OF BOOKS ON SOUTH AMERICA PURCHASED FROM THE Sage lEndotoment l^und 1896 Cornell University Library F 2513.S43 Brazil :its provinces and chief cities ; 3 1924 019 968 159 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 99681 59 THE BRAZILIAN AND PORTUGUESE BANK, (XillVIITBD.) No. 63, RUA DIRE IT A, RIO BE, 'JANEIRO. CAPITAL, dEl,000,000 I PAID UP, ^500,000. With power to increase. HEAD OFFICE: 13, ST. HELEN'S PLACE, LONDON. OPORTO BRANCH: EXJA DIS INGLBYES, OPORTO. AGENCIES IN MSBON, PARIS, HAMBURG, AND OTHER CITIES OF EUROPE; AND IN BRAZIL, AT PERNAMBUCO AND bahia; Allows Interest on Deposits, Grants Letters of Credit, Issnes Drafts of Exchange, Purchases Bills, and transacts all kind of Banking Business. LIVERPOOL, BRAZIL, & RIVER PLATE STEAMIERS. Eepler . 1499 tons. Halley . 1347 tons Galileo . 1525 „ Hnmboldt 1344 „ Memnon . 1209 „ Aragfo 843 „ Newton . 1074 „ Cassini . 843 „ Ptolemy . 1115 „ Flamsteed 1393 „ Thales . 1153 „ Copernicns 1393 „ SCEEW STEAMEES ABE DESPATCHED FBOM LIVERFO OL (CALLING AT LISBON) WITH FIKST AND THIRD CLASS PASSENGERS, AND CARtIO, FOR PORTS II BRAZIL AID TIE RIYER PLATE. BAIIA AID RIO DE JAIEIRO, On or dbotit the 10th of every Month. BAHIA, RIO DE JANEIRO, MOITE YIDEO AND BFEIOS AIRES, On or about the 25th of every Month. APPIT TO LAMPORT Sc HOLT, 21, WATER STREET, LIVERPOOL. BRAZIL; m. PROVINCES AND CHIEF CITIES; THE AGKICULTUEAL, COMMEECIAL, AND OTHER STATISTICS, Taken from tlie Latest Official Bocnments ; WITH A VAKIEIT OF USEFUL AND ENTERTAINING IvNOWLEDGE, BOTH FOB TBE MEBCHASI ABO IBE EMIGKANT. WILLIAM SCULLY, Editor of the ''■Anglo-Brazilian Timet." LONDON: MUERAY & CO., 13, PATERNOSTER ROW. J 866. The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved by the Author. HIS EXCELLENCY SR JOAO LINS VIEIRA CANSAICAO DE SINIMBU, TO WHOM • BRAZIL IS SO LARGELY INDEBTED FOR HER ADVANCEMENT, ^^axt Cijmpitiriwm at '§xml IS DEDICATED BT THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. ERRATA. age X For amantia read amanha '■> 5J ., pataqaes )» patacas 5? 5) „ testoes )» tostoes 10 „ Deos the 3) Deos Ihe 27 The $ should he after the ,000 64 For Sauta read Souto 68 „ Caifa )) Caixa „ 161 „ Maria )) Maua „ 312 „ 9,600,OOOZ. )i 9,600,0001bs » 313 „ Paulense ») Paulista it IS lur tuis xcasuu luul tiio autuur, cui;uui"agcu l»y the good wishes of many experienced literary friends, and possessing at his hand peculiar and valuable facilities for the undertaking, has ventured to fill up, in part, the void, and thus to make the public better acquainted with a PREFACE. Brazil has been visited at sundry times by many distinguished naturalists and writers, whose researches, published to the world, have become "household words" among all classes, and thus most readers of the present day are familiar with her flora, her fauna, her ento- mology, and h^r diamonds. Still these works, though most interesting and instructive, and enlivened by the most varied charms of style and eloquent description, do not in all things meet the requirements of the age, as they do not usually condescend to those details which, in these commercial days, are looked upon by many as a sine qua non in a descriptive work. It is for this reason that the author, encouraged by the good wishes of many experienced literary friends, and possessing at his hand peculiar and valuable facilities for the undertaking, has ventured to fill up, in part, the void, and thus to make the public better acquainted with a VIU PREFACE. country which has of late years made extra' ordinary strides in political and commercial progresSj but which still remains to most a demi-savage, forest-covered wild, producing coffee, sugar, insects, gums, gold, snakes, and precious stones. Therefore, avoiding ground already so ably occupied, and rarely indulging himself in diver- gence from the strict limits of Jiis_jpurposey the author has condensed, systematised, and arranged the mass of private and official matter at his command into such a suitable form and size as he hopes may render this work, in the eyes of the statesman, the merchant, the seaman, and the agriculturist, a true and convenient guide-book to Brazil. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. A TEATELLER without a guide-book is like a sMp at sea without a compass, and must resign himself to being dragged about in the wake of a courier who, though perhaps long a resident, may yet remain perfectly ignorant of the man- ners and customs of the people, and of the points of interest in the country. The author, there- fore, designs to give a succinct account, and a clear outline, of the different provinces, and of their capabilities, together with a skeleton tour through their capitals. A man must carry knowledge with him if he desire to bring more home ; but it is a lamen- table fact that many persons leave Brazil, after a long residence in it, as ignorant of its grand sights, and of the laws, institutions, and habits of the people, as when they came ; remaining, as is X INTEODUCTION. too often the case, prejudiced against what they nad not even tried to understand. One great requisite in a traveller is coolness of temper. Contrarieties will arise even in the best organised countries; and, in Brazil, where espere uni pouco (wait a little), dmantia (to- morrow), and paciencia (patience), are words in everyone's mouth, an easy-tempered man makes the best traveller. Therefore let your motto be " keep cool," and if circumstances absolutely require the Jbr titer in re, at least let it be tempered with the suaviter in modo ; for the Brazilian is innately courteous, and, appre- ciating in a high degree the quality in others, will yield much more to the politeness and suavity of the stranger than could be extorted by the menaces of the Foreign Office. Next to conformity with the manners and customs comes a knowledge of the simple coin- age, and of the easy, terse, and beautiful lan- guage of the Lusiad and Brazil. Better than a thrice-filled purse willj the traveller find this knowledge, and he should at least become familiar with his vocabulary, and with vintens, pataques, testoes, and milreis. Money offers but little difficulty, for sove- INTRODTJCTION. XI reigns are legal tender at nearly nine milreis each (8i?890), but the safest and most conve- nient mode of carrying money is by a letter of credit on some bank, whose ci'edit stands so high as to be known and respected in every part of the empire. Passports are necessary, and may be procured either from the Brazilian consuls, or from the authorities of your own country, but we recom- mend the latter in every case. The different members and the servants of a family can travel with the one passport if they be included in it. On arrival, it will be vised at once by the police officer, and handed back to you on board. On wishing to le.ave Brazil you will have to advertise your intention for three preceding days, or procure some respectable person to become responsible for your debts and liabilities. We advise all British subjects to call and pay their respects to the representatives of their country, whom they will find in general obliging and gentlemanly ; and, if in liio de Janeiro, most valuable information may be obtained from the English consul there, Mr. Hunt, who is a perfect encyclopedia of useful and enter- Xll INTRODUCTION. taining knowledge, and wliose dicta may be strictly relied on, while, in case of any occur- rence requiring Ms official intervention as a British consul, there is no man whose recla- mations for redress are better attended to by the authorities of Brazil, Could the intelligent English, Irish, and Scotch agriculturists, possessed of small capital,, be induced to scale the confiniug walls of home-ties and prepossessions to come here to judge for themselves of the climate, the resources, and the capabilities of this vast and fertile empire, on which nature, in the collo- cation and accumulation of its mineral and agricultural wealth, seems^ to have smiled benignantly, and to have lavished with a muni- ficent hand her choicest treasures, we think that few would be willing to leave the prospects which it offers to the enterprising and indus- trious farmer, whether in the pursuit of agricul- ture , or of grazing — prospects far superior to those offered by Australia, New Zealand, or the United States. It is too much the fashion with foreigners to make " odious comparisons" between Brazil and their own country. They may be perfectly &•* INTRODUCTION. XIU conscientious in their belief, but, with the super- ficial knowledge they acquire without mingling with the natives, they become discontented, knowing nothing of the real kindness, courtesy, and hospitality of the people among whom they may be mere " birds of passage," and in their writings and conversation the temptation of a weU-rounded period, or pointed sarcasm, often carries the day against their better sense of justice. To no citizen of any country is it becoming to play the Pharisee, for in no country are the iistitutions and customs beyond improvement, or beyond criticism and detraction. There are many things in Brazil susceptible of alteration rfor the better, but strike a fair balance, and there are few countries freer and more prosperous. ■ The constitution and the laws are a reflex of the English. The Emperor is a highly educated gentleman, speaking most European languages ; and as a monarch, is a pattern to those of Europe. The Empress is a lady, and a Christian, and she and her illustrious husband &re easy of access alike to rich and poor. - The court and aristocracy of Brazil have learnt to carry their pride without offence, and XIV INTEODUCTION. there is a rising class which is rearing imperish- able monuments of their zeal and patriotism in the promotion of just and salutary laws, Eeligious opinions of all kinds are respected, and though a Roman Catholic country, the Government pays Protestant clergymen for the benefit of the German emigrants. The River Plate is a nest of petty republics- constantly at cross purposes, and without any combined plan of material progress; Monte Video, a state bankrupt in everything but oppression ; and the other republics of South America, smouldering volcanoes, ready at any moment to vomit forth anarchy and bloodshed- The laws of Brazil are far from perfection, but its constitution is upheld in its integrity, and^ves a sufficient guarantee to every one of life and property. Foreigners are welcomed, and the people and Government endeavour by every means to encourage emigration; and,, with the great facilities afforded, and the im- mense field for enterprise for. industrious agri- culturists, it is surprising that Scotch and Irish emigrants do not seek this country, where a life of more prosperity and of greater ease awaits them than can be realised in the United States, INTEODTTCTION. XV where the foreigner is despised, and where the frightful winter of an arctic clime exacts from the panting farmer excessive labour in a summer heat that is never experienced even in the hot- test equatorial regions of Brazil. Brazil, in truth, enjoys the finest, the most equable, and the healthiest climate that is found in any country in similar latitudes. Her soil yields everything that tropical and temperate climes produce ; and, if there were but suflBcient labour, she could easily become the source from which Europe would obtain, not only her luxuries and her comforts, not only the staples which feed her manufactures, the dyewoods, the indigo and the cochineal of her dyers, the drugs, gums, balsams, and resins of her druggists, but even the grain and cattle with which she nourishes her population. BRAZIL. THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. The present Emperor, Dom Pedro II., as- cended the throne of Brazil while only five years old, his father, Dom Pedro I., having abdicated in his favour on April 7, 1831. The ceremony of his coronation took place on July 18, 1841, and on Septemher 4, 1843, he espoused the present Empress, Donna Theresa Christina Maria, aunt of the ex-king of Naples. It is not too much to say that it is to the wise and vigorous administration of the present Emperor that Brazil owes her present rank among civilised nations, and the prosperity and tranquillity she has enjoyed for so many years in the midst of the continuous outbreaks against law and order which have desolated and ruined the unhappy republics that surround her. In B 2 BEAZIL. acMeving this great result the personal cha- racter and acquirements of the Emperor have been of incalculable service, a^ displaying a high standard of excellence, in manners, educa- tion, and morality, to which his courtiers and his people might aspire. Foremost and inde- fatigable in every project likely to advance the interests of his country, morally or materially, he has used the great powers entrusted to him by the Constitution, and the still greater ac- quired through the influence of his own cha- racter and talents, for the benefit of the people themselves, and not for the aggrandisement of himself or family, and it is no wonder that, im- bibing his spirit and stimulated by his example, the public men of Brazil number among their ranks some of the most patriotic and large- minded statesmen to be found in the world. His Majesty is accessible to all ranks of society, and ready to listen to any tale of dis- tress. His annuity of 800,000 milreis scarcely enables him to obey the dictates of his heart in the distribution of his charity. Nor in this beautiful characteristic is Her Majesty the Empress deficient, and the 96,000 milreis she receives annually is chiefly dis- THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. 3 bursed, not in the wasteful extravagance of fashion, but in the alleviation of poverty and sickness, she contenting herself in her dress with the elegant simplicity of taste without the orna- mental jewellery and expensive modes of Paris. The two princesses, one 18 years, the other 17 years old, have been very carefully educated by the most competent professors procurable, and under the personal superintendence of the Emperor, who, whatever his avocations, devoted an hour each day to their instruction in history and geography. The eldest. Donna Isabel, is heiress to the throne, the Salic law not obtaining in Brazil, and great expectations are entertained from her well-known amiable disposition and natural talent. She was married on October 15, 1864, to Louis Gaston d'Orleans, Compte d'Eu, a grandson of Louis Philippe, who distinguished himself greatly while in the Spanish service during the last war between Spain and Mo- rocco. The younger sister. Donna Leopoldina, married Augustus, Duke of Saxe Coburg, a member of one of the richest and most illus- trious families in Germany. B 2 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. Among tlie various classes of which Brazilian society is composed, the nobility naturally claims the first attention. As the creation of a Brazilian aristocracy took place only after the declaration of independence in 1822, the length of their pedigrees is but short, and by a very wise and salutary law, all titles conferred on persons become extinct at their death, so that, in order that their heirs may obtain the same' honours, they must render some public service which will merit the appreciation of the Em- peror, whose selection is in conformity with all his public acts, and confers "honour only on those to whom honour is due." The nobility possess many amiable qualities. They are temperate, generous, charitable, attached to their sovereign, and courteous to their inferiors in society. Even when occupying the offices of Ministers of State, the afiable manner in which they receive both foreigner and native, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 5 contrasts very agreeably with tlie assumed dignity and inaccessibility of the English placeman. This is truly a pleasant characteristic of Brazilian officials, from the highest to the lowest ; and even the Emperor, at his levees, denies access to none, receives petitions, and listens courteously to any requests or commu- nications made to him by native or foreigner, usually speaking the language of the latter to him. At the office of a Minister of State, the appUcant of any degree enters in his turn, is bowed to a chair, and is received as if he were conferring a favour rather than seeking one. If he is a foreigner, his native tongue is used in preference ; his views are listened to and discussed, and when he takes his leave it is with a feeling that, even if not adopted, they will, at least, receive a full consideration. The ladies, in their out-door life, usually attire themselves in the latest Paris fashions, and, on days of ceremony and celebrations, don their finest dresses and most brilliant jewellery. At home, however, they in general are seen in very plain apparel, employed industriously in some small domestic ecoiiomv. 6 BRAZIL. Many of the ladies are very attractive in their appearance and in their manners, but, as in all warm climates, their bloom is usually very evanescent, and after 25 they are apt to become very stout, a charm, however, which is not without the appreciation of their compatriots. Among them you cannot find the blue-stocking or the strong-minded lady, for in literary pur- suits the Brazilian ladies take little interest, but they are in general skilful and devoted musiciansifif the Italian school. The Brazilian gentlemen are remarkable for temperance and frugality, and for natural talent may compete with any other nation, but so much cannot be said of their industry. Some yield themselves up to the charms of literature and science, but most of the upper class are content with a monotonous daily round of existence, made up of many naps during the day, gapes over the balconies in the afternoon, and a reunion in the evening, with an occasional visit to the opera. In truth, the warm and mild climate predisposes to indolence, and the youth, after having passed through the ordinary course of a college education, or having loitered a few years with a private MANNERS AND CTTSTOMS. 7 tutor, enters into public offices, or, sinking into domestic insignificance, fritters away his life in indolence, or in tlie endless frivolities of street perambulation. In fact, a great want in Brazil is the out-door games, the debating clubs, the cheap concerts, the lectures, the periodicals, and all the various appliances which the European at home has at his command, to strengthen and improve both mind and body, and which would be of incal- culable service to the youth of both sexes, in this delicious but somewhat enervating climate ; and thus it is that the situation of the young Englishmen, sent out as clerks to the many English mercantile houses in Brazil, becomes most deplorable. Placed by their employers in a house with one or two negroes to attend them, and rigidly shut out from the society of their compatriots, by that snobbishness of English intercourse abroad (nowhere greater than in Brazil), which makes the tinker of kettles dread contaminating association with the tinker of saucepans, these, in many cases, gentlemanly young men, [,too often take refuge from the dreary monotony of their existence, and from their feelings of isolation in a foreign land, in. 8 BRAZIL. all the excitement of immorality and dissipa- tion. The clergy, degraded by State patronage, and poorly sxtppofted by a scanty stipend, do not enjoy a lofty pre-eminence ; and are ill able to fulfil their sublime mission. Ecclesiastical preferments are often bestowed on worthless, persons as rewards for services rendered not to Grod, but to Ministers of State, for exertions- made, not in the cause of morality and religion, but in canvassing votes at elections ; and thus» the great weakness of the Brazilian Church is the thraldom in which it is held by the State, for the true Pope of Brazil is the Minister of the Empire. Still, though the religious feelings of the people have been in a great measxire shocked and undermined, the attachment of many to the creed of their forefathers is unde- niable. Unfortunately, also, the clergy, having no good seminary for their theological education,, are generally ignorant, and their only mode of administering religious instruction is by the exhibition of ^gaudily dressed saints, paraded through the streets, and followed by a long procession of the priests and religious orders, and by every class of the laity, from the stately MANNEKS AND CUSTOMS. »■ marquis to the humble negro. In the evenings the celebration terminates with a display of fireworks, and so ends a sublime religious cere-^ mony, made ridiculous by its adjuncts. Of course such a state of things should leave- great room for the efforts of the missionaries^ so freely furnished by the societies in England and the United States for the enlightenment of Eoman Catholics ; but, unfortunately, little benefit has been derived from the exertions of the missionaries, or from the tracts distributed to improve and direct the religious feelings of the Brazilians. As regards the poorer classes of the Bra- zilians, the old saying that pride and poverty are first cousins is too true ; for, rather than descend to certain menial and laborious occupa- tions, they will beg, borrow, or live in starvation and filth ; while the less fastidious Portuguese,, by habits of industry, lays up a provision for his family,^aiad often rises to a respectable station iu society. The Brazilians show much courtesy and kindness to strangers who come among them ;; and it is by no means a rare thing for them to voluntarily take a great deal of trouble to do 10 BEAZIL. iihem a service. In their intercourse with one another they are very sociable, but somewhat ceremonious. Even among the working-olasses and the blacks, two acquaintances never meet in the street without an interchange of compli- ments. A negro, doffing his hat (if he has one), addresses his friend with — " Salveo Deos," or " Deos the dS bons dias ; " then follows a full inquiry into the state of his health, and that of his family and relations ; and on parting the compliments and protestations are regularly re- newed. It is also the custom among Brazilians, when speaking to one another, to remove their pats, and to remain uncovered until desired to put them on. In their receptions, whenever a stranger •comes in, he is immediately saluted by every one present ; and, if seated, they aU rise to pay him respect. When receiving a visitor, the master of the house is not too proud to go to the door to meet him, with the most affable ex- pression of — " Tenha a bondade d'entrar, a casa e sua," and ushers him into the room, himself following behind. On leaving the room, the order is reversed, and the host then precedes his guest. The parting ceremony usually begins MANNEES AND CUSTOMS. 11 at the top of the stairs, and consists ordinarily ■of an " Adeos " accompanied with a bow ; the ^uest then descends a few steps, followed by the host ; here take place a few more complimen- tary exchanges ; and finally, at the door, the guest again turns round and salutes his friend, and a few- more bows and polite expressions pass between them. On meetings, however, of more than ordinary interest — such as that of long absent friends — tlieir mutual sympathy ■expresses itself in a warm and hearty embrace ; one lifting the other fairly off the ground — a welcome rather embarrassing to an Englishman when first subjected to it. The salutations of ladies among themselves, both at meeting and parting, are not less ardent and affectionate ; and are made on all occasions by a mutual pro- fusion of kisses on both cheeks. In personally addressing one another, the Brazilians pay great regard to distinction and rank, and, perhaps, in no other language are these so precisely determined. Every Jidalgo jnust be addressed with vossa excellencia, and this term is extended to all persons holding high ofiices of Government. Bishops are simi- larly addressed ; a simple clergyman is entitled 12 BRAZIL. to vossa reverencia ; and all other persons, of respectability to vossa senhoria. In speak- ing to ladies, vossa excellencia is the title given. In epistolary correspondence, all persons en- titled to excellencia are addressed illustrissimo- e excellentissimo senhor, or, illustrissima e ex- cellentissima senhor a donna, if to a lady. All others receive illustrissimo senhor. In writing; to a superior, etiquette requires you to sign your name at the very bottom of the page, and the superscription is generally placed at right angles with that on English letters. The name is preceded by the illustrissimo e excellen- tissimo senhor, or in accordance with the rank, and is foUqwed by three etceteras, and, if oc- cupying any high office, it is customary to put under the above, dignissimo, with his official title. If sent by hand, the name of the writer is placed at the bottom. 13 HISTORY. Brazil was first discovered on April 22, 1500, by Pedro Alvares Cabral, who landing at Porto Segnro, took possession of the country in the name of the Portuguese king, Dom Manoel, in the reign of whose successor, Dom Joao III., the country was granted to twelve donatories for the purpose of colonisation ; they, however, being able to effect little, the grants finally reverted to the Crown, either by purchase or resumption. The Indian population, consist- ing of 160 tribes, offered great obstacles to the settlement, and during the absorption of Portugal by Spain, the Dutch possessed them- selves, from 1624 to 1654, of the sea- coast provinces fi-om the Maranhao to the S. Fran- ■cisco. The immigration of the Portuguese Court, during the seizure of Portugal by Napo- leon, gave a great impulse to the development of the country, but after the return of the King to Portugal, the dissatisfaction of the 14 BRAZIL. Brazilians at their connexion with Portugal led, on September 7, 1822, to the proclamation of their independence, and Dom Pedro I., the son of the King of Portugal, was declared the first Emperor of Brazil ; he granting the present Constitution enjoyed by the people. However, April 7, 1831, this monarch abdicated in favour of the now reigning Emperor, Dom Pedro II., under whom, after some outbreaks in various provinces, Brazil has settled down into its present state of peace and prosperity. The climate of Brazil is remarkable for its. general salubrity and mildness of temperature, though situated almost entirely in the torrid zone. This is due to the high elevation of the greater part of its surface, to the prevailing^ winds being from the sea, and in the south to the comparative narrowness of the continent. In the northern provinces the seasons are pretty regular, the winter being the rainy, and the summer the dry season ; but in the southern and interior provinces much irregularity occurs, and the rains are sometimes more frequent in summer than in winter, while in some of the middle ones much injury is caused by frequent want of rain. HISTOEY. 15 Brazil lies between 4° 15' north latitude, and 33° 43' south latitude, and 34° 32' and 75° 3' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, Guiana, and Venezuela ; on the west by Equador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina ; on the south by Argentina and Uruguay ; and on the east by the ocean. It. has a sea-coast of 1,200 leagues, is 765 leagues fi'om north to south, 727 from east to west, and has an area of 280,460 square leagues. The capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro. The surface^ with the exception of the pro- vinces of Amazonas and Pard, and a strip of land along the sea-coast, is one vast, high, broken plateau, which, rising from the north and south, has its culmination in the provinces of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Mato Grosso,^ where are found plains and mountains from 2,000 to 5,800 feet above the level of the ocean. From this ridge, excepting the Amazonas and its northern and more western tributaries, flow all the great rivers of BrazU, but all of which lying east of the Puriis and south of the Ama- zonas have their navigation interrupted by the falls and rapids which occur in their courses, where they descend from the general plateau^ 16 BRAZIL. iato the lower lauds of the north, east, and «outh. The mineral wealth of Brazil is extraor- •dinarily great, but remains undeveloped from want of capital, enterprise, and labour, almost tlie only receipts being from the gold and •diamond washings, which, after yielding two tons of diamonds and eight hundred of gold, seem exhausted of their rich stores, and have been in a great measure abandoned. Most of •the known metals and precious stones have been found, and iron, the most useful of all, is in ^reat abundance throughout. Coal is in a degree deficient, for though immense deposits of lignite and valuable bituminous earth exist in the central provinces, true coal has been found only in those at the extreme south. The zoology of the country is varied, though presenting nothing recent of great size. The principal animals are the jaguar, ounce, fox, tiger-cat, hyena, saratus, wolf, tapir, peccary, water-hog, porcupine, armadillo, sloth, ant-eater, monkeys, deer, and cutia. Among the great number of birds are the emu, or ostrich of the western, continent, and many of note for their plumage, such as humming-birds of all sizes, HISTORY. 17 parrots, ouira, aral, salian, and candidi. In the reptile class are many serpents, remarkable either for their poison, like the cobra and coral snakes, or for their size and strength, like the anaconda and boa; besides which are alliga- tors, lizards, and turtles, great numbers of the latter existing in the rivers and sea, and giving, together with the abounding fisheries, employ- ment to very many persons. Insects are also very numerous, such as the herbivorous ant, sometimes an inch long, whose ravages in the plantations have caused the abandonment of districts in Espirito Santo, the timber-eating cupim or white ant, the visits of which are dreaded by every household, huge spiders living on birds, scorpions, centipedes, mosquitoes, and other minor plagues, bees of different kinds, some storing up sweet, and others sour honey, the silkworm, which feeds on orange and pines, the cochineal insect, fire-flies, and magnificent butterflies. 18 AGRICULTURE. In. Brazil, agricultural science is studied but bj few, and by the few rather as an amusement than as a means, consequently no care is taken to preserve or renovate the ground. This may be deplored, but it is only natural. In Brazil, labour is dear and land of little value, and no manure can be as cheap as the soil of newly- cleared lands. Therefore, when a farm or plantation ceases to produce largely, a fresh attack is made upon the virgin forest, and with the aid of axe and fire a piece of new ground is made ready for the plant. Though ploughs and other farming implements have been introduced within the last six years, and are much used in some localities, iij most places the preparation of the soil, planting, and cultivation of the crop are done solely with heavy hoes wielded by the labourers. Like the cultivation, tES~~g3thenng "and—preparation of the crop are COFFEE. 19 susceptible of great improvements, but the capital of most of the planters is sunk in the purchase of the needful slave labour, and many are obliged to hypothecate their crops long- before maturity, in order to procure the sums requisite for theil" expenses. From these causes, and from the profits of planting being very great, the planters (with some honourable exceptions) are as a general rule content with their processes as they are, even though they may be aware of others by which not only the quantity but the quality of their products would be materially improved. COFFEE. This is the most important of the productions of Brazilian agriculture, as its export is equal to that of all the other articles united, and Brazil grows one-half of the coffee produced in the whole world. The profits of the culture of this plant have been so great as to have caused in some provinces an encroachment on that of sugar. The chief coffee raising provinces are c 2 20 BRAZIL. > Rio de Janeiro, St. Paulo, Bahia, Ceara, and Minas Geraes. The tree on which this valuable berry grows is an evergreen, commonly from 8 to 12 feet high, though oftentimes attaining a much greater altitude. When a plantation is to be formed the sunny slope of a hill is selected, the soil of which is not too retentive of the water foiling on it. This, after being cleared and burnt off in the usual manner of treating timber lands, is planted over in rows, with year old plants, previously reared in a nursery. These receive little further care than to keep the weeds down, and to have the upward growth checked by pruning, so as to facilitate the gathering of the crop. In three years the trees are productive, and will in general continue so for upwards of twenty years. Its thick clusters of white flowers burst forth in abundance at certain seasons, but the dark green foliage is rarely seen unrelieved by them and by the fruit in all stages of maturity. This resembles a cherry, and the flesh that surrounds the bean is sweet and agreeable to the taste, but like the leaves, partakes of the flavour of the berry. The harvest is usually made twice in the year, COFFEE. 