waves. 
 
 ha,t tinder beorge ; 
 
 tlie boat under tlie mountain ; 
 
 beornas gearwe 
 
 the ready warriors 
 
 on stefn stigon ; 
 
 on tlie prow stept ; 
 
 streamas wundon 
 
 430 the streams roll'd 
 
 sund wis sande j 
 
 the sea against the sand ; 
 
 secgaa bseron, 
 
 the warriors bare, 
 
 on bearm nacan, 
 
 into the bark's bosom, 
 
 beorhte frsetwa, 
 
 bright arms, 
 
 409. Many lines Bcem hero to bo wanting. 
 413. Thorkelin hige-forne, the order of the first three letters in 
 rofne being inverted in the printing. 
 417. MS. gecorone. 434. MS. frastwe. 
 
16 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 gfitS-searo geatolic : 
 guman (it-scufon, 
 weras on wil-sitS, 
 
 a sumptuous war-equipment : 
 the men shov'd out, 
 the people, on the welcome voy- 
 age, 
 wudu bundenne the bound wood. 
 
 GewSt fa ofor WEeg-liolm, Departed then o'er the wavy sea, 
 winde gefysed, 440 by the wind impell'd, 
 
 fl6ta tamig-lieals, tlie floater foamy-neck'd. 
 
 fugle gelicost, 
 ciSfset ymb Sn tid 
 ofres dogores 
 wunden-stefna 
 gewaden hajfde, 
 fast J)a litSonde 
 land gesawon, 
 brim-clifu blican, 
 beorgas steSpo, 
 side s£e-noessas. 
 pa wajs sund-lida 
 ea-lade ait ende. 
 panon up hratSe 
 Wedera leode 
 on wang stigon ; 
 sse-wudu saeldon, 
 syrcan lirysedon, 
 giiS-gewajdo ; 
 Gode fancedon, 
 pajs fe him yf-lada 
 eS,tSe wurdon. 
 pa of wealle geseali 
 weard Scyldinga, 
 
 441. MS. fami. 
 
 453. MS.^eoletea; qu. 
 
 461. MS. lade. 
 
 to a bird most like, 
 
 till that about an hour 
 
 of the second-day 
 
 the twisted prow 
 
 had sail'd, 
 
 so that the voyagers 
 
 saw land, 
 
 the ocean-shores shine, 
 450 mountains steep, 
 
 spacious sca-nesses. 
 
 Then was the sea-sailer 
 
 at the end of its watery way. 
 
 Thence up quickly 
 
 the Weders' people 
 
 stept on the plain ; 
 
 the sea-wood tied, 
 
 their ma«7-shirts shook, 
 
 their martial weeds ; 
 460 tJisy thanked God, 
 
 for that to them the wave-paths 
 
 had been easy. 
 
 When from the wall saw 
 
 the Scyldings' warder, 
 
 452. MS. lidcn. 
 Made ? eoletes is no A.S. word. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 17 
 
 se fe holm-clifu 
 healdan scolde, 
 beran ofer bolcan 
 beorhto rand as, 
 fyi'd-searo f uslicu, 
 hine frywyt broec 470 
 
 mod-gchygdum, 
 hwast fa men wseron. 
 Gewat him })a to waroSe, 
 ■\vicge ridan, 
 fegn Hr6Sgfi.res, 
 frymmum cwehte 
 majgen-wudu mundum, 
 me])ol-wordum frajgn : 
 Hwset syndon ge 
 searo-hEebbendra, 480 
 
 byinum werede, 
 fe fus bronfcue ceol 
 ofer lagu-str£ete 
 Isedan cwomon, 
 liider ofer holmas t 
 * * * 
 
 Ic fees ende-saeta 
 eg-wearde heold, 
 fset on land Dena 
 la^Sra nsenig 490 
 
 mid scip-herge 
 sceSfan ne meahte. 
 No her cuBlicor 
 cuman ongunnon 
 
 who ilie sea-shores 
 had to keep, 
 
 borne o'er the ship's bulwark 
 bright shields, 
 a war-equipment ready, 
 him curiosity brake 
 in his mind's thoughts, 
 as to what those men were. 
 Went then to the shore, 
 on his horse riding, 
 Hrothgar's thane, 
 violently quak'd 
 the mighty wood in his hands, 
 in formal words Jie ask'd : 
 " What are ye 
 of arm-bearing men, 
 with byrnies protected, 
 who thus a surgy keel 
 over the water-street 
 come leading, 
 hither o'er the seas 1 
 * * # 
 
 Iforthis,placed at theextremity, 
 
 sea-ward have held, 
 
 that on the Danes' land 
 
 no enemies 
 
 with a ship army 
 
 might do injury. 
 Not here more openly 
 to come have attempted 
 
 478. mehel-wordum, i.e., in set terms, such aa were used attlia 
 mej>el, or public assembly. 
 
 485. The alliterating line with this is Avauting. 
 487. MS. wffis. 488. MS. teg, 489. MS. i>e. 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 BEOWULR 
 
 lind-hsebbende 
 
 De geleS,fiies-word 
 
 guS-fremmendra 
 
 gearwe ne wisson, 
 
 maga gemetu. 
 
 NiB&e ic maran geseah. 500 
 
 ■eorl ofer eorfan 
 
 ])oniie is eower sum 
 
 secg on scarwuin : 
 
 nis fajt seld guma 
 
 ■wospnum geweorSad, 
 
 najfne him his wlite leoge, 
 
 •senile ansyn. 
 
 INu ic eower sceal 
 
 frum-cyn 'witan, 
 
 aer ge fyr heonan, 5 ' o 
 
 lease sceaweras, 
 
 on land Dena 
 
 furfur feran. 
 
 Nu go feor-buend, 
 
 mere-litSende, 
 
 minne gehyraS 
 
 Sufealdne gepoht : 
 
 dfost is sSlest 
 
 to gecytSanne 
 
 hwanon eower cyme sy.5 20 
 
 shield-bearers, 
 
 nor who the credence word 
 
 of warriors 
 
 ready knew not, 
 
 the observances of kinsmen. 
 
 Never have I seen a greater 
 
 earl on earth 
 
 than is ono of you, 
 
 a warrior in arms : 
 
 that is no man seldom 
 
 honour'd in arms, 
 
 unlesshis countenance beliehim, 
 
 Ms distinguished aspect. 
 
 Now I must your 
 
 origin know, * 
 
 ere ye farther hence, 
 
 as false spies, 
 
 into tlie Danes' land 
 
 further proceed. 
 
 Now yc far-dwellers, 
 
 sea-farers, 
 
 hear my 
 
 simple thought : 
 
 haste is best 
 
 to make known 
 
 whence your coming is." 
 
 Him se yldesta 
 andswarode. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Him the chiefest 
 answered, ' 
 
 499. MS. gemedu. 501. MS. eorla. 
 511. MS. leas. 516. MS. mine. 
 
 520. MS. hwanan ciwre cyme syndon. 
 
 506. MS, nsefre. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 19 
 
 "werodes wisa 
 
 word-hord onleac : 
 
 We synt gum-cynnos 
 
 Geafca leode, 
 
 and Higelaces 
 
 heorS-geneiitas : 
 
 WEGS min fseder 
 
 f oleum gecyjjed, 530 
 
 «])ele ord-fruma, 
 
 Ecgjieow Mten : 
 
 gebad wintra worn, 
 
 sex ho on weg hwurfe, 
 
 gamol of geai'dum : 
 
 hino gearwe geman 
 
 witena -vvel hwylc, 
 
 wide geond eorpan. 
 
 We Jjurh. holdne luge 
 
 hlaford finne, 540 
 
 sunu Healfdenes, 
 
 secean cwonion, 
 
 leod gebyrgean. 
 
 Wes ])u us larena god. 
 
 Habba^ we t6 ]>&m. mseran 
 
 micel 83rende,_ 
 
 Deniga frean. 
 
 Ke sceal f ajr dyine sum 
 
 wesan ]>xs ic wene : 
 
 ])fi wast gif hit is 550 
 
 swa we so])lice 
 
 secgan hyrdon ; 
 
 j7set mid Scyldingum 
 
 scea^a ic nat hwylc, 
 
 deogol dasd-hata, 
 
 tJie band's director 
 
 his word-hoard unlock'd : 
 
 "We are of race 
 
 of tlie Goths' nation, 
 
 and Hygelac's 
 
 hearth-enjoyers : 
 
 my father was 
 
 known to nations, 
 
 a noble chieftain, 
 
 Ecgtheow hight : 
 
 lie abode winters many, 
 
 ere ho on Jiis way departed, 
 
 old from his courts : 
 
 him well remembers 
 
 almost every sage, 
 
 widely throughout the earth. 
 
 We through kind feeling 
 
 thy lord, 
 
 HeaKdene's son, 
 
 have come to seek, 
 
 thy prince to defend. 
 
 Be thou our kind informant. 
 
 We have to the illustrious 
 
 lord of tJie Danes 
 
 a great errand. 
 
 There shall naught secret 
 
 be, from what I ween : 
 
 thou knowest if it is 
 
 as we soothly 
 
 have heard say ; 
 
 that with tJie Soy Mings 
 
 a wretch, I know not who, 
 
 a secret deed-hater, 
 
 543. gebeorgani 
 
 S44. MS. wses. 
 2—2 
 
20 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 deorcum nilitum 
 
 eawoiS furh egsan 
 
 uncuSne ni^, 
 
 liyntSu and hra-fyl. 
 
 Ic fees Hr6t5gar mseg, 
 
 ])urli riimne sefan, 
 
 ijed gelseran, 
 
 hu lie frod and god 
 
 feond oferswyt5o]), 
 
 gyf him edwendan 
 
 sefre scolde ; 
 
 bealuwa bisigum 
 
 l)6t eft-cumau, 
 
 Ond fa cear-wylmas 
 
 c61ran wurSa]) ; 
 
 ot5tSe a sypSan 
 
 earfotS-frage 
 
 ])rea-nyd ])61aS, 
 
 Jjonden pair wuna^, 
 
 on he5,h-stedo 
 
 liusa sSlest. 
 
 "Weard mapelode, 
 
 peer on wicge stet, 
 
 onibeht unforlit : 
 j3£ghw£epres sceal 
 scearp scyld-wiga 
 gescad witan, 
 worda and worca, 
 so Se wel pencep. 
 Ic pset gehyre, 
 pjet pis is hold weorod 
 frean Scyldinga : 
 gow tats for6-l)eran 
 
 in the dark nights, 
 displays through terror 
 unheard of malice, 
 injury and slaughter. 
 560 I for this to Hrothgar may, 
 through my capacious mind, 
 counsel teach, 
 how he, wise and good, 
 the'iod shall overcome 
 if to him return 
 he ever should ; 
 hou' for these works of bale 
 reparation may follow, 
 and those care-boilings 
 570 become cooler; 
 
 or he ever after vnll 
 a time of tribulation, 
 oppression suffer, 
 while "shall there continue 
 in its high place 
 of houses best.'" 
 The warder spake, 
 where on his horse he sat, 
 a fearless officer : 
 580 "Of both should 
 
 a sharp shield- warrior 
 the difference know, 
 of words and works 
 who well thinks. 
 I hear, 
 
 that is a frendly band 
 to the Scyldings' lord : 
 depart bearing forth 
 
 567 MS. bieigii, no doubt for bisigu. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 21 
 
 ■wsepen and gewEedu, 
 ic eow wisige : 590 
 
 swj'lce ic magu-])egnas 
 mine hate, 
 wis feonda goliwono 
 ilotan eowerne, 
 niw-tyrwydno, 
 uacau on sande, 
 arum liealdan, 
 o])15a3t eft byretJ, 
 ofcr lagu-sti'ciimas, 
 leofue mannan 600 
 
 "wudu Tvunden-heals 
 to Weder-mearce, 
 god-fremmendra 
 swylcum gifeSe MS 
 yxt fone hUde rtes 
 Vf hal gedigeS. 
 -,i( Gewiton him ])a feran, 
 
 flOta stillo bad ; 
 seomode on sole 
 sid-fseJSmed scip, 6 1 o 
 
 on ancre ftcst. 
 Eofor-lic scion 
 on-ofer hleor bseron, 
 gchroden goldo ; 
 fah and fyr-heard, 
 ferh wearde heold. 
 GfiS-mode grummou ; 
 guman onetton, 
 sigon setsomne, 
 o]»])a2t hy sel-timbred, 620 
 ^eatolic and gold-iah, 
 
 613. MS. beraii. 
 
 weapons and weeds, 
 
 I will direct you : 
 
 in like manner I my 
 
 fellow-olHcors will bid, 
 
 against every foe 
 
 your ship, 
 
 new-tarred, 
 
 ymir bark on iJie sand, 
 
 honourably to hold, 
 
 until back shall bear, 
 
 over the water-streams, 
 
 the beloved man 
 
 the wood twisted neck'd 
 
 to tJie Weder-march, 
 
 of the good-doers 
 
 to such as it shall be given 
 
 that the rush of war 
 
 Jie escape from whole." 
 
 They departed then to go, 
 
 the vessel still abode, 
 
 lay heavy in tJie mud 
 
 the wide-bosom'd ship, 
 
 at anchor fast. 
 
 A boar's lUconess sliceu 
 
 over ilieir cheeks they bore, 
 
 adorn'd with gold ; 
 
 variegated and fire-harden'd, 
 
 it held life in ward. 
 
 the warlike of mood were fierce; 
 
 tlie men hasten'd, 
 
 descended together, 
 
 until they all-built, 
 
 clegantand with gold variegated, 
 
 617. MS. mod. ■ 
 
22 
 
 BE0WUL1<\ 
 
 ongytan mihton 
 ])set wsos fore-m£erost, 
 fold-ljfiendum, 
 reccda under roderum, 
 on fsem se rica bad : 
 lixte se leoma 
 ofer landa fela. 
 Him fa hilde deor 
 hofmodigra 630 
 
 torht gctaihte, 
 f oet liio Mm t6 mihton 
 gegnum gangan. 
 Gui5-beorna sum 
 wicg gowcudo, 
 word ajfter cwaj]) : 
 Msel is mo t5 feran ; 
 Froder ahvalda 
 mid ar-stafum 
 eowic geliealde, 640 
 
 , siSa gesundo : 
 ic to saj willc, 
 wis wrat5 werod 
 wearde liealdan. 
 
 miglit perceive 
 
 what was the grandest, 
 
 to earth's inhabitants, 
 
 of houses under the firmament, 
 
 in which the powerful kinga.'hode :. 
 
 its light shone 
 
 o'er many lands. 
 
 To them then tlie beast of war 
 
 the proud ones' court 
 
 clearly show'd, 
 
 that they might 
 
 towards it go. 
 
 Of the warriors one 
 
 turn'd his steed, 
 
 then spake these words : 
 
 " Time 'tis for mo to go ; 
 
 viay the all-ruling Father 
 
 with honour 
 
 hold you, 
 
 safe in ymr fortunes : 
 
 I will to ilie sea return, 
 
 'gainst any hostile band 
 
 to hold ward." 
 
 Street wa3S stan-Kh, 
 stig wisode 
 gumum ajtgajdere ; 
 g&S-byrne scan, 
 heard hond-locen ; 
 hring-iren scir 
 song in searwum. 
 
 650 
 
 The street was stone-varied,. 
 it directed the path 
 to the men together ; 
 the martial byrnie shone, 
 hard, hand-lock'd ; 
 tlie ring'd iron bright 
 sang in their gear. 
 
 622. MS. ongyton. 
 
 630. MS. of. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 23; 
 
 fa hie t6 sele furSum, 
 in hyra gryre-geatwum 
 gangan cwomon. 
 Setton S83-mej)e 
 side scyldas, 
 rondas rogn-hearde, 
 wis ])oes recedes weal. 
 Bugon ])a to bence, 
 byrnan hringdon, 660 
 
 guS-searo gumena ; 
 garas st6doii, 
 sJe manna searo, 
 saniod retgaedere, 
 a3Sc-liolt ufan gra3g : 
 wa3S se iren freSt 
 WEcpnum gewurfad. 
 pa, picr wlonc hselejj 
 oret-mecgas 
 
 sefter haslejjuni frsegn: 670 
 Hwauon ferigeaS ge 
 fsette scyldas, 
 graege syrcan, 
 and grim-helm as, 
 here-sceafta heap 1 
 Ic eom HroSgares 
 Sr and ombiht. 
 Ne seah ic el]je6dige 
 ])us manigo men 
 modiglicran. 680 
 
 Wen' ic faat ge for wlenco, 
 nalles for wra3C-si'6um, 
 ac for hige-Jjrymmum, 
 
 HroSgar sohton. 
 
 even as to the hall they, 
 
 in their terrific arms, 
 
 came walking. 
 
 The sea- weary set 
 
 their ample shields, 
 
 their disks intensely hard, 
 
 against the mansion's waU. 
 
 Stoop'd then to a bench, 
 
 their byrnies placed in a ring, 
 
 tJie war-gear of men ; 
 
 tJie javelins stood, 
 
 the seamen's arms, 
 
 aU together, 
 
 the ash-wood grey above : 
 
 the iron band was 
 
 with weapons furnish'd. 
 
 Then there a haughty chief 
 
 the sons of conflict 
 
 concerning the heroes ask'd : 
 
 " Whence bear ye 
 
 your stout shields, 
 
 grey sarks, 
 
 and visor-helms, 
 
 a heap of war -shafts 1 
 
 I am Hrothgar's 
 
 messenger and servant. 
 
 Never saw I stranger 
 
 men thus many 
 
 prouder. 
 
 I ween that ye for pride, 
 
 not for exile, 
 
 but for soul-greatness, 
 
 have Hrothgar sought." 
 
 681. MS. wen. 
 
"24 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Him pa ellen-r6f 
 andswarode, 
 wlanc Wedera leod 
 word ajfter spisec, 
 heard under helme 
 We synt Higelaces 
 beod-geneiitas : 
 Beowulf is min nama : 
 ■wille ic asecgan 
 suna Healfdenes, 
 mderam }>e6dne, 
 min serende, 
 aldre pinum ; 
 gif he us geunnan wile 
 Jjoit wo hine swS, godne 
 grctan moton. 
 Wulfgar mapelode, 
 ])xt y/xa Woudla leod j 
 wa3S his mod-sefa 
 manegum gecySed, 
 wig and wisdom : 
 Ic pass wine Deniga, 
 frean Scyldinga, 
 frinan wille, 
 heaga bryttan, 
 fiwa pu bena eart, 
 peoden miierne, 
 ymb pinne siS and pe 
 
 pa andswaro 
 aedre gecySan, 
 pe me ee goda 
 agifan ponceS. 
 
 Him then the valour-fam'd 
 
 answer' d, 
 
 the Weders' proud lord 
 
 tJiese words after spake, 
 
 the bold under his helmet : 
 690 " We are Hygelac's 
 ' table enjoyers : 
 
 Beowulf is my name : 
 
 I will relate 
 
 to Healfdene's son, 
 
 tlie great lord, 
 
 my errand, 
 
 to thy prince ; 
 
 if he to us will grant 
 
 that we him so good 
 700 may greet.". 
 
 Wulfgar spake, 
 
 ho was the Weudels' lord : 
 
 his mind was 
 
 known to many, 
 
 his valour and wisdom : 
 
 " I therefore tlie Danes' friend, 
 
 the Scyldings' lord, 
 
 will ask, 
 
 the distributor of rings, 
 710 as thou requestest, 
 
 the great lord, 
 
 concerning thy voyage, and to 
 thee 
 
 the answer. 
 
 quickly make known 
 
 that me the good prince 
 
 shall tliink j^< to give. 
 694. MS. sunu. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 25 
 
 Hwearf yCi liiwdlice 
 
 yjir Hr6(5ga.r sa;t, 
 
 eald and unliar, 
 
 mid his eorla godriht. 720 
 
 Eodo ellon-i'of, 
 
 fajt he for eaxlum gestod 
 
 Deuiga frean : 
 
 <;u])e he duguSe feaw. 
 
 WulfgSr ina]?elode 
 
 to his wine-drihtne : 
 
 Her syndon geferede, 
 
 feorran cumene 
 
 ofer geofenes begang, 
 
 Geataleode; 730 
 
 ])one yldestan 
 
 oret-mecgas, 
 
 Beowulf nemna^. 
 
 Hy benan synt 
 
 ]>vat hio Jjcoden min, 
 
 wis Jie moton 
 
 worduiu wrixlan : 
 
 n6 pii him wearne geteoh. 
 
 pinra gegn-cwida 
 
 glaedman HroSgar hy 740 
 
 on W!g-getawum 
 
 wyriSe JjinceaS, 
 
 €orla gesehtlan : 
 
 huru se aider Jjeah, 
 
 se faem heaSo-rincum 
 
 hider wisade. 
 
 He then turn'd hastily 
 
 to where Hrothgar sat, 
 
 old and hairless, 
 
 with his assemblage of earls. 
 
 TJie valour-fam'd chief went 
 
 so that he before the shoulders 
 
 stood 
 of the Danes' lord : 
 he knew tlie usage of a court. 
 Wulfgar spake 
 to his friendly lord : 
 " Hither are borne, 
 come from afar, 
 over ocean's course, 
 people of the Goths fj 
 the chief 
 
 these sons of conflict 
 name Beowulf. 
 They are petitioners 
 that they, my lord, 
 with thee may 
 in words converse : 
 do not decree them a denial. 
 Of thy reciprocal words 
 of tlie pleasure, Hrothgar they, 
 in their war-equipments, 
 appear worthy, 
 of the estimation of earls : 
 at least the chief certainly, 
 who the warriors 
 has led hither. 
 
 739. MS. cwitJa. 
 
26 
 
 BEOWULE. 
 
 VI. 
 
 HroSgar mafelode, 
 helm Scyldinga : 
 Ic hine cu8e, 
 cniht wesende : 
 woes his eald-fseder 
 Eog])cow hfitoi), 
 ]>&m. to hfim forgcaf 
 Hro]>el Geata 
 angan dohtor : 
 is his calbia nfi, 
 heard her cunien, 
 solito hokluo wine, 
 ponno Sicgdon ])a;t 
 SEe-liJ)Cudo, 
 fa iSa gif-seeattas 
 Geiitum feredon 
 Jjyder to Jiance, 
 fast he XXX tiges 
 manna majgen-croaft, 
 on his mund-gripe 
 heajjo-rof hajbbe. 
 Hine halig God, 
 for Sr-stafum, 
 ns onsende, 
 to West-Denum : 
 fass ic -wen haibbe 
 
 Hrothgar spake, 
 the Scyldings' hehn : 
 " I knew him, 
 
 750 being a boy : 
 
 his old father was 
 Ecgthoow named, 
 to whom at home gave 
 Hrethel Iwd of the Goths. 
 his only daughter : 
 is Ms offspring now, 
 bold, hither come, 
 sought a kind friend t 
 For that said 
 
 760 the sea-voyagers, 
 
 who the gift treasures 
 for the Goths bore 
 thither gratuitously, 
 that he of thirty 
 men the mighty power, 
 in his hand-gripe, 
 the war-fam'd, has. 
 Him holy God, 
 in his mercies, 
 
 770 to us hath sent, 
 to the West Danes : 
 therefore have I hope 
 
 750. Strictly wesendne, acous. maso. , but the omission of the » 
 in this case is sanctioned by usage. 
 
 752. MS. Ecgbeo. 756. MS. eaforan. 
 
 762. MS. Geata fyredon. The gifts (1. 761) were sent to appease 
 a feud with the Wylfinga. See 11. 922-949. The whole account 
 of the quarrel is very obscure. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 2T 
 
 ■n'iS Grendles gryro. 
 
 Ic ])£em godan sceal, 
 
 for his mod-Jirsece, 
 
 madmas be6dan 
 
 Beo ])u on ofeste, 
 
 hfit in-gfm, 
 
 seon sibbe-gedriht 
 
 samod jctgajdero 780 
 
 Gesaga him eac wordum, 
 
 fait hie synt wil-cuman 
 
 Deniga leodum. 
 
 against Grendel's horror 
 
 I to the good chief shall 
 
 for his valorous daring, 
 
 treasures offer. 
 
 Be thou speedy, 
 
 bid them come in, 
 
 see their kindred band 
 
 assembled together. 
 
 Say to them eke in words 
 
 that they are welcome guests 
 
 to the Danes' people. 
 
 *, !f * 
 
 # * # 
 
 * * * 
 
 # * * 
 
 word inne ahead : 
 
 the words announced : 
 
 Eow het secgan 
 
 " To you bids me say 
 
 sige-di-ihten min. 
 
 my victor-lord, 
 
 aldor East-Dena, 
 
 prince of the East Danes, 
 
 J'Ojthe eowcroejielu can, 790 that your nobility he knows ; 
 
 and ge him syndon, 
 ofer sJe-wylmas 
 heard-hicgende, 
 hider wil-cuman. 
 Nu ge moton gangan, 
 in eowrum giip-geatawum, 
 under here-griman, 
 HroSgar gescon. 
 LsetatS hilde-bord 
 her onbidan, 
 wudu wsel-sceaftas, 
 worda gefinges. 
 
 and thai ye are to him, 
 over the sea-billows 
 boldly striving 
 hither, welcome guests. 
 JN'ow ye may go, 
 in your war-accoutrements, 
 iinder the martial helm, 
 Hrothgar to see. 
 Let your war-boards 
 800 here await, 
 
 your spears and deadly shafts, 
 the council of words." 
 
 783. Here the text is evidently defective ; two lines at least 
 are wanting. 
 
 , 789. At 1. 771 they are called West Banes ; elsewhere South 
 D. and North I). 
 
.28 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Aras fa se rica, 
 
 ymb hine rinc manig, 
 
 ])ryJ51ic pegna heap ; 
 
 sume ])a3r bidon, 
 
 heaj)0-reaf heoldon, 
 
 swa Iiim so liearda bebeSd. 
 
 Snyredon tetsomne, 
 
 ])[a;r]secg wisode. 8io 
 
 under Heorotes hrof, 
 
 heard under helme, 
 
 jKBt he on heoSe gestod. 
 
 Beowulf maSelode, 
 
 on him byrne scan, 
 
 searo-net se6wed 
 
 smipes orfaucum : 
 
 Wes ])fi Hr66g5,r hal. 
 
 Ic eom Higehlces 
 
 lUEeg and mago-fegn : 820 
 
 haebbe ic mterSa fela 
 
 ongunnen on geogo])e. 
 
 Me wearS Grendles ping, 
 
 on minre Gpel-tyrf, 
 
 undyrne cu'S : 
 
 secgaS SEe liSend 
 
 pa!t pes sele stande, 
 
 receda selest, 
 
 linca gehwylcum 
 
 idel and unnyt, 830 
 
 si88an sefen-leoht 
 
 under heofenes hJLdor 
 
 boholen weorpeS 
 
 Arose then the mighty chief, 
 
 around him many a warrior, 
 
 a valiant band of thanes ; 
 
 some there remain'd, 
 
 held tM war- weeds, 
 
 as them the bold one bade. 
 
 They haste.n'd together, 
 
 to where the warrior directed. 
 
 under Heorot's roof, 
 
 the bold one under helm, 
 
 till that on the dais he stood. 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 on him his byrnie shone, 
 
 his war-net sewed 
 
 by the smith's devices . 
 
 " Be thou, Hrothgar, hail ! 
 
 I am Hygelac's 
 
 kinsman and fellow-warrior : 
 
 I have great deeds many 
 
 undertaken in my youth. 
 
 To me became Grendel's affair ; 
 
 on my native turf, 
 
 manifestly known : 
 
 sea-farers say 
 
 that this hall stands, 
 
 this house most excellent, 
 
 for every warrior 
 
 void and useless, 
 
 after the evening light 
 
 under heaven's serenity 
 
 is conceal'd. 
 
 SiS. MS. was. 
 
 826. Those that conveycsd the presents. See 1. 760. 
 
 827. MS. Jises. 828. MS. reced selesta. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 2» 
 
 pa me Jjset gelserdon 
 
 leode mine, 
 
 ]>a selestan 
 
 snotere ceorlas, 
 
 peoden HroSgar, 
 
 ])rot ic ])0 s61ite ; 
 
 forJ)au hie mEcgeuos crEcft 
 
 mme cufon. 841 
 
 Selfe ofersawon, 
 
 Jia ic of seai'wum cwom, 
 
 fiih from fcondum, 
 
 fajr ic fifo goband ; 
 
 ySde eotena cyn, 
 
 and on y^um sl6g 
 
 idceras nihtos ; 
 
 nearo-Jiearfe dreah : 
 
 wra;c WeJera m5 ; 850 
 
 wcclu alisodon ; 
 
 forgrand gramum ; 
 
 and nu wi5 Grendel sceal, 
 
 ■vviS ]jam aglsecan, 
 
 ana gehegan 
 
 Sing wiji fyrse. 
 
 Ic fe nu-f a, 
 
 brego beorhfc-Dena, 
 
 biddan wille, 
 
 eodor Scyldinga, 860 
 
 anre b§ne : 
 
 pffit tSu me ne forwyrne, 
 
 wigendra lileo, 
 
 frca-wine folca, 
 
 nu. ic Jjiis feorrau com, 
 
 yxil ic mote ana 
 
 864. 
 
 Then me counsel'd 
 
 my people, 
 
 the most excellent 
 
 sagacious men, 
 
 prince Hrothgar ! 
 
 that I thee should seek ; 
 
 because they of my strength 
 
 the power knew. 
 
 Themselves beheld, 
 
 when from their snares I came, 
 
 blood-stain'd from the foes, 
 
 where five I bound ; 
 
 {the eoten race boil'd with rage) 
 
 and on the billows slew 
 
 nickers by night ; 
 
 pinching want / suffer'd : 
 
 / aveng'd tlie Weders' quarrel ; 
 
 (they sought tlieir misery ;) 
 
 fiercely crush'd them ; 
 
 and /now against Grendel shall,, 
 
 against that miserable being, 
 
 alone hold 
 
 council with the giant. 
 
 I thee now, 
 
 lord of tlie bright Danes, 
 
 will beseech, 
 
 protector of the Soyldings, 
 
 one prayer : 
 
 that thou deny me not, 
 
 patron of warriors, 
 
 friend of people, 
 
 now I am thus come from far, 
 
 that I alone may, 
 
 MS. freo. 
 
30 
 
 BEOWULr. 
 
 [mid] minra eorla gedryht, with the company of my oarls, 
 
 880 
 
 and ])es hearda heap, 
 Ilcorot fiielsian. 
 Hfebbe ic eac geahsod 870 
 ])Ost se SBglJeca, 
 for his wonhydum, 
 wajpna ne recceS ; 
 ic ]>sat foiiiie forhicge, 
 swfi mo Higcliic sio, 
 mia mon-drihten, 
 modes bliSo, 
 Jiajt ic sweord here 
 oy6e sidno scyld, 
 geolo-rand to gfipe j 
 ac ic mid griipo sceal 
 foil wis foonde, 
 and ymb feorh sacan, 
 laS wis laSum : 
 Sa3r gelyfan sceal 
 Dryhtnes d6me, 
 se ]>e hine deaS nimeS. 
 Wen' ic paet he wille, 
 gif he wealdan mot, 
 in p£em guS-sele, 
 Ge6tena le5de 
 etan unforhte, 
 swa he oft dyde 
 maigen IlrcS manna. 
 No ])G minne fearft 
 
 and this bold band, 
 Ileorot purify. 
 I have also heard 
 that the miserable being, 
 in his heedlessness, 
 of weapons recks not ; 
 I then will disdain 
 (so to mo may llygolac be, 
 my liege lord, 
 blithe of mood) 
 to boar a sword 
 or ample shield, 
 a yellow disk, to battle ; 
 but with grasp I shall 
 grapple with the enemy, 
 and for life contend, 
 foe against foe : 
 there shall trust 
 in tlie Lord's doom, 
 ho whom death shall take. 
 I ween that he will, 
 if he may prevail, 
 890 in the martial haU, 
 the Goths' people 
 eat fearlessly, 
 as he oft has done 
 tlie Hrothmeu's strength, r 
 Thou wilt not need my 
 head to hide ; 
 
 See 1. 720, 
 
 hafelan hydan, 
 
 867. mid supplied as necessary to the construction. 
 
 872. Rather wonhygdum. 
 
 896: MS. hafalan. Thou wilt not need, etc., i.e., in the earth, 
 or thou wilt have no occasion to bury me, aa my body will be 
 devoured by Grendel. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 31 
 
 ac he me habban wile 
 
 dreSre faline, 
 
 gif niec deaS nirae8 ; 
 
 byrecS blodig "vvasl, ,900 
 
 byi'gean penceS ; 
 
 eteS Sugenga 
 
 tinmurnlice ; 
 
 mearca^ mor-liopu. 
 
 No ])u ymb mines ne Jiearft 
 
 lices feorme 
 
 leng sorgian. 
 
 Onsend Higelace, 
 
 gif mec liild nimc, 
 
 beadu-scruda ,betst, 9 1 o 
 
 foet mine breost wereS, 
 
 hrajgla selesfc ; 
 
 ])?et is Hrtedlan M, 
 
 Welandcs geweorc : 
 
 ga3(S 5. wyrd swa liio sceal. 
 
 for he will have me 
 
 stain'd with gore, 
 
 if me death shall take ; 
 
 will bear off my bloody corse, 
 
 will resolve to feast on it ; 
 
 the lonely wretch will eat it 
 
 without compunction ; 
 
 lie my moor-mound will markout. 
 
 Thou needest not about the 
 
 feeding on my carcase 
 
 longer care. 
 
 Send to Hygelac, 
 
 if the conflict take mo off, 
 
 the best of battle- shrouds, 
 
 that defends my breast, 
 
 of vests most excellent ; 
 
 it is Hrajdla's legacy, 
 
 Weland's work : 
 
 fate goes ever as it must." 
 
 HroSgar mafelodo, 
 helm Scyldinga : 
 Fore fyhtum fu, 
 freond min Beowulf, 
 and for ar-stafum, 
 usic sohtest. 
 Gesloh ]jin faeder 
 feehSe moeste : 
 
 VII. 
 
 Hrothgar spake, 
 the Scyldings' helm : 
 " For battles thou, 
 my friend Beowulf, 
 920 and for honour, 
 us hast sought. 
 Thy father queU'd in fight 
 the greatest feud : 
 
 898. MS. deore. 
 
 904. The mound over the urn or vessel containing his bones. 
 
 915. MS. seel. 918. fere. 
 
 919. MS. wine, with no alliteration. 
 
32 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wearS he Hea^olafe 
 to liand-bonan 
 mill "Wylfiiigum, 
 Sa liino gara cyn, 
 for here-brogan, 
 habban ne milite. 
 Panon bo gesolite 
 SfvS-Dona folo 
 ofoi' ySa gowealc, 
 fvr Bcyldingum, 
 J)5, ic furjnim weold 
 folco Deniga, 
 and on geogoSe heold 
 ginno rieu, 
 hord-burh ha;le])a. 
 pa woes Horegar dead, 
 niin yldra miieg 
 unlifigeude, 
 beam Healfdenes ; 
 so waes betera Jionne ic 
 siSt5an J>a fsehSe 
 fe6 Jiingode j 
 
 he was of Heatholaf 
 
 the slayer, 
 
 with the Wylfings, 
 
 when him the Waras' race, 
 
 for martial dread, 
 
 might not have. 
 930 Thence he sought 
 
 the South Danes' folk 
 
 over tlie rolling of tlut waves, 
 
 a messenger to the Scyldings, 
 
 when I first rul'd 
 
 the Danes' people, 
 
 and in youth held 
 
 spacious realms, 
 
 the treasure-city of men. 
 
 Then was Heregar dead, 
 940 my elder brother 
 
 not living, 
 
 the son of Healfdene ; 
 
 he was better than I : 
 
 afterwards that quarrel 
 
 I with money settled ; 
 
 926, 927. Between these lines there is no alliteration. I will 
 not venture on an emendation in the dark, though I have little 
 doubt that for gara we should read Wara. But who were the 
 Waras ? Possibly the people of Witrnsland, or Wiirendsharad, a 
 district of Smaland. Or is Waraoyn (like Hje'Scyn) a, person's 
 name ? The whole passage about ^Heatholaf is extremely obscure. 
 Ecgtheow appears to have fought on the side of the Wylfings. 
 
 933. MS dinga, but Thorkelin has Soyldinga, and no 
 
 doubt the word in his time was perfect ; though it seems certain 
 that we should read Scyldingum : for how could . Ecgtheow the 
 Goth be an envoy of the Scyldings ? See 1. 762 for a similar error. 
 
 935. MS. Deninga. 
 
 937. MS. gimme rice. See Cjedmoii, 15. 8. 
 
 945. Seel. 315. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 33 
 
 sendo ic Wylfmgum, 
 
 ofer wiBteres lirycg 
 
 ealde madmas : 
 
 he me aSas swor. 
 
 iSorliis me to secganne, 950 
 
 on sefan. minum, 
 
 gumena sengum, 
 
 hwxt me Grendel hafat$ 
 
 hyn^o on. Heorote, 
 
 mid his hete-fancum, 
 
 ffcr-ni^a gefremed. 
 
 Is min flet-werod, 
 
 ■wig-he5.p, gewanod ; 
 
 hie wyrd forsweop 
 
 on Grendles gryre. 960 
 
 God ea^e miEg 
 
 J)one dol-sceaSan 
 
 dseda getwsefan. 
 
 !Ful oft gebeotedon, 
 
 beore druncne, 
 
 ofer ealo-waege, 
 
 oret-mecgas, 
 
 fajt hie in beor-sele 
 
 bidan woldon 
 
 Grendles gfife 970 
 
 mid gryrum ecga : 
 
 jjonne ■wtes f eos medo-heal, 
 
 on morgen-tid, 
 
 driht-sele dre6r-fah ; 
 
 Jjonne dseg lixte, 
 eal benc-felu 
 bl6do bestymcd, 
 
 I sent to tJie Wylfings, ' 
 
 over the water's back, 
 
 old treasures : 
 
 he to me swore oaths. 
 
 Sorrow is to me to say, 
 
 in my mind, 
 
 to any man, 
 
 what for me Grendel has 
 
 disgrace in Heorot, 
 
 with his hostile devices, 
 
 what sudden mischiefs perpe- 
 trated. 
 
 My court-retainers arc, 
 
 my martial band, diminished : 
 
 them fate has swept away 
 
 in horror of Grendel. 
 
 God. easUy may 
 
 the doltish spoiler 
 
 from Ids deeds sever. 
 
 Pull oft have promis'd, 
 
 with beer drunken, 
 
 over the ale-cup, 
 
 sons of conflict, 
 
 that they in the beer-haU 
 
 would await 
 
 Grendel's warfare 
 
 with terrors of edges : 
 
 then was this mead-haU, 
 
 at morning-tide, 
 
 this princely court, stain'd with 
 gore; 
 
 when the day dawn'd, 
 
 all tlie bench-floor 
 
 with blood besteam'd, 
 
 3 
 
3i 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 heall heoru-dreore : 
 SMc ic holdra f y lojs, 
 
 deorre dugutSe, 980 
 
 ])e pa deaS fornam. 
 Site nfi to symle, 
 and onsael meodo, 
 sige-hretSer secgum, 
 
 swa pin sefa hwette. 
 pa wees GeSt-msecgum 
 geador-setsomne 
 on be5r-sele 
 benc-gerymed : 
 Jjser swiS-ferhJ>e 990 
 
 sittan eodon 
 JjrySum doallc : 
 ])Ggn nytte bolicold, 
 se pe on handa bser 
 liroden ealo-wsege, 
 scencte scir-wered ; 
 sc5p liwilum sang 
 hador on Heorote : 
 fail wdes hajleSa dreSm, 
 duguS unlytel, 1000 
 
 Dena and Wedera. 
 
 the hall, with horrid gore : 
 
 of faithful followers I own'd the 
 less, 
 
 of dear nobles, 
 
 whom then death destroyed. 
 
 Sit now to the feast, 
 
 and unbind -mth. mead, 
 
 thy valiant breast with my war- 
 riors, 
 
 as thy mind may excite." 
 
 Then was for the sons of the Groth s 
 
 altogether 
 
 in the beer-hall 
 
 a bench clear'd : 
 
 there the strong of soul 
 
 went to sit 
 
 tumultuously rejoicing : 
 
 the thane observed Ms duty, 
 
 who in Ms hand bare 
 
 the ornamented ale-cup, 
 
 /fepour'd </i« bright, sweet liquor; 
 
 the gleeman sang at times 
 
 serene in lieorot : 
 
 there was joy of warriors, 
 
 no few nobles, 
 
 of Danes and Weders. 
 
 HunferS mapelode, 
 Ecgiafes beam, 
 pe a3t fStum sset 
 frean Scyldinga ; 
 
 983. MS. meoto. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Hunferth spake, 
 Ecglaf 's son 
 who at tlie feet sat 
 of the Scylding's lord ; 
 
 984. MS. hre«. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 35 
 
 onband beadu-rune. 
 Wsos him Beowulfes siS, 
 
 modges mfere-faran, 
 micel £)ef|)unca ; 
 for])on ])e he ne u])6 loio 
 pajt senig ofer man 
 sefre msertSa ma 
 middangeardes 
 gehedde under heofenum 
 J>onne he sylfa : 
 Eart ffi so Beowulf 
 SB ye wits Brecan wunne 
 on sidne sae, 
 ymb sund-flite, 
 fajr git for wlence 1020 
 wada cunnedon, 
 and for dol-gilpe 
 on deoji waiter 
 aldrum ne])don ? 
 Ne inc Jenig mon, 
 ne le5f ne lat5, 
 belean mihte 
 sorhfulne siS, 
 ]>a, git on sund reon 
 J)8er git eagor-stream, 1030 
 earmum fehton, 
 mseton mere-straeta, 
 mundum brugdon, 
 ^lidon ofer garsecg ; 
 geofon yfum weol, 
 wintres wylme : 
 git on wseteres ajht 
 I0I2. MS. I'on ma. 
 
 unbound a hostile speech 
 To him was tlie voyage of Beo- 
 wulf, 
 the bold sea-farer, 
 a great displeasure ; 
 because he grudged 
 that any other man 
 ever more glories 
 of mid-earth 
 held under heaven 
 than himself; 
 "Art thou the Beowulf 
 who with Breca strove 
 on the wide sea, 
 in a swimming strife, 
 where ye from pride 
 tempted the fords, 
 and for foolish vaunt 
 in the deep water 
 ventured your lives 1 
 Nor you any man, 
 nor friend nor foe, 
 might blame 
 
 for your sorrowful voyage, 
 when on the sea ye row'd, 
 when ye the ocean-stream; 
 with your arms deck'd, 
 measur'd the sea-ways, 
 with your hands vibrated them, 
 glided o'er tJie main ; 
 ocean boil'd with waves, 
 with winter's fury : 
 ye on the water's domain, 
 
 1036. MS. wintrys wylm. 
 2—3 
 
3G 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 1050 
 
 ■seofon-nilit swimcon. 
 He f a3t sunde oferflSt, 
 haifde mfiro moegen, 1 040 
 fa hine on morgen-tid, 
 on Heafo-rsemis 
 holm np-Detbajr ; 
 Jjonon he ges6ht6 
 swJesne •^. 
 le6f his leoum, 
 lend Brondinga, 
 freotSo-burh foegere, 
 \>xv he folc ahte, 
 hurh and heagas. 
 Be6t eal "wiS fe 
 sumx Beanstanes 
 soSe gelseste. 
 Donne wene ic t6 fe 
 ■^vyrsan J'inga, 
 fefih ffi. heafo-rsesa 
 
 :gehwEer dohte, 
 grimre gii^e, 
 gif }>u. Grendles dearst 
 niht-longne fyrst 
 nean bidan. 
 BeowuH mafelode, 
 beam EcgfeSwes : 
 Hw83t fu worn fela, 
 wine min HunferS, 
 beoro druncen, 
 ymb Brecan spreece, 
 
 1045. This ia the rune denoting the word etSel 
 rendered ovm. 
 1055. J>ingea. 
 
 for seven nights toil'd. 
 He thee in swimming overcame, 
 he had more strength, 
 when him at morning tide, 
 on to Heatho-raemes 
 the sea bore up ; 
 whence he sought 
 his dear country, 
 the beloved of his people, 
 the Brondings' land, 
 his fair, peaceful burgh, 
 where he a people own'd, 
 a burgh and rings. 
 All Ms promise to thee 
 Beanstan's son 
 truly fuM'd. 
 Now I expect fi;om thee 
 worse things, 
 
 though thou in martial on- 
 slaughts 
 hast everywhere excel'd, 
 in grim war, 
 
 if thou to Grendel durst 
 1060 a night-long space 
 near abide." 
 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 " Well ! thou a great deal, 
 my friend Hunferth, 
 drunken with beer, 
 hast about Breca spoken, 
 
 swiiea may ba 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 ST 
 
 ssogdest from his siSe ; 
 
 sots ic talige, 
 
 ]mt ic niore-strengo 1070 
 
 maraii alite, 
 
 earfetSo on yj>um, 
 
 ]>onne eenig ojier man. 
 
 Wit fajt gecwsedon, 
 
 cniht wesende, 
 
 and gobeotedon, 
 
 wseron begen fa-git 
 
 on geogo^-feore, 
 
 ])8et wit on garsecg fit 
 
 aldrum n&Sdon, 1080 
 
 and ])8et gesBfndon swa. 
 
 Hiefdon swurd naeod, 
 
 fa wit on sund reon, 
 
 heard on handa : 
 
 wit unc wis hron-fixas 
 
 werian fohton. 
 
 No he wiht fram me 
 
 llod-yfum feor 
 
 fleotan mcalite, 
 
 hiafor on holme ; 1090 
 
 no ic fram him woldo. 
 
 pa wit fetsomne 
 
 on sse WEeron 
 
 fif nihta fyrst, 
 
 offaet unc flod todraf ; 
 
 wado weallende 
 wedera cealdost, 
 nipende niht, 
 and norfan wind, 
 heaSo-grim andhwearf : 
 
 hast said of his course. 
 
 The sooth I tell, 
 
 that I strength at sea 
 
 greater possess'd, 
 
 endurance on the waves, 
 
 than any other man. 
 
 We agreed, 
 
 being striplings, 
 
 and promised, 
 
 (we were both yet 
 
 in youthful life,) 
 
 that we on the ocean out 
 
 our hves would venture, 
 
 and that we thus acoomplish'd. 
 
 We had a naked sword, 
 
 when on the deep we row'd, 
 
 hard in hand : 
 
 as we us against the whale-fishes. 
 
 meant to defend. 
 
 He not aught from me 
 
 far on tJie flood-waves 
 
 could float, 
 
 not in i]ie sea more swiftly ; 
 
 nor would I go from him. 
 
 Then we together 
 
 were in tJie sea 
 
 a five-nights' space, 
 
 till that the flood drove ug. 
 
 asunder ; 
 tJie boiling fords 
 the coldest of tempests, 
 cloudy night, 
 and the north wind, 
 deadly grim thiew up 
 
38 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 lireo wiieron y]>a, 1 1 o i 
 
 wiEs mere-fixa 
 
 mod onhrered : 
 
 })i)er me witS MSum 
 
 lic-syrce min, 
 
 heard hond-locen, 
 
 helpe gefremede ; 
 
 beado-hraegl broden 
 
 on breostum laeg 
 
 golds gegyiwed. mo 
 
 Me t6 grunde teah 
 
 fall fe6nd-scatSa, 
 
 fseste hsefde 
 
 grim on grape ; 
 
 liwsefre me gyfefe wearS, 
 
 fast ic aglffican 
 
 orde gersehte, 
 
 hilde biUe. 
 
 Heafo-rses fomam 
 
 mihtig mere-de6r 1120 
 
 Jurli mine hand. 
 
 rough were the billows, 
 
 of the sea-fishes was 
 
 the rage excited : 
 
 there me against the foes 
 
 my body-sark, 
 
 hard, hand-lock'd, 
 
 afforded help ; 
 
 my braided war-rail. 
 
 on my breast lay 
 
 with gold adorn'd. 
 
 Me to the ground drew 
 
 ft many-colour'd foe, 
 
 fast had me 
 
 a grim one in his grasp ; 
 
 yet was it granted me, 
 
 that I the miserable being • 
 
 reach'd with my point, 
 
 with my war-falchion. 
 
 A deadly blow destroy'd 
 
 tJie mighty sea-beast 
 
 through my hand. 
 
 SwS mec gel6me 
 laS-geteonan 
 preatedon fearle : 
 ic him fenode 
 deoran sweorde, 
 swa hit gedefe waes. 
 Nses hie S&re fyUe 
 gefe&n hiefdon, 
 miin-fordsedlan, 
 ]>8et hie me fegon, 
 
 IX. 
 
 Thus me frequently 
 my hated foes 
 threaten'd violently : 
 I serv'd them 
 with my dear sword, 
 as it was fitting. 
 Not they of that glut 
 had joy, 
 1 1 30 the foul destroyers, : 
 in eating me. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 39 
 
 symbel ymbsseton 
 sse-grunde neah : 
 ac on mergeime, 
 mecum wunde, 
 be yS-lafe 
 nppe-lEegon, 
 sweotum aswefede ; 
 fsefc sySfan nS, 
 ymb brontne ford 1140 
 brim-litSende 
 lS,de ne letton. 
 Leoht eastan com, 
 beorht beacon Godes, 
 brimu swefrodon, 
 fset ic SEe-nsessas 
 geseon mibte, 
 windige weallas. 
 Wyrd oft nereS 
 iinfaegne eorl, 1150 
 
 onne his ellen deah. 
 HwsBfere me gesselde 
 pset ic mid sweoide ofsloh 
 niceras nigene. 
 No ic on niht gefrsegn, 
 under heofenes hwealf, 
 heardran feohtan, 
 ne on eg-streammn 
 earmran mannan ; 
 hwsef ere ic fara feng, 1 1 60 
 feore gedigde, 
 sifes wSrig. 
 pa mec see o]>baer, 
 fl6d sefter faroSe, 
 
 1 145. MS. swa>redon. 
 
 in sitting round the feast 
 near to the sear-ground : 
 but in (he morning, 
 with falchions wounded, 
 along the waves' leaving, 
 up they lay, 
 put to sleep in shoals j 
 so that not afterwards 
 about the suigy ford 
 to ocean sailers 
 have tJiey the way hinder' d. 
 Light came from the east, 
 God's bright beacon, 
 the seas grew calm, 
 so that the sea-nesses I 
 might see, 
 windy walls. 
 Fate often saves 
 an undoom'd man, 
 when his valour avails. 
 Yet 'twas my lot 
 that with my sword I slew 
 nickers nine. 
 
 I have not heard of by "night, 
 under heaven's vault, 
 a harder iight, 
 nor in tJie ocean-streams 
 a man more miserable ; 
 yet from the grasp of dangers I 
 with life escap'd 
 of my journey weary. 
 Then tlie sea bore me away, 
 the flood along the shore, 
 1 159. MS. mannon. 
 
40 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ou Finna hml, 
 
 wadu wcallonde. 
 
 N6 ic wiht fraui ];e 
 
 swylcra searu-niSa 
 
 secgan hyrde, 
 
 billa brogan. 1170 
 
 Breca nsefre git, 
 
 set heajio-lace, 
 
 ne gebwsojjer incer 
 
 swa deorlice 
 
 doede gefremede 
 
 figum sweordum. 
 
 No ic J)ses gylpe, 
 
 ])eah Su ))mum broSrum 
 
 to banau wurde, 
 
 on the Fills' land, 
 tJie boiling fords. 
 I never auglit of thee 
 of such hostUe snares 
 have heard say, 
 SMh falchions' terrors. 
 Breca never yet, 
 at tJie game of war. , 
 nor either of you, 
 so dearly 
 deed perform'd 
 with hostile swords. 
 
 (Of this I boast not), 
 although thou of thy brothers 
 wast ilw murderer, 
 
 heafod-majgum ; 1 1 80 thy chief kinsmen ; 
 
 ])a;s ]>u in holle scealt for wliich in hell thou shalt 
 
 damnation suflbr, 
 although thy wit bo good. 
 I say to thee in sooth, 
 son of Eeglaf, 
 
 werhSo drc6gan, 
 Jjeiih ])in wit duge. 
 Seege ic pe to soSe, 
 sunu Ecglafes, 
 
 fast nsefre Grendel swa fela that never Grendel so many 
 
 gryra gefremede, 
 
 atol (eglseca, 
 
 ealdre finiim, 
 
 hyn^o on Heorote, 
 
 gif fin hige wiere, 
 
 sefa swS searo-grim, 
 
 swS ))ii self talast. 
 
 Ac ho hafaS onfunden, 
 
 yxt he fa fsehSe ne fearf, 
 
 atole ecg-froece 
 
 horrors had perpetrated, 
 the fell wretch, 
 against thy prince, 
 II 90 harm in Heorot, 
 if thy spirit were, 
 thij mind so war-fierce, 
 as thou thyself supposest. 
 But he has found, 
 that he the hostility needs not, 
 the fell sword-strength 
 
 1 165. See Index of Polka ami Countries. 
 
 1166. MS. wudu weallendu. 
 
 1175. MS. do&d. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 41 
 
 eower leode, 
 
 swi'So onsittau, 
 
 sige-Scyldinga ; 
 
 nyme^ nytS-bade, 
 
 nsenegum araS 
 
 leode Deniga ; 
 
 ac he lust-wigeS, 
 
 swefetS ond scendetS, 
 
 ssecce ne wenep 
 
 to Gar-Denum ; 
 
 ac liim Gefita soeal 
 
 eafoS and ellen, 
 
 Tingeara nu 
 
 gufe gebeodan. 1 2 1 o 
 
 GaeS eft se f e mot 
 
 to medo modig, 
 
 siSSan inorgen-le5ht, 
 
 ofer ylda beam, 
 
 ofres dogores, 
 
 suruie swegel-weard 
 
 siifanscmeS.^. 
 
 pa wses on saluni 
 
 sinces brytta, 
 
 gamol-feax and giiS-rof, 
 
 geoce gelyfde 1 2 2 1 
 
 brego beorht-Dena : 
 
 gehyrde on Beowulfe 
 
 folces hyrde 
 
 festrajdne ge]j6ht. 
 
 pKr wsea haelejja hleahtor, 
 
 hlyn swynsode, 
 
 1204. MS. sendeB. 
 1216. MS. wered. 
 nated swegles weard. 
 
 of your people, 
 
 greatly care for, ' 
 
 of the victor-Scyldings ; 
 1200 Ji6 takes a forced pledge, 
 
 on none has mercy, 
 
 of the Danes' people ; 
 
 but he wars for pleasure, 
 
 slays and shends you, 
 
 nor strife expects -, 
 
 from the Gar-Danes ; 
 
 but a Goth shall him 
 
 toil and valour, 
 
 now unexpectedly, 
 1 2 ID battle, offer. 
 
 Shall goaflerwardshe who may, 
 
 elate to tlie mead, 
 
 after the morning light, 
 
 over the children of men, 
 
 of the second day, 
 
 the sun, heaven's guardian, 
 
 from tlie south shines." 
 
 Then was rejoiced 
 
 tlie distributor of treasure, 
 
 hoary-lock'd and war-fam'd, 
 
 trusted in succour 
 
 the bright Danes' lord : 
 
 in Beowulf heard 
 
 tJie people's shepherd 
 
 steadfast resolve. 
 
 There was laughter of men, 
 
 tlie din resounded, 
 
 In Judith, 144. 4, the Almighty is desig- 
 
42 
 
 BEOWUXF. 
 
 word wEeron wynsume ; 
 ■code Wealhfeow forS, 
 cwGn I-Ir68gares ; 1230 
 ■cynna gemyndig, 
 grette gold-hroden 
 guman on healle, 
 and fa freolic wif 
 ful gesealde 
 serest East-Dena 
 efel-wearde ; 
 boBd hine UKne [boon] 
 set fosre beSr-fego, 
 leSdum leofno. 
 lie on lust[6] gofJlh 
 symbel and sele-ful, 
 sige-rof kyning. 
 Ymb-e6d6 ])5, 
 
 ides Helminga 
 dugufe and geogofe 
 dsel iBghwylcne, 
 sinc-fato sealde, 
 offset seel alamp, 
 J)£et hi6 Beowulfe, 
 beSg-hroden cwen, 
 m6de gefungen, 
 medo-ful setbser : 
 gr6tte Geata le6d, 
 Godo f ancode 
 •wisfsest worduni. 
 
 words were winsome ; 
 
 Wealhtheow went fortb, 
 
 Hrothgar's queen ; 
 
 mindful of their races, 
 
 the gold-adorn'd one greeted 
 
 the men in hall, 
 
 and then the joyous woman 
 
 gave the cup 
 
 first to the East-Danes' 
 
 country's guardian ; 
 
 bade him [be] blithe 
 
 at the beer-drinking, 
 1240 the dear to his people. 
 
 He joyfully partook of 
 
 the feast and hall-cup, 
 
 the king renown'd for victory. 
 
 Went round then 
 
 tJie Helmings' dame 
 
 of old and young 
 
 every part, 
 
 treasure vessels gave, 
 
 until occasion offer'd, 
 1250 that she to Beowulf, 
 
 the ring-adorned queen, 
 
 of mind exalted, 
 
 the mead-cup bore : ^^ 
 
 greeted the Goths' lord, " 
 
 thank'd God 
 
 sagacious in words, 
 fees fe hire se willa gelamp, that tlie will had befall'n her, 
 fiet he6 on senigne that she in any 
 
 eorl gelyfde, warrior should trust, 
 
 fyrena fr6fre. 1260 for comfort against crimes. 
 
 1238. bedn is added from conjecture. 1241. MS. ge>eah. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 43 
 
 Ho fset ful gefah 
 
 wsel-reow wiga, 
 
 set Wealhjjeowe, 
 
 and ])a gyddode, 
 
 gfife gefysed : 
 
 Beowulf mafelode, 
 
 beam Ecgfeowes : 
 
 Ic Jjset hogode, 
 
 JjS, io on holm gestali, 
 
 sao-Mt gesaefc, 1270 
 
 mid minra secga gedrilit, 
 
 J)jBt ic iinunga 
 
 eowra leoda 
 
 ■willan geworhte, 
 
 oftSe on wael crunge, 
 
 feond-grapum fsest. 
 
 Ic gefremman sceal 
 
 eorlic ellen, 
 
 ofSe ende-dseg, 
 
 onf isse meodu-liealle, 1280 
 
 minne gebidan. 
 
 pam wife fa word 
 
 wel licodon, 
 
 gilp-cwide Geates ; 
 
 code gold-hroden, 
 
 freolicu folc-cwen, 
 
 to hire freSn sittan. 
 
 pa wses eft swa aer, 
 
 inne on healle, 
 
 ])rytS-word sprecen, 1290 
 
 Se6d on sselum, 
 
 sige-folca sweg, 
 
 o]jf set semninga 
 
 1261. MS. ge)>eah. 
 
 He of t]ie cup partook, 
 
 the fierce warrior, 
 
 from Wealhtheow, 
 
 and then said, 
 
 for battle eager : 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 EcgtheoVs son : 
 
 " I resolv'd, 
 
 when on tJie main I went, 
 
 the sea-boat occupied, 
 
 with my warrior band, 
 
 that I alone 
 
 your people's 
 
 wUl would work, 
 
 or bow in death, 
 
 fast in hostile grasps. 
 
 I shall perform 
 
 deeds of noble valour, 
 
 or my last day, 
 
 in this mead-haU, 
 
 await." 
 
 The woman those words 
 
 well lik'd, 
 
 the Goths' proud speech ; 
 
 adorn'd with gold went 
 
 ilw, joyful people's queen, 
 
 by her lord to sit. 
 
 Then was again as ere, 
 
 within the hall, 
 
 the bold word spoken, 
 
 the people joyous. 
 
 Hie victor nations' cry, 
 
 until suddenly 
 
 1263. MS. WealliJ)eon. 
 
44 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 sunu Healfdeues 
 
 secean wolde 
 
 asfon-resto : 
 
 wiste J)£em ahlfecan 
 
 t5 ])dem heSh-selo 
 
 hilde ge])inged, 
 
 sitSSan hie sunnan leSht 
 
 gese6n [no] meahton, 
 
 ojitSe nipende 
 
 niht ofor ealle, 
 
 scadu-helm gesceapa, 
 
 scrlSan cwome, 
 wan under wolonum. 
 Werod eall arils ; 
 grette ]>5, 
 guma oferne, 
 HreSgar Beowulf, 
 and liini li£el abead, 
 win-sernes geweald, 
 
 Healfdene's son 
 
 would seek 
 
 Jiis evening rest : 
 
 lie knew for the miserable 
 
 in the high hall 
 
 conflict was destin'd, 
 
 after the sun's light they 
 1301 might [not] see, 
 
 or murky 
 
 night over all 
 
 (tJie shadow-covering of crea- 
 tures) 
 
 came advancing, 
 
 dusky under the clouds. 
 
 The company all arose ; 
 
 greeted then 
 
 one man another, 
 1310 Hrothgar Beowulf, 
 
 and bade him hail, 
 
 gave him command of the wine- 
 hall, 
 : and the word said : 
 
 " Ifever have I to any man 
 
 before entrusted, 
 
 since I hand and shield 
 
 could raise, 
 
 the Danes' festive hall, 
 
 save now to thee. 
 
 and J>a)t word acwse'S : 
 
 Nsefre ic renegum men 
 
 &T alyfde, 
 
 sifSan ic hond and rond 
 
 hebban mihte, 
 
 ^ryj)-8ern Dena, 
 
 buton }>e nu-J)a. 
 
 Hafa nQ and geheald 1320 Have now and hold 
 
 husa selest ; the best of houses ; 
 
 gemyne mserpo, be of glory mindful, 
 
 1296. MS. rteste. 1301. no inserted from conjecture 
 
 1304. MS. scadu helma gesoeapu. 
 
 1305. MS. cwoman. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 46 
 
 majgen-ellen cyS, 
 "waca wis wrafum : 
 ne bits fe wUna gad, 
 
 gif ]>u f set ellen-weorc 
 aldre gedigest. 
 
 show thy mighty valour, 
 keep watch against {lie foes ; 
 no lack of things desirable shall 
 
 be for thee, 
 if thou that work of valour 
 with life escapest from." 
 
 p& him HrotSgar gewat 
 mid his hselefa gedryht, 
 
 X. 
 
 Hrothgar then departed 
 with his band of warriors, 
 
 eodur Scyldinga 
 fit of healle : 
 ■wolde wig-fruma 
 WealhjieCw sucan, 
 cwen t6 gebeddan. 
 Hsefde kyninga wuldor 
 Grendle to-geanes, 
 swS guman gefrugnon, 
 sele-weard aseted : 
 sunder-nytte beheold 
 ymb aldor Dena, 
 eoten weard ahead, 
 Huru GeSta leod 
 georne truwode 
 modgan maegnes, 
 Metodes hyldo. 
 D5. he him ofdyde 
 isern-byrnan, 
 
 1330 tlie Scyldings' protector. 
 
 out of tlie hall : 
 
 the martial leader would 
 
 Wcalhthoow seek, 
 
 tlie queen, as bed-companion. 
 
 The glory of kings had 
 
 against Grendel, 
 
 as men have lieard tell, 
 
 a hall-ward set :. 
 
 he held a separate office 
 1340 about the prince of the Danes, 
 
 {lie Ward announced the eoten. 
 
 But the Goths' chief 
 
 well trusted in 
 
 his haughty might, 
 
 his Creator's favour. 
 
 Then he doff'd from him 
 
 his iron byrnie, 
 
 . 1325. i.e., of things to be desired, desiderahilia. 
 1333. MS. Weallijico. 1335. MS. kyning. 
 
 1337. MS. gefrungon. 
 
 1341. MS. eoton. It was his office to announce the monster' 1 
 approach. 
 
46 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 helm of hafelan, 
 sealde liis hyrsted sweord, 
 irena cyst, 1350 
 
 ombiht-fegne, 
 and gehealdan het 
 hilde geStwe. 
 Gespisec "pS, se gSda 
 gylp-worda sum, 
 Beowulf Geata, 
 jer he on bed stige : 
 N5 ic me an here-wiEstmum 
 hnagran talige, 
 g&tS-geweorca, 1360 
 
 ponno Grendel hino ; 
 forjjan ic hino sweorde 
 swebban nelle, 
 aldre beneotan, 
 feah ic ea8e msege. 
 Nat he psere gfiSe, 
 feet he me ongean sleS, 
 rand geheawe, 
 peSh tSe he r6f sTe 
 nif-geweorca : 1370 
 
 ac wit on niht sculon, 
 saecce ofersittan, 
 gif he gesScean dear 
 wig ofer wsepen ; 
 and siptJan witig God, 
 on swa-hwsepere bond, 
 haUg Dryhten, 
 mserSo deme, 
 
 1358. MS. wsesmun. 
 1366. MS. hara goda. 
 1373. MS. bet. 
 
 tJie helmet from Ids head, 
 
 gave his ornate sword, 
 
 choicest of irons, 
 
 to an attendant, 
 
 and bade him hold 
 
 the, gear of war. 
 
 Spake the good chief then 
 
 some words of pride, 
 
 Beowulf the Goth, 
 
 ere on his bed he stept : 
 
 "ImyseK tZoBO^inmartial vigour 
 
 feebler account, 
 
 of warlike works, 
 
 than Grendel does himself; 
 
 therefore I him with sword 
 
 wiU not lull to rest, 
 
 of life deprive, 
 
 although I easily may. 
 
 He knows not of that warfare, 
 
 that he strike against me, 
 
 hew my shield, 
 
 fam'd though he be 
 
 for hostile works : 
 
 but we two shall to-night 
 
 apply ourselves to strife, 
 
 if he dare seek 
 
 war without weapon ; 
 
 and afterwards the wise God, 
 
 on whichsoever hand, 
 
 the holy Lord, 
 
 shall glory doom, 
 
 1365. MS. eal. 
 1372. MS. Becge. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 iT 
 
 swa him gemet ])ince. as to liim meet shall seem." 
 
 Hylde hine ])a, hea])0-de6r, Inclin'd him thea the martial 
 
 beast, 
 hleor bolster onfeng, 1381 </j6 bolster received /jjs cheek, 
 
 eorles andwlitan ; 
 and hine ymb monig 
 snellic sse-rinc 
 sele-reste gebeah. 
 Nsenig heora fohte 
 fset he f anon scolde 
 eft eard-lufan 
 sefre gesecean, 
 folc o]>tSe freo-burh, 
 pair he afeded wses ; 
 ac hie hcefdon gefrunen 
 
 fset hie 
 ser to fela micles, 
 in f sem win-sele, 
 ■wsel-deaS fornam, 
 Deniga leSde. 
 Ac him Dryhten forgeaf 
 wig-sp§da ge-wi6fa ; 
 Wedera leodum, 
 frofor and fultum, 
 
 fset hie feond heora, 
 
 Surh anes crseft, 
 
 ealle ofercomon, 
 
 seKes mihtum. 
 
 S6« is gecyfed, 
 
 faet nuhtig God 
 
 manna cynnes weold. 
 
 Wide-ferh(S com, 
 
 on wanre niht, 
 
 1388. MS, 
 
 tJie warrior's face ; 
 and around him many a 
 keen seaman 
 bow'd to his hall-couch. 
 Not one of them thought 
 that he should thence 
 his lov'd home again 
 ever seek, 
 1390 his people or free city, 
 where he was nurtur'd ; 
 for they had heard tell that of 
 
 them 
 before by much too many, 
 in that wine-hall, 
 a bloody death had taken, 
 of the Danes' people. 
 
 But to them the Lord gave 
 
 tJie webs of battle-speed ; 
 
 to the Woders' people, 
 1400 comfort and succour, 
 
 so that they their foe, 
 
 by might of one, 
 
 all overcame, 
 
 by his single powers. 
 
 Truly is it shown, 
 
 that mighty God 
 
 rules the race of men. 
 
 From afar came, 
 
 in the murky night, 
 earU. 1392. hyra? 
 
48 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 sci'itJan sceadu-gcnga ; 1 4 
 sceotend swtefon, 
 fa ])£et hom-reced 
 healdan scoldon, 
 ealle buton anum. 
 past wass yldum cu8, 
 ])ost hie ne moste, 
 pa Metod noldo, 
 se syn-scafa 
 under sceadu bregdan ; 
 ac he wajccende 142 
 
 •niafum on andan, 
 bad bolge]i-in6d 
 beadwe gefinges. 
 
 I o the shadow- walker stalking ; 
 
 the warriors slept, 
 
 who that pinnacled mansion 
 
 should defend, 
 
 all save one. 
 
 It to men was known, 
 
 that them might not 
 
 (since the Lord will'd it not) ' 
 
 the sinful spoiler 
 
 under the shade drag off. 
 o But he watching 
 
 in hate the foe, 
 
 in angry mood awaited 
 
 the battle-meeting. 
 
 XI. 
 
 p5, com of m6re, ' 
 under mist-hle5])um, 
 Grendel gongan ; 
 Godes yrre basr : 
 mynte se mSn-scaSa 
 manna cynnos 
 sumne besyrwan 
 in sele am heS.n. 
 Wod under wolonum, 
 to yxa ])e he win-reced, 
 gold-sele gumena, 
 gearwost wisse, 
 fsettum fahue. 
 Ne wiES fait forma si8 
 pset he Hr6])gS,res 
 
 1414. dnum, i.e., Beowulf. 
 1423. MS. beadwa. 
 
 Then came from tlie moor, 
 under the misty hills, 
 Grendel stalking ; 
 he God's anger bare : 
 expected the wicked spoiler 
 of the race of men 
 1430 one to ensnare 
 in the lofty hall. 
 He strode under the clouds, 
 until he the wine-house, 
 the golden hall of men, 
 most readily perceiv'd, 
 richly variegated. 
 Nor was that time the first 
 that he Hrothgar's 
 
 1420. he, i.e., Beowulf. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 49 
 
 ham gesohte. home had sought. 
 
 Nsefre he on aldor-dagum, Never in his life -days he, 
 
 ser no si])<5an, 1441 
 
 heardran hsele, 
 heal-])egnas fand. 
 Com ])a to recede 
 rinc simian, 
 dreamum bedaeled ; 
 duru sona on-arn 
 fyr-hendum fajst, 
 syJi'San ho hire folmum 
 [hran] ; 
 
 ore nor since, 
 a bolder man, 
 or hall-thanes found. 
 Came then to the mansion 
 the man journeying, 
 of joys depriv'd ; 
 forthwith on the door he rush'd, 
 fast with fire-/iard bands, 
 then ho with his hands it 
 [touch'd] ; 
 
 onbrasdfabealo-hydig, 1450 undrew then the baleful minded 
 
 ])§. he abolgen wses, 
 recedes mufan : 
 rafe ajfter ])on 
 on ffiigne flor 
 feond treddode ; 
 eode yrre-mod ; 
 him of eSgum stod, 
 lige gelicost, 
 leSht unfajser. 
 
 (as he was angry) 
 the mansion's mouth : 
 soon after that 
 on the variegated floor 
 <A« fiend trod; 
 went wroth of mood ; 
 from his eyes stood, 
 to flame most like, 
 a horrid light. 
 
 Geseah he in recede 1460 He in the mansion saw 
 
 warriors many 
 sleeping, a kindred band, 
 all together, 
 
 a company of fellow-warriors ; 
 then his mood laugh'd : 
 Jie expected that he would 
 separate, 
 Eerfon dseg cwome, ere the day came, 
 
 1449. hrdn is supplied to complete the sense. Bask conjectured 
 BBrthrdn ; but the aet ia needless. 
 1458. MS. ligge. 
 
 i 
 
 Tinea manige 
 swefan sibbe-gedriht 
 samod-jetgsedere, 
 mago-rinoa heap ; 
 fa his m6d ahlog : 
 mynte fset he gedselde. 
 
50 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 atol aglseca, 
 
 Unra gehwylces 
 
 lif wits lice J 1470 
 
 fa him alumpen wa3S 
 
 wist-fyllo wen : 
 
 ne wajs wyrd fa-gen, 
 
 feet he m5, mSste 
 
 manna cynnes 
 
 ■Sicgean ofer fa niht. 
 
 pryS-swyS heheold 
 
 mjeg HigeMces 
 
 Ml se mEn-scaSa, 
 
 under fter-gripum, 1480 
 
 gefaran wolde. 
 
 Ife f set se aglseca 
 
 yldan f ohte ; 
 
 ac ho gefong liratSo, 
 
 forman siSe, 
 
 sltcpondne rinc, 
 
 slat unwearnum, 
 
 hat han-locan, 
 
 hl6d edrum dranc, 
 
 syn-snaedum swealh ; 1490 
 
 s6na liajfde 
 
 unlifigendes 
 
 eal gefeormod, 
 
 fet and folma : 
 
 for^ near setstop, 
 
 nam fa mid hand a 
 
 hige-fihtigne 
 
 rinc on reste. 
 
 Eifihte ongean 
 
 feond mid folme ; 1500 
 
 1498. 
 
 the fell wretch, 
 
 of every one 
 
 life from hody ; 
 
 then had arisen in him 
 
 hope of a dainty glut ; 
 
 yet 'twas not his fate, 
 
 that he might more 
 
 of the race of men 
 
 eat after that night. 
 
 Beheld the strenuous 
 
 kinsman of Hygelac 
 
 how the wicked spoiler, 
 
 during his sudden grasps, 
 
 would proceed. 
 
 ]^or did that the miserable wight 
 
 mean to delay ; 
 
 for he quickly seiz'd, 
 
 at the iirst time, 
 
 a sleeping warrior, 
 
 tore him unawares, 
 
 bit his bone-casings, 
 
 the blood drank from his veins, 
 
 in endless morsels swallow'd Aim/ 
 
 soon had Jie 
 
 of the lifeless 
 
 all devour'd, 
 
 feet and hands : 
 
 nearer forth Jie stopt, 
 
 took then with his hand 
 
 the doughty-minded 
 
 warrior on his couch. 
 
 He reach'd towards 
 
 tJie foe with his hand ; 
 
 MS. rseste. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 51 
 
 he onfeng hrafe 
 
 inwit-fancum, 
 
 and wis oarm gcsajt. 
 
 Sona fsefc onfunde 
 
 fyrena hyrde, 
 
 pEet he ne mStte 
 
 middangeardes, 
 
 eorfan sceatta, 
 
 on elran men, 
 
 mund gripe mSran, 1 5 1 o 
 
 he on m6d6 wearS 
 
 f orht on ferhSe ; 
 
 no fy ser fram meahte ; 
 
 lij'go wajs liim hmfds, 
 wolde on heolster flcon, 
 sGcan deofla gedrreg ; 
 no -wxs his drohto'S jiosr 
 
 he instantly perceiv'd 
 
 ih^ guileful thoughts, 
 
 and on his arm rested. 
 
 Soon as discovor'd 
 
 the criminal, 
 
 that he had not found 
 
 of mid-earth, 
 
 of the world's regions, 
 
 in a stranger man, 
 
 a stronger hand-gripe, 
 
 he in mind became 
 
 fearful in soul ; 
 
 not for that the sooner could 
 
 ho escape j 
 his mind was bent on flight, 
 he would into his cavern flee, 
 the pack of devils seek ; 
 his condition there was not 
 
 swylce he on ealder-dagum such as he in his life-days 
 ser gemette. before had found. 
 
 Gemunde ]>a, so god a 1520 Eemomber'd then the good 
 
 jaxg Higelaces 
 ififen-sprsece ; 
 uplang astod, 
 and him fseste wi?5-feng ; 
 fingras buiston, 
 eoten wses utweard ; 
 eorl furfur stop ; 
 mynte se msera 
 hwsejjer he meahte swa 
 widre gewindan, 1530 
 and on-w6g fanon 
 floou on fon-hopu ; 
 1501. ho, i. 0. Boowult. 
 
 kinsman of Hygelac 
 his evening speech ; 
 upright he stood, 
 and at him firmly grasp'd j 
 his fingers yielded, 
 the eoten was outward ; 
 the earl stept further j 
 the reuown'd cliarnpion thought, 
 whether he might not so 
 more widely wheel about, 
 and away thence 
 fleo to his fen-mound ; 
 1529. MS. hwcor. ho, i. 0. Orondol. 
 4—2 
 
52 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wisto his fingra geweald, 
 on grames grapum, 
 J)a3t he WS8S geScor. 
 SiSfset se hearm-scatSa 
 to Heorute ateSh, 
 dryht-sele dynede, 
 Denum eallum wearS, 
 ceaster-hflendum, 
 cenra gehwylcum, 
 eorlum ealu scerwen. 
 Yrre wseron begen, 
 reiSe ren-weardas, 
 reced hlynsode ; 
 fii wa3S wundor micel, 
 pcet se -win-sele 
 wiS-hoefde heapo-deorum, 
 ]>xt he on hrlisan ne feol, 
 
 he knew his fingers' power, 
 in Ms grasps of the fierce one, 
 that he the stronger was. 
 After the pernicious spoiler 
 to Heorot came, 
 the princely hall thunder'd, 
 was for all the Danes, 
 1540 <Ae city-dweUers, 
 every valiant one, 
 the earls, the ale spilt. 
 Angry were both, 
 fierce, the powerful warders, 
 the mansion resounded ; 
 then great wonder was it, 
 that the wine-hall 
 withstood the warlike beasts, 
 so that it fell not on the ground. 
 
 faeger fold-bold ; 1 5 5 o /Ae fair earthly dwelling ; 
 ao he ])a33 foeste wajs, but it was thus fast. 
 
 innan and fitan, 
 iren-bendum, 
 searo-])oncum besmifod. 
 pser fram sylle abeag 
 medu-benc monig, 
 mine gefrsege, 
 golde geregnad, 
 faer fa grSman wunnon 
 pses ne wendon jer 
 witan Scyldinga, 
 paet hit S, mid gemete 
 manna senig, 
 hetlic and ban-fag, 
 tobreean meahte, 
 listum toldcan, 
 
 within and without, 
 with iron bands, 
 cunningly forged. 
 There from Us sill inclin'd 
 many a mead-bench, 
 as I have heard teU, 
 with gold adom'd, 
 where the fierce ones fought : 
 1 5 60 therefore before ween'd not 
 the Scyldings' sages, 
 that it ever in any wise 
 any man, 
 
 malicious and murder-stain'd, 
 could in pieces break, 
 or craftily lay open. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 53 
 
 nymjje ligos fajiSm ■ 
 
 swulge on swalotSe. 
 
 Sweg up-asfcag, 
 
 niwe geaeahlie ; 1570 
 
 NoriS-Denum stotl 
 
 atelic egesa, 
 
 iinra gokwylcum, 
 
 ]?ara fe of wealle 
 
 wSp gehyrdon, 
 
 gryre-leoS galan 
 
 G6des andsacan, 
 
 sigeleasne sang, 
 
 sar wanigean, 
 
 helle-hseftan : 1580 
 
 heold hiue [to] faeste, 
 
 se fe manna wtes 
 
 msegene strengest, 
 
 on ])£em daege 
 
 ])ysses lifes. 
 
 naught save tlie flame's embrace 
 
 should with Us heat devour if. 
 
 A noise arose, 
 
 newly, abundantly ; 
 
 over the North Danes stood 
 
 dire terror, 
 
 on every one 
 
 of those who from th& wall 
 
 heard tlie whoop, 
 
 the horrid lay sung 
 
 of God's denier, 
 
 the triuinphless song, 
 
 his pain bewailing, 
 
 of tlie thrall of hell : 
 
 held him [too] fast, 
 
 he who of men was 
 
 strongest of might, 
 
 in that day 
 
 of this life. 
 
 Nolde eorla hlo6 
 «mge ]>inga, 
 Jjone cwealm-cuman 
 owicno forlsetan, 
 ne his lif-dagas 
 leoda aenigum 
 nytte tealde. 
 pEer genehost brsegd 
 eorl Beowulfes 
 ealde ISfe ; 
 wolde freS-drihtnes 
 1568. MS. swajjule. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Would not tlie refuge of earls 
 for any thing 
 the deadly guest , 
 leave living, 
 1590 nor his life-days 
 to any people 
 accounted useful. 
 Then forthwith drew 
 a warrior of Beowulf's 
 an ancient relic ; 
 lie would his lord's 
 1580. MS. hasfton. 1596. MS. freah. 
 
54 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 feorh ealgian, life defend, 
 
 mseres feodnes, the great prince's, 
 
 fser hie meahton swa. if they might so do. 
 
 Hie fast ne wiston, 1600 They knew it not, 
 
 ])a hie gewin drugon, 
 heard-hicgende 
 hilde mecgas, 
 and on healfa gehwone 
 heawan pohton, 
 sawle secan, 
 ])one syn-sca^an 
 ffinig ofer eorpan 
 irenna cyst, 
 guS-billa nan 
 grotan nolde : 
 ac he sige-wsspnum 
 forsworen hasfde, 
 ecga gehwylcre. 
 Scolde his aldor-gedal, 
 on ^som dajge 
 pysses lifes, 
 earmlic wurSan, 
 and so ellor-gast 
 on feonda geweald 
 feor siSian. 
 Da Jjset onfunde, 
 se e fela seror, 
 modes myr^e, 
 manna cynne, 
 fyiena gefremede, 
 he [wsesjfag wit5 God, 
 pset him se lichoma 
 
 1612. he, i.e. Beowulf. 
 
 when they endur'd the strife, 
 
 the bold eager 
 
 sons of battle, 
 
 and on every side j 
 
 thought to hew, 
 
 his soul to seek, 
 
 that the wicked scather 
 
 on earth not any 
 
 choicest of irons 
 1 6 1 o no battle falchion, 
 
 would touch'; 
 
 but he martial weapons 
 
 had forsworn, 
 
 every hedge whatever. 
 
 His life-divorce was, 
 
 on that day 
 
 of this Hfe 
 
 to be miserable, 
 
 and the departing ghost 
 1620 into the power of fiends 
 
 far to travel, 
 
 Then that found, 
 
 he who before many, 
 
 in mirth of mood, 
 
 against the race of men, 
 
 crimes had perpetrated, 
 
 (he was tlie foe of God,) 
 
 that him his body 
 
 1615. his, i. c. Grendel's 
 1626. MS. fryne. 
 
BEOWULF 
 
 55 
 
 Isestan nolde ; 
 ac liine se modega 
 mjeg Iligelaces 
 liaefde be lionda ; 
 wses gehwsefer o^ruin 
 lifigende laS ; 
 lic-sar gobad 
 atol seglseca ; 
 him on eaxle wearB 
 syn-dolh sweotol, 
 seonowa onsprimgon 
 burston ban-locan ; 
 Beowulfe wearS 
 gu8-bre3 gyfejje ; 
 scolde Grendel ])onan 
 feorh.-se6c fleon 
 under feii-hle6Su, 
 secean wj'nleas mc : 
 ■wiste ])6 geornor 
 ])£et his aldres wass 
 ende gegongen, 
 dogora dEeg-rim. 
 
 would not avaU ; 
 1630 for lum the proud 
 
 kinsman of Hygelac 
 
 had in hand ; 
 
 was each to other 
 
 hateful living ; 
 
 body pain endur'd 
 
 tlie feU wretch ; 
 
 on his shoulder was 
 
 a deadly wound manifest, 
 
 the sinews sprang asunder, 
 1640 the bone-casings burst ; 
 
 to EeowuK was 
 
 warlike fierceness given ; 
 
 Grendel must thence 
 
 death-sick flee 
 
 under his fen-shelters 
 
 seek a joyless dwelling ; 
 
 Jie the better knew 
 
 that was his life's 
 
 end pass'd, 
 1650 Ms day's number. 
 
 Dcnum oaUum weartS, 
 jefter ])am wasl-rajse, 
 wUla gelumpen. 
 Htefde ])a. gefselsod, 
 se ]je ser feorran com, 
 
 snotor and swytS-fcrhtS, 
 sele Hro^gares, 
 genered witS nitSe 
 ITiht-weorce gefeh, 
 ellen-mserfum ; 
 
 For all the Danes was, 
 after that mortal conflict 
 tJieir wiU accomplish'd. 
 Had then purified 
 he who had before come from 
 
 afar, 
 wise and strong of soul, 
 Hrothgar's haU, 
 sav'd it from malice. 
 In his night-work Jie rejoiced 
 1660 /ws valour glories ; 
 1639. MS. seonowe. 
 
56 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 hsefde East-Denum 
 
 Geat-mecga leod ' 
 
 gilp gelsested, 
 
 swylce on cypSe 
 
 ealle gebetto 
 
 inwid-sorge, 
 
 fe hie eer drugon, 
 
 and for freS-nydum 
 
 folian scoldon, 
 
 torn unlytel, 1670 
 
 p£et -weaa tacen sweotol, 
 
 syf^an hilde de5r 
 
 hond alegde, 
 
 earm and eaxle : 
 
 yxT wses eal-geador 
 
 Grendles grdpe 
 
 under geapne hT6f. 
 
 had to the East-Danes 
 
 the Goths' chieftain 
 
 his boast fulfilled, 
 
 as also in the country 
 
 he had heal'd 
 
 the preying sorrow, 
 
 that they before had sufier'd, 
 
 and for hard necessity 
 
 had to endure, 
 
 affliction not a little, 
 
 It was a token manifest 
 
 when the beast of war 
 
 laid down the hand. 
 
 the arm and shoulder : 
 
 there was altogether 
 
 Grendel's grasp 
 
 under tlie vaulted roof. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Then was in the morning, 
 as I have heard tell, 
 1680 around the gift-hall 
 many a warrior : 
 the nation's chieftains came, 
 from far and near 
 o'er distant ways, 
 the wonder to behold, 
 
 1 676 . After this line there seems to be a want of connection with 
 what follows, though there is no lacima in the MS. Perhaps for 
 gripe we should read grip or gripe,meaning Grendel's entire limb, 
 or his means of grasping. 
 
 1677. For hrdfThorkelin has hrajgl, which must be an error, 1st, 
 because it is void of sense, and zdly, because it is a neuter. There 
 seems no doubt of the accuracy of hrSf, which is also adopted by K. 
 
 pa W£es on morgen, 
 mine gefrsege, 
 ymb fa gif-healle 
 gfiS-rinc monig : 
 ferdon folc-togan, 
 feorran and neSji 
 geond wid-wegas, 
 wunder sceawian, 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 57 
 
 lapes lastas : 
 
 n6 his lif-gedSl 
 
 sarlic ffilite 
 
 socga fenigiim, 
 
 JjSra fe tirleases 1690 
 
 trode sceawode ; 
 
 hu he werig-mod 
 
 on-weg fanon, 
 
 niSa ofercumen, 
 
 on nicera mere, 
 
 fsege and geflymed, 
 
 feorh-lastas bser. 
 
 Daer "WEes oil blode 
 
 ■brim weallende, 
 
 atol y^a geswing 1 700 
 
 eal gemenged j 
 
 hat on heolfi'e 
 
 heoro-dreore weol, 
 
 deaS-faege deog, 
 
 si^^an dre&ma-leSs, 
 
 in fen-fceo^So 
 
 fcorh-alogde, 
 
 hsejiene sawle : 
 
 Jjser him hel onfeng. 
 
 panon eft gewiton 1 7 1 o 
 
 eald-gesiSas, 
 
 swylce geong manig, 
 
 of gomen-wajje, 
 
 fram mere modge, 
 
 mearum ridan, 
 
 beomas on blancum. 
 
 pser wses Beowulfes 
 
 meerSo mjened ; 
 
 monig oft gecwaj^, 
 
 tlie traces of ilie foe : 
 
 his life-divorce did not 
 
 seem painful 
 
 to any warrior, 
 
 who Hk inglorious's 
 
 track beheld ; 
 
 how he in spirit weary 
 
 away thence, 
 
 in hostilities overcome, 
 
 to the nickers' mere, 
 
 death-doom'd and put to flight, 
 
 death-traces bare. 
 
 There was with blood , 
 
 tlie surge boiling, 1 
 
 the dire swing of waves 
 
 all mingled ; 
 
 hot with clotted blood 
 
 it well'd, with fatal gore, 
 
 tlie death-doom'd had dyed it, 
 
 after he joyless, 
 
 in his fen-asylum, 
 
 laid down his life, 
 
 his heathen soul : 
 
 there him heU receiv'd.' 
 
 Thence agaia departed 
 
 the old comrades, 
 
 as also many a young one, 
 
 from tlie joyous way, 
 
 proud from tlie mere, 
 
 to ride on horses, 
 
 tlie warriors on steeds. 
 
 There was Beowulf's 
 
 glory celebrated ; 
 
 many oft said, 
 
58 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 pajtte su6 ne nort5; 1720 
 
 bo SEom tweonum, 
 
 ofor eormen-grund, 
 
 ofer njenig, 
 
 under swegles begong, 
 
 selra nsere 
 
 rond-haj'bbendra, 
 
 lices wyr^ra. 
 
 Ne hie hum ■vvine-driliten 
 
 ■wilit lie logon 
 
 glcedno ITroSgar, 1730 
 
 ac woes poet g6d cyning. 
 
 Hwilum liea])0-r6fe 
 
 lileapan leton, 
 
 on geflit faran, 
 
 fealwe mearas, 
 
 ])a;r him fold-wegas 
 
 ffegere fQhton, 
 
 cystum cu])e. 
 
