HMdTS V 2S A£ HD 4975. vir" ""'"""" '■'""'^ ^3Cts about wage-earners in the United S 3 1924 013 929 892 BhxhxtB in Mortal Math. Nuttth^r S ^^^^Sf ^ FACTS ABOUT WAGE-EARNERS IN THE UNITED STATES CENSUS A SERIES OF DIAGRAMS USED IN THE COURSE ON INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS IN THE NEW YORK SCHOOL OF PHILANTHROPY BY MARY VAN KLEECK yenty-five cents October, 19 IS ©if? ^m ^ark ^rlfuol nf 5Pljtla«tIjraiJa UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING NEW YORK CITY The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013929892 OTHER NUMBERS IN THIS SERIES 1. Social Work with Families and Individuals: A brief manual for investigators. By Porter R. Lke 2. Organized Charity and Industry: A chapter from the history of the New York Charity Organization Society. By Edward T. Devine 3. The Probation Officer at Work. By Henry W. Thurston 4. Is Social Work a Profession? By Abraham Flexner Price for the above numbers Single copies, five cents; twenty-five copies, one dollar FACTS ABOUT WAGE-EARNERS IN THE UNITED STATES CENSUS Every important industrial event, whether it be a strike or the enactment of a labor law, is shaped by the common industrial life of the country and can be understood only in its relation to the funda- mental facts about the labor of the people. Local differences and characteristic conditions in specific industries are admittedly important, but their full significance can be appreciated only if perspective be gained through a more comprehensive view. No statistics concerning wage-earners are so in- clusive as those gathered every ten years by the United States census in its count of every man, woman, and child throughout the country. The record of every gainful pursuit represented in every household is in itself a vast, detailed analysis of economic life. Supplemented by the inquiries in manufacturing establishments, it affords a back- ground for a clearer view of the industrial forces which determine conditions of living for the workers. These diagrams visualize some of the facts about the vast wage-earning population counted in the census of 1910. They are presented without inter- pretation, as a basis for class-room discussion. It is hoped that they may be equally useful to classes in schools and colleges, and to social workers and other students of industry. Movements for in- dustrial betterment are all influenced whether we know it or not by the fact that we live in a country in which the agricultural workers still outnumber the factory hands, though the factory is claiming a large proportion of the wage-earners; that we are not a homogeneous nation but a collection of states in varying stages of economic development with the plow as the chief tool in many of them while in others the machine is more important; that the number of children employed in all gainful pursuits is increasing but that of late the ranks of those in occupations other than agriculture have begun to diminish; that each decade witnesses accessions to the group of wage-earning women and that the wage system claims an ever-increasing proportion of the girls and women of the country; that the working population includes, in every hundred, 39 foreigners or the children of foreigners, 13 negroes, one Indian or Oriental, and 47 native- bom white citizens of native parentage; that between five and six per cent of the manufacturing establish- ments of the country employ 62 per cent of the workers and that 28 per cent of the wage-earners are employed in shops whose force numbers more than five hundred; that in spite of all the efforts to decrease the hours of labor under the intense strain of modem industry only eight in every hundred of the men and women in factories have so short a week as forty-eight hours, and 