21 at which time the fruit is collected and spread out to dry in the sun on a flagged floor, care being taken to fi-equently stir it up. Wheu sufficiently desiccated it is passed through a rude machine, which separates the dried flesh from the bean, after which the tough membrane that encloses both parts of the bean is rubbed away by a similar machine, and the berries being winnowed are then ready for market. From its strong flavour Brazilian coffee is improved by age, perhaps in a greater degree than any other coffee, and it is said if kept for ten or twelve years,. would fully equal the best Mocha. Coffee. — Exports to Foreign Countries. Years. Arrobas. Value in milreis. 1840-41 5,059,223 17,804,000 1841-42 5,565,325 18,396,000 1842-43 5,897,555 17,091,000 1843-44 6,294,282 17,986,000 1844-45 6,229,277 17,508,000 1845-46 7,034,582 21,307,000 1846-47 9,747,730 21,971,000 1847-48 9,558,141 25,159,000 22 BRAZIL. Coffee. — Exports to Foreign Countries — continued. Years. Arrobas. Value in milreis. 1848-49 8,600,032 21,513,000 1849-50 5,935,770 22,838,000 1850-51 10,148,268 32,604,000 1851-52 9,544,858 32,954,000 1852-53 9,923,983 33,897,000 1853-54 8,698,036 35,444,553 1854-55 13,027,524 48,491,003 1855-56 11,651,806 48,013,000 1856-57 13.026,299 54,107,000 1857-58 9,719,054 43,502,851 1858-59 11,169,241 50,138,253 1859-60 10,307,708 60,238,437 1860-61 14,585,908 79,663,552 1861-62 9,881,590 58,746,993 1862-63 8,724,142 56,574,935 SUGAR. Sugar is one of the great articles of export from Brazil, forming about one sixth of the total value exported. It has not had the same rapid increase that, of late years, has been observed in coffee, and its culture has in some provinces even become stationary, owing to the preference a;iven to the growth of coffee and cotton, which are, for many reasons, supposed to be more advantageous to the planter, as requiring less SUGAR. 23 capital and labour. The cultivation of this plant is in general carried on in the most pri- mitive manner, and, owing to the rudeness of the machmeryi and the want oFknowledge of the latest and most improved processes of manu- facture, -the quality of Brazilian sugar is, with some few exceptions of note, greatly inferior to that of other American countries. However, in this as in most other matters, the Brazilians are seeking to put themselves on an equality with other nations, and many enterprising planters are avaUing themselves of the latest improve- ments that machinists and scientific men have placed at their disposal. Sugar-cane can be grown in almost every part of Brazil, but is raised for export chiefly in the provinces of Rio Janeiro, St. Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Para- hyba, Ceard, Alagoas, and Rio Grande do Norte. The larger planters usually manufacture only their molasses into rum, but many of the smaller planters use their cane for the produc- tion of a superior quality of rum and spirits, which are much prized and largely exported. 24 liEAZIL. SuGAK. — Exports to Foreign Countries. Years. Arrobas. Value in milreis. 1840-41 6,698,392 11,892,000 1841-42 4,817,578 8,373,000 1842-43 5,209,721 9,998,000 1843-44 5,682,981 10,313,000 1844-45 7,476,287 14,325,000 1845-46 7,110,804 15,860,000 1846-47 7,098,843 14,782,000 1847-48 7,768,309 14,121,000 1848-49 8,305,659 15,879,000 1849-50 7,933,586 15,026,000 1850-51 8,907,852 15,779,000 1851-52 ^ 7,490,099 13,488,000 1852-53 10,681,344 18,232,000 1853-54 8,258,378 16,356,553 1854-55 8,193,137 16,679,191 1855-56 7,448,582 18,910,000 1856-57 7,670,430 25,845,000 1857-58 7,257,758 22,705,711 1858-59 10,664,245 27,656,863 1859-60 5,816,344 15,721,259 1860-61 4,528,756 11,055,679 1861-62 10.743,048 23,335,799 1862-G3 10,121,719 19,281,027 25 o O a O o ft Q « ■s _t. o O o -H 1—1 a >o 00 «3 I— 1 CO, «D o CM !>. (>) A t^ orT to" o >o o^ i^ 00 C3 _^ t> - O CO 1-H t— * CO M O t- lO CO 00 OS (M eo «3 Tf^ »— 1 '^i s «r eo o g w O o -V Oi CS >o Id t^ 1— t Ol o oT W ci" c^ oq in N 00 (M >o- lO CD 1 00 ,_, 1^ r— ( >o W3 CO 00 CO 00 m 1— ( r-H I— ( rH s B 2 s o >^ i-H t- CO Ol CO ^ ■o "? «p o ;d ol 00 (N Tf< "* «D >o CO 00 00 00 CO 00 rH 1—4 r-* rH m t^ Ci a) i^ W O 5 -4^ fr4 ,=5 '^ ^ eg HJ a> «« a o <<-, G o f S O 5 ^ -4-a O > < Q fl O 26 BEAZIL. COTTON. Several varieties of this plant are indigenous to tlie tropical regions of Brazil, and it is supposed that the green seed cotton, so largely grown in the United States, was originally pro- cured from Bj:azil. Cotton will grow, with little care, in every provifice; but its culture as an article of" export was, until lately, almost confined to the provinces north of Bahia. At present it is grown in more or less quantities in «very sea-coast province north of St. Pedro do Eio Grande do Sul. The cotton of Brazil is good, and at one time the fine cotton of Pernambuco and its neigh- bouring provinces was the most highly-prized quality imported into England ; but this repu- tation was quickly lost through the folly of the planters and exporters, who not only inter- mingled different qualities, but even mixed in o Oi-i;OCO>00505i-it- •* CO (N 5©: ««■ €«. as^ c©. eig: oo ^ CD 1*1 c^ i-i00O5«TJ(M.-iioc<3t- • — ^- °2 id Ta i-i(MOT_«)_a)_;o— ^^o^rH^ : >o -J >o s > j-T^rt^ »-* CT) t^ 00 oT-'i)'' co" 7 CO ■* CO ■-( i-l CO !0 rt 1:~ CD q^ IM 00 Tfl (M 00 CD J. »-H .— 1 ■* cx> / I-t " t^ CT OCn-a<0 1—1 t~ T-H CO i-H »— 1 00 00^00005005003 «M O O ODCOOlOOiOOOtO C6 CD ^H Tr00-o(M05eo>o-^co CO 00 I-H O5(M>O05J:^C0(M01CC • Tfl »0 Oi Tp "3 >o t-^os CO CO "^°°0, • 00 i-;^ o GO ;> i-To'cT^oT cooTco oT'o a" 1 00 (N t^ I— ;d CO (M 00 05^ i^ 0>0050-H >o t^ (N gj tDC0i-iCvii-C01^Oi:~ t- CO t~ ^ iMCDC5-*ioo ooooco; 00 ^ IN tH '^ Co" IN Co" CO O" «D ■ 1—1 1^ IN ■^ I-H (M O CO >0 >0 05 »— ( -^ 1— f 1— 1 00 J>(M-*t^O-^00-HO M CD 0D--H(M0nOOO)05lO lr~ >o (MO«— 'IM«31:-0(N «r O co" 00 m" w o" wJ" ■*" ■*■ 1 00 00 O -H CO ■* t^ CO '-^W 05 CO 00 (N 05 o_^ ci I-H r— 1 ui" WD 00 T-t DQ .-Hrt(Mcol:~;DC0->*CO ■* 1:^ § rico— ICO.— CD(MIM-* id O rfS • "^ '"1, "1 "^ '^ (M »0 O r5 • t^ CO 1-1 05 00 CO >0 05 IN -ti£hD Rio Gran do Norte Piauhy 3 P5pqpL|Sp^ccPHO<{cE 29 o O a o r-t O o H H O 1856—1857. 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CD IM O) (M , CO CO >o 05 O CO tf . lO CD X CO ; Tjt o t^ O CM Oi OS Is • CO *^ ■-*„ °o. •>* CM (M CO ■* o S > iC o lo" CO* ' 00 CD t-^ ©"of -*" I— 1 CD 1~- fN rt Oi a ^ 00 Oi 0 -H^ CO 1 GO I— ( i—t f— 1 lo" ^ r-* m — < t^ CO CD .-1 -!t< -^l 00 ■># 00 E O lO c. o >0 IM CM O Co O ■* i~- eg CM ^ Oi CO CO O o ^ o o as >o « rt 00 ■-I CM >C -^i «© S* t© C©. 5© €is:as.5e^ «e=ce= 4^ s -^ ca -H lo -* . O »0 CO CO i:^ — H I^ir- O CO t^ CD t^ *~ rt CM 00 "3 CO ff^ >o t^ ■ CM 00 cn t^ >o CO g i> {jTiooTco' 00 ctTio" ©"cm" lo' r-! Tf< O rt IH »0 rt O X3 CO »o r-1 O r^ ■* «0 CO CD 1 CO -Tom l-T i^H* co" m .-. CO Ko CD ,-1 O -M O CO O m J— lO lO lO ^ IM CO t- rH >o & «0 ■* (M O i-- 00 CD Oi o >o T^ o 00 r-T -T CM : 00 CD Oq~ CDIO" ^" ^ i-t CM 00 00 f^ —1 .—1 rH CM ^ CO ©^ o 1 •a f Pi f4 Eio de Janeiro Bahia Peniambuco Maranhao ... Para S. Pedro ... Parahyba ... Ceara Alagoas Eio Grande i 3 31 -« u s a O O o a, X O O O O(--t^>0OC0O— iO*~ o ■*>oiraiMOOOc^oooo j^ CSOOWIMWSOOQO-^OO CO ^F^l^^l^^¥^i»^»^rf^m' »J= s : — ■*oo5*-cooii^r-.«i B, : CO 5C CO ■* rt t^ Tt< 05 >o >o "3 O3_oq_ra_>o eoT|<_oj^rH-^ 1— ( > aTtCoiTo' i-roT^"coto CO" t~Ol£)eO OH~--HTt<00 X rH 1-1 W O t- -* 03 l> 1 1 i-Tof _r ^ 1>^ 1—1 ■S MOOC105'*lOW3l^aOt~ o ^ Oi— IU505 OQOCli-HCO 1—1 o : -* t- (M •<*< CTH~- c<5 O rt (M 4 •oocoodi eoocOTirrt o eoeq-H— (cq o CD (M «3 t^ O 1^ 00 CO CD 1—1 O CO C5 CO (M CO (M -* (M o . co= 2 1— « P :t^(MIM(N -C0r-(10COCO ^ 'S 00 00 00 CO^ . (N 00 (N CO O 1—1 CD CO > Gr-*o"- 00 CO ■* »o o o3 CO00lO-<^ CO(N-*COi-l CO ■p • i— uioi—' :(Mi^Tt<«so 00 a • 1-1 a> j^ (M • 00 cc o rt ^ o ' o CO 1— r- (M — ( 1-1 CD a) : c? ^ ^ o c3 . -• o :zi . 6 S ' *5 [ i; u ^ \ i Eio de Janei Bahia Peruambuco Mai-anhao Para... S. Pedro Paxahyba Gear El Alagbas Eio Grande Piauhy 32 r 0>-*CTlCC-*«305CJ'*l«5 - • C3 «©:99'a8:€©^«©s©«e^«»«e=se«*>«©= " l> >0«3U3V050ttll>X~«3<»W3f-l 1 rt CO o e0-*«3CD1^000lO'H(NC0'«t" bo »OiOiO«OiO>0«5505D«0;DtD s . OOOOOOOOODOOOOQOQOaOOOOD J ' ' ' * ' ■ ^^J ^^U ^^J ^^j ^^J < ^^ ^H ^H ^H t-H r*^ "^ ^^ ^^ ^H l~^ ^^ II II 1 II 1 1 1 1 i ; ■^ >0U5>OU3>O»O«3>OtO«)CO;0 S S ■s 0000000000000000000000(30 1 1 C ■* CO IM <0 O O) 05 t~ O O O OMOo01:~mOOOM3cotOOOO O 00 to 010)eO^OOCCT-(0501>0CC0t>Tt<(Mt^O'-iC0C005(M • o 53 "3 cor-^o^wjrH^co oo^tDco^o^toO^ 00 3 l> cooTi^cDr-r oo'j>^oror»o"co i>^ O CO »0 IM IM O W CO 00 t~ >0 O (— f CD CO t- CO o^q^ i~ to 1-1 00 a •7 Ti5"<^co' co" to -SP 1 CM •"' o - 00-^05-h01^O«D5DO-*O 00 W Or-i-*»O03C0Oc000'0'H05 0 wi' -« t^ -at «s .CO O 00 ■* 00 o •^ Value in milreis. 1840-41 181,365 289,500 1841-42 161,475 272,700 1842-43 168,651 313,900 1843-44 161,404 317,600 1844-45 202.022 381,400 1845-46 173,853 362,300 1846-47 204,009 379,600 1847-48 311,238 590,200 1848-49 381,251 719,400 1849-50 380,808 651,100 1850-51 347,099 570,700 1851-52 497,929 890,900 1852-53 322,582 554,300 1853-54 472,683 851,292 1854-55 406,682 857,186 1855-56 , 465,421 1,785,500 1856-57' 517,728 2,637,700 1857-58 404,271 2,304,066 1858-59 475,624 '" l,749,-335 1859-60 579,293 2,115,043 1^60-61 - 544,108 1,673,144^^ 1861-62 4157,704. 1,404,376 1862-63 605,179 - 1,514,781 JAKINHA DE MANDIOCA, OK CASSAVA, AND TAPIOCA. JThese are prepared from the mandioca, T^hich is the starchy joot of a small shrub about six* FAKIHHA DE MANDIOCA. 43. to eight feet high, largely cultivated for this purpose in Brazil. The root of the Brazilian species is sometimes 30 pounds in weight, and differs from the other known varieties by con- taining a very poisonous and acrid bitter juice. In preparing this root for food it is first well washed, and is then scraped or grated to a pulp,, which is thoroughly pressed to remove the poisonous juice, and is afterwards dried. This is the farinha de mandioca, or cassava, a com- mon food of the Brazilians. The pure and fine starch that settles from the expressed juice is well washed with cold water, and, when dried,, forms the substance known as tapioca. Farinha de mandioca in its crude state is often seen on Brazil]^ tables, but is piore fi-^g^uently mixed w^th water and baked -in thin cakes — in this state forming the ordinary bread of the poorer classes. It thus forms a nourishing and cheap food, and it is to be regretted that in Europe the vendors should palm off potato-starch, and other similar substances, for the more delicate and agreeable cassava and tapioca. > 44 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Countries from the Years. RIO DB Articles. Average Price. Value. ^Spirits 1858-59 448 200,0081590 1859-60 429 145,111$771 1860-61 633 64,931 $880 1861-62 367 170,845$660 1862-63 302 242,209f960 ■Cotton 1 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 ... ... 1862-63 9,712 58,351$920 ■Sugar (white) ... 1858-59 3,907 367,973$016 1859-60 4,297 200,1391523 1860-61 5,238 ■ 206,910$137 1861-62 3,554 408,506$850 1862-63 3,676 173,701 $430 ■Sugar (brown) ... 1858-59 2,720 1,474,784$742 1859-60 3,437 429,757$000 1860-61 3,193 279,593$958 1861-62 2,461 1,3§8,706|460 1862-63 2,500 1,003,854$860 €offee 1858-59 4,539 45,269,413$412 1859-60 5,986 51,319,1781394 1860-61 5,508 71,908,314$515 1861-62 5,896 48,124,558$670 1862-63 6,576 45,324,1 10$000 Hides (salt) 1858-59 5,864 201,284^000 1859-50 7,478 370,122$400 45 Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Principal Ports. JANEIRO. BAHIA. Quantities. Average Price. "Value. Quantities. can. 437,130 „ 338,347 102,583 „ 465,091 806,689 269 337 413 263 250 419,398$390 130,2478200 328,2398149 479,8278381 387,3048796 can. i;555,059 385,675 793,636 1,826,259 1,511,871 arr. 6,008 7,915 7,588 8,513 9,678 15,928 67,3568324 70,1378171 9,8758063 178,9818940 729,7308204 arr. )) 9,361 9,279 1,160 18,493 45,814 94,173 46,573 39,495 „ 114,929 47,244 2,999 3,351 2,245 2,657 2,567 2,190,0298730 652,0378165 2,697,1028675 2,507,5638498 1,991,9528616 JJ ?! ■> )J J) 730,012 194,562 1,201,363 943,722 • 775,971 „ 542,077 125,026 „ 87,548 556,167 „ 401,541 2,528 2,794 1,951 1,647 6,591,8528729 2,227,4958007 5,197,1278916 4,942,4078509 !) J) 2,607,006 797,044 2',662,77& 3,000,464 \ „ 9,972,347 „ 8,573,063 „ 13,054,061 „ 8,162,195 „ 6,891,872 3,989 5,121 5,099 5,678 6,160 933,1681794 1,001,8128292 1,011,0748414 1,126,1258526 1,762,9408318 233,904 195,638 198,304 198,313 286,167 n". 34,324 49,629 6,708 8,358 271,9698130 329,5628722 J5 40,541 39,428 46 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Countries from the Years. BIO DE Articles. Average Price. Value. Hides (salt) 1860-61 7,892 ' , 251,340$000 1861-62 8,000 272,i24$000 1862-63 7,990 340,688?000 Hides (dry) 1858-59 11,841 382,820§300 1859-60 1 1,649 1^3,9861380 1860-61 10,803 192,123$760 1861-62 10,338 266;898$700 1862-63 8,351 112,317^450 Diamonds 1858-59 300,000 1,506,450^000 1859-60 300,000 1,535,700$000 1860-61 427,480 2,o06,320$000 1861-62 500,000 2,878, 198$200 ' 1862-63 ,354,193 2,468,725^400 Tobacco (in leaf) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 ... . — Tobacco (in twist) 1858-59 9,576 58],051§149 1859-60 10,108 667,761§559 1860-61 12,969 837,449$127 1861-62 8,^48 473,507^000 1862-63 7,542 688,7061709 Gold in dust and 1858-59 3,617 797,2511210 ' bar. 1859-60 3,640 1,364,4631046 1860-61 3,645 1,628,992$970 1861-62 3,595 2,121,34911300 1862-63 3,869 766,177^300 47 Quantities, of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Principal Ports — continued. TANEIRO. BAHIA. Quantities. Average Price. Value. Quantities. u°. 31,833 5,800 752,288$997- n°. 129,702 51 34,013 6,695 235,098$040 ?> 35,111 J) 42,636 4,636 224,065$700 )J 48,329 arr. 32,329 8,808 293,9961845 aiT. 33,375 10,643 17,784 9,980 397,649$184 )) 39,844 5? 25,815 6,525 360,1 12§ 156 )5 55,182 » 13,449 6,199 209,556§600 )S 33,806 oit. 5,021 300,000 1,536,600^000 oit. 5,122 5> 5,119 300,000 1,596,300^000 95 5,321 » 5,863 308,700 1,265,700$000 55 4,100 39 5,756 300,000 1,356,900$000 59 4,523 JJ 6,970 300,739 1,647,450^000 55 5,478 5,177 1,971,773S243 arr. 380,811 5,419 2,768,9751251 95 510,929 ... 6,176 1,538,986$612 55 249,179 6,487 3,933,279$978 95 606.322 ... 5,183 5,372,6661099 55 1,036,598 arr. 60,674 3,975 449,143?975 59 112,980 J5 66,060 5,407 576,514?050 99 106,625 5) 64,571 ... ... J! 57,408 4,512 465,6 15$ 190 9) 113,192 J) 91,314 ... ... oit. 220,362 3,600 43,2131150 oit. 12,003 3J 374,780 3,600 37,567$600 99 10,435 )) 446,794 ... ... ... 55 590.070 >■■ ... ... 55 197,984 ... ... ... 48 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the I Countries from the Spirits. Cotton... Sugar (white) ... Sugar (brown) . . Coffee... Hides (salt) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 49 Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Principal Ports — continued. PERNAHBUCO. Average Price. Value. Quantities. 360 217,038$019 can. 602,682 394 281,6356640 714,443 445 204,273$460 458,476 351 172,318$120 491,033 275 145,877^620 „ 529,222 81087 670,762^230 arr. 83,457 8$247 1,078,492$360 „ 130,765 7S851 624,825$626 79.586 10$348 1,207,864$057 116,718 16$861 4,327,974$383 „ 256,649 3$489 4,502,777$048 1,290,393 4^312 2,947,954$880 683,636 3$656 2,133,4001096 583,419 3^061 3,915,4348149 „ 1,279,056 2$967 2,955,0891230 „ 995,847 2$455 7,950,383S304 „ 3,238,323 2$669 5,7O5,509$80O „ 2,220,346 2S308 3,720,874$331 „ 1,611,715 2$040 6,331,186$261 „ 3,103,242 I $796 4,297, 565$926 „ 2,391,858 5$334 1,867$144 „ 350 61831 2,951$100 432 7$298 1,043$647 143 5S622 3,643f435 648 7S864 1,698$702 216 6$o37 552,0321648 n". 84,443 7$726 850,845$020 110,118 50 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Countries from the Articles. Hides (salt) Hides (dry) Diamonds ... Tobacco (in leaf) Tobacco (in twist) Oold in dust and bar Years. 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861^62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 ■ ■ • 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 i 1862-63 ;^^,, 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 . 1862-63 51 Quantities of tlie Chief Articles Exported to Foreiga Principal Ports — continued. f-ERNAMBUCO. Average Price. 6S674 5S184 4S577 6$605 12$622 9$688 6$207 4$525 3^500 3$603 Value. o82,840$932 .:70,911§130 471,114$899 1,347$529 19,186§240 32,213S540 7,784$040 29,437$ 150 297^500 1,447§200 Quantities. oit. 87,321 110,122 102,919 204 1,520 3,325 1,254 6,505 35 402 B 2 52 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Countries froni the MAKANHAO. Articles. Years. Average Price. Value. Cfetton 1858^9 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 7$901 7$684 61928 9$808 17«i385 1 1,825,189$577 1,850,098$859 1,440,827$967 2,062,360$057 4,006,546^472 Hair 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 ... ... Cocoa... 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 ... Hides (salt) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 7$208 8$566 7$294 5|561 5$672 310,563$460 372,648$110 341,219$316 235,934$800 288,160$730 Hides (dry) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 ... ... 53 Quantities of the Chief Articles Exporteil to Foreign Principal Ports — continued. MAEIANHAO. PARA. Quantities. Average Price. Value. Quantities. arr. 230,993 240,777 207,954 210,259 230,451 7$260 8S762 6$823 8$445 16$237 15,832^375 15,466$494 14,6223375 29,549$625 79,333§937 arr. 35 1,906 1,765 2,143 3,499 4,880 4$801 5$943 6$233 6$230 5$495 • •• 1,180,954$038 1,286,505^984 1,475,7993029 l,265,743f483 1,369,531 $273 5> J) 3J 3> 245,933] 216,460 236,762 203,155 263,611 arr. 43,083 43,502 „ 46,781 42,423 50,801 3$848 4$829 5$153 3$888 2S792 177,0373085 201,5631753 116,5843220 98,5013080 106,546$130 3> . 46,000 41,753 22,622 25,333 38,151 31515 2$552 4$198 3$666 2$924 164,3913750 367,2323408 153,8683600 290,6263520 120,338$760 n". 3) 46,761 143,860 36,645 54,721 41,141 54 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries from Ihe Principal Ports — continued. Years. PARA. Articles. Average Price. Value. Quantities. GumEIastic Sarsaparilla 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 163165 19$952 171432 15^967 151846 23$304 23$423 24$322 21$737 18$874 1,880,921$288 3,402,335$253 2,863,9461576 2,408,895$784 3,233,386|i738 69,4931924 74,0631559 68,9041189 35,322^249 45,979.';<12o arr. 116,354- „ 170,522 „ 164,235. „ 150,865 „ 204,046 2,982 3,162- 2,833 1,625 2,436 EIO GKANDE DO SUL. Hair Hides (salt) Hides (dry) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 71797 81959 10^240 91369 81621 7$950 14^000 5$376 4$592 31575 61901 81388 11$131 81213 6I75I 207,463|;978 261,3871359 257,9461000 258,739$017 257,175^330 1,094,605$079 1,989,106^000 2,135,576$850 1,753,303$600 1,424,0471920 2,269,91 8$545 2,207,519$240 2,084,5141371 1,798,156$250 1,836,479$000 arr. 26,604 . 29,174 25,188 , 27,616- , 29,830- ". 137,683 , 142,079' arr. 397,184 , 381,755 , 398,283 °. 328,879 , 263,162 arr. 187,271 , 218,940 , 271,991 55 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries from the Principal Ports — continuei. Years. S. JOSE DO NORTE. Articles. Average Price. Value. Qviantities. Hides (salt) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 8$327 11 $603 10$509 81546 7$720 1,046,399$208 2,282,407$098 1,821,215$422 2,063,396$971 1,530,201$323 n°. 125,649 „ 196,685 „ 173,289 „ 241,425 „ 200,799 SANTOS. Coffee 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 4$042 5$446 5$030 61230 6$047 3,728,427$267 7,623,652$300 6,481, 855$679 8,547,185$928 8,410,981^025 arr. 922,293 „ 1,481,730 „ 1,288,604 „ 1,371,729 „ 1,390,804 FABANAGUA. Mate 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1,057,624$437 1,652,8141470 1,072,005$514 827,667$273 1,031,589$362 arr. 317,843 „ 438,865 „ 363,899 „ 305,340 „ 404,829 56 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Countries from the Articles. Years. PAKAHYBA. Average Price. Value. Cotton ... Sugar (brown) Coffee .. Hides (salt) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 7$642 71466 7$ 142 9$740 141963 2$038 1$965 1$822 1$513 1$323 ],193,443$736 1,654,107$000 1,273,233$152 1,791,313$503 3,021,124$036 1,630,8201000 1,639,336$658 738,658^800 1,123,7031000 821,1201250 57 Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Principal Ports — continued. PARAHYBA. CERA. Quantities. Average Price. Value. Quantities, arr. 156,151 7$080 526,206$715 arr. 74,324 „ 221,557 7$688 596,4858920 77,581 „ 178,267 7$148 419,8103372 58,728 „ 183,900 9$224 470,479!g800 „ 50,785 „ 201,899 14$898 659,234$960 „ 44,250 „ 800,075 2$066 407,6131243 „ 197,258 „ 833,918 1$954 287,383$040 „ 147,083 „ 405,194 2$011 193,089^440 95,972 „ 742,545 1$847 211,661§620 „ 114,595 „ 620,270 1$622 248,328$960 „ 153,085 5$107 200,287$515 „ 39,216 5$110 288,388$900 „ 56,430 5$837 257,693$680 „ 44,146 6§360 940,876$560 „ 147,939 6$976 1,031,005$140 „ 147,777 6$663 144,934$229 n°. 21,751 1 7$576 158,859$200 „ 20,970 ..• 61944 327,659$540 „ 47,181 • •• 6$437 372,948$080 „ 57,937 ... 5$492 292,898$100 „ 53,334 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries from the Principal Ports — continued. Years. ALAGOAS. Articles. Average Price. Value. Quantities. Cotton ... Sugar (brown) 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 6$868 6$765 6$311 7$004 131198 21281 ' 2$147 2$287 1$817 1|650 1,147,275$439 1,034,725$878 823,251$281 1,914,947$821 3,737,808$389 973,567$499 521,303$627 442,4811045 1,035,676$110 996,464$581 arr. 167,024 „ 152,951 „ 130,443 „ 273,395 „ 283,201 „ 426,818 „ 242,782- „ 193,467 „ 569,888- „ 603,608 Mate PORTO ALEGRE. 1858-59 31000 76,255$500 arr. 25,418- 1859-60 3$007 76,168$400 „ 25,323 1860-61 2$853 153,5181695 „ 53,807 18(31-62 2|571 128,888$000 „ 50,115 1862-63 2$075 173,931 $4^0 „ 83,840> URUGUAYANNA. Mate 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 493,075$281 288,873$760 204,229$233 347,464^372 ■ 88,832$100 arr. 97,363 „ 83,105 „ 45,402 „ 77,249 „ 27,445 5y Table showing the Arerage Price, the Value, and the Quan- tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries from the Principal Ports — continued. Tears. SANTA CATHARINA. Articles. Average Price. "Value. Quantities. Flour of Mandioca 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1S863 2S287 1S143 ' 705 799 62,456^480 139,0681400 102,833^760 49,479$323 49,128§980 alq. 33,524 „ 60,790 „ 89,933 „ 70,124 „ 61,449 Sugar Cotton Sugar SERGIPE. 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 2^276 2$476 2S469 1^903 1^699 910,6301906 464,940$412 212,669§380 769,2541561 1,073,53955524 arr. 399,980 , 187,712 , 86,040- , 404,092 , 631,738 MO GRANDE DO NORTE. 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 80,609$975 76,347$061 9,665$461 43,191$480 105,694$520 325,239^500 482,8051070 275,7641800 124,832$000 304,245$500 12,008- 12,094 1,564 4,018. 5,514 178,13a 256,388 146,975 80,955 ,, 223,745 60 Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries from the Principal Ports — continued. Years. PIAUHY Average Price. Value. Quantities. 'Cotton ... 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 6$ 166 7$220 5^994 7$762 13$612 99,420$360 56,7 11 $500 66,030$262 86,455$887 87,6ll$159 arr. 16,123 7,854 „ 11,015 „ 11,137 „ 6,436 61 « w a o CO o J. CO t^05000TtOl-lQO«5^D^>^oo'c>o<^^ •-H CO i-H CO s 1 I-f CD 00 aiJr-iMco»oioOOOi-iiOr-(l^ (MGii— i>-HOCiCOCOOc0 1^00 I— 1 r—l 1— 1 I CO CO I— i t^airtt-rtr-icov3o>oa)-t< '^r-ioco—iCOCD-^t^oaoeoo OiMOCO^oaiOQOJr^Xr-co CO o CD i t-coooeoi:^Ttfr-i050ooco02 00(MOt0lOTt<(MTtOi:^0.-iJr-0>001CO 1— ( O »— ( CO 3 00 eooooiMaiooiM'ooTfoii-i CO^>0(M(0^0020^0tO t^(M00^TtO>OC0c0 CO ■ 'a t3 Spirits .,, Cotton Sugar .*. Hair Cocoa Coffee Diamonds Tobacco Gum Elastic Mate MANUFACTURES. 'This branch of industry has been but slowly -developing itself, notwithstanding the constant endeavours of the Government to foster and encourage all attempts at establishing manufac- tories. Whilst labour continues to be so much needed Brazil does not study her true interests in creating manufactures which can only be looked upon as exotics, to be supported by heavy tariffs and burdensome monopolies. Brazil is essentially an agricultural country, whose rich natural productions are eagerly sought for by other countries, which, possessing -superabundance of labour, can furnish manu- factures of every kind, only too glad to receive in exchange the overflowing abundance of Bra- zilian soils. To the products of his soil the Brazilian owes his present wealth, and to his soil he must, for many years to come, entrust the aggrandisement and development of his country. In some of the minor manufactures the Bra- zilians show much taste and ingenuity, such as MA^'T^^AC)TUBES. 63 in their feather flowers, in which the varied hues of the real flowers are beautifully and exactly imitated with the feathers of the native bii'ds ; and in their shell and fish-scale flowers, in which the petals are formed, in the one case of shells, and in the other with the scales of fishes. Cushion-lace is largely made in the northern provinces ; and also a peculiar kind of needlework called crive, made on fine linen, threads of which are drawn out so as to leave a multitude of square holes, which are after- wards filled up with elaborate and elegant needlework. 64 MONETARY. In September, 1864, there occurred in Rio de Janeiro perhaps the most extraordinary mone- tary crisis which has occurred since the days of Law and the South Sea scheme. On the 10th of that month there took place the failure of a veiy important private banking establishment, that of Souta & Co., who carried on not only a considerable business with the mercantile and monied community of Rio, but were also the bankers of a large number of tradesmen and mechanics, whose earnings were deposited in the hands of this well-known and trusted firm.. On the failure becoming known, an indescri- bable panic took place. The streets were crowded by persons hurrying to withdraw their money from the hands of the private bankers- with whom it was deposited, and speedily be- came blocked up in the neighbourhood of these establishments by a dense crowd, some de- nouncing in unmeasured terms the rascality of all bankers, some weeping and lamenting, while MONETARY. 65 others, who were fortunate enough to obtain their money, throwing themselves on their knees, held it up to heaven within their clasped hands, and, abandoning themselves to the ex- travagance of their unlooked-for happiness, pressed it rapturously to their lips, time after time, before they could induce themselves to Avithdraw their treasure from their gaze. At length, so great became the confusion that the police were ordered out to patrol and guard the streets, to (juell any anticipated dis- turbance of the public peace; which delicate undertaking they performed by riding furiously up and down the narrow and crowded streets, cutting and slashing indiscriminately at every one in their way who was not agile enough to find a shelter in some adjoining house, and severely injuring many of the unfortunates, who, whatever their extravagance of gesture and manner, had acted with a forbearance which would probably find no parallel in any other country under similarly trying circumstances. The two following days similar scenes took place; the depositors, reinforced and increased by those from the surrounding country, bore steadily and persistently on the private banks. 66 BEAZIL. and in despite of all the efforts of individuals, of the aid rendered quickly and generously by their friends, and of that given by the English banks, which, with a view to restore confidence, _ themselves paid the deposit receipts of Gomes and Sons, several of these bankers finally suc- cumbed in a conflict which no providence could have foreseen, and no experience have enabled them to withstand. While these events were going on, the Go- vernment, in order to meet, in some measure, the emergenc which was pressing not only on the private bankers, but was also beginning to be felt by other banks, and by the Bank of Brazil itself, using their constitutional power under the Bank Act, authorised this bank to issue notes to the value of three times its dis- posable capital, and finally, the whole commerce and credit of the city being paralysed, and the panic taking the form of a rapid withdrawal of the bullion of the banks, issued, on the petition of most of the bankers and chief merchants of the place, an order, not only suspending specie payments, but even going to the extraordinary length of decreeing a suspension of payment of all debts for a period of sixty days, during MONETARY. 67 "which time no one could be made a bankrupt, the courts being all forbidden to receive any petitions for declaration of bankruptcy, and ■also decreeing that the broken banks should be wound up by commissions, and not by the ■ordinary ofl&cers of the law. These measures, unusual, and in some de- gree imconstitutional, are not to be judged of by European standards, for in South America there are no kindred great national banking •establishments interested in the maintenance of public credit, which, in case of emergency, aid -each other to withstand the drain upon their coffers, nor are there the rich Exchanges where- in sales can be made, or large loans effected, on the evidences of credit possessed by banks and individuals, so that in case of such a panic as occurred here, the Brazilian banks have to depend on their own slender resources, for at ieast two months, until recourse can be had to Europe for the assistance of a loan, or for the bullion requisite to meet the unforeseen demand upon the specie in their treasuries. 68 BANKS OF Place of Business. Capital. Name. Authorised. Milreis. Banco do Brazil Rio de Janeiro ... 33,000,000 ,, branch at ... Bahia *■• 5 Pernambuco ... J Maranhao ..- Par4 5 Ouro Preto Rio Grande do Sul ... ? St. Paulo • •• Banco da Baliia... Bahia 8,000,000 Novo Banco de Pernam- . buco ... Pernambuco 2,000,000 Banco do Maranhao Maranhao 1,000,000 Banco Rural e Hypothe- cario Rio de Janeiro ... 16,000,000 London and Brazilian Bank Ditto 13,333,333 „ branch at ... Bahia ... 5? >J *•• Pernambuco ... )) J» Rio Grande do Sul ... Brazilian and Portuguese Bank ... Rio de Janeiro .., 8,888,888 Banco Maua (M'Gregor and Co.) Ditto 6,000,000 Sociedade Commercial ... Bahia ... Companhia Commercial, j. Ditto „ Eeserva Mercantil Ditto „ Hypothecavia ... Ditto ... „ Economica Ditto ... „ de Economias ... Ditto ... Caifa Commercial das Alagoas Alagoas ... ... Banco do Eio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 1,000,000 69 BRAZIL. Capital. Reserve Fund- Paid up. Milreis. Milreii. Issue. Actual. Milreis. Authorised. Milreip. G uavantee Fund. MilreiF. 33,000,000 1,552,092 25,416,940 4,000,000 2,000,000 750,000 8,000,000 41,131,155 15,565,577 48,080 108,280 58,701 1,000,000 4,622,200 444,444 888,880 444,444 ... 4,444,444 ... 6,000,000 5,547,900 2,480,000 2,209,600 875,300 2,683,503 829,955 304,288 32,346 55,468 88,190 14,322 187,287 418 243,000 12,160 600,000 17,462 3,113,200 950,000 376,000 2,582,911 468,027 2,586,660 1,486,000 376,000 71 COMMERCE. The commerce of Brazil is yearly developing itself in proportion to the increase in her agri- cultural wealth, and such is the desire of other countries to obtain her products, that the de- mand seems limited only by the production. The chief articles which she exports are cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cacd,o, gum-elastic, hides, rum, furniture and dye-woods, hair, nuts, gums, resins, balsams, diamonds, gold, &c., &c. The principal imports are flour, wine, cotton, woollen and silk goods, linens, fancy goods, machinery, iron, coals, &c., &c. /'^he countries which have the largest trade with Brazil are England, United States, France, and Portugal. 72 Impeeial Exports for 1862-63 compared with 1853-54, Destination. British. Possessions. English Channel .. French Possessions. Portuguese Posses sions United States Eiver Plate Chile Denmark . . . Belgium Hanse Towns Spain Sweden Bussia Sardinia . . . Austria Turkey Mediterranean Mexico For consumption Holland Africa Ports not specified Total Total. 1853-54. 24,903,429 6,110,146 3,342,086 21,785,501 3,265,875 786,920 2,025,202 1,367,938 6,356,926 646,079 1,681,673 113,093 679,856 2,710,087 116,242 102,950 848,490 , Total. 1862-63. 46,247,5271695 15,985,724$229 15,446,522$175 7,702,825$626 15,25g,ll7$682 5,152,288$687 961,051$432 1,026,378$753 1,043,753$017 5,050,770$518 2,364,147$160 2,347,471$910 591,557$070 571,219$256 374,395$650 366,668^000 701,738$000 135,800$000 69,930^505 117,851$081 441,8631168 522,395$990 76,842,493 122,479,997$604 73 and showing tte Imports at each Port in 1862-63. Rio de Janeiro. Bahia. Peenambuco. 9,194,203$688 10,147,887$789 4,013,987$626 12,181,822$912 ... 1,254,652$677 10,333,520^652 974,822$946 986,614$765 1,734,966$743 1,464,871$946 1,863,7451866 9,696,039$860 471,358$375 1,277,3991591 1,611,9291642 483,697$315 1,509,072$231 85,180$100 451,067$000 912,7341400 ... 945,4971950 ... ... 1,408,765$970 3,184,271$697 220,453$700 183,710$004 1,037,118$172 1,913,512$400 361,730$942 72,228$568 591,557$070 ... ... 339,256^430 198,307^826 ... 374,395$650 ... ... 366,668$000 ... ... 701,7381000 ... ... 135,800$000 ... 62,663$047 ... 5,691 $270 116,845$081 207$000 ... 441,863$168 ... 52,810,706$214 18,029,367$089 12,471,784$766 74 Imperial Exports for 1862-63 compared with 1853-54, Destination. Maranhao. Para. British Possession 3. . 3,126,255$179 1,929,715^488 \ English Channel . •. ... French Possession 3.. 206,634$810 1,325,649??738 Portuguese Poss« iS- sions 1,131,850$965 576,631$038 United States 209,430^960 1,633,177$847 Eiver Plate .. Chile Denmark . . . ... Belgium .. Hanse Towns ... 74,140$860 Spain 47,829$650 Sweden .. Russia Sardhiia 33,655f>000 Austria .. Turkey .. Mediterranean Mexico For consumption •• ... Holland ... 799$O00 Africa .. Ports not specified .. ••• Total 4,722,0011564 5,573,7681971 - 75 and showing the Imports at each Port in 1862-63 — cont. Rio Grakde do SUL. S. Jose do NOKTE. Porto Alegre. Urtjouayana. 