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 From the Lectures of 
 
 LEONARD PEARSOK.B. S., V. M. D. 
 
 Prof, of Theory & Practice 
 
 of 
 
 Veterinary Medicine, 
 
 VETERINARY DE?ARW.fflNT , UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 18 9 3-94. 
 
 oOo 
 
 Compiled and revised for the Undergraduates 
 
 of 
 THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT 
 
 by 
 
 MARSHALL & SALINGER. 
 
 Ill i m Miwp rwnmMfc t t m, utii% a ,mi» 
 
2P Dece 
 
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 Printed by 
 
 Mirr.eograi3hie Proc-ess 
 
 at tlis 
 
 PHILABELPKIA TYTEY/RITSR EXCHANGE , 
 
 133 South 5th Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
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 4- 
 
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DISEASES OF THS5 DIGESTIVE TRACT. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 STOMATITIS t- Is an InflaMnation of the mucous memisranes of the 
 mouth: 
 
 Divided into -many classes: 
 
 In Veterinary practice five forms are recognized: Three of 
 which are contagious. 
 
 1. Catarrhal. ^ 
 
 2. A.phthous, ( contagious ) 
 3. - Pustular, ( contagious ) 
 4« Ulcerous. 
 
 5. Croupous, ( contagious ). 
 
 Also Thrush, which is caiiised- Ijy fungus. Corpus albicans . 
 
 CATARRHAL STOIiATITIS:- Is a catarrhal inflammation of- th© m» m. 
 of mouth, due to burns, as hot foods, irritant medicines, as 
 Choral HydrSite, Alcohol, Tui'pentine and strong tinctures, or 
 Oil of Tar, Abstinance from food is one of the most frequent 
 catuses. Epithelial cells are not brushed away, aiid. cause an 
 irritation by ptitrefying. 
 
 Also caused by a fungus in the food. M. m. of the mouth 
 is more p3?S!dis posed to Stomatitis while teething, due to 
 excessive flow of blood. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Redness and dryness of m. m. of mouth. Great p?o« 
 Ruction of mucous, which later turns into pus and coilsots 
 ia th© comers of the mouth, on the cheeks, behind the molars 
 and causes a disagreeable odor. Often saliva is secreted 
 in enormous amounts, and runs in long strings from the mouth. 
 
 t If constant chewing motion is kept up; saliva becomes mixed 
 wl,th air and forms foam about the mouth and nose. 
 
 Some cases that are severe, serum in submucous, con.- tis. 
 pushes epithelial cells away and forms a vescicle, in other 
 cases, small lumps are seen on m. m. , th@ size of a grain" of 
 wheat which are intensely red and palnfftil caused by the stop- 
 page of miucous glands. If these be squeezed, pus will es- 
 cape . 
 
 'PROGNOSIS:- Favorable, rarely fatal, submits readily to treat- 
 ment. If the animal be weak and young and complicated by 
 othor diseases, the prognosis is less favorable, since death 
 may result from exhaustion and pyaemia or septicaemia from 
 Excessive sloughing. 
 
(2) 
 
 TREATidJENT ; - Cooling antissptic and astringent washes, cold water 
 will remove collected material, adding -tannin, alum or po- 
 tassiiiffl chlorate. If putrid, use antisepfeic solutions in the 
 mouth, as creolin, carbolic acid, boracic or salicylic acid. 
 Water the animal frequently, use a syringe or sponge to. wash 
 out the mouth. 
 
 ULCSROUS STOMATITIS;- Ulcers on.m. m. of the gums along the border 
 of the teeth, seen mostly in dogs when young and weak; fre- 
 quently follows distemper; gastro intestinal catarrh, oatar-» 
 rhal stomatitis, decayed teeth or trai^raatisms. It is caused 
 by4.mic.r0 organisms, and the above are predisposing causes. 
 
 SYLIPTOiiS:- First, redness of the m. m. swells, becomes puffy 
 
 and usually sharply outlined. ^ The red changes to bl^ie;, and 
 the line of separation becomes more marked, and then suppura- 
 tion takes place and a piece of gum falls out exposing bone 
 which is dark blue or black. In three to four days a small 
 piece of bone bee ones loosened, and can be easily removed. 
 After removing the bone, the bottom of the pit contains 
 granulations. Ulcers may be the size of a pea, or the whole 
 length of the Jaw may be involved, pus cells may "be carried 
 to other parts of the mouth and the catarrhal form may be 
 a complication. Bad odor, ai^imal depressed, slight fever, 
 no appetite, drinks very little, emaciation takes place rap- 
 idly, odor becomes scattered and shortly the whole animal 
 stinks, saliva, pus and blood are frequently dischai*ged from 
 nose and mouth. Nose is dry, conjunctiva is injected and 
 deep ulcers can be found. Part of the cheek may become af- 
 fected secondarily. 
 
 PROGITOSIS;- Depends upon the age and. condition of the animal. 
 In a yoving animal it is bad on account of lost strength, 
 especially after distemper, and is somotiines seen in lambs 
 and calves. In these the prognosis is better than in dogs. 
 
 TPJSATI-IENT:- Give the animal cloan dry bed, easily digested food 
 that needs no mastication, milk, broth, etc. Disinfect the 
 mouth with v/arra water, creolin, boracic or salicylic acid, 
 permanganate of potash ±b good to destroy bad odor, but has 
 a disagreeable taste, ^''2 2 and Ag ^°3 in chr'onic cases 
 are good. 3^i Sulphuric acid solution is good especially 
 where the bone is affected. When the animal begins to re- 
 cover, tinctui'e of aloes and myrrh, benzoin or iodine are 
 good- 
 
 Contagious forms of Stomatitis, will be found in lectures 
 on contagious diseases. 
 
 LAMPAS 
 
 LAidPAS:- The erectile tissue of the hard palate, becomes engorged 
 with blood in lower part and may project below the incisors 
 seen especially during teething. Physiological while feeding 
 
(3) 
 
 and teethinCi when It exists permanently v/e may. scarify. Be 
 careful of the palatine artery which lies under the third 
 bar, as hemorrhage from this place is very hard to control on 
 ■account of the peculiarity of the arterial v/all, and the 
 surrotiftding tissue. If artery he cut, apply a pressure 
 bandage through the mouth upon the outside, and fasten to the 
 halter. 
 
 PTYALISM. 
 
 PTYALISM:- Excessive production of saliva which may be true or 
 
 false: False when only apparent in cases -where animal cannot 
 swallo-sr and saliva runs from the mouth, as in Pharyngitis e 
 True where it is really an overproduction of saliva. 
 
 CAUSES:- Fresh food, hay and clover, ensilage, roots and other 
 
 foods which stimulate the salivary glands. When the animal ■ 
 becomes used to this food it disappearsa If not^ it is due 
 to some nerve lesion, v/hlch sometimes cannot be located, 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Redness of m. ra. and tenderness over the parotid gland, 
 and saliva runs from the mouth. 
 
 TREATI/iENT:- A tropla, grs, 1 to 5 tfill check the flow of saliva 
 
 from one to two days to be given in the feed, Potassium Iodide 
 15 grs. to is good and v/111 sometimes cure it, but the 
 effect is not positive. 
 
 PAROTITIS:-, "INPLAMLITION OP THS PAROTID GLAND" : - 
 
 CAUSES:- Traumatisms, extension of inflaixnation of neighboring 
 
 organs, as from sub parotid lymph gland, skin, pharynx, mouth 
 or due to metastatic abscess. Sometimes may be idiopathic. 
 
 SYliEPTOMS:- Swelling of parotid gland, increased flow of saliva 
 followed by dryness of m. m. of th© mouth, difficulty in 
 sv/allowing. In severe cases th© surrounding tissue becomes 
 swollen, movements of the Jaw are interfered with and animal 
 cannot chew. Parotid gland is enlarged, loose from the slcin 
 and painful on pressure. There are affections which may be 
 mistaken for it. But here th© gland is immovable ov©t swel- 
 ling, shoi/ing that it is deeper- 
 
 TREATIvlENT:- Open abscess and treat antiseptically.. If in doubt, 
 poultice or use Priessnitz Bandage. 
 
 , PHARYNGITIS. 
 
 PtlARYNGITIS:- The respiratory and digestive passages cross each 
 other in the Pharynx. ' The pharynx is lined by delicate mo m. 
 and is easily chilled and congested. Change of climate and 
 temperature affects the pharynx readily. Is often the seat 
 of pathological processes occurring during the course of other 
 diseases, as Foot and Mouth Disease, Pixrpura Hemorrhagica, 
 Strangles, Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Tetanus, Glanders, etc. 
 
(4) 
 
 CAUSES:- Traumatisms as swallowing foreign bodies such as rootsj 
 corn cobs or. bone in dogs. Irritant medicines as turpentine 
 chloral or strong tinctures. Repercussion or chilling is a 
 cormion caitise. Seen more often in young, soft horses than in 
 hard workers. Comcnon in western horses just shipped. Taking 
 horse from warm stable into cold air also a cause, so best 
 not to have stable too -warm. In other cases it develops from 
 inflammation of neighboring organs as from laryngitis rhinitis 
 or stomatitis. In some eases thought to be contagious; but 
 this form has never been seen in this country, 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Similar to stomatitis. Inflamiation' of the m. m« 
 First catarrhal and finally in extreme cases necrosis and 
 loss of tissue. First increased redness of m. m. Then dry- 
 ness. Increased redness may be diffuse or in patches. These 
 mostly become confluent, mucous and catarrhal discharge may 
 collect aiid form tenacious coating on m. m. In some eases 
 fibrin may be thrown o-afc and collect with msicous and pus, and 
 is then called a croupous or diptheretic membrane » But it 
 is not a true Diptheretic membrane as this is caused by Kl©b's 
 Loeffler baccillus. Sometimes a part will necrose and drop 
 out leaving a pit or ulcer. But this is seen only in very se- 
 severe cases. In mild forms may have some oedema of the 
 pharynx interfering with respiration and deglutition. Where 
 Oedema interferes with circulation deep suppuration takes 
 place more, easily. If restricted to small area, it is kn.own 
 as abscess; if in large area, is called phlegmon, pus may 
 form and burrow, dissecting the tissue and tracts are formed 
 which run down beneath the m. m. of the pharynx and larynx* 
 A complication that is not rare, is abscess in the post phar- 
 yngeal lymph glands. These abscesses ar6 quite serious, as 
 they may discharge into the larynx and thus cause death. Pus 
 ■ may drop slowly into the larynx and cause laryngitis. This 
 complication however, is not serious. Asphyxia is the usual 
 cause cf death, it is due to pressure or collections on the 
 m. m. of the pharynx thus closing the passage. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- At first, rather indefinite, slight loss of appetite, 
 little elevation of temperature, and sometimes a cough. Soon 
 animal carries the head in a peculiar stiff manner. Pressure 
 on the pharynx causes pain; appetite becomes jiil from ina- 
 bility to swallow, animal may take food in mouth and drop it 
 again, called quidding. In other cases the animal will chew 
 carefully and try to svrallow, but the food will be returned 
 tlirough the nostril; saliva escapes from the mouth, animal 
 is thirsty, endeavors to drink, but the water comes out at 
 nostril again, which is characteristic of this disease. The 
 patient prefers soft food. The reason that food is returned 
 through the nostril is that the pharyngeal muscles are par- 
 alyzed and the soft palate is not raised, thus the posterior 
 
(5) 
 
 nares are not closed. "When there Is but a simple Inflammation 
 of m. m. , the food Is not returned as the muscles are not 
 paralyzed. If m. m. of th© larynx is involved, will have a 
 slight cough from irritation, but the cough may be present 
 without laryngitis. M m. of the head are red, as a result 
 of an increased circiilation in the head. Swelling is mostly 
 symmetrical, unless there is an abscess on only one side. 
 In post pharyngeal abscess, swellinig is in the lower 
 part of parotid gland;- swelling is airways seen there and is 
 an ■unfayoraible symptom. The fever curve is not at all typi- 
 cal » If much supjaoration, temperature is highe If not, it 
 will be lo'w. In pharyngitis we have external symptoms before 
 the rise in temperature. In contagious diseases, such as 
 strangles, we have rise in temperature first, then the local 
 symptoms. Some secondary symptoms may arise from loss of- 
 appetite and inability to eat, and may cause a stomatitis. 
 Saliva remains and irritates; we find a stagnant mass of food 
 in the stomach and intestines Miich may eventually caiase 
 gastro intestinal catarrh. The pulse is somev/hat accelerated 
 in railed cases. When suppuration conmences, pulse becomes 
 weak and very rapid: 75 to 90, The pulse rate is more or 
 less constant in relation to the temperature, course is 
 acute, runs from six to fourteen da:^, and in that tim-e animal 
 either recovers or dies. If raach suppuration, chronic inflam- 
 mation may follow the acute form. Where abscesses- form, 
 fistulous tracts may develop and last indefinitely. Post 
 pharyngeal abscess may break internally or externally; the 
 former more probable* If the abscess breaks internally, pus 
 may enter the larynx, go down- the trachea and cause traumatic 
 pneumonia, gangrene and death. If contents are discharged 
 slowly, pus enters the pharynx and does not enter the lungs, 
 as it is coughed out-. It may also cause a severe laryngitis 
 and death may restilt. In other cases re-absorption may take 
 place, causing pyaemia. On account of the complication which 
 
 may arise in this disease, a careful examination of the 
 parotid glands, larynx and lungs should be made every time you 
 visit the animal. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Is easy; loss of appetite, regurgitation of food; 
 tenderness and swelling of throat, cough, svich. symptoms as 
 the above occur together only in this disease. We inust 
 differentiate from ptyalism. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Is favorable, percentage of death is low, but be cau- 
 .tlous in making pirognosls. Oedema of glottis or abscess may 
 develop rapidly and cause death over night. This disease is 
 however, benign in most cases. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Clean stall; good ventilation; keep animal warm; 
 best to keep in warm stable. Pood should be soft and not 
 irritant. Hay is excluded; also whole grains and dry meals, 
 as they require too much chewing, oats and corn not good* 
 
(6) 
 
 Grass and bran mashes are good. Roots, apples, turnlpE?, car- 
 rots > beets, middlings, and ground bai'ley. Bread soaked in 
 water or milk is ranch ixsed in liiropean countries. Keep the 
 head clean on account of regurgitation of food -vrhich collects 
 on halter strap, feed box, etc. Sponge out nostrils three or 
 four times p^sr day with antiseptic solution. Rinse out the 
 rnouth often. If swelling is large and hot, it is isrell to use 
 cold applications to the- neck v/ith cloths or ice bags for two 
 to three hours at a time. Later when abscess develops, use 
 warm priessnitz bandage to hasten formation of pus. This will 
 cause .abscess to break externally. It is advisable to use 
 antiseptic on this bandage. Blisters hav© been reeonmended 
 by sane, but are not advised in the aciate state, as it pro- 
 duces an oedema that may cai3se asphyxia and death. It may be 
 resorted to in chronic cases. Steaming is advisable at all 
 times, inhalations of steam causes the coating on the m. m. 
 to soften and it is then more easily removed. Iodine, bella- 
 donna, creolin, or carbolic acid are very good to put into 
 the steaming apparatus. For dogs with pharyngitis, the mouth 
 can be opened and pharynx is easily visible. It, is w©ll to 
 apply a 2fo solution of- tannic acid to the pharynx, paint on 
 with camels hair brush, Intralanyngeal injections may be 
 used, being made into the eric o -tracheal ligament. The syr- 
 inge used for this pur-pose is like a hypodermic syringe, but 
 is larger and has a strong curved canula, the opening of which 
 is on the upper surface. Pass the canula through the crieo- 
 tracheal ligament quickly- This treatment was first used one 
 hundred years ago and is now in general use in Prance and 
 Germany. Strangles and laryngitis, are also treated in this 
 manner; abscesses are seldom seen from these injections, 
 Canula must be very sharp so as to pass at once through the 
 laryngeal m. m. It must be done quickly and with force, • \% 
 sol. of chloride of zinc "bfo of tannic acid should be used. 
 If pus be present, use creolin solution. In chronic cases 
 use Ag. °3 or the following prescription: - 
 
 Iodoform, 5 parts 
 
 ' Glycerine 50 
 
 Aquae Dist, 50 
 
 This is soothing and protective. Open abscesses as soon as 
 possible to keep them from breaking internally. These ab- ■ 
 scesses are back of the pharynx and under the parotid glando 
 Don't cut through the gland. Make a transverse incision at 
 the inferior border of parotid gland and btir-row under the 
 gland with fingers or closed scissors. If no abscess is 
 found, the opening does no harm, on the contrary it will 
 cause a counter irritation and so do good. Where dyspnoea is 
 present, it shows that there is swelling in the pharynx. 
 This swelling may increase greatly and. tracheotomy should be 
 
(7) 
 
 done- as a pirecautlon. Bad results seldom follow this opera- 
 tion. Best results are obtained from local treatment, sucli 
 as bandages and steaming. Complications of gastro intestinal 
 catarrh, require treatment. Internal treatment shoxzld be 
 iised for its general effect. Sodiujn sulphate, bicarbonate of 
 soda, and sodium chloride (Carlsbad salts) if they can be 
 given, are good. It is difficult to give remedies by the 
 mouth, as the animal cannot swallov/ and they may go <Sovin the 
 trachea. Don't give a bolus as it irritates the pharynx too 
 mueh. Give medicines in the form of an electuary which can 
 be put on the molars and there dissolved. If much fever be 
 present, give antipyrine on the tongue or Inftise cold waiter 
 into the rectum, as it also stimulates peristalsis. If animal 
 can drink, add potassium chlorate, or nitrate to the drinking 
 T/ater. If heart is weak, give digitalis, sub cutaneous ly. 
 If the horse is able to swallow, give 30 to 45 grains of 
 tartar emetic. Where there is much depression, give an 
 infusion of sulphuric ether loX into the recttim. These 
 remedies can be used for dogs and other animals as v/ell. 
 
 PKARYITGITIS:- In a pig differs somewhat as regards the treatment 
 but the disease is similar. It is very common. Is usually 
 caused by drinking cold water after being driven and heated. 
 Animal shOT/s it by a short dry cough, husky grunt, dyspnoea, 
 loss of appetite, depression, disinclined to move, fr<ont legs 
 carried apart, and mouth wide op®n. M. m. becomes cyanosed, 
 skin of throat becomes blue and dies in spasms from asphyxia. 
 Croupous meixibrane forms on the m. m. which closes the respi- 
 ratory passage and causes death. 
 
 TREATICENT:- Give medicines subcutaneously, use a strong syringe 
 and thick needle, as the skin is tough. You can give medi- 
 cines v/ithout bad results. Veratrine grs. ■^/i to ^/z dis- 
 solved in alcohol and repeated every six to eight hours. It 
 is also well where condition is serioiis, to give an emetic, 
 which will expel the false membrane. Tartar emetic 5 to 10 
 grains. Ipecac 15 to 45 grains. may be given in the shape of 
 a pill. In giving medicine to a pig the lower jav/ must be 
 snared with a rope. If the pig be valuable put on a prless- 
 nitz bandage. 
 
 OESOPHAGITIS. 
 Pathologists divide this disease into several classes, 
 viz: 
 
 1. Catarrhal, 
 
 2. Phlegmonons, 
 
 3. Parenchymatous, 
 
 4. And Perloesophagitis. 
 
 CAUSES:- Ti'aumatic usually caused by ingestion of hot foods, 
 
 sharp foreign bodies, blows, etc. It is found symptomatically 
 in some cases as one of the lesions of Rinderpest, foot and 
 - mouth disease, and authrax. 
 
(8) 
 
 JOjTERATIOITS : - l?Ot iJJce phaTyngitis, M. nu Is strong, tense and 
 loose trora the inuscixlar wall and resembles the structiire of 
 the skiji. DO not see catarrhs and ulcers quite as often as 
 In other m. nic where the oesophagus Is inflamed Tsre have a 
 piling up of epithelial cells. Where inflaimiation Is severe, 
 there is. an oedema and an inflammation of the walls of the 
 oesophagu-s and surrounding connective tissue^ 
 SYI\1PT0MS:- Not always well marked. Loss of appetite. Slight 
 tenderness on left side in jugular gutter. In more ssverc 
 cases y same symptoms are intensified. The animal may make 
 retching movements and attempts to vomits Later on, animal 
 may vomit the contents of stomach and some pus. A govt has 
 been knowi to vomit a tube east fifteen inches in length in 
 one whole piece from having swallov^ed name sti-ong aramoniaa 
 TREATS,iENT : - Cool applications, codling drinks, mucilaginous 
 
 dt'inks as linseed tea. Add potassium chlorate or tannic acid 
 to the drJ.nking water. Give dog small pieces of ice. If 
 condition is chronic a little Ag ^°5 in solution acts very 
 beneficially. Where inflammation has been violent, may find 
 the oesophagus contracted at points, like strictures and-' tp 
 pirevent their development, pass the probang oceasionally<. 
 
 STRICTURE AND DILATATION OF THE OESOPHA*GUS. 
 
 causes:- Are mostly external-. Traumatisms, as from passing the 
 pirobang, etc. Erora whatever cause the lesions are much the 
 same. As the animal eats, larger quantities of food refuse 
 to pass throtagh the constricted portion, of the oesophagus and 
 this causes a dilatation. As the stricture becomes smaller 
 the dilatation becomes larger. The stricture is similar to 
 the dilatation of the ventricles of the heart resulting from 
 stenosis of the outlets. If this is in the cervical portion 
 of the oesophagus, it is easy to diagnose, especially after 
 meals, for it then appears after an hour or so« If, however, 
 it is in the thoracic portion of the oesophagus it can only 
 be diagnosed approximately. Palpation shows no pain or oed^ia 
 appetite is bad, emaciation and weakness, retching and some- 
 times vomiting. These symptoms may be due to a variety of 
 causes and require carefxil study. 
 
 The obstruction may sometimes be diagnosed by an effort 
 to pass the probang. It may be stopped to passing into the 
 dilatation or by ccaning in contact with a mass of food. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Surgical. By distending with a probang which is made 
 especially for this purpose with a wire spring at one end to 
 dilate the stricture. Injuries to the oesophagus are also 
 surgical. 
 
(9) 
 
 Tuujsisisxn? rm- oitsophagus. 
 
 When the oesophagus is paralyzed there viXl be no pSiTis- , 
 taltic movement. This is cltie to some central nerve lesion or 
 som© acute trouble of the brain. The oesophagus may bee one 
 filled the isrhole length and the contents remain as a plug.- 
 The oesophagus may be distended to the size of a man's arm. 
 Unless, the animal is relieved it will die of starvation. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Usually nil. Best to destroy the animal. But if the 
 animal is valuable, should cast it and, pass a probang that 
 has a .forceps attachment and so attempt to remove the obstruc- 
 . tion. Electricity may be tried before the oesophagus- is com- 
 pletely plugged. Can also blister and give strychnia. If 
 a brain lesion is the cause, treatment does no good. Cramp • 
 of the oesophagus is also seen. We find the' animal in spasms, 
 Sensitive and abstaijfls from food. 
 
 TREATiffiKT:- Give chloral, potasgivim bromide or morphlae sulph- 
 Choking v/111 be described In surgery. 
 
 DISEASES OF CROP OP BIRDS, 
 CATARRH 0? CROP. 
 
 CAUSES:- Irritants, indigestible foods, foreign bodies, 
 SYIjDPTOMS:- Loss of appetite, food remains In crop and ferments, 
 becomes soft and doughy and bad odor ©scapes, vertigo may 
 develop anxl animal dies of starvation, and exhaustion. 
 TREATFiBKT:- Reinove contents of crop, teaspoonful doses of weak 
 Tannic or Salicylic acid solution, put in dry place and give 
 no feed for two days. In removing oaaljonts of crop hold, head 
 low and press on crop. 
 
 U.IPAGTION OP CROP. 
 
 CAUSE;- Indigestible food and foreign bodies that are swallo'cied. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Crop becomes very much enlarged. Loss of appetite, 
 depression, animal . lounge s around, disinclined to move. 
 
 TREATIitENT : - If the content.s of the crop cannot b© forced out by 
 pressure shear off the feathers and make an Incision through 
 the skin one and on® half inches long and one and one half 
 inch long through the crop and I'emove the contents. Inject 
 -.71 th a 3^ solution of salicylic acid, suture and feed nothing 
 for two days. Pus is rarely formed in birds. Healing is 
 rapid and results are ustially good. If indigestion and loss 
 of appetite follows; may give two drops of hydrochloric in 
 peppermint tea. Operations on birds are usually followed with 
 good results. Doves and pigeons are an exception. 
 
(10) 
 
 DEPRAVED APPETITE OF CATTLE. 
 rSGKSUCHT (GERl'iAN) 
 
 Very coininon in German^''. 
 
 Pica or licking disease. Gorrrnon in old farminc districts. 
 Supposed to be due to lack of somethinr: in the food as phos- 
 phates, potash salts, etc- and the animal tries to supply the 
 deficiency "by lickinr; and eating; abnormal things. - 
 STtPTOl'S:- Ingestion of foods that are spoiled and dis~u-stinf;, 
 
 as strav/ in the place of hay, especially that VL-et ■■.•/it]i urine, 
 dirt, horse manure; etc. As it continues the animal che^•;s 
 cov; manure, leather and wood, eats twigs in place of grass, 
 becomes emaciated, appc-tite lost, rumination somev/hat de- 
 pressed, _m. m. pale.. Animal dies after protracted illness of 
 anaemia o Hay live tT;o or three years « 
 TREAT;IENT)- Remove cause by a radical change of food. Give hay. 
 grain that has been groi,irn at some distance. Bone meal hias 
 been added to the food, but does not al-;;ays seem to supply 
 the deficiency. Treat the gastro-intestinal catarrh rrhlch is 
 alViTays present. Cows that give large quantities of milk are 
 predisposed to this disease. Apomorphine is used very exten- 
 sively in Europe v/ith good results, l-'^/S to 3 grains dose 
 hypodermically. It produces great excitement v.-hich is in pro- 
 portion to the dose. Chills are noticed and the animal, 
 attempts to vomit. Small doses stimulate the appetite and 
 larger doses may cause actual vomiting. Benefit v/ill be. no- 
 ticed f/ith this treatment for two or three months only and it 
 should be repeated. This treatment ^^'as originated by Lemke , 
 ' a German, v/ho used it v/ith good results. The action of apo- 
 morphine is speculative. It increases the appetite and 
 brings about digestion of larger quantities of food. 
 
 WOOL-EATIiTG OP SPIEEP. 
 
 Is a similar disease to "depraved appetite" in cattle. 
 It occurs in winter. Appears first Y/ith the lambs, v/ho suck 
 tags of wool from the dams; then the old sheep begin by chevy- 
 ing the wool from each others backs. By removing the first 
 ones attacked, the disease can often be checked. Is supposed 
 to be due to a habit, some think it is a result of idleness. 
 TRJ'ATI.IEHT : - Apomorphine in same doses as for cattle 1-^/2 to 3 
 
 grains for thjr'ee days. Change the food. It should be given 
 green and not dry. 
 
 ACUTE GASTRIC AlTD INTESTINAL CATARRH OP HORSES. 
 
 Treated together for the reason that the causes and le- 
 sions are the same and usually occur together- Differential 
 diagnosis cannot be made because intestines are so large and 
 capacious that a horse seldom has diarrhoea. Also from the 
 
(11) 
 
 fact tiiat a horse cannot vomit. The term is adopted in order 
 to simplify the disease as treatment is same in both. The 
 lightest cases may be described as dyspepsia. Dyspepsia, 
 however, applies to diseased conditions only v/here there is 
 abnormal function and no organic alterations. 
 
 SOIIE .POINTS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION « 
 (FROM FRIEDBERGER AND FROEtlNER). 
 
 1ST:- Complete mastication favors digestion by increasing the 
 amount of saliva in the stomach and by providing a greater 
 surface for gastric juices to act upon. 
 
 2nd:'- Small quantities of food at short intervals are better 
 than, large quantities at long intervals « Best to feed some 
 diseased animals a dozen times a day. 
 
 3RD:~- " Reaction of stomach contents during feeding is neu-tral 
 or weakly alkaline, immediately after it is weakly acid. 
 Acidity becomes more intense until it reaches .2^. Over .2^ 
 is abnormal for a horse. In carnivora, pr'oportion is greater. 
 In febrile disease the reaction is meutral or vreekly alkaline. 
 
 4TH:- At commencement of digestion, acid in the stanach is 
 
 lactic, 2 hours after meals Hydrochloric Acid is substituted 
 for it, and then digestion of albumin begins. The height of 
 process of albiimin digestion occurs bet\7een 3 — 5 hours 
 after the meal. Watering a horse shortly after feeding "is 
 detrimental, as it alters the p.roportions of the digestive 
 juices. 
 
 5TH:- Conversion of albumin into peptone occurs with greatest 
 •rapidity when Hydrochloric Acid is pa*esent in the proportion 
 '**«f 2 parts in 1,000. Horses stomach holds 10 litres and if 
 Hydrochloric Acid is present in normal amoxznt there will be 
 20 C. C in the stomach and digestion goes on normally. 
 
 6TH:- Infl:amed m. m. of stomach secretes no pepsin. 
 
 7TH:-- Products of epiderm such as hair, feathers, T^rool, horns, 
 •etc. also elastic tissue and old cellulose are indigestible 
 for the horse. 
 
 8TH:- Normal peristaltic movements of the stomach favors 
 
 digestion by increasing secretion of gastric juice and by mix- 
 ing this with the contents. Peristalsis is stimulated by 
 Hydrochloric Acid. If there is checking or depression of 
 peristalsis, gastric digestion is seriously interfered with. 
 
 9TH:~ Digestion of the stomach itself is prevented partly 
 
 by neutralization of gastric juice, by the alkaline blood and 
 by dead epithelium on its surface and thick m. m. Sometimes 
 when w^lls of the stomach are anaemic, or clots form, the 
 wall is partially digested, giving rise to a peptic ulcer. 
 Hyperaemia leads- to the productJLon of too much muc©tis an^ 
 this interfei-es with digestion. 
 
(12) 
 
 10TH-- various vegetat)le ferments that are always In the food 
 'are destroyed by normal gastric juice, but when the secre^ 
 tions of the stomach are weakened these ferm©nts are not 
 killed and produce fermentation of the carbo-hydrates. Pro- 
 ducts of fermentation of carbo-hydrates are Irritant, 
 
 IITH:- Peptones formed in the stomach are largely absorbed by 
 the gastric m. m. But Y/hen this is diseased the peptones 
 accumulate- in such large quantities as to hinder the digestion 
 of albumen.. 
 
 12TH:- The reaction of the contents of small Intestines, 
 
 caecum and the central portion of the colon and rectum, the 
 reaction is variable. When there is constipation, colic or 
 intestinal catarrh, the contents of the entire intestines are 
 acid in consequence of which the absorption of certain prO" 
 ducts is hindered o 
 
 13TH: - Oellulose ferments normally in a horse's Inte-stines, 
 
 producing gases as carburetted hydrogen, " 2, ^2 S» Also or- 
 ganic compounds as phenal, indol and scatol» In case of in- 
 testinal catarrh or colic they are produced in larger quanti- 
 ties absorbed and eliminated with the urine. May cause 
 depa-ession, slowing of the pulse and intoxication. In some 
 cases of colic It has been thought that death was due to this. 
 Normally, food requires from three to four days to pass the 
 whole length of the alimentary canal of a horse. In disease 
 this time may be Increased or lessened. 
 
 GASTRO INTESTINAL GATARRH« 
 
 ETIOLOGY;- By some this is considered the most common disease 
 of the horse and all domestic animals. 
 
 CAUSE:-- Improper food, feeding and watering at Irregular times. 
 Musty oats, mouldy hay, foreign bodies, and Indigestible 
 substances. Poor teeth are also a cause as they will not 
 allow proper mastication. Seen frequently in colts when 
 changing teeth. Over-feeding and sudden change of food as 
 from dry to green and vice versa. Changes of weather and 
 chilling is sometimes a sequel of other diseases, especially 
 where there has been high fever and loss of appetite for some 
 time, as from distemper, pneumonia, influenza or purpura 
 hemorrhagica o The last produces it metestatically» 
 
 alterations:- Redness of gastric m. m. , 1. e.: congestion, A - 
 llttl© swelling. Increase of epithelial cells and of mucous. 
 And the membranes are often covered by glossy tenacious mu- 
 cous, illn more advanced cases the superficial layers of the 
 m. m. may be lost. There is a catarrhal desquamation, the 
 "epithelium being pushed off by swelling, leaving a raw sur- 
 iface covered later by granulation tissue, secreting pus. 
 
(13) 
 
 Later scar tissue is formed. Blood vessels may rupture and 
 cause a hemorrhage. Alterations In the Intestines are simi- 
 lar but there is a tendency tov/ard a localization of the pro- 
 cess, viz: to, the solitary follicle and Preyers patches. 
 Those are swoll&n and project; become red and sometimes a pit 
 or ulcer is formed called solitary ulcer, in contra distinc- 
 tion to those formed on other parts of m. m. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Sometimes hard to recognize in mild cases the only 
 symptom noticed is loss of appetite for food and water. 
 Slight depression, may be a slight fever. Appetite may be 
 fickle, eating one day and not the next. In more serious 
 cases. Increased redness of m. m. , especially of th© eye. 
 Pulse accelerated, slight or continual gaping or yawning in 
 T/hlch the head is extended and the superior lip* is turned 
 up-ward. This almost invariably Indicates irritation of the 
 stomach. A depraved appetite is also frequently noticed. 
 May conmence cribbing and the habit remain permanently ^ When 
 the stomach is overloaded there are also retching movements 
 ■with attempts to vomit. May discharge contents of stomach 
 through the nose as occurs when the stomach is much distended, 
 in v/hich -case it' is not so serious a symptom. In gastric 
 catarrh the ra. m. of the mouth has a furred appearance due to 
 lack of appetite and the cells and mucous are not brushed 
 a"way. Sometimes there is a general sluggishness, loss of 
 ambition, sleepy depressed appearances, light fever, accel- 
 erated pitlse and- respirations. The mouth may be hot and the 
 extremities cold. In catarrh of the intestines symptoms are 
 the same but there is more or less diarrhoea, especially where 
 it extends to the large intestines. Diarrhoea Is character- 
 ized by bad odor of the faeces and is a mixture of mucous and 
 blood. At first faeces are nearly natural but are covered 
 with mucous. This Is folloTued by expulsion of very thin 
 faeces or thick fluid. Diarrhoea becomes more marked and 
 looks like cow dung, later like ■neater. The bad- odor remains 
 with Intermissions as long as the disease lasfc:-s^ Abdomen is 
 small and the horse is said to be "tucked up." The urine is 
 changed in a characteristic manner, the reaction becomes 
 acid, due to excess of acid phosphates- This acid reaction 
 is characteristic. ONLY POUND WHERE ANIMAL PASTS A LONG TII,IE 
 AND IN INTESTINAL CATARRH. (In fever- it is due to lack of 
 food and not to the high temperature). Reason for this acid 
 reaction has as yet not been found. Supposed to be due to 
 acidity of Intestines allowing absorption of more phosphates 
 from the food, so that it is probable that isrhen the Intestines 
 are acid the urine will be acid. 
 