 HwHum cyninges pegn, 
 
 guma gilp-hlajden, 1 740 
 
 gidda gemyndig, 
 
 se Se eal-fela 
 
 eald-gesegena 
 
 worn gemunde, 
 
 word oper fand 
 
 s68e gebunden. 
 
 Secg eft ongan 
 
 si8 Beowulfes 
 
 snyttrum styrian, 
 
 and on sped wrecan, 1750 
 
 spel gerS,de 
 
 wordum wrixlan. 
 
 that nw south nor north, 
 
 between iJie seas 
 
 over the spacious earth 
 
 not any otherj 
 
 under heaven's course, 
 
 better were 
 
 of shield-bearers, 
 
 worthier of power. 
 
 Nor yet did they their belov'd 
 
 lord 
 in aught reprehend, 
 tlie joyful Hrotligar, 
 for that was a good king. 
 At times the fam'd in war 
 let run, 
 in contest go, 
 their fallow steeds, 
 where to them the earth-ways 
 fair appear'd, 
 the fam'd for virtues. 
 At times a king's thane, 
 a vaunt-laden man, 
 mindful of songs, 
 who full many 
 old legends, 
 
 a great number, remember'd,, 
 found another theme 
 with truth combin'd. 
 Then tlie man began 
 Beowulf's cnterprizo 
 discreetly to celebrate, 
 and diligently to relate, 
 the tale with skiU 
 in words impart. 
 
BEOWULF 
 
 59 
 
 Wol hwylc gccwfc'S 
 
 feet ho fram Sigomundo 
 
 secgan. hyrde, 
 
 cllon-diiodum, 
 
 uncujjes fela, 
 
 Wselsinges gewin, 
 
 wide sitSas, 
 
 ])ara fe gumena beam 1760 
 
 gearwe ne -vviston, 
 
 fdehSo and fyrena, 
 
 buton Fitcla mid hino. 
 
 ponne he swylces hwast 
 
 secgan •vvolde, 
 
 earn his nefan, 
 
 swa hie a wseroB, 
 
 £et nitSa gehwam, 
 
 nyd-gesteallan. 
 
 Hsefdon eal-fela 1770 
 
 Eotena cynnes 
 
 sweordum gesseged. 
 
 Sigemundc gesprong, 
 
 aifter deaS-doege, 
 
 dom unlytel, 
 
 syfSan wiges heard 
 
 wyrm acwealde, 
 
 hordes hyrde. 
 
 He Tinder harne stto, 
 
 sefelinges beam, 1780 
 
 ana geneSde 
 
 frecne daede : 
 
 no wa3S him Fitela mid ; 
 
 Well Jie each thing told 
 
 that ho of Sigcmund 
 
 had heard related, 
 
 of valorous deeds, 
 
 much unknown, 
 
 the Waelsing's battles, 
 
 wide joumeyings, 
 
 of which tJie children of men 
 
 well knew not, 
 
 his warfare and his crimes, 
 
 save Fitela who was with him. 
 
 Then he something such-like 
 
 would tell, 
 
 of ilie uncle and his nephew, 
 
 how they ever were, 
 
 at every strife, 
 
 needful associates. 
 
 Tlicy had full many 
 
 of the Jutes' race 
 
 with their swords laid low. 
 
 To Sigemuud sprang, 
 
 after his death-day, 
 
 no little glory, 
 
 after the bold in battle 
 
 the worm had slain, 
 
 the guardian of the hoard. 
 
 He under a hoar stone, 
 
 the prince's chUd, 
 
 alone ventur'd on 
 
 the daring deed : 
 
 Fitela was not with him ; 
 
 1764. MS. swulces : he refers to the narrator. 
 1766. bo eame and his nefan? Sigemimd was Mtela'a father as. 
 well as uncle. See Glossary of Persons. 
 
60 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 h.wa3])re him gesselde, 
 
 fset feet swurd furh-wod 
 
 wrffitlicne wyrnij 
 
 pset hit on wealle sststSd 
 
 drihtlic iren : 
 
 draca morSre swealt. 
 
 Hsefde agleeca 1790 
 
 «ln.e gegongen, 
 
 ])set he heah-hordes 
 
 brfican moste 
 
 selfes dome. 
 
 Sse-bSt gebl6d, 
 
 heex on bearm scipes 
 
 boorhte frajtwa 
 
 Wmlsos oafora. 
 
 Wyrm hat gemealt. 
 
 So \va;3 wreccena 1 800 
 
 wide mEerost 
 
 ofor wer-J)e6de, 
 
 wigendra hle6, 
 
 «llen-dsedum ; 
 
 he faes eki onfSh : 
 
 siStSan HeremSdes 
 
 hild sweSrode, 
 
 earfoS and ellen : 
 
 he mid Eotenum wearS, 
 
 on feonda geweald 1 8 1 o 
 
 forS forlacen, 
 
 snude forsended ; 
 
 hine sorh-wylmas 
 
 lemedon to lange ; 
 
 yet 'twas his fortune, 
 
 that his sword pierced thiough 
 
 the wondrous worm, 
 
 so that in the wall stood fast 
 
 the noble iron : 
 
 the dragon by death perish'd. 
 
 Tlie miserable being had 
 
 by daring gain'd, 
 
 that he tlie ring-hoard 
 
 might enjoy 
 
 at his own pleasure. 
 
 The sea-boat loaded, 
 
 bore into the ship's bosom 
 
 the bright ornaments 
 
 Wuilso's oil'spring. 
 
 Heat tlie worm consum'd. 
 
 He of wanderers was 
 
 by far the greatest 
 
 throughout the human race, 
 
 tJie warriors' refuge, 
 
 by valiant deeds : 
 
 therefore at first Jie throve : 
 
 but after Heremod's 
 
 war had ceas'd, 
 
 his toil and energy : 
 
 he among the Jutes was, 
 
 into the foes' power 
 
 forthwith betray'd, 
 
 quickly exil'd ; 
 
 him sorrow's boilings 
 
 had too long afflicted ; 
 
 1791. By the murder of hia father. 1795. MS. gehleod. 
 
 1800. He, i. e. Sigemund. 1809. He, i. e. Sigeraund. 
 
 1814. MS. lemede. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 61 
 
 he his leodum weai'S, 
 eallum x^elingum, 
 to aldor-ceare. 
 Swylce oft bemearn, 
 serran mEeluin, 
 swit5-ferhSes si8 
 snotor ceorl monig, 
 se '6e him bealwa 
 to bote gelyfde ; 
 fajt ])a3t "Seodnes beam 
 gefeon scolde, 
 feeder nolichim onfon, 
 folc golioaldau, 
 hord and hleo-burh, 
 hoelefa rice, 
 •^. Scyldinga. 
 
 to his people he became, 
 to all his nobles, 
 a life-long care. 
 In such guise oft bewail'd, 
 in former times, 
 1820 the bold-heart's lot 
 
 many a sagacious man, 
 who had to him of bales 
 for reparation trusted ; 
 and that the prince's child 
 should thrive, 
 
 succeed to his father's honours, 
 defend his people, 
 his treasure and refuge-city, 
 the realm of heroes, > 
 
 1830 the country of the Scyldings. 
 
 He faer eaUum wear^, 
 ma3g HigelSces, 
 manna cynne, 
 fceondum gefsegra ; 
 hine fyren onwod. 
 Hwilum flitende, 
 fealwe strsete 
 mearum mseton. 
 pS wses morgen-leoht 
 scofen and scynded, 
 eode scealc monig 
 swiS-hicgende 
 to sele fam hean, 
 
 There to all was he, 
 Hygelac's kinsman, 
 to the race of men, 
 to his frieijds, more grateful ; 
 him crime had enter'd. 
 Sometimes contending, 
 tJie fallow street 
 they with (heir horses measur'd. 
 When the morning light was 
 1 840 sent forth and hasten'd, 
 went many a warrior 
 of strong purpose 
 to the high hall. 
 
 1819. "In former timea," i. e. in their days of calamity, when. 
 Hrothgar and his people were suffering from the atrocities2.of 
 Grondol. 
 
 1830. The rune denoting 6^e\, as at 1. 1045. 
 
 1 83 1. He, i. e. Beowulf. 
 1835. hine, i. e. Sigemund. 
 
■62 
 
 BEOWULi'. 
 
 seai'o-wiindor seon. 
 Swylce self cyning 
 of bryd-bure, 
 beah-borda weard, 
 treddode tirfaest, 
 gctrume micle, 
 oystum geoyfed, 
 and bis cw5n mid bim, 
 medo-stig gemajt 
 mjegfa bose. 
 
 Hr6Sgar mafolode : 
 lio to lioallo gong, 
 slod on stapolc, 
 gusoab stcfipno brof 
 golde falme, 
 and Grcndles bond 
 Disso ansyne 
 Alwealdan fane 
 lungre gelimpe. 
 Pela ic lafes gebSd, 
 grynna set Grendle : 
 a ni£eg God wyrcan 
 wiindor sefter wundre, 
 wuldres Hyrde. 
 Dajt W03S ungeara, 
 fset ic Eenigra me 
 weana ne wondo, 
 t6 widan feore, 
 b5te gobidan, 
 ])onno blode fab 
 
 1848. MS. tryddode. 
 
 to see tJie curious wonder. 
 So also the king himself 
 from his nuptial bower, 
 the guardian of ring-treasures, 
 stept glorious, 
 with a large company, 
 1850 for "virtiies fam'd, 
 
 and bis queen with him, 
 the meadow-path measur'd 
 with a company of maidens. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Hrotbgar spako : 
 (bo to the bull went, 
 stood in the fore-court, 
 saw the stoop roof 
 with gold variegated, 
 and Grendel's band :) 
 i860 "For this sight 
 
 to tlie Almighty thanks 
 forthwith take place ! 
 Much of malice I have endur'd, 
 snares from G-rendel : 
 ever can God work 
 wonder after wonder, 
 glory's Guardian. 
 It was not long since, 
 that I of any 
 870 woes ween'd not, 
 for all time, 
 
 compensation to await mo, 
 when with blood stain'd 
 
 1855. MS. geong. 1866. MS. wiindcr. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 63 
 
 hCisa selesfc 
 heoro-dre6rig stod ; 
 "vveii wid-scofen, 
 ■vvitena gehwylcum, 
 Sara fe ne wendon 
 Jjtet hie wide-ferhS 
 looda land-geweorc 
 lajmin beweredon, 
 scuccum and scinnum. 
 Nu scealc hafaS, 
 ])urh Drihtnes miht, 
 dtede gefremede, 
 Se we ealle 
 ser ne meahton 
 snyttrum besyrwan. 
 Hwfet fast secgan mseg, 
 
 the best of houses 
 all gory stood ; 
 misery was wide-spread 
 o'er each of my counsellors, 
 who weened not 
 that they evermore 
 1880 i/ie people's land-work 
 could from foes defend, 
 devils and phantoms 
 Now this warrior has, 
 through tlie Lord's might, 
 a deed perform'd, 
 which we all 
 ere could not 
 with cunning machinate. 
 Yes ! that may say, 
 
 efneswahwylcmsegfS. 1890I0 ! whatever matron, 
 
 swa fone magan cende 
 
 ajfter gum-cynnum, 
 
 gyf heo gyt lyfa«, 
 
 pset hyre eald Metod 
 
 este waere 
 
 bearn-gebyrdo. 
 
 Nfl ic Beowulf, 
 
 fee socg betsta, 
 
 me for sunu wylle 
 
 freogan on ferhfe : 
 
 heald forS tela 
 
 niwe sibbe : 
 
 ne bits fe eenigra gad 
 
 worolde wilna, 
 
 Je ic geweald haebbe. 
 
 who this son brought forth, 
 after human kind, 
 if she yet lives, 
 that to her the great Creator 
 was gracious 
 in her child-bearing. 
 Now I, Beowulf, 
 thee, best of warriors, 
 as a son wiU 
 1 900 love in my heart : 
 
 hold henceforth well 
 
 our new kinship : 
 
 ^Aere shall not be to thee any lack 
 
 of worldly things desirable, 
 
 that I have power over. 
 
 1877. MS. gehwylone. K. proposes gehwylcum no doubt, rightly . 
 1885. M.. died. 1903. MS. renigre. See 1. 1325. 
 
64 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Pul oft ic for loessan 
 lean te6hhode, 
 hord-weor])imge, 
 hnahran rince, 
 saemran cot sajcce. 1 9 1 o 
 pli ]>e self hafast 
 dsedum gefremed, 
 fajt pm [dom] lyfatJ 
 5,wa t6 aldre. 
 Alwalda fee 
 g5de forgylde, 
 swa he nC gyt dyde. 
 Beowulf mafelode, 
 beam Ecgfeovves : 
 We ])8et ellen-weorc 1920 
 estum miclum, 
 feolitan fremedon, 
 .frecne geneSdon. 
 eafo^ uncufes : 
 u]jo ic swijjor, 
 ])set ])u hine selfne 
 gese6n mSste, 
 feSnd on frsetewum, 
 fyl-w6rigne. 
 
 Ic hine hrajdlice, 1930 
 heaidan clammum, 
 on wsel-bedde, 
 wripan pShte, 
 fset he for mund-gripe 
 mirnim scoldje 
 liegean lif-bysig, 
 
 Pull oft I for less 
 have a reward decreed, 
 
 treasure-honour 
 to a feebler warrior, 
 worse in conflict. 
 Thou for thyself hast 
 so by deeds aehiev'd, 
 that thy glory lives 
 through every age. 
 May the Omnipotent thee 
 with good reward, 
 as he yet as done." 
 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 " We that arduous work 
 with great good will, 
 tlmt fight have aehiev'd, 
 boldly ventur'd on 
 the monster's warfare : 
 rather would I have given, 
 thaf thou himself 
 mightest have seen, 
 tlie foe in his trappings, 
 slaughter-weary. 
 I him quickly, 
 with hard bonds, 
 on his death-bed, 
 thought to bind, 
 so that through my hand-gripe 
 ho should 
 lie for life struggling, 
 
 1913. d6m is nibt in the MS., but rightly supplied by K. 
 1929. See 11. 1484 — 1494. 1930. MS. him. 
 
 1934: MS. hand-gripe. 
 
EEOWULF. 
 
 G5 
 
 butan his lic-swice. 
 Ic liine no milite, 
 'pa, Metod nolde, 
 sanges getwEeman, 
 
 without his carcase's escape. 
 I could not him 
 (as ihe Creator will'd it not) 
 [940 from his course cut off; 
 
 no ic him fsus georne at- I did not him therefore easily 
 
 fealh 
 feorh-geniSlan ; 
 wses to fore-mihtig 
 feond on fefe ; 
 hwaapere he his]folmeforlet, 
 to lif-wrape, 
 last weardiau, 
 earm and eaxle : 
 no J)i3er senige swa-])eali 
 feitsceaft guma 
 frofre gebohte ; 
 no Jjy leng lcofa'6 
 laS-geteona, 
 synnum geswenced ; 
 ac hyne sar hafaS 
 in ni^-gripe 
 nearwe befongen, 
 balw on bendum : 
 ])ser abidan sceal 
 maga mane fah 
 miclan d6mes, 
 h6 him scir Metod 
 scrifan wille, 
 p5, wais swigra secg, 
 sunu Ecglafes, 
 on gylp-spreece 
 gutS-geweorca, 
 
 assail, 
 
 the deadly enemy ; 
 
 was too greatly powerful 
 
 the foe on foot ; 
 
 yoTIio his hand has left, 
 
 as a life-support, 
 
 to guard his track, 
 
 /iw arm and shoulder : 
 
 yet not any there 
 1950 i/j6 wretched man 
 
 comfort bought, 
 
 nor win. the longer live 
 
 tlie hateful criminal, 
 
 with sins oppress'd ; 
 
 for pain has him 
 
 in hostile gripe 
 
 straitly clasp'd, 
 
 harm, in its bonds : 
 
 there shall await 
 i960 the wretch stain'd with crime 
 
 iJie great doom, 
 
 how to him tJw bright Creator 
 
 will prescribe." 
 
 Then was the warrior more silent, 
 
 Ecglaf's son, 
 
 in vaunting speech 
 
 of works of war. 
 
 1956. MS. mid gripe. 
 
 1965. MS. Eclafes. Sec 11. 1002, 1003. 
 
CO 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 sifiSau tujjclingas, 
 
 oorlcs croefte, 
 
 ol'or heanne hi'of 1970 
 
 liaud sce3,we(lon, 
 
 fcondos fingras : 
 
 I'oran tegliwylc woes, 
 
 stede nsBgla [gehwylc], 
 
 style gelicost, 
 
 licepcnes hand-sporu, 
 
 liilde rinces 
 
 eglan lieoru. 
 
 /Egliwylc gecwteiS pset him 
 
 heardra man 1980 
 
 Ininan wolde ; 
 
 iron sei'-g6d, 
 
 ]>Mt '5iX!3 ahliBcan 
 
 blodgo bcadu-folmo 
 
 ouberian wolde. 
 
 aftoi' the nobles, 
 
 tluough tlie lioro's might, 
 
 over iJie high roof 
 
 had beheld tlie hand, 
 
 iJie foe's fingers : 
 
 each was before, 
 
 instead of nails, [each] 
 
 to steel most like, 
 
 the heathen's hand-spurs, 
 
 the warrior's, 
 
 the terrific mie's sword. 
 
 Every one said that it, 
 
 (of the bold ones) none 
 
 would touch ; 
 
 no iron of prime goodness, 
 
 that the miserable being's 
 
 bloody battle-hand 
 
 would taste of. 
 
 pii wses^haten hrape, 
 Heort innanweard 
 folmum gefrsetwod : 
 fela f Eera wais, 
 wera and wifa 
 
 XV. 
 
 Then was quickly order'd 
 Heort inward 
 to he with hands adorn'd : 
 many were of those, 
 1990 men and women. 
 
 1974. MS. steda. gehwylc I believe sliould be expunged. 
 
 1976. I suspect that hand-sporu is a blunder of the scribe for 
 hand-see6. See hereafter. 
 
 1978. MS. eglun. My translation of the line is purely con- 
 jectural. The whole text, to the end of the canto, is hardly in- 
 telligible, and evidently corrupt. K. reads egl un-heoru, and 
 translates, the rude terror. 
 
 1985. MS. onberan. 1986. MS. hre>e. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 67 
 
 ])C Jntjt wm-rcced, 
 
 gest-selc gyreclon ; 
 
 gold-fag scinon, 
 
 web ooffccr wagum, 
 
 wnndor-siona fola 
 
 secga gehwylcum, 
 
 Jiara \>e on swylc staraS. 
 
 Wses J)a3t beorhte bold 
 
 tobrocen swiSe, 
 
 eal inneweard 2000 
 
 iren-bendum fsest ; 
 
 lieorras tohlidene ; 
 
 hrof ana genaes, 
 
 ealles ansund,) 
 
 ]>a, se aglseca, 
 
 fyrcn-dsedum fag, 
 
 on JleS,m gewand, 
 
 aldres orwena. 
 
 No ])iEt ySe byS 
 
 to befleonne, 2010 
 
 fremme se ]>o wiUe ; 
 
 ac gesecan sceal 
 
 sawl-bcrondra, 
 
 nyde gcnydde, 
 
 ni])(5a bearna, 
 
 grund-buendra, 
 
 gearwe stowe, 
 
 Jjser bis lichoma, 
 
 leger-bedde faest, 
 
 swefetS sefter symle. 2020 
 
 who the wine-house, 
 
 tlie guest-hall prepar'd ; 
 
 gold-varied shone 
 
 tlie webs along tJie walls, 
 
 wondrous sights many 
 
 to every human bsing, 
 
 of those who gaze on such. 
 
 That bright dwelling was 
 
 much shatter'd, 
 
 all within 
 
 with bands of iron fast ; 
 
 the hinges were rent asunder ; 
 
 the roof alone was sav'd, 
 
 wholly sound, 
 
 when the miserable being, 
 
 stain'd with criminal deeds, 
 
 turn'd to flight, 
 
 hopeless of life. 
 
 That is not easy 
 
 to flee from, 
 
 accomplish it who will ; 
 
 but lie shall seek 
 
 for soul-bearers, 
 
 by, need compel'd, 
 
 for the children of men, 
 
 for earth's inhabitants 
 
 iJie place prepar'd, 
 
 where his body, 
 
 fast in its bed of death. 
 
 after the feast shall sleep. 
 
 2005. MS. >e. 
 
 2009 — 2020. These lines are extremely obsure : 
 no doubt means death, implied in aldres orwena. 
 2012. MS. gesacan. 
 
 Jjtet (1. 2009)' 
 
 5—2 
 
08 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Pa wses skI and niEel, 
 past to healle gang 
 Ilealfdenes sunu ; 
 wolde self cyning 
 symbel ficgan. 
 Ife gefrasgn ic fa msegfo 
 mSian werode 
 ymb hyra sinc-gyfan 
 s61 gebajran. 
 
 Bugon p5, to bence 2030 
 blced-agende, 
 fyllo gefaegon, 
 fa;gone gefegon 
 medo-ful manig 
 magas pclra 
 swi^-hicgendra 
 on sele Jjam hean, 
 HroSgdr and Hr6Sulf. 
 Heorot innan wscs 
 freSndum afylled ; 2040 
 nalles fiicn-stafas 
 pe6d-Scyldingas 
 pcndcn fremcdon, 
 Forgeaf pa Beowiilfe, 
 beam Healfdenes, 
 segen gyldenne, 
 sigores t6 leane, 
 hroden-hilte cumbor, 
 helm and byrnan ; 
 maeremaSjiumsweord 2050 
 manige gesawon 
 t)eforan beorn beran. 
 
 Then was the time and moment, 
 
 that to the hall should go 
 
 Ilealfdene's son ; 
 
 the king himself would 
 
 of the feast partake. 
 
 Never have I heard of the tribe 
 
 in a greater body 
 
 about their treasure-giver 
 
 better bearing themselves. 
 
 Bow'd then to the bench 
 
 tJie prosperous warriors, 
 
 in the plenty they rejoiced, 
 
 joyful partook of 
 
 many a mead cup 
 
 tJie kinsmen of those 
 
 stout-daring warriws, 
 
 in the high hall, 
 
 Hrothgar and Hrothulf. 
 
 Heorot within was 
 
 fill'd with friends ; 
 
 no treacheries 
 
 the noble Scyldings 
 
 the whilo perpetrated. 
 
 Gave then to Beowidf, 
 
 tlie son of Healfdene, 
 
 a golden banner, 
 
 in reward of victory, 
 
 an ensign with hilt adorn'd, 
 
 a helm and byrnie ; 
 
 a sword, a great treasure, 
 
 many saw 
 
 before the hero borne. 
 
 2033. MS. fiEgere ge^oegon. 
 2045. MS. brand. 
 
 2036. MS. hicgcnde. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 G» 
 
 Beowulf ge])ah 
 
 ful ou llctto ; 
 
 no he ])8ere feoh-gyfte, 
 
 fore sccotenduni 
 
 soamigau ))orfto. 
 
 N'e gefrasgn ic freondlicor 
 
 feower madmas 
 
 golde gegyrede 2060 
 
 gum-manna fela, 
 
 in ealo-bence 
 
 oSrum gesellan. 
 
 Ymb Jises helmes hrof, 
 
 heafod-beorg, 
 
 wirum bewunden, 
 
 wtel on-utan beold, 
 
 J)sefc liini fealo 15,f 
 
 frecne no moahte, 
 
 scur-lioai'd scepfan, 2070 
 
 fonne scyld-freca 
 
 ongean gramum 
 
 gangan scolde. 
 
 Heht 'Sa eorla hleo 
 
 eahta mcatas, 
 
 faited-lileore, 
 
 on flet teon, 
 
 in under coderas ; 
 
 Beowulf i)artook of 
 
 tlm cup in the court j 
 
 not of that precious gift he, 
 
 before the warriors, 
 
 needed feel shame. 
 
 Never have I heard more friendly 
 
 four precious things, 
 
 with gold adorn'd, 
 
 many men, 
 
 on the ale-bench, 
 
 to others give. 
 
 Around the helmet's roof, 
 
 tlie head-guard, 
 
 with wires bound round, 
 
 held slaughter without, 
 
 so that him the fallow sword 
 
 might not dangerously, 
 
 scour-harden'd, injure, 
 
 when tlie bold shielded warrior 
 
 against his foes 
 
 should go. 
 
 Bade then iAe shelter of Warriors 
 
 eight steeds, 
 
 with cheek adorn'd, 
 
 into tlie court be led, 
 
 in under the enclosures ; 
 
 2056. MS. for sootenum. 
 
 2065. MS. beorge. Tlie heafocl-beorg seems to be an additional 
 guard on the crown of the helmet, analogous with heals-beorh, 
 Imuherh. Ohg. halsperga. 
 
 2067. MS. walan utan. 
 
 2068. MS. fela laf, perfectly devoid of sense. The aword was, 
 no doubt, of bronze or copper ; f ealo-brun, as in briln-eog. See: 
 note hereafter. 
 
 2069. MS. meahton. 
 
70 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ])fira unum stod 
 
 sadol scarwum fah, 2080 
 
 since gewurjiad : 
 
 fset wa5s hilde setl 
 
 Leah-cyninges, 
 
 fonne sweorda gelac 
 
 sunu Healfdenes 
 
 efnan wolde ; 
 
 naifre on ore loeg 
 
 ■wid-cujies wig, 
 
 fonne walu feoUon, 
 
 and fa Beowulfe 2090 
 
 bSga gehwajpres 
 
 eodor Ingwina 
 
 onwoald geteah, 
 
 wicga and wajpna : 
 
 hot liine wel brfican. 
 
 Sw& manlice 
 
 mdere ])o6don, 
 
 liord-weard liselefa, 
 
 hea])0-ra!sas geald, 
 
 mearumandmadmuni. 2100 
 
 Swa by naifre man lyhS, 
 
 se Jje secgan wile 
 
 s5S ajfter rihte. 
 
 on one of tliem stood 
 
 a saddle cunningly variegated, 
 
 with treasure ornamented : 
 
 that was the war-seat 
 
 of tlie high king, 
 
 when the game of swords 
 
 the son of Healfdene 
 
 would perform : 
 
 (never in warfare flag'd 
 
 the wide-fam'd's martial ardour, 
 
 when the slaughter'd fell), 
 
 and then to Beowulf 
 
 of both one and other 
 
 tlie Ingwinas' protector 
 
 possession gave, 
 
 of horses and weapons : 
 
 bade him tliem well enjoy. 
 
 Thus manfully 
 
 tlie great prince, 
 
 the treasure-ward of heroes, 
 
 warlike onslaughts requited, 
 
 with steeds and treasures. 
 
 So them never man will blame. 
 
 who will say 
 
 the sooth rightly. 
 
 Da gyt seghwylcum 
 
 eorla drihten, 
 
 para fe mid Beowulfe 
 
 brim-lade teah, 
 
 on fjere medu-bence 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Then besides to each, 
 
 the lord of warriors, 
 
 of those who with Beowulf 
 
 the sea-way came, 
 
 on the mead-bench, 
 
 2087. on orlege aloeg ? 
 
 2107. MS. leado. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 71 
 
 ina])t5um geseaklo, 
 
 yrfelafe; 21 lo 
 
 and Jjone eewao lielit 
 
 golde forgyldan, 
 
 fono Se Grendel ser 
 
 mane acwealde, 
 
 swa he liyra ma wolde, 
 
 nefne liim. witig God 
 
 wyrd forstode, 
 
 and faes mannes mod. 
 
 Metod eallum weold 
 
 gumena cynnes, 2120 
 
 SW& he nu git deS ; 
 
 forpan biS andgit 
 
 asghwajr selest, 
 
 ferhSes forefanc : 
 
 fela sceal gebidan 
 
 leofes and lajjes, 
 
 se fe longe her 
 
 on Syssum win-dagum 
 
 worulde brCicetS. 
 
 peer ivses sang and sweg 
 
 samod-setgcBdere 2 1 3 1 
 
 for Hcalfdenes 
 
 hilde-wisan, 
 
 gomen-wudu greted, 
 
 gid oft wrecen, 
 
 Jjonne heal-gamen 
 
 HroSgares scop, 
 
 icfter medo-bcnce, 
 
 msenan scolde 
 
 [be] Finnes eaferum, 2 1 40 
 
 fa hie se fser begeat ; 
 
 a present gave 
 
 an hereditary relic ; 
 
 and bade the one 
 
 with gold be paid for, 
 
 whom Grendel ere 
 
 wickedly had slain, 
 
 as he would more of them, 
 
 had not him the wise God, 
 
 fate, prevented, 
 
 and the man's courage. 
 
 The Creator rul'd all 
 
 Vie race of men, 
 
 as he now yet does ; 
 
 therefore is understanding 
 
 everywhere best, t 
 
 forethought of spirit : 
 
 much shall abide 
 
 of lov'd and loath'd, 
 
 who long here 
 
 in these days of strife 
 
 in the world participates. 
 
 There were song and soimd 
 
 at once together 
 
 before Ilealfdene's 
 
 martial leaders, 
 
 tJie glee-wood loas touch'd, 
 
 the lay oft recited, 
 
 when tlie joy of hall 
 
 Hrothgar's gleeman, 
 
 after the mead- bench, 
 
 should recount 
 
 [of] Fin's offspring, 
 
 when them peril o'erwhelm'd;] 
 
 21 18. Beowulf's. 
 
 2140. be supplied from conjecture. 
 
72 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 hselop Healfdenes 
 
 Hnoef Scyldinga, 
 
 in Pres-wsele 
 
 feallan scolde. 
 
 Ne liuru Hildeburli 
 
 hei'ian J)Orfte 
 
 Eotena treowe : 
 
 unsynnum wearS 
 
 Leloren leofum 2150 
 
 sat ])iiin lind-plegan, 
 
 teanium and broSrum ; 
 
 hio on gebyi'd hruron, 
 
 garo wunde j 
 
 ]>xt woes goomuru ides. 
 
 Nalles liolinga 
 
 Hoces d61itor, 
 
 metodsceaft bemearn, 
 
 syfSan morgan com, 
 
 fa lieo under swcglo 2160 
 
 gaseon meahte 
 
 mor])or-bealo maga, 
 
 ])8er heo rer mseste heold 
 
 worolde wynne. 
 
 AVig ealle fornam 
 
 Einnes fegnas, 
 
 nemne feiium anum, 
 
 foet lie ne meahte 
 
 on ])8em jneSel-stede 
 
 wi6 Hengeste 2170 
 
 wilit gefeohtan, 
 
 nc pa wea-lafe 
 
 ivhen Healfdene's hero, 
 
 the Scyldings' Hnsef, 
 
 in Eriesland 
 
 was doom'd to fall, i 
 
 Not Hildeburh at least 
 
 had need to praise 
 
 the faith of the Jutes : 
 
 sinless she was 
 
 of her belov'd ones depriv'd 
 
 at the linden play, 
 
 her children and brothers ; 
 
 they in succession fell, 
 
 by the dart wounded ; 
 
 that was a mournful woman. 
 
 Not without cause 
 
 Hoce's daughter, 
 
 ilie Lord's decree bemoiu-u'd, 
 
 after morning came, 
 
 when she under heaven 
 
 might see 
 
 the slaughter of Jier Icinsmen, 
 
 where she ere had most pos- 
 
 sess'd 
 of the world's joy. 
 War had destroy'd all 
 Fin's thanes, 
 save a few only, 
 so that ho might not 
 on the battle-place 
 against Ilongost 
 aught gain in fight, 
 nor the sad remnant 
 
 2142. MS. Healfdena. 
 2163. MS. he. 
 
 2149, unsinnig? 
 2168. MS. mehte. 
 
 2151. MS. hikl. 
 2170. MS. wig. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 73 
 
 wigc forjaingan by war protect 
 
 feoducs ])Ognc ; from the king's thane ; 
 
 ac hig liim ge])iiigo budon, but they offer'd him conditions, 
 
 past hie him oSer flet thattheytohimanotherdwelling 
 
 eal gerymdon, would wholly yield, 
 
 heaUe and heah-setl, a hall and throne, 
 
 fait liie healfne geweald that they half power 
 
 wis Eotcna beam 2 1 80 with the sons of tlie Jutes 
 
 agan moston, might possess, 
 
 and ait fcoh-gyftum, and at the money-gifts, 
 
 Eolcwaldan sunu, 
 dogra gehwylce, 
 Dene weor])ode, 
 Hcngcstos heilp 
 liringum pGnede, 
 efne swa swiSe 
 sinc-gestreonum 
 fsettan goldes, 
 swa he Fresena cyn 
 on beor-sele 
 byldan wolde. 
 Da hie getruwedon 
 on twa lieaKa 
 froste frioSu-wsere ; 
 Fin Hengeste, 
 elne unflitme, . 
 aSum benemde, 
 fast he Jia wea-lafe, 
 weotena dome 
 arum beolde, 
 fact Sa3r aenig mon, 
 wordum ne worcum, 
 
 2174. i.e. "" 
 
 Folcwalda's son, 
 
 every day, 
 
 the Danes should honour, 
 
 Hengcst's band 
 
 with rings should servo, 
 
 even as much 
 
 with precious treasures 
 2 1 go of rich gold, 
 
 as he tlie Frisian race 
 
 in the beer-haU 
 
 would decorate. 
 
 Then they confirm'd 
 
 on the two sides 
 
 a fast peaceful compact ; 
 
 Fin to Hengest, 
 
 earnestly without dispute, 
 
 with oaths declar'd, 
 2200 that he the sad remnant, 
 
 by his ' witan's' doom 
 
 piously would maintain, 
 
 so that there not any man, 
 
 by words or works, 
 
 2187. MS, 
 
 . 2179. 
 wenede. 
 
 MS. healfre. 
 
74 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ■\VEere ne brjBce, should break the compact, 
 
 no ])urh inwit-searo nor through guileful craft 
 
 asfre gcmEendon, should they over lament, 
 
 fSali hie hira beag-gyfan though they their ring-giver's 
 banan folgedon, slayer follow'd, 
 
 feodenlease, 2210 wow lordless, 
 
 fa him swa gefearfod -vvaes : as it was thus needful to them 
 gyf ])onu6 Frysna hwylc, but if of the Frisians any. 
 
 frecnan sprsece 
 Sees morpor-hetes 
 myndgiond wJerc, 
 ])onne hit eweordes ecg 
 swe^rian scolde. 
 As wais geiefned, 
 and icge gold 
 ahasfen of horde. 2 
 Here-Scyldinga 
 betst beado-rinca 
 wses on bsel gearu : 
 set f£em S,de wajs 
 e))-gesyne 
 swat-fah syrce, 
 swyn eal-gylden, 
 eofer iren-heard, 
 «])eHng manig 
 wundum awyrded, 
 sume on wsel crungon, 
 Hgt Sa Hildeburh, 
 set Hnaefes ade, 
 hire selfre suna, 
 sweoloSe befrestan. 
 
 by audacious speech, 
 
 this deadly feud 
 
 should call to mind, 
 
 then it the edge of sword 
 
 should appease. 
 
 Tlie oath was taken, 
 
 and moreover gold 
 2220 rais'd from tJie hoard. 
 
 Of the martial Scyldings 
 
 the best of warriors 
 
 on the pile was ready : 
 
 at the heap was 
 
 easy to be seen 
 
 ilie blood-stain'd sark, 
 
 the swine all golden, 
 
 the boar iron-hard, 
 
 many a noble 
 2230 with wounds injur'd, 
 
 (some had in the slaughter fiill'n). 
 
 Bade then Hildeburh, 
 
 at HnasPs pile, 
 
 her own sons 
 
 be to the lire committed. 
 
 2207. MS. gemainden. 
 
 2210. lordloas : their lord, Hncef, being slain. 
 
 2213. MS. frecnen. 2217. MS, ay'5'San. 2234. MS. simu. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 75 
 
 bfiu-fatu bscrnan, 
 and on bsel don 
 earme on axe. 
 Ides gnomode, 
 geomrode giddum ; 2240 
 gutS-rinc asfcah, 
 wand to •wolcnum ; 
 "vvcel-fyra msest 
 hlynode for hlsewe, 
 hafelan multon, 
 ben-geato butston, 
 Sonne blod ajtsprang, 
 latS-bito lices : 
 lig ealle forswealg, 
 gsesta gifrost,' 2250 
 
 fara ]?e Jjser gli'5 fornam : 
 
 bega folces wses 
 hira blaed scacen. 
 
 their carcases be burnt, 
 and on (he pile be done 
 the luckless ones to ashes. 
 TJie lady mourn'd, 
 bewail'd in songs ; 
 the warrior ascended, 
 eddied to the clouds ; 
 the greatest of death-fires 
 roar'd before the mound, 
 their heads were consum'd, 
 their wound-gates burst, 
 then the blood sprang out 
 from tlie corpse's hostile bite : 
 flame swaUow'd all 
 (greediest of guests) 
 those whom there war had de- 
 
 stroy'd : 
 of both nations was 
 their prosperity departed. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Gewiton him fa wigend 
 wica neosian, 
 freondum befeallen, 
 Frysland gese6n, 
 
 The warriors then departed 
 tJie dwellings to visit, 
 of tJieir friends bereft, 
 Friesland to see, 
 
 2238. MS. eaxle. 
 
 2241. i.e. Hnref ascended (in flame and smoke), like the Ger. 
 (in Feuer und Eauoh) aufgehen. So also in Homily (jEltric's 
 HomUies, v. ii. p. 68. Jjset ceaf he forboern'S .... for>an '5e i>tera 
 mdnfnlra smio astih^ on ecnysse. 
 
 2244. MS. hlawe. ' 2247. MS. ostspranc. 
 
 2254. After the suspension of hostilities, it appears that Hen- 
 gest's Jutes dispersed themselves over Friesland, for the purpose 
 of seeing it, and, no doubt, of iiuaitoring thomselvcB for the winter. 
 
7G 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 llamas and heali-burli. 
 Iloiigcst ^Ci-gyt 
 \va;l-tagnc winter 2260 
 wunode mid Finne 
 vmflitme ; 
 eard geinimde, 
 feali ])e he meahte 
 on mere drifan 
 liringed-stefnan. 
 Plolra storme weol, 
 won wii5 windo, 
 winter ype boloiic 
 is-gebindo, 2270 
 
 o])8ait o])er com 
 gear in geardas ; 
 swa nu gyt doS 
 ])a So syiigales 
 stele be^vitiaS, 
 wuldor-torhtan weder. 
 Da Wius winter scacen, 
 fiegor foldan bearm, 
 fundode -wrecca, 
 gist of geardum ; 2280 
 lie to gyrn-wrtece 
 swiSov ]>61ito 
 fonne to s£e-Mde, 
 gif he torn-gemot 
 purhteon mihte j 
 yxa he E6tena beam 
 
 the homes and chief city. 
 
 Hengest still 
 
 the death-lmed winter 
 
 dwelt with Fin 
 
 without dissension ; 
 
 Jds home remember'd, 
 
 though he might 
 
 on iJie sea drive 
 
 the ringed prow. 
 
 The deep boil'd with storm, 
 
 war'd 'gainst tlie wind, 
 
 winter lock'd up ilie wave 
 
 with icy bond, 
 
 until there came a second 
 
 year into the courts ; 
 
 so now yet do 
 
 those who constantly 
 
 watch a happy moment, 
 
 gloriously bright weather. 
 
 Then was winter departed, 
 
 earth's bosom fair, 
 
 the stranger hasten'd, 
 
 the guest from the dwellings : 
 
 he on wily vengeance 
 
 was more intent 
 
 than on a sea-voyage, 
 
 if he a hostile meeting 
 
 could bring to pass ; 
 
 because he the sons of the Jutes 
 
 2261. MS. Firniel. 2262. MS. unhlitme. See 1. 2198. ' 
 
 2273. MS. de'S. 2275. MS. aele. 
 
 2286, MS. )>!et. Eotenabearn, in allusion apparently to the Jutes 
 that had fallen in the conflict with the Frisians. Or bearnmay here 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 77 
 
 iBn-gemunde : inwardly reniember'J 
 
 swa he ne forwymdo so lio rcfus'd not { 
 
 worold-rdedenne, worldly converse, 
 
 fonnehim Hunlafing, 2290 when ho Hunlafing, 
 
 hilde leoman, 
 
 Lilla sSlest, 
 
 on hearm dyde ; 
 
 pies wasron mid Eotenum 
 
 ecge cuSe, 
 
 swylce ferhS-frecan. 
 
 Kn eft begeat 
 
 sweord-bealb sliSen, 
 
 set his selfes h3,m. 
 
 tltiC flame of war, 
 
 tilt best of falchions, 
 
 in his bosom placed ; 
 
 for with ilw, Jutes there were 
 
 man for tlu, sword renown'd, 
 
 also of spirit bold. 
 
 Fin afterwards o'erwhelm'd 
 
 hard misery flom tha sword, 
 
 at his own home. 
 
 SifiSan grimne gripe 2300 When /tiw fierce of gripe 
 
 GfiSlafandOslaf, 
 Eefter sse-siSe, 
 sorge msendon : 
 setwiton wetoa dsel, 
 ne meahte W8efre-m6d 
 
 forhabban in hrejire. 
 Da wses heal hroden 
 feonda feorum. 
 
 GutUaf and Oslaf, 
 after tliekr sea voyage, 
 had grievously upbraided, 
 reproach'd for part of ilidr woes, 
 lie might not Ins wavering cou- 
 rage, 
 iu Im breast retain. 
 Then was his haU beset 
 with hostile men, 
 
 be in the singular number, and allude to Hnaef, the Jutish leader, 
 with Hengest, whose fall is related at 11. 2143, sqq. 
 
 2290. IIunlAfing I take to bo the iianio of Ilongost's sword, vm 
 Hrunting, Nageling, etc. The meaning is not that he stabbed 
 himself, but that he merely placed the weapon in or on his bosom, 
 in allusion probably to the mode of wearing it in front, examples 
 of which may be seen in old illuminations. (An exactly similar 
 passage occurs hereafter, where there is no question of stabbing.) 
 In other words, that he girded or prepared himself for a renewal 
 of the contest. The whole passage, indeed the whole episode, is 
 extremely obscure. 
 
 2301. Tlie Ordlaf of the "Figlit at Finnosburg;" wliich seems 
 the more correct orthography. 
 
78 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 swilco Ein slajgen, 
 
 cyning on corpre, 2310 
 
 and seo cwcn numou. 
 
 Sceotend ScylJinga 
 
 t6 scypum feredon 
 
 eal in-gesteald 
 
 eorS-cyninges, 
 
 swylce He ast Pinncs-Mm 
 
 fmdau mcahton, 
 
 sigla searo-gimma. 
 
 Hie on sre-lado 
 
 driMlice wif 2320 
 
 to Denum feredon, 
 
 Imddon to leodum. 
 
 I.e6(5 wajs asvuigeu, 
 
 gleomannes gyd, 
 
 gamen eft astali, 
 
 beorlitodo benc-swog, 
 
 byrelas soaldon 
 
 win of wundoi'-falum. 
 
 pa cwom Wcalhfeow for^, 
 
 gSn under gyldnum beSge, 
 
 ])ser ]>a g6dan twegen 2331 
 
 siuton suMer-gefasdoran ; 
 
 fa-gyt -vfsas hiera sib set- 
 
 gsedere, 
 seghwylo oSrum try we : 
 
 Eiu also slain, 
 
 iJie king amid Jus train, 
 
 and the queen taken. ' 
 
 The Scyldings' warriors 
 
 to their ships couvey'd 
 
 all the house chattels 
 
 of the land's king, 
 
 such as they at Finnesham 
 
 might find, 
 
 of jewels and curious gems. 
 
 They on the sea-way 
 
 the princely woman 
 
 to tJie Danes convey'd, 
 
 to their people led. 
 
 Tlie lay was sung, 
 
 the gleeman's song, 
 
 pastime rose again, 
 
 the bench-noise was loud, 
 
 the cupbearers gave 
 
 wine from curious vessels. 
 
 Then came "Wealtheow forth, 
 
 walking under a golden diadem, 
 
 to where the two good 
 
 cousins sat ; 
 
 as yet was their peace together, 
 
 each to other true ; 
 
 2313. MS. scipon. 
 
 2316. Finnes-hAm is no doubt meant as the proper name of Pin's 
 town, and identical with Finnes-burh, the name given it in the 
 fragment entitled "the Fight at Finnesburg." 
 
 2329. MS. WealhJ>eo. 
 
 2332. Hrothgar and Hrothulf. For this long species of verse 
 see Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 158. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 79 
 
 swylce filer Hunfer]) fyle 
 set fotuin soot frcan Scyl- 
 
 dinga : 
 gehwylc liiora his ferhtSe 
 
 trcowdo, 
 fsefc he hsefde mod inicel, 
 feah fe he his magam 
 
 nEere 
 arf Best set ecga'geMcum. 2340 
 Spraec ?a ides Scyldinga : 
 Onfoh ])issum fuUe, 
 freo-drihten min, 
 sinces brytta; 
 J)ii on sEelum wes, 
 gold-wine gumena : 
 
 and to Geatum sprajc 
 
 mUdum wordum, 
 
 swa sceal man d6n : 
 
 beo wi^ Geatasglsed, 2350 
 
 geofona gemyndig, 
 
 nean and fcorran : 
 
 ]m nil hafast, 
 
 lue man ssegde, 
 
 Jiajt ])(i for sunu wolde 
 
 here-rinc habban. 
 
 Heorot is gefselsod, 
 
 beSh-sele beorhta : 
 
 bruc fenden fu m6te 
 
 manigra medo, 2360 
 
 and finum magum laef 
 
 there also Hunferth the orator 
 sat at the foot of the Scyldings' 
 
 lord ; 
 every one of them was confident 
 
 in his mind, 
 that he had great courage, 
 although he to his kinsman 
 
 had not been 
 true in tlie plays of swords. 
 Spake then tlie S cyldings' dame : 
 " Accept this cup, 
 my beloved lord, 
 dispenser of treasure ; 
 be thou happy, 
 gold-friend of men : , 
 and to tlie Goths speak 
 with kind words, 
 as one should do : 
 be cheerful towards tlie Goths, 
 mindful of gifts, 
 near and far : 
 thou hast now [promis'd,] 
 I have been told, 
 that thou for a son wouldst 
 tlie warrior have. 
 Heorot is purified, 
 the bright hall of rings : 
 enjoy while thou mayest 
 tlie mead of tlie many, 
 and to thy sons leave 
 
 2339. See U. 1178, aqq. 2351. Correctly geofa (gifa). 
 
 2353. After hafast a word ia wanting, probably gehliten, pro- 
 mised. 2356. MS. here rio. 
 
 2360. i.e. the mead of which theotliors(themany)werepartaking. 
 
80 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 •folc and rice, ' 
 
 J)onne Sii forS scyle 
 
 metodsceaft seon. 
 
 Ic minne can 
 
 gtedne HroSulf, 
 
 f set he fa geogoSe wile 
 
 Urum healdan ; 
 
 gyf pu ser ])onne he, 
 
 ■wine Scyldinga, 2370 
 
 woiold oflietest : 
 
 wene ic fset he mid g6de 
 
 gyldan wille 
 
 unoran oaforan ; 
 
 gif ho ])a3t cal gomon 
 
 hwaefc wit to willan 
 
 and to woi'Smyndum, 
 
 umbor wesendum ser 
 
 arna gefremedon. 
 
 Hwearf fa bi bence, 2380 
 
 fair hyre byre waoron, 
 
 HreSric and HroSmund, 
 
 and hffilefa beam, 
 
 giogot) a3tgsedere ; 
 
 f a3r se g6da SEct, 
 
 Beowulf GeSta, 
 
 be j)£em gebrotSrum twsem. 
 
 folk and realm, 
 
 when thou forth must go 
 
 to see the Godhead. 
 
 I know my 
 
 festive Hrothulf, 
 
 that he the youthful will 
 
 piously maintain ; 
 
 if thou earlier than he, 
 
 friend of Scyldings, 
 leavest the world : 
 
 1 ween that he with good 
 will repay 
 
 our offspring ; 
 if he tliat all remembers 
 what we two for his pleasure 
 and honours, 
 erst when a child, 
 of benefits perform'd." 
 Turn'd then by thi bench, 
 where her sons were, 
 Hrethric and Hrothmund, 
 and tlie children of warriors, 
 the youth together, 
 where sat the good 
 Beowulf the Goth, 
 by the two brethren. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Him wais ful boren, 
 and freond-lafu 
 wordam bewJegned, 
 and wunden-gold 
 Sstum geeawed, 
 
 To him the cup was borne, 
 and friendly invitation 
 2390 in words offer'd, 
 and twisted gold 
 kindly shown, 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 81 
 
 «arin-reaf twti, 
 lirosgl and liringas, 
 lieals-beaga moest 
 ]niva ])e ic on foklau 
 gefrtegen lieebbe : 
 nicnigne ic under svveglo 
 sSlran liyrde 
 
 liord-madmum liaslepa, 2400 
 sy])i5au llama sctwa3g 
 to liere-byrhtan byrig 
 Bi'osinga mene, 
 siglc and sinc-fajt : 
 searo-niSas fealh. 
 Eormenrices ; 
 .geceas ecne rsed. • 
 pone bring liajfde 
 Higelac Geata, 
 nefa Swertinges, 2410 
 
 nyshtan siSe, 
 siSpan he iinder segne 
 sine ealgode, 
 w£el-reaf werede : 
 Line wyrd fornam, 
 si])^an he for wlenoo 
 •weSn absode, 
 fseh^e to Frysum : 
 he fa frJEtwe wosg, 
 eorcnan-stanas, 2420 
 
 sleeves two, 
 
 a mantle and rings, 
 
 of collars the largest 
 
 of those that I on earth 
 
 have heard tell of : 
 
 not any under heaven I 
 
 more excellent have heard of 
 
 treasure-hoard of men, . 
 
 since Hama bore off 
 
 to the noble bright city 
 
 the Brosings' necklace, 
 
 the jewel and its casket : 
 
 he into tJie guileful enmity fell 
 
 of Eormenric ; 
 
 aiul choose th' eternal council. 
 
 That ring had 
 
 Hygelac the Goth, 
 
 Swerting's nephew, 
 
 tlie last time, 
 
 when he under his banner 
 
 his treasure defended, 
 
 guarded tJie spoil of the slain : 
 
 him fate took off, 
 
 after he for pride 
 
 sought his own woe, 
 
 a war with tlie Frisians : 
 
 he tlie ornament convey'd, 
 
 the precious stones, 
 
 2393. MS. reade, which affords no sense. If it ia meant for 
 the adjective red, with what does it agree ? and with what does 
 the neuter or fern. twS. agree ? not with the masc. hringas. By 
 earm-redf we are probably to understand long pendant sleeves, 
 no doubt of some costly material. 
 
 2405. feci? 2407. i. e. death. 2420. MS. eorclan-stanaa. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ofer f^a ful, 
 
 rice ])e5den ; 
 
 he under rande gecranc : 
 
 gehwearf fS in Francna 
 
 feorli cyninges, 
 
 breost-gewtedu, 
 
 and se beali somod : 
 
 ■vvyrsan wig-frecan 
 
 wobI reafedon, 
 
 setter gfiS-sceare ; 2430 
 
 Geata le6de 
 
 Lhrea-wic heoldon. 
 Ileal awego onfong : 
 ■Wealli])e6w mafelode, 
 lie6 fore fsem weredo spriEC: 
 Brfic Sisses beages, 
 Beowulf le6fa, 
 hyse mid lisclo, 
 and fisses hrseglos ne5t, 
 ])e6d-gestre6na, 2440 
 
 and gefeoh tela : 
 cen fee mid crajfte, 
 and f yssum cnyhtum wes 
 lara liSe ; 
 ic pe fajs leS.n geman. 
 
 Hafast ])& gefered, 
 
 ])set t5e feor and neSh, 
 
 ealne wide-ferli'S, 
 
 weras ehtigatJ, 
 
 efne swS, side 2450 
 
 sv/ix s& bebfigeS 
 
 2429. MS. reafeden. 
 
 over the cup of wavea, 
 
 the powerful king ; 
 
 he fell beneath his shield : 
 
 departed then into the grasp of 
 
 the Franks 
 the king's life, 
 his breast-weeds, 
 and the collar also : 
 worse warriors 
 plunder'd the fall'n, 
 after the lot of war ; 
 the Goths' people 
 held the mansion of tJie dead. 
 The hall rcceiv'd //te sound : 
 Wealhtheow spake, 
 before the company she said : 
 ," Use this collar, 
 dear Beowulf, 
 
 youth, with prosperity, 
 and this mantle enjoy, 
 these lordly treasures, 
 and thrive well : 
 
 animate thyself with vigour, 
 and to these boys be 
 in counsels gentle ; 
 
 1 will therefore be mindfuljto 
 
 reward thee. 
 Thou hast that achiev'd, 
 that thee far and near, 
 throughout all time, 
 men will esteem, 
 even as widely 
 as tJie sea encircles 
 
 2440. MS. heo. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 83. 
 
 "windge eard-weallas, 
 
 Wes J)onden fQ lifige, 
 
 leveling e&dig : 
 
 ic J)e an tela 
 
 sinc-gestreona : 
 
 beo ])(i sunum minum 
 
 dwduni gedefe, 
 
 dieam-liealdende. 
 
 Her is ajghwylc eorl 2460 
 
 ojiruin getr^we, 
 
 modes milde, 
 
 inan-drihtne liold ; 
 
 ])Cgnas syndon ge]>WEere, 
 
 ])0od eal gearo, 
 
 druucue drylit-gmuau 
 
 dots svva ic bidde. 
 
 Eode fa to setle : 
 
 ]ncr -vvsos symbla cyst, 
 
 druncon "vvin weras 2470 
 
 wyrd ne cufon, 
 
 geSsceaft grimne, 
 
 swS, hit agangen wearS 
 
 eorla manegum. 
 
 Sy])San sefen cwom, 
 
 and him HroSgar gewat 
 
 to hofe sinum, 
 
 rice to reste, 
 
 raced weardode 
 
 iinrini eorla, 2480 
 
 swa hio oft ser dydon ; 
 
 the windy land-walls. 
 
 Be while tliou livcst 
 
 a prosperous noble : 
 
 I will well grant thee 
 
 precious treasures : 
 
 be thou to my sons 
 
 gentle in deeds, 
 
 holding them in joy. 
 
 Here is every man 
 
 to other true, 
 
 mild of mood, 
 
 to Ms liege lord faithful i 
 
 the thanes are united, 
 
 the people all ready, 
 
 iJic drunken vassals 
 
 do as I bid." 
 
 She went then to her seat : 
 
 there was of feasts tlie choicosty. 
 
 iJie men drank wine, 
 
 fate they knew not, 
 
 grim calamity, 
 
 how it had befallen 
 
 many ft man. 
 
 After evening came, 
 
 and Hrothgar had departed 
 
 to his court, 
 
 the powerful me to rest, 
 
 guarded the mansion 
 
 coimtless warriors, 
 
 as they oft ere had done ;. 
 
 2452. MS. •wind geard weallaa. 
 2457. MS. suna, originally perhaps sunu. 
 2463. MS. heol, the e with a stroke through it. 
 2472. geocsceaft? 
 
 G— 2 
 
M 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 tenc-pclu bGredon : 
 liit geond-brseded weartJ 
 beddum and bolstrum. 
 Be5r-scealca sum, 
 f us <and fsege, 
 flet-reste gebeag : 
 setton him to lieafdum 
 hilde randas, 
 
 bord-wudu beorhtan, 2490 
 ])cer on bonce wajs, 
 ofer rejjolingo, 
 yl)-gesyno 
 lica])0-steapa helm, 
 hringed byrne, 
 ])r8ec-wudu frymlic. 
 Wks ])cfiw liyra, 
 pajt hie oft wseron 
 an wig gearwe, 
 gesethamgeonherge, 2500 
 ge gehwseper fara ; 
 efne swylce msela 
 swylce hira man-dryhtne 
 pearf gcsaelde 
 ■wees seo })e6d tilu. 
 
 they bared the bench-floor : 
 
 it was overspread 
 
 with beds and bolsters. 
 
 Of the beer-sk;nkers one, 
 
 ready and fated, 
 
 bow'd to his domestic couch : 
 
 they set at tJuir heads 
 
 their disks of war, 
 
 their shield-wood bright ; 
 
 there on the bench was, 
 
 over the noble, 
 
 easy to bo soon 
 
 his liigh martial holm, 
 
 his ringed byrnie, ' 
 
 and war-wood stout. 
 
 It was their custom, 
 
 that they oft were 
 
 for war prepar'd, 
 
 both at home and in the host, 
 
 or both of them ; 
 
 just at such times 
 
 as to their liege lord 
 
 need befel 
 
 was the people ready. 
 
 Sigon fa t6 sl»pe ; 
 sum s5,re ongeald 
 sefen-reste. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 TJieij sank then to sleep 
 one sorely paid for 
 his evening rest. 
 
 2486 , Why the be6r-scealo was f lis ami f lige does not appear, 
 as no further mention of him occurs : probably some lines are 
 wanting. 
 
 2488. MS. heafdon. 2493. MS. geseiie. 
 
 S496. MS,J>rec. 2507. MS. angeald. 
 
BEOWULE. 
 
 85 
 
 swa liim ful oft gelamp, 
 si])San gold-sele 2510 
 
 Grendel warode, 
 unriht sefude, 
 ojjfajt ende becwom, 
 swylt cefter synnum. 
 psct gesyne weartS, 
 ■\vid-cu]) werum, 
 Jjoette wrecend ]»a-gyt 
 lifdo ocfler lafum, 
 lange frage, 
 
 tefter guS-ceare, 2520 
 
 Grendles m6dor ; 
 ides aglsec ■vvif 
 yrmSc gemvmde, 
 seo 1)0 -vvceter-egesan 
 wunian scolde, 
 cealdo strefimas, 
 sipSan Cain gewearS 
 to ecs-ljanan 
 
 Sngan brgfer, 
 fosderen-niEege. 2530 
 
 He J>a fag gewafc 
 morjjre gemearcod, 
 man-dream fleon, 
 •westen warodo ; • 
 Jjanon woe fela 
 geosceaft-gasta, 
 ■vvaes ])8era Grendel sum, 
 heoro-wcarh hetelic ; 
 se set Heorote fand 
 wseccendne wer 2540 
 
 2524. MS. se >e. 
 
 2536. 
 
 as to them full ofthadhappen'd, 
 
 since tlie gold-hall 
 
 Grendel occupied, 
 
 unrighteousness perpetrated, 
 
 until an end came, 
 
 death after sins. 
 
 That was seen, 
 
 wide-known to men, 
 
 that an avenger yet 
 
 liv'd after tlie foe, 
 
 for a long space, 
 
 after tlie battle-care, 
 
 Grendle's mother ; 
 
 tlie woman, wretched crone, 
 
 was of her misery mindful, 
 
 she who tlie watery horrors 
 
 must inhabit, 
 
 tlm cold streams, 
 
 after Cain became 
 
 tlie murderer 
 
 of his onhj brother, i 
 
 his father's son. 
 
 He then blood-stain'd departed 
 
 by murder mark'd, 
 
 fleeing tlie joy of man, 
 
 dwelt in tlie waste ; 
 
 thence arose many 
 
 wretched sprites, 
 
 of those was Grendel one, 
 
 the hateful fell woK; 
 
 who had at Heorot found 
 
 a watching man 
 
 2527. MS. camp wear's, 
 geocsoeatt ? 
 
•SG 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wiges biJan, the conflict awaiting, 
 
 frer him [so] aglteca wliereforhimlihemiscrable being 
 
 ait-grtedig wearS ; food-greedy was ; 
 
 hwffijire he gemunde yet he remember'd 
 
 ma3genes strenge, the strength of Ms might, 
 
 ginfteste gife, the abundant gift, 
 
 •<5e him God sealde, that God had given him, 
 
 iind him to anwaldan and in him as sole Euler 
 
 are gelyfde, piously trusted, 
 
 frofre and fultum ; 2$ so his comfort and support ; 
 
 ■<Sy he])onefe6ndoferowom, therefore he overcame the foe, 
 
 gehnajgde helle gast ; 
 ]>a he hean gewat, 
 dreUme bed&led, 
 dea]j-wic se6n, 
 man-cynnes fe6nd ; 
 •ac his modor fa-gyt, 
 .gifre and galg-mod, 
 ^egan wolde 
 sorhfulne siS, 
 sunu feod-wrecan. 
 Com ffi, t6 Heorote, 
 Sa3r Hring-Dene 
 4'eond fait saild swaefon. 
 
 Da fair sona wearB 
 edhwyrft eorlum. 
 SifSan inne fealh 
 •Grendles m6dor, 
 
 subdued the sprite of hell ; 
 then he humble departed, 
 of joy depriv'd, 
 tlie mansion of death to see, 
 the foe of mankind ; 
 but his mother yet, 
 greedy and gallows-minded, 
 would go 
 2560 ft sorrowful journey, 
 
 direfuUy to avenge her son. 
 She came then to Heorot, 
 where tlie Eing-Danes 
 throughout the hall ^verc sleep- 
 ing. 
 Then forthwith there was 
 a relapse to the \vai'riors. 
 When in rush'd 
 Grendle's mother. 
 
 2543. MS. grtcpe. 
 
 2542. se is not in the MS. 
 
 2544. he, i.e. BeowTilf. 
 
 2546. MS. gimfoeste. See Boet. p. 179. edit. Eawl. 
 
 2555. secan? 2557. MS. and. 2564. MS. swsefim. 
 
 .2566. That is of the miseries caused by Grendel. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 87 
 
 "woBs se gryre Isossa, 
 ■efno swa micle 2570 
 
 swa. bis majgpa crasft, 
 %vig-gryi-6 wifes, 
 bew£Bpned-men, 
 Jjonne heoru-bunden, 
 liamere gefuren, 
 sweord swate fah, 
 swin ofer belme, 
 ecgum Jjylitig, 
 ■andweatd scireS. 
 pa W£es on liealle 2580 
 heard-ecg togen, 
 sweord ofer setluiiij 
 skl-raud iiianig 
 liafcu handa-fuast, 
 holm ne gemunde, 
 
 byrnan side, 
 
 fa hine se broga angeafc. 
 
 Heo wajs on ofste, 
 
 wolde ut fanon 
 
 feorc beorgan, 2590 
 
 fa heo onfunden was. 
 
 HraSe heo setSelinga 
 
 5,nn6 hfefde 
 
 feste befangen, 
 
 fa heo to fenne gang ; 
 
 se wses HroSgare 
 
 hselejia leofosfc, 
 
 on gesiSes had, 
 
 bo ssem tweonum, 
 
 was the terroi- less, 
 
 by just as much 
 
 as is tlie power of maidens, 
 
 the hostile dread from women, 
 
 to that from an arm'd man, 
 
 when strongly bound, 
 
 with hammer beaten, 
 
 tlie sword stain'd with gore, 
 
 tlie swine above the helm, 
 
 doughty of edges, 
 
 present shears. 
 
 Then was in the hall 
 
 the hard edge drawn, 
 
 the sword over the seats, 
 
 many a broad disk 
 
 rais'd fast in hand, 
 
 helm tJie warrior rcmember'd 
 
 not, 
 nor ample byrnie, 
 when terror was on him shed. 
 She was in haste, 
 would out from thence 
 save her life, 
 as she was discover'd. 
 Of (lie nobles quickly she 
 had one 
 fast seiz'd, 
 
 as to tJis fen she went j 
 he was to Hrothgar 
 of heroes dearest, 
 in a comrades' character, 
 between tlie seas, 
 
 2578, Thorkelin has dyhttig. In the MS. the word is destroyed. 
 
88 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 rlco land-wlga, 2600 
 
 pone pe heo on reste atreat 
 LliEcl-faistne beorn. 
 l^MS Beowulf Sa3r, 
 ac wa3S oper in 
 ffir geteohhod, 
 -sefter maJi'Sum-gife, 
 mEerum Geate. 
 Hrefim wearS in Heorote ; 
 heo under lieolfre genam 
 cu])e folme : 2610 
 
 cearu wres geniwod 
 geworden in -wicuni. 
 No vfSda pajt gewrixle til, 
 ])a3t liie on hS, liealfa 
 biogan scoldon 
 freonda foorum. 
 pfi vrxa fr6d cyning, 
 liflr hilde-i'ino, 
 on lircon modo, 
 sySpan he aldor-Jiegn 2620 
 nnlyfigendne, 
 pone deorestan, 
 deadne wisse. 
 Ilrajic wxs to burc 
 Beowulf fetod, 
 sigor-oadig secg. 
 Samod £er dfege 
 code eorla sum, 
 sepele cempa, 
 
 self mid gesitSum, 2630 
 far so snotera had, 
 hwajpie him Alwalda 
 2612. MS. wioun. 
 
 a poAvcrful shield-warrior, 
 whomsheon/HScouchdestroy'd,. 
 a prosperous hero. 
 Beowulf was not there, 
 for another dwelling had been 
 before assign' d, 
 after the costly gift, 
 to the renown'd Goth. 
 There was a cry in lieorot ;, 
 she amid clotted gore took 
 the well known hand ; 
 grief had renew'd 
 become in the dwellings. 
 That was no good exchange,, 
 that they on both sides 
 must buy 
 
 with the lives of friends. 
 Then was the wise king, 
 the hoary man of war, 
 in angry mood, 
 when he his senior thane 
 lifeless, 
 the dearest, 
 knew to be dead. 
 Quickly to Ms bower was 
 Beowulf fetch'd, 
 the victorious warrior. 
 Together ere day 
 went with some of his earls 
 the noble champion, 
 himself with his comrades, 
 to where the wise jM-Mice awaited, 
 whether him the All-j)owerful 
 2632. MS. alfwalda. 
 
EEOWULF. 
 
 89' 
 
 fufre wille, 
 icfter wefi-si3ollo 
 wyrde gefremman. 
 Gang 6a, tuftor llorc 
 lyrcl-wyrSe man 
 luul liis liand-SGolo, 
 lieal-wudu dynede, 
 Jiicfc ho ])ono wisaii 
 wordum linajgde, 
 frean Ingwina ; 
 irxgn gif him w^re, 
 tefter ueod-LWu, 
 niht getrese. 
 
 ever would, 
 
 after the sad intelligence, 
 Jiis fortune prosper, 
 Went then along the floor 
 the warlike man 
 with his suite, 
 {the hall-wood resounded) 
 2640 till that ho tho wise prince 
 , by his words sooth'd, 
 tlie Ingwinas' lord ; 
 ask'd if he had had, 
 after the urgent summons, 
 aw easy night. 
 
 IlrotSgar majielode, 
 
 hehu Scyldinga : 
 
 No frin ])fi icftor s;elum ; 
 
 sorh is gcniwod 
 
 Denigoa leodum j 2650 
 
 dead is yEsohcre, 
 
 Yrmenlafes 
 
 yldra brojior, 
 
 inin rfm-wita, 
 
 and niiu rjed-bora, 
 
 eaxl-gestealla, 
 
 ])onue we on orlegc 
 
 hafelan weredon, 
 
 ])onne hniton fejjan 
 
 XX. 
 
 Ilrothgar spake, 
 the Soylding's protector : 
 " Ask thou not after happiness;, 
 sorrow is rencw'd 
 to the Danes' people ; 
 iEschero is dead, 
 Yrmcnlaf's 
 elder brother, 
 my confident, 
 and my counsellor, 
 7mj near attendant, 
 when we in war 
 our heads defended, 
 when hosts against each other- 
 rush'd 
 
 2635. MS. wyrpe. 2638. MS- scale. 
 
 2644. i.e. after having sent so urgent a summons to Beowulf. 
 
■so 
 
 BEOWULP. 
 
 ■eoferas cnysedon : 2660 
 swylc scolde eoii wesau 
 JBr-gocl * * 
 swylc iEschere wa3s. 
 WearS him on Heorote 
 to hand-banan 
 wasl-gajst wijefre. 
 Ic ne wat hwsefer 
 atol sese-wlanc 
 eft siSas te5,h, 
 f y He gefrefrod . 2670 
 
 Heo ])a fJeliSe wroac, 
 ])o ])U gystran uilit 
 'GronJol cwealdcst, 
 ])ur]i liffistne had, 
 heardum clammum ; 
 forpan he t6 lange 
 leode mine 
 wanode and wyrde : . 
 he iV5t wigo gecrang, 
 ealdres scyldig, 2680 
 
 and nu o])sr cwom 
 mihtig man-scaSa, 
 wolde hyre masg wrecan ; 
 gefeor hafa^ 
 i&lxSe gestssled ; 
 fees fe fincean ma3g, 
 fegne monegum, 
 se pe sefter sinc-gyfan 
 on sefan greote)), 
 hrefer-bealo hearde. 2690 
 ■ Nil se6 hand ligeS, 
 se pe eow wel hwylcra 
 2660. MS. cnysedan. 
 
 and boar-crests craah'd : 
 
 such should a man be, 
 
 preeminently good * * 
 
 such as ^schere was. 
 
 To him iuHeorot there hasbeen 
 
 for murderer 
 
 a deadly wandering guest. 
 
 I know not whether 
 
 the fell glorier in carrion 
 
 Jier steps back has traced, 
 
 with slaughter comforted. 
 
 She has avenged the quarrel, 
 
 for that thou yesternight 
 
 didst Groudol slay, 
 
 through Ihy vehement nature, 
 
 with hard grasps ; 
 
 for that he too long 
 
 my people 
 
 diminish'd and destroy'd : 
 
 he in battle succumb'd, 
 
 his life forfeiting, 
 
 and now is come another 
 
 mighty fell destroyer, 
 
 tuho would her son avenge, 
 
 she far off lias 
 
 warfare establish'd, 
 
 as it may seem, 
 
 for many a thane, 
 
 who after his treasure-giver 
 
 in sjjirit weeps, 
 
 in hard heart-aflliction. 
 
 Now the hand lies low, 
 
 wliich you for every 
 
 2670. MS. gefrsDgnod. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 91 
 
 wilna dohto. 
 ^lo ]>xt loud-ljuend, 
 leode mine, 
 scle-rnjdonde, 
 soogaii liyrdo, 
 fast hie gesawon 
 swylce twegen 
 micle mcarc-stapau 
 moras healdan, 
 ellor-gajstas, 
 Sfera ocSer wajs, 
 ])a3s ])e liic gowislicost 
 gewitan mealiton, 
 idese oulicnes, 
 oJ)er earm-sceapen, 
 on weres waestmum 
 wrajc-lastas trfed. 
 
 desire avail'd. 
 I it the land's inhabitants,- 
 my people, 
 my hall-counsellors, 
 have heard say, 
 that they have seen 
 two such 
 2700 huge march-stalkers 
 inhabiting tJie moors, 
 stranger guests, 
 of -vvhich one was, 
 from what they most certainly 
 could know, 
 a woman's likeness, 
 the other wretched wight, 
 in a man's figure, 
 trod a wanderer's footsteps. 
 
 najfnehewassmarafon 2710 save that he greater was than 
 
 senig man oJ>er, 
 Jione on gear-dagum 
 Grendel nemdon 
 fold-buende : 
 no hie fajder cunnon, 
 hwEe])er him senig wses 
 ier acenned 
 dyrura gasta. 
 Hie dygel lond 
 
 any other man, 
 "whom in days of yore 
 Grendel nam'd 
 earth's inhabitants : 
 they a father know not, 
 ■whether any to them was 
 before born 
 of the dark ghosts. 
 They tJiat secret land 
 
 warigea^ wulf-lileotSu, 2720 inhabit, tlie wolf's retreats. 
 
 windige neessas, 
 frecne fen-gelad, 
 fSser fyrgen-stream, 
 under ntcssa gonipu, 
 uiper gewiteS, 
 
 windy nesses, 
 the dangerous fen-path, 
 where the mountain-stream, 
 under tJie nesses' mists. 
 downward ilows. 
 
 2706; MS. onlicnses. 
 
92 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 llocl under foldau. 
 
 Nis ])set foor heonon, 
 
 mil gemearces, 
 
 fset se mere standee, 
 
 ofer frem hongiaS 2730 
 
 kriude-bearwas ; 
 
 vradvL wyrtum fasst 
 
 wajter oferlielmaS : ' 
 
 ])8er miog nihta goliweem 
 
 iiitS-wundor seon, 
 
 fyr on flode. 
 
 No pffis food leofaS 
 
 gumena bearna 
 
 ])iBt J)Oue grund wite. 
 
 peak ])e hsetS-stapa 2740 
 
 liiindiim geswonced, 
 
 heorot liomum trum, 
 
 holt-wudu sGce, 
 
 foorran geflymed, 
 
 air he feork seleS, 
 
 aldor on ofre, 
 
 £er ke in wille 
 
 kafelan [kydan] : 
 
 nis J)£et keoru stow ; 
 
 ])onon yS-geblond 2750 
 
 up-astige'S 
 
 won to wolcnum, 
 
 ])onne wind styreS 
 
 laS-gewidru, 
 
 otSfajt lyft dryrmaS, 
 
 roderas re6ta'S. 
 
 Nu is se T£ed gelang 
 
 eft ast fe 5,num ; 
 
 the Hood under the eartli. 
 It is not far tkence, 
 a mile's distance, 
 tkat the mere stands, 
 over wkick kang 
 barky groves ; 
 a wood fast by its roots 
 tlie water overskadows : 
 tkere every nigkt may 
 a dire miracle be seen, 
 fire in the flood. 
 No one so wise lives 
 of the ckildren of men, 
 wko the bottom knows. 
 Altkougk the keatk-stalker, 
 by the hounds wearied, 
 tJie liart firm of korns, 
 seek that kolt-wood, 
 driven from afar, 
 ere will ke life resign, 
 his bveatk npon t]ie bank, 
 ere ke will in it 
 [hide] his kead : 
 tkat is no koly place ; 
 ' tkence the wave-blending 
 rises up 
 
 dark to the clovids, 
 wken the wind stirs 
 kateful tempests, 
 until the air grows gloomy, 
 the keavens sked tears. 
 Now is counsel long 
 again of tkee alone ; 
 
 2748. hydan added from conjecture. 2755. MS. drysma^.. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 93 
 
 •card git ne const, 
 
 frecne st6we, 2760 
 
 foer ])(i findan miht 
 
 fcla-sinnigno sccg. 
 
 Sec gif ]ni dyrre ; 
 
 ic ])s jia ffeli^e 
 
 feo lefiuige, 
 
 eald-gestreonum, 
 
 swa ic ser dyde, 
 
 wunden-goldo, 
 
 gyf pu onweg cymest. 
 
 tlie spot tliou yet knowest not, 
 the perilous place, 
 where tliou mayest find 
 this niuoli sinful man. 
 Seek it if thou durst ; 
 I will thee for the strife 
 with money recompense, 
 with old treasures, 
 as I hefore did, 
 with twisted gold, 
 if away thou comest." 
 
 Beo vvulf mafelode, 2770 
 hearn Eogjieowes : 
 Ne sorga snotor guma, 
 selre bi(5 a3ghw£em 
 ]7Eet he his freond wrece, 
 fonne he fela murne. 
 Ure ooghwylc sceal 
 ende gebidau 
 worolde lifes : 
 wyrce se fe mote 
 domas ser deS^e ; 2780 
 fset bits driht-guman 
 unlifgendum 
 _«8fter selest. 
 Aris rices weard, 
 uton hrafe feran 
 Grendles magan 
 gang sceawigan : 
 ic hit f e gehSte, 
 
 2768. MS. wundum. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 
 " Sorrow not, sage man, 
 
 better 'tis for every one 
 
 that he his friend avenge, 
 
 than that he greatly mourn. 
 
 Each of us must 
 
 an (snd await 
 
 of this world's life : 
 
 let him who can, work 
 
 high deeds ere death ; 
 
 to the warrior that will be, 
 
 tctoi lifeless, 
 
 afterwards best. 
 
 Arise, guardian of the realm, 
 
 let us quicldy go 
 
 of Grendel's parent 
 
 the course to see : 
 
 I promise it thee, 
 
 2780. MS. dome 
 
94 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 n6 lie6 on liolm losa'8, 
 
 ne on foldan fsefm, 2790 
 
 ne on fyrgen-holt, 
 
 no on geofones grund, 
 
 ga Jjsei heo ■sville. 
 
 pys d6gor ])U 
 
 gefyld liafa 
 
 •weSna gehwylcea, 
 
 swS. ic ])0 -iveno to. 
 
 Ahle6p ^a se gomcla, 
 
 Godo ])ancodo, 
 
 niihtigan Drilitne, 2800 
 
 yma so man gcsprajc. 
 
 pa wa3s IlroSgaro 
 
 hors gebaitod, 
 
 wicg wunden-feax. 
 
 Wisa fengel 
 
 geatolic gougde ; 
 
 gum-fe])a stop 
 
 lind-hcobbendra. 
 
 Lastas wajron 
 
 aafter wald-scafan 2810 
 
 wide gesyne, 
 
 gang ofer grundas 
 
 gegnum-for, 
 
 ofer myrcan m6r : 
 
 mago-fegna ba3r 
 
 fone seles^an 
 
 sawolleasnfe, 
 
 ])Jlra Jjo mid HroSgaro 
 
 liSm eabtodo. 
 
 2789. MS. he, and helm. 
 2793. MS. he. 
 2810. swajjum. 
 
 not into the sea shall she escape, 
 
 nor into earth's bosom, 
 
 nor into iJie mountain-TVOod, 
 
 nor in ocean's ground, 
 
 go ■whither she will. 
 
 This day do thou 
 
 have patience 
 
 for every woe, 
 
 as I expect from thee." 
 
 Leapt up then the aged man, 
 
 thank'd God, 
 
 the mighty Lord, 
 
 for what the man had said. 
 
 Then was for Hrothgar 
 
 a horse bitted, 
 
 a steed with curled mane. 
 
 The mse prince 
 
 stately went ; 
 
 a troop of men proceeded, 
 
 shield-bearing. 
 
 Traces were 
 
 after the forest-spoiler 
 
 widely seen, 
 
 her course o'er the grounds 
 
 before them,- 
 
 over the murky moor : 
 
 of their fellow thanes she bore 
 
 the best 
 
 soulless, 
 
 of those who with Ilrothgar 
 
 their home defended. 
 
 2792. MS. gyfenes. 
 2806. MS. gende. 
 2819. ealgode? 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 95- 
 
 Ofer-eode ]ni 2 
 
 ?e])elinga beam 
 steap stS,ri-hliSo, 
 stige nearwe, 
 enge anpa^as, 
 uncu(S, gelarl, 
 neowle nsessas, 
 nicor-husa fela. 
 IIo feara sum 
 boforaii gcngdo 
 wisra luouna, s 
 
 wong sceavvian, 
 ojipajt lie faeringa 
 lyigen-beamas 
 ofer ]i5,riie stan 
 lileouian funde, 
 wynleasuo wudu ; 
 Avaiter under stod 
 dvoorig and gedrefed ; 
 Denum eallum WEes, 
 ■winum Scyldinga, : 
 weorce on m6de 
 to gefolianne, 
 Segne monegum, 
 oncyS eorla goliwacm, 
 sytSjjan iEscheres, 
 on fam holm-clife, 
 hafelan mStton. 
 Plod Mode weol, 
 folc t6sa3gon 
 hatan heolfre ; 2 
 
 liorn stundum song 
 fiislic furjion le6S. 
 2852. Thork. fughton. 
 
 820 Went over then 
 
 these sons of nobles 
 
 deep rocky gorges, 
 
 a narrow road, 
 
 strait lonely paths, 
 
 an unknown way, 
 
 precipitous headlands, 
 
 nicker-houses many. 
 
 Ho with a few 
 
 wont before, 
 830 wise men, 
 
 the plain to view, 
 
 until he suddenly 
 
 mountain- trees, 
 
 o'er the hoar rock 
 
 found leaning, 
 
 a joyless wood ; 
 
 water stood beneath 
 
 gory and troubled ; 
 
 To all the Danes it was, 
 840 the Scyldings' friends, 
 
 grievous in mind 
 
 to suffer, 
 
 to many a thane, 
 
 portentous to every warrior,, 
 
 when of j3Eschere, 
 
 on the sea-shore, 
 
 the head ihej/ found. 
 
 The flood boil'd with blood, 
 
 the people look'd on 
 850 tJie hot gore; 
 
 iJie horn at times sans: 
 
 also a death song. 
 The word has perished from the MS. 
 
•9G 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Fo])a eal gcsfct ; 
 gesawon ])ii ajfter waitere 
 wyrm-cynnes fela, 
 sellice S£e-dracan, 
 ■sund cunnian ; 
 swylce on nses-Meofum 
 nicras licgean, 
 t$a on undern msel 
 oft bewitigaS 
 •sorhfulne siS 
 on segl-riide, 
 wyrmas and wildcor'^ 
 hie onweg liruron, 
 bitere and gebolgno, 
 bearhtm ongeaton, 
 gfitS-liorn galan : 
 sumne Geflta le5d, 
 of fian-bogan, 
 feores getwaefde, 
 yS-gewinnes, 
 Jiset liim on aldre stod 
 liere-str£el hearda : 
 lie on holme wres 
 sundes fe soBnra, 
 fa hyne swylt fornam. 
 Hrafe wear^ on ySum, 
 mid eofer-spre6tum, 
 heoro-h6cihtum, 
 hearde genearvvod, 
 niSa gonocged, 
 ^nd on naes togen, 
 wundorlic wEea-bora 
 
 The band all sat ; 
 
 they saw along the water 
 
 of the worm-kind many, 
 
 strange sea dragons, 
 
 tempting tJte deep ; 
 
 also in the headland-clefts 
 
 nickers lying, 
 2860 which at morning time 
 
 oft keep 
 
 tJieir sorrowful course 
 
 on the sail-road, 
 
 worms and wild beasts : 
 
 they sped away, 
 
 bitter and angry, 
 
 the instant they heard 
 
 the war-horn sing : 
 
 one tJie Goths' lord, 
 2870 from /ws arrow-bow, 
 
 from life separated, 
 
 from his wave-strife, 
 
 so that in his vitals stood 
 
 the hard war-shaft : 
 
 he in tJie sea was 
 
 in swimming the slower, 
 
 when him death took off. 
 
 Quickly on the waves was he 
 
 with boar-spears 
 2880 sharply hook'd, 
 
 hardly press'd, 
 
 humbled of his mischiefs, 
 
 and on tlie headland drawn, 
 
 the wondrous wave-bearer : 
 
 2877. MS. Jje. 
 
 2880. MS. hoc yhtum. 
 
 2884. i.e. the monster that Beowulf had ehot, 1. 2869 sqq. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 97 
 
 weras sceawcdon 
 
 gryreliciie gist. 
 
 Gyrede liine Beowulf 
 
 corl-gowscdum : 
 
 nalles for ealdre rneam f 
 
 soolde here-byrne, 2890 
 
 houdum gebroden, 
 
 sid and searo-fah, 
 
 sund cunnian, 
 
 seo (Se Mn-cofan 
 
 boorgan cufe, 
 
 jiaet liim liilde griip 
 
 lirepre ne milite, 
 
 eorres inwit-feng, 
 
 aldro gesceJ)'San : 
 
 ac se hwita helm 2900 
 
 hafelan werede, 
 
 se pe mere-giundas 
 
 mengan scolde. 
 
 secan sund-geblaad, 
 
 since geweorpad, 
 
 befongen frea-'vvrasnum, 
 
 swa liine fyrn-dagum 
 
 worhte wsepna smi^, 
 
 •wundrum teode, 
 
 besette swin-licum, 2910 
 
 faet hine sytSfan no 
 
 brond ne beado-meoas 
 
 bitan n§ meahton. 
 
 Nas fset ])onne msetost 
 
 msegen-fulfcuma, 
 
 fait him on Searfe Mh 
 
 Hit men gaz'd on 
 
 ilie, grisly guest. 
 
 Clad himself Beowulf 
 
 in warlike weeds : 
 
 for life he car'd not ; 
 
 his martial byrnie must, 
 
 with hands twisted, 
 
 ample and curiously variegated.. 
 
 tempt the deep, 
 
 which his body 
 
 could well secure, 
 
 so that hostile gripe his 
 
 breast might not, 
 
 the wrothful's wily grasp, 
 
 his life injure : 
 
 but the bright helm 
 
 guarded that head, 
 
 (which tlie sea-grounds 
 
 should disturb, 
 
 seek tlie mingle of the deep,)- 
 
 with treasure ornamented, 
 
 with noble chains encircled,, 
 
 as it in days of yore 
 
 the armourer wrought, 
 
 wondrously fram'd, 
 
 beset with forms of swine, 
 
 so that it afterwards no 
 
 brand nor battle-falchions 
 
 might bite. 
 
 Nor then was that the least 
 
 of powerful aids, 
 
 which at need him lent 
 
 2891. " Helm nor hauberk's twisted mail." — Gray. 
 
98 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Jjyle HroSgiires. 
 
 Wees ])^m lucft-mece 
 
 Hrunting nama ; 
 
 fset wees Sn foran 2920 
 
 eald-gestre5na ; 
 
 €og waes iren 
 
 ater-tSnum fah, 
 
 ahyrded heafo-swSte ; 
 
 naefre hit ast hilde ne swSc 
 
 manna sengum, 
 
 ])5ra fe hit xnit mundum 
 
 bewand, . 
 
 se '(lie gryro siSas 
 gegan dorste, 
 
 folc-stede fara. 2930 
 
 !N£es past forma sitS, 
 fait hit ellen-weorc 
 «fnan scolde : 
 hura ne gemunde 
 mago Ecglafes, 
 eafof es crseftig, 
 Jiset he £er gesprsec, 
 wine druncen, 
 ya, he ]>xs wsepnes onlah 
 sGlran sweord-frecan. 2940 
 Selfa ne dorste 
 under ySa gewin 
 aldre genefan, 
 drihtscype dreogan ; 
 fajr he d5m forleas 
 «llen-m8erj)um ; 
 
 ITrothgar's orator. 
 
 Was of that haftcd falchion 
 
 Hrunting the name ; 
 
 that had before been one 
 
 of the old treasures ; 
 
 its edge was iron 
 
 tainted with poisonous twigs, 
 
 harden'd with warrior-blood ; 
 
 never in battle had it deceiv'd 
 
 any man, 
 
 of those who brandish'd it with 
 
 hands, 
 who ways of terror 
 durst go, 
 
 the trysting place of perils. 
 That time was not the first, 
 that it a work of valour 
 should achieve : 
 at all events remember'd not 
 Ecglaf's sou, 
 crafty in trouble, 
 what he ere had said, 
 with wine drunken, 
 when he the weapon lent 
 to a better sworded warrior. 
 Himself durst not 
 amid the strife of waves 
 Venture his life, 
 a noble deed perform ; 
 there he his credit lost 
 for valorous deeds ; 
 
 2917. Hunferth. See 1. 1002. 
 2935. See 1. 1003. 
 
 2922. See note on I. 3070. 
 2945. MS. dome. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 99 
 
 Jie WcCS fEem oSrum sw§., 
 sySjian ho liine to guSe 
 gegyred hief'de. 
 
 not so was it with the other, 
 when himself for battle ho 
 had prepared. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 2960 
 
 Beowulf matSelode, 
 
 hoarn Ecg])e6wes : 
 
 Gejienc nu se maera 
 
 maga Ilealfdenes, 
 
 snottra fengel, 
 
 nu ic eom si^es fQs, 
 
 gold-wine gumena, 
 
 hwEct wit geo sprsecon : 
 
 Gif ic set Jiearfe 
 
 ;J)inre scolde 
 
 aldre linnan, 
 
 pset J7U me a. weere 
 
 for(5-gewitenum 
 
 on ffcder staele. 
 
 Wos jjfl mundbora 
 
 minum mago-])egnum, 
 
 hond-geselluin, 
 
 gif mec hild nime ; 
 
 swylce pG t5a mad mas, 
 
 ])o pu me sealdest, 
 
 HroSgar leofa, 2970 
 
 Higeleioe onsend : 
 
 masg Jionne on fasm golde 
 
 ongitan 
 Geata dryhten, 
 gese6n sunn HretSles, 
 
 2950 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 "Let now bear in mind the great 
 son of Healfdene, 
 the sagacious prince, 
 now I am ready for my journey, 
 gold-friend of men, 
 what wo have before spoken : 
 If I for thy 
 need should 
 lose my life, 
 
 that thou wouldstever be to me, 
 when hence departed, 
 in a father's stead. 
 Be thou a guardian 
 to my fellow thanes, 
 my near comrades, 
 if war take me off; 
 also do thou the treasures, 
 which thou hast given me, ' 
 dear Hrothgar, 
 send to Hygelac : 
 then by that gold may know 
 
 tJie Goth's lord, 
 the son of Ilrothel see, 
 fonne he on faet sine staraiS, when he on that treasure gazes, 
 
 2974. MS. Hrcedles. 
 
 7—2 
 
100 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Jioet ic gum-cystum 
 
 godne funde, 
 
 beaga bryttan : 
 
 breSc f onne m5sto. 
 
 And fd HunferS Icet 2980 
 
 ealde lafe, 
 
 wraitlic wig-sweord, 
 
 wid-cutSne man, 
 
 heai'd-eog liabban : 
 
 ic me mid Hruntinge 
 
 d6m gewyrce, 
 
 o))Se mec deatS nimeS. 
 