1,381,893$816 433,949§01o 450,2o81i?660 1,166,287$190 193,189§910 95,146^387 667§790 309,797$100 1,720,966$150 79,884$310 20,057$760 3,879$960 9,610$400 4,033,189$868 1,740$104 203,496$700 1,834,3981580 205,236|804 168,79- $916 168,795$916 76 Imperial Exports for 1862-63 compared -with 1833-54, Destination. Santos. Pakanagca. British ^Possessions English Channel French Possessions Portuguese Possessions United States Eiver Plate Chile ... Denmark Belgium Hanse Towns Spain ... For consumption Ports^not specified Total 6,478,686$235 363,853$458 306,695$000 624,5521400 380,664$701 256,943$643 1,576$188 677,022$310 396,864$861 8,412,9711625 1,073,887$171 Destination. Alagoas. Sergipe. British Possessions English Channel French Possessions Portuguese Possessions River Plate Denmark Spain ... Ports not specified Total 4,158,7201566 475,4335839 35,408§428 39,515$572 56,381^942 867,887$921 113,3391220 6,508$800 113,644$353 4,765,460$347 1,106,3801294 77 and showing the Imports at each Port in 1862-63 — cont. Antonixa. Pakahiba. Ceaea. Santa Caxharina. 156,844$292 27,939$471 2,648,890§201 514,630^000 317,357§092 165,144$519 251,912^949 184,7a3§763 1,244,3801720 691,2961880 345,998§620 2,259$500 2,807$202 10,846S980 90,605^599 3,108$680 3,897,934§761 2,283,935.?720 107,368?;461 EspiRiio Sasto. Kio Gkande bo Norte. 52,528$440 472,608^910 52,528,8440 472,6081910 PlATJHT. Mato Grosso- 144,864$491 78,2361744 49,7871080 223,1018235 49,787§080 78 Impeeial Exports to Whence Exported. 1857-58. 1858-59. Eio de Janeiro... 44,421,609$ 658$ 51,974,59^,4 Bahia ... 13,419,612$ lo,465,ror• '^ Eio Grande do Norte ... 374,903$ 422,107$ Piauhy... 73,051$ 130,227$- Mato Grossc 47,728$ 23,750$ Total 96,247,463$ 106,843,180$ 79 FOEEIGN COUNXHIES. 1859-60. 1860-61. 1861-62. 1862-63. 57,592,639$ 79,083,786$ 57,845,011$ 52,810,706$ 10,822,9448 8,422,986$ 16,791,101$ 18,029,367$ 11,105,8181 7,444,534.'j 12,339,859$ 12,471,785$ 2,511,211§ 2,049,484s 2,757,912$ 4.722,001$ 5,912,860§ 5,341,304$ 4,604,1 37 S 5,573,769$ 4,880,873§ 4,894,490$ 4,342,677$ 4,033,190$ 2,410,067§ 2,195,210$ 2,471,997$ 1,834,398$ 94,524$ 210,206$ 291,775$ 205,237$ 415,4981 282,977$ 417,252$ 168,796$ 7,633,610$ 6,486,027$ 8,549,369$ 8,412,972$ 1,666,381$ 1,124,034$ 856,686$ 1,073,887$ 63,806$ 78,949$ 118,452$ 184,784$ 3,355,301$ 2,030,760$ 2,969,741$ 3,897,935$ 1,356,572$ 1,254,984$ 2,032,124$ 2,283,936$ 202,414$ 142,374$ 83,038$ 107,368$ 1,606,064$ 1,317,969$ 3,011,454$ 4,765,460$ 479,497$ 222,007$ 788,688$ 1,106,380$ 52,528$ 67V,1]1$ 328,074$ 195,208$ 472,609$ 133,438$ 198,895$ 201,839$ 223,101$ 36,344$ 62,113$ 51,622$ 49,787$ 112,957,972$ 123,171,163$ 120,719,942$ 122,479,996$ 80 Imperial Exports to Articles Exported. 1857-58. 1858-59. Spirits ... Cotton ... Sugar (white) Sugar (brown) Hair Cocoa ... Coffee ... Hides (salt) Hides (dry) Diamonds Tobacco ' Gum Elastic Eose Wood Slate .. Gold (in dust and bar) Other articles ... Total 1,318,363$ 6,655,321? 8,393,960$ 14,311,851§ 341,127$ 1,655,815$ 43,502,851$ 4,185,589$ 2,925,374$ 2,308,500$ 2,374,307$ 1,243,360$ 527,048$ 2,304,066$ 703,583$ 3,496,348$ 96,247,463$ 921,442$ 5,624,097$ 7,905,083$ 19,761,780$ 413,911$ 1,320,119$ 50,138,253$ 3,957,434$ 3,244,041$ 3,049,965$ 3,046,636$ 1,884,522$ 614,995$ 1,749,335$ 840,464$ 2,371,103$ 106,843,180$ SI Foreign Countries — continued. 1859-60. 1860-61. 1861-62. 1862-63. 570,486$ 660,544$ 858,371$ 819,231$ 6,432,572§ 4,682,141$ 7,786,151$ 16,817,808$ 4,049,0081 I 11,055,679$ 7,399,630$ 7,006,400$ 11,672,25]? 15,936,1691 12,274,627$ 364,596$ 376,296$ 345,013$ 318,932$ 1,456,276$ 1,681,079$ 1,442,059$ 1,578,937$ 60,238,437$ 79,663,552$ 58,746,993$ 56,574,935$ 6,653,871$ l 9,090,335$ 5,852,751$ 4,834,589$ 3.342,131$ 2,833,770$ 2,415,845$ 3,132,000$ 3,772,300$ 4,241,248$ 4,116,175$ 4,022,455$ 2,382,567$ 4,878,619$ 6,202,010$ 3,419,038$ 2,910,531$ 2,438,159$ 3,275,913$ 964,433$ 653,690$ 927,837$ 782,057$ 2,115,043$ 1,673,144$ 1,404,376$ 1,514,781$ . 1,402,031$ 1,629,290$ 2,121,399$ 777,625$ 3,123,344$ 2,940,015$ 3,507,397$ 3,170,131 112,957,972$ 123,171,163$ 120,719,942$ 122,479,996$ 82 Table of Chief Articles of Importation. 1st Period. 2nd Period. 1852-53 and 1857-58 and Articles, 1856-57. 1861-62. 1862-63. Average Value. Average Value. Oils 615,623$ 1,005,152$ 926,733$ Fish 2,339,815$ 3,324,448$ 1,489,532$ Spirits 729,136$ 1,620,437$ 1,457,471$ Shoes and boots 778,916$ 1,507,270$ 1,235,116$ Meat 1,580,044$ 4,829,370$ 5,497,468$ Coal 1,357,860$ 2,440,482$ 2,076,342$ Leather 882,650$ 861,703$ 975,066$ Drugs ... 1,003,238$ 1,522,409$ 999,610$ "Wheat flour 4,608,141$ 8,509,636$ 4,922,627$ Iron goods 3,972,655$ 6,188,012$ 5,207,886$ Iron 629,002$ 1,303,689$ 1,450,728$ Earthenware and glass 1,757,352$ 1,818,360$ 1,841,750$ Machinery 226.190$ 721,912$ 850,927$ Butter 1,501,954$ 2,087,177$ 2,206,326$ Manufactures — Cotton 29,186,376$ 32,832,171$ 23;827,407$ Wool 5,440,707$ 5,828,278$ 3,967,059$ Linen 2,578,665$ 2,776,280$ 2,170,397$ Silk 2,436,480$ 3,175,648$ 2,187,718$ Mixed 4,022,984$ 2,813,371$ 2,486,071$ Gold and silver money 7,380,085$ 4,780,404$ 4,388,887$ Gold and silver work 2,310,049$ 4,011,489$ 2,298,741$ Powder 433,830$ 544,434$ 601,595$ Salt 775,156$ 1,026,108$ 1,168,076$ Wines 3,304,859$ 4,283,939$ 4,708,738$ 83 Table of Chief Articles of Exportation. 1st Period. 2nd Period. 1852-53 and 1857-58 and 1856-57. 1861-62. Articles. 1862-63. Average Value. Average Value. Spirits 943,887§ 865,8418 819,2318 Cotton 5,461,6728 6;236,0568 16,817,808$ Sugar 19,204,537S 20,097,0828 19,281,027$ Hair 415,646.'? 368,1898 318,932$ Cocoa I ... 758,4728 1,511,0708 1,578,937$ Coffee 43,990,6218 58,458,0178 56,574,935$ Hides (salt) .. 3,192,5058 |- 8,417,0598 f 4,834,5898 I 2,415,845$ Hides (dry) .. 3,264,1861 Diamonds .. 3,650,907S 3,300,8028 4,116,175$ Tobacco 2,162,353S 3,340,917$ 6,202,010$ Gum Elastic. 2.330,995$ 2,379,1228 3,275,9138 Mate 1,336,207$ 1,849,1938 1,514,781$ Gold in dust oi bar 181,8678 1,339,353$ 777,624$ Quantities of Articles Exported. Spirits Cotton Sugar Hair ... Cocoa Coffee Hides (salt) Hides (dry) Diamonds Tobacco Gum Elastic Mate... Gold in dust or bar can. 2,875,340 arr. 976,037 5) 8,450,374 !> 47,690 » 219,773 „ 11,265,5291 lib. 502,796 arr. 444,860 oit. 12,181 arr. 570,568 J) 143,065 jj 436,946 oit. 50,390 2,189,807 831,997 8,143,355 40,614 260,398 11,132,679 594,152 355,603 9,707 525,534 144,546 519,193 369,876 2,995,186 1,085,628 10,121,719 37,567 313,152 8,724,142 676,562 384,208 12,448 1,140,467 208,513 605,179 198,386 G 2 84 Imperial Impobts from Foreign Countries, From Total. 1853-54. Total. 1862-63. British Possessions.. 46,499,478$168 50,765,699$972 Hanse Towns 5,192,3131690 5,379,327$668 Belgium l,785,8o7$032 1,008,1 11$262 Portuguese Posses- sions 5,792,749$250 5,966,136$876 Sardinian States ... 6.57,1251395 587,57I$050 Eiver Plate 4,474,046$ 135 6,550,567$568 Imperial Ports 688,2171763 907,4021646 Spain 686,513$770 1,854,551$364 Denmark ... 262,133$84I 68,1111384 Sweden 245,099$906 li6,675$734 French Possessions . 9,955,097$132 18,382,574$545 Austria 674,791$164 791,929$002 United States 8,053,483^733 6,044,133$780 Holland 60,081$ 187 131,201$125 Fishery 2,156$417 African Ports not") ( specified ... f Other Ports notf 811,765|154 ] 292,366$944 specified ...J ( 224,195$506 Total 85,838,753$320 99,072,712$843 85 showing the Import at each Port in 1862-63. Eio DE Janeiko. Bahia. Peenambdco. 25,670,172$415 8,614,433$074 8,310,377^321 ],654,771$643 1,165,096$518 586,362$710 472,367$420 117,010^000 105,2541350 2,195,162$195 1,230,959$742 876,005^931 368,5751703 127,965$354 37,3151084 3,974, 152$238 1,291,915$300 608,6781516 72,980§863 536,9 13§179 99,2778580 751,638$773 288,446$230 229,7431278 24,7841083 4,6351900 96,386$ 173 13,550^450 ... 10,771.787§290 2,896,3841416 2,888,777,567 390,713$126 190,71 9$750 152,6571066 3,178,112$461 275j977$744 1,134,595$018 91,167$141 40,0331984 292,366$944 ... 49,621,604$383 17,137,541§742 15,069,0781405 86 Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, showing. From Maeakhao. Para. British Possessions. . Hanse Towns Belgium ... * ... Portuguese Posses- sions Sardinian States ... Hiver Plate Imperial Ports Spain Denmatk Sweden French Possessions. . Austria United States Holland Fishery African Ports not specified Otlier Ports not specified 2,106,647$445 29,8031480 30,7731754 358,1391761 8,358$290 53,883$276 722,5591747 17,184^560 277,05 1$61 5 2,151,588$875 148,18635653 49,622$206 734,957$197 5,li'5$312 45,755$963 9,7481021 451,1221017 11,034$750 863,182$659 Total 3,604,4011928 4,470,3131653 87 the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued. Kio Grande do SUL. POKTO AlEGRE. Ukuguayana. Santos. 1,014,602$127 738,926S4;00 194,75518703 383,449$357 23,883$290 101,2861886 30,603$120 444,562?650 467,030$350 24,276$000 302,146^213 40,9851212 587,286$372 25,846$925 26,798S265 18,7881519 13,295$491 10,833$399 135,1091739 1,463,092^392 240,0251039 6,132$296 151,495$940 11,043$100 1,1241667 56,1131337 28,6098600 48,0991401 13,068$070 3,725,5221096 723,8341183 135,1091739 2,018,803$842 88 Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, showing From Pakanagua. Antonina. Britisli Possessions Haiise Towns • ■ ( ... Belgium ... *■■ Eiver Plate 271,603$673 1,008$000 Imperial Ports 31,677$252 ... Spain ... • ■• Denmark ■ ■■ ... French Possessions • • • - ... Austria . • > • • • Fishery ... ... Other Ports not specified 40$083 Total 3O3.321$0O8 1,008$000 From AtAGOAS. Sergipe. British Possessions ... 88,3341857 24,418$712 Portuguese Possessions . 529$000 8,197$488 Imperial Ports 14,484$141 8,751|020 Spain ... 4301800 Denmark ... 11,243$535 Sweden ... 6,739$111 French Possessions 405$000 ■ •. Other Ports not specified ... Total 103,752$998 59,780$666 89 the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued. Pakahiba. Ceara. Santa Catharina. 49,153$370 1,674S794 11,480$794 ... 1,004,484§873 121,9125159 13,7151644 17,6993845 134,972$671 5,343$750 14,155^000 106,9561694 6,348$608 152,393$058 9,638^135 2,156$417 62,308$958 1,298,128$942 291,6478912 espirito Santo. Kio Grande do Norte. PlAUHT. Mato Grosso. 3,952^680 442$000 3,283^900 213,2o4$299 30$000 436$086 223,792$423 3,952$680 3,725$900 213,7201385 223,792$423 90 Impoets from 1857-58. 1858-59. 1859-60. Eio de Janeiro 69,539,746$ 68,540,352$ 60,229,412$ Bahia 19,679,531$ 19,464,440$ 16,205,951$ Pernambuco... 24,784,040$ 23,286,579$ 19,492,110$ Maranhao ... 3,631,000$ 3,949,012$ 3,141,352$ Para 3,688,601$ 3,946,364$ 4,709,896$ Eio Grande do Sul 4,210,030$ 4,530,887$ 5,206,198$ Porto Alegre 721,602$ 562,465$ 687,961$ Uruguay an a... 849,102$ 361i855$ 460,722$ Santos 408,593$ 374,162$ 567,532$ Paranagua ... 150,182$ 221,332$ 54,943$ Antonina 5,652$ 5,131$ 1,121$ Parahyba 290,381$ 247,311$ 140,249$ Ceara , 1,103,015$ 917,987$ 906,061$ Santa Catharina 1 09,03 1§ 163,668$ 175,962$ Alagoas 376,922$ 494,027$ . 158,491$ Sergipe 80,907$ 55,362$ 27,178$ Espirito Santo 1,061$ 992$ 469$ Eio Grande do Norte 596,117$ 321,825$ 511,699$ Piauhy 139,060$ 170,497$ 182,938$ MatoGrosso... 75,600$ 108,371$ 167,750$ Total ... 130,440,173$ 127,722,619$ 113,027,995$ 91 FoKEiqaf Countries. 1860-61. 1861-62. Average. ■ 1862-63. 72,979,831$ 58,222,834$ 65,902,435$ 49,621,604$ 14,107,549a 17,385,000$ 17,368,494$ 17,137,542$ 17,426,0o8§ 17,838,320$ 20,565,421$ 15,069,078$ 2,891,8013 3,263,470$ 3,375,3278 3,604,402$ 5,704,745 <■? 3,619,393$ 4,333,800$ 4,471,314$ 5,668,634S - 5,140,064$ 4,951,162$ 3,725,522$ 940,381§ 1,100,642$ 802,610$ 723,834$ 397,847$ 207,619$ 455,429$ 135,110$ 1,374,931§ 1,777,204$ 900,484$ 2,018,804$ 57,5838 79,484$ 112,7058 303,684$ ... 4,537$ 3,288$ 1,008$ 226,978§ 37,006$ 188,385$ 62,3098 889,364f 1,016,674$ 966,620$ 1,298,1298 291,886$ 213,2418 190,757$ 291,6488 77,099$ 77,301$ 236,768$ 103,7538 15,608$ 47,612$ 45,333$ 59,781$ 470§ 1,989$ 996$ 3,953$ 209,888$ 28,3738 333,580$ 3,726$ 254,136$ 257,025$ 200.731$ 213,720$ 205,556$ 213,4018 154,135$ 223,792$ 123,720,345$ 110,531,189$ 121,088,460$ 99,072,713$ 92 Imports from 1857-58. 1858-59. 1859-60. Oils 932,987$ 1,087,749$ 1,045,924$ Fish 4,242,183$ 4,530,545$ 3,609.020$ Spirits 1,251,797$ 1,301,016$ 1,190,600$ Boots & shoes 1,574,464$ 1,585,872$ 1,576,463$ Meat 3,134,666$ 4,013,338$ 3,419,283$ Coal 1,574,411$ 2,107,447$ 2,120,706$ Hats 2,000,259$ 1,706,015$ 1,766,875$ Leather 993,640$ 876,173$ 902,835$ Drugs 1,329,603$ 1,443,143$ 2,109,580$ Wheat flour ... 9,071,278$ 9,705,634$ 10,685,862$ Iron goods ... 5,307,965$ 6,655,831$ 5,654,007$ Iron 1,505,367$ 1^482,428$ 1,141,724$ Earthenware and glass ... 2,368,980$ 1,892,451$ 1,585,948$ Machinery . . . 480,365$ 733,459$ 938,687$ Butter 1,892,893$ 2,323,851$ 2,359,987$ Manufactures: Cotton 35,479,684$ 31,791,897$ 27,514,978$ Wool 8,264,235$ 6,059,915$ 5,783,570$ Linen 2,968,130$ 2,861,796$ 2,986,218$ Silk 3,738,568$ 3,606,554$ 3,405,531$ Mixed 3,199,148$ 3,324,678$ 2,531,633$ Coin 6,680,512$ 5,849,252$ 4,045,184$ Gold & silver work 4,917,820$ 5,995,251$ 4,123,334$ Paper 1,151,700$ 881,551$ 1,029,059$ Powder 543,477$ 506,254$ 560,141$ Clothing 1,457,094$ 1,449,544$ 1,635,318$ Salt 1,166,501$ 893,301$ 1,128,794$ Wines 3,094,806$ 3,891,288$ 4,710,361$ Other articles 20,117,640$ 19,166,386$ 13,466,373$ Total ... 130,440,173$ 127,722,619$ 113,027,995$ ■ 93 Foreign Countries — continued. 1860-61. 1861-62. Average. 1862-63. 993,216§ 965,887$ 1,005,152$ 929,733$ 2,725,63oS 1,514,857$ 3,324,418$ 1,489,532$ 1,408,432§ 2,950,344$ 1,620,437$ 1,457,471$ 1,479,236§ 1,320,319$ 1,507,270$ 1,235,116$ 5,568,618$ 8,010,944$ 4,829,370$ 5,497,468;:^ 3,594,3818 2,805,465$ 2,440,182$ 2,076,342$ 1,437,780$ 1,373,091$ 1,656,804$ l,393,021is 766,8539 769.014$ 861,703$ 975,066$ 1,490,426? 1.239,205$ 1,522,408$ 999,610$ 7,285,613$ 5,799,797$ 8,509,636$ 4,922,627$ 7,123,886$ 6,198,371$ 6,188,012$ 5,207,886$ 1,356,913$ 1,032,012$ 1,303,680$ 1,450,728$ 1,619,446$ 1,624,975$ 1,818,300$ 1,841,740$ 692,841 y 764,209$ 721,912$ 850,927$ 2,007,996$ 1,851,159$ 2,087,177$ 2,206,326$ 34,435,526$ 34,938,768$ 32,832,171$ 23,827,407$ 5,116,674$ 3,916,984$ 5,828,278$ 3,967,059$ 2,699,187$ 2,366 073$ 2,776,280$ 2,170,397$ 2,988,048$ 2,139,542$ 3,175,648$ 2,187,718$ 2,213,819$ 2,797,581$ 2,813^371$ 2,486,071$ 5,322,068$ 2,005,006$ 4,780,404$ 4,388,887$ 3,215,737$ 1,805,302$ 4,011,189$ 2,298,741$ 1,206,273$ 1,089,158$ 1,071,548$ 993,495$ 543,338$ 568,061$ 544,134$ 601,595$ 1,609,389$ 1,265,926$ 1,483,454$ 1,730,897$ 812,671$ 1,129,272$ 1,026,108$ 1,168,076$ 5,557,514$ 4,165,730$ 4,283,939$ 4,708,738$ 18,448,829$ 14,123,147$ 17,064,475$ 16,010,039$ 123,720,345$ 110,530,189$ 121,088,460$ 99,072,713$ 94 Foreign Tkade op thk Empire.—^ Ports. 1857 ■1858. • Entered. Sailed. 1 Eio de Janeiro (Ships ... . kTous (Crew ... 1,I2J 513,103 14,524 1,095 508,598 14,034 Bahia 1 'Ships ... , -^Tons ... (Crew ... 319 103,248 3,831 , 326 106,052 3,851 Pernambuco (Ships ... . -^Tons ... (Crew ... 453 105,111 5,235 450 146,848 5,313 Maranliao ..., (Ships ... . rlons .., 1 Crew ... 83 21,105 . 1,039 78 24,520 836 Par4 (Ships ... J Tons ... (Crew ... 102 28,760 1,090 104 ,30,394 1,206 Rio Grande do Sul.. (Ships ... •^Tons ... (Crew ... 111 10,423 930 87 18,559 796 S. Jose do Norte .. (Ships ... -JTons ... (Crew ... 79 13,210 729 . 78 18,109 526 Porto Alegre (Ships ... -]Tons ... 1 Crew ... 12 1,806 79 9 1,240 67 95 Entries of Vessels Inwards and Outwards. 1858-1859. 1859-1860. Entered. Sailed. Entered. Sailed. 1,157 1,089 1,153 1,212 507,030 466,421 505,834 522,361 13,655 12,305 14,217 14,452 416 393 311 355 146,129 140,316 105,221 122,553 4,809 4,758 3,647 4,160 475 462 438 461 108,888 144,955 101,164 147,380 i 5,333 5,254 4,823 5,254 1 79 81 76 74 I 22,421 28,262 20,515 26,625 1,044 885 959 804 104 104 109 119 28,411 . 29,376 31,300 32,047 1,160 1,172 1,279 1,290 206 105 133 68 34,180 20,878 27,164 13,065 1,641 700 1,253 510 88 76 • ■• 19,199 • •■ 16,165 ... 569 ... 473 14 6 17 8 2,070 907 2,418 1,407 97 50 98 47 96 Foreign Trade of the Empire. — Entries p- 1857-1858. Ports. Entered. Sailed. (Ships ... Uruguayana ... -jTons ... (Crew ... (Ships ... Santos .^Tons ... (Crew ... (Ships ... Paranagua .^Tons ... (Crew ... 1 Ships ... . Antonina ... ... - Itajahy „ ... 833 jj Thei-esopolis ... „ I5282 jj Santa Isabel and Vargem Grande « 1,016 55 Donna Francisca Aided under- taking 3,676 55 Angelina Provincial Go- vernment ... 207 55 Flor da Silva ... Private 212 Parana Assunguy Government... 85 5, ... Theresa 3) ... 289 S. Paulo Cananea )J ... 67 Minas Geraes.. Mucury J5 487 ?5 Pedro ir. Aided under- taking 1,219 Espirito Santo.. Santa Isabel Government... 801 55 ■■• Santa Leopoldina 55 1,130 55 >•• Rio Novo ... 55 433 5, Guandii 55 • ■• S. Pedro Santa Cruz Provincial Go- vernment ... 3,767 „ Santo Angelo ... 55 508 )S Nova Petropolis.. ,5 612 )J ... Santa Maria da Aided under- Soledade. taking 1,403 J) S. Lourengo 55 ... 213 3J '•• Conventos Private 332 5, Estrella 5, 294 Maranhio Petropolis 55 60 )j Santa Isabel ... 5, 97 125 RAILROADS. Eailroads in Brazil have hitherto been very unprofitable speculations, both for the com- panies which have made them and for the Government which guarantees their dividends. For this there are several causes, one of which lies in the nature of the country itself. Along the ocean the eastern seacoast is in general fringed with a narrow belt of comparatively low level land, from twenty to one hundred miles wide, which offers few obstacles to the construction of roads and railways, but, this passed, the mountains that gird the elevated plateau of the interior, raise themselves aln)ost abruptly from the plains below, and give rise to engineering difficulties of the highest order. Add to this, that, supported by English capital- ists, planned by extravagant engineers, and superintended by extravagant employes at ex- travagant salaries, they have been constructed with costly stations, and with grades, tunnels, curves, and ways suited, no doubt, to the great speed and traffic of an English railway, but utterly incommensurate with the circumstances of a new and undeveloped country ; so it is not 126 BRAZIL. to be "wondered at that these enterprises have disappointed and disheartened, not only the companies themselves, but also the Government and people of Brazil, among whom they have unfortunately created a fear and horror of the English system of construction. Another great drawback to the prosperity of these lines, and, indeed, of Brazil in general, is that entailed on the country from former years, when large grants of land were made by the Icings of Portugal for services rendered to the State, and thus the at present most valuable and accessible parts of the country are in the hands of a few large landowners, who (with some exceptions) are unwilling either to colonise or sell any portion of their large domains. Aware of this, the companies egregiously erred in not stipulating with the Government for a law of disappropriation to oblige the landed proprietors to sell or surrender to them all the land within a certain distance along the road, thus to open it to tl;e immigration and the enterprise which would gladly take advantage of the facilities of railroad communication ta settle and cultivate the land along the lines,, furnishing, by their labour and consumption, FINANCES. 127 the traffic necessary to give a fitting return for the funds invested, and to relieve the Govern- ment from the incuhus of the payment of the guarantee of dividend. In this little difficulty was to be apprehended. The Government and statesmen of Brazil are too enlightened not to have long been fully alive to the evUs resulting from the ancient grants, and, while rightly unwilling to take away the vested rights of the donatorios, would gladly have availed themselves of any project by which, while giving to the latter just com- pensation for their loss, large tracts of land in most favourable situations would be afforded for the encouragement of the emigration of the ' working and farming classes of Europe. FINANCES. The Imperial revenue is derived from import and export duties, stamp and other excise taxes, house and other taxes in the municipality of Eio de Janeiro, produce of the Government gold and diamond mines, and other minor sources. The collections are made through the various custom-houses of the provinces, 128 BRAZIL. and by officers in each province appointed by the general Government. The receipts and collections made are paid into the Imperial treasury of each province, and are subject to the orders of the Minister of Finance. The Government owned (December, 1863) 1,481 slaves, and 28 large estates, together with about 50,000 cattle, horses, mules, &c. From want of proper management these estates yield but little revenue. In July, 1864, 840 of the Government slaves were set free by order of the Minister of Justice. IMPERIAL REYENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 130 o s o ia (3 P3 3 — < (y> '^t- o CO -* O M 00 «3 CO S3 O MS t^ CO t-Tt< o o lO cT oootTto" Tt<" oo" lo" of 1— t Tf lo CO CO 00 05 (M I-H 00 «0 «3 "* Ol CO C31_ !-;_ Th" Th"'* I— t ^^ 0 -* -*i 05 9S -* lO i-H >0 O) O c r~ -5t* OS CO r-^ CO o" ^"'*" r— 1 of ci CO CO o >o o Tt< >0 CD CO lO O 0 0> «3 ■-• >o «9^ «©■€©€©■ '«©:«©«& ^¥ o CO lo I— 1 O CO 00 CO Oi . s CO CO ^ (M O 05 ^ ■* 1 2 ^„ 0_C)^^„ CD CO CO I— 1 oT t-Tuj"^" of ^"cm" o" CO (M «3 i-H oo O 00 (M o '^ io 00 00 O 05 ^s^ >o" C0"Tf"l-^ oo-ic oo" CO ^ >o t^ CO O) t- CD 'O CO Tt< «5 00_^o" co" -*" CO" (— » OQ : : : : -10 : i% ' ii, a s ation Duti( Ig Expo es ation Duti aud Interi 3 o a : o ^ -3 n npoi'ti oastir Duti xpoit xcise axes palit xtrao eposi r 1 ^O WW H Wft 131 s •a s o o at n .g '3 3 a o o P3 S CO o 00 CX> -Tft 50 Ol O) Tt< lO «3 -^ -H lO t~ 00 -* CO orocToT ^ to (M (M 1X> (M 00 CO 05 Oi O "-I ■<1< IM CO 00 i-H 05 lo o to O O 00 rt CO I— ( 00 CO co" Tl< Tf CO -* O CO «3 i-H O O >0 05 rH »0 ^H oTciTcd" CO r~ o 1:^ O t^ 00 00 I— t —( CO CO «^«@«@= O ir~ >0 «> CO CD (M O >0^ O t- OJ co^co >o CO o <© «% CD o_ o^ eo" 'O IM t^ t^r-l CO IM "3 00 05 CO CD 1—1 to" »o ocT CO 00 oS' CO t^ Tt* to to CO o cn 1-1 (M CO ^ to Ol CO o 1-1 oc 00 00 ^» «*«©«& «&«e^ <© «& o to CO 00 »- V5 O c^ >o >0 Tf -rfi O CO (O Tt< ■* (M 1> O t- 0 (M CO IM t^ (N 00 U5 ■^ O !M CO (M .-1 O '&■ Oi -— 1 i-H CD lO 00 1— 1 CO o> IQ 00 t^ (N G) O^ O^ 0^ CO O rH Tt< 00 CO IM lO i-H O t— ( o CO i> CO >o CO 1^ »0 00 r-l CO Jr- 00 t^ CO 1 CD >0 CO t^ rt 00 0_0_<31^ '^'~^*~: t-^ 1— T cTo""-^ .— r^io' «r rH (M 00 00 (M i~- '^i >0 t- O o CO Oi a^ ^ -* 00 CO CO >0 05 ^ lO CO CO (M I— 1 1-1 i-H (M 00 t-i 05 >0 1> :«& 3§.«e^«e €©a&4& 9i= o6 Oi 1:^ .-1 00 00 — • <75 CO Ut) O r- Oi 00 CO -4 lo CO t^ CO ^ 00 O CD «0 1-1 p-1 if3 00 CO -*l rH lO , (M 05 Tt* I— 1 1—1 ,-1 CO CO ^ ■* — 1 CO 1—1 o ^ CO 05 lO 00 W5 (M CO 05 t~ 1^ 00 ^ r~ ,-1 CO oq »o t^ CO t^ CO lo o ^ 05 up CD ^ .05 CO >C ^ 05 O CO r5 lO t~ IM CD t- 1-1 CO (M CO W5 • . . , 1 . . . It. '• ^ -X-t '■ '■ ■" " 0) o 11 o a 1 Duti Exp Duti uteri Mu y ■ ■a , -g t> o o 'ts -H a ^-« ItnportatI Coasting Duties Exportati Excise an Taxes in pality Extraordi Deposits k2 133 o •S s o a o u 3 o P3 ,a Q ooo ooo Q Q o o o o o o Q ^co o ooo ooo o mCO f— t I-H «D CO ■* •* 0> Ol ^ , CO (N CO o o CO Tt< (N «) CO 9 « Ol ■^ .2" CO 05 00 Tj< 00 to CO i~ CD to -*a f-^ IM 00 00 oT O" oi" N TfT 0 Ir^ «3 r-i t~ 0> Ol . 4& :S3:«3'e& «&«©:«#■ ^ CO GO •* (M W3 -5t< W3 t^ Tj< ■* 1—t TJ< 05 .-H O 00 1^ CO £3 i-H CO t^ >-i Tfi 00 CO O CO S f— 1 00 to —1 05 CO CO -*" i-t f-H ■* to IM rt 00 t^ 00 o_ (M i-H_0__ .-1 Ol rH t^ l-" OO" OT (m" CO o" o !£> to »0 to rt o ■* 00 >o J:^ O s©= ««■««■«©: «3'ee««= «©■ (M Tf to CTl (J) to CO t~ 00 ^ ■* to Oi^ 00 1— 1 >o" .-Ttoco" c£-f'^ co^ !0 ao (M rt J- o 00 •o CO_^ (M N -^^ <^. '"'„", 00 (-H otT oT (m" ■-<" co" ■o CO Wi o Tfi O Ol --I (M t~ o .— * 00 00 IM to 05 to CO «©= «©«©•<«> «©:«§■«©= €«= r^ Cvl 1- 00 05 'O 05 >0 Oi CO CO 00 00 CO to —1 CO Oi O !-;_ i-1 oq oi oq to -* CO 00 oo 1— 1 I-t 3 to to ■*! O >0 CO 00 o oq oa —I >o 00 lo >o *i n * n o" t~ a oq CO co" CO >o vi z 1 ; *3 • • • +3 W U "- : a> !h o 1 3 oasting Cuties xportati xcise an axes in pality xtraordi eposits c$ / O WWH SO 134 Imperial Revenue Custonj-houses. 1858-59. 1859-60. ■ Rio de Janeiro 18.293,733$919 17,407,651$207 Bahia 5,319,860e4:97 4,067,919^317 Pernambuco 6,825,217$847 5,368,094$370 Par4 ],285j995$450 1,490,1631402 Maranhao 1,274,795$669 990,388$422 Rio Grande do Sul 1,446,492$258 1,585,778$5.58 Santos ... 473,9301313 625,734$188 Porto Alegi-e 360,797$907 340,627^529 Ceara 37.'),217$887 346,6481258 Alag6as . a]7,615$586 115,619$183 Parahib^ 275,666$596 225,851 $056 Paranagua 112,762$370 I23,456$414 TJruguayana ... 173,120$233 147,436$372 Albuquerque ... 41,521$557 54,053J626 Aracaju 121,135$168 63,290?424 Santa Catharina 69,093$860 83,552$016 Parnahiba 67,645$217 71,7393108 Rio Grande do Norte... 134,989$575 211,941$602 Espirito Santo 21,085$467 23,150$449 / 36,890,637$376 33,349,095$495 135 DERIVED FROM COMMERCE. 1860-61. 1861-62. 1862-63. Ist half of 1863-64. 22,171,321$483 3,622,465^813 4,403,796$091 1,921,235$817 977,4808693 2,058,9978475 703,8728522 429,5728711 375,9368330 121,5708706 209,7868203 134,731801^ 153,9868140 71,5518034 49,4498567 97,0488843 98,3428130 99,9298776 27,2698996 20,179,7308519 5,755,6758997 6,217,7188703 1,488,6958365 1,222,2518554 1,949,2348518 982,4068111 637,5578082 512,4348417 248,9578228 260,0818228 113,9478215 108,8168182 106,6988076 99,0648063 93,2418733 109,5758443 44,4318932 34,2818438 17,219,7518950 5,967,2108002 5,267,205$020 1,358,9938480 1,441,9958995 1,485,2558363 1,035,0178376 370,4608807 633,6888040 387,1588027 328,6268756 129,1708073 90,8768963 84,6988823 126,1068393 110,4648257 97,0758110 53,9458768 35,361 $444 9,290,1488526 2,166,4758249 2,516,3068665 974,9098149 1,054,6078982 746,4448764 413,8828587 110,5648011 434,4078391 139,5248940 135,0528605 76,7598774 55,0918247 28,9978775 50,6568871 71,3558372 38,4688138 89,5158566 - 13,4778284 37,728,3448348 40,164,7988864 36,223,0618647 18,406,6458896 136 Imperial Expbnditueb, Year. Empire. Justice. 1844-45 2,934,492$795. 1,338,261$425 1845-46 3,197,141$243 1,426,009$181 1846-47 3,461, 095$630 1,567,182$909 1847-48 3,493,818$059 1,575,832$745 1848-49 3,617,373^283 1,720,082^313 • 1849-50 4,427,1241837 1,833,777$634 1850-51 4,077,067|918 2,012,168$463 1851-52 3,377,472$774 1,916,368$5S8 1852-53 4,400,084$498 2,190,5270299 1853-54 4,781,379«085 2,478,187$914 1854-55 6,000,7121854 2,862,494$629 1855-56 7,992,885$206 2,873,960$704 1856-57 6,656,227$301 3,309,732$618 1857-58 8,342,889$954 3,730,665$458 1858-59 10,304,4111041 4,371,775$828 1859-60 10,029,718$926 4,713,184$553 1860-61 8,046, 406$912 4,017,174$719 1861-62 4,361,7111868 2,857,745$270 1862-63 '3,850,047$485 2,881, 067$024 13^ SHOWING THAT OF EACH DEPARTMENT. Foreign. 579,1788237 466,532§4o6 447,253$427 450,245$036 513,585$165 387,910$462 1,060,0453720 3,039,846§323 816,730$301 1,389,551$440 1,108,403^516 640,462$375 639,374? 130 1,598,6703157 892,1783371 860,5863413 858,884$096 787,471 $248 1,610,5743615 Marine. 3,357,427$673 3,52 1,481 $963 3,969,4503502 3,793,9973134 3,909,5083381 4,239,1913070 5,165,6763734 4,764,7413715 4,473,2963466 5,299,6433194 6,066,0083190 5,201,1613924 5,510,4573578 10,496,2973671 9,561,4683595 9,306,8363687 7,905,2533790 7,502,891$163 7,821,0273955 War. 7,414,1893720 6,464,7333622 6,120,4401080 6,019,2393185 7,852,0243677 7,317,8793547 9,096,5923143 15,679,7413137 8,190,3013670 9,142,0633818 10,637,965$905 11,013,1963528 106,417,683406 14,207,0263416 12,539,5463280 12,925,3853852 11,505,7223527 11,365,4413369 11,112,6483780 138 Imperial Epcpenditure, showing that of each JDepartment — continued. Year. Finance. Agriculture, Commerce, and labile Works. Total. 1844-45 1845-46 1846-47 1847-48 1848-49 1849-50 1850-51 1851-52 1852-53 1853-54 1854-55 1855-56 1856-57 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 9,834,980$484 9,269,615$067 9,403,645$167 9,649,8091297 10,270,998|648 10,356,970$595 11, 244,250$ 175 13,462,850$840 10,858,392$060 13,143,663$604 12,064,734$694 12,520,981f970 13,616,403$403 13,380, 107 $250 15,049,200$553 14,770,439$338 16,153,431$629 18,828,32o$453 20,630,491 $465 3,87l,543|615 7,594,842$704 7,181,9991886 25,4o8,530$334 24,245,5 13$532 24,969,067$715 24,982,941 $456 27,883,572$467 28,562,8o4$145 32,655,801$153 , 42,241,021$347 30,929,332$294 36,234, 489$055 38,740,319$788 40,242,648$707 40,373,963$436 51,755,656$906 52,718,580$668 52,606,151$769 52,358,417$288 53,298,4298075 55,087,857$210 The Department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Worljs was created in 1860, previous to whicli time it was included in that of the Empire. lUNDED IMPERIAL DEBT, COINAGE, &c. 140 Funded Impekial Debt. Original Capital. Loans. Real. Nominal. £ £ Of 1824 due 1864 2,999,940 3,686,200 „ 1839 „ 1869 312,512 411,200 „ 1843 „ 1864 622,702 732,600 „ 1852 „ 1882 954,250 1,040,600 „ 1859 „ 1879 508,000 508,000 „ 1863 „ 1893 3,300,000 3,855,300 8,697,404 10,233,900 For the Railroad Pedro II., contracted May 19th, 1858, due 1888 1,425,000 1,526,500 Contracted March 16th, 1860, due 1890, for the Co. Uniao e Indnstria 675,000 765,930 For the Railroad of Pernam- bnco 400,000 453,884 For the Co. do Mucuiy 135,000 153,186 Total 11,332,404 13,133,400 141 •State on 6th of AprU, 1864. Extinguished. NomiDal Real. Nominal. Circulation. £ s. d. 2,999,940 85,138 5 622,704 139,950 5 80,707 10 £ 3,686,200 86,000 ■ 732,600 150,600 80,800 £ 325,200 .890,000 427,200 3,855,300 3,929,440 185,200 47,679 2 6 28,254 6 9,535 16 6 4,736,200 203,200 52,661 31,207 10,532 5,497,700 1,323,300 713,269 422,677 142,654 4,200,109 5 5,033,800 8,099,600 142 CO s I 02 w ft H O O P^ s o ^ o o ^ o ^ ^ o ^ o o ^ o Q o Q Q o ^5 '■s o Q ^ o o o Q Q o Q ,3 ««■ ,» 4© «& 5e= <^ «©= (» «e= €& o o o O o o o o o o Q o o o o o o o o o •^ Q to (M ^„ ^^ 00 o Tt< CO ■* o o" oa' o" eo" co- i^ l—t CO oT J>^ 3 (M lr~ Oi CO co t^ ^ »o t—i *- 00 l-H CO M (M eo" o" eo CO J:^ 1—) CD oT o" o I-H ^H ^ m (M 1— t I— t CO 00 T— I o i> 00 o . . . , P u _;-i 'qj o o 'S 1 o .S p -a CD P^ CO s o -73 : A -w a "« K 1 C5 O s a - § ^ ^ J ^ J s ^ j; CS -4^ &4 o Eh to •o >o V3 «o l-O w:i >o Tji -u a 02 •s •N n J; - P ^ •; ■TS !S O 03 143 EZl 3 {5 O O IS j 1 «e: «» «^ ee^ «s=. 8 8 § 8 8 CM 00 O (M (M of of CO" Tt<" Mj" >o >o Oi o to >0 O CM C^ to ef i-T rt" -T ^ CM 8 o 1 to" 4 1 a O ■ o o § § o : : o • o : : o : 00^ oc co" «5" I—t 8 1:0 f-H (—4 1 o o o o o o 8 8 8 8 8 ,^ g g S § o o o o o 00 Tt< Tt< o o* t-^ CO i-T -:)? >o >0 CM ^ J^ to to rt CO to 8 «©■ 00 CO 00 r-H g o I; a, O O O O o o o o o o o o 8 8 8 8: to -^^ t-;^ ■*_ 1^ d 00 "^ CI CM J-- rt 00 O rt i-;_ lo" t-T ,-r o 74,820,0001000 Amongst Nationals ,, British „ Other Countries „ Banks of Rio... „ „ Provinces Total 144 o o o o o o o o o o ■ oo o o o o o o o Q o ««.«% «© <«.«© &^ t» o o o t^r-1 00 00 ^ • r^ ■* »o 'cS -* CO t~ (M d : .W3 o »o ■* 00 (N 00_ 2 Vo'r-T CD tH Co"«3" 0 -H CO 05^t~ 1> Tfi oo" CO rH cf 1— t CO CO ■" I— ( lO o o oc Q : o o o o Q • o o • o oo o o a> «© «# O «&«» «© ■ o -o o o »— ( O f—l r co" O ^ Qi i-i O ' Ol CO 0 o o o n! o «© «©. Sfie ^ o «©e% ■e© -w , o o o o cc o O 00 00 •Ti !I3 o •CD Tt< o o o ,-, x*< CO o a _r 1— « co" cd" ID ->< CO CO !3 o o o "3 fe; '"' f o J J o o Q O o o 3 o m^ <© 9» O H o 00 CD ^' o O Tt^ >o o 0 O to -T «5 "3 ■* CO M< 00 o of JO r-l ^D ■* Ol ■* oo" oo" m t^ t^ CO CO 1-1 c4" f-H O O o s o o Q S, o o Q ■ bo a to o CO 'S O CO W5 CO CD 00 "^ t- o 00 o O 03 O S i-T,^ oo 'rt •-H I— < CO 1^ Tt* 00 (M P CO CO CD 05 rH 1>^ .2 t- IN co"CD 2f 1— t r- j ^ C5 —1 o oo_ "l -^ f-H 1— ( p5 8 § o o >■ _j .2 m «© • ^ T3 ■s.g o : o in t3 o -* Tl< 1 ^ o «" 05 2 lO CO Ol O CO 'O •^ -!('' s f^irt «© O CO « .a m lo a ■* r— ( O CO .-1 05 I— 1 CO a o o o €» 1 cfoT •o t^ o" (N CO 00 'S Tf< -*• B:^ I— I f— t o >o . ■ >o s, ■ Parahyba 1,500 SJ Pernambuco ... 6,000 33 Alagdas 1,200 33 Sergipe 1,200 33 Bahia ... 14,000 33 Espirito Santo 1,400 33 Eio de Janeiro 2,400 33 Sao Paulo 11,000 33 Parana 6,000 53 Santa Catharina 2,200 33 Sao Pedro do Sul 9,000 33 Minas Geraes 20,000 33 Goyaz 21,000 53 Mato Grosso 51,000 Total 280,460 147 ProTinces and One Municipality. Total Population. Slaves. Capitals. 400,000 50,000 Rio de Janeiro 70,000 5,000 Manaos 250,000 15,000 Belem 400,000 70,000 S. Luiz 175,000 10,000 Teresina 486,000 30.000 Fortaleza 210,000 20,000 Natal 260,000 5,000 Parahyba 1,180,000 250,000 Recife 250,000 45,000 Maceio 250,000 50,000 Aracaju 1,200,000 250,000 Bahia 55,000 10,000 Victoria 850,000 200,000 Nitherohy 800,000 60,000 Sao Paulo 105,000 20,000 Coritiba 120,000 15,000 Desterro 392,725 77,416 Porto Alegre 1,350,000 150,000 Ouro Preto 200,000 15,000 Goyaz 80,000 10,000 Cuiaba 9,083,725 1,357,416 ... L 2 148 The Eaileoads already Constructed or yet Constructing are — Length. How much Completed. The Pedro II., from Rio de Janeiro. Miles. ... „ Bahia, from £ahia to Ala- goinhas. 77 all. „ Pernambuco, from Eecife to the Una. 77 all. „ Sao Paulo, from Santos to Jundiahy. all. „ Maua, from Maua to Fra- all. goza. „ Porto das Caixas, from Porto das Caixas to Can- tagallo. ... all. „ Tejuca, from Eio de Ja- neiro to Andarahy. 4 all. Of these the Pedro II., the Bahia, the Pernambuco, "and the Sao Paulo were built by English companies with English capital. 149 PROVINCES OF BRAZIL. The provincial Government consists of the President of the province, appointed by the Emperor and a Provincial Assembly chosen by the people. All laws relating to the internal management are passed by the Assembly and agreed to by the President, who has a veto, but whose acts are subject to the approval of the Emperor. Besides the Provincial Assembly each city has its Municipal Council, the mem- bers of which are elected, and who look to the economy of their city ; each parish also pos- sesses its Elective Government. The municipality of Rio de Janeiro, like the district of Columbia in the United States of North America, is cared for by the Imperial Government. It also possesses a Municipal Council for strictly local matters. 