 COURSE:- Variable. In a strong horse, when the cause is removed 
 the disease will disappear in from seven to ten days, but if 
 the cause continues to act it may last for years, and then 
 cannot be cured even If the cause be removed. 
 
(14) 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Is not difficult as there is no other feverless dis- 
 ease tliat follows this course. Y/here the faeces are natural 
 the appetite lost and the animal yawns, the diagnosis is 
 gastric catarrh. 7/here appetite is" nearly normal, faeces 
 soft, urine acid and flank tucked up, we may diagnose intes- 
 tinal catarrh. In the latter disease there is yellov/ color 
 of m. m. of the head, due to svirelling and consequent obstruc- 
 tion of the gaul duct. Bile coloring matter is reabsorbed 
 and stains the tissues. 
 
 !]^REAT11ENT : - Preventive. Avoid the causes, feed good food, if 
 
 the cause.be due to overfeeding don't feed at all for a time. 
 If irregular distribution of blood use massage and exercise. 
 This also stlm.ulates peristalsis. If the animal is weak he 
 should only be lead by the iialter. If the intestines are over 
 filled, empty them by laxatives, not using aloes as it is too 
 irritant. Use small oft repeated doses of glaubersalts, 
 or grs. XLY of calomel every three hours for 3 doses. 
 Tartar Emetic is good as it stimulates peristalsis and this 
 is what is wanted; but in large quantities it is irritant, 
 dose 1 V2 to 2 drams. If the case is acute, and rapid action 
 is desired, eserine may be used. If fermentation or tympa- 
 nitis be present it 'may cause rupture, colic, etc. Check this 
 by stimulating digestion. Hydrochloric acid the best, also 
 V2 ounce of common salt may b® given. If acidity is great 
 give soditim bicarbonate. Where faeces are offensive, use 
 antiseptics, as creolin. Dose 1-2 ounce. Best given as an 
 electuary or a ball- This is a maximum dose. Can also use 
 calomel. This is supposed to be changed to Hg Gl 2. Santonin 
 may also be used as an antiseptic. An ounce may be given 
 without dangerous symptoms resulting. This also has the 
 action of destroying worms and is a good disinfectant. If 
 digestion is weak; use two to three drams of pepsin or hydro- 
 chloric acid. Stomachics such as ginger, gentian, nuxvomica 
 or rhubarb are very useful. Pulverized rhubarb is one of the 
 best remedies and is nice to take and not irritant. If severe 
 diarrhoea is present treat it, for it weakens the animal. 
 If faeces are fluid and due to an irritant, then a purgative 
 Is better than an astringent. Glauber salts or calomel is 
 the best where there is diarrhoea and expulsion of larp'O 
 quantities of faeces, the difficulty may be overcome in some 
 cases by giving clean food and roasted oats or bran. If more 
 • urgent action is required, use tannin 1 to Vs drams, 
 
 sulphate of iron, 1 to 2 drains or plumb iace tat is 1 to l-Vs 
 drams. Even catechu. These may not be strong enough, then 
 use opium, 1 to 2 ounces in the form of the gum. Where 
 catarrh of large intestine and rectum apply these astrin.-ents 
 locally directly into the rectum. 
 
GHROEXai^rsTRO'^^nTrBJSTXfrAX CATARRH^ 
 
 Har^ to distinguish between th© stomach and intestinal 
 tortci as they usually occur together and the symptoms and 
 treatment are about the same. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Same as those of acute when the cause continues to act. 
 There may be a predisposition and then slight causes will pro- 
 duce it. Where there is already congestion of the m. m» m 
 slight irritants are more liable to cause this disease. This 
 congestion occurs on cold damp foggy days more frequently than 
 on warm days. In large stables in damp weather there are 
 many cases of colic, etc, caused by indigestion v,fhich is due 
 to the excessive supply of blood to the m. m. In chronic 
 heaves there is also this congestion , of the gastric and intes- 
 tinal m. m. Also in heart failure it sometimes occurs. 
 Chronic derangement of the liver also predisposes to this 
 disease. Defective teeth and imperfect mastication also pre- 
 disposes to it. In old. horses may be due to an abnormal 
 smoothness of the molars so that food cannot be properly 
 ground. Parasites, if in large numbers, irritate the m. m. 
 and will sometimes cause this disease. Any disease that re- 
 stricts movements of the aninal, checks eating or causes loss 
 of appetite, as rheumatism will also predispose to this 
 disease, 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Much the same as the acute. Redness, swelling and 
 sometimes catarrh, but later there is more connective tissue 
 in the gubmuoosa. This is shown by thickness of gastric walls 
 being hard and tense and when cut there is a grating soun^. 
 lU m, is covered by thick layer of mucous, which may be so 
 excessive as to mix the contents of stomach with it and form 
 a gelatinous mass. This thickness of the gastric walls causes 
 a change in the gastric glands. The thickened connective 
 tissue presses on the glandular walls, gradually causing an 
 atrophy of the same. The activity of the gland is much less 
 and this seriously interferes with digestion, M. m, may be 
 quite thick in spots and there is a piling up gf cells which 
 resembles warts. These alterations are also found in the in- 
 testines- These changes are also seen in the Peyer's patches 
 which cause ulcers to form. The epithelium over the patch 
 is sometimes cast off and the lymphoid tissue becomes necrotic 
 and falls out, thus the intestines may be perforated, causing 
 a fatal peritonitis. 
 
 SYIIPTOMS;- Chronic digestion, appetite fickle, but when worked 
 hard appetite may be fairly good. If the animal is not at 
 work may refuse to eat for several days. General depression 
 horse stupid, loses ambition, sluggish and sometimes develops 
 fit-like symptoms, in which he kicks, lies down, shakes his 
 heaa violently and is nervous and excitable. These symptoms 
 are quite similar to dumbiness, and are therefore called 
 
(16) 
 
 "Stomach Staggers," There are many explanations to thls:- 
 It is thought to be due to the Irritation of the vagus, 
 T7hiGh acts reflexly. This is not true. Another explanation, 
 which is not believed, is that it is due to anaemia from the 
 congestion of the bor/els. ' Dr. Pearson believes it is caused 
 by absorption of the imperfectly digested food which has a^ 
 toxic action on the nervous system. Usually there is a 
 chronic diarrhoea. May be constant or may alternate with 
 constipation. Colic of a mild or violent type may be present. 
 After a long time the animal becomes weak. M. m. pale. Ptilse 
 also •c/eak and may die from inanition. 
 COURSE:- Usually a long one. May last for a month or for years. 
 Y/here the cause can be. removed, animal may recover with but 
 little treatment. After the disease lasts for a long time, 
 even if the cause be removed it can not b© cured as the al- 
 teration of the tissue is too great. 
 TREATJ.ffilTT:- Medical and hygienic. Give nourishing and digestible 
 food. If the animal is an' old one give crushed oats or a 
 quantity of linseed cake. This is quite nourishing. Teeth 
 should be examined and if the system of feeding is wrong It 
 should be rectified. Stimulate digestion with hydrochloric 
 acid, 1 to 2-V2 drams- tv/o hours after feeding. To be given 
 in a bucketful of water. Frequently there is a fermentation 
 in' the stomach v;ith the liberation of lactic and butyric acid, 
 due to a weakness of the gastric juice, v/hich is not strong 
 enough to destroy the ferments. This should be gotten rid of 
 by an emetic, purgative or antiseptics, as carbolic acid, 
 salicylic acid or creolin. Since these cheek digestion, it 
 is better to give hydrochloric acid to digest the ferments or 
 alkalies to neutralize the acid. To stimulate secretion of 
 the stomach give ginger, gentian or anise seed, rhubarb or 
 small doses of aloes, 1 to l--'-/2 drams per day. A v«ry good 
 preparation to stimulate the glands is the Artificial Carls- 
 bad Salts. 
 
 Sodii Sulphas ....'.. 100 parts. 
 
 Sodii Chlor 50 " 
 
 Sodii Bicarb. 10 " 
 
 This is acceptable to the horse and one half ounce three 
 times daily may be given in the food, may be combined with 
 rhubarb. If there is much constipation, more sodium sulphate 
 may be added. Where diarrhoea is present give astringents 
 such as alum, acetate of lead, tannic acid, or opium. If 
 ulceration can be diagnosed, give 15 to 20 grains of nitrate 
 of silver in pill form, which are best made with bread. 
 
' 4^ ~% ■(! 
 
DISEASES OP DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF CATTLE, 
 
 There has been much confusion in regard to these dis- 
 eases. In one text boolc 24 diseases are described, but this 
 is not necessary. In Germany 7 diseases are recognissed by 
 authorities and the others are stages in these diseases. 
 
 1ST:- Gastro-intestjjial catarrh; Acute and chronic; includes 
 most mild diseases of this tract- 
 
 2ITD:" TjTmpanitis; acute and chronic. 
 
 SRd:- Impaction of the Paunch. 
 
 4TH:~ Gastro-intestinal Catarrh of Calves. 
 
 STH:- Traumatic indigestion (Foreign bodies in the stomach)- 
 
 e^Ei" Colic ^ 
 
 7TH:- Gastro-enteritis. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE TRACT OP CATTLE. 
 
 1ST:~ The first three stomachs do not secrete digestive juices 
 and are simply reservoirs. If the functions of these are 
 deranged, the mechanical preparation of the food does not 
 take place, as rumination is then depressed or suppressed. 
 
 2iro:-- Movements of the paunch or rumen are important; it 
 
 should contract twice in a minute thus mixing the food* Pelt 
 by applying the hand over the left flank. 
 
 3RD:- Rumination is important and goes on one hour after meals. 
 Each bolus is chewed 50 seconds by 60 movements of the jaw. 
 When this does not take place the food is not prepared prop" 
 erly as in depression by fever, overwork, driving long dis*- 
 tances or digestive diseases. 
 
 4TK:- Fermentation takes p3.ace in the paunch. Especially 
 
 lactic, alcoholic, butyric, albianinous and cellulose, these 
 seem to be essential to proper digestion of food., If abnormal 
 there is much gas formed and tympanitis is produced. 
 
 5TH:- Function of the 3rd, stomach is to grind the food before 
 it enters the fourth. The m. m, lias a large area and is 
 fitted for absorbing fluids from the food. In disturbance of 
 digestion, food accumulates or stagnates arid becomes dry* 
 This does not point to any disease of the 3rd stomac°h; but is 
 due to loss of function. 
 
 6TH:- Fourth stomach secretes true digestive fluid and here' 
 digestion goes on. If the food is improperly prepared there 
 is gastric catal*rh followed by intestinal catarrh. 
 
 7TH:<*- Second stomach plays an important part in rumination and 
 carries the bolus into the oesophagBal gutter by its contrac- 
 tions. 
 
 8TH:- Ordinarily food remains in digestive tract four days; 
 some of the food may be retained 7 or 8 days; if so, it is 
 most of the time in 1st or 2nd stomach: 
 
1ST: - Stomach lined "by 2 sq. metres m. m. 
 
 2ND:- 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 « 43 " 
 
 II 
 
 K 
 
 srd:- 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 by 5.56" 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 4TH: - 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 " 1.18" 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Small intestines lined by 5.6 sq. metres m. m- 
 Caecum lined by .46 sq. metres m, m. 
 Colon lined by 2.0 sq. metres m. m. 
 
 ACUTE GASTRO- INTESTINAL CATARRH OF CATTLE. 
 
 Includes all the lighter digestive ailments Of cattle, 
 indigestion, etc., etc. May affect a small area; but as the 
 parts are so intimately united it is mostly general and causes 
 gastro-intestinal catarrh. In some cattle, there is a nat- 
 ural or acquired predisposition. In some stables a few 
 animals have it and may be due to bad teeth; -old age, disease 
 or some organic condition. Continued feeding of soft sloppy 
 food, predisposes to it, due to relaxation of the muscular 
 system; peristalsis is depressed; renders digestion imperfect. 
 Too stimulating food such as is used on some dairy farms 
 where animals are fed for milk and fattened for butcher at 
 the same time. Overfeeding, feeding frozen food, as in winter 
 where pasture is covered with frost, ice water, frozen roots, 
 etc. These irritate the digestive tract. Too sudden a change 
 of food, as in spring or fall, changing suddenly to green, 
 succulent food; eating after birth may be a cause. This is 
 thought to be natural by some farmers but it putrifies in the 
 paunch and causes irritation. Feeding old corn fodder, poor 
 straw, or long journeys after feeding, etc. 
 SYIJIPTOMS:- At first lost appetite. May be slightly depressed, 
 slight elevation of temperature, rumination checked, peris- 
 talsis slightly checked; as the disease goes on, these symp- 
 toms become more marked; the appetite then is fickle, will 
 rush up to the manger, will only eat a few mouth-fulls and 
 leave most of the food. Usually a little constipation or 
 diarrhoea. Coat a little stary, back arched legs together. 
 Paunch (left flank) . slightly distended and no peristalsis 
 felt here. If kneaded, it feels like a doughy mass, the 
 fluid is not present in the normal amount. It is not a loose 
 springy feel as in health. Sometimes colicy pains are present, 
 lies down, kicks at the belly, looks around, switches tail 
 with a short jerk. Milk secretion is lessened. Mucous and 
 saliva collects in the mouth. M. m. of the mouth and eye are 
 injected and depression increases. In diarrhoea the faeces 
 have an offensive odor due to fermentation and may be mixed 
 with raucous. Light cases last from five to eight days and 
 then rumination conmences. In convalescence colic disappears 
 and appetite comes back. In more severe oases depression 
 increases. Animal becomes weaker and weaker, lies down and 
 refuses to rise. Emaciation increases and may have hoven 
 (tympanitis). Dies from exhaustion of diarrhoea and lack of 
 food. 
 
(r9) 
 
 DIAGNOSIS!- Not hard, as It closely resembles' no other disease. 
 Localization may be difficult; but is not important. If the 
 appetite continues and diarrhoea be present it is in the 
 intestines. If the opposite be true it is in the stomach. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- If recent it is good- If the animal is down and 
 
 cannot rise, pulse rapid, eye sunken, ete« , it is bad as it 
 is then bordering on gastro-enteritiso 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Similar to other acute catarrhs as in the horse. 
 Redness, swelling, may be loss of superficial layer of m* ra. 
 from the oedema beneath it. The alteration is found in all 
 stomachs and in the intestines. More marked in the rumen 
 where villi are longest (as between the folds in the depres- 
 sion). Reticulum is most resistant. Psalter shows changes. 
 Contents of the third stomach are hard, dry, and stick to 
 ra, m. which peals off, as the m. m. is loosely attached 
 normally. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Depends upon the cause. If from overfeeding, starve 
 from one to three days, give only water or middlings and 
 water. Then small quantities of food, one or two pounds at 
 a time, so it will not stagnate and irritate the m. m., Lack 
 of peristalsis should be stimulated by kneading with the hand. 
 Very important. Remove stagnated food by giving hydrochloric 
 acid 2 1/2 drams in a bucketful of water- This will alTSO 
 stiimzlate digestion and peristalsis. Epsom Salts, 1 /2 
 pounds will act similarly; may be divided into three doses. 
 One halt pound given every three hours in linseed tea. This 
 is a protective and lessens the irritation of the salt, as a 
 specific, almost, for the depressed peristalsis give Tartar 
 Emetic 2 •'•/g to 4 drams. May be the only remedy necessary to 
 give* Best given in linseed tea or water- Eserine is rec- 
 ommended 2 to 6 grains* Also Veratrlne 3 to 4 drams. Con- 
 stipation may not be present. If diarrhoea exists, give 
 astringents same as for a horse. Treatment is more directed 
 against the loss of fiinction and then the disease cures 
 itself. Is usually not hard to cure. 
 
 CHRONIC GASTRO -INTESTINAL CATARRH OP CATTLE OR B.IPACTIOIT 
 
 OP THE THIRD STOMACH. 
 
 The Psalter has dry, almost powdered food in it. M. m. 
 is loose and comes off, as a result of catarrh in other parts. 
 Impaction may be safely diagnosed as it occurs in all these 
 catarrhs and can be shown to the owner on post mortem and is 
 used by many as a convincing argument. 
 CAUSE:- Same influences as the acute^. If the irritant is contin- 
 ued or improper treatment of the acute, it will cause the 
 chronic form. Also chronic lesions in the mouth or throat, 
 that check rumination, as lumpy jaw, diseases of the teeth, 
 etc. In peritonitis, peristalsis is checked, due to 
 
(20) 
 
 attachment of the walls of the abdomen, It is also checked by 
 Tuberculosis (pearl disease). The bronchial and mediastinal 
 l^rniph glands are enlarged and press on oesophagus and rtimina- 
 tion is prevented, and consequently food is improperly masti- 
 cated; also improper or deranged circulation in the m. m. of 
 the stomach or intestines; chronic diseases of the liver, 
 lungs or heart that interfere with circulation will also cause 
 it. Cows in advanced pregnancy are predisposed to it, due to 
 the uterus bearing down on the stomach and thus hJ.ndering di- 
 gestion. 
 
 SB.iPTOMS:- Similar to the acute form, not so urgent and comes on 
 gradually. Appetite is fickle, eats iinnatural food or not at 
 all. Animal is thin, skin harsh, hair dry and stary, hide 
 bound and weak, disinclined to move, may moan, especially if 
 forced to move. Mouth hot and filled with mucous and far 
 (white) on sides of tongue. M. m. of the eye is injected, 
 slight elevation of temperature. Peristalsis depressed and 
 usually constipated. (May have diarrhoea). Hard dark balls 
 covered with mucous. If there is diarrhoea it has bad odor. 
 Distention in the paunch with gas due to fermentation. Animal 
 gets weak and depressed and v/hen struck with v/hip will show 
 no pain. Eyes are sunken, anxious look, lies down and death 
 usually follows. If the sj^nptoms are more mild it may im- 
 prove and in a- f evT weeks the cow is again in good heal,th. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Same as in horses. Red patches and in stripes. 
 Glarey mucous, thickened oedeniatious, epithelium lost in 
 places and may eve-n have an ulcer. M. m. of third stomach is 
 very loose and easy to remove. Red color found in patches or 
 may even be seen on outside of the intestines. In places m. 
 m. becomes thick from newly forfaed connective tissue. In 
 violent cases the inflanmation extends from m. m. to the walls 
 and may cause enteritis, gastritis or even peritonitis. Gall 
 bladder is filled with thick dark gall. Liver is congested. 
 May be a secondary congestion of lungs and kidneys. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Hard to make, as sj^nptpms are drawn out and little 
 
 marked. There is loss of appetite and emaciation. In enter- 
 itis we have high temperature, pain on pressure, almost any 
 movement will cause pain. Tympanitis is not constant in gas- 
 tro intestinal catarrh and is rarely urgent. But in tympani- 
 tis this distention is the most marked symptom. In tubercu- 
 losis there is rarely depression and no loss of -appetite, but 
 may be present together. Best to use tuberculin. 
 
 prognosis:- Depends on violence of the cause and age of the dis- 
 ease» If it has lasted two or three weeks without treatment, 
 especially if diarrhoea is present, prognosis is bad. But in 
 the early stages, where the cause can be removed it is good. 
 If there is no fever and the prognosis be bad we can kill the 
 animal to save the meat. 
 
(21) 
 
 TR£AT!£ENT:- Give same remedies as in acute form; hydrochloric acid 
 two drams several times dally in a bucketful of water. Gases 
 that are net urgent and have lasted a long while Carlsbad 
 salts will be found very useful. V/ell to add 8 parts of 
 tartar emetic to the mixture and r^ve /2 ounce in each feed 
 or two to three ounces as a drench (best). To establish peris 
 peristalsis use veratrine, eserlne or tartar emetic. To over- 
 come the constipation use Carlsbad salts, tartar emetic, ol. 
 riclni, ol. linl or ol. tlglii 20 drops to one pint of castor 
 oil. Grive large quantities of water as the contents of the 
 stomach are usually vary dry. This will soften contents and 
 ¥;ash off the mucous. May be given as a drench. Sometimes it 
 is T'ell to introduce by a canula, directly into the paunch 
 tha-'ough th2 abdominal rails. As much as 60 quarts have been 
 in.lected. A weak sol-ation of hydrochloric acid or sodi iJm 
 sulphxate may be used. There is little danger of peritonitis 
 in COT/ as she is not very susceptible. Slightly more so than 
 in a dog. Dont use a canula with a slit in the side, as this 
 nay lead fluid into the peritoneal cavity and cause periton- 
 . itis. Kneading the paunch is of great value and irapor-tance. 
 If this does not do, you may perform la-jiiinotomy. Make an in- 
 cision into the left flank or rumen; feed milk drenches and 
 little solid food. In a fev/ days recovery is complete. 
 
 HOVSN: acute TYI'-IPAITITIS OP RUMINANTS. 
 
 Rumen is distended to such an extent as to infringe on 
 the. diaphragm, impairing respiration and may cause death. 
 It is distinguished from Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh in that it 
 is acute and may d.evelop in ^/2 hour. It always occurs sud- 
 denly. Death may follow in one hour. One or all the animals 
 in a herd may be affected. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Due to large masses of food in the stomach, which fer- 
 ments and liberates gases. YiHien turned out in the spring the 
 succulent grass which the animals eat may cause it. Clover is 
 worse than grass. The richer the food is in albujnen the 
 greater the danger. Spoiled food as mouldy hay, beans, es- 
 pecially mouldy cot'ton seed meal. Occurs in calves from. fer- 
 mentation of milk or swallowing air in suckling and \rlll look 
 like a four legged balloon. May occur from rupture of oesoph- 
 agus, also from obstruction of the stomach. 
 
 AiTERATIONS : - Distention of the stomach with gas and fermented 
 food causing pressure on the other organs kills bv asphyxia 
 Lungs dark red and full of blood. Right heart distended and 
 full of blood which does not coagulate roadily when exposed. 
 
(22) 
 
 SB,1PT0MS:- Most pronoiiiiced is the distention of left flank. En- 
 tire left and even riglat side is bloated; animal is quiet, 
 legs spread apart on account of dyspnoea; breathes rapidly, 
 mouth v/ide open, tongue out, nostrils dilated, eyeballs bulged 
 out, also anUs protruding, defecates and mixturates; m. m. 
 red and later bluish, pulse rapid and feeble. Respirations 
 costal and rapid; animal staggers, falls and dies in convui- 
 ■ sions. Gas may be expelled by the mouth or through other 
 openings. It may disappear in a few hours. Runs an acute 
 course, and death or recovery results in a very short time. 
 
 PROGNQSIS:- Pavorable if seen early; if seen late it is doubtful. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Prophylactic and preventive; get rid of gas and pre- 
 vent more from formings Exercise the animal. Knead the 
 paunch and stimulate peristalsis- Feed on digestible food and 
 do not make too sudden a change. Turn out often and for a 
 short time only in the spring until animal becomes accustomed 
 to the change. Remove the gas; best 7/ay is to grasp the 
 tongue and hold it out, saliva will be formed and swallowed 
 from the champing of the jaws. The oesophagus is thus open 
 and gas can escape, or tie a rope in the mouth like a bit, and 
 fasten it to the horns; she will ehew the rope and saliva will 
 be formed; this has the same action as the above. If she will 
 not chew the rope anoint it with some disagreeable substance 
 as cow dung or axle grease, etc Knead the walls of the abdo- 
 men isfith the hands by pressing upward and removing the hand 
 suddenly. Do not confine the kneading to one part, but the 
 whole rumen. This is good treatment, as when the paunch is 
 distended there is pressure on the. vessels of the rumen, and 
 when blood is shut off it cannot, contract. Kneading estab- 
 lishes peristalsis by starting circulation and thus relieving 
 • pressure on inside of riuiaen, by pressure on the outside. This 
 allows blood to enter the area. Medicine sometimes does good; 
 avoid the following:- "Those having a lasting and bad taste, 
 viz: Petroleuin, asafoetida, aether, chloroform and camphor. 
 These Impart a bad taste and so prevent rum.ination. " 
 Give ammonia and alcohol: they have a rapid effect and are 
 best. Alcohol ^ /2 to 1 pint. This is too large a dose to. be 
 given at other times, but here absorption does not take place 
 so rapidly. Spts. ammon. arom. 2 to 6 ounces may be given. 
 Aquae calciSj chalk, etc. , were formerly given to neutralize 
 the gases but these do not act same here as in a glass bottle. 
 They sink to the bottom of the stomach as there is no peris- 
 talsis. Use great care in giving medicine, as the larynx is 
 wide open due to the dyspnoea. If the patient coughs, lower 
 the head immediately. It is not well to wait for medicine to 
 act, best to use trocar or probang, but the latter is larr^e 
 and usually not at hand when wanted,- and as there is already 
 difficulty in breathing the probang makes this condition 
 •' worse and may even be fatal. Food also passes into it and 
 

(23) 
 
 clogs it up so the stllette must be used.^ Ti-ocar is ■simple, 
 effective and not danserous. Should be pass^ect into left flank 
 middle of ti-iangle formed by the ver-tebrae^ i^l'bs and external 
 angle of ilium: if too hi-':h mi^ht strike the kidneys J it may 
 be passed betu^een last two ribs but the former is the better* 
 Do not use trocar with a silt in it. Should be /S to A , , 
 inch in diameter. Allow it to remain for sometime j 2 to 2- /2 
 hours as gas will continue to form. In horse it must be x'q- 
 moved immediately but may bs Inserted again in a nev place j so 
 as not to distend the old puncture and allov/ food td pass out 
 after trocar is removed. Do not allow gas to escape too rap- 
 idly, as the abdominal organs and lu.ngs are comparatively 
 bloodless and much blood in brain and chord. If pressure is 
 relieved too quickly, blood will leave those parts too quickly 
 and cause anaemia of brain and de'atho Stop off gas occasion- 
 ally v/lth finger and allow circulation to establish itself 
 slowly. If no trocar at hand, butcher knife may be used, and 
 turned slightly after incision is m.ade. This is not alv/ays 
 satisfactory and is more dangerous, as death has been known 
 to follow. Sheep may also be affected with hoven. The whole 
 flock may suffer and die from asphyxia. This is serious in 
 sheep as they are very delicate, so the prognosis is v/orse 
 than in cow or horse, 
 TREATMENT:- They should be driven and if possible into a cold 
 
 stream. This will stimulate peristalsis reflexly. If only a 
 fev; are affected tliey can be treated the same as in cattle. 
 Give alcohol, aromatic spirits of ammonia, veratrine, or 
 puncture, .Hyposulphite of soda 2 drams at a doso is useful^ 
 
 CflRONIC- TYl.'iPAl\^ITIS , 
 
 Symptoms come on slowly. Well marked and rarely threaten 
 life. Paunch may be continually distended due to Gastro-In- 
 testinal Catarrh. As there is stagnation of food and fermen- 
 tation but usually gases are removed as fast as formed. 
 Seen especially v^here there is a slight indigestion in addi- 
 tion to the gastro-intestinal catarrh as from overwork or 
 injudicious feeding. Also occurs in tuberculosis with en- 
 larged mediastinal Ij^mph glands. The gas cannot pass out from 
 the oesophagus and mouth, this is frequently seen"^ in old cases. 
 Cow emaciated and having frequent attacks of tyinpanitis should* 
 be examined for tuberculosis. In pearl disease the rumen is 
 often fastened to the abdominal vjalls. This prevents peristal* 
 sis and hence stagnation. Toreign bodies in the stomach as 
 hair balls, nails, etc, often cause it. 
 PROGNOSIS;- Depends upon the cause. If from gastro-intestinal 
 
 catarrh prognosis is made from this disease. If tuberculosis 
 it is unfavorable. If the cause cannoo be found v;e suspect 
 foreign body in the stomach and prqgnosis is necessarilv un- 
 favorable-, 
 
(24.) 
 
 TREATKIENT:- Remove the cause. If foreign body must be removed t>y 
 an operation. The most important part in treatment of chronic 
 tympanitis is the removal of the cause. :iassage, hydrochloric 
 acid and carlsbad salts with rhubarb is good. When there is 
 neither tuberculosis or gastro-intestinal catarrh, suspect a 
 foreign body in the stomach. Operate and remove by rumeno- 
 tomy. Regulate diet-, rrive digestible food and plenty of vater, 
 
 IMPACTION 0? THE RULIEN. 
 
 SYlTONYi-lS : - Mawbound, Over-eating, Grain-siclc. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Due to eating excessive' quantities of food and is rath- 
 er frequent. Any kind of food may cause it, as ensilage, 
 grain and even good hay; hunger is a predisposing cause. 
 
 SYlvlPTOMS:- Loss of appetite, food ^ili not be noticed. Light 
 
 colicy pains, uneasiness, kicking and drawing hind feet for- 
 •tvard. Looking ciround at side, sT.7itching tail, constipation 
 hard, black balls of faeces. Abdomen on left side is large 
 and palpation of rumen yields a doughy mass- Pits on pressure 
 '.vhich remains for some time, sho'^ing lack of peristalsis and 
 presence of solid food. Hay be difficulty in ST7allo\ving and 
 saliva may drip from m.outh. TyiTipanitis may be present as a 
 secondary symptom. Diagnosed sometimes by rectal examination, 
 when doughy mass can be felt. Temperatv-re not elevated. M. 
 m. congested. Eyes have an anxious expression. Little dys- 
 pnoea. Pulse rapid. Animal always lies d07/n on the right 
 side . 
 
 COURSE:- Varies depending upon digestibility of the food. May 
 get well spontaneously. Paeces become softer and the diar- 
 rhoea may cure the disease. If animal dies, it is either from 
 asphyxia or exhaustion. 
 
 diagnosed:- Rather easy; distinguished from tympanitis, in that 
 it is the 1st si'mptom noticed, while in impaction it is sec- 
 ondary. Diagnosed from gastro-intestinal catarrh by the his- 
 tory and by palpating the rumen which is not doughy and comes 
 on more sloT/ly. 
 
 In oxen, inguinal hernia resembles it: there is colic 
 and peristalsis is paralyzed. Ey rectal examination the 
 intestines can be felt in the inguinal canal. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Starve for 2 to 3 days. Exercise, massage and light 
 stimulants as alcohol. In more severe cases give a purre 
 sodii sulph. lb. l*--^/2 and tartar emetic one half (■^//ij'^ounce, 
 dissolve /s in water and give as a drench, the other ^/s at 
 intervals of 3 hours. V/here much depression give alcohol, 
 spts. ammon. arom- , tr. veratrine, grs. 2 to 3, eserine grs. 
 l--^/2 to 2. If these drugs are not effective, perform ruxien- 
 otoray and remove contents of rumen. This operation is neither 
 dangerous nor difficult, but the results are not always good. 
 DO not defer the operation until the animal is too much de- 
 pressed. 
 
(25) 
 
 OPERATION FOR RUIffiNOTOMY. 
 
 Hot necessary to cast animal but stand v/ith right side 
 against a T-Tall, so that hind quartesis are at end of the v/all 
 around which the tail can be pvilled. Have one man at the 
 hips and one at shoulder to press cot; against the -jail. The 
 middle of the triangle should be thoroughly cleansed with soap 
 and water and then disinfected with hydrochloric acid. Gilp 
 the hair in a vertical strip 2 in. wide and 5 in- long. Make 
 a vertical incision commencing. at point where trocar is intro- 
 duced and made downward aboiit 5 in. long. Three stitches 
 should be taken to unite the skin and rumen after the incision 
 • has been made so no food will get into abdominal cavity. Then 
 an aseptic towel is placed around the edges of the wound and 
 contents removed with hand. Close the opening by three sets 
 of sutures, sev/ the walls of the rumen with -cat gut so that 
 
 peritoneal walls come together — ~^:^~^ ^^ ^ -■' ' ■ — in this manner, 
 as it heals more readily; 6 to 8 sutures are sufficient. Then 
 the abdominal muscles are stitched with cat gut. The- skin may 
 then be closed by pins or cat gut.. The results of this opera- 
 tion are tisually good, but paunch may tmite to the walls at 
 this point and so hinder peristalsis: if so the animal will 
 never do -^ell and had better be destroyed. 
 
 SCOURS. 
 
 GASTRO - IHTESTIN-\L CATAR Rj:I....p.Il, CAIiVES . 
 