 Aiitev psem wordiim 
 
 Wedor-Geata leod 
 
 efste mid elne, 2990 
 
 ualas andsware 
 
 bidan wolde : 
 
 brim-wylm onfeng 
 
 liilde rincc. 
 
 Dii wiES liwil dajges 
 
 £er he fone grund-wong 
 
 ongytan milite. 
 
 Sona ])cet onfunde 
 
 seo 'So fioda begong 
 
 heoro-gifro beheold 3000 
 
 hnnd missera, 
 
 grim and grjedig, 
 
 ])8et ])8er gumena sum 
 
 selwihta card 
 
 ufan cunnode ; 
 
 gra]) fa t5-geanes, 
 
 gfiS-rinc gcfeng 
 
 2982. MS. wseg sweord, 
 2997. MS. mehte. 
 
 that I for his bounties 
 
 found a good 
 
 distributor of rings : 
 
 / enjoyed them when I might.. 
 
 And do thou let Hunforth 
 
 the ancient relic, 
 
 the curious war-sword, 
 
 tJie far-fam'd man, 
 
 the hard-edged, have : 
 
 I .will with Hrunting me 
 
 work renown, 
 
 or me death shall take.'' 
 
 After those words 
 
 the Weder-Goths' lord 
 
 with ardour haston'd, 
 
 nor answer 
 
 would await : 
 
 the. ocean-surge receiv'd 
 
 iJie warlike man. 
 
 Then was a day's space 
 
 ere he the ground-plain 
 
 could perceive. 
 
 Forthwith discovcr'd 
 
 she who the floods' course 
 
 bloodthirsty had held 
 
 a hundred years, 
 
 fierce and greedy, 
 
 that there a man 
 
 t]ie country of strange creatures 
 
 was from above exploring ; 
 
 then grasp'd towards Mm, 
 
 the warrior seiz'd 
 
 wig-sweord = gii^S-sweord. 
 2999. MS. se t>e. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 101 
 
 titolan cloinmum : 
 no ]y^ ffir in-gestocl 
 
 lialan lice, 
 
 liriug fitau-ymb bcarli, 
 
 ])sai, heo fone fyrd-kom 
 
 ])Ui'li-f6n no mihte, 
 
 locene leoSo-syrcan, 
 
 'laj)an fingrum. 
 
 Bajr ]ja seo brim-wyK, 
 
 fa heo to botme com, 
 
 liringa fengel 
 
 to bofe siaum, 
 
 swfi ho uo mihto no, 3020 
 
 he ])8em modig wees, 
 
 ■vvaspna gewealdan ; 
 
 ac hine wimdra fses fela 
 
 swcncte on sunde, 
 sais-deor monig 
 hilde tuxum 
 here-syrcan brtec, 
 ehton aglaecan. 
 pa se eorl ongeat 
 ])iet he [in] nK-sele 3030 
 niit hwylcum wses, 
 ,])8er him nsenig WEster 
 wihte ne scefede, 
 ne him for hrof-sele 
 hrinan ne mihte 
 
 in her horrid clutches : 
 ijat not tho sooner did slie pene- 
 trate 
 3010 <Ae sound body, 
 
 fffr tha xing-mail protected him 
 
 without, 
 so that she that war-case 
 might not pierce through, 
 tlie lock'd limb-sark, 
 with lier hostile fingers. 
 Bore then the sea-wolf, 
 when she to the bottom came, 
 the prince of rings 
 to her dwelling, 
 so tliat ho might not 
 (resolute as he was) 
 his weapons command ; 
 but him therefore many won- 
 drous beings 
 opprcss'd in tlm deep, 
 many a sea-beast 
 with its battle-tusks 
 tlie martial sark brake. 
 Vie miserable beings pursued him. 
 Then the warrior found 
 that he in a hostile haU, 
 lie knew not what, was, 
 where hiin no water 
 in aught could scathe, 
 nor him for the roofed-hall 
 could touch 
 
 3009. MS. gescod. 3014. MS. leotlo. 
 
 3016. MS. wyl. See I. 3202. 3024. MS. swecte. 
 
 3030. in is inserted as necessary to the sense. 3035. MS. mchte 
 
102 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 faer-gripe flodes ; 
 
 fyr-leoht geseali, 
 
 bliicne leSman, 
 
 beorhte scinan : 
 
 ongeat fa se g5da 3040 
 
 grund-wyrgenne, 
 
 mere-wif mihtig ; 
 
 msegen-rses forgeaf 
 
 liilde bille ; 
 
 heoro-sweng ne ofteali, 
 
 JjEct hire on hafelan 
 
 hring-m&l agol 
 
 gryrellc giiS-lootS. 
 
 pfi so gist onfand 
 
 pict so bcado-lcoma 3050 
 
 bitaii nolde, 
 
 aldi'o scej)San, 
 
 ac seo ecg geswac 
 
 Jjeodne ait fearfe ; 
 
 ]»olodo i«r fola 
 
 hond-gemota, 
 
 helm oft gesoser, 
 
 fiieges fyrd-hroegl ; 
 
 ])a wses forma aVS 
 
 deSrum madme, 3060 
 
 T>set his dom alseg. 
 
 Eft wa2s finrsed, 
 
 nalas elnes Itet, 
 
 mserSa gemyndig, 
 
 mseg Hygelaces ; 
 
 wearp SS, wunden-mEel, 
 
 wrrcttum gebunden, 
 
 3045. MS. hord awenge. 
 3065. MS. Hylaoes. 
 
 tJie flood's sudden gripe ; 
 
 he saw a fire-light, 
 
 a pale beam, 
 
 brightly shine : 
 
 then the good waniw perceiv'd 
 
 the ground-wolf, 
 
 the mighty mere- wife ; 
 
 he made a powerful onslaught 
 
 with his war-falchion ; 
 
 the sword-blow withheld not,. 
 
 so that on her head 
 
 tJie ringed brand sang 
 
 a horrid war-song. 
 
 Then the guest found 
 
 that the war-beam 
 
 would not bite, 
 
 life injure, 
 
 but thai the edge fail'd 
 
 Us lord at need ; 
 
 erst it had ondur'd many 
 
 hand-encounters, 
 
 the helmet often slash' d, 
 
 the fated's war-garb ; 
 
 then was the first time 
 
 for the precious treasure, 
 
 that its power fail'd. 
 
 Again was resolute, 
 
 slacken'd not his ardour, 
 
 of his great deeds mindful, 
 
 Hygelac's kinsman ; 
 
 cast then tJie twisted brand, 
 
 curiously bound, 
 
 3048. MS. grffidig, 
 3066. MS. wmvdel. 
 
yrre oretta, 
 
 fset hit on eorJSan Iseg 
 
 sti(5 and styl-ecg, 3070 
 
 strongc getrfiwodo, 
 
 mund-gripo nucgouos ; 
 
 swa sceal man don, 
 
 foune he tet gfxiSe 
 
 gegan J)encet5 
 
 lougsumne lof, 
 
 na ymh his lif cearaS. 
 
 Gefeng Sa be eaxle, 
 
 nalas for feehSe mearn, 
 
 giiS-Geata le6d 
 
 Grendles modor : 
 
 bra3gd fa beadwe heard, 
 
 fa he gebolgen wass, 
 
 feorh-geniSlan, 
 
 f cBfc heo on flet gebeah. 
 
 Heo him eft hrafe 
 
 haud-leiln forgeald 
 
 grimman gvapimi, 
 
 and him to-geanes feng : 
 
 ofer-wearp fa werig- 
 
 mod 3090 
 
 wigena strengest, 
 fefe-cempa, 
 foet he on fylle wearS. 
 Ofsset fa pone sele-gyst. 
 
 UEOWULK 103 
 
 f ■ '' '■' ^ ■' / i. ■> 
 
 the an^ry champion, v 
 
 so that on tlie earth it lay 
 stiff and steel-edged, 
 in his strength he trusted, 
 in his haud-gripo of power ; 
 so must a man do, 
 when in battle he 
 thinks of gaining 
 lasting praise, 
 nor about his life cares, 
 Seiz'd then by tlie shoulder, 
 {lie reck'd not of her mahce) 
 3080 the war-Goths' lord, 
 Grendel's mother : 
 then the fierce warrior drag'd 
 (as he was incens'd,) 
 tlie mortal foe, 
 
 so that on tlie place she bow'd. 
 She him again quickly 
 paid ffl hand-reward 
 with lier fierce grasps, 
 and at him caught : 
 overthrew then tlie weary of 
 
 mood, 
 of warriors strongest, 
 tlie active champion,' 
 so that he was about to perish. 
 Slie then press'd down the hall- 
 guest. 
 
 3070. This is to be understood literally ; the weapon, whether 
 sword or axe, being, like those of Homer's heroes, of bronze or 
 copper, and having an edge of iron or steel fastened on it by 
 means of rivets. Specimens of this kind are preserved in the 
 Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen. 
 
104 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 and hyre seaxe geteali, 
 
 brad brun-ecg ; 
 
 tvoldo liire Learn wrecan, 
 
 angan eaferan. 
 
 Him on eaxle la;g 
 
 lireost-net broden, 3100 
 
 Jiset gebearh feore, 
 
 wis ord and wiS ecge 
 
 ingang forstSd. 
 
 Haifdo i5a foriSsitJod 
 
 sunu Ecgfeowes 
 
 under giuno grund, 
 
 Geata cempa, 
 
 nemne liim hea^o-byrne 
 
 helpe gefremede, 
 
 here-net hearde, 3 1 1 o 
 
 and halig God 
 
 .geweold wig-sigor ; 
 
 witig Drihten, 
 
 rodera Esedend, 
 
 liit on rj'Lt gesc6d 
 
 ySelice, 
 
 sypSan he eft astod. 
 
 and her poniard drew, 
 
 broad, brown-edged ; 
 
 slie would avenge her son, 
 
 her only offspring. 
 
 On his shoulder lay 
 
 tlie braided breast-net, 
 
 which his life protected, 
 
 against point and against edge 
 
 entrance withstood. 
 
 Had then pcrish'd 
 
 Ecgtheow's sou 
 
 under the spacious ground, 
 
 the Goths' champion, 
 
 had not him his martial byrnie 
 
 help afforded, 
 
 Ms war-net hard, 
 
 and holy God 
 
 in war triumphant, rul'd ; 
 
 the wise Lord, 
 
 Euler of the skies, 
 
 decided it with justice 
 
 easily, 
 
 when he again stood up. 
 
 XXITI. 
 
 Geseah pa, on searwum 
 
 sige-eadig bil, 
 
 eald sweord e6t6nisc 3120 
 
 ecgum fyhtig, 
 
 "wigena weorSmynd ; 
 
 Then saw he among tlm arms 
 a victorious falchion, 
 an old eotenish sword 
 of edges doughty, 
 the pride of warriors ; 
 
 3104. MS. forsi'Sod. 
 3115. MS gesced. 
 
 3106. MS. gynne. 
 
 31 17. he, i.e. Beownlf. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 105 
 
 ])3et [wjBs] wajpna cyst, that [was] of weapons choicest, 
 buton hit wass milre fonne save it was greater than 
 ffinig mon oSer any other man 
 
 to beadu-lace to Ihe game of war 
 
 jetberan meahte, might bear forth, 
 
 god and geatolic, good and elegant, 
 
 gigautii geweorc. tlie work of giants. 
 
 Hegefengfa fetel-hilt, 3130 Then seiz'd he </ie knotted hilt, 
 
 freca Scyldinga ; 
 hreoh and heoro-grim, 
 hring-msel gebrasgd, 
 aldres orwena 
 yrringa sloh, 
 ])8et hire wiS halse 
 heard grapode, 
 ban-hringas braec, 
 bil eal Surh-wod, 
 f»gne flsesc-homan 
 heo on flet gecrong 
 
 the Scyldings' warrior ; 
 fierce and deadly grim, 
 tlie ringed brand lie drew, 
 of life hopeless 
 angrily struck, 
 so that against her neck 
 it grip'd her hard, 
 !ier bone-rings brake, 
 ihe falchion pass'd through all 
 3140 her fated carcase : 
 
 on the ground she sank. 
 
 The sword was gory, 
 
 iJie warrior in his work rejoiced ; 
 
 the beam shone, 
 
 light stood within, 
 
 even as from heaven 
 
 serenely shines 
 
 iJie caudle of tJie firmament. 
 
 He through tlie dwelling look'd ; 
 
 Sweord wa3s swatig, 
 
 secg weorce gefeh j 
 
 lixte se leoma, 
 
 le6ht inne stod ; 
 
 efne swa of heofene 
 
 hadre scineS 
 
 rodores candel. 
 
 He sefter recede wlat ; 
 
 hwearf ])a be wealle, 3150 then by iAc wall turn' d, 
 
 wajpen hafenade, his weapon rais'd 
 
 heard be hiltum, hard by tJie hilt, 
 
 Higelaces ^egn, Hygelac's thane, 
 
 yrre and Sniajd ; angry and rcsolv'd ; 
 
 3123. wsesisnot in the MS., but inserted as necessary to the sense. 
 3146. MS. hefene. 3 '54- MS. unrted. 
 
106 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 najs soo ecg fracod 
 
 hilde rince ; 
 
 ac he hrafe wolde 
 
 Grendle forgyldan 
 
 gii'S-riBsa fela, 
 
 f fi,ra ])e he geworhte 3160 
 
 to West-Denum, 
 
 oftor micle 
 
 ])onne on iienne si6, 
 
 Jjonne he Hr6Sgcfes 
 
 heoriS-geneatas 
 
 sloh on sweofote, 
 
 slsepende frset 
 
 folces Denigea 
 
 fyftyno men, 
 
 and oScr swylc 3170 
 
 fit of-ferede 
 
 M8I10U Me. 
 
 He liim J)a33 lefm forgcald, 
 
 re])e cemija, 
 
 t6 Soes pe he on reste 
 
 geseah, 
 gQti-werigne, 
 Grendel licgan 
 aldorleasno, 
 swa him jer gesc6d 
 hild set Heorote. 3180 
 Hra wide sprong, 
 sy])Ban he setter dciitSe 
 drepe frowade, 
 heoro-sweng heardne, 
 
 (nor was tlie edge useless 
 
 to the warrior ;) 
 
 for he would forthwith 
 
 Grendel requite for 
 
 the many onslaughts 
 
 that he had made 
 
 on the West-Danes, 
 
 oftener hy much 
 
 than on one occasion, 
 
 when he Hrothgar's 
 
 hearth-enjoyers 
 
 slew in their rest, 
 
 sleeping devour'd 
 
 of the Danes' folk 
 
 fifteen men, 
 
 and as many others 
 
 convey'd away, 
 
 hateful offeriugs. 
 
 lie had for that paid him Ms 
 
 • reward, 
 
 tlie fierce champion, 
 
 so well that on his couch he 
 
 saw, 
 of contest wearj'', 
 Grendel lying 
 lifeless, 
 
 as had for him before decided 
 tlie conflict at Heorot. 
 (The corpse sprang far away, 
 when after death he 
 the stroke sulTer'd, 
 the hard sword-blow,) 
 
 3175. MS. rteste. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 107 
 
 and liine ]>a, lieafde be- 
 
 ccai'f. 
 Sona faot gesawon 
 snottre ceorlas, 
 ])a Se mid HroSgare 
 on holm wliton, 
 ])aet wees y<5-geblond 3190 
 eal gemenged, 
 brim blode fS,h ; 
 blonden-feaxe 
 gomele ymb godne 
 on-gcador sprjecon, 
 ])oefc hig fees reSelinges 
 eft ne wendon, 
 ])oet lie sige-hre(Sig 
 seceau come 
 
 niEernc ])e6den ; 3200 
 
 ]>a, Sees monige gewearS, 
 ])a;t bine seo brim-wylf 
 abroten basfde. 
 pa com non dseges, 
 uses ofgeafon 
 liwate Scyldingas ; 
 gewS.t bim ham ])onon 
 gold-wine gumena, 
 gistas sScan, 
 
 modes seoce, 3210 
 
 and on mere staredon, 
 ■\viscton and ne wendon 
 
 ])a;t hie 
 heora 'vvine-driliten 
 selfno gesawon. 
 
 and him then sever'd from his- 
 
 liead. 
 Saw it forthwith 
 the sagacious men, 
 those who with Hrotbgar, 
 were on tlie water looking, 
 that the wave-blending was 
 all mingled, 
 
 the deep stain'd with blood ; 
 the grizzly hair'd, 
 the old, about tlie good warrior 
 together spake, 
 that of the noble they 
 expected not again, 
 that he in victory exulting, 
 would come to seek 
 tJieir groat priuce ; 
 as of this it was a notice, 
 that him the seawolf 
 had destroy'd. 
 Then came the noon of day, 
 left the headland 
 the bold Scyldings ; , 
 departed home thence 
 the gold-friend of men, 
 his guests to seek, 
 sick of mood, 
 
 and on the mere iheij gaz'd, 
 wish'd and ween'd not that 
 
 they 
 their dear lord 
 himself should see. 
 
 3203. MS. abreoteii. 
 
 3212. MS. wiston. K., no doubt rightly, reads wisoton. 
 
108 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 pa poet s^^eord ongan 
 ajfter hea])o-swate 
 hilde gicelum, 
 wig-bil wanian, 
 ])[Dt wses wundra sum, 
 ffet hit eal gemealt 3220 
 ISO gelicost, 
 foime forstes bend 
 Feeder onlaete^, 
 ,onwiiideS wJeg-rapas, 
 so geweald liafaS, 
 sdela and msela ; 
 fset is s68 Metod. 
 
 Then that sword began 
 
 after with battle-gore 
 
 in icicles of blood, 
 
 that war-falchion, to fade away ; 
 
 (that was a miracle !) 
 
 so that it all melted 
 
 to ice most like, 
 
 when tJie frost's band 
 
 iJie Father relaxes, 
 
 unwinds the wave-ropes, 
 
 who has power 
 
 of times and seasons ; 
 
 that is tlie true Creator. 
 Ne nom ho in ])£em wicum He took not in those dwellings, 
 Weder-Geata leod, the Weder-Goths' lord, 
 
 maSiii-sehta mS,, 3230 more treasures, 
 
 ])gh he pser monige geseah, (though he there many saw,) 
 
 buton pone hafelan, 
 and pa hilt somod, 
 since fage ; 
 sweord ser gemealt, 
 forbarn broden mael ; 
 wses pset bl6d t6 pses hat, 
 settren ellor-gsest, 
 so paer-inne swealt. 
 
 except the head, 
 
 and the hilt also, 
 
 with treasure variegated ; ' 
 
 the sword had already melted, 
 
 iJie drawn brand was burnt ; 
 
 so hot was the blood, 
 
 so venomous the stranger guest, 
 
 who therein had perish'd. 
 
 Sona wajs on sunde 3240 Forthwith was afloat 
 
 se po iier ajt sascce gebad he wlio before at strife awaited 
 
 wig-hryre wrSSra ; the battle-fall of foes ; 
 
 wseter up purh-deaf, he div'd up through the water, 
 
 wseron yS-gebland, 
 
 eal gefaelsod, 
 
 ■eScne eardas, 
 
 3217. Lit. in icicles of war. 
 
 3224. MS. Wffil, for which K., no doubt rightly, reads wseg. 
 
 the wave-blendings were 
 
 all clear' d, 
 
 .the vast dwellings. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 109' 
 
 ]>a se ellor gasfc 
 
 oflet lifclagas, 
 
 and pas Isenan gesceaft. 
 
 Com ])a to lando 3250 
 
 lidmanna lielm, 
 
 swi(5m6d swymman, 
 
 REC-Iaco gefeali, 
 
 msegen-byrfenne, 
 
 l^ara }>e he him mid hsefde. 
 
 ESdon him fa to-geS,nes, 
 
 Gode Jjancodon, 
 
 SrySlic Jiegna heap, 
 
 ])eodnes gefegon, 
 
 foes ]>e hi hyne gesundno 
 
 geseon nioston. 3261 
 
 Da wa3s of Jjsem hroran 
 
 helm and byrne 
 
 lungre alysed, 
 
 lagu driisade, 
 
 ■vviEter under wolcnum, 
 
 ■wsel-dre6re fS.g. 
 
 Ferdon forS fonon, 
 
 fe])e-lastum 
 
 ferhf um fsegne, 3270 
 
 fold-weg mseton, 
 
 cupe strjete ; 
 
 cyning-balde men, 
 
 from psem holm-chfo, 
 
 hafelan bxron, 
 
 earfoSlice 
 
 heora seghwaifrum, 
 
 when the stranger guest 
 
 left Jier life-days, 
 
 and this miserable creation. 
 
 Came then to land 
 
 the sailors' refuge, 
 
 stoutly swimming, 
 
 in Ids sea-olforings rejoiced, 
 
 his mighty burthen, ' 
 
 of the spoUs that he had with him. 
 
 Went then towards him, 
 
 thank'd God, 
 
 the stout band of thanes, 
 
 in their lord rejoiced, 
 
 for that they him sound 
 
 might see. 
 
 Then was from the vigorous chief 
 
 helm and byrnio 
 
 quickly loosed, 
 
 tJie stream trickled down, 
 
 water under the clouds, 
 
 stain'd with deadly gore. 
 
 They went forth thence, ■ 
 
 with their foot-steps, 
 
 (in their souls rejoicing,) 
 
 iJie high-way measur'd, 
 
 the well-known road ; 
 
 the nobly bold men, 
 
 from the sea-shore, 
 
 bore the heads, 
 
 with difficulty 
 
 to each of them, ' 
 
 3253. Offerings, i.e. to Hrothgar, the heads of his deadly foes. 
 3255. Spoils, i.e. the heads of Grendel and his mother and the 
 ponderous sword-hilt. 
 
no 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 fela-m6digra : 
 feower scoldon, 
 on ]>&m wrel-stengo, 
 weorcum geferian 
 to poini gold-sele 
 Grendles heS,fod ; 
 ■o))'Sa;t senminga 
 to selo comon 
 fromo fyrd-hwate 
 feowcrtyne 
 Gefita gongan, 
 gum dryhten mid : 
 modig on gemonge 
 meodo-wongas tised. 
 pa com in-gan 
 ealdor tSegna, 
 daed-cene mon, 
 dome gewurfad, 
 ha3le-Mlde-de6r, 
 IIr6Sgar grGtan. 
 .pa wajs be feaxe 
 on flet boren 
 Grendles heafod, 
 J)Mr gum an druncon, 
 egeslie for eorlum, 
 .and fsere idese mid ; 
 "wlifce seon ■wraetlic 
 weras onsawon. 
 
 of tlwse mucb-daring ones : 
 
 four must, 
 3280 oil the deadly stake, 
 
 laboriously convey 
 
 to the gold-hall 
 
 Grendel's head ; 
 
 until at once 
 
 to. the hall came 
 
 stout active in warfare 
 
 fourteen 
 
 Goths marching, 
 
 with their lord : 
 3290 proud in the throng 
 
 he trod the meado-v-plains. 
 
 Then came entering 
 
 the prince of thanes, 
 
 the deed-bold man, 
 
 with glory honour'd, 
 
 the human war-beast, 
 
 Ilrothgar to greet. 
 
 Then by the locks was 
 
 into tlie court borne 
 3300 Grendel's head, 
 
 wliere men were drinking, 
 
 terrific before the warriors, 
 
 and the woman's also ; 
 
 an aspect wonderful to see 
 
 men look'd on. 
 
 Beowulf mafelode, 
 beam Ecgj)e6\ves : 
 HwEet we fe fas sde-lac, 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 " Behold, we thee these sea- 
 offerings. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 111 
 
 sunu Healfdenes, 
 
 leod Scyldinga, 3310 
 
 lustum brohton, 
 
 tiros to tScne, 
 
 Jie J)ii her to-locasfc. 
 
 Ic fset unsofte 
 
 •caldre gedigde, 
 
 ■\vigge under -wajtere, 
 
 weorce genSfde ; 
 
 ■earfoSlice 
 
 set rihte wfes 
 
 guS gefcwEefed, 3320 
 
 nymiSe niec God scyldo. 
 
 No mealite ic sat hjlda 
 
 mid Hruntingo 
 
 ■wiht gewyrcan, 
 
 Jjeah. foet wsepeii duge ; 
 
 ac mo geu(5e 
 
 ylda Waldend, 
 
 fast ic on wage geseah 
 
 ■wlitig hangian 
 
 eald sweord eacen, 3330 
 
 oftost wisode 
 
 ■yvineleasum 
 
 Jiaet ic fy wsepne gebrsed. 
 
 Ofsloh ])a set ))£ere saecce, 
 
 fa me seel ageald 
 
 hiises hyrdas ; 
 
 fa feet hilde bil 
 
 forbarn brogden mael, 
 
 swa fast blod gesprang, 
 
 Mtost heaf o-swata : 3340 
 
 3332. wingea, Thork.; but 
 What remains appears like n' 
 
 son of riealfdenc, 
 
 lord of Scyldiugs, 
 
 joyfully have brought, 
 
 in token of glory, 
 
 which thou here lookest on. 
 
 I it hardly 
 
 with life escap'd from, 
 
 the conflict under water, 
 
 with pain ventur'd on U ; 
 
 with difficulty 
 
 according to riglit had been 
 
 the contest jjarted, 
 
 had not God shielded me. 
 
 I might not in ijie conflict 
 
 with llrunting 
 
 aught accomplish, 
 
 though that weapon be good ; 
 
 but me granted 
 
 the Ruler of men, 
 
 that on the wall I saw 
 
 hang beautiful 
 
 an old powerful sword, 
 
 (full oft has He directed 
 
 the friendless,) 
 
 and that I the weapon drew. ' 
 
 / slew then in that conflict 
 
 (as me the opportunityrequited) 
 
 tlie house's keepers ; 
 
 then that battle-falchion, 
 
 that drawn brand, was burnt up, 
 
 as the blood sprang, 
 
 hottest of hostile gores : 
 
 the w has perish'J from the MS. 
 gea. 
 
Hi 
 
 J5K0WULF. 
 
 ic ]>sat hilt ]»auon 
 fo6nJum ajtferede, 
 fyron-clicda wrsBc, 
 deaiS-cwealm Denigea, 
 swa hit gedefo waes. 
 Ic hit ])e fonne gehate, 
 J)8et ])u on Heorote m6st 
 sorhleas swefan 
 raid l)inra secga gedryht, 
 and ])egna gehwylc 3350 
 Jiinra leoda, 
 dugoSe and iogojie ; 
 ]i£et ])u him ondraidan ne 
 
 ])eai'ft, 
 ])o6don Scyldiuga, 
 on ])i\, liealfu, 
 aldor-boalu eorluni, 
 swfi pfi icr dydost. 
 Da wajs gylden hilt 
 gamolum I'ince, 
 harum hild-fruman, 3360 
 on hand gyfen, 
 enfa £er-geweorc : ' 
 hit on ceht gehwearf, 
 ssfter deofla hryre, 
 Denigea frean, 
 wundor-smipa geweorc ; 
 and fa fas worold ofgeaf 
 grom-heort guma, 
 Godes andsaca, 
 mortSres scyldig, 3370 
 
 and his m6dor eSc, 
 on geweald gehwearf 
 ■worold-cyninga 
 
 I the hilt thence 
 from the foes bore away, 
 avenged the crimes, 
 tlie Dane's deadly plague, 
 as it was fitting. 
 I now promise it thee, 
 that thou in Heorot may'st 
 sleep secure 
 
 with ih e company of thy warriors, 
 and every thane 
 of thy people, 
 noble and youthful ; 
 so that for them thou needest 
 
 not to fear, 
 prince of Scyldings, 
 on that side, 
 
 the life's banc of ihij warrioi's, 
 as thou erst didst." 
 Then was the golden hilt 
 to the aged warrior, 
 the hoar war-leader, 
 in hand given, 
 the giants work of old : 
 it pass'd into the possession, 
 after tJiose devils' fall, 
 of the Danes' lord, 
 the work of wondrous smiths j 
 and when this world resign'd 
 the fierce hearted man, 
 God's denier, 
 of murder guilty, 
 and his mother eke, 
 it pass'd into the power 
 of worldly kings 
 
BEOWULF. 113 
 
 <5ffim selestan the best 
 
 be s&m tweonuni, between the seas, 
 
 para ])c on Sccden-iggo of those who in Scania 
 
 _jscoattas dsokle. treasures dealt. 
 
 Ilro'Sgiir mat^elode, Hrotligar spake, 
 
 hylt sceawode, gaz'd on tlie hilt, 
 ealde lafe, 3380 fe old relic, 
 
 on fSism wses or writen on which tlie origin was written 
 
 fyrn-gewinnes, of the ancient war, 
 
 sySfan flod ofsloh, after the flood had slain, 
 
 geofon geptende, the flowing ocean, 
 
 giganta cyn ; tM giants' race ; 
 
 frecne geferdon. insolently they bore them, 
 
 poet wfes fremde feSd that was a people strange 
 
 Ccean Dryhtne ; to the eternal Lord ; 
 
 him fsos ende-lean, tothem,therefore,afinalreward, 
 
 furh wosteres wylm, 3390 through the water's rage, 
 
 Waldend sealde. the Almighty gave. 
 Swa wa!S on tSaem soennum So was on the mounting 
 
 scjran goldes, of bright gold, 
 
 )?urh rim-stafas, in runic letters, 
 
 rihte gemearcod, rightly mark'd, 
 
 gcsotcd and gesicd, set and said, 
 hwam Jjojt sweord geworht, for whom that sword, 
 
 irena cyst, of irons choicest, 
 
 jerest -ware, first was wrought, 
 
 •wreofen-hUt and ^wyrm- with hilt bound round and ser- 
 
 fah. 3400 pentine. 
 
 Da se wisa spraeo Then spake the wise 
 
 3384. MS. gifen. 
 
 3400. That is, adorned with figures of snakes interlaced, a 
 favourite and universal ornament among the Scandinavian nations, 
 innumerable specimens of which still exist in works of metal, 
 wood and stone, as capitals of pillar?, etc. 
 
 8 
 
114 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 sumi Healfdenes : 
 swigedon eallo : 
 ])a3t lil majg secgan, 
 so po s66 aud rilit 
 fremcS on folco, 
 feor eal gemon, 
 eald •^.-'vveard, 
 ])a3t (5es eorl wsere 
 geboren betera. 
 Blaid is artered 
 geond wid-wegas, 
 wine min Beowulf, 
 
 son of Ilealfdene : 
 (all were silent) 
 " Lo, tliat may say, 
 lie who truth and right 
 practises among people, 
 far back all remembers, 
 an old country's guardian, 
 that this earl should have been 
 3410 born better. 
 
 Thy glory is exalted 
 tlu'ough wide ways, 
 my friend Beowulf, 
 ])in ofer ])e6da gehwylce. over every nation. 
 Eal ffi hit ge])yldum heald- Thou' supportest it all j)a- 
 
 est, tiently, 
 
 miiegon mid modes snyt- thy might, with prudence of 
 
 trum. mind. 
 
 Ic fe sceal mine gelsestan I shall evince to thee my 
 freodo swfl wit furSum love, even as we two have 
 
 sprMcon : said : 
 
 Sii scealt to frofre weor])aii, thou shalt for a comfort be, 
 eal lang-tidig, 3420 a very long time, 
 
 leodum J)inum, to thy people, 
 
 hseleSum to helpe. for a help to warriors. 
 
 Ne weartS Herem6d swa, Ifot so was Heremod 
 to Ecgwela's children, 
 a blessing to the Scyldings ; 
 ne geweox hehimtowillan, he wax'd not for their benefit, 
 ac to WiBl-fylle, but for their slaughter, 
 
 and to deaS-cwalum and for a deadly plague 
 
 Deniga leodum ; to the Danes' people ; - 
 
 breat bolgen-mod 3430 he in angry mood destroy'd 
 
 3410. That is of higher degree ; that he should have been a king. 
 3420, MS. twidig. 3427. MS. feallu. 
 
 eaforum Ecgwelan, 
 ar Soyldingum ; 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 115. 
 
 bood-geneatas, 
 eaxl-gesteallan, 
 o])))a3t he ana hwearf, 
 micro ])o6dcn, 
 mon-droainum from ; 
 Seah J)o hine mihtig God 
 majgenes wynnum, 
 eafejjum stepto, 
 ofer ealle men 
 
 his table sharers, 
 hiif nearest friends, 
 until he lonely departed, 
 the great prince, 
 from the joys of men ; 
 although liim mighty God 
 ■with the delights of power, 
 with energies had exalted, 
 above all men 
 
 fort) gefrcmcde ; 3440 advanced him ; 
 
 hwoopero him on forhSe yet in his soul tJwre grow 
 
 grcow 
 breost-hord blod-reow ; 
 Dallas beagas geaf 
 Denum iefter dome : 
 dreamleas gebad, 
 ])iBt lie ]>jcs gowiimes 
 weorc ])r6wade, 
 lood-bealo longsum. 
 pfi ])e losr be ])on, 
 giim-oyste ongit. ■ 3450 
 Ic ])is gid be ])e 
 awrsBC wintrum frod. 
 Wundor is to secganne 
 hu mihtig God 
 manna cynne, 
 ]mrh sidne sefan, 
 snyttru bryttatS, 
 eard and eorlscipe : 
 He ah ealra geweald ; 
 hwilum He on lufan 3460 
 IseteS hworfan 
 monnes m6d-gel>onc, 
 
 a sanguinary heart ; 
 
 he gave no rings 
 
 to iJie Danes according to desert:; 
 
 joyless he continued, 
 
 so that of war he 
 
 the misery suffer'd, 
 
 a longsome public bale. 
 
 Teach thou thyself by this man,, 
 
 understand munificence. 
 
 This strain of thee I 
 
 in winters wise have recited.. 
 
 Wonderful 'tis to say 
 
 how mighty God, 
 
 to the race of men, 
 
 through his ample mind, 
 
 dispenses wisdom, 
 
 land and valour : 
 
 He possesses power of all ; 
 
 sometimes Ho as it likes ^ 
 
 lets wander 
 
 the mind's thought of man. ' 
 
 y 
 
 3442. Lit. breast-hoard. 
 
 8—2 
 
IIG 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 mseran cyuncs, 
 
 soleS him on 6j)lo 
 
 eorpan wynne 
 
 to healdanne, 
 
 hleo-burli wera ; 
 
 gedeS him swa gewealdene 
 
 •worolde djelas, 
 
 side rice, 3470 
 
 yoit ho his sclfa no niaag, 
 
 for his unsnyttrum 
 
 ondo ge]>encoan : 
 
 wunajj he on wiste, 
 
 Be hine wiht drefeS 
 
 adl ne yldo, 
 
 ne him inwit-sorh 
 
 on sefan sweorceS, 
 
 DO gesacu ohwser 
 
 ecg-hete eoweS ; 3480 
 
 ac him eal worold 
 
 wendeS on willan ; 
 
 Jie fait wyrse ne con, 
 
 of the great race, 
 
 gives him. in Jds country 
 
 joy of earth 
 
 to possess, 
 
 a shelter- city of men ; 
 
 thus makes to him subject 
 
 the portions of the world, 
 
 ample realms; 
 
 so that ho himself may not, 
 
 through his lack of wisdom, 
 
 think of his end : 
 
 ho continues in feasting, 
 
 nor him in aught afflicts, 
 
 disease or age, 
 
 nor for him guileful care 
 
 in his mind darkens, 
 
 nor strife anywhere 
 
 shows hostile hate ; 
 
 hut for him all the world 
 
 turns at his will ; 
 
 ho the worse knows, not. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 •I)])])8Bt him on-innan 
 ■ofer-hygda dtel 
 weaxetS and wridaS, 
 fonne so weard swefeS, 
 sawele hyrde ; 
 his so sleep t5 fsest 
 hisgum gebunden, ] 3490 
 bona swiSe neah, 
 60 J)o of flan-bogan 
 
 347c, Correctly ricu. 
 
 Until within him 
 a deal of arrogance 
 grows and buds, 
 when the guardian sleeps, 
 the soul's keeper j 
 too fast is the sleep 
 bound by cares, 
 the slayer very near, 
 who from his arrow-bow, 
 3475.' MS. (lwclo'5. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 iir 
 
 fyrenum sceotecS ; 
 fonne bitS on lirefre, 
 under helm drepen, 
 biteran stracle ; 
 him beboorgan no con 
 wom-wundor-bebodum 
 
 wcrgan gastes ; 
 
 JiinceS him t6 lytel 3500 
 
 jifct ho to lange heold, 
 
 gytsacS grom-hydig, 
 
 nallas on gylp seletS 
 
 ftctte beagas, 
 
 and he ]?a forS-gesceafl 
 
 forgyteS and forgymeS, 
 
 JjKS ye him ser God sealde, 
 
 wuldres Waldend, 
 weorSmynda dsel. 
 Hit on ende-stsef 35 10 
 eft geUmpeS, 
 ])a3t se-hcrhoma 
 laene gedreose(5, 
 isega gefealle'5 ; 
 feh15 oper to, 
 se fe unmurnlice 
 madmaa dsele^, 
 eorles ser-gestreon, 
 cgesan ne gymecJ. 
 Bebeorh fe ]'ono bealo- 
 nitS, 3520 
 
 Eeowulf leofa, 
 secg betsta, 
 
 3504. MS. fojdde. 
 
 wickedly shoots ; 
 
 then wUl lie be in tJie breast, 
 
 beneath the helm stricken, 
 
 with tlw bitter shaft ; 
 
 Jis cannot guard himself 
 
 from tJie wicked wondrous com- 
 mands 
 
 of tJie cursed spirit ; 
 
 seems to him too little 
 
 what he too long had held, 
 
 fierce-minded he covets, 
 
 gives not in Ms pride 
 
 rich rings, 
 
 and he the future state 
 
 forgets and neglects, 
 
 because God to him before has 
 given, 
 
 Euler of glory, 
 
 a deal of dignities. 
 
 It in the final close 
 
 afterwards befals, 
 
 that the body 
 
 miserably sinlcs^ 
 
 fated falls ; 
 
 another succeeds, 
 
 who without reluctance 
 
 treasures dispenses, 
 
 the warrior's former gains, 
 
 terror heeds not. 
 
 Keep from thee that baleful 
 evil, 
 
 dear Beowulf, 
 
 best of warriors, 
 
 3513. MS. laege. 
 
118 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 and ])0 ])oet scire geceSs, 
 
 See rsedas ; 
 
 ofer-hyda ne gym, 
 
 mjere cempa : 
 
 nil is ])mes msBgnes Maed 
 
 S,ne hwile ; 
 
 efl-sona biS pajt fee 
 
 adl oSSe ecg 35 3° 
 
 eafofes getwaefelS, 
 
 oSSe fyres feng, 
 
 olSSe flodes wylm, 
 
 oSSo gripe meces, 
 
 oSSe gares flilit, 
 
 otiSe atol yldo, 
 
 oSSo eagcna bearlitm, 
 
 forsitet? and forsworceS : 
 
 semninga biS, 
 
 and cliooso for tliee the better, 
 
 eternal counsels ; 
 
 heed not arrogance, 
 
 renown'd champion ! 
 
 now is tlie flower of thy might 
 
 for a while ; 
 
 eftsoons 't will be that thee 
 
 disease or sword 
 
 from thy energy separates, 
 
 or fire's clutch, 
 
 or rage of flood, 
 
 or falchion's gripe, 
 
 or arrow's flight, 
 
 or dire ago, 
 
 or twinkling of eyes, 
 
 oppresses and darkens : 
 
 suddenly it will be : 
 
 ])£Bt ])ec dryht-guma 3540 that thee, warrior, 
 
 deS,6 oferswySeS. 
 Swel ic Hring-Dena 
 hund missera 
 weold under wolcnum, 
 and hig wigge be leac 
 manegum ma3g]>a 
 
 death overpowers. 
 Thus I the Ring-Danes 
 for half a hundred years 
 had rul'd under the clouds, 
 and them from war secur'd 
 from manv tribes 
 
 geond ]>ysne middangeard, throughout this mid-earth, 
 £escum and ecguni ; with spears and swords, 
 
 fajt ic me £enigne so that I me any, 
 
 under swegles begong 3550 under heaven's course, 
 
 adversary counted not. 
 
 Lo, to me of this in my country 
 
 a reverse came, 
 
 sadness after merriment, 
 
 gesacan ne tealde. 
 Hwait mo ])xs on Gjile 
 edwendan cwom 
 gnyin Eefter gomene, 
 
 3537. Thia alludes to the evil eye, for which see Grimm, D.M. 
 V- «053- 3554- MS. gym. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 119 
 
 seofSan Grendel wearS, 
 ealcl gowinna, 
 in-genga min : 
 ic ])iBre socne 
 singalcs waog 
 
 since Grendel became, 
 my old adversary, 
 my invader : 
 I for that visitation 
 constantly have borne 
 
 mod-ceare micle ; 3560 great mental care; 
 
 fees sig Metode ])anc, therefore be to the ^Creator 
 
 thanks, 
 to the eternal Ijord, 
 for that I have remain'd in life, 
 that I on that head, 
 clotted with gore, 
 after our old contention, 
 with my eyes may gaze. 
 Go now to thy seat, 
 enjoy tlie pleasure of tlie feast, 
 3570 for battle honour'd : 
 
 for us two shall a great many 
 common treasures he, 
 when it shall be morning." 
 Tlie Goth was glad of mood, 
 went straightways to 
 occupy his seat, 
 as the sage commanded. 
 Then were again as before, 
 the valour-fam'd 
 3580 court-residents, 
 fairly feasted, 
 with new spirit. 
 The helm of night grew murky, 
 dark o'er tlie vassals, 
 the courtiers aU arose ; 
 
 ecean Drihtne, 
 Jscs t5e ic on aldre gebad, 
 ])fct ic on ])ono hafelan, 
 hcoro-dreorignc, 
 ofer eald gewin, 
 eagum starige. 
 Ga nil to setle, 
 symbel-wynne dreoh, 
 wig-geweorfad ; 
 imc soeal worn fela 
 majjma gemtenra, 
 si])San morgen biS. 
 Geat waes glaed-mod, 
 gong sona to 
 setles neosan, 
 swa se snottra heht. 
 I pa w£es eft swa Ecr, 
 ellcn-rofum, 
 flet-sittendum, 
 ficgere goroorded 
 niowan stefne. 
 Niht-helm geswearc, 
 deorc ofer dryht-gumum ; 
 diiau8 eal arS,s : 
 
 3573. After this line I suspect that two lines are wanting. 
 3575. MS. geong. 
 
120 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wolde Monden-feax 
 
 beddos neosan, 
 
 gamela Seylding ; 
 
 Geat ungemetes wel 
 
 rofne rand-wigan 3590 
 
 restan lyste. 
 
 Sona him sele-fegn, 
 
 siSes wergum, 
 
 feorran-cumenum, 
 
 for^ wisade, 
 
 se for and??ysiium 
 
 ealle beweotede 
 
 fegnea pearfe, 
 
 swylcc ])y dpgore 
 
 lieaJio-liSende ' 3600 
 
 liabban scoldon. 
 
 licsto hino pa, iiim-heort, 
 
 reced lilifade, 
 geap and gold-fah : 
 gajst inne swajf, 
 o))])JBt hrefn blaca 
 boofenes wynne 
 blK-heort b5dode , 
 I cuman beorbte [sunnan] 
 scacan scafan, 3610 
 
 [Scealcas] onetton, 
 ■wseron sefelingas 
 eft to leSdum 
 
 the grizzly hair'd^9W« would 
 his bed visit, 
 the aged Seylding; 
 the Goth immeasurably well 
 the renown'd shield-warrior 
 wished to rest. 
 
 Eorthwith tlie hall-thane him,, 
 from his journey weary, 
 </ie^comer from afar, 
 guided forth, 
 who from reverence 
 had all things provided 
 for the thane's needj 
 such as in that day 
 navigators of the main 
 should have. 
 
 Eested him then the ample- 
 hearted ; 
 the mansion tower'd, 
 vaulted and golden-hued : 
 the guest slept therein, 
 ■watH'Jhe black raven 
 heaven's delight 
 blithe of heart announced 
 the bright [sun] coming, 
 robbers fleeing away. 
 [The warriors] hasten'd, 
 the nobles were 
 again to their people 
 
 3597. MS. beweotene. 
 
 3594. MS. feorran cundiun. 
 3603. MS. hliuade. 
 
 3609. Thork. coman. The word has perished from the MS, 
 MS. beorht, Sunnan is supplied from conjecture. 
 361 1. Scealcas is added from conjecture. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 121 
 
 ffiso to fai'onne ; 
 
 wolde feor fanon 
 
 cuma coUen-ferhS 
 
 ce61cs neosan. 
 
 Heht ])a so hearda 
 
 Hrunting beran, 
 
 sunn Ecglafes 3620 
 
 lieht his sweord niman, 
 
 leoflic iren ; 
 
 ssegde liim Jobs leSnes Jjanc, 
 
 cwfcS lie Jjone gficS-wine 
 
 godne tealde, 
 
 wig-croeftigne ; 
 
 nales wordum log 
 
 meces ecge : 
 
 ]>xt woes modig secg. 
 
 And fa, siS-frome, 3630 
 
 searwum gearwe 
 
 wigend wtei'on, 
 
 e5de West-Denum' 
 
 aefeling to-yrnan, 
 
 yxi se o])er wses, 
 
 hffile-hilde-deor : 
 
 HroSgar grette. 
 
 anxious to go ; 
 
 would far from thencn 
 
 tlie higli-soul'd guest 
 
 Jiis vessel visit. 
 
 Bade then the bold chief 
 
 Hrunting be borne, 
 
 t!ie son of Ecglaf 
 
 bade take hack his sword, 
 
 the precious iron ; 
 
 gave him for the loan thanks, 
 
 said tliat he the war-frieud 
 
 accounted good, 
 
 in battle powerful ; 
 
 nor with words blam'd he 
 
 the falchion's edge : 
 
 that was a high-soul'd warrior. 
 
 And when eager for departure,, 
 
 with arms all ready 
 
 ilie warriors were, 
 
 wont to the West-Danes 
 
 the noble running, to 
 
 where the other was, 
 
 the human war-beast : 
 
 he Hrothgar greeted. 
 
 Beowulf mafelode, 
 beam Ecgpeowes : 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son ; 
 
 3614. MS. farene. 
 
 3615. The MS. has ne before wolde, apparently a repetition of 
 that immediately preceding. 
 
 3624. gd'S-wine, i.e. the sword. 3633, MS. wear's. 
 
 3634. MS. to yppan. 3636. MS. helle. 
 
122 
 
 Mi'jje S£e-li'6end 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 3640 
 
 " jSTow to tliee we. sea-farers 
 
 secgan wyllaS, 
 
 
 desire to say, 
 
 feorran cuniene, 
 
 
 we comers from afar, 
 
 JiEct we fundiaS 
 
 
 that we are most desirous 
 
 Iligelfic SGcan ; 
 
 
 Ilygelao to seek ; 
 
 waeron her tela 
 
 
 we have here been kindly. 
 
 ■willum liefinede, 
 
 
 cordially, serv'd, 
 
 ])U us wel dohtest. 
 
 
 thou hast well treated us. 
 
 Gif ic ])Oiine on eorfan 
 
 If I now on earth 
 
 owilite ma3g, 
 
 
 in aught can, 
 
 pinre mod-lufan, 
 
 3650 
 
 for tliy mind's love, 
 
 maran tilian, 
 
 
 execute more. 
 
 gumcna dryliteu, 
 
 
 lord of men. 
 
 Sonne ic gy t dyde, 
 
 
 than I yet have done, 
 
 gut5-geweorca, 
 
 
 of warlike worlcs. 
 
 ic beo gearo sona ; 
 
 
 I shall be straightways reaSy ; 
 
 gif ic ])xt gefriego, 
 
 
 if I learn, 
 
 ofer floda begang, 
 
 
 over the floods' course, 
 
 ])£et fee ymb-sittend 
 
 
 that thee those dwelling around 
 
 egesan jjywaS, 
 
 
 with terror urge, 
 
 swa pec hetende 
 
 3660 
 
 . as tJiose hating thee 
 
 liwilifin dydon, 
 
 
 at times have done. 
 
 ic pe pusenda 
 
 
 I to thee thousands 
 
 pegna bringe, 
 
 
 of warriors will bring. 
 
 hfelepa to lielpe. 
 
 
 of heroes, to thy help. 
 
 Ic on Higelace wilt,'' 
 
 
 I know of Hygelac, 
 
 Geata' dryhten, 
 
 
 lord of Goths, 
 
 peali tSe lie geong sy 
 
 
 although he be a young 
 
 Ibices liyrde, 
 
 
 shepherd of his folk, 
 
 Jjtet lie inec froinniaii 
 
 wile, 
 
 tliat lie will unable me. 
 
 ■\vordum and weorcum, 3670 by words and works, 
 
 pffit ic ])e wel werige, that I may well defend thee, 
 
 3646. MS. bewenede. 3670. MS . weordum and worciim. 
 
 3671. MS. lierige. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 123 
 
 and ])e to geoce 
 
 gar-holt here, 
 
 mregencs fultiim, 
 
 ]ymv ^0 bi(S mauna ])carf. 
 
 Gif him ponne Ilrejjrie 
 
 to liofiim Geata 
 
 gejnng^ jjeodnes beam, 
 
 he ma3g psev fela 
 
 freonda findan : 3680 
 
 foor-cy])'6^be6S 
 
 seh'au gesohte, 
 
 J)8em fe him selfa deah. / 
 
 HrotSgSr mapelode, 
 
 him on andsware : 
 
 po ])a word-cwydas 
 
 wittig Drihten 
 
 on sefan sende : 
 
 ne hyrde ic snotorlicor, 
 
 on s wa geongum feore, 3690 
 
 guman fingian. 
 
 pfl eart ma3genes Strang, 
 
 and on mode frod, 
 
 wis word-cwida : 
 
 wen' ic tahge, 
 
 gif J)83t gegauge«, 
 
 ]78et se gar nime^, 
 
 hild heoru-grim, 
 
 Hrejiles eaferau, 
 
 Sdl oJi'Se iren, 3700 
 
 ealdor tSinne, 
 
 and to thee for^succour 
 the javelin-shaft bear, 
 a support to thy power, 
 if thou have need of men. 
 If then Hrethric 
 at iJie Goths' courts, 
 the king's son, craves it, 
 he may there many 
 friends find : 
 far countries are, 
 better when sought, 
 to him Avho on himself relies." 
 Hrothgar spake 
 to him in answer : 
 " To thee those words 
 the wise Lord 
 into thy mind ha^ sent ; 
 never have I heard more pru- 
 dently, 
 in so young a life, 
 a man discourse. 
 Thou art strong of might, 
 and in mind sage, 
 wise of verbal utterances : 
 I think tJiere is expectation, 
 if it happen, 
 that the dart take, 
 war fiercely grim, 
 Hrethel's offspring, 
 disease or iron, 
 thy prince, , 
 
 3676. MS. Hre'Srinc : Hrothgar's son. 
 
 3678. MS. gej)ingcd, 
 
 3687. MS. wigtig. 3697. MS. )'0. 
 
 Seel. 2382. 
 
 3681. MS. cyi>iSe. 
 3698. MS. griinmo. 
 
124 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 folocs liyrdo, 
 
 and ])6-]nn feorth liafast, 
 
 ])a!t fa S£D-Gefi,tas 
 
 selran nsebben 
 
 to goceSsenno, 
 
 cyning ainigng, 
 
 hord-weard hcelefa ; 
 
 gif ])U healdan wylt 
 
 maga rice. 3710 
 
 Me ])in mod-sefa 
 
 lica^ leng swa wel, 
 
 leofa Beowulf : 
 
 hafast fu gefered 
 
 ])Eet Jjfim folcum sceal, 
 
 Ge5,ta le5dum 
 
 and Gar-Denum, 
 
 sib gemEDnum c 
 
 and sacu restan, 
 
 inwit-nifas, 3720 
 
 ])e hie ter drugon, 
 
 wesan penden ic wealde 
 
 ■vvidan rices, 
 
 mafmas gemEene : 
 
 mauig o])orne 
 
 gSdum gegretan ; 
 
 ofer ganotes bseS 
 
 sceal hring-naca, 
 
 ofer heSfu bringan 
 
 Mc and luf-tS,cen. 3730 
 
 Ic ])a leode wat 
 
 ge wis feond ge wi'5 
 
 freond 
 foeete geworhte, 
 3704. MS. H- 
 
 Ids people's slieplierd, 
 
 and thou^tliy life hast, 
 
 that the Sea-Goths 
 
 will not have a better 
 
 to choose, 
 
 not any king, 
 
 or treasure-ward of heroes : 
 
 if thou wilt hold 
 
 thy kinsmen's realm. 
 
 Me thy mind 
 
 pleases the longer the better^ 
 
 dear Beowulf: 
 
 thou hast borne thyself 
 
 so that for the nations shaU 
 
 {the Goths' people 
 
 and the Gar-Danes),' 
 
 peace be to both, 
 
 and contention rest, 
 
 i/ie guileful enmities, 
 
 which they erst have borne, 
 
 sJiall be while I rule 
 
 the ample realm, 
 
 treasures common ; 
 
 many a one another 
 
 greet with benefits ; 
 
 over the gannet's bath 
 
 the Ting-prow'd bark shall, 
 
 o'er the main, bring 
 
 gifts and love-tokens. 
 
 I the nations know 
 
 both towards foe and towards 
 
 friend 
 fast constituted, 
 
 3726. MS, gogrettan. 
 
EEOWULF. 
 
 125 
 
 aeghwres unteele, 
 
 ealde wisan. 
 
 D3, git him corla hleo 
 
 inne gosealde, 
 
 mago Healfdenes, 
 
 mafmas xii ; 
 
 het hine mid faem Mcum 
 
 leSde swEese 3741 
 
 secean on gesyntum ; 
 
 snude eft cuman. 
 
 Gecyste fa 
 
 cyning osjielum g6d, 
 
 feodon Scyldinga, 
 
 (5cgu bctstan, 
 
 and be liealse geijam ; 
 
 hruron Mm tearas, 
 
 blonden feaxum ; 3750 
 
 ^n^■m wajs b6ga w6n, 
 
 ealdum infrodum, 
 
 opres svviSor, 
 
 pset hi seo?5San vij" 
 
 geseon moston, 
 
 modige on mef le. 
 
 Weeshimse man to fon leof, 
 
 past he pone bre6st-wylm 
 
 forberan no mihte ;> 
 
 ac him on hrepre, 3760 
 
 hyge-bendum fsestj 
 
 sefter deorum men, 
 
 blameless in everything, 
 
 in tlie old wise.'' 
 
 To him besides tJie warriors 
 
 protector 
 gave to possess, 
 tlie son of Healfdene, 
 treasures twelve ; 
 bade him with the gifts 
 his own people 
 seek in safety ; 
 quioldy come again. 
 Kiss'd then 
 the king nobly good, 
 the Scyldings' prince, 
 the best of thanes, 
 and round ilie neck him took j 
 tears fell from him, 
 iJie grizzly hair'd piince ; 
 he had hope of both, 
 tlie old sage, 
 
 lut of tlie second stronger, 
 that tliey themselves afterwards 
 might see, 
 
 tlie lofty ^o»es, in conference. 
 To him was the man so dear, 
 that he the fervour of his breast 
 might not restrain ; 
 but in his bosom, 
 fast in bonds of thought, 
 after the dear man, 
 
 3740. MS. inne. 
 
 3751. Hope o£ both, i.e. of his safe arrival at home, and of his 
 speedy return to Denmark, referring to 11. 3740-3743. 
 3759. MS. mehte. 
 
12G 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 dyiuc laiigaS 
 
 born wis blode. 
 
 riim IJeowulf ])anon, 
 
 giiS-rinc gold-wlanc, 
 
 grses-moHan trssd, 
 
 since hrcmig.- 
 
 Sse-genga bad 
 
 agend-fvean, 377° 
 
 se pe on ancre rad. 
 
 pa wsQS on gange 
 
 gifu HroSgares 
 
 oft geaslitod. 
 
 pKt WSBS an cyning 
 
 a;gliWiX3s orleahti'C, 
 
 o])])tct liino yldo Ijouam 
 
 micgones wynnum, 
 
 so .])0 oft nianeguni scod. 
 
 longing secretly 
 
 burn'd against blood. 
 
 Beowulf tlionce, 
 
 the warrior proud with gold, 
 
 trod tlie grassy mould, 
 
 in treasure exulting. 
 
 The sea-ganger awaited 
 
 its owning lord, 
 
 wbicb at anchor rode. 
 
 Then was on the -waj 
 
 the gift of Hrothgar 
 
 often prized. 
 
 That was a Icing 
 
 in everything faultless, 
 
 until ago him toolc 
 
 from the delights of vigour, 
 
 which of t had o verpo wer'd many. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Cwom fa t6 fl6de 3780 
 fela m6digra 
 ha3gstealdra ; /v^- -^ ivu 
 hring-net baerou, 
 locene leo^o-syrcan. 
 Land-weard onfand 
 eft-si8 eorla, 
 swa he ser dyde : 
 
 Came then to the flood 
 many prou.d 
 bachelors ; 
 ring-nets they bore, 
 clos'd limb-sarks. 
 The land-warden perceiv'd 
 the warriors' return, 
 as he before had done : 
 
 3764. MS. beorn. Tho words ' wi'S Ufido' aro very qucstioii- 
 ablo. The only interpretation of which tho Ihio soeina aiisceptiblo 
 is, that he (Hrothgar) entertained a stronger alTection for Beowulf 
 than for his own blood, that is, his own children. I consider the 
 case an inciirablo one. 
 
 3765. MS. Jjanan. 3770. MS. aged. 3785. Sec 11. 473, soq. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 127 
 
 no he mid hearme, 
 of hliSes nosan, 
 gfic;st5Be.grctte, 379o 
 
 .ic liim lo-aoaiics iful ; 
 cwreo ]ni ■wilcuman 
 Wedera Icuduiu. 
 Scac'an scir-Mme 
 
 to scipe foron. 
 
 Da wics ou saudc 
 
 sse-geap naca 
 
 hladen heTe-wsedum, 
 
 hringed-stet'na, ■ 
 
 meanimandniat5mum; 3800 
 
 uifBst lilifade 
 
 ofer IlroiSgares 
 
 hoi'd-gestreonum . 
 
 He ])S3m bat-weai'de, 
 
 bunden golde, 
 
 swiird gesealde, 
 
 Jjret lie sySpan wses, 
 
 on meodo-bence, 
 
 maduie fy weorja-a, 
 
 yrf e-lafe. 3810 
 
 Gewat him on nacajj, 
 
 drefan de6p wsstei", 
 
 Delia land ofgeaf. 
 
 pa woes be masste 
 
 mere-hrsegla sum, 
 
 segl sale fsest : 
 
 3792. MS. hajt. 3794. MS. scavvan.' 
 
 3804. He, i.e. Beowulf. 3809. MS. madma Jjy weorjsre. 
 
 3810. No alliteration with the following line ; for naoan we 
 should probably read J-Jium. 
 
 not with insult he, 
 from the hill's point, 
 greeted tlie guest, 
 but towards him rode j 
 bade welcome then 
 to the Weders' people. 
 Departing, the bright-clad war- 
 riors 
 went to the ship. 
 Then was ou the sand 
 the sea-ourv'd bark 
 laden witli martial weeds, 
 tlie ringed prow, 
 with steeds and treasures ; 
 tlie mast tower'd 
 over Hrothgar's 
 hoard-treasures. 
 He to the boat-guard, 
 bound with gold; 
 gave a sword, 
 so that he was afterwards, 
 on tlie mead-bench, 
 the worthier for tlie treasure, 
 tlie heritable relic. 
 He departed in tlie bark, 
 agitating tlie deep water, 
 tlie Danes' land left. 
 Then was by tlie mast 
 a sea-mantle, 
 a sail, by a cord fast : 
 
128 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 sund-wudii Jtunodo ; 
 DO ])XT w£eg-flotan 
 wiud ofer ySum 
 siSes getwisfde ; 
 sEe-genga for, 
 fleat fiimig-hcals 
 forti ofer y6e, 
 liu)iden-stefna 
 ofer brim-streamas, 
 ])a;t liio Geata clifu 
 ongitan moahton, 
 cu])e -noBssas. 
 Ceol up-gojjrang, 
 lyft-geswencod 
 on lande st6d. 
 Hr5,J)e wa;s set holme 
 hyS-weaid geara, 
 se ])e &v lange tid 
 le6fra manna, 
 fus set faro'Se. 
 for wlatode : 
 saelde to sande 
 sid-faiSmed scip 
 oncer-bendum foestj 
 yy laes hit yfa 8rym, 
 wudu wynsuman, 
 forwrecan meahte. 
 Het fa up beran 
 fEpelinga gestre6n, 
 
 tJie sea-wood rattled ; 
 
 not there the wave-floater 
 
 the wind above the billows 
 3820 from Us course parted : 
 
 the sea-ganger went, 
 
 floated the foamy neck'd 
 
 forth o'er the wave, 
 
 the bounden prow 
 
 over ocean's streams, 
 
 so that they the Goths' shores 
 
 might perceive, 
 
 the known headlands. 
 
 The vessel press'd up, 
 3830 weather-beaten 
 
 on land it stood. 
 
 Quickly at the sea was 
 
 the hithe-guard ready, 
 
 who, a long time before, 
 
 the dear men's 
 
 (prompt at the shore) 
 
 course had beheld : 
 
 lie bound to the sand 
 
 the broad-bosom'd ship 
 3840 with anchor-bonds fast, 
 
 lest it the billows' force, 
 
 the gallant wood, 
 
 might wreck. 
 
 He then bade be borne up 
 
 the nobles' treasures. 
 
 ornaments and rich gold : 
 
 frictwa and fact gold : 
 
 tises him feor fanon. he liad not far thence 
 
 3818. MS. weg. 3837. MS. feor. 3839. MS. fa3«me. 
 
 3840. MS. on cear beudum. The rectification is Gruncltvig'a. 
 : 3841. MS. hym. 3846. MS. frietwe. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 129 
 
 ■to gcsocanno 
 
 sinces bryttau, 
 
 Higolac Hrcfling, 38^0 
 
 ])a3r ajt hfim wuuodo ^Xi) 
 
 sclfa mid gcsi^um, 
 
 ste-wealle neali. 
 
 Bold wres betlic, 
 
 brego -Tof cyning, 
 
 licii healle ; 
 
 llygd swiSe geong, 
 
 WIS wel-]mngen, 
 
 feah tSe wintra lyt 
 
 under buvh-locan. 3860 
 
 gobidon htcfdo 
 
 ll!ui'(!|)os dohlor : 
 
 nres liio liuah swS,-f oah, 
 
 nS to gaeS gifa 
 
 Ge&ta, leodum, 
 
 inafm-gestreoua,^,^ 
 
 m6d-])i'y(So vrcag 
 
 fremu folces cwen, 
 
 firen ondrysne. 
 
 Nsenig Jiait dorsto 3870 
 
 deor genegan, 
 
 swsesra gesiSa, 
 
 ncfne sin-freii, 
 
 f e hire an-dajges 
 
 cagum stfircdo ; 
 
 ac him wa;l-bende 
 
 weotode tealde, 
 
 to seek 
 
 tlie dispenser of treasure, 
 
 Ilygelac, Hrcfcliers son, 
 
 where at liome dwelt, 
 
 himself with his companions, 
 
 near the sea-wall. 
 
 The mansion was excellent, 
 
 a chief renown'd the king, 
 
 high the liall ; 
 
 liygd very young, 
 
 wise, well-nurtur'd, 
 
 though winters few 
 
 amid tJis burgh-encloser 
 
 had abided 
 
 ILxrcth's daughter : 
 
 although she was not mean, 
 
 nor of gifts too sparing 
 
 to the Goths' people, 
 
 of treasure-acquisitions, 
 
 yd violence of mood mov'd 
 
 the folk's bold queen, 
 
 crime appalling. 
 
 No one durst that 
 
 beast address, 
 
 of the dear companions, 
 
 save her wedded lord, 
 
 who on her daily 
 
 with eyes gaz'd ; 
 
 but to him a death band 
 
 decreed, calculated, 
 
 3851. MS. wuna«. 3861. MS. hcobbo. 
 3868. Fremu seems hero without eonso. 
 read frome, hold, strenuous. 
 3871. MS. gene>au. 
 
 3864. MS. gnoa*. 
 Porliaps wo should 
 
130 EEOWULR 
 
 liand-gowrijjeno, liaiul-Loiiiid, 
 
 liraSo seojjSan Avajs, was quickly after, 
 
 ffifter mund-gripe 3880 after /Ae hand-grasp, 
 
 mece gepinged ; with the sword resolv'd ; 
 
 fait hit sceatSen msel so that it the pernicious brand' 
 
 scyran moste, must decide, 
 
 cwealm-healu. cytSan : tlie deadly halo make known :. 
 
 ne his swylc cwonlic Jieiiw such is no feminine usage 
 
 idese to efuanne, for a woman to practise, 
 
 feah tSe hio senlicu sy, although she he beautiful, 
 
 fajtte freoSu-wehbe that a peace-weaver 
 
 feores onsujce, machinate to deprive of life, 
 
 ajfter lig-torue, 3890 after burning angor, 
 
 leofnc mannan ; a dear man ; 
 
 huru Jiiut onhohsnodo at least with that roproach'd /(()• 
 
 Heminges nijeg, Hamming's son, 
 
 oalo-drinccndc ; lohile drinking ale ; 
 
 oSre sffidon, others said, 
 
 fKt hi6 le6d-bealewa that she dire evils 
 
 lees gefremede, loss perpetrated, 
 
 inwit-niSa, guileful iniquities, 
 
 sySSan serest wearS after she was first 
 
 gyfen gold-hroden 3900 given gold-adorn'd 
 
 geongum compan, to the young warrior, 
 
 se8elum diore, the noble beast, 
 
 sySSan hio Offan flet, after she Offa's court, 
 
 3880. The graap of affected reconciliation. 
 
 3882. MS. sceaden. 
 
 3884. From this line the MS. is -written in another and worst 
 hand. 
 
 3888. A periphrasis for a woman. See also " The Sc6p or Glee- 
 man's Tale," 1. u. 
 
 3890. MS. lige. 3892. MS. onhohsnod. (qu. onjiosp dyde ?) 
 
 3893. MS. Hemninges. Hemmiug's son is Eoincr. Sec 1. 3925. 
 
 3895. MS. o^er sajden. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 131 
 
 ofcr fcalone flod, 
 ho fsedor lare, 
 si(5o gcsohte, 
 JJSBv liio sySSan wol 
 in gum-stole, 
 gode msei-G 
 lif-gesccaffca 
 . lifigcnde breac, 
 hcold licah-lufan 
 wis hoclc])a brego, 
 calles mon-cynnes, 
 mine gcfrajgc, 
 ])oue sGlestan 
 bi stem tweonum, 
 eormen-cynnes ; 
 forjiam Offa wiBS, 
 goofiim and gQpum, 
 gar-cene man, 
 wide geweorjjod ; 
 ivisdome heold 
 e^el sinne ; 
 fonon Eomer woe 
 haeleSum to belpe, 
 ITemiuges mteg, 
 nefa Garmundes, 
 ni(Sa CTOcftig. 
 
 over tlie fallow flood, 
 
 through Jier father's counsel, 
 
 by journey sought, 
 
 whore she afterwards well 
 
 on the throne, 
 
 the good and great 
 3910 life's creations 
 
 living enjoy'd, 
 
 high love ontertain'd 
 
 towards the prince of heroes, 
 
 of all mankind, 
 
 as I havo heard, 
 
 the best 
 
 between tlie seas, 
 
 of the human race ; 
 
 for Offa was, 
 3920 for gifts and wars, 
 
 (a bold man in arms) 
 
 widely honour'd ; 
 
 he in wisdom held 
 
 his country ; * 
 
 from him Eomer sprang 
 
 for help to heroes, 
 
 Homing's son, 
 
 Garmund's grandson, 
 
 mighty in conflicts. 
 
 3916. MS. JjiEs. 3925. MS. geomor. 
 
 3928. It would seem from this line that nefa signified not only 
 nephew and grandson, but also great-grandson, unless it be an 
 error for gen. nefan, as I suspect it to be, and in opposition to He- 
 minges, meaning that Heming was the grandson of Garmuud. 
 
 3929. The preceding digression about Hygd and Offa is barely 
 intelligible. 
 
 9—2 
 
132 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Ocwat him fa se hearda 
 
 mid his hond-scSle, 3931 
 
 sylf jefter sande, 
 
 SEe-wong tredan, 
 
 wide warotJas. 
 
 Womld-candel scan, 
 
 sigcl suSan fiis : 
 
 hi siiS drugon, 
 
 •elne geeodon, 
 
 to ])8es fe eorla hleo, 
 
 Departed then the bold warrior 
 
 with his chosen band, 
 
 himself along the sand, 
 
 the sea-plain treading, 
 
 the wide shores. 
 
 The world's candle shone, 
 
 //je sun from i/te south hastening : 
 
 they dragg'd on their way, 
 
 resolutely went, 
 
 until tlie protector of men-, 
 
 bouan Ongen])e6wes, 3940 the slayer of OngentheowT^ 
 
 burgum iu innau, 
 geongne gfiS-cyning 
 godne gefrunon 
 hriugas diielan. 
 Higeliice wais 
 sis Beowulfes 
 snfido gocySod, 
 )ja}t ])a3r on, wor'Sig, 
 wigendra hleo, 
 lind-gestealla, 39So 
 
 lifigende cwom, 
 hoa'So-luces hal 
 to hofe gongan. 
 llraSe w£es gerymcd, 
 swa se rica bebead, 
 feSe-gestum 
 (lot innanweard. 
 ■GesKt ))5, wis sylfne 
 .86 Se ssecce gena^s, 
 
 3940. MS. Ongenjjeoes. 
 
 within his burghs, 
 tlie young martial king, 
 the good, they had heard, 
 was rings dispensing. 
 To Hygelac was 
 Beowulf's voyage 
 speedily made known, 
 that there into the place 
 the protector of warriors, , 
 his shield-companion, 
 was come alive, 
 whole from the game of war 
 proceeding to his mansion. 
 Quickly was clear'd, 
 as the chief commanded, 
 for the pedestrian guests 
 the hall within. 
 Sat then facing himself 
 he who had come safely from 
 the conflict, 
 
 3959. MS. se ■Sa. 
 
 /^9-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 13-3 
 
 niscg \vi(5 iiiEege. 3960 
 
 SySSan luan-dryhten, 
 
 ))urh hleo'Sor-cwyde, 
 
 holdne gcgrette, 
 
 mcaglum wordum, 
 
 meodo-scencum hwearf, 
 
 geond ]>8Bt heal-ieced, 
 
 Hsere'Ses dohtor : 
 
 lufode Sa leode, 
 
 liS-wa3ge bffir 
 
 heanuni t6 lianda 3970 
 
 Higelac ongan 
 
 sinne geseldan 
 
 iu sole ]niia lieiin 
 
 fffigre fricgean : 
 
 liyne fyrwet hxsac, 
 
 hwylce Sse-Geata 
 
 sil5as wseron. 
 
 Hu lomp eow on lade, 
 
 leofa Beowulf, 
 
 ]>a, (Su fwringa 3980 
 
 feorr geliogodest 
 
 ssecce sScean 
 
 ofer sealt wseter, 
 
 hilde to Heorote, 
 
 ))DBt Sfi IlroSgaro 
 
 wid-cu(5ue wean 
 
 wihte gebette, 
 
 mserum feodne. 
 
 Ic pses mod-ccare 
 
 sorli-wylmnm seaS ; 3990 
 
 3966. MS. side roood. 
 3970. MS. hienum. 
 
 39S6. MS.wi'S. 
 
 kinsman facing kinsman. 
 
 After Ids liege lord, 
 
 in sonorous speech, 
 
 his faithful friend had greeted, 
 
 in powerful words, 
 
 with mead-libations went, 
 
 through the hall, 
 
 Hrereth's daughter : 
 
 s!ie lov'd the people, 
 
 ihe wine-cup bare 
 
 to tJie high chief's hand. 
 
 Hygelac began 
 
 his guest 
 
 in the high hall 
 
 kindly to question : 
 
 curiosity was bursting him, 
 
 as to what the Sea-Goths' 
 
 courses had been. 
 
 " How befel it you on the way,, 
 
 dear Beowulf, 
 
 when thou suddenly 
 
 didst resolve afar. 
 
 conflict to seek 
 
 over the salt water, 
 
 contest at Heorot, 
 
 that thou to Hrotligar 
 
 his wide-known calamity 
 
 mightest somewhat compensate, 
 
 iJie great prince ? 
 
 I on this account mymind'scaro' 
 
 have in sorrow-boilings seeth'd j; 
 
 Tlie alliteration requirea heal. 
 3985. MS. ac. 
 3987. MS. gobcttest. 
 
134 
 
 ]5E0WULF. 
 
 siSe no trinvodo 
 
 leofes mannes ; 
 
 ic pe lange bred, 
 
 f fet Sii fone wsel-gajst 
 
 wiHte ne grette, 
 
 lete SfiS-Dene 
 
 sylfe geweortSan 
 
 gu'Se wi8 Grendel. 
 
 Code ic pane secge, 
 
 ])8es iSe ic So gesundne 4000 
 
 geseon moste. 
 
 Beowulf matSelode, 
 
 beam Ecg])c6\vcs : 
 
 poet is uiidyi-ne, 
 
 dryhtcii Iligclfic, 
 
 [unccr] gcnicting 
 
 monegum fyra, 
 
 hwylcc [orleg]-li\vil 
 
 unoer Grendles 
 
 weartS on pam wange, 4010 
 
 fser he worna fela 
 
 Sige-Scyldingum 
 
 sorge gefremede, 
 
 yrmSe to aldre. 
 
 Ic fset eall gewrfee, 
 
 swa ne gylpan fearf 
 
 / trusted not in the voyage 
 
 of tlie dear man ; 
 
 I pray'd tliee long, 
 
 that thou the deadly guest 
 
 shouldest in no wise greet, 
 
 lut let tlie South Danes 
 
 themselves decide 
 
 the contest with Grendel. 
 
 To God I say thanks, 
 
 for that I thee sound 
 
 might see." 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 Eogtheow's son : 
 
 " It is not secret, 
 
 imj lord Ilygclao, 
 
 [our] meeting 
 
 to many men, 
 
 what while [of conflict] 
 
 of myself and Grendel 
 
 was on the place, 
 
 where he a great abundance, 
 
 to the victorious Scyldings, 
 
 had of sorrow caus'd, 
 
 misery everlasting. 
 
 I have avenged all that, 
 
 so tliat need not boast 
 
 4006. micer ia supplied from conjecture. 
 
 4008. orleg is supplied from conjecture. 
 
 4009. This is an 0. Norse construction. The rule is, that 
 where in other tongues a personal pronoun is joined with a proper 
 name by the conjunction and (ok), the ok is in 0. Nor. omitted, 
 and the pronoun put in the dual or plural number, and the same 
 case as the proper name. Bask, Anvisn. till IslUndskan. Stockh. 
 1823, p. 228. See Ctodraon, p. 296, 6 ; and Cod. lixon. pp. 324, 
 31 ; 467, 7 — for other instances. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 135 
 
 Crrendles mas;a 
 
 O 
 
 [lenig] ofer eorSan 
 
 ulit-lilein fone, 
 
 se fe lengesfc leofaS 4020 
 
 lii'San cynnes. 
 
 Picr-bifongon, 
 
 ic Jjicr furSiim cwom, 
 
 16 Sam hring-sele, 
 
 HrotSgSr gretan 
 
 sona me se msera 
 
 luago Healfdenes, 
 
 sySSan lie m6d-sefa3i 
 
 iiiiniie cu6e, 
 
 ■wis his sylfes suuu 4030 
 
 ■sotl getoelite. 
 
 Weorod w£es on ■\vynne ; 
 
 ue seali ic widan-feorli, 
 
 under lieofones hwealf, 
 
 lieal-sittendra 
 
 JTicdu- dream maran ; 
 
 liwEum masru cwen, 
 
 friSu-sibb foica, 
 
 flet call geond-liwearf. 
 
 of Grendel's kinsmen 
 
 any on earth. 
 
 of that twilight tumult, 
 
 who shall longest live 
 
 of t!ie hateful race. 
 
 "With perils oncompass'd, 
 
 I had but just come there, 
 
 to the ring-hall, 
 
 Hrothgar to greet : 
 
 wlien forthwith to me the great 
 
 son of Healfdene, 
 
 after he my 
 
 mind's purpose knew, 
 
 opposite his own son 
 
 a seat assign'd. 
 
 The company was joyous ; 
 
 not in rmj life have I seen 
 
 under heaven's vault, 
 
 of hall-sitters 
 
 a mead-joy greater ; 
 
 at times the great queen, 
 
 the peaceful tie of nations, 
 
 tlie hall all travers'd. 
 
 bc-cdde byras geonge 54040 Jier young sons address'd ; 
 
 oft hio beah-wriSan 
 ■secge [sealde], 
 £er hie to setle gong. 
 Ilwilum for duguSe 
 d6htor HroSgares 
 eorlum on ende, 
 ealu-wsege hxi. 
 
 oft she a ringed wreath 
 to t!ie warrior gave, 
 ere to her seat she went. 
 At times before ilie nobles 
 Hrothgar's daughter 
 to t!ie earls in order 
 tlie ale-cup bore, 
 whom I Freaware 
 
 fa ic Fre5,ware 
 
 4042. sealJe is supplied from conjecture 
 
 4043. MS. geong. 
 
 
136 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 flet-sittende 
 
 nemnan hyrde, 4050 
 
 ])aei' hi6 gled-sinc 
 
 haslepum soaldo : 
 
 sio gehaten ["vva3s], 
 
 geong gold-liroden, 
 
 gladum sima Frodan ; 
 
 [ha] faS ]>saa gewordon 
 
 wino Scyldinga, ^ 
 
 rices liyi'do ; 
 
 and ])8et reed talaS, 
 
 poet he mid tSy wife 4060 
 
 wsel-faehSa dsel, 
 
 scecca gesptte ; 
 
 oft seldan hwfer, 
 
 ajfter le5d-hryre, 
 
 lytle hwile 
 
 b5n-gar bugeS, 
 
 f eah se6 bryd duge 
 
 the court residents 
 heard name, 
 
 where she bright treasure 
 to the warriors gave : 
 she was promis'd, 
 young, gold-adorn'd, 
 to the glad son of FrodaT; 
 therofor ois Jie becoijie 
 the Scyldiiig's friend, 
 the kingdom's shepherd ; 
 and that report tells, 
 that with the wife he 
 a deal of deadly feuds 
 atid strifes has allay'd ; 
 though seldom anywhere, 
 after a people's fall. 
 even for a little whOe 
 the fatal dart ceases, 
 although the bride be good 
 
 9'^'^ 
 
 XXX. 
 
 * 
 * 
 
 Maeg pais ponne ofjjyncan This then may ill endure 
 ])e8dneHea6o-beardna4o7i the Heathobeards' prince 
 
 4053. wsBS is supplied from conjecture. 
 
 4063. Oft seldan present a very incompatible juxta-position. 
 For oft I suspect we should read teAh. But ignorance of the 
 events alluded to and the defective state of the MS. render every 
 attempt at interpretation little else than guess-work. 
 
 4070. Here a part of the MS. is wanting, consisting of the re- 
 mainder of Canto XXVIII., the whole of XXIX., and the be 
 ginning of XXX. 
 
 4071. MS. )ieoclen. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 13T 
 
 and ])cgna gehwixm 
 
 and every thane 
 
 
 
 fara looda, 
 
 of those peoples, 
 
 
 
 f onne ]ie mid fsBnman 
 
 when -with the woman 
 
 he 
 
 
 on flet gseS, 
 drylit-bearn Dena, 
 
 walks in tlie court, 
 
 tlie Dane's princely child, 
 
 
 dugutSe befenede, 
 
 by the noble served 
 
 
 on him gyrdeS 
 
 on him girds 
 
 
 gonieba lafe, 
 
 tlie relic of tlie old. 
 
 
 heard and hring-msel, 4080 
 
 1 hard and ring-mail'd. 
 
 
 ....V 
 
 HealSo-beardna gestreon, 
 ])enden hie pam wsepnum 
 wealdan inoston, 
 oSSaet hio forlseddon 
 to tSam lind-plegan 
 swiese gosiSas 
 ond hyra sylfra feorli. 
 ponno cwi6 lot beore 
 so ])c bcfih gesyhS, 
 eald sesc-wiga, 4090 
 
 se ])e call geman 
 gar-cwealm gumena, 
 him bis grim [se] fa, 
 onginnetS geomor-mod 
 geong[ne] cempan, 
 ])urh hreSra gehygd, 
 higes cunnian, 
 \vig-bealu wecccan, 
 and fait word acwyS : 
 Meaht Sfi min wine 4100 
 mece gecnawan, 
 ])one ])in fa;der 
 to gefeohte hmv 
 
 4077. MS. dugii^a bewenedc, 
 4081. Hea'Sa-bearna. 
 
 the treasure of the Heathoboards,. 
 
 while they those weapons 
 
 might command, 
 
 untU they misled 
 
 to the shield-play 
 
 their dear associates 
 
 and their own lives. 
 
 Then at the beor will say 
 
 he who the ring shall see, 
 
 an old spear-warrior, 
 
 who remembers all 
 
 the slaughter of tlie men, 
 
 (fierce will be his spirit,) 
 
 sad of mood will lie begin 
 
 of the young warrior, 
 
 through his bosom's thought, 
 
 the mind to prove, 
 
 war-bale waken, 
 
 and that word will say : 
 
 " Thou, my friend, miglitest 
 
 the falchion know, 
 
 which thy father 
 
 bore to tlie fight 
 
 4078. MS. gladiaS. 
 4084. MS. forlscdclan. 
 
 (M^ 
 
138 
 
 ]31<:0WULF. 
 
 under Jiere-griiniui, 
 liindeman si'Se, 
 dyre iren, 
 
 yxv hine Dene slogon, 
 weoklon w£el-st6\ve, 
 
 syStSau WiSergyld lo3g, 
 
 cefter liaBlefa liryre, 4 1 1 o 
 
 liwatc Scyldingas. 
 
 iN^u her ])ara banena 
 
 byre nat liwylces 
 
 frsetwum hremig 
 
 on flet gsetS, 
 
 niorfres gylpeS, 
 
 and ])one maiSfum byre'6 
 
 ])ono ])0 SCi mid lilite 
 
 rffidan sceoldest. 
 
 ManaS swa and inyndgaS, 
 
 maela gehwylce, 4 1 2 1 
 
 sfu-um wovdum, 
 
 otSJStet seel cymeS, 
 
 ]>xt so fa3g3 ])egu, 
 
 lore feeder dcedum, 
 
 iiefter bUles bite, 
 
 blod-fag swefetS 
 
 ealdres scyldig. 
 
 Him se ojier fonan 
 
 losaS wigende, 4130 
 
 con liini land geare. 
 
 ponne bi6t5 broceno, 
 
 on ba liealfa, 
 
 aS-sweord corla, 
 
 [SySJjian Ingelde 
 
 4124. MS. fiemnan. 
 
 under the martial lielm, 
 
 for the last .time, 
 
 the dear iron, 
 
 wliere the Danes liim slew, 
 
 were masters of tlie slaugliier 
 
 place, 
 when Withergyld had perish'd, 
 after the fall of heroes, 
 the bold Scyldings. 
 Now here of those murderers 
 the son, I know not whose 
 in arms exulting 
 walks in the court, 
 of the slaughter boasts, 
 and the treasure bears, 
 which tliou with right 
 shouldst command.". 
 Thus prompts he and reminds, 
 on every occasion, 
 with painful words, 
 until the time comes, 
 when the fated thane, 
 for his father's deeds, 
 after the falchion's bite, 
 blood-stain'd sleeps, 
 to death condemn'd. 
 Thence the other 
 warrior escapes, 
 he tlie land well knows. 
 Then will .bo-brolccn, 
 on both sides, 
 
 tlie oath-swearing of warriors. 
 Afterwards in Iiigcld ^ 
 4133. MS. liealfe. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 139 
 
 wcallaS wa;l-uiSas, 
 
 and liiiu wif-lufan, 
 
 refter cear-woelmum, 
 
 colran wcortia'B. 
 
 py ic Iloajio-bcardua 4 1 40 
 
 liyj^do ne talige, 
 
 dryht-sibbe dsel 
 
 Denum unfeecuc, 
 
 freondscipe fsestne. 
 
 Ic soeal fortJ sprecan 
 
 gen ymbe Grendel, 
 
 )ja;t (5u geare cunne, 
 
 sinces brytta, 
 
 tfi hwan syS'Saix wearS 
 
 bond-rsos baelejja. 4150 
 
 Sy^6an heofenes gim 
 
 glad ofcr gruudas, 
 
 g;ost yrrc cwom, 
 
 eatol ffifen-groni, 
 
 fisor ucosan, 
 
 ])cGr wo gesundo 
 
 sele wcaidodon : 
 
 Jirer w£cs lioud-scio 
 
 liildo ousaige, 
 
 feorh-bealu faegum : 4160 
 
 se ])e fyrmest laog, 
 
 deadly hates will boil, 
 and his woman's love, 
 after (lie heats of care, 
 will bocomo cooler. 
 Therefore I tlie Ileathobcards' 
 affection esteem not, 
 iwr part of lordly kinshijj 
 to ilie Danes guileless, 
 their friendship fast. 
 I shall now speak on 
 again abont Grendel. 
 that thou well mayst know, 
 dispenser of treasure, 
 how afterwards fell out 
 the hand conflict of warriors, 
 After heaven's gem 
 had glided o'er the earth, 
 ilie guest came angry, 
 the giant fierce at eve, 
 to visit us, 
 where we sound 
 guarded tlie hall : 
 there was his glove 
 in the war not idle, 
 a life-bale to the fated : 
 who foremost lay. 
 
 :• ^ 
 
 4140. MS. Heajjo-bearna. 4141. MS. telge. 
 
 4154. Giants are no doubt said to be fierce at eve, because, 
 shunning the light of day, it was only after nightfall that they 
 issued forth bent on deeds of violence. If surprised by the light 
 of the sun, they became transformed to stone. See Glossary, 
 V. eatol.' Eatol may, however, be an error for atol. 
 
 4157. MS. stel. 
 
 4161. se te. Thorkelin has he, but in the MS. all that re- 
 mains is e. K., rightly I think, supplies the defect with se }>e. 
 
 T 
 
140 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 gyi'dcd cenipa. 
 him Grendel wear8, 
 msei'um magu-pegne, 
 to muS-bonon ; 
 leofes niannes 
 lie eall forswealg ; 
 no tSy cer fit fa-gen, 
 idel-liendo, 
 tona blodig-toS, 
 bealewa gemyndig, 
 of Sam gold-sele 
 gongan wolde ; 
 ac he majgnes rof 
 min costode, 
 griipode gearo-fohn, 
 glof [hangode] 
 sid and syllic, 
 searo-bcndum fsest, 
 si6 wius orSoncum 
 eall gegyi'wed 
 diofles crisftum 
 and dracan fellum : 
 ho nice pajr on-innan 
 nnsynnigne 
 dior-dred-frama, 
 ged6u wolde 
 manigra sumne : 
 
 a girded ehampion, 
 
 to him was Grendel, 
 
 to my great fellow-thane, 
 
 a mouth-murderer ; 
 
 the belov'd man's 
 
 body Jte all swallow'd ; 
 
 nor yet for that the earlier out, 
 
 empty-handed, 
 4170 the bloody-tooth'd murderer, 
 
 of evils mindful, 
 
 from that gold-hall 
 
 would go ; 
 
 but he, proud of Ms might, 
 
 trial made of me, 
 
 grasp'd ready-handed, 
 
 his glove hung 
 
 wide and wondrous, 
 
 with curious bindings fast ; 
 4180 it was cunningly 
 
 all prepared 
 
 with a devil's crafts 
 
 and dragon's skins : 
 
 he me there within 
 
 unsinning, 
 
 the brutal perpetrator, 
 
 would make 
 
 one of many : 
 
 4165. i.e. because he devoured his victims. 
 
 4177. This about Grendel's glove (hond-sci6,\l. 4158) ia not 
 very intelligible. I imagine it to be identical with what at 1. 
 1976 is called his hand-sporu. I once thought with Grundtvig 
 that hand-3oi6 was the name of the warrior slain by Grendel (as 
 Handschuh does exist as a proper name), but both the context 
 and this mention of his glove are adverse to this interpretation. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 141 
 
 hyt no milite swa, 
 
 sy^gan ic on yrro 4 1 90 
 
 upp-riht astod 
 
 To Lang ys t6 reccenne 
 
 hu [ic] jjani leoJ-scaiSan, 
 
 yfla gehwylces, 
 
 liond-lofm forgeald ; 
 
 fasr ic, feoden min, 
 
 fin le6dG 
 
 ■vveorSode weorcum. 
 