230,000 work seventy- two hours or more; and, finally, that only 21 of every hundred of the men and one of every hundred women receive a wage of $15 or more in a busy week of the year. These are some of the facts pictured in the diagrams. Their obvious relation to programs of action in which social workers are interested gives them a natural place in the curriculum of a school of philanthropy. Conditions like these, giving rise to the need for organized effort by the community. claim the attention of those who have enlisted in social service as a profession, not because social workers differ in responsibility from other citizens but because they have usually greater opportunity for first-hand knowledge of the lives of wage-earners. Out of this experience, they are expected to offer testimony, to plan ways and means for improvement, to represent the public interest in the relations of workers and employers, and to show forth their faith that industrial reconstruction is a task well within the power of any determined community. The diagrams are the result of co-operative effort. Census enumerators were the investigators and census statisticians the authors of tables from which they are derived. The drafting was done by Beatrice W. Tomlinson of the Department of Women's Work of the Russell Sage Foundation with the advice and a^istance of the Division of Statistics. They have been tested before publication by sictual use in the class-room in the New York School of Philanthropy. October, 1915. n o fe iH IS fa o o o p; p. I •a g •s 1 I I -a 1^ SlS-S e. O O ^ X PL, 0-« .a I o Eh o. o ■a § N O rH iH CJ O 0> iH iH OS O ■* Til -"Jl N t- N -"JleiS rH«D CO Tjl', N 00 ■<* US ■<* «0 00 «0 O iH C- US 03 00 04 OS 00 -'dl 00 O t^ ioooo_NUS_ooo 09_ us US' eorHoscoeooo'cT o e-^ t- iH OSOIOCOOS M o O t-U3lHT|IUS 00 00 00 oatoioooiHos a> 00 t- a> us us CO t- C4 ■> o» OS us :o Oi 00 CO ^ OS o m A us O] 00 to OS CO 00 d t- 00 09 lo t^t^tDooo_useo r-T USCOoTco'rH'cOlH* OS T|l «o N •^ OS ■>* -^ O ■^ OS 0> iH us 1-1 N IM us 00 00 iH t- 00 OS N 00 us O CO CO i-l 00 CO t- OS »* OS i> t-"'* m" 00 OS CO us CO CO OS OS rH t- US US IH •>* OS CO t^CD CO t^ CO CO 00 iHiHesfeoos c> ei" OS 1H iH 03 o l-H II B •g.2 § ill: O u V g ' w Si's giO ii ■So. n DQ O 11 0) a IS S §1 iljl C3 e o g o § <2 5? o OS S:v-l Pro^essiona) Service ^^^ Trade ani Transportation ^Hi Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits DIAGRAM 2.— MEN AND WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS, BY MAIN OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS. 1880 AND 1910 12 » fa o CO '^- S O o O fa o z o M H OH o (14 o t MS I "3 a> I ■a s 9> ^ •a IS 1 -as 1 0) fa I t ^ 0000>03t~ CO ooo>a>«o>o t> ooua-^iooo O MGOOQOSN 00 i-T'dfiH N a»ooi-ia>io IN eiSONiHxJl iO A C~ CO CO 04 us »o«>wus 00 rHTPt-OaoO ^ O Oi CO A CO CO cooiMOn us 0»-1«ONUS rJ" os''<*uj"'ei'o o> o^t-i«oco o wt-cooiao o CO eot-t- 00 ososneooo uj t-Tiit-'^o us t^"* »-looeo i-T us"oo-*orar O COt-USOOiH t^ co'.-T'^t^os' CO <-t d i I I I ^ o rH I eS rt ri rt g " 1 ,S.5^>^ O n ^ ^ rt n r3 oj » 0) 0} u 5 OTit- CO H b 00^ e ej'* CO & NiH M iHrH oq 1-1 rH N 1 1 iS & rH 03b* CO IHCO t- •^fc m b t-O GO 00 00 co COO CO ■ft P^ 0) .a t-00 t-. to 00 CO lo't-" rH rHC^ CO ot- 00 eo>o j3 TjIN 1 si \l oS.g 3 . Sit H •&§ ■&i 1 Qo < i^z; < i^ «s iZ 1 13 a) y? •^ ^ & pH ^ o. "qJ hH ^ 1 1. «H N o O X) CO 50 o. o, m _g ^ •2 ^ fl cu a ^ 0) 0> A p. *i "S O s ^ s Oi > § 6 o rH o> v\ rH 'R m 8 m 0. j^ O g !« ■■3 ■tj C9 C3 a 4J E/3 r^ li o -H b o t) OT .a rH i +* e 3 C7 H es ^ IS 16 o o o o <: IS 03 12; H CO 0H O a o IS o t ^ ^ JS II a o CD 00 C0OC4 t-iiood ' kOt-OO coooco 00 Q* IS t> t-' >H00O> i>ooco CO oa lO ■* CDCDU3 COIOCO CD ,2 § 73 05 o> 0000 a> USiHlO US (N 00* ot>o> lOi-ico 00 "S {X| N iH coeooq NiHi-l IH 1 m S§5 3 O t-; CO OS 1-1 10-41 CD o IS cj co' Moii-i i-i-^io 09 g 1-1 rH iH 1-1 IH ^ ffl £ ■s lis 3 §5 CO 00 C1COU3 t-NN US rfi 00 lOi-ioi e« 04 ^ lO TH t-coo lOr-l'^ CO h s N ■<* «-i pi «-i i-i 1 CO A COlHi-l 00 ^-^-^ o» ro GO •ee 1^ tH 1" og5 o •-I CO 1-1 CO N^i-I 00 I 0) g .