 Fecessary to treat separately because often confoimded 
 with contagious dysentery. It is of v/ide distribution and of 
 frequent occtirrence. 
 ETIOLOGY:- Variety of causes traced to improper feeding or care; 
 also weakness of the dam. Chronic digestive disturbances as 
 occur in Tuberculosis, Hoven and Catarrh, milk becomes so 
 altered as to cause Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh of calves. ' In 
 chronic disturbance of nutrition the milk is changed and the 
 calf suffers. Feeding cows on too highly nitrogenous food 
 will alter the milk and is less digestible. Damaged ensilage 
 will also cause scours in calves, also milk that is too rich 
 in fats as seen in Jersey herds, so the calve.s are often piit 
 with common ordd coWs. If milk contains too much casein,* 
 albxmien or if cow has 'been given medicines as ethereal oils, 
 they are excreted in the milk. Excessive exercise of the dam 
 will also cause milk to be indigestible, especially in hot 
 weather. These points are important in milk inspection. Many 
 other causes damage milk which cannot oe detected by tlie usual 
 .mode of inspection. To be- of any use t'le heici should be in- 
 spected as \7ell as the milk. Another conmon cause is wrong 
 
(26) 
 
 management of calves; allowing them to nurse but tv/loe or 
 three times a day and then overfill their stomachs. Calves 
 should be fed. at short intervals. Another cause is nursing in 
 winter when the udder is cold, (cow beine out in the cold 
 supposed to cause it), also cold damp stalls, etc. The only 
 organ used by a calf to any extent is that of digestion and sa 
 where it is chilled almost always the digestive tract is af- 
 fected as these are the parts that are worked most and these 
 are often affected. Most of the above causes operate before 
 weaning. Retention of the meconium irritate this tract and 
 cause scours. During teething chewing is painful. Parasites 
 in the intestines in some cases. Calf may be born v;ith weak ^ 
 * digestive tract and the least excitinf^ cause will produce it. '• 
 In such cases best not to raise calf as it will always be un- 
 thrifty. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Same as in cattle. In mild cases the alterations 
 
 are not in proportion to the symptoms. Congestion causes paiix. 
 but after death the congestion disappears. Stomach may con- 
 tain hard, curdling mass (In calves the 4th stomach is the 
 largest). M. m. is red and somewhat thickened due to the 
 oedema. Epithelium may peal off and small ulcers may be 
 formed. Usually the mesenteric lymph glands are considerably 
 enlarged and softened, of a pale pink or yellowish color- 
 
 SY!,!PTOMS:- Diarrhoea comes on suddenly; loss of spirit and' vital- 
 ity, depressed appetite. Temperature may 'be slightly elevate^ 
 but not until late. Respirations a little accelerated and 
 pulse rapid. .Diari-hoea consist of dark., mushy faeces of an 
 unpleasant odor and becomes thin as molasses. It may become . -^ 
 as thin as water and cause hair of tail and esciitcheon -to drop I 
 out. Calf gets thin and weak, faeces contain mucous and 
 blood. .Calf shows abdominal pain, feet drawn together and 
 bpck arched, head is hung and lies dovm often. ■ Frequently 
 tympanitis is seen on both sides of abdomen showing that 
 trouble is in the intestines. Disease sometimes reaches a 
 certain stage and remains so for several days and is then said 
 to run a chronic course; cause of death is prostration result- 
 ing from the diarrhoea. Catarrhal. Pneumonia may complicate 
 and cause death. 
 
 PROGlTOSIS:- Depends upon cause and if this can be removed, if not 
 too far advanced, is good. 
 
 TREATimiT:- 1st directed toward the food. It must be of the 
 
 best, should be given in small quantities at short intervals. 
 Warm pen and clean straw. Medicine is of secondary importance 
 but is useful. Lest put calf on another cow if cause cannot • 
 be discovered. Meal and bran roasted until brown mixed into 
 a mash or drench or given v^ith boiled milk is good. Strong 
 coffee is of value. Raw eggs without the shell should be 
 given. Give chalk instead of the shells. Eec-in with a lax- 
 ative to remove the irritant from the intestines, i. s. oi. 
 
,(27) 
 
 ricajai^ ' Por a calf from a few days old to six weelLs may give 
 1 ^/2 to 3 Otmces. Spsom salts or linseed oil may 'be given iji 
 a slightly larger dose than the castor oil. IThen fermentation, 
 is going on give sodii bi-carbonate, chalk or lime water as 4 
 drencho Where faeces have bad odor give creosote gtts» 3 tg 5, 
 Greolin gtt5« 15 to 1 dram. T-i;?ice daily indefinitely. If 
 mach weakness due to the diarrhoea, give giom opium grs. 3 tp 
 15 after the oil and after this po-'j/dered rhubarb root 30 to 60 
 grso This TJill also assist digestion.. Use brandy as it is 
 stimulating and constipating. If much pain a thin mustard 
 plaster over the abdomen is good as it Y/ards off serious in- 
 flamraation= 
 
 TRAmiAillG GASTRITIS; 
 
 SYHONYIAS : - Gastric disturbaiices caused by foreign bodies in the 
 stomach; Traumatic indigestion. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- If bodies are sharp they often pass into the perleai"- 
 dium. and cause pericarditis^ Trautiiatic indigestion precedes 
 this disease. 
 
 Foreign bodies are divided into three- groups, viz: 
 1st 5 Blunt bodies such as stones, hair, etc, 2nd, Sharp 
 bodies of such a nature as not to penetrate far, as nails, 
 screws, etci- and can only go a certain distance to the head» 
 3rd, Sharp bodies as pins, needles, etc. that can pass throi^^ 
 into the heart. Bodies from any of these classes are fre- 
 quently found in a cow's stomach as she has such an awkv/ard 
 way of taking food into the mouth by the tongue^ It is not 
 chfiv/ed before s'i7allowing even if fed artif iclally;. Tongue and 
 lips have hard and insensible m^ m. and so the covy does not 
 discover foreign bodies in the food. (Rare to' find these 
 bodies in the stoxnachs of other animals). This disease is 
 more frequently seen in Germ.any where cattle are tended by 
 women as they have hair pins, pins, etc. about them which are 
 liable to be dropped into the food. Also where cattle have a 
 long trough in front of them the body is pushed along till it 
 reaches the end of the trough and is eaten by the cow at that 
 place. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Depend upon the nature of the body and the extent of 
 the mutilation. If round and blunt as leather, stone, etc. 
 it simply irritates the m. m., and causes catarrh. If of ," the 
 second class it penetrates the m. m. from pressure of fopd 
 and peristalsis and passes deeper into the walls until it can 
 go no farther. There it remains and acts as a continual irri- 
 tant. It most frequently lies In the lower part of the stom- 
 ach on account of gravitation* Yfells of second stomach are 
 lined by a honey comb m. m. and the ridges are one. half inch 
 hi/^h and the forei.n;n body is caught In thR -FniricT m- r^^-.r r.o- 
 
(28). 
 
 boundsa belo-v? "Dy the abdomen. Above on paunch, behind by the 
 fourth stOinach. In front by the diaphracm. Fibrin is between 
 the second stomach and diaphragm in old anirjials as sho-^m in 
 autopsies and may find an opening made by the foreign body 
 Into the thorax. Peritonitis may spread and extend over the 
 whole diaphragm. The foreign body is sharp passes into the 
 • ■ thorax, lung, and pericardium as the apex of the heart is only 
 from one half to one inch from the diaphragiii- It m.ay pass to 
 ■,..■,,,, the abdominal vail and form an abscess, or it may enter the 
 pectoral muscles and escape in that "^vay. 
 
 SY^rlPTOMS:- Depend upon the nature of the body. Blunt bodies that 
 do not cut cause chror^i-c gastro-intestinal catarrh and cannot 
 be distinguished from it. They first cause gastric and then 
 intestinal catarrh from poor preparation of food. Sharp bod- 
 ies at first cause indigestion u-ith more or less pain, depres- 
 sion of peristalsis. Loss of appetite, colicy pains, trending 
 of hind legs and the usual colicy s^onptoms, due to pain from 
 the passage of foreign body through the walls of the stomach. 
 If the body is large and causes large area of inflamm.ation 
 then 'there is decided loss of appetite and sluggishness of 
 the animal. If the body is small the digestive disturbances 
 are not so marked, as the area of inflamm.ation is small and 
 the appetite remains about normal but after the body reaches 
 the diaphragmi there is a short hacking cough. Pressure at the 
 zyphoid cartilage causes pain. May be pain about the attach- 
 ment of the diaphragm due to extension from the point of irri- 
 tation to the attaclTfient. Almost diagnostic v/hen found. As 
 the body passes forward there is more coughing, rapid breath- 
 ing, which may be shallo\Y and the animal may have pleurisy. 
 Disinclination to move, back arched, feet close together, 
 temiperature slightly elevated, animal does not lie down, pain 
 on defecation as the contraction of the abdominal m.uscle 
 presses on the painful diapliragm and motion is restricted 
 causing constipation- Later heart sym.ptoms come on as 
 described under traumatic pericarditis. 
 
 Differential diagnosis from gastro-intestinal catarrh 
 is that it comes on slov/ly while this comes on suddenly and 
 there is great pain over the second stomach. Hay resemble 
 tuberculosis as there is coughxng and emaciation. If crepit- 
 ant and sibilant ralesare are heard and enlarged glands are 
 found it Is probably tuberculosis as we also have lung symp- 
 toms first preceded by emaciation but in this disease we have 
 loss of appetite and indigestion first followed by the lung 
 s ymp t oms . 
 
 TREATltENT:- Slaughter and save the besf or may perform rumenotomy 
 and try to remove the foreign body. The body may pass only 
 for a short distance and fall back into the stomach, lie there 
 and do no harm or may afterwards start another injury. Has 
 even been known to pass out through the intestines. It is 
 claimed that r\imenotom.y relieves one half the cases. 
 
(29) 
 
 GASTRO-INTESTIHAL CATARRH OP GARNIVORA. 
 
 It is rather frequent and its most eoramon ^cause is over 
 loading' of the stomach. Animal should be fed twice daily 
 and pet dogs three times- By feeding only once daily the 
 stomach is over loaded and if he cannot digest it, it is omit- 
 ted without causing much nausea. This prevents frequent 
 attacks of gastro-intestinal catarrh. Indigestible substances 
 as candy, ice cream, etc., are causes. May be due .to chilling 
 distemper, parasites, gastric ulcer and sometimes from gastric 
 disturbances of nutrition and too much blood in the intestinal 
 ra. m. 
 
 SYIvIPTOMS : - Over filling the stomach. Dejected, ill at ease, then 
 appetite is lost. Drinks but little, slight frothing at the 
 mouth or cords of saliva hanging from the mouth. Gets up and 
 lies do7,'n, especially on his belly. May be an impaction of 
 gas, the animal then gulps- Plead down, and the contents of 
 the stomach is discharged. SoraStlmes does not vomit, then the 
 m. m. is irritated. Is easy to diagnose in dog as he car. 
 vomit and is subject to diarrhoea v/hich is not the case in a 
 horse. Vomiting, is the most constant symptom but not charae- 
 terlstlc as the animal may vomit from obstruction of the 
 oesophagus or intestines, parasites, peritonitis, frights, 
 gastric ulcer, excessive coughing as in bronchitis, which is 
 due to irritation of the faeces. \Vliere dog vomits after each 
 meal it is apt to be gastric catarrh. Odor slightly sour. 
 Vomited food is just like v/hen eaten, later it may contain 
 mucous or blood a.nd in bad cases bile stains the vomit yellow. 
 Depression of appetite, rapid pulse, warm nose, offensive 
 breath, slight pain over stomach (not constant)-- Intestinal 
 catarrh is somewhat similar. Usually depression of appetite, 
 pain on pressure over intestines. Diarrhoea not always pres- 
 ent. In old chronic cases often violent constipation. Very 
 bad odor to faeces- Voided frequently and tall becomes soiled- 
 Slight pain on defecation , (tenesums) . Faeces mixed with a 
 little- blood-, bile or- pus. Bile duct may be occluded and 
 faeces then become white and there is considerable jaundice. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- In acute eases it is good unless animal is weak from 
 other diseases. In chronic cases prognosis should be made 
 with caution as it is usually unfavorable. 
 
 TREATMENT:- First free the stomach and intestines from stagnant 
 food by an emetic, purge or both. Most emetics are depress- 
 ants but apomorphine depresses as little as any and is best. 
 /lOO to /lO of a grain or tliree to ten millograms in solu.- 
 tion hypodermically. Veratrine ^/2 to 3 or 4 grains ov mus- 
 tard ipecac 5 to 30 grs. Tartar emetic, zinc sulphate", or 
 cupric sulphate should not be used as they are too depressant. 
 As a purge castor oil or syrup of buckthorn fl^Qr^ rmr.^ ov,^ «,.,„ 
 
(30) 
 
 be given together. Calomel may also be used /s of grain 
 every two hours. Give six doses* After this feed carefully. 
 Best of food. Raw., finely chopped beef in small quantities. 
 Milk is not so good as beef= Give for two or three days then 
 other feed may be givBn« During this time give hydrochloric, 
 acid, pepsin or tincture of gentian. May give them together. 
 Tincture. of nuxvomicae, quinine or tincture of rhubarb are 
 also good where there is constipation. If much diarrhoea, 
 give astringents and soothing substances as bismuth grains 
 five to fifteen with 2 to 3 gtts. of creolin or carbolic acid 
 3 to 5 gtts. If necessary opium may be given but it causes 
 obstinate constipation. Argentic nitrate in pills made of 
 bread is useful especially if ulcers are suspected and very 
 old cases. Make rectal injections of tannin, alum, sugar of 
 lead or argentic nitrate 1 to 2.%, These are of especial value 
 where tenesmus is presents Of obstinate vomiting, give ice 
 pills, potassium bromide, cocaine, creolin or carbolic acid. 
 Calomel is good where the faeces have a bad odor, it is a good 
 disinfectant to the alimentary tract. Also naphtholine grs. 
 5 to 30 is used for the same purpose.. Give brandy or claret 
 for its stimulating and astringent action. Good nutritious 
 food as raw eggs, or meat, bread and boiled milk. 
 
 CQNSTIPATIO¥. 
 
 May be a symptom or a disease. In old horses and dogs 
 the bowels are loose, their tone and peristalsis is depressed 
 and we have obstinate constipation. May also be due to 
 Indigestible foods as bread in too large quantities, vpge- 
 tables or much mush especially when made of corn meal. Bones 
 and dry foods lead to constipation. May be due to mechanical 
 obstructions. Due to foreign bodies as bone, strictures from 
 scar tissue or hard faeces. In large prostates pressing on 
 the rectum, .collection of pus in anal gland or hemmorhoids 
 will cause it. In old dogs constipation may be habitual. The' 
 rectum is enlarged and hard masses 'collect here which is too 
 large to pass out of the anu,-s,' May be due to 'diminished se- 
 cretions of mucous membrane of stomach and bowels as in high 
 fevers and chronic gastro«d.ntestinal catarrh and where m. m. 
 is replaced by scar tissue. In liver disease bile acts as a 
 laxative and inactivity of the liver causes constipation from 
 lack of bile. In peritonitis and entex'itls all movements 
 are painful and as the dog does not exercise he becomes con- 
 stlpated- 
 SYMPTOMS:- Characteristic when advanced, not so in acute cases as 
 we cannot watch dog continually and so do not know the nature 
 of the faeces. In horse with constipation we usually have 
 colicy pains but in dog he may pass no faeces for days and yet 
 
(31) 
 
 defecate, but do not succeed yet siu^vs much pain. Aniraal 
 hovels and runs a long distance from the pain which it causes. 
 If successful in defecating the faeces v/ill be hard. May be 
 covered vJith mucous, blood, pus, or may be white from the ab- 
 sence of bile. By palpating the abdomen we may feel a hard 
 body as a sausage like mass from the anus forward. Rectal 
 examination reveals a hard mass of faec«,s. Anus red and pain- 
 ful to pressure. Sometimes when of long standing rectal exam- 
 ' ination will show nothing as the hard mass is farther forward. 
 Peristalsis may or may not continue. If obstruction is com- 
 plete the animal may vomit .and the ejecta have- a slight odor 
 of faeces. Carries tail high and has a straddling gait. This 
 may last from a few days to six weeks and cause death- from en- 
 teritis or necrosis of the wall of the intestine, may cause 
 peritonitis. A stricture may be formed at the point of 
 obstruction due' to irritation and scar tissue formation. 
 
 PROeNOSIS:- Usually good but in dogs may be bad. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Is easy if there is a good history. But in starvation 
 he passes no faeces. Do not m.istake starvation for this dis- 
 ease. 
 
 TPJBATMENT : - Is divided into three classes, viz: 
 
 1st, Dietetic, 2nd, Mechailical, and 3rd, Medicinal. If 
 has lasted several days give no food for a fev/ days but plenty 
 of water, milk, eggs and plenty of finely chopped meat. , 
 
 2nd, Give injections of large quantities of vrarm water 
 as it softens the faeces. Later may use cold water to soothe 
 the intestines and relieve the heat. Also to stimulate per- 
 istalsis. It may be necessary to use large quantities of warm 
 water. Glycerine may also be used as an injection and is 
 claimed to be very good, but is no better than water except it 
 lubricates the v/alls of the anus and rectum. Exercise is very 
 important in habitual constipation and massage should be used. 
 By making a digital examination a piece of bone may be fovmd. 
 In obstinate constipation- always make a digital examination. 
 
 3rd, CATHARTICS. Castor oil is best as it does not 
 irritate; 1 dram to 2 oz. accordirj/: to the size of the dog. 
 Calomel is non irritating; grs. ^/e repeated several times'. 
 Or may give 4 or 5 grs. 'at one dose. If these do not act may 
 use croton oil but it is irritant and violent. Give gtts. 
 1 to 5 with castor oil. (Always with castor oil and never 
 alone). Never use croton oil if there is irritation or in- 
 flamiiiiation of intestines or stomach. Eserine is sometimes 
 used grs. V40 to V20 subcutaneously. After treatment, is 
 exercise and proper food. 
 
(32) 
 
 PORfiIGN BODIES IN INTESTINES OR STOMACH. 
 
 Dogs sometimes swallow for*eign bodies. Like cows they 
 .swallow bodies intentionally. The bad effects depend upon 
 the body and where it lodges. Seen especially in house dogs 
 that carry things in their mouths as pins, needles, balls, 
 etc. May remain in stomach and do no harm or pass out through 
 abdominal v/alls and cause no bad results. Case on record 
 Where a dog swallowed a needle and tv/elve years later died. 
 Neither stomach nor needle v;ere -injured. These bodies may 
 lodge at the pylorus causing irritation, obstruction and 
 death. If the body becomes lodged there v/ill constipation be 
 first, fever, loss of appetite more or less vomiting, having 
 
 ' odor of faeces. The obstruction may be located as a hard 
 
 knot by palpation. Sensative to pressure. May get a clear 
 history of having swallc^ed a body but these histories are 
 often false. Where the body lodges in the stomach or intes- 
 tines it usually produces necrosis, suppurative perotoritis 
 and death. In old cases the body may remain in the intestines 
 for months and faecal matter be passed, usually producing 
 enteritis, peritonitis and deatli. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Hard unless a clear history is obtained or can be felt 
 through the abdominal v/all. 
 
 TREATJ.IENT : - Depends upon nature of body, location and time in the 
 intestinal tract or stomach. If not sharp, as a coin, etc., 
 and emetic will sometimes remove it. If sharp, this is dan- 
 gerous as it causes the object to perforate the stomach. If 
 it has been in the' stomach several hours give bulky food as 
 oat meal, bread, etc. with a laxative and try to carry it 
 through the canal. Usually it lodges and laparotomy has to be 
 performed. Is done much like ovariotomy. Draw out the intes- 
 tines, locate the body, make longitudinal incision and remove 
 it. Sew it up and recovery usually takes place» If much 
 irritation or gangrene is present cut out a portion of the 
 intestine and sew the ends together. Always take out a sec- 
 tion long enough to remove all the diseased wall. Hewett in 
 1865 reports a case of a dog having swallowed a fork. Lapa- 
 rotomy was performed and the animal recovered. Another case 
 on record where dog swallowed a fork and the prongs punctured 
 the skin of the abdomen. Pork was removed and the dog re- 
 covered. 
 
 G ASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH OF SWINE. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Spoiled food, arsenic, (frequent) putrid milk, spoiled 
 slops or worms. 
 
 SYIVPTOMS:- Loss of appetite', diarrhoea, vomiting, depressed, 
 
 sluggish, seeks cool places, grunts, moves with reluctance 
 and squeals. Nose v/arm, abdomen may be tender to pressure. 
 
(33) 
 
 TREATllJSNT : - Remove cause. If due to bad food give emetics and 
 
 purgatives. Veratrine in alcoholic solution .03 grain subcu- 
 taneously is the best emetic for a pig. Have a syringe ^lith 
 a strong needle and Inject immediately back of the ear. This 
 is most convenient place in a pig and not liable to form an 
 abscess- Calomel 15 grs. to 1 dram at one dose. Regulate the 
 diet, give good food and if valuable, give bread, boiled rice, 
 oat meal, etc, for a few days. If diarrhoea be present give 
 40 to 50 grs. of opium (pulv). 
 
 'DISEASES OP STOJ-iAGH AND INTESTINES OF FOWLS. 
 
 GASTRO -INTESTINAL CATARRH. 
 
 Usually called diarrhoea. Occurs especially in finely 
 bred birds. Change of climate, exposure, intestinal parasites 
 or tuberculosis (frequent in birds). 
 
 SYIIPTOMS: - Ruffled feathers, wings spread slightly, head down, 
 
 depressed, appetite lost, diarrhoea, faeces voided frequently 
 and are soft. Feathers about the anus become stained. 
 Animal soon dies from exhaustion if not relieved. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Same as in Other animals. Congestion and exfolia- 
 tion of m. m. , etc. Rarely enteritis. 
 
 TREATIAENT:- Keep in a 7/arm, clean roost- Food should be soothing 
 and astringent as rice v^ater, oat meal, rav; beef, barley 
 water, hemp. If a valuable bird. give small pieces of choco- 
 late (constipating) or bread soaked in brandy, especially for 
 parrots. Give mucilaginous drinks of linseed tea instead of 
 ■water. Small doses of tannin, silver nitrate or opiuin may 
 be given. To stimulate the appetite give onions, pepper or 
 cinnamon mixed with butter and given as a pill. 
 
 CONSTIPATION. 
 
 Shown by absence of faeces or if passed are very hard. 
 TREATIvIENT:- Green food, vegetables, grass, sloppy mush, cold water 
 and rectal injections. Powdered senna leaves mixed with ' 
 butter and given as a pill. Powdered rhubarb root 5 to 15 grs. 
 given same as the above. Calomel -^/lO to JL--^/2 grs. may also 
 be used, mixed with honey or butter. In singing birds tinct- 
 ure of rhubarb root 1 to 2 gtts. is very good. 
 
 COLIC . 
 
 This term is used in many ways. Generally applied to 
 every condition of abdominal organs accompanied by pain such 
 as liver colic, kidney colic, etc. But vie will call.it colic 
 when in digestive tract only. 
 
(34) 
 
 A. -- Symptomatic 
 
 B. -- False. 
 
 C. -- True. 
 
 This is an old classification but is still much used. 
 
 SYJ,iPTOllA.TIC COLIC is a general term and occurs as a 
 symptom of other diseases. As an oedematous pneumonia of 
 horse, authrax of cattle, poisoning by arsenic, copperas and 
 sugar of lead. 
 
 FALSE COLIC. Many diseases that have their seat in 
 the abdomen but are not in the gastro-intestinal tract are 
 called false colic- As in kidney disease. According to 
 Dieckerhoff distention of the bladder is not accompanied by 
 ^ pain. I.Iay be due to an obstruction of the gall duct and 
 cause a local peritonitis. This causes the pain. 
 
 TRUE colic:- All diseases of stomach and intestines 
 that are accompanied by pain. Many diseases of this tract are 
 accompanied by pain as gastro-intestinal catarrh, enteritis, 
 etc., but are not called colic. The above is an old classifi- 
 cation. Colic is that- disease of the gastro-intestimal tract 
 that cannot be diagnosed as any, other disease. May have 
 colicy. pains in hernia. It is better to diagnose colic than 
 the true lesion as tympanitis, etc., as it gives the ov/ner a. 
 better Impression. 
 
 Another definition for colic is an obstruction to the 
 gastro-intestinal tract accompanied by pain. This is true in 
 most colics but sometimes there is no obstruction. 
 
 DR. PEARSON'S DEFINITION. Colic is a collection of dis- 
 tinct diseases of stomach and intestines due to varying causes 
 and are principally characterized by pain and can be but 
 imperfectly diagnosed- 
 
 This is the best but does not define the condition. One, 
 that did would make an exceedingly long definition. Ancient 
 writers such as Carmamello and Vegetius described colic as the 
 principal .disease of the horse. This included hernia and 
 other conditions now recognized as distinct diseases. It- is 
 the most common disease of the horse. 40^ of all cases of 
 sickness in horse are colic. 12^ of v/hich are fatal. Dr- 
 Bullinger's statistics of 12,857 cases 13^ proved fatal. For 
 the last ten years 10^ have proved fatal. In the Prussian 
 Army 11-V4X- In 40^ of all horses that die, death can be 
 traced to colic It has been estimated that Q% of a veterina- 
 rians practice is colic. The average percentage of deaths 
 from colic is Vb%. 
 ETIOLOGY:- Many conditions cause it. -When a" horse is in its 
 
 natural state there is but little colic; but the manner of 
 care and food predispose to it. Still we find that the 
 conformation of the horse is of such a nature that after colic 
 starts it is more apt to be severe than in any other animal 
 on account of the inability to vomit. The large caecum pre- 
 disposes to it and the large mesentery allows much movement 
 
 and hence dlsDlnf»emfinf.H nnri or>+o»,«.T 
 
 
(35) 
 
 causes:- Atmospheric influence is important and has much to do 
 with digestion. When moist and damp digestion is slower and 
 circulation less active. In damp ^^eather there are many eases 
 of colic even when same food is given as in pleasant weather. 
 The reason' is not known but thought to alter secretion of 
 digestive juices and peristalsis is lessened^ Exposure to 
 inclement weather. Yet it is more likely to cause Gastro- 
 
 • Intestinal Catarrh. V/eakness and paralysis of the large in- 
 testines cause it by leading to obstruction and pain. More 
 fre.quent in old horses. Yoixng horse may be seen with a par- 
 alyzed caecum or large intestiije and may prove fatal. After 
 starving for a time the stomach is depressed and then if fed 
 only the usual quantity the stomach cannot digest it and.im-" 
 paction occurs. Over feeding especially if feed is concen- 
 trated as with grain, is worse than with straw or hay. The 
 latter are not so apt to cause it as the animal will not eat 
 
 ..enough. In these cases where grain is fed in large quanti- 
 • ties the colic comes on shortly after feeding. If from star- 
 vation or from over feeding of hay or straw the colic will not 
 come on for several days. Feeding food which the animal is 
 not accustomed to, as peas, bran, clover, etc. Impure or cold 
 water is supposed to be a cause. Some colts lick the earth 
 and swallow dirt which accumulates in the intestines and caxise 
 what is known as SAND GOLIC In crlbbers and wlndsuokers air 
 is swallowed which weakens the stomach and causes colic. 
 Calculae may form especially where middlings, bran, products 
 of wheat j etc. are fed. Maybe many small ones or one large 
 one. They first irritate the m. m. causing gastro-intestinal" 
 catarrh, pain, sometimes obstruction and death. They contain 
 ammonia, magnesium, phosphate and usually starts from a por- 
 tion of metal such as a nail, screw, etc. Parasites as as- 
 carides may collect in a large mass causing obstruction and 
 colic. Irritant drugs as aloes causing super-purgation and 
 colic. Stenosis is a rare cause due to the formation of 
 cicatricial tissue. First doing little harm and finally 
 leading to an entire obstruction. 
 
 A more frequent cause of obstruction is dried masses of 
 coarse food, old hay, straw, corn, fodder, etc. These form 
 hard masses and. cause obstruction and colic. May be a result 
 of a tumor in the intestines as sarcoma, fibroma, or tuber- 
 cular growths. In horse it is mostly melanotic sarcoma. May 
 be due to adhesions,, of neighboring organs or to another part 
 
 • of the intestines.. This checks peristalsis and colic is the 
 result. Strangulation of intestines may be due to hernia. 
 This may be internal, in the mesentery "and is then called 
 colic as it cannot be diagnosed; or may occur in the dia- 
 phragm, omentum, or protrusion of one portion of intestine 
 as into the rectum. 
 
(36) 
 
 A volvulus 4s a twisting of the folded colon occur^ng 
 most often in colic. The intestines may become tangled and ■ 
 twisted causing death. May have an invagination. One portion 
 of Intestine is pushed into another and is due to, a paralysis 
 of one part of the intestine and peristalsis forces another 
 
 part into the paralyzed portion. Thus s -^ — ' 
 
 Emboli or thrombi may cause it. Throrabolic - embolic colic 
 is a characteristic and distinct form and usually described 
 separately. Death is nearly always 'due to obstruction of the 
 intestine, may be caused by contraction, etc. Pain may be due 
 to mechanical irritation or contraction of intestines press- 
 ing on the nerve endings« as in tympanitis, there is a dull 
 pain. 
 
 TEKIENATION:- llfo recover, the obstruction being overcome. In 
 Vb% the. obstruction remains and the hprse dies from rupture 
 of the intestine, peritonitis, or toxaemia develops from the 
 reabsorption of this material frpin the peritoneuiiiji which 
 occurs rapidly and the animal dies in a short time. There 
 may be no rupture, the m. m. being inflamed causing an enter- 
 itis and death. In old chronic cases the animal may die from 
 exhaustion and starvation especially where the intestines are 
 paralyzed. Enteritis is the most common cause of death from 
 colic. In tympanitic colic there is interference with respi- 
 ration causing death by asphyxia, or to passage of gas into the 
 blood, poisoning the animal. This gas is usually ^2^ and °°2, 
 
 SY5JPT0MS:- May be slight or marked. They vary greatly. ' If at 
 
 work, he becomes disinclined to move, takes short steps, tries 
 to stop and lie down. If in stall, restless, walks about, 
 111-at-ease, turns head from one side to the other, walks 
 about, looks at flank, kicks at the belly with hind legs, 
 swn:ches the tail in a peculiar manner, lies' down and gets up 
 again. May lie down easily as. if. the abdomen is tender and 
 may make several attempts to get down before he does so when 
 down, may grunt considerably. May be violent and throw them- 
 selves dow?i recklessly and may injure themselves in doing so 
 
 ??^Pn,^>Sn J^J^»/^'^"^1 ^^«h, or rupturing the intestines 
 (frequent). Pain is not constant but severe at times. It 
 
 ^fn^!nl 1?^^^^^^^'' ^""^ tl^^animal will eat and drink but 
 ■ pain soon returns and animal will not eat during the pain of 
 
 the'h;rsrtf?::/" '^J abdominal, cavity on the^ladder caus.es 
 
 rrequentiy. This leads many people to believe thit it i« 
 the cause of the disease. ThLp 4. ^" ^^-^^^^^ t^at at is 
 m «olio. M... ..>.,,.!..!. :^^^^^ ^! ^^1^°"^ "'^ch urine passed 
 
 in colic. . May try to void faei»p.s ■fv.at« +.i„« 
 
 ,m_ ^■,.. _. .•. . ^ •^"- -t*icces irom the same pressure. 
 
 walls are draw] 
 distended. At first brJIttorisTi^ttr"-^' ^' " ^^ '''^^ 
 
 vxj.»cab« progresses it becomes more so. 
 
 Where the pain is very great the ^h^Z/^ .^ ^ 
 CUD Thiq i«s r.^^\^^^ ? abdominal walls are drawn 
 
 7:.J^tl ^^^'V:^l "^'.''^ tympanitic colic as it i. 
 
:(37) 
 
 If rupture of the stomach takes place it may be as. high as 100. 
 or even 120, If the pulse is small it is usually taken as a 
 bad «agn and prognosis should -be made accordingly.. May find 
 the same condition of pulse in bad case of spasmodic colic. 
 M. m. usually red and In bad eases extremely so, espe- 
 cially if bordering qn enteritis^ If an internal hemorrhage 
 talces place or rupture, m. rac becomes pale. The senses are 
 usually benumbed by the pain and may not notice the whip, etc. 
 This may be due partly to the intoxication of the horse with 
 C°2 which reduces brain activity. Sweating begins at the 
 ears, elbow or" flank. Usually profusely and is due to pain. 
 Peristalsis in most colics is paralysed or reduced especially 
 in tympanitis. In spasmodic colic it is intensified. May 
 assume peculiar position. Lies on the side and stretches out 
 the heado .May kneel in front and stand behind^ Will some- _. 
 times sit on buttocks and stand in front. (Dog. fashion). 
 May balance himself on the backo These positions give relief 
 which accounts for the peculiar attitude. 
 
 Other symptoms may. be noticed such as vom.iting. Animal 
 will be standing with arched neck, chin close to the breast, 
 abdom-inal muscles contracted, the. throat moving spasiiKi.dically. 
 He gulps and may discharge food from the nostrils This 
 usually indicates rupture of the stomach but is not necessa- 
 rily fatal.- In other cases the horse may become almost insane 
 much resembling "rabies. He rears, kicks, bites, plunges, etc. 
 May v/alk in a circle resembling cerebritis, which may be kept 
 up for hours at a time. In most fatal cases symptoms become 
 worse and worse until he becomes too weak to make these 
 movements. Will then rest' against the stall, stagger, fall 
 on his knees, tries to rise again, finally falls and dieso 
 The horse may get so weak that these violent symptoms do not 
 develop and the animal appears better, Thqse cases termi- 
 nating in enteritis have a. rapid pulseo M-' m. red-. Pain not 
 ..■.■■. so severe but constant. The circular motion may be noticed 
 and usually ales of eiihaustiono 
 COURSE:-- Depends, upon nature of lesion and extents Is divided 
 
 into Acute and Chronic-^.- 
 A- ACUTE:- Most colics are acute» Recovery or death usually takes 
 place in 20 hourji. Most, oases get well or die in less than 
 10 hours- 
 B. CHRONIC:- May last 'from a week to a months Especially where 
 the caecum is paralyzed-. Animal may be free from pain for a 
 , day or t-wo. If the case be one of light impaction usually 
 gets well as soon as peristalsis starts. In spasmodic colic 
 the animal may get well in a few minutes. Can usually deter- 
 mine whether a horse is getting better by watching peristalsis 
 •'., and when established is a good symptom. It may be the only 
 sign for prognosis that wehave„ Passing of faeces is usually 
 a good sign.... In impaction of the caecum we may produce a ' ' 
 purge with aloes and still' the impaction remain aQd cause 
 death. • ■ > 
 
C38) 
 
 OOMPLIGATIONS : - Often occur diirine c^Llic btit can not always be 
 
 determined. ■. 
 
 1. Displacement of intestine is common. Seen in 50^ of 
 colics. Results from excessive peristalsis in spasmodic colic 
 or from distention with gas. Or may be caused by violent 
 movements of the horse.. It is serious and it is usually the 
 large intestine that is twisted. 
 