 Ho onweg losade ; 
 
 lytle hwile 4200 
 
 lif-wynna breac ; 
 
 lnv8e])re liim si6 switJre 
 
 swaSo weardado 
 
 hand on Hiorte, 
 
 and he heS,n tSonan, 
 
 modes geomor, 
 
 mere-grund gefeoU. 
 
 Me j)one ■wsel-rajs 
 
 wine Scyldinga 
 
 frettan golde 4210 
 
 fela leanode, 
 
 manegum ma^mum, 
 
 sySSan mergen com, 
 
 and we to symble 
 
 gcseten hsefdon. 
 
 pser wses gidd and gleo, 
 
 gomela Scylding, 
 
 fela fricgende, 
 
 feorran rehte ; 
 
 hwilum hilde deor 4220 
 
 hearpan wynne, 
 
 gomen-wudu grette ; 
 
 it might not so he, 
 
 when in anger I 
 
 upright stood. 
 
 Too long is it to recount 
 
 how [1] to the miscreant, 
 
 for every evil, 
 
 paid a manual reward ; 
 
 there T, my prince, 
 
 ih y people 
 
 honou]^dJjy^-my-worfc«. 
 
 He escap'd away ; 
 
 for a little while 
 
 life's pleasures enjoy'd : 
 
 yet his right hand 
 
 guarded on his track 
 
 in Heorot, 
 
 and he humble thence, 
 
 sad of mood, 
 
 to the lake-ground fell. 
 
 Me for that deadly onslaught 
 
 the Scyldings' friend 
 
 with rich gold 
 
 abundantly rewarded, 
 
 with many treasures, 
 
 after morning came, 
 
 and we to the feast 
 
 had sat. 
 
 There was song and glee, 
 
 the aged Scylding, 
 
 much inquiring, 
 
 related thingsiioin times remote, 
 
 at whiles the beast of war 
 
 the joy of harp 
 
 greeted, the wood of mirth. 
 
142 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 liwiluni gyd awnec 
 soS and sarlic ; 
 hwilum syllic spoil 
 rolite aiftei" rihte 
 rum-licoi't cyning : 
 liwilum eft ongan, 
 eldo-gebunden, 
 gomel guS-wiga 4230 
 
 geogut5e cwiSan, 
 Mlde strcngo ; 
 hreSer inne 'vveoll, 
 Jjonnc he wintrum fi'od 
 y/vfovn gemunde. 
 Swa we jiair-inne 
 andlangno dseg 
 niotc iiamoii, 
 oSSret iiilit becwom 
 o]»or to ylduiu. 4240 
 
 pit wa;s eft liraBo 
 goaro gyi'n-wra;co 
 Grendel's m6dor ; 
 siSode sorlifiill : 
 sunu dca]) fornani, 
 wig-licte Wedci'a : 
 wif unhyre 
 hyre beam gewrseo, 
 beorn acwealde 
 ellenlice. 4250 
 
 Peer wass iEschere, 
 fr6dan fyrn-witan, 
 feorli uSgenge ; 
 n6 is ail' by hine ne moston, 
 sySSan mergen cwom, 
 
 4238. MS. 
 
 sometimes Hie lay recited 
 
 sooth and sorrowful ; 
 
 sometimes a wondrous tale 
 
 told iu order duo 
 
 the liberal-hearted king ; 
 
 sometimes again began, 
 
 by age restrain'd, 
 
 the old warrior 
 
 with the youth to spealc, 
 
 the strength of war ; 
 
 his breast within him boil'd,. 
 
 when he in winters wise 
 
 many things call'd to mind. 
 
 So we therein 
 
 the livelong day 
 
 in enjoyment pass'd, 
 
 until night camo 
 
 the SBCond to men. 
 
 Thou was iu turn quickly 
 
 ready with wily vengeance 
 
 Grendel's mother ; 
 
 she journey'd sorrowful ; 
 
 her son death had taken, 
 
 tlbe Weders' hostile hate : 
 
 the monster woman 
 
 her child avenged, 
 
 a warrior slew 
 
 daringly. _- 
 
 There was froraC^schere, y 
 
 the sage ancient councillor, 
 
 life departed ; 
 
 nor there might they him, 
 
 when morning came, 
 
 uiode Hainan. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 142 
 
 dea'6-wGrigne, 
 
 Deniga leodc 
 
 brondo forbcoruau, 
 
 no ou bail Idadan 
 
 leofne maiman : 4260 
 
 hio ysnt lie ostbrer,' 
 
 feondes fsedrunga, 
 
 fser under firgen-stream. 
 
 pfet wees HroSgare 
 
 lireowa toruost, 
 
 Jiaia ])e le5d-frtiman 
 
 lango begeato : , 
 
 pa se iSeoden mec, 
 
 [be] fine life, 
 
 liealsode hreoh-niod, 4270 
 
 ])8et ic on holma gefring 
 
 eorlscipe efnde, 
 
 ealdve geneSdc, 
 
 raserSo fremede : 
 
 he we mGde gchet. 
 
 Ic <5a t5ajs wajlmes, 
 
 J)e is wide cutJ, 
 
 grimne gryrelicne 
 
 grund-hyrde fond ; 
 
 faer unc hwile wsss 4280 
 
 hand-gemacne ; 
 
 holm-beolfre weoU, 
 
 and ic Iieafde becearf, 
 
 in ^am [guS]-selc, 
 
 the death-weary one, 
 
 ilie Dane's peojile 
 
 Avith fire consume, 
 
 nor on the pile raise 
 
 the dear man : 
 
 she the corpse bore away, 
 
 the fiend's parent, 
 
 there under t/ie mountainstream. 
 
 That was to Hrothgar 
 
 of sorrows saddest, 
 
 of those which the nation's chief 
 
 had long 9'erwhelmed-: 
 
 Then the prince me, 
 
 by thy life, 
 
 besought, fierce of jnood, 
 
 that in the throng of waters I 
 
 would a valorous deed perform, 
 
 my life would venture, 
 
 great glory achieve : 
 
 ho me a meed promis'd. 
 
 I then of the boiling deep, 
 
 which is Avidely known, 
 
 the grim, horrific 
 
 ground-keeper found ; 
 
 there we had a while 
 
 a hand-conflict ; 
 
 ilie water bubbled with blood, 
 
 and from Iter head I cut, 
 
 in that battle-hall. 
 
 4257. MS. Denia. 
 
 4269. be is supplied from conjecture. 
 4278. MS. grimme. 
 
 4284. gilS is not in the MS., bnt supplied as necessary to the 
 rhythm and alliteration. 
 
144 
 
 EEOWULF. 
 
 GreniUcs modor 
 cficuum ecgum ; 
 nnsofte fonan 
 feorli oSferede : 
 uses ic fsege fS^gyt : 
 ac me eorla lileo 
 eft gesealde 
 maSma menigeo, 
 masa Healfdenes. 
 
 Grendel's motlier 
 with powerful edge ; 
 with difficulty thence 
 / my life bore away : 
 I was not yet doom'd 
 4290 but me the protector of warriors 
 again gave 
 many treasures, 
 Healfdene's son. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Swii se Seod-cyning 
 
 jjcawum lyfdo ; 
 
 jicallcs ic (Sfuii lofiimm 
 
 forloren hoafde, 
 
 moegnes mede : 
 
 ac lie mo [maiSmas] geaf, 
 
 sunu Healfdenes, 4300 
 
 on [minne] sylfes dom, 
 
 t5a ic So, beorn-cyning, 
 
 bringan wylle, 
 
 Cstum gegyrwan ; 
 
 gen is eall set Se 
 
 lissa gelong : 
 
 ic lyt hafo 
 
 hcafod-maga, 
 
 nefne Ilygelac fee. 
 
 Hgt Sa in-beran 4310 
 
 eofor-he^fod-segn, 
 
 heaSo-atcapue helm, 
 
 So the great king 
 
 becomingly liv'd ; 
 
 not the rewards 
 
 had 1 lost, 
 
 the meed of might ; 
 
 for ho me [treasures] gave, 
 
 Healfdene's son, 
 
 in [my] own power, 
 
 whicli I to thee, warrior-king, 
 
 will bring, 
 
 with gladness make ready ; 
 
 moreover of thee are all 
 
 my pleasures long : 
 
 I have few 
 
 near kinsmen, 
 
 save thee, Hygelac." 
 
 Bade then in be borne 
 
 the boar-head banner, 
 
 the warlike towering lielm. 
 
 4285. MS. Grendelea. 
 
 4299. ma'Smaa is supplied from conjecture; .it has perished 
 from the MS. So likewise K. 
 43 1 1. MS. eator. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 U5 
 
 [liere]-byman, 
 gfi5-sweorcl ge5,tolic ; 
 gyd sefter wrajc : 
 Me Sis hildc-sceorp 
 HroSgar scaldo ; 
 snotra fengel 
 sume worde h6t, 
 
 JjiEt ic his serend ]>c 
 
 eft gesiBgde : 
 
 cwseS ])set hyt htefde 
 
 Hiorogar cyning, 
 
 leod Scyldinga, ■ 
 
 lange liwile : 
 
 no Sy Eer suna sinum 
 
 syllan wolde, 
 
 hwatuni Heorowearde, 
 
 feah lie him. hold wsere, 
 
 breost-ge wsedu : 433° 
 
 hrfic ealles well. 
 
 Hyrde ic foet fam frset- 
 
 wum 
 fe5wer mearas, 
 lungre gelice, 
 last weardode, 
 ajppel-fealuwe. 
 
 tJie [martial] byrnie, 
 tlie splendid battle-sword ; 
 this speech afterward recited : 
 " To me this war-gear 
 Ilrothgar gave ; 
 the sagacious prince 
 some things by word com- 
 manded, 
 4320 that I to jthee his errand 
 again should say : 
 said that it had had 
 king Hiorogar, 
 tJie Scyldings' lord 
 for a long while : 
 yet not the sooner to his son 
 
 He him est geteSh 
 meara and matJma. 
 Swa sceal maeg don, 
 neaUes inwit-net 
 oSrum bregdan 
 
 would he give, 
 to the bold Heorpweard, 
 though he to him was kind, 
 these breast-weeds':" 
 enjoy it all well !" 
 I heard that of titsse appoint- 
 ments 
 four steeds, 
 swift alike, 
 foUow'd the track, 
 apple-fallow. 
 He gave to him a present 
 of steeds and treasures. 
 So should a kinsman do, 
 4340 not a net of treachery 
 for another braid 
 
 
 
 4313. here is supplied from conjecture. 
 
 4320. MS. cerest, for which Conybeare justly substitutes terend. 
 
 4341. M.S. bregdon. 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 dyrnum ersefte, 
 deaS re * * 
 hond-gesteallan. 
 Hygelace wses, 
 nifa heardum, 
 nefa swyi5e hold, 
 and gehwaefer oSrum 
 hrofra gemyndig. 
 Hyrdo ic post ho fone 
 heals-heah 4350 
 
 Hygde gesealde, 
 
 with secret craft, 
 
 death * * 
 
 for an associate. 
 
 Was to Hygelac, 
 
 the bold in conflicts, 
 
 his nephew very afiectionate, 
 
 and each to other 
 
 mindful of benefits. 
 
 I heard that he the neck-ring 
 
 ).i-ri 
 
 I / 1" ■ 
 
 ■T 
 
 4360 
 
 to^ygd.gave, 
 
 wrsetlicne wundor-maJiSum, tJte curious, wondrous treasure, 
 fone Se hita WealhpeSw which to him Wealhtheow had 
 
 given, 
 
 a prince's daughter, 
 
 together with three horses, 
 
 black and with saddles bright : 
 
 was then, 
 
 after the presentation of rings, 
 
 her breast honour'd. 
 
 Thus flourish'd 
 
 Ecgtheow's son, 
 
 the man known in wars, 
 
 for good deeds ; 
 
 he acted after judgment ; 
 
 nor struck he the drunken 1 ^,.u. fiyi'u 
 
 enjoyers of his hearth ; ^ (^„T7/' 
 
 4353. MS. W8el>eo. 
 
 4356. MS. awanoor and sadol-beorht, both sing., though the 
 noun wicg ia plur. 
 
 4358. Not improbably an error for beor-J>ege, as at 1. 234; 
 though the reading of the text receives support from hring-J)ege, 
 Cod. Exon. 308. 24. 
 
 4359. MS. brost. Her breast was honoured or adorned with 
 the collar. 
 
 f 
 
 goaf, 
 ■JSeSdnes dohtor, 
 frio wicg somod, 
 swarte and sadol-beorhte 
 hyre syt5San wees, 
 sefter be5,h-Sege, 
 breost geweorSod. 
 Swa bealdode 
 beam EcgSeSwes, 
 guma giiSum cuS, 
 g5dum dsedum ; 
 dreah asfter dome ; 
 neaUes druncne sl6g 
 heortS-geneatas ; 
 

 BEOWULF. 147 
 
 naes him hreo sefa, 
 
 
 his was no rugged soul, 
 
 ac he man-cynnes 
 
 
 but he of mankind 
 
 mseste crsefte, 
 
 
 the greatest strength, 
 
 ginfoestan gife, 
 
 437c 
 
 ) the ample gift, 
 
 \>6 him God sealde, 
 
 
 that God had given him. 
 
 heold hilde deor. 
 
 
 possess'd, the beast of war. ' 
 
 HeSn woes lange, 
 
 
 Long was the shame. 
 
 swa hine Geata beam 
 
 when him the sons of the Goths 
 
 godne ne tealdon, 
 
 
 not good accounted. 
 
 ne hyne on medo-bence 
 
 nor him on the mead-bench ^ 
 of much worthy 'I yy\ r^ 
 
 micles wyrtSne 
 
 
 Drihten wereda 
 
 
 the Lord of hosts (\a'-' 
 would make ; 
 
 gedon wolde ; 
 
 
 swytSe [oft saeg] don 
 
 4380 
 
 < very [oft tliey said] 
 
 Jjsefc ho sloac wccro, 
 
 
 that ho was slack, 
 
 ajiSeling iinfrom : 
 
 
 a sluggish prince : 
 
 edwendan cwom 
 
 
 a reverse came 
 
 tir-eadigum men 
 
 
 to the glorious man 
 
 torna gehwylcea. 
 
 / 
 
 of every grievance. 
 
 Het Sa eorla hleo 
 
 
 Bade then the protector of war- 
 riors 
 
 in gefetian, 
 
 
 fetch in, 
 
 heatSo-r6f cyning, 
 
 
 the war-fam'd king. 
 
 HreSles lafe, 
 
 
 Hrathel's relic. 
 
 golde gegyrede ; 
 
 4390 
 
 1 with gold adorn'd ; 
 
 uses mid Geatum Sa 
 
 
 tlure was then not among the 
 Goths 
 
 sinc-ma?5])um selra 
 
 
 a better treasure 
 
 on sweordes hSd ; 
 
 
 of a sword's kind ; 
 
 feet he on Beowulfes 
 
 
 which he on Beowulf's 
 
 bearm alegde, 
 
 
 bosom laid. 
 
 4380. [oft steg] is supplied from conjecture. 
 
 4383. MS. edwenden. 
 
 439S. See 11. 2290-2293 for a similar expression. 
 
 10—2 
 
U8 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 and him gesealde 
 
 seofon pusendo, 
 
 .bold and 'brego-stol. 
 
 Him wses bSm samod 
 
 on Sam leSdscipe 
 
 lond gecynde, 
 
 eard-gSel-riht 
 
 o8rum swiSor, 
 
 side rice 
 
 jEm tSsGr sSlra wajs. 
 
 Eft ])8et geeSde 
 
 nferan d6grum, 
 hilde hlemmum, 
 syStSan HygeMc lieg, 
 and Heardrede 
 hilde mccas, 
 under bord-hre68an, 
 t6 bonan wurdon, 
 fa hyne gesohton, 
 on sige-feode, 
 hearde hilde-fcecan, 
 heats o-Scylfingas 
 nitSa genaegdon 
 nefan Hererices. 
 SytSSan'Beo-wulfe 
 brade rice 
 on hand gehwearf : 
 
 and to him gave 
 seven thousand, 
 a habitation and a princely seat. 
 To them both together was 
 4400 in the community 
 tJie land natural, - 
 the patrimonial right 
 in the one stronger, 
 the ample realm 
 
 his, who there was the better. 
 Afterwards that pass'd away, 
 in later days, 
 
 in war's tumults, 
 
 when Hygelac had fall'n, 
 4410 and to Heardred 
 
 battle-falchions, 
 
 under the shipld, 
 
 became the bane, 
 
 when him sought 
 
 among the victor-people. 
 
 bold-daring warriors, 
 
 the martial Scylfings 
 
 quell'd in wars 
 
 Hereric's nephew. 
 4420 Afterwards of Beowulf 
 
 the broad realm 
 
 into the hand devolv'd : 
 
 4397. This expression has undergone many attempts at expla- 
 nation, but none of them satisfactory. 
 
 4405. i.e. the better (higher) born, namely Hygolao. 
 
 4406. MS. iEft i>ebt geiode. 4407. MS, ufaran. 
 4408. MS. hlammum. 4410. MS. Hearede. 
 441 1. MS. meceas. 44i4- ^3' gcsohtan. 
 
 4418. MS. gehnaigdan. 
 
 4421. MS. brcodc. 
 
BEOWULE. 
 
 149 
 
 he geheold tela 
 fiftig wintru ; 
 waes ])£et frod cyning, 
 eald efel-weard, 
 otJSsot an ongan, 
 deorcum nihtum, 
 draca ricsian, 
 se tSe on heape 
 hord beweotede ; 
 stan-beorh ste^pne 
 stig under Iseg, 
 eldum uncuS. 
 pser on-innan gong 
 niSa nat hwylc 
 
 4430 
 
 he held it well 
 
 fifty winters ; 
 
 that was a wise king, 
 
 an old land-guardian, 
 
 until one began, 
 
 in the dark nights, 
 
 a dragon, to hold sway, 
 
 which in a heap 
 
 his hoard watch'd over'; 
 
 a steep stone mount 
 
 tlie path lay beneath, 
 
 to men unknown. 
 
 There within went 
 
 of men I know not who 
 
 hsetJnum horde 
 hond * * hwylc 
 since fah 444° 
 
 he fijet syStSan 
 
 * * * 
 
 slsepende be fire, 
 fyrena hyrde 
 feofes crsefte, 
 Jiaet sie * * 
 
 * * folc-biorn 
 Jjset he gebolge waes. 
 
 to tlie heathen hoard 
 
 * # * 
 
 * » * 
 
 he that after 
 
 * * * 
 
 sleeping by tlie fire, 
 the guardian of crimes 
 by a thief s craft, 
 
 that * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 that he was angry. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Nealles [mid] geweoldum, Not spontaneously, 
 wyrm-horda crseft, the worm-hoards' craft, 
 
 sylfes willum, of his own wiU, 
 
 4425. MS. Jja. 4427- MS. on. 4432. MS. atearne. 
 
 4435. MS. giong. 
 
150 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 se tSe Mm * * gesceod, 
 ac for prea-nedlan 4450 
 
 * * nSt hwylces, 
 hseletSa bearna, 
 hete-swengeas 
 
 * * fea 
 
 and Jjser-inne weall 
 secg syn * sig 
 sona in-wlatodo, 
 pset * * Sam gyste 
 braig * * stod 
 Hwse * * sceapen 
 
 * * * 
 
 * se fes begeat 
 « # # 
 
 pser wses swylcra fela, 
 
 in aSxa eorS-[scr8efe], 
 
 jer-gestre6na, 
 
 swa he on gear-dagum, 
 
 gumena nat hwylc, 
 
 eormen-lafe 4460 
 
 sepelan cynnes, 
 
 jianc-hycgende, 
 
 fser gehydde, 
 
 de5re magmas. 
 
 Ealle hie deaS fornam, 
 
 £erran mselum, 
 
 and se an tSSrgen 
 
 le6da dugutSe, 
 
 se tSser lengest hwearf, 
 
 weariS wine geomor ; 4470 
 
 4454. MS. in watide. 
 
 4470. 
 
 he who * * * 
 but from dire need 
 
 * * I know not of what, 
 sons of men, 
 
 hateful strokes 
 
 * * * 
 
 and therein * 
 
 # * * 
 
 forthwith look'd in 
 
 # # 4( 
 
 * # * 
 
 * * * 
 
 # # * 
 
 # # # 
 
 There of such were many, 
 
 in that earth-cave, 
 
 ancient treasures, 
 
 as he in days of yore, 
 
 what man I know not, 
 
 the great legacy 
 
 of a noble race, 
 
 thoughtful, 
 
 there had hidden, t 
 
 precious treasures. 
 
 Death had taken them aU, 
 
 in former times, 
 
 and the one at length 
 
 of peoples' nobles, 
 
 who there longest wander'd, 
 
 was a sad man ; 
 
 4467. MS. si. 4469. MS. 'Ser. 
 
 MS. weard. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 151 
 
 4480 
 
 ■wiscto ])3es yldan, 
 Jaet he lytel fseo 
 leng gestreona 
 brucan mosto. 
 Beorli cal gearo 
 •wiinode on wonge, 
 ■wseter-ySum neSh. 
 niwel be uajsse, 
 nearo-crseftum fsest 
 fxT on-innan bter 
 eorl gestreona, 
 hringa hyide, 
 heap-fundne dael 
 fsettan goldes j 
 feS, worda owsetS : 
 
 Hold iS(i nfi brfise, 
 
 nu haele^ ne moston, 
 
 eoxla aehte ; 
 
 hwser hit ser on Se 
 
 gode begeaton ; 
 
 gu8-deaS fomam, 
 
 feorh-bealo frecne, 
 
 fyra gehwylcne 
 
 leoda minra ; 
 
 Jara Se fis [lif] ofgeaf : 
 
 gesawon sele-dream 
 * hwa sweord-wege, 
 
 o«Se fo * * 
 
 faeted waege, 
 drync-fset deore, 
 
 he wish'd for a delay, 
 that he a Uttle space 
 longer tlie treasures 
 might enjoy. 
 Tlie mound all ready 
 stood on the plain, 
 near to tlie water-waves, 
 down by the headland, 
 fast by arts stringent : ■■ 
 there within bore 
 tlie earl Jds treasures, 
 the guardian of rings, 
 the heap-found portion 
 of rich gold ; 
 a few words said : 
 
 " Hold thou now, earth ! 
 
 (now men must not) 
 
 the possession of nobles ; 
 
 where it erst on thee 
 4490 good men acquir'd ; 
 
 war-death has taken, 
 
 a cruel life-bale, 
 
 every man 
 
 of my people ; 
 
 of those who this life resign'd ; 
 
 they had seen joy of hall 
 * brandishing of swords, 
 
 or * * 
 
 the rich cup, 
 4500 tJie precious drink- vessel. 
 
 4471. MS. rihde. 4473- MS. long. 4478- MS. niwe. 
 
 4483. MS. hard fyrdne. 4485- MS. fee. 4487- MS. mffistan. 
 
 4489. MS. hwffit. 4493- MS. fyrena. 
 
 4495. MS. t>st na. Uf is supplied from conjecture. 
 
152 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 dug[u'Se] ellen-seoc : 
 scoal so hoarda helm, 
 [hyi']stod golde, 
 ficgum befeallan ; 
 feorh-wund swefaS 
 fa 8e beado grimman 
 byTnian sceoldon : 
 geswylce se5 here-pSd, 
 eeo set lulde gebSd, 
 ofer borda gebrasc, 
 bite ireua, 
 
 brosuatJ aefter beorne ; 
 ne mseg byinan bring 
 sefter ■wig-fruman 
 wide feran 
 hajletium be healfe ; 
 nis liearpan wyn, 
 gomen gleS-beSmes, 
 ne g5d hafoc 
 geond ssel swinged, 
 ne se swifta mearh 
 buih-stede beSteS, 
 bealo-cwealm hafaS 
 fola feorh-cynna 
 . [forS] onsended. 
 SwS giomor-m6d 
 giohtSo msende 
 an ajfter eallum 
 unbliSe hwie * * 
 dicgos and nihtes, 
 
 nobles valour sick : 
 the hard hebn shall, 
 adorn'd with gold, 
 from ths fated fall ; 
 mortally wounded sleep 
 those who war to rage 
 by trumpet should announce, 
 in like manner the war-shirt, 
 which in battle stood, 
 45 ID over tlie crash of shields, 
 tlte bite of swords,' 
 shall moulder after the warrior 
 the byrnie's ring may not 
 after tlie martial leader 
 go far 
 
 on (lie side of heroes ; 
 tli^re is no joy of harp, 
 no glee-wood's mirth, 
 no good hawk 
 
 4520 swings through the ball, 
 nor the swift steed 
 tramps tlie city-place, 
 baleful death has 
 many living kinds 
 sent [forth]." 
 So, sad of mood, 
 his afflictions bowail'd 
 one after all, 
 unblithe * * 
 
 4S30 by day and night, 
 
 4501. MS. ellor. 4504, MS. fcetum befeallen. 
 
 4505. MS. feor mynd. 4507. MS. bywan. 
 
 4517. MS, n!E8. 4520. sele? 
 
 4525. forts is Biipplied from conjecture. 
 

 BEOWULF. 153 
 
 o^'Sset dcatJes folm 
 
 until death's hand 
 
 hran set heortan. 
 
 touch'd him at heart. 
 
 Hord-wyime fond 
 
 The hoard-delight found 
 
 cald uJit-sceaSa 
 
 tlie old twilight scather 
 
 opeiie standan 
 
 standing open, 
 
 se tSe byruende 
 
 who burning 
 
 biorgas seoeS ; 
 
 seeks out mounts ; 
 
 nacod nK-draca 
 
 the naked, spiteful dragon 
 
 Tiihtes fle6getS 
 
 flies by night 
 
 fyre be fangen ; 
 
 4S40 in fire envelop'd; 
 
 hynd fold-buend 
 
 him the land-dwellers j 
 
 * * lie ge * 
 
 * » * 
 
 * * sccaU 
 
 * * » 
 
 beam * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * * hrusan, 
 
 * * * 
 
 past he liEetSen gold 
 
 where he heathen gold 
 
 wara^S wintrum frod : 
 
 ; defends, with winters wise ; 
 
 ne by^ bim wihte 
 
 ho has not aught 
 
 * * » 
 
 * * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * # * 
 
 * * # 
 
 * * * 
 
 Swa ae feod-sceatSa 
 
 So the great scather 
 
 freo hund wintra 
 
 three hundred winters 
 
 1^ ^~ 
 
 beold on hrusan 
 
 held, in tm earth. 
 
 hord-EDma sum 
 
 a hoard-house 
 
 eacen-craeftig, 
 
 exceeding strong. 
 
 otStSaet hyne an abealh 
 
 ^'4550 until him enraged one 
 
 mon on mode : 
 
 man in mood : 
 
 man-dryhtne bier 
 
 to his liege lord he bore j) -|[( 
 a rich cup, 1 '' 
 
 faeted wsege, 
 
 frioSo-waere bsed 
 
 pray'd a covenant of security 
 
 hlaford sinne. 
 
 of his lord. 
 
 pa yrses hord rasod, 
 
 Then was the hoard explor'd, 
 
 4S3I. MS. ■wylm. 
 
 4S47. lirusam. 4556. reifod I 
 
16i 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 oSboren beaga hord, 
 b§n getiSad 
 feasceaftum men. 
 PreS, sceawode 45 60 
 
 fyia fym-geweorc 
 forman sit5e. 
 pa se -wyrm onwoo 
 wroht wass geniwad ; 
 stone tSS. jiefter stfi.ne, 
 stearc-heort onfand 
 feSndes f6t-last ; 
 he t6 forts gestSp, 
 dyrnan craifte, 
 diacan heafde neah. 4570 
 SwS, majg unf&ge 
 eats 6 gedigan 
 •wean and wr£ec-sitS, 
 se So Waldendes 
 hyldo gehealdotS. 
 Hord-weaid sohte 
 georne sefter grunde, 
 wolde guman findan, 
 Jone fe him on sweofoto 
 sSre geteode : 4580 
 
 hSt and hreoh-mod 
 hljew oft ymbe-hwearf, 
 ealne utanweardne j 
 ne tSser senig mon 
 on fSm westene 
 
 the hoard of rings borne off, 
 
 the prayer granted 
 
 to the poor man. 
 
 The lord beheld 
 
 the ancient work of men 
 
 for the first time. 
 
 When the worm awoke 
 
 the crime had been renew'd ; 
 
 he then smelt along the stone, 
 
 the stout of heart found 
 
 the foe's foot-trace ; 
 
 he had stept forth, 
 
 by secret craft, 
 
 near to the dragon's head : 
 
 Thus may an undoom'd man 
 
 easily escape from 
 
 calamity and exile, 
 
 who the Almighty's 
 
 favour holds. 
 
 Tlie hoard-ward sought 
 
 diligently along ilie ground, 
 
 he the man would find, 
 
 him who to him in sleep 
 
 had caused pain : 
 
 hot and savage of mood 
 
 i^e mound he oft wander'd round, 
 
 all outward ; 
 
 not there any man 
 
 in that desert, 
 
 4557. MS. ouboren. emend. K. 4558. MS. bene. 
 
 4568. he, i.e. the foe. 4582. MS. hlsewii. 
 
 4585. Thork. J)£ere. MS. weatenne. The sense seema to be 
 that the dragon went prowling about, but found no one inclined 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 155 
 
 hwseSere hiltle gefeh, 
 l)e&[do]-weorces ; 
 liTrilum on beorh set- 
 
 hwearf, 
 sinc-fajt solite ; 
 he f set sona OBfand, 4590 
 fast haefde gumena sum 
 goldes gefandod, 
 heah-gestreona. 
 Hoid-weard onbad 
 earfocSlice 
 
 otSSaet sefen cwom ; 
 ■wses ^S, gebolgen 
 beorges hyrde, 
 ■wolde fela Sa 
 
 fyre forgyldan 4600 
 
 drync-fset dyre. 
 P§, wses d£eg sceacen, 
 ■wyime on ■willan ; 
 no on wealle leng 
 bidan -wolde ; 
 ac nud bsele for, 
 fyre gefysed. 
 Wses se fruma egeslic 
 leodum on lande, 
 swa hit lungre wearS, 4610 
 on hyra siuc-gifan, 
 sSre geendod. 
 
 however, in conflict rejoiced, 
 in tlie work of war ; 
 sometimes he return'd to the 
 
 mount, 
 his treasure vessel sought ; 
 he forthwith found, 
 that some man had 
 meddled with the gold, 
 the chief treasures. 
 The hoard-ward awaited 
 with difficulty 
 until evening came ; 
 then was angry 
 tlie mount's guardian, 
 would much then 
 with fire refl[uite 
 dearly for his drink-vessel. 
 Then was day departed, 
 after the worm's wishes ; 
 not within his mound longer 
 would he abide ; 
 but with burning went, 
 with fire hastening. 
 The beginning was dreadful 
 to tlie people in tlie land, 
 as it quicldy was, 
 in their treasure giver, 
 painfully ended. 
 
 to contend with him. The whole story, owing to the bad state 
 of a very bad MS., is' very unintelligible. 
 
 4600. MS. lige, with no alliteration. 
 
 4604. MS. liEg. 
 
156 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 XXXITI. 
 
 pfi se gsesl; ongan 
 
 gledum spiwan, 
 
 beorht-hofa baernan ; 
 
 byine-leSma st5d 
 
 eldum on andan ; 
 
 no Sa3r aht cwices 
 
 ia« lyft-floga 
 
 leefan wolde. 4620 
 
 Waaa yxa, wyrmes wig 
 
 wide gesyne, 
 
 nearo-fages ni8, 
 
 neah and feorran, 
 
 hii se guS-sceaSa 
 
 Geata leodo 
 
 hatode and hynde ; 
 
 hord eft geseeat, 
 
 dry]it-solo dyrnne, 
 
 ser dajges liwile. 4630 
 
 Hsefde landwata 
 
 lige befangen, 
 
 bsele and bronde ; 
 
 beorges getruwode, 
 
 wiges and wealles : 
 
 him se6 wen geleah. 
 
 pa wses Beowulfe 
 
 br6ga gecySed 
 
 snude to s6Se, 
 
 fset his sylfes ham, 4640 
 
 bolda sSlest, 
 
 bryne-Avylmum mealt, 
 
 gif-stOl GeSta. 
 
 4640. 
 
 Then the guest began 
 
 with gleeds to vomit, 
 
 the bright dwellings to burn ; 
 
 the fire-beam stood 
 
 in hate to men ; 
 
 nothing living there 
 
 the hostile air-flier 
 
 would leave. 
 
 That worm's war was 
 
 widely seen, 
 
 the torturing foe's malice, 
 
 near and far, 
 
 how the hostile scather 
 
 the Goths' people 
 
 hated and oppress'd ; 
 
 then darted back to Ms hoard, 
 
 Ids secret hall, 
 
 ere day-time. 
 
 He had the land-inhabitants 
 
 in flame envelop' d, 
 
 with fire and burning ; 
 
 in his mount he trusted, 
 
 his war and mound : 
 
 him that hope deceiv'd. 
 
 Then was to Beowulf 
 
 the terror made known 
 
 speedily in sooth, 
 
 that his own home, 
 
 of mansions best, 
 
 was by fire-heats consum'd, 
 
 tJie Goths' gift-chair. 
 
 MS. him. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 157 
 
 paet tSSin godan wses 
 
 hreSw on hreSre, 
 
 hyge-sorga-miBst : 
 
 ■w6nde se wisa 
 
 fset ho Wealdende, 
 
 ofer ealle rilit, 
 
 ecean Dryhtne, 4650 
 
 bitre gebulge : 
 
 bre5st innan weoll 
 
 ]>eostnim gefoncum, 
 
 STva him gefwajre ne wa3S. 
 
 Hsefde lig-draca 
 
 leoda faesten, 
 
 ealond fitan, 
 
 eoiJ5-weard ^one, 
 
 gledum forgrunden. 
 
 Him faes gu'S-cyning, 4660 
 
 Wedera feCden, 
 
 ■wTsece leornode : 
 
 hSht him fa gewyrcean 
 
 ■wigendra hleo, 
 
 eall irenne, 
 
 eorla dryhten, 
 
 wig-bord wraetlic : 
 
 ■wisse he gearwe 
 
 fset him holfc-wudu 
 
 helpan ue meahte, 4670 
 
 hnd wis lige. 
 
 Sceolde Iden-daga 
 
 sefeling ser-god 
 
 That to the good prhice was 
 
 grievous in mind, 
 
 of mental sorrows greatest : 
 
 tJie wise cJiief ween'd 
 
 that he with tJie Almighty, 
 
 against all right, 
 
 with tlie eternal Lord, 
 
 should be bitterly incens'd : 
 
 his breast boil'd within 
 
 with dark thoughts, 
 
 as it was not befitting him. 
 
 The fire-drake had 
 
 the people's fastness, 
 
 an island without, 
 
 the country's safeguard, 
 
 with gleeds destroyed. 
 
 For this tJie warlike king, 
 
 tJie Weders' prince, 
 
 vengeance learn'd ; 
 
 bade for him then be wrought 
 
 the protector of warriors, 
 
 all of iron, 
 
 iJie lord of earls, 
 
 a wondrous war-board : 
 
 he well knew 
 
 that him iJie forest-wood 
 
 might not help, 
 
 linden against fire. 
 
 Of these miserable days must 
 
 the good prince 
 
 4649. MS. ealde. 4654. MS. ge>y-we. 4658. eard? 
 
 4660. Him here seems redundant. 
 
 4672. MS. Jiend, without either sense or alliteration, I adopt 
 with K. It^n. 
 
168 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ende gebidan 
 
 woruklo lifes, 
 
 and se wyrm somod ; 
 
 ])eah Se hord-welan 
 
 lieoldo lange. 
 
 Oferhogode Sa 
 
 hringa f engel 4680 
 
 fast he ))one wid-flogan 
 
 weorode gesohte, 
 
 sidan lierge ; 
 
 an end abide, 
 
 of this world's life, 
 
 and the worm with him ; 
 
 although the hoard-wealth 
 
 he, long had held. 
 
 Disdain' d then 
 
 ih& prince of rings 
 
 that he the wide-flier 
 
 wth a host should seek, 
 
 a, numerous band ; 
 
 r* 
 
 w\ 
 
 n6 he him fa sajcce ondred, he dreaded not the conflict, 
 
 no him fajs wyrmos wig 
 
 for wiht dyde, 
 
 eafoS and ellen ; 
 
 for])on he 8cr fela, 
 
 nearo-neSende, 
 
 niSa gedigde,- 
 
 hilde-lilemma; 
 
 sySSan he HroSgares, 
 
 sigor-eSdig secg, 
 
 sele faelsode, 
 
 and set guiSe forgrSp 
 
 Grendles magan, 
 
 laSan cynnes. 
 
 N6 Jjset Isesest woes 
 
 hond-gem6ta, 
 
 nor the worm's warfare 
 for aught accounted, 
 his energy and valour ; 
 because he erst many, 
 rashly daring, 
 4690 strifes had escap'd from," 
 tumults of war, 
 since he Hrothgar's 
 (victorious warrior) 
 hall had purified, 
 and in conflict grasp'd 
 Grendel's relation, 
 of loathsome race. 
 Nor was that least 
 of hand-meetings, 
 
 J);BrmonHygeiaosl6h, 4700 where Hygelac was slain, 
 
 sjrSSan Geata cyning, 
 g&t5e-rEesum, 
 froa-wino folca, 
 Freslondum on, 
 HretSles eafora. 
 
 when the, Goths' king, 
 in war-onslaughts, 
 the, lordly friend of nations, 
 in the, Frieslands, 
 nrethel's ofispring, 
 
 4684. MS. J^i. 
 
 4696. MS. Grendeles miiegnin. 
 
BEOWULF. 169 
 
 heoro-druncen swealt, sword-drunken perish'd, 
 
 bille gebeaten, by the falchion beaten, 
 
 ponan Beowulf com Thence Beowulf came 
 
 sylfes criefte, by his own power, 
 sund-nj^de dreah ; 4710 </ie need of swimming suffer'dj 
 
 haefde him on earme he had on his arm 
 
 * * XXX. * * thirty 
 
 hilde geatwa, war-equipments 
 
 fS, he to holme [st]ag. when he to tlie sea went down; 
 
 ITealles Iletwarc Not tlie Hetwaras 
 
 hream geforfton, had need of exultation, 
 
 feSe-wiges, in iliat host of war, 
 
 J>e him foran ongean who in front against him 
 
 linde bJeron : bore the linden ; 
 lyt eft bee worn 4720 few again came 
 
 fram fam hild-frecau, from that warlike darer, 
 
 hSmes niosan : their home to visit : 
 ofer-swam fa sioletSa bigong swamoverthen the seals' course 
 
 sunu EcgtSeSwes, Ecgtheow's son, 
 
 earm anhaga, a poor solitary, 
 
 eft to leodum, again to his people, 
 
 Jiaer him Hygd gebead where hj m Hygd offer'd 
 
 hord and rice, ^teeasure.and_rfialm,. 
 
 beagas and brego-stol : rings and princ.ely^hrgno ; 
 beame ne trflwode, 4730 in her ^Mislie trusted not, 
 
 ])8et he witJ aelfylcum that he against foreign folks 
 
 e])el-st61as his paternal seats 
 
 healdan cu?5e. could hold. 
 
 4706. MS. hioro drynoum. 47io- MS. nytte. 
 
 4723. I suspect that the word ^tSel is lurking in this siole'Sa, and 
 
 that bigong is merely a gloss dragged into the text by the copyist, 
 
 to the destruction of both sense and rhythm, and that we should 
 
 read, 
 
 ofer-swam i>!l eiol-iiSel 
 
 sunu BcgtSedwes, etc. 
 
 \Ijl^' 
 
160 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Da wses HygelSc dead, 
 no py £er feasceafte 
 
 findan meatton 
 
 a3t Sam BcSelinge, 
 
 £enige finga 
 
 ]j£et he Heardrede 
 
 MSford ■wsere, 474o 
 
 otStSe pone cynedom 
 
 ciosan wolde ; 
 
 hwajtSre he hine on folce 
 
 fre6nd-larum heold, 
 
 estum mid are ; 
 
 oSSajt he yldra woarS, 
 
 Weder-Geatum weald. 
 
 Hyne wrjEc-mecgas 
 
 ofer sse sohton ; 
 
 sunu Ohtheres 475° 
 
 Lasfdon hy forhealden, 
 
 helm Scylfinga, 
 
 pone sglestan 
 
 sae-cyninga, 
 
 para So in Swio-rice 
 
 sine hrytnade, 
 
 mserne pe6den ; 
 
 him pa3t to mearge wearS : 
 
 he p£er orfeorme 
 
 Then was Hygelac dead, 
 
 yet not for that sooner the poor 
 
 people 
 could prevail 
 with the prince, 
 on any account, 
 that he to Ileardred 
 would be lord, 
 or the kingdom 
 would choose : 
 
 yet he him among his people 
 with friendly instructions main- 
 
 tain'd, 
 kindly with honour ; 
 until he became older, 
 and rul'd the Weder-Goths. 
 Him rovers 
 over iJie sea sought ; 
 the son of Ohthere 
 they had subdued, 
 the Scylfings' helm, 
 the best 
 of sea-ldngs, 
 of those who in Sweden 
 treasure dispens'd, 
 a great prince ; 
 that to his marrow went : 
 he there fruitlessly 
 
 4737. i.e. Beowulf, 4743. MS. him. 4748. MS. miecgas. 
 4749. MS. Bohtan. 475°. MS. sunaOhterca; but seel. 4764. 
 4752. Eadgila. 
 
 4758. MS. mearoe. Es geht einem durch Mark und Bein. 
 Him refers to Heardred, as also he in the line following. 
 
 4759. he, i.e. Heardred. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 161 
 
 feorh-wunde hleat, 4760 
 
 sweordes swengum, 
 
 sunu Hygelficcs ; 
 
 and him eft gewfit 
 
 OMheres beam, 
 
 tames niosan, 
 
 syiSSan Heardred teg ; 
 
 let Sone brego-stol 
 
 Beowulf healdan, 
 
 Geatum wealdan : 
 
 past wses gud cyniug. 4770 
 
 sank with a mortal wound, 
 
 with strokes of ike sword, 
 
 the son of Hygelac ; 
 
 and again departed 
 
 Ohthere's son. 
 
 his home to visit, 
 
 after Heardred had faU'n ; 
 
 he the royal seat left 
 
 Beowulf to hold, 
 
 over the Goths to rule : 
 
 that was a good king. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 Se ^aes le6d-hryres 
 lean gcmunde 
 uferan dogrum ; 
 Eadgilse wearS 
 feasceaftum freond ; 
 folce gestepte 
 ofer see side 
 sunu Ohtheres, 
 wigum and waepnum : 
 he gewrsec sySi5an 47 
 
 80 
 
 He for the people's fall 
 retribution romomher'd 
 
 in after days ;^-- ~^ 
 
 he became tcf^^Eadgils^ 
 ijolien in distress a friend ; 
 with people he supported, 
 over the wide sea, 
 Ohthere's son, 
 
 with warriors and weapons ; 
 he afterwards avenged 
 
 Sf * # 
 
 cealdum cear-si^um, 
 cyning ealdre bineat. 
 
 with cold sad fortunes, 
 their king of life depriv'd. 
 
 4767. let refers to Heardred. 
 
 4764. MS. Ongen'iSiowes. 
 
 4778. MS. Ohteres. 
 
 4780. Here some couplets are evidently wanting, containing an 
 account of Beowulf's, or Eadgils's proceedings against the ' ' Wrsec- 
 mecgas" (1. 4748), who had slain Heardred, and driven Eadgils 
 to seek aid of Beowulf. The king mentioned at 1. 4782 is, no 
 doubt, the king of those rovers. 
 
 11 
 
162 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Swa he niSa gehwane 
 gonesen hsaiiie, 
 sliSra geslyhta, 
 sunu Ecg'Si6wes, 
 ellen-weoroa, 
 
 oS Sone anne da3g, 4790 
 fe he wits fSm wyrme 
 gewegan sceolde. 
 Gewat ])a xiia sum, 
 tome gebolgen, 
 dryhteu Geata, 
 dracan sceawian ; 
 hsefde fS. gefmnen 
 hwanan sio f&htS Sras, 
 healo-niS beorna ; 
 him to banan cwom 4800 
 maSfum-fiet msere, 
 f urh faps meldan bond, 
 se wses on tSam Sreate 
 freotteoSa secg, 
 se 8ses orleges 
 . or onstealde ; 
 hjefde hyge gi6mor, 
 sceolde heSn Sanon 
 wong wisian : 
 he ofer willan gong, 4810 
 to Siies 8e he eortS-sele 
 ana wisse, 
 
 hljew under hrusan, 
 holm-wylme neah, 
 ytS-gowiune, 
 
 Thus he every enmity 
 
 had outliv'd, 
 
 every fierce conflict, 
 
 Ecgtheow's son, 
 
 every valorous work, 
 
 until that one day, 
 
 when he against the worm 
 
 must proceed. 
 
 Went then with xii. others, 
 
 with anger swollen, 
 
 the Goths' lord, 
 
 the dragon to behold ; 
 
 he had then learn'd 
 
 whence the hostility arose, 
 
 baleful enmity of warriors ; 
 
 f or his ban e to him had come 
 
 the fam'd precious vessel, 
 
 through the discoverer's hand, 
 
 who in that band was 
 
 the thirteenth man, 
 
 who of that strife 
 
 the beginning caus'd ; 
 
 he had a sad mind, 
 
 he must humble thence 
 
 the plain point out : 
 
 against his will he went, 
 
 because that he the earth-hall 
 
 alone knew, 
 
 the mound under tJie earth, 
 
 to tJie sea-raging near, 
 
 the strife of waves. 
 
 4797. MS. hseft. 4800. MS. bearme. 4802. MS. meeldan. 
 4808. MS. J>onon. 4810. MS. giong. 
 
 4812. MS. aime. 4814. MS. neh. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 163 
 
 se wses innan full 
 wrsctta and wira ; 
 weard unhiore, 
 gearo guS-freca, 
 gold-maSmas heold, 
 eald under eortJan : 
 najs feet ySe ceap 
 to gegangenne 
 gumena senigum. 
 Gesset Sa on nassse 
 niS-hoard cyning, 
 penden hselo abeS.d 
 heorS-geneSitum, 
 gold-wine Geata : 
 
 it was full within 
 of ornaments and wires ; 
 a monstrous guardian, 
 a ready bold warrior, 
 4820 held the golden treasures, 
 old, under the earth : 
 that was no easy bargain] 
 to obtain 
 for any man. 
 Sat then on the ness 
 the bold warrior ting, 
 while he bade farewell 
 to his hearth-enjoyers, 
 the Goths' gold-friend : 
 
 him wscs gcomor sefa, 4830 his mind was sad, 
 
 wajfre and wajl-fus, 
 wyrd ungemete neSh, 
 se fone gomelan 
 gretan sceolde, 
 secean sawle hord, 
 sundur-gedtelan 
 lif vnXi lice : 
 no fon lange wiBS 
 feorh sefelinges 
 fleesce bewunden. 
 Beowulf maf elode, 
 beam EcgSe6wes : 
 Fela ic on giogotJe 
 gutS-rsesa genses, 
 orleg-hwila j 
 ic fset eall gemon : 
 ic WiBS syfan wintre, 
 ?5S. mec siuca baldor, 
 
 wandering and death-bound, 
 the fate close at hand, 
 which the aged man 
 must greet, 
 
 must seek his soul-treasure, 
 asunder part 
 life from body : 
 not then long was 
 the prince's life 
 4840 wrapt in flesh. 
 Beowulf spake, 
 Ecgtheow's son : 
 " I in youth many 
 war-onslaughts have outliv'd, 
 hours of warfare ; 
 I all that remember ; 
 I was seven winters old, 
 when me the lord of treasures. 
 
 4841. MS. majjclade. 
 
 11—2 
 
164: 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 freiirwine folca, 
 set minum feder genam, 
 heold mec and hsefde 4851 
 IlrcScl cyning ; 
 geaf me sine and symbel, 
 sibbe gemnnde ; 
 n£es ic him to life 
 latSra owihte, 
 bcorn in burgum, 
 ])Onne his beama hwylc, 
 Herebeald and HsetScyn, 
 oBtSe HygeMc mm. 4860 
 Wses fSm yldestan 
 ungedefelice, 
 mseges dsedum, 
 morfor-bed stred, 
 sySSan hyne HaeScyn 
 of hom-bogan, 
 his frca-wino 
 Jliine gesTvencte ; 
 misto mercelses, 
 and his m£eg ofscet, 4870 
 broSor otJerne, 
 bl6digan gSre : 
 fret wres feohleas gefeoht, 
 fyrenum gesyngad, 
 hreSre hyge-meSe : 
 sceolde hwsetSre s-vvS-feah 
 jefeling unwfecen 
 ealdres linnan ; 
 sw5 bi6 geomorlic, 
 
 the noble friend of nations, 
 from my father took, 
 held and had me 
 Ilretliel the king ; 
 gave me treasure and feasting, 
 of our kinship was mindful ; 
 I was not to him in life 
 in aught more unwelcome, 
 a warrior in his burghs, 
 than any of his children, 
 Herebeald and Hcethcyn, 
 or my Hygelac. 
 Por the eldest was 
 unbecomingly, 
 by his brother's deed, 
 the death-bed strew'd, 
 when Haethcyn him 
 from his horn'd bow, 
 his lord and friend, 
 with a shaft laid low ; 
 he miss'd his mark, 
 and liis kinsman shot, 
 one brother another, 
 with a bloody arrow : 
 that was a priceless light, 
 rriminally perpetrated, '. 
 heart-wearying to the soul ; 
 yet nathlcss must 
 tlie prince unavenged 
 lose his life ; 
 so sad it is. 
 
 4873. i.e., inexpiable with money. The Swedish seems at 
 variance with what we know of the old German law, by which 
 every crime had its price. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 165 
 
 gomeluin eorlo 
 to gobidannc 
 ]»a3t liis byre ride 
 giong ou galgan : 
 J)onne he gyd wrece, 
 sarigne sang, 
 Jjonne his sunu hangatS 
 hiefae to hrot5re, 
 
 4880 for an aged man 
 to await 
 
 that his child hang 
 young on the gallows : 
 then may he a lay recite, 
 a sorrowful song, 
 when his son hangs 
 for solace to tlie raven, 
 
 and he Mm helpe ne mseg, and he him help may not, 
 
 eald and infrod, old and feeble, 
 
 ^nige gefremman : 4890 any afford : 
 
 symble biS gemyndgad, ever will lie be reminded, 
 
 moma gehwylce, 
 eaforan oUor-siS ; 
 0(Srcs no gynioS 
 to gebidauno 
 burgum on-inuan 
 yrfe-weardes, 
 ]>onne se S,n hafa6, 
 J»urh dea^es nyd, 
 dffida gefondad. 
 GesyhS sorh-cearig, 
 on liis suna biire 
 win-sele westne, 
 wind-gera;ste, 
 rote berofene : 
 ridend swefaS 
 hasleS in hoSman ; 
 nis ]>ser hearpan sweg, 
 gomen in geardum, 
 
 every morning, 
 
 of his offspring's death ; 
 
 another ho cares not 
 
 to await 
 
 within Us burghs, 
 
 another heir, 
 
 when the one has, 
 
 through death's necessity, 
 
 4900 his deeds expiated. 
 
 He sees sorrow-anxious 
 
 in his son's bower 
 
 tJie wine-hall desert, 
 
 wind-rush'd, 
 
 of tlw rote bereft : 
 
 hanging sleeps 
 
 the warrior in darkness ; 
 
 , there is no sound of harp. 
 
 no mirth in the courts, 
 swylce ])ser iu wseron. 4910 as there were of old. 
 
 4880. MS. ceorle. 4888. MS. helpan. 
 
 4896. MS. in innan. 4897. MS. weardas. 
 
 4900. gefaglsod? 4904. MS. gereate. 4905. MS. reote. 
 
166 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 GewiteS ])onne on sealman, 
 
 sorh-le68 g&letS, 
 
 an fefter S,num : 
 
 fnhte him eall to rum, 
 
 worgas and wic-stede. 
 
 SwS. Wedera helm, 
 
 sefter Herebealde, 
 
 heortan sorge 
 
 ■weallende wseg ; 
 
 wihte ne meahte, 4920 
 
 on tSam feorh-bonan 
 
 f jeh8e gebStan ; 
 
 no 'Sy cor ho pono heaSo-riuc 
 
 hatian no meahto 
 
 laSum dteduni, 
 
 peSh him leof no wass. 
 
 He 8a mid ])iBro sQi-go, 
 
 pa him si6 sar belamp, 
 
 gum-dreS,m ofgeaf, 
 
 Godes leoht geceas, 4930 
 
 eaferum Ijefde, 
 
 sw5. deS eadig mon, 
 
 lond and leSd-byiig, 
 
 J)5. he of life gewat. 
 
 pS, 'WiBS synn and sacu 
 
 Swe5na and Geata, 
 
 ofer wid wseter 
 
 Then passes he to songs, 
 
 a sad lay sings, 
 
 one after one : 
 
 all seem'd to him too spacious, 
 
 the plains and habitation. 
 
 Thus the Weders' helm, 
 
 after Herebealde, 
 
 heart's sorrow 
 
 boiling bore ; 
 
 he in no wise might, 
 
 on the murderer 
 
 the feud avenge ; 
 
 nor the sooner he tlio warrior 
 
 could hate 
 
 with hostile deeds, 
 
 although lie was notdearto him. 
 
 Ho then with that sorrow, 
 
 when him that pain befel, 
 
 gave up the joy of men, 
 
 chose God's light, 
 
 to his offspring left 
 
 (as does a prosperous man) 
 
 land and native city, 
 
 when he from life departed. 
 
 Then was sin and strife 
 
 of Swedes and Goths, 
 
 over the wide water 
 
 4922. MS. fa3gh^e. 4927. MS. sorlige. 
 
 4937. The wide water is, no doubt, tlie Miliar sea or lake, which 
 formed the boundary between the Swedes and Goths, or Geata. 
 It extends about 60 miles from the sea into the interior, and in 
 breadth varies from 20 to 40 miles. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 167 
 
 WToht gemsene, 
 here-niS hearda, 
 sytJ^an HreSel swealt, 4940 
 otSSo him Ongon^oowes 
 eaferan wseron, 
 * * * 
 
 dissension common, 
 cruel war-hate, 
 after Ilrethel died, 
 or to him Ongontheow's 
 
 sons were 
 
 frome fyrd-hwate, 
 
 freode ne vvoldon 
 
 ofer heafo healdan, 
 
 ac ymb Hreosna-beorh 
 
 atohie inwit-scear 
 
 oft gefremedon ; 4950 
 
 feet mseg-winas 
 
 mine gewrsecon, 
 
 fsehSe and fyrene, 
 
 swa hit gefrsege wiies, ^ 
 
 peah J)e oSer [hyra] 
 
 his ealdre gebohte, 
 
 heardan ceape : 
 
 HiiecScyune wearS, 
 
 Geata dryhtne, 
 
 guS onsajge. 4960 
 
 pa ic on morgne gefrjBgn, 
 
 mseg oSerne 
 billes ecgum 
 on bonan stselan : 
 
 bold martial leaders, 
 
 peace would not 
 
 over tJie water hold, 
 
 but around Hreosna-beorh 
 
 dire artifice 
 
 oft perpetrated ; 
 
 that my kinsmen 
 
 avenged, 
 
 the enmity and crime, 
 
 as it was well known, 
 
 although one [of them] 
 
 with his life it bought,] 
 
 a hard bargain : 
 
 for Haithcyn was, 
 
 the Goths' lord, 
 
 war not idle. 
 
 Then on the morrow, I have 
 
 heard, 
 that tJie other kinsman 
 witli falchion's edge 
 stole on tlie slayer : 
 
 4942. MS. wseran. I agree with K. that several lines are here 
 wanting, which, no doubt, contained an account of the continua- 
 tion of the war between the Goths and Swedes. 
 
 4949. MS. eatolne. 4951- MS. wine. 
 
 4952. MS. gewrsecan. 
 
 4955. hyra supplied from conjecture. 
 
168 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 fser [wajs] Ongenfeow 
 Eofores niSes seed, 
 guS-helm toglad ; 
 gomela Scylfing 
 hreas bMc : . 
 bond gemunde 
 fsehtSe genoge, 
 feorh-sweng ae ofte5.li, 
 Ic liim ])a maSmas, 
 fe he me sealde, 
 geald set gfiSe, 
 swS, mo gifetSe woes, 
 leohtan sweorde. 
 He me lond forgeaf, 
 eard eSel-wyn ; 
 
 there [was] Ongentheow 
 sated with Eofor's enmity, 
 his war-helm glided off ; 
 the aged Scylfing 
 fell pale : 
 4970 yet did Ms hand remember 
 the feud full well, 
 nor withdrew the fatal stroke. 
 I'him the treasures, 
 that ho had given me, 
 paid in warfare, 
 as was granted me, 
 with my bright sword. 
 Ho gave me land, 
 a paternal home's delight ; 
 
 nses him jenig pearf, 4980 he had no want. 
 
 fset he to GifSum, 
 oSSe t6 Gar-Denum, 
 otSSe in Swio-rice, 
 sScean furfe, 
 wyrsan wig-frecan 
 weorSe gecyfan. 
 Swylc ic him on feSan 
 beforan wolde, 
 §,na on orde. 
 
 so that he among Gifthas, 
 or Gar-Danes, 
 or in Sweden, 
 needed seek, 
 a worse warrior 
 buy with value. 
 Thus in the host I 
 would before him go, 
 alone in front. 
 
 and swa to aldre sceal 4990 and so wliile living shall 
 
 ssecce fremman, 
 
 fenden fis sweord folaS, 
 
 fset mec ser and sitS 
 
 oft gelseste, 
 
 sytSSan ic for dugetSum 
 
 Dseghrefne wearS 
 
 conflict engage in, 
 
 while this sword endures, 
 
 which me early and late 
 
 has oft bestead, 
 
 since I valorously 
 
 of Dajghrefn was 
 
 4965. w«es inserted from conjecture. 4966. M9. niosat!. 
 
 4971. MS. faeli'So. ' 4973. him, i.e. Hrethel. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 169. 
 
 to liand-bonan, 
 
 Huga compan, 
 
 nalles lio (5a f'rsefcwo 
 
 Eres-cy ninge, 5000 
 
 breost-weorSuuige, 
 
 bringan moste, 
 
 ac in campo gecrong 
 
 cumbles liyrcle, 
 
 sefeling on elne. 
 
 Ne wa3s [ic] ecg-bona, 
 
 ac him liilde grap 
 
 heortan wylmas, 
 
 ban-lms gobrajc. 
 
 Nu sceal billes ecg, 5010 
 
 bond and heard sweord, 
 
 ymb hoi'd wigau. 
 
 Beo'inilf majjelode, 
 
 beot-wordum spraec 
 
 niehstan sitSe : 
 
 Ic gengfde fela 
 
 gutSa on geogoSe ; ■■ , 
 
 gyt ic wylle, 
 
 frod folces weard, 
 
 fsehSe secan, 5020 
 
 mseiSum fremman, 
 
 gif mec S6 man-scea(5a 
 
 of eorS-sele 
 
 ut-gcseco^. 
 
 Gegrette tSa 
 
 gumena gehwylcne, 
 
 hwate helm-berend, 
 
 ilie slayer, 
 
 tlie Hugas' champion ; 
 
 not the decoration he 
 
 to the Frisian king, 
 
 tJie breast-honour, 
 
 might bring, 
 
 but in battle sank 
 
 the standard's guardian, 
 
 tlie noble valorously. 
 
 I slew Jdm not with tJte sword^ 
 
 but in battle grasp'd his 
 
 heart's throbbings, 
 
 the bone-house brake. 
 
 Now shall i/ie falchion's edge, 
 
 the hand and hard sword, 
 
 for tlie hoard do battle." 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 words of threat utter'd 
 
 for tJie last time : ' 
 
 " I have dar'd many 
 
 battles in my youth ; 
 
 I will yet, 
 
 a sage guardian of niT/ people, 
 
 a conflict seek, 
 
 gloriously accomplish, 
 
 if me tJie atrocious spoiler 
 
 from his earth-hall 
 
 will seek out." 
 
 He then greeted 
 
 each of the men, 
 
 the bold helm-bearer, 
 
 5000. MS. cyning. 5°°'- breoat-weor^unge ; i.e., he gained 
 no spoil from Beowulf to carry home to his king. 
 
 5003. MS. cempan. S°°^' '"^ supplied from conjecture. 
 
170 EEOWULF. 
 
 hindeman sit5e, for the last time, 
 
 swEese gesiSas : his dear compaBions : 
 
 NoldeicsweordberaD, 5030 "I would not bear a sword, 
 
 WEepen t5 wyrme, nor weapon to the worm, 
 
 gif ic wisto hu if I knew how 
 
 wis SSm aglsecean against the miserable being 
 
 elles meahte / might else 
 
 gripe witS-gripan, with gripe grasp at him, 
 
 swaiogi6wiSGrendledyde; as I of old against Grendel did; 
 
 ac io Sasr hca'Su-fyres but I there intense lire, 
 
 hStes wgne, hot, expect, 
 
 leJSes and hattres ; fierce and venomous ; 
 
 foiSon ic me on hafu 5040 therefore I will have on me 
 
 bord and byman : shield and byrnie : 
 
 nolle ic [mo]beorges weard I will not [mo] the guardian of 
 
 the mount 
 ofer-fleon [lajtan] [suffer] to fly over 
 
 [ne] fotes trcm ; [not] a foot's step ; 
 
 ac unc sceal weortSan ict but to us it shall bo at the 
 
 weaUo mound 
 
 swa unc wyrd geteotS, as fate shall to us decree, 
 
 metod manna gehwses. the lord of every man. 
 
 Ic eom mode from, I am in mind resolute, 
 
 past ic wis pone gfiS-flogan so that I against the war-fly 
 gylp ofer-sitte. 505° lay aside vaunt. 
 
 Gebide ge on beorge Await ye on the mount 
 
 bymum werede, with byrnies protected, 
 
 secgas on searwum, ye men, in arms, 
 
 hwseSer sel msege, which may the better, 
 
 sefter wsel-rsese, after the fatal onslaught, 
 
 wunde gedygan from wound escape 
 
 5035. MS. gylpe. 5039- liattredes (attredea)? 
 
 5042, 5043, 5044. The words between brackets are supplied 
 from conjecture. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 171 
 
 uncer Wega. 
 
 Nis feet eower siS, 
 
 no gemet-mauues, 
 
 nefno min anes, 5060 
 
 ]78Bt he ■vviS aglsecean 
 
 eafoSo dasle, 
 
 eorlscipe efne. 
 
 Ic mid elne sceal 
 
 gold gegangan, 
 
 ot5t$e gfitS nimeS, 
 
 feorh-bealu frecne, 
 
 fre5,n eowerne. 
 
 Aias Sa bi ronde 
 
 rof oretta, S070 
 
 heard under helme ; 
 
 liioro-sercean ba3T 
 
 under stan-cleofu, 
 
 strengo getriiwode 
 
 anes mannes : 
 
 ne bis swylc earges siS. 
 
 Geseah fa be wealle, 
 
 se tSe worna fela, 
 
 gum-cystum god, 
 
 guSa gedigde, 5080 
 
 hilde hlemma, 
 
 ponne hnitan feSan, 
 
 stondan stS.n-bogan, 
 
 stream (it f onan 
 
 brecan of beorge ; 
 
 wses fffire burnam wselm 
 
 of us two. 
 
 It is no enterprise of yours, 
 
 nor of a common man, 
 
 (of none save mo alone) 
 
 that he against Hie miserable 
 
 being 
 labours share, 
 stoutness prove. 
 I with valour shall 
 obtain the gold, 
 or war shall take, 
 fierce, deadly bale, 
 your lord." 
 
 Arose then by his shield 
 the renown'd champion, 
 bold beneath Ms helm ; 
 lie bore his war-sark 
 under the stony cliffs, 
 he trusted in tlie strength 
 of a single man : 
 such is no coward's enterprise. 
 He saw then by the mound 
 (he who a number, — 
 for his bounties good, — 
 of battles had escap'd from, 
 tumults of war, 
 when hosts assail) 
 a stone arch stand, 
 and a stream out thence 
 break from the mount ; 
 t/ie boiling of tliat bourn was j 
 
 5061. MS. wat. 5062. MS. eofoiSo. 
 
 5083. MS. stod on, perhaps originally st6dan. 
 
172 
 
 BEOWULE. 
 
 heaSo-f3a'um hat ; 
 
 ne meahte horde neah 
 
 udbyrnende, 
 
 fflnige hwile 5090 
 
 deop gedyfan 
 
 for dracan lege. 
 
 Let 'SS of breostum, 
 
 Sa he geholgen wses, 
 
 Weder-Goata le5d 
 
 word ut-faran. 
 
 Stoarc-heort styrmdo ; 
 
 stefn in-becom 
 
 heaBo-torht hlynnan, 
 
 under harno stan. 5 100 
 
 Ileto wrcs oiihrercd, 
 
 liord-wcard oncnoow 
 
 marmes reorde. 
 
 Ifses ])3er mara fyrst 
 
 freSSe to friclan ; 
 
 from ffirest cwom 
 
 oruS agljecean 
 
 lit of stSne, 
 
 hSt hilde swat : 
 
 hr&se dynede, 5110 
 
 born under beorge ; 
 
 bord-rand onswaf 
 
 wits t5am gryre gieste, 
 
 Geata dryhten. 
 
 DS W£es hring-bogan 
 
 heorte gofysod 
 
 Sixjcce to seceanne : 
 
 sweord res gebra3d 
 
 with intense fires liot ; 
 
 he might not near to the hoard 
 
 unburn'd 
 
 for any wliile 
 
 deep dive, 
 
 for the dragon's flame. 
 
 Let then from Ms breast, 
 
 as he was incensed, 
 
 tJie Weder-Goths' lord 
 
 words issue forth. 
 
 TM stout of heart storm'd,; 
 
 the voice enter'd 
 
 sounding loudly clear, 
 
 under tlie hoar stoue. 
 
 His hate was rous'd, 
 
 the hoard-ward recogniz'd 
 
 the voice of man. 
 
 No more time was there 
 
 to demand peace ; 
 
 first came forth 
 
 the miserable being's breath 
 
 out of the rock, 
 
 hot sweat of battle : 
 
 tJie earth resounded, 
 
 burn'd under the mount ; 
 
 his shield's disc turn'd 
 
 against the grisly guest, 
 
 the Goths' lord. 
 
 Then was the ring-bow' d's 
 
 heart excited 
 
 to sock the conflict : 
 
 his sword had before drawn 
 
 5091. MS. gedygan. 5105. MS. freode. 5111. MS. biorn. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 173 
 
 g8d gu«-cynmg, 
 
 gomele lafe, S'^o 
 
 ecgutn unsleaw : 
 
 segliwa2t5rum wees 
 
 bealo-hycgendra 
 
 broga fram oSrum : 
 
 sti<5-m6d gest6d 
 
 wi6 steapne rond 
 
 "Wedera bealdor ; 
 
 ^S, se wyrm gebeah 
 
 snfide tosomne ; 
 
 Lo on scarwum l)5.d : S 1 30 
 
 gewat t5a byrnende 
 
 geb6gen scritJan 
 
 to gesceape scyndan. 
 
 Scyld-weall gebearg 
 
 lif and lice 
 
 loBssan hwile 
 
 mEerum Jjeodne 
 
 ])onne his myne s6hte, 
 
 tSser he \>y fyrste 
 
 fqrman dogore, 5140 
 
 wealdan moste ; 
 
 swa him wyrd ne gescraf. 
 
 HretS £et hilde, 
 
 bond (ip-abrsed 
 
 GeSta dryhten, 
 
 gryre-fShno sl6h 
 
 tJie good warlike king, 
 an ancient relic, 
 of edges not didl : 
 to either was 
 of the bale-intention'd 
 fear from ilie other : 
 stubborn of mood stood 
 against his towering shield 
 the Weders' prince ; 
 then the worm bent 
 quickly together ; 
 (he in arms awaited :) 
 went then burning 
 bow'd departing, 
 hastening to his fate. 
 TJie shield-wall secur'd 
 iJie life and body 
 for a less while 
 of the great prince 
 than his mind sought, 
 if he the time 
 at early day 
 
 might Lave commanded : 
 so fate ordain'd not for him. 
 Fierce in conflict, 
 rais'd his hand 
 the Goths' lord, 
 the grisly variegated monster 
 struck 
 
 5121. MS. imgleaw. 5127. MS. winia. 
 
 5130. he, i.e. Beowulf. 
 
 5133. MS. gescipe. Seel. 52. 
 
 5134. MS. wel. From this line to 1. 5142 the senae is parti- 
 cularly obscure. 
 
174 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 Incges lafe, 
 
 fCBt si6 ecg gewac, 
 
 brun on bane 
 
 bat unswiSor S'So 
 
 fonne his Si6d.-cyning 
 
 pearfe hiefde, 
 
 bysigum gebseded. 
 
 pa wa33 beorges weard, 
 
 ajfter heaSu-swenge, 
 
 on hrc6um mode ; 
 
 wearp-'w&l-fyre, 
 
 wide sprungon 
 
 hilde l^oman : 
 
 hreS sigora ne gealp, 5 i6o 
 
 gold-wine Ge5,ta, 
 
 guS-bill geswac, 
 
 na god sat nyde, 
 
 swa hit n6 sceolde, 
 
 iren iier-god ; 
 
 ne W8GS ])8et eSe siS ; 
 
 pset se msera 
 
 maga EcgtSe5wos 
 
 grund-wong fone 
 
 ofgyfan wolde, 5170 
 
 sceolde willan 
 
 wic eardian 
 
 elles-liwei'gen. 
 
 Swa sceal seghwj'lc mon 
 
 alectan Isen-dagas. 
 
 Najs SS long to 15on, 
 
 with Inge's relic, 
 
 so that the edge fail'd, 
 
 the hvown falchion on the bone 
 
 bit less strongly 
 
 than its great king 
 
 had need, 
 
 oppress'd with labours. 
 
 Then was the mount's guardian 
 
 after the mighty stroke, 
 
 in a fierce mood ; 
 
 he cast deadly fire, 
 
 widely sprung 
 
 the rays of conflict : 
 
 i/je fierce conqueror boasted not, 
 
 the Goths' gold-friend, 
 
 his battle-falchion fail'd, 
 
 (not good at need,) 
 
 as it should not, 
 
 an iron primely good ; 
 
 that was no easy enterprize ; 
 
 that the great 
 
 son of Ecgtheow ; 
 
 the earth-plain 
 
 would give up, 
 
 thai he should spontaneously 
 
 a dwelling inhabit 
 
 elsewhere. 
 
 So must every man 
 
 leave these transitory days. 
 
 Nor was it then long until, 
 
 5147. MS. Incge. My interpretation is quite conjectural, the 
 word Incge being unknown to me. I believe it, however, to be 
 a corruption of some proper name. 
 
 5163. MS. nacod ast ni'Se. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 175 
 
 fajfc Sa aglsBooau 
 liy eft gemeltpn ; 
 hyrte hyno iford-weard, 
 
 hre^er £e5yne weoll, j 1 80 
 
 niwan stefne ; 
 
 nearo }/rowade, 
 
 fyre befongen, 
 
 se Se ser folce weold : 
 
 nealles him on heape 
 
 hand-gesteallan, 
 
 seSelinga beam 
 
 ymbe gestodon, 
 
 hilde cystum ; 
 
 ac liy on holt bugon, 5190 
 
 ealdrc burgan : 
 
 hiora in anum weoll 
 
 sofa wis sorgum : 
 
 sibb ajfro no niajg 
 
 wilit onwoudan 
 
 J)S,m. cSe wel fence's. 
 
 that those fell beings 
 again each other met ; 
 had recruited himself ;/ja hoard- 
 ward, 
 /wsbreastheav'd withbreathing, 
 with new energy • 
 suffer'd distress, 
 by fire encompas.s'd, 
 he who had ere a people rul'd : 
 not in a body him 
 Jiis hand-companions, 
 sons of nobles 
 stood around, 
 in warlike bands ; 
 but they to Hie wood retir'd, 
 their life to save : 
 in one of them boil'd ' / , 
 
 his mind with sorrows : ' '' 1 ^H 
 kinship can never 
 aught pervert 
 in him who rightly thinks. 
 
 Wiglaf WJES haten 
 Weoxstanes sunu, 
 leoflic lind-wiga, 
 leod Scylfinga, 
 mseg j3Llfheres : 
 geseah his mon-dryhten 
 under hore-griman 
 hat frowian : 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Wiglaf was hight 
 Weoxstan's son, 
 a belov'd shield-warrior, 
 5200 a Scylfings' lord, 
 CElfhere's kinsman : 
 lie saw his liege lord 
 under his martial helm 
 heat suffering : 
 
 -= fzf^- 
 
 5185. hine? 
 
 5186. MS. heand. 
 
U^ ^-' 
 
 176 
 
 gemunde Sa 8a are 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 ])0 lie him £cr forgeaf, 
 wic-stede weligne 
 WEegmundinga, 
 -;> folc-rihta gehwylc, 
 
 swS his feeder Sihte. 5210 
 
 Ne mihte Sa forhahban, 
 
 hond-rond gefeng, 
 
 geolwe linde, 
 
 gomel swyrd geteSh, 
 
 fiiet wsef mid eldum 
 
 Eanmundes laf, 
 
 suna Ohtheres 
 
 ])5m set sajcce wearS, 
 
 wreccan wineleSsum, 
 
 WeohstSn bana, 5220 
 
 meces ecgum ; 
 
 and his magum aet-bjer 
 
 briion fSgne helm, 
 
 hringde byrnan, 
 
 eald sweord e6tonisc, 
 
 fset him Onela forgeaf, 
 
 his gsedelinges 
 
 g(i8-gowEedu, 
 
 fyrd-searu ffislic : 5229 
 
 nS ymbe Sa fashSe sprsec, 
 
 feah t5e he his br6tSor beam 
 
 abradwade. 
 
 He tetwe geheold 
 
 fela missera, 
 
 bill and byrnan, 
 
 he then call'd to mind the pos- 
 session 
 that he had formerly given him, 
 the wealthy dwelling-place 
 of the Wsegmundings, 
 every public right, 
 as his father had possess'd. 
 He could not then refrain, 
 hut grasp'd his shield, 
 the yellow-linden, 
 drew his ancient sword, 
 that among men was 
 a relic of Eanmund, 
 Ohthere's son, 
 of whom in conflict was, 
 when a friendless exile, 
 Weohstan the slayer, 
 with falchion's edges, 
 andfromhiskinsmenboreaway, 
 the brown-hued helm, 
 the ringed byrnie, 
 the old eotenish sword, 
 which him Onela had given, 
 his companion's 
 battle-weeds, 
 ready martial gear : 
 he spake not of the feud, 
 although he his brother's child 
 had exil'd. 
 He tlie armour held 
 many years, 
 the falchion and byrnie, 
 
 5217. MS. Ohteres. 5219. MS. wrtece. 5220. MS. Weohstanes, 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 177 
 
 oSiSajt liis byro mihto 
 eorlscipo efnan, 
 swa his ser-fffider : 
 geaJ him ^a mid Gcfttum 
 
 guS-gewseda 5240 
 
 seghwiES Tiniim ; 
 fa he of ealdre gewat 
 frod on fort5-weg. 
 pa wajs forma sil5 
 geongan cempan, 
 ))8et he guSe rses 
 mid his frea-dryhtne 
 frcraman scooldo : 
 - no gcmcalt him so raCd-sofa, 
 ne his maagenes laf 5250 
 gewac £et wige ; 
 fset se wyrm onfand, 
 syt5(5an hie t6g83dre 
 
 gegan hsefdon. 
 
 Wiglaf matSelode 
 
 word-rihta fela, 
 
 ssegde gesitJum, 
 
 him wses sefa ge6mor : 
 
 Ic ^ajt masl geman, 
 
 ]« wc luedu ])Cgoii, 52C0 
 
 ponne ■vre gehSton 
 
 fissum hlfifordo 
 
 in bior-sele, 
 
 ^6 Tis ^as beagas geaf, 
 
 ]!set we him t5a guS-getawa 
 
 gyldan 'woldon, 
 
 gif him fyslicu 
 
 5252. MS. ta. 
 
 until his son might 
 some valorous deed achieve, 
 as his father erst : 
 M gavo him then among the 
 /' Goths 
 of war- weeds 
 every kind numberless ; 
 then he from hfe departed 
 aged on his way forth. 
 Then was tlie first time 
 for tJie young champion, 
 that he a war-onslaught 
 with his noble lord 
 should achieve : 
 nor did his courage molt, 
 nor his kinsman's legacy 
 fail in t]ie contest ; 
 that the worm found, 
 when they together 
 had come. 
 "Wiglaf spake 
 many sentences, 
 said to Ms comrades, 
 (his mind was sad :) 
 " I that time remember, 
 as wo wcro driukiug mead, 
 when we promis'd 
 our lord 
 in iJie beer-hall, 
 who gave us these rings, 
 that we him the war equipments 
 would repay, 
 if him such-like 
 
 5260. MS. Jiaer. 
 12 
 
178 
 
 BEOWULr. 
 
 ))oai'f gcluiupe, 
 
 liolni.as and hoardo swcord, 
 
 8a lie usio on lierge gecSas 
 
 to fyssum siSfsete, 5271 
 
 sylfes willum, 
 
 onmunde usic msertSa, 
 
 and me ]>ees magmas geaf, 
 
 fe he usic gar-wigend 
 
 gode tealde, 
 
 hwate helrn-berend : 
 
 feah tSe hlaford user 
 
 fia ellen-weorc 
 
 ana fohte 5280 
 
 to gofrommanno, 
 
 folces liyi'de ; 
 
 forf am ho manna majst 
 
 miiortSa gefromode, 
 
 dteda dollicra. 
 
 Nfl is se dscg cumen 
 
 ]>aet ure man-dryhten 
 
 msegenes behofatJ, 
 
 godra gfiS-rinca : 
 
 wutun gongan to 5290 
 
 helpan hild-fruman, 
 
 fenden hat sy 
 
 gled-egesa grim. 
 
 God wat on mec, 
 
 fiEt me is micle le6fre 
 
 fset minne lic-haman, 
 
 mid minne gold-gyfan, 
 
 glod fajpmie : 
 
 need bofol, 
 
 tJte helms and hard swords, 
 
 ■when us in his hand he chose 
 
 for this expedition, 
 
 of his own accord, 
 
 reminded us of glories, 
 
 and me presents gave, 
 
 because he us warriors 
 
 good accounted, 
 
 bold helm-bearers : 
 
 although our lord 
 
 this bold work 
 
 thought alone 
 
 to perform, 
 
 the people's guardian, 
 
 because ho of all men most 
 
 glories had achiov'd, 
 
 rash deeds. 
 
 Now is the day come 
 
 that our Uego lord 
 
 has need of might, 
 
 of good warriors : 
 
 let us advance 
 
 to help tJie warlike leader, 
 
 while be hot 
 
 the fierce fiery terror. 
 
 God knows in me, 
 
 that to me it is far preferable 
 
 that my body, 
 
 with my gold-giver, 
 
 fire should clasp : 
 
 5269. MS. heard. 5270. MS. to. 5271. MS, si^Jfate. 
 
 5274. MS. J>as. 5278. MS. us. 5280. MS. atSohte. 
 
 5292. MS. hit : hit conj. K. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 179 
 
 ne ])yiiceS me gerysne 
 frefc we rondas boron 5300 
 eft to eardo, 
 nomno wo ccnor mscgon 
 Sine gofyllan, 
 feorh ealgian 
 Wodra tSeSdnes. 
 "■ Tc wat geare 
 
 feet nJeron eald-gewyilit, 
 
 Jjset he Sua scyle 
 
 Geata dugutSe 
 
 gnorn ]jr6wian, 5310 
 
 gesigan set ssecce : 
 
 unc sceal sweord and lielm, 
 
 byrne and beadu-scriid, 
 
 bS,m gemsene ; 
 
 wod J)5 furh fone W8el-r§c. 
 
 Wiglaf ellen bser 
 
 frean on fultum ; 
 
 fea-worda cw£e8 : 
 
 Leofa Beowulf, 
 
 Isest eall tela, S320 
 
 swa fli on geogutS-feore 
 
 geara gocwsBdo, 
 
 'pxt SQ ne alcetc, 
 
 be Se lifigendum, 
 
 d6m gedre6san : 
 
 scealt n(i dsedum rof 
 
 5312. MS. urum. 
 
 5314. Thork. ban. 
 
 5316. MS. wig hea folan. 
 ortliography, the validity of 
 evident. 
 
 i^'seems to me not fitting 
 
 tliafc wo our shields bear 
 
 back to our home, 
 
 unless we before may 
 
 fell tlie foe, 
 
 the life defend 
 
 of the Weders' prince. 
 
 I well know 
 
 that Ms old deserts were not such, 
 
 that he alone should 
 
 of the flower of the Goths 
 
 tribulation suffer, 
 
 sink in conflict : 
 
 for us two shall sword and helm, 
 
 byrnie and martial garb, 
 
 to both he common ; 
 Jie then waded through the 
 deadly reek. 
 
 Wiglaf his courage bare 
 
 to his lord's aid ; 
 
 few words he said : 
 
 "Dear Beowulf, 
 
 perform all well, 
 
 as thou in youthful life 
 
 long since didst say, 
 
 that thou wouldst let not, 
 
 while thou didst live, 
 
 thy greatness sink : 
 
 thou shalt now, for deeds re- 
 nown'd, 
 
 5313. MS. byrdu. 
 5315. MS. rase. 
 If we adopt hafelan, the more usual 
 the emendation becomes still more 
 
 12—2 
 
-F 
 
 ^. ^' 
 
 180 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 S330 
 
 astSeling anhydig, 
 ealle msegene 
 feoih ealgian ; 
 ic ^e fullEestu. 
 j3Efter t5ani wordum 
 wyrm yrre cwom, 
 atol inwit-gest, 
 o^re si8e, 
 fyr-wylmum fah, ^ 
 fionda ni6san, 
 MSra manita : 
 lig-yiSuiu fortorn 
 brad wig-rond ; 
 byrno ne mealito . 
 gcoiigiim g&r-wigan 
 geoco gofremman j 
 ac se maga geonga 
 ■under his majges scyld 
 elne geeSdo, 
 J>a liis agen [wajs] „ 
 gledum forgrunden. 
 pa-gen guS-cyning 
 [maerfa] gemunde, 
 majgen-strengo sloh 
 Mlde bille, 
 
 fset bit on beafolan st6d, 
 niSe genyded ; 
 Najgling forbajrst, 
 geswac set sascce, 
 sweord Beowulfes, 
 
 a resolute prince, 
 
 with all might 
 
 fhy life defend : 
 
 I will support thee.'' 
 
 After those ■words 
 
 the worm came angry, 
 
 the fell, guileful guest, 
 
 a second time, 
 
 with firo-boilings colour'd, 
 
 his foes to visit, 
 
 the hostile men : 
 
 with flame-waves was burnt 
 
 tlie broad war-disk j 
 5340 tlie byrnio might not 
 'to tlie young warrior 
 
 aid afford ; 
 
 but the young man 
 
 under his kinsman's shield 
 
 valorously went, 
 
 when his own was ■; 
 
 by the gleeds consum'd. 
 
 Then again the warlike king 
 
 his glories call'd to mind, 
 5350 with main strength struck 
 
 with his battle falchion, 
 
 so that on the head it stood 
 
 ,by4iatojmpeU'd ; 
 '^ifeglingJfenapt asunder, 
 
 fail'd in the conflict, 
 
 BeowuK's sword. 
 
 5339. MS. bord wi'S rond. 
 
 5346. WffiS supplied from conjecture. 
 
 5349. micr'Sa supplied from conjcctuie. 
 
 5354. Nsegling is the name of Beowulf's sword. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 181 
 
 gomol and grEeg-mJel : 
 him past gifeSo ne wses 
 J>set him irenne 
 ecga mihton 536° 
 
 helpan set hilde : 
 wsBS si6 hond to strong, 
 seo Se meca gehwane, 
 mine gefraege, 
 swenge ofer-swiSde, 
 J>eah he to soccco hvav 
 •waepen wundrum heard : 
 nses him wihte ^e sel. ■ 
 
 pa wais peod-sceatSa, 
 priddan sits e, 537° 
 
 frecne fyi-draca, 
 fseh^a gemyndig ; 
 rsesde on Sone r5fan, 
 pa him rum ageald, 
 hat and heatSo-grim 
 heals ealhe ymb-feng 
 biteran banum : 
 he gebl6degod weartJ 
 sawul-driore ; 
 swat yiSum wooll. S380 
 
 an ancient and grey brand : 
 
 it was not granted him 
 
 that him iron 
 
 edges might 
 
 in battle help : 
 
 the hand was too strong, 
 
 which every falchion, 
 
 as I have heard, 
 
 by its stroke overpower'd, 
 
 although he to tJie contest bore 
 
 a weapon wondrously hard, 
 
 yet 'twas naught for him the 
 
 better. 
 Then was the great destroyer, 
 a third time, 
 tJie fell fire-drake, 
 mindful of enmities ; 
 lie rush'd on the renown'd chief, 
 then him amply requited, 
 hot and fiercely grim 
 his whole neck he clasp'd 
 with his horrid bones : 
 he ensanguin'd was 
 with life-gore ; 
 the blood in waves bubbled. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 pa ic aet pearfe [gefrasgn] Then I have learn'd that at need 
 peod-cyninges of the great king 
 
 5359. MS. irenna. 
 
 5365. MS. oferaohte. 
 
 5367. MS. wundum. 
 
 5381. gefrsegn supplied by conjecture, 
 
 5360. MS. ecge. 5363. MS. se^e. 
 
 5366. MS. >onne. 
 
 K. 
 
182 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 andlongne eorl 
 
 ellen cySan, 
 
 craaft and cen^u, 
 
 swa, him gecynde wajs : 
 
 ne hedde he fass heafolan, 
 
 ac sio hann geharn 
 
 mSdiges mannes, 
 
 feet he his mseges healpe ; 
 
 fS, he fone niS-gjBst 5391 
 
 nioSor hw5ne sloh, 
 
 secg on searwum, 
 
 J)aet fast sweord gedeSf 
 
 fah and fasted ; 
 
 f ajt feet fyr ongon 
 
 swetJrian sytStSan ; 
 J)a-gen sylf cyning 
 geweold his gewitte, 
 wsel-seaxe gebraed, 5400 
 biter and beadu-scearp, 
 past he on byrnan waig : 
 forwrat "Webra helm 
 wyim on middan, 
 feond gefylde, 
 ferh-ellen wrsec, 
 and hi hyne fa bSgen 
 abroten hsefdon, 
 sib-a3Selingas : 
 swylc sceolde secg wesan, 
 ])egn £et fearfe. 54 1 1 
 
 the warrior earl 
 
 valour manifested, 
 
 craft and courage, 
 
 as to him was natural : 
 
 he heeded not the head, 
 
 but the hand burn'd 
 
 of the bold man, 
 
 that hemight his kinsman help; 
 
 then he the hostile guest 
 
 somewhat lower struck, 
 
 the warrior in arms, 
 so that the sword div'd 
 
 blood-stain'd and ornate, 
 so that the fire began 
 afterwards to abate ; 
 then again the king himself 
 got command of his senses, 
 drew his deadly luiife, 
 bitter and battle-sharp, 
 that he on his byrnie bore : 
 the Weders' protector scor'd 
 the worm in tJie middle, 
 feU'd the foe, 
 
 avenged his deadly ardour, 
 and they him then both 
 had destroy'd, 
 the kindred princes : 
 such should a warrior be, 
 a thane at need. 
 
 5383. The word andlougne is very doubtful ; but see Glossary 
 . anlang. 
 5387. i.e. the head of the dragon. 
 
 5390. MS. p£er he his msegenes healp. S391. MS. tajt. 
 
 5392. i.e. than the head. S40S- MS. gefyldan. 
 
BEOWULr. 
 
 183 
 
 peet 'Sdin foCclno ■wa33 
 siSes sigo-liwjl, 
 
 sylfes deedum, 
 wprlde geweorces. 
 ^Di. sio wund ongon, 
 fe him se eor6-draca 
 jer geworlite 
 swelan and swellan. 
 He J)iBt sona onfand 
 fset him on breostum 
 healo-mS weoU, 
 attor on-innan : 
 Sa se ajSeling gong, 
 J)£et he bi -wealle, 
 wis-hycgende, 
 gesset on sesse ; 
 seah on enta geweorc, 
 hu tSa stan-bogan, 
 stapulum fajste, 
 ece eor(5-i'eced 
 innan healde. 
 Hyne pa mid handa 
 heoro-dreorigne 
 peoden mjeme, 
 JjBgn ungemete tUl, 
 wine-dryhten his, 
 •wsetere gelafede, 
 hilde ssedne, 
 and his hselo onspe6n. 
 Beowulf majjelode, 
 he ofer benne sprsec, 
 
 That to the prince was 
 
 a victorious moment of his en- 
 terprize, 
 
 by his own deeds, 
 
 of his worldly work. 
 