£> • ^ g 1 M ffl "St^ 17 IS 14 > o Q o < o § 03 2 05 '^ < o CQ 00 o O t-H I o o o Q < m O !z: o ° a §1 q1 o t-ot- atvtt- ooooi OSrdUO _ . . 1 1-1 So»S O't'-l eoc-c- i-Tus'io ef'^'cr b-'oo-^ii g?2§ gss T|lt-lH (ooooo t-'d'N eoi-ii-i iHrH no>o eoiHg lOkOO oDuaco o IOC009 i-iw>a NW"* at 00 eo ejo ooN >o o> oi b^ s!J25S SS§ Tiit-rH t^TiTec eaoi-^ ■*IN(N NiH ■^©•^ oseot- MTi-* ooooo t-ram coco 3 S '. % ■ "a li "S gg bo CD O 1 Si -1 > gs o w •o S5 ^ g § g ^1 s> -=2 «4H o S'3 o «•§ i s-B © §1 i-i I r^t' I •w a" S 1 •III 2 OS'S OSS'* 1 s «& cent Mal( Fein -is^ o i S d 1 m Pk 1 CO a. o ^ 03 m I % 19 20 TABLE 7.— NATIVITY AND RACE OF WAGE-EARNERS. 1910a Nativity and race Wage-earners whose nativity was as specified Number Per cent All wage-earners Native white of native parentage . . . Native white of foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-born white Negro Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and all other 38,167,336 100.0 17,954,464 7,008,090 7,811,602 6,192,636 200,746 47.0 18.4 20.6 18.6 0.6 oThirteenth United States Census, 1910. Vol. IV, Occupa- tion Statistics, p. 64, Table 20. 21 SSZZA NATIVE WHITE OF NATIVE PARENTAGE NATIVE WHITE OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO INDIAN. CHINESE. JAPANESE. AND ALL OTHER DIAGRAM 7.-NATIVITY AND RACE OF WAGE- EARNERS, 1910 22 » o Q !z; s o o pq O 1^ iz; CO O « o o pj Eh 1 >> 1 •«< J? Per cent o ach nativi gainfully employed w J Tii'^eoOf-< w S 00 o e> r-i »-l t£ > •^lasDb-tD 1 a) age-earners of each specified nativity a ^ TjioNioio ef > * 1. '*.^"?,"'.'^ r ■^"oo'"i-rei'o u > looi-ioso ooTfjr-ieaio >' iHoioddo 10 ye ver of nativi PL| c USiHf-liH ilation and 0' scified e oocoosNoo t- t-soejNt- 0} c r-Too'^irt^OO Ph " i 09 •a V I 1 e 9) •s 23 "A < O o pq Q O < O CQ 25 O Pk O :z; o I— ( o Ph o pj o 01 24 < o < & o o o CO o H ! OS la 1 g use, aese, all er »o N t- ■>* N ■>* eo CO »o 1 O OOOOOOOrH "2 S3 M g ii to r-IOO.HOS«DO»OJOO ^"S ^ m •>*N 03'* odious 00 Sep ^1 §3 III to CS C- Til to O CO 03 N o 1-i 00 o» o Tfi i-i lo ■* oq th i-( im n CO ■* n |i S-a S) 1 .-§ III ■<* NOooiocemosN 00 oir-ifouiaioi-^tD •H ^ •Ht ^ cS rt C«l rH N C] r-l CO rH iH O ^ o«>a ■g 1 II t9 ■HM <= OS 00 CO OS 1* CO N 03 P iz; §1 t- lH50000t~05Tjio» Ph ol ■<* tOUHOrjfrjICOmCi « ^ i s| 0_0S IK r-l rH t :.-§ : e 1 : p, : p. ja :1 : 1 &b •g ;■§ ■; «> ■a 1 :|^1 s O si ^ :-s&S ■^ S « -g S. << fiQ*M 9 Pm g o CvH-q 1 * g o o »- < 1 1 1 « fS c ™ III! 3 03 g 03 a o t ^ I I I 25 26 TABLE 10 .— PKOPORTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED SIZE AND PROPORTION OF WAGE-EARNERS IN LARGE AND SMALL SHOPS IN MANUFACTURING. 1909a Wage-earners Establishments employed in of specified establishments of size specified size Wage-earners per establishment Number Per cent Number Per cent All establishments employ- ing wage-earners 240,779 100.0 6,616,046 100.0 Establishments employing : Ito 20 wage-earners. 193,487 80.4 952,497 14.4 21 to 100 wage-earners. 34,508 14.3 1,546,706 23.4 101 to 500 wage-earners. 11,021 4.6 2,265,096 34.2 Over 500 wage-earners. . 1,763 .7 1,860,747 28.0 aThirteenth United States Census, 1910. Vol. VIII, Manu- factures, p. 186, Table 6 and p. 186, Table 6. 27 II to 20 irage- earners P^^l 21 to 100 wage- vy^-/\ earners 101 to 600 nage- eamers Orer 500 itage- earoers ESIABLISHMBmS 17AGe>EARHKRS 1% DIAGRAM 10.— PROPORTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS OP EACH SPECIFIED SIZE AND PROPORTION OP WAGE-EARNERS IN LARGE AND SMALL SHOPS IN MANUFACTURING. 1909 28 TABLE 11.— WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR OF WAGE- / EARNERS IN ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED , STATES. 1909a Prevailing hours of labor per week Wage-eamerB in establishments where prevailing hours were as specified Average number Per cent TOTAL 48 and under Between 48 and 64 64 Between 64 and 60 60 Between 60 and 72 72 Over 72 6,616,046 623,662 481,167 1,019,438 1,999,307 2,017,280 344,011 116,083 114,118 100.0 7.9 7.3 16.4 80.2 30.6 6.2 1.8 1.7 aThirteenth United States Census, 1910. Vol. VIII, Manu- factures, p. 306, Table 1. 29 i g I "«» S in* 5 »'» 3 •* ez o kz o bz K 30 CJ 'A t-H ^ H U < iz; e > 0) 1% ^ Ai N S c- 5 A ill CO COO] tog S-o fa V 2 3 |§^ CO U5 g ^a: .a 3 ^ Mm ftrt a gS3 ■ntS t- eoousiHTjiiM iH O tH r-l 09 C4 CO 00 OJOOOrHOSt- tH O IH O CO rH IM N 00 iH m IM N N U3 o ci ca >o CO C4 lO i-llOC^^lOOO o cocotonoiN CO 0]i-icU3 iH iH 1-1 iH iH r-l N 09 oscooicccoa l> 'ji t> t-^ »0 so O a> ONOOcooo t^ us o lo t^ i> i-i so OS i-i m eo "* -^ '^ U3 00 CO '*CO CO usocqoo^^ CO f-T S i ^ ^ go S Til tH CO d 1 ^ o >H OS I 0) o 09 I 31 U.S. Mass. H.Y. N.J. Penn. Ohio 111. I 1 48 HOURS AND UNDER (V^y/jJ OVER 48 HOURS AND NOT MORE THAN 54 ^^^ OVER 54 HOURS AND NOT MORE THAN 60 OVER 60 HOURS DIAGRAM 12.— WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR OP WAGE-EARNERS IN MANUFACTURING IN THE SIX LEADING MANUFACTURING STATES. 1909 32 ■CO ^ CD •s| GQ I' |2 |e Ig g-a |l II 1 I g si i§l rH IH rH o ^ to CO t- U3 i-i OS ooo coi-1 U9 03 to 00 d OSiH t>CD CQ ei 0> 1H O ■>*■>* IH iH 00 t-CO O O 00 iH'^JI U> 1-4 Oft CO CO u) 00 MOO t- OOIO CO c^M t» Q. ^ s -3 " Kb Is S c3 n oa 4^ CO CO d i o i o a 5 o I 11 ^i^ 33 34 TABLE 14.— WEEKLY EARNINQS OF WAGE-EARNERS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, MEN AND WOMEN, 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1904o Wage-earn^ whose weekly earnings were as specified Weekly earnings Men 16 year^ and over Women 16 years and over Number Per cent Number Per cent Total 2,619,063 100.0 688,599 100.0 Less than $6.00 305,111 358,921 651,766 860,061 491,693 61,511 11.8 13.7 21.0 31.8 18.7 2.0 292,359 166,603 81,220 43,927 6,373 217 49.8 $6.00 and less than $8.00 . . $8.00 and less than $10.00 . $10.00 and less than $15.00 $15.00 and less than $25.00 $25 . 00 and over 28.1 13.8 7.4 0.9 (6) aUnited States Census of Manufactures, 1906. Bulletin 93, p. 11. bLess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 35 DIAGRAM 14— WEEKLY EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING. 1904 TABLE 15.— PROPORTION OF TOTAL POPULATION, AND OP WAGE-EARNERS IN MANUFACTUR- ING INDUSTRIES, FOUND IN CITIES OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND IN RURAL DISTRICTS. 1909O Cities and rural dist-riptji Total population in each specified kind of community Wage-earners in manufacturing in each specified Mnd of community Number Per cent Average number Per cent TOTAL 91,972,266 57,969,574 6,495,694 8,204,960 20,302,138 100.0 63.0 6.0 8.9 22.1 6,615,046 2,298,404 678,467 1,126,263 2,511,922 100.0 Places of less than 10,- 000 population Cities of from 10,000 to 26,000 population. .. Cities of from 26,000 to 100,000 population. . Cities of 100,000 popu- lation and over 34.7 10.3 17.0 38.0 aThirteenth United States Census, 1910. Vol. VIII, Manu- factures, p. 118, Table 1. 37 POPULAIION lKK!^l*^*j!^j^^M!'X.*j^X^Xi^^l*t\ PROPORTION or POPI/LATION AND r 3 PLACES OF LESS THAN 10,000 Vy//X/X CITIES OF FROM 10,000 TO 25,000 CITIES OF FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 ^^^f CITIES OF 100,000 AND OVER DIAGRAM 15.— PROPORTION OF TOTAL POPULATION, AND OF WAGE-EARNERS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, FOUND IN CITIES OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND IN RURAL DISTRICTS. 1909 38 O m Eh < H M 1^ o Eh