 2. Paralysis of one part and adjacent parts being active 
 it is pushed into the paralyzed part and causes intussuscep- 
 tion« 
 
 3. Rupture of the stomach or intestine and contents dis- 
 charged into the abdomen. Is usually due to distention by gas, 
 Pound on the large curvature of the organ. This is because 
 the muscle is weaker here- May occur at the small curvature 
 and is usually then covered by the mesentery. Death does not' 
 follow so quickly from the latter as in the former condition. 
 
 Order of susceptibility for rupture is, stomach, caecum, 
 large colon, rect-um, iliiim and jejunum. Rupture may be due 
 to violent movements c Rupture of the stomach is the most 
 frequent J due to its situation. Gas can not be so easily 
 distributed to adjacent parts as the pylorus is quite small 
 and easily obstructed. Gas remains in the stomach but in the 
 intestine .it can pass in either direction. Kien the walls of 
 the stomach or intestines are ruptured we can determine after 
 death that the outer wall ruptured first, muscular next, then 
 the mucous coat on account of the serous coat being less elas- 
 tic Before the mucous coat is ruptured it is forced out 
 like a hernia. The animal frequently vomits when the rupture 
 is incomplete. The mucous coat is forced out like a hernia 
 and this stretches out the folds of m. m. around the oesopha- 
 gus and food can escape. miBx). the rupture is complete vomit- 
 ■ing is impossible and food is forced out of the rupture into 
 the abdominal cavity. 
 
 ALTERATIONS;-- Are divided into two classes, viz: 1st, alterations 
 of position and 2nd, alterations of structure. 
 
 Position, dislocated, twisted, knotted, e.tc. These 
 bring about sudden death. Dislocation of the caecui-n and • 
 floating colon are most common. Caused by the violent move- 
 ments of the horse, \fhenever there is a tY;ist we find natural 
 coxor or a little paler anterior to the twist. Back of this 
 there is increased redness on account of the stagnated blood 
 Lumen of artery is closed. This dark colored intestine 
 usually becomes softened and will sometimes lead to perfora- 
 tion but the animal usually dies before this takes place. 
 
 (B). structure:- This occurs in nearly every case-. Inflammation 
 of m. m. occurs in varying stages. May be catarrhal or' even 
 necrotic. Pound in all parts and especially in caecum and 
 floating colon. 
 
(39) ^ , 
 
 1st. Increased, redness of m. in. which s^^/ells and causes 
 oedema. It extends to the serous membrane, making the intes- 
 tines black. Later fibrin forms and may even become necrotic. 
 Internal' hernias are also found. Mesentery may be ruptured 
 causinG a strangulated hernia- Intestine may pass into the 
 foramen of V/inslo7/ or the superior incuinal ring which usually 
 is not diagnosed. The peritoneum may be inflamed which 
 coimiences in the intestines. The peritoneum is red and the 
 blood vessels are distended. Pibrin may be present on the 
 surface.. In old cases adhesions may take place. Aneurisms 
 from the great mesenteric artery may form. Great mesenteric 
 artery is about five inches from the diaphragm, and nearly 
 tv/o inches in length, then divides. A thrombus forms in the 
 aneurism and causes colic The clot branches and pieces may 
 break off. This clot results from the parasite known as 
 ■Strongylus Armatus. It is short and threadlike. 6 to 8 
 averaging 9 found in each thrombus. It causes a traumatic 
 end--arteritls. Y/hen a clot forms in this artery (is frequent 
 90fo on the post table in Germany) a little piece breaks off 
 and floats into the arteries which supply the intestines with 
 blood. If it is small it causes but little trouble. We also 
 have secondary alterations as hyperaemia of the lungs, en- 
 gorgment of the heart, friable kidney and liver, peritonitis, 
 etc. 
 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:- We must diagnose from other diseases and 
 then between the different kinds of colic. May be confounded 
 with azoturia. We have sudden development of intense pain, 
 rapid pulse, red. m. m. and inclination to lie down. In azo- 
 turia the history, paralysis of hind limbs, usually cannot 
 rise, hard croup, dark urine, etc. Labor Pains m.ay be mis- 
 taken for colic. These are active pains, intermittent, same 
 as in colic. The difference is that in labor the animal does 
 not lie dov/n and get up as frequently, swelling of the vulva, 
 peristalsis normal, and vasing,l examination will m.ake diagno- 
 sis. 
 
 Retention of urine must also be considered. The animal 
 stretches out and attempts to urinate often. In colic he does 
 the same thing on account of pressure on the bladder. Is 
 sometimes necessary to catheterlze In-order to make differen- 
 • tial diagnosis. 
 
 In cystitis may show same symptoms. Rectal examination 
 will prove this. Appetite continues also peristalsis is nor- 
 mal. Inflammation of the uterus may be similar to colic. 
 Abdominal pain, lies down, discharge from the vulva, in met- 
 ritis and vaginal examination should alv/ays be made if the 
 diagnosis is in doubt. 
 
 Strangulated hernia is hard to diagnose from colic. If 
 in the foramen of V/inslow it cannot be made but if it takes 
 place in the abdominal wall or inguinal canal it can be made 
 and treatment will cure it. 
 
(40) 
 
 ■ In Nephritis the animal does not get up and lie down, 
 pain on the transverse ends of the lumbar vertebrae and the 
 chemical examination of the urine sho-57s albvimen, casts and 
 epithelial cells. 
 
 In Hepatitis there is pain in the abdominal region, no 
 appetite and v/hen icterus is present diagnosis is easy. 
 
 Intestinal Catarrh may resemble colic There is loss of 
 appetite, colic y pains and unless acute there is gradual devel- 
 opment of the symptoms and a change in the faeces. 
 
 In Enteritis we also have abdominal pain of a severe type 
 but it is more constant. Rapid pulse, elevated temperature, 
 m. m. red, flanks drawn up, and faeces may be blood streaked. 
 
 Ulcers of the stomach and intestines, may show collcy 
 pains. Differential diagnosis is very hard. Abdominal pain, 
 colic, wretching, diarrhoea, may be streaked with blood. 
 Emaciation, symptoms of colic continue and run chronic course. 
 In some cases inflammations of the brain colicy symptoms may 
 be noticed, also in pleurisy, purpura hemorrhagica, influenza, 
 etc. Surgical lesions may also show colicy symptoms. Thrombo- 
 sus of pelvic arteries. After exercise colicy symptoms may 
 develop. 
 
 VARIETIES OF COLIC,, 
 
 All colics cannot be treated in same manner, hence for 
 convenience of study they have been divided into Six (6) 
 classes: 
 
 1. Spasmodic (Rheumatic). 
 
 2. Engorgment. Due to overfeeding. 
 
 3. Thrombotic -- Embolic Colic (Congestive) - 
 
 4. Obstruction. Includes twists, calculi, etc. 
 
 5. Tympanitic. 
 
 6. Helminthic. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC, 
 
 Most frequent and occurs without structural change. Pain 
 is due to the violent contraction of muscles and pressure on 
 sensory nerves. Claimed to be akin to rheumatism, (not sup- 
 ported by good proof). Most often seen in spring and fall. 
 Due to exposure, draughts, etc More common in well bred 
 horses. Mules more susceptible than horses. Pain intense, 
 but does not last long. Intervals of ease. This is the only 
 form where peristalsis is accelerated and we hear metallic 
 splashing sounds due to gas being forced through intestinal 
 tract suddenly. 
 COURSE:-. Usually short and generally recover- Animal mav dis-from 
 complications. Pain is so great that he throws himself about 
 violently causing rupture, volouslus, invagination, fracture, 
 etc. Most all quack mixtures "are based on this form of colic 
 
(41) 
 
 E i: G R G M E IT T G L I G . 
 
 This f oral "is far mo-re serio-iLs especially If ^ood lodgv 
 in the stomach. The stomach and Intestines become paralyze 
 so that food can not possibly be moved- This is the most 
 fatal form of colic 90^ a^e said to die. 
 
 History is important. Are usually told that the horse 
 got loose and ate too much food and then has colic Or if had 
 no food for several hours and then gets double quantity of 
 feed. With such history diagnosis is easy= Sometimes may 
 have it v^hen a nonnal amount of feed has been taken, due to 
 , some exertion which impairs digestion^ 
 
 symptoms:- Pain prolonged. May have intervals of ease but no com- 
 plete absence of pain. Peculiar manner of standing. Front 
 feet forward and apart and hind legs backward. May sit dog 
 fashion. Or may lie on the back with feet in the air to re- 
 lieve pressure on the mesentery. May last two or thrse d.ays 
 and terminate in recovery or death- There is great nausea 
 and the animal may succeed in vomiting through the nose. 
 
 THROMBOTIC EMBOLIC COLIC. 
 
 May be acute or chronic. May last from a few hours to 
 several days and terminate either- in death or recovery. The 
 chronic form is the more fatal. Sometimes it is very mild and 
 lasts but a short time and usually cannot be diagnosed from 
 any other form of colic. 
 symptoms:- Considerable dull pain and no intervals of ease. It 
 is not a violent pain but is stupefying. Pulse is very weak 
 and rapid. M. m. dark. Faeces not voided or in si-nall quan- 
 tities. Animal usually lies down much and moves but little. 
 After two to three days an inflammation of the intestine 
 occurs. In the chronic form symptoms are not so v;ell pro- 
 nounced. In three or four days the animal apparently re- 
 covers but in a few days dies. Cases have been known to ter- 
 minate in complete recovery. Death due to rupture or to the 
 reabsorption of the products of putrefaction in the stomach. 
 If they get well may do- so by increase in collateral circula- 
 tion. Sometimes there is intussusception and a part of the 
 intestine ?/hich is inside sloughs off and recovery takes 
 place. This is not common. Rings of intestine have been 
 found in the dung. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION COLIC- 
 
 Most eom.plicated and difficult of all. Due to such a 
 variety of causes. Pain resembles that of thrombotic -embolic 
 colic. It is usually constant but moderates slightly at 
 times. The intermissions of pain are very short. It is a 
 
(42) 
 
 himself about as in other forms of colic Voids dung fre- 
 quentlv in hard dark balls covered with mucous. By rectal 
 examination, may be able to discover the cause. May attempt 
 to urinate frequently. Pain is sometimes very slight and may 
 be constipated only for three or four days. Pain begins when 
 the inflammation commences. May run a chronic course as in 
 calculi. May last for months with occasional attacks of colic. 
 Caec-um may become impacted and then have constant pain. Fodd 
 will pass as there is no obstruction of the upper part of the 
 caecum. Aloes can be given and cause purgation but the ob- 
 struction usually remains. Occurs in old horses. If volvou- 
 lus exists pain is constant, violent and ustially terminates 
 fatally. Pulse is fuller and stronger than in thrombotic- 
 embolic colic and m. m. not injected till late. This is the 
 most characteristic point. 
 
 FLATULENT COLIG. 
 
 Accumulation of gas in the intestinal tract. 
 SYiff'TOMS:- Swelling of abdomen. Percussion of abdomen gives a 
 
 tympanitic tone. Pain is violent. Congestion of m. m. Heart 
 rapid and weak. Respiration quick and difficult. Logs of 
 appetite. Urine is discharged in dribbles. A little gas may 
 escape from the anus. Death is due to rupture of the intes- 
 tines or stomach, intoxication from absorption of carbon 
 dioxide, or from interference of respiration. Runs a rapid 
 course. 
 
 HELMINTHIC COLIC. 
 
 This form of colic is especially seen- in colts. Caused 
 by worms in the intestinal tract, and will be studied with 
 parasites. 
 TREATlvlENT : - Almost everything has been advised. Consider the 
 lesion that causes the pain and remove it if possible. If 
 due to irreparable change in the intestines as obstruction, 
 paralysis, etc. can not be cured, so is better to kill the 
 horse, if you are positive of the diagnosis- Spasmodic colic 
 if left alone will cure itself. We can not al^/ays tell just 
 what lesion is present so it is well to treat every case 
 seriously. The principal indications for the treatment of 
 colic are three. 
 
 1st. Stimulate peristalsis < except in spasmodic colic). 
 
 2nd. Quiet the pain. 
 
 3rd. Relieve intestines of faeces and gas. 
 
 Place the animal in a large box stall v/ith plenty of 
 straw so thiat he can walk about in it. Exercise stimulates 
 peristalsis, so is -^ell to v,'alk the horse. This also keeps 
 
(43) 
 
 iilixi from throv,'ins himself. Contraindications for walking are 
 weakness, great distention of the abdomen and feeble rapid 
 heart. Apply irritants or cloths wet in hot water to the 
 abdominal walls. This will stimulate peristalsis and counter 
 irritation prevents inflammation of the intestines. Rectal 
 injections with cold water will stimulate nerves of intestines. 
 Use a rubber hose and a funnel, pass it in two feet. This is 
 better than using the syringe. Introducing water slowly will 
 sometimes cause it to pass as far forward as the caecum. The 
 syringe will never force it farther than ten or twelve feet. 
 Be careful to neither tear- nor rupture the intestine- as it is 
 very tender- So is best to introduce the hose v/ith the hand. 
 Soap or salt water are sometimes used, but these do no good 
 and are rather irritating. Remove as much fasces from the 
 rectum as can be reached with the hand. This will also assist 
 in making differential diagnosis. 
 
 Most common treatment is to give laxatives or purgatives. 
 Aloes and Glauber's salts act more rapidly if given in solu- 
 tion than in the solid form. Although there is some danger 
 in drenching, from the fluid passing into the t. 'ache a. May 
 use tincture of aloes, salts or oil. As an electuary, ex- 
 tract of aloes, sodlui-n sulphate, licorice powder and molasses 
 mixed together will be found very useful. Small quantities . 
 given frequently are often of value. Grot on oil in castor 
 oil may be used if there is obstinate constipation. Sometimes 
 these purgatives will have no effect and after death we may 
 find that digestive function is abolished and intestines 
 paralyzed and the purgative not absorbed therefore use drugs 
 subcutaneously. Sserine grs. 1 to 2 will usually operate in 
 15 minutes to ^/2 hour. After using eserihe the animal 
 becomes uneasy, sweats, heart stimulated and pain may be 
 intensified. Dung is at first voided in hard masses, then 
 becomes soft. 50 lbs. of faeces have been passed after an 
 injection of l--^/2 grs. Larger doses are dangerous as it may 
 cause oedema of the lungs and should therefore never be given 
 if any lung trouble exists. If eserine does not operate in 
 three or" four hours may give another dose. After a large dose 
 there is trembling, weakness, difficulty of respiration, de- 
 pression of the heart and death, usually from paralysis of 
 respiration. Eserine should be kept in tablets. If kept in 
 solution it will turn red in a few days and become valueless 
 after three or four weeks. The red color is not always a sign 
 that the drug will not act. Relieve pain as it is humane. 
 Lessening violence of the horses movements will prevent rup- 
 ture of the intestines, fracture of bones, etc Tincture 
 capsicum, camphor, peppermint, ginger, alcohol, turpentine, 
 cinnamon are all more or less valuable as they are antispas- 
 modic, but ether, alcohol, chloral, Hoffman's anodyne, morphia 
 
(44) 
 
 and comiabis Indica v;lll relieve pain. Best in these cases 
 is from 5 to 8 grs. of morphia and is most used. If a larger 
 dose be siven the animal becomes excited and more violent. 
 Tincture of opivim is not so good as it depresses peristalsis 
 and acts as an astringent which checks the flov/ of seci'etions. 
 Fid. ext. connabis indica 1 dram every half hour has been 
 found very useful. One ounce has been Ql'VQn at one time; but 
 this is too much for a single dose. Chloral in ":eixk. solution 
 or as an electuary -vrill be found useful although is very 
 irritating. If there is a tendency to inflammation the m. m. 
 should be protected by using castor oil or linseed tea. If 
 the inflammation has already begun £^ive calomel 3 drams as 
 this is also antiseptic. 
 
 TREATMENT POR SPASMODIC COLIC 
 
 Treatment is not important unless the animal is very 
 violent. Give morphia 3 to 5 grs. Hoffman's Anodj/ne, Squibbs 
 mixture, ether, alcohol, chloroform or asafoetida. Do not 
 give eserine as this stimulates peristalsis. Cold injections 
 must be avoided. 
 
 £ N Q R G M E N T COLIC. 
 
 Give laxatives as aloes, Gla^^ber's salts or rhubarb 
 root as an electuary. This vill stimulate digestion and can 
 be made and kept on hand. Is not safe to give large doses 
 of laxatives or purgatives as these increase peristalsis and 
 favor rupture. May give six drams of aloes and follow by the 
 above electuary. Infusions of cold \?ater into the rect'Om and 
 kneading of the intestines are good treatment. If the animal 
 is very violent morphia or connabis indica may be used. This 
 is a fatal form of colic and animal frequently dies in spite 
 of treatment. 
 
 THROMBOTIC EMBOLIC COLIC. 
 
 Rather unsatisfactory to treat as v/e cannot 'remove the 
 cause; but after it occurs death is due to putrefaction, so 
 give laxatives as calomel to disinfect the intestines and so 
 retard putrefaction. Calomel 1 dram every 2 or 4 hours for 
 4 or 5 doses. If this does no good give small doses of 
 eserine, aloes or rhubarb. Heart should be stimulated "Hrith 
 digitalis. If fever is present use quinine. Ordiharv 
 drenches do harm in this fonn of colic. 
 
(45) 
 
 OBSTRUCTION COLIC. 
 
 Determine the nature of the obstruction. Purgative treat- 
 ment does harm In this form of colic. Rectal examination 
 should al7/ays be made as v;e may detect hernia, intussusception^ 
 calculi, dislocations, etc. The most frequent dislocation is 
 the displacement of the upper layer of the folded colon toward 
 the left side of the horse. The mesentery is tense and pres- 
 sure causes pain. If the bands are twisted it signifies dis- 
 placement. This may be replaced by rectal manipulation. If 
 you find an obstruction due to calculus at some distance from 
 the rectum you may try laparotomy. This is heroic treatment 
 but has been tried several times v/ith success. ¥/hen it is 
 due to intussusception and is diagnosed very little can be 
 done for it= Laparotomy may be tried. If there is a hernia 
 treat it accordingly. If obstruction is due to food, use eser 
 ine grs. 1 to 2. Injections of cold water into the rectum and 
 colic mixtures do no good. 
 
 FLATULENT COLIC. 
 
 Acciimulation of gas in the alimentary tract, Chief indi- 
 cation for treatment is to remove the gas» Puncture with a 
 trocar on the right side as gas usually forms in the large 
 intestine; but sometimes it occurs in the small intestine. 
 Always puncture where you get the tympanitic sound on percus- 
 sion. Use a trocar about one-eighth of an Inch in diameter- 
 The horse is more susceptible to peritonitis than cattle are. 
 Use antiseptic precautions. Insert the trocar quickly so it 
 passes through the intestine with one stroke. It should be 
 removed after all the gas has been removed. If bloating con- 
 tinues puncture again. Repeated punctures are not dangerous. 
 Don't put it off too long. If the horse is getting v/eak make 
 the puncture at once. In some cases we may have to puncture 
 several times as the gas is in the intestine away from the 
 abdominal walls and is thus out of reach of the trocar- In 
 these cases by a rectal examination can usually find the dis- 
 tention in the pelvic flexure of the colon. Should then dis- 
 infect the rectum and instruments and puncture through the 
 rectum. First inject pure water then bi-chloride solution 
 1 to 3000. This is often the only treatment required and the 
 danger is but slightly more than in the ordinary operation. 
 INTERNAL TREATMENT:- Ant-acids do no good as they dp not reach 
 the intestine. Don't give them- Mild laxatives as sodliim 
 sulphate, small doses of aloes or rhubarb are good. Eserine 
 may be used if the distention is not too great. Don't use it 
 after puncturing. Connabis indica is indicated as it stops 
 pain and keeps the anlEoal quiet and thus lessens the danger 
 of rupture. Chloral is good as it relaxes the muscles and if 
 the spasms are beyond the obstruction the mass may pass out. 
 Ether 1 to 2 ounces in one quart of water as an injection per 
 rectum is also good. 
 
(46) 
 
 HELMINTHIC COLIC. 
 
 HEBAINTHIO colic:- Treatment is same as for ivorms. Tartar emetic 
 is best 2-^/2 to 3 drams in the drinking \7ater, one dose. 
 Turpentine, santonine, male fern and areca nut are also used. 
 
 PRSVENTION OP COLIC. 
 
 Sometimes the causes are unavoidable. Peed regularly 
 and not too much. Water should not be too cold. For spasmod- 
 ic colic "Squibb 's Colic Mixture is good. 
 
 (A 
 
 '^Tr. Capsici 
 Tr- Opii 
 
 Spts. Camphorae aa 1 ounce. 
 
 Ghloroformi 3 ounces. 
 
 . Spts. Vini Rectif. 4 " 
 
 M. Sig. Give two tablespoonfuls at a dose. 
 
 COLIC OP CATTLE. 
 
 Comparatively rare and but three varieties. Viz: 
 1st. Obstruction. 2nd. Spasmodic, and 3rd. Impaction or 
 constipation. In obstruction colic the lesions are same as 
 in the horse, intussusception, hernia, etc Symptoms are also 
 the same. Uneasy, switching the tail, looks around at side, 
 bellov/s, etc. There may be tympanitis or filling of the flank. 
 
 TREATIvtENT : - Eserine l--^/2 grs. If constipation give a laxative. 
 Epsom or Glauber's salts, oil, aloes or croton oil 15 to 20 
 drops. Rectal injections are better here than for the horse 
 as they go farther. 
 
 PROGlTOSIS:- Usually favorable. Recovers in 1 or 2 days and leaves 
 the animal well- Intussusception is common in cattle and they 
 seem to be predisposed to internal hernias. These are the two 
 principal causes of colic in cattle. Intussusception usually 
 occurs in the large intestine. Inguinal hernia is more i-- 
 common than in the horse because the inguinal canal is larger. 
 The peculiar manner in which cattle are sometimes castrated 
 predisposes to inguinal hernia. The cord is broken off and 
 often adheres to the upper inguinal ring making a cord from 
 this place to the lumbar region and forms an easy place for 
 a hernia as the intestines become lodged at this point. 
 
 SYICPTOMS:- Symptoms of both are similar. Usually signs of colic 
 at first. Uneasiness, lying down, etc. Pain usually lasts 
 frorn 13 to 24 hours or until the restricted part is devital- 
 ized but when other parts are involved pain returns. Often the 
 animal becomes easy; but has no appetite nor passes any faeces. 
 In such case be careful about the prognosis. This condition 
 may last for several days. The faeces may be soft, later hard 
 
(47) 
 
 and voided iisrith pain and covered with raucous and blood, peris- 
 talsis suppressed, tympanitis, slight rise in temperature, 
 pulse feeble and general weakness. Finally staggers and dies. 
 These symptoms are not characteristic but by a rectal examina- 
 tion we can usually detect the obstructed portion of intestine 
 much better than in the horse as we can reach farther. The 
 obstruction is formed as an elongated tumor, soft, doughy and 
 painful to the touch. Do not mistake the left kidney for an 
 intussusception as it hangs low. These conditions are found 
 more common in hilly countries as Switzerland, but are found 
 all over the world. The characteristic symptoms are the 
 colicy pains followed by periods of ease. Constipation and 
 faeces covered with blood and mucous, absence of peristalsis. 
 Tumor can be diagnosed by rectal examination. 
 TREATMENT:- Drugs are of no use. Surgical treatment Is sometimes 
 effectual. Manipulation per rectum may b-e of use. In intus- 
 susception the part may slough off then heal: but this is not 
 common. It is best to kill the animal and save the meat if 
 there is but little or no fever- The meat should not be used 
 when the disease is of long standing a? there is gangrene and 
 septicaemia and is poisoned by the ptomaines, etc., for these 
 are not destroyed by cooking. 
 
 LAPAROTOMY. 
 
 Securely fasten the animal to a wall or cast on the left 
 side. The operation is not so serious as in the horse. Dan- 
 ger of -peritonitis is about the same as in the dog. Disinfect 
 the right flank thoroughly and make the incision through the 
 skin and muscles. 5 or 6 inches long. Tear through the 
 peritone\«n with the fingers. Then introduce the sterilized 
 hand and attempt to find the intussusception. Replace it and 
 close the wound. But if gangrene be present excise the gan- 
 grenous portion and suture the Intestine together. Then close 
 the opening in the abdomen. In excising the intestine be 
 sure and remove all the diseased part and suture so that the 
 serous membranes are in contact as these gi-anulato more 
 readily. Make several stitches then tighten them. The turned 
 in portion shotild be posterior . Give nothing 
 
 but -vvater for several days and recovery usually takes place. 
 Keep in clean, dry stall. 
 
 COLIC IN DOGS. 
 
 Due usually to worms, constipation, or a rheumatic condi- 
 tion of the Intestinal v.*alls. Worms are the most common cause 
 and is accompanied by bloating. Rheumatism is rather a vague 
 condition and it is probable that the tenderness on pressure 
 and colicy pains are due to tenderness in the abdominal walls 
 or from peritonitis. 
 
(48) 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Is easy- 
 
 TREATMENT:- Discover the cause and treat accordingly' 
 
 COLIC IH SV7INE. 
 
 Due to injestion of irritant foods as putrid slop, etc. 
 
 SBtPTOMS:- Uneasy, v/alks about, squeals, and scratches the sides, 
 looks around and muscular treinbline, may have cramps, appetite 
 is depressed and there is constipation. 
 
 TREAT1.IENT : - Purgatives as Glauber's salts or rectal injections of 
 wan-n ivater- Subcutaneous. Injections of veratrine /lOO to 
 ^/lOO of a dram in alcohol best given immediately bade of the 
 ear. Keep in a v/arra place and recovery soon follows. 
 
 GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL ULCERS. 
 
 These ulcers are often seen in the stomach and intestines 
 and develop from no apparent cause. Often results from an 
 inflammation of this tract or obstruction to circulation. 
 May be symptomatic and as complications of rinderpest, rabies, 
 foot and mouth disease, purpura hemorrhagica, dysentery, 
 diarrhoea, if long continued, gastro-enterltls, poisons, for- 
 eign bodies and parasites. May be from inflammations as hem- 
 orrhagic erosions, or due to obstruction of circulation in ' 
 wall of the stomach called peptic ulcers. Occurs after severe 
 inflanTOations. The inflamed tissue is lost and forms a pit 
 lined by granulation tissue, which forms an ulcer at seat of 
 lymph follicles. 
 
 Peptic Ulcer in stomach and duodenum (anterior part) 
 from shutting off of circulation usually thus the alkaline 
 blood is shut off and the gastric juice acts on the m. m. 
 dissolving it, forming a round pit or peptic ulcer- This is 
 found only where there is acid gastric juice. If ulcers are 
 large they are called erosions and differ only as to size. 
 They are acute when lined with granulation tissue. Chronic 
 Ulcers have a thick indurated wall almost like cartilage. 
 May form anywhere but especially in the Peyers patches. They 
 may grow to an enormous size. We may have the infectious 
 material cast off the ulcer healed leaving a small star shaped 
 cicatrix at this point. 
 
 Peptic Ulcers in the fourth stomach of calves are seen 
 quite often and said to be due to parasites. They have a 
 sharp border which is round. Also found in horses, sheep and 
 dogs. Rarely leads to perforation and usually does not pene- 
 trate beyond m. m. and sub-mucous tissue. More frequently 
 an inflammation extends to the outside and causes an adhesion 
 of intestines to surrovmding tissue. Cannot diagnose between 
 the two forms during life. 
 
(49) 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Much like chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh. Loss of 
 
 appetite, poor digestion, emaciation, cattle fall off in flesh. 
 The food which they eat does no good. Runs a long course. 
 May have tjinpanitis, constipation and colicy pains at times. 
 In dog we have vomiting after each meal especially if food 
 is at all irritating. If in the intestines he has diarrhoea 
 and the faeces are stained with blood. Gets weak and dies 
 of eiTiaciation and exhaustion. In horses we have colic after 
 meals and may have death from rupture. Recovery may take 
 place but is rare as ulcers are seldom diagnosed. There are 
 colicy symptoms after feeding and colic comes on at regular 
 intervals. The animal may eat v/ell but nutrition is poor, 
 gets thin and dies. 
 
 diagnosis:- Indigestion. 
 
 Vomiting, colic, progressive emaciation. May be hard 
 to differentiate from gastro-intestinal catarrh but in ulcers 
 the symptoms are more pronounced. In cattle traumatic indi- 
 gestion resembles it very much. But tliere is also pain on 
 pressure over this region. 
 
 TREATlviENT:- Palliative. Assist digestion and neutralize the 
 
 hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Peed on good food and may 
 be necessary to givd astringents. In dog with gastric ulcer 
 give Carlsbad salt repeatedly in small doses to stimulate 
 secretion of gastric juice and to neutralize excessive hydro- 
 chloric acid which is present. Feed on milk, eggs, and 
 chopped raw beef. Dose of Carlsbad salt for a dog is from 
 30 to 50 grains. Where intestinal irritation is present give 
 bismuth subnltrate, or bismuth in pill form. May give tannin. 
 Cuprlc sulphate or acetate of lead. If there is much pain 
 present give morphia or chloral. To stop vomiting give co- 
 caine in pill form coated with gelatine, bromide of potash, 
 creosote or creolin. In horse and cow give digestible foods, 
 and Carlsbad salts. If hemorrhage is present give tannin, 
 acetate of lead, or cupric sulphate. 
 
 GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE. 
 
 CAUSES:- Many. It is not rare to see vomiting or purging of 
 
 blood. Certain mechanical or chemical Injuries to the m. ra. 
 are followed by bleeding. Parasites, irritant dr^igs, such as 
 tartar emetic. May result from a blow as from hooking, etc. 
 Presence of ulcers also cause it. It is seen during general 
 diseases as distemper of dog, influenza of horse, etc. in 
 which there is a severe inflammation of the intestines. 
 Venous engorgement obstructing the return of blood to the 
 heart as in heaves, liver trouble, etc. Bleeding from the 
 rectum is due to proctitis, inflammation of m." m. or from hem- 
 orrhages. Proctitis is most often seen in cattle due to 
 irritant, foods or repercussion. Pii*,s often seen in pigs and 
 dogs as the veins are here larger than in the horse. May also 
 occur in horses and cattle. 
 
(60) 
 
 symptoms:- Vomiting of blood and passing blood in the faeces. 
 
 When from the Intestines it is black, tarry, putrid and mixed 
 with faeces. When from the colon or rectum the blood is 
 purer, not so dark in color or putrid. May have rapid bleed- 
 ing from rupture of large vessels and death result quickly. 
 Have same siTnptoms as from any internal hemorrhage or rupture 
 of the aorta. Pale m. m. , extremities cold, pulse v/eak and 
 rapid and later not felt at all, weakness, staggers. J.'Iuscles 
 tremble, fails to the ground, eyeball rotates, piipils dilated 
 and dies in convulsions. 
 
 HEMORRHOIDES . ( PILSS ) . 
 
 Easy to recognize. Painful red svrelling at the rectum, 
 faeces covered with blood, tail carried high, legs wide apart, 
 puffiness about the anus, constipation- Bleeding usually not 
 great. May have a clot in these veins, vmich becomes infected 
 gets soft and carried to other parts causing pyaemia and 
 death. Digital examination causes pain and fingers will be 
 covered with blood. M. m. is thick and in large folds, and 
 the rectum contains masses of hard faeces. About the same 
 symptoms in the horse but not 'qaite so much distress as the 
 faeces are softer but later constipation follows and v/e have 
 same siTOptoms as in dog. Rectum protrudes from the anus 
 which is red and hot. 
 
 IN HEMORRHAGIO PROCTITIS of cattle. The condition 
 differs from piles in that the inflammation is diffuse, ex-^ 
 tent's all over the rectum and there is no dilation of anal 
 plexus of veins. There is a catarrhal inflammation of the 
 whole rectum. Stiff, gait, legs apart, tenderness over loins, 
 constipation, faeces mixed with blood, high fever, tenesums, 
 on rectal examination the m. m. is swolen, sensitive and hand 
 will be covered with blood- To determine whether hemorrhage 
 is due to traumatism v/e examine carefully for other symptoms. 
 There may be tender spot ©n side of abdomen like a bruise 
 which leads us to suspect traimiatism. It is difficult to 
 differentiate foreign bcdy in the intestines from gastric 
 ulcer as the symptoms are similar, colic, blood passed in each 
 case. In small animals may find hard bedy by palpation and 
 in cattle find pain over the second stomach. It is impossible 
 to determine this in the horse as foreign bodies are rarely 
 swallowed by the horse, for the lips are more delicate, so we 
 diagnose ulcer. It is Important to tell v/hether blood, comes 
 from the stomach or lungs. That from the stomach is dark, 
 fluid and acid in reaction due to the gastric juice. That 
 from the lungs is of a lighter color frothy and. alkaline in 
 reactisn. 
 
(60) 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Vomiting of blood and passing blood in the faeces. 
 
 When from the intestines it is black, tarry, putrid and mixed 
 with faeces. When from the colon or rise turn the blood is 
 purer, not so dark in color or putrid. May have rapid bleed- 
 ing from rupture of large vessels and death result quickly. 
 Have same sirinptoms as from any internal hemorrhage or rupture 
 of the aorta. Pale m. m. , extremities cold, pulse weak and 
 rapid and later not felt at all, weakness, staggers. J/Euscles 
 tremble, falls to the ground, eyeball rotates, pupils dilated 
 and dies in convulsions. 
 
 HEMORRHOIDES . ( PILES ) . 
 
 Easy to recognize. Painful red svfelling at the rectum, 
 faeces covered "sirith blood, tail carried high, legs wide apart, 
 pufflness about the anus, constipation. Bleeding usually not 
 great. May have a clot in these veins, v;hich becomes infected 
 gets soft and carried to other parts causing pyaemia and 
 death. Digital examination causes pain and fingers will be 
 covered with blood. M. m. is thick and in large folds, and 
 the rectum contains masses of hard faeces. About the same 
 symptoms in the horse but not -(jiite so much distress as the 
 faeces are softer but later 'constipation follows and we have 
 same symptoms as in dog. Rectum protrudes from the amis 
 Y/hlch is red and hot. 
 