 Then the wound began, 
 
 that him the earth-drake 
 
 erst had wrought, 
 
 to burn and swell. 
 5420 He soon found 
 
 that in his breast 
 
 baleful harm boil'd, 
 
 venom, within : 
 
 then tlie prince went, 
 
 so that he by the mound, 
 
 wisely thinking, 
 
 sat on a seat ; 
 
 look'd on the giants' work, 
 
 how the stone arches, 
 5430 on piUars fast, 
 
 the eternal earth-house 
 
 held within. 
 
 Him then with his hand 
 
 the battle-gory 
 
 great priuce, 
 
 the thane infinitely good, 
 
 his Uege lord, 
 
 with water lav'd, 
 
 him with conflict sated, 
 5440 and his health allur'd. 
 
 Beowulf spake, 
 
 of his wound he said, 
 
 5413. MS. siiSas sige hwile. 5424. MS. giong. 
 
 5440. MS. helo. 
 
184 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wunde wsel-bleate ; 
 ■wisse he gearwe, 
 fJBt he dseg-hwila 
 gedrogen haefde, 
 eorSan wynue ; 
 Sa waes eall sceacen 
 dSgor-gerimes, 
 deS.S ungemete neSh : 
 Ic nfi suna minum 
 syllan wolde 
 gutS-gewBodu, 
 fasr mo gifetSe swa 
 senig yrfe-weard 
 ajfter wurde, 
 lice golenge. 
 Ic tSas leode heold 
 fiftig wintra ; 
 noes so folc-cyning 
 ymb-sittendra, 
 ffinig tSSra, 
 fe mec guS-^innum 
 gretan dorste, 
 egesan. Fenian. 
 Ic on earde bad 
 msel-gesceafta ; 
 heold min tela, 
 ne s6ht6 searo-niSas, 
 ne ne swor fela 
 afa on unriht. 
 Ic fees oalles moeg, 
 
 Ms wound deadly livid ; 
 
 he knew well, 
 
 that he his day-moments 
 
 had pass'd through, 
 
 his joy of earth ; 
 
 then was departed aU 
 
 of his days' number, 
 S4SO death immediately nigh ; 
 
 " I to my son now 
 
 would give 
 
 my war-weeds, 
 
 if so granted me _ 
 
 any heir 
 
 were after m«, 
 
 belonging to my body. 
 
 I have this people rul'd 
 
 fifty winters ; 
 5460 iJiere has been no nation's king 
 
 of those surrounding, 
 
 not any of them, 
 
 who me ia martial strifes 
 
 durst greet, 
 
 with terror serve. 
 
 In my land I have sustain'd 
 
 vicissitudes ; 
 
 held my oivn well, 
 
 sought no treacheries, 
 5470 nor swore many 
 
 oaths unrighteously. 
 
 I for all tliis may, 
 
 5463. MS. winum. 
 
 5465. MS. 'Seon, o£ no meaning here, and the correction is far 
 from, certain: 
 5467. Translation purely conjectural. S47o- M!S. ne me. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 185 
 
 feorh-bortaum seoc, 
 
 gefean habbau ; 
 
 fortSam me witan ne tSearf 
 
 Waldond fira 
 
 morSor-bealo maga, 
 
 Jjonne min sceaceS 
 
 lif of lice. 
 
 ITu SC. lungre gong 5480 
 
 hord sceawian 
 
 xtader Mine stan, 
 
 Wiglaf leofa ; 
 
 nu se wyrm ligeS, 
 
 swefe6 s§,re wund, 
 
 since bereafod : 
 
 bio nil on ofoste, 
 
 fact ic aer-welan, 
 
 gold-ajht ongite, 
 
 gearo sceawige 5490 
 
 sigel searo-gimmas, 
 
 ysdt ic t5y seft masge, 
 
 sefter maStJum-welan, 
 
 min alsetan, 
 
 lif and lG6dscij)o, 
 
 ]>ono ic longe heold. 
 
 sick witli mortal wounds, 
 
 have joy ; 
 
 because upbraid me need not 
 
 the Eulor of mou 
 
 mt/i tJie deadly bale of kinsmen^ 
 
 when stall depart my 
 
 life from Us body. 
 
 Now go tbou quickly 
 
 ilie board to view 
 
 under ilie hoar stone, 
 
 Wiglaf dear ; 
 
 now the worm lies, 
 
 sleeps sorely wounded, 
 
 of his treasure bereft : 
 
 be now in haste, 
 
 that I tlie ancient wealth, 
 
 the gold-treasure, may perceive, 
 
 well behold 
 
 the jewels, curious gems, 
 
 that I the softer may, 
 
 after the treasure-wealth, 
 
 resign my 
 
 life and people, 
 
 that I long have held." 
 
 pa ic snude gefrsegn 
 sunu Wihstanes, 
 sefter word-cwydum, 
 wundum dryhtne 
 hyran heaSo-siocum, 
 Imng-net beran, 
 
 5480. MS. geong. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Then heard I that quickly 
 Wihstan's son, 
 after time verbal sayings, 
 5500 his wounded lord 
 
 obeyed, mortally sick ; 
 bore his ringed net, 
 
 5491. MS. awegle. 
 
186 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 trogdne beadu-sercean, 
 under beorgea hrof. 
 Geseah Sa sige-hreSig, 
 fa he bi sesse gong, 
 mago-pegn ni6dig, 
 ma'SSum-sigla fela, 
 gold glitinian, 
 grunde getenge, 5510 
 
 ■wundui on wealle, ♦ 
 
 and jjDcs wyrmes denn, 
 ealdes uht-flogan, 
 orcas stondan, 
 fym-manna fatu, 
 feormenleSse, 
 byrstum behrorene : 
 fiBr wiES helm monig 
 eald and omig, 
 earm-beaga fela S 5 2 o 
 
 searwum gesseled : 
 sine eatSe msog, 
 gold on grunde, 
 gum-cynnes gehwone 
 oferhigian, 
 hyde se Se wylle : 
 sivylce he si5mian geseab 
 segn eall gylden 
 he§,h ofer horde, 
 hond-'wundra niaest, 5530 
 gelocen leoSo-craeftum, 
 of SSm leSma stod. 
 
 5506. MS. geong. 
 
 5516. MS. feormendlease. 
 
 5522. treasure is here the nominative, 
 
 5532. MS. leoman. 
 
 his twisted war-sark, 
 under the mount's roof. 
 Saw then in victory exulting, 
 as he went by the seat, 
 the bold kindred thane, 
 treasure-jewels many, 
 gold glittering, 
 heavy on t]ie ground, 
 wonders in the mound, 
 and the worm's den, 
 the old twilight flyer's, 
 dishes standing, 
 vessels of men of yo^a, 
 foodless, 
 
 their ornaments fall'n off : 
 
 there was many ft helm 
 
 old and rusty, 
 
 armlets many 
 
 cunningly fasten'd : 
 
 (treasure easily may 
 
 gold in the earth, 
 
 every one of human race 
 
 despise, 
 
 hide it who wiU :) 
 
 he also saw hang heavily 
 
 an ensign all golden 
 
 high o'er the hoard, 
 
 of hand-wonders greatest, 
 
 lock'd by arts of song, 
 
 from which there stood a ray, 
 
 5508. MS. fealo. 
 
 The sense is obscure. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 187 
 
 fast ho ])ono grund-wong 
 ongitan meahte, 
 wrsete geond-wlitan. 
 iNaja iSsos wyrmes ]>ibv 
 onsyn eenig, 
 ac hyne ecg fomam. 
 DS. ic on lilEewe gefrEegn 
 hord reSfian, S54o 
 
 eald enta geweorc, 
 anne mannan, 
 him on hearm hladan 
 biman and discas, 
 sylfes dome ; 
 segn eac genom, 
 beSiCna heorhtost, 
 hill 83r-gescod, 
 ecg wajs iren ; 
 eald-hlafordes, 555° 
 
 fe Sara maSma 
 mundbora woes 
 longe hwile ; 
 Hg-egesan waeg 
 hatne for horde, 
 hioro-weallendne, 
 middel-nihtum, 
 oSfset he morSre swealt. 
 At wses on ofoste, 
 eft-siSes georn, 556° 
 
 fcsetwum gefyrSred : 
 hyne fyrwet brtec, 
 hwaeSer coUen-ferS 
 cwicne gemStte 
 
 so that ho the ground-surface 
 
 might perceive, 
 
 the wonder over-scan. 
 
 ISTot of the worm was there 
 
 appearance any, 
 
 for him had the edge destroy'd. 
 
 Then heard I t]iat in the mound 
 
 the hoard had robb'd, 
 
 the old giants' work, 
 
 one man, 
 
 in his bosom loaded 
 
 cups and dishes, 
 
 at his own will ; 
 
 an ensign also took, 
 
 of signs brightest, 
 
 a falchion brass-shod, 
 
 tJie edge was iron ; 
 
 iJie old lord's, 
 
 who of those treasures 
 
 had been the guardian 
 
 a long while ; 
 
 fire-dread he bore 
 
 hot before the hoard, 
 
 fiercely boiling, 
 
 at midnights, 
 
 until he by murder died. 
 
 Tlie messenger was in haste, 
 
 desirous of return, 
 
 by tJie ornaments accelerated : 
 
 him curiosity brake, 
 
 whether the bold warrior 
 
 lie should living find 
 
 5535. MS. wrajce. 
 5549. See I, 3070. 
 
 Qu. wrsettaV 
 5551. MS. >a. 
 
 5543. MS. hlodon. 
 5556. MS weallende. 
 
188 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 in iJam wong-stede, 
 Wedra Jieoden, 
 ellon-siocne, 
 fajr he hine ssr forlet. 
 He 'Sa mid Sam maSmum 
 mserne ])e6den, 
 dryhten sinne, 
 dii6rign6 fand, 
 ealdrea jet ende : 
 he hine eft ongon 
 wsetere weorpan, 
 oSfset wordes ord 
 breost-hord furh-brsec. 
 
 Gomel on giohtSe 
 gold sceawodo : 
 Ic 'Sara frujtwa 
 Froan eallos pane, 
 Wuldur- cyninge, 
 wordum seege, 
 Scum Dryhtne, 
 pe ic her on-starie ; 
 psea Se ic m6ste, 
 minum leSdum, 
 set swylt-dsege, 
 swylc gestrynan : 
 
 on the field, 
 
 the Weders' prince, 
 
 valour-sick, 
 
 where he before had left him. 
 
 He with the treasures then 
 SS70 </»6 great prince, 
 
 his lord, 
 
 found gory, 
 
 at life's end : 
 
 he again began him 
 
 with water to sprinlde, 
 
 until the word's point 
 
 brake through the treasure of 
 his breast. 
 
 The aged man in sorrow 
 
 the gold beheld : 
 5580 "I, for tlioso ornaments, 
 
 thanks to tJie Lord for all, 
 
 the Glory-king, 
 
 in words say, 
 
 the Lord eternal, 
 
 which I here gaze on ; 
 
 because I have been able, 
 
 for my people, 
 
 ere my death-day. 
 
 such to acquire : 
 n& ic on maSma hord 559° now' I for the treasures' hoard 
 minne bebohte have prudently sold 
 
 frode feorh-leg : my life-flame : 
 
 fremmaS ge nu perform ye now 
 
 le6da pearfe : the people's need : 
 
 ne mseg ic her leng wesan ; I maj"- here no longer be 
 
 SS7S. MS. waitoros. 5578. MS. giogoSe. 
 5592. MS. lege. 5593. MS. na. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 189 
 
 hataiS lieaSo-macre, 
 
 Msew gewyrcean 
 
 beorhtBe asftci tsele, 
 
 set trimes nosan, 
 
 se sceal to gemyndum s 600 
 
 mmum leodum 
 
 heSh hlifian 
 
 on Hrones-nsesse ; 
 
 Jjset hit sse-li^end 
 
 syfS^an Mtan 
 
 BiowuKes Morh, 
 
 Sa Se brentingaa 
 
 ofer floda genipu 
 
 feorran drifatS. 
 
 Dyde him of healse 5610 
 
 hring gyldenne 
 
 f i6den ])risthydig, 
 
 Jiegne gesealde, 
 
 gcongum giir-wigan, 
 
 gold-fahne helm, 
 
 bcah and byrnan ; 
 
 hot hino bitican -well : 
 
 pu eart ende-laf 
 
 usses cynnes, 
 
 Wacgmundinga ; 5620 
 
 ealle wyrd forsweop 
 
 mine magas 
 
 to Metodsceafte, 
 
 eorlas on elne : 
 
 ic him sefter sceal. 
 
 pjet WEES fam gomelan 
 
 gingeste word, 
 
 command tlie warlilco brayo 
 a mound to make 
 bright after the pile, 
 at tlie sea's naze, 
 ■which shall for a remembrance 
 to my people 
 tower on high 
 on Hrones-nses ; 
 that it sea-farers 
 afterwards may caU 
 Beowulf's mount, \ 
 
 those who tlieir foamy barks 
 over tlie mists of floods 
 drive from afar." 
 Doff'd then from his neck 
 a golden ring 
 the hold-hearted prince, 
 to his thane gave it, 
 to the young javolin-warrior, 
 his gold-hued helm, 
 his ring and byrnie ; 
 bade him use them well : 
 " Thou art tlie last remnant 
 of our race, 
 of the Wscgmundings ; 
 fate has swept away all 
 my kinsmen 
 to the Godhead, 
 earls in their valour : 
 I shall follow them." 
 That was the aged chieftain's 
 latest word. 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 5600. MS. seel. 5621. MS. forsweof. 5627. MS. gingneate. 
 
190 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 bre6st-gehyg(ium, 
 ser he bsol cure, 
 hSte lieaSo-wylmas : 
 him of hreSre gewat 
 sawol sgcean 
 s66faeatra dom. 
 
 from his breast's thoughts, 
 ere he chose iJie pile, 
 5630 hot intense flames : 
 
 from his bosom departed 
 Ms soul, to seek 
 the doom of the just. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 pa woes gogongen 
 
 gumum unfrCdum 
 
 earfotSlice, 
 
 fset he on eor^an geseah 
 
 fone leSfestan 
 
 lifes ajt ende 
 
 bleatno gebderan ; 5^4° 
 
 bona swylce lajg, 
 
 egeslic eortS-draca, 
 
 ealdre bereafod, 
 
 bealwe gebffided ; 
 
 beS,h-hordum leng 
 
 wyrm w6h-bogen, 
 
 wealdan no m5ste ; 
 
 ac him irenne 
 
 ecga fornamon, 
 
 hearde hea6o-scearpe, 5650 
 
 homera ISfa ; 
 
 fset se wid-floga 
 
 wundum stOle 
 
 hreSs on hrftsan, 
 
 hord-aeme neah ; 
 
 Then it bofol 
 
 the youthful man 
 
 sorely, , 
 
 that on the earth he saw 
 
 his dQUKst friend 
 
 at life's end 
 
 livid appearing ; 
 
 his slayer in like manner lay, 
 
 the formidable earth-drake, 
 
 of life bereft, 
 
 by bale compell'd ; 
 
 his ring-hoards longer 
 
 the crook-bent worm 
 
 might not command ; 
 
 for from him iron 
 
 edges had taken tJiem away, 
 
 haird, war-sharp, 
 
 the hammer's legacies ; 
 
 so that the wide-flyer 
 
 with wounds still 
 
 had fall'n on the earth, 
 
 nigh to tJie hoard-house. 
 
 5631. MS. hws'Sre. 
 5650. MS. soearede. 
 
 5640. MS. bleate. 
 5651. MS. lafe. 
 
 5648. MS. irenna. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 191 
 
 nalles sefter lyfte 
 
 laoende hwearf 
 
 middel-nihtum ; 
 
 maSm-ajhta wlonc, 
 
 ansyn ywde ; 
 
 ac he eorfSan gefeoll 
 
 for ^iBS hild-fruman 
 
 hond-geweorco. 
 
 Huru fam on lande 
 
 lyt manna Hah 
 
 majgon agondra, 
 
 mine gefroege, 
 
 feah tSe he daeda gehwses 
 
 dyistig wEere, 
 
 ])8et he wi(S attor-scea- 
 
 San 
 oreiSe geraesde, 
 oSSe hring-sele 
 hondum styrede, 
 gif he wseccendne 
 weard onfunde 
 huan on beorge. 
 Biowulfe weartS 
 dryht-maSma dJel 
 deatSe forgoldon ; 
 hajfde KghwaiSrum 
 ende gefered 
 Isenan lifes. 
 Nses t5a lang to fon, 
 ])8et tSa hild-latan 
 holt ofgeafon, 
 
 not along tJie air 
 
 sporting went he 
 
 at midnights ; 
 
 of his treasures proud, 
 5660 showed his countenance ; 
 
 but to earth he fell 
 
 before the war-chief's "'j 
 
 handiwork. 
 
 Yet in the land 
 
 few men have thriven 
 
 possessing might, 
 
 as I have heard, 
 
 although he in every deed 
 
 were daring, 
 
 if he against a venomous de- 
 5670 stroyer's 
 
 breath rush'd, 
 
 or his ring-haU 
 
 with hands distnrb'd, 
 
 if he waking 
 
 found the guardian 
 
 dwelling in the mount. 
 
 By Beowulf was 
 
 his share of noble treasures 
 
 with death paid for ; 
 5680 he had to each 
 
 an end brought 
 
 of this transitory life. 
 
 'Twas then not long until, 
 
 that the battle-tardy ones 
 
 left tlie holt. 
 
 5664. MS. Jicet. 5674. MS. wseooende. 5676. MS. baon. 
 
 5680. MS. seghwaB^re. he. i.e. death, referring to Beowulf and 
 the dragon. 5685. MS. ofgefau. 
 
192 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 tydrG treow-logan, 
 
 tyne aetsomne, 
 
 Sa ne dorston ser 
 
 dareSum Mean, 
 
 on hyraman-dryhtnes 5690 
 
 miclan fearfe ; 
 
 ac hy scamiende 
 
 scyldas bseion, 
 
 gCiS-gewiiedu, 
 
 fsEr S6 gomela lajg, 
 
 wlitan on Wiglaf. 
 
 He gewergad soet, 
 
 fetJe cenipa, 
 
 fcean eaxlum neah, 
 
 ■wolite liino woetre ; S7°° 
 
 him wilit no speow, 
 
 no moalito lio on oorSan, 
 
 tSeali ho uSo welan, 
 
 on Sam fmm-giire 
 
 feorh gehealdan, 
 
 ne ])ses Wealdendes 
 
 ■willan oncirran ; 
 
 wolde d6in Godes 
 
 daidum rcedan 
 
 gumena gehwylcum, 5710 
 
 swa he nu gen detS. 
 
 pS, waes set Sam geongum 
 
 grim andswaru 
 
 eS begete 
 
 fSm So iSr his elne for- 
 
 leS.s. 
 Wigiaf maSelode, 
 
 5693. MS. bocran. 5696. 
 5703. MS, wel. 
 
 dastardly faith-breakers, 
 
 ten together, 
 
 who durst not before 
 
 with javelins play, 
 
 at their liege lord's 
 
 great need ; 
 
 but they ashamed 
 
 bare their shields, 
 
 their war-weeds, 
 
 to where the aged warrior lay 
 
 looking on Wiglaf. 
 
 He wearied sat, 
 
 the active champion, 
 
 near his lord's shoulders, 
 
 quicken'd him with water ; 
 
 he no whit succeeded, 
 
 ho might not on earth, 
 
 t hough ho had given wealth, 
 
 in the chieftain 
 
 life retain, 
 
 nor the Almighty's 
 
 will avert ; 
 
 the doom of God would 
 
 in deeds rule 
 
 over every man, 
 
 as it now yet does. 
 
 Then was from the youth 
 
 a fierce answer 
 
 easily gotten 
 
 for him who had before his 
 
 rage lost. 
 Wiglaf spake, 
 
 MS. Wilaf. 5701. MS, spoop. 
 5707. MS. wiht. 
 
EEOWULF. 
 
 193 
 
 WeohstS/nes sunu, 
 
 secg sSrig-fer8 
 
 seah on unleofe : 
 
 pset in, maag SGCgau 5720 
 
 so Se wylo soS sprecau, 
 
 foBt S9 mon-dryhten, 
 
 se eow Sa maiSmaa geaf, 
 
 eored-geatwe, 
 
 ])e ge f ser on-standat5 ; 
 
 forme he on ealu-bence 
 
 oft gesealde 
 
 heal-sittendum 
 
 helm and byrnan, • 
 
 peoden his ])egnum 5730 
 
 swjdce he fry^licost 
 
 ohwajr feor oSSe neah 
 
 findan meahte, 
 
 pset he gegnunga 
 
 giiS-gewEedu 
 
 ■wratSe forwurpe, 
 
 ]>& hyne wig begeat. 
 
 Nealles folc-cyning 
 
 fyrd-gesteallum 
 
 gylpan forfte ; 5740 
 
 hwseSre him God u^e, 
 
 sigora Waldend, 
 
 psBt he hyne sylfne gewraec 
 
 Una mid ecge, 
 
 pS, him waes elnes Jiearf. 
 
 Ic him lif-wraSe 
 
 lytle meahte 
 
 ietgifan set g(i6e, 
 
 5718. MS. sec. 5731. 
 5734. MS. genunga. 5737. 
 
 Weohstan's son, 
 
 the warrior sorrowful in soul 
 
 look'd on the odious cowards : 
 
 " Lo, that may say 
 
 who truth will speak, 
 
 that the liege lord, 
 
 who to you those treasures gave 
 
 the martial gear, 
 
 in which ye there stand ; 
 
 (when he on iJie. ale-bonch 
 
 often gave 
 
 to the hall-sitters 
 
 hehn and byrnie, 
 
 the prince to his thanes, 
 
 such as he most valiant 
 
 anywhere far or near 
 
 might find ;) 
 
 that he totally 
 
 those war-weeds, 
 
 his defence, cast away, 
 
 when him war should overtake. 
 
 The people's king 
 
 of his comrades in arms 
 
 needed not to boast ; 
 
 yet did God grant him, 
 
 the Euler of victories, 
 
 that he himself avenged 
 
 alone with edge, 
 
 when he had need of valour. 
 
 I to him life-support 
 
 could little 
 
 give in tlie conflict, 
 
 MS. )>rydlicost. 5732. MS. ower. 
 MS. beget. 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 and ongan swa-peSh 
 
 ofer min gemet 5 750 
 
 msBges helpan : 
 
 symle wajs fy ssemra, 
 
 fonne ic sweorde drep 
 
 ferliS-geiiiSlan, 
 
 fyr ran swiSor 
 
 weoll of gewitte : 
 
 wergendra to lyt 
 
 frong ymbe feSden, 
 
 ])a liyno si6 ])reag Loowom. 
 
 Nfi sceal sinc-])cgo 57^° 
 
 and sweord-gifu, 
 
 oall e'Sel-wyn, 
 
 eowrum cynne 
 
 le6fum aliegean : 
 
 lond-rihtes m5t 
 
 fsere mEeg-burge 
 
 monna aeghwylc 
 
 idel hweorfan, 
 
 syS'San seSelingas 
 
 feorran gefricgean 5770 
 
 fleam eowerne, 
 
 d6mleSsan dsed. 
 
 DeStS MS s§Ua 
 
 eorla gehwylcum 
 
 ponne edwit-lif. 
 
 and yet / undertook 
 
 above my means 
 
 to help my kinsman : 
 
 ever was J the vrorse, 
 
 when with my sword I struck 
 
 tM deadly foe, 
 
 (hi fire ran stronger, 
 
 boil'd from hi& entrails : 
 
 defenders too few 
 
 throng'd round thtir prince, 
 
 when the calamity eamo on him. 
 
 Now shall the, partaking of 
 
 treasure 
 and gift of swords, i 
 all joy of country, 
 to your beloved 
 kindred fail : 
 of land-right must 
 of the tribe 
 
 
 /lA 
 
 OyV^ 
 
 v^^ 
 
 Heht SS. fast heaSo-weorc 
 t6 hagan biSdan, 
 
 every man 
 
 wander void, 
 
 after nobles 
 
 from afar shall hear of 
 
 your flight, 
 
 yam inglorious deed. 
 
 Death is better 
 
 for every man 
 
 than a life of reproach." 
 
 XL. 
 
 Kt bade then the mighty work 
 at /A« enclosure be announced. 
 
 5755. MS. fyrau. 5757. MS. fergendra. 5759. MS. >rag. 
 5760. MS. Hu. 5764. MS. lufena licgean. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 195 
 
 up ofer eg-clif, 
 ]>8er Jiset eorl-werod, 
 morgen-longne dteg, 
 mod-giomor sast, 
 bord-liaebbende, 
 bgga on wenum, 
 ende dogores, 
 and eft-cymes 
 lc6fes monnes. 
 Lyt swigode 
 niwra spella 
 se (5o najs gerad ; 
 ac he so'Slice 
 ssBgde ofer ealle : 
 N(i is wil-geofa 
 Wedra le6da, 
 dryhten Geafca, 
 deaS-bedde fajst : 
 wunaS ■wsel-rseste, 
 ■Wynnes dsedum j 
 him on efn lige(5 
 ealdor-gewinna, 
 seax-bennum seoc : 
 sweorde ne meahte 
 on (5am aglsecean 
 senige finga 
 wunde gewyrcean. 
 Wigiaf site« 
 ofer Biowulfe, 
 byre "WihstS,nes, 
 eorl ofer otSrum 
 unlifigendum ; 
 
 up on tlie ocean's shore, 
 
 ■where the warrior band, 
 5780 the livelong day, 
 
 sad of mood, sat, 
 
 shield-bearers, 
 
 of both in expectation, 
 
 of the day's end, 
 
 and of the return 
 
 of the dear man. 
 
 Little was he silent 
 
 of tlie new intelligence 
 
 who to the ness rode ; 
 5790 but he truly 
 
 said of all : 
 
 " Now is the kind giver 
 
 of tlie Weders' people, 
 
 the Goths' lord, 
 
 on his death-bed fast : 
 
 he rests on his fatal couch, 
 
 through the worm's deeds ; 
 
 by him lies 
 
 his deadly adversary, 
 5800 with knife- wounds sick : 
 
 with his sword he could not 
 
 on the fell being 
 
 by any means 
 
 cause a wound. 
 
 Wiglaf sits 
 
 over Beowulf, 
 
 Wihstan's son, 
 
 me warrior over another 
 
 lifeless one ; 
 
 healdeS higo meSum 5810 holds with weary spirit 
 5778. MS. ecg, 5800. MS. siex. 5810. MS. mse'Suin. 
 
 13—2 
 
196 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 heafod-wearde 
 
 le6fes and laSes. 
 
 Na is le6dum w§n 
 
 orleg-hwile, 
 
 syStSan under [bggen] 
 
 Froncum and Frysum 
 
 fyll cyninges 
 
 ■wide weorSeS. 
 
 "Waes si6 wioht sceapen 
 
 chief ward 
 over friend and foe. 
 Nowtojf Aej)eople is expectation 
 , of a tim e ofwar, 
 after among [both] 
 Franks and Frisians 
 ihe, king's fall 
 becomes widely known. 
 The quarrel was form'd 
 
 heard wiS Hugas, 5820 fierce against the Hugas, 
 sytSSan Hygelac cwom after Hygelac came 
 
 faran flot-herge 
 on Fresna land, 
 ))£er hyne Hetware 
 hilde gehntegdon, 
 elne geeSdon 
 mid ofer-msegene, 
 jjset se byrn-wiga 
 hfigan sceolde ; 
 feoU on feSan : 
 nalles frsetwe geaf 
 ealdor duguSe. 
 TJs wses a sytSSan 
 Mere-Wioinga 
 milts ungyfeiSe. 
 Ne ic to Swe6-Se6d6 
 sibbe oStSe tre6we 
 wihte ne w§ne ; 
 ac wses wide cut5 
 fsette Ongen^eow 
 ealdre besnytSede 
 
 faring with a naval force 
 
 to Friesland, 
 
 where him the Hetwaras 
 
 in war vanquish'd, 
 
 boldly went 
 
 with over-might, 
 
 so that the mail'd warrior 
 
 must bow ; 
 5380 he fell in his host, 
 
 no martial gear gave 
 
 the prince to his warriors. 
 
 To us has been ever since 
 
 the Mere-Wioings' 
 
 mercy denied. 
 LNordoIwith ihe Swedishpeople 
 
 of peace or faith 
 
 aught expect ; 
 
 for it was widely known 
 5840 that Ongentheow 
 
 had of life depriv'd 
 
 5815. b^gen added from conjecture, the line being defective. 
 5819. MS. Boepen. 5834. MS. Wioingaa. 5836. MS te. 
 5840. MS. Ongen>io. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 197 
 
 HaeScyn Hrefling, 
 wis Hrofna-wudu, 
 fa for onmedlan, 
 serest ges61iton 
 Geata Ifeode 
 gfiS-Scylfingas. 
 Sona him se froda 
 feeder Ohtheres 
 eald and egesfuU, 
 hond-slyht ageaf ; 
 abreSt brim-wisan 
 bryda heorde, 
 gomela io meowlan 
 
 goldo berofeno, 
 
 Onelan modor, 
 
 and Ohtheres ; 
 
 and ^S, folgode 
 
 feorh-genKlan, 
 
 otStSset hi o?-eodon 
 
 earfo^lice 
 
 in Hrefaes-holt, 
 
 hlafordlease. 
 
 Besset ^a scip-here 
 
 sweorda lafe, 
 
 Hsethcyn, Hrethel's son, 
 by Hrefna-wood, 
 when in their pride 
 
 j^- 
 
 ■t1^ 
 
 first sought 
 the Goths' people 
 the warlike Scylfings. 
 Forthwith him the venerable 
 father of Ohthere, 
 5850 old and terrific, 
 
 a hand-blow gave ; 
 the sea-leader bore away 
 from the bridal hearth, 
 the old warrior, long since, the 
 maid 
 
 with gold adorn'd, 
 
 Onela's mother, 
 and Ohthere's ; 
 
 and then pursued 
 
 his deadly enemies, 
 5860 until they escap'd 
 
 with difficulty 
 
 into Hrefnes-holt, 
 
 lordless. 
 
 Beset then the naval force 
 
 the sword's leaving. 
 
 5842. MS. Hse^Scen. 5849. i.e. Ongeii)>e6w. 
 
 5850, 5851. Here the alliteration ia defective; but see 11. 5898, 
 5899. 5852. abrsBcl brim-wlsa ? 
 
 5853. br^d-heor^e ? The text o£ this ^.nd the preceding line 
 ia, I fear, hopeleaaly corrupt. My veraion ia founded on the con- 
 jectural readinga. The meaning seema to be, that many years 
 had paaaod since tho old soa-lcador (Ongontheow) boro away his 
 bride from Ilajthcyn, tho maiden, who became hia queen, and 
 waa the mother of hia sona, Onela and hthere. 
 
 5855. gehrodene ? 5864. MS. sin herge. 
 
198 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 wunduin verge : 
 
 woan oft gohct 
 
 earmre teolilie, 
 
 andloDge nilit : 
 
 c W8e8 Ee on mergeime, 5870 
 
 meces eegum 
 
 gretan wolde, 
 
 sume on galg-tre6wu, 
 
 [fulgum] to gameno. 
 
 Fr6for eft gelamp 
 
 sS,rig-m6duni, 
 
 somod sei dsege, 
 
 syStSan hie IlygelSces 
 
 horn and byraan 
 
 gelan ongeaton, 5880 
 
 J>S, se goda com, 
 
 le6da duguSe, 
 
 on last faran. 
 
 with wounds weary : 
 
 woe he oft promis'd 
 
 to the miserable progeny, 
 
 the livelong night ; 
 
 said that he them at morn, 
 
 with falchion's edges 
 
 would greet, 
 
 some Jmng on gallows-trees, 
 
 [to the birds] for sport. 
 
 Comfort afterwards came to 
 
 the sad of mood, 
 
 together ere day, 
 
 when they Hygelac's 
 
 horns and trumpets 
 
 sounding perceiv'd, 
 
 when the good king came, 
 
 with the flower of his people, 
 
 marching on their track. 
 
 Wajs si6 sw§.t-swaSu 
 SweSna and Geata, 
 wsel-rais wera, 
 wide gesyne ; 
 Lu Sa folc mid him 
 faehtSe t6-wehton. 
 Gewat him tSfi se goda 
 mid his gsedelingum. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 Was the bloody trace 
 of Swedes and Goths, 
 the deadly rush of men, , 
 widely seen ; 
 
 how the people with them 
 enmity excited, 
 5890 Departed then the good king 
 with his associates. 
 
 5869. MS. ondlonge. 5872. MS. getan. 5873. MS. sum. 
 5874. fuglum inserted from conjecture, "fuglum to frdfre." 
 Judith (Anal, A. S. p. 150). 
 
 5880. MS. gealdor. 5885. MS. Swona. 
 
 5886. MS. weora. 5890. i.e. Hygelac. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 199 
 
 frod fola-ge6mor, 
 
 foBston soccan. 
 
 Eorl OngenfeCw 
 
 ufor oncirde ; 
 
 hajfde Higelaces 
 
 hilde gefrunen, 
 
 wlonces wig-craeft ; 
 
 witSres ne truwode 
 
 fast he sse-mannum 5900 
 
 onsacan mihte, 
 
 lieStJo-IitSendum 
 
 hord forstandan, 
 
 beam and bryde. 
 
 BeSh eft Jjonan 
 
 eald under eorS-weall 
 
 Da waes seht boden 
 Sweona leodum, 
 segn Iligelaees, 
 frcoiSo-wong ])One. 5910 
 Ford ofer-eodon, 
 sySSan HreSlingas 
 
 sage and much, sad, ' 
 the fastness to seek. 
 The warrior Ongentheow 
 had proceeded higher ; 
 he of Hygelao's 
 warfare had heard, 
 tlie proud chiefs war-craft j 
 yet believ'd not 
 that he the seamen 
 could repel, 
 
 from the traversers of the deep 
 his hoard defend, 
 his children and bride. 
 Withdrew again thence 
 tJie aged chief under the earth 
 
 wall. 
 Then was wealth announced 
 to the Swedes' people, 
 the banner of Hygelac, 
 the peaceful plain. 
 Tlw ford tJiey went over, 
 after tJie Hrethlings 
 
 5893. In Hrefnes-holt, where it would seem the remnant o£ 
 the Goths had entrenched themselves. 
 
 5894. MS. OngenJ>io. 
 
 5899. witirea. This I take to be an error, possibly for hwsepre, 
 yet. I have so rendered it ; as instances are not wanting of an 
 aspirated syllable alliterating with one unaspirated. See II. 5850 
 and 5851, also 5936, 5937. 
 
 5900. he, i.e. Higelac. 
 
 5906. eor^-weall, i.e. the entrenchment above mentioned, where 
 Ongentheow was attacked and slain by the Hrethlings (Goths) 
 under Eofor and Wulf. 
 
 5909. MS. Higelace. This was part of the spoil promised by 
 Ongentheow to his Swedes. 
 
200 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 to liagan frungon. 
 
 Dier wearS Ongen^eSw, 
 
 ecgum sweorda, 
 
 blonden-fexa, 
 
 on beado wrecen, 
 
 faet se feod-cyning 
 
 tSafian sceolde 
 
 Eofores Snne dom. S920 
 
 Hyne yrringa 
 
 Wulf Wonreding 
 
 wsepne gersehte, 
 
 faet him for swenge 
 
 swSt aedrum sprong, 
 
 forS under fexe ; 
 
 naes he forht s\va-S6h, 
 
 gomela Scylfing, 
 
 ac forgeald hratSe, 
 
 wyrsan wrixle, 593° 
 
 wsal-hlem fone, 
 
 sySSan Se6d-cyning 
 
 fyder oncirde ; 
 
 ne meahte se snella 
 
 sunu Wonredes 
 
 ealdum eorle 
 
 hond-slyht gifan, 
 
 ac he him on heafde 
 
 helm £er gesoser 
 
 f set he bl6d6 fah S940 
 
 bfigan sceolde ; 
 
 had to the entrenchment 
 
 throng'd. 
 There was Ongentheow, 
 with swords' edges, 
 the grizzly-hair'd, 
 in that conflict punish'd, 
 so that the great king 
 must submit to 
 Eofer's solo doom. 
 Him angrily 
 Wolf, Wonred's son, 
 with his weapon reach'd, 
 so that, for the blow, his 
 blood sprang from the veins, 
 forth under his locks : 
 yet was he not afraid, 
 the aged Scylfing, 
 but requited quickly, 
 with a worse exchange, 
 that deadly onslaught, 
 when the great king 
 turn'd thitherward ; 
 nor could the swift 
 son of Wonrod 
 to the old warrior 
 a hand-stroke give : 
 for he on his head 
 the helm clave previously, 
 so that he blood-stain'd 
 must bow : 
 
 S914- MS. OngenfSio. 5917. MS. bid. 
 
 R,S920. MS. eafores. He fell by the hand of Eofor. See U. 
 S9S3— 5. and 49^5, sqq. 
 
 5936. MS. ceorle. 5937. MS. giofan. 5939. MS. gesoer. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 201 
 
 feoU on foldan, 
 nses he fcege f a-gyt ; • 
 ac he hyne gewyrpte, 
 feSh t5e him wund hrine. 
 
 Let se hearda 
 
 HigeMoes Jjegn 
 
 bradne mece, 
 
 fa his broSor Iseg, 
 
 eald sweord eotonisc, 5950 
 
 entiscne helm 
 
 brecan ofer bord-weal : 
 
 "65, gebefi,h [se] cyning, 
 
 folces hyrde, 
 
 v/xa him feorh drepen. 
 
 Da waeron monige 
 
 fe his mseg ■wriSon. 
 
 ricone areerdon, 
 
 Sa him gerymed weartS, 
 
 fajt hie w£el-stowe 5960 
 
 wealdan m6ston, 
 
 ))enden reSfode 
 
 rinc otJerne. 
 
 Namon OngentSeowe 
 
 iron byrnan, 
 
 heard swyrd hilted, 
 
 and his helm somod ; 
 
 hares hyrste 
 
 Higelace baeron, 59^9 
 
 [He SS.m] freetwum feng, 
 
 5947. Eofor. 5948. MS. brade. 5953. se not in MS. 
 .5955. MS. in and dropen. 5957. i.e. his wounds. 
 
 S964. MS. Ongenjiio. S969. MS. btcr. 
 
 5970. He Jjam has perished from the MS. 
 
 he fell on the earth, 
 yet was he not doom'd ; 
 but he recover'd himself, 
 though the wound had touch'd 
 
 him. 
 Caus'd then the fierce 
 thane of Hygelao 
 his broad falchion, 
 as his brother lay, 
 his old eotenish sword, 
 the giant helm 
 to break o'er the shield- wall : 
 then sank [the] king, 
 the people's shepherd, 
 his life was stricken. 
 Then were many 
 who his kinsman bound, 
 quicldy rais'd, 
 
 when it was clear'd for them, 
 so that they the slaughter-place 
 might command, 
 while stript 
 one warrior another. 
 The7j took from Ongentheow 
 his iron byrnie, 
 his hilted hard sword, 
 and his helm also ; 
 the hoar warrior's trapping 
 they to Hygelac bore. 
 [He the] war-gear receiv'd, 
 
"f (r^^\'- 
 
 202 BEOWULF. 
 
 and him fiiegre geliet 
 
 and them promis'd fair 
 
 leana [on] leodum, 
 
 rewards among the people, 
 
 and gelaoste sw5. : 
 
 and so perform'd ; 
 
 geald fone gutS-raes 
 
 requited the martial onslaught 
 
 GeSta dryhten, 
 
 the Goths' lord, 
 
 HreSles eafora, 
 
 lirethel's offspring. 
 
 J)S he to ham becom, 
 
 when to his home he came, 
 
 Eofere and Wulfe mid : 
 
 to Eofer and Wulf with him ; 
 
 ofor maSmum sealde 
 
 he besides treasures gave. 
 
 Mora gehwaeSrum 5980 
 
 1 to each of them, 
 
 hund Jjusenda 
 
 a hundred thousand 
 
 landes and locenra beSga : 
 
 of land and closed rings : 
 
 ne Sorfte him 6a lean 06- 
 
 nor needed to reproach them 
 
 witan 
 
 for those rewards 
 
 mon on middangearde, 
 
 any one on mid-earth. 
 
 sySiSan hie t5a mderSa ge- 
 
 since they those honours had 
 
 sl6gon ; 
 
 in battle won ; 
 
 and 8S, Eofore forgeaf 
 
 and then he bi^ofer gave 
 
 angan dohtor, 
 
 his only daughter, 
 
 ham-weort5unge, 
 
 an honour to his home, 
 
 hyldo to wedde. 
 
 as a pledge of favour. 
 
 "Diet ys si6 ftehSo 599c 
 
 ) That is the feud 
 
 and se feondscipe. 
 
 and the enmity. 
 
 Tfiel-niS wera ; 
 
 the deadly hate of men ; 
 
 8833 'Se ic [wene] hafo 
 
 whence I expect 
 
 feet us seceaS to 
 
 that us will seek 
 
 Sweona leode, 
 
 the Swedes' people, 
 
 sy86an hie gefricgeatS 
 
 when they shall learn 
 
 S972. on has perished from the MS. S973- MS. geliEsta. 
 
 5978. MS. lofore. The A.S. paraphrast has evidently here, 
 and 1. 5986 retained the orthography of his Scandinavian original. 
 
 5979. MS. malSmam. 5986. MS. lofore. 
 
 5993. wene is omitted in the MS. 
 
 5994. MS. J)e. 5995. MS. leoda. 
 
BEOWULF, 
 
 203 
 
 frean userno 
 ealdorleasne, 
 fone '8e ser geheold, 
 vriS hettendum, 
 hord and rice, 
 sefter hseleSa hryre 
 hwate Spyldingas ; 
 folc-riht fremede, 
 oStSe furSur gen 
 eorlscipe efnde. 
 Nu is ofost betost, 
 fset we Jjeod-cyning 
 f ser sceawian, 
 
 our lord is 
 lifeless, 
 
 who had before defended, 
 6000 against enemies, 
 
 treasure and realm, 
 
 and, after the fall of heroes, 
 
 tlie bold Scyldings ; 
 
 public right establish'd, 
 
 or yet further, 
 
 valorous deeds perform'd. 
 
 Now is speed best, 
 
 that we the great king 
 
 there behold, 
 and ))one gebringan 6010 and bring him 
 ])e us beagas geaf who gave us rings 
 
 on ad-fsere : on the way to the pile : 
 
 ne sceal anes hwset there shall not aught of any one 
 
 meltan mid Jiam m5digan ; be consum'd with the bold king; 
 
 ac ])ajr is maSma liord, 
 gold unrime, 
 grimme gecefi,[po]d ; 
 and nu set siSestan, 
 sylfes feore, 
 
 for there is a hord of treasures, 
 gold without number, 
 cruelly purchas'd ; 
 and now at last, 
 with his own life. 
 
 beagas [boh]te ; 6020 he has bought rings ; 
 
 fa sceal brond fretan these shall fire devour, 
 
 seled feccean, 
 nalles eorl wegan 
 matSSum to gemyndum, 
 ne msegtS scyne 
 
 flame cover, 
 
 no warrior shall bear 
 
 a treasure in remembrance, 
 
 nor maiden fair 
 
 6003. Hence it would appear that Beowulf, in conaequence of 
 the fall of Hrothgar's race, waa called to rule also over the Danes 
 (Scyldings). 
 
 6004. MS. red. 6007. MS. me. 6013. MS. seel. 
 6025. Perhaps a glee-maiden is meant, who, having loat hor 
 
 patron, ia compelled to wander abroad. 
 
204 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 habban on hoalse 
 hi'ing-weorSunge ; 
 ac sceal ge6mor-m6d, 
 golde bereSfod, 
 oft nallea sene, 
 el-land tredan ; 
 nu 86 here-wsa 
 hleabtor alegde, 
 gamen and gleo-dreSm 
 foi8on sceal gSr wesan, 
 monig morgen ceald, . 
 mundum ne wunden, 
 hajfen on lianda ; 
 nalles hearpan sweg 
 wigend woocoan ; 
 ac se wonna hrefn, 
 ffla ofer fiiegum 
 fela reordian, 
 earne socgan 
 h& him sat seta speow, 
 fenden he wi6 wulfe 
 weel reafode. 
 SwS. se secg hwEta 
 secgende wees 
 lS,t5ra speUa ; 
 he ne leEg fela 
 wyida ne worda. 
 Weorod eall arSs, 
 eSdon unbliSe 
 under Earna-naes, 
 weollon teSras, 
 
 have on her nook 
 a ring-honour ; 
 but shall, sad of mood, 
 of gold bereft, 
 
 6030 often not once, 
 
 a strange land tread ; 
 now the martial leader 
 has ceas'd from laughter, 
 sport and joy of song ; 
 therefore shall the javelin be, 
 many a morning cold, 
 not by hands brandish'd, 
 nor raia'd in hand ; 
 no sound of harp 
 
 6040 sJiall tJie warrior raise ; 
 but the dusk raven, 
 eager o'er ike fallen, 
 much shall tell, 
 shall to tJie eagle say 
 how it with him at his food sped, 
 while with the wolf he 
 spoil'd iJie slain." 
 Thus the bold warrior 
 was speaking 
 
 6050 unwelcome speeches ; 
 he falsified not much 
 of events or words. 
 The band aU arose, 
 went unblithe 
 under Eama-nses, 
 (their tears bubbled forth) 
 
 6037. MS. be wunden. 
 
 6055. The Eagles' nesa or promontory. 
 
 6056. MS. woUen teare. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 205 
 
 wundur sceawian. the wonder to view. 
 
 Fundon JSa on sande Tliay then found on tlm sand 
 
 sawulleftsne, soulless, 
 
 hlin-bed healdan, 6060 holding his couch, 
 
 ]jone Jje him hringas geaf him who had given them rings 
 
 Eerran mselum : 
 ])S, wees ende-dsBg 
 godum gegongen, 
 fset se g(i8-cyning, 
 Wedra f eoden, 
 wundor-deaSe swealt 
 ao hi ])8er gesegon 
 syllicran wiht, 
 wyrrn on wonge, 
 witJerrsedne faar, 
 laSne licgean ; 
 wses se leg-draca, 
 grimlic gryre, 
 gledum beswseled ; 
 se waes fiftiges 
 fot-gemearces 
 lang on legere : 
 lyft-wynne heold 
 nihtes hwUum, 
 nyiSer eft gewSt 
 dennes niosian ; 
 wses Sa dea^e fsest ; 
 hsefde eorS-sorafa 
 ende genyttod ; 
 him big-stodon 
 bunan and orcas ; 
 
 in earlier times : 
 then was the end-day 
 for the good chief gone, 
 so that the war king, 
 the Weders' prince, 
 a wondrous death should die 
 but they there saw 
 a stranger thing, 
 6070 the worm on the plain, 
 the adverse one there, 
 the hostile, lying ; 
 the fire-drake was, 
 the grim horror, 
 with gleeds scorch'd ; 
 he was fifty 
 feet of measure 
 long on his bed : 
 he tlie delight of air enjoy'd 
 6080 in tlu night's hours, 
 again came down 
 his den to visit : 
 he was then fast in death ; 
 he had of his earth-dens 
 the end enjoy'd ; 
 by him stood 
 cups and bowls ; 
 
 6060. MS. hlim ; rightly corrected by Grimm, D. U. ii. 484. 
 6068. MS. ter . . . . gesegan. 6071. MS. wi^er rsahtes. 
 
 60S6. MS, stodan. 
 
206 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 discas lagon 
 
 and dyre swyrd 
 
 omige ])urh-etene, 6090 
 
 sv/S, hie wits eorSan faj'Sm 
 
 fusend wintra 
 
 J)£er eardodon : 
 
 fonne wses faet yrfe 
 
 eacen crseftig, 
 
 iu-monna gold, 
 
 galdre bewunden, 
 
 fset 'SS.m hiing-sele 
 
 hrinan ne mSste 
 
 gumena jenig, 6100 
 
 nefne God sylfa, 
 
 sigora s68 Kyning, 
 
 Bealde fam 80 he wolde, 
 
 He is manna gehyld, 
 
 hord openian, 
 
 efne swd-hwylcum manna 
 
 swS him gemet Siihte. 
 
 dishes lay there, 
 
 and costly swords 
 
 rusty, eaten through, 
 
 as if they in the lap of earth 
 
 a thousand winters 
 
 had there continued : 
 
 for that heritage was 
 
 exceedingly strong, 
 
 the gold of men of old, 
 
 encircled by enchantment, 
 
 so that that ring-hall 
 
 might not touch 
 
 any man, 
 
 unless God himself, 
 
 true King of victories, 
 
 should givei^ to whomhewould 
 
 (He is the well-wilier of men) 
 
 the hoard to open, 
 
 just to whatever man 
 
 as might to him seem meet. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 Then was seen 
 that fortune favour'd not 
 6 1 1 o him who unrighteously 
 within had hidden 
 treasure, under t]ie mound. 
 The guardian had before slain 
 some of a few, 
 then was the quarrel 
 wrothfuUy avenged. 
 What wonder when 
 
 pS wiBS gesyne 
 fset se sis ne ])S,h 
 fam Se unrihte 
 inne gehydde 
 wrsete under wealle. 
 Weard aer ofsloh 
 feara sume, 
 fa si5 fsehtS geweartS 
 gewrecen wraSlice. 
 Wundur hwset fonne 
 
 6090. MS. etone. 6112. MS. wraaoe. ■ 6117. MS; hwar 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 207 
 
 eorl elleu-r6f 
 ende gefere 
 lif-gesceafta, 
 ])onne long ne mseg 
 mon mid his magum 
 medu-seld buan. 
 SwS. WS3S Biowulfe ; 
 fa lie biorges weard 
 sShte searo-niSas, 
 seolfa ne cutSo 
 Jiurh hwset his 
 
 gedal 
 weorSan sceolde, 
 
 a brave renown'd warrior 
 to the end journey 
 6120 of living creatures, 
 when long may not 
 a man with his kinsmen 
 the mead-bench occupy 1 
 So 'twas to Beowulf ; 
 when he the mount's guardian 
 sought, his guileful hate, 
 himself knew not 
 worulde through what his parting from 
 the world 
 should be, 
 
 swShit oS domes dseg 6130 or how it till doomsday 
 
 diopo benemndon 
 feCdnas mJere, 
 fa faet Seer dydon . 
 fast se secg wsere 
 synnum scyldig, 
 hergum geheaSerod, 
 hell-bendum fsest, 
 wommum gewitnad, 
 se f one wong stride. 
 
 solemnlyjdeclai'd 
 
 t hose great ^ Biiaees, 
 
 who there that treasure put, 
 
 that the man should be 
 
 with sins guilty, 
 
 with harryings hemm'd in, 
 
 in hell-bonds fast, ' 
 
 by terrors punish'd, 
 
 who should that plain despoil, 
 
 4^ 
 
 Nses he gold-hwsete : 6140 He was not covetous of gold : 
 
 gearwor hsefde 
 agendes est 
 aer geceapod. 
 Wiglaf ma^elode, 
 Wihstanes sunu : 
 Oft sceal eorl monig, 
 
 more readily had he 
 the owner's favour 
 previously purchas'd. 
 Wiglaf spake, 
 Wihstan's son : 
 " Oft must a man many. 
 
 6l2i. MS. leng. 
 
 6134. This is the usnal malediction laid on whoever should 
 carry off a hidden treasure, 
 
 6140. he, i.e. Beowulf. 6143. MS. gesoeawod. 
 
208 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 anes ■willan, 
 wrajca dreogan, 
 swS us geworden is. 
 Ne meahton we gelderan 
 le5fne J)e5den, 6 1 5 1 
 
 rices hyrde, 
 rsed jenigne, 
 Jjset he ne grgtte 
 gold-weard fone ; 
 leto hyne licgean 
 fajr he longe -waes, 
 Tvicum wunian 
 oS woruld-ende, 
 
 for the sake of one, 
 
 hardsliips suiTer, 
 
 as has befallen us. 
 
 We could not inculcate on 
 
 our dear prince, 
 
 the realm's guardian, 
 
 any counsel, 
 
 that he should not assail 
 
 that gold-ward ; 
 
 hut let him lie 
 
 where he long had been, 
 
 in his habitation continue, 
 
 till the world's end, 
 
 healdan heS,h gesceap. 6160 hold the liigh appointment. 
 
 Hord ys gesceSwod, 
 grimme gcgongon. 
 Wres fjet gifeSo t6 swi^, 
 pe t5one fyder ontyhte. 
 Ic wa;3 fajr-inno, 
 and Jjset eall geond-seah, 
 recedes geatwa, 
 fa me gerymed wees ; 
 nealles swseslice 
 
 The hoard has been seen, 
 
 cruelly acquir'd. 
 
 Too powerful was that grant, 
 
 which impell'd him thither. 
 
 I was therein, 
 
 and it all look'd over, 
 
 the house's furniture, 
 
 when it was clear'd for me j 
 
 not pleasantly 
 
 si8 alyfed 6170 <Ae way permitted 
 
 inn under eorS-weall ; in under the earth-mound ; 
 
 ic on ofoste gefeng 
 micle mid mundum 
 msegen-byrtSenne 
 hord-gestre6na, 
 hider fit oetbair 
 cyninge minum ; 
 cwico wses p&-ggna, 
 
 6148. MS. dreoge'S. 
 
 I in haste seiz'd 
 
 with my hands a great 
 
 mighty burthen 
 
 of hoard-acquisitions, 
 
 bare them out hither 
 
 to my king ; 
 
 he was yet living, 
 
 6160. MS. hcoldon. 
 
 6164. ^uue (liim), i.e. Beowulf. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 209 
 
 wis and gewittig ; 
 
 ■worn eall gesprsec 6 1 80 
 
 gomol on gehSo, 
 
 and eowic gretan hefc 
 
 bajd ])£et ge geworliton, 
 
 ajffcer wines dEedum, 
 
 in bJel-stede, 
 
 beorh Jione heS,n, 
 
 niicelne and mferne, 
 
 swii he manna wa;s 
 
 wigend weor(5fullosfc 
 
 wide geond eorSan, 6 1 90 
 
 fenden he hurh-welan 
 
 brflcan moste. 
 
 Uton n(i efstan, 
 
 oSre * * 
 
 seon and seoean 
 
 searo-ge]?ra!0, 
 
 wundur under wealle ; 
 
 ic cow wisige, 
 
 foet ge genoge 
 
 ne onsceawiatS 6200 
 
 beagas and brad gold. 
 
 Sie si6 beer gearo, 
 
 sedre gesefned, 
 
 fonne we fit cymen, 
 
 and fonne geferian 
 
 frean userne, 
 
 leofne mannan, 
 
 faor he longe sceal 
 
 on Sajs Waldendes 
 
 w jero ge])olian. 6210 
 
 Het Sa gebeodan 
 
 byre Wihstanes, 
 
 wise and sensible ; 
 
 very many things said 
 
 tJie aged prince in sadness. 
 
 and bade me greet you, 
 
 pray'd that ye would make, 
 
 befitting our friend's deeds, , 
 
 in the pile's stead, 
 
 a lofty mount, 
 
 great and glorious, ■' 
 
 as he of all men was 
 
 the worthiest warrior 
 
 widely throughout the earth,. 
 
 while he the wealth of cities 
 
 might enjoy. 
 
 Let us now hasten, 
 
 other * * 
 
 to see and seek 
 
 the curious mass, 
 
 the wonders beneath the mound. 
 
 I will guide you, 
 
 so that enough ye 
 
 will not gaze on 
 
 rings and broad gold. 
 
 Let the bier be ready, 
 
 quickly made, 
 
 when we come out, 
 
 and then bear 
 
 our lord, 
 
 the dear man 
 
 to where he long shall 
 
 in the All-powerful's 
 
 care endure." 
 
 Bade then command 
 
 Wihstan's son, 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 haele-hilde-deSr, 
 hseletSa monegum 
 bold-Sgendra, 
 J)£et hie bffil-wudu 
 feonan feredon, 
 folc Sgende 
 godum to-geanes : 
 Nfl. sceal gled fretan, 
 ■wyrdan wonna leg, 
 wigena strengel, 
 fono So oft geb&d 
 isern ecfirea ; 
 ponne stitela storm, 
 Strongum gebsoded, 
 sc6c ofer scyld-woaU, 
 aceaft-nytte heold, 
 feSer-gearwum fiis, 
 
 flSna fyll eSde. 
 Huiu se snotra 
 sunu WihstSnes 
 acigde of cortSre 
 cyiiinges fegnas 
 syfone [to-som]ne 
 fa s§lestan, 
 e6de eahta sum 
 under inwit-hrof ; 
 hilde rinc sum 
 on handa bier 
 joled-loomaii, 
 so tSe on orde gong. 
 
 6219. MS. togenes, 
 6224. MS. Bcure. 
 6230. MS. flane full. 
 
 the human war-beast, 
 
 many men, 
 
 house-owning, 
 
 that they pile-wood 
 
 from afar should convey, 
 
 folk-owning, 
 
 towards the good prince : 
 6220 "Now shall the gleed devour, 
 
 the dusky flame destroy, 
 
 the prince of warriors, 
 
 him who oft awaited 
 
 tlie iron shower ; 
 
 who when the storm of shafts, 
 
 from strings impoU'd, 
 
 pass'd o'er the shield-wall, 
 
 the shaft-notch held, 
 
 when, prompt with its feather- 
 gear, 
 6230 the faU of arrows went.'' 
 
 Forthwith the prudent 
 
 son of Wihstan 
 
 call'd from the band 
 
 king's thanes 
 
 seven together 
 
 the choicest, 
 
 went himself the eighth 
 
 under the treacherous roof : 
 
 a warrior 
 6240 in his hand bare 
 
 a iiro-braud, 
 
 wlio went at tJie head. 
 
 6221. MS. weaxan. 6222. i>engel ? 
 
 6229. MS. fisder. garum ? 
 
 6231. Sona? 6242. MS, geong. 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 211 
 
 Naes Sa onhlytme 
 hwa ])aet horcl strude, 
 sy^San or-wearde 
 senigne dsel 
 secgas gesegon 
 on selo -vvunian, 
 Isene licgan ; 
 lyt Eenig mearn, 
 Jjset hie 6fostlic6 
 tit geferedon 
 dyre matSmas ; 
 dracan eac scufon, 
 wyrm ofer ■weall-clif, 
 loton WEeg niman, 
 Hod fseSmian, 
 friBtwa hyrdc : 
 faer wses wunden gold 
 on w£en hladen, 
 SBghwses unrim ; 
 sejjeling geboren, 
 bar hilde-[rinc] 
 to HrSnes-nsesse. 
 
 It was not then Tvithout lot 
 
 who should the hoard despoil, 
 
 when without a guard 
 
 some deal 
 
 the men saw 
 
 in the hall remaining, 
 
 thinly scatter'd lying ; 
 
 6250 little regretted any, 
 
 that with all speed they 
 
 might convey out 
 
 the precious treasures ; 
 
 the dragon eke they shov'd, 
 
 the worm, o'er the wall-cliflF, 
 
 let the wave take, 
 
 the flood embrace, 
 
 the treasure's guardian : 
 
 there was twisted gold 
 
 6260 on the wain laden, 
 
 of every kind numberless ; 
 aiid the prince borne, 
 the hoar warrior, 
 to Hroues-nees. 
 
 Him tSa gegiredon 
 Geata leode 
 ad on eortJan 
 iinwaclicne, 
 helm-behongen, 
 hilde-bordum, 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 For him then prepar'd 
 the Goths' people 
 a pile on tlie earth, 
 a mighly one, 
 with helmets hung, 
 6270 war-boards. 
 
 6254. MS. ec soufun. 6259. MS. J>set. 
 
 6262. MS. ae'Selinge boren. conj. K. 
 
 6263. rino supplied from conjecture. 
 
 14—2 
 
212 BEOWULF. 
 
 beorlitum byrnura, 
 
 bright byrnies, 
 
 swii ho bena waes. 
 
 as he had requested. 
 
 Alegdon 8a to-miJdes 
 
 Laid then in the midst 
 
 m£eme pe5den 
 
 the great prince 
 
 hseleS hiofende, 
 
 the warriors lamenting, 
 
 lilaford leofne : 
 
 their beloved lord : 
 
 ongunnou fS, on beorge 
 
 began then on the mount. 
 
 bael-fyra maest 
 
 of bale-fires tlie greatest 
 
 ■wigend weccan : 
 
 the warriors to kindle : 
 
 wudu-reo astah 6280 
 
 the wood- reek ascended 
 
 sweart of Swio-Sole, 
 
 swart from the Swedish pine,. 
 
 sw5gende leg, 
 
 the roaring flame, 
 
 wope bewunden, 
 
 with weeping mingled, 
 
 wind-blond gelaag, 
 
 (the wind-blonding ceas'd) 
 
 oSfajt he feet ban-hus 
 
 until it the bone-house 
 
 gebrocen haefde, 
 
 had broken, 
 
 hat on hreSre. 
 
 hot on the breast. 
 
 Higum uni6te 
 
 Sad in spirits 
 
 mod-ceare maendon 
 
 they with mind-care bewail'd 
 
 mon-dryhtnescwealm; 6290 thiir liege lord's death; 
 
 swylce ge6mor-gyd 
 
 as if a mournful lay 
 
 * '^ under 
 
 * * # 
 
 heorde * * 
 
 # * * 
 
 sorg-cearig saelde 
 
 sorro'W'ing bound 
 
 * * neah, 
 
 # # « 
 
 fset hio hyre ■ * 
 
 * # * 
 
 * * gas hearde 
 
 * * * 
 
 * ode wa * ylla won 
 
 * # * 
 
 * # * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * egesan 
 
 # # # 
 
 * # * 
 
 * * # 
 
 heofon rSce swealg. 
 
 heaven swell'd with smoke. 
 
 6281. MS. Bwio. 
 
 6282. MS. let. 
 
 6285. MS. J-a. 
 
 6292. MS. Siuu 
 
BEOWULF. 
 
 213 
 
 'Geworhton t55, 
 Wcdra leode 
 hlsew on hliSe j 
 se -wses heSh and brad, 
 ■wdeg-li^endum 
 ■wide t6-syne ; 
 and tetimbrodon 
 on tyn dagum 
 beadurofes beScn 
 bronda be * 
 wealle beworhton, 
 svvS, hit weortSlicost 
 fore-snotre men 
 findan mihton. 
 Hi on boorg dydon 
 beagas and siglu, 
 call swylce hyrsta, 
 swylce on horde ser 
 niS-hydige men 
 genuraen hajfdon. 
 Forleton eorla gestreon 
 eorSan healdan, 
 gold on greote, 
 Jjser hit nil gen lifacS 
 [yldum] swa unnyt 
 swS, hit [ser] webs. 
 pa ymbe hlsew ridon 
 hilde deor * 
 se^eling * 
 ealra twelfa 
 •woldon * * 
 cyning msonan, 
 
 C295. MS. liile. 
 6319. MS. riodan, 
 
 Wrought then » 
 
 ilie Wedors' people 
 
 a mound on tlie hill ; 
 
 it was high and broad, 
 
 by wave-farers 
 
 ■widely to bo seen ; 
 
 and constructed 
 
 6300 in ten days 
 
 the renown'd warrior's beacon, 
 * * * 
 
 ■with a ■wall surrounding it, 
 
 as it most honourable 
 
 highly sagacious men 
 
 might find. 
 
 In the mound they placed 
 
 rings and jewels, 
 
 also ornaments, 
 6310 such as before in the hoaxi 
 
 hostile men 
 
 had taken. 
 
 They left the treasure of carls 
 
 to the earth to hold, 
 
 gold in the dust, 
 
 where it now yet remains 
 
 [to men] as useless 
 
 as it [ere] was. 
 
 Then round the mound rode 
 6320 war-beasts * * 
 
 nobles * * 
 
 of all the twelve 
 
 would * * speak 
 
 their king bewail, 
 
 6297. MS. ot IWiondum. 6308. MS. beg. 
 6320. MS. deore. 
 
 cwitSan 
 
214 
 
 BEOWULF. 
 
 word-gyd wrccnn, 
 and worn sprccau ; 
 eahtodon eorlscipe, 
 and his eUen--weorc 
 
 # # * 
 
 duguSum demdon, 6330 
 
 swa hit ge[def6] bitJ, 
 
 ])xt mon his wino-dryhten 
 
 Avordum herge, 
 
 ferhtSum freoge, 
 
 Jjonne he forS scyle 
 
 of lic-haman, 
 
 * * weorfan. 
 Sw5 begnornodon 
 Gcdta Ie6de 
 
 hlfi,fordes [hi-yre], 6340 
 heort5-geneatas ; 
 cwjedon ])set he wiero 
 woruld-cyninga, 
 manna mUdnst, 
 [and mon-]f wserost, 
 leSduni li6ost, ; 
 and 16f-geornost. 6347 
 
 a verbal lay rccito, 
 and many things say ; 
 esteem'd his bravery, 
 and his valiant works 
 
 nobly judged, 
 
 as it is iitting, 
 
 that a man his liege lord 
 
 with his words praise, 
 
 in his soul love, 
 
 when he shall go forth 
 
 from the body, 
 
 * * become. 
 Thus dcplor'd 
 the Goths' people 
 their lord's fall, 
 his hearth-enjoyers ; 
 said that he was 
 of world-kings, 
 of men, mildest, 
 and kindest, 
 to his people gentlest, 
 and of praise most desirous. 
 
 6326. MS. ymb se. 
 
 6335. MS. scile. 
 
THE SC6p ok GLEEMAN'S TALE, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE FIGHT AT FINNESBUEG. 
 
THE SCOP or GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 WidsiS maSelode, 
 "word-hord oiileac, 
 se fe msBst vuBgSa, 
 [mette] ofer eorpan, 
 folca geond-ferde : 
 oft he fiette gepah 
 mynelicne mafjmm. 
 Hine from Myrgingum 
 sefele onwocon ; . 
 he mid Ealhhilde, 
 faelre fre66u-webban, 
 forman sife, 
 HreS-cyninges 
 hSni gesohte, 
 eastan of Onglo, 
 
 Widsitli spake, 
 
 his word-hoard unlock'd, 
 
 he who a vast many tribes 
 
 had met on earth, 
 
 travel'd through many nations ; 
 
 oft he had in court receiv'd 
 
 a memorable present. 
 
 From him to the Myrgings 
 
 nobles sprang ; 
 
 he with Ealhhild, 
 
 faithful peace-weaver, 
 
 at the first time, 
 
 the Hreth-king's 
 
 home had sought, 
 
 east of Angcln, 
 
 1. Widai'S ia tlio naino assigned to the gleeman, in allusion to 
 his erratic calling ; analogous to GangraSr, assumed by Odin in 
 his character of a wanderer ; Gangleri, Farvld, etc. 
 
 I. MS. ma^iolade. 
 
 3. MS. mocr'Sa. K. , with great probability, suggests maeg'Sa. 
 
 4. mette supplied from conjecture. There is no hiatus in 
 the MS. 
 
 8. For Hine from I would substitute Him from, the prep, after 
 its case, as I am not aware that onwacan is used actively. At 
 I. 106 the poet speaks of his offspring. 
 
218 
 
 THE SCOP 
 
 Eormanrices, 
 
 Eormanric's, 
 
 wrafes w&rlogan. hostile faith-brealcer. 
 
 Ongon fS worn sprecan: 20 Began then much to say ; 
 
 Eela ic monna gefrajgn 
 msegf um wealdan : 
 sceal feodna gehwylc 
 feawum lifgan, 
 eorl sefter ofrum 
 gfile rsedan, 
 se ))e his pe6den-st61 
 ge])e5n wile. 
 IJaiu wojs Ilwala 
 liwile sGlest, 
 and Alexandreas 
 ealra ricost 
 monna cynnes ; 
 and ho niaist gcpfih 
 ])fira ])0 ic ofer foldau 
 gefraigen ha;bbe. 
 j?Etla weold Hunum, 
 Eormanric Gotum, 
 Becca Baningum, 
 Bui'gendum Gifica ; 
 Casere weold Creacum, 
 and Gaelic Finnum, 
 
 Of many men I have heaid 
 ruling over tribes : 
 (every prince should 
 live fittingly, 
 chief after other 
 rule o'er the country, 
 who his princely throne 
 desires should flourish). 
 Of those was Ilwala 
 
 30 a while the, best, 
 and Alexander 
 of all most powerful 
 of mankind ; 
 and he most prosper'd 
 of those whom I on earth 
 Lave heard of. 
 Attila rul'd the Huns 
 Eormanric tli& Goths, 
 Becca tlu Banings 
 
 40 tht Burgundians Gifica ; 
 Csssar rul'd tlu Greeks 
 and Cffilic ilu Fins 
 
 16. Here some lines are evidently wanting, altliough there is 
 no hiatus in the MS., as the words wrdj>e3 wffirlogan cannot apply 
 to Eormanric, the object of the poet's praise (see 11. 175 sqq.). 
 The lost lines would no doubt have informed us who the persons 
 were before whom the tale was recited or sung. 
 
 23. H. Jieoda. IC, with great probability, suggests heddna, 
 which I adopt. 
 
 29. MS. Wala. 30. MS. selast. 
 
OR GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 219. 
 
 Hagena IIolraTyoum, 
 and Hendcn Glommum ; 
 Witta weold Swsefum, 
 "Wada Hojlsingum, 
 Meaca Myrgingum, 
 Mearchealf HundiDgnm ; 
 Doodiic wcold Eroucum, 
 Dyle Eondingun), 50 
 
 Breoca Erondingum, 
 Billing Wernum ; 
 Oswine woold Eowum, 
 and Ytum Gef wulf ; 
 Ein Folcwalding 
 Eresna cynne ; 
 Sigeliere lengesfc 
 Sse-Denum -vveold ; 
 Hneef Hocingum, 
 Helm Wullingum, 60 
 
 Wald Woingum, 
 Wod Dyringum, 
 SseferS Sycgum, 
 Sweom. Ongend])e6w ; 
 Sceafthere Ymbrum, 
 Sceafa Longbeardum 
 HQn Ilajtwerum, 
 and Ilolen Wrosnum, 
 Hring weald wass haten 
 Here-farena cyning ; 70 
 Offa weold Ojigle, 
 Alewih Denum, 
 se waes fara manna 
 modgast ealra, 
 no hwajf re he ofer OJTan 
 eorlscipe fremede ; 
 
 Hagena the Holmrycs, 
 and Henden the Gloms ; 
 Witta rul'd the Swsefs, 
 Wada the Helsings, 
 Meaca the Myrgings, 
 Mearchealf the Handings ; 
 Theodric rul'd the Eranks, 
 Thyle the Eondings, 
 Breoca the Brondings, 
 Billing the Werns ; 
 Oswine rul'd the Eows, 
 and the Yts Gefwulf ; 
 Fin Folcwalding 
 the Frisians' race ; 
 Sigehere longest 
 rul'd the Sea-Danes ; 
 Hnajf tlie Hokings, 
 Helm the Wulfings, 
 Wald the Woings, 
 Wod tlie Thyrings, 
 Saeferth the Sycs, 
 the Swedes Ongendtheow ; 
 Sceafthere the Ymbors, 
 Sceafa tlie Longbeards, 
 Hun the Hxtweras, 
 and Holeu the Wrosna, 
 Hringweald wa;s bight 
 tlie Herefaras king ; 
 Offa rul'd Angeln, 
 Alewih the Danes, 
 who of those men was 
 of all proudest, 
 yet not over Offa he 
 supremacy effected ; 
 
220 
 
 THE SCOP 
 
 ac Offa geslog, 
 
 icrest monna, 
 
 cniht wesenJe, 
 
 cyne-rica msest, So 
 
 ndenig isfen-eald him 
 
 eorlscipe mSran 
 
 on-orette, 
 
 ane sweorde ; 
 
 inerce gemaerJe 
 
 wis Myrgingum, 
 
 ti Fifel-dore. 
 
 Heoldon forS-siffan, 
 
 Engle and Swsefe, 
 
 sw5, hit Offa g03l6g. 90 
 
 Hr6])wult' and Hr6Sg5,r 
 
 heoldon longest 
 
 eibbe ietsomne, 
 
 suhtor-fedran, 
 
 sij'fan hy forwrdecon, 
 
 •wicinga cynn, 
 
 and IngO/ldes 
 
 ord forbigdan, 
 
 forhe6wan t&t Heorote 
 
 HeatSo-beardna frym. 100 
 
 Swa ic geond-ferde fela 
 
 fremdra londa, 
 
 geond ginne grund ; 
 
 gSdes and yftes 
 
 J)£Er ic cunnade, 
 
 cnosle bidaeled, 
 
 freS-magum feor, 
 
 folgade wido ; 
 
 forfon ic mseg singan, 
 
 107. MS. 
 
 for Offa won in battle, 
 
 earliest of men, 
 
 when sUU a boy, 
 
 kingdoms most, 
 
 none of like age with him 
 
 dominion greater 
 
 in contest gain'd, 
 
 by his single sword ; 
 
 his march he enlarged 
 
 towards the Myrgiugs, 
 
 by Fifel-dor. 
 
 Continued thenceforth 
 
 Angles and Swsefs, 
 
 as Offa it had won. 
 
 Hrothwulf and Hrothgar 
 
 longest held 
 
 peace together, 
 
 tlw paternal-cousins, 
 
 after they had expel'd 
 
 tlie race of vikings, 
 
 and Ingeld's 
 
 point had bent, 
 
 slaughter'd at Heorot 
 
 the host of Heathobeards. 
 
 Thus I travers'd many 
 
 foreig^n lauds 
 
 over the spacious earth ; 
 
 good and evil 
 
 there I prov'd, 
 
 of m,7j offspring depriv'd, 
 
 from my dear kindred far, 
 
 I foUow'd widely ; 
 
 therefore I can sing, 
 
 freo-masgum. 
 
OR GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 221 
 
 and secgan spell, no 
 
 msciian fovo mcngo, 
 in meodu-healle, 
 hfi mo cj'ncgOde 
 cystum dohton. 
 lo wa3S mid Hunnm, 
 and mid HreS-Gotum, 
 mid Sweom and mid 
 
 GeStum, 
 and mid SiiS-Denum ; 
 mid Wenlum ic wses and 
 
 mid WoBrnum, 
 
 and a talo recite, 
 
 rocounl. before the many, 
 
 in the mead-hall, 
 
 how me the noble of race 
 
 bounteously treated. 
 
 I was with the Huns, 
 
 and with the Hreth-Goths, 
 
 with the Swedes and with the 
 
 Geats, 
 and with the South Danes ; 
 with the Wenlas I was and with. 
 
 tlie "Wajrnas, 
 
 and mid wicingum ; 120 and with the vikings ; 
 
 mid Gef6um ic wa2S and 
 
 mid Winedum, 
 and mid Gefflegum ; 
 mid Englum ic wses and 
 
 mid Swsefum, 
 and mid .iEnenum ; 
 mid Seaxum ic wajs and 
 
 mid Sycgum, 
 and mid Sweord-wemm ; 
 mid Hronum ic wses and 
 
 mid Dcanum, 
 
 andi 
 
 with the Gcfthas I was 
 
 with the Winedas, 
 and with tJie Gefflegas ; 
 with the Angles I was and with 
 
 tlie Swajfs, 
 and with the jEnenas ; 
 with the Saxons I was and with 
 
 the Sycgs, 
 and with the Sweord-weras ; 
 with the Hrons I was and with 
 
 the Deans, 
 
 and mid HeaJ>o-Eeamum ; and with the Heatho-Eeamas ; 
 mid Dyringum ic wajs, with the Thyrings I was, 
 and mid Drowendum, 130 and with the Throwends, 
 and mid Burgendum ; and with the Burgundians ; 
 
 ]>ser ic beag gefSh ; there I a ring receiv'd ; 
 
 me f aer GfiShere forgeaf there mo Guthhere gave 
 a welcome present, 
 in reward of song : 
 that was no sluggish king. 
 
 114. MS. dohteD, 
 
 glfedlicno ma]>J)um, 
 songes to leane : 
 nsBS f set SEene cyning. 
 
THE SCOP 
 
 With the Franks I was and 
 
 with the Frisians, 
 and with the Frumtings ; 
 with the Eugs I was and with 
 tlie Gloms, 
 
 and mid Eflm-Walum ; 140 and with the Rum-Wealhs j 
 swylce ic wses on Eatule, also I was in Italy, 
 
 Mid Froncum ic wses and 
 
 mid Frysum, 
 and mid Frumtingum ; 
 mid Eugum ic wses and 
 
 mid Glommum, 
 
 mid iElfwine, 
 
 so hsefde mon-cynnes, 
 
 mine gefraege, 
 
 leohteste hond 
 
 16fes t6 wyrcenne, 
 
 heortan unhneaweste 
 
 liringa gedalea j 
 
 hooi'htiu boaga, 
 
 team Eiid wines. 150 
 
 Mid Sercingum io wajs, 
 
 and mid Sefingum ; 
 
 mid Creacum ic wajs and 
 
 mid Finnum, 
 and mid Casere, 
 se ])e win-burga 
 geweald S,hte, 
 Wiolane and Wilna, 
 and Wala rices. 
 Mid Scottum ic wses and 
 
 mid Peohtum, 
 
 with iElfwine, 
 
 who had of all mankind, 
 
 as I have heard, 
 
 tlie readiest hand 
 
 praise to call forth, 
 
 tlie most liberal heart 
 
 in the distribution of rings ; 
 
 bright collars, 
 
 the son of Eadwine. 
 
 With the Serkings I was, 
 
 and with tlie Seriugs ; 
 
 with the Greeks I was and 
 
 with the Fins, 
 and with Ca3sar, 
 who o'er the joyous cities 
 had sway, 
 Wiolane and Wilna, 
 
 and of the Walas' realm. 
 With the Scots I was and with 
 tlie Picts, 
 
 and midScride-Finnum;i6o and with the Scrid-Fins; 
 mid Lid-wicingum ic wses with tlie Lid-vikings I was and 
 
 with the Leons, 
 and with the Lombards j 
 with Hoethens I was and with 
 
 IIa3leths, 
 and with tlie liundings ; 
 
 and mid Leonum, 
 and mid Long-boardum ; 
 mid HseSnum ic wass and 
 
 mid Hselejjum, 
 and mid Ilundingum ; 
 
OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 223 
 
 mid Isralielum ic waes, 
 and mid Ex-Syriugum ; 
 mid Ebreiim and mid In- 
 
 deum, 
 and mid Egyptum ; 
 mid Moidum ic wajs and 
 
 mid Persum, 
 and mid Myrgingum, 170 
 and Mofdingum, 
 and ongend Myrgingum, 
 and mid Amothingum ; 
 mid East-Dyringum ic wees 
 
 and mid Eolum, 
 and mid Istum, 
 and Idumingum ; 
 and ic waes midEormanrioe; 
 ealle frage 
 
 ])8er me Gotena cyning 
 gode dohte, 1 80 
 
 , se me beag forgeaf, 
 burg-warena fruma, 
 on fam siex hund wses 
 smsetea goldes 
 gescyred sceatta, 
 scilling-rime, 
 Jione ic Eadgilse 
 on seht sealde, 
 minum lile6- dry bine, 
 fS, ic to bam bicwom, 190 
 le6fum to leEne, 
 fees fe he me load forgeaf, 
 mines fseder-ejiel, 
 fi-ea Myrginga ; 
 and me fS. Ealhbild 
 
 witb tlie Israelites I was," 
 and with the Ex-Syrings ; 
 with tlie Hebrews and with the 
 
 Indians, 
 and with the Egyptians ; 
 with the Medes I was and with 
 
 the Persians, 
 and with tlie Myrgings, 
 and the Mofdings, 
 and again with tlie Myrgings, 
 and witli the Amo things ; 
 with the East Thyrings I was 
 
 and with tlie Eols, 
 and with tlie Istas, 
 and the Idumingas ; 
 and I was with Eormanric ; 
 all loliich time 
 there me the Goths' king, 
 well treated, 
 he me a collar gave, 
 the chieftain of his citizens, 
 on which six hundred were 
 of beaten gold 
 sceats scor'd, 
 in skillings reckon'd, 
 which I to Eadgils 
 in possession gave, 
 my patron lord, 
 when to my home I came, 
 in requital to my friend, | 
 because he had given me land, 
 my paternal heritage, 
 the Myrgings prince ; 
 and to me then Ealhbild 
 
224: 
 
 THE SCOP 
 
 oferne forgeaf, 
 dryht-cwea dugiitSe, 
 dohtor Eadwines : 
 hyre lof lengde 
 geond londa fela, 200 
 
 fonne ic be songe 
 secgan sceolde 
 hwair ic under swegle 
 selest wiase 
 gold-hrodene cw6u 
 giefa bryttian. 
 Donne wit Scilling, 
 sciran reorde, 
 for uncrum sige-dryhtne 
 song ahofan, 210 
 
 hlfldo bi hearpan 
 hle6])or swinsade, 
 fonne monige men, 
 mSdum wlonce, 
 wordum sprecan, 
 J)a fe wel cufan, 
 faet hi noefre song 
 sGllan no liyrdon. 
 Donan ic ealne geond- 
 
 hwearf 
 efel Gotena. 220 
 
 S6ht6 ic a sipa 
 fa sglestan ; 
 fait wses inn-weorud 
 Eormanrices. 
 
 another gave, 
 
 noble queen, of chieftains, 
 
 Ead wine's daughter ; 
 
 I her praise extended 
 
 over many lands, 
 
 when I by song 
 
 had to say 
 
 where I under heaven 
 
 knew a most oxcollent 
 
 gold-adorn'd queen 
 
 gifts dispensing. 
 
 When I and Skilling, 
 
 with clear voice, 
 
 for our victorious lord 
 
 rais'd the song, 
 
 loud to the harp 
 
 our voice resounded, 
 
 then many men, 
 
 haughty of mood, 
 
 said in words, 
 
 those who well knew, 
 
 that they never song 
 
 bettor had hoard. 
 
 Thence I travers'd all 
 
 the country of the Goths. 
 Of courses I ever sought 
 the best ; 
 
 that was the household band 
 of Eormanric. 
 
 196. oJ>enie, i.e. 4t5el. 203. MS. swegl. 
 
 204. MS. selast. 206. MS. giefe. 
 
 207. For this construction sec note on Beowulf, 4009. 
 224. MS. Earmanrlcea. 
 
OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 225 
 
 He'Soau s5hte ic and Bea- 
 
 decan, 
 and Herolingas ; 
 Emercan sohte ic and 
 
 Eridlan, 
 and East-Gotan, 
 frodne and godne, 
 fieder Unwenes ; 
 
 Hethca I sought and Beadeoa, 
 
 and tlie Herelings ; 
 Emerca I sought and Fridla, 
 
 and the East Goth, 
 
 sage and good, 
 230 tlie father of TJnwen ; 
 Seccan sohte ic and Beccan, Secoa I sought and Becoa, 
 Seafolan and Doodric, Seafola and Theodric, 
 
 Heajioric and Sifecan, Heathoric and Sifeca, 
 
 Illijjo and Incgenfoow ; Hlithe and Incgentheow ; 
 Eadvrine sohte ic and Elsan, Eadwine I sought and Elsa, 
 ^gelmund and Hungar, -iEgelmund and Hungar, 
 and fa wloncan gedryht and the proud hands 
 WiiS-Myrginga ; of tlie "With-Myigings ; 
 
 Wulfhero sohte ic and "Wulfhere I sought and Wyrm- 
 
 Wyrmhere : here : 
 
 ful oft fajr wig ne alseg, 240 full oft there war ceas'd not 
 
 Jonne Hrseda here, 
 heardum sweordum, 
 ymh Wistla-wudu, 
 wergan sceoldon 
 ealdne efel-stol 
 ^tlan leodum. 
 Ededhere sohte ic and 
 
 Eondhere, 
 Eumstan and Gislhere, 
 Wijjorgiold and Freoferic. 
 
 when tlie Hrsed's army, 
 with hard swords, 
 about Vistula-wood, 
 had to defend 
 their ancient native seat 
 from tlie follcs of AttUa. 
 Esedhero I sought and Eond- 
 here, 
 Eumstan and Gislhere, 
 Withergield and Ereotheric,, 
 
 Wudgan and Haman : 250 Wudga and Hama : 
 
 ne wseron fost gesifa 
 ]7a seemestan ; 
 feah fe ic hy^ a nyhst 
 nemnan sceolde. 
 
 they wore of comrades not 
 tlie worst ; 
 
 though I them ever last 
 should name. 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 THE SCOP OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 
 
 Eul oft of ffim heape 
 hwinende fleSg 
 giellendo gar 
 on grome feode, 
 wraeccan fasr weoldan 
 ■wundnan golde 260 
 
 ■werum and -wifum, 
 Wudga and Hama. 
 SwS, ic fast symle onfond, 
 on psere feringe, 
 past 86 bij) leofast 
 lond bfiendum, 
 se fe him God syleS 
 gumena rice 
 t6 gehealdenne, 
 fenden he her leofaS. 270 
 Swa scripende, 
 gesceapum hweorfaS 
 gleomen gumena 
 geond grunda fela, 
 fearfe secgatS, 
 ])onc-word sprecaS, 
 simle siiS ojife norS 
 sumne gemetaS 
 gydda gleawne, 
 geofum unhne§,wne, 280 
 se fe fore duguf e wile 
 dom arseran, 
 eorlscipe sefnan, 
 o])])ajt cal scaccS 
 le6ht and lif somod. 
 L6f se gewyrceS, 
 hafutS under hcofonum 
 he&h-ftestne dom. 
 
 Full oft from that band 
 
 whining flew 
 
 the yelling shaft 
 
 on the fierce nation, 
 
 where would avenge 
 
 the chiefs gold adorn'd 
 
 their men and women, 
 
 Wudga and Hama. 
 
 Thus have I ever found, 
 
 in that journeying, 
 
 that he is dearest 
 
 to the land- dwellers, 
 
 to whom God gives 
 
 empire over men 
 
 to hold, 
 
 while he here lives. 
 
 Thus roving, 
 
 with their devices wander 
 
 tlie glcemen of men 
 
 through many lands, 
 
 tlmr need express, 
 
 words of thanks utter, 
 
 ever south or north 
 
 find one 
 
 knowing in songs, 
 
 liberal of gifts, 
 
 who before his court desires 
 
 his grandeur to exalt, 
 
 valorous deeds achieve, 
 
 until all departs 
 
 light and life together. 
 
 He who works praise, 
 
 has under heaven 
 
 exalted glory. 
 
THE FIGHT AT FINNESBURGH. 
 
 A FEAGMENT». 
 
 * nas byrnaS nasfro. 
 Hleofrode fa, 
 heafo-geong cyning : 
 Ne Sis 116 dagaS efistan, 
 ne her draca ne fleogeS, 
 ne her jjisse healle 
 horn na)3 no byrnatJ ; 
 ao her for<5 bernS ; 
 fugolas singaS, 
 gylleS grseg-hama, i 
 
 guS-wudu hlynneS, 
 soyld scefle oncwyS. 
 Ku scyneS 8es mona 
 wafol under wolcnum, 
 nfl arisaS wea-dEeda, 
 tie tSisne folces niS 
 
 * never burn. 
 Cried aloud then 
 the warlike young king : 
 " This dawns not from the east, 
 nor flies a dragon here, 
 nor of this hall here 
 are tlie cressets burning ; 
 but here it burns forth ; 
 the birds sing, 
 the cricket chirps, 
 tJie war-wood resounds, 
 shield to shaft responds. 
 Now shines the moon 
 wandering amid clouds, 
 now arise woful deeds, 
 that this hatred of tlie people 
 
 " The fragment, as far as I can judge, begins with a speech of 
 Fin, the Frisian prince, on seeing a glare of light in his palace, 
 which has been fired by the Danish invaders, in an attack by night. 
 
 3. Hickes hearo. 4. this, i.e. thh light. 
 
 5. A fiery one. For these light-bearing dragons see North. 
 Myth. ii. p. 31. and iii. p. 155. 
 
 7. H. hornas ne. 8. bora's. 
 
 9. believing it to bo daylight. 10 .on seeing the fire-light. 
 
 II, the spear. 
 
 15—2 
 
228 
 
 THE PIGHT 
 
 fremman willa^. 
 
 Ac onwacnigea^ nu, 
 
 wigend mine, 
 
 habbaS eowre land, 
 
 hicgeaS on ellen, 
 
 winna^ on orde. 
 
 ■weaatS anm6de. 
 * * * 
 
 DS aras monig 
 gold-hroden f egn, 
 gyide hine his swurde ; 
 ])a t6 dui'a e6don 
 drihtlice cempan, 
 SigeferS and Eaha, 
 hyra sweord getugon j 
 and iBt oSrum durum, 
 
 Ordiaf and Gut5laf, 
 and Hengost sylf, 
 
 liwearf him on laste. 
 
 Da gyt Garulf 
 
 GfiSere styrode, 
 
 Jiajt he swS. freoUc-feorh 
 
 forman siBe 
 
 to Saire healle durum 
 
 hjrrsta ue bsere 
 
 nfi. hie niSa heard 
 
 animan wolde ; 
 
 ac ho friEgn ofer eal 
 
 nndeaminga, 
 
 will promote. 
 
 But wake up now, 
 
 my warriors ! 
 