150 EIO DE JANEIRO. The municipality of Rio de Janeiro consists of tlie city of Rio de Janeiro (once called St. Sebastiao), and a small extent of territory around it, the whole being about sixty square leagues. This is the corte of the empire, and, like the district of Columbia in the United States, is under the direct administration of the Government and General Assembly. It is the capital of the empire, and in it reside the Em- peror, the Ministers of State, and the other high functionaries. Here, also, the Imperial Chambers hold their sessions for four months every year, opening on May 3, and closing on September 3. The city of Rio de Janeiro is the most im- portant and most populous town in Brazil, being at once the capital of the empire and the foreign shipping port for the province of Rio de Janeiro. The town cannot be less than six miles long from Botafbgo to the Gamboa, RIO DE JANEIEO. 151 and lies along the west side of tke beautiful bay of Rio de Janeiro. It is situated in 22° 54' r south latitude, and 43° 9' west longitude of Greenwich, and has a population of about 400,000. A military force of about 9,000 is kept here, and about 1,000 police, who wear a similar uniform to that of the soldiers, but are distinguished by wearing a sword. Judging from the extent of ground it covers Rio might be supposed to have a much larger population than it really possesses, but a large part of the space is taken up in the suburbs by the beautiful gardens attached to many of the houses. Rio, at one time, was proverbial for its filthiness, but, of late years, much has been done to facilitate the traffic and improve the sanitary condition of the city. The streets have been carefully paved with squared stones, the roads in the suburbs well macadamised, and a magnificent system of sewerage has been inaugurated, and in part completed, under the practical skiU of Mr. Gotto, the ,engineer of the Company; but there is still needed the great desideratum — a large supply ■of water to make the working perfect, which, however, will no doubt be obtained, as the 152 BRAZIL. Government is doing all in its power to im- prove the sanitary state of the city. The modern houses in Rio are in general well constructed, but the old ones afford mise- rahle accommodation, more especially as the sleeping closets, called alcovas, are all without windows, the Brazilians usually devoting their best rooms to ostentation, and sacrificing the useful to the ornamental. Each floor is gene- rally lai^ out for the use of a family. The only private buildings worthy of parti- cular notice as specimens of architectural beauty are the Bank of Brazil, and the palacete of the Baron of Novo Friburgo, a handsome building, but with the great disadvantage of being located immediately on a thoroughfare. Of the pubKc buildings of the city one of great importance is the Hospital da Miseri- cordia, which is not far from the Gardens of the Passeio Publico. This hospital is an esta- blishment conducted on a magnificent scale, under the direction of a committee of gentle-^ men, and zealously ministered to by the sisters of charity, whose Christian care of the inmates sees no distinction of sect or creed. It is daily attended by clergymen to administer spiritual EIO DE JANEIRO. 153^ aid to the sick, and connected with it is a school of medicine and surgery. Close by it are the military arsenal and the barracks, neither of which has anything to recommend it. Advan- cing along Rvia da Misericordia you enter Eua Direita, passing the Chamber of Deputies and the city palace of the Emperor, in contiguity with the Imperial Chapel. This edifice may be taken as a fair sample of the style of building which prevails in all the churches of Brazil. Passing along the Rua Direita you come to the Exchange, which structure contains offices of different brokers and a commodious reading- room. Close on the right is the Post-Office, a building affi^rding little of the accommodation required by such an important department. The Custom House is near the Rua Direita. Its external and internal arrangements, as also its administration, are continually undergoing changes, but without the end of facilitating the despatch of commercial business, unnecessary impediments and delays being caused by the needless multiplicity of forms. The Marine Arsenal, which is at the end of the street, is perhaps not surpassed by any other edifice in Rio, and the buildings enclose a square planted 154 BBAZIL. ■with trees, and surrounded by seats for the use of idlers. Opposite, in the Ilha das Cobras, is a splendid graving dock for the repairs of ves- sels, and capable of accommodating the largest vessel in the British navy. This great work, after 13 years of fruitless labour, was finally undertaken by Mr. Henry LaAV, who success- fully completed it. It is entirely cut out of the solid rock, and is a beautiful and imperishable mpnument of the ingenuity and skill of its con- structor, who has also contracted for another close by it. to cost 855,000 milreis. Rua do Ouj^idoTj^being the Regent Street of Eio^lFsureJa-be visited by all strangers. The shops in this street are very neatly kept, and, though small, are furnished with every European article of luxury and utility. Many of the shops of this, and, still more, of the adjoining street, Rua dos Ourives (Goldsmiths' Street), are de- i^oted to valuable jewellery, a partiality for ivhich is a weakness of the Brazilian ladies, and unfortunately leads to great extravagance among many who can ill afford it. From this charge we must, however, except the Empress, who sets her subjects a good example by never appearing in public or private decorated with EIO DE JANEIRO. 155 this expensive manufacture of France and Germany. Leaving Rua do Ouvidor you come to the Largo do St. Francisco do Paula, one side of which is occupied by a church' of the same name, and another by the military college. From this you pass to the Largo do Rocio. Here is the theatre of St, Pedro d'Alcantard. This square is laid out as a promenade, and in its centre is a fine equestrian statue of the Emperor Dom Pedro I., the founder of the empire and the father of the present Emperor. This statue, considered to be one of the finest bronze statues in the world, is by the French sculptor Louis Rochet, a pupil of David d' Angers, and who is well known by his celebrated group of " Count Ugolin and his Children," and by other remark- able works. Executed in the sculptor's best style, it represents the Emperor on the plain of Ypiranga, near S. Paulo, with outstretched arm, declaring to the surrounding people the inde- pendence of Brazil, in the words — " Indepen- dence or Death " — words which lost to Portugal the finest jewel in her crown, and will render September 7, 1822, a day memorable in the annals of the Brazilian empire. On each side 156 BEAZIL. of the square pedestal, which rests on a large mass of granite, arc colossal Indian figures, emblematic of the great rivers of the country. From this you pass to the Campo de Santa Anna, one of the largest squares in Rio, but devoid of embellishment, if we except that of some hundreds of black laundresses washing at the fountains, whose primitive mode of beating the linen on a stone until clean is somewhat novel to English eyes. Notwithstanding its devotion to these black nymphs of cleanliness, this square has on one side the Senate, on another the offices of the Minister of War and the military barracks, on another those of the Minister of Commerce, and on a fourth side is located the provisional Italian Opera House and the Museum. This last cannot boast of very rare specimens, but a visit to the mineralogical department will be repaid, and there is a rich collection of all the woods of the country in a polished state. The interior of the senate affords little accommodation. The senators harangue from their places, and find it neces- sary to pitch their voices high to ensure their being heard. It contains a gallery for the convenience of their private friends, of the EIO DE JANEIRO. 157 diplamatic corps, and a separate one for strangers. The new quays and docks now constructing under the superintendence of Mr. Neat, an experienced engineer, are yet far from comple- tion, and, owing to many difficidties during their construction, have ah-eady cost the Government 3,500,000,^. Besides these undertakings the new mint is worthy of mention. This work, on which already 1,000,0001^ has been expended, is in charge of a native, and deserves a recog- nition of its merit — a merit which Brazilians do not appreciate, as they repose in general more confidence in the abilities of strangers, thus neglecting native talent, a result perhaps arising from the engineering education of the academies, though administered by gentlemen of undoubted powers, being too strictly confined to the theoretic. There are several public institutions in Rio, of which the Historical, the Geographical, the Pine Arts, and the Agricultural Societies, and the Academy of Medicine are frequently at- tended by the Emperor. Education in Rio is given in 46 primary schools for both sexes, a commercial school, a 158 BRAZIL. marine academy, a military college, and a first- class college, that of Pedro II., all of which are supported by the Government. In addition to these there are about 20 private schools and colleges, the most important of which is con- ducted by an English gentleman named Hitch- ings, who has made it the first in Brazil, and one which would compare favourably with any in Europe. MASONIC LODGES. The Grand Orient of Brazil hold their meet-» ings at the Masonic Temple, in Eua dos Benedictinos, the most zealous members of the society having separated from the old edifice in Rua do Lavradio, and having formed about 30 subordinate lodges, which acknowledge only the new organisation, and hold their meetings in the large and spacious rooms of the Temple in Rua dos Benedictinos. There are three diflferent rites admitted, which are subordinate to their respective High Con- sistories, every one, however, being subject to the legislative power of the Grand Orient of Brazil, presided over by the Grand Master of STEAM COMMUNICATION. 159 the Order, his Excellency Joaquim Saldanho Maranho. The high orders are : — A Supreme Consistory of the General Inspectors, 33 ; a Grand Lodge of the Princes Kadosk, 30, for the Red or Scotch rite; a Chapter of the Princes Eose Croix for the Blue or Modern rite; and a Council of the Prussian Knights for the Adonhiramit rite. STEAM COMMUNICATION. Fine steamers carrying the mails leave on the 7th and 23rd of each month for the northern ports of Bahia, Maceio, Pernambuco, Parahyba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceard, Maranhao, and Para; and on the 6th of each month for the southern ports of Desterro, Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, and Mont^ Video. Other small steamers carry on a lively, intercourse "with the other ports north and south of Rio. The foreign steamers leaving this port are : — On the 8th of each month, the English mail steamers for Southampton; calling at Bahia, Pernambuco, S. Vincente, and Lisbon. On the 24th of each month, the French mail steamers for Bordeaux; calling at Bahia, Per- 160 BRAZIL. nambuco, S- Vincente, and Lisbon 48 hours after their arrival. The English and French mail steamers for Mont6 Video and Buenos Ayres ; these connect with the respective European lines, and carry the mails and passengers to and from Mont6 Video and Buenos Ayres. The foreign steamers arriving are : — Due on the 3rd of each month, the English mail steamers from Southampton; calling at "the ports above mentioned. Due on the 18th of each month, the French mail steamers from Bordeaux; calling at the poi"ts above mentioned. About the 5th and 18th of each month, the English and French steamers from Buenos Ayres. Besides these there are two lines of screw- steamers between Liverpool and Buenos Ayres, which touch at the Brazilian ports of Bahia and Eio de Janeiro. EIO DE JANEIRO. 161 BANKS. There are five banking establisliments in Rio— Banks. Capital. Paid-Up. The Banco do Brazil... 33,000,000$ 33,000,000$ „ Banco Rural e Hypothe- cario 8,000,000$ 8,000,000$ „ London and Brazilian Bank, Limited 13,333,3338 4,622,200$ „ Brazilian and Portuguese Bank, Limited 8,888,888$ 4,444,444$ „ Banco, Maria McGregor and Co., Commandita... 6,000,000$ 6,000,000$ and in addition to these there are many dis- count houses. The Bank of Brazil is the national bank of the empire, and is the only bank of issue in Eio, it being allowed to circu- late notes to double the amount of its metallic deposit. It thus enjoys an important and lucrative privilege ; but, unfortunately, the directors are not always judiciously chosen, and the great evil exists of too much of the ted-tape system. As it justly deserves,, the Brazilian and Portuguese Bank enjioya the 162 BRAZIL. highest credit, from the ability mth which it is managed by Mr. Hobkirk and two excellent directors, chosen from the first mercantile houses in Kio. The London and Brazilian Bank affords great commercial facilities, issues circular letters of credit payable throughout Europe and South America, and has branches at Bahia, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Sul. COMMERCE AND MANTJFACTURES. The industry^ commerce^ and manufactures of Eio are greatly progressing, There are about fifty cotton, paper, hat, soap, glass, carriage, and other manufactories. Telegraph wires run through the city to Petropolis, and also along the first section of the Eailway Pedro II., and to and between the different police stations of Eio. The commerce of Eio is yearly augmenting, as may be seen by the statistics. It was for- merly almost entirely in the hands of foreigners, but the natives, who are many of them men of great natural talent, and possessed of great zeal and integrity, are eagerly entering into all kinds of enterprises. KIO PE JANEIRO. 163 The foreign Commerce of Rio has considerably increased since the cessation of the slave-trade, in 1850. The great decrease, since 1860-61, "W^as owing to failure in the coffee crops. Foreign Teade of 'Rio de Janeiro. — Value of Exports and Imports. Years. 1849-50. 1853-54. 1854-55. Exports... Imports ... Milreis. 26,343,000 Milreis. 37,711,431 47,034,190 Mili-eis. 51,171,340 47,431,056 Total 26,343,000 84,745,621 98,602,396 Years. 1857-58. 1858-59. 1859-60. Exports Tmports ... Milreis. 44,421,609 69,539,746 Milreis. 51,974,658 68,540,352 Milreis. 57,592,639 60,229,412 Total 113,961,355 120,515,010 117,822,051 Years. 1860-61. 1861-62. 1862-63. "Rxports ... Imports ... Milreis. 79,083,786 72,979,831 1 Milreis. 57,845,011 58,222,834 Milreis. 52,810,706. 49,621,604 Total 152,063,617 116,067,845 102,432,3:10 M 2 164 BRAZIL. Foreign Trade of Rio de Janeiro. — Value of Exports and Imports. 1862-63. British Possessions. English Cbannel, to Order. French Possessions. Exports to Imports from ... Milreis. 9,194,203 25,670,172 Milreis. 12,181,822 Milreis. 10,333,520 10,771,787 Total 34,864,375 12,181,822 21,105,307 1862-63. United States. Portuguese Possessions. La Plata. Exports to Imports from ... Milreis. 9,696,040 3,178,112 Milreis. 1,734,966 2,195,162 Milreis. 1,611,930 3,974,152 Total 12,874,152 3,930,128 5,586,082 1862-63. Hanse Towns. Other Countries. Gkand TOTAl. „ Exports to Imports from ... Milreis. 1,408,766 1,654,771 Milreis. 6,649,459 2,177,448 Milreis. 52,810,706' 49,621,604 Total 3,063,537 8,826,907 102,432,310 The Exports to the English Channel to order were mostly for Great Britain. EIO DEj JAKEIKO. 165 This great commerce makes Rio de Janeiro the emporium of South America, and yields to the general Government a revenue of from 17,000,000^ to 22,000,000^, annually ; being one half of the Imperial revenue derived from commerce. The commerce of Rio is very great, and em- ploys a large number of vessels. The coasting trade is almost entirely confined to national vessels, and furnishes employment to a yearly increasing number. Coasting Trade of Rio de Janeiro. — Number arid Tonnage of Vessels whicii entered and sailed during Seven Years from 1857-8 to 1863-64. 1857-58. 1858-59. Entered. Sailed. . Entered. . Sailed. Ships Tonnage 1,059 143,621 1,096 154,033 958 130,584 996 141,550 166 Coasting Trade of Eio. de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage of the Vessels which Entered and Sailed during Seven, Tears, from 1857-58 to 1863-64:— continued. ' s ,1859-60. 1860-61. Entered. Sailed. Entered. Sailed. Ships Tonnage ... 1,016 141,470 1,045 147,291 894 126,849 921 127,892 1861-62. 1862-63. Entered. Sailed. Entered. Sailed. , Ships Tonnage 706 101,140 834 117,081 1,071 188,384 1,^80 270,079- 1863-64. Entered. Sailed. Ships ... Tonnage' 2,054 282,688 2,280 343,206 Foreign yessels are allowed to carry coast- wise certain articles of food, and also soap. It is believed that the Assembly will abolish the navigation laws, and open the coasting trade to foreign vessels. 167 OQ a o -** t- CO ■— 1 m a 's 1 g 3 S 02 02 1 V3 O W3 -s CT) 05 Os 00 +* T-i ?0 CO 1 CO lO to -* to Ol CTl «o e »o CO »— ) of ^ m , CO m : rt : t o bo-2 C 2 : •53 d o a . . 2w|P^ -M fa |Z1 P a in Foreign Trade, in Coast Trade. inPorts and Rivers. Fishing. 913 men 8,397 „ 3,590 „ 1,852 „ a a »o I— 1 Barges, Boats, &c. i r p 1,238 00 CO Sailing Vessels... Ditto Ditto m 02 74 205 1,499 00 28 steamers ... 27 „ ... 55 steamers ... ]68 BRAZIL. The foreign trade of Rio is mostly carried on in foreign yessels. There has been a consi- derable falling off since 'I860, caused by a partial failure in the coffee crop, coffee being the greatest article of export. FoKEiGN Teadb of Eio de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage of the Vessels which entered and sailed during Seven Tears from 1857-58 to 1863-64. 1857-58. 1858-59. Entered. Sailed. Entered. Sailed. Ships Tons 1,121 513,103 1,095 508,598 •1,157 507,030 1,089 466,421 1859-60. 1860-61. Entered. Sailed. Entered. Sailed. Ships Tons 1,153 505,834 1,212 522,361 1,204 527,353 1,190 554,662 RIO DE JANEIRO. 169 Foreign Trade of Eio de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage of the Vessels which entered and sailed during Seven Years from 1857-58 to 1863-64— continued. 1861-62. 1862-63. Entered. SaUed. Entered. Sailed. Ships Tons ' 1,130 407,601 1,011 498,302 1,040 369,323 846 441,167 1863-64. Entered. ^Sailed. Ships Tons • 1,021 373,117 808 398,545 In 1863-64, Fifty-eight Steamers entered and Fifty-four sailed. 170 l^BAZIL. FOEEIGN Trade of Eio de Janeiro. — ^Nationality of the Vessels which entered and sailed 1863-4. 1863-4. i. "3) (S 4. 1 OS 1 02 '3 % 4 I 02 Entered Sailed 207 177 105 75 96 86 .86 76 84 83 62 57 45 29 43 31 1863-4. ft g a 1 1 1— 1 1 1 i 1 Entered Sailed 36 24 26 17 24 14 22 23 21 * 12 16 18 11 5 9 8 1863-4. a m 3 i t5 1 O i So 1 s 1 i 1 Entered Sailed 8 7 8 9 8 5 3 4 1 3 6 1 930 761 RIO DE JANEIEO. 171 SCEKEEY, ' Sailing to Eio de Janeiro from the north, the first place of note which is seen is Cape Frio, a rugged and remarkable headland, situated about twenty leagues from the entrance of the harbour of Rio, from which it lies due east. The land from this to the bay of Eio is low and sandy near the beach, but at a short dis- tance inland is more elevated and irregular ; and the varying contour of the mountains is interesting and picturesque. Cape Negro, twelve leagues west of Cape Frio, is the first notable prominence in this direction. This cape is formed by a small hill at the extremity of a range of mountains, and is covered with blackish verdure, whence its name. Within three miles of it vessels may approach the shore in safety, as there is 18 to 26 fathoms water, with a soft oozy bottom. From Cape Frio to Rio de Janeiro strangers can view a fair specimen of Brazilian scenery, and, as all vessels keep within a short distance of the land, an opportunity is afforded of seeing every inlet along the coast, some of which, 172 BRAZIL. enclosed by lofty masses of granite, are very beautiful. Straight before you, when near the harbour, ^re the Pao de Assucar (sugar-loaf), the Cor- covado (hunchback), the Gav^a (top-sail), and the Dois Irmaos (two brothers), besides other mountains of singular form and great height. During foggy mornings many of these raise their heads high above the mists, and serve .as guides to the port. The Gavea is the most westerly, and is remarkable for its perpendicular sides and flat table-like top. The Corcovado is more to the east, and its high point seems to pierce the heavens. Close to this is the Pao de Assucar, a conical mountain, with its steepest side to the west, and which forms one side of the entrance to the harbour. When near to this the gorge opens^ and through it is seen the calm expanse of what is generally deemed the finest harbour in the world. The entrance is here about one mile wide, and guarded on both sides by solid masses of granite, and the strong fortification of Santa Cruz is placed on its right side. The Ilha de Easa, near the mouth of the harbour, appears from the east like a slipper with the sloping KIO DB JANEIRO. 173 side northward, and on it is a lighthouse whose light may be seen ten leagues off, and which revolves every ten seconds, presenting, alternately, white and red lights. The first appearance of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro to a stranger is certainly the most pic- turesque in the world, with it's surrounding verdure-a'dbrhed mountainSi_^ and Jheir easy slopes covered witE~the richest^green. ) Plan- tations of all kinds, handsome country seats, and well-cultivated islands ornament and diver- sify the surface of this little inland sea of 105 miles circumference ; and, taken in all, there is not perhaps a sight elsewhere more imposing and agreeable. To the north you see, at a distance of 40 miles, the Organ mountains reach- ing along the horizon ; to the left, the Corcovado extends its peak over the Sugar Joaf ; hill after hill meets the eye, until the city, expanding to the view, spreads, like ancient Rome, over the amphitheatre of its seven hiUs and inter- vening valleys. Every traveller on coming to a city for the first time should see it from an eminence, and Rio has numerous ones tfom which to acquire an acquaintance with the relative bearings of the 174 BEAZIL. buildings and the scenery. The best point for this purpose is the Castle-hill ; but if y'ou enjoy a really magnificent prospect, if your soul hangs with delight on a rich and diversified grandeur of hill and vale, of city and country, of land and water, of fertile gardens and uncultivated wood- lands, go to the height terminating the hill of Santa Thereza, and ascend to the top of the Corcovado, an elevation of 2,600 feet above the sea, where the surrounding beauty is chiefly derived from the impressive variety of forms assumed by the different ranges of mountains, whose relative distances are marked by the position of the clouds resting on their summits. To diversify this view it should be revisited before suttrise on some foggy morning, when the scene becomes indescribably sublime and beautiful. The mountains that before had formed a continuous amphitheatre, now in the low fog seem like islands and separate headlands, and, when the fog vanishes in the morning glow, the eye can wander in rapturous obser^ vation over an endless variety of picturesque and glorious combination ; a scene of wondrous beauty, whose general effect must defy alike verbal and pictorial descriptions. EIO DE JANEIRO. ' 175 This place can be ascended with facility by going along the hill of Santa Thercza, and, if ladies are among the ;«xcursionists, the same route should be taken to return, as to descend by Larangeiras is somewhat difficult ; still this beautiful valley is well worth the exertion, and if you wish to luxuriate in " Adam's ale " of the purest quality, you will find at the base of the hill the famed fountain, Bica da Rainha, opposite the palacete of Commendador Jose de Carvalho Pinto, who, like all his countrymen, proverbial fpr their courtesy, will not refuse you a cup wherewith to drink. This water is deliciously cool, and quite a contrast with the tepid beverage which you have to drink elsewhere, and it is strange so copious and unfailing a supply should be found so near the top of a hill. A large deposit must indeed exist to supply the many fountains of the city which are fed by the springs of the Corcovado, as they are never known to fail . even in the dryest seasons. The environs of Rio are occupied by some beautiful houses, and with extensive gardens that furnish the town with abundance of vege- vtables. The most rocky and uncultivated 176 BRAZIL. places produce spontaneously delicate plants and flowers, which it would be very difficult ta rear in Europe ; and the trees, of which there are great numbers, have a varied richness of leaf, form, and colour. Of these the mangaS are the most common, and there is not perhaps a more delightful feast for the eye than an avenue of these trees, some years laden with their much-prized fruit, and at all times clothedi in a beautiful verdure that perfumes the air for. many a yard around. An evening will be agreeably spent in an jequestrian excursion to the Cova d' Onga (den of the ounce), to which you ascend the hill of Santa Thereza. When you reach this elevated point the magnificent sight in front and rear will be enjoyed with undiminished v . delight, in th^ unbounded view of mountain and valley and harbour intermingled in one wide expanse of beauty and grandeur. To the^ south-east the horizon is bounded by the peaks of the Corcovado, to the north lie the beautiful bay and all the rich alternation of precipice and valley, and form together a panorama of the most diversified and impressive character. In truth, whatever point the traveller may ascend. EIO DE JANEIRO. 177 iu the suburbs of tbe town, his eye rests only on a scene of beauty needing no aid from the art or enterprise of man. The lovely locality of Botafogo, situated about three miles from the city southward, is one of the many pretty inlets surrounding the bay of Rio de Janeiro. It is a place of easy access, steamboats going to it morning and evening, and omnibuses «very half-hour. Taking the steamer and returning by the omnibus, you can obtain an idea of Brazilian rural architecture, as the road is lined with beautiful palacetes^ and while a,\ Botafogo the splendid view of the entrance to the Botanic Gardens should not be missed, as the avenue of magnificent palm-trees is unsurpassable in the Avorld. This, however, is the only attraction of the gardens, excepting some plants and trees interesting to botanists. On returning from Botafogo you have another view of the cliff of the Corcovado uprearing its enormous mass to the skies. The neighbourhoods of Botafogo and of the G\.6via are in general chosen by English people for their residences, and may be looked upon as the west-end of Eio. N 178 BEAZIL. The scenery is fine, and many of the houses command a view of the mouth of the harbour, and of all the vessels entering and leaving it. The G16ria has been much improved of late years by the enterprise and talent of the late Dr. Cajueiros. Returning to the city you come to the Passeio Publico, or Public Walks, which is close to the town, and open to every one. It forms an agreeable promenade, and is much frequented by the citizens during the summer months. The entrance is unpretentious, but there are a serpentine canal and some small jets dUeau, and from the terrace, which is neatly constructed and has at each end an octagonal house, there is a fine view of the forts, and of the man-of-war anchorage. The traveller should take the earliest oppor- tunity of paying a visit to Tijuca, which he can reach in two hours by taking the tramway to Andarahy, and thence riding on horseback to the beautiful valley, which forms a pleasant and convenient place of residence, and where the mansions of Dr. Cochrane and Mr. Ginty seem almost more appropriate for dreaming poets than for such energetic and business-like EIO DE JANEIEO. 179 individuals. The views descried from the mountains here are lovely beyond description, in the undulation of the forest-covered hills; and a few days spent in seeing the Cascades will be well repaid. Here, in the midst of the fairy- scene, the traveller can avail himself of the well-known courtesy and hospitality of Mr. Bennett, whose hotel, perhaps the best in BrazU, is located in this beautiful region. From the hills of Tijuca you can see the deep blue South Atlantic, and when commencing the descent on your return to the city, there will open before you an extensive view of culti- vated lands interspersed with chacaras (country seats). At St. Christovao is the palace of the Emperor, which is about three miles from the city, and is the Emperor's residence. UntU lately it was not an edifice deserving the name of palace, but at present, with additions and repairs, affords more or less suitable reception-rooms and accommodation for the Imperial household. On the 10th of October, 1864, Kio was visited by *^torni such as had never before been ex- perienced m that city. The fierce wind was accompanied by heavy showers of rain, and by n2 180 BEAZIL. hailstones as large as pigeons' eggs, which de- molished fully one-half of the windows and skylights of the city, the suburbs, and the Emperor's palace at S. Christovao— plate-glass panes being pierced with holes as if by pistol bullets. Branches of trees were broken and twisted off, and the leaves riddled and destroyed by the hail, which poured down in such quan- tities that piles remained at the corners of the streets until the afternoon of the following day. The lightning was vivid, and such was the amount of electricity present that an iron railing at Andarahy, struck by a thunderbolt, was destroyed and melted into a shapeless mass. Jn the harbour the effects were still more dis- tressing. The English admiral. Admiral Elliott, and his wife, attempting to get on board his flag-ship, the " Bombay," were swamped in their boat, and were saved only by the courageous gallantry of the captain of a French merchant- ship, who succeeded in rescuing them and in taking them on board. Three English officers belonging to the supply-ship, "Egmont," while trying to reach their own ship in a shore-boat, were capsized, and they and the boat's crew drowned. The EIO DB JANEIRO. 181 English mercliant vessel, " Leighton," was also blown over, and the captain lost his son, his wife escaping, but with a broken arm. Numerous other disasters took place among the coasting vessels and the small craft of the harbour, and the shores of the sea and bay were strewn with wrecks. 182 PROVINCE OF MATO GROSSO. HISTORY. The first knowledge of this district was ac- quired about 1550, and for three quarters of a century it was exposed to the incursions of the Paulists and others, who carried off great numbers of Indians, without making any set- tlement on its territory. In 1719, however, Pascoal Moreira Cabral notified the governor of Sao Paulo of his discovery of gold in th^ river Cuxip6, and the country was soon overrun by adventurers in search of mines and washings of gold, many of whom died of want and fatigue, or were cut off by the Indians. Others, how- ever, founded several small towns, and, in 1724, the governor of SSo Paulo visited his new district and raised the town of Cueaba to the rank of a city. In 1730, the first gold escort, with 2,000 pounds of -gold, destined for the MATO GEOSSO. 183 treasury of Sao Paulo, was cut off in the marshes of Fecho dos Morros, on the Paraguay, •only seventeen escaping. And though avenged in the following year by a boat expedition of 600 men and two cannons, which destroyed an Indian armada at the mouth of the Tmbotetiii, the Indians continued for many years to attack both the escorts and the settlements. Not- withstanding, the colonisation of the country and the search for gold continued to progress until the three years' drought, which, following the great earthquake of 1746, that destroyed Lima and was felt in Mato Grosso, caused great want and disease among the settlers. In 1748, it was disannexed from Sao Paulo, and made a captaincy, and, in 1751, the first governor ar- rived, and. fixed his residence at the city of Villa Bella, now Mato Grosso. For many years the -Spaniards sought to acquii-e districts of this (province, and, in 1801, they assaulted Nova Coimbra, but were received so warmly that they abandoned their invasion and returned to Paraguay. In 1824 the present form of govern- ment was established in the province. 184 BRAZIL. GEOGKAPHT. This province lies between 7" and 24^ south latitude, and 50° 4' and 65° 29' west longitude- from Grreenwich. It is bounded on the nortb by Para and Amazonas, the separating rivers- being Vertentes, Fresco, Aboary, Tres Barras,. Tapajos, Oreguatus, Machado, and Madeira : ou the west by Bolivia, the Madeira, Paragaii,. Serra de Albuquerqud, and Paraguay forming^ the principal bounding lines; on the south by Paraguay, the Appa, and the Serra do Maracujii. being the frontier; and on the east by Parang and Goyaz, the Parand, Pardo, Pitombas, and Araguaya dividing the provinces. It has a length of 340 leagues, a breadth of 300 leagues,, and a superficies of 51,000 square leagues. The capital is the city of Cuiabd. The climate^ owing to the elevation of the- surface, is in general moderate and healthy,. except where there"are swamps and lands sub- ject to overflow, as at Mato Grosso and along, the course of the Paraguay. The surface is mostly elevated, and the- mountains which traverse it are, in general, but table lands of no great altitude. The most. MATO GEOSSO. 