 IN HEMORRHAGIC PROCTITIS of cattle. The condition 
 differs from piles in that the inflammation is diffuse, ex-^ 
 tends all over the rectum and there is no dilation of anal 
 plexus of veins. There is a catarrhal inflammation of the 
 whole rectiim. Stiff gait, legs apart, tenderness over loins, 
 constipation, faeces mixed with blood, high fever, tenesums, 
 on rectal examination the m. m. is swolen, sensitive and hand , 
 will be covered with blood. To determine whether hemorrhage 
 is due to traumatism we examine carefully for other symptoms. 
 There may be tender spot on side of abdomen like a bruise 
 which leads us to suspect traumatism. It is difficult to 
 differentiate foreign bedy in the intestines from gastric 
 ulcer as the symptoms are similar, colic, blood passed in each 
 <sase. In small animals may find hard bedy by palpation and 
 in cattle find pain over the second stomach. It is impossible 
 to determine this in the horse as foreign bodies are rarely 
 swallowed by the horse, for the lips are more delicate, so we 
 diagnose ulcer. It is important to tell whether blood comes 
 from the stomach or lungs. That from the stomach is dark, 
 fluid and acid in reaction due to the gastric ;5uice. That 
 from the lungs is of a lighter color frothy and. alkaline in 
 reactien. 
 
(51) 
 
 TREATMENT:- Astringents and styptics. CoM ■water or ice pills, 
 small doses of alum or tannin and in dog give Monsel's solu- 
 tion 2 to 5 drops in pills. In chronic cases give silver 
 nitrate, ergot or opium together with any of the above if 
 necessary- If gastro-enteritis threatens give treatment for 
 it also using astringent st-^^Jtics. These astringents have a 
 tendency to contract blood vessels in other parts of the in- 
 testines causing constipation. This T/e do not wish as it is 
 accompanied by loss of appetite. So give Garlsoad salts in 
 combination with the astringents. Treatment for piles is 
 surgical. Inject in each fold of plexus a drop or two of pure 
 carbolic acid. This causes sloughlnc and recovery. Ligation 
 may be tried, even cauterization is useful and gives fairly 
 good results. Relieve constipation and equalize circulation 
 so that stagnation shall not take place in the anal plexus. 
 Give exercise as It increases circulation and acts as a 
 laxative. Well to. ;use an astringent and antiseptic injections 
 or suppositories of creollne, carbolic acid or both. 
 
 For Proctitis give gentle saline purgatives, injections- 
 of astringents as tannin or silver nitrate in solution. 
 V/ater used should be at a temperature of about forty- five 
 degrees. 
 
 GASTRO-ENTERITIS. 
 
 GASTRO-ENTERITIS:- There are many classifications in hroman medi- 
 cine such as gastritis, colonitis, duodenitis, etc., but this 
 is not possible in the lov/er animals. Another classification 
 is one based on the lesions such as simple or croupous, 
 suppurative or necrotic, etc. These are good classifications 
 for pathologists but are no good clinically. 
 
 Also as IDIOP ATHIC as -where it is in the stomach or 
 intestines, from poisoning, etc. 
 S711PT0I-M.TIC : - Where it is a complication of other diseases as in 
 influer^a, but this is not definite. Another is based on the 
 cause of the disease as blows, chemicals, poisons, tuberculo- 
 sis or influenza. Also as simple, traumatic, tuberculosis, 
 gastro-enteritis, etc. The best classification is that based 
 on the cause and nature of the lesion. As we cannot al'.vays 
 find the cause a mixed classification is used. Divided into 
 four classes, viz: 
 
 1st. SBiPLE, non-toxic occurs in all animals. 
 
 2nd. CROUPOUS ENTERITIS of CATTLE. 
 
 3rd. MYCOTIC GASTRO-ENTERITIS 
 
 4th. TOXIC GASTRO -ENTERITIS. 
 Simple or non-toxic gastro-enteritis is the most common fonn. 
 Due to exposure or severe attacks of gastro-intestinal ca- 
 tarrh, eating hot foods and blistering the m. m. , in dog es- 
 pecially, irritating and indigestible foods. The inflammation 
 extends into the submucous membrane and even into the serous 
 membrane. 
 
(52) 
 
 alterations:- Depend upon cause, violence and age of the disease. 
 May occur in any part or may be gen-e?*al. In ordinary form the 
 m. m. is red,, thickened by infiltration of serum and the red 
 color extends to the serous coat. Muscles are soft and fria- 
 ble. Serous coat cloudy and covered by a layer of fibrin. 
 If of longer duration the m. m. has stringy mucous on it. 
 Necrotic at points and may form ulcers. 
 
 The suDmucous tissue is infiltrated with serum and the 
 colon and caecum may be one to one and one-?ialf inches thick. 
 In still older cases the m. m. is a soft mushy mass and can 
 be scraped- off. Faeces may be covered with this. Bad odor, 
 serous membrane is covered with f;Lbrin, etc. In severe cases 
 the mesenteric glands are sv;ollen, red and soft due to the 
 septic material which has been absorbed and carried to them. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- May come on slowly or fast. Developes slowly when it 
 follows gastro intestinal catarrh. May be sudden after colic. 
 Temperature rises quickly, pulse rapid and weak. Much ab- 
 dominal pain, looks at the sides, is restless, does not lie 
 down unless it is 'done very carsfully. M. m. is red, respira- 
 tions rapid, t^peraturs 104 to 105^ F. Pressure causes no 
 tv/iething, because the miuscles are so thick. But in the dog 
 and cow pressure always causes pain. Peristalsis is stopped, 
 intestines paralyzed, constipated, but later may have diar- 
 rhoea with a bad odor. Animal becomes weak rapidly, som.etiraes 
 it requires several days before he becomes too sick to rise. 
 Toward the end --e^?- the spMncter ani is relaxed and faeces 
 escape involuntarily. Fall of temperature is due to exhaus- 
 tion and may occur late. Then stands quietly, but if forced 
 to move, may fall. Pulse is too weak to be felt, nostrils 
 dilated, eyes sunken, head dovm and usually dies in a short 
 time. 
 
 COURSE:- Rapid. May be four to six days; but usually- two to three 
 days and then begins to recover or dies. If vary mild, may 
 last several weeks, but then it is severe gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Unfavorable especially where it comes on rapidly. 
 When the symptoms are moderate, defecates regularly, pulse 
 strong, the prognosis is much better. 
 
 Death is due to exhaustion or heart failure, oedema of 
 the lungs, cerebral apoplexy, necrosis of Intestines followed 
 by septicaemia. 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:- From severe colic must be made. In colic 
 there is elevation of temperature, restless, m. m. red and 
 constipation. The diagnosis is hard to make as severe colics 
 often terminate in enteritis. In enteritis the temperature 
 is higher. The animal does not thro-vir himself so violently. 
 Also by the duration of the disease. May be hard to tell 
 gastro enteritis from rabies in dogs as they are quite simi- 
 lar. Cannot even be diagnosed on post mortem table. Differ- 
 ential diagnosis may be impossible except by inoculation. 
 
(53) 
 
 TREATMENT:- Remove the cause as Indigestible food by gentle laxa- 
 tives as Glauber's salts, castor oil, etc., restrict the diet, 
 feed often and in small quantities. Is sometimes necessary 
 to feed artificially. Give oat meal, gruel, raw. eggs, milk 
 whiskey or brandy in a drench. Horses will frequently drink 
 milk from a bucket. Pood should always 'be warmed- It is im- 
 portant to stimulate the skin by rubbing well with straw cam- 
 phor, alcoholj oil of mustard (dilute) turpentine, etc., etc., 
 hot packs to the abdomen is the most important. 
 
 Take a large sheet, wring out in hot water, place a 
 woolen blanket over it and fasten, then let hot water run int© 
 the blanket and keep warm continually* Is best to use a 
 rubber blanket oLitside of the sheet.' if these applications 
 are not made faithfully, it will do no good. In this case 
 mustard, oil of mustard or alcohol are better and cover with 
 blankets. Internally give remedies that protect m. m. such 
 as mucilage, linseed tea, gruel, etc. Give calomel or creolin 
 in small doses« Where there is pain give 1 to 2-/2 drams of 
 opium with 2 drams of calomel in linseed gruel. Give heai't 
 stimulants as alcohols ether, digitalis strophanthus or 
 caffeine. 
 
 CROUPOUS ENTERITIS- 
 
 CROUPOUS ENTERITIS:- It is not an uncommon disease in cattle. 
 
 May be seen in other animals. The blood of cattle contains a 
 greater percentage of fibrin than that of other animals. They 
 are also more lymphatics. This accounts, in part, for their 
 being more susceptible to croupous inflammations. This is 
 demonstrated by the lesions in pleuro pneumonia of cattle. 
 
 CAUSE:- Due to exposure, irritant foods, etc., but the cause may 
 not be determ.ined in many cases. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Characterized by the formation of a croupous layer 
 mostly in the intestine, formed of clotted fibrin, blood cor- 
 puscles and epithelial cells. May be in spots or streaks 
 or may cover the entire surface pf the intestines and obstruct 
 the passage. May be made up of layers between which will be 
 fo;ind masses of faeces indicating several distinct irritations 
 of the m. m. thus showing that the cause is sometimes outside 
 of the intestines or constitutional- M. m. under these layers 
 is more or less inflamed. May be red or gray and puffy, soft 
 and infiltrated with serum or may have hemorrhagic patches. 
 
 In old cases tha membranes break down and putrefy causing 
 the faeces to have a bad odor. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Usually milder, than in other forms of enteritis. Even 
 large areas may be involved and the symptoms so slight as not 
 
 to be noticed until large masses of ci*oupous material pass 
 in the faeces. The usual symptoms resemble Acute Gastro- 
 intestinal Catarrh. Depressed appetite, abdominal pain, 
 
(54) 
 
 slight rise of temperature, constipated. May last for days 
 or weeks. Then the faeces become gradually softer, until 
 watery and of a very disagreeable odor and tube casts are 
 often passed. May be large or small. Have been seen several 
 feet in length and have been mistaken for snakes, pieces of 
 intestine, etc. In violent cases the diarrhoea gets worse 
 and the animal dies from exhaustion. Yet in many cases will 
 improve and recover. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Favorable. The danger is in plugging the intestinal 
 
 tract by membranes and thus causing death. Differential diag- 
 nosis is easy after false membranes appear in the faeces but 
 difficult before this. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Free the intestines of all false membranes. Give oil 
 or Glauber's salts and bicarbonate of soda to dissolve the 
 false membranes. Infusions of salt water into the rectwn are 
 beneficial. Should give antiseptics as there is much putre- 
 faction. Calomel or creolin. Creolln is best for this pur- 
 pose when mixed with flaxseed meal and wax as it will reach ' 
 the intestines before being dissolved. Often the diarrhoea 
 is excessive. Should then give opium or bismuth or both as 
 the diarrhoea weakens the animal and may cause death by 
 exhaustion. 
 
 MYCOTIC GASTRO-ENTERITIS. 
 
 This includes MEAT POISONING, SAUSAGE POISONING, MILK 
 POISONING, and the so-called CEREBROSPINAL IffiNINGlTlS. It is 
 a form of Enteritis due to vegetable parasites, and their 
 chemical products. This is a broad definition as the disease 
 is due to many different forms of parasites. 
 
 There are tv;o subdivisions, viz: 
 1. -SEPTIC INFECTION and 2. -SEPTIC INTOXICATION. 
 
 Fungi in the alimentary canal multiply and germs enter 
 the circulation and produce SEPTIC INFECTION. Or their pro- 
 ducts are absorbed into the circulation and cause SEPTIC 
 INTOXICATION. These products are PTOMAINES and are produced 
 in a living animal during an infectious disease as in TETANUS. 
 They are also seen in diphtheria, anthrax, influenza, etc., 
 before death. In some cases they are found in the animal 
 after death and render the meat poisonous. In either case 
 if the meat is consumed, poisoning is produced and MYCOTIC 
 GASTRO-ENTERITIS is often the result. Another form of this 
 disease affects herbivorae from fermentation which is produced 
 by fungi on plants: but this form is about the same as seen 
 in carnivorae. 
 
 The most common form is one seen in dogs from eating 
 putrid meat, etc. This is called "IjIEAT POISONING" in man. 
 
(66) 
 
 MYCOTIC GASTRO ENTERITIS OP CARNIVORAE AND HEREIVORAE. 
 
 This is the best name for the disease that has been given. 
 
 CAUSE:- Eating putrid meat, and meat of animals in which ptomaines 
 have formed before death. Many diseases of animals are ac- 
 companied by the formation of ptomainesr In these there Is 
 a high temperature. But in other diseases the temperature 
 is not high before death yet the meat is poisonous. 
 
 Septicaemia in its forms as cow with suppurative inflan- 
 mation of the uterus after calving, (few days). The blood 
 vessels are dilated and septic substances are absorbed. Meat 
 from such animals should be condemned. Also in inflammation 
 of the udder, peritonitis, general tuberculosis, anthrax, 
 rinderpest and other diseases having a high temperature, meat 
 should be condemned. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Vomiting with extreme nausea, great depression. If the 
 animal is large he is comatose. May die or recover in a 
 few hours, pulse weak, temperature elevated at first; but not 
 constant. There may be a fall of temperature below normal. 
 In all cases of collapse there is a fall of temperature. 
 Diarrhoea animal dies or recovers in from tv/elve to tv/enty- 
 four hours « This disease can be produced artificially by in- 
 jecting a few drops of putrid meat Into veins of a dog. The 
 symptoms are not alike in all cases. as the Ptomaines are not 
 always similar; but the symptoms produced. from eating putrid 
 meat are nearly always the same. When death occurs the 
 stomach and intestines contain putrid and offensive meat. 
 M. m. is sv/ollen, red and coated with more or less mucous. 
 Peyers patches are red and swollen and may stand out promi- 
 nently. These are about the only symptoms noticed, Sut when 
 there is septic infection there is septicaemia. The lymph 
 glands are red, hard and thickened. 
 
 The blood is fluid, and dark- lungs congested, heaft 
 friable, spleen and liver large and soft. This disease -was 
 first described by Prof. Vaughan of Ann Arbor. Caused in man 
 from eating ice cream, etc. Symptoms are by no means regular- 
 
 MYCOTIC GASTRO -ENTERITIS of HBIRBIVORAE. 
 
 Is due to eating mouldy food. It is of interest to us 
 as it occurs most frequently. After eating mouldy grain, 
 ensilage or any mouldy food they are rapid, vague symptoms 
 which often prove fatal. 
 
 There are four forms of fungi :- 
 
 1st. Moulds or saphrophytes that live on dead tissue, 
 grains, hay, ensilage, etc., but never on living plants. 
 There are many varieties of moulds. 
 
 ■2nd. RUSTS. Grow on living plants. Usually on h£iy and 
 gram as small yellow spots. The pringlpal one is PUCCINIA 
 GRAMINIS. It grows on oats or on Inside of the sheath of 
 grain. May appear natural -externally, . but on inside may have 
 a black or brown spot. 
 
(56) 
 
 Srd. SI.'RJTS, Pound in grain or seeds» It affects all 
 kind of grass and grain and sometimes clover. These are the 
 most intense, causing an inflamation and produce nervous 
 symptoms when absorbed-. 
 
 4th<i YEAST. Causes fermentation found usually in meal 
 and grains which have been soaked in water and allowed to 
 stand some time before feeding. May be found in any food. 
 SYIO'TOMS:- Differ much and likely that each species cause differ- 
 ent symptoms. This is not known positively so must be classed 
 togethero Symptoms usually appear suddenly and death soon 
 follows. Usually reaches its height in one or two days or 
 the animal may be sick for days or woeks. In from three to 
 four days can usually decide what the outcome will be. 
 
 Appetite for food and water is lost. Animal is uneasy 
 and moves about restlessly » Shows colicy symptoms the'i pro- 
 fuse diarrhoea which has a bad odor. This is not a constant 
 symptom as may often have constipation. Temperature may be 
 high or subnormal, usually there is cerebral depression. 
 After a few days the animal is sluggish and will notj respond 
 to external influences. There is a- loss of co-ordination. 
 Animal staggersj stands with head down, ears flopping, 
 breathes softly s pulse is usually full and slow, but if the 
 temperature is high, the pulse is rapid,, SEPTIC INTOXICATION 
 is more common than SEPTIC Il^IFECTION. The animal gets v;eak 
 in a few hours. May fall and cannot rise. Pupil is dilated, 
 sensation of skin lost to a certain extent, hearing and vision 
 is not so acute as normal. 
 
 Paralysis may appear in a group of muscles as the jaws, 
 limbs, etc. 
 
 TELETIA CARIES grow in gr-ass, rye and bfirley. This form produces 
 paralysis of muscles of pharynx and larynXo Usually food 
 remains in the throat causing asphyxia and death; but death 
 is usually deferred for several days. Pood then ferments 
 and a large false membl^'ane forms. !I,m. becomes necrotic 
 and putrefies^ The inflammation gets deeper into the muscles 
 of the neck and causes asphyxia. The posterior m, m. from 
 the pharynx is cast off leaving raw sores as large as the palm 
 of the hand and of a rusty appearance <> Pharynx has putrid 
 contents and is called p utrid sore throat, di phtheri a of 
 horse or cerebro s pinal meningitis . -Ve also have more or 
 less irritation of the stomach and intestines. M m. is red 
 and swollen. Many other cases are seen like these --rith sink- 
 ing temperature J, slow, full pulse, staggering gait, inability 
 to swallow. Later falls and dies from asphyxia. This is 
 often diagnosed as cerebro spinal meningitis. Has been caused 
 by food; but the fungus has not yet been discovered » Some 
 years ago an outbreak occurred in Philadelphia due to feeding 
 brewer's grain. Has also been caused by feeding ensilage. 
 
(57) 
 
 It occurs in cattle; but horses seem to be more susceptible- 
 Autopsy shows more or less irritation of the stomach and in- 
 testines. May find very little or none; then the condition 
 is not TDroperly speaking gastro enteritis but is merely 
 related to it. In other cases may find the lungs congested 
 from decubitus. Paralysis is the chief s:/mptom.^ 
 
 T.nfiltration of serum in the vicinity of the brain, cord 
 and along large nerve trunks. A lemon yellow colored serum 
 also seen between the muscles and about the kidneys and all 
 loose connective tissue about the throat. 
 diagnosis:- Is often difficult as it resembles so many other dis- 
 eases. The aetiology is of great importance; but should not 
 depend upon it entirely. Be careful not to diagnose it as 
 contagious because several animals are affected at the same 
 time. IQien there is profuse diarrhoea and weakness, it re- 
 sembles dysentery. Yet in dysentery the nervous symptoms are 
 absent, there is no staggering and runs a long course. An- 
 thrax resembles it and it comes on suddenly. M. m. is red, 
 death follows in a short time. Lesions of septicaemia are 
 seen after death. Microscopic examination of the blood re- 
 veals the rod shaped bacillus. Anthrax cultures are also 
 characteristic. 
 
 Where rinderpest is prevalent, differential diagnosis 
 must be made. 
 
 There is diffuse diarrhoea and sudden death in this 
 disease. The genito urinary tract is usually affected and 
 large patches of m. m. drop out. Influenza In the horse also 
 resembles this disease in some respects. There is prostration 
 and weakness, staggering gait, m. m. are mahogany colored, 
 legs swollen, w^eakness comes on late in the disease, and is 
 contagious. 
 TREATMENT:* Is not satisfactory. 5'irst indication is to empty the 
 bowels and remove the poisonous products, give aloes, Glaub- 
 er's salts or eserlne. The last is best unless the animal 
 is very weak. In dogs and pigs give emetics and purgatives. 
 Disinfectants are good; but we cannot disinfect the bowels. 
 Calomel is perlrmps as good for this purpose as anything. ' 
 Salicylic acid and creolin are also used. If ravich weakness 
 and the temperature is subnormal give aromatic spirits of 
 ainmonia, digitalis, alcohol, ether or camphor. Blanket the 
 animal. In collapse rectal injections of warm water are good 
 and apply warm blankets wrung out of hot water. Should also 
 combat the effect of the poison that has been absorbed, and 
 is acting on the nervous system. Tincture nux vomicae or 
 Powler's solution are both good. Continue the use of calomel 
 and if the heart Is vreak give digitalis. 
 
 'im 
 
(58) 
 
 TOXIC GASTRO- ENTERITIS. 
 
 There are about sixty different poisons so we cannot 
 consider each one separately. The most important are: - 
 caustic alkalies, potassitim and sodium hydrate, ainmonia and 
 lye. They cause intense irritation of the alimentary canal. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Slobbering, red m. m. of the mouth, difficulty in 
 
 swallowing, vomiting (in dogs) diarrhoea, muscular weakness 
 and collapse. If the poisoning be due to ammonia fumes there 
 will be irritation of the trachea and lungs causing rapid and 
 difficult breathing and asphyxia. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Croupous membranes form on the mo m. of the pharynx, 
 stomach, and intestines, which is dark brown, swollen, eroded 
 and may be lost in places. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Give vinegar or dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric 
 acidc Vinegar is best and can be given in large doses. 
 Follow with demulcents, such as mucilage, linseed tea a^^d 
 opium. 
 
 POISONING BY ACIDS. 
 
 This is similar to poisoning from alkali. They are not 
 volatile so the lungs are not usually affected. Sulphuric 
 acid causes black, charred, discoloration of m. m. 
 
 Nitric acid causes yellow m. m. Hydrochloric acid causes 
 white m. ra. These cause no croupous membranes to form; but 
 the m. m. bleeds easily. Colicy pains. Pulse rapid and weak, 
 collapse and death- 
 TREATMENT:- Dilute alkalies, as bi-carbonate of soda, soap, chalk 
 and demulcents. Later give stimulants. 
 
 POISONING PROM GOmON SALT. 
 
 Is more common than from either alkali or acid poisoning 
 as from drenches with strong brine, etc. Potassium nitrate 
 acts similarly. Pour to six pounds is fatal to a horse 5 to 
 7 lbs. is fatal to cattle, ^ /% for a pig (he is most suscep- 
 tible to salt poisoning) In dog one half dram to every two 
 pounds of body ^^elght is fatal. 
 
 SYIIPTOMS:- Gastro-enteritis, paralysis, sluggish, vomits and 
 purges, mouth red, hot and dry, thirst, colicy pains, 
 urinates frequently showing irritation of the bladder- Paral- 
 ysis is variable. May loose use of the hind legs. In 
 pig paralysis occurs in all parts of the body like a fito 
 Gnashing of the teeth, showing irritation of the gastro-intes- 
 tinal tract. May die in three hours; but usually in from six 
 to twelve. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Redness and swelling of the m. m. Hyperaaraia of 
 
 the spinal cord, and sometimes of the brain substance, hydro- 
 cephalus may be noticsd. 
 
(59) 
 
 TKEATME1>T*?: - Give israter frequently; demulcents and stimulants as 
 alcohol, T^hiskey, bi-andy, ether or spirits of camphor. In 
 ^igs, where cramps are present give morphia or chloral v;here 
 poisoning is not due to salt alone there is more irritation 
 to the brain and gnashing of the teeth. 
 
 ARSENIC POISONING. 
 
 Is conrnon on account of being used in so many different 
 forms. It is easy to recognize in the tissues as- it preserves 
 the organs and the animal may not putrefy for a long time. 
 This is characteristic of arsenic poisoning. It is used as 
 arsenious acid, Paris green, shield's green, rough on rats, 
 Powler's and Donovan* s solution. 
 
 Chronic arsenical poisoning may occur where arsenic is 
 manufacttu-ed, which is rare in this country. It enters into 
 the composition of most condition po7;ders and may in this way 
 cause poisoning. Also in heave-cures it is much used. In the 
 acute poisoning we have irritation of the gastro-intestinal 
 tract, vomiting, loss of appetite, colic, purging, faeces 
 have a bad odor and may be mixed with blood, tympanitis is 
 usually seen, sometimes there are nervous symptoms as paral- 
 ysis. 
 
 If solid arsenic is used the irritation may cause perfo- 
 r-a.tion of the stomach and even the abdominal wall in one 
 place. When given as Powler's solution the local irritation 
 is reduced to the minimum. The chief symptom in chronic 
 arsenical poisoning is paralysis of the jav/ or hind legs. 
 ALTERATIONS:- Corrosion of the gastro-intestinal tract, catarrhal 
 inflammation of the stomach and Intestines, faeces soft, bad 
 odor and may find arsenic in the stomach. If chronic poison- 
 ing there is fatty degeneration of the gastro-intestinal 
 gland, liver, kidney and sometimes a softening of the brain. 
 TREATMENT:- Hydrated sesquiodide of Iron freshly prepared, sodium 
 carbonate or chloride of iron. Give any preparation of iron. 
 May give water from the tub In a blacksmith shop. Also give 
 demulcents, eggs, milk, gruel, oil, linseed tea or glycerine, 
 
 ERGOTISM. 
 
 jBRGOTISM:- Not common in this country especially the East. Is 
 caused by a fungus called "Claviceps Purpurea" Ergotine is 
 the poisonous property. Ergot is more common in rye, also 
 found in wheat, barley and all grasses. Grows toore readily 
 in wet weather. If acute poisoning it produces gastro-enter- 
 Jtis, abortion, depression of pulse, death from exhaustion. 
 If chronic, irritation may be absent, may have drying \3i^ and 
 dropping off of the extremities, as ears, tail and feet. 
 Due to contraction of the blood vessels, cauting dry gangrene. 
 This form is the most frequent. 
 
 TBBATMENT:- Change food, then tannin in small quantities to 
 
 neutralize the alkaloid: give chloral or morphia to dilate the 
 blood vessels. Locally use hot imter, also a little alcohol, 
 .mustard and turpentine. 
 
(60) 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 These diseases are hard to diagnose and often unsatis- 
 factory to treat. There are two methods of diagnosis, viz: 
 
 1. Percussion and palpation- 
 
 2. Appearance of the visible m. m- and character of 
 
 faeces. 
 
 Jaundice, icterus and yelloTirs are synonyms. It is di- 
 vided into t\70 classes: 
 
 1st. Hepatogenous from the liver- 
 
 2nd. Haematogenous, due to alterations of the blood as 
 in influenza there is a yello-";/ color and no lesions of the 
 liver- Due to breaking dovm of haemoglobin- 
 
 Hepatogenous Jaundice is divided into two classes: 
 
 (a) Catarrhal. 
 
 (b) Hepatic. 
 
 CATARRHAL JAUHDICE. 
 
 Due to catarrh of the intestines and bile duct. It is 
 common in dogs but not frequent in horses. Starts as a 
 catarrh of the duodenum. M. m. is sTitolien. This closes the 
 opening of the bile duct which swells, bile collects, is 
 absorbed and stains the tissues of the body. Irrational 
 feeding, improper food, infectious diseases as influenza, 
 oedematous pneumonia, etc • M. m. swell and causes same 
 trouble. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Catarrhal inflammation Of ra. m. of the duodenum and 
 bile duct. May have biliary calcu3,ae or Inspissated bile, 
 which is a hard dry mass almost like calculus that obstructs 
 the duct. Back of this "the ducts of the liver are distended 
 even the liver itself may be enlarged. It has a greenish 
 col'or and the tissues of the body are stained yellow. In old 
 animals it may cause anaemia, less red blood corpuscles and 
 more v/hite ones. The corpuscles may vary in size. Seconda- 
 rily may have fatty degeneration of heart, liver and kidiieys. 
 
 SYJ.IPTOMS:- Easy to recognize and better marked than any other, form. 
 Diminished appetite, for all food, gastric irritation, vomit 
 shortly after feeding ,{ln dog), tongue coated and at first 
 there is diarrhoea. In addition there is distinct discolora- 
 tion of the tissue, first seen in the sclera, around the 
 gums, lips, conjunctiva and skin. In bad cases the urine Is 
 yellow, still worge cases the urine is dark brown or greenish 
 Showing presence of bile. It may stain paper yellow and If 
 shaken the froth Is yellow. Diarrhoea lasts but a short time, 
 there is then more or less constipation. Hard masses, offen- 
 sive odor, high color, white or gray, and in dog may be nearly 
 chalky. The faeces may contain fine drops of fat due to ab- 
 sence of bile in the Intestines. Bad odor »n»^ nniny ay*e> oi «« 
 
(61) 
 
 due to this. (Bile renders fat digestible so is necessary In 
 the intestinal tract). Later in the disease there is depres- 
 sion, lies in one place, sicht and hearing: defective., sleeps 
 a good deal, heart slow, pulse full but belo'/T normal, tempera- 
 ture subnormal, becomes v/eak and comatose and dies in collapse. 
 
 prognosis:- If in dog should be cautious. Not good especially if 
 \7ell advanced. In horses it is al^^ays good, as they respond 
 to treatment. 
 
 TREATt^lENT : - Stimulating the liver makes it v^rorse unless the ob- 
 struction is removed. Carlsbad salts is best. In dogs give 
 emetics occasionally to remove undigested food. It is 7/ell to 
 stimulate peristalsis as it exerts pressure on the liv-r- 
 Massage should be tried in dog. In horse it is not applicable. 
 Give stimulants, coffee, caffeine, camphor, etc Ether is 
 advisable in acute cases. Give easily digested food. Por 
 dog raw meat finely scraped. Horse should be given green 
 foods. Avoid strong purges or chologogues. 
 
 HEPATIC J A U !T D I G E . 
 
 Is due to diseases of the liver from neoplasms, parasites 
 obstruction or anaemia due to altered function. 
 
 G0NGi3STI0:i OP THE LIVER. 
 
 Seen in fat animals that have but little exercise. 
 Som.etimes due to obstruction of the hepatic vein, from lung 
 diseases or may complicate infectious diseases. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Liver is enlarged, dark and granular. If it is 
 broken it shov/s that it is not softened. On section the 
 specimen shows that it is darker in the centre than on the 
 periphery. In old cases this color is quite marked due to the 
 distention of the interlobular vein^ There is also fatty 
 degeneration due to pressure. 
 
 SYlvlPTOMS:- Hard to recognize and can scarcely be diagnosed. May 
 have tenderness, disturbance of digestion, a little abdominal 
 pain v/hlch lasts a long time. Also a yellov; discoloration of 
 m. m. This disease is seen in fat, plethoric animals that do 
 little or no v/ork. 
 
 TREATJffiNT:- Remove the cause- Give laxatives and exercise. 
 
 HEPATITIS . 
 
 HEPATITIS:- This may follow congestion. Pathologists divide it 
 into five classes. 
 
 1st. Parenchym atous (Usually acute). 
 2nd. Suppurative (with abscess). 
 2^^* Necrotic (in which an area dies). 
 4th. Perihepatit is. 
 
 5th. Interstitial (Inflarnraatlon confined to connective 
 tissue of the liver). 
 
 The first four are about the same in aetiplogy but differ 
 m degree and cannot be separated cllnlcallv. 
 
(62) 
 
 CAUSES:- Are same as for congestion of the liver. In addition we 
 have contagious and infectious diseases accompanied oy liver 
 trouble, as influeniia, oedamatous pneumonia, tuDerculosis, 
 glanders, and sometimes in anthrax but in this the animal 
 usually dies before it can develop. 
 
 alterations:- The liver is enlarged, edges are round and blunt, 
 
 is friable and easy to tear, pale in color, frequently accom- 
 panied by inflammation of the peritoneum and diaphragm. 
 Cells are swollen and often degenoration is seen. The inter- 
 lobular connective tissue is hypertrophied, and small dark 
 spots from hemorrhage are noticed. 
 
 SYli^lPTOMS:- Rather vague. Like consestion; but more pronounced. 
 Indigestion and a little Icterus, temperature a little high, 
 (103°), pain on pressure over the liver and slight tenesmus, 
 due to pressure on the liver. Respirations a little acceler.- 
 ated. There are a fev cases on record in which a horse has 
 had a peculiar lameness in the right front leg, being carried 
 out as far as possible. This peculiar gait v;as no d'oubt mani- 
 fested in order to relieve pressure of the liver. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Glauber's salts, antiphlogistics and stimulants If 
 necessary. Careful feeding and nutritious food. 
 
 INTERSTITIAL HEPATITIS. 
 
 INTERSTITIAL ILEPATITIS:- Known as cirrjiosis of the liver. It is 
 an inflammation of the connective tissue of the liver which 
 becomes thickened and multiplied, it then contracts causing 
 atrophy. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- It is small, tough and pale, cut surface may be gr'ay 
 or white. Connective tissue bands may be thick and abnormal. 
 
 SYl.iPTOMS : - Hard to recognize where it is a rare disease but in 
 
 some places it is common as where the soil is vret and swampy. 
 Is thought to be due to certain plants which are injested 
 but this has not been demonstrated. In man is known as gin- 
 drinker's liver. V/here the disease is prevalent it is not 
 hard to diagnose. Constipation may alternate 7/ith diarrhoea 
 and rapid emaciation follov/i The sjnmptoms are much like gas- 
 tro-intestinal catarrh. May have vertigo, usually weak and 
 occasional attacks of colic At first there is no fever; but 
 later may rise to 102 P. and remain at that point till death. 
 The course of the disease is from several months to years. 
 Is alv/ays chronic. 
 
(63) 
 
 TREATMENT:- Not much value. May preverxt the animal from getting 
 worse by changing to a different locality and change the feed. 
 Keep the bovjels loose, give diuretics and alkalies as sodi- 
 blcarbonate. Exercise as light work. Sometimes thorough 
 drainage of the soil will remove the cause. 
 
 AMYLOID DE6EN.E RATION. 
 
 Rare in all animals except the horse. In it there are 
 a few cases on record. Is usually a result of chronic inflam- 
 mation in some other organ or chronic suppuration as from fis- 
 tulae. May also follow chronic nephritis, pleurisy, etc. 
 ALTERATIONS:- Enlarged, borders rounded, soft, friable, serous 
 
 membranes thickened, color grayish brown. Begins in the blood 
 vessel walls and extends later to the parenchyma and affects 
 all the tissues. The chemical test consists in adding Lugol*s 
 solution to a cut section, it becomes red, then add sulphuric 
 acid and it changes to a blue. 
 symptoms:- Not recognized, disorders In digestion are not pro- 
 nounced, not much Icterus, usually passes un-recognized. It 
 is not important, .yet it renders the organ friable and so 
 predisposes to rupture and haemorrhage and the animal may 
 bleed to death. Signs of internal haemorrhage are the same 
 as those of external, viz: v/eakness, irregular gait, pale m.m. 
 These symptoms become more pronounced till he falls and dies 
 in convulsions. In this disease haemorrhage is usually accom- 
 panied by collcy pains. If the haemorrhage is but little, the 
 animal may recover; but is never valuable even if he does; 
 because he is liable to an attack of haemorrhage any time and 
 bleed to death. 
 PROGNOSIS:- Bad. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Is of no avail. Give stimulants. Large quantities Of 
 water, as it acts as a diuretic. Give laxatives as constipa- 
 tion is always present. Good food is Important. The animal 
 may do light work. 
 