 2o preserve your lands, 
 
 be mindful of valour, 
 
 fight in front, 
 
 be unanimous." 
 * * » 
 
 Then arose many 
 a gold-decorated thane, 
 girded him with his sword ; 
 then to the door went 
 
 the noble warriors, 
 30 Sigeferth and Eaha, 
 
 they drew their swords ; 
 
 and at the other doors, 
 
 Ordlaf and Guthlaf, 
 
 and Hengest himself, 
 
 turn'd on their track. 
 
 Then yet Garulf 
 
 Guthere reproach'd, 
 
 that he. a soul so joyous, 
 
 at the first moment, 
 40 to the hall's doors 
 
 bore not arms, 
 
 now them a fierce enemy 
 
 would take. 
 
 But he, above all, inquir'd 
 
 openly, 
 
 II. on modo. 
 
 20. H. landa. 22. H. wiuda'S. 23. 
 
 24. The line alliterating with this is wanting. 
 
 26. H. hladen. 
 
 38—43. These lines are particularly obscure. 41. H. bseran. 
 
 42. H. hyt. . 43. H. any man. 44. H. fragn. 
 
AT FINNESBUEG. 
 
 229 
 
 min nama, 
 
 deor-mod ha3leS, 
 Invfi, (Sa duru liooldo. 
 SigefortS is 
 cwastS ho, 
 ic eom Secgena leod, 
 wrecca wide c(i^ ; 
 fela ic weana gebad, 
 heardra hilda ; 
 ?56 is gyt her wifcod 
 swiEper tSfi syK t6 me 
 secean wylle. 
 Da w£Es on healle 
 wsel slihta gehlj'n, 
 sceolde naltes bord 
 genumen handa 
 ban-helm berstan ; 
 buruh-Selu dynede, 
 oS ajt fsere guSe 
 G3,ruK gecrang, 
 eaha serest 
 «orS-buendra, 
 GGSlafes sunn ; 
 
 SO 
 
 the fierce warrior, 
 who tho door hold ? 
 Sigoferth is my name, quoth 
 
 he, 
 I am the Secgas' lord, 
 a warrior widely known ; 
 many woes have I sustain'd, 
 hard battles ; 
 
 for thee is yet here decreed 
 whichever thou thy soK from me 
 wilt seek. 
 
 Then was in the hall 
 the din of slaughter, 
 the shield might not 
 he in hand taken, 
 60 tlie bone-helm they lack'd ; 
 the burgh-floor resounded, 
 until in the conflict 
 GaruKfell, 
 earliest of all 
 tlwse earth dwellers. 
 
 Guthlaf s son, 
 
 ymb hyne g6dra fela hwearf surrounded him of many good 
 lS,Sra hrsew , foes the corpses ; 
 
 hrsefen wandrode, the raven wander'd 
 
 sweart and sealo-brun ; 70 swart and sallow-brown ; 
 swurd-leoma st6d, tlie sword gleam stood, 
 
 swylce eal Finns buruh as if aU Fin's castle 
 
 50. H. wreoten. 54. ewoa >er. 
 
 58. H. celses bor^. So great was the hurry and confusion con- 
 sequent on the surprise, that the Frisians had no time to take 
 their shields. 
 
 5g. II. gonumon. Co. bone-helm, i.e. shield. 
 
 68. H. lacra hrajr. 
 
230 
 
 THE FIGHT AT FINNESBUEG. 
 
 fyrenu W£crc. 
 
 Ng gefrsBgn ic nsefre wurS- 
 
 licor, 
 ait wera hilde, 
 sixtig sige-bcorna 
 sel gehseran, 
 ne nsBfre sang no liwitne, 
 
 medu 
 sCl forgyldan, 
 
 Jjonne Hntefe guidon 80 
 his hsegstealdas. 
 Hig fuliton fif dagas 
 swS, hyra nan ne feol 
 drilit-gesiSa ; 
 ac hig Sa duru heoldon. 
 Da gewSt him wuud hseleS 
 on wog gangan, 
 SEede fast his byrne 
 abrocen ■w&ie, 
 here-sceorp unhror, 90 
 
 and eSc wses his helm 
 
 tSyrl. 
 Da hino sona iixgn 
 folces hyrdo, 
 ha SS, wigend hyra 
 ■wunda genseson, 
 ot5Se hwasper Jisera hyssa 
 
 ■were on lire. 
 
 !Never have I heard more wor- 
 thily, 
 in a conflict of men, 
 sixty conquering heroes 
 better behave, 
 nor ever song or bright mead 
 
 better requite, 
 
 than to Hnsef requited 
 
 his young warriors. 
 
 They fought five days, 
 
 so that none of them fell 
 
 of the associates ; 
 
 but they the door held. 
 
 Then the hero wounded went 
 
 walking away, 
 
 he said that his bymie 
 
 was broken, 
 
 his war-garb weak, 
 
 and also that his helm was 
 
 pierced, 
 Then him quickly ask'd 
 t}ie people's guardian, 
 how the warriors their 
 wounds had recovered from ? 
 or whether of the young men 
 
 78. H. swa HOC, 
 Huief's hall. 
 86. h£ele«, i.e. Hnaf. 
 90. H. sceorpum hror. 
 
 By song and mead are meant the joys of 
 
 87. H. on waeg. 
 93. Hengest. 
 
GLOSSARY AND INDICES 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 Note. — Compound words are arranged in the order of their last com- 
 ponent. 7'he first components will be found explained in their alpha- 
 betic order. 
 
 A, ever, always. 1562. Swa, 
 
 id. 1914. 
 ac, but, for, Lat. nam, enim. 
 
 270, 1484. 
 ad(m),^27e. 2224,2233,6267. 
 adI(f),disease.3476,3S3o,etc. 
 sedro, edie (f), vein. 1489, 
 
 5925- 
 s&die, soon, quickly. 154, 714, 
 
 etc. 
 sefen (m), evening. 831, etc. 
 sefre, ever. 566, etc. 
 ajfter, after, according to, 
 
 along. 24, 172, 1892, etc. 
 jEglsec. See aglsec. 
 teht. See agan. 
 ge-sehtian > g^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 ge-sehtle ' 
 ael, a p-efix signifying foreign, 
 
 more usually el, which see. 
 sei, for eal, all. 
 
 seled {va), fire. 6022, 6241. 
 
 O. Sax. eld. 0. Nor. elldr, 
 
 Dan. ild. 
 senig, any. 
 senile. See Sn. 
 jeppel (m), apple. 4336. 
 ser (u), brass. 5548 
 jer, ere, before, prime. 253, 
 
 260; jerest, first. 1236. 
 
 As a prefix to an adjective 
 
 it corresponds to primely. 
 
 1982, etc. 
 serend, rerende (n), errand. 
 
 546, 696, etc. 
 sern (u), house, room. Comp. 
 
 heal-ajrn. 156 ; hord-ae. 
 
 4548, 5655 ; medo-ae. 
 
 138; win-ae. 1312; frytS- 
 
 03. 13 18. 
 ses (n?) carrion. 2668. Dan. 
 
 aadsel. 
 
234 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 sesc (f), ash, spear (because 
 made of asli)j 665, 3548. 
 
 set, at, from. 89, 1263. 
 
 set. See etan. 
 
 settren. See attor. 
 
 ffifele, noble. 398, 531, etc. 
 S. T. 9. oBfeling, prince, 
 nolle, s, etc. Comp. sib-£e. 
 5409. a5])elu (f), nobility. 
 790, 1826, etc. 
 
 a3tSm (m), breath, breathing. 
 5180. 0. Sax. atliom. 
 
 agan, to own, possess. 979, 
 1049, etc. Comp. blaitl- 
 figemle. 2031 ; bold-a. 
 62is;rolo-ri.62i8.ailit(f), 
 possession, domain. 1037 ; 
 Comp. goldro. 5489 ; 
 ma]>m-a3. 3230, 5659. 
 
 ag\xc, miserable. 2522; agloe- 
 ca, seglseca, alilseca, mise- 
 rable being. 320, 854, 871, 
 1116, 1188, 1297, 1468, 
 1482, 1636, etc. 
 
 absian, axian, to ask, seek, 
 hear say. 851, 870, 2417. 
 
 abt, alight. 4618. 
 
 aldor, eaklor (n), life. 1024, 
 1080, 1327, 1364, 1648, 
 etc. vitals f 2873. ealdor- 
 leas. 5998. 0. Sax. aldar. 
 
 aldor. See eald. 
 
 &n, one, only. 201 ; fina, alone, 
 only. 292, 855, etc.; sen, 
 
 alone. 9i;Knga,S,iiga,o?i?y, 
 
 sole, 755, 2529, 3098; 
 
 anunga, id. 1272 ; senile, 
 
 singular, unique, fair. 507, 
 
 3887. Ohg. einlih. 
 an, i. q. on, in. 1358, etc. 
 an. See unnan. 
 ancer, oncer (m), anchor. 611, 
 
 3770, 3840. 
 anda, envy, hate, rancour, 
 
 1421, 4617. Ohg. anado, 
 
 ante. Mhg. ande. 
 andgit (m), wider standing. 
 
 2122. 
 andswarian, to answer. 522, 
 
 etc. 
 andwoard, present ? 2579. 
 andlang? 5383. anlang cem- 
 
 pa, miles wdinarius, gre- 
 
 garius, Cott. 136. Lye. 
 
 See lang. 
 ansyn. See se6n. 
 anunga. See Sn. 
 ar (m), messenger. 677, 933, 
 
 etc. 
 Sr (f), honour, benefit, pity, 
 
 piety. 34, 639, 920, 2379, 
 
 2549. 4745. 5205. etc. 
 (arna gen. pi. occurs usu- 
 ally for ara.) arfa3st, true, 
 honourable. 2340. Srian, 
 to have mercy on. 1201;. 
 arum, piously, honourably, 
 ^gj, 2202, 2368. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 235 
 
 arn and its compounds. See 
 yrnan. 
 
 atol, atelic, dire, foul, fell, 
 horrid. 320, 332, 1188, 
 1196, 1468, etc. 
 
 attor, ater (n), iwison, venom. 
 2923.5423- Ohg. oitarj' 
 O. Nor. citr. aettren, ve- 
 nomous. 3238; Eettred, en- 
 venomed, hattres (liat- 
 tredes?) 5039. 0. Sax. 
 hettar. 
 
 axe, ashes. 2238. 
 
 a^ (m), oath. 169, etc. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ead {i), pledge. Comp. nyd- 
 h. forced pledge. 1200. 
 
 bsed. See biddan. 
 
 bredan, gebaidan, to compel, 
 impel, urge. 5153, 5644, 
 6226; to address ? 4040. 
 
 bjel {Ti),pile {funeral) confla- 
 £r?-aiw«.2223, 2237, 4259, 
 4606, 4633, etc. 0. Nor. 
 bal. 
 
 basr. See beran. 
 
 ge-bseran, to bear, conduct, ' 
 (oneself), appear. 2029, 
 5640. F. F. 77. 
 
 basrnan, forbsernan. See byr- 
 nan. 
 
 bsetan, to bit (a Jwrse). 2803. 
 
 hasS (m), bath. 3727. 
 
 baldor, bealdor (m), prince, 
 
 lord. 4848^ 5127. 
 balw. See bealu. 
 ban (m), bone. 1488, 1640, 
 
 2236, 5149, 5377- 
 bana, bona, slayer, bane. 319, 
 
 2209, 3491, etc. Coinp. 
 
 ecg-b. 2528, 5006 ; gast- 
 
 b. 356; hand-b. 925, 2665; 
 
 mfiS-b. 4165. 
 ge-\)a,uaa,n, to proclaim. 149. 
 b§,t (m), boat. 427. Comp. 
 
 s£e-b. 1270, 1795. 
 beacon (n), beacon, sign. 1 1 44, 
 
 5547)6301. beacnian, to 
 
 becJcon, indicate. 283. 
 beado, beadu (f), war, battle, 
 
 1006, 1108, 1423, 1984, 
 
 etc. 
 beah, beag (m), ring, collar, 
 
 diadem.69, 161, 1050, etc. 
 
 Comp. earm-b. 5520; 
 
 lieals-b. 2395, 4350; lo- 
 
 cen-b. 5982. 
 beald, bald, bold. Comp. cy- 
 
 ning-b. 3273. 
 bealdian, to thrive, flourish. 
 
 4360 0. Sax. beldian, 
 
 fortem, aiidacem, reddere, 
 
 animare, coiroborare. 
 bealdor. See baldor. 
 bealu, balw (m), bale, injury. 
 
 567) 145°. 1822, 1958, 
 
 5644. Comp; aldor-b. 
 
236 
 
 GLOSSAKY. 
 
 3356; cwealm-b. 3884; 
 
 feorh-b. 314, 4160, 4492, 
 
 5067; hrefer-b. 2690; 
 
 le6d-b. 3448, 3896; morS- 
 
 b. 272; niort5or-b. 2162, 
 
 5477 jniht-b. 389;sweord- 
 
 b. ,2298; wig-b. 4098. 
 
 0. Sax. balo (n). 
 be5,m (m), heam, tree. Ger. 
 
 baum, Goth, bagms. Ohg. 
 
 poum. Comp. fyrgen-b. 
 
 2833 ; glco-b. musical in- 
 
 stivment, harp. 4518. 
 bearhtm. See beorlit. 
 bearm (m), hosom. 42, 70, etc. 
 
 0. Sax. barm, 
 beam (n), child, Scot, bairn. 
 
 117, etc. 0. Nor. Dan. 
 
 barii. Comp. drylit-b. a 
 
 princely or nolle child. 
 
 4076 ; jldo-b. X40. 0. 
 
 Sax. eldi-b. 
 bearu (m), grove. Comp. 
 
 lirinde-b. 2731. 
 beatan, to heat, 4522, 4707. 
 bed (n), bed. 282, etc. Comp. 
 
 deaS-b. 5795 ; hlin-b. 
 
 6060; sohlin-rasced. Cod. 
 
 Exon. 257. 6; mor])or-b. 
 
 4864; woel-b. 1932; ge- 
 
 bedda. 1334 ; heals-ge- 
 
 bedda. 126, bedfellow. 
 begen,i!)o//i.. 1077,1543,2091. 
 belgan, abelgan, gebelgau, to 
 
 irritate. 1422, 1451, 3083, 
 4450; bolgen, gebolgen, 
 angry. 1422, 2866, 3083, 
 etc. 
 
 hen (i), prayer. 861, 455^; 
 hena,, suppliant. 710, 734, 
 6272. 
 
 ben (f), wound. 2246, 5442; 
 Comp. feorh-b. 5473 ; 
 seax-b. 5800. 
 
 bene (f), bench, seat. 659. 
 976, etc. Comp. ealo-b. 
 2062, 5726 ; medo-b. 
 1556, 2108, etc. 0. Sax. 
 beuki, bonk (n). 
 
 'beQd{m.t),haud,hond. 1958, 
 3222. Comp. fyr-b. 1448; 
 hell-b. 6137 ; hyge-b. 
 3761; ircn-b. 1553,2001; 
 oncer-b. 3840 ; searo-b. 
 4179; wiel-b. 3876. bin- 
 dan, to bind. 438, 845, etc. 
 Comp. is-gebind (n), icy 
 bond. 2270; hooru-bun- 
 den, strongly bound. 2574 ; 
 eldo-gebunden, 4229. 
 
 beod (m), table. 691, 3431. 
 0. Sax. biod. 
 
 be6dan, abe6dan, gebeSdan, 
 to offer, bid, announce, com- 
 mand. 776, 786, 1210, 
 131 1, 621 1 ; bebeodan, 
 to command. 808, etc. ; 
 bebod (n), mandate ; 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 23T 
 
 Comp. wom-wundor-b. 
 
 3498- 
 'beogan, bigan, bugan, to 
 bow, bend, 659, 1385, 
 3085, 5rgo, etc.; abeo- 
 gan, to incline from. 1555. 
 Comp. woli-bogon. 5646. 
 forbigan. S. T. 98; bebii- 
 gan, to encircle. 187, 2451. 
 boga, bow, arch. Comp. 
 Mn-b. 2870, 3492. horn- 
 b. 4866 ; stan-b. 5083, 
 5429. hring-b. ringed 
 dragon. 5115. 
 beor (n), beer. 234, 965,2192, 
 
 2485, 4088. 
 beorh (m), charge, safe keep- 
 ing ? beorgan, bebeorgan, 
 gebeorgan, burgan, to de- 
 fend, secure. 543, 2590, 
 2895, 3011. 3101. 3497. 
 3520,5134,5191- Comp. 
 heafod-beorh. 2065. 
 beorh, beorg (m), mountain, 
 mount. 427, 450, 5504, 
 5606, 6186. Comp. stan- 
 
 b. 4432- 
 beorbt, byrbt, bright. 186, 
 318, 858, 1 144, etc. 
 Comp. bere-byrht, glori- 
 ously bright. 2402 ; sadol- 
 b. 4356 ; beorhtian, to 
 brighten, to become loud. 
 2325. bearhtm (m), twin- 
 
 Ming, instant. 2867, 
 
 3537- 
 beorn (m), warrior hero, 
 428, etc. Comp. folc-b. 
 4445 ; gQ«-b. 634 ; sige- 
 b. F. F. 76. 
 hoot (a), promise, threat. 160. 
 1 05 1, 'gebeotian, to pro- 
 mise, threaten. 964, 1076. 
 beran, to bear, convey. 96, 
 432, etc. setberan, to bear 
 away.ss, io43, 3iz7, etc. 
 forberan, to restrain, re- 
 press. 3759 ; for^-beran. 
 588; in-beran. 4310; on- 
 beran? 1985; ot5-beran, 
 to bear away. 1163, 4557. 
 bolm-berend. ,5027, 5277; 
 sawl-berende. 20i3;mund- 
 bora, guardian, protccfor.^ 
 2964, 5552 ; rjed-b. coun- 
 sellor. 2655; wEeg-b. wave- 
 borne. 2884; bser (f), bier. 
 6202 ; byrfen (f), burthen,. 
 Comp, msBgon-b. 3254, 
 6174. 
 berian, to lay bare. 2482. 
 on-berian. See byrgian. 
 berstan, to burst, give way, 
 fail, lack, Lat. deficere. 
 1525, 1640, etc. F. F. 6o» 
 Comp. for-b. to fly in shi- 
 vers. 5354. 
 ge-betan. See b6t. 
 
238 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 bicgan, gebicgan) pret. 
 bolito), to buy. 1951, etc. 
 be-bycgan, to sell. 5591 J 
 Cicdm. 301, 5. on gold 
 bebycgean, .M\£v. Beda, 
 II. 12. 
 
 bidan, gebidan, abidan, on- 
 bidan, to await, expect. 14, 
 .164, 533,608, 200, 1863, 
 1959, 4594, 4605. 
 
 biddan, to bid, pray, beg. 58, 
 etc. Hence Engl. bead. 
 
 bigan, forbigan. See beSgan. 
 
 bil (n), bill, falchion. 72, etc. 
 Comp.guS-b. 1610,5162; 
 Lilde-b. 11 18, 3337; wig- 
 b. 3218. 
 
 bindan. See tiend. 
 
 bifir. See beor. 
 
 bisig, busy, active; alsobysig, 
 bisig (n), occupation, la- 
 lour. 567, 3490, 5153; 
 Comp. lif-b. struggling for 
 
 . life. 1936. 
 
 bitan, to bite. 1488, 2913, 
 etc. on-\nta.n, to bite into? 
 1985 ; bit (f), bite. 4126, 
 451 1. Comp. IfitS-b. 2248 ; 
 biter, bitter. 2866, 3496, 
 5377, 54°i;bitre, 6i«erfy. 
 
 • 4651- 
 
 blac, blade. 3606, etc. 0. 
 
 Nor. blelc, Dan. blselc, ink. 
 
 bl&c, pale. 3038, 4969 ; 
 
 whence Engl, to bleach. 
 Ohg. Weill, 0. Sax. blec, 
 0. Nor. bleikr. 
 
 blifid (m), prosperity, glory. 
 36, 2253, 2602, etc. blsed- 
 agende, possessing prospe- 
 rity. 2031. 
 
 blanca, blonca, horse. 1716 : 
 strictly, perhaps, a white 
 one, Iwrse being under- 
 stood. Kings and princes 
 usually rode on white 
 horses ; warriors on dun 
 or dapple-grey. See A. 
 and E. p. 165. 
 
 bleat, livid. 5640. Ohg. plez, 
 from pleizza, livor. Comp. 
 wail-b. 5443. 
 
 blendan, to blend, mix. blond, 
 gebland, gcblond (n), mix- 
 ture, confusion. Comp. 
 sund-g. 2904 ; wind-b. 
 6284; yS-g. 2750, 3190, 
 3244. blonden, mixed, 
 grizzly {hair). 3193,3586, 
 
 375°, 5916- 
 blican, to glitter, shine. 449. 
 bliSe, blitlie. 877, etc. un- 
 
 bliSe, sad. 261, 6054. 
 bl6d (n), blood, 977, etc. 
 
 blodig, bloody, 900, 1984, 
 
 etc. geblodji^ian, to ensan- 
 
 guine. 5378. 
 blonden. See blendan. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 239 
 
 toga. See beogan. 
 
 bolca, bulwark (of a ship 1). 
 467. Ohg. plur. balkun, 
 agiavia, loca per qum ad 
 remiges accediiur. Graff, 
 iii. p. 108. 
 
 bold (n), a!u.'(jZ^iM(/. 1 9 9 8 , 3 8 5 4, 
 6215. Comp. fold-b. 1550. 
 
 bolgen. See belgan. 
 
 bolster (n), bolster. 1381, 
 2484. 
 
 bona. See bana. 
 
 bora. See beran. 
 
 bord (n), board, shield (of 
 board). 4412, 4510, 5041, 
 5782. Comp. hilde-b. 799, 
 6270 ; wig-b. 4667. bord- 
 hajbbende, warrior. 5782. 
 
 born, goborn. See byrnan; 
 
 bofc (f), amends, atonement. 
 318, 567, etc. gebgtan, 
 to malce amends. 1665, 
 3987, 4922. betlic, excel- 
 lent. 3854 ; betera, better, 
 
 943- 
 botm (m), bottom. 3017. 
 
 brad, broad. 3096, 5948, 
 6201 ; abradwian, to send 
 abroad, drive into exile. 
 
 5232. 
 
 brand. See brond. 
 
 brecan, abrecan, gebrecan, to 
 break, burst. 470, 6286, 
 etc. P. P. 89. t6-b. to 
 
 breakin pieces. 1565, 1999. 
 gebricc (u), crash. 4510; 
 breoSa, broken (in spirit). 
 
 344- 
 
 brodan, abrodan, gobredan, 
 bregdan, to braid, draw, 
 drag ; also to brandish, vi- 
 brate. 4341; 1419. 1593. 
 3082, 3133, 3333, .5118; 
 1033. Comp. up-abredan, 
 to brandish on high. 5144. 
 onbredaa, to undraw. 1450. 
 geond-bra3ded, drawn over, 
 overspread. 2483. ]3^i'''- 
 brodon, brogden. 1108, 
 2891, 3100, 3236, 3338, 
 5503. etc. 
 
 brego (m), prince, king. 858, 
 1222, 3855, 3913. 
 
 breme, renowned. 35. 
 
 brenting: See bront. 
 
 breost (f), breast, 911, 1109, 
 etc. used usually in the 
 plur. 
 
 breotan, abreotan, to break, 
 destroy. 2601,3203, 3430, 
 5408, 58521 
 
 brim (n), ocean. 56, etc. 
 
 bringan, to bring. 331 1, 
 6010. 
 
 hx^ga,, fear, terror. 928, 11 70, 
 2587, etc. 
 
 brond (m), brand, sword. 
 2912. 0. Nor. brandr. 
 
240 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 It. fire, conflagration. 4258, 
 4633, 6021. 
 
 bront, surgij, foamy. 482, 
 1 140. Ger. brandung, 
 surge ; 0. Nor. at brana, 
 audacter ruere. brenting, 
 (m) ship, T^oet. 5607. 
 
 brosnian, to moulder, rot. 
 
 4512- 
 brofor (m), brother. 1178, 
 
 etc. gebr6])ra, brethren. 
 
 2387. 
 brucan, to enjoy. 1793, etc. 
 brCtri, brown. 3096, 5149. 
 
 Often applied to a sword 
 
 or helmet of copper or 
 
 bronze. Corap. sealo-b. 
 
 E. E. 70. 
 bryd (f), bride. 1846, 4067, 
 
 5853, 5904- 
 
 bryne. See byrnan. 
 
 brytnian, bryttian, to distri- 
 bute, dispense. 3457, 4756, 
 S. T. 206. brytta, dis- 
 penser, distributor. 6(), etc. 
 
 biian, to inhabit, cultivate, 
 235, etc. Comp. ceaster- 
 buende. 1540; eorS-b. 
 P. r. 65; feor-b. 514, etc.; 
 fold-b. 624, 2714, 4541 ; 
 grund-b. 2016 j land-b. 
 191, 2694. 
 
 bugan. See beogan. 
 
 bune' (f), cup. 5544, 6087. 
 
 bur (m), bower chamber. 282, 
 
 2624, 4902. Comp. bryd- 
 
 b. 1846. 
 burgan. See beorh. 
 burh (f), burgh, city. 105, 
 
 1050, 2402. Comp. freS- 
 
 b. free (or loved?) city. 
 
 1390 ; freoSo-b. 1048 ; 
 
 heah-b. 2258; hleo-b. 
 
 1828, 3467 ; hord-b. 938 ; 
 
 le6d-b. 4933 ; mseg-b. 
 
 Mn, tribe, family. 5766 ; 
 
 wm-b. S. T. 155. 
 burne (f), bourn, brook 5086. 
 h\xton, save, except. 146, 13 19, 
 
 etc. 
 byklan, to adorn, decorate 
 
 with imagery. 2193. 
 byme (f), trumpet. 5879. 
 
 bymian, to sound a trum- 
 pet. 4507. 
 byran. See beran. 
 ge-byrd (n?), oo'der, succes- 
 sion. 2153. 
 ge-byrdo (f) {child)-bearing. 
 
 Comp. bearn-g. 1896. 
 byre (m), son. 2381, 4040, 
 
 4882, etc. both sing, and 
 
 plur. 
 byrel (m), cup-bearer, skinlcer. 
 
 2327. 
 byrgean, to taste, partake of, 
 
 feast on. 901. See Cfedm. 
 
 33. 12. on-b. id. 1985. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 241 
 
 byrht. See bcorlit. 
 
 byrnan, gebyrnan, to burn, 
 v.n. 3764, Siii, 5131, 
 5388; F. F. 7. forbyrnan, 
 to be burnt up. 3236, 
 3338, 5338- Iryne (m), 
 burning. 4642. bsernau, 
 forbsernan, to burn. v. a. 
 2236, 4258, 4615. 
 
 byrne (f), corselet, coat of 
 mail. 79, 481, etc. 0. 
 Engl. Scot, byrnie, Goth. 
 brunjo. Ohg, brunja, 0. 
 Sax. brunjo, 0. Nor. bry- 
 nia, Dan. brynie, Sw. bry- 
 nia. Comp. guS-b. 648 ; 
 hea])0-b. 3108; liero-b. 
 2890, 4313 ; hringed-b. 
 
 2495- 
 byrjjen. See beran. 
 bysig. See bisig. 
 
 Camp, (m), conflict. 5003. 
 Ohg. champh. cempa, 
 clumipion, soldier. 406, 
 2629, 3092, etc. Ohg. 
 kamfo. O. Nor. kempa. 
 
 candel(n),ca)MZZe, toip. 3150. 
 Comp.woruld-c.52Mi. 3935. 
 
 ceald, cold. 1097, etc. 
 
 ceiip (n), cJiattel, bargain. 
 4822, 4957 ; geceapian, 
 gecypan, to cheapen, buy. 
 
 4989,6017,6143. Goth, 
 kaupon, Ohg. kaufon, 0. 
 Sax. capon, capan, 0. Nor. 
 kaupa, O.Fris.kapia, Dan. 
 kjobe,Sw. kjdpa,Netherl, 
 koopon, Ger. kaufen. Conf. 
 Gr. xaTTjXof, Lat. caupo. 
 
 cearu (f), care. 380, 569. 
 Comp. aldor-c. 1817; gutS- 
 0. 2520; mod-c. 3560, 
 3989, 6289. cearig, an- 
 xious, . solicitous ; Comp. 
 sorh-c. 4901. cearian, io 
 care. 3077. 
 
 coaster (f), city, town. 1540. 
 
 ccmpa. See camp. 
 
 cone, valiant, Iceen. 418, 1541. 
 Ger. kiihn. Comp. dsed- 
 c. 3294; gar-c. 3921; 
 cen^u (f), valour. 5385. 
 cenan, to animate, make 
 bold. 2442. 
 
 cennan, acennan, to give birth 
 to procreate. 24, 1891, 
 2717. 
 
 ceol (m), heel, ship, 76, 482, 
 3617, 3829. 
 
 ceorfan, to cut, lit. carve. 
 beceorfan, to amputate. 
 3183, 4283. 
 
 ceorl (m) free man {not no- 
 ble), lit. churl. 407, 837, 
 1821, ^?,^. 
 
 ce6san, geceosan (pret. ceas, 
 "- 16 
 
2t2 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 2. euro, part, gecoren), io 
 choose. 4x7, 4742, 4930, 
 5629. This verb is used 
 in many cases denoting 
 death, as geceas Scne raed. 
 2407 ; bjel ceosan. 5629 
 cyst (f), the choicest, best. 
 1350, 1609, 1738, 1850, 
 etc. Ohg. 0. Sax. cust, 
 electio, optio, cBstimaiio, 
 etc. Comp. gum-cyst, 
 bounty. 2976, 3450, 5079; 
 cystum, bountifidhj. S. T. 
 114. 
 
 cigan, acigan, to call. 6233. 
 
 cirran, to turn; oncirran, id., 
 
 to avert. 5707, 5895, 5933- 
 clam, clom (m), bond, clutch. 
 
 1931, 2675, 3008. 
 clif, cleof (n), cliff, shore. 
 
 3826. Comp. brim-c. 449; 
 
 eg-c. ocean-shore. 5778 ; 
 
 holm-c. 465, 2846, 3274; 
 
 stan-cleofu. 5073 ; weall- 
 
 c. 6255. 
 clom. See clam. 
 ge-cnSwan, to know. 4101 ; 
 
 oncnawan, to recognise. 
 
 5102 
 cniht (m), boy, youth. 750, 
 
 etc. 
 cnosl {nfj, offspring. S. T. 
 
 106. 
 cnysian, to bruise, crush. 2660. 
 
 c6fa, chamber. Couip. ban- 
 
 c. carcase. 2894. 
 c51, cool, 570, 4139. 
 collen-ferhS. See ferlit5. 
 ge-coren. See ceosan. 
 corSer (n), company, train. 
 
 2310, 6233. Ohg. kortar. 
 
 costian, to prove, try, tempt. 
 
 4175- 
 
 craeft (m.f.), strength, art, 
 craft. 1402, 1969, 2571, 
 4369. Comp. gliS-c. 254 ; 
 le66o-c. enchantment. 5531; 
 m£egen-c. 765 ; nearo-c. 
 4479; wig-c. 5898. croef- 
 tig, crafty, knowing. 2936. 
 lagu-c. 423 ; v,'ig-c. 3626. 
 
 cringan, gccringan, to die, 
 fall {in battle), lit. to 
 cringe. 1275, 2231, 2423, 
 2679, etc. 
 
 cuman, becuman, to come. 
 46, 231, 2513, 5098. 
 Comp. feorran-cumen, one 
 come from afar, stranger. 
 3594) 3642. cuma, guest, 
 stranger. 3616. Comp. 
 cwealm-c. i588;'wil-c. 782, 
 794, cymo (m), coming, 
 advent. 520. Comp. eft-c. 
 5785. ofercuman. 1403, 
 1694, etc. wilcume (f), 
 welcome. 782, 3792. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 243 
 
 cumbol, cumbor, (n), banner, 
 ensign. 5004, 2048. 
 
 cunnan, to know. 100, etc. 
 cu^, known. 303, etc. 
 oncuS, oncy^, unlcnown, 
 strange, portentous ? lit. 
 uncouth. 558, etc. Comp. 
 wid-cu^. 2088, 2516, eto- 
 cu^lic, open, public. 493. 
 cyjian, gecyfan, to make 
 known. 704, 1323. 
 
 cunnian, to prove, tempt, ex- 
 perience. 1021, 2857, etc. 
 S. T. 105. 
 
 cwealm. See cwellan. 
 
 cweccan, to shake, brandish, 
 lit. quake. 476. 
 
 cwellan, acwellan, to slay. 
 2114, 2673, etc. cwealm 
 (px), death, pestilence. 215, 
 1588, etc. Comp. bealu- 
 cwealm. 4823, 6290 ; 
 dea^-c. 3344, 3428 ; gar- 
 c. 4092. 
 
 cwen (f), woman, queen. 124, 
 1230, etc. 0. Nor. kvendi, 
 Daii.kvinde,wo77KMi.Comp. 
 folc.c. 1286 ; drybt-c. S. 
 T.197. cwSnlic, feminine. 
 
 3885. 
 cwetSan, aoweSan, to ■ speak, 
 say. 184, 1313, etc. ge- 
 cweiSan, to agree together. 
 1074. cwide (m), saying, 
 
 speech. Comp. gegen-c. 
 
 739; gilp-c. 1284; lileo- 
 
 for-c. 3962; word-e. 3686, 
 
 3694, 5499. oncweSan, 
 
 to respond, F. E. 12. 
 cwic, c\yico,quick,limng. 197, 
 
 1589, etc. 
 cwide. See cwe?5an. 
 cyme. See cuman. 
 cymlic, comely, handsome. 75. 
 cyu (n), kind, kin, race. 196, 
 
 214, 846, etc. Comp. 
 
 eormen-c. 3918 ; feorli-c. 
 
 4524; £fel-c. 209; frum- 
 
 c. so9;gum-o. 525,1892, 
 
 5524; man-c. 221, etc.; 
 
 wyim-c. 2855. gecynde, 
 
 natural. 4401, 5386. 
 cyniug (m), king. 22, etc. 
 
 Comp. beorn-o. 4302 ; 
 
 eor(5-c. 2315 ; folc-c' 
 
 5460, 5738; gti6-c. 401; 
 
 4660, 5 1 19; leod-c. 107; 
 
 sje-c. 4754 ; woruld-c. 
 
 3373 ; wuldur-c. 5582 ; 
 
 feod-c. 4294, 5151, etc. 
 
 cynedom. 4741. 
 ge-cyssan, to kiss. 3744. 
 cyst (m?) body {of troops). 
 
 5189. See Csedm. 67. 25; 
 
 Battle of Brunanburh ap. 
 
 Warton, H. E. P. i. Ixxiii. 
 
 edit. 1840. Cod. Exon. 
 
 220. 25, 358. 27 ; Inv. 
 16—2 
 
244 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 Cross (Vercelli Poetry). 
 
 70. 
 cyst. See ceosan. 
 cypan. See cunnan. 
 cySfu (f), country. 1664. 
 
 Comp. feor-c. 3681. 
 
 D. 
 
 Deed (f), deed. 364, 393, etc. 
 Comp. ellen-d. 1 7 5 6, 1 804, 
 etc. ; fyren-d. 2006, 3343; 
 16f-d. 48 ; • wea-d. 1<\ F. 
 15. fordffidla, fordoer, 
 destroyer. 1130. 
 
 daeg (m), day. 396, etc. 
 Comp. ser-d. ere-day, early 
 day. 253, etc. ; aldor-d. 
 1440, 15 18; deai5-d. 376, 
 etc.; ende-d. i279;fyrn- 
 d. 2907 ; gear-d. d. of 
 yore. 2, 2712, 4458; Isen- 
 d. 4672, si7s;lil-d. 1590, 
 3248 ; swylW. 5588 ; 
 win-d. 2128. dagian, to 
 dawn. F. F. 4. dajges, by 
 day. 4530 ; Sn-dasges, 
 daily ? 3874. 
 
 dJel (m),part. 1247, 2304, 
 3469. iDedffilan, to depive, 
 1446, 2554, S. T. 106, 
 gedselan, to deal, part, dis- 
 tribute. 143, 161, etc. 
 gedai (n), separation, dis- 
 
 tribution. S. T. 148. Comp. 
 aldor-g. 1615; lif-g. 1687 ; 
 woruld-g. 6128. 
 
 dagain. See dseg. 
 
 dareS (m), dart. 5689. 0. 
 Nor. dorr. 
 
 deal, proud, exulting. 992. 
 See Cod. Exon. 216. 10, 
 332. 21, 404, 22 ; A. and 
 E. 126. 
 
 dear,(fare. 1059, 1373, 2763, 
 2929. dyrstig, daring. 
 5669. 
 
 deEgan (pret. de5g), to dye. 
 1704. 
 
 un-dearninga. See dyrne. 
 
 deaS (m), death. 322, etc. 
 Comp. gut5-d. 4491 j wail- 
 d. 1395; wundor-d. 6067; 
 dead, dead. 939, etc. 
 
 ge-defe, fitting, gentle . 1 1 2 7 , 
 etc. ungedefelice, unbe- 
 comingly. 4862. 
 
 deman, to deem, judge. 1378, 
 6330. damand, judge. 364, 
 d6m (m), doom, judgment, 
 glory, authority, power. 
 886, 1775, 1794, 1913, 
 etc. domleas, inglorious. 
 
 5772- 
 dcnn (n), den. 5512, 6082. 
 deofol (m. n.), devil. 1516 
 
 3364, etc. 
 deog. See deagan. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 245 
 
 deogol, dygel, secret, dark. 
 
 555, 2719- 
 deop, deep. 1023, 3812. 
 
 diopo, deeply. 6 131. 
 door, dior (n), least, lit. deer. 
 3902, 4186. Ger. Thier, 
 Dau. Dyr. This word ap- 
 plied to a warrior does 
 not, as in modern usage, 
 imply reproach, as heafo- 
 d. 1380, 1548; hilde-d. 
 629, 1672, etc. (Thus 
 men are named Wulf, 
 Biorn, Bear ; Hengest, 
 Stallion, etc.) Comp. mere- 
 d.ii2o; sse-d. 3025. wil- 
 deor. 2864. 
 
 deor, dear, precious. 980, etc. 
 
 deorc, darh. 322, etc. 
 
 go-digan, to escape from. 606, 
 1161, 1327, 3315, etc. 
 
 disc (m), dish. 5544, 6088. 
 
 dogor (m), day. 176, 444, 
 1215, 1650, 2184, etc. 
 Strictly the half of a na- 
 tural day, or space of 1 2 
 hours. 0. ISTor. dsegur. 
 
 dolitor, daughter. 2157, etc. 
 
 dol, dollic, foolish, rash. 962, 
 1022, 5285. 
 
 dolh (m), wound. Comp. syn- 
 d. 1638. 
 
 dom. See deman. 
 
 don, gedon, to do, put, place. 
 
 88, 2293, 4379, 6133, 
 ofdon, to doff. 1346. 
 
 dor (nf), door, gate. S. T. 87. 
 
 draca, dragon, drake, serpent. 
 1789, 4183, 4429, 4570, 
 etc. Comp. eor'5-d. 5417, 
 5462; fyr-d. 537i;lig-d. 
 4655, 6073; ni«-d. 4538; 
 saj-d. 2856. 
 
 on-drajdan, to dread, 3353. 
 4684. 
 
 ge-droeg (n), pack, noisy 
 crew, 1516. See A. and 
 E. p. 95. 
 
 droepan, tostrilce. 3495, 5753, 
 5955. 0. Nor. at drepa, 
 Dan. at dneho. drep (f ), 
 stroke, blow. 3183. 
 
 dreah. See dreogan. 
 
 dream (m), joy. 177, 199, 
 etc. Comp. gleo-d. 6034; 
 guin.d.4929; man-d. 2533, 
 3435; medu-d. 4036; sele- 
 d. 4496. dreama-leas. 
 
 i7°5> 3445- 
 drefaii, to trouble, agitate. 
 
 2838, 3475, 3812- 
 dreogan, to undergo, ad, en- 
 joy. 29, 263, 849, 1 182, 
 
 1601, 1667, 4364, etc. 
 dre6r, drior (m), gore, clotted 
 
 6^00^898, 974, etc. Comp. 
 
 heoru-d. 978, 1703. sawul- 
 
 •l- 5379 j wajl-d. 3267. 
 
246 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 dreorig; gory. 2838. lieo- 
 ru-d. 1875, 3565, etc. 
 
 dre6san, gedrcosan, to fall, 
 sink. 3513, 5325. drusian, 
 to run, or trickle down. 
 3265. 
 
 drifan, to drive. 5609. to- 
 drifan, to drive asunder. 
 
 1095- 
 driht, gedriht, gedrylit(f.n.), 
 
 company, hand. 198, 237, 
 720, etc. S. T. 237. Comp. 
 mago-d. 134; sibbe-ged. 
 779, 1462. drihten (m), 
 lord, 'prince. 216, etc. 
 Comp. frea-d. 1596, etc. ; 
 freo-d. 2343 ; gum-d. 
 3289; hleo-d. S. T. 189; 
 man (mon)-d. 876, 2463, 
 2503. 3961, etc.; sigo-d. 
 788, S. T. 209 ; wine-d. 
 726, 1728, 3213, etc. 
 drihtlic, nolle, princely. 
 1 7 88, F. F. 2 9. dryhtscipe, 
 deed of valour. 2944. 
 
 drincan, to drink. 1489, etc. 
 druiicen,(^rM«^. 965, 2938. 
 Comp. heoi'o-d. sword- 
 drunk, i.e. mortally wound- 
 ed, 4706. 
 
 drolitian, to hold converse, 
 associate. drohtoS (ra), 
 condition, sojourn. 1517. 
 
 diusian. See die6san. 
 
 drylit, dryliten. See drilit. 
 
 dryrmian, to grow sad or 
 gloomy. 2^ ^^. See Cacdm. 
 t8o. s. 
 
 an-drysne, ondrysne (f 1), 
 awe. 3596 ; also awful, 
 terrific. 3869. 
 
 ge-dufan,<0(^wfi. 5394. Comp. 
 ])urh-d. 3243. gedyfan, 
 id. 5091. This word ap- 
 pears to signify both a 
 downward and upward 
 motion in the water. 
 
 dugan, to be good, fit for, 
 avail. 1057, 1151, 1183, 
 etc. S. T. 114, 180. duguS 
 (f), virtue valour ; also 
 the court, noUlity, body of 
 senators or councillors, opp. 
 to gcoguS, youth. 323, 
 1246, etc. dugujjum, no- 
 bly. 6330. 
 
 duru (f), door, gate. 1447, 
 
 E. F. 28, 32, etc. 
 dygel. See deogol. 
 dynian, to resound. 1538, etc. 
 
 F. F. 61. Hence Engl. 
 din. 
 
 dyr. See deSr. 
 
 dyrne, dearne, dark, secret. 
 548, 2718, etc. undyrne, 
 manifest. 255, etc. un- 
 dearuinga, openly, without 
 concealment. 4004, F. F. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 247 
 
 , 45. undyrn, morning, 
 
 2860. 
 dyistig. See dear. 
 
 E. 
 Ea (f), wafer. 454, 4657. 
 
 0. Sax. aha. 0. JSTor. L 
 eacan, to increase, eJce. cacen, 
 
 increased, great. 398,3246, 
 
 3330, 4286, etc. 
 eadig, happy, prosperoas,rich. 
 
 2454, etc. Comp. sige-e. 
 
 3ii9;sigor-e. 2626, 4693; 
 
 tir-e. 4384. eadiglice, Jiap- 
 
 pily. 200. 
 eafera, eafora, offspring, son. 
 
 23, 37, 756, etc. 
 eafoS. See earfoS. 
 eage^(n), eye. 1457, 3537, 
 
 3567- 
 
 eagor, egor, eg- (n), sea, 
 ocean. 488, 1030, 1158, 
 5778. Lat. requor; O. 
 Nor. oegir. Also a nar- 
 row frith, surrounded by 
 rocks. See North. Myth, 
 i. 27, 67, 199. 
 
 eahtian, ehtian, to devise, 
 esteem. 347, 2449, 2819, 
 6327. gesehtian, to prise. 
 3774. ^Q}SMi.&, estimation. 
 
 743- 
 eal, aZZ. 143, 1307, etc. ealles, 
 
 altogether. 2004. 
 
 eald, oZdjT44, etc. Comp. 
 iBfen-c. S. T. 81. yldra, 
 elder. 940, 2653 ; yldest, 
 eldest, chief. 521, 731. 
 yldo, eldo (f), age. 43, 
 3466, 3536, etc. ealdor, 
 aldor (m), senior, elder, 
 pince. Ill, 697, etc. al- 
 dorleas. 30. 
 
 ealgian,to(Ze/(?ft<^. 1597,2413, 
 
 5304, 5329- 
 
 ealu (f), ale. 966, 995, 1542, 
 2062, 3894, 4047. 
 
 earn (m), uncle. 1766. 
 
 eard (m), country, home, in, 
 209, etc. eardian, to iiv- 
 Iiabit, occupy. 335, 6093. 
 
 earfo<S, eafocS (n), difficulty, 
 labour, also energy, vigour, 
 572, 1072, 1208, 1808, 
 etc. Ger. arbeit ; Ohg. 
 arabeit; 0. Nor. orfiSi; 
 Goth. arbai]73. earfoS- 
 lice, difficultly. 173, 3276, 
 etc. 
 
 cavg, sluggish, cowardly, base. 
 5076. 
 
 earm (m), arm. 103 1, 1503, 
 etc. 
 
 earm earmlic, pom; misera- 
 ble. 1 159, etc. yrm(Su (f), 
 misery. 2523, 4014. 
 
 earn (m), eagle. 6044. 0. 
 Nor. Dau. orn. 
 
248 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 Cilst, easl; eustan, from the 
 
 east. 1 143, r. F. 4. 
 eatol (m), giant. 4154. O. 
 
 Nor. idtul, i. q. iotun and 
 
 A. S. e6ten. See Faye, 
 [ p. 7, Hallager and Aasen, 
 
 siib voce; North. Myth. ii. 
 
 Alv{smal,Stroph.36,Edda,' 
 
 Finn Magnusen, i. p. 78. 
 eawan, e5wan, to show, dis- 
 
 P^ay. 557, 3480. 
 eaxl (i),sJwulder. '/J 22, 1637, 
 
 etc. Ohg. ahsala, Ger. 
 
 achsel. 
 eaS, fS, easy. 276, 462, etc. 
 
 eaSe, easily. 961, 1365, 
 
 etc. ytSelice, id. 31 16. 
 Gee, eternal. 216, 2407, etc. 
 ccg (f), edge, sivord. 971, 
 
 1197, 1613, 2216, 2340, 
 
 etc. Comp. brun-e. 3096 ; 
 
 heard-e. 2581 j styl-e. 
 
 3070. 
 edre. See asdre. 
 efn, even, on efn, mi a level, 
 
 alongside. 5798. 
 efnan. , See sefnan. 
 efne, lo I behold I just, even. 
 
 1890, 2188, etc. 
 efstan, to hasten. 2990,6193. 
 
 6fost (f), haste. 518, 777, 
 
 2588, etc. 5fostlic. 6251. 
 eft. again, back, in turn. 44, 
 
 112, 247. 
 
 eftsona, soon, eftsoons. 3529. 
 
 eg. See eagor. 
 
 ege, egeaa (m), terror, dread. 
 557. 15 72, etc. Ohg.ekiso, 
 0. Sax. egiso. Comp. 
 glgd-e. 5293; Hg-e. 5544; 
 ■\va3ter-e. 2524. egsian, to 
 inspire loith terror. 11. 
 egesful, egeslic, dreadful, 
 terrific. 3302, 4608, 5642, 
 
 5850- 
 egl6,terrific, pernicious. 1978. 
 
 Goth, aglus. 
 
 ehtan, to pursue, persecute. 
 321, 3028. 
 
 ehtian. See eahtian. 
 
 el, a prefix signifying foreign, 
 as in eljjeodig. 678, etc. 
 sometimes incorrectly 
 written rcl, which see. 
 ellor, belonging to another 
 place, strange, foreign, 
 Lat.alio. no, 1509, 1619, 
 2702, etc. elra, comparf 
 1509. ' 
 
 eldo. See eald. 
 
 eUen (n), vigour, energy, va- 
 lour. 6, 172, 695, etc. 
 Goth, aljan, 0. Sax. ellan, 
 0. Nor. elian. Comp. ferh- 
 e. 5406 ; ma3gen-e. 1323. 
 elno, vigorously, boldly, 
 stoutly. 1 791, 2168, etc. 
 ellenlice, id. 4250. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 249 
 
 ellcs, else, 5034. ellesliwser, 
 ellcslnvergeu, elsewhere. 
 
 277, 5173- 
 
 ollor. See el. 
 
 ende (m), end. 453, 487, etc. 
 on ende, i.r[. onendebyrd- 
 nesse, in order. 4046 ; ge- 
 endian, to end. 4612. 
 
 eng, narrow. 2824. 
 
 ent (m), giant. 3362^ 5428, 
 S541. entisc, giantlike, 
 appertaining to a giant. 
 
 5951- 
 
 coder (m), liedge, fence, en- 
 closure, fig. protectm: 860, 
 1330, 2078, 2092. 
 
 eofer, eofor (m), boar, the 
 favourite ornament of the 
 helmet. 612, 2228, 2660, 
 2879, 43 1 1 • e5for-lic, 
 likeness of a boar. 612. 
 
 eoi'cnan-stan. See stan. 
 
 eored, eorod (m ?), troop, 
 Lat. legio, turma. 
 
 eorl (m), man, warrim; lit. 
 earl. 11, etc. eorlic, noble, 
 worthy of an eorl. 1278; 
 eorlscipe, valour. 3458, 
 4272, etc. 
 
 eormen-, a prefix of doubtful 
 meaning, but used as a 
 mere intensitive, and in 
 the formation of some 
 proper names, as Eorman- 
 
 ric, etc. The royal line of 
 Kent was much attached 
 to names with this prefix, 
 as Eormenric, Eormen- 
 burh, Eormenrcd, Eor- 
 mengyth. In certain cases 
 it seems to signify earth, 
 world, as 0. Nor. iormun- 
 gandr, tlie serpent tliat en- 
 circles the earth; iormun- 
 grund. 1722, 3918; eor- 
 men-iaf. 4460. Ohg. O. 
 Sax. irmin. See D. M. 
 104, sqq., 325, 327, 759;. 
 North. Myth. i. pp. 31, 
 49, etc. 
 
 eorre. See yrre. 
 
 eor^e (f), earth. 185, etc. 
 
 eoten (m), giant. 224, 846, 
 1341, 1526. 0. Nor. id- 
 tun, eoteniso, fabricated 
 m- used by eotens or giants 
 {a sword). 3120, 5225, 
 
 595°- 
 
 eowan. See eawan. 
 
 est (m), love, favour. i92r, 
 4337, 6142. este, gra- 
 cious. 189s; e,&\,Tira., kindly, 
 graciously. 2392, 4304, 
 4745. Goth, austs. 
 
 etan, to eat. 892, 902. Jjurh- 
 e. 6090. ast (m), food, 
 2543. 6045. 
 
 6(5. See efiS. 
 
250 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 •efel (m), native country. 824, 
 1045, etc. Comp. eard.-§. 
 4402 ; faeder-e. S.T. 26, 
 193- 
 
 F. 
 
 Pacn (n) treachery, guile. 
 2041. unfsecen, guileless. 
 
 4143- 
 
 faec (n), space of time. 4472. 
 
 feeder (m), father. 378, etc. 
 Comp. £er-f. 5238; suhter- 
 gefseder, paternal cousin. 
 2332; sulitor-foedera, S.T. 
 94, Cod. Exon. 321. 15. 
 fasdrunga (fa3drunge 1), 
 parent. 4262. Ohg. fata- 
 lungo. fajderen, paternal. 
 
 2S3°- 
 
 i&gc, fated, Lat. moribundus. 
 i6g6, 2486, 3058, etc. 
 Ohg. O. ISTor. feigi. un- 
 Isege, undoomed. 1150, 
 4571. Comp. deaS-f. 1 7 04. 
 
 fsegen, glad, joyoiis, fain. 
 
 2033. 3270- 
 fxger, /air, beautiful. 1048, 
 
 etc. ; gefseger, grateful ? 
 
 1834 ; unfasger, 1459 ; 
 
 faegere, fairly, kindly. 
 
 3581, 3974. 
 i&U. See fah. 
 M, faithful. 8. T. 11. 
 faelsian, gefelsian, to cleanse. 
 
 purify, expiate. 869, 1654, 
 
 2357. 3245; 49°0) etc. 
 ise.'mn&jdamsel, woman. 4074. 
 fser (m), danger. 11 60, 2 141, 
 
 2930, 4022. Ohg. fara, 
 
 O. 'Sav. far, Ger. gefahr- 
 
 fter (adj.), perilous', sudden. 
 
 35°. 956. 1480, 3036. 
 
 I'icringa, suddenly. 2832, 
 
 3980. 
 fier. See faran. 
 fecst, fast, firm. 275, etc. 
 
 Comp. ar-f. honourable, 
 
 true. 2340 j bljed-f. 2602 ; 
 
 gin-f. ample, abundant. 
 
 2546, 4370; handa-f. 
 
 2584 ; heah-f. S. T. 288 ; 
 
 tir-f. 1848; wis-f. 1256. 
 
 fuBsten (n), fastness, for- 
 tress. 208, 4656, 5893. 
 
 fajstraeden, firm, steadfast. 
 
 1225. tsBste, firmly. 1113. 
 
 befsestan, to commit. 2235. 
 feet (n), vessel, vat, case. 
 
 5515. Ohg. faz, 0. Nor. 
 
 fat, Ger. fass, Lat. vas. 
 
 Comp. ban-f. carcase. 
 
 2236 ; drinc-f. 4500, 
 
 4601 ; ma8]>um-f. 4801 ; 
 
 sinc-f. 1248, 2404, 4589 ; 
 
 wundor-f. 2328. 
 fast, fat, rich, stout ? G-j 2, 
 
 2i90i 3504, 3846, 4210, 
 4484. . Ohg. feizt, 0. Nor. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 251 
 
 feifcr. focted, fatted, en- 
 riched,ornammicd,oveiiaid. 
 2076, 4499, 4SS3, S39S ; 
 fsettum, richly. 1436. 
 
 faeSm (m), losom, embrace. 
 372, 378, 1367, etc. 0. 
 Sax. fatliiB, 0. Nor. fatSmr, 
 h.t. fatho7n, i.e. as much aa 
 can be embraced, fos^mian, 
 to embrace. 5298, 6257. 
 Comp. sid-fsetSmed, wide- 
 bosomed (ship). 610, 3839. 
 
 f5,h, fag, (m), foe. 1627 ; also 
 Jwstile. 1 1 76, etc. Comjj. 
 nearo-f. 4624. faslicS (f), 
 jLosliliiijjfeud, quarrel. 218, 
 274, 308, 923, 944, etc. 
 faeliiSo'! 5990. Comp. wsel- 
 f. 4061. 
 
 falij lag, variegated, coloured, 
 stained. 615,844, 898, etc. 
 Ohg. veil. Comp. ban-f. 
 1564; bl6d-f. 4i27;brun- 
 £ 52235 dreor-f. 974; 
 gold-f. 621, T993, etc. ; 
 gryre-f. 5146; searo-f. 
 2892 ; sinc-f. 336 ; stan- 
 f. 645 ; swat-f. 2226, 
 2576;wsel-f. 2260; ■wyrm- 
 f. 3400. 
 
 fdmig, /oflsmy. 441, 3822. 
 
 ge-fandian, to tempi, try, 
 tamper with. 4592. O. 
 Sax. fandon. 
 
 fangan See fon. 
 
 faran, gefaran, to go, fare. 
 249, etc. fara, farer, tra- 
 veller. Comp. more-f. 
 1008. fajr (n !), ship, ve- 
 hicle. 66. fajr (m), fare, 
 course, journey; for (n), 
 id. Comp. ad-f. 6012, 
 feran, geferan, to go. 53, 
 513, 2785, 4515, etc. 
 Comp. geond-f. S. T. 5, 
 1 01. ferian, geferian, to 
 convey, bear. 671, 2313, 
 6205, 6217; to achieve. 
 2446. oet-f., of-f. to bear off. 
 3171; 3342- dS-i., to con- 
 vey away. 4288. foriug. 
 (f), travel, journeying. S. T. 
 264. 
 
 faroS (m), shore. 56, 1164, 
 3836. See waroS. 
 
 fea, /ew. 2167, 2828. 
 
 gefea, joy. 1129, 5474. ge- 
 fean, to rejoice. 218, 1659, 
 etc. 
 
 ieald, fold. Comp. anfeald, 
 simple, single. 51 7.1 
 
 feallan, to fall. 1549, etc. 
 befeallan, to fall off, also 
 to be bereft of by falling 
 (in battle). 2256, 4504. 
 fyllan, gefyllan, to fell, 
 
 slay- 53°3> 5405- fyi (f). 
 
 fall, slaughter, death. 2670, 
 
252 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 5817, etc. shower {of ar- 
 roivs. 6230. Comp. lira-f. 
 559; wa3l-f. 250, 3427. 
 
 fealo, fallow, dun, yellow. 
 1735. 1837. 2068, 3904. 
 Comp. £eppel-f. dapple 
 grey. 4336. Ohg. aphal- 
 gra ; 0. ISTor. apal-grar ; 
 Dan. abilJgraa. 
 
 f easceaft, ^00?', destitute. 13, 
 
 195°, 4559, 4775. etc 
 feax, fex (n), head of liair. 
 3298, etc. Ohg. falls; 
 0. Nor. fax, mane. Comp. 
 blonden-i'. grizzly haired. 
 
 3i93.3586,37S°;gti">oW- 
 
 i2 20,clc. wundcu-f 2804. 
 fodan, afedan, to liring forth, 
 
 give birth to, rear. 139 1. 
 
 O. Nor. at fa;da ; Dan. at 
 
 fiide. 
 fela, much, many. 72, 821, 
 
 etc. Ger. viel; Goth, filii; 
 
 0- Nor. fibl. 
 fel (n), fell, skill. 4183. 
 fen (n),/en, mud. 208, 1532, 
 
 1645, etc. 
 fengel(m),^mc«,/aw</. 2805, 
 
 2954,4318,4680. From 
 
 fangan ? 
 fooh (n), cattle, money. 41, 
 
 315. 945, etc. Goth. 
 
 faihu; Olig. lihu ; Ger. 
 
 ■vieh ; Dan. tea, cattle. 
 
 Engl. fee. feohleas, not to 
 be atoned for with money. 
 
 4873- 
 
 feohtan, to fight, gefeohtan, 
 to gain by fight. 2171. 
 fyht (m), gefeoht (n), 
 fight. 918, 4103, etc. ; 
 feohte (f), id. 1 157, 1922. 
 
 feSud {m), foe. 203, 289, etc. 
 Goth, fijands ; Ohg. fianfc; 
 0. Sax. fiend; O. Nor. 
 fiand; Engl, fiend; Like 
 freSnd, this word was ori; 
 ginally a participle. 
 
 foor, far. 73, 84, 219, etc. 
 Gotli. fuirra, Ohg. for ; 
 Ger. fern, gefoor? 2684. 
 iyr, farther. 288, 510, etc. 
 feorran, frora afar. 183, 
 728, 865, etc.; also feor- 
 ran, to remove to a dis- 
 tance, vdtlidraw. 314. Ohg. 
 firrjan ; 0. Sax. ferrian. 
 
 feorh (m), life, soul. 147, 
 314, 883, etc. Comp. 
 freolic-f. P. F. 38; geo- 
 goS-f. 1078, 5321 ; to 
 widan feorr, throughout 
 all time. 187 1, 4033. 
 
 feorm (f), food, lit. farm, or- 
 fcorme, without sustenance, 
 destilide? 4759; formen- 
 hiia,foudlcss. 5516; gel'oor- 
 mian, to eat up, feed. 1493. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 253 
 
 feran, geferan, geferian. See 
 
 faran. 
 ferh, feahS, ferS (m), mind, 
 
 Jieart, sjjiril, life. 6 1 6, 1 5 1 2, 
 
 2295. 233(^, 63341 etc. 
 Comp. coUon-f. bold of spi- 
 rit. (The first component 
 of tWswordis of unknown 
 derivation) ; sS,rig-f. sad- 
 minded. 5718; swiS-f. ener- 
 getic. 348, 990, 1656, etc.; 
 ■wide-f. widely (both as to 
 time and place), fromafar, 
 evermore. 1 408, 1 87 9, 2448. 
 
 fetel (m?), belt, sword-knot i 
 3130. 0. Nor. fetill. 
 
 fetian,gefetian, to fetch. 2625, 
 
 4387- 
 
 feSa, body of men, Lat. turma. 
 2659, 2853, 4987, etc. 
 Comp. gum-f. 2807; feSe, 
 on foot. 1944, 3956, 5688. 
 adive, agilei 3092, 5698. 
 
 fetSer (t), feather. 6229. 
 
 f ifol (n), monster, sprite. 209, 
 S. T. 87. So Cod. Exon. 
 321. 8 and p. 517. fifel- 
 dor, tlie Eider ; Inv. of 
 cross (Verc. Poet.), 1. 473, 
 fifel-W£Cg. See A. and E. 
 p. 147. Boet. Metres, edit. 
 Fox, p. 113, fifel-streiim. 
 In Spec. Glossarii Finn 
 Magnusen explains f ifl by 
 
 monstrum, dcemon infestus. 
 See Edda iii. p. 220. In 
 the Vdlu-sp^ it is said : 
 
 KjOU forr austan, 
 
 koma munu Muspolls 
 
 iim log IJ'Kir ; 
 
 on Loki st^rir : 
 
 fara^-megir 
 
 meU freka allir ; 
 
 Jieim er brft'iSir 
 
 B^leists i for. 
 
 A ship fares from tho east, 
 
 come will Muspell'a 
 
 people over the sea ; 
 
 but Loki irill steer : 
 
 the monster kin will go 
 
 all with the wolf ; 
 
 with them is the brother 
 
 of Byleist on their course. 
 
 Eifelseems connected with, 
 the 0. JSTor. fimbul, a word 
 of doubtful signification, 
 but evidently denoting 
 something vast or famous. 
 Comp. 0. Nor. finim, five, 
 with A. S. fif. 
 
 filhan, to commit, deposit, 
 though in Eeow. it seems 
 to signify to fall in, Lat. 
 incidere, rush in. 2405, 
 2567. Goth, filhan, Ohg. 
 felhan, 0. Sax. bifelhan, 
 0. Nor. fcla, to hide, bury. 
 setfilhan, to fall on, assail? 
 1941. 
 
 findan, to find. 13, etc. on- 
 
254 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 findan, to discover, find out. 
 1 1 94,etc. Comp. eaS-finde, 
 
 easily to be found. 276. 
 finger. See fon. 
 fir. See fyr. 
 firen. See fyren. 
 first. See fyrst. 
 fisc (m), fish. Comp. hron- 
 
 f. 1085 ; mere-f. 1102. 
 flsosc [a), flesh. 4840. 
 flan (f), arroiv. 2870, 3492, 
 
 4868, 6230. 
 fleSm. See fleogan. 
 fle6gan, fle5n, beiieon, to fly, 
 
 y/ee. 1515,1644, 4539, etc. 
 
 S. T. 256. Comp. ofer- 
 
 Ueon, to fly over. 5043. 
 
 Roga., flier. Comp. guS-f. 
 
 5049; lyft-f. 4619; ulit- 
 
 f. 5513; wid-f. 4681, 5652. 
 
 fleftm (m), flight. 2007, 
 
 etc. geflyman, to put to 
 
 flight. 1696; fliht (rafj, 
 
 flight- 3535- 
 fle6tan, to float. 1089, 3822. 
 
 &ota,%ship. 426, 441, 594, 
 
 608. Comp. wffig-f. 3818. 
 Qet{n), courtjhall. 957, 2054, 
 
 2077, 2176, etc. S. T. 6. 
 
 Ohg. flazzi, 0. Sax. fletti, 
 
 0. Nor. flet. 
 flitan, to contend. 1836. Ohg. 
 
 flizan. geflit (n), contest. 
 
 1734. Comp.sund-f. 1019; 
 
 ofer-flitan, to overcome. 
 1039 ; unflitme, without 
 contention. 2198, 2262. 
 
 flod (n), flood, river. 83, etc. 
 
 floga. See fleogan. 
 
 fl6r(m), /oor. 1454, 2636. 
 
 flota. See fleotan. 
 
 folc (n), people, folk. 146, etc. 
 selfylc, a strange people. 
 4731 ; sige-f. 1292. 
 
 folde (f), earth. 193, etc. 
 
 folgian, to follow, as a vassal 
 his lord. 2209, S. T. 108. 
 
 folm (f), liand. 319, etc. 
 Comp. beadu-f. 1984 ; 
 gearo-f. 4176. 
 
 fon, gefon, fangan, to take, 
 seize. 882, 3078, etc. be- 
 fon, to seize, surround, en- 
 velope. 2594, 2906, etc. ; 
 on-f. to receive. 104, 1381, 
 etc. ; wiS-f. to seize. 1524; 
 ymb-f. to clasp round. 
 5376; })iirh-f. to pene- 
 trate, 3013. feng (m), 
 clasp, ■ clutch. 1 160, 3532. 
 Comp. inwit-f. 2898; fasr- 
 befongen. 402 2. finger(m), 
 finger. 1525, 1534, 3015. 
 
 fondian. See fuudian. 
 
 for. See faran. 
 
 foran, beforan, before. 1973, 
 2829, 2920. 
 
 ford {m),ford. 1140, 5911. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 255 
 
 fore, for, 011 account of, Lat. 
 praj, 273, 918 ; as a pre- 
 fix, greatly, pre-. 1943. 
 
 forht, fearful. 1512, 5927. 
 unioTh.t,fearless. 579,892. 
 
 forma, j'srsi. 1485, 4562, 5 140. 
 
 5244- 
 forst (m), frost. 3222. 
 forS, forth. 90, 588, etc. 
 
 im]mT, further. 513, 1527, 
 
 C005. 
 forj)aD, because. 1362. 
 fot (m), foot. 1004, 1494, 
 
 4567, etc. 
 fracod, bad, useless. 3155. 
 
 O. Nor. fracki, res rejecta- 
 
 nea : de glaJio. 
 ge-frtege. See frinan. 
 fraitu (f), ornament, treasure, 
 
 martial equipment. 74, 434, 
 
 1797, etc. fcsetwian, ge- 
 
 frastwian, to adm'n. 152, 
 
 192, 1988. 
 fram, from, from. 221, etc. 
 frea, lord. 54, 547, 587, etc. 
 
 Goth, frauja, Ohg. fr6, 
 
 O. Sax. frSho. Comp. 
 
 agencl-f 3770 ; lif-f. 32 ; 
 
 siu-f. 3873. 
 free, frecn, daring, audacious, 
 
 ^mtois. 1782,2213,2722, 
 
 2760, etc. freoa, daring 
 
 warrior. 3131. Comp. 
 
 forli3-f. 2296;giii5-f. 4819; 
 
 liilde-(hild-)f. 4416, 4721; 
 
 scyld-f. 2071 ; sweord-£ 
 
 2940 ; wig-f 2428, 4985. 
 
 frccne, boldly, audaciously. 
 
 1923, 2069, etc. 
 frefrian, gef refrian. See fr6fer- 
 iTemde,foreign,strange. 3387, 
 
 S. T. 102. Ohg. framadi ; 
 
 0. Sax. fremithi. 
 fremian, fremman, gefrem- 
 
 man, to perform, effect, be 
 
 expedient. 6,202, 271, 333, 
 
 357. 4890, etc. 
 fremu t 3868. 
 freogan, freon, to love. 1900, 
 
 6334. Goth. rrij6u. frood 
 
 (f), love, peace? 3418, 
 
 4946. freond (m), loving, 
 
 friend; froondlic, friendly. 
 
 2058. freo, beloved. 2343. 
 freolic, joyous, free, liberal. 
 
 1234, 1286. F. F. 38. J 
 freond. See freogan. 
 freoSo (f), peace, asylum. 379, 
 
 1048, 2196, 5105, etc. 
 
 Comp. fon-f.. 1706. 
 fretan, to devour. 3167, 6021, 
 
 6220. Ger. fressen. 
 fi'inan, frignan, to hear of, 
 
 ash. 4, 141, 148, 390, etc. 
 
 gofrajgo, heard of. 109, 
 
 etc. ; mine gefrsege, as I 
 
 Imve lieard. friclan, to ask, 
 
 demand. 5105. 
 
256 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 frod, stricken in years, sage, 
 
 experienced. 563, 2617, 
 
 2737. 3452, etc. infrod, 
 
 aged,feeUe. 3752, 4889; 
 
 unfrod, young. 5635. 
 fr6fer (f), comfort. ' 1 1^, 27, 
 
 373, 1260, etc. gefrgfrian, 
 
 to comfort. 2670. 
 from, strenuous, resolute. 41, 
 
 etc. Comp. siS-f. 3630 ; 
 
 unfrom. 4382. 
 ftom., forth. 5106. 0. Nor. 
 
 framm ; Dan. frem. 
 fruma, beginning, chief. 4608, 
 
 S. T. 182. Comp. daid-f. 
 
 4816 ; g<x6-i. martial Zeac?- 
 
 er. 39; luldo-f. 3360,5291, 
 
 5662 ; land-f. 61 ; le6d-f. 
 
 4266 ; ord-f. 531 ; wig-f. 
 
 1332, 4514. frumsceaft, 
 
 beginning, oiigin. 89, 
 
 182. 
 fugol (m), bird, fowl. 442, 
 
 5874, F. F. 9. 
 ful(n),CMp. 1235,1261,2034, 
 I 2054, etc. 0. Sax. ful, 
 
 Comp.medo-f. 1253,2034; 
 
 sele-f. 1242. 
 in\\,fidl- 2509, 4816. fj'llan, 
 
 afyllan, to fill. 2040. fyl 
 
 (J), glut. 1 1 28, etc. Comp. 
 
 ■wist-f. 1472. 
 fuUcestan. See Iscstan. 
 i\3ltma{m),aidsupj)ort.i4QO, 
 
 2550, etc. Comp. msegen- 
 f. 2915. 
 
 fundian, gefundian, fondian, 
 to tend {towards), hasten, 
 destre. 2279, 3643. 0. 
 Sax.'fundon. 
 
 furfum, furfon, just, first, 
 even. 652, 934, 2852, 
 3418, 4023. 
 
 furfur. See forS. 
 
 ixiiS, eager, jwompt, ready, has- 
 tening 2486, 2955, 3614, 
 3836, etc. Comp. hin-f. 
 I5i4;'fit-f. 65; wasl-f. 
 4831. fuslic, ready, de- 
 parting. 469, 2852, 5229. 
 gefysian, to hasten, excite. 
 1265, 4607, 5116. 
 
 fyl, fyllan. See fuU. 
 
 fyl. See feallan. 
 
 a3l-fylc. See folc. 
 
 fyr, fir (m), man. 182, 4007, 
 4561, 5476.' 
 
 fyr {n),fire. 372, etc. Comp. 
 tael-f 6278; heafu-f 5037, 
 5o87;w8Bl-f. 2243, 5157. 
 fyren, on fire. F. F. 73. 
 
 fyrd (f), army. 469, 2637, 
 3012, 3058, 5229, 5739. 
 
 fyren, firen (f), crime, sin- 
 28, 203, 274, etc. Goth, 
 fairina ; Ohg., 0. Sax. 
 firina. fyrenum, wicJcedly. 
 3493. 4874- 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 257 
 
 fyrgon (n), mountain. 2723, 
 etc. Geth. fairguni. 
 
 ijtn,ofold. 2907, 4252,5515. 
 
 fyrst (m), space of time. 153, 
 269, etc. 0. Nor. frest, 
 frestr. 
 
 fynvit. See -witan. 
 
 fyrfrian, gefyrfrian, to fur- 
 ther, accelerate, 5561. 
 
 ge-fysian. See fus. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gad (m), lack. 1325, 1903. 
 Goth, gaidv. See A. and 
 E. p. 160. 
 
 gsedeliag (m), companion. 
 5227,5891. Ohg. kadu- 
 linc ; 0. Sax. gaduling. 
 
 set-gsedere, together. 647, etc.; 
 to-g. id. 5253; geador, 
 ongeador, id. 987, 1675, 
 
 3195- 
 gaelan. See galan. 
 gaest, gest, giest, gist, gyst 
 
 (m), guest, stranger. 204, 
 
 1992, etc. Comp. ellen-g. 
 
 172, 2280, 3209, etc.; 
 
 ellor-g. stranger-guest. 
 
 1619, 2702, etc. ; feSe- 
 
 g- 3956; gryre-g. 5 113; 
 
 inwit-g. 5333 ; niS-g. 
 
 5391 ; scle-g. 3094; \va3l- 
 
 g. 2666, 3994. 
 galan^ agalan, gselan, to sing. 
 
 1576, 2868, 4912, 5880, 
 etc. Hence the last syllable 
 in nightingale, galdor (m), 
 song, sound, encliantmenf. 
 6097. 
 galga, gallows. 2558, 4883, 
 
 5873- 
 
 gamen, gomen (n), mirth, 
 joke, game. 1713, 2325, 
 etc. Ohg. kaman ; 0. Sax. 
 gaman. Comp. heal-g. 
 2136. 
 
 gamol, gamelj gomel, old. 
 "5. 53S> etc. 0. Nor. 
 gamall, Dan. gammel, 0. 
 Sax. gamalon, senescere. 
 
 gan, gangan, to go. 633, etc.; 
 gegSn, id., also to gain, ac- 
 quire, happen. 1791, 2559, 
 
 2929. 3075, 3696, 4823, 
 5065, 6162. agan. 2473; 
 in-gan. 778 ; ofer-g. 2820, 
 5911 ; o«-g. 5860; ymb- 
 g. 1244. Besides the usual 
 preterite, e6de, we find in 
 Beowulf gong and gang, 
 also the less usual one, 
 gengde. 2806, 2829. gang 
 (m), course. 1940, 2787, 
 2812. begong, bigong, 
 begang (m), course, Jiaunt? 
 729, 1724, 2999, etc. in- 
 gang. 3103. (iS-genge, 
 jierishahle, Lat. caducus. 
 17 
 
258 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 4253. angenga, solitary 
 {being). 332, 902 ; in-g. 
 3557 ; s^-g. sldp. 3769, 
 3821 J sceadu-g. 1410. 
 
 ganot (m), gannet,fuUca ma- 
 rina. 3727. 
 
 gSr (m), javelin, dart. 626, 
 etc. Ohg. k6r, 0. Sax. 
 ger, 0. Nor. geir. Comp. 
 toa-g. 4066;/ frum-g. 
 prince, chief. 5704. As a 
 prefix, gSr signifies war- 
 like, as in Gar-Dene. i. 
 
 gS,rsecg (m), ocean. 97, 1034. 
 1079, etc. 
 
 gast (m), gJtost, sprite, 266, 
 356, 2536, etc. Comp. 
 ellor-g. 1619, 2702. 
 
 geador. See oetgiedere. 
 
 on gean. See gegen. 
 
 geSp, curved, arched. 1677, 
 3604. Comp. horn-g. 164; 
 
 s^-g- 3797- 
 
 gear (n), year, yore. 2272, 
 etc. geara, of yore. 5322 ; 
 ungeara, recently? 1868. 
 
 geard (m), inclosure, court, 
 house,yard. 25, 535, 2272, 
 2280, etc. Goth, gards, 
 Ohg. gart, 0. Sax. gard, 
 0. Nor. gart5r, Dan. gaard. 
 Comp. middan-g. world. 
 151, 1013. 
 
 geaio, geara, ready, prepared. 
 
 155; 243, etc. gogyrwan, 
 gyrian, to prepare. 76, 
 1110,1992. ungeara, Mw- 
 expectedly. 1209. gearu 
 (i), gear, provision. Comp. 
 fe^er-g. 6229. gearwe, 
 geare, readily, well. 536. 
 1761, 4131. 
 
 gaaiiji), gate, aperture. Comp. 
 hen-g. 2246. 
 
 geatolic. See geatu. 
 
 geatu, getaw (f ), apparatus, 
 military equipment. 1353, 
 4713, 6167. Comp. eored- 
 g- 5724; gryre-g. 653; 
 gQ6-geataw ? 796 ; giiS- 
 getaw. 5265 ; wig-getaw. 
 741. geatolic, ornate, ele- 
 gant? 435, 621, 2806, 
 3128, 4314. 
 
 gegen, against, opposite. 739, 
 gegnum, towards, against. 
 633; gegnum-for. 2813; 
 ongean, against. 1367; t6- 
 geanes, id. 1336, 3006, 
 3089. 
 
 gegnunga, wholly, totally. 
 
 5734- 
 gehSo, giohSo (f), affliction. 
 
 4527, 5578, 6181. See 
 
 A. and E. p. 97. 
 gen, gena, yet, still. 4146, 
 
 43°S. S7ii> etc. pa-gena, 
 
 id. 167, 1473, 6178, etc. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 259 
 
 geo. See gi6. 
 
 geoc (f), succour. 357, 1221, 
 
 3672, 5342. 
 geoo, strong. 1535; 
 goofa. See gifan. 
 geofon(n), ocean. 729, 1035, 
 
 etc. 0. Sax. geban. 
 geogu« (f), youth. 133, etc. 
 geolo, yellow. 880, 5213. 
 ge6mor, sad. 98, etc. Comp. 
 
 mod-g. 5781. ge5morlic. 
 
 4879. geomrian. 2240. 
 geond, through, over. 151, 
 
 1684, etc. 
 geong, ging, young, recent. 
 
 144, 5627. Comp. heafo- 
 
 g. I". F. 3. 
 georn, desirous, diligent. 5560. 
 
 Comp. 16f-g. 6347. geome, 
 
 readily, willingly. 132, etc. 
 geosceaft? 2472, 2536. 
 geotan, angeotan, Ijegeotan, 
 
 to pour, shed over, over- 
 whelm. 2141, 2297, 2587, 
 
 3384, etc. 
 gicel (m), drop. 3217, as icU 
 
 in icicle, i.e. is-gicel. 
 gid, gyd (n), song, recital, 
 
 speech. 304, 1741, 2135, 
 
 2240, 2324, etc. word-g. 
 
 6325- gyddian, to sing, 
 
 say, recite. 1264. 
 giellan, gyllan, to shriek, yell. 
 
 S.T. 25^; to chirp.¥.¥. 10. 
 
 gif. if- 550) 909. etc. 
 
 gifan, gyfan, to give. 129, etc. 
 agifan, astgifan, forgifan, 
 id. 34, 716, 2044, 3043, 
 5748. gifu, geofu (f), gifl. 
 grace. Comp. maSj>um-g. 
 2606 ; sweord-g. 5761. 
 gifa, donm: Comp. beag- 
 g. 2208; gold-g. 5297; 
 sinc-g. 2208, 2688, 4611; 
 wil-g. 5792. gift (f), gift. 
 Comp. feoh-g. 41, 2055, 
 2182. gifeSe, given. 604, 
 etc. ; ungifeSe. 5835. of- 
 gifan, to give up, leave. 
 
 3205- 
 gifre, ravenous, rapacious. 
 
 2250, 2558. Comp. heoru- 
 
 g. 3000. 
 gigant (m), giant. 226, 3129, 
 
 3385- 
 
 gildan. See gyldan. 
 
 gUp (m), boast, vaunt, pride. 
 1284, 1355, 1663, etc. 
 Comp. dol-g. 1022 ; gUp- 
 Hfeden. 1 740 • gylpan, to 
 boast. 1177, 4116. 
 
 gim (m), gem. 41 51. Comp. 
 searo-g. 2318, 5491. 
 
 gin, ginfsest, spacious, ample. 
 937, 3^06, S. T. 103. 
 
 ging. See geong. 
 
 on-ginnan, to begin, under- 
 take. 201, 822, etc. 
 17—2 
 
260 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 giSjgeS, id, id, formerly, of old. 
 
 2957, 5036, 491°, 5854- 
 
 on-gitan, to understand, per- 
 ceive. 28, 622, 2867, 2972, 
 etc. begitan, to heget, ac- 
 quire. 4490, forgitan, to 
 forget. 3506. andgit (n), 
 understanding. 2122. 
 
 glsed, glad. 116, 1730, etc.; 
 gltedian, to gladden; glasd- 
 lic, pleasing, acceptable. 
 S. T. 134; glajdme, glad- 
 ness, pleasure. 740. 
 
 gleaw, skilful, clever. S. T. 
 279. 
 
 gled (m), gleed, fire. 4051, 
 4614, 4659, etc. 
 
 gleS (m), glee, mirth. 4216, 
 4518, 6034. gle6maii. 
 2324. S. T. 273. 
 
 glidan, to glide. 1034, 4152 ; 
 tSglidan, to glide or fall 
 off. 4967. 
 
 glitinian, to glitter, sparkle. 
 5509. So Vercel. Poetry, 
 p. 20; "he glitenaS swa 
 steorra." 
 
 gl5f (m), glove. 4177. 0. 
 Nor. gl6fi. 
 
 gneS, avaricious, sparing. 
 3864. 
 
 gnom, gnym (m), sorrow, 
 tribulation. 3554, 5310. 
 
 '. gnornian, to grieve, mourn. 
 
 2239 ; begnornian, to be- 
 wail. 6338. 
 God, God. 26, etc. Goth; 
 
 Guth, Ohg. Got. 
 g5d, good. Goth. g6th, Ohg. 
 
 got. Comp. ser-g. pre- 
 eminently good. g6d (n), 
 
 goodness. 2372. 
 gold (n), 'gold, 614, etc. 
 
 gyldcD, golden. 94, 2046, 
 
 2227, etc. 
 gombe (f), tribute. 21. 0. 
 
 Sax. gambra. 
 gomel. See gamol. 
 gomen. See gamen. 
 grsedig, greedy. 242, 3002. 
 
 Goth, gredags, hungry; 
 
 Ohg. gri,tag ; 0. Sax. 
 
 gi'S,dag ; 0. Nor. gradugr. 
 
 Comp. set-g. 2543. 
 grseg, grey. 665, 673, etc. 
 grseghama, cricket. P. P. 10. 
 gries (n), gi-ass. 3767. 
 gram, , grom, fierce, end, 
 
 Imtile. 1534, 1559, 2072, 
 
 etc. gramum, fiercely. 852. 
 
 Comp. ajfen-g. 4154, where 
 
 see note. 
 grSp. Sec gripan. 
 greot (m), dust, grit. 6315. 
 
 Ohg. grioz, 0. Sax. 0. 
 
 Nor. gri6t. 
 greotan, to weep. 2689. Scot. 
 
 to greet, Goth, gretan, 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 261 
 
 0. Sax. griotan, 0. Nor. 
 
 grata, Dan. at grsede, Sw. 
 
 at grata, 
 gretan, to greet, touch, assail. 
 
 339j 700, 1232. I2S4, etc. 
 grim, grim, fierce, cruel. 204. 
 
 242, 3002, etc. grimlic, 
 
 6074. Comp. heaJ>o-g. 
 
 ^i°°> S37S; heoro-g. 
 
 3132, 3698; niS-g. 388; 
 . soaro-g. 1192. grimme, 
 
 fiercely, cruelly, 60 17,6162. 
 
 grimman, to rage, 617, 
 
 4506. 
 grime (f), closed helmet. 674. 
 
 0. Nor. grima, larva, cas- 
 sis. Comp. here-g. 797, 
 
 4104, 5203. 
 for-grindan, to grind, to dust, 
 
 crush, destroy. 852, 4659, 
 
 5347- 
 
 gripan, to gripe, grasp. 3006, 
 5007. Comp. for-g. 469s; 
 wi6-g. 5035. gripe (m), 
 gripe, grasp. 1480, 2300, 
 3534, 5033- Comp. fer- 
 g. 3037; mund-g. 766, 
 1510, etc.; niS.g. 1956. 
 grap (m), i. q. gripe. 881. 
 1 1 14, etc. Comp. feond- 
 g. 1276; hilde-g. 2896. 
 grapian, to grasp, clutch. 
 3137, 4176. 
 
 grom. See gram. 
 
 growan, to grow. 3441. 
 grund (m), ground, hottom, 
 
 abyss. 11 11, etc. Comp. 
 
 eormeu-g. 1722; mere-g. 
 
 2902,4207 ; s«-g. 1 133. 
 gryn, gym (u), gin, snare. 
 
 1864, 4242. 
 gryre (m), horror, terror. 653. 
 
 773, etc. Comp. fser-g. 
 
 35°; ^'^S-e- 2572. gryro- 
 
 lic. 2886, 3048, 4278. 
 guma, man. 147, etc. Comp. 
 
 driht-g. retainer, follower. 
 
 198, 2466, 2781, 3301, etc. 
 gu? (f), war, battle. 39, 115, 
 
 254, 401, etc. 
 gyd. See gid. 
 gyldan, agyldan, forgyldan, 
 
 ongyldan, to pay, requite. 
 
 21, 2507, 3087, etc. F. F.. 
 
 79, 80. 
 gylden. See gold, 
 gyllan. See giellan. 
 gyman, to Jieed,carefor. 3518, 
 
 3525, 4894- forgyman, to 
 
 neglect. 3506. 
 gyrdan, to gird. 4078, 4162, 
 
 F. F. 27. 
 gyrian, gcgyrwan, to prepare, 
 
 adorn. 76, 400, etc. 
 gystra, y ester-. 2672. 
 gyt, yet. 1893; fa-gyt, id. 
 
 2259, 2517, etc. 
 gytsian, to covet. 3502. 
 
262 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habban, hajbban, to have. 
 159. etc. Comp. bord- 
 lisebbende. 5782 ; lind-h. 
 495, 2808; I'ond-h. 1726; 
 searo-h. 480. forbabban, 
 to hold, refrain. 2306, 
 5 2 1 1 j wiS-h. to withstand. 
 1548. 
 
 had (m), state, condition, cha- 
 racter, hood, as in childhood, 
 etc. 2598, 2674, 4393. 
 
 hador (m), sereneness. 832 j 
 serene. 998 ; hadro, se- 
 renelij. 3147. 
 
 hajft (m), haft, Jiandle, 2918. 
 
 hajfta, thrall, captive. 1580. 
 
 hasgsteald (m), bachelor, young 
 servingman.T,']i2,'S.'S. 81. 
 Ohg. hagastalt, Ger. hage- 
 stolz. 
 
 IijeI (n), omen. 414. 0. Nor. 
 heill. 
 
 hsel. See hSl. 
 
 be-hselan, to conceal. 833. 
 
 hsele (m), man. ii^^z, 3296, 
 3636, 6213. 
 
 hseleS (m), nan, hero, war- 
 rior. 103, 383, etc. Ohg. 
 helid, 0. Sax. heli8. 
 
 hdelo. See hSl. 
 
 hiest, hasty, vehement, ardent. 
 2674. 
 
 hSUS (f), heath. 2740. Goth. 
 haij)i. 
 
 h2e))en, heathen. 360, etc. 
 
 hafela, heafola, poet, for 
 heSfod, head. Gr. xEpaXsj. 
 8967 1348, 2245, 2658, 
 2748, 2847, 2901, 3046, 
 3232, 3275, 3564, 5352, 
 5387. Cod. Exon. p. 31. 
 33. leohte gefegun, fe 
 of fees haslendes heafelan 
 lixte. in the light rejoiced, 
 which from the Saviour's 
 head gleam' d. lb. p. 178. 
 14. ])il to ])am wage gesag, 
 heafelan onhyldo.f \Gutli- 
 toc] then to the wall sanic, 
 his lisad inclined. The 
 prose original of which is : 
 he ]>a his heafod to ])5m 
 wage onhylde. (See Life 
 of St. Guthlac, p. 86, edit. 
 Goodwin). Cod. Exon. 
 p. 238. 15. heafelan lixaiS : 
 their [the 'blessed^'] heads 
 shall shine. Leg. St. And. 
 2283, sq., A. andE. 1143, 
 and note, p. 127. woldon 
 ^ninga eUen-r6fe on ])Sm 
 hyse beorSre heafolan ge- 
 scenan : would at once the 
 war-fam'd on the bright 
 youth's head do injury. I 
 take beorSre to be an error 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 263 
 
 for boorlitan : tlio dat. 
 sooms used for the gen. 
 gescenaii=gesce(Sjian? In 
 a MS. cited by K. (Beovv. 
 i. p. 252.) lieofulau stands 
 as a gloss over the word 
 fronti. Ohg. liiufela, hie- 
 fela, mala, gena. 
 
 a-hafen. See hebban. 
 
 hafenian, to raise. 3151. 
 
 hafoc (m), Itaiok. 4520. 
 
 baga, hedge, enclosure, camp ? 
 Sni, 5913- anhaga, a 
 solitary. 4725. gehegan, 
 to enclose, engage with (in 
 an enclosed place)? 855. 
 Tlio allusion is cither to 
 the enclosed space in which 
 the public assembly (fing) 
 was held, or to the holm- 
 gang, or duel, so called 
 from the enclosed spot on 
 which it was fought, ori- 
 ginally on a holm, or small 
 island, as that between Ed- 
 mund Ironside and Cnut, 
 in this country. So mefel 
 began. Leg. St. And. 524, 
 etc. 
 
 hal, wlwle, sound. 606, etc. 
 haelo (f), liealth, safety. 
 131 1, 2438, 4827, 5440. 
 unhajlo. 241. halig, Iwly. 
 768, etc. 
 
 hals. See heals. 
 
 ham, hom, hama (m), sidn, 
 covering. Comp. flsesc- 
 homa. 3140 J fyrd-hom. 
 3012 ; graeg-hama, cricket. 
 P. E. 10; lic-homa, car- 
 case. 1628, 2018, 3512, 
 etc. ; scir-ham, hrigJd-clad. 
 