185 important is the range wtich stretches from west of the Madeira, in a south-easterly direc- tion, over the province, and forms a part of the great Brazilian system of mountains and elevated plateaux^ having the same general course, and dividing the rivers of the north from those of the south. The chief mountains are the Cor- dilheras, Geral and do Norte, the Serras dos Paracys, Tapirapuan, Diamantina, Arapus, and Vertentes, mostly vast table lands, yet the most elevated ground of Brazil, and the Serra de Sta. Barbara, and others, lying between the Paraguay and the Parand, among which are the best cultivated lands of the province. Between these serras the land sweeps from one table- land to another, rising here and there into the minor elevations which vary the general features of the plains. All the rivers which drain this immense province flow into either the basin of the Ama- zonas or that of the Paraguay and Parand,. The largest belonging to the northern system, are the Araguaya and its chief affluent the Das Mortes, the Xingii and its streams, the Tapajos and its great tributary the Arinos, and the Madeira, into which flows the fine river 186 BEAZIL. Guapor^. Those of the southern, are the Paraguay with its important affluents the Jaurii, Lourengo (into which empties the Cuiabd), Taquary, Mondego and Appa, and the Parand, into which flow the useful Pardo and Ivinheima (the latter swelled by the Brillante), and the Igatiny. The lakes of this province are numerous, but they are mostly formed by the expansion of the rivers, or by their overflow during the season of high waters, such as that of Xaraes, formed by inundations of the "upper Paraguay and some of its affluents, which extends 80 leagues in length by 40 in breadth. The mineral wealth of this province was at one time very productive in gold, copper, and diamonds, the last of which, though small, being of the purest water ; but the great abundance of early days is no longer obtained. Besides these are iron, found in all directions, granite, lime- stone, salt, especially near the Jaurii, saltpetre, clays, crystal, and precious stones. The soil is in general very fertile, except on the sandy dividing ridge already mentioned, which only grows a low grass. Like Goyaz, a large proportion of the plains is covered, with MATO GRQSSO. 187 brush, but tbere are many immense forests of excellent timber. The native animals are abundant, such as the ounce and its kin, the deer or mountain goat, wolves, tapirs, &c. There are also rare and beautiful birds both aquatic and terrestrial, together with bees, &c. Large herds of.^ttle and horses are reared, and form the chief de- pendence of the inhabitants. The rich soil pro- duces spontaneously rice, mate, cacao, vanilla, jalap, indigo, dragon's-blood, gum-elastic, and balsams ; and cochineal is easily procurable. The chief articles of cultivation are sugar-cane, maize, wheat, legumes, &c., and those of export gold, diamonds, drugs, and a large number of hides and cattle. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. The chief roads are those connecting the cities of Mato Grrosso, Diamantina, and Cuiaba, with Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and S. Paulo. The Araguaya, the Arinos and Tapajos, and the Guapore and Madeira, furnish a somewhat interrupted communication with the Amazonas, while the upper tributaries of the Paraguay and Parana, give outlet to the south. 188 BRAZIL. 'In former times, before the free navigation of these last was conceded, advantage was taken, of the fact that the head waters of many of the tributaries of the chief rivers of the province almost meet, to keep up a difficult and toilsome boat intercourse with S.Paulo, by means of these rivers and numerous portages. That from the cities of Mato Grosso and Cuiabd. followed, from the first up the Guapore, reaching by a portage of 3^ miles the Aguapahy, down which and the Jaurii it went to the Paraguay, and by this last to the mouth of the S. Louren§o, where it met that from Cuiaba, which came down the Cuiaba and S. Lourango to the Paraguay. Further down, the communication with the Parana took two courses, the one up the Taquary, arrived by a portage of 10 miles to the Pardo, an affluent of the Parana, while the other, following up the Mondego, reached, by a portage of 12 miles, the Brillante, and descended that river and the Ivanheima to the Parand. Both courses then proceeded up the Parana to the Tiete, which allowed approach by water to within 50 miles of the city of S. Paulo. By these tedious ways, embarrassed by rapids , and endangered by the savages who infested the MATO GEOSSO. 18b rivers, all the trade with the south-east was for a long time carried on. But of late the com- merce takes its natural course to the river Plate, and is rapidly developing. The population is about 80,000, including the settled Indians and 10,000 slaves, and excluding the savage, tribes, some of whom are troublesome. The representation is one senator and two -deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and twenty- two deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force consists of about 5,000 national guards. Garrisons are maintained on the frontier, and a steam squadron on the rivers. Public instruction is provided for by an -episcopal seminary, three advanced schools, and sixteen primary schools. The provincial revenueis about 50,000,1', and the imperial revenue 140,000)^. Steam navigation exists between the city of Cuiaba and Montevideo, by the rivers Cuiabd, S. Lourengo, Paraguay, Parana and La Plata. At Montevideo, Brazilian and other steamers sail to Eio de Janeiro. 190 BRAZIL. TOPOGRAPHY. The chief places are the cities of Cuiaba, the capital, and Mato Grosso, the towns of Diaman- tina, Maria, Miranda, Corumba, and Coimbra. Cuiaba is the capital, and the residence of the bishop of Cuiaba. It is situated in south lati- tude 15° 28' and SS** 45' west longitude from Greenwich, and is about a mile from the river Cuiaba. Its population is about 16 to 18,000. It has an arsenal of war and one of marine, a lazar hospital, another hospital, and seven churches. Mato Grosso, on the Guapore, south latitude 10° 2' and west longitude 60° 12', at one time called Villa Bella, and which was once the capital, is a small unhealthy town, owing to its liability to overflow IBy^the Guapore. It is well laid out, but is falling to decay, as is likewise Diamantina, north-west of Cuiaba. Maritty on the upper Paraguay, and Mirarj,da on the Mondega, are improving towns. At Albuquerque on the Paraguay, south latitude 14^* 28', is the custom-house of the province ;. 40 miles below is Coimbra, where is a fort. In the hill on which it is built is an immense cavern, with several large rooms and large quan- tities of stalactites. 191 PROVINCE OF PERNAMBUCO. HISTORY. . , This province was founded by Duarte Coellio Pereira in 1530, who established himself at Iguarassu, and afterwards a colony at Olinda. The territory of the province was conferred on him by royal charter, March 10, 1534, and it was governed by him and his descendants until the invasion and capture of Olinda in 1630 by the Dutch, who, in 1635, obtained possession of the whole province. On their expulsion Dom Joao IV., King of Portugal, made it a captain-generalship, with dominion over the adjacent provinces of AlagSas, Rio Grande, Parahyba and Ceara, whose captains were subordinated to the captain-general of Per- nambuco, the same laws, both civil and ecclesi- astic, ruling throughout these provinces. In 1716 the ownership of the land was taken from the descendants of Senr. Pereira, who were, however, indemnified for its loss. 192 BRAZIL. In 1676, Pernambuco was raised to a bishop- ric, and February 6, 1821, a superior tribunal was created by charter. If Pernambuco is not the first province it can scarcely be styled the second of the empire ; and had it not been injured by continual wars it would be now the richest in Brazil. But from 1630to 1654 it had to contend againstthe invasion of the Dutch ; in the beginning of this century, against the civil war with the Mascatos ; from 1817 to 1824 against the revolts of the revolu- tionary democrats ; and again at intervals from 1831 to 1848 against a continuance of those sanguinary outbreaks which have acquired for the Pernambucans some notoriety in the history of Brazil. GEOGllAPHY. This province is situated between the 6° 57' and ll'' 3' south latitude, 34" 32' and 41? 48' west longitude. It is bounde'd on the north by Parahyba and Ceard, from which it is separated by the rivers Abiahy and Popoco, and by the Serra das Imburanas ; on the north-west by Piauhy, the PERXAMBUCO. 193 Serra da Borborema being the boundary ; on the south by Bahia and Alagdas, from which it is divided by the rivers S. Francisco, Casanova, and Persinunga ; and on the east by the Atlan- tic. Its extension along its coast is 44 leagues ; westward from Cape Agostinho to the Serra do Araripe 147 leagues, and its area about 6,000 square leagues. The climate of Pernambuco, situated as it is within ten degrees of, the equator, is of a high temperature, but this heat is so much modified by proximity to the sea or rivers, by the eleva- tion of the land in the interior, and by the large and shady forests of the country, that it is in a great part of the province even genial, and, with some few exceptions, healthy for Europeans. In the stripe of low land of from 40 to 60 miles wide which borders the coast, the climate is humid and warm, and, during the wet season, lassitude and weakness prevail, predisposing to disease. This season, lasting from March to July, is therefore more unhealthy than the dry one, which, though warmer, is more healthy, with the exception of those places where, from November to March, the yellow ,&xer has become epidemic. In the interior, where the ■ ■"-' o 194 BRAZIL. ground is higli and in part mountainous, the elevation of the land has its due effect, and the climate becomes dry and healthy, with the exception of some cases of intermittent fever. The surface of the country along the sea- coast is generally flat and sandy for 10 to 15 miles, but beyond that the ground becomes hilly and broken, and rises gradually — still preserving a comparatively low altitude — until, at a distance of from 40 to 60 miles from the sea, it elevates into extensive table-lands and mountains. A good deal of the mountainous regions and of the southern part of the pro- vince is covered with dense forests, which pro- duce the pdo de Brazil, and other valuable articles, but other districts are well suited to the extensive rearing of cattle. Few ferocious beasts are found here, or indeed in any part of Brazil, but poisonous reptiles are common. Here, also, is abundance of parrots, and of the little monkey called the marmozet, whose body is only four or five inches long. This animal is a favoured pet of the Brazilian ladies. Little has been done in the exploration of the mineral resources of this province, but it is said that many districts abound with the precious PERNAMBUCO. 195 metals, that marble is found in abundance, and that coal has been discovered near the city of Recife. There are on the coast many islands, the largest of them being the island of Fernando •de Noronha, which is the Van Dieman's I^and of Brazil, though a dependency of this province. The others are the island of Itamaraca, where are raised the best mangas of Pernambuco, that of Nogueira, Santo^ Aleixo, and a group of little isles on the bar of S. Francisco. The reef, which seems placed like a break- water at a short distance from the coast of a large extent of Brazil, has numerous openings along this province, giving access to several small ports, which, however, are used only for the coasting trade, Pernambuco being the only port open to the foreign trade. This province cannot boast of first-class rivers, except the S. Francisco, which in part separates it from Bahia and Alagoas. The chief are the Formoso, the Beberibe, the Capi- beribe, the Serinhaem, and some others of less importance. The land throughout this province is very fertile, and produces all tropical plants, and o 2 196 BRAZIL. most table vegetables. It also yields abuu- dance of fruit, among which the pine-apple is perhaps the finest in the world. It also far- nishes Brazil, and other dyewoods, gums, bal- sams, and medicinal roots, but it is to its great crops of sugar and cotton that it owes its largest commerce, these two articles forming eleven- twelfths of its export. Of these sugar takes the first place. In 1711 there were only 246 sugar-houses, which annually exported to Lisbon 12,300 boxes of sugar, weighing 430,500 arrobas, worth 834,140;^ ; in 1840, 512 large sugar-houses, and about 200 smaller ones, making rapadura (a kind of cake sugar) ; in 1844, 712 ; and in 1859, 1,272 sugar-houses of both kinds. PERNAMBUCO. 197 FoBBi&N Export of Sugar from the Province of Pernambuco. Arrobas. In ... 1711 430,500 1$940 834,140$ Average of 1 y rs. ending 1810 520,972 ... ■ •• )5 » J> 1820 510,196 ... ... Jl ?> JS 1830 958,548 ... ... » » » 1850 2,665,009 11976 5,139,955$ In ... 1853 3,688,264 2$141 7,879,000$ „ 1854 4,001,523 2$201 8,834,000$ J J ... 1855 4,181,198 21699 11,284,000$ 5) 1858 4,528,716 12,453,160$ 5) '•• 1860 2,195,134 5,854,274$ 3J ••• 1862 3,387,705 ... 7,252,654$ Besides Sugar, Spirits Canadas. were exportediin ... 1862 529,222 $275 145,877$ Cotton. — Until 1778 this province exported no cotton, but since then it has gradually grown up to be one of the great articles of export. Previous to the year 1800 the cotton of the province was the most esteemed in the English market, but this repute was lost chiefly through the carelessness and fraud of the producers and exporters. Since the outbreak of the war in the United States the growth of cotton has taken rapid strides, and the planters have awakened to the necessity of improving the quality of the fibre, and of facilitating its sepa- ration from the seed. 198 BRAZIL, Export op Cotton from Pernambuco to Foreign Countries.' Arrobas. Average of Ten Years ending 1810 216,573 )j 3J jj 1820 230,425 J? ;) J) •■• ••• 1830 190,786 jj ?) 5j 1850 162,728 53 Four „ 1855 146,503 For the Year ending 1858 83,457 3? 3J 1859 130,765 J3 JJ 1860 79,586 )? 3J ••' 1861 116,718 3? 3) 1862 256,619 These statistics would seem to 'show a de- crease from 1802 to 1861, for unhappily no data exist to show the proportion belonging to the provinces o£ Alag6as and Parahyba, which at one time shipped almost all their cotton tfirough Pernambuco, but of late years ship mostly through their own ports. The population is about 1,180,000, of whom. 250,000 are slaves. The representation is 6 senators and 13 depu- ties to the Imperial Assembly ; and 39 deputies- to the Provincial Chamber. The military force, consists of about 1,600' soldiers and police, and about 42,000 national, guards. PEBNAMBUCO. 199 Public education is provided in 1 college of arts, 1 seminary, 1 gymnasium, and 108 pri- mary schools. There are, besides, the Facul- dade Juridica,* the Ecclesiastic Seminary, the Orphan College, and the School of the Arsenal. The provisional revenue is about 1,100,000;^, and the Imperial, 6,500,000^. Steam navigation. — By the steamers of the Campanhia BrazUeira de Paquetes, Recife is placed in bi-monthly communication with the chief ports to the north and south ; and by the English and French mail steamers, with Maceio, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro. Other steamers also trade twice a month to Aracajii and Fortaleza, and intervening ports, and make a trip, each two months, to Fernando de Noronha. Of the railroad designed to connect the Recife vdth the river S. Francisco, 77 nules have been finished as far as the river Una. TOPOGEAPHT. Pernambuco, as it is ^commonly called, con- sists of three towns adjoining one another — 200 BRAZIL. Recife, Boavista, and St. Antonio, and of the town of Olinda, three miles distant. Pernambuco is the third city in importance in the empire, the united populatit)n of the four towns being about 80,000. Of these Recife, or the reef, is the most important, it being the capital of the province, and also the port through which all its foreign commerce must be carried on. It is situated in S° 3' 42' south latitude, and 34S 51' 42' west longitude from Greenwich. It takes its name from the curious reef already referred to as enclosing a con- siderable part of the coast of Brazil with a natural breakwater. Here, for five mUes, it runs almost parallel to the shore, at a distance of 400 yards, and being only 30 to 50 feet wide, and flat on the top, with almost perpen- dicular sides, it has all the appearance of an artificial wall. This is the only defence of the port from the long swell of the Atlantic, which, checked by the shoals outside, expends its force against the reef, and rarely, even in stormy weather, affects the smooth water within, in which vessels lie safe at anchor, or moored to » the reef, while discharging or receiving cargo. PERNAMBUCO. 201 The entrance to the port is formed by a sudden breaking away of the reef, leaving an open space free from rocks, but which is injured by a bar of sand washed there, having but 14 feet of depth at low water. Vessels drawing more than about 15 feet have to anchor in the ex- posed roadstead outside the reef, but this the Brazilians hope to remedy, and large sums have already been expended in deepening the port and bar. On the north end of the reef is the lighthouse, and close to it is the small ancient tower, Picao, on which are mounted eight guns. On the other side of the entrance is Fort Bruno. The Observatorio, called the " Tower of Mala- koff," is a striking sight when entering the port, but the first view of Recife from the sea is not favourable, as, from the dampness and warmth of the climate, and the perishability of the ma- terials used in the construction, the town looks old, mouldy, and decaying. Recife is built on the low sandy peninsular that faces the reef. Its streets are narrow, filthy, and disagreeable, and, with the exception of the Naval Arsenal, a new building with all the modern improve- ments, has no constructions of note. This district is devoted to the commerce of the place, 202 BRAZIL, and in it are the custom-iiouse and the offices of the merchants. Santo Antonio lies between Eecife and Boa- vista, on the sandy island formed by the Capi- baribe and Beberibe, and is connected with them by bridges, one of which is an elegant structure. In this district are many fine buildings, in- cluding the Government Palace, the Theatre, the House of Correction, and some churches. It contains about 3,500 houses, is much better laid out than Recife, and is the shopkeepers' district. On the mainland is Boavista, built like the other two districts on low sandy soil. This is the newest district, and the streets are wider, and the houses more elegant and better planned than in the others. Olinda is built on the high ground which shelters the port to the north, and along the- winding river Beberibe. With its pretty cot- tages interspersed among mango and cocoa groves and fruitful vineyards, it presents a very pleasing effect. This was the first town built in Pernambuco, being commenced by Duarte Coelho Pereira. It sufiered much from the wars with the Dutch, and also from the buccaneers. PERNAMBUCO. 203' Pernambuco has been much improved of late. All the streets have been well paved, and a system of sewerage has been inaugurated,, which, when completed, will be of great benefit to the health and cleanliness of the place. Hotels have ^Iso been introduced — a great accommodation to the stranger, who in former times was altogether ' dependent on the hos- pitality of the citizens, a hospitality, however, always eagerly tendered, and which has caused many a pleasant reminiscence of Pernambuco and the Pernambucans to linger in the memory of the traveller. Visitors should take a drive to Cashingar and Monteiro, which will be well repaid by the views of the country and of the pretty resi- dences and gardens of the notables of the town. At both places are hotels, perhaps the best in the province. The most attractive, because the most change- ful, to a stranger is, perhaps, the seaward view from Kecife. The green Atlantic, relieved here and there with ships — some at anchor, more with swelling sails — bound east and west, north and south ; the restless swell beating against the reef — now dashing up into one long wall of 204 BRAZIL. spray — now pouring like a cataract over the top — contrasting well in its ceaseless activity with the calm river-lite basin a few feet within ; the groves of masts ; the gaudy boats shooting around ; the frail rafts of the fishermen ; the people on the quay of every §hade of white, yellow, and black, but, whether working or lounging, all with their characteristic look of laissez-faire — ^all form a most fitting introduc- tion to Brazil, that real terra incognita of the European. As a port Pernambuco is, from its situation, one of the most important in Brazil, it being in the centre of the coasting . trade of the empire, and, as the most easterly part of the country, the point of departure of all the ships bound to Europe and North America. Besides these advantages, it possesses a foreign commerce, inferior only to that of Rio and Bahia, serving as a port, not only for the productions of the province, but also of a large proportion of those of the neighbouring provinces of Alag6as and Parahyba. 206 Foreign Exportation 1857- -58. Articles. Quantity. Average Price. Spirits Canadas 1,588,859 $637 ■Cotton ... Arrobas 130,344 8$173 White Sugar ... 5j ... 2,023,156 3$910 Mascava Sugar ... )> •" 2,460,760 21747 Salt Hides Pounds 3,147,419 §266 Dry Hides „ ... 5,870 $241 Honey Canadas 739,579 $258 Leather Sides 64,353 4$490 1860-61. Articles. Quantity. Average Price. Spirits Canadas 772,867 $446 Cotton ... Arrobas 91,731 7$933 White Sugar .. 5! ■•• •*• 1,353,055 31703 Mascava Sugar ... )) ••• 1,908,384 2$730 Salt Hides Pounds 2,795,487 $216 Dry Hides „ ... 108,870 $331 Honey Canadas 182,958 $251 : Leather Bides 50,168 2$748 : The Foreign Exportation for „ „ Importation for 207 OP Eecife. 1858-59. 1859-60. Quantity. Average Price. Quantity. Average Price. 1,116,140 ^92,543 1,938,161 3,297,694 2,621,245 6,516 129,495 50,717 $411 8$027 3$472 2$476 $210 §206 $237 3$987 1,051,806 144,823 1,430,153 2,437,768 3,508,255 48,645 277,539 71,933 $409 8$321 4$365 2$605 $242 $394 $252 3$482 1861—62. 1862-63. Quantity. Average Price. Quantity. Average Price. 842,240 128,810 1,828,347 3,126,666 3,531,159 44,107 154,088 53,902 $372 10$563 3$089 2^042 $179 $206 $203 21549 639,791 257,147 1,382,910 2,413,805 3,293,416 208,209 158,597 31,880 $308 18$930 2$967 1$770 $143 $189 $199 2^866 1862-3, amounted to 1862-3, „ 12,471,785$ 15,069,078$ 27,540,863$ 208 BRAZIL. Goianna is 15 leagues from Recife. Its population has increased very much of late years, and it sends to the capital large quanti- ties of sugar raised on the rich plain surround- ing it, between the rivers Tracunhaem and Capiberibe. Rio Formoso, situated on the coast near the river Formoso, is located in a fine sugar- growing district, and has a good port for the smaU vessels which convey the produce to Recife. There are also many small towns and. villages, one of which, Ponta de Pedra, is situated between the mouths of the Iguarassii and the Goianna, and is the most eastern point in South America. The group of islands called Fernando de- Noronlia, which are sometimes visited by ships in distress, are, though upwards of 260 miles distant, a dependency of this province. The chief island gives ^its name to the group, and is used by the]^Imperial Government as a place of punishment for criminals. It is about 20 miles in circumference, and on it is a conical mountain about 1,000 feet high, which at the- top is very steep, and at one side overhanging. PERNAMBUCO. 209 The island is covered with wood, and various articles are raised, but often suffer from the aridity of the climate. Fish abound in the sea around. In August, 1864, the inhabitants con- sisted of 305 military prisoners, 776 male judicial prisoners, and 20 female judicial pri- soners, 85 wives and 257 children of prisoners, 206 soldiers and officers ; and of other persons, 33 men, 103 women, and 50 children, making in all 1,835 persons. 210 PROVINCE OF GOYAZ. HISTOET. The first travellers who passed through this region were the Paulist Manoel Correa and his companions, who traversed it from Guapore, in 1647, and .brought to Sao Paulo some gold and a large number o'f Indians. In 1682, the adventurous Bartholemeo Bueno da Silva started from the city of S. Paulo, with his son, twelve years old, and a numerous company; and, following the traces of Manoel Correa, entered Goyaz as far as the Eio Vermelho, where he found gold in the possession of the Indians. ' Having terrified these by burning some spirits on a plate and threatening so to treat their lakes and rivers, he induced them to discover to him whence they procured the gold, and to aid him in its collection. He thus ob- tained a considerable amount ; and, possessing himself, at the last moment, of the persons of a great many of his labourers, returned in GOYAZ. 211 triumph to Sao Paulo. lu 1722, his son was charged by the governor of Sao Paulo with an expedition intended to revisit these mines, and to procure gold and emeralds ; but, failing in his search, he returned home disheartened at this result of three years' travpl. The same governor, however, encouraged him to a new attempt, and, in 1725, after several months' inarch, he was recognised by two Indians of great age, and conducted to the lost mines, where he collected a very large quantity of gold, and, after establishing several small towns, returned to Sao Paulo with 8,000 oitaves of gold, upon which he received the aippointment of capitdo mor of the district. In 1746, Goyaz was made a captaincy, with Boavista as capital ; and, in 1749, the first diamonds were found at the rivers Claro and Piloes. In 1773, the Tocantins was navigated to Pard; and in 1824, Caetano Lopez da Gama was appointed the first president. > GEOGKAPHY. Tiiis province lies between 6'' and 21" 40' sbuth latitude, and 44'' 39' and 53"^ 29' west p 2 212 BRAZIL. longitude from Greenwicli. It is bounded on the north by Maranhao and Pard, the Manoel Alves Grande, the Tocantins, and the Araguaya separating them ; on the west by Mato Grosso, the Araguaya and the Pardo being the dividing rivers ; on the south by Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes, the Parana and Parnahiba parting them : and on the east by Minas Geraes, Bahia and Piauhy, the line of division running along the CordUhera, which has the various names along its range of Serra dos Crystaes, Chapada da St*. Maria, Serra da Tabatinga, and Serra das Coroadas. It has a length of 300 leagues from the con- fluence of the Tocantins and Araguaya, to that of the Pardo and Parana ; an extreme breadth of 120 leagues, and a superficies of about 21,000 square leagues. Its capital is the city of Goyaz. , The climate is dry and moderate. The thunder-storms of the hot and wet season begin in October and end, usually, in April. It is in general healthy, except near stagnant ponds, in the dry season. The surface of the country is diversified. Besides the range of mountains which bounds GOYAZ. 213 it on the east, it is traversed through nearly its whole length by the Cordilhera Grande, which separates the courses of the Tocantins and Araguaya, and whose elevation culminates, south-east and south-west of the city of Goyaz, into the dividing ridge of the two great hasins of the province, where it sends out a number of spurs in several directions. Between these spurs and the various ranges, and along the courses of the rivers, lie valleys and large plains, mostly covered with brush. The two great watersheds of the province are, that of the rivers flowing into the Amazonas, and that of those emptying into the Parana. The former is subdivided into the basins of the Araguaya, and of the Tocantins, with its chief tributaries the Almas, Manoel Alves Pequeno, Sono, and the Manoel Alves Grande, which divides Goyaz from Maranhao. Of the rivers flowing into the Paran&, the largest are the Parnahiba, with its affluent, the Corumb&, and the Pardo. The chief lakes are the Lag6a Grande, 25 leagues ; and the Formosa, four leagues long, at the head of the Almas. The mineral pro- ductions are abundant and valuable, chiefly 214 BEAZIL. consisting of gold, iron, diamonds, and crystal ; but the gold mines, which up to the beginning of this century had yielded nearly 150 tons of gold, seem almost exhausted. The province possesses but few forests, and timber is not abundant, except iu some localities, such as the banks of the Corumba, and where the great virgin forest of Mato Grosso lies between Meia Ponte and the city of Goyaz ; the rest of the surface being covered,, in a great measure, with brush, which, with the forests, give shelter to deer, boars, ounces, and other animals of the chase, and to many curious beasts and birds. Where timber covers the ground the soil is excessively rich ; but, in general, the province is most suited to the rearing of cattle, owing to its dryness and comparative isolation. It produces spontaneously, among other things, Brazil and Campechy wood, and many medicinal plants. The chief products of cultivation are sugar, spirits, tobacco, lentils, &c., but owing to the cost of carriage its exports are mainly cattlej hides, gold, and a little tobacco. Its commerce is carried on principally with GOYAZ. 215 Para and Rio Janeiro. That, with the former, by way of the rivers Araguaya and Tocantiris, amounted during the year 1863, to upwards of 200,000i^, carried on in dugouts^ which brought down more than 40,000 hides, and returned laden with iron and other heavy goods, salt, &c. The population is supposed to be about 200,000, of whom 15,000 are slaves, including about 25,000 Indians, some of whom are very fierce, while others are settled and apply them- selves to agriculture and grazing. The representation is one senator and two deputies to the Imperial Assembly ; and 22 deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force consists of about 300 soldiers in garrisons, and 13,000 national guards. Public instruction is supplied in one lyceum, six advanced schools, and 33 primary schools. The Imperial revenue is about 20,000;$^ ; the provincial about 75,000,^. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. The city of Goyaz is connected by roads with the chief rivers and towns, and with Cuiabd in 216 BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Minas Geraes, Maranhao, and Belem in Pard. Boats on the Araguaya and Tocantins serve to carry on a trade with the Amazonas, and others, on the Parnahiba, Pardo, and Parand., with the south. TOPOGEAPHY. , The city of Goi/az, once Villa Boa, situa- ted, in IG'^ 24' south latitude, and 49° 4' west longitude, on the river Vermelho which divides it, has two bridges, a cathedral, five chapels, and among the most notable buildings, the Govern- ment Palace, the Hall of the Chamber, and the Treasury. The city of Meia Ponte, situated in 16° 5' south latitude, and 47°' 37' west longitude, near the head waters of the das Almas, has a church and four chapels. A road from. Goyaz to Minas Geraes passes through it, and it is in the centre of a most agricultural* and industrious district, 'where, also, are manufactured cotton and wool- len cloth. Pedro Affonso, a little town about 200 leagues north of Goyaz, where are several settlements of Indians. One of the tribes, the Guayajaras, lately immigrated from Maranhao, having, de- GOYAZ. 217 spite the remonstrances of the missionary, made continuous depredations on the property of the neighbouring tribe of the Chavantes, who apply themselves to agriculture and cattle-rearing ; these, taking advantage of the absence of the missionary, armed themselves, and utterly ex- terminated the Guayajaras on the 13th of July, 1864, destroying even the women and their infants. THE ARAGUAYA AND ITS NAVIGATION, The population of the margins of the Ara- guaya have an animated aspect ; their skin is smooth, fine, and shining ; the muscles design themselves, vigorous in pleasing curves, in the robust bodies of the men ; the appetite, stimu- lated by that pure air of plains of hundreds of leagues in width, where its circulation is un- interrupted by a single obstacle, requires an abundant nutrition that carries every day its tribute to the blood, that repairs the powers, and increases life. As a commercial centre, we do not possess in the province, I might even say, in the empire, another more considerable. 