 Diseases of the Peritoneum . 
 
 1st. Acute Peritonitis. 
 
 2nd. Chronic Peritonitis and 
 
 3rd. Ascites. 
 
 ACUTE PERITONITIS. 
 
 This disease is found in all domestic animals but soma 
 are more susceptible than others. Arranged in order of sus- 
 ceptibility are horse, ox, sheep, cat^pig, dog and fowls. 
 More frequent in cattle than in horses as they are more often 
 subjected to its causes. 
 
(64j 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Primary and secondary. Priitiary where it is not a 
 result of some other disease. Secondary is the form that 
 results from some other disease, as enteritis, ulcer of in- 
 testines, rupture of abdominal organs, etc. The first form 
 may result from chilling. 
 
 CAUSES:- Traumatisms, accidents, operations, etc. It is the most 
 frequent cause of death in castration. May be due to bleeding 
 or dirt entering the peritaneal cavity. May follow hernioto- 
 my, spaying, punctured abdomen as from hooks, parturition 
 and may follow inflammation of other abdominal organs. May 
 complicate an arthritis, is then said to be metastatic. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Minute ©r large red spots are found after death on 
 the peritoneum. Are mare numerous at the point of irritation- 
 Surface of the peritoneum is opaque and rough, is not shiny, 
 will also be found covered with layers of coagulated fibrin 
 which cause it to be rough, fluid in the peritoneal sac. 
 May be thin, transparent, pure serum or may contain floe" 
 culent masses of fibrin or brownish colored blood or pus cells. 
 If it is caused by penetr-ating wounds that are suppurating, 
 there are granulations on the surface and pus is formed. • This 
 peculiar form occurs after penetrating v/ounds in cats and 
 dogs where there is no opening into the peritoneal sac In 
 older cases that are not chronic there may be a reabsorption 
 of these products. The seruia is first absorbed, fibrin later, 
 some remains and forms fibrous tissue which may cause adhe- 
 sions v/ith other parts. Sometimes there is an oedematous 
 condition of the abdominal walls. They are thick and swollen, 
 the intestines contain putrid food and are distended v/ith gas 
 and may result in septicaemia or asphyxia. It may be circum- 
 scribed v/hen due to an inflammation in the organ or tissues 
 beneath the portion of peritoneum. 
 
 SYJ.iPTOMS:- Not so typical as in many other diseases and depend 
 upon the extent and location of the trouble. If the lungs, 
 kidneys, etc,, are. involved there is interference of function, 
 but where peritoneuj-n alone is affected, it has no function, 
 hence there are no typical symptoms. Pain ©n pressure is 
 always present, Gut is sometimes so deep and protected from 
 pressure that it is difficult to cause pain in this manner. 
 May sometimes detect it in such cases by rectal examination 
 but not always. Always have fever if at all extensive. Does 
 not run a regular course, may be high or low alternating, etc 
 If extensive, the temperature may be 105 or 107; but if slight 
 102. Pulse very rapid and weak. May be hard and wiry in 
 advanced cases. The pulse does not bear constant relation to 
 the temperature as in most diseases. May havo low temperatu.re 
 and very rapid pulse. Heart tone high and shrill usually, 
 not always. Part of the fluid is absorbed and more is formed. 
 This is taken up by the blood, diluted and changes the pulse 
 and irritates the heart. The abdomen is drawn i;.p by tension 
 
(65) 
 
 and contraction of its muscles to relieve pain by making a 
 general firm pressure. Later in the disease there is a tend- 
 ency toward enlargement of the abdomen due to distention of 
 the intestines with gas; because peristalsis is paralyzed and 
 food ferments. Also due to a collection of fluid in the per- 
 itoneal sac. Constipation is always present and faeces are 
 voided in small dry balls or none at all. Later still the 
 respirations are accelerated, short, shallow, and are of the 
 costal type. Animal is sluggish, stands or lies in one place. 
 Shows pain on movement, later does not move due to cerebral 
 depression. Eyes half closed, ears droop, and finally becomes 
 insensible (almost) or may die in a comatose condition. Iiyhere 
 the inflammation is extensive death occurs in a short time; 
 but if localized he often recovers. 
 TREATMNT : - Hot satisfactory if large areas are affected. Best 
 results are obtained in animals that are the least suscepti- 
 ble to the disease. Treatment is both local and general. 
 First plenty o'f cold water should be applied to the abdomen. 
 Can use either bandages or hose. Where the animal is not 
 valuable enough to pay for continual irrigation, hot cloths 
 are better as with the Priessnlta bandage. If not so acute 
 apply mustard, oil of turpentine, mercurial ointment, which 
 seems to act well in horses. In dogs or pigs open the abdornen 
 by trocar and inject fluid as Lugol's solution after drjalning 
 off the fluids. This sometimes results favorably. In dog 
 as large as a setter inject 6^8 ounces and drain it off 
 qvilclcly. Apply antiseptic bandages. 
 INTERNAL TREATMENT:- Opium was used for years to deaden pain and 
 depress peristalsis, but later Epsom salts has been used and 
 these watery stools seem to do most good. (Used by surgeons - 
 physicians use opium). As opitun has oeen used for so long a 
 time and did good it seems best to go back to that treatment. 
 
 In animals use opium and calomel. Calomel will prevent 
 constipation and is also antiseptic on account of its action 
 ■on serous membrane. 
 
 Opli 3 to 4 drams about 4 times daily. 
 
 Cattle 3--^/2 drams. Dogs grs. 1 to 6. 
 
 Calomel 1 dram to horses T. 1. d. 
 
 It is well to give diuretics to remove fluids: as ol. 
 Juniper, buchu; give digitalis to stimulate heart. 
 
 If there is secondary peritonitis treat the original 
 condition. Peritonitis sometimes kills very quickly, there- 
 fore depend as much on external as on Internal treatment. 
 Horse may die before opivira acts. 
 
(66) 
 
 CHRONIC PERITONITIS. 
 
 CHRONIC PERITONITIS:- Not so conmon. Usually results from the 
 
 acute, or from foreign oodles, tumors, as In tuberculosis or 
 In horse from melanotic sarcoma.. It is generally localized 
 to a small area. Peritoneum is greatly thlelcened, cuts IVf-e 
 tendon, surface is raw, granulating and" the peritoneal sac 
 contains more or less fluid. Adhesions are usually present, 
 uniting the different organs. Sometimes the inflammatory area 
 is encapsulated- 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- About same as in acute. Pain on pressure and on move- 
 ments. Temperature elevated. Heart and respiration acceler- 
 ated. Abdomen is not distended as the animal is not consti- 
 pated. Gas does not accumulate and W^ have no tympanltiso 
 Appetite is poor and the animal is sluggish: collcy pains 
 may be very noticeable which is hov/ever usually not constant. 
 Although the Intervals of ease are not those of perfect 
 health. There may be more fluid in the abdomen than in the 
 acute foinn. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Diuretics and laxatives, use counter irritants. 
 
 Puncture the abdomen and inject Lugol's Solution (in dogs) 
 ' acts better here than in the acute form. Use about 2^ 
 strength. 
 
 ASCITES, DROPSY. 
 
 ASCITES, DROPSY:- It is most common in dog, but is also seen in 
 sheep, goat and horse. It is really a symptom and not a 
 priiaary disease. Always results from some other condition; 
 usually from interference of circulation, in heart or outside 
 of the heart. Valvular disease is the most frequent cause, 
 or it may be caused by pericardial adhesions. Also chronic 
 lung disease as tuberculosis, emphysema; Impediment may be in 
 kidney due to Interstitial nephritis. Cirrhosis of the liver 
 also causes the same condition. Obstruction of the portal 
 vein by tumor or pressure is a coimion cause. Also results 
 from excessive pressure on vessel walls, they are stretched •' 
 and weakened, blood escapes, especially in£o the peritoneum. 
 Chronic diseases accomijanied by great weakness; blood becomes 
 thin, diminished in albumen and corpuscles, and serum escapes. 
 Old mange cases may be followed by ascites, resulting from 
 thin blood and imperfect nutrition of the vessel v/alls. The 
 quantity of fluid that passes into abdominal cavity Is some- 
 times enormous. 40 gallons have been found In a horse, 5 
 gallons in a dog, it is yellow, clear and transparent and may 
 contain little flakes of fibrin, if due to a previous peri- 
 tonitis it may contain blood; peritoneum Is slifi;htly thickened 
 and epithelial cells are sometimes desquamated, "leaving the 
 deeper layer exposed. Organs are all pale, anaemic and fria- 
 ble. Diaphragr-i is pressed forward and heart is hypertrophied. 
 Liver Is yellow and small, kidneys pale and intestines contain 
 but little faecal matter- 
 
(67) 
 
 SYl-.iPTOMS : - Increase in size of the abdomen, which is pendulous and 
 small at the top; palpation proves contents to be fluid. 
 Ghanging position of the animal changes position of the sT/el- 
 ling, as by holding him up by front legs. In horse leading 
 up inclined plane. Respirations accelerated because thorax 
 is smaller, due to pressure. No fever. Heart a little fast. 
 M. m. pale; anim.al dejected; in dog sits on haunches, because 
 this makes respirations easier = 
 
 Horse, ox and sheep lie down a good deal and bed sores 
 are formed. Constipation and d.iarrhoea alternate; animal 
 gets weaker and weaker and dies of emaciation. Usually ter- 
 minates in death from emaciation, septicaemia or pyaemia. 
 
 COURSE:- Chronic, may last for years. As lon|; as fluid remains 
 in the- abdomen, there is no iinmediate danger. In old cases 
 the abdominal walls become oedematous and often produce large 
 swellings externally. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- As to life, is not dangerous as long as fluid rem.ains 
 in abdominal cavity, but is dangerous when it escapes into 
 subcutaneous connective tissue. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Not hard to make. V/e must differentiate between this 
 and peritonitis. In ascites there is absence of pain on pres- 
 sure and no fever. Must also diarrnose from pregnancy by rec- 
 tal or vaginal examination or by palpation. Fat animals are 
 liable to be mistaken for ascites, but in these cases, we get 
 no fluctuation on palpation and the location of the sv;elling 
 is not changed by t}ie position of the animal being altered. 
 The animal is fat in all parts of the body and it comes on 
 slowly. Bladder may become distended and drops on floor of 
 the abdomen, here also there is fluctuation; but vaginal 
 examination reveals the outline of the bladder- Make an 
 exploratory puncture with trocar and the odor will determine 
 whether urine or not- 
 
 TREATMENT:- General remedies to remove fluid by kidneys, skin, 
 bov/els, etco Diuretics and laxatives to remove fluid from 
 the bodyo But this is only palliative. Treat the cause as 
 heart, lungs or kidneys. Give digitalis but this causes gas- 
 tro-intestinal catarrh if too long continued. Give Carlsbad 
 salts, bicarb, of soda, alcohol, etc., along v/ith digitalis to 
 prevent this trouble. Strophantus is good to alternate with 
 digitalis. Acetate of potash and caffeine are the best diu- 
 retics and cause the least irritation. Juniper is good; but 
 irritates the kidneys if too long continued. 
 
 Use trocar to draw off fluid; but sometimes an incision 
 is made; the latter mode is not good treatment, as we must 
 then use antiseptic bandages. Injections are not rational. 
 We must treat primary condition and this is not in the peri- 
 toneujn. Do not draw off the fluid too rapidly and afterwards 
 wrap bandage about the abdomen, to maintain the usual pressure 
 on the abdominal vessels and so prevent anaemia of the brain. 
 
(68) 
 
 DISEASES OF THE GEHITO-URINARY TRACT. 
 
 Examination of the urine is v6ry important in diagnosis 
 of diseases of the urinary organs. It is the same to these 
 diseases as percussion and auscultation are to the diseases of 
 the lungs and heart. Kidneys are situated very deeply and 
 so we cannot examine them directly; but by examination of the 
 urine we can diagnose almost all the various diseases. It is 
 important to examine for albumen, blood, tube casts, epithe- 
 lial cells, white blood corpuscles and micrococci. In man it 
 is an easy thing to collect urine, "but in animals it is ob- 
 tained either by having man in constant attendance to collect 
 urine as soon as voided, catheterizlng or having leather 
 pocket suspended under sheath. Urine of a dOg is still more 
 difficult to collect, w.e may put dog in a slatted cage and 
 have pan underneath to catch the urine. The best v7ay is to 
 catheterize the animal. 
 
 Urine of each species differs. Urine of horse is light 
 yell0T7 in color. It is slightly clouded and a little stringy, 
 due to the mucous and V7hen poured it is of a stringy nature. 
 It Is also sticky and on standing it gets brovm or a sediment 
 forms. The odor is aromatic and later it becomes aramoniacal. 
 Reaction is alkaline. 
 
 Urine of sheep is much like that of the horse, but more 
 brownish; it is clearer and even sometimes perfectly clear. 
 On standing a sediment forms. It has a slight odor, is thin 
 and alkaline in reaction. 
 
 In calves it is a lighter yellow, (straw colored) without 
 odor, acid reaction and clear- 
 In swine, light colored, acid reaction and unpleasant 
 odor. 
 
 In dog , light color, unpleasant odor, acid and darker 
 after hard work. 
 
 Urine Is chiefly v/ater containing compounds of organic 
 and inorganic matter. Contains urea, uric acid, hlppuric 
 acid, kreatln, xanthln, indlcan, phenol, coloring matter and 
 mucous. 
 
 Inorganic compounds, sodium chloride, potassixam chloride, 
 ammonium chloride, phosphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium, 
 oxide of lime, carbonate and oxalate of calcium , and carbo- 
 nates of the alkalies. These rary with the animals' surrotind- 
 Ing conditions and slightly on seasons. A valuable examina- 
 tion of urine can be made without the use of instruments, 
 collect urine, observe it carefully and we may thus determine 
 all that is necessary to know. Quantity should be observed, 
 not absolutely but near enough; whether more or less than 
 normal . 
 
 Horse passes from 8-12 lbs. a day. 
 
 Ox " " 8-20 " " " 
 
 Sheep " '• 1- 3 " " " 
 
 Dog " " 1-5 " " " 
 
(69) 
 
 In most diseases the amount Is diminished, but in poly- 
 urea, diabetes and hyperaemia of the kidney it is increased. 
 It is also diminished ^^i'hen dry food is fed or animal sweats 
 profusely. Color is of value, normally yellow, but in dis- 
 ease it may toe pale, brown, red or blaclc Color depends 
 usually on its concentration and is proportionate to its 
 specific gravity,. In fever it is usually concentrated and of 
 a dark color- When horse does no v;ork, sv/eats- but little, 
 does not breathe rapidly, urine is pale and large in amounts. 
 Hard work and highly nitrogenous food, as peas, beans, cotton 
 seed, meal, clover, etc, makes urine dark. 
 
 ?/hen blood is present or from santonin it is redj when 
 col6r£iig matter is dissolved as in a^oturia it is brown; in 
 oedemataus pneumonia it is reddish brovm; also in influenza- 
 
 Transparency is determined by holdinr; urine in the 
 light; if opacity is due to mineral salts, they soon settle 
 to the bottom. If due to organic matter it is usually clear. 
 Tube casts cause urine to become opaque. This can usually 
 be seen by the naked eye. Cloudiness is always abnormal , 
 except in horses; the reason for this is that urine is kept 
 in bladder for a long time and is then mixed with mucous; 
 certain fermentations in bladder also accounts for opacity. 
 In bladder and urethral diseases it contains mucous and epi- 
 thelial cells and is therefore cloudy. Ifhen the urine of a 
 horse is clear it indicates disease; if it is acid it is 
 usually clear. Uric acid in a large quantity indicates dis- 
 ease. 
 CONSISTENCY:- Of most animals it is thin. In horse it is thick 
 and syrupy. In disease urine may become thicker or thinner. 
 In polyurea it becomes thinner; in fevers, cystitis and neph- 
 ritis it becomes thick from tube casts and cells. 
 
 Odor is also important. Each species has a different 
 odor- Change in this indicates dlseas.e. Ammoniacal taint 
 is the addition to normal urine and results from fermentation 
 and. indicates disease of the bladder. These before mentioned 
 facts will enable us to diagnose most any disease of the gen- 
 ito-urinary tract; if not the urine had better be examined 
 cliemically. 
 
 Specific gravity. 
 
 
 
 Horse: 
 
 1040 
 
 -- 1050 
 
 Ox 
 
 1030 
 
 — 1045 
 
 Sheep 
 
 1040 
 
 -- 1070 
 
 Swine 
 
 1010 
 
 — 1015 
 
 Dog 
 
 1016 
 
 — 1060 
 
 Specific Gravity varies in inverse ratio to the volume. 
 In fever the sp. gr. is higher and the percentage of solids 
 is greater. In chronic diseases it is lower- Chemical exami- 
 nation of urine is both qualitative and quantitative. The 
 latter is not of much Importance. For diagnosis and treat- 
 ment the former is sufficient. 
 
First point to determine is the reaction by the use of 
 litmus paper^ The amount cannot be determined. V/hen litsius 
 is turned red quickly it must be exceedingly acid. Reaction 
 in carnivorae is acid. In herbivorae it is alkaline and 
 deviation from this shoi«?s some abnormal condition. In her- 
 bivorae acid urine is usvxally catised by starvation from living 
 on their own tissue. Urine contains uric acid same as in 
 carnivorae- Alkaline urine in dog usually results from 
 catarrh and fermentation in the bladder and turns litmus 
 paper quickly. Then test for albxjmen, gaul coloring matter, 
 inorganic salts, etc. 
 
 CHEMICAL .EXAMIIJATION. 
 
 GHacrCAL EXAJ-ttNATIOH:- Commences b;^ determining the reaction, next 
 test for albumen. If found in large quantities it indicates 
 disease, although a trace of it is found in nearly every 
 sample of urine. Tests should be made by the regular known 
 tests. Add acetic acid to make it acid and boil. If albumen 
 is present it will coagulate. This does not positively prove 
 tiaat albumen is present as we may have a coagulum from other 
 substances as phosphates. Nitric acid is added to dissolve 
 the phosphates. Albumen is sometimes found in cows well 
 advanced in pregnancy and is here supposed to be physiological. 
 It is also found in some cases after a severe race and after 
 great exertion. There are many diseases accompanied by 
 albumen in the urine as in albumen urea. It is a sjiMptom of 
 many diseases and the most common cause is a change in the 
 parenchyma of the kidney and is due to inflanmations. The 
 partition wall that separates blood from urine becomes dis- 
 eased and albumen is fotind in the urine. To show presence of 
 tube casts chemical and microscopical examination must be 
 made. If these are found it shows that the parenchyma is dis- 
 eased. 
 
 Second. Albiomenuria may come from other causes such as 
 changes in the composition of the blood* Yfhen a small amount 
 of albumen is injected into the blood it becomes changed and 
 causes albumenuria. It is also fotind in severe blood diseases 
 as influenza, anaemia, leucaemia, etc. It is also found after 
 severe sweating, large quantities of water are removed from 
 the blood but it soon disappears. 
 
 Third. Changes in renal circulation or in any part of 
 the circulation will cause it. These are mostly of the char- 
 acter of venous engorgement, lung and heart diseases, also 
 high fevers* . 
 
 Fourth. It is found in local diseases of the urinary 
 tract as cystitis and urethritis, catarrh and hemorrhage from 
 the bladder. It is necessary to make examination of other 
 parts of the body to diagnose alb^Jmenuria. The tests for 
 chlorides and phosphates are not important and are not often 
 
(71) 
 
 made. In testing for chlorides it must be remembered that 
 chlorides are dimdnished in fever and from exudation of in- 
 ternal "organs. Phosphates are increased in gastro-lntestinal 
 catarrh and after hard work. Also in rheumatism and in o-steo 
 porosis^ Test for gaul coloring matter is not often made- 
 Add dilute filming nitr-ic acid and note the color. IftTiere 
 bilirubin or bilivirdin is present we have a change in color. 
 It is foupd in catarrhal icterus, intestinal catarrh and also 
 in severe blood diseases. Test for sugar is not important and 
 it is rare to find sugar in the domesticated animals. Test 
 for uric and hippuric acid is of no value. Indican is of more 
 importance in the horse as it is found normally in the urine; 
 but if found in large amounts it indicates disease. Test : 
 add equal parts of pure HCL. and then a few drops of GaCl- 
 If indican is present it changes to blue. It results from, 
 putrefaction in the intestinal tract and usually occu-"s 
 during gastro-intestinal catarrh. 
 
 Microscopical examination is important; but is not always 
 essential- Allov; urine to stand in conical shaped glass and 
 draw off the fluid and examine the sediment. 1st. Examine 
 without staining and then stain with gentian violet. The 
 mineral crystals have no significance; organic substances 
 are of more value. Among these are mucous or epithelial cells 
 that may come from any part of the urinary tract. 
 
 These cells differ in form.. Cells from the parenchyma 
 are usually blocky, thick, cylinj3rical and rich in protoplasm. 
 When the cells are from the pelvis of the kidney they are 
 blocky, thick, rich in protoplasm and usually have prolonga- 
 tions resembling a molar tooth. Where cells come from the 
 bladder they are pale, large flat cells with a nuclei. Tube 
 casts (urinary cylinder) are found in all forms of nephritis. 
 They are cylindrical, long, curved-j and sometimes branching; 
 or they may be short and represent casts of the kidney. 
 There are two kinds of casts, viz: Hyaline and epithelial. 
 
 The hyaline are made up of fibrin thrown into the tube 
 and show deep inflammation. They are sometimes pure and 
 sometimes have epithelial cells attached- They are opaque or 
 transparent. V/hen opaque they are described as waxy. Epi- 
 thelial casts are the same shape, showing that epithelial 
 cells are cast off and these cells are seen all over the cast. 
 
 When blood is present as in haematuria it gives a red 
 brown color. Cells may or may not oe found in it and all that 
 is seen is the color. In such a case we diagnose haemaglo- 
 blnurea. We also find blood in the urine after a traumatism. 
 A dog that has been run over will show it. Heavy draft horses 
 show it from starting heavy loads. It is also seen in neph- 
 ritis, hyperaemia of the kidney, pyelitis, cystitis, urethri- 
 tis, and all inflammations of the lower urinary tract. 
 Calculi in the bladder or kidney has been known to show it. 
 Parasites such as the £ustronp:ylus gigas and sometimes filaria 
 In the blood will cause it. 
 
(72) 
 
 Blood can be mixed with urine and blood corpuscles and 
 stand for 5 or 6 days before corpuscles will be dissolved. 
 Hemorrhages' will cause haematuria, that is if the hemorrhage 
 is of the urinary tract. Where blood comes out in flocculent 
 masses the bleeding takes place in the bladder oi* in the lower 
 urinary tract. When blood Escapes pure, the bleeding is below 
 the bladder as in the urethra. The presence of pus in the 
 urine is important and usually indicates cystitis. Presence 
 of bacteria in the urine is not very important. It may be 
 the anthrax or tubercle bacillus; but these diseases are diag- 
 nosed in other ways. Micro-organisms of fermentation are the 
 only ones usually found in urine. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE UlilA^Y TRACT. 
 
 CONGESTION OP THE KIDNEY. 
 
 Divided into active and passive. Active is caused by 
 irritating food, acting as diuretics, as resinous plants, 
 weeds and foods, covered with fungi, which irritate kidneys, 
 predisposing causes. Phlethora, congestion of other abdominal 
 organs, infectious diseases as influenza, oedematous pneumo- 
 nia, distemper, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, etc. 
 
 PASSIVE CONGESTION:- Results from congestion of abdominal organs 
 due to organic diseases of lungs and heart. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Kidney is enlarged, swollen, soft, of a bright red 
 color showing excess of blood. They are also oedematous and 
 friable. Small hemorrhagic spots are seen showing rupture 
 of capillaries. These are all the alterations that can be 
 seen with the naked eye; but this is sufficient for diagnosis. 
 In older eases the microscope will show that the renal epi- 
 thelium has undergone fatty degeneration. It looks fatty and 
 small drops of fat collect on the cut surface of cross sec- 
 tion. The congestion may end in nephritis. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- The animal is inactive, stands with back arched, re- 
 stricted gait, disinclined to move.. Temperature is elevated ' 
 also pulse. Appetite impaired or not changed. M. ra. may be 
 but slightly injected. The quantity of urine passed is in- 
 creased in quantity, pale, and of a very low specific gravity. 
 In passive congestion the quantity of urine passed is dimin- 
 ished. This is usually of long standing. Albumen and some- 
 times hyaline casts are found. There is no fever and no irri- 
 tation in region of the kidney and runs a long course. 
 
 TREATJ.IENT : - A case of active conf^estion from irritant foods change 
 the food at once. Give bran, pure oats, good hay, roots and 
 green foods. Relieve kidney of work by giving purges such as 
 aloes, which causes evacuation of large quantities of water. 
 If the case is severe and has lasted a long while and neph- 
 ritis is coraraenclng, treat accordingly. In passive con,c;e8tion 
 examine heart and lungs. Give remedies to stimulate the heart 
 as digitalis, strophantus, etc. Plenty of f»vpv.r»-f co 
 
C73) 
 
 NEPHRITIS. 
 
 Inflammation of the kidney. There is less known about 
 this disease than any other disease of domestic animals. The 
 pathology is taken from hianan works. Reason for this is that 
 animals are less predisposed to nephritis than the human 
 family. The usual cause in man is alcohol which of course is 
 not indulged in by animals. 
 
 It is classified into acut e and chronic nephritis. 
 
 AETIOLOGY:- Acute is due to many causes. Horses are especially 
 susceptible. It sometimes follows hyperaemia of the kidney, 
 traumatisms and pre-existing diseases as oedematous pneumonia, 
 bronchitis, tuberculosis, glanders, etc. ¥/here there is high 
 fever there is an alteration of the kidney. It is sometimes 
 due to chilling; but this is a rare cause. A more common 
 cause is irritant foods and drugs that are excreted by the 
 kidney as cantharides after having been applied as a blister 
 for a long time, also turpentine, croton oil, arsenic, lead or 
 mercury. Ingestion of food covered \vith fungi or moulds. 
 Raw potatoes or flaxseed will cause it especially when mouldy. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Sometimes indistinct. Kidney may appear normal in 
 size and consistency- In advanced cases they are somewhat 
 enlarged, red, swollen and friable. Hemorrhagic spots on sur- 
 face or inside of kidney. The pelvis will contain thick mu- 
 cous. Microscopical examination shows the lesions more 
 pronounced. The parenchyma undergoes the same changes as in 
 inflainrnation of any other organ. There is a peeling off of 
 the superficial layers. Blood vessels are large and there 
 is exudation into the connective tissue. Y/e find dead cells, 
 pus cells and fatty degeneration is actively going on* The 
 lesions may be confined to the glomerulus or they may invade 
 the whole organ. In calves small areas of suppuration are 
 found in connection with the uriniferous tubules but not in 
 the blood vessels. In other animals abscesses are found; but 
 not enough to cause death. Kidney shows fibrous tissue prov- 
 ing that the healing process is going on. In tubercular neph- 
 ritis v/e find the same conditions resulting, as in other parts 
 of the body. The same in- glanders - 
 
 SYfjlPTOMS:- Y/ell marked. Stiffness of gait, hind legs carried 
 apart.' Back arched and takes short steps with hind legs. 
 Animal shows pain on movement. In very bad cases percussion 
 will show pain over the kidneys. This pressure should be 
 exerted over kidney and not over spinal coluimT.. The animal 
 will have difficulty in getting up. Appetite is poor and on 
 account of pain on movement constipation results. There is 
 no fever usually but after disease has lasted a few days it 
 begins and gradually gets higher. Positive diagnosis cannot 
 be made without urinary analysis, as these same symptoms are 
 seen in strains, lumbago, psoas abscess, etc. Urine contains 
 
(74) 
 
 ^/lO of 1/^ of aXbumen, and the coagulum occupies a large space 
 . in the test tube as it is flocculent. Urine is voided in 
 small quantity on account of the inflammation of the part. 
 It is lightly colored and of high specific gravity. In some 
 very bad cases horses have been knoTim to pass no urine for 
 seven days. Cattle five days- 
 
 This fact is due to excessive Inflammation and inflamma- 
 tory products obstructing the tubes of the kidney- Where this 
 condition lasts for three days or longer we have the symptoms 
 of uraemia manifesting themselves. The nervous system becomes 
 poisoned producing convulsions and coma. The nervous system 
 first becomes excited, then loss of co-ordination, the animal 
 falls, struggles violently, later v/e h^ve depression, the 
 animal is stupid, dull, insensible and dies in collapse. In 
 uraemia the temperature may go up to 106-108. 
 
 COURSE:- Of acu.te nephritis usually about 14 days. Varying from 
 eight to fourteen. 
 
 prognosis:- The disease is usually fatal therefore the prognosis 
 should be made with caution. As long as urine is passed in 
 considerable quantities the prognosis is not as unfavorable. 
 If uraemia develops this of course adds to the gravity of 
 the disease. Differential diagnosis cannot be made in any 
 other way than by making urinary analysis. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Remove cavise if possible. Podd should be examined. 
 Put in a well ventilated box stall and keep, well blanketed. 
 Give nutritious foods. Per a dog it is best to put him on a 
 milk diet. For a horse, bran, clean hay, grass and roots are 
 the best foods. Relieve the kidneys by diaphoretics and laxa- 
 tives. A subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine is best as it 
 causes sweating and salivation. As laxatives we may use so- 
 dium sulphate, aloes or calomel. It is advisable to apply a 
 Priessnitz bandage to the back for warmth and moisture. 
 Counter irritation over abdomen and thorax will be found 
 useful. The object of this is to cause ti'ansudation of serum. 
 Mustard is best for' this purpose. Don't use cantharides or 
 turp(entine as these irritate the kidneys still more. To' in- 
 crease action of the skin, use a stiff brush and then put on 
 a heavy blanket. V/he're small amount of urine is passed give 
 small doses of diuretics. Large doses are contraindicated. 
 Best is acetate of potash, digitalis or caffeine. Very little 
 can be done for uraemia. It is more fatal in horse than in 
 dog. Give purgatives and sweat the animal. Inimerse dog in 
 hot water and then rub thoroughly. Hot blankets should be 
 used for horses. Give chlorate of potash and chloral hydrate. 
 
(75) 
 
 CHRONIC .NEPHRITIS. 
 
 CHRONIC NEPHRITIS:- Same sjinptoms and the same course as the 
 acute form, although they are not so pronounsed. 
 
 AETIOLOGY:- Very indefinite » Does not often follow the acute and 
 is not a seqiaenceo Supposed to be due to irritant weeds, 
 continued use of copper or lead salts especially when glanders 
 was treated with these drugs » 
 
 Chief cause is the pre-existence of some other disease as 
 glanders? chronic bronchial catarrh and bacilli have been 
 found, in the kidney and most eases are ascribed to these germs. 
 They enter by the blood tiirough ulcers in the skin, throat, 
 etc» The kidney being made up of minute capillaries, germs 
 will lodge here and multiply. It often follows parturltitlon 
 in mares and cows. Micr-o-organisras are taken up to the kid- 
 neys through the uterus. Chronic nephritis may affect the 
 parenchyma or interstitial part of the kidney. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Vary. The disease comes on slowly with vague symptoms. 
 Loss of appetite, stiff gait, depression, oedema of hind and 
 front legs, abdomen, sheath and when very bad the lower part 
 of head and neck^ Urine is voided in small quantities^ Sp, 
 Gr= high and the color is dark and contains albumen, casts, 
 epithelial cells, fat globules and bloodc- This inflammation 
 interferes with circulation, increasing the work of the heart 
 causing hyper trophyo Pulse is hard and full and the heart 
 beat is metallic and loud, enlargement of heart is easily 
 detected. May last for years; but most cases terminate in 
 uraemia- The other form of nephritis is confined to the inter- 
 stitial connective tissue, increased flow of blood resembling 
 congestiono There is more urine than normal, of a low sp. gr. 
 ligh't color* clear, contains little albumen and fcere Is no 
 oedema. The form -in v/hich we have hypertrophied heart, loss 
 of appetite an.d depression often terminates in heart failure 
 being due to overworko Before the heart gives out, oedema 
 forms about the legs, belly and chest causing uraemia and 
 death. 
 
 TREATlffiNT:- Same as for the acute form» Heart stimulants and 
 diuretics, such as digitalis, strophanthus, caffeine, etc. 
 Digitalis and caffeine are the best-. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- f/orse than in the acute form. The animal may work for 
 a long time; but the disease is not curable and will even- 
 tually kill the animal. 
 
 PYELITISc 
 
 PYELITIS:- Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. 
 
 This is scarcely recognizable during life, but easily 
 recognized on the post mortem table. Results from extension 
 of inflammation, usually follows nephritis or cystitis, 
 poisons, infectious diseases, stone or calculus, etc. 
 
(76) 
 
 alterations:- Svirelllng and catarrh of the mucous mambrane, which 
 
 is covered -with thiekj creamy material. Palse membranes cover 
 the pelvis. Inflammation may be so severe as to necrose the 
 membrane . 
 
 SYr,IPTOMS:- Similar to nephritis and cystitis- Stiff gait, depres- 
 sion, urine contains blood and pus. Collcy srv-mptoms and often 
 terminates in uraemia. If such cells are found diagnose 
 pyelitis. 
 
 TREATAffiNT:- Alkalies and antiseptics, bicarbonate of soda, boracic 
 acid, salicylic acid or creolin. 
 
 PROGNOSIS;- AlY/ays bad and does not yield to treatment. 
 
 RETENTION OF URINE. 
 