 3794- 
 ham (m), home. 248, 390, 
 
 1439, etc. 
 hamer, homer (m), hammer. 
 
 2575. 565^- 
 hand, bond (!'), liand. 649, 
 
 1316, etc. idel-hende, 
 
 empty-lianded. 4169. 
 hangan. See hon. 
 bar, Iwar. iTjg, 2618, 2834, 
 
 etc. unbar, hald. 7 19, from 
 
 hajr, /mm-. 
 hat, Jiot. 1702, etc., also bat 
 
 (m). Jieat. 1799, 5204. 
 hS,tan, gehatan, to command, 
 
 promise. 137, i68,352,etc. 
 hatan, to call, to be called or 
 
 named. 5605, etc. hS,ten, 
 
 called, hight. 205, 532, 
 
 5197- 
 hatian, to hate. 4627, 4924. 
 
 bata, Mter. Comp. dsed- 
 
 h. hater of {nolle) deeds. 
 
 552. See hettan. 
 hattres. See attor. 
 hoaf (n), inland sea, w lake. 
 
2G4: 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 4947 ; more especially 
 such, great waters as are 
 connected with the sea, 
 like those of Pomerania. 
 The term is particularly 
 applicable to the Malar 
 lake. Ger. haff, Dan. hav, 
 ocean, Sw. haf. See note 
 on 1. 4937. 
 
 heSfocl (n), liead. 95, etc. 
 Comp. eofor-h. 431 1. 
 
 he&h, high. 95, etc. 
 
 heal, heall(f ), hall. 136, 156, 
 etc. I' Comp. gif-h. 1680 ; 
 meodu-h. 972, 1280, S. T. 
 112. 
 
 healdan, gehealdan, to Iwld, 
 maintain, govern. 114, etc. 
 behealdan, to behold, ol- 
 serve. 640, 993, etc. for- 
 healdan, to restrain, sub- 
 due? 47 SI- 
 
 healf (f), half, side. 1604, 
 
 2195. 3355- 
 heals (m), neck 126, 2395, 
 
 3133, etc. Comp. fS,mig- 
 
 li. 44ij 3822 ; wunden-h. 
 
 601. healsian, to beseech, 
 
 implore. 4270. 
 heSn. See hynan. 
 heSp (m), troop, band, heap. 
 
 67s, 805, etc. Comp. wig- 
 
 h. 958. 
 heaxdihard, bold, fierce, cruel 
 
 334, etc. Comp. healo-h. 
 2690; fyr-h. 615; iren- 
 h. 2228; niS-h. 4826; 
 regn-h. 657 ; scur-h. 2070, 
 ahyrdan, to harden. 2924. 
 
 hearg (m), fane, temple. 353, 
 3531. Ohg. haruc, O. Nor. 
 hbrgr. 
 
 hearm (m), anger, ruggedness. 
 1536, 3788. 
 
 hearpe (f), harp. 178, etc. 
 
 heawan, geheEwan, to cut, 
 hew. 1368, 1605. forhea- 
 wan,<o heivdoion, slaughter. 
 S. T. 99. 
 
 ge-lieaferian, to confine, strait- 
 en, 6136. 
 
 heafo, a prefix, apparently 
 signifying war, but lapsing 
 into a mere intensitive. 7 8, 
 etc. 
 
 heafu, heafo (n), ocean, main. 
 3600, 3729, 5902. 
 
 hebban, ahebban, to raise, 
 heave. 1317, 2584, 6038, 
 S. T. 210. ahafen, raised. 
 257, 2220. 
 
 hedan, gehedan, to heed. 
 1014? 5387. 
 
 ge-hegan. See haga. 
 
 hel (f ), hell, in the Christian 
 sense, but originally the 
 goddess of the dead. 203, 
 328, 361, etc. See North. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 265 
 
 Myth. i. pp. II, 31, 
 oto. 
 
 helan, behelan, to conceal, 
 cover. 833. helm (m), 
 helm, protector, covering, 
 Iielmel. 266, CSgjT 48, 812, 
 etc. Comp. ban-h. shield. 
 F. F. 60 j grim-h. Jielm 
 with a visor. 674 ; guS- 
 h. 4967 ; hcafo-steap h. 
 43 1 2; niht-h. 3583;sca(iu- 
 h. 1304. ofer-helmian, fo 
 overshadow. 2733. 
 
 helm. See helan. 
 
 help (f), lielj). 1 107, 3109, 
 etc. helpan, to help, 4670, 
 
 539°- 
 
 heofen, heofon (m), heofene 
 (f), heaven. 103, 366, etc. 
 
 heolfer (n?), clotted blood. 
 1702, 2609, 2850, 4282. 
 
 heolster (n?), cave, hiding- 
 place, 1515. 
 
 heonan, hence. 510. 
 
 heor (m), hinge. 2002. 0. 
 Nor hiorr. 
 
 heorde. See hyrde. 
 
 heore, free from evil spirits, 
 holy. 2749. unhyre. 4247; 
 unhiore. 4?ii?>, fierc6,rrMn- 
 strous. Ger. ungeheur, 
 Ohg. ungahiuri. 
 
 heorot, heort(m), Aari. 2742. 
 
 heorte (f), heart. 4532. etc. 
 
 Comp. bliS-h. 3608; grom- 
 h. 3368 ; rGm-h. 3602, 
 4227 ; stearc-h. 4566, 
 
 5097- 
 
 heoru (m), sword. 1978. Used 
 also as a prefix, signifying 
 warlike, bloody, cruel, mon- 
 strous, etc. 978, etc. Goth, 
 hairus, Ohg. hiuri, 0. Sax. 
 heru, 0. Nor. hiorr. 
 
 lieorS (m), hearth. 528, 3165, 
 etc. 
 
 heo'S {ml), dais? 813. 
 
 her, Jiere. 757, etc. 
 
 herge, here (m), army, armed 
 force. 129, 67s, 1358, 
 2500, etc. Comp. iiot-h. 
 5822; scip-h. 491, 5864. 
 
 herian, to praise. 367, etc. 
 
 hetan, to hate. hetende, 
 hating. 3660 ; hete (m), 
 hate. 286, 955. Comp. 
 ecg-h. 3480 ; morjjor-h. 
 2214; wig-h. 4246. hete- 
 lic,Iiateful, malicious. 2538. 
 hettende, enemies. 6000. 
 
 hicgende, hige. See hyge. 
 
 hild, (f), war, conflict. 605, 
 629, 799, etc. 
 
 hilt (n), hilt. 77, 2048, 3152, 
 3233, etc. This word usu- 
 ally appears in the plural. 
 Comp. fetel-h. 3130; hro- 
 den-h. 2048, hilted. 5966. 
 
26G 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 hiu- thither, away. Used ge- 
 nerally as a prefix. 1514. 
 
 h.miema,,hindmost, last. 410^, 
 5028. 
 
 hiofan, to lament, heivail. 
 6275. 
 
 un-hioro. See heore. 
 
 hladan, to load. 1795, 3798, 
 4259, etc. Comp. gilp- 
 lilssden, j^7Ze(i witt vaunt w 
 lofty themes. 1740. hlajst 
 (n), load, last. 104. 
 
 hlajw (m), mound, harrow, 
 mount. 2244, 4582, 4813, 
 etc, Goth, lilaiw, Ohg. 
 lilco, 0. Sax. hlca, leia, 
 0. Fris. hli ; Engl, low, as 
 in Ludlow, Scot, laiv, as 
 in Harlaw, Wardlaw, Ne- 
 therl. loo, as in Beverloo, 
 etc. 
 
 hlSford (m), lord. 540. lila- 
 fordleas. 5863. 
 
 hlealitor. See ahlililian. 
 
 hleSpan, to leap, run. 1733. 
 Ger. laufen. aUeapan, to 
 leap up. 2788. 
 
 hleEt. See lile5tan. 
 
 hlem(m),<Mm«Z<.44o8,469i, 
 5081. from lilemman, to 
 sound,maJcea noise. Comp. 
 nht-hlem. 4019 ; 'wjel-h. 
 
 5931- 
 hleo (m), shade, protection, 
 
 refuge. 863, 1586, 1803, 
 1828, etc. S. T. i8g. 
 
 hleonian, lilinian, to lean re- 
 cline, overhang. 2835. 
 
 hleor (n), clieek. 613, 1381, 
 2076. 
 
 hle6tan, to draw lots, on- 
 hlytme. 6243.' 
 
 hleo^, hliS (n), retreat, moun- 
 tainpass, lurlcing-place, hill. 
 3789, 6294. Comp. fen- 
 h. 1645; mist-li. 1425; 
 n£es-h. 28s8;stan-h. 2822; 
 wulf-h. 2720. 
 
 hleofor (m), sound, voice. 
 3962, S. T. 212. hlco- 
 ])rian, to cry aloud. F.F. 2. 
 
 to-lilidan, to rend asunder. 
 2002. 
 
 lilifian, to rise, tower. 163, 
 
 ' 3603. 3801, 5602. 
 
 a-hlihhan (pret. aliloh and 
 alil6g), to laugh. 1465. 
 hlealitor (m), laughter. 
 
 1226, 6033. 
 hlinian. See hle6nian. 
 Mi«. SoeMeoS. 
 hlud,Zo«d 178. lilude,Zoz«iZy. 
 
 S. T. 211. 
 hltitan, to boio doion, sink. 
 
 4760. 
 hlyn, gehlyn (m), noise, din. 
 
 1227, F. F. 57. hlynian, 
 hlynnan, hlynsian, to maJce 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 26T 
 
 a noise, roar. 1545, 2244, 
 5099, F.F. II. 
 
 hnEegan, genlinsegaii, v. a. to 
 lend, subdue, soothe. 2552, 
 2641, 2882, 5825. Goth, 
 hnaivjan ; formed from v. 
 n. hnigan, to bow, incline 
 (See Rask, pp. 112,113); 
 Gotli. hneivan. Ohg. O. 
 Sax. hniganjO.Nor.bmga. 
 hnalij hneaw, base, mean, 
 inferioi; niggardly. 1359, 
 1909, 3863. unlmea-w. 
 S. T. 147, 280. Goth, 
 hnaivs. genEPgan, to huni- 
 We,2MeW. 2882,387 1,4418. 
 
 hnitan, to strike {with tlie 
 Jwrn), but, rush against. 
 26S9) 5082. 
 
 h5ciht, hoolced. Comp. heoro- 
 h. 2880. 
 
 h6f (m), court,'palace.()^o,Qi<i. 
 
 be-hofan, to need. 5288. 
 
 hogian. See hyge. 
 
 on-hohsnian, to reproach 
 teith? 3892. This word 
 is most probably an error 
 of the scribe ; possibly it 
 may be a derivation from 
 hosp, or 0. Sax. hose, 
 contumehj ? 
 
 hold. See hyldan. 
 
 holinga, vainly, witlwutcause. 
 2156. 
 
 holm (m), sea. 96, 465, 485, 
 etc. Comp. wjeg-h. 439. 
 
 holt (n,) liolt, forest, wood, 
 lignum. 2743, 4669, 5190, 
 etc. Comp. 8esc-h..665; fyr- 
 gen-h. 2791 ; gar-h. 3673. 
 
 horn. See ham. 
 
 homer. See hamer. 
 
 hon, hangan, v. a. to hang. 
 behangan, to liang with. 
 Comp. helm-behongen. 
 6269. hangian, v. n. to 
 hang. 2730, 3329, 4177, 
 4886. 
 
 bond. See hand. 
 
 hopii (ml), mound, heap. 
 Ohg. hilfo ; Netherl. hoop, 
 agger. Comp. fen-h. 1532 ; 
 mor-h. 904. This is the 
 termination in such names 
 of places, and thence of 
 persons, as Wallop, i.e. 
 Wall-hope, Trollope, i. e. 
 Troll-hope ; Stanhope, i.e. 
 Stan-hops ; Blenldnsop, 
 i. e. Blenldng's hope. It 
 is still extant in the old 
 phrase cock a hoop. 
 
 hord (m), hoard, treasure, 
 938, 1778, etc. Comp. 
 beah-h. 1792, 1847, 5645; 
 breost-h. heart. 3442, 5577; 
 word-h. 5 24, S. T. 2; wyrm- 
 h. 4447. 
 
2G8 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 horn (n), horn, pinnacle, 
 cresset? 164, 1412, 2742, 
 etc. P. F. 7. Comp. guS- 
 h. 2868. 
 
 hors (n), horse. 2803. 
 
 hos (f), convpany, multitude. 
 1853. Goth. Ohg. hansa; 
 hence Gar. hans, as in 
 Engl. Hanstown ; anal, 
 with goose and gans. 
 
 h.o^ma.,cloud,darkness? 4907. 
 Cod. Exon. 3. 32. 
 
 hrS., hrea (n), hriiew (m), 
 corpse. 559, 2432, 3181, 
 E. E. 68. Goth, hraiv ; 
 Ohg. 0. Sax. lirco. 
 
 hisefen. See hrefn. 
 
 hra3gl (n), rail (as in night- 
 rail), garment. 912, etc. 
 Comp. beado-h. 1108; 
 fyrd-h. 3058 ; mere-h. 
 sail. 3815. 
 
 hraew. See hra. 
 
 hraS, quick ; hrafo, quicldy. 
 454, etc. Hence our corn- 
 par, rather, hrsedlice, id. 
 717, 1930. 
 
 hream (m), cry, exultation. 
 2608, 4716. hrSmig, ex- 
 ulting. 248, 3768, 41 14. 
 
 hrefn,hraBfn(m),raw».36o6, 
 4887, 6041, F. F. 69. 
 
 hrSmig. See hreSm, 
 
 hrSosan, to fall, rush. 2153, 
 
 2865, etc. behreSsan, to 
 lack hy falling off, whence 
 behroren. 5517. hryre 
 (m), fall, ruin. 3364, etc. 
 Comp. leod-h. 4064, 4771; 
 wig-h. 3242. hruse (f), 
 earth. 1549, 4486, 4547, 
 etc. 
 
 hre6h, hreow, reow. rough, 
 cruel, rugged, iioi, 2619. 
 3132, etc. Comp. bl6d-h. 
 3442; gfiS-h. 115; wsel- 
 r. 1262. hreow (m), cala- 
 mity. 4265. 
 
 hreoSa, pivteciion, defence ? 
 a word of unknown deriva- 
 tion and uncertain mean- 
 ing. Comp. bord-h. 4412. 
 It occurs also in the fol- 
 lowing places, and always, 
 as here, in combination 
 with bord or scyld : Credm- 
 pp. 184. 26, 187. 30, 192. 
 23 ; Cod. Exon. 42. 19 
 (where it is written hrea- 
 da) ; Leg. St. And. (Ver- 
 celli Poetry) 256. See 
 also Kemble's Beowulf, i. 
 244, and A. and E. p. 100; 
 
 on-hr6ran. See hror. 
 
 hreS [(m), fierceness. 5143. 
 Comp. gaS-h. 1642. hreS, 
 hie^ig, fierce, proud. 5143. 
 5160. Comp. sige-li. 188, 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 269 
 
 31.98) 5505- t:o\% fierce. 
 
 244, 1544, etc. 
 hrefer (m), Ireast, bosom. 
 
 984, 2306, 2690, etc. 
 hrinan, to touch. 1449, 1981, 
 
 303s, etc. 
 hrind (m), rind,hark 2731. 
 hring (m), ring, collar. 650, 
 
 2187, 301 1, 4513, etc. 
 
 Comp. Mn-h. vertebra. 
 
 3138. hringan, to set in 
 
 a ring or circle. 660. 
 
 hringed, formed of or in 
 
 rings. 
 hroden, gehroden, adorned, 
 
 beset? 614, 995, 2048, 
 
 2307. Comp. beag-h. 
 
 i2Si;goH-li. 1232,1285, 
 
 3900, etc. S.T. 205. F.F. 
 
 26. Apparently from a 
 
 verb lireoSan no longer 
 
 extant, 
 hrof (m), roof. 81 r, 1677. 
 
 Comp. inwit-r. 6238. 
 hron (m), whale. 20, 1085. 
 hror, strenuous, hold, active. 
 
 53, 3262 ; imhror. F. F. 
 
 90. onhreran, to excite. 
 
 1103, etc. 
 hrofer (ml) comfort, solace, 
 
 benefit- 4348, 4887. 
 hruse. See hreosan. 
 hrycg (m), bach, ridge. 947. 
 hryre. See hreosan. 
 
 hrysian, to shake. 458. 0. 
 
 Sax. hrisian. 
 hu, how. 5, 233, etc. 
 hund (m), dog, hound. 2741. 
 Liuru, at least, hoivever, but, 
 
 Lat. saltern. 366, 1342, 
 
 1728, 2934. 
 hus (T\),house. 232, etc. Comp. 
 
 ban-h. carcase. 5009,6285; 
 
 nicor-h. 2827. 
 hfitS (f), spoil, booty. 248. 
 hwiBr, where, [gehwser, every, 
 
 eterywliere. 49, 1057, 4063; 
 
 ohwser, anywhere. 3479, 
 
 5732- 
 
 liwa3t, an exclamatory parti- 
 cle used at the beginning 
 of sentences. Our nearest 
 approximation to it is ay, 
 lo ! well I I, 1889. See 
 D. G. iv. pp. 448 — 450. 
 
 hwsete, hwate, bold, active, 
 eager. 3206, 41 11, etc. 
 Comp. fyrd-h. 3286,4945; 
 gold-h. [6140. hwettan, to 
 whet, sliarpen. 413, 985. 
 
 hwsefeTjWtoAer. 1529, 2632; 
 
 seghwsefer, both. 580 ; ge- 
 
 . hwsefer, either, each. 11 7 3, 
 
 1633 ; hwaBfre, yet, Lat. 
 
 tamen. 1784, etc. S. T. 75. 
 
 hwanon, whence. 520. 
 
 hwealf (m), vault, arch. 1 156, 
 4034. Ohg. geuuelbe ; 
 
270 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 Ger. gewcilbe ; 0. Nor. 
 hvolf. 
 hwene, a little, somewhat. 
 5392. hwon, id. lyt- 
 hwon. id. 408. Lat. pa- 
 rum. 
 
 hweorfan, gehweorfan, liwyr- 
 fan, to turn, go, wander. 
 110, 197, etc. Gomp. ajt- 
 h. 4588; and-h. iioo; 
 geond-h. 4039, S. T. 219; 
 ymbe-h. 4582, F. F. 67. 
 edhwyrft (m), 'return, re- 
 lapse. 2566. hwyrftum, 
 from time to time. 329. 
 
 hwettan. See hwsete. 
 
 hwil (f), while, space of time. 
 31,211,295,2995. Comp. 
 dseg-h. 5445 ; orleg-h. 
 4008, 4845, 5814; ge- 
 ' sceap-h. fated time. 52 ; 
 sige-h. 5413. hwilum, 
 sometimes, at times. 352, 
 997) 1732, 6080, etc. 
 
 hwinan, to utter a shrill sound, 
 whine. S. T. 256. 
 
 liwit, white. 2900, F. F. 78. 
 
 hwon. See hivene. 
 
 hwyder, whither. 328. 
 
 hwylc, which, some one. 1890; 
 Kgliwylc, everyone. 1 7 , etc. 
 geliwylc, every. 1614. 
 
 hj^dan, gehydan, tohide. 896, 
 2748, 4463, 5526, etc. 
 
 hyge, hige (m), mind, dis- 
 position. 539, etc. hogian, 
 gchogian, to intend, re- 
 solve. 1268, 3981, 4097. 
 hicgean, to bemindful.'F.'F.. 
 2 1 j forliicgan,, to disdain. 
 874 ; oferWgian, oferho- 
 gian, id 4679, 5525. bealo- 
 liycgendo, meditating Iiarm, 
 5123; heard-h. 793, 1602; 
 swiS-h. 1842, 2036 ; wis- 
 h. 5426 ; }>anc-h. 4462. 
 hygd, geliygd (m), mind, 
 tliought. 4096 ; breSst-g. 
 5628; m5d-g. 471; ofer- 
 h- 3485, 3525 ; wonhyd 
 (wonhygd). 872. 0. Nor. 
 vanliyggia. inconsiderantia. ' 
 anhydig. 5327 ; bealo-h. 
 145°; grom-h. 3502 ; niS- 
 h. 631 1 ; frist-h. 5612. 
 wonhydig, Cod. Exon. 95. 
 14. Ca;dm. 100. 33. 
 
 hyht (m), hope. 360. 
 
 hyldan, to lend,incline. 1380. 
 gehyld, disposed, inclined. 
 6104. hyldo (f), favour. 
 
 i345> 4141, 5989- hold, 
 well-disposed, faithful. 539, 
 586, 758, etc. 
 hynan, to injure, oppress. 
 4627. hyn))u (f), injury, 
 disgrace. 334, 559, 954, 
 1 190. heSn (n?) shame. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 271 
 
 4373) liean, miserable, vile. 
 
 2553) etc. 
 hyran, geliyran, to Jiear, obey. 
 
 20, 75, etc. 
 a-hyrdan. See heard, 
 hyrde, heorde (m), lierd, as 
 
 in sJie^Jierd, etc., guardian. 
 
 1224, 1505, etc. 
 Tin-hyre. See heore. 
 hyrstian, to ornament. 1349, 
 
 4503. Ohg. hrustjan, Ger. 
 
 riisten. liyrst (f), orna- 
 ment, munitio, machina, 
 
 SS17, 5968, 6309, EF. 
 
 41. Ohg. garusti, instru- 
 
 mentum, munitio. 
 hyrtan, to hearten, animate, 
 
 recruit. 5179. 
 hyse, hysse (m), youth. 2438, 
 
 F. F. 96. 
 hyS(f ), hithe. haven. 63,3833. 
 
 I. 
 
 lege, eke, also? 2219. A very 
 doubtfulreading,mostpro- 
 hably an error. 
 
 iies,woman, lady. 1245,2155, 
 etc. 0. Sax. idis. 
 
 in, inn (n), dwelling, lodging, 
 inn. 2604, S. T. 223. 
 
 in, inne, innan, in, within. 2, 
 119, 1289, etc. innan- 
 ■weard. 1987, 2000. 
 
 inne. 785 1 Sec gesellan. 
 
 16, iu, of old, formerly, 4^10, 
 5854. See gio. 
 
 inwit, inwid (n), guile, ini- 
 quity. 1502, 1666, 2206, 
 etc. Goth, inwinds, 0. Sax. 
 inuuid. 
 
 iren, isern (n), iron. 666, 
 1553, 2228, etc. Goth. 
 
 ^ eisarn, Ohg. isern, 0. Sax. 
 isarn, Ger, eisen. 
 
 is (n), ice. 2270, 3221. isig, 
 icy. 65. of a ship, no doubt 
 literally, and equivalent to 
 bihongen lirim-gicelum, 
 hung about with icicles. 
 Cod. Exon. 307. I. 
 
 isern. See iren. 
 
 LS, lo/ indeed/ 3404, 5720. 
 
 \3.a{n),gift,offering. 86, 3172, 
 
 3730J 374°- Comp. sae-1. 
 
 3253. 3308- 
 
 Mean, to sport, play. 5657, 
 5689. Goth, laikan, to 
 dance, leap. 0. Nor. leika, 
 Dan. at lege. lac. gelac, 
 game, play. 2084, 2340. 
 Comp. beadu-l; 3126; 
 heafo-I. 1 1 72, 3952. for- 
 lacan, to play false, betray. 
 i8ri. 
 
 ladu, gelad and theic com- 
 pounds. See litJan. 
 
272 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Iscdan, gelfedan, to lead, con- 
 dud. 74, etc. forliSdan, 
 io mislead. 4084. 
 
 Isefan, to leave. 2361, 4620, 
 4931. lai (i), relic, legacy, 
 leaving, a poetic term for a 
 sword ; an ancient sword 
 forged by "Weland, or by 
 
 '■ giants of old, being re- 
 garded as a precious le- 
 gacy or present. 9 1 3 , 1 5 9 5 , 
 etc. Comp. ende-1. 5618; 
 
 I eormen-1. 4460 ; wea-l. 
 
 ', 2172, 2200; yrfe-1. 3810J 
 5^«-l. 1 136. 
 
 Isene, ^oor, transitory, vile, 
 lit. lean, 3249, 4672. 0. 
 Sax. lehni. 
 
 Ideran. See Ifir. 
 
 Ijes, less. 85, etc. fy-lses, the 
 less. 979 ; lossest, least. 
 4698. 
 
 Ijestan, gelsestan, to joerform, 
 accomplish, avail. 4^, 1053, 
 1629, etc. fuUsestan, to 
 aid, support. 5330. Cod. 
 Exon. 407. I, 457. 31. 
 
 Iset, slow, late. Comp. hilde- 
 lata, one slow to fight, 
 coward, 5684. 
 
 Isetan, alietan, to let, leave, 
 abate. 96, 1733, 5175, 
 5323, etc. forlajtan, to 
 leave, forsake. 1589, 1945; 
 
 oflajtan, to leave. 2371, 
 3248 ; onloetan, to relax, 
 let go. 3223. 
 
 laf. See Isefan. 
 
 ge-lafian, to lave, 5438. 
 
 lagu (m), water. 423, 483. 
 599, 3265- Ohg. 0. Sax. 
 lagu, O. Nor. Idgr, Lat. 
 lacus. 
 
 lab. See lihan. 
 
 land (n), land. 61, 448, etc. 
 Comp. ea-1. 4657; el-1. 
 foreign land, as in elfeodig. 
 6031. 
 
 lang, long, long. ' 3r, etc. 
 Comp. andlang, andlong, 
 livelong, lasting? 4237, 
 5383. 5869 ; gelang, long, 
 as in tlie old phrase, it was 
 long of thee, i.e. it Avas 
 through, or because of 
 thee. 2757, 4306. gelenge 
 appertaining. 5457. lan- 
 gian, to long for ; langaS 
 (m), longing. 3763. lengan, 
 
 • toprolong, extend. S. T. 1 99; 
 lenge, long (time). 167 ; 
 it, leng compar. longer. 
 269, 907, 1952; longsum, 
 long, tedious. 268, 386, etc. 
 Comp. niht-long. 1060 ; 
 morgen-1. 5780. 
 
 Mr (f), doctrine, instruction, 
 lore. 544, 2444, 3905. 
 
GLOSSAET. 
 
 273 
 
 Conip. freond-1. 4744. Ite- 
 ran, gelaeran, to teach, ad- 
 WOT.834,562, 3449, 6150. 
 
 last (m), track, footstep. 264, 
 1686, etc. Comp. feorli- 
 1. 1697 ; fetSe-1. 3269; fot- 
 1. 4567; wrsec-1. 2709. 
 
 lacS, hostile, hateful, lit. loath. 
 166, etc.; foe. 884, 1026, 
 1686, etc.; latSlic. 3172. 
 
 lajiu (f), invitation. Comp. 
 frednd-l. 2389 ; neod-1. 
 2644 ; from lafian, to in- 
 vite. Goth, lajion, Ohg. 
 ladon, O. Sax. la])iaii, 0. 
 Nor. lada. 
 
 leaf (n), leaf. 194. 
 
 ge-leafa, belief, faith. geleSf- 
 nes (f ) , faith, credence. 496. 
 alyfaii, golyfan, to trust, 
 rely. 885, 1221, 1259, etc. 
 
 a-leS.h. See leogan, 
 
 leahtor (m), crime, sin. or- 
 leahtre, sinless, blameless. 
 
 3776- 
 
 lean. 3 sing. lyhS, pret. 16g, 
 foWame. 408, 1729, 2101, 
 3627. beleSn, id. 1027. 
 
 lean (n), reward. 229, etc. 
 Comp. ende-1. 3389 ; hond- 
 1.3086,4195. leanian, fo 
 reward. 2765, 4211. 
 
 leaa, false, leasing. 511. 
 
 le§.s, void of, less, as in the 
 
 following compounds ; al- 
 dorleHs. 30, 3178; dom- 
 1. 5772; dream-1. 3445; 
 fo6]i-I. not to he atoned for 
 with money. 4873 ; feor- 
 men-1. 5516. 
 
 lecgan, alecgan. See licgan. 
 
 leg, lig (m), flame, fire. 166. 
 Comp. feorh-1. 5592. 
 
 leger (n), bed. 2019, 6078. 
 
 lemian, to lame,oppress. 18 14. 
 
 lengian. See lang. 
 
 leod (m), Im-d, chief. 543, 
 687, 702, etc.; leode plar. 
 people. 47, 387, 455, etc. 
 Ger. leute, Ohg. leudi, 
 leodi, 0. Sax. liud. leod- 
 scipe, community, 4400, 
 5495. As a prefix it seems 
 equivalent to food, as Icod- 
 cyning. 107, 3896. 
 
 leof, dear, beloved. 61, etc. 
 leoflic, id., precious. 3622 ; 
 unleof, odious, 5719. 
 
 leOganj aleogan, geleogan, to 
 lie, belie. 160, 506, 4636, 
 etc. loga, belier. Comp. 
 tre5w-l. 5686 ; wser-l. 
 S. T. 19. 
 
 leoht (n), light. 190, etc. 
 adj. light, bright, ready. 
 S. T. 145. Comp. sefen- 
 1. 831 ; morgen-1. 12 13, 
 1839. 
 
 18 
 
274 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 leom (n), limb, brancJi. 194. 
 leoma, beam, ray, light. 190, 
 
 627, 2291, etc. Comp. 
 
 aeled-l. 6241 ; beado-1. 
 
 3050 ; bryne-l. 4616 ; 
 
 hilde-1. 2291; swurd-1. 
 
 F. F. 71. 
 leornian, to learn. 4662. 
 leSsan, forleSsan, to lose; 
 
 beleSsan, to be depived. 
 
 2150, 2945. 
 Ie58 (n), song. 2323, etc. 
 
 Ohg. Hod ; 0. Nor. lioS. 
 
 Comp. giyre-1. i576;gtitS- 
 
 1. 3048; sorh-1. 4912. 
 leotS, 118 (m. n.), member, 
 
 limb. 3014, 3784. Goth. 
 
 lifus ; Ohg. lid ; 0. Nor. 
 
 liSr. 
 letan, to let, hinder, relax. 
 
 1 142, 3063. 
 lie (n),. body, form. 906,'etc. 
 
 Comp.feofor-1. 6i2;swm- 
 
 1. 2910. 
 lie, gelic, like. 442, etc. on- 
 
 licnes (f), likeness. 2706. 
 licgean, licgan, to lie. 113 7, 
 
 1936, etc. alicgan, gelic- 
 
 gan, to cease. 2087, 3061, 
 
 4433. 5764, etc. lecgail, 
 
 alecgan, to lay, lay dawn, 
 
 ecase/j'OTO. 67, 1673, 1707, 
 
 4395. 6°33. 6273. 
 lician, to please. 1283, 3712. 
 
 lida. See litSan. ' 
 
 lif (n), life, 32, 195, etc. 
 
 Comp. edwit-1. 5775. lib- 
 ban, leofian, lifgan, to live. 
 
 114,199,1893,1913, etc. 
 
 S. T. 24. unlifigende, not 
 
 living. 941, 1492, 2621, 
 
 5809. 
 lig. See leg. 
 lihan, onlihan, pret. ISh, to 
 
 lend. 2916, 2939. 
 limpan, alimpan, gelimpan, 
 
 to happen, befal. 153,1249, 
 
 1257, etc. 
 lind (f ), lime, linden-tree, also 
 
 a shield made of that wood. 
 
 2151. 395°. 4085, etc. 
 linnan, to lose. 2960, 4878. 
 lis (f), favour, benefit. 4306. 
 \is,t{r),craft,cwnning. listum, 
 
 craftily. 1566. 
 lixan, to shine. 626, etc. 
 lis (n), beverage, wine. 3969. 
 lis, soft, meek, gentle. 2444, 
 
 6346. 
 liSan, to go, be conveyed, na- 
 
 OTjrafg. lifende. 447. Comp. 
 
 brim-1. 11 41; heafo-1. 
 
 3600, 5902; mere-1. 515; 
 
 sse-l. 760 ; 'wseg-l. 6297. 
 
 lida, ship. Comp. sund-I. 
 
 452; 5^8-1.399. IMu(f), 
 
 way, path. 114 2, 3978; 
 
 Comp. brim-l. 2107 ; ea-1. 
 
GLOSSAET. 
 
 275 
 
 453 ; sifi-1. 2283, 2319 ; 
 
 yS-1. 461. geMd (n), M. 
 2825. Comp. fon-g. 2722. 
 
 lid-man, seaman. 3251. 
 loca. Soo Mean, 
 locian, to look ; to-locian, to 
 
 look on. 3313. 
 15f (m), praise. 48, 3076, 
 
 S. T. 146, 199. 
 loga. See leogan. 
 logon. See lean. 
 geAQvoB, frequently. 11 22. 
 longsum. See lang. 
 losian, to escape. 2789, 4130, 
 
 4199. 
 Mean, gelucan, to loch, close. 
 
 3014, etc. belucan, id. 
 
 2269, 3545 ; onlflcan, to 
 
 unlock. 524, S. T. 2 ; ix)- 
 
 Iflcan, to lay open. 1566. 
 
 locen, loclced, closed. 3014, 
 
 3784. Comp. hond-1. 649, 
 
 1106. loca, case, enclosure. 
 
 Comp. ban-1. carcase. 1488, 
 
 1640 j burh-l. 3860. 
 lufu, lufc (f ), love. 3460,39 1 2. 
 
 Comp. eard-1. 1388; heah- 
 
 1. 3912; mod-l. 3650; 
 
 wif-1. 4137. 
 lunger, swift. 4334. 0. Sax. 
 
 lungar, pernix, celer. lun- , 
 gre, forthwith, guicMy. 
 
 1862, 3264, 4610, 5480. 
 lust (m), joy, pleasure. 1203. 
 
 1 241. lustum, on'iuste, 
 joyfully. 1241, 2311. ly- 
 stan, to desire. 3591. 
 
 lybban. See lif. 
 
 a^lyfan, gelyfan. See goloS,fa. 
 
 lyft (f), air. 2755, 3830, 
 5656, 6079. 
 
 lyh^. See lean, to blame. 
 
 a-lysan, to hose. 3264. 
 
 lystan. See lust. 
 
 lyt, lytel, little, few. 3500, 
 3859,4307,5665. unlytel, 
 not a few, 1000, 1670. 
 
 lyt-hwon, somewhat, a little. 
 408. 
 
 M. 
 M5, m/)re, 1012. 
 madm. See matSfum. 
 majg (m), kinsman, son. 499, 
 940, 1478, 2162, 3927, 
 etc. Comp. fasderen-m. 
 2530; fre6-m. S. T. 107; 
 lieafod-m. 11 80, 4308; 
 wine-m. 131. msegS (f), 
 tribe. 9, 49, 150, etc. S. T. 
 3. maegS(f),mai<^6ra. 1853, 
 2571, etc. 
 majgen (n), main, might, 
 power. 313, etc. ofer-m. 
 5827. 
 msel (n), time, how. 380, 
 637, 18 1 9, etc. Comp. 
 undern-m. 2860. 
 18—2 
 
276 
 
 GLOBSARY. 
 
 msel (n), image, figure, sword. 
 Comp. broden (brogden)- 
 m. drawn sword. 3236, 
 3338 ; grseg-m. 5357 ; 
 hiing-m. sword adorned 
 with rings. 3047, 3133, 
 4080 ; sceaSen (scea- 
 dend?) -m. 3882; wun- 
 den-m. 3066. 
 msenan, gemfenan, to cele- 
 brate, commemorate, re- 
 proach, lament. 1718,2139, 
 2207, 2303, 4527, 6289, 
 S. T. III. 
 ge-msene, common, general. 
 3572, etc. Ger. gemein, 
 Goth, gamains, Ohg. gi- 
 meini. Comp. hand-g. 
 4281. Ger. liandgomoin. 
 msere, great, renowned. 71, 
 205, etc. Comp. lieafo-m. 
 war-famed. 5596. mserSo 
 (f), glory, renown. 821, 
 1012, 1322, etc. Comp. 
 ellen-m. 1660, 2946. Com- 
 par.mSra. 272,1040, 151 o, 
 2710; Superl. msest. 389, 
 etc. mEerjjiim, nobly, gal- 
 lantly. 5021. gemseran, to 
 enlarge. S. T. 85. 
 msest (m), mast. 71, 3801, 
 
 3814. 
 moot, little, moderate. 2914. 
 maga, mago, youth, son, kins- 
 
 man. 134, 381, 591, 1891,. 
 etc. parent. 2786, 4696. 
 
 ge-man. See gemunan. 
 
 man, man. 50, 100, etc. ; 
 manna, id. though usually 
 signifying 'vassal. 600, 
 "59. 5532- Comp. fyrn- 
 m- 5515 '> gleo-m. 2324,. 
 S. T. 273 ; gum-m. 2061 ; 
 ifi-m. 6096; lid-m. 3251 1 
 gemet-m. 5059 ; sse-m. 
 663, 5900. Also imper- 
 sonally, as Ger. man. 50, 
 3349, etc. manlice, man- 
 fully. 2096. 
 
 m&D.(ii),wicJcedness, crime. 220, 
 1 130, etc. Ger., Ohg., 0. 
 'Not. mein, as in meineid; 
 
 ' 0. Sax. men. 
 
 ge-mang. See gemong. 
 
 manian, to exhort, instigate. 
 4120. monige, monition, 
 sign, 3201. 
 
 manig, monig, many, 9, 150, 
 1 46 1 , etc. mengo (f ), mul- 
 iititde. S. T. in. 
 
 manna. See man. 
 
 mara. See msere. 
 
 mafelian. See mefel. ' 
 
 maSjJum, mafm, madm (m), 
 treasure, present. 72, 81, 
 776, etc., S. T. 7, 134. 
 Goth, maifms, 0. Sax. 
 mejjom. Comp. dryht-m. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 277 
 
 5678; gold-m. 4820; hord- 
 
 m. 2400 ; sinc-m. 4392 ; 
 
 ■vfundor-m. 4352. 
 ma^fiim madm (m), Jiorse, 
 
 probably gelding, palfrey? 
 
 3739. 3800, 4338. Mhg. 
 
 meidem, wbich seems to 
 
 signify stallion,gelding,a.n6. 
 
 palfrey. 
 meagol, powerful, strong. 
 
 39'54- 
 mearc, mere (f ), mark, boun- 
 dary. 206, 2700, etc. ge- 
 mearc, gemyro (n), id. 
 Comp. fot-g. 6077 ; land- 
 g. 424; niil-g. 2728. 
 mearcian, to mark, note. 
 9°4, 2532, etc. S. T. 85. 
 iiiearli(m),Aorse. 1715, 173S, 
 1838, etc. Ohg. marah. 
 O. Nor. mar, 0. Engl, 
 mark. 
 mearli(m.n.?), marrow. /[•} ^S. 
 mearn. See murnan. 
 mece (m), falchion. 1 135, etc. 
 Gr. /j-ayaifa, Goth, meki, 
 hairus, O. Sax. maki, 0. 
 Nor.msBkir. Comp.beadu- 
 m. 2912 ; hseft-m. 2918 ; 
 hilde-m. 441 1. 
 mecg, maecg (m), son. Comp. 
 Geat-m. 986, 1662; bilde- 
 m.1603; oret-m. 669,732, 
 967 ; wrsec-m. 4748. 
 
 med (f), meed, reward. 4275, 
 
 4298. 
 on-medla, ^priie. 5844. 
 medu, meodu (m), msad. 10, 
 138, 1212, etc., S. T. 112, 
 F. F. 78. Ohg. medu, 0. 
 Nor. middur. 
 melda, informer, betrayer. 
 
 4802. 
 meltan, gemeltan, to melt, 
 destroy by fire. 1799, 2245, 
 3220, etc. 
 mene (m), necMace, collar. 
 2403. 0. Sax. meni, 0; 
 Nor. men. 
 mengan, mengian, to mingle. 
 1701, 2903, 3191. ge- 
 mong (m), mingling, mul- 
 titude, 3290. 
 meodu (m), meadoiv. 1852, 
 
 3291. 
 meowle, damsel. 5854. 
 mere. See mearc. 
 mercels (m), mark, object. 
 
 4869. 
 mere (m), mere, lake, sea. 
 169s, 1 7 14, 2265, etc. 
 Goth, marei (f), sea; Ohg. 
 0. Sax. meri; 0. Nor. mar; 
 mergen. See morgen. 
 metan, to meet. See mot. 
 metan, to measure, 1032, etc. 
 gemet (n), tliat which is 
 meet, measure, means. 499, 
 
278 
 
 GLOSSAET. 
 
 1562, 5750; gemgt, meet, 
 convenient, ordinary. 1379, 
 ; 5059, 6107 ; ungemgte, 
 uiigem§tes, immeasurably, 
 immediately. 5389, 4832, 
 
 5436, 5450- 
 
 metod (m), creator, 220, etc. 
 metodsceaft,g'oiAea^. 2364, 
 5623. 
 
 inepe, weary. Comp. hige-m. 
 4875. 5810; s«-m. 655. 
 
 mefel (m), harangue 'place 
 for haranguing, public as- 
 sembhj. 478, 2169, 3756. 
 Goth. ma])l, Ohg. 0. Sax. 
 mahal. mafelian, to ha- 
 rangue speak 577, etc. 
 Goth. ina])ljan, Ohg. 0. 
 Sax. mahlian. 
 
 micel, great. 134, 1009, etc. 
 
 mid, with. 82, etc. ; middan- 
 mid-, as in middangeard, 
 mid-earth. 1013, etc. ; on 
 middan. 5464; t5-middes, 
 6273 ; middel. 5658. 
 
 miht (i), might, power. 1404, 
 etc.j mihtig, mighty. 11 20, 
 etc. ; ailmihtig, almighty. 
 184 ; fore-ni. 1943. 
 
 mil (f), mile. 2728. 
 
 mUts (f), mercy, kindness. 
 5835; milde, kind, liberal, 
 munificent. 2348, etc. 
 
 missan, to miss. 4869. 
 
 misser (n), half-year. 309,. 
 3001. 0. Nor. missiri. 
 
 mist (m), mist. 1425; mistig,, 
 misty, 326. 
 
 m6d{D.),mood, mind, courage. 
 99, etc. Goth. m6ds, Ohg.. 
 mot, 0. Sax. mod, 0. Nor.. 
 modr, Ger. muth. Comp. 
 an-m. F. F. 23 ; holgen- 
 m. 1422 ; deor-m. beloved, 
 but ferocious ? F. F. 46 ; 
 galg-m. 2558; geomor- 
 m. 4094, 6028 J glsed-m. 
 3574; gufS-m. 617; hreoh- 
 m. 4270, 4581 ; sSrig-m. 
 5876; stit5-m. 5125; switS- 
 m. 3252; wsefre-m. 2305; 
 werig-m. 1692, 3090; 
 yire-m. 1456. mSdig, 
 proud. 630, etc. S. T. 74;^ 
 m5diglic, id. 630. 
 
 mSdor, mother. 2521, etc. 
 
 ■Bio\&&{i),mould,earth. Goth, 
 mulda, Ohg. molta, Dan. 
 muld. 
 
 mona, moon. 189, etc. 
 
 ge-mong (m). collection, mul- 
 titude. 3290. 
 
 monig. See manig. 
 
 monigo. See manian. 
 
 mor (m), mooi: 207, etc. 
 
 morgen, mergen, morn (m),. 
 morning, morrow. 258, 973, 
 1 134, 1678, 4892. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 279 
 
 mors, morfor (ni), murder, 
 Jiomicide. 272, 1789, etc. 
 
 in5t, may, must. 889. 
 
 ge-mot (n), moot, meeting. 
 Comp.hand-g. 3056, 4699; 
 torn-g. 2284. metan, to 
 meet,find. 1506, 1519,610. 
 gemeting (m), 4006. 
 
 ge-munan, to remember. 361, 
 536, etc. onmunan, to re- 
 mind. 5273. mynan, to 
 Itave in mind, intend. 1322, 
 1428, 1466, 1528, etc. 
 
 I inyne (m), design, inten- 
 tion, opinion. 341, 5138. 
 gomyndig, mindful. T231, 
 etc. myndgian, gemynd- 
 gian, to remind. 2215, 
 4120, 4891. weortSmynd 
 (n), dignity. 16, etc. ge- 
 mynd (n), rememhrance. 
 6024 ; mynelic, memora- 
 ble. S. T. 7. 
 
 mvmd (f), Jmnd, 4Tj, etc. 
 
 mundbora. See beran. 
 
 murnan, to mourn, lament, 
 be anxious. 99, 273, 2775, 
 2889, etc. ; bemurnan, to 
 bewail. 18 18, 2158. un- 
 murnlice, witlwut repug- 
 nance or sorrow. 903, 
 3516. 
 
 mfitS (m), mouth (of an ani- 
 mal). 4165. mufa, mouth 
 
 (of a river, cave, etc.). See 
 Eask, p. 35. 
 
 mynan, myndgian. See ge- 
 munan. 
 
 myrc, mwhj, dark. 2814. 
 
 ge-myrc. See mearc. 
 
 myiS (f), mirth, 1624. 
 
 K 
 
 Na, no, not. 1139, etc. 
 
 naca, boat, bark. 433, 596, 
 3797>38ii- Ohg, nacbo, 
 Ger. nachen, 0. Sax. naco, 
 0. Nor. ndckvi. Comp. 
 hring-n. 3728. 
 
 nacod, naked. 1082, 4538. 
 Goth, naqvaths, Obg. na- 
 cbat, 0. Nor. nakr and 
 nakinn. 
 
 nseftie, nefne, unless, except. 
 506, 2 1 16. nonine, id. 
 5302; nymfe, id.. 1567, 
 
 nsefre, never. 1 1 7 1, 1 1 86, etc. 
 
 ge-nsegan. See hnsegan. 
 
 nsegel (m), nail, Lat. unguis. 
 1974. 
 
 njeuig, not any, none.-ii6, etc. 
 
 nses (m), ness, as in Sheer- 
 nesSjOrfordness, etc., Aeai- 
 land, promontm'y. 2721, 
 2724. Comp. sae-n. 451, 
 1146. 
 
 n£es, no, not. F. F. 7. 
 
 nal88s,nalles, nealles, not. 85, 
 
280 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 2041, 4999, 5185, F. F. 
 
 58- 
 
 nama, name. 692, etc. nem- 
 nan, io name. 733, etc. ; 
 benemnan, to declare, pub- 
 lish. 2199, 6131. 
 
 nan, no, none. 1610, etc. 
 
 nSt. See -witan. 
 
 no, not, nor. loo, 1025, etc. 
 
 neah,ne§,n, near. 1 133, 1061, 
 2352, etc. genehost, dir 
 redly, fmihivith. 1593. 
 nylista, niehsta, nearest, 
 Zasi. 2411,5015,8.1.253. 
 
 go-no&hho. See gonoge. 
 
 nealles. See nalses. 
 
 nearo, narrow, strait, ojppres- 
 
 , sive. 849, 2823, 5182; 
 nearwe, closely, straitly. 
 1957; genear wian, to p'ess, 
 reduce to straits. 2881. 
 
 ge-neat. See ne6tan. 
 
 nefa, nephew, grandson, suna 
 sunu. 1766, 2410, 3928, 
 
 4347. 4419- 
 ge-negan, to address, salute i 
 
 3871. See A. and E. p. 
 
 148. 
 ge-nehost. See neah. 
 nemnan, iDenenman. See 
 
 nama, 
 nomne. See nsefne. 
 no5d. See nyd. 
 neosian, niSsian, neSsan, to 
 
 visit. 230, 251, etc. gov. 
 gen. 
 
 neStan, to enjoy. 2439; be- 
 neotan, to deprive. 1364, 
 4784. geneat (m), enjoy er. 
 Comp. beed-g. 691, 343 li 
 heort5-g. 528, 3165, etc. 
 ni6t, enjoyment. 4238. ge- 
 nyttian, to enjoy ? 6085. 
 
 neowel, niwel, precipitous. 
 2826, 4478. 
 
 nerian, generian, to save. 
 1149, 1658. 
 
 ge-nesan, to le saved, sur- 
 vive, recover. 2003, 3959) 
 4786, 4844, F. F. 95. 
 
 net (n), net. Comp. breSst- 
 n. 3100; here-n. 3110J 
 hring-n. 3783, 5502 ; in- 
 ■wit-n. 4340 j searo-n. 816. 
 
 ngSan, geneSan, to dare, ven- 
 twe, 1024, 1080, 1781, 
 etc. Goth, nanfjan, Obg. 
 nendjan, 0. Sax. nafian, 
 Comp. hearo-n. 4690. 
 
 nicer, nicer (m), nicker, a 
 water demon or monster. 
 848, 1154, 1695, 2827, 
 
 ' 2859. Obg. nicbus, Ger. 
 nixo, 0. Nor. nilcr, Nor- 
 weg.nok,Swed.uGck. See 
 North. Mythol. i. 246, ii. 
 20, iii. 158, 198, 199. 
 
 nigen, nine. 1154. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 281 
 
 niht (f), night. 231, etc. 
 Comp. sin-n. 325. nihtes, 
 hj night. 848, 4530, etc. 
 
 niman, animan, geniman, to 
 take. 887, etc. beniman, 
 to deprive of. 2>m- for- 
 niman, to take away, de- 
 stroy. 98], 1 1 19, etc. 
 
 niosian. See neosian. 
 
 niot. See neotan. 
 •ge-nip {vL),mist, cloud. 2015, 
 
 2724, 5608 ; nipende, 
 cloudy, misty. 1098,1302. 
 
 niwe, new. 595, etc. geni- 
 wian, to renew. 261 1, etc. 
 
 niwel. See neowel. 
 
 VLiS (m), man. 2015, 4436. 
 
 m^{m),enmity,malice,grudge, 
 war. 370, 388, 558, 850, 
 etc. Ger. neid, Gotk neiSs, 
 Ohg. nid. Comp. bealo-n. 
 3520, 4799) 5422 ; fer-n. 
 956 ; bere-n. 4939 ; hete- 
 n. 307; inwit-n. 3720, 
 3898;searu-n. 1168,2405, 
 etc. ■wajl-n. 170, 4136, 
 5992. genijila, ' enemy. 
 Comp. feorii-g. 1942,3084, 
 5859. ferhS-g. 5754. 
 
 nijier, niof or, nether, down. 
 
 2725, 5392- 
 
 no, no, not. 738, etc. 
 £e-n6ge, enough. 4971, 6199. 
 genealihe,« feretf are%. 1570. 
 
 n5n (m?), noon. 3204. 
 norS, north. 1720; norfan, 
 
 from, tlie north, 1099. 
 nose (f), naze, promontory, 
 
 headland. 3789, 5599. 
 nQ, now: J^G, 1209 ; nu-pa, 
 
 id. 13 19. 
 nyd, neod (f), need, distress. 
 
 388, 1200, etc. Ger. noth, 
 
 Comp. sund-n. 4710; freS.- 
 
 n. 573, 1668; genydan. 
 
 2014, S3 53' frea-nydla. 
 
 445°- 
 
 nymfe. See nfefne. 
 
 njb{i),offi,ce,duty. 993. Comp. 
 sundor-n. T;^^g;iijt,meful. 
 1592; unnyt. 830, 6317. 
 
 nyt (f), notch. Comp. sceaft- 
 n. shaft-notch, the, notch in 
 a how in which tlie arroio 
 is laid. 6228. Mhg. nuz, 
 D. G. iii. 444. See also 
 Ziemann, Mittelhoclideut- 
 sohes Worterbuch, p. 282. 
 
 ge-nyttod. See neotan. 
 
 0. 
 
 Of, of, from, off. 73, etc. 
 ofer (m), shmx, bank. 2746. 
 
 Ger. ufer. 
 ofer, over, upon. 792, 1608 ; 
 
 witlumt? 1374; against. 
 
 4810; of, concerning. 5442. 
 ofost, ofostlic. See efstan. 
 
282 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 oft, often. 7. of tor. 3162; 
 
 oftost. 3331. 
 6m (m), rust, mould ; 5mig, 
 
 rusty. 5519, 6090. 
 om'bieht, ombiht, (m), officer, 
 
 servant. 579, 677, 1351. 
 
 Goth, andbahts, Ohg. am- 
 
 palit, 0. Sax. ambalit; Ger. 
 
 amt, service, office. 
 on, in, into, on. 54, 80, etc. 
 oiietta.n,to hasten. 618,3611. 
 ongend, again. 172. 
 ODginnan, to begin, undertaJce, 
 
 attempt. 201, 494. 
 open, open. 4535 ; openian, 
 
 to open. 6106. 
 ov(m), beginning, origin. 2087, 
 
 3381,4806. ord'(in),^oj«^, 
 
 /r(m<.53i,ni7,3io2,otc. 
 
 S. T. 98, F. I". 22. 
 or, a prefix denoting ^wa- 
 
 tion=witliout, -less. In or- 
 
 fanc it seems to denote 
 
 intensity. 817. 
 ore (m), bowl, dish. 5514, 
 
 6087. 
 orcen (m), monster. 225 3 
 
 where we should probably 
 
 read orcenas. 
 ord. See or. 
 oretta, warrior, champion. 
 
 3068, 5070. In Comp. 
 
 oret-. 669, 732, 967. on- 
 
 oiettan, to gain by contest. 
 
 S. T. 83. See A. and E.. 
 p. 107. 
 
 orleg (n), warfare, battle, fate. 
 2087 ? 8657, 4008, 4805, 
 Ohg. urlao, O. Sax. orleg, 
 0. Nor. orlbg, Dan. orlog, 
 Netherl. oorlog. 
 
 orutS, oreS, (m), breath. 5107, 
 
 5671- 
 oiS, until. 4790, 6130, etc. 
 
 oSfaet, till that. 17, etc. 
 oiSer, other, secoiid. 444, 1309,. 
 
 etc. 
 otSSe, or, 571, etc. 
 
 P. 
 
 PM (f), coat, tunic. Goth. 
 
 paida, Ohg. pheit, 0. Sax. 
 
 peda. Comp. here-p. 4508. 
 paS (m), path, way. Comp. 
 
 Sn-p. lonely way. 2824. 
 plega, play. Comp. lind-p. 
 
 2151, 4085; 
 
 E. 
 
 Ead. See ridan. 
 
 ge-rSd. See ried. 
 
 ge-rjecan, to reach, attain, ac- 
 quire. II 17, 1499, 5923. 
 
 rsed (m), counsel. 347, etc. ; 
 report? 4059; with §oe, 
 death. 2407. Ohg. rSt,. 
 0. Sax. rad. Comp. Sn-r.^ 
 resolved, steadfast. 3062. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 283 
 
 3154. rsedan, to counsel, 
 rule. 3 1 14, 41 19, 5709. 
 Comp. sele-rsedende. 102, 
 2696. As a termmation 
 TEeden (f), = ship or ness. 
 Comp. woruld-r. 2289; 
 wi^er-r. (m), adversary ? 
 6071. gerad (n), delibera- 
 tion, sUll? 1751. Ohg. 
 gardti, 0. Sax. giradi. 
 
 a-rjeran. See arisan. 
 
 ises (in), rush, onset. 605. 
 Comp. guS-r. 3159, 4702, 
 4844, etc.; heafo-r. 1056, 
 II 19, 2099; hilde-r. 605,'; 
 hond-r. 4150 ; msegen-r. 
 3043 ; wael-r. 1652, 4208, 
 etc. ; 'wind-gorajst, wind- 
 rmlied. 4904. rassan, ge- 
 rsBsan, foriM/j. 5373. 5671. 
 
 raeswa, chief tain, prince. 120, 
 etc. 
 
 rand, rond, shield. 468, 657, 
 1368, 1726, etc. Ohg. rant, 
 0. ITor. rond. See Eask. 
 p. Iviii. Comp. bord-r. 
 5112; geolo-r. 880 ; hilde- 
 r. 2489; hond-r. 5212; 
 sid-r. 2s83;-wig-r. 5339; 
 rond-hiebbende. 1726. 
 
 rap (m), rope. Comp. wseg-r. 
 wave^-ope, i. e. ice. 3224. 
 
 rasian, to explore ? 4556 ; or 
 an error for reafod t 
 
 rafe. See hratS. 
 
 iea,i{n), spoil, garment. Comp. 
 earm-r. 2393 ; 'hea])o-r. 
 807 ; 'wsel-r. 2414. rea- 
 fian, to rob, spoil. 2429, 
 5540, etc. bereSfiau, to 
 bereave. 5486. [bereofan], 
 whence berofen, bereft.. 
 
 4905. 5855- 
 rgc (m), reek, smoJce. 6292. 
 
 Comp. wudu-r. 6280; wsel- 
 
 r- 5315- 
 reccan, to recount. 183, 4192, 
 
 4219, 4226. 
 reced (m. n.), Jwuse. 625, etc. 
 
 " Con he sidne reced." 
 
 Cod. Exon. 296. 7. 0. Sax. 
 
 racud (m). Comp. eor^- 
 
 r. S43i;heal-r. 136,3966; 
 
 horn-r. i4i2;wm-r. 1433, 
 
 1991. 
 regn-, ren-, a prefix denoting 
 
 intensity or excess, Lat. 
 
 prorsus. 657, 1544. 0. 
 
 Sax. regini, as regini- 
 
 blind, stone-blind; regin- 
 
 fiof, arclirthief. 
 ge-regnian, to adorn. 1558. 
 reoc, rugged, cruel. 244. 
 reon. See rowan, 
 reord (f), voice. 5103, S. T. 
 
 208. reordian, to speak, 
 
 relate. 6043. 
 reordian, gereordian, to take 
 
1284 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 repast, feast. 3581. 
 
 reotan, to shed tears. 2756. 
 Ohg. riozan. 
 
 re5w. See lire5h. 
 
 iest{i),rest,couch. 245,1498, 
 etc. Comp. sefen-r. 1296, 
 2508 ; flet-r. 2487. sele- 
 r. 1385 ; wajl-r. 5796. 
 restan, to rest. 278, 3591, 
 
 3719- 
 lejie. See hre8. 
 rice, powerful,rich. 346, 626, 
 
 etc. rice (n), realm. 937, 
 
 etc. Comp. cyne-r. S. T. 
 
 80. ricsian, rixian, to rule. 
 
 290, 4420. 
 ricone, forthwith, quicldy. 
 
 5958. 
 ridan, to ride, Jiang {on a gal- 
 
 Imus). 474, 1715, 3771, 
 
 4882, 4906, 5789. lad 
 
 (m), road. Comp. hr5n-r. 
 
 19; segl-r. 2863 j swan- 
 
 r. 402. 
 riht {p), right, justice. 291, 
 
 etc. Comp. gfiel-r. 4402 ; 
 
 folc-r. 5209, 6004; land- 
 
 r. 5765; word-r. 5256. 
 
 unriht, evil. 25 1 2; on riht, 
 
 justly. 3115 ; a3t rihte, id. 
 
 3319 ; ffifter r. 4226. 
 rim (m. n.), gerim (n), num- 
 
 her. Comp. da;g-r. 1650.; 
 
 dogor-g. 5449 ; sciUiBg-r, 
 
 S. T. 186. tinrim. 2480, 
 5241, 6014. geriman, to 
 number. 118. 
 
 rinc [(m), man, ivarrior. 804, 
 1445, etc. Comp. beado- 
 r. 2222 ; guS-r. 1681, 
 2241, etc. ; heajio-r. 745, 
 4923 ; here- 2356; hilde- 
 r. 2618, 6263 ; mago-r. 
 1464; S8e-r. 1384. 
 
 rinnan, to run (as a fluid). 
 5755- . Ohg. 0. Sax. rin- 
 nan, fluere defluere (sarir 
 guis). 
 
 a-risan, to arise. 803, 1307, 
 etc. arteran, to rear, 'raise, 
 exalt. 341 1, 5958. 
 
 rixian. See rice. 
 
 rodor (m), firmament. 625, 
 2756, etc. 0. Sax. radur. 
 
 xoi,famed. 1369, etc. 0. Sax. 
 r6f, ruof. Comp. beado-r. 
 6301 j brego-r. 3855 ; 
 ellen-r. 685, 721, etc.; 
 guS-r. 1220; heafo-r. 767, 
 1732, etc. hige-r. 413; 
 eige-r. 1243. 
 
 be-rofen. See reaf. 
 
 rond. See rand. 
 
 rot (f), rote, lyre of sewn 
 strings. 4905. 0. Frank, 
 chrotta, Ohg. hrotta, Mhg. 
 rotte, Welsh, crwth, Engl, 
 crowd. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 28^ 
 
 rot, gay. iinrot, sad. 6288. 
 
 rowan, to row. roon, 1029^ 
 1083, seems either an er- 
 ror or a contraction for 
 pret. reowon. 
 
 rfim, capacious, roomy. 561, 
 etc. gerumlic, commodious. 
 278. riim, amply? 5374. 
 geryman, to make room, 
 clear, yield up. 989, 2177, 
 3954, 5959, 6168. 
 
 rlin (f), runic character, my- 
 stery, council. 346, 2654, 
 3394. GotL, Ohg., 0. 
 Sax. rdna. Comp. beadu- 
 T. 1006; hel-runa, swcerer. 
 328. Ohg. helli-runo. 
 
 ge-ryman. See rum. 
 
 ge-rysne, fitting, becoming. 
 5299. Ohg. gerlsan, con- 
 venire ; risn, congruus. 0. 
 Sax. gerisan, decree. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sacan, to contend. 883 ; on- 
 sacan,to deny, resist. 3889, 
 5901. Goth, sacan, Ohg. 
 0. Sax. sacan. gesaca, 
 adversary.- 3551. SEeo (f), 
 strife. 310, 1205, 1372, 
 3241. sacu, gesacu (f), id. 
 3479, 4935- andsaca, de- 
 nier, apostate. 1577, 3369. 
 
 aa,dol{m), saddle. 2079,4356. 
 
 sEe (m. f.), sea. 457, 663, 
 10 18, etc. 
 
 S3ec. See sacan. 
 
 ssed, sated. 4966, 5439. 
 
 on-ssege, busy, not idle. 4159, 
 4960. I fully concur with 
 K. (Beow. ii., note on 1. 
 4148), in assuming the 
 existence of an A. S. ssege, 
 corresponding to the 0. 
 Nor. seigr, slow, Dan. sei.. 
 
 to-ssegon. See se6n. 
 
 ge-ssegan. See sigan. 
 
 s8b1 (m. f.), time, moment, oc- 
 casion. 1249, 2021, 2275, 
 3226, etc. gesselan, to he- 
 
 , fat. 1152, 1784, 2504. 
 
 sffil, sgl, good, liappy. 294, 
 
 349, 1725, 2399- on s*- 
 lum (salum), in luvppiness, 
 joyful. 1218, 1291,2345,. 
 2648. sselig, happy ; won- 
 s. unJmppy, 210. Ohg. 0. 
 Sax. salig. Cohip. sel,, 
 sella (forseba), 294, 2029, 
 etc. S. T. 218, F.F. 79. 
 Superl. selest. 518. 
 
 ge-sselan. See sal. 
 
 s8eld(n),mamsio?!.2564. Goth, 
 salifva (f), Ohg. salida, 
 Mhg. selde. See D. G. iii. 
 427. 
 
 SEelig. See ssel. 
 
 sJemra, worse, inferior. 1910, 
 
•286 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 5752. Superl. ssemest. 
 S. T. 252. 
 
 s^no, slow, sluggish. 2876, 
 S. T. 136. Goth, sains, 
 Mhg. seine, 0. Nor. seinn. 
 
 s£eta. See sittan. 
 
 sal, S8el (m), rope. 3816. sde- 
 lan, gesBelan, to hind, tie. 
 45713838, 552 1 J onsKlan, 
 to imbind, relax. 983. 
 
 samod, samod-setgaedere, al- 
 together. 664, 780. set- 
 somne,'geador-8ets. j(f . 987. 
 
 sand (m), sand, shore. 431, 
 596, 3796, 3838, etc. 
 
 sang. See singan. 
 
 •■sar (f), jpain, wound, sore. 
 1579. i9SS» etc. Comp. 
 lic-s. 1635. sar, sore, pain- 
 ful. 2507, 4122; sare, 
 sorely. 5485; sSrlic, sarig, 
 sad, sorrowful. 1688,4224, 
 4885. 
 
 ■sawl, sawol (f), soul. 371, 
 1606, 1708, etc. sawol- 
 leSs, soulless. 2817,6059. 
 
 ■scacan, to go, depart. 2253, 
 2277, 3610, etc. 
 
 scadan. See sceadan. 
 
 scadu. See scadan. 
 
 scamian, scamigan, to be 
 ashamed. 2057, 5692. 
 
 soapan, sceapan, to appoint, 
 decree, shape, create. 157, 
 
 195, 5819. Goth, scapan, 
 Ohg. scafan, scaf6n, 0. 
 Sax. scapan, 0. Nor. slcapa. 
 gesceap (n), fate, decree, 
 creation, creature. 52, 1304, 
 5133, 6160, S. T. 272. 
 0. Sax. giscapu, quce a nu- 
 mine creata, prmcepta, de- 
 creta, a fata constituta sunt. 
 Comp. earm-sceapen, mise- 
 rable creature. 2707. Scyp- 
 pend. Creator. 212. sc6p. 
 poet, iroHjr^s. 180, etc. 
 sceaft, gesceaft (f), cre- 
 ation. 3249. (m) creatu/re. 
 Comp. iot^-g. future state? 
 3505 J frum-s. beginning of 
 things. 89; metod-s. 2158. 
 0. Sax. metodi-giscapu, 
 decreta dimna ; Hf-g. living 
 being. 3910, 6120; meel- 
 g. 5467; won-s. misery. 
 240. 
 
 scaru. See sceran. 
 
 scafa, soeafa, destroyer, spoil- 
 er, robber. 8, 551, 3610. 
 Comp. attor-s. 5670; dol- 
 s. 962; fe5nd-s. 1112 ; 
 giitS-s. 4625 ; hearm-s. 
 1536 ; le6d-s. 4193; man- 
 s. 1428, 1479, etc. ; syn-s. 
 1418, i6o7juht-s. 4534; 
 wald-s. 28iojJ)eSd-s. 4545, 
 5369. sceapan, to scathe, 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 287 
 
 hurt, spoil. 492, 2070, etc. 
 
 sceajien (f), injury. Ivwrt. 
 
 3882. 
 ■sceadan, scadan, to divide, 
 
 decide, overwhelm. 3115, 
 
 3179.3779- See A. and 
 
 ^- P- 93- gescad (n), dif- 
 ference. 582. scadujsceadu 
 
 (f)j shadow. 1304, 1410, 
 
 1419. 
 scea,it{m), shaft,arrow. 6228. 
 
 Comp. here-s. 675 ; wael- 
 
 s. 801, F. F. 12. 
 sceaft, gesceaft. See scapan. 
 scealc (m), man, warrior, 
 
 serving-man. 1841, 1883, 
 
 361 1. Goth, skalks, Ohg. 
 
 scale, scalh; 0. Sax. scale. 
 
 Comp. beor-s. 2485. 
 sceapan. See scapan. 
 scearp, sharp, acute. 581. 
 
 Comp. beadu-s. 5401 ; 
 
 heafo-s. 5650. 
 sceat (m),^^^^, region, divi- 
 sion, money, treasure. 193, 
 
 etc.S.T. 185. Goth, skatts, 
 
 O. Sax. scat. Comp. gif- 
 
 s. 761. 
 sceS,wi3,n,tohehold. 265,414, 
 
 etc. sceawere, q>y. 510. 
 sceafa. See scafa. 
 seeft. See sceaft. 
 seen, mounting of a sword i 
 
 0. Nor. skinna. 
 
 scene (m). sldnk, 
 3965. scencan, to pour, 
 serve {with wine). 996. 
 
 scendan, to shend, disgrace. 
 1204. 
 
 sceo, scio, (m), slwe. Goth, 
 skdhs, Ohg. scuoh, 0. Nor. 
 sk6r, Ger. sehuh. Comp. 
 hond-s. glove. 4158. ssr- 
 gescod, irass-sJwd. 5548. 
 
 seeorp (n), garment. Comp. 
 here-s. F. F. 90 ; hilde-s. 
 4316. 
 
 sce5tan, gesceotan, to shoot. 
 3493, 4628 ; ofece5tan, to 
 shoot (one) by accident I 
 4870. seeStend (m), arch- 
 er, warrior. 141 1, 2056, 
 2312. 
 
 sceran, gesceran, scirian, to 
 shear, cut, cleave, separate, 
 score. 2579, 3057, 3883, 
 5939, S. T. 185. scaru (f), 
 division, share. Comp. folc- 
 s. 146 ; guS-s. 2430. scear 
 (m), share, portion, in- 
 wit-s. artifice, guile. 4949. 
 scyran (scyrian ?) to ad- 
 judge, decide. 3883. 
 
 scerwan, to reduce to sliards 
 (an earthen vessel). 1542. 
 Netherl. scerven. I£ scer- 
 wen he the true reading, 
 and not scerpen, as in the 
 
288 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 Leg. St. And. 1051 (Verc. 
 Poetry), it may possibly 
 mean that, in the general 
 tumult, the ale (or mead, 
 as in Leg. St. And.) was 
 spilt, the vessels contain- 
 ing it being reduced to 
 mere shards. See A. and 
 E. pp. xxxvi. and 133. 
 
 soetSfan. See scajia. 
 
 scilling (m), shilling. S.T. 186. 
 
 scin. (n1), phantom. 1882. 
 
 scinan, to shine. 648, 815, 
 1217. 
 
 scio. See sce6. 
 
 scione, scoone, scyne, sheen, 
 fair. 613, 6025. Gor. 
 schbn, Goth, skauni, Ohg. 
 skoni. 
 
 scip (n), ship. 70, etc. > 
 
 scir, bright, clear, pure, 650, 
 996, etc. S. T. 208. 
 
 ge-seod. See sce5. 
 
 scolu (f), shoal, company. 
 Comp. hond-s. attendants. 
 2638, 3931. 
 
 P' , y See scapan. 
 cyppend. J ^ 
 
 scrsef (n), den, cavern. Comp. 
 eorS-s. 4446, 6084. 
 
 scrifan, gescrifan, io pre- 
 scribe, ordain. 1963, 5142. 
 forscrifan, toproscribe. 213. 
 
 scritSan, to go, come, wander. 
 
 scop 
 
 SI 
 
 329, 1305, 1410, 5132, 
 
 S. T. 271. 
 scrud(n), garment, lit. shroud. 
 
 Comp. beadu-s. 910, 5313. 
 scua, sliadow. Comp. deSS-s. 
 
 322. 
 acncca,, dei>il, evil spirit. 1882. 
 
 See D. M. p. 954. 
 scufan, to slwve, thrust forth. 
 
 1840, 6254. bescufan, id. 
 
 371. Comp. ut-s. 436.. 
 
 wid-soofen, udde-spi'ead. 
 
 1876. 
 sculan, Lat. debere. 20, etc 
 
 (See Eask, p. 79). scyld 
 
 (f), debt, guilt ; ■ scyldig, 
 
 guilty, condemned, fmfeit. 
 
 2680, 4128, 6135. 
 scfir (m), shower. 6224. 
 scfir-, in comp. scour-. 2070., 
 scyld (m), shield. 581, 656, 
 
 etc. scyldan, to shield, 
 
 protect, 3321. 
 scyndan, to send forth, hasten. 
 
 1840, 5133. 0. Nor. skyn^ 
 
 da, Dan. skynde. 
 scyne. See scione. 
 scyppend. See scapan. 
 scyran. See sceran. 
 sealm (m), psalm, song. 491 1. 
 sealo, sallow, dusky. F. F. 70. 
 sealt, salt, adj. 3983. 
 searo, searu (n), military gear^ 
 
 ambush, snare. 480, 503, 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 289 
 
 651, 663, etc. Comp. 
 fyrd-s. 469, 5229 ; gfiS-s. 
 435, 661 ; inwit-s. 2206, 
 searwum, artistically, cun- 
 ningly. 2080, 5521. Sy- 
 rian, to ensnare, circum- 
 vent. 324. besyrwan, to 
 machinate, ensnare. 1430, 
 1888. 
 
 seax (m.f.n.), a short curved 
 swm-dor hiife. 3095,5800. 
 Ohg. sails, 0. Nor. sax. 
 Comp. wsel-s. 5400. 
 
 sea^. See se68an. 
 
 secan, secean, gesScan, to 
 seek 377, 403, etc. soon 
 (f), visit, visitation. 3558. 
 
 secg (m), man, tvarrior. 168, 
 422, etc. 
 
 secgan, gesecgan, asecgan, to 
 say, speak. 1 01, 552, 693, 
 etc. gesegen (f), saying, 
 tradition. 1743. 
 
 sefa,7wm^. 98, 56 1, etc. Comp. 
 mod-s. id. 362, 703, etc. 
 
 seft. See softe. 
 
 segl (m), sail. 2863, 3816. 
 
 segen, segn (m), ensign, ban- 
 ner. 94, 2046, 2412, etc. 
 Comp. eofer-heS,fod-s. en- 
 sign representing a hoaii's 
 liead. 431 1. 
 
 ge-segen. See secgan. 
 
 B%\. See sEel. 
 
 seld (n), seat. 336. Comp. 
 medu-s. 6 123. geselda, 
 one sitting on the same seat. 
 
 3972- 
 
 seld J seldan, rare, seldom. 5 04, 
 4063. sellic (seldlic), syl- 
 lic, strange, rare. 2856, 
 4178, 4225, 6069. 0. Sax. 
 seldlic. 
 
 sale (m), hall. 102, 163, 652, 
 etc. Ohg. Mhg. sal, 0. 
 Sax. seli, 0. N"or. salr. 
 Comp. be&h-s. 2358; beor- 
 s. 968, 988, 2192, 5263 ; 
 dryht-s. 974, 1538, 4629; 
 eorS-s. 4811, 5023; gest- 
 s. 1992 ; gold-s. 1434, 
 2510, 3282, 4T72 ;guS-s. 
 890, 4284; licfili-s. 1298 ; 
 liring-s. 4024, 5672, 6098; 
 lirof-s. 3034 ; niS-s. 3030; 
 •win-s. 1394, 1547, 4903. 
 
 self, sylf, self. 58, 1015, etc. 
 
 ge-sel (m), comrade. Ohg. 
 gasello, Ger. gesell. Comp. 
 hond-g. 2966. 
 
 sella for siJlra. See ssel. 
 
 sellan, gesellan, to give. 1235, 
 1349, etc. Comp. inue- 
 gesellan, to give in posses- 
 sion. 3737. 
 
 semninga, suddenly. 1293, 
 
 3284, 3539- 
 sendan, onsendan, to send. 26, 
 19 
 
290 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 90, 770, 908, etc. forsen- 
 dan, to lanish. 181 2. 
 
 seoc,sj(;/<;.32io, 5473. Comp. 
 ellen-s. 4501,5567; feorh- 
 s. 1644; hea])0-s. 5501. 
 
 seSmian, siomian, to oppress, 
 ho.ng, or weigh heavily. 324, 
 609, 5527. From se6in. 
 (seam), a hurthen. 
 
 se6n,geseon,<osee. 448. 678, 
 etc. geoud-sedn, to look 
 through or over, survey. 
 6166 ; on-s. to loolc on. 
 3305 ; ofer-s. to behold. 
 842 ; to-s. tolook on. 2849. 
 (t5-S8egoii. 2849. ^■^^ £6- 
 segon, for -sawon, 6068.) 
 syn (f), sight ; td-syne, to 
 be seen. 6298; gesyne, seen, 
 visible. 2225, 2515. si6n, 
 spectacle. Comp. wundor- 
 s. 1995. ansyn (f), coun- 
 tenance, appearance, spec- 
 tacle. 495, i860, 5537, 
 5660. 
 
 seonu (f), sinew, nerve. 1639. 
 Ohg. senwa. 
 
 se5wian, to sew. 816. 
 
 .se5t5aii, to seetlie, boil. 382, 
 3990. See Eask, p. 93. 
 
 serce, syrce (f), sarJc, shirt, 
 tunic. 458, 673, 2226. 
 O. Nor. serkr, Dan. sserk. 
 Comp. teadu-s. 5503 j 
 
 > See sittan. 
 
 heoro-s. 5072 ; here-s. 
 
 3027; leotSo-s, 3014,3784; 
 
 lic-s. 1 105. 
 sess (m ?), seat. 5427, 5506. 
 
 0. Nor. sess (m). 
 setl. 
 settan. 
 sib, sibb (f), kin, kinship. 
 
 1462, 1902. Ohg. sibbi. 
 
 0. Sax. sibbia, affinity ; 
 
 0. Nor. sifi. Comp. dryht- 
 
 s. 4142. 
 sib, sibb (i), peace. 311, 779, 
 
 2333, etc. Comp. fritSu-s. 
 
 4038. 
 sid,ivide,ample. 300. 451, etc. 
 sigan, gcsigan, to descend, 
 
 sink. 619, 2056, 5311. 
 
 gessegan, to lay low. 1772. 
 sige, sigor (m), victory. 984, 
 
 1243, 1292, 2047. Goth. 
 
 sigis, Ohg. sigu, 0, Sax. 
 
 sigi, 0. Nor. sigr. sige- 
 
 leas. 1578. 
 sigel (n), sun, also necklace, 
 
 collar, jewel for the neck, 
 
 Lat. monile, bulla. 2318, 
 
 2404, 3936, 549I) 6308. 
 
 Comp. maSfum-s. 5508. 
 sin, sin. See syn. 
 sin-, a prefix denoting ever, 
 
 eternal, also imion. Gr. guv, 
 
 Lat. con-, singal, perpe- 
 tual, incessant. 310J etc. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 singala,singales, incessant- 
 ly. 382, 2274. 
 
 sine {n), treasure, money. 162, 
 336, 1219, etc. O. Sax. 
 sine. Comp. gled-s. 4051. 
 
 singan, asingan, to sing. 651, 
 997» 2323, etc. sang, song 
 (m),som(7.i8o,6tc.S.T. 135. 
 
 sioc. See seoc. 
 
 sioleS, seal. 4723. See note. 
 
 siomian. See seomian. 
 
 sion. See seon. 
 
 sittan, gesittan, to sit, recline. 
 261, etc. besittan, to heset, 
 surround. 2910, 5864; for- 
 s. to loeigh dotmi, oppress ? 
 
 291 
 
 si^ (m), journey, voyage, ew- 
 terprise, fortune. 1162, 
 1749, 2560, 2955, 3593, 
 etc. also time, occasion. 
 1437, 1485, 2409- Comp. 
 cear-s. 4783 ; eft-s. 2669. 
 3786, 5560; ellor-s. 4893; 
 gryre-s. 2928; sse-s, 2302; 
 ■wil-s. 437 ; wra3c-s. 682, 
 4573. gesi«(m),s7, 1711, 
 2598. Comp. driht-g. F.F. 
 84 ; wil-g. 45. si])ian, to 
 go, journey. 1445, 162 1, 
 etc. Comp. for6-s. 3104. 
 siSfset (m), journey. 406, 
 etc. 
 
 3538; of-s- to sit on. 3094; siS, since, after; siSlmn, after 
 ofcr-s. to sit over, Jjxt. in- that, since. 1213, 1300, 
 cumbere,om«Y. 1372,5050; 1375, 1441, etc. 
 
 on-s. to care about. 11 98; slsepan, to sleep, i486, eto. ; 
 ymb-s. 1 132, 3658. sit- slaep (m), sleep. 2506, 
 tende, sitter, resident. 3489. 
 
 Comp, flet-s. 3580, 4049; sleac, slack, slothful. 4381. 
 
 heal-s. 4035, 5728J ymb- slean, to strike, slay. 217, 
 
 847, 922, 1367, etc. go- 
 
 8. 18, 1 132, etc. setl (n), 
 scat. ID, 2082, 2468, etc. 
 Comp.heah-s. 217 8;hilde- 
 s. 2082 ; meodu-s. 10. 
 sjBta, inlmbitant, rcisdent. 
 Comp. ende-s. onestationed 
 at tkeend{oiJu.th.nd).48'j. 
 settan, gesettan, asettan, 
 to set, appease. 93, 188, 
 6SS> ^2,Z% 3396, etc. 
 
 sleSn, to gain by striking 
 or battle. 5985, S. T. 77, 
 90; of-s. to slay, Mil. 
 "S3. 3334, etc. slyht 
 (f), geslyht (n), conflkt. 
 4787. Comp. hond-s.5851, 
 5937 ; w£el-s. F. F. 57. 
 
 sleaw, slow, unsleaw, not slow, 
 
 ready, prompt. 5 121. 
 19—2 
 
292 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 slitan, to slit, tear. 1487. 
 sliS, slippery, it. hard, cruel. 
 
 370, 4787. Goth, sleideis. 
 
 See A. and E. p. 158. 
 
 sliSen, id. 2298. 
 
 °' , , f See slean. 
 slynt, geslynt. J 
 
 Bniaet. See smit5. 
 
 smiS (m), smitJi. 817, etc. 
 Comp. wundor-s. 3366. 
 ■besmiSian, to forge. 1554. 
 srasct, wought hj the ham- 
 mer, beaten (gold). S. T. 
 184. 
 
 siiicd. See snySian. 
 
 snol, snollic, quich,heen. 5934, 
 1384. 
 
 snotor, snotorlic, sagacious. 
 383, 407, 837, 1656, etc. 
 Comp. fore-s. 6305. snyt- 
 tru (f), sagacity. 3457;and 
 in plur. 34i6;unsnyttru. 
 3472 ; snyttrum, wisely, 
 discreetly. 1749, 1888. 
 
 snude, quickly. 1812, etc. 
 
 snyrian, to hasten. 809. 
 
 snytSian, to cut; besnygian, 
 to cut off, depive {of life). 
 5841. snsed (m), particle. 
 Comp. syn-nced, minute 
 particle. 1490. 
 
 socn. See secan. 
 
 softo, soft; unsofto, 3314, 
 4287, Compar. seft. 5492. 
 
 solu (f), mild, soil. 609. 
 
 sona, soon, forthwith. 243, 
 1491, 1504, etc. 
 
 song. See singan. 
 
 sorh (f), sorrow, care, afflic- 
 tion. 239, etc. Comp. hyge- 
 s. 4646; inwit-s. 1666, 
 3477. sorgian, to sorrow, 
 care for. 907, etc. sorliful, 
 smrowful. 1028, 2 5 60, etc.; 
 sorlileaSj secure. 3348. 
 
 sots, sSSlic, sooth, true. 1069, 
 etc. J s6Slice, truly. ^51. 
 to s6So, in sooth. 1184. 
 Bo'Sfxai^uprightjjust. 5633. 
 spauan, onspunan, prot. ou- 
 spG6n, to allure. 5430. 
 
 sped (f), speed, success. Ohg. 
 spuot, 0. Sax. spod. Comp. 
 here-s. 129; wig-s. 1398. 
 on sped, diligently, hiefly. 
 
 1750- 
 spel (n), narrative, as in god- 
 
 spel, gospel. 1751, 4225, 
 
 5788, S. T. no. Comp. 
 
 ■wca-s. 2634. 
 on-spe6n. See spanan. 
 spiwan. to vomit. 4614. 
 spor (n), spur. Comp. hand- 
 
 s. 1976. 
 spowan,<o speed, thrive. 5701, 
 
 6045. 
 sprocan, gcsprccan, to speak. 
 
 688, etc. sprsec (f), speech. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 293 
 
 Comp. £efen-s 1522 ; gilp. 
 s. 1966. 
 
 s-pieot (m), S2mt, 23ol6. Comp. 
 eofer-s. boar-spear. 2879. 
 
 springan, gespringan, to 
 spring. 36, 1773, 3181. 
 ajtspringan, to spring out 
 or fmth. 2247 ; on-s. to 
 spring asunder. 1639. 
 
 stssf (m), staff. Comp. riin- 
 s. runic {or secret) letter 
 or character. 3394. This 
 word forms the second 
 component of some ab- 
 stract nouns, in which 
 combination its exact sig- 
 nification is far from clear, 
 as, ar-stafas, honour, mercy. 
 639, 769, 920 ; ende-stsef, 
 end. 3510; facen-stafas, 
 treachery. 2041. 
 
 stfcl (m), place, stead. 2963. 
 gestajlan, to place, estOr- 
 hlish. 2685. Ohg. staljan, 
 stellan; 0. Sax. stellian. 
 
 stfelan, to steal, approach 
 stealthily. 4964. Ohg. 0. 
 Sax. stelan, O. Nor. stela. 
 
 stan (m), stone. 645, 1779, 
 2822. Comp. eorcnan-s. 
 precious stone. 2420. 0. 
 Nor. iarknasteinn, Edda 
 Ssem., edit. Stockh. 137. 
 23,139-33. 213- ">238, 
 
 52. An old gloss explains 
 margarita and topazion by 
 eorcan-stan. Grimm (D.M. 
 p. 1 167) says, "it appears 
 to be the egg-shaped, 
 milk-white opal, otherwise 
 called orpJianus, pupUlus, 
 Mhg. weise, which was so 
 precions that it adorned 
 the royal crown of Ger- 
 many. Albertus Magnus 
 writes : orphanus est la- 
 pis, qui in corona Romani 
 imperatoris est, neque un- 
 quam alibi yisus est, prop- 
 ter quod etiam orphanus 
 vocatur." See the entire 
 passage in Grimm, ut su- 
 pra. 
 
 standan,astandan,gestandan, 
 to stand. 63, 662, etc. set- 
 standan, to stand at. 1787; 
 big-s. to stand by. 6086 ; 
 for-s. to protect. 21 17, 
 3i°3, 5903;iii-s- to pene- 
 trate. 3009; ymbe-gestan 
 dan. 5188. 
 
 stapan, gestapan, to step, 
 walk. 1527, 2807, 4568. 
 setstapan, to approach. 
 1495. stapa, stepper, stalk- 
 er. Comp. hagS-s. 2740; 
 mearc-s. 206, 2700. 
 
 stapol (m), fore-court. 1856. 
 
294 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 0. N'or. stopull, or i. q. 
 stepel, tower ? 
 
 stapul (m), pillar. 5430. 
 
 starian, to stare, gaze. 1997, 
 2975,3211, etc, on-stS,- 
 lian, to gaze on. 5585. 
 
 in-gesteald. See stellan. 
 
 go-stealla, comrade. Ohg. 
 stello, vicarius, defensor. 
 Comp. eaxl-g. one tulw 
 stands at the lord's should- 
 der, henchman. 2656,3432; 
 fyrd-g. 5739; hand (hond) 
 -g- 4344. 5186; lind-g. 
 395°; iyd-g. 1769. 
 
 ato&i), steep, high, lofty. 450, 
 1857, 2822, etc. Comp. 
 heapo-s. 2494, 4311. ste- 
 pan, gestepan, to exalt, 
 support? 3438, 4776. 
 
 steare, rugged, stiff, strong. 
 4566, 5097. 
 
 stede (m), stead, place. 1974. 
 Comp. bsel-s. 6185 ; burli- 
 s. 4522; folc-s. 152, 2930J 
 lieSh-a. 575 ; mepel-s. 
 2169; wic-3. 4915, 5207; 
 wong-s. 5565. 
 
 stefa (m), pivw, stem. 429. 
 0. Sax. stamn, O. !N"or. 
 stafn, Dan. stavn. stefna, 
 aprowedship. Comp. bun- 
 den-s.3824; liringed-s. 64, 
 2266,3799;wunden-s.44S. 
 
 stefn (f), voice, spirit, energy? 
 
 3582, 5098, 5181. Goth. 
 
 stibna, 0. Sax. stemna. 
 on-stellan, to establish, cause. 
 
 4806. in-gesteald (n), 
 
 chattels ? 2314. 
 steng (m), staTce. Comp. wtel- 
 
 s. 3280. 
 stepan, gestgpan. See steap. 
 stigan, astigan, gestigan, to 
 
 go, proceed, mount. 429, 
 
 456,1269, 1357, etc. stig 
 
 {i),path. 646, 2823, 4433. 
 
 Comp. medo-s. path to the 
 
 mead hall ? or for meodu 1 
 
 1852. 
 stille, still. 608, 5653. 
 stincan, to emit an odour, to 
 
 scent, 4565. 
 sti^, stiff, rigid. 3070. 
 stod. See standan. 
 stol (m), seat, chair, stool. 
 