218 BRAZIL. To Pard Vavigation extends itself for nearly 1,600 miles ;v towards the south it can go, even now, to Kio (arande, and, in a not very remote future, may beS. established to the Taquary (130 miles by laild), and from the Taquary, where a created navigation already exists, to the ocean. The Araguaya being an affluent of the To- cantins, all that northern part of the province which lies to the rise of the Cordilheira remains, through the medium of the latter river, in communication. Finally, when the region there will cease to be a wilderness, the river das Mortes (dos Ara^s) will furnish a majestic navigation. If the price of transport be reduced, by way of the Araguaya, our production must augment^ and exportation must be created, a thing which either does not exist, or is on so small a scale that it is not worth mention. The reader will see further on that, after the regular establishment of navigation, the car- riage of an arroba could not cost more than 2$ the arroba; therefore, coffee, cotton, sugar, rum, tobacco, dried beef, hides, leather, wheat, wiU be commodities that will abound on the GOYAZ. 219' Araguaya, but which, so far, are produced in the province almost exclusively for its con- sumption. From this will follow, therefore, the richness of the province, and the perfecting of our agri- cultural industry through division of labour. At present we have no Jazendeiros with a determined industry ; each cultivator is an encyclopedian ; he plants maize, beans, rice y rears cattle ; manufactures rum ; plants coffee, &c., &c. And why is this ?. Because, if the planter devoted himself, in the present circumstances, to the growth of any one article, he could not find a purchaser for it, and would lose the greater part. If, however, the Araguaya were utilised he would find a sufiicient market for aU. A common argument against navigation by the Araguaya is, the falls upon the Tocantins, and the unsettled extent upon the banks of the Araguaya ; but, with aU the difficulties in the way, once that navigation is established, the goods will come more cheaply by that river than by the roads from Rio de Janeiro. By the last examinations made in this pro/- 220 BEAZIL. vince and Mato Grosso, we find tHat the Ara- guaya is navigable to the port joC Rio Grande ; that thence to the Taquary, where the Coxim enters it, is merely 150 miles ; that the Taquary is navigable from that place downwards to the Paraguay ; so we have the mouth of the Ama- zonas bound to the River Plate by a fluvial navigation, interrupted by 150 miles ; or per- haps less, as the Araguaya at Rio Grande is 650 yards wide, and no examination has been made above that point, so it is probable that it may yield navigation many leagues above. What the productions are of the part of Goyaz adjacent to the Araguaya, and of the part of Mato Grosso in the valleys of the Taquary and Paraguay, it is easy to imagine, when we •consider that the first of these rivers ofiers the most varied and rich products of Pard, without the excessive heat and the diseases of that pro- vince. The fertility of Mato Grosso is known to all. Consider then, reader, the immense impulse that our industry will have from the moment that the smoke of the steamer undulate^ through the blue sky of these new Indias ! On the banks of the Araguaya the cotton- plant grows in a form unknown to the persons GOYAZ. 221 who travel there ; the reproduction of cattle is annual, and they are always fat ; for at the time of overflows the pastures of the hills and high grounds are green, and in the dry season they have the borders of the rivers from which, as the waters withdraw, they can browse on pastures of a grass peculiar to those grounds, whose stalk is almost the size of cane, and which, yielding seeds like rice, gives a food that is highly prized by every kind of ruminant. There can be nothing more picturesque than the view of the margins of the lakes formed by the river. Let the reader imagine those im- mense plains of hundreds of miles, uninterrupted by a single mountain, or even by the smallest hill ; figure a calm basin of water of 15 or 20 miles in diameter, blue and deep, and reflecting in itself a sky in which a cloud rarely appears ; figure this circle fringed with high reeds and grass ; imagine, around, the herds of cattle con- founded at times with others of deer, stags, antelopes, hogs, capivaras, covered with flocks of jabiirus, ducks of many kinds, colheireiros with rose-coloured plumage, divers and all kinds of aquatic fowls, and he will have a notion of the fertility of those lands. 222 BEAZIL. The navigation of the Araguaya is more easy than that of the Paraguay ; yet what a diffe- rence in the result ! The latter serves Mate Grosso — or, to speak rightly, Villa Maria and Cuyabd ; the former would open to industry the provinces of Pard, Maranhao, Goyaz, and Mate Grosso, that is, it would give to Brazil a second coagt as considerable and vast as that offered by the Atlantic Ocean. 223 PROVINCE OF MARANHAO. mSTOEY. The whole territory of this province was bestowed on the great Portuguese historian and statesman, Joas de Barros, and two of his sons made two attempts to colonise it, but, both expeditions being disastrously shipwrecked on the coast, no further efforts were made untU 1612, when French colonists were established, under the direction of La Eavardiere, upon the Island of S. Luiz, where is now the capital, but they were expelled in 1615 by Jeronymo d' Albuquerque, and their place occupied by the Portuguese. In 1641, however, the Dutch possessed them- selves of the island, and of the coast of the- province, but becoming wearied of the con- tinual conflicts with the troops of Captain; Antonio Terxeira, they abandoned their occu- pation in 1653. 224 BRAZIL. In 1752 Piauhy was entirely separated from Maranhao, of which, it had, until then, formed a dependency. GEOGRAPHY. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, on the west by Para, from which it is divided by. the river Gurupy ; on the south-west by Goyaz, the Tocantins and Manoel Alves Grande separating them ; and on the south and east by Piauhy, the river Parnahiba being their, boundary. Its length from north to south is 195 leagues, from east to west, 163 leagues ; its seacoast, 130 leagues, and its area aboiit 12,500 square leagues. It lies between 1° and 10° 45' south latitude, and 40° 54' and 49° 16' west longitude. Its climate is very warm and humid, and during the months of November and December there fall heavy rains, accompanied by thunder and lightning. The temperature is somewhat modified by the vapours which rise from the rivers and dense woods, and by the frequent rains, but varies little throughout the year. The province is in MAEANHAO. 225 general healthy, except in the neighbourhood of the Parnahiba, where intermittent fevers pre- vail. The surface of the northernhalf of the province is in general without mountains. Towards the coast it is low and flat, but in the south becomes elevated, and in parts hilly, and a large propor- tion of it is covered with dense forests, particu- larly along the valleys of the rivers. There are eighteen rivers in the province, many of them navigable for long distances. The most important are the Parnahiba on the boundary line with Piauhy, which is navigable, with some obstructions, nearly 250 leagues, the Itapicuru, 150 leagues long, the Mearim, 130 leagues long, the Pindare, 80 leagues long, the Turiassd, and the Gurupy. There are also many deep lakes which afford facihties for transport, and at the mouths of the rivers are excellent ports, two of the best of which are the bays of S. Marcos and S. Jos^. The chief island is S. Luiz, on which is the capital of the province ; there are also other smaller ones, on one of which is placed the lighthouse of Santa Anna. There are various mines of gold, silver, and Q 226 BEAZIL. bismuth, some of which have been explored by a company and found to be very rich. This, province produces cotton, rice, sugar, tapioca, maize, oil of cupaiva, nuts, cocoa, coffee, vanilla, castanha nuts, tobacco, arrowroot, gum elastic,, castor oil beans, pepper, sarsaparilla, urugu, carnaiiba, tallow, and fibre, and all kinds of tropical plants. A valuable silkworm is also found here that feeds on orange and pine- trees. The woods are full of birds and game, the rivers and lakes of fish, and fi*om the sea, besides fish, are collected large quantities of shrimps, which, when dried, form an important article of consumption and export. The chief exports are cotton, tapioca, rum of superior quality, maize, oil of cupaiva, gum- elastic, hides, and dried fish and shrimps. Of these cotton is the most important export to foreign countries. The quality of Maranhao cotton is ^ood, and that grown in the vicinity of Alcantara is considered to rank next to Sea- island. During the ten years ending 1862 the export of cotton remained between 200,000 to 300,000 arrobas, but since that year efforts have been made to increase the production, and MAKANHAO. 227 with some result in spite of the scarcity of labour. In 1862 there were exported 230,451 arrobas. The total exports of all kinds were, in 1861-62,— Coastwise 296,092,^ Foreign 2,757,912^ 3,054,004|f but in 1862-63 the foreign exports alone amounted to 4,722,000;$', this great increase being caused by the advance in the value of the chief article of export, cotton. The population of the province is about 400,000, including 50,000 slaves. The representation is — six deputies and three senators to the Imperial Assembly, and 30 deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force is about 1,000 soldiers and policemen, and 28,000 national guards. Public education is provided in one seminary for theology, one normal school, 14 grammar, and 78 primary schools. The provincial revenue is about 500,000;^, and the Imperial about 1,500,000,^. Q 2 228 BRAZIL. SIEAM NAVIGATION. S. Luiz do Maranhao is connected with the chief ports of the empire by the steamers of the Companhia Brazileira de Paquetes, which call from the north and south twice a month; and with Fortaleza and Bel^m, and the intervening ports, by a line of steamers for that purpose. Small steamers also ply on the Itapicurii to Caxias, and on the Parnahiba and some other rivers. The inhabitants of the province de- serve great praise for their spirited endeavours to develope the steam trade. TOPOaEAPHY. iS". Luiz do Maranhao, often called Maranhao, the capital, and foreign port of the pro'^ince, is situated in 2° 30' south latitude, and 44° 17' west longitude, on the island of the same name, which is about 20 miles long and 15 broad. This town contains about 30,000 inhabitants, and about 3,000 houses, of which 700 are two stories and upwards, and many of them fine build- ings. The palace of the government and the MAEANHAO. 229 cathedral are worthy of a visit, though the exterior of the latter is coarse and devoid of architectural beauty. It, however, possesses some good paintings. The arsenal of marine is prettily situated and well defended, and there are a museum, a theatre, two hospitals, a relacao, or high court of appeal, and a tribunal of com- merce. Six papers are published in the city, two of which are dailies. The port of S. Luiz is excellent, commodious, and well sheltered, and is frequented, by many vessels in need of repairs. The entrance is somewhat difficult to sailing vessels of large size, but, in general, vessels not drawing more than 20 feet of water can enter at all seasons. S. Luiz carries on a foreign and coasting trade of importance. The foreign exports of 1862-3 amounted to 4,722,001;^^ The direct foreign imports to . . 3,604,401 Total 8,326,402;^ Alcantara is situated about five leagues fr'om S. Luiz, and is a nice town with many hand- some buildings. Its trade is not increasing like that of the village of S. Bento, which is nearer the interior, and is situated in a district 230 BRAZIL. where cotton of a superior quality is largely" grown. Vianna is an interior town, which is fast becoming important through its agricultural and commercial industry. Caxias, a town on the bank of the river Itapicurii, distant about 120 leagues from the capital, is the second city in the province, and has a considerable trade with the surrounding country and Piauhy. A small steamer keeps up communication with S. Luiz, and is of great benefit to the agriculture of this part of the province. 231 PROVINCE OF. PARANA. HISTOEY. This province belonged, witli Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, and otters, to the captaincy ■of S. Vincente, the grant made to Martim Affonso da Sousa. It remained a part of Sao Paulo until 1853, when, at the petition of its inhabitants, it was made a province, with the city of Curitiba as its capital. The first president was Zacharias de Besides the rivers rising in this province, which afford much aid to its trade, there is an excellent road to Rio de Janeiro, and the rail- roads from Rio de Janeiro and Santos will, when finished into the interior of this province, be of inestimable benefit for the development of the resources of this fertile and healthy district of Brazil. MINAS GERAES. 263 TOPOGRAPHY. Ouro Preto, the capital of the province, is ^situated on the serra of the same name, about 83 leagues to the north of Rio Janeiro. It is unpleasantly situated among steep mountains, and in a cold and cloudy climate. It is badly built, and has no buildings worthy of note. In it are the Government Palace, the Chamber, -several churches, 14 fountains, a library, a botanic garden, and the lyceum. It carries on a considerable trade with Eio de Janeiro and the interior. S. Jods del Rei is a well-paved town, and is .the entrepot of a large commerce. 264 PROVINCE OF ESPIRITO SANTO. HISTORY. This province formed the grant made by" John III. to Vasco Fernando Coutinho, who established the first settlement at Espirito Santo and Victoria, which, however, had tO' struggle with the Indians for many years. In the end of the seventeenth century, a descen- dant of Coutinho sold the grant to Francisco Gil d'Aranjo, and, in 1717, it was again pur- chased, for the same sum of 40,000 cruzadosy by John V., and added to the crown domains. For two centuries after the first settlement, the Jesuits civilised and protected the Indians of the province ; and, in 1750, the Indian popula- tion numbered upwards of 40,000, but after the expulsion of this order they either died of intemperance or returned to savage life. The- district was governed by capitdes mores, sub- ESPIEITO SANTO. 265^ ject to the Viceroy, until 1809, when it was- created a province. GEOGEAPHT, ETC. It lies between 17" 57' and 21'=' 24' south latitude, and 39'' 17' and 42" 7' west longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by Bahia, the Mucury being the boundary ; on the west by Minas Geraes, the serras dos Aimores, dos Arrepiados, and do Pico, and the river Preto dividing them ; on the south by Eio Janeiro, the Itabapoana being the sepa- rating river ; and on the east by the Atlantic. It has a sea-coast of 90 leagues, an average width of 24 leagues, and a superficial area of 1,400 square leagues. Its capital is Victoria. The climate is moderate and damp, the heat of summer being tempered by the breezes, and it is very healthy, except along the courses of the rivers Doce and S. Matheus, where there is experienced much sickness in some localities. The seasons are not so determined as in the northern provinces, rain falling generally. The surface is in general hilly, and in the west and south becomes somewhat mountainous. ■266 BRAZIL. It is watered by a great number of rivers whicb in general flow from the mountains on tbe western boundary, and are navigable by boats for some distance. The chief rivers, how- ever, which flow through the province are the Mucury, on the northern limit, which rises in Minas Geraes, and is navigated by steamboats to St"'. Clara; the S. Matheus, navigated to the city of S. Matheus ; and the large river Doce, coming from Minas Geraes, which, though injured by rocks, will be ere long an important channel of commerce. The mouths of many of the rivers also furnish small but deep ports. The soil of this province is in general fertile, productive, and covered with timber; but the best districts are those at the north and south, along the courses of the S. Matheus and Ita- pemirim. The population is chiefly gathered within a stripe along the sea-coast, with the exception of the unhealthy low lands of the Rio Doce, but in. the west the lands of the interior are beginning to be settled by immigrants from Minas Geraes. The principal products of cul- tivation are coffee, maize, sugar, beans, man- dioca, rice, &c., which are almost entirely exported to Rio de Janeiro, through which ESPIBITO SANTO. 267 ■place its foreign commerce is carried on. Cof- fee is the chief article of export, and its cultiva- tion is rapidly increasing. The population is about 55,000, of which about 10,000 are slaves. The representatimi is one senator and one ■deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and 20 de- puties to the Provincial chamber. The military force consists of 173 soldiers, 50 police, and 6,000 national guards. Public education is provided in one lyceum, two Latin schools, and 51 primary schools. The provincial revenue is about IZQfiQOB and the Imperial about 70,000;^. Steam navigation is kept up by two lines of steamers, one trading from Rio de Janeiro to S. Matheus, touching likewise at Itapemirim, Itabapoana, Guarapary, and Victoria in this province, and one from Rio de Janeiro to Cara- vellas in Bahia, touching at Victoria. TOPOGRAPHY. Victoria^ the capital, is situated in 20° 18' 30' south lat., and 40° 12' 30' west long., on the east side of the island, and has a population of 268 BRAZIL, 6,000. Its port is small but good. It carries on no foreign trade. S. Matheus has about 2,500 inhabitants, and carries on the chief trade in mandioca of the province. Itapemirim is the shipping port of a fine sugar district. Near this town are a large grotto, and a granite rock forming a natural pyramid. 269 PROVINCE OF PARA. HISTORY, ETC. The first coloniser of this province was Fran- cisco Caldeira, who established himself in Belem, in 1616, the territory forming part of the united government of Pard, Maranhao, and Ceara, from 1624 to 1652, when the -separate government of Grao Para was made indepen- dent of Maranhao, with Rega Barreto as governor. In 1654 it was reunited to that province, until 1754, when it was definitely Taised to a captaincy, but remained with that province under the government of a captain- .general, untU 1774, in which year the captain- generalship of Grao Para was formed of the ■captaincies of Para and Rio Negro, which remained united until 1850, when the province of Amazonas was separated from Grao Para, and the present limit of the province of Pard •established. 270 BRAZIL. GEOGRAPHY, ETC. Para, the most northern maritime province of BrazU, is bounded on the north-east by the Atlantic, on the north by French Gruiana; on the west by Amazonas, the river Neamunda forming, in part, the dividing line ; on the south by Maranhao and Goyaz, the chief separating lines being made by the rivers Gurupy, Araguaya, Vertentes, Fresco, Atoary, Frez Barros, Tapajoz, and Oreguatus. It lies- between 4° 15' north latitude, and 9° 54' south latitude, and 45° 54' and 58° 59' west longitude, ' Its superficial extent is estimated at 39,000 square l^gues. Its capital is Belem or Para, ' on the south side of the river Pard. The climate, like that of all the valley of the- Amazonas, is humid and very warm during the day, the nights and mornings, however, being quite cool. During the summer it rains almost every afternoon, and in winter at all hours' of the day. The climate is not healthy for strangers who expose themselves to the heat of the sun in the low grounds near the rivers, "which, being subject to overflow during several months of the year in the wet season,.' PAKA. 271 dysentery and intermittent fevers are prevalent, and yellow fever since 1849, epidemic in various parts of the province. Sufferers from elephantiasis are also found along the rivers, owing, as it is asserted, to the habitual use of the food (piraracu) found in great abundance in them. Mountains form but a small feature in the configuration, this province generally being flat ; but rising, in its more northern extreme, into hills and mountainous elevations, and towards Mato Grosso and Goyaz into the con- tinuous plateau which limits the navigation of the rivers flowing thence. The rivers, how- ever, which drain the vast plains are very numerous, and many others of great im- portance flow through the province to discharge their waters into the ocean. Of these the greatest are the Amazonas, the longest river in the world, which, rising in Peru, after flowing throjigh Pard, in an easterly direction for 800 miles, enters the ocean at the equator, navigated by steamboats, 2,500 miles from the sea ; the Tapajoz, which, flowing for about 350 miles through the south-west of the province, empties into the Amazonas, but whose 272 BBAZIL. navigation is interrupted by falls, not far from Mate Grosso ; the Xingii, also a large river tributary to the Amazonas ; and the Tocantins, • which, taking its course from Goyaz to the Amazonas through Para, forms the channel of communication by which Goyaz carries on its trade with the ocean. The Amazonas is deep ;and free from impediments to the navigation of vessels of even great size, and is destined to be the channel of a commerce exceeding even that of the Mississippi. So gradual is the elevation of its bed, that sailing vessels can ascend nearly to the foot of the Andes, and the tide of the ocean affects the river 400 miles above its mouth. From this arises the great bore, or as the natives call it, the Pororoca, which occurs ^t spring tides, when the flood, with three or four immense waves, attains its full height in two or three minutes. The Amazonas, about 200 miles from its embouchure, divides, forming a number of islands of great fertility, which are used as grazing stations for large herds of cattle. One of these islands, called Marajo, is nearly 180 miles long and 450 in circumference. Little has been done in the examination of PAKA. 273 the mineral resources of the province, yet it has been ascertained that gold, quicksilver, iron, diamonds, and coal exist. Its soil is exceed- ingly rich, and, favoured by the equability of the climate, which limits the time of seeding to no special season, produces three crops in the year. The surface is generally covered with splendid forests of excellent timber, and with trees and plants whose products are valuable in arts, medicine, and commerce, such as india- rubber, cocoa, castanhas de Para, or Para nuts, sarsaparilla urucu, oil of capaiva, tapioca, rice, millet, cotton, sugar cane, indigo, vanilla, ginger, jalap, ipecacuanha, cassia, cloves, pepper, ^c, &c., with an innumerable variety of fruits and flowers. But, until lately, the scantiness of the population and this overflowing abun- dance of its spontaneous resources, prevented the development of its agriculture, by the in- dolence, which the ease of procuring their livelihood induced among the peasantry. Great numbers of cattle are raised in this province, and wide tracts of land are devoted to this business, in which are largely engaged the Messrs. James and Ambrose Campbell, the greatest land-owners in the province, who T 274 BEAZIL. inherit from their mother, a descendant of one of the most distinguished families in the empire, three large estates near Para, and one- fourth of the great island of Marajo. These gentlemen are zealous in the improvement and cultivation of their immense property, and derive great profits from the lucrative trade in which they are engaged, furnishing the beef market of Para, and even shipping cattle to Cayenne and Demerara. The chief exports are gum elastic, Brazil nuts, cocoa, sarsaparilla, oil of capaiva, and other medicinal substances, tapioca, timber, isinglass, hides, deer skins, &c. The population of the province is about 250,600, of which about 39,000 are slaves, and 4,000 native Indians called Tapuas, to whom the government affords great facility of educa- tion, employing persons to teach them in their own language. ' The representation is one senator and three deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and thirty deputies to the Provincial Chamber. ' The military force consists of 700 soldiers, 300 policemen, and about 23,000 national guards. PARA. 275 For public instruction there exist two ecclesi- ■astical schools, one in Belem and one in Obidos, one normal school in Pard, and about 80 ^primary schools throughout the province. Besides these there are many private schools. The provincial revenue is about 700,000^, :and the Imperial 1,400,000^. Steam navigation is progressing with rapid strides ; communication being kept up with the maritime provinces of the empire, and also with Amazonas, through *the river Amazonas and its tributaries ; the Amazon steamship company, who hold the exclusive right of their steam navigation, maintaining nine vessels, which trade between Belem and Chaves, Itacuan and Soure, once a month to each ; between Belem ^nd Manaos, twice a month ; between Manaos and Tabatinga on the frontier of Perii, once a month ; and between Belem and Cameta, twice a month. This line of steamers has done much for the development of the trade of the province, as will be seen from the following statistics. The steamers commenced running in 1853 :— T 2 276 !5 O El K O oooooooooo O o o o o o o o o o o o o N , oooooooooo o to «»e©^«fe©^o o_^ o^ o__ o_ o^ o_^ o_ o M- o S o'--eot^>o"a5<^o"ofo (— ( of C00 r^ o rt CD 00 O) N >0 05_i> (N l-H CO i-T r-T o4" <>? of eo" o o OOOOOOOO Q CO OOOOOOOO Q to «ei«&«©€«- ««:€©.«»»* €^ • OOOOOOOO ^ »o s • -OOOOOOOO Q 00 : -OOOOOOOO Q «)_ "g o cf O" O" O" (m" O" J>- oo" 03 t^lMco;D-*0-*>0 l—t CO »— ( T— ( rH rH C^ i-H i-H l-H «— 1 oooooc»oooo o o oooooooooo 00 oooooooooo ' Q CO «©€©:«©«©^«&ee=«s^eo.«©a3i «e= ^ oooooooooo o Tt< t4 oooooooooo o J:^ A< mt-o^ooooooo o_ »o tCso o" ' ^-^ ^ -HTti>005i>0000 «5 to § rH eo c>^ (M f— t r— < rH fl oooooooooo Q o O* oooooooooo t—t i oooooooooo Q CO s €©<«:««'e©«©€«'€©««i«©'e^ «e= o t^ M oooooooooo o CO tf *0 00 o o o o o o o o DD oq 4 «}■ O W5 O O O >0 O" t-^ 6" i-clM>Cl>00005>0 00 CO l-H oooooooooo Q o oooooooooo Q o 1 oooooooooo Q 00 . «»«%«»««' «e^ «€> «&««:«« 93^ yg- «§. S oooooooooo o o oooooooooo l-H S oopooo_oooo o >o 13 o" o" o o" o" o" o" o o' o" o" oo" f— t «)0qO>0OOIMOO>0 o <£> rt W3 50 t- 05 r-1_ o;Dr~oooio— loq s 10>0»OIOVOV310COCDCO V COQOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOO fH 277 o I o 3^ oooooooooo o o OOOOOQOOOIMO o CO cot~(>5-*coQOTtiai(Mai (M CO s©s»«e.e6: :s©4ee© «*«©:«©. «% <© , ;D^CDO^a)tOW3IM-H 00 00 'c8 •c>ooolnOl^^o^■^ o 00 -3 aO_ 03 05_ <» (M_^ » -* t- >o »o_ Q o o B >0 t-^ ^ to" CO* 0CO(D CO CO i-i :. ^ 00 i-H i—l r-( T— ( COiMO>C^ t~ CO ai e«.«ii«&€©«%e©«©«© «* ^i a oooooiTiajw i-H 00 3 : :oootDos^i^i-i o 00 . .v<300«30DCO;Dt^ CO o ^ ^ cDrt050ii^>oaooo CO I-H CO -*a5oot~iMa>Jr^oi o t~ l-l l-H (M rt l-H (M_^ 00cc^ rt< Tf< «©4» O-*00CDO5O5 l—f "^ ^ i-irtroeooito050CTiOi CO (M ^ IM ^ t^ t~ (M lO (M OS §■ 03 (M 00 .— 1 3 OOOOOO OO o <-, cq OOOOOO OO o o OOOOOO CTlIM t— 1 00 «§: «© s© «& €©: e© «©«& <© m' ^ 0'*<>OtOIN(M -tHCO • fc: t~ fe (O^-^i^cOCO .IMOO . 2? 00 P-t lOOOOtOOOOO ^0_ 05 lO Nofof^-j^aT lo V oT cjT Tt< (M CO 0 CO CD -^ rH CO Tft cq (M rt 1— 1 CO OOOOOOOOOO o o 00 00000(M0 (M "O C0t~-(MTfiC0C0l^O00Ot~>O TO ^H >-3 OO^COO>iO T— 1 IM«3(MO^CD'*t~00^ o CO •Ol^'*>o_co_eo CO as_ f— ( r— ( i—t oo" r-T . CO-#iO«5Jr~00050^ enormous increase has taken place in its produc- tion, the season's crop amounting to 9,600,000/.^. and, what is of great importance, the fazendeiros have acquired the conviction that its culture- brings a certain and remunerative return; a result mainly due to the untiring exertions of INIessrs, Aubertin and Hutchings. No one can speak of the progress of this great staple in the' jirovince without associating with its relation the names of these two English gentlemen. Recognising at once the great capacity of S. Paulo for its growth, and the enormous benefits to the province and the company they represent, which its cultivation would induce, they took advantage of a position bringing them into daily and intimate relations with the authorities, and with the most influential and spirited inhabitants of the province, to point out and impress upon them the great advantages of this drop as a staple of S. Paulo. Instructions,. SAO PAULO. SIS^ and useful and encouraging information, have been disseminated amongst them through th& varied and valuable writings of Mr. Aubertin, Seed of the best qualities, procured by Mr. Hutchings through the Manchester Cotton As- sociation, has been distributed to the planters. Success has followed their endeavours; and their goodwill and friendly desire to promote the prosperity of the province are fully acknow- ledged by the Paulenses, amongst whom they are deservedly popular. Indeed the Railway Company and the contractors have been un- usually fortunate in the selection of all their officials, and we rejoice to find such men, and such charming and cultivated ladies as their wives, brought in contact with the hospitable but somewhat proud and Asiatic Paulense fazendeiro. The Paulense is sociable and intelligent, and,, when men of suavity, talent, and literary powers,, such as we find among the officials of the rail- way, throw themselves heart and soul into the promotion of industrial progress and good feel- ing, we may safely expect that the results wiU not be diminutive, whether socially, commer- cially, or politically. 314 BRAZIL. Steam Navigation is kept up between Santos and Rio de Janeiro and the ports north and south by the steam packet companies and by other steamers which call at Santos. 315 PROVINCE OF ALAGOAS. HISTOKT. The territory of this province formed part of the grant made to Duarte Coelho Pereira, the donatorio of Pemambuco, and, during the Dutch invasion, it shared the same fate as that pro- vince. After the expulsion of the Dutch it remained a district of Pemambuco ; but, in 1817, was erected into a separate province with the town of Alagoas as capital, which town was, in 1839, superseded by Maceio, the present ncapital. GEOGRAPHY, 1 This province lies between 8° 50' and 10° 15' south latitude and 35° 6' and 37° 49' west longi- tude. It is bounded on the north and west by Pemambuco, the dividing, line being formed by the rivers Persinunga, Una, Jacuipy and Ta- quard, the serra Pellada, and by the Moxoto, a 316 BRAZIL. tributary of the S. Francisco ; on the south by the province of Sergipe, being separated there- from by the S. Francisco, and on the east by the Atlantic. It has a sea-coast extension of 56 leagues, and a superficies of 1,200 square leagues. The climate in the low part of the province is very humid in consequence of the numerous lakes, but is healthy away from these and from the borders of the river of S. Francisco, where some intermittent fevers occur during the wet season. No mountains of any great elevation are found in the province except at the extreme north-east end. Near the coast the lands are low and sandy, but towards the interior, rising into fertile hills and high lands. It is intersected by many rivers, which have in general an easterly course, and by a number of lakes which run north and south, commu- nicating with one another and the rivers by shallow channels. Tliese rivers are of little importance, only admitting boats for a short distance, except the large river of S. Francisco, on the southern boundary, which is navigable to Piranhas, 38 leagues from the sea. 18 leagues ALAQOAS. 317 above this place is the great Brazilian cataract Paulo Affonso, where the river descends 150 feet. The lakes are navigable to some extent, and afford means of transport by small craft, but might at a slight expense be made available for steamboats of little draught, thus diminishing the enormous cost of carriage of the staples of ■the interior, sometimes amounting to one-half .their value. The mineral wealth does not seem to be great, Ihough gold, amianthus, and other valuable substances have been found, and also anthra- cite, bituminous schist, granite, sandstone, and ochres. The lands away from the sea-coast are ex- itremely fertile, and are covered with splendid forests of excellent timber, except where cleared for cultivation. Among some of the richest and most productive localities of the province are the district of Atalaia and the domains of Si- nimbu, whose owners are endeavouring to intro- duce new and improved modes of husbandry, which, it is to be hoped, will be the initiative to further much-needed improvements throughout ithe province, not only as regards agriculture, ■hilt in the equally important object of facilita- 318 BRAZIL. ting and cheapening the transmission of the products of the country, and of the articles of importation required in the interior. Brazil wood and various gums, resins, oils, and a coarse native silk, are found in abun- dance. Almost everything will grow, but the chief articles of culture are cotton, sugar, and tobacco, which, with timber, constitute the prin- cipal articles of export. The foreign exports of 1862-3 amounted to- 4,765,460,1^, and the direct foreign imports to 103,753,^'. A large coasting trade in foreign and native goods is carried on with Pernambuco and Bahia. The population is about 250,000, including about 45,000 slaves. The representation is made by two senators and five deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and by 30 deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force consists of 128 regulars, ' 152 national guards on duty, and 149 police, in all, 429 men on duty, and about 25,000- national guards in reserve. Public education is provided for by 84 primary schools. ALAGOAS. 