 It causes distention of the bladder, ureter and pelvis, 
 of the kidney- More coraaion in males than in females- May 
 cause rup^ture of the bladder. 
 
 AETIOLOGY:- Foreign bodies in the urethra or neck of bladder as 
 sediment or calculi. This sediment may be organic as pus or 
 inorganic as salts which have been precipitated. Tumors may 
 form in ureter, bladder or uretlira and obstruct the flow of 
 urine. Enlarged prostate glands or faeces retained in the 
 rectujn may press on the urethra and cause it, also foetus 
 may be a cause. Paralysis of the bladder and sometimes in 
 paraphlegia, as in azoturia, or may oe^cur in colic and en-d 
 in rupture. Oramp of neck of bladdei- may cause it. 
 
 SYJiffTOMS:- Pain, uneasiness, stretches out but cannot void urine. 
 Tixis s yiTiptom is often seen in colic due to pressure on the 
 bladder; but in this case there is no urine v/hile there is in 
 reteni;ion and none is voided and in colic a few. drops may pass. 
 Where paralysis is not complete a small quantity of urine 
 may pass like in colic. In this case examine mucous membranes 
 of the head, peristalsis, etc. If these are normal it is 
 probaDiy retention. May last days or even weeks. Always make 
 a rectal examination. In retention bladder is distended, 
 tense, and sometimes painful. If the distention is great, 
 the animal may become paralyzed behind; but can be relieved 
 by emptying the bladder- Is often seen in pregn.ant females, 
 as xioares and cows. When pain has lasted for a long time arid 
 suddenly ceases v/e suspect rupture of the bladder and temper- 
 ature soon rises. May palpate the bladder ..or tap the abdomen 
 to make diagnosis certain. This trouble Is always fatal. 
 Horses live one or two days. Cattle may live six or seven 
 weeks, then die with uraemia. Horses are more susceptible 
 to uraemia than cattle. 
 
 TREATMENT:- First determine the cause. If calculus, remove sur- 
 gically. If stricture, pass the catheter. Stone in the 
 bladder can be diagnosed by the symptoms of cystitis, voids 
 urine often with pain, occasional at1;acks of colic and even 
 retention of urine. By rectal examination the stone can be 
 
(77) 
 
 felt» If due to spasms of the urethra give antispasmodics or 
 counter Irritants or even by stroking the perineum, morphine, 
 belladonae, chloral or chloroform are usefxil. In ox it is' 
 serious as the penis is crooked so the cathater cannot be 
 passed. In this case open the urethra about two inches 'below 
 the anus where it -passes around the ischium. In females it is 
 a simple operation- In these can often start the urine with 
 the finger- Retention of urine is not as common as supposed 
 to be. Colic is often mistaken for this trouble. 
 PROGNOSIS:- Is good. 
 
 G -Y S T I T I S » 
 
 Or Catarrh of Bladder, really belongs to surgery and 
 is due to stone in the bladder, but is sometimes due to 
 retention of urine or the continued use of certain drugs as 
 cantharides, turpentine or food covered with fungi. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Catarrhal condition, mucous membrane, red and 
 
 swollen; bladder walls are thickened. M. m. leaden colored, 
 covered with mucous and ulcerated spots. In old cases 
 especially the m. m. is very thick and strong- In acute cases 
 may liave diffuse suppuration beneath the m. m. in the con- 
 nective tissue, red color, bluish venous engorgement. Con- 
 nective tissue full of serum which is jelly like and small, 
 areas of suppuration are seen. Usually due to septicaemia or 
 pyaemia. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Withers arched, voids urine frequently in small amounts. 
 Bladder is irritated by the urine and may show much abdominal 
 pain. Palpation per rectum is painful. Urine is thick and 
 highly colored and contains mucous and pus, with microscope 
 we can see many pavement epithelial cells. Chronic form is 
 about the same; but not so painful. 
 
 -TREATJdENT:- Local injections into the bladder, the m- m. should be 
 cleaned. Pirst use bi-earbonate of soda to dissolve the 
 layers of mucous membrane. Then inject astringents or anti- 
 septics, in large quantities to straighten out the folds of 
 m. m. Usually one gallon is sufficient. Can determine by 
 rectal examination when its walls are tense. Warm bi~carbo- 
 nate of soda 2 to 3 per cent solution will usually dissolve 
 the material that has collected on the m. m. Follow with 
 V2X solution of Gupric sulphate or tannic acid, or 1^ solu- 
 tion of creolin. Give internal remedies to render the urine 
 alkaline. Boracic acid or sodil bitartras, chlorate of soda 
 and creolin. are given Internally; but these do but little 
 good. 
 
(78) 
 
 AZOTURIA . 
 
 AZOTURIA:- Sometimes called^ Haemoglobinurea . 
 
 It affects the kidneys secondarily- Some claim it is 
 modern, others that it is one of the oldest diseaseso Is 
 probably a disease of modern times - two hundred years at 
 least. Old descriptions of the disease were not complete 
 enough to make a sure diagnosis- The first good description 
 of the disease v/e have was written in 1852. Old v/riters had 
 many names for the trouble, as spinal apoplexy, spinal founder 
 paralysis, haemoglobinurea, acute" Bright ' s disease and many 
 others. More recently it has been called a peculiar form of 
 rheumatism. 
 
 AETrOLOGY: - It is a disease peculiar to the equine species alone. 
 There seems to be a predisposing confor-mation as those of com- 
 pact build, short backs and legs, heavy plethoric draft horses. 
 Seen rarely in driving horses. Confined to plethoric animals 
 solely; but an animal may be plethoric without being fat. 
 The disease is rare in young or old animals, usually seen in 
 the prime of life from five to ten years of age» 
 
 Feeding has much to do with it, especially large quanti- 
 ties of oats. Those fed on heavy soft feed or bran, rarely 
 have it. Exciting causes are work or violent exercise after 
 standing in for a few dayso Yet may develop in the stable 
 without going out of the stall. In Bavaria thirteen out of 
 sixty-five had this history. Chilling has \>QQn thought to 
 have some influence in producing the disease. Prof. PrShner 
 thinks it is one of the most important causes. Some old wri- 
 ters thought it v/as due to some poison invested in the food 
 but this theory has been abandoned recently; because only 
 those in a stable that are stood in for a few days have it. 
 
 alterations:- Distributed all over the body. Muscular lesions are 
 most characteristic, especially those of the psoas, gluteal, 
 thigh, etc. In bad cases the shoulder and forearm may be 
 affected. There is cloudy swelling, fatty degeneration, light 
 in color, pale, soft and friable and usually oederaatous. 
 Fibrous, granular and stripes lost, showing degeneration. 
 Drops of fat may be seen in the fibers, in old cases (several 
 days) these changes are marked. Small hemorrhagic spots may 
 be seen. Changes in the blood are characteristic; but do not 
 develop as soon as change in the muscles. After one or two 
 days we can find a breaking down of the red blood corpuscles 
 and haemoglobin dissolved in the serum, causing it to appear 
 red. Blood contains urea and other products of muscle. May 
 find haematoidin crystals, etc The tarry black blood is not 
 due to the lesion; butto asphyxia. The spleen is large, red 
 and soft. Fatty degeneration of the liver in the later stages. 
 Spinal cord, especially in the lurnbar region is red and con- 
 gested and somewhat softened.. In old, well marked cases, 
 blood and serum are found in the arachnoid space. Examination 
 of the marrow of the bone is claimed to be important, it is 
 
(79) 
 
 infiltrated with blood and is congested even in the early- 
 stages. Especially in the femur, tibia, humerus, and lumbar 
 vertebra. There may be spots of haemorrhage fi-om excessive 
 congestion. The kidneys are normal at first; but after a day 
 or two they become soft and the parenchyma degenerates, cells 
 soften and are east off and the whole kidney becanes mushy. 
 The bladder is normal, contains coffee colored urine which is 
 thick and syrupy. Heart is soft, pale and friable and lungs 
 filled -with blood from asphyxia. May have bed sores from 
 decubitus, and knocking the head against objects- 
 SYliiPTOMS:- Are characteristic. After having stood in the stable 
 •for a time with plenty of food, is taken out and worked, be- 
 comes excited, may show a little unsteadiness behind and stag- 
 gers, knuckles forward on hind legs, may even w?ilk on the fet- 
 locks. May stop here but usually gets worse and falls to the 
 ground. These symptoms develop rapidly. Gome on in from 
 ten minutes to half an hour. The preliminary excitement is 
 due to pain. When down, he struggles and tries to. get up. 
 May stagger to the feet and .soon fall again. The hind legs 
 are paralyzed and pricking the skin causes no pain. Muscles 
 of the thigh are hard and tense. No elevation of temperature, 
 pulse rapid, m. m. red, usually a retention of urine which, 
 if dravm, is coffe colored and like syrup- Contains albumen 
 and an excess of urea. Microscopically we see epithelial 
 cells, broken down red blood corpuscles- The color is due to 
 haemoglobin and not to the red blood corpuscles. Urine is 
 acid, shOT/ing abnormal metabolism. Peristalsis is depre^ped 
 even paralyzed. Brain is not affected, appetite good, 
 consciousness remains clear- The disease some times runs an 
 irregular course and may only affect one hind leg; drags the 
 toe, takes a short step, knuckles forward, croup of one side 
 is high, sensation lost in one leg and the urine coffee 
 colored. Sometimes one or both front legs are affected and 
 the hind legs remain normal. This condition is unusual; but 
 the history is the same, is lame, stands on the toe, heels 
 high. Muscles of the scapula and upper arm are large, hard 
 and sensation lost. 
 
 Is usually an acute disease- Recovers or dies in three 
 or four days. May die in tv/enty-four hours. If he remains 
 paralyzed for three or four days, usually dies slowly of ex- 
 haustion or rapidly of uraemia. If the condition lasts longer 
 there is chronic paralysis and the animal is worthless, so 
 must treat quickly. 
 
 The lesions do not point to any distinct cause and many 
 theories are advanced. Some say it is a kidney disease; 'but 
 these organs are not affected till the animal has suffered 
 a day or two. Others think it is some sort of an affection 
 Of the spine as congestion, anaemia, etc., these lesions are 
 
(SO) 
 
 also secondary. In rheumatism the museles are swollen and the 
 urine is black, so some claim it is a rheumatic trouble. 
 This fact cannot be denied as rheumatism is not understood 
 thoroughly. Yet the causes, course, and termination are 
 different, so it is probably not rheumatic. 
 
 The theory of a toxic infectious material in the blood 
 is not feasible, as it rarely affects animals that v/ork every 
 day. If due to food it v/ould occur whether working or not. 
 
 It is primarily a muscle disease. If an animal is 
 killed v/h.en first taken, the lesions are only found in the 
 muscles. Here the muscles are swollen, friable, congested, 
 and cloudy swelling is found in the fibers. The theory most 
 widely accepted at present is that the disease is due to 
 hypernutrition. Yet the cause is not settled. Wliile working, 
 the organs of nutrition are active and the food is utilized, 
 but when idle too much nourishrnent is stored up and the- 
 muscles become surcharged. Then when worked the excess of 
 food is drawn upon and there is more than can be used, hence 
 metabolism is more rapid and partly form.ea albuminoids are 
 found in the muscles and poisons them. This is theory; but 
 is born out by observation. 
 prognosis:- Must be guarded. Warn the owner of the danger- Runs 
 a rapid coiirse and is often fatal. Those cases that start 
 mildly may terminate in paralysis or death, while those that 
 are taken violently, sometimes recover. 
 TREATMENT:- Should attempt to prevent the trouble, when standing 
 in the stable, give short rations and exercise as v/alking for 
 half an hour. This is especially important in heavy draft 
 horses. 
 
 As curative treatment get the animal in a box stall with 
 plenty of room and bedding. Get him in slings if possible. 
 If the animal cannot stand in the slings, prognosis is usually 
 iinfavorable. Bleed freely from the .iugular. It is of great 
 advantage if done early. Apply heat to the sv/ollen muscles 
 and back - a Priessnitz bandage - should be changed frequently. 
 Rub legs with alcohol, etc. Gatheterize every four or five 
 hours. Give laxatives - large doses, of aloes, nux vomicae 
 and calomel. Some advise eserine 1-^/2 to 2 grs, but this 
 weakens the heart and tends to congestion of the lungs so do 
 not give it- unless standing on the feet. Diuretics are most 
 important, to get rid of the poisons. Give buchu, juniper and 
 caffeine. Avoid squills, turpentine and other diuretics that 
 are irritating to the kidneys. If there is prostration use 
 alcohol, ether, etc If much excitement use bixsmides to quiet 
 the animal. The appetite is usually good. Give laxative 
 food as bran mash, fresh hay, grass, roots, etc. Avoid oats. 
 
 If cannot stand should be turned every three or four • 
 hotrrs. Rub the hips, shoulders, elbows, forearm, hock, etc., 
 with alcohol then with lanolin to prevent germs from entering 
 
(81) 
 
 the skin. Make a desperate effort to get the animal in slings 
 should try every eight or ten hours. In every case that dies 
 a careful post mortem should be made of all the organs. Hind 
 legs are most often affected pro'bably because they do the 
 most work. 
 
 MILK FEVER OP CATTLE. 
 
 This is also a peculiar disease and not thoroughly un- 
 derstood and in its description there is much confusion. 
 Some say the temperature is high, others say it is low, and 
 still others who say it is neither high nor low; but the fact 
 is, that there are two distinct diseases; that are called 
 Milk Fever . It was so named because it was thought that milk 
 circulated in other parts of the body and caused the disease. 
 
 Pranck in 1860 divided milk fever into two distinct dis- 
 eases, viz: Puerperal Septicaemia and Pue r peral Eclampsia . 
 This division has now been abandoned and is divided into Par - 
 turient Septicaemia and Part urient Apoplexy . They are very 
 different in character, yet resemble each other in the fact 
 that each occurs soon after parturition. Both have prostra- 
 tioii and a high mortality. About 40^ die. Parturient Paral- 
 ysis is accompanied by loss of motion, sensation, and consoiou 
 consciousness and follov/s parturition. Parturient Septicaemi a 
 is a real septicaemia following parturition. It is a disease 
 of all animals. Most conmon in cow, carnivorae and mares. 
 It is due to infection during birth or following it. Germs 
 may be carried into the wounded uterus by the hands of the 
 operator or may pass in from the air. There is severe in- 
 flammation of the uterus and vagina, they are swollen, thick- 
 ened and congested and there may be a catarrhal inflammation 
 of the m. m. If violent, the contents of the uterus may be 
 putrid, uterus soft and oedematous, lymph vessels and glands 
 in this region are red, swollen and friable. Secondarily 
 there is septicaemia, spleen and liver enlarged, heart muscles 
 are friable, lungs congested and blood fluid. If pyaemia is 
 present, have the same symptoms as above v/ith abscesses in 
 various parts of the. body. The cadaver putrifies rapidly 
 accompanied by an offensive odor. 
 SYI-yiPTOMS : - Of Parturient Septicaemia, swelling of the genital 
 
 organs, vulva is red, discharge of semifluid, thick mucous, or 
 thin like blood and stained. Local pain and high temperature 
 105° to 107--^ /2°, depressed, appetite lost, weak, staggers, 
 consciousness is not lost; but is not so acute as normal - 
 does not respond quickly to the whip or voice, pulse rapid. 
 Weakness pronounced, cannot rise.. It looks like paralysis 
 but is only weakness and if the animal gets down the prognosis 
 is bad. May terminate in one of several viays. 
 
(82) 
 
 1st. Recovers quickly - in a week or even months. 
 
 2nd. Chronic Metritis.. 
 
 Srd, Increased weakness and death. Death usually 
 occurs in 35 hours if at all. In those cases that recover 
 the septicaemia is not well developed, yet the inflammation 
 of the uterus may be severe. 
 TREATMEITT : - Thoroughly disinfect the uterus. Give stimulants and 
 antipyretics. Inject the uterus v;ith a solution of creolin, 
 hydrochloric acid, carbolic acid in large quantities. Disin- 
 fect the hands and wash out the uterus, nibbing its walls 
 with- a sponge to remove all the mucous. Creolin is best; for 
 v/e can use a stronger soliition - about one per cent. Bi-chlo- 
 rlde 1 to 2000 might be used. This is dangerous in cattle; 
 but in carnlvorae is comparatively safe> 
 
 For stimulants give alcohol, whiskey, ether or camphor . 
 These also lov/er temperature. Camphor can be given internally 
 or the oil m^y be given subcutaneously. Antipyi'in may be 
 given or large quantities of quinine. 
 
 As a prevention place the cow in a clean stall before 
 parturition and cleanse the hands before assisting in labor. 
 
 PARTURIENT PARALYSIS 
 
 PARTURIENT PARALYSIS:- Is seen more frequently than parturient 
 
 septicaemia. It affects cows, goats and pigs. Predisposing 
 causes are like those of azoturia - high condition, fat ani- 
 mals, excessive feeding, lack of exercise before calving. 
 Affects coT/s In their prime usually from the third to the 
 fifth parturition and cows that give large quantities of milk.' 
 Follows a quick and painless birth. Usually seen by the sec- 
 ond or third day, rarely the fourth. Has been seen before 
 parturition. As to causes there are many theories. First as 
 oedema of the brain and cord. V/hile she carried the calf 
 there was much blood in the system, the organs of circulation 
 were hyper trophied but after calving the demand for this 
 supply of blood was taken away and the functions of the body 
 were disarranged and congestion of the brain and spinal cord 
 resulted, caused by the excitement of calving. The serum is 
 forced through the walls and causes oedema and this pressure 
 on the vessels caused anaemia. Post mortem does not substan- 
 tiate these views and they have been abandoned". 
 
 Harmes ' theory was advanced about twenty years ago. 
 During the act of parturition v/hen the cotyledons were torn, 
 vessels ruptured and air entered the circulation and formed 
 emboli which lodged in the tody and caused death, this theory 
 is not a good one. 
 
(8S) 
 
 SCHMIDT H U L H £ I M ♦ S THEORY. 
 
 Due to poisons from ptoraains and bacilli enter the uterus 
 during parturition cause fermentation, are absorbed and act 
 li!''e ctirare, envsi"'^ r>i?.'"r'.l''r!is. This theor-"- ir al?.o abinf^or****^. 
 The best theory is that it is due to certain leucomaines fovnd 
 In the body (Ivluscles, as in azoturia) before calving. These 
 depress the cord and brain. These poisons result from break- 
 ing dovm .of albuiaen. This disease still needs much study. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Are peculiar, not well marked, may find no abnormal 
 . condition in any part of the body so is not inflammatory. 
 Uterus is often normal, so there'' can be but little or no fer- 
 mentation. Also from fiie fact that it occurs only in fat 
 animals so the fermentation theory of Schmidt Mulheim does 
 net hold good. Post mortem may shov/' changes but they are 
 scarcely ever the same. May have certain parts filled with 
 blood or may be anaemic and extend even into the brain. 
 The pharynx is often found filled with food, v/hich may pass 
 into the larynx and trachea. 
 
 SYllPTOMS:- Usually come on about tv/o days after calving. The ani- 
 mal is uneasy, walks about restlessly, bellov/s occasionally, 
 shov/ing excitement, tries to defecate, may shov/ a little col- 
 ic, is easily frightened, rolls the eyes and bellows often 
 and loud. Later gets v/eak behind, staggers and knuckles for- 
 ward, general v/eakness even in front. Palls down and cannot 
 rise, v/hile dovrn ass'umes a peculiar characteristic position, 
 lies on the side, hind legs forward and outward, head and nose 
 thrown around to the flank. These syinptoms are always diag- 
 nostic. May eat a litcle; but if bad there is loss of appe- 
 tite and consciousness, will not even recognize the calf. 
 Upper eyelid is paralyzed and droops, eyes retracted and 
 glassy. Cornea may loose sensation and no reflex. Throat may 
 be paralyzed and fluid or food pass into the larynx, slobbers 
 a great deal from grating of teeth and chewing. "Also there 
 is paralysis of the bladder and rectum and no peristalsis. 
 Secretion of milk diminished or suspended. Pulse usually 
 weak and feeble - from. 50 to 70 but later becomes more rapid 
 as high as 100 to 120 er minute and feeble. Temperature nor- 
 mal or subnormal. May go as high as 102; but if higher usu- 
 ally indicates some complication as parturient septicaemia. 
 More apt to be high in the beginning of the disease due to 
 excitement. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- The disease usually runs a rapid course. In 24 hours 
 we can give a prognosis. Is fully decided in three or four 
 days. If a fatal termination the animal becomes v/eaker and 
 v/eaker, falls flat on one side, cannot rise or hold the head 
 up, respirations rapid and shallov/, heart rapid and weak, 
 udder and skin bluish, and dies of exhaustion or pneumonia. 
 PneuTxionia Is due to lyinf; on one side constantly or from 
 
(84) 
 
 foreign 'bodies in the lungs. If the animal recovers the eye 
 loses Its glassy appearance, appetite returns and stands, 
 may recover in a -i7eek. In other cases there may be a paral- 
 ysis complete or partial of the hind legs accompanied by atro- 
 phy of the mu^files of the thigh and croup and a weak G^i''-* ■ 
 This is incurable. 4© to 50^ die. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS;- Easy. At time of parturition, paralysis, peculiar 
 position of the animal, and low temperature. Differential 
 diagnosis from parturient septicaemia by the absence of high 
 temperature and no discharge from the uterus. 
 
 TREATfiENT:'- Prevention, is exercise before calving. Do not take 
 the cow from the herd and tie in a stall unless some form of 
 exercise is provided. Should not be too fat, cut down the 
 feed, give green feed, roots, etc. Give Glauber's salts if 
 there iw«i any constipation. 
 
 CURATIVE TREATMENT:- The pharynx is paralyzed so avoid drenches; 
 but if she can svvallov/, giye them slowly and continuously. 
 Position of the gov/ is very important. Should be kept propped 
 up on the sternum to prevent a complication of pneumonia." 
 Therefore an attendant should be present all the time. Is 
 sure to die unless she has the best of care. Can be propped 
 up with bags of strav;. 
 
 Pur^o the animal, aloes, croton oil, epsora salts, act 
 slowly, yet they should be given. Eserine l-v2 to 2 grains 
 is the best. Injections of warm water to unload the rectom 
 and catheterize - hand is usually sufficient. Give stimulants 
 and diuretics. Caffeine one to two drams every 5 or 4 hours. 
 S:3irits of camphor, ether, alcohol, aromatic spirits of ammo- 
 nia. Externally apply stimulants to the legs and back and Ice 
 bags to the head to prevent hjnperaeraia of the brain. Glau- 
 ber's salts dissolved in 1 to 2 quarts of molasses are hlfrhly 
 recommended. Sometimes the cow is excitable, then should tie 
 the head to prevent severe bruises and give morphia hypoder- 
 mically or potassium bromide, or chloral by the rectiari. 
 Try to raise the cow in slings: rub the muscles vmll to equal- 
 ize Circulation. 
 
 EXCESSIVE SE.XUAL APPETITE • 
 
 Most consaon in cows. Pound in males and females. ■•.lay be 
 physiological especially in males. In females it is easily 
 recognized because it is only shown while in heat, while the 
 pathological form is shown all the time. 
 CAUSES:- Are numerous. Too high feeding and too little work. 
 
 Rare in working stallions or cows that give large quantities 
 of milk. Small milkers often show this trouble and habitual 
 bullers are usually worthless. Pathological causes are numer- 
 ous. Disease of any part of the genital t--act as cysts, 
 tuborcxuar condition of the ovaries, degenerated ovaries, 
 dropsy of the uterus, sarcoma, carcinoma or tuberculosis. 
 
(85) 
 
 Closure of the os is not a rare cause. In males a local 
 catarrhal condition of the urethra and bladder is a cause and 
 produces self abuse in stallions and bulls. Cryptorchids 
 are also predisposed- 
 
 SYJvIPTOMS:- Are easy to recognize. Excitement, desire for the 
 or^I^osite se::, sonietimcs vici'^us, geni*".als rcc". anc! s'vollen. 
 May lead to d'L;:iiiDiness or subsequent paralysis. In males there 
 is a frequent and prolonged erection. In post mortem the 
 ,^ lu^iibar portion of the cord is often found softened. 
 
 TREATlLiiNT : - Depends on, the cause. Make a careful local examina- 
 tion. In cow should maice a vaginal examinationj will often 
 firxl the os closed and the uterus full of fluid « Belladonnae 
 ointment will usually relax the contracted os, if not use the 
 dilators. Local treatment Y/ill usually remove the fluid from 
 the uterus if there is a cyst, remove the ovary or crush the 
 cyst by manipulation. May find a chronically erected, hyperr- 
 trophied cliterus most common In mares. Here it is best to 
 remove the cliterus. Yet it -will do no good if this condition 
 is due to some other cause. Can be removed \vlth the scissors, 
 should use cocaine. Ovarlotom.y and castration are the last 
 resorts and are usually a sure cure. Wlien carefully done is 
 not serious especially in cows. As internal treatment give 
 chloral hydrate, morphia, bromides, camphor. Camphor is best- 
 10 to 30 grs. twice daily. Cold applications are also valu- 
 able. Give plenty of exercise and not too much to eat. 
 
 LOSS OP SEXUAL APPETITE. 
 
 Most coi-nmon in males especially in bulls. Arises frora 
 general weakness or plethory. In females it arises frora 
 local catarrhal condition of the uterus or vagina. Also from 
 certain idiosyncrasies, some stallions will not serve gray 
 mares, others ?/ill not serve bay mares, etc. 
 TREATMENT:- Treat the symptoms. Get the animal strong if too weak. 
 If too fat, reduce the condition. Sometimes after this has 
 been accomplished, the condition continues. It is well then 
 to try cantharides as this produces congestion of the genital 
 organs. In cows give from 1 to l--^/2 drams mixed with cider 
 or ale once per day. Mare requires 15 to 30 grains in food 
 or 1 dram of the tincture. Caraway, mustard and pepper are 
 recommended by some; but they have but little or no action. 
 
 There may be impotency or sterility which may arise 
 from inability to copulate or frora imperfect semen. May come 
 from many causes as tumors, etc. In this case the semen 
 should be examined microscopically. The speramatazoid may 
 have a head or no tail or vice versa such semen is no gooa 
 and there Is no treatment. It is due to trouble in the testi- 
 cle. Sterility of females is usually a local trouble, as 
 inflammation, closure of os, tumors, etc. uterus may be mis- 
 placed. These troubles are usually easy to diagnose. 
 
(86) 
 
 TREATIffiNT : - Locals -Dilate the os If that be the oause. 1 to 2 
 
 inches is usually sufficient. In making a vaginal examination 
 "bear in mincLj catarrh of the vagina or uterus, tumors or 
 dropsy of the vagina, Literus, or horns, cysts of the ovary 
 or stricture of the fallopian tube, tuberculosis, etc. 
 
 ThJ.s condition has been produced by putting foreign 
 bodies into the uterus. 
 
 MILK DEFECTS. 
 
 Tills is an important question especially in the Eastern 
 states where cattle are kept for their milk alone. Disorders 
 of milk are In quantity and quality, and is due to many causes 
 the most important of which is the abnormal condition of food 
 which has direct influence on milk, method of feeding, water 
 (cold or warm) and the time that it is given. Digestive dis- 
 eases should be considered as indigestion reduces the quantity 
 and quality of milk, besides it causes scours and bloating. 
 Constitutional diseases especially fever alters the milk in 
 such cases the udder becomes less active, milk becomes indi- 
 gestible and produces indigestion. A number pf diseases of 
 the udder cause change in milk. The manner in which cows are 
 kept and the utensils in which milk is ki$pt after drawing must 
 be considered as these all influence the milk- The cure i& 
 easy in some cases; but it is important to determine whether 
 milk of a single cow is defectiV'S or whether the whole her^ 
 is diseased. If change is in a single cow it is probable tha.t 
 the cow is diseased in some ra^jnner. A sample should 'b^' ^v^-yrn 
 from each cow and then wait ujjtil change takes place. 
 DEPECTS IN QUANTITY:- If cow does pot give enough milk it Ip prob- 
 ably due to the breed of the cow; but if milk decreases sud- 
 denly, it is ^ften traced to the change of food. This is 
 usually not permanent and soon comes up again. If the food 
 is not fitted for the animal the change will probably remain 
 permanent. Pood which is poor in proteids Is not good food 
 for milkers. Hay, ensilage and roots contain much water and 
 starch; but are poor In proteids, they however are good when 
 fed in connection with cotton seed, etc. Cows give less milk 
 in cold and moist weather. Milk is reduced in quantity when 
 cow has diarrhoea. 
 
 Change of location also has tendency to decrease the 
 quantity of milk. An animal may seem perfectly healthy; yet 
 give less milk than she has been giving and no reason can be 
 found for it. In such a case milk frequently and give nour- 
 ishing and stimulating food. Sulphide of antimony often in- 
 creases the flow of milk. In Germany a so-called milk powder 
 is used containing: - 
 
 Sulph. of antimony, 100 gramms. 
 
 Juniper berries^ 150 " 
 
 Sodium chloride, 500 " 
 
 ■Sulphur sub. 50 » 
 
(«7) 
 
 The above powder should be tried in cases where no cause 
 can be found for the decrease In milk, but examine the case 
 carefully. Sometimes cows give more milk than their system 
 is able to stand; this causes rapid emaciation and makes 
 them more prone to contract diseases. Peed on non nitrogenous 
 foods and give purges. 
 
 QUALITATIVE:- Examination of milk is more Important. This really 
 belongs to milk inspectors. Boracic acid, salicylic acid, 
 chalk, magnesia and water are often found in milk. The latter 
 is not so important as is supposed by many and if not found 
 in large enough quantities for the consumers to see it will 
 do no harm. 
 
 Blood may be foimd in milk' from rupture of blood vessel 
 in the udder- It looks pinkish or reddish and on standing 
 becomes brown. This is hard to discover when cow is suckling 
 a calf. While suckling the calf will shov; uneasiness and does 
 not seem to like it. A reddish froth mtty be found. One teat 
 only is usually affected. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Cooling applications, short rations, containing little 
 proteids. Soluble extracts from bitter and aromatic foods 
 may be found in milk, frozen potatoes make .milk bitter- 
 Spoiled ensilage gives it a peculiar taste. Milk may contain 
 too small a / of solids caused by impi'oper feeding, v/eak di- 
 gestion; give same treatment as for gastro-intestinal catarrh. 
 Milk may contain too much fat, especially seen in sheep, this 
 is caused by overfeeding and causes scours in the lambs. 
 Less stimulating food. It is sometimes seen in Jersey cattle 
 making it impossible to raise calves on such milk. Give the 
 calf milk from a common bred cow. 
 
 The milk constituents are sometimes changed which usually 
 takes place in the udder. Some of these changes are premature 
 coagulation, milk does not becane acid, reaction is alkaline. 
 It is caused by disease of the udder or a peculiar form of 
 garget. It coagulates in 6-8 hours after milking. This is 
 coimion in summer and the excessive heat of mid summer is a 
 cause. It is more common in the evening milk than in the 
 morning milk. 
 
 If in the udder, treat it accordingly, if from heat try 
 to remedy it. Also well to put some nitric acid in the drink- 
 ing water. If the disease is caused from gastric disturbance 
 give sodii bl-carb., chalk or magnesia. This trouble is more 
 frequently due to uncleanlin'ess of the milk vessel and milk 
 room and is caused by the milk souring germ. Cream may be 
 peculiarly altered. Instead of buttering it becomes frothy 
 and thin. This frequently comes from external causes. May 
 occur from indigestion in cow. The exact nature of this in- 
 digestion is not known. Emaciated animals may cause cream 
 to take on such a state. Stimtilate digestion by adding HCL. 
 to the drinking water- 
 
(88) 
 
 Blue Milk is a peculiar 'blue coloration occurring more 
 frequently in summer and spring usually disappearing as cold 
 weather comes on. It may affect one or all of the animals 
 in a herd and generally occurs after milk has been draT.m. The 
 bacillus of blue milk has been isolated and inocul-.tied vrhich 
 is known as "Bacterivim Cyncyanum. " It has been giorr; on beef 
 broth, bouillon and potatoes. Bacteriiirn is said to in soiud 
 cases enter the milk through the cow but in most cases it 
 enters after drawn. When milk undergoes this change little 
 blue spots develop 24 hours after milk is drawn, these spots 
 bee one larger and all the milk becomes blue, it is indiges- 
 tible and poisonous . 
 
 TREATMENT:- Stimulate digestion. Give HCL. to prevent passage of 
 bacilli from digestive tract to the udder- It is scarcely 
 possible for germ to pass through this way. Disinfect the 
 stable by solution of creolin or sheep dip. The udder should 
 be sponged the s'ame way. The milk cistern should be thorough- 
 ly boiled also the vessel. 
 
 Milk may be changed to red or yellow from a similar germ. 
 This also takes place in the albumen. TREATMENT. Same as 
 for the blue milk. Rapid putrefaction often takes place a 
 fBY/ hours after milk is drawn, it follov;s feeding spoiled 
 foods and drinking stagnant putrid water from pools, etc. 
 More common in the west tiian in the east. Trouble may result 
 from using dirty vessels and from improper surroundings. 
 Milk should be kept in clean vessels , as it is an excellent 
 culture medium for germs. Stringy milk is often met with, 
 caused by bacterial infection producing fermentation of milk 
 sugar- It changes into a viscus, stringy substance which 
 generally takes place one day after drawn. It will not pour 
 properly being stringy and large clots can be found in it. 
 The taste is flat and offensive and the cream will not sepa- 
 rate. Micrococci can be found in large quantities which are 
 especially comnon in summer. 
 
 TREATLIENT : - Scame as for the other conditions. The germ is usually 
 present in the stable and so passes on the teat and then up in 
 the udder. 
 
 UDDER. 
 
 There are three chief diseases of the udder, viz: Oedema 
 of the udder, Parenchymatous inflammation of the udder, (gar- 
 get, mastitis) and 3rdly, Infectious mammitis. 
 
 OEDEMA OP THE UDDER. 
 
 Caused by exposure and chilling which leads to oedema. 
 symptoms:- Elevation of temperature, pain on -pressure, secretion 
 of milk is reduced; but not radically changed. It may be 
 hov/ever slightly tMckened. 
 