 Comp. brego-s. 4398, 
 
 4729, 4767 ; cfel-s. 4732, 
 
 S.T.245;gif-s. 338,4643; 
 
 gum-s. 3908 ; ])e6den-s. 
 
 S. T. 27. 
 storm (m), storm. 2267,6225. 
 
 styrman, to storm, rage. 
 
 5°97- 
 stow (f), place. 2017, 2749, 
 
 2760. Comp. wiBl.s. 4108, 
 
 5960. 
 strsel (m), anviv. 3496,6225. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 295 
 
 Comp. here-s. 2874. 
 street (f), street, road. 645, 
 
 1837,3272. Comp. lagu- 
 
 s. 483 ; mere-s. 1032. 
 Strang, streng, strong. 267, 
 
 395i 1583. etc. strengo 
 
 (f), strength. 2545, 3071. 
 
 Comp. msegen-s. 5350 ; 
 
 mere-s. 1070. 
 stream (m), stream. 430, etc. 
 
 Comp. brim-s. 3825 ; ea- 
 
 gor-s. 1030; eg (egor) -s. 
 
 1158; fyrgen (firgen) -s. 
 
 2723, 4263 ; lagu-s. 599. 
 stregdan, to strew. 4864. 
 streng (m), string. 6225. 
 strengel (m), prince, [king. 
 
 6222. 
 strengo. See Strang. 
 stre6nan. See gestrynan. 
 strudan, to spoil, desolate. 
 
 6139, 6244. 
 ge-strynan, to get, gain. 5589. 
 
 gestreSn (f), acquisition, 
 
 treasure. 3845, 4081, 6313. 
 
 Comp. »r-g. 3518, 44575 
 
 eald-g. 2766, 292i;eorl-g. 
 
 448 1 ; heSh-g. 4593; hord- 
 
 g. 3803, 6175; mafm-g. 
 
 3866; sinc-g. 2189, 2456; 
 
 feod-g. 87, 2440. 
 stund (f ), sJuyrt space of time. 
 
 Ger. stunde. stundum, at 
 
 times. 2851. 
 
 styl(m), steel. 1975, 3070. 
 
 be-styman, to besteam. 977. 
 
 styrian, to stir, excite, re- 
 proach, taunt. 1749, 2753, 
 5673, P. F. 37. 
 
 styrman. See storm. 
 
 suhter (m), Icin. 2332, S. T. 
 94. 
 
 sum, some, some one. 502, 
 634, etc. 
 
 sund (u?), sea, sound. 431, 
 452, 1029, etc.: also 
 swimming, Lat. natatio. 
 421, 1019, 1036, 2876. 
 on sunde, afloat. 3240. 
 
 ge-sund, sound, safe. 641, 
 3260 j ansund, id. 2004. 
 gesynto (f), Iiealth, pros- 
 perity, on gesyntum, Ji7'05- 
 perously. 3742. 
 
 sundor, asunder, separate. 
 
 1339. 4836- 
 sunne (f), sun. 189, etc. 
 ,sunu (m), son. 694, etc. 
 suS, south. 1720; suSan, from 
 
 the south. 1217, 3936. 
 be-swselan. See swelan. 
 swEes, dear, own. 57, 1045, 
 
 etc. swEeslice, pleasantly. 
 
 6169. 
 swsej^er, whichever. F. F. 54. 
 
 swS-hwae])er. 1376. 
 swaloB. See swelan. 
 swan (m), swan. 402. 
 
296 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 swapaB, io sweep, for-swapan, 
 
 to sweep away. 959, 5621. 
 swart. See sweart. 
 swfit (m), Uood, 2226, 2576, 
 
 5109, 5380, 5884, 5925. 
 
 Comp.heaJ)0-s.2924,32i6. 
 
 3340, swatig, bloody. 3142. 
 swafu (f ), trace. 4203, 5884. 
 
 Comp. swat-s. 5884. 
 sweart, swart, swart, darJc, 
 
 Mack 337, 4356, 6281, 
 
 P. I". 70. 
 swebban. See swefan. 
 swefan, to sleep. 238, 141 1, 
 
 etc. sweofot (ni), sleep. 
 
 3166, 4579. swcbbau, to 
 
 put to sleep, slay. 1204, 
 
 1363. Conjug. like lieb- 
 
 ban. See Eask, pp. 75. 87. 
 
 aswefian, id. 11 3 8. 
 sw§g (m), sound, noise. 179, 
 
 1292, etc. Comp. benc-s. 
 
 2326; morgen-s. 258. 
 
 swogan, io send forth a 
 
 sound. 6282. 0. Sax. su6- 
 
 gan. 
 swegel (n), heaven, firmament. 
 
 1216, 1724, 2i6o, etc. 0. 
 
 Sax. suigli. 
 swelan, to burn, be inflamed. 
 
 5419. beswselan, id. 6075. 
 
 swaloS, sweolotS (m), heat, 
 
 burning, fire. 1568, 2235. 
 
 Ger. scbwule. 
 
 swelgan, to swallow, devour. 
 
 1490, 1568, 6292 j for-s. 
 
 id. 2249, 4167. Also for 
 
 swellan. 6292. 
 swellan, to swell. 5419. 
 sweltan, to die. 1789, etc. 
 
 swylt (m), death. 2514, etc. 
 swencan. See swincan. 
 sweng. See swingan. 
 sweoloS. See swelan. 
 sweorcan,gesweorcan,io dark- 
 
 en,becomedark. 3478,3583. 
 
 0. Sax. suuercan. for- 
 
 sweorcan, io darken, make 
 
 dark. 3538. 
 swcord, swurd. (n), suwd. 
 
 878,1082,010. Coinp.gfitS- 
 
 s. 4314 ; wig-s. 2982. 
 sweord. See sweran. 
 sweot (m), sJioal, multitude. 
 
 1138. 
 sweotol. See swutol. 
 swcrian, to swear. 169, 949, 
 
 etc. sweord (m), sivearing. 
 
 Comp. aS-s. 4134. Ohg. 
 
 aidsuart, Ger. eidscbwur. 
 
 andswarian and andswaru 
 
 5713 perhaps belong here. 
 sweSrian, to cease, abate, also 
 
 appease. 1145,1807,2217, 
 
 5397- 
 swioan, geswican, io deceive, 
 
 give place, escape. 2925, 
 
 3053, 5162, 5355. swic 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 297 
 
 (m), escape. Comp. lic-s. 
 
 1937- 
 
 on-swifan, to turn. 5112. 
 
 swift, swift. 4521. 
 
 swigian, to he silent. 3403, 
 5777. Compar. swigra, 
 nwe silent. 1964. The 
 positive seems wanting. 
 
 swimman. See swymman. 
 
 swin, swyn (n), swine. 2227, 
 2577, etc. Tlie swine was 
 a favourite crest of the old 
 Germanic warriors, being 
 the emblem of Freya. See 
 Taciti Ger. xlv, and s. v. 
 eofer. 
 
 swincan, to toil. 1038. swen- 
 can, to inake toil, oppress. 
 1954, 2741, 3024, etc. 
 
 swingan, to swing, sivinge. 
 4520. sweng (m), stroke, 
 Mow. 4761, 5365, 5924. 
 geswing (n), swing, dash. 
 1700. Comp. feorh-s. 
 4972; hea])0-s. 5155; 
 heoro-s. 3045, 3184; hete- 
 s. 4452. 
 
 swinsian, to sound, resound. 
 1227, S. T. 212. 
 
 swit5, swyS, strong. 348, 385, 
 etc. Goth, swinfs. 0. Sax. 
 suith. Comp. fryS-s. 262, 
 1477. swiSre (hand), J'igr/ti 
 {hand). 4202. swiSan, to 
 
 be strong; ofer-s. to excel 
 
 in strength, overcome. 564, 
 
 etc. swiSe, strongly, very. 
 
 1999, etc.; unswitSe. 5150. 
 swogende. See sweg. 
 swutol, sweotol, manifest, 
 
 loud. 180, 285, etc. 
 swylc, such, as. 145, etc. 
 
 swylce, so also, in like 
 
 manner, 226, 1845. 
 swylt. See sweltan. 
 swymman, to swim. 3252 ; 
 
 ofer-s. 4723. 
 syl (f), sill. 1555. 
 syllic. See seld. 
 symbel (n), feast. 162, 238, 
 
 1 132, etc. 
 symble, ever, always. 4891, 
 
 S. T. 263. 
 syn(f),sm. 1420, 1607, 1954, 
 
 etc. Bynmg, sinful. 2762 ; 
 
 unsynnig, innocent. 4185 ; 
 
 unsynnum. 2 149. syngian, 
 
 to sin. 4874. 
 syn-. See sin-, 
 ge-synto. See gesund. 
 syrce. See serce. 
 syrwan, besyrwan, syran. See 
 
 searo. 
 
 TScen (n), sign, token. 285, 
 1 67 1, etc. Goth, taikns, 
 Ohg. zeichan, 0. Sax. 
 
298 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 tekan,0.]Sror.takn. Comp. 
 luf-t. 3730. 
 
 tffican, getjecan, to teach, «V 
 dicate. 631, 4031. 
 
 un-ttele, llameless. 3734. 
 
 ge-t&se, easy, comfortable. 
 2645. 
 
 talian, to tell, account. 1069, 
 1 1 93, etc. tellan, to count, 
 calculate. 3551, 3877. 
 
 tan (m), tmg. Comp. ater-t. 
 2923. 
 
 tearo (m), tear. 3749, 6056. 
 
 tela. See til. 
 
 ge-tenge, heavy. 5510. 
 
 te6gan, teSn, to draw, tug 
 (prot. toodo for teSgdo, 
 teSli), jprovide. 89, etc. to 
 come, go. 2107, 2669, etc. ; 
 ate6n, to come, approach. 
 1537 j gete6ii, to draw 
 (asioord). 3095, 5214; to 
 give, cause. 2093, 4337, 
 4580, 5046. ofteon, to 
 take from, withhold. 10, 
 3045. 4972 ; furh-teon, 
 to carry through, accom- 
 plish. 2285. TeShhian, ge- 
 teohhian, to decree, ap- 
 point. 738, 1907, 2605. 
 t6ga, one who draivs or 
 leads. Comp. folo-t, 1682; 
 tefihhe (f ), progeny. 5868. 
 
 ge-teona, one who injures. 
 
 Comp. latS-g. 1 1 23, 
 
 _ 1953- 
 
 tid (f ), time, hour, lit. tide. 443. 
 Comp. morgen-t. 973. 
 tidig, timely, lasting. Ohg. 
 zltig, Ger. zeitig, Netlierl, 
 tijdig. Comp. lang-tidig, 
 long-lasting. 3420. 
 
 til, good, loell-disposed. 122, 
 etc. tela, well. 1901, 2441, 
 etc. 
 
 tilian, to till, prepare, culti- 
 vate, 3651. 
 
 timbrian, bctiiubrian, to huild. 
 620, 6299. 
 
 tir (m), glory. 3312, 4384. 
 tirfu3st, glmious. 1 848 ; tir- 
 leas, inglorious. 1690. 
 
 ge-tiSian, to grant, consent. 
 
 4558. 
 t5ga. See teSgan. 
 toAt, Irightclear. 631. Comp. 
 
 liea]>o-t. 5099 ; wuldor-t. 
 
 2276. 
 torn (m), anger, grievance, 
 
 affliction. 297, 1670, 2284; 
 
 also adj. 4265. Comp. lig- 
 
 t. 3890. 
 t58 (m), tooth. Comp. bl6dig. 
 
 t. 4170. 
 treef (m ?), tent, pavilion. 0. 
 
 Pronch tref. Comp. liearg- 
 
 t- 353- 
 tr§dan, treddian, to tread, go. 
 
GLOSSAET. 
 
 299 
 
 2709,3291, 3767; 14SS, 
 1488. tr6(l(r),i!rac/<:. 1691. 
 
 trem {ml), footstep. 5044. 
 
 treow (n), tree. Comp. galg- 
 
 t- 5873- 
 
 treowe. See trywe. 
 
 txwm, firm. 2742. 
 
 ge-trum (n ?), company, body 
 {of soldiers). 1849. 
 
 trywe, getrywe, tre6we, true, 
 faithful. 2334. trflwian, 
 getruwian, treowian, to 
 trust, confirm. 1343, 2194, 
 2337) 3°7i> etc. tre6w 
 (i), faith. 2148. 
 
 turf (f), turf. Comp. e];el-t. 
 824. 
 
 tusc (m), tusk 3026. 
 
 ge-twsefan, getwseman, to se- 
 parate, part, cut off from. 
 963, 940. 1940, 2871, etc. 
 From twa, two. 
 
 be-tweonuln, between; from 
 tiva, two. The phrase be 
 SEem twe6iium=betwe5- 
 num ssem, between the seas, 
 not between two seas. 1 7 2 1, 
 2599, etc. 
 
 tydder, tyder, tender, effemi- 
 nate. 5686. 
 
 tydre {m), progeny, untydre, 
 monstrous progeny. 222. 
 
 on-ty]itan, to impel, instigate. 
 6164. 
 
 tyrf Soo turf. 
 tyrwyd(tyrwod'!), tarred. 595; 
 from tyrwian, to tar. 
 
 U. 
 
 Xlfan, above, from above. 665, 
 3005. ufor, higher. 5895. 
 
 ufera, late, after. 4407, 4773- 
 
 \ihte{i),marning,dawn. 252, 
 4019. 4534. 5513- Goth, 
 uht, Ohg. uohta, 0. Sax. 
 uhte, O. Nor. 6tta. 
 
 umbor (n), child. 0. Engl. 
 ympe ? 92, 2378. This 
 ■word seems to be of simi- 
 lar formation to lambor, 
 lialor, etc. The phrase 
 umbor wesende (=cniht 
 wesende, 1. 750) exactly 
 corresponds to the fol- 
 lowing passages from the 
 chroniclers,, speaking of 
 Sceaf : yiz. Ethewl. III. 3. 
 
 "Ipse Scef valde 
 
 lecens puer." "W-Malmesb. 
 p. i73,edit. E.H.S. "Iste 
 
 Sceaf appulsus 
 
 navi, sine remige, pueru- 
 lus." So also Simeon Du- 
 nelm. The word occurs 
 once in Codex. Exon.335. 
 9. "umbor ^cotS ]>fi. sot. 
 adl numcC." He the chil- 
 dren then increases, ere 
 
500 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 {mwe quiclcly tlian) disease 
 
 iaJces them. 
 under, under, during, among. 
 
 427. 625, 797, 1480, etc. 
 unnan, geunnan, to give,grant. 
 
 698, 1080, 1925, 3326. 
 up, uppe, Mp. 1137. uplang, 
 
 upright. 1523 ; upriht. id. 
 
 4191. 
 fit, out. 1079, 1331; titan, on- 
 
 ui&n, without. 1552, etc.; 
 
 utan-ymb, round about. 
 
 301 i;fitweard,utanweard, 
 
 outward. 1526, 4583. 
 
 W. 
 Wa, woe. 369. 
 ■wao. See wican. 
 waean, onwacan, to toake, 
 spring from, 1 1 2,11 c), 223, 
 
 2535. 3925. 4563; S. T. 
 9. wacian, wasccan, to 
 watch, keep guard. 1324, 
 1420, etc. ; weccan, wec- 
 cean, to awaken, excite. 
 4098, 5700, 6040, 6279; 
 t6-weccan, id. 5889 ; on- 
 wacHian, to wake up. I". F. 
 19. 
 wadan, gewadan, to go, lit. io 
 wade ; Lat. vadere. 446 
 1432, 5315- onwadan, 
 to enter, invade. 1835. 
 ])urh--w. to transfix, pierce. 
 
 1785. 3139- weed (n), 
 
 ford. 1021, 1096, 1 166. 
 wsecnan. See wican. 
 •weed (f), gewffid (n), vest, 
 
 dress, weed. 589. Comp. 
 
 bre6st-g. 2426,4330; eorl- 
 
 g. 2888; gii«-g. 459,5228, 
 
 etc. ; hea])o-w. 78 ; here- 
 
 •w. 3798. 
 wsefre, wavering, wandering. 
 
 2305, 2666, 4831. 
 wJeg. See wegan. 
 wasge (n), aip. 4499, 4543. 
 
 Comp. ealu-w. 966, 995, 
 
 4047 ; litS-w. 3696. 0. 
 
 Sax. iiufigi. 
 be-waigned. See wegan. 
 ■vvajl (n), slaughter, the fallen 
 
 in battle, cmpse. 170, 250, 
 
 900, 1275, etc. 
 wa3lm. See weallan. 
 wajn. See wegan. 
 waspen (n), weapon. 77, 505, 
 
 etc. Comp. sige-w. 161 2, 
 
 bewaspned, armed, male 
 
 {sex). 2573. 
 wser. See warian. 
 ■wxstm(m) fruit,form,growth. 
 
 2708. Con1p.here-w.13s8. 
 waster (n), water. 187, etc. 
 wag (m), wall. 1994, 3328. 
 wald (m), forest, wood. 2810. 
 waldan and its derivatives. 
 See wealdan. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 301 
 
 wan, won, dark-hued, swart. 
 1306, 1409, 2752, etc. 
 
 wandrian, to wander. F. F. 69. 
 
 wang, wong (m), field, plain. 
 T86,4s6,ctc.Comp.freo(So- 
 "^^ 591° j grund-w. 2996, 
 5169, 5533; meodu-w. 
 3291 ;siB-w. 3933. 
 
 wanian, gewanian, to wane, 
 fade,passawaij. 958, 2678, 
 3218. wanigean, to &e- 
 waiZ? 1579. From wana, 
 wanting, deficient; whence 
 the privative prefix wan- 
 0. Wor. Sw. Dan. van- 
 frequently, like the Ger. 
 un-, imparting a bad sense 
 to the word. 
 
 -waT:a,,inJiahiiant. Comp.burg- 
 w. S.T. i82;land-w. 4631. 
 
 warian, to hold, keep, occupy. 
 25". 2534, 2720,4543. 
 wajr (f), covenant, custody. 
 54, 2205, 6210. Gomp. 
 frioSu-w. 2196, 4554. 
 
 waroS (m), sliore. 473, 3934. 
 See faro(S. 
 
 wast. See witan. 
 
 wapol, wandering. F. F. 14. 
 
 wafu(f),w;ay. Comp. gomen- 
 w. 1713. See A. and E. 
 p. 166. 
 
 ■vfca,,woe, calamity. 299, 384, 
 851, etc. 
 
 wealcan, to roll, gewealc (n), 
 rolling. 932. 
 
 wealdan, gewealdan, waldan, 
 to rule, command. 59, 889, 
 1407, etc. wcaldend (m), 
 ruler. 33, 368, etc. Al- 
 •walda,,Almighty.65S,iS6i, 
 etc. geweald (m.n.), power 
 158, etc. on weald (m), 
 command. 2093. anwcalda, 
 sole ruler. 2548. geweal- 
 den, subjected. 3468. 
 
 weall (m), ivall, rampart, 
 mound. 463, 658, 1148, 
 1547, etc. Comp. bord- 
 w. shield. 5952 ; eard-w. 
 2452; eor6-w. S906, 6171; 
 SK-w. 3853; 8cyld-w. 5134, 
 6227. 
 
 weallan, to well, boil. 1035, 
 1096, 1166, etc. Comp. 
 heoro-weallende. 5556. 
 wa;lm, wylni (m), boiling, 
 fury, fervour. 1036, 3390 
 3533, etc. Comp. breost- 
 ■w. 3758; brim-w. 2993; 
 bryne-w. 4642 ; cear-w. 
 569,4138; fyr-w. 5335; 
 heaJ)o-w. 165, 5630; holm- 
 w. 4814; sse-w. 792; sorh- 
 w. 1813, 3990. 
 
 weard (m), warden, keeper 
 guard. 464, 5 7 7, etc. Comp. 
 bat-w. 3804 ; eort5-w. 
 
302 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 4658; Gfel-w. 1237, 3408, 
 4426; gold-w. 6145; hea- 
 fod-w. 581 1 ; hord-w. 
 2098, 3708, 4576, etc. ; 
 hyS-w. 3833 ; land-w. 
 3785; ren (regen) -w. 
 1544; sele-w. 1338; swe- 
 gel-w.i2i6; yrfe-w. 4897, 
 5455- weard (f), ward, 
 guard. 644. Comp. eg-w. 
 sea-guard. 488 ; ferli--w. 
 life-guard. 616 ; or-w. 
 without a guard. 6245. 
 weardian. to guard, Iceep, 
 inhabit. 211, 1947, 2479, 
 4335, etc. "fone wudu 
 weai'daS : nomus incolit 
 (Plioeuix)." Cod. Exon. 
 203. 16. 
 
 wearli (m), wolf, an accursed 
 or proscribed person. 0. 
 Nor. vargr. Comp. lieoro- 
 w. sanguinary wolf. 2538. 
 wyrgen {f),she-wolf. Comp. 
 grund-'w. 3041. 
 
 wearn (f), denial, prohibition, 
 warning. 738. unwearnum, 
 unawares. 1487. forwyr- 
 nan, to deny, refuse, fore- 
 warn. 862, 2288. 
 
 ■\veaxan, geweaxan, io wax. 
 grow. 15,133,3426,3486. 
 
 wob (n), web, tapestry. 1994. 
 ■webbe (f), female weaver. 
 
 Comp. freoSu-w. peace- 
 weaver, conciliatrix. 3888, 
 S. T. II. gewiof (n), web. 
 1398. From wefau, to 
 weave. 
 
 weccan. See wacan. 
 
 wed (n), pledge. 5989. 
 
 wcder (n), tveather, tempest. 
 1097, 2276. Olig. wetar, 
 Ger. wetter, gewider (n), 
 storm. 2754. Ohg. giwi- 
 tiri, Ger. gewitter. 
 
 wegan, gewegan, to move, 
 wage, convey, bear. 307, 
 2419, 3559, 3867, 4792, 
 4919, 5402, 6023. ajtwe- 
 gan, to bear away. 2401. 
 weg (m), way. 534. Comp. 
 feor-w. 73; fold-w. 1736, 
 327r;forS-w. 5243. on- 
 w. away. 1531, 2769, etc. 
 w£Eii (m), wagon. 6260. 
 wffig (m), wa«;e. 439, 2884. 
 3224, 3818, 6256. be- 
 wasgnian, to offer. 2390. 
 sweord-w. 4497. 
 
 wel, well. 375, etc. Some- 
 times almost an expletive, 
 like Ger. woAZ. 1753. wela, 
 wealth. Comp. jer-w. 5488; 
 burh-w. 6191 ; hord-w. 
 4677 ; ma])Siim-w. 5493. 
 welig, wealthy. 5207. 
 
 w§n (f), hvpe, expectation. 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 303 
 
 772, etc. wena, Iwpefttl ; 
 orwena, hopeless. 2008, 
 3134. wGnan, to Iwpe, ex- 
 pect. 317, etc. 
 
 ■wendan and its derivatives. 
 See windan. 
 
 •weorc, geweorc (n), work, 
 affliction. 149, 583. 914, 
 33i7> 3447- weorcum, 
 with difficulty. 3281. Comp. 
 »r-g. 3362 ; beado-w. 
 4587;ellen-'w. 1326,1920, 
 2932, etc. ;fyrn-g. 4561; 
 gu«-g. 1360, 1967, 3654; 
 hand-g. 5663 ; hea])o-w. 
 5 776 J land-g. 1880; niht- 
 w. 1659 ; nitS-g. 1370. 
 weorcan,wyrcaii,wyrcean, 
 gewyrcean, to work, make, 
 effect. 40, 139, 185, etc. 
 S. T. 146. bewyrcan, to 
 encompass. 6303. gewyrlit 
 (n), deed, desert. Comp. 
 eald-g. S3 07. weorce, sad, 
 grievous. 2841. 
 
 weoi'pan, gewyrpan, to cast. 
 3066, 5157; to recover? 
 5944; forweorpan, to cast 
 away. 5736 ; ofer-w. to 
 overthrow. 3090. 
 
 weorod. See werod. 
 
 gc-wcor]ian, to he, become, 
 settle. 12, 374, 462, 3201, 
 3997. wyrd (f), that ivhich 
 
 is to be, fate, destiny. 915, 
 
 959. "49. 1473. etc. 
 weorSe, wyrtSe, weortSlic, 
 
 ■vveorSful, worthy. 742, 
 
 1727, 3809, 6304, F. F. 
 
 74. Comp. fyrd-w. 2637. 
 
 •weorS (n), worth, price. 
 
 4986. ■weorfian, geweor- 
 
 fian. gewuifian, to esteem, 
 
 honour, decorate. 505, 667, 
 
 2081, etc. -weorjiung (f), 
 
 Jwnour, reward. Comp. 
 
 bre6st-'w. 5001 ; ham--w. 
 
 5988 ; hord-w. 1908 ; 
 
 hring-w. 6027 j ■vvig-w. 
 
 354. weoriSmyiid, weorS- 
 
 mynt (n), Jwnour, dignity. 
 
 16, 130, 2377, etc. 
 weotian and its derivatives. 
 
 See witian. 
 ■wepan, to weep, cry. wop (m), 
 
 outcry, wlwop. 257, 1575, 
 
 6283. 
 wer (m), man. 210, etc. Lat. 
 
 vir. 
 wered, sweet. Comp. scir-\v. 
 
 996. 
 werhSo. See werig. 
 werian, bewerian, to defend. 
 
 481, 9ir, 1086, i88t, etc. 
 
 wergan, id. S. T. 244. 
 werig, weary, exhausted. 1 1 6 2, 
 
 1692. 3593. etc. Comp. 
 
 deatS-w. 4256;fyl-w. 1929; 
 
304 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 gu8-w. 3176. gewergad, 
 wearied. 5697. 
 
 werig, accursed. 266, 3499. 
 werhSo, werghSo (f), dam- 
 nation. 1 182. 
 
 ■yf erod, weorod (n), host, mul- 
 titude. 120, 523, 586, etc. 
 Comp. eorl-w. 5779; flet- 
 w. 957 ; inn-w. Imisehold. 
 S. T. 223. 
 
 weste, waste, desert, 4903. 
 westen (n), desert. 2534. 
 
 4585. 4903- 
 ■wic (n), Jiahitation. 251, 1 646, 
 
 2255, etc. Ohg. will, 0. 
 
 Sax. wlc. Comp. deiit5-w. 
 
 255s i lirea-w. 2432. 
 ■wican. gewican, to fail, give 
 
 way. 5148, 5251. wac, 
 
 wfiolic, weak, soft; unwac- 
 
 lic, vast, mighty. 6278. 
 
 waBcnan, to desist, cease 
 
 from. 171. 
 wicg (n), horse. 474, 578, 
 
 635, etc. O. Sax. uuigg. 
 
 0. ITor. vigg. 
 w icing [m), viking, pirate. S.T. 
 
 9 6 , 1 2 o; from . Nor. vie, a 
 
 creek. The vikings lurked 
 
 in, or issued from, creeks 
 
 along the coast, whence 
 
 their name. 
 yi\iii,wide,far. i684,i759,etc. 
 
 wide,TOW2/.iS9,S38,i53o. 
 
 wif (n), woman, wife. 1234, 
 1282, 1990, etc. Comp. 
 mere-w. 3042. At 1. 2320 
 wif is either used in the 
 fem., or is a plur. signify- 
 ing the women of Fin's 
 court. 
 
 wig, will (m). temple, idol. 
 354. Goth, veihs, Ohg. 
 0. Sax. wlh. 
 
 wig {m),war, battle. 46, 130, 
 etc. Comp.feSe-w. 4717. 
 wiga, wigcnd (m), warrior. 
 863, 1262, 4664, r. F. 
 19. Comp. a;sc-w. 4090 ; 
 hyrn-w. 5828 ; gar-w. 
 
 5275. 5341, 5614; guS- 
 w. 4230; lind-w. 5199; 
 rand-w. 2600,3590. scyld- 
 w. 581. wigan, to war, do 
 battle. 5012. Comp. lust- 
 w. 1203. 
 
 wiht (f), creature,being,wight, 
 aught. 241,316,347,1087, 
 etc. Comp. ajl-w. 3004 ; 
 owiht, aught. 3649, 4856. 
 
 wil. See willa. 
 
 wild, loild. 2864. 
 
 wiUa, will. 1257, 1274, 1325, 
 etc. willan, on willan,w?tt»- 
 tarily, spontaneously. 3482, 
 4603, 5 171; t6-wil]an, id. 
 2376, 3426. willan, to 
 will. 642, etc. Lat. velle; 
 
GLOSSAET. 
 
 305 
 
 ■vvilnian, to desire. 379 ; 
 
 gov. gen. ■wil-, as a prefix, 
 
 welcome. 45, 437, 782, etc. 
 
 ■vvillum, cheerfully, Lat. li- 
 
 benter. 3646. 
 "win, joy. See wyn. 
 •win (n), wine. 13 12, 1394, 
 
 1433, 1547. etc. 
 
 ge-win, win (d), war, conflict, 
 strife. 385, i6oi, 2128, 
 3566. Comp.fyrn-g.3382; 
 gu6-w. 5463; yS-g. 2872, 
 4815. winnan, to contend, 
 
 I war. 227, 267, 291, 305, 
 etc. F. r. 22. gewinna, 
 adversary. 3556. Comp. 
 ealdor-g. 5799. 
 
 ■wind (m), wind. 440, 1099, 
 etc.; windig, wiiidy. 1 148, 
 etc. 
 
 "windan, gewindan, to wind, 
 curl, rolljWlieel about. 430, 
 1530, 2242, etc. set-w. 
 to escapefrom. 289; be-w. 
 
 . to entwine, encircle, whirl. 
 2066, 2927, 6097, 6283 ; 
 on-w. to unwind. 3224. 
 ■wendan, to turn. 3482 ; 
 ed-w. to return. 565 ; on- 
 w. to avert, pervert. 384, 
 5195. cdwende {if), re- 
 turn, reverse. 3553, 4383. 
 ■wundcu, twined, twisted. 
 601, 2390, 2768,^6037. 
 
 wine (m), friend, man. 60, 
 13 T, 298, etc. 0. Sax. 
 uuini, 0. Nor. vinr, Dan. 
 ven. Comp. frea-w. 864, 
 4703. 4849. etc.; gold- 
 ■w. 2346, 2956, etc. ; g(vS- 
 w. 3624; ma;g-w. 4951. 
 wineleas. 3332, 5219. 
 
 ■winter (m), winter, year (tlie 
 A. S. S. reckoned by win- 
 ters). 296, 1036, 2260, 
 etc. 
 
 ge-wiofu. See web. 
 
 wir (nT), wire. 2066, 4817. 
 Ohg. wiara, wiera, obryxum. 
 
 wiscan, to wish. 3212, 4471. 
 
 wisdom. 1 r, -I 
 
 \ bee witan. 
 wisfest. J 
 
 wisian, to direct. 422, 590, 
 etc. wisa, guide. 523. 
 Comp. brim-w. 5852 ; 
 hore-w. 6032 ; hilde-w. 
 2133. wise (f), wise, man- 
 ner. 3735. 
 
 wis, wise, 2640, etc. gewis- 
 lic, certain. 2704. 
 
 wist (i), refection, repast. 256, 
 
 1472, 3474- 
 ge-wit (n ?) entrails. 5756. 
 
 Mhg. geweide, Ger. ein- 
 
 geweide. 
 witan, gowitan, to know. 365, 
 
 498, 582, etc. wit, gewit 
 
 (n), wit, sense, intellect. 
 20 
 
306 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 1 183, 5399. fyrwit (n), 
 
 curiosity, inqmsitiveness . 
 
 470, 3975, 5562. Ohg. 
 firauuiz, 0. Sax. firiuuit, 
 Ger. vorwitz. wita, weota, 
 councillor, counsellor. 537, 
 ■ 1561, etc. Comp. fyrn- 
 w. 4252 ; run-w. 2654. 
 ■vvitig, gewittig, sage. 1375, 
 3113, 6179. nytan (for 
 ne witan), pret. nM, not 
 to know. 554, 1366, etc. 
 ■wisdom, wjsiiom. 705. wis- 
 fsest, sagacious. 1256. set- 
 witan, -witan, o'Switan, to 
 upbraid, reproach. 2304, 
 
 5475. 5983- 
 
 ge-witan, to go, depart. 51, 
 84, etc. (has a pleonastic 
 dat. of the person). Comp. 
 forS-g. to go forth, pass 
 
 ' away, die. 425, 2962. 
 
 •witian, weotian, to prescribe, 
 decree. 3877, F. P. 53. 
 bewitian, beweotian, to 
 tend, take care of. 2275, 
 2861, 3597, 4431. 
 
 ge-witnian, to pimish. 6138. 
 
 wits, against, towards, appo- 
 site, from. 227, 291, 311, 
 350, 736, etc. 
 
 ■vviSer, adverse. 5899? 6071. 
 
 ■wlanc, vflonc, proud/exuUing. 
 668, 687, etc. Comp. £ese- 
 
 vr. 2668 ; 'gold-w. 3766. 
 wlenco (i), pride. 681, etc. 
 
 wlitan, to look 3149, 3189, 
 etc. geond-w. to look all 
 over, scan. 5535. wlite 
 (m), aspect, countenance, 
 beauty. 186, 506, etc. ; 
 "wlitig, beautiful. 3329. 
 andvvlita, /ace. 1382. Ger. 
 antlitz. wlatian, to behold, 
 gaze on. 3837 j in-wlfttian, 
 to look in. 4454. 
 
 woh, crooked. 5646. 
 
 wolccn (n), clotid. 15, 1306, 
 etc., F. F. 14. 
 
 wom (m), spot, stain, Jwrror. 
 3498, 6138. 
 
 won. See wan. 
 
 wong. See wang. 
 
 wonhyd. See hyge. 
 
 wonsceaft. See sceaft. 
 
 w6p. See wepan. 
 
 word (n), word, speech. 59, 
 etc. Comp. beOt-w. threat, 
 promise. 5014 ; geleafnes- 
 w. watch-wwd. j^<)C) ; gilp- 
 w. vaunt. 1355 ; me])ol-w. 
 formal speech. 478; Jionc- 
 w. S. T. 276 ; ])ryS-w. big, 
 strong luord. 1290. 
 
 worn (n), multitude, number, 
 rhany things. 533, 1744, 
 etc., S. T. 20. worn-fela, 
 worna fela, very many or 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 307 
 
 much. 1064, 3571, 4011, 
 
 5078. 
 -worold, woruld (f), world. 
 
 2289. 
 
 ivor))ig (m ?), street. 3948. 
 
 worSmynd. See weorSe. 
 
 ■wracu. 1 c 
 
 > bee wrecan. 
 ■vvrtec. J 
 
 "vvi'Eet (f), ornament, curious 
 tilings. 342, 4817, SS3S, 
 61 1 2. -vvrdetlic, curious, 
 artistic, wondrous. 1786, 
 2982, 3304, etc. wrset- 
 tuTQ, curiously. 3067. 
 
 "vvrasu, chain, bond. Comp. 
 frea-w. 2096. 
 
 ■wraS, JiostUe, also (m), foe. 
 <543> 1324; 142 1, etc., 
 S. T. 19. wrajjum, wra]?- 
 lice. 1421, 6116. 
 
 vrio.]m{i),sup2>ort,siay. 5736. 
 Comp. lif-w. 1946, 5746. 
 
 wrecan, awrecan, to recite, 
 relate. 1750, 2135, 3452) 
 4223, etc. i. q. reccan. 
 
 "wrecan, gewrecan, to avenge, 
 punish. 214, 850, 2517, 
 2671, 2683, etc. Comp. 
 for-w. to wreck, banish. 
 219-3843, S.T. 95; ].c6d- 
 w. 2561. wracu (f), mi- 
 sery, woe. Comp. nyd-w. 
 388. wrajc (f), punisli- 
 ment, exile. 682, 4662, 
 
 6148. Comp. gyrn-w. ivily 
 vengeance. 2281, 4242. 
 wrecca, wanderer, exile, 
 warrior, lit. wretch. 1800, 
 2279, 5219. F. F. 50. 
 Ohg. hrecWo, wreh ; 0. 
 Sax. wrekki, 0. iN'or. reckr, 
 Mhg. recke. 
 
 ■wreotSan. See wriSan. 
 
 wridian, to bud, flourish. 3486. 
 
 writan, to write, engrave. 
 3381 j forwritan, to score. 
 
 54°3- 
 wrixl (f), excliange. 5930. 
 gowrixle (11), id. 2613. 
 ■wrixlan, to excliange ; wor- 
 dum wrixlan, to converse. 
 
 737, 1752- 
 wri])an,wreo|)an,to5J»d 1933, 
 
 3400, 5957. Comp. hand- 
 
 gewrijjen. 3878. wriSe 
 
 (f ?), wreath. Comp. beah.- 
 
 w. 4041. 
 wroht (f), accusation, crime, 
 
 strife. 4564, 4938, 5819. 
 
 From wregan, to accuse. 
 
 etc. 
 wudu (m), wood, meton. for 
 
 a ship, spear. 438, 601, 
 
 801, 2836, 3842. Comp. 
 
 biul-w. 6216; bord-w. 
 
 sliidd. 2490 ; gomen-w. 
 
 Imrp, rote. 2134, 4222; 
 
 g(i(5-w. spear. E. F. 11 ; 
 20—2 
 
308 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 lieal-w. flooring. 2639; 
 holt-w. 2743, 4669 ; mse- 
 gen-w. 477 ; S&-W. 457 ; 
 siind-w. 421, 38i7;J)r£ec- 
 w. 2496. 
 
 TTuldur (n), glory. 33, 368, 
 etc. 
 
 wulf (m), wolf. 2720, 6046. 
 vrj\i,slie wolf. Ger. wblfin, 
 Ohg.wulpaj-wulpin. Comp. 
 brim-wylf. 3016, 3202. 
 
 ~vra.Tidi.{f),'wound. 2230,5056, 
 etc. Comp. feorh-w. 4760. 
 ■wmi(i.,wounded. 1135,2154. 
 etc. Comp. feorh-w. mm'- 
 tally wounded. 4505. 
 
 Tvundor (n), wonder, miracle. 
 1546, 1685, etc. Comp. 
 h.ond-yr.Juind-wrotightwon- 
 der. 5530 J niS-w. 2735 ; 
 searo-w. 1844; wom-w. 
 3498. wundorlic, won- 
 drous. 2884. wundrum, 
 wondrmishj. 2909. 
 
 "wunian, to inhabit, freguent. 
 44, 574, 2261, etc. 
 
 g6-wur])ian. I 
 3. i 
 
 See weorSe. 
 
 wutSHc. 
 
 •wutun (uton), let us. 5290. 
 
 wylf. See wulf. 
 
 wylm. See wcallan. 
 
 wyn (f), joy, pleasure. 2 1 64, 
 3437, etc. Ohg. wimna, 
 wunnt, 0. Sax. wunnia, 
 
 Gcr. wonne. Comp. efel- 
 "*^' 4979i 5762 ; hord-w. 
 
 4533 ; lif-w. 4201 ; lyft- 
 
 w. 6079; symbel-w. 3569. 
 
 wynsum, winsome,pleasant. 
 
 1228, 3842 ; wynleas, ^01/- 
 
 less. 1646, 2836. 
 wyrcan. See weorc. 
 wyrd. See geweorjian. 
 wyrdan, awyrdan, to corrupt, 
 
 destroy, injure. 2230, 2678, 
 
 6221. 
 wyrgen. See wearL. 
 ge-wyrlit. See weorc. 
 wyrm (m), wwm, serpent, 
 
 dragon. 1777, 1786, etc. 
 for-wyrnan. See wearn. 
 ge-wyrpan. See weorpan. 
 wyrs, tvorse. 1055, 5930 : ir- 
 
 reg. compar. of yfel. 
 wyrt (f), root, wart (as iit 
 
 colewort,motlierwort,etc.). 
 
 2732. 
 wyrSe. See weorSe. 
 
 Yfel, evil ; also yfel (n), m?. 
 4194, S. T. 104. 
 
 yldan, io delay. 1483, 4471. 
 
 yldo (f), age. 43, 3536. yldas 
 (m. plur.), men. 154, 302, 
 I2t4, etc. See eald. 
 
 ylf (m), e//. 224. If the plu- 
 ral ylfe is correct, this 
 
GLOSSAEY. 
 
 309 
 
 word would seem 'to be 
 
 declined like some gentile 
 
 nouns, as Dene, Eomane. 
 I- (See Eask, p. 41.) Or it 
 
 may be a feminine, and 
 
 ylfe an error for ylfa. 
 
 Mhg. elbe (f). 
 .ymb, ymbe,aJoM<. 443, 1067. 
 
 Ohg. O. Sax. umbi. Gr. 
 
 a/iif], Lat. ambi-. 
 yrfe (n), inheritance. 21 10, 
 
 3810, 9094. yrfe-weard 
 
 (m), heir. 4897. 
 yrmfu. See earm. 
 yrnan, to run. be-yrnan, to 
 
 run through, enter. 135 ; 
 
 on-y. to run or rush in. 
 
 1447 ; to-y. to run to. 
 
 3634- 
 .yrre (m), anger. 1427, 1456, 
 4190; also angry, 1543. 
 3068, 3154, etc.; eorre, 
 id. 2898. yrringa, angrily. 
 
 3135- 5921- 
 
 jwan, to s/ww, display. 5660. 
 
 y5 (f), wave, billow. 91, 399, 
 426, 461, etc. Comp. llod- 
 y. io88;lig-y. 5338; wse- 
 ter-y. 4477. ySan, to over- 
 fiow,hoil up in waves. 846. 
 
 j5e. See eStS. 
 
 D. 
 
 Da, tlien, when, since. 105, 
 
 148, 172, etc. fS-gyt, 
 moreover. 93. 
 fser, there, where, 72, 142, 
 718, etc., also if. 1599, 
 367s. 5139- For otlier 
 examples of ))8er=gif see 
 Gloss, to Orosius, edit. 
 Bobn. 
 fajs, so, therefore, because, 
 Lat. adeo. 14, etc. t6 faes 
 fe, until. 1433, etc. he- 
 cause? 4811. 
 Jjafian, to approve of, allow, 
 
 admit. 5919. 
 fab, plur. fegon, pret. of 
 
 ficgan. 
 fane (m), thanks. 1861, 3561, 
 etc. to panco, gratuitously. 
 763. fancian, to tlmnk 
 460, etc. fane, lUce Ger. 
 dank, is used^in tbe sin- 
 gular, 
 fanon, thence. 222, 247, etc. 
 feab, though. 744, etc. Ger. 
 doch. swa-feah, yei. 1949. 
 fearf (f), need, want. 405, 
 849, 2504, etc. Comp. 
 fyren-f. 28. fearfian, to 
 need, pret. f orfte. 317, etc. 
 yie3xle,violently, greatly. 1 1 24. 
 f eaw (m), custom, usage, Lat. 
 mos. 359, etc. feawum, 
 according to usage, becom- 
 ingly. 4295, S. T. 24. 
 
310 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 feccan, to deck, cover. 103 1, 
 6022. 
 
 fegn (m), thane, minister, 
 servant. 246, etc. Ohg. 
 dekan, 0. Sax. ])egan,Mhg. 
 degen. Comp. aldor-f. 
 2620; heal-p. 286, 1443; 
 magu-]). 591, 820, 2815, 
 etc. J ombilit-]). 1351; sele- 
 J). 3592. fenian, to serve, 
 minister. 1125,2187,5465; 
 tefenian, id. 3646, 4077. 
 
 ])egu and its compounds. See 
 ]nogan. 
 
 felu (f ), flanh, floor. Comp. 
 bene-]). 976, 2482;buruli- 
 ]). F. E. 61. 
 
 pencan, apencan, gefencan, 
 ])encean, pret. fohte, to 
 think, consider, intend. 584, 
 716, 901, etc. pane, Jjonc 
 (m), gefonc (n), thought. 
 4653. Comp. fore-]). 2124; 
 hete-V. 955; inwit-]). 1502; 
 or-]), curious thought, de- 
 vice, 817, 4180; searo-]). 
 id. 1554; mod-gefonc. 
 3462. afj)unca, displea- 
 sure, annoyance. 1009. ge- 
 ])oht (m), thought. ^11 , etc. 
 
 penden, while. 59, 114, etc. 
 
 J)engel (m), king, prince. 3018. 
 0. Nor. ])engill. 
 
 penian. See fegn. 
 
 feodli), people, nation. 1291,. 
 2465, 2505, etc. Comp. 
 sige-]). 4415 ; yrei-T^. human 
 race. 1802. Used as a pre- 
 fix this word seems a mere 
 intensitive, as in ])e6d- 
 Scyldingas. 2042. Jjeoden 
 (m), Icing, prince. 68, 259,, 
 etc. el])e5dig,/om(if». 678. 
 ])e6denleas. 2210. 
 
 ])eof (m), thief. 4445 . 
 
 ge-])6ht. See ])encan. 
 
 l)e6n,ge])e6n,on])e6n, toi/ww,. 
 /teri(!/j.i6, 50, 1805, 5665,. 
 6109, S. T. 28, 34. 
 
 ])Coster. See ])ystm. 
 
 ficgau, ])icgean, pret. J)ah, 
 plur. ])egon, to touch, par- 
 take of, receive, eat, drink. 
 1131, 1241, 1261, 1476, 
 2025, 2033, etc., S. T. 6, 
 132. 0. Sax. ])iggian, sjt- 
 m.ere,gustare{potum). ])egu. 
 (f), gift. Comp. beah-J). 
 4358; be6r-]). 234, 1239,. 
 sine-]). 5760. 
 
 pincan, ])incean, pret. ])uhtc, 
 to seem, appear. 742, 1379, 
 1688, etc. Goth. Jmgkjan,. 
 Qhg.dunkjan, O.Sax.Jiun- 
 kian. ofJ)incan, to take ill. 
 4070. 
 
 ])ing (n), thing, matter. 823, 
 856, 1055, 1587. ge])ing. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 311 
 
 {n), public assembly; also 
 compact, condilion, council. 
 802, 1423, 2175. gojjun- 
 gen, wel-go])ungcn, ho- 
 nourable, honoured, illus- 
 trious. 1252, 3858. fin- 
 giau,gc])iDgian, to bargain, 
 settle, discourse, harangue, 
 Tneditate. 315, 945, 1299, 
 3678, 3691, 3881. 
 
 ^o\,pine. 0. Nor. poll, ISTorw. 
 toll, Sw. tall. Comp. Swio- 
 )). Swedish pine, V. Sylves- 
 tris. 6 2 8 1 . It would seem 
 that, being unacquainted 
 "with, the tree, the A. S. 
 paraphrast has retained its 
 0. ITor. denomination, giv- 
 ing it an A. S. form. It 
 ■was, no douht, used for 
 funeral piles, on account 
 both of its inflammability 
 and abundance. 
 
 Jjolian, gefolian, to endure, 
 suffer. 174, etc. 0. Nor. 
 J)ola,Dan. taalo,Scot. thole. 
 
 ])on, ])onne, tlien, when, tlmn. 
 759, 2216, etc. 
 
 Jorfte. See Jiearf. 
 
 frsec (f), get^raec (n), vigour, 
 energy, mass. 2496. 0. 
 Sax. ]?reki. Comp. ecg-f. 
 ii96;m6d-p. 775; searo- 
 g. 6196. 
 
 frah (f), space of time. 108, 
 
 etc., 8. T. 178. Comp. 
 
 carfoiS-]). 572. 
 f rea, freag (f ), evil, calamity. 
 
 573, 1668, 5759. Comp. 
 
 fe6d-]>. 358. 
 freat (m), body of men, band. 
 
 8, 4803. Comp. iren-f. 
 
 666. 
 freatian, to threaten. 1124. 
 ])ringan, to press on, throng. 
 
 5758, 5913- Comp. for- 
 
 ]). to protect. 2173 ; up-]). 
 
 3829. ge]>Tiag{n), throng, 
 
 rush. 4271. 
 frowian, to suffer. 3 1 83, 3447, 
 
 5204. Hence Engl, throe. 
 ])rym (m), power, majesiy, 
 
 fame. 4, 3841^ S. T. 100. 
 
 Com p. hige-]). 683. Ipijia.- 
 
 lic, stout, strong. 2496 ; 
 
 ])rymmum, violently. 476. 
 ])rySo (f), body, band, force. 
 
 1318. Comp. mod-f. 3867. 
 
 fry^lic, strong, valiant. 805, 
 
 32.'58, 5731- frySum, tu- 
 
 multuously. 992. 
 punian, to make a thundering 
 
 noise, rattle. 3817. From 
 
 ])unor, thunder. 
 ge-Jiuren, beaten, as with a 
 
 Jiammer. 2575. From a 
 
 verb fyran 1 
 Jjurh, through. 539. 557, etc. 
 
312 
 
 GLOSSAEY. 
 
 ge- f w£ere, united, in harmony. 
 
 2464, 4644. Comp. mon- 
 
 ]). Jcind. 6345. 
 liylitigidmghhjyStout, valiant. 
 
 Ger. tiichtig. 
 ge-fyld (J.n.), patience. 2795. 
 
 gefyldum, patiently. 3415. 
 fyle {m),orator. 2335, 2917. 
 
 fyrl (n), Me; adj. pierced. 
 
 F. F. 91. 
 fyrs (m), g-ww/. 856. 
 fyslic, such like. 5267. 
 fystru (n. plur.), darkness. 
 
 175, etc. feoster, dark. 
 
 4653- 
 ])ywa.Ti,to reprove, urge. 3659. 
 
GLOSSAEIAL INDEX 
 
 OP rBKSONS MENTIONED IN BEOWULF. 
 
 Abel. 217. 
 
 iElf here, a Idnsman of Wig- 
 laf. 5201. 
 
 .^schere, a favourite coun- 
 sellor of Hrothgar slain by 
 Grendel's mother. 2651, 
 2663, 4251. 
 
 B. 
 
 Beanstan, father of Breca, 
 Beowulf s competitor in a 
 swimming match. 1052. 
 
 Beowulf, a prince of the 
 Scylding race, ancestor of 
 Hrothgar. 35, 106. 
 
 The name of Beowulf I am 
 inclined to regard as a con- 
 traction of Beadowult.O.Nor. 
 Bo'Sulfr. Compare Beadohild 
 (Cod. Exon. 377. 23.) with 
 Bb^vildr of the ViJlimd.Saga; 
 though in the original poem 
 of Beowulf it may probably 
 havebeenBiarorBavr(Beaw.), 
 as it appears in the Northern 
 genealogies, and owe it Saxon- 
 ized form to the paraphrast. 
 
 Beowulf, the Goth. 391,692, 
 etc. 
 
 Breca, Breoca, a prince of 
 the Brondings, who con- 
 tended with Beowulf in 
 swimming. 1017, 1171, 
 S. T. 51. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cain. 214, 2527. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dseghrefn, a warrior of the 
 Hugas slain by Beowulf. 
 4996. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eadgils, a son of Ohthere, 
 and grandson of Ongen- 
 theow. 4750,4764,4774, 
 
 4778- 
 Eaumund, a son of Ohthere. 
 
 5216. 
 Ecglaf, father of Hunferth, 
 
 Hrothgar's orator. 1003. 
 Ecgtheow, Beowulf's father. 
 
 532, etc. 
 
314 
 
 GLOSSARIAL INDEX 
 
 Ecgwela, a Danish, prince. 
 
 3424- 
 
 Ela, a son of Healfdene and 
 brother of Hrothgar. 124. 
 
 Eofor, a Gothic warrior who 
 slew Ongentheow. 4966, 
 592°, 5978, 5986. 
 
 Eomer, grandson of Offa 
 (Uffi). 3925. 
 
 Eormenric,king of the Ilreth- 
 Goths. 2406. Soo Index 
 to The Sc&p or Gleeman's 
 Tale. 
 
 . F. 
 
 Ein, a prince of the North 
 Erisiiins. 2140, 2166, etc., 
 S. T. 55. 
 
 Eitela (Sinfidtli), son of Sige- 
 mund by his sister Signi. 
 (See North. Mythol. i. p. 
 92.) 1763, 1783. 
 
 Eolcwalda, a prince of the 
 Erisians, father of Ein. 
 2183, etc., S. T. 55. 
 
 Ereaware, daughterof Hroth- 
 gar and Wealhtheow, mar- 
 ried to Ingekl. 4048. 
 
 Eroda, a king of the Heatho- 
 bards, fatlier of Ingeld. 
 
 4055- 
 
 G. 
 GarmundCWermund), alcing 
 of Anglen, father of Offa. 
 3928. 
 
 Saxo (p. 163. edit. Muller)> 
 informs us that King Wer- 
 niund had a residence at Jel- 
 linge, near Veile, in the S. E. 
 of Jutland, which it would 
 seem was included in the 
 kingdom of Angeln. 
 
 Grendel, a pernicious being 
 slainby Beowulf. 205,254. 
 
 3°5; 393. etc. 
 
 Gnthlaf, an associate of Hen- 
 gest and Oslaf in the in- 
 vasion of Eriesland. 2301, 
 F. E. 33. 
 
 11. 
 
 Hajretli, father of llygd, Hy- 
 gelao's queen. 3862, 3967. 
 
 IIa;thcyn,a king of the Goths, 
 brother of Hygelac, 4859, 
 4865, 4958, 5842. 
 
 Halga (Helgi), a brother of 
 Hrothgar. 122. 
 
 Hama. See Index to The 
 Sc6p or Gleeman's Tale. 
 
 Healfdene, father of Hroth- 
 gar. 113, 2142. 
 
 Heardred,aking of the Goths, 
 son of Hygelac. 4410, 
 
 4739, 4766- 
 Heatholaf, a chieftain slain 
 
 by Ecgtheow. 924. 
 Hemming, a son of Offa. 
 
 2186, 3927. 
 Hengest,a Jutishchieftainin 
 
 the service of the Danes.. 
 
OF PEES02TS m BEOWULF. 
 
 315. 
 
 2170, 2i86, 3927, r. r. 
 
 34- 
 
 Whether identical with, or 
 only a n.ameaako of, tho first 
 Jutish king of ICeut, is uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 lieorogar, Heregar, a brother 
 of Hrotligar. 121, 939, 
 
 4323- 
 Heoroweard, a son of Heo- 
 
 rogar. 4328. 
 Herebald, a brother of Hy- 
 
 gelac. 4859, 4917. 
 Herem6d, a Danish prince. 
 
 1806, 3423. 
 Hereric, an unclo of Heard- 
 
 red. 4419. 
 Hildeburh, daughter of Hocc. 
 
 2146, 2232. 
 
 Who her other relations 
 were is not apparent from the 
 context. 
 
 Hnref, a prince of tho Ho- 
 kiiigs,associatedwith Ilen- 
 gest in the first expedition 
 to Friesland. 2143, 2233, 
 S. T. 59, F. F. 80. 
 
 Hoce, father of Hildeburh. 
 
 2157- 
 Hrajdla (q. Hrethelf), 913. 
 Hrethel, a king of the Goths, 
 
 father of liygelac. 754, 
 
 3699, 4389, 4705, 4852, 
 
 4940. 
 
 Hrethric, a sou of Hrothgar. 
 2382, 3676. 
 
 Hrothgar,a king of the Danes.. 
 121, 128, etc., S. T. 91. 
 
 Ilrothmund, a son of Ilroth- 
 gar. 2382. 
 
 Hrothulf, a cousin of Hroth- 
 gar, apparently associated 
 with him ; though it would 
 seem that they afterwards 
 became enemies. 2038, 
 2366, S. T. 91. 
 
 Hunferth, Ilrotligar's orator, 
 a Danish Thyrsites. 1002, 
 2335> 2980, 3620. 
 
 Hygd, daughter of Hffireth, 
 and queen, i. of Hygelac, 
 and 2.ofOffa. 3857, 3967, 
 
 43Si> 4727- 
 Hygelac, a king of the Goths 
 and uncleof Beowulf. 391, 
 527, 690, 4409, 4734, 
 4860, 5821, 5878, 5896, 
 
 5909- 
 
 I. 
 Incge. 5147. 
 Ingeld, a sonofFroda, prince 
 
 of tho Heathobards. 4055,. 
 
 413s, S. T. 97. 
 
 0. 
 Offa (Ilfii), a king of Angeln. 
 39°3, 3919. S. T. 71; 75> 
 77, 9°- 
 
•316 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL INDEX. 
 
 Ohthere, a son of Ongen- 
 
 tlieow. 5857. 
 Onela, a son of Ongentheow. 
 
 5226, 5856. 
 Ongentheow, a king of the 
 
 Swedes, a Scylfing. 3940, 
 
 4941, 4965, 5840, 5849, 
 5894, 5914, 5964, S. T. 
 64. 
 
 Oslaf or Ordlaf, a chieftain 
 associated with Hengest 
 and Guthlaf in the inva- 
 sion of Fricsland, 2301, 
 I". F. 33. 
 
 S. 
 
 Scef, ancestor of the Scyl- 
 dinga. 7. 
 
 Scyld, son of Scef, from 
 whom the Scylding race 
 derives its name. 7, 37, 51. 
 
 •Sigemund (Sigmundr), son 
 of Wffilsing. 1754, 1758, 
 
 1773- 
 •Swerting, an uncle of Hyge- 
 lac. 2410. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wfelse (Volsungr), father of 
 
 Sigemund. 1798. 
 Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's 
 
 queen. 1229, 2329, 2434, 
 
 4353- 
 "Weland (Vblundr), the fa- 
 mous smith, 914. 
 Weohstan, Weoxstan, father 
 
 of Wiglaf. 5198, 5220. 
 Wiglaf, a kinsman andfriend 
 
 of Beowulf. 5197, 5255, 
 
 5316, 5805, 6144. 
 Withergyld, a chief or prince 
 
 of the Ileathobards. 4109, 
 
 S. T. 249. 
 Wulf, son of Wonred, a 
 
 Gothic chieftain. 5922, 
 
 5938, 5978. 
 WuUgar, a Wendish chief in 
 
 Hrothgar's service. 701, 
 
 725- 
 
 Y. 
 YrmenIaf,.iEschere's brother. 
 2652. 
 
GLOSSAEIAL INDEX 
 
 OF FOLKS, COUNTRIES AND PLACES MENTIONED IN BEOWULF.. 
 
 Brondingas. 1047, S. T. 51. 
 
 Thorkelin (Ind. ad Beow.) 
 supposes the Brondings' land 
 to be tho Brandey mentioned 
 in Stemund's Edda (Helga-kv. 
 I), in which the editor of the 
 Copenhagen edition recog- 
 nises tho isle of Briiimo, ly- 
 ing ofF the coast of W. Goth- 
 land in the Cattegat. 
 
 Brosingas? 2403. 
 D. 
 
 Danes. — Dene. 489, 512, 
 1222, 2185, 4107, S. T. 
 72;Denige. 313, 547,706; 
 Gar-Deuo (armed or war- 
 likeDanes). 1,3717,4982; 
 Hring-D. (adorned with 
 lings or bracelets). 233, 
 2563. 3542 ; East-D. 789, 
 1236, 1 661; JSTorth-D. 
 1571 ; Sse-D. S. T. 58 ; 
 Suth-D. 931, 3996, S. T. 
 118; West-D. 771, 3161, 
 
 3633 ; Scyldingas. 464, 
 748, 1830, 2221, eto. 
 
 E. 
 Earna-na;s. 6055. 
 Eotenas. See Jutes. 
 
 E, 
 
 Einna land. 1165. 
 
 Not Finland, but the Finn''' 
 land ; for how could Beowulf, 
 in his swimming match with 
 Breca, be borne by the sea to- 
 Finland ? The following ex- 
 tract may, however, afford a 
 solution to the difficulty t 
 "Their (the Fins') name is 
 probably still to bo found in 
 the district of Finved (Fin- 
 wood), between Gothland and 
 Smaland. This inconsiderable 
 and now despised race has, 
 therefore, anciently been far 
 more widely spread, and 
 reached along the Kullen 
 (the chain separating Norway 
 from Sweden) down to the 
 Sound, and eastward over- 
 
•318 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL INDEX 
 
 tlijB present Finland. " Peter- 
 sen, Danmarka Historie i Ile- 
 denold. i. p. 36. 
 
 Pranks. — Francnan. 2424 ; 
 Pi'onca.s. 5816, S. T. 49, 
 1374 See Index to the 
 Sc6p or Gleeman's Tale. 
 
 Triesland. — Freslond. 4694; 
 Fresna-land. 5823 ; Fres- 
 wajl. 2144; Frysland. 2257. 
 
 Frisians. — Frysas. 2 1 44, 
 2191, 2418, 5816; Fry- 
 senas. 2212. 
 G. 
 
 •Goths.— Geiitas (Goth. Gfiu- 
 toa, 0. Nor. Gautar). 392, 
 416, 526, 730, etc., S. T. 
 117; Sm-G. 3704, 3976; 
 
 I Geotan. 891 ; Wederas. 
 455> 687, 850, etc. 
 The Gautar (A. S. Gedtaa) 
 :are the Goths of Swedish 
 ■Gothland, ■which anciently 
 comprised almost the whole 
 ■south of Sweden. (Gaiitland, 
 .A. S. Gedtland.) See Biorn 
 Haldorsen, Lex. s. v. The 
 appellation of Wederas is de- 
 rived from the Weder-mearc, 
 the territory inhabited by 
 them, so called probably from 
 its proximity to the Wetter 
 lake, wliieli divides E. from 
 W.Gothland. InTlieSe6por 
 Gleeman's Tale (117) Swedes 
 and Goths are mentioned to- 
 gether; "midSweomandmid 
 GeiUum." JVo^e. Geata, as 
 well as Geit, is used as a 
 
 nora. sing. See 1207, 1356, 
 2386, 2409. See G6tan, in In- 
 dex to The ScOp or Gleeman's 
 Tale. 
 Gifthas, Gefthas. 4981, S. T. 
 121. 
 
 Of the Gefthas Ettmiiller 
 (Beow. p. 33) says: "The 
 Geltlis have, with great pro- 
 bability, been regarded as 
 identical with the Gepidse 
 (Procop. rijn-(ii5f(,).Theywere 
 a Gothic people, and, like 
 their brethren, spread them- 
 seh'es far and wide, and were 
 finally extinguished by the 
 Lombards. See Paul. Warn- 
 fr. cc. 23, 27." See also Gib- 
 bon, D. and F. vol. iv. edit. 4°. 
 
 II. 
 Heathobeardan. 4071, 4081, 
 4140, S. T. 100. 
 
 Ettmiiller identifies these 
 with the "Bardi bellicosis- 
 simi " of Helmold, a remnant, 
 perhaps, of the Langobards 
 left in their ancient settle- 
 ment on the Elbe : the prefix 
 heajjo signifying war or toar- 
 lilce. This being their locality, 
 which I am inclined to doubt, 
 their exjicdition to Heorot 
 (4070, sqci., S. T. 95, sqq.)' 
 must have been by sea, and 
 the lino " wicinga cynn" (S. 
 T. 96), no doubt, has refer- 
 ence to them. 
 Heatho-roeraas. 1042, S. T. 
 128. 
 
 The people of Eaumerlge 
 (nowEomerige) to the N.E.of 
 
OF FOLKS, ETC. IN BEOWULF. 
 
 319 
 
 Christiania, as Kttmilller with 
 great probability supposes. 
 
 Helmingas. 1245. 
 
 An unknown race, of which 
 waaWealbtheow, the consort 
 of Hrothgar. 
 
 Heorfc, Heorot, the palatial 
 abode of king Hrothgar, 
 presumed to be in the 
 north of Jutland. 157,335, 
 954, etc., S. T. 99. 
 
 Where traces of the name 
 still exist, as in the town of 
 Hiijrring (which Thorkelin 
 would derive from Heort- 
 tliing), also Hirtshals on the 
 coast, near the Skagerack. 
 
 Hetwaro, HiBtware. 4715, 
 5824, S. T. 67. 
 
 The Cbatuarii of Strabo. 
 From these sprung theBatavi : 
 " Omnium harum gentium 
 virtute priecipui Batavi non 
 multum ex ripa, sed insulam 
 Rlieni amnis colunt. Chatto- 
 rum quondam populus, et se- 
 ditionedomestica in eaa sedes 
 transgressus, in quilius pars 
 Komani imperii fiorent." Tac. 
 Ger. xxix. See also cjusd. 
 Ilistor. IV. 12. 15. Atalater 
 period the Chatuarii appear 
 seated between the Rhine and 
 the Maas. From the passage 
 of Velleiua (II. 105), "In- 
 trata protinus (a Tiberio) 
 Gcrmania, subacti Canine- 
 fates, Attuarii, Bructeri, re- 
 cepti Chcrusci," Zeuss (Die 
 Deutschen, p. 100) concludes 
 
 I' j 5843, 5862 
 
 that Chattuarii is the common 
 denomination of the Batavi 
 and Caninefates. Ettmiiller, 
 SoSpes vldsidh. p. 18. See 
 also Introd. p. xxv. note. 
 The Hoetware and Frisians 
 were allies. 
 
 Hrefna-wudu. 
 
 Hrefnes-holt. 
 
 The place in W. Gothland 
 where Iloethoyn fell in a 
 battle with Ougentheow. 
 
 Hi'cosna-bcorh, a mountain 
 in W. Gothland. 4948. 
 
 Hrethmen, the inhabitants 
 of Jutland. 894. 
 
 Jutland is by Wulfstan 
 called Gotland (see iElfred's 
 Orosius, edit. Bohn, p. 252), 
 also ReiiJgotaland ; while the 
 Danish isles were denomi- 
 nated Ey-Gotaland. The 
 territory of the Eei'5-Gotar 
 comprised at one period the 
 vast tract of country between 
 the Gulf of Finland and the 
 Vistula, or even the Oder. 
 See "Gotan" in Index of 
 Folks, etc. , in Scop or Glee- 
 man's Tale. 
 
 Ili'oucs-utes, a ncss or pro- 
 montory on the coast of 
 W.Gothland. 5603, 6264. 
 
 Hugas, a people bordering 
 on Friesland. 4998, 5820. 
 
 Ingwinaa, an appellation of 
 the Danes, but whence 
 
320 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL INDEX. 
 
 derived does not appear. 
 2092, 2642. 
 Jutes (J6tar). — Jutlanders. 
 1771, 1809, 2148, 2180, 
 2286, 2294. 
 
 Though now regarded as 
 Danes, the Jutes, in those 
 early times, were distinguish- 
 ed as a separate people, and 
 were probably the descen- 
 dants of earlier Gothic settlers 
 in Jutland, while the Danes 
 (Dene) were an invading na- 
 tion. Thus Hengest was a 
 Jute, and Healfdene, his lord, 
 a Dane. The E6tenas (Jcitnar) 
 wore apparently a still earlier 
 (Finnish) race, out of whom 
 the Gothic conquerors made 
 their trolls and giants. Both 
 JOti (plur. Jotar) and iotunn 
 (plur. icitnar) are rendered in 
 A.S. by e6ten (plur. c6tenas). 
 Prom the Ynglinga-Saga, c. 
 5, we learn that previous to 
 the time of Skiold, the seat 
 of the Danish kings was in 
 Beitgothland (Jutland), but 
 by him wag transferred to 
 Lethra in Seeland, of which 
 he was the founder. 
 
 s. 
 
 Scedo-land, > Scania or 
 Scedcn-ig, j Skftno ; the 
 Sconeg of Wulfstan (Ores, 
 p. 252); Scandia or Scan- 
 zia insula, 38, 3376. 
 Scyldingas. See DancS: 
 Scylfingas. See Swedes. 
 
 Swedes. — Sweonas. 4936, 
 5885, 5908, 5995 ; Svveo- 
 feod. 5836; Scylfingas^ 
 125, 4417. 5200, etc. 
 
 Swio-rice, Sweden. 4755, 
 
 4983- 
 
 W. 
 
 WiBgmundingas, the race 
 from which Beowulf and 
 Wiglaf were descended^ 
 5208, 5620. 
 
 Wa3lsingas(Volsungar). 1758 
 
 Warasf 927. j Probably an 
 error for Wsernas. 
 
 Wedoras. See Goths. 
 
 Wedor-raearc, the country 
 of the Weder-Goths, pro- 
 bably deriving its name 
 from, or imparting it to, 
 the Wetter lake. 602. 
 
 WendlaSjthe Wends or Van- 
 dals. 702, S. T. 119. 
 
 Wioingas(Mere). 5834, S.T. 
 6i. 
 
 Wylfingas, Wulfingas, a Go- 
 thic race, but whose loca- 
 lity seems unknown. 926,, 
 946, S. T: 60. 
 
 Their name is said to be de- 
 rived from Ilildobrand, the 
 renowued champion of Diote- 
 rioh (Theo<lric) of Berne (Ve- 
 rona), who bore wolves inliia 
 shield. Sec W. Grimm. 
 Deutsche Ilcldensage, pp. 
 107, 233 et passim. 
 
GLOSSAEIAL IND.EX 
 
 OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE SCOP OB GLEEMAN'S TALE 
 AND THE FIGHT AT FINNESBUBG. 
 
 ^gelmund, a Lombard king 
 in Germany and Pannonia. 
 236. 
 
 Of ^gelmund Paulus Dia- 
 conua (I. 14) says : Agilmun- 
 dus, Achonis filius, ex pro- 
 sapia Yng-lingorum (al. Gun- 
 giiicorum), primiia Longo- 
 bardoruin rex, a Bulgaribua 
 interfeotiis ; regnavit annos 
 XXXIII. 
 
 iElfwine. 142. 
 
 This is Alboin, the cele- 
 brated king of the Lombards, 
 ob. A.D. 573, of whom see 
 Gibbon, D. and F. it. c. 14. 
 
 iEtla, Attila the Hun. Ger. 
 
 Etzel. 37, 246. 
 Alewili. 72. 
 
 This, I imagine, can be no 
 other than 01af,Fridlev'sson, 
 of whom see Saxo,lib. VI.Gra- 
 ter's Suhm, cc. 12—15, ''""i 
 Petersen, Danmarks Ilistorio 
 i Ilcdcnold, i. pp. 169, sqq. 
 
 Aloxandroas. 31. 
 
 B. 
 
 Beadeca. 225. 
 Becca. 39, 231. 
 Billing. 52. 
 
 Breoca. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Breca. 
 
 C. 
 Cajlic. 42. 
 Casere. 41, 154. 
 
 EadgOs, a prince of tlie Myr- 
 gings. 187. 
 
 Eadwine, Audoin, the father 
 of Alboin. 150, 198, 235. 
 
 Eaha. E. F. 30. 
 
 Ealhhild, Ohg. Alahilt, the 
 daughter of Eadwine (Au- 
 doin), king of the Lom- 
 bards, and wife of Eadgils. 
 ID, 195. 
 
 She wont apparently, at- 
 tended by our Gleeman, on a 
 21 
 
322 GLOSSAEIAL INDEX OF PEESONS 
 
 mission of peace, to the court 
 of Hermanric. 
 
 Elsa. 235. 
 
 Emeroa, the Hereling, tlie 
 Imbrecke of the Heldens., 
 and brother of Fridla (Fri- 
 tele). See W. Grimm, 
 Deutsche Heldensage, p. 
 48 et passim. 227. 
 
 EormanriCjErmanric. 16, 38, 
 177, 224, Beow. 2406. 
 
 For the story of this re- 
 nowned conqueror, the Gothic 
 Alexander, with all its 'ana- 
 chronisms and inconsistences, 
 the reader is referred, besides 
 the original sources, to Bishop 
 Midler's Sagahibhothek, Bd. 
 ii, and the Deutsche Helden- 
 sage of W. Grimm, where 
 may be foxmd, collected from 
 the Teutonic and Scandi- 
 navian authorities, the chief 
 particulars of this celebrated 
 hero of Northern song. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fin Folowalding. See Index 
 
 to Beowulf 
 Freotheric. 249. 
 Fridla. 227. See Emerca. 
 
 G. 
 
 Garulf. F. F. 36, 63. 
 Gefwulf. 54. 
 
 Gifica, a king of the Burgun- 
 dians. 40. 
 The Gibich of the German, 
 
 and Giuki of theScandinavian 
 traditions. 
 
 Gislhere, son of Gibich. 248. 
 
 G uthhere( Giin ther, Gunnar), 
 a son of Gibich, married to 
 Brynhild.133. See North. 
 Mythol. pp. 99, sqq. 
 
 Guthhere. F. F. 37. 
 
 Guthlaf F. F. 33, 66. Beow. 
 2301. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hagena, the Nor. Ilavgni or 
 Hogni. 43. 
 
 This is the Hagen of the 
 lay of Gudrun, and not to bo 
 confounded with him of the 
 Nibelungen Not. The North- 
 ern writers make him to have 
 been a petty king in Jutland. 
 See his story in Snorra-Edda, 
 edit. Uask, pp. 163, 164; also 
 in Saxo, p. 238, edit. Mtiller; 
 in Suhm's Historie, or Gra- 
 ter's translation^ i. p. 245. 
 
 Hama (Heime, Hamdir), son 
 of Gudrunby Jonakur, and 
 slayer of Ermanric. Car- 
 ries off the Brosinga mene. 
 See North. Mythol. i. pp. 
 106 — 108. 250, 262. 
 Beow. 2401. 
 
 Heathoric. 233. 
 
 Helm,aking of theWulfings. 
 60. 
 
 Henden, a king of the Gloms. 
 44. 
 
IN THE SCOP OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 323 
 
 The Noi-sk He))iii, the son 
 of Hiarrand or Hiorwarcl, a 
 ISIorwegian prince, at first the 
 friend of Iliigni, though they 
 afterwards slew each other in 
 single combat, on account of 
 Hilldr, Hbgni's daughter, 
 who by her incantations raised 
 them every night, when they 
 renewed their contest, which 
 is to continue till Eagnarokr, 
 or the great darkness, when 
 the heavenly bodies are to be 
 extinguished. 
 
 Hengest. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf. 
 
 Hetlica. 225. 
 
 Hlitho. 234. 
 
 Hnaef. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf. 
 
 Holen, a king of tlie Wrosns. 
 68. 
 
 Hringweald, a king of the 
 Hcrefaran. 69. 
 
 Hrothgar. | See Index to 
 
 Hrotliwulf. J Beowulf. 
 
 Hun. a king of tb.e Hetware. 
 67. 
 
 The name of Hun was not 
 unfrequent among the old 
 Frisians. See Outzen, Glos- 
 sarium, p. 436. 
 
 Hungar. 236. 
 
 Hwala. 29. 
 
 I. 
 
 Incgentheow. 234. 
 
 Ingeld. See Index toBeowulf. 
 
 M. 
 Meaca, a king of the Myr- 
 
 gings. 47. 
 Mearchealf, a king of the 
 
 Handings. 48. 
 
 0. 
 
 Offa. 1 Seelndexto 
 
 Ongendtheow. j Beowuli 
 Ordlaf. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Oslaf. 
 Oswine, a king of the Eowas. 
 
 S3- 
 
 E. 
 Esedhere. 247. 
 Eondhere. 247. 
 Eumstan. 248. 
 
 S. 
 Sasferth, king of the Sycgas. 
 63, R F. 30, 48. 
 
 In the Fight at Finnesburg 
 he is called Sigeferth, lord of 
 the Secgan. 
 
 Sceafa, a king of the Lom- 
 bards. 66. 
 
 Sceafthere, a lung of the 
 Ymbers. 65. 
 
 Scilling, a scop or gleeman, 
 associated with the author 
 of the poem. 207. 
 
 Seafola. 232. 
 
 Secca. 231. 
 
 Sifeca. 233. 
 
 Sigeferth. See Steferth. 
 21—2 
 
324 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL INDEX. 
 
 Sigohore, a king of the Sea- 
 Danes. 58. 
 T. 
 Theodric, the son of Clovis. 
 49, 232. 
 
 For his story in connection 
 with Chochilagns, the Hyge- 
 lao of Beowulf, see Greg. 
 Turon. lib. III. 
 Thyle, a king of the Bond- 
 ings. 50. 
 
 TJ. 
 TJnwene. 230. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wada, a king of the Helsings. 
 46. 
 
 Wald, a king of the Woings. 
 
 6i. 
 Witta, a king of the Swsefs. 
 
 45- 
 Withergield. See Index to 
 
 Beowulf. 
 Wod, a king of the Thurin- 
 
 gians. 62. 
 Wudga (Wittich). 250, 262. 
 
 Wittich and Heime are 
 mentioned as comrades in 
 Alphart, in the Eaben- 
 schlacht, and other poems. 
 SoeW. Grimm Heldona. p. 20. 
 
 Wulfhere. 239. 
 Wyrmhei'e. 239. 
 
GLOSSARIAL INDEX 
 
 of folks and countiubs mentioned in the scop ob 
 gijEeman's tale. 
 
 ^nenas. 124. 
 Amotliingas. 173. 
 
 Lappenberg supposes these 
 to be the Othingi of Joruaudes, 
 who are described as dwelling 
 in caves hewn out of the rooks, 
 and one of the most savage 
 Scandinavian races. Suhm 
 places them in Sweden, where 
 many such caves still exist, 
 
 E, 
 
 Baningas. 39. 
 
 Erondingas. See Index to 
 
 Beowulf. 
 Burgendas, tlie Burgundians 
 
 of History. 40, 131. 
 
 C. 
 
 Creacas, the Greeks of the 
 
 Lower Empire. 41, 153. 
 
 D. 
 
 Deane. 127. 
 
 Dene. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Danes. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eatul, Italy. 141. 
 Ebreas, Hebrews. 167. 
 Egyptas. 168. 
 
 Engle, Ongle, Angeln. 15, 
 71, 89, 123. 
 
 Anciently the territory be- 
 tween the Saxons and Jutes, 
 whence the Angles came to 
 Britain. Beda, Hist. Eocl. 
 I. 15. 
 Eolas. 174. 
 Eowas. 53. 
 
 Probably the people of the 
 Swedish isle of Oeland in the 
 Baltic, the Eowland of Oh- 
 there. See Ores. p. 252. 
 Ex-Syringas. 166. 
 
 F. 
 Eifel-dor, 87. 
 
 Apparently the Eider so de- 
 
 , siguated, its ancient name, 
 
 Egidora (Agidora, Egdora, 
 
 Egidur), of which Eider is 
 
 merely a contraction, being,. 
 
32G GLOSSAEIAL INDEX OF FOLKS, ETC., 
 
 no doubt, an analogous com- 
 pounil of Agia (A, S. cge, 0. 
 Nor. a3gir), terror, and d6r, 
 door, gate. See Glossary, •«. 
 fifel. 
 
 Fiiinas,Fins.42, 153. Scride- 
 Finnas, the people of Fin- 
 mark. 160. 
 
 Fresnacyn, Frisians. 56. See 
 Index to Beowulf, v. Fri- 
 sians. 
 
 Froncas, Franks. 49, 137. 
 See Index to Beowulf. 
 
 Frumtiugas. 138. 
 
 Frysas, Frisians. 137. 
 
 G. 
 
 Geatas. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Goths. 
 Gefflegas. 122. 
 
 Lappenberg, with great 
 probability, supposes these to 
 be the people of Gefle, to the 
 north of Upsala. 
 
 Gefthas. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Gifthas. 
 Glomiuas. 44, 139. 
 
 Probably the dwellers on the 
 banks of the Glommen, a river 
 of Norway, rising in the moun- 
 tains S. E. of Trondhjem. 
 
 Gotan, Goths. 38, 179, 220; 
 East-G. 228 ; Hreth-G. 
 116. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Hrethmen; 
 
 II. 
 
 Ilailctlias. Head with Ett- 
 miiller Harothas (O. Nor. 
 HdrSar), thepeople of Hor- 
 thaland in Norway. 163. 
 
 Hoelsingas. 46. 
 
 These, a Scandinavian 
 people, have left traces of 
 their existence inHelsingborg 
 opposite Helsingor(Elsiuore), 
 Helsingfors in Finland, Hel- 
 singland. Thelast-mentioued, 
 over which Wada probably 
 held sway, lies in the N. B. 
 of Sweden, about Gefle. 
 
 Haatwere. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Hetware. 
 
 Hsethnas. The inhabitants 
 of the Norwegian HeiS- 
 mdrk. 163. 
 
 Heatlio-bardan. ) See Index 
 
 Heatho-roemas. > to Beo- 
 
 Heorot. ) wulf. 
 
 Hore-faran. Dan. Hallands- 
 farer. 69. 
 
 The inhabitants of the pre- 
 sent Swedish province of Har- 
 land,now softened toHaUand? 
 
 Herelingas. 226, 
 
 TheHarlings of the German 
 Heldensage, whose locality 
 was on the banks of the Rhine : 
 "Est Alsatioo castellumvoca- 
 bulo Brisach, de quo omnis 
 adjacens pagus appellatur 
 Brisachgowe, quod f ortur olim 
 fuisse illorum qui Harlungi 
 
IN THE SCOP OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 327 
 
 dioebantur.'' SeeW. Grimm, 
 Heldens. p. 37. et passim, 
 Hocingas. 59. 
 
 These derive their name 
 from IIoco, tho father of Hil- 
 deburh. See Beowulf. 2157. 
 Holm-rycas. 43. 
 
 Their locality is unknown; 
 the most probable conjecture 
 seems that which assigns them 
 to some of the small islands 
 lying off the coast of Jutland. 
 Hr'edas=Hrethas,i.e.Hretli- 
 
 Gotanl 241. 
 Hretli-Gotau. Seo Gotan, 
 and Index to Beowulf, v. 
 Hretlimen. 
 Hronas. 127. 
 
 In these EttrauUer is inclined 
 to recognise the Grannii, or 
 Arochiranni(ArochiRannii)of 
 Jornandes, who, according to 
 Zenss, were seated either in 
 the south of Norway or in 
 the islands of the Belt. Lap- 
 penberg would identify them 
 with the people of Rdnrlki in 
 the N. W. of Sweden. It 
 seems probable that their ha- 
 bitation was in W. Gothland, 
 as Beowulf's grave-mound 
 was on Hr6ne3-nEes. 
 
 Hunas, Huns. 37, 115. 
 
 Hundingas. 48, 164. 
 
 Probably the people of 
 Hundland, a territory which 
 the editors of the Copenhagen 
 edition of Ssemund's Edda 
 (T. ii. p. 86) are inclined to 
 
 place in Jutland, in the dio- 
 cese of Aalborg, where many 
 local names (Hundborg, 
 Hundsland, etc.) still bear 
 testimony of their ancient oc- 
 cupiers. Lappenberg sup- 
 poses them to have dwelt in 
 Biarmeland, or the country 
 about the Dwiua, in the 
 White sea, their name some- 
 times occurring with that of 
 the Biarmelauders. 
 
 I. 
 
 Idumiugas, probably a Let- 
 tish race. 176. 
 Indeas. 167. 
 Israliclas. 165. 
 Istas, Estlionians. 175. 
 
 L. 
 Leonas. 161. 
 
 These are the Aevwvol, ac- 
 cording to Ptolemy the inha- 
 bitants of the middle of Scan- 
 dinavia, the Liothida of Jor- 
 nandes. See Zenss, pp. 503, 
 506. 
 Lidwicingas. 161. 
 
 The Bretons : see Sax. 
 Chron. a. 885, where "butan 
 Lid-wicingum" is rendered by 
 Florence of Worcester absque 
 Armoricano regno. And a. 
 918, the words: "siitSan of 
 Lid-wiocum," he renders by 
 de provincia qucE Lidvnccum 
 didtur. The A. S. appellation 
 has evidently been made out 
 of the British name of Armo- 
 rica, Llydaw. 
 
328 ■ GLOSSARIAL INDEX OF FOLKS, ETC., 
 
 Longbeardas. 66, 162. 
 
 The Lombards, anciently 
 dwelling on the banks of the 
 Elbe. At a later period we 
 find them in Pannonia, whence 
 under Alboin they invaded 
 Italy. See Tacit. Germ. edit. 
 Gerlach. ii. pp. 226, sqcj. 
 
 M. 
 Mofdingas. 171. 
 Moidas, Medes. 169. 
 Myrgingas, Ohg. MauiungS, 
 
 Morungfi,. 8, 47, 86, 170, 
 
 172, 194. 
 
 The people of the old Mau- 
 rungania or Nordalbingia. 
 From the Googr. Eavon. wo 
 have : " Quarta ut liora noo- 
 tia Nortmanuorum est patria, 
 quaj ct Dania ab antiquis, cu- 
 jus ad frontem Albes vel pa- 
 tria Albis, Maurungani acer- 
 tissime autiqiiis dicebatur, in 
 qua patria Albis, per multos 
 annos, Francoriim linea remo- 
 rata est." By "Francorum 
 linea" the Mer6wing3 are, no 
 doubt, meant. 
 
 0. 
 
 Ongle. See Engle. 
 
 P. 
 
 Peolitas, Picts. 159. 
 Persas, Persians. 169. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eondingas, 50. 
 Engas. 139. 
 
 These Ettmiiller supposes 
 to be the Kygir, or inhabi- 
 tants of Eogaland, on the 
 Bukkefiord in Norway. May 
 they not be the inhabitants 
 of the isle of Eiigen ? 
 Eum-Walas, i. e. Eoman- 
 foreigners. 140. 
 
 The Germanic nations 
 called the subjects of the Em- 
 pire, perhaps indiscrimi- 
 nately, A. S. Wealas (sing; 
 Wealh). Italy is, even at the 
 present day, called by the 
 Germans Welschland, i. e. 
 Wiilischland. Hence our 
 Welsh, the British inhabitants 
 so called by the Germanic in- 
 vaders. 
 
 s 
 
 Scottas, Scots. 159. 
 
 Seaxc, Saxons. 125. 
 
 S ecgan. See Sycgas. 
 
 Sercingas, the people of Serk- 
 land, or Saracens, whose 
 name is a corrupt deriva- 
 tion from shark, the east. 
 
 151- 
 
 Seringas. 152. 
 
 These Lappenberg conjec- 
 tures to be the Seres, on the 
 Caspian sea, noted for the 
 production of silk. 
 
 Swaife, the North Sweven 
 on the Lower Elbe. 45, 
 89, 123. 
 
 Ptolemy calls them Soifq 
 jSoioi " AyyiKoi, 
 
IN THE SCOP OE GLEEMAN'S TALE. 329 
 
 Sweas; 0. Nor. Sviar. 64, 
 117. Sea Index to Beo- 
 TTulf, V. Swedes. 
 
 Swedes, inhabiting the cen- 
 tral part only of modern Swe- 
 den. They were probably 
 separated from the Goths 
 (Gedtas) by the Malar lake. 
 
 Sweord-weras. 126. 
 The Suardones of Tacitus, 
 between the Trave and the 
 Oder ? Zeusa considers them 
 and the later Heruli as one 
 and the same people. 
 
 Sycgas, Secgan. 63, 125, 
 F. F. 48. 
 
 T. 
 
 Throwendas, the Throw ends 
 or Thronds, 0. Nor. prsen- 
 dir, the people of Thrond- 
 hjem or Drontheim. 130. 
 
 Thyringas, the North Thu- 
 lingians, apparently on the 
 south bank of the Elbe. 
 62, 129. 
 
 These, at a later period, 
 were conquered by, and incor- 
 porated with the Saxons. 
 
 Thyringas (East). 174. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waemas, "Wernas. 52, 119. 
 The Varini, Verini (Varnavi 
 of Helmold)on the Elbe, whose 
 name is known to us by the 
 " Leges Angliorum et Weri- 
 norum." Their earlier seat 
 
 seems to have been in Meck- 
 lenburg. 
 
 Wala-rice, the Eastern em- 
 pire? 158. 
 
 Weulas, the Wendla leod of 
 Beowulf. 702, (Wendlas 
 is, no doubt, the correct 
 reading). 119. 
 
 They were probably a rem- 
 nant of the Vandali or Wends, 
 
 Wernas. See "WEernas. 
 
 "Wicingarcyn. 96. 
 
 WUna. The capital of Lithua- 
 nia? 157. 
 
 Winedas, the Vinedi or 
 Wends. 121. 
 
 Under the name of Vind- 
 land (A. S. Weonodland) was 
 at one time comprised the 
 whole coastland from the Slie, 
 or Schlei, by Sleswig, to the 
 mouth of the Vistula. 
 
 Wiolane. 157. 
 
 Wistla-wudu, the wood or 
 forest of the Vistula. 243. 
 
 With-Myrgingas. 238. 
 
 Woingas. See Index to Beo- 
 wulf, V. Wioingas. 
 
 Wrosnas, the people of Ost- 
 Eosn and West-Eosn in 
 Pomerania? 68. 
 
 Lappenberg and EttmiiUer 
 surmise that the Wrosns may 
 be the Scandinavian race from 
 which the Russians derive 
 their name, and who first be- 
 
330 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL ' INDEX. 
 
 came known in the ninth 
 century. See Zeusa, pp. 
 S47— S66. 
 
 Wulfingas. See Index to 
 
 Beowulf, V. Wjlfingas. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Ymbras. 65. 
 
 In these Lappenberg rocog- 
 
 Femom. They wore, perhaps, 
 a remnant of the Ambrones, 
 whose name, as Siihm sur- 
 mises, may yet exist in Am- 
 ron, a small island in the 
 German Ocean off the coast 
 of Sleswig, and probably also 
 in Amerland, a part of the 
 territory of Oldenburg. 
 
 nises the Imbers of the isle of Ytas, Jutes. 54. 
 
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