31^ The provincial revenue is about 400,000,^^ and the Imperial about 470,000,^. Steam navigation, though calculated to be of great benefit to the province, has been neglected hitherto, but of late a company has been esta- blished to place small steamers on the chief lakes. The mail steamers from Para to Rio de Janeiro, call at Macei6, and keep up a half- monthly communication with the chief northern and southern ports of the empire. Further intercourse is maintained with Bahia and the intervening ports by a Bahian line ; and with, Pernambuco, from Penedo, by a Pernambuco line, which proceeds between Aracajii, in Ser- gipe, and Pernambuco, touching at various ports. TOPOGEAPHY. Macei6, the capital of the province, is situated in 9" 39' 18' south latitude, and 35° 41' 24' west longitude, on an eminence facing the sea, and is almost concealed from view by the luxuriant vegetation in which it is embowered. It con- tains about 3,000 houses, and a population of 520 BRAZIL. 18,000. It possesses a fine cathedral, an elegant Palace of the Assembly, an office for the in- spection of cotton, a lighthouse, and three landing stages for goods. Until 1839, Macei6, though the shipping port, had no custom-house, this being located at Alagoas, then the capital of the province. In consequence, great delay took place in the loading and discharge of vessels. In the above year, however, the illus- trious statesman, Sen". Cansan9ao de Sinimbu, who is a native of the province, proposed and •carried the law changing the capital to Maceio, despite the strong opposition of the land-owners of the old city, and thus essentially benefited the commerce of the province. The harbour of Macei6 is an open roadstead, protected in some degree by the reef outside from the force of the ocean waves, but exposed to storms from all quarters, the lands in the neighbourhood having but little elevation. The water deepens slowly from the low sandy beach, and vessels have to lie off at some distance and discharge into barges, receiving cargo in the same manner, the expense of which is very great. Macei6 is the only port open to the ■foreign trade. Both the import and export ALAGOAS. 321 commerce is carried on through the merchants of Bahia and Pernambuco. In 1862-3 the direct foreign imports amounted to 103,732^ „ the foreign imports coast- wise amounted to 1,518,684 „ the national imports coast- wise amounted to 272,962 „ the national exports coast- wise amounted to 507,985 , the national exports abroad amounted to 4,766,306 Total, 7,169,669;gf The city of Alagoas, until 1839 the capital of the province, is situated on the south side of th6 lake Mandaii, in the centre of a very fertile district. Its population is about 8,000. The city of Penedos is built on the north side of the S. Francisco, eight leagues from the sea. From its situation it is destined to be an im- portant commercial point, especially after the finishing of the railroads from Bahia and Per- nambuco to the S. Francisco. 322- PROVINCE OF RIO DE JANEIRO. HISTORY, This province was conferred as g. gift on Martim Affonso de Souza, who built, in 1552, a small fort near the Sugarloaf in the Bay of Rio Janeiro. Having, however, neglected its further colonisation, some French Huguenots, under the command of Admiral Villegaignon, established in 1556 a strong fortress in this bay, on an island which still bears his name. The French settlers were well received by the neighbouring Indians, the Tamoyes, who were at enmity with the Portuguese, but their friendly relations caused alarm to D. Joao III., and he ordered the expulsion of these colonists, which was effected by the Governor of Bahia, ^em de Sa, in 1567, after which a colony of Portuguese was placed at Beira da Misericordia. In 1572 D. Sebastiao divided Brazil, making KIO DE JAKBIEO. 323 two capitals, that of St. Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro in the southern half, and that of Bahia in the northern divisi on. Four years afterwards this order was rescinded, and Bahia became as formerly the capital of Brazil. In 1711 Rio Janeiro was again taken by a French squadron under Duguay Trouin, who exacted as ransom 610,000 cruzados, and 500 boxes' of sugar, besides large contributions of cattle and other things from individuals. Despite of these and other struggles the province prospered, and in 1763 the Vice-royalty was removed from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. In 1808 the royal family of Portugal, forced to leave in consequence of the French invasion, came to Rio, and thus gave a strong impulse to the enrichment and growth of the city, which remained the capital of the province until 1834, when Netherohy was selected. The first president of the province of Rio Janeiro was the Viscount of Itaborahy. GEOGKAPHY. The territorial limits extend from 21° 35' to 23° 25' south latitude, and from 40° 58' to 45° 7' west longitude. It is bounded on the north y2 324 BHAZIL. by Espirito Santo, from which it is separated by the river Itabapuana ; on the north and north-west by Minas Geraes, separated there- from by the rivers Preto and Parahyba and by the mountains of Mantigueira, on the south-west by the province of S. Paulo, and on the south and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean. The whole province contains about 2,400 square leagues. The capital is Nitherohy, but its foreign port is Rio de Janeiro. CLIMATE. The climate is in general temperate and very agreeable, but varies greatly according to loca- lity and elevation. The high districts are very healthy, but in low marshy places there are often cases of intermittent fever during the months of December, January, and February. The province is very mountainous, and is in- tersected by numerous rivers. The coast has got some good ports, but all produce must go to Eio de Janeiro for foreign export. The prin- cipal ports are Angra dos Eeis, St. Joao da Barra, Mangaratiba Cabo Frio, Macahe, and Eio de Janeiro. The chief rivei's are the Macahe, KIO DE JANEIKO. 325 Itabapuana, and Parahyjja, The last receives many small rivulets, runs through Campos, and empties into the ocean at St. Joao da Barra. It is navigable as far as St. Fideles, and small steamers run every day between that place and St. Joao da Barra. The chief mountains are the Macau, Santa Anna, Manga Larga, and the Orgaos (organs), this last running from east to west. The largest island on the coast is Ilha Grande, four leagues in breadth, which is very produc- tive, and is situated about 16 leagues from the mouth of the Bay of Rio Janeiro. The island of Marambaya, about nine leagues westward of Rio, is about seven leagues in length. At the east end of the shore of Maram- baya is the great point of Guaratiba, where begins the range of mountains that surrounds the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. From this you may see the Gavea at a distance of six leagues to the E.N.E., which mountain is remarkable for its size, and is unlike any other about the entrance of the harbour, ^^when approaching from the south. The island of Sebastiao is about four leagues long in its greatest extent, and its mountains 326 BRAZIL. are as elevated as tlio^e of the continent, from whicli it is (separated by the Gullet or Strait, which forms a most useful roadstead for vessels, being so protected by the high lands that the water is as smooth as a pond. A late survey has, however, discovered many sub- merged rocks not laid down in any existing, chart. There are a few more small islands in the Bay of Angra dos Reis. The Ilha da Eaza, on which is placed a light- house, is close to the entrance to the Bay of Rio, and may be seen at a distance of many leagues, and in the bay itself are the islands of Paqueta, Governador, and some others. The most important capes are Ponta Negra, St. Thome, and Cabo Frio. AGRICULTUEB. This province produces almost all kinds of tropical and temperate plant^. Among them are coffee, cotton, sugar-cane, mandioca, to- bacco, ipecacuanha, rice, cagdo, potatoes, and most of the vegetables cultivated in Europe. Among the fruits are mango, banana, guaib'S., pine-apple, cajii, orange, bread-fruit, tamarinds, sweet and sour lemons, &c. Coffee is the RIO DE JANEIEO. 327 greatest staple of the province, and is the most lucrative to the planter. It was first intro- duced in 1770 from Para and Maranham, by the Chancellor Joao Alberto Castello-Branco. A celebrated Portuguese writer, Monsenhor Pizarro, says, the cultivation of tliis plant was prohibited in Brazil, under the penalty of death, during the reign of D. Manoel, but that this outrageous law was repealed after his death. Since that time the culture of this important staple has yearly augmented, as the statistics of the exports of coffee from this province will show. The decrease which has taken place since 1860 was caused by partial failure in the yield. The statistics of the export include not only the production of this province, but also a part of that from some others, the proportion re- spectively being about — 79 per cent, for the province of Rio de Janeiro. 8 „ „ „ Minas Geraes. 11 „ „ „ St. Paulo. 2 „ „ „ Espirito Santo. The value of the coffee of the' pro- vince exported to foreign countries was, in 1860, 5,660,522/. ; 1862, 3,675,744/. ; 1863, 3,506,133/. 328 BRAZIL. Coffee. — Exports from the province of Rio de Janeiro. Years. Arrobas. Average Price. Value. • 1817-18 318,032 1818-19 371.345 .. . 1819-20 269,574 ■ 1820-21 539,000 ... 1826-27 1,304,450 ' 1827-28 1,754,500 1828-29 1,845,735 ... 1829-30 1,875,535 ... 1830-31 1,958,925 1831-32 , 2,241,245 1832-33 2,394,550- ... 1833-34 2,808,460 .. 1834-35 2,803,795 .i. 1835-36 3,237,190 ... 1836-37 3,579,465 ... 1837-38 3,285,025 ... 1838-39 3,833,480 1839-40 4,446,620 ... 1840-41 4,982,221 3$519 17,544,647$ 1841-42 5,482,731 3^286 18,002,288$ 1842-43 5,843,476 2S902 16,929,581$ 1843-44 6,206,841 2|878 17,780,749$ 1844-45 6,052,771 21811 17^7,477$ 1845-46 6,720,221 . 3$028 20,446,846$ 1846-47 7,598,864 2$761 21,028,910$ 1847-48 9,201,355 2S632 24,237,026$ 1848-49 8,258,046 2$502 20,735,398$ 1849-50 5,706,833 3|866 22,059,518$ 1853-54 8,063,033 4$071 32,828,328$ 1854-55 11,900,790 3$737 44,471,628$ 1858-59 9,972,347 41539 45,269,413$ 1859-60 8,573,063 5$986 51,319,178$ 1860-61 13,054,061 5§508 71,908,314$ 1861-62 8,162,191 51896 48,124,558$ 1862-63 6,891,872 6$576 45,324,110$ • EIO DE JANEIRO. 329' Sugar comes next to coffee in importance as a product of this province. According to the testimony of different writers, the sugar-cane readily acclimated, and its culture was easily carried on, and yielded large profits to the^ cultivator. The number of sugar houses in this province was: — In 1661 at above 100 „ 1711 „ 136 „ 1852 „ 792 „ 1860 „ 980 The export to foreign countries has not in- creased during the last fifteen years, but that to the other provinces and the home consumption have greatly augmented. The production has not kept pace with the increase in some other articles, the cultivation of sugar-cane being comparatively neglected for that of coffee. The annual yield of sugar is estimated at about 21,424 tons, worth, in 1862, about £430,000. 330 BRAZIL. SuGAE of the Province of Kio de Janeiro. — Total Exports, Foreign and Coastwise. Years, Arrobas. Years. Arrobas. , 1711-12 • 353,500 1837-38 894,138 1827-28 1,173,000 1838-39 1,002,538 1828-29 1,146,264 1839-40 996,284 1829-30 1,200,764 1840-41 673,832 1830-31 1,302,924 1841-42 600,000 1831-32 1,100,200 1842-43 600,000 1832-33 832,250 1843-44 600,000 1833-34 856,694 1844-45 600,000 1834-35 901,930 1845-46 600,000 1835-36 1,149,990 1854-55 507,935 1836-37 1,087,440 Sugar. — Exports to Foreign Countries. Years. Arrobas. Value in JSElreis. 1846-47 359,067 1847-48 383,026 ... 1848-49 230,752 ... 1849-50 448,527 880,237$ 1850-51 579,043 ... 1851-52 625,205 ... 1853-54 448,437 893,174 1854-55 383,014 1,058,795 1858-59 636,250 1,842,757 1859-60 171,599 629,896 1860-61 127,043 486,504 1861-62 671,106 1,777,213 1862-63 448,785 1,177,556 EIO DE JANEIRO. 331 The population is estimated at about 850,000, including 200,000 slaves. The representation, including that of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, is six senators and twelve deputies to the Imperial assembly, and 45 provincial deputies to the provincial chamber. The military force consists of about 400 police, 2,000 soldiers, and 43,000 national guards. Public instructionis giveninone normal school, four secondary for languages, and 164 primary schools, including four German at Petropolis. Besides these are 47 private colleges, and above 200 private primary schools. The provincial revenue is about 3,700,000^. MEAlfS OF COMMUNICATION. Besides many bridle and carriage roads running in all directions, this province has some short canals, namely, those of Mage, Itaguahy, Nogueira, and that from Campos to Macah^. The railroads are, the Pedro Segundo, intended to join Kio de Janeiro with Minas Geraes and S. Paulo, of which 147 miles are 332 BBAZIL. finished, the Maud, from Maud to the Serra da Estrella, and the Cantigallo ; all these lines have heen constructed with native capital, and, though not lucrative, are of vast importance to the agriculture of the province. Steam navigation has made rapid progress, and a continuous connection is kept up between the various ports of the province and with the city of Eio Janeiro and other places. Nitherohy, situated on the opposite side of the bay from Rio de Janeiro, consists chiefly of a very nice town called Praia Grande, which has heen, since 1834, the legal capital of the pro- vince. It contains some well-built houses mostly the residences of persons in business in Rio. Its commerce is entirely dependent on Rio, which deprives it of all importance as a commercial place. In it reside the president of the province and other provincial authorities. PETROPOLIS. To get to this far-famed place you take the steamer from Rio to Maud, there the railway to Fragosa, whence you proceed in carriages up a most beautifully constructed macadamised road, EIO DE JANEIRO. 333 the engineering of which is a masterpiece of its kind. This road is cut zig-zag up the side of a mountain, and, while ascending, you not un- frequently see a zone of clouds hanging about the middle, while the loftier peaks are glittering in the sunshine long after the sun has set on the plains below. Two or three days spent in viewing the scenery around Petropolis will be well bestowed ; but the village itself has little to recommend it, with the exception of the emperor's palace, where he spends the four summer months, and which, though devoid of pretension, is a very delightful residence. The houses, or Swiss cottages, which surround the village are elevated, one above the other here and there, seeming like bird-cages perched in rocky niches, display- ing, in striking contrast with the mountains on which they stand, tlie littleness of the works of man in presence of those of the Creator. Re- turning to Rio the scene which expands before j^ou in the blue distance is exquisite. Campos, situated on the navigable river Pa- rahyba, is the most northern town of the province, and, in consequence of the district around being well suited to the growth of sugar- 334 BEAZIL. cane, it is a very thriving place. The town contains 25,000 inhabitants. All its foreigia trade has to be carried on through Eio. From this place comes the greater part of the rose- wood shipped from Eio, as also the Sugar. 335 PROVINCE GF BAHIA. HISTOEY. This province justly claims the title of Primogenita de Cabral, as Porto Seguro in this province was the first land visited by Cabral, on the 21st of April, 1500. The territory of Bahia was granted to Francisco Pereira Coutinho, but this gentleman, while attempting to colonize it, unfortunately fell a victim to the savages, and his son afterwards sold it to the King of Portugal, who, in 1 548, sent out a colony under charge of Thome de Souza, appointing him Governor^General of Brazil. This person founded, in 1549, the city of St. Salvador, making it the seat of the Vice-royalty, which pre-eminence it enjoyed until 1763, when Eio de Janeiro, became the seat of the Vice-royalty, and Bahia a captain-generalship. In 1624 the province was invaded by the Dutch, and the city taken possession of by them ; but they were 536 BRAZIL. ■driven out the next year, notwithstanding which, their occupation of the northern province for many years, and a threatening aspect, retarded the progress of Bahia. The independence* of Brazil was strongly op- posed here by the Portuguese General, Madeira; who was not expelled until the year 1823, on the 2nd of July, which day, in consequence, is considered their day of independence, in cele- brating which party feeling often excites .animosity against the Portuguese. The districts of Porto Seguro and Ilheos were incorporated with the province of Bahia in 1759, and still remain so. The districts bordering on the river S. Francisco, comprising the villages of Pilao Arcado, Compo Largo, and Carinhanha, were separated from Peruambuco and joined to Minas Geraes in 1824, but subsequently, in 1827, were annexed to Bahia. Bahia is not only the oldest province in the -empire, but is also one of the most important. From Bahia also come most of the poets and illustrious men of the empire, and many of the ministerial portfolios are entrusted to Bahians. By a bull of the 1st of March, 1555, Bahia ■was created the first bishoprick in Brazil, but the BAHIA. 337 Bishop, while on a voyage to Portugal, was shipwrecked on the coast near the mouth of the S. Francisco, and, together with others, was devoured by the cannibal Indians, the Cahetes. GEOGEAPHT. The province is situated between 9° 42' and 18° 12' south latitude, and 37° 9' and 46° 9' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Sergipe and Pemambuco, being separated from the former by the river Real and from the latter by the S. Francisco, on the west by Minas Geraes and Goyaz, the Serra dos Aimores dividing it from the first, and the Serra da Tabatinga and Chapada da St. Maria, from the last ; on the south by Espirito Santo, the boundary being the Mucury, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. Its extent from north to south is 160 leagues, from east to west 180 leagues, and its estimated area is 14,000 square leagues. The capital and port, open to foreign com- merce, is S. Salvador da Bahia. The climate varies according to the locality and height of the land. For about 20 leagues from the coast the surface is very uneven, and z 338 BRAZIL. there rains fall frequently and abundantly. In that district it is hot and very humid, but further in the interioi^ on the wide level plateaux of the different mountains, where droughts are common, it is dry, and, though warm, genial and healthy. Along the low lands bordering on the S. Francisco, intermittent fevers of a dangerous kind prevail. The surface is in general considerably ele- vated, and even mountainous, particularly in ihose parts that border on the provinces of Minas Geraes and Goyaz, but on the coast the ground is low and without great elevations. In the middle are vast table-lands, subject to drohghts, and extensive valleys along the large rivers, these valleys and the maritime portion of the province being the most productive and best cultivated. The mountains scattered in the interior are almost unknown, but seem to form part of the two Cordilleras of Brazil which run north and south, one near the coast, and the other further in the interior. Of the rivers, which this province possesses, the principal ones are : — the S. Francisco, which, taking its rise in Minas Geraes, empties BAHIA. 339^ into the sea between Sergipe and Alagoas, and is navigable throughout nearly its whole length, except for 50 miles from the great fall of Paulo Alfonso; theltapicurii, which, coming from the district of Jacobina, has a course of 150 leagues; the Sergi-mirim and Paraguassii 100 leagues long, both emptying into the Bay of Bahia; the Pardo and the Contas; the Jequitin- honha, which has its origin in Minas Geraes and disembogues below Belmonte ; and the Mucury, also rising in Minas Geraes, is navigated by small steamers to St*. Clara. This province abounds in mineral riches. The gold mines of Chapada Gentio and Sincora while worked were very lucrative, and the diamonds found in those localities and at the Len9oes were once the wonder of Europe. The silver mines discovered by Roberto Dias are now unknown, and the gold mines all aban- doned for agricultural pursuits, which are found more profitable, but which in the gold-hunting days were neglected by an improvident popula- tion to such an extent that food rose to enor- mous prices. The country abounds also with iron, copper, coal, and other minerals, but all are unused for lack of labour and enterprise. z 2 340 BEAZIL. A highly inflammable bituminous earth is found' in a part of the province, whole districts abound- ing with it. It may be obtained with great facility, but it is never used, though, as it is reported to contain 40 per cent, of volatile matter and 55 per cent, of carbon, it would be valuable for the production of gas or as fuel for steam purposes. The province has numerous forests, producing several valuable kinds of wood, such as lignum vitsB, rosewood, satinwood, and many suitable for] naval construction and house-building. Some of the hard woods are unsurpassed for durability and toughness. A kind of cedar is in great request for making the insides of drawers and wardrobes, and also for cigar boxes and similar light work. This fertile province also yields balsams, gums, numerous medicinal roots, cotton, sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, ta- pioca, and all fruits of tropical climes are found here, and although not cultivated or looked after, produce largely. Among the fruits are the mango, pine-apple, orange, fig, lemony and saputi. Vegetables for table use can be readily grown, but in consequence of the scarcity of labour are very dear. Yams are very good BAHIA. 341 and very plentiful. Poultry, except ducks and geese, is abundant. Cattle are raised in suf- ficient numbers for tbe consumption of the province, but the meat is lean, flabby, and tasteless. Mutton, lamb, and veal are almost impossible to procure. The productive industry of Bahia is mainly devoted to agriculture, and to the obtaining of their much-prized gums, roots, and dye-woods, of whicJi, including the Pdo de Brazil, large amounts are exported. But the chief riches of the province are derived from the cultivation of cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, and coffee, of all which the exports are very great, and so remunerative that manufactures are almost of no importance. Sugar commands the first place among these products. In 1711 there were only 146 sugar- mills in the province, exporting 14,500 boxes of sugar, weighing 507,500 arrobas, and value 1,070,206;^. In 1852, there were more than 800 large sugar-miUs, besides about 400 smaller ones, used chiefly for the manufacture of rum, but many of which likewise made sugar. 342 BRAZIL, The Ayerage Production of Sugar in the Province was — Arrotaa. During the 10 Years ending ... 1816 725,125 10 1826 1,321,180 10 1836 1,277,452 „ 10 1846 1,563,559 The Average Export to Foreign Countries was — Arrobas. During the 3 Years ending 1842 1,315,559 » 3 „ 1849 2,333,865 j> 3 „ 1856 2,481,051 „ 3 „ 1860 1,474,663 )) 2 „ 1862 2,953,174 TOBACCO. Next in importance to sugar comes the growth and manufacture of the tohacco of the province, which is of a superior quahty, and has always been one of the chief staples of Bahia since the commencement of its culture in , 1600. BAHIA. 343 The Exportation of Tobacco to Foreign Countries was- Years. Arrobas. Average Price. Value. The average of 10 years ending ... Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto for the year Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 1711 200,000 1816 620,494 1826 473,629 1836 258,519 1846 180,560 1849 280,946 1853 611,145 1855 802,896 1856 i;536,507 1858 493,791 1860 249.170 1862 1,036,598 1$516 1$340 1$445 2$ 190 3^160 2$196 2$l877 2$325 2|185 5$177 6$176 51183 303,100$ 830,874$ 680,864$ 565,147$ 569,272$ 617,063$ 1,757,065$ 1,862,000$ 3,282,000$ 2,420,916$ 1,538,986$ 6,372,666$ Coi'FEE. — Though in 1810 this Province only exported 3,893 arrobas to Foreign Countries, its exports had increased — — Arrobas. Average Price. Value. • In 1830 to In 1840 to In 1849 to In 1858 to In 1860 to In 1862 to 45,882 52,365 85,876 233,904. 198,604 286,167 21100 , 3$509 31145 3$989 51099 61160 96,247$ 179,702$ 269,856$ 933,168$ 1,011,074$ 1,762,940$ BU BKAZIL. The produce of the wholp crop of — Airobas. 1854 was 147,577 1855 226,631 1856 „ 255,458 Exported to Rio 16,214 28,217 50,680 9> n * COTTON. Previous to the outbreak of the civil war in the United States of North America, this staple received but little attention, and its statistics anterior to that event show none of the great development of production observable in other products of this province. However, since then, the great increase in the value of cotton has stimulated the Bahianos to extend and improve its culture, and they have eagerly purchased improved seed, and cotton gins for the better separating the fibre from the seed. The Exportation to Foreign Ports was — In the Tear 1854 1855 1856 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 Arrobas. 24,343 50,216 62,844 9,361 9,279 1,160 18,493 45,814 BAHIA- 345 CACi.0. The culture of cac&o was first begun in 1780, plants being brought from Par&, where it is indigenous, to the districts of Valenga, Camamii, and Hheos. Since then its culture has steadily- increased, and the quantities exported were : — Years. Arrobas. Average Price. Value. In 1830 1,788 21600 4,618$ „ 1840 7,244 21980 21,810$ „ 1845 13,332 3$180 42,508$ „ 1849 20,261 2$260 45,6!)3$ „ 1854 27,378 2$155 59,000$ „ 1855 34,764 31380 114,000$ „ 1856 31,582 4|890 153,000$ The population is estimated at 1,200,000, including 250,000 slaves. The representation is 7 senators and 14 deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and 42 deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force consists of 1,700 men in garrisons, 700 police, and about 110,000 national guards. Public instruction is given in one lyceum, one normal school, and 181 primary schools. 346 BRAZIL. Besides these are one medical school, an orphan school, and a number of private esta- blishments. The provincial revenue is about 1,400,000,^ and the Imperial about 6,700,000^. STEAM NAVIGATIOlir. Besides communication kept up from the city of Bahia twice a month with the chief northern and southern ports, by the mail steamers of the Companhia Brazileira de Paquetes, and with Pernambuco, Macei6, and Eio de Janeiro by the English and French mail steamers, there are various steamers plying between Bahia and Cachoeira on the Paraguassii, Nazareth, S. Amaro, Valen§a, Caravelas, and Macei6, calling at the intermediate ports; and between Cara- velas and Eio de Janeiro. A railroad 11^ miles long runs to Alagoinhas, to the north of the capital, intended finally ttf be prolonged to the S. Francisco to connect with the Pernambuco and S. Francisco railway partly completed. TOPOaKAPHY. S. Salvador, usually called Bahia, I^q capital BAHIA. 347 of the province, has a population of 180,000, and is the only port open to foreign trade. It is situated in 13° 0' 55' south latitude, and 38° 31' 44' west longitude from Greenwich, as determined by observations taken at the light- house on Fort Antonio, a small antique fort built on a sandy beach inside. This fort is commanded by another. Fort Cabo, and by the circular battery of S. Diogo. At the extremity of the city is Fort Gamboa, and beyond that another mounting 30 guns defends the arsenal. There are two more small forts near the entrance, and one at Montserrat, but the principal defence is the Fort do Mar, which was built in 1600, on a rocky bank in the inner bay, about a quarter of a mile from the shore. First commenced by the Portuguese^ it was enlarged by the Dutch during their possession of the city, and has since then received further additions. It is of a circular form of about 285 feet diameter, the original tower having been raised, and an extensive lower battery built around it. It mounts about €0 guns of heavy calibre, none of which are less than 24-pounders. This is the place of deposit of the gunpowder 348 BRAZIL. and other ammunition, and being so near the city an explosion would be exceedingly destruc- tive to it. The fort is paved with flags carefully ce- mented, so as to conduct all the water falling on their surfaces through a grate into a largie reservoir, capable of containing sufficient Water to supply the garrison for six months. The officers and commandant reside in the fort, and there are, besides, some apartments for prisoners of state, which, however, are vacant. The fort also defends the Arsenal of Marine. The view of the bay is beautiful, the hills being diversified with trees of the freshest ver- dure, and may be compared with the richest scenery in Europe. The crests of the surround* ing hills and islands are crowned with graves of mango, cedar, and other trees, while the slopes to the right are occupied with well laid-out gardens. This bay receives the waters of several rivers, and forms an extensive gulf, with ^n entrance of two and a quarter leagues broad, and with a circumference of about forty leagues. Here, sheltered from every wind, and sur- rounded by a country exuberantly rich, fleets may ride safe at anchor in a gulf which seems BAHU. 349 as if formed by nature to be the emporium of the world and to receive its shipping, while the town itself, seen picturesquely crowning the high bluff that circles round the eastern side of the bay, seems a fitting mistress of the lovely scene. But, unfortunately, a cursory view of that part of the town which is built on the narrow ribbon of low flat ground lying at the foot of the hill, much of it close, filthy, and dilapidated, is apt to give an impression to the traveller whiph a better acquaintance with the city can alone remove; but even in this many of the houses and shops are well-constructed buildings, and the Rua Novo do Commercio is a well-built street, mostly occupied with merchants' offices. This lower town is the chief seat of trade, but, from its plan and situation, being deprived of the land and sea-breezes, those inestimable blessings in a tropical clime, few of the business men reside in it. The lower town consists principally of a street running parallel with the beach for a distance of three miles, and leading; to the terminus of the S. Francisco railway ,^ whifch is called the Calgado. Near this is th& church of the Bom Fim, a splendid edifice richly S5-0 BEAZIL. ornamented, and where an annual festa is cele~ brated, which is attended by the whole popula- tion of the city. At Cal§ado is a very good hotel kept by an Englishman, a great accommo- dation to the stranger, who had previously either to throw himself on the hospitality of the citizens or to take rooms and furnish them. Not far from Bom Fim, located on a small bay eastward of Montserrat, is Tapagife, where all kinds of ship-repairs may be made, and where the water is ^smooth as a pond. At the other end of the lower town, and near the Rua Novo do Com» mercio, is the new Custom House, which, though' erected at great cost, is inadequate to the grow- ing commerce of the city, which is second only to that of Eio. Close to the Custom House is the Marine Hospital, a weU-constructed building, whose internal arrangements are kept in a high state of efficiency. There, also, is the beautiful church of the Conceicao, whose marble front was imported at an enormous cost. The traveller wishing to ascend the steep bluff, 100 feet high, to the upper town, can take the Ladeira da Conceicao, but will no doubt avail himself of a cadeira, or sedan-chair carried by the negroes. On the top of the bluff BAHIA. 351 begins the upper town, from which a most lovely view of the bay and surrounding scenery may be obtained. As in all Catholic countries, the churches are distinguished above all other edifices, and the cathedi'al is a large handsome building, richly gUt and embellished with gaudily-dressed saints. In the palace are the public offices, the pro- vincial treasury, the supreme court or Eelagao, the house of assembly, and the palace of the president of the province, which last was fast falling into decay until the distinguished ad- ministration of Mr. Sinimbu, who repaired and renovated it, and whose refined taste, seconded by the wise judgment of his accomplished wife, a lady of English origin, who superintended its internal arrangements, has made it truly a palace. The theatre is also a fine buUding, but. the company being usually third-rate, the music is in general the only tolerable part of the per- formance. There are many large and elegant mansions, beautifully fitted up, to be found in the suburbs; the neighbourhood of Victoria is the chief locality in which the handsome and prettily 352 BRAZIL. situated residences of the foreign merchants are found. Here, in the Campo Grande, are the two trees to which the African negroes in Bahia pay superstitious adoration, and to which they make frequent offerings of fruits and vege- tables. The Passeio Publico, or public walk, leads to the suburb of Victoria, and its centre is adorned with the monument erected in honour of Dom John. The walks are very fine, and weU shaded with mango and other trees. In the bay and in front of Victoria was fought that celebrated engagement between the Spanish admiral, D. Antonio Oquendo and the Dutch admiral, Adrian Patryd, in which the latter, finding himself overpowered by superior force, threw himself into the sea, exclaiming, "the ocean is the only tomb worthy of a Batavian admiral." The foreign exportation of 1862-3 amounted to 18,029,367^ " importation of 1862-3 amounted to 17,137,54:1 35^166,908 353 PROVINCE OF AMAZONAS. HISTOKT. This district, at first known as Eio Negro, was founded July 11th, 175 Z, under the governor- ship of Joaquim de Mello Povoas, the ^first capital being at Barcellos, now a small village. In 1774, the captaincies of Eio Negro°and Pard were formed into the captain-generalship of Grao Fark, and remained united until 1850, when the present province of Amazonas received a distinct organization. GEOGEAPHY. This immense province stretches between 4° 23' north latitude and 10° south latitude, and between 56° 59' and 75° 3' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Guiana, Venezuela, -and New Granada, being divided from these by the range of mountains which, under various names, runs along the northern boundary of A A 354 BRAZIL. Brazil ; on the west by Equador and Peru, the Japurd, for part of its length, and the Javari, from south latitude 10°, forming most of the dividing line ; on the south by Peru, Bolivia, and the province of Mato Grosso, the tenth degree of south latitude being the divisional line from the two first, and the rivers Madeira and Machado that from Mato Grosso. Its length from east to west is 330 leagues, from north to south 280 leagues, and its estimated area 64,000 leagues. Its capital is Manaos. The climate is humid, and is very hot during the day, but cool in the night. The heat is also mitigated by the rains, which fall irregu- larly at all seasons, and very heavily during the months of July and November. The climate is unhealthy for persons who have to expose themselves to the heat of the sun and to the damp air of the night, and agues and dysenteries are frequent, particularly in the lands lying near the rivers, which are liable to overflow in the wet season. With care, however, it is not unfavourable to longevity. The only mountains of importance in this pro- vince are those which form its northern boun- dary, but which, though making a united chain AMAZONAS. 355 of great length, are only of moderate height. The surface thus is almost only one immense plain, watered by a splendid system of rivers, among which the Amazonas flows pre-emi- nent. This enormous river takes its rise in the Andes, within 100 miles of the Pacific, and after a. course of 1,800 miles through Peru, enters the western confines of Amazonas — already a first- class stream — and flows for upwards of 1,200 miles to Pard, through which it passes to dis- embogue in the ocean, after a course of 3,950 miles, 2,100 of which are in Brazilian territory, and navigable for even sailing vessels of great size. It receives in this province a multitude of tributaries, most of which are unexplored, but probably are all more or less navigable. Among the largest and best-known are, the Javary, on the confines of Peru ; the deep 19a ; the valuable . Japurd, 1,000 miles long, 350 of which are in Brazil ; the winding Puriis, navi- gable, in high water, to the boundary of Brazil, 720 leagues, by steamboats of four to five feet 'draught ; the important Negro, which, at their confluence, almost rivals the Amazonas; and the Madeira, navigable from its mouth 250 leagues A A 2 356 BEAZIL. to the plateau of Mato Grosso, from which it comes, after seventeen falls in 200 miles. Besides the rivers there are a number of bayous connecting the rivers with one another, in various parts of their courses, and a great many lakes into which the water-courses expand, such as the Uaicurupa, the Ariticurituba, &c. The surface of the country is almost one vast plain, the only elevations of importance being in the extreme north, where the Jaud rises into the boundary chain of low mountains, and in the south-east, where the plateau that stretches from Maranhao in the east across the Madeira in the west breaks away between that river and the Puriis. The mineral resources are unknown, for but a small portion of the province has been explored or even traversed; still some indica- tions of crystals and silver have been discovered, but remain unexamined. The vast extent of level ground is of un- exceeded fertility, and is mostly covered with • immense forests, in which are found many kinds of timber suitable for furniture and for the construction of ships and houses, dye-woods, and trees and other plants producing gums, oils, resinS, sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha, oil of capaiva, AMAZONAS. 357 cotton, cocoa, and a host of other substances, procurable with little expenditure of labour. But above all in importance to the industry of the province is the gum-elastic^ which is the juice of a tree growing in the greatest abundance in this province, and which employs one-half of the population in its collection, to the neglect of agriculture. The population of the province is about 70,000, exclusive of a large number of Indians, many tribes of whom lead a savage and inde- pendent life, while others cultivate the ground and collect gum-elastic, sarsaparilla, &c. The representation consists of one senator and one deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and twenty deputies to the Provincial Chamber. The military force is composed of the gar- risons of various posts, and about 2,700 national ^ards-. For public instruction there are two normal schools and twenty-five primary schools. The provincial revenue is about 60,000^. Steam navigation is kept up with BeMm in Pard and Tabatinga on the frontier of Peru by the Amazon Navigation Company, which des- patches a vessel from Mandos twice a month to 358 BRAZIL. Belem, and between Manaos and Tabatinga once a month. It is also contemplated to extend the benefits of steam communication to several other of the large rivers. This company has a monopoly of the steam navigation. Small sailing vessels also carry on the trade along the river, and even ascend the Amazonas as far as Tabatinga. Should the free naviga- tion of this river be conceded, as is expected, to all nations, it may become the channel of an enormous trade, not only with Brazil, but with the Republics of Bolivia, Peru, and those on the north, which would enrich not only these states, but, in a much greater degree, Brazil, through which the great trade with those places must of necessity pass. TOPOGRAPHY. Manaos^ the capital of the province, is situated on the left bank of the Eio Negro, a few miles from its embouchure into the Amazonas. The population is about 5,000, and the town contains about 350 houses and the governmental build- ings, which are allowed to remain in a very dila- pidated condition. AMAZONAS. 359 This place serves as a dep6t for the trade of the province, shipping to Bel^m the produce of the surrounding country, and receiving the Eiiropean goods for destribution. Steam communication is held twice a month with Belem, and once a month with Tabatinga on the Peruvian frontier, whence steamboats proceed to Nauta, the head of ship navigation, and about 2,500 miles from the ocean. 360 PROVINCE OF SERGIPE. HISTORY. This province was first colonised in 1592, by- orders of the Governor of BaMa, in order to expel the French, who had made it a dep6t for a considerable smuggling trade which they carried on through the Indians. The colony was first located at Aracaju, but afterwards removed to a more healthy place, called S. Christovao. From this the Dutch dispossessed them, and it was not until the capitulation of Pernambuco, in 1654, that it fell into the hands of the Portuguese. It remained subject to Bahia until 1824, when it was organised as a distinct province, with S. Christovao as capital, but in Mai^jh, 1855, Aracajii was made, the capital of the province. GEOGRAPHY, &C.- It lies between 10° 20' and 11° 34' south lati- tude^ and 36" 11' and 38° 25' west longitude. SEEGIPE. 361 It is bounded on the north by Alag6as, the river S. Francisco separating them ; on the west and south-west by Bahia, the rivers Eeal and Hingo forming in part the boundaries ; and on the east by the Atlantic. Its coast extent, from the Real to the S. Francisco is 30 leagues, from east to west 40 leagues, and its area about 1,200 square leagues. The capital is Aracaju. ^ The climate of the eastern part is similaf to that of Alag6as, but in interior districts it is more subject to droughts. On the borders of the river's and in the marshy places, it is very u^ealthy, and fevers are common. The chief rivers are : — ^the navigable S. Fran- cisco, on the northern boundary, and the Sergipe, Vasa-barris, and others, navigable by steamers for a short distance from their mouths, and for a greater distance by boats. Metals are not in abundance, but in the in- terior have been found some diamonds, carboni- ferous and bituminous schist, with supposed beds of coal, marble, lime, chalk, crystal, amianthus, saltpetre, carbonate and nitrate of soda, iron, gold, precious stones, and on the banks of the S. Francisco, colossal fossil bones. 362 BBAZIL. The country is generally level, but is very unequal both in appearance and productiveness. For about a league or two from the sea the land is sandy and barren. For ten leagues further inland it becomes rich and well cultivated; at sixteen it is extremely fertile, but at about twenty -five leagues from the shore it turns in general poor and dry, and fit only for the rear- ing of cattle. The forests are scanty, but contain valuable timber and dye-woods. Ipeca- cuanha, quina, cacao, vanilla, &c., grow spon- taneously. The chief productions of their agriculture, besides articles of food, are sugar and cotton; and those exported, cotton, sugar, spirits, and edibles. The foreign exports of 1862-3, chiefly sugar, amounted to 1,106,000;^, and the direct foreign imports to 59,780,^. A considerable part of the commerce, espe- cially in foreign goods, is carried on through Bahia. ■> The population is about 250,000, including 50,000 slaves. The representation is two senators and four deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and twenty-; four deputies to the Provincial Chamber. SEEGIPE. 363 The military force is about 200 police and 20,000 national guards. Public education is provided for by about 80* primary schools. The provincial revenue is about 550,000)^,. the Imperial about 190,000;^. Steam navigation is much neglected, but a. small steamer is employed in trading between the mouths of the various rivers and Aracajii, and communication is kept up between Vaza- barris and Aracajii, Rio S. Francisco and Macei6 to the north, and Villa Real and Bahia to the south, by a Bahian company, and by a Pernambucan line from Aracajii to Pernambuco and the intervening j[)orts. TOPOGRAPHY. Aracaju, the capital of the province and port for foreign commerce, is situated in 10 '^ 52' south latitude, and 36*^ 49' west longitude, at the mouth of the river Sergipe. It is unhealthily situated, but has rapidly prospered since its foundation in 1855, owing to its favourable situation for commerce. Foreign exports in 1862-3, amounted to- 1,106,380^. 364 BEAZIL. Larangeiras^ situated at the head of the navigation of the Sergipe, in the centre of a flourishing agricultural district, is an important town, but is disadvantageously situated in the midst of ponds, which render it unhealthy .- -S'. Christovao, the former capital, 5 leagues from Aracajii, is small and declining. 365 PROVINCE OF PARAHYBA. HISTOET. The first settlement of this territory "was made in 15S2 on a small island called Camboa, near to the present situation of the capital of the province. In 1634 it fell into the hands of the Dutch, when they possessed themselves of the adjoining province of Pernambuco. On their expulsion in 1654 it was made subordinate to the Captain-general of Pernambuco, but was afterwards declared a separate province. GEOGEAPHT. It lies between 6° 15' and 7» 50' south latitude, and 34° 36. and 37° 52' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Eio Grande, on the west by Ceard,, on the south by Pernam- buco, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. It contains about 1,500 square leagues of surface. The climate is warm and dry, but the heat is -366 BEAZED. tempered on the coast by the sea-breeze, and the climate may be looked on as healthy. The rainy season commences abbut March and ends about July, but the interior is liable to droughts which often do great injury. The face of the country is very unequal, it being traversed by -spurs of the Borbor^ma Cordilheira forming extensive valleys which are usually sandy and only fit for grazing, for which the herbage of the country is well adapted, being very suc- d expensive period of a settler's life. It is a knowledge of the advantages which a mild climate offers to a settler which has of late EMIGRATION. 381 years drawn a rapidly increasing emigration to the great treeless plains of Buenos Ayres, where «tone, and wood for fencing and firing are almost unknown, and which makes the settlers content to burn thistles and dung for cooking purposes and brick-making, and endure the chilliness of winter without a fire. Brazil, however, in the great expanse of country which we have indi- cated as the best field for emigration, possesses the advantages of a still more genial climate than Buenos Ayres, and is without its disadvantages; for stone is abundant, and timber sufficient for house and farming purposes is found upon the streams"; and this Brazilian region is free from "those periodic storms of wind and sleet which cause so much damage and loss to graziers, and also from the excessive droughts which render Buenos Ayres unfit for agriculture and at times destroy cattle- by thousands. I'he government of Brazil hasbeeHrfor-arlonj time most desirous of drawing emigration to^ this country, and some years'agb undertook to do this by the establishment of assisted colonies, and by encouragement and aid given to the pro- vinces, and to companies and individuals to establish others. The colonies, however, have 382 BBAzn.. not been so successful as the sacrifices made by tbe government should have warranted ; for though some have done moderately well, others have stood stiU, and several have decayed. Several influences and circumstances have operated towards this result. One is, that a -large proportion of the emigrants' introduced consisted of the floating scum of Continental Europe, pennyless and worthless. They were located on heavy timber land, where the ground had to be cleared before any crops could be sown. The crops cultivated were such as re- quired to be manufactured in some degree before being ready for market, and therefore required a certain amount of capital and skill, which the poor class of emigrants could not supply ; the want of roads discouraging the growth of the more bulky crops for sale *; the absence of a ready sale at home for the articles produced, owing to the want of capital and enterprise, and the diminutive quantity of pro- duction ; the excessive rates of transport and freight to the place of export, that too greatly reduced the value of the products at the farm. Add to these, the inexperience,, incapacity, or mismanagement on the part of the directors of EMIGEATION. 38S the colonies, and, in the case of the private colonies, too often a want of due regard to the requirements and interests of the colonists, who were made subjects of speculation by the owners or their managers, and it cannot be a matter of surprise that so few of the colonies have suc- ceeded, even to a moderate extent. In our opinion, the greatest error was in locating such emigrants in a timbered counti^,. for timber land means bad roads and wearying, excessive labour ; and the mere clearing of a few acres for a crop burdened the colonist with an amount of debt which, in an open country, would have supplied him with the implements and stock necessary to a successful start. Timber land also precludes the rearing of sheep,. and, to a great degree, of any stock, except hogs,, which, however, though valuable to the esta- blished farmer, are only an embarrassment and an injury in a new settlement, since their pre- sence necessitates more costly fencing. / . Our__advice, then, to emigrants is to avoid '"-^^ the timbered land, uiiles&-_wJiere__proximity /K to an important town, or other consi dera tions, \ overbalance the disadvantagfisi,„_Ia the United States, these disadvaatages are so well appre- 384 BBAZIL. ciated, that it is a common saying that it is better to settle on prairie land fifteen miles from timber, than to make a farm by clearing timber; and, as alone the mere hauling of the fence of forty acres for this distance would require the uninterrupted labour of one man with a two- horse waggon for at least four months, the dis" advantages of a cleared farm must be great and obvious in the eyes of the experienced American. The prairies also form natural roads, requiring but trifling labour, and, from their exposure to the winds and sun, dry up rapidly after rains, while the roads in timber countries are expen- sive to clear, and usually remain mere mud- holes, unless when covered with poles, planks, or stone. Add to these the greater healthiness of the prairies, and their superiority in ease of cultivation, abundance of natural pasture with- out resort to clearing, and other things which will suggest themselves to the farmer, and we think we have fully established our proposition, that prairie land is most suited to emigrants in general. We say, therefore, to the emigrant with small means as well as to the emigrant with capital who wishes to employ it in grazing, to procure EMIGRATION. 385 prairie land proportioned to his means, with limber enough to make his buildings and pens, ^nd fence at least ten acres, and let his avail- -able funds be at once invested in sheep, be they suflScient for but ten ewes or for a thousand, Tceeping no more of other stock than are abso- lutely needful. Ten acres of land should supply him with all the food his family requires, fatten some hogs if he prefer their flesh to beef or mutton, and supply him with some grain and provender for occasions, while to his wool- shearing he could ere long look for his luxuries, .and to the increase of his sheep for wealth. When not too far from roads and market, cotton and tobacco might be raised; if nearer towns, maize, beans, mandioca, potatoes, onions, -&c., and if in their proximity, vegetables and fruits would be found profitable productions. Away from the district around Eio de Ja- neiro, cattre~and~ horse raising is not profitable, nor is it suitable to the emigrant, still, the rear- ing of improved breeds of horses and mvJes would be remunerative, though mares are usually valued only for their hides and tallow. It must be borne in mind that where the con- dition of the roads, or where the distance from c 386 BEAZIL. tbeseaport m akes t raDspojjL^estly or difficult, only such articles as are valuable in proportion to their weight and hulk are profitable to the farmer, and therefore wool-raising is best fitted to the circumstances of an interior settlement. B^t while he might depend upon his wool for his main income, the settler ought not to foUow the lazy practice of the Buenos Ayrean, and even of the Brazilian graziers, who live on beef or mutton, guiltless of any variation of their meat with such things as bread, vegetables, milk and butter, purely from too great indolence to cultivate a plot of ground, or milk a cow, among the hundreds they may have around them. Foreigners arriving in this country without a ipassport are allowed to land unless suspected of jbeing malefactors. A certificate from their respective legation or consulate wiU stand sub- stitute for that document in case of need. Those who are provided with passports cau reside wherever they please, and travel all over the empire by obtaining a " visto " on it, which is granted gratis by the police authority, when gagging firom one to another province. Foreigners going abroad are bound, like the EMIGRATION. 387 Brazilians themselves, to advertise for three successive days their intended departure, in the interest of their creditors. The formalitv in question is only enforced upon unknown people or exceptional individuals. A bond in the latter case, with hability to a fine before the police, is often admitted as a substitute for the advertisement. All known people of good re- pute are practically exempt from this formality. ~ The expense of a passport to go abroad amounts to about 12*. (three doUars.) A foreigner residing in the empire for two years, having an establishment, or known to be of good conduct, or if married to a Brazilian woman, can travel freely in the interior of the country, being provided with a certificate from the police authority proving any one of the said circumstances. The residence in this country is not depen- dent upon any permit from a public authority. Foreigners are only bound, like all Brazilians, by municipal law, and, for statistical purposes, to produce a list of the persons composing their families, on the occasion of occupying a house. Even this fonnality is^eldom^ra^ised. Foreigners enjoy all the civil rights of Bra- C C 2 388 BRAZIL. zilians; they can acquire and possess all sorts of property, and dispose of it in every way; exercise all branches of trade, commerce, and industry, wholesale and retail. All employ- ments not considered public ones are accessible to them. Brokers, auctioneers, and dispatchers in the custom-houses are considered public em- ployments, being in the gift of Government. Yet foreigners are allowed to clear goods at custom-houses, when their own or consigned to them. '^ Naturalised Brazilians enjoy all the rights of ' natives, except that they cannot become Deputies or Ministers of State. AU other public employ ments and situations are open to them. , Tito years' residence and good conduct are the only conditions requiTed~i3y law for^ the naturalisation of foreigners ; but the Parliament is daily^speasrag"With 'tlie former condition in all applications from acceptable indbriduafe. Colonists arri:^ng~~in— 4his^ country enjoy special facilities for their settlement. Ail, agency^^ffice fOTjiolouisation was established here last year, ^.js^here all information upon lan^g to be sold, and other particulars, can..- be easily obtained. EMIGRATION. 389 A steady monarchical representative govern- ment, now 42 years old, guaranteeing individual liberty by an Habeas Corpus law exactly such as exists in England; general religious tolera- tion; unfettered liberty of the press; trial by jury7 TreerigEt of association and petition ; no hereditary aristocracy or titles; no distinction of 'cast^>pe^^ibnS3tetK#f-feefere the law; are ^he principaSTpoliticalieaEufeSM^ the Brazilian nation. Ships bringing emigrants enjoy certain advan- tages ; and the extended commerce with the great seaports of Europe and the United States enable the emigrants to reach Rio de Janeiro, with facility from London, Xiiverpool, Glasgow,! Southampton, Newcastle, Newport, Cardiff, Swansea, Sunderland, etc., in the United Kingdom; Bremen, Hamburg, Havre, Bor-i deaux, Marseilles, and the chief ports of tha continent of Europe both in the north and south. Fromr-theTInited States a brisk intercourse is maintairied -through New York and Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, and probably soon again from New Orleans and other Southern ports". At Eio de Janeiro is a Government lodging- house for emigrants, where board is supplied at 390 BRAZIL. mod erate j rates. An officer is deputed to go on board each vessel and furnish information to the emigrants ; and at the lodging-house, and the office of the Official Agent any required elucidation can likewise be obtained. Luggage, and agricultural implements^ can be imported feee— ofL ^uty ; and if the emigrant elect ,to proceed to one of the Government colonies he wiU b^ furnished "with Jree^ passage— -to its nearest seaport. At these colonies, and at other places, he will find tracts of land divided into townships (territorios) of two leagues square, or 43,056 acres, subdivided into various tracts, the lowest being a quarter section of 62,500 square bragas or 75 acres, the price for which is generally one real the square braga, equal to one shilling and eleven pence, or 47 cents the acre) cash, or payable by instal- ments within five years, with 6 per cent, per annum interest. The title-deeds are given on marking off the tract and payment of its price, and convey full rights of ownership except as to minerals, and to a few provisions for the general good of the locality as to roads and water. As regards localities open and suitable for EMIGEATION. 391 settlement, besides tracts of lands which in some districts individuals are willing to sell, in some cases even at less than the Government prices, there are public lands in the provinces of S. Pedro (Rio Grande do Sul), Santa Catharina, Parand, S. Paulo, and Espirito Santo, already surveyed in or near the colonies there, and within easy access to ports in com- munication with Rio by steam. S. Pedro, which is commonly known as Rio Grande do Sul, is chiefly a pastoral province, and immense herds of horned cattle and horses are reared upon its fine plains. The Govern- ment colonies, in a great measure composed of German immigrants, are, however, mostly loca- ted in the timber land on the rivers flowing into Lake Patos, near Porto Alegre, the capital. Grazing settlements are forming outside the timber on the plains. The colonies have thriven, and many of the older settlers are well to do, even rich. They raise, besides minor articles, beans, maize, mandioca, and export large quan- tities of mandioca, flour, and rum. A large number of the poorer settlers are employed in logging. Wheat grows well, but very little is used from a want of local demand, and from not 392 BBAZIL. being able to compete with American and otber foreign flour, owing to the absence of good mills^ and to the extortionate rates of freight due to a. monopoly which it is expected will be destroyed at the next Parliament. In the province of Santa Catharina are large extents of Government timber lands of great richness, lying between the D. Francisca and Blumenau colonies, and communicating with the sea-coast by the Itajahy-Grande, Itajahy- Pequeno, Itapocii, and the S. Francisco, which flows through the colony of D. Francisca. To the south, and almost contiguous to the district of the Itajahy colony, which adjoins to the Blumenau colony, is a surveyed township of four square leagues in the valley of the Tijucas Grandes, which can easily be put in communi- cation with the main Lages road by which the cattle and working animals are brought from the interior. It is likewise not difficult to efiect direct communication with the seaboard, and thence with Desterro, the capital. In the south of the province, in the Munici- pality of Laguna, are lands drained by the Tuberao and its afiluents, whose port and market is the city of Laguna, situated on the EMIGKATION. 395 Bay of Laguna. These lands extend to the north boundary of the province of Eio Grande do Sul, and the settlements forming will in a little time be in communication with the Eio Grande colonies of Tres Torquilhos and Torres. S. Cathariua lies against the sea-coast, and, therefore, with its many rivers, its genial cHmate and fine land, ofibrs* many advantages to settlers. In the province of Parana the Government holds a very large quantity of land. In the district of Assunguy, where is the Government colony of Assunguy, there are three townships surveyed, platted and laid off in sections and colonial lots. These are settling up, and there- fore five other contiguous townships have been surveyed and are ready for subdivision. Next to these, in the direction of the province of S. Paulo, and towards Cananea and Iguape, two important ports of S. Paulo, there is a great extent of Government timber land and prairie, ■well adapted for a great immigration. All this immense region communicates on one side with the city of Coritiba, the capital of Parand, and thence by the Graciosa road with the ports of Antonina and Paranagud, situated on the Bay 394 BRAZIL. of Paranagua, and a road could be run direct to •the latter port ; on the other side are the village of Castro and other important ones of the interior, whence come the supplies of cattle ; and on another side with the province of S. Paulo, running down to the coast of Ganan^a and to the Ribeira de Iguape, whose waters take their rise in the districts of Assunguy. From the city of Coritiba to the Serra do Mar in a south-easterly direction, there are excellent timber and prairie lands which end in that serra and come on the truck road constructing to the port of the D. Francisca colony situated upon the river D. Francisca. In the letters of that intelligent American gentleman. Dr. Blue, wilLbe found a faithful, interesting, and practical account oflthe^3istrict ofTheTAssuBgu^j and the prespeets-of dmmi- grants there. Einigrants from the United States and Great Britain will find there a rapidly increasing settlement of Americans, a few of whom have resided there for many years, and thus can have the advantage of settling near persons speaking their own lan- guage and able to give most useful information to the new comer. EMIGRATION. 39,5 In the province of S. Paulo may be mentioned as applicable to the purposes of immigrants the two municipalities of Cananea and Iguape, already referred to, in each of which exists a surveyed township divided into lots. In that of Cananea is commenced a colony of the same name/wMch, though but a short time in exis- tence, promises well. It communicates with the sea by a tolerable road of short length. In the township of Igjiap©^ settlement is about' to be made, a number of Brazilians having the i intention of moving to it. '\_i To the east-north-east and north-east ot these townships lie other fertile Government lands touching on the villages of Xiririca, Juquid and others, and cut by the rivers' Eiheira de Iguape, Juquia, S. Lourengo, &c. """ Besides these Government lands situated in the provinces to the south ofEio de Janeiro there are others in the provinces of the north. In the proyince^fJEs^nto Santo, one day's steam to the north, and connected with Eio de Janeiro by lines of steamers touching at various ports, are public lands of superior quality near the coast, and cut by rivers navigable for some distance, and having for natural markets 396 BEAZII. various towns called at by steamers. Those ta the north and south of the province are thfr best. At the south, in the Municipality of Itape- merim, is the Eio Novo colony, and beside it, but nearer to the coast, is a township to which could be added the lands to the north of the; Benevente, whose margins are very fertile, and those which lie along the Municipality of Gua- raparg, where runs the Guaraparg, which is navi- gable for several leagues from the sea. Towards the top of the serra, starting from the port of Guarapary in the direction of the old Aldeamento do Imperial AfFonsino and of the province of Minas Geraes, there extends to the north-west a strip of more than 60 miles wide^ leaving the colony of Eio Novo to the south and that of Santa Isabel to the north. These lands are advantageously situated, and are fit for cotton, coffee, &c. In the north of the province are other lands which, going in the direction of the Santa Leopoldina colony, with a general northerly course by the Santa Theresa road, extend to the province of Minas Geraes, near Porto de Souza, and to the projected colony of Guandii^ EMIGRATION. 397 where is a surveyed tract of 50 lots, and muck otter public land in their vicinity. This point is likewise acccessible by the fine river Doce, which only needs some improve- ment at its "bar, or the establishment of proper assistance to cross it, to become capable of a useful navigation. Along the banks of this river is likewise a large quantity of fertile public land, and the Government possesses, besides, at a little distance from it, several domains purchased from Dr. Franca e Leite, and known as Francilvania, Eio Prete and Limao, which have been surveyed and marked off. A litt]^ to the south of the Doce there are pretty fertile public lands in the municipality of Santa Cruz, communicating with the sea by the Santa Cruz, and which, by means of some easily- made canals between the lakes, could be brought into water-communication with the Doce. More to the north, in the municipality of S. Matheos, and cut by the S. Matheos, there are good lands near the boundary of the pro- vince of Bahia; which province, also, can furnish, in this direction, public lands of very fertile quality, and abounding in good building timber. 898 BRAZIL. In the municipality of Caravellas, in Bahia, running up the valley of the Mucury into Minas Geraes, the Government possesses, likewise, a quantity of land. Besides the locations which we have cursorily mentioned as open and suitable for emigration, the Government has tracts of smaller dimen- sions in aU these provinces. The emigrant, therefore, has an opportu nity of selecting ^^^- a vast variety.pf iracte^^^i situations, hea l t h y, well watered, and at no great distance from the sea, and possessed of a temperate climate and a rich soil, permitting the growth of almost IS^^fy remunerative staple and luxury" that may