(69) 
 
 TREATMENT:- Warm box stall. Eathe udder with cold water, lead 
 water and laudanum. Recovery takes place quickly. 
 
 PARENOHYliATOUS INFLAJ.MATION OP TI-IE UDDER. 
 
 RVJTONYIIS : - Garget, mastitis. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Same as the foiTner- Draughts. Especially seen in ani- 
 mals that give large quantities of milk. It also results 
 from lying on cold ground. May result from traumatism. In 
 other cases it may be due to infrequent milking. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Udder is swollen; hard and painful. Entire bag is 
 
 rarely affected, usually ■^/■i or -^/^ only. Skin is red, slight 
 elevation of temperature, no appetite^ pain, hind legs 
 carried apar^ to relieve pressure on udder- IVhen disease 
 becomes older the udder becomes insensible, furred and temper- 
 ature drops. This is then chronic Milk becomes thick, 
 clotted and a viscus fluid comes out resembling butter milk. 
 Blood may be present in it. Sometim.es pure pus may be con- 
 tained in it. This may terminate in many v/ays, viz: Suppu- 
 ration, gangrene, atrophy and induration. 
 
 SUPPURATION:- Thick pus like fluid comes from the teat remaining 
 painful, becomes localized, abscess may form, become diffuse 
 and the whole quarter may break down. The abscess may then 
 break through the skin. 
 
 GANGRfi'NE:- Insensible to pressure, temperature sub-normal, blue 
 discoloration, becoming green and the line of demarcation 
 becomes distinct and death results from septicaemia- 
 
 ATROPHY:- Chronic The affected -^A becomes harder. Connective 
 tissue forms \vhich contracts rendering the quarter so small 
 tliat milk ceases to flow altogether. 
 
 INDURATION:- Hardening without atrophy- 
 
 TREATMENT:- Depends upon stage and form of the disease. Cow 
 
 should be milked four or five times a day and if accompanied 
 by great pain this should be done with a milking tube. Check 
 milk secretions as much as possible. Diet and starve the 
 animal. Glauber's salts should be given and if severe it is 
 advisable to bleed from the milk vein which will lessen blood 
 pressure. Where udder is large and more than one quarter is 
 affected, apply a suspensory bandage. It should be well 
 padded und may contain a poultice of flaxseed. The bandage 
 assists materially. 10^ oil of camphor or 10^ of camphor 
 ointm.ent should be applied several times daily and rubbed in 
 Y/ell by massage. Hot water fomentations should be used often. 
 1st. Use the hot water and then apply the camphor ointment, 
 ^fliere v;e laave the suppurative form use flaxseed poultice or 
 pour on hot creolin and open abscess as soon as formed. Where 
 milk fistula lias been formed treatment will be found to be 
 very unsatisfactory. 
 
 Treat the gangrenous form the same as the suppurative 
 form by bandaging and hot creolin. This form is usually fatal. 
 
(90) 
 
 Nothing can be done for the atrophic form. 
 
 For the Indurative condition apply an ointment of lano- 
 line and camphor or weakened mercurial ointment. Equal parts 
 of pine tar and soft soap is advisable when the disease is 
 not so severe. 
 
 I N E E* C T I U S M A M M I T I S . 
 
 Large micrococci enter through the teat producing 
 catarrhal inflammation often extending" into the parenchyma 
 and into the blood vessel- walls. There are several ways of 
 diagnosing infectious mammitis. It appears quite suddenly, 
 usually more than one cow affected, and generally affects the 
 whole udder. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Udder is swollen, painful on pressure and hard. Milk 
 
 is first floeculent, becomes yellov/, thin until it is a little 
 thicker than water. In bad cases it may be mixed v/ith pus. 
 Putrefaction frequently takes place and there is a bad odor. 
 In this form milk is often mixed with blood. Teat becom.es 
 obstructed by clot, one quarter of the bag swells and usually 
 breaks externally. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Avoid carrying the germs. Isolate and disinfect. 
 
 Bedding, manure and food should be burned» Don't let the same 
 man milk healthy cows that has been milking the diseased ones. 
 This is a very common way of carrying the gerra. It is neces- 
 sary to milk at least every hour- If teat is obstructed put 
 in a milking tube. The udder should be manipulated as little 
 as possible so as not to force the germ further. Camphor 
 oiriSlfcrnent. will be found very valuable. Apply heat by washing 
 with hot creolin solution or use suspensory bandage and cotton. 
 Antiseptics should be injected into the teat. Creolin 1^ 
 lysol in -^/s or /4^ solution, strong saturated solution of 
 boraclG acid, or one to two thousand bi-chloride. Inject with, 
 force and then milk it out. This flushes out the cistern. 
 Internal treatment give stimulants, diuretics and laxatives 
 to check secretion of milk, although this is hardly necessary 
 as milk stops flowing of its own accord. 
 
(91) 
 
 DISEASES 
 OF THE 
 RESPIRATORY TRACT 
 
 Not so common as those of the digestive tract. Although 
 tuberculosis is very common in cattle, but it is a gen- 
 eral disease and not restricted to the lungs. 
 
 NASAL CATARRH. 
 
 Divided into acute and chronic If acute, it is called 
 Coryza, or cold. 
 
 C R Y Z A . 
 
 CORYZA:- Caused by exposure from cooling too rapidly and being 
 
 taken from v/arm stable into the cold. Irritant dust or smoke 
 is also a cause. 
 
 SVTVIPTOMS:- Thin discharge, later becomes thick and mucous and 
 
 then purulent. The first symptom noticed is the discharge, 
 then the m. m. becomes slightly swollen and a deeper red than 
 in health and the blood vessels are seen as red streaks. 
 If it is very acute there may be minute hemorrhages as little 
 red spots on the m. m. Slight elevation of temperature or 
 none and no cough if uncomplicated. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Inhalations of steam, clean food and laxatives. 
 
 Steaming soothes the m. m. and softens the collection on its 
 surface. The steam may be medicated by adding tar, creolln, 
 belladonnae or turpentine. If the disease is severe, dis- 
 charge profuse and inflammation deeper, it is well to inject 
 antiseptic fluids and astringents into nose. The disease 
 usually gets well of itself by giving pure air and good food. 
 If the disease is very bad or is neglected it may become 
 chronic. 
 
 CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH. 
 (NASAL GLEET). 
 
 May be due to diseased upper teeth or from extension 
 of inflammation, tumors, parasites in the nose. Collection of 
 the sinuses, glanders, etc. may be very hard to tell from 
 this disease. In glanders, there is really a chronic nasal 
 catarrh and usually a few glanderous nodules present, but 
 these may be so small that they can hardly be noticed, yet 
 they form ulcers and pus, which is Irritant and causes catarrh 
 
(92) • 
 
 Of the raucous membrane. Most of the discharge in glanders is 
 due to this and not to the ulcers. It may also be due to 
 catarrhal conditions, as chronic laryngitis or bronchitis. 
 
 SYJ/PTOMS:- Same as coryza but exaggerated and drawn out. Dis- 
 charge is thick and more profuse, Ivlucous mijrabrane swollen 
 and red and if the disease has lasted several months the ani- 
 mal becomes emaciated, then the m- m. are pale from anaemia. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Made from discharge and examination of m. ra. We have 
 to exclude catarrh of the larynx by a local examination. Also 
 absence of a chronic cough. We must exclude glanders by 
 examination or injecting mallein. Determine if it is primary 
 or secondary as from tooth, tumor or collection of sinuses. 
 
 TREATIIENT:- Inhalations of steam or medicated steam using tar, 
 creolln or turpentine. This is not sufficient in bad cases 
 and strong astringents and antiseptics must be used. If the 
 disease is very chronic of 2 or 3 years standing the m. m. is 
 so thick and changed that we cannot cure it. It is sometimes 
 advisable to trephine the nasal passage just below the frontal 
 sinus and inject fluid with an atomizer. If the discharge is 
 foetid use antiseptics and astringents as zinc sulphate or 
 zinc chloride, or zinc sulphate and tannin alternately. A 
 solution as zinc may be used first, and then blow in some 
 tannic acid. If the disease is secondary, treat the cause. 
 Usually expectorants are given such as ammonium chloride, tar, 
 etc., but it is likely tliat these have no action. Give 
 tonics as sulphate of iron, strychnine, quinine, (Carlsbad • 
 salts and arsenic). Good care and pure alr- 
 
 NASAL CATARRH OF SHEEP. 
 
 It is divided into three classes: - 
 
 1. Simple Nasal Catarrh. 
 
 2. Simple Chronic Catarrh (so-called glanders of 
 
 sheep, but incorrectly). 
 
 3. Malignant Catarrh. 
 
 The first and second are like the diseases found in the 
 horse. The malignant form is an infectious disease but the 
 germ has not been isolated. Where a flock is infected for a 
 long time the stable becomes the source of infection for at 
 least two years after- There is a violent catarrh and com- 
 plications of the m. m. like distemper in dog. It is espe- 
 cially violent in m. m. of the nose. There is dyspnoea, the 
 mouth is open, sneezes out pus, catarrh of the conjunctiva, 
 eyelids red and swollen around which a crust forms. This 
 crust is also seen around the nose. Cornea may be affected 
 causing blindness. Laryngitis and cough may be present and 
 accompanied by rapid breathing and may cause death by bron- 
 chial pneumonia. There may be a vaginitis or an inflammation 
 of membranes lining the sheath in bucks. Temperature 103-104. 
 Appetite lost and emaciation. Death is usua lly caused by ' 
 inanition. 
 
(S3) 
 
 AIjTJSRATIONS:- Catarrh of m. m. Of nose in all cases, thick, red 
 and ulcerated, small areas are coated witia thick, tenacious 
 pus. 1.!. rn. may be so swollen as to close up the opening to 
 the nose. This Inflainmation extends to other m. rn. and is 
 the same in character. Emaciation, pale muscles, heart fria- 
 ble, liver fatty and pneumonia may be present. 
 
 TREATttENT : - Preventive. Isolate diseased animals and disinfect 
 
 stable. Give good green foods as beans, flaxseed meal, cotten 
 seed meal. Pure air. Internal and local treatment must be 
 general as it affects a whole flock. Sponge off nose with 
 creolin and inject out the noses of the most valuable ones. 
 Internally give stimulants or tonics in the food such as sul- 
 phate of iron, gentian, ginger or cinchonae. 
 
 DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 Of m. m. of nose in horse has been described. There is a 
 gangrenous inflammation, etc., but these are merely more acute 
 cases of nasal catarrh. The true diphtheria bacillus of Loef- 
 fler has not been found in any disease of the domestic animals. 
 
 TUMORS IN THE NOSE. 
 
 Polyps on m. m. may start from septa or bone. Peduncu- 
 lated may obstruct nose. They may break down into cheesy 
 material and irritate the m. m. Carcinoma and sarcoma has 
 been seen In dog but it is rare. The turbinated bones may 
 become hypertrophied and swollen. 
 TREATMENT:- Surgical. Remove them. Dermoid cyst has been seen 
 in nose, also actinomycosis and tuberculosis. 
 
 EPISTAXIS (NOSE BLEEDING). 
 
 Especially seen in horse and follows traumatisms of head, 
 excessive exertion, or from bursting of blood vessel. Also 
 caused by local diseases as tumors, polyps or nasal catarrh. 
 It is a coiimon symptom, of glanders and may be the first one 
 noticed. Also seen in leucaemia and purpurae hemorrhagica 
 and anthrax. 
 
 SYMPTOMS:- Discharge of blood from one or both nostrils. Usually 
 from one but if from both it indicates bleeding from the 
 lungs- If from the nose, it is bright red in small amounts, 
 large stream and is pure blood mixed with a little air- If 
 from lungs it is churned up and filled with small bubbles. 
 Brighter red than if from nose. It is also accompanied with 
 much coughing. 
 
 TREATMNT:- If from exertion reduce the action of the heart. Gold 
 water over head and thorax and give anaesthetics as morphlae. 
 This is usually not necessary. It is mostly due to local 
 causes, so plug nostril with cotton soaked in tannin or 
 Monsell's solution. Or we can Inject cold water, tannic acid 
 or Monsell's solution into the nose. If the bleeding becomes 
 dangerous give tannin or ergot Internally. 
 
(94) 
 
 COLLECTION OF SINUSES. 
 (Catarrh of the Mucolis i.lGui'brane of the Sinuses) 
 
 It is really a surgical disease but intimately connected 
 with other diseases of the nose. The mucous membrane of the 
 sinuses is inflamed from many causes usually from colt dis- 
 temper. Hence much pus is discharged and some of it gets into 
 sinuses and causes catarrh mostly in superior maxillary but 
 may affect any. Due also to tumors, chronic nasal gleet, 
 caries of tooth or blov/ on outside of head. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Like any catarrh of m. ra, , it is thick, red and 
 covered by pus; rarely ulcerated. 
 
 SYIjEPTOMS:- Like nasal gleet but usually affecting one side only 
 Y/hile gleet affects both sides. Glands are swollen and hard 
 on one side but not hard and nodular as in glanders. In old 
 cases, the face may be bulged out. Percussion shows dullness. 
 Discharge is not constant as in gleet, worse some days than 
 others especially while working and holding head dovm. Eating 
 has no influence on the discharge. It contains flakes of 
 hard, dry pus. If diagnosis cannot be made v/ithout, we can 
 trephine the sinus using a very small trephine, say abotit 
 -^/3 of an inch in diameter so it will heal quickly if no pus 
 is found. If found, we can then enlarge the opening. Pus 
 will be discharged but it is somstimes dry and almost solid 
 so we must use a grooved director* to explore with. This 
 should alv;ays be done. 
 
 TREATIvtENT : - Open at lowest point to give drainage. Inject anti- 
 septics and astringents and keep open until discharge ceases 
 and m. m. is entirely healthy. Glanders may start in the 
 superior maxillary sinus (rare). It is important to diagnose 
 it and bear in mind that where inflammation is simple and not 
 specific the m. m. is smooth or may be in folds. In glanders 
 it is nodular (shot like) or presents ulcers surrounded by 
 indurated zone. If glanders is present and not diagnosed, 
 the pus causes ulcers on the skin as it flows out and sur- 
 rounds the trephine hole. 
 
 COLLECTION OP GUTTARAL POUCHES. 
 
 Usually due to distemper, the inCLammation spreading to 
 the pouches. Can result from parotitis, pharyngitis or from 
 glanders. 
 
 SYI.1PT0MS:- Discharge from one nostril, flocculent, thin and some- 
 times a bad odor, especially profuse when head is down and 
 eating, as at pasture. It is slight when reined up in driving. 
 Swelling on one side of the throat pronounced or slight. 
 Elastic, tense, painful and pressure causes increased dis- 
 charge. If very bad there is dyspnoea, (rare). 
 
 TREATl^IENT:- Gatheteriae or open pouch. 
 
(95) 
 
 LARYNGITIS . 
 
 LARYNGITIS:- Inflammation of the raucous membrane of the larynx. 
 Acute laryngeal catarrh is rare as a simple disease usually 
 have pharyngitis, bronchitis, etc. with it. 
 
 ETIOLOGY:- Chilling, cold windj standing when heated, exposure. 
 
 Often seen after shipping. It is most frequent in spring and 
 fall on account of sudden changes of temperature. May be 
 caused by traxiraatisms as from improperly drenching a horse or 
 from inhaling irritant vapors, dust, etc. Often caused by 
 rough manipulation while drenching, as pounding the animal on 
 the throat to maice him swallov/. Excessive use of the voice 
 in dogs at a show will cause the larynx to become inflamed. 
 May be due to pharangytis, coryza, oedematous pneumonia, in- 
 fluenza, purpurae hemorrhagica, pneumonia and other diseases. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Simple acute catarrh of upper part of larynx and may 
 extend to all parts of the larynx. In bad cases the m. ra. 
 is red, swollen, congested, oedematous, covered with mucous 
 and may be corroded. 
 
 SYliPTOMS:- Chief one is the cough. At first while m. m. is still 
 dry, harsh, painful which the animal tries to suppress as much 
 as possible. Afterwards when m. m. is moist the cough becomes 
 moist (fatty). There may be much stringy mucous ejected . 
 (plilegra). Rare in horses but common in dogs and cattle. 
 Cough is Increased by exercise, feeding and drinking water 
 for the larynx is sensitive and pressure causes cough as in 
 movements of swalloT/ing. Cough can be produced by pressure 
 on larynx with finger- If severe also have a little dyspnoea, 
 respiration rapid and somewhat loud lilce a stenosis of trachea 
 on inspiration and expiration which differs in tone. Tempera- 
 ture usually a little elevated. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Nature of cough is of importance, but it is much the 
 same as in l>s*enchitis and inflammation of the trachea. It 
 can be excited easily by pressure. Cannot determine severity 
 of the disease by ease with which cough can be excited but by 
 general symptoms as fever, etc. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Usually satisfactory. Fresh air is very important as 
 in all lung diseases, avoid irritation and lessen the work of 
 the respiratory apparatus. Peed on soft foods, that do not 
 need much chewing. Do not work except lightly. Apply 
 Priessnitz bandage, cold water. This v,rill be found very 
 useful. Inhalations of steam are indicated, may add bella- 
 donnae, tar, turpentine or creolin and alli)w animal to inhale 
 these. Well to give expectorants to deplete m. ra. and to keep 
 it moist and soothe it. Best is ammoniiim chloride dram 1-2, 
 dogs grs. 10-40 with licorice root and honey to make an elec- 
 tuary adding sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate to prevent 
 constipation. Relieve cough so^as not to irritate m. m. 
 Give morphia grs. 1-2-. i. d. Dogs •^/20 - ^/\0 every four 
 hours. Bitter almond water is excellent for dogs with syrup 
 
(96) 
 
 of squills, morphia and ^aiTmoniuiii chloride. We cannot spray 
 the larynx of horses but may use intra-tracheal injections 
 to reach the larynx, v/hich gives good results. Needle of 
 syringe should be cii.rved and inserted into the crico-trachenl 
 ligaments anci directed upward to spray throat. Have a sharp 
 point and insert it quickly (not slowly) as it may otherwise 
 push m. m. awav and fluid ma;,' pass into the sub-raucous tissue. 
 Tannic acid b% with distilled water is good. Also /10;b alum. 
 Best: 
 
 Glycerine 50 parts 
 
 Water 50 " 
 
 Bismuth sub. nit. 6 " 
 Shake v/ell befoi'e injecting. 
 
 CHRONIC LARYNGITIS. 
 
 CHRONIC LARYITGITIS: - Causes same as acute. Also follows general 
 diseases as chronic Irritation from tumors as papilomas. Or 
 may follow a mild case that was improperly treated. 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- Thick m. m. Vessels sv/ollen, dilated and can be 
 seen as red streaks. Epithelium may be lost or very thick 
 like warts. 
 
 SYlvlPTOMS:- Cough is the chief symptom. Volume large, (nearly all 
 the air that is contained in the lungs). It is dry, full and 
 harsh, worse at night due to the collection of raucous. Larynx 
 is not so sensitive as in healthy horse. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Exclusion of bronchitis and lung diseases. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Good air, quiet and Priessnitz bandage. Some practi- 
 tioners blister, but it does no permanent good. Firing in 
 deep points does more good than blistering but this leaves a 
 scar, and is not advisable. Setons are sometimes passed on 
 side of the throat. Best treatment is inhalation of steam and 
 turpentine. Electuaries of turpentine, balsams, etc- in large 
 doses are useful. In dog and cat we may make applications by 
 brush or sponge tied to a stick. 
 
 Lead acetate ?/loX 
 
 Alurxi ^/lO;^ 
 
 Nitrate of silver ^ /lofo 
 If the disease is due to tumors the medicine does no 
 good and Vtre may then operate but it is rarely done as the 
 diagnosis Of tumors are not made except by the Rhino -laryngo- 
 scope. If it is very large we can sometimes detect it by 
 auscultation and detection of the vibrating sound. Then 
 remove it. 
 
 An exploratory opening can be made in a horse and this 
 Is not attended with much danger - 
 
 OEDEMA OP THE GLOTTIS. 
 
 Acute condition and kills very quickly. Sei*ura escapes 
 into connective tissue. It is due to severe irritating 
 vapors or irritant drugs. Also due to chilling as bringing 
 a liorse into the cold from a very warm stable. Tlay be caused 
 by laryngitis or compr'jssion of the jugular"- 
 
(97) 
 
 SY^CPTOMS:~ Sudden dyspnoea, head extended, breathes rapidly, each 
 inspiration is accompanied v;ith a whistling sound. Anxious 
 expression, cough, m. m. blue and dies quickly. 
 
 TREATlvEENT : - Tracheatomy and mustard to the throat. 
 
 ROARING . 
 
 ROARING;- Surgical disease. A v/histling or cooing sound made on 
 inspiration due to paralysis of muscles on left side of the 
 larynx. Formerly all thick winded horses were called roarers. 
 
 CAUSE:- Hereditary is the chief one. It occurs in families but 
 
 it is not always so. Another cause is damaged food as mouldy 
 hay or grain; also emphysema. In England, clover is supposed 
 to cause it. Also previous diseases especially of lungs as 
 pneiimonia, o edematous pneumonia, etc. but the cause for this 
 is not known. Thought to be due to the recurrent laryngeal 
 being pressed on by the lymph glands. There is an atrophy of 
 all the muscles on the left side, especially posterior crico- 
 arytenoid. This allows left vocal cord to become flaccid and 
 vibrates on inspiration. 
 
 TREATMENT:- There is but little to be done for it. Preventive, 
 avoid the crosses that are known to produce it and treat 
 pneumonia properly. Best to get the animal well quickly, and 
 then follov/ the treatment with potassium iodide, starting 
 Vi^ith one dram and increase lip to one ounce in a day. This is 
 only advisable if the horse is a valuable one. Y/'e sometimes 
 find that after an animal seems all right after an attack of 
 pneumonia for two or three months he will suddenly commence 
 to roar, and then cannot be used. This is thought to be 
 caused by absorption of inflajfiimatory products of these glands. 
 
 Daily hypodermic injections of grs. one to one and a 
 half of strychnia may be of use. Firing and electricity have 
 been tried but none of these were of any benefit. It is 
 considered an unsoundness no matter how slight it is for there 
 is a tendency for it to grow worse. To detect it put a man 
 on the animal's back, place a curb bit in the animal's mouth, 
 draw the nose close to the chest to arch the neck and gallop 
 him. The animal will then whistle when he will not show it 
 on ordinary exercise. 
 
 BRONCHITIS -- ACUTE. 
 
 Or- bronchial catarrh is identical with catarrh of any 
 other m. ra. and the causes are the same. Slight irritation 
 causes coryza, a little more would cause laryngitis, still 
 more, a bronchitis and if severe enough may cause pneumonia. 
 Some veterinarians think it is an infectious disease but this 
 remains to be demonstrated. Often a large number of horses 
 in the same stable may have the disease, but it is probably 
 due to the sanitary condition , of the stable rather than to 
 infection. 
 
(98) 
 
 ALTERATLONS: - Acute Catarrh sometimes confined to a small area of 
 limg, but may invade all parts of the oronchiai tract. 
 
 SVIIPTOMS:- First sitnptom is a chill which ma/ pass unnoticfid. 
 
 Chill folloY/ed by fevox'. Temperature 10o--l05. Depression, 
 hangs the head, respirations accelerated, appetite slightly 
 lost, thirst continues, no difficulty in swallowing, first 
 coughs but little then becomes moi-e frequent and violent, 
 pulse accelerated, m. m- injected, no dullness on percussion. 
 Auscultation reveals nothing at first except rapid breathing-, 
 then large and small moist rales, showing: fluid. Sometimes 
 detected over the whole thorax. The cough is usually a 
 little painful, the volume not so full as in laryngitis, and 
 the larynx not so sensitive, usually runs a mild benign course 
 and recovers in fi'om four to nine days. In severe cases the 
 
 animal may die. In this condition there is little discharge 
 from the nostril, respirations rapid, temperature and pulse 
 are high, pronounced dyspnoea, large and small mucotis rales 
 in both lungs. A severe case may pass into bronchial pneu- 
 monia or death may follow from oedema of the lungs. 
 
 TREATJ.'IENT : - Give expectorants, keep the animal strong and treat 
 the symptoms. It is advisable to use local treatment as in- 
 halations of medicated steam, yet it. does but little good 
 because it does not reach the deeper parts of the lung. Y/here 
 there is a hard dry cough and no discharge we should attempt 
 to increase the secretions. Give ammonium chloride, squills 
 or turpentine. Apomorphine is the best expectorant for dogs, 
 V^O to /s of a grain three or four times daily. May be 
 given to a horse but is too expensive. Tartar ernetic is used 
 for a horse in doses of from /2 to 1 dram as an electuary. 
 This is the old treatment, but not so much used at the present 
 time. VAiere the cough is irritant or painful it is well to 
 give morphia. Morphia in bitter almond v/ater is good for a 
 dog. If the temperature is high it may be lowered by a cold 
 . bath, or antipyrine 45 grs. every four hours until the effect 
 is obtained* Be careful not to reduce the temperature too 
 much. Should reduce not more than tv/o degrees, and if the 
 temperature rises again the treatment can be repeated. Give 
 digitalis if the heart is weak. Quinine is also good as it 
 is a tonic to the intestinal tract, especially indicated where 
 the disease has advanced to a bronchial pneumonia. Digitalis 
 will lessen the danger of oedema of the lungs. If this com- 
 plication does rise give ammonia, and. if not too weak it is 
 best to bleed. 
 
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. 
 
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS:- Is frequently a result of the acute form, 
 yet it may develop Independently. An improper treatment of 
 the acute form is the usual cause, sometimes may be due to 
 other diseases as chronic interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, 
 tuberculosis, etc. 
 
(99) 
 
 ALTERATIONS:- M. m. is thickened, blood vessels are dilated, 
 
 epithelial layer is thickened and covered with mucous and pus, 
 occasionally an ulcer is seen. 
 
 SYT^tPTOMS:- Temperature is not so high as in the acute form, heart 
 rapid, cough, respirations somewhat accelerated, depression, 
 weakness and a disinclination to v/ork, loss of appetite, 
 emaciation, hair harsh and skin tight. Chronic laryngitis is 
 excluded by an examination of the larynx. On auscultation 
 sybilant, sonorous sounds and rales are heard- These are 
 permanent but congestion may cause them to disappear after 
 five or six hours. Dullness on percussion is not great, and 
 the symptoms are not increased usually by \vork- 
 
 TREATlffiNT : - Give stimulants and tonics. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Not good. Can be cured but takes a long tim.e- Arse- 
 nic is very valuable in the form of Fowler's solution or_ 
 arsenious acid~. Can be mixed v/ith Glauber salts or given 
 in a ball. A dose of Fowler's solution is 2 drams three times 
 daily. Arsenious acid 3 grains. Inflammation of the bowels 
 is the therapeutic limit. It is said to have a specific ac- 
 tion on the epithelium lining, the bronchial tubes and air 
 cells. It may be used with turpentine, oil of tar, oil of 
 
 amber, etc. Care should be used in feeding as it frequently 
 accompanies or follows heaves. Avoid bulky food. Moist 
 inhalations are not useful. Intratracheal injections are 
 worthless also because the fluid will not reach the smaller 
 bronchioles. 
 
 HEMORRHAGE PROM THE LUNGS. 
 
 It is often seen. All forms of lung diseases predispose. 
 May occur independently as by over exertion or hypertrophy 
 of the heart. Results from a rupture of blood vessels. 
 
 SY1,1PT0MS:- Discharge of blood from the nose. Is usually mixed 
 
 with air and appears as red foain. If from large bl.ood vessels 
 it flows in a thick stream. Violent cough, dyspnoea, head 
 extended breathes rapidly, m. m. becomes pale and dies in 
 convulsions. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Not satisfactory, especially if from large blood ves- 
 sels. Apply cold water externally to the chest- as it lowers 
 the action of the heart. May give ergot, tannic acid or 
 plumbi-acetatis but the value is doubtful. Inhalations of 
 vapors of Monsell's solution are recommended, but has not 
 been proven useful. 
 
 PNEUMONIA. 
 
 PNEUMONIA;- One of the most frequent diseases tliat we see next to 
 colic. It has been classified in many ways, viz:- 
 
 1. Croupous or fibrinous. 
 
 2. Catarrhal. 
 
 3. Hemorrhagic, if air cells contain blood. 
 
(100) 
 
 4. Purulent. 
 
 5. Gangrenous if cells contain pus. 
 
 6. Caseous (tuberculosis). 
 
 These are all of very little interest to the clinitian 
 as they cannot be diagnosed during life. The diagnosis of 
 lung diseases is the most satisfactory of any of the internal 
 organs "'^'ith the exception perhaps of the kidney. Por diag- 
 nosis as to area v;e have the following classification: - 
 
 (A) Lobar, whole lobe affected. 
 (E) Lobular, lobule affected. 
 
 (C) Lliliary if but a very small area affected. 
 
 (B) Interstitial ^jvhen m. m. is exempt from inflammation. 
 (E) Interlobular- 
 
 As to causes v.'e have:- 
 
 1. Infectious, germ. 
 
 2. Sporadic, not due to germ. 
 
 (a) Glanderous pneumonia. 
 
 ( b ) Tubercular pneumonia. 
 
 (c) Actinomycotic pneumonia. 
 3- Traumatic. 
 
 4. Verminous in sheep. 
 
 5. Inhalation pneumonia as from gases. 
 
 6. Metastatic. 
 
 As to extent and virulence we have:- 
 
 1. Benign if slight. 
 
 2. Malignant, severe virulent course. 
 
 3. Abortive, very rapid and recovers in a few days. 
 
 4. Ephemeral if still shorter- 
 
 5. Regular if it runs a regular course. 
 
 6. Erratic if irregular course. 
 
 7. Typhoid if much depression with it. 
 
 Many of the before mentioned names might be applied to 
 the same case. Simplest classification is:- 
 
 1. Croupous. 
 
 2. Catarrhal. 
 
 3. Traumatic. 
 
 4. Mycotic. 
 
 5. Interstitial. 
 
 6. Metastatic. 
 
 CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA (Fibrinous). 
 
 Inflammation of the lungs accompanied by exudation in-to 
 the air-cells of a croupous material. It is a disease of all 
 animals but seen more frequently in some animals than in 
 others. It is the chief form, in the horse, ox, sheep, but in 
 dogs catarrhal is the more frequent foriTi. 
 ETIOLOGY:- Same as acute bronchitis. Oedematous pneumonia is 
 sometimes called influenza but in^roperly so. It is very 
 similar to croupous pneumonia but the latter is not infectious 
 or if so only very slightly. Also caused by exposure and 
 
(101) 
 
 overwork- Very often follows congestion of the lungs. There 
 is a croupous exudate into the air-cells chiefly fibrin. 
 There are four stages: - 
 
 1- Engorgement. 
 
 2. Red hepatization. 
 
 3. Grey or yellow hepatization. 
 
 4. Resolution. 
 
 ENGORGElffiNT : - Usually lasts One day. Violent congestion in the 
 lower part of one or both lungs. May be general and affect 
 all of one lung or both lungs and then runs a rapid course. 
 Vessels are full and there is exudation of fibrin into air 
 passages then coagulates and we have red hepatization. Lung 
 is hard and solid like liver, this lasts two days and then 
 grey hepatization cornraences- 
 
 In second stage the lungs are solid and sink in water. 
 On pressure we do not get the crepitant sound. Doughy and 
 pits on pressure. Section is red and granular due to plugs 
 of fibrin projecting above cut surface. 
 
 In third stage lung has grayish yellow appearance due to 
 contraction of vessels so less blood and also fatty degenera- 
 tion of fibrin in air cells and this helps to make yellow 
 color- More oedema 1-n connective- tissue than in second stage. 
 Lung also sinks in v/ater- Gut surface is granular but not as 
 distinctly so as in the second stage. Lasts for variable 
 length of time, two-six or even seven days. When softening 
 occurs and plugs seem fluid fourth stage has commenced and 
 this is absorbed or throv/n off- Lasts four days to two weeks. 
 It is short in a strong animal out if the disease is violent 
 or affects a young animal it may last long while. Resolution' 
 is usually complete when all the exudate is removed and the 
 lung Is normal again. 
 
 SYMPTOMSr- Gome on suddenly in a few hours can see depression, 
 
 chill and then rise of temperature, (much like an infectious 
 disease) . 
 
 Plrst 103-106 degrees, rapid pulse, depression, dullness, 
 loss of appetite, respirations rather rapid and chiefly costal 
 m. m. injected and eyelids slightly swollen sometimes. 
 
 PERCUSSION:- Tympanitic at first and in a few hours have dullness, 
 commencing. 
 
 AUSCULTATION:,- Increased murmurs for short time only and soon 
 
 crepitant rales are heard. Later vesicular murmurs are lost. 
 Larger tubes are open and solid lung conducts sound so bron- 
 chial murmurs are very distinct. Percussion gives complete 
 dullness. 
 
 In the third stage v/e have tympanitic sound and mucous 
 rales less distinct and soon disappear. General behaviour 
 depends on degree of the case. If it is a slight case the 
 animal may not appear very sick- If it is extensive then the 
 animal stands with legs apart, respirations rapid and costal, 
 
(102) 
 
 head extended, nostril dilated and breathes twenty to forty 
 times per minute. Stands persistently, if he lies dov/n it is 
 a sign that the animal is much better or else T/ill die soon 
 from exhaustion. 
 
 crRI?=!lS:- In five to six days and fever gets higher j declines and 
 improves or gets worse rapidly. In a strong animal recovery 
 usually takes place in from ten to fourteen days. The animal 
 is then -well and lungs normal. Irregular cases may disappear 
 in a few hours. The lungs may clear up and get ^'■ell, (rare). 
 There may be oedema of the lungs and the animal v/ill die of 
 asphyxia or gangrene may occur from shutting off of circula- 
 tion. We then have increase of temperature, great depression, 
 yelloT/ discoloration of the m. m. of the eye, ^^hile the m. m. 
 of the nose will be red. Foetid 'breath and death is the 
 result. 
 
 Heart failure may be the cause of death. Tliis occurs 
 slowly and can be avoided by stimulants. The heart will only 
 stop after excessive worlc for a long time. Sounds are me- 
 tallic, short, pulse rapid and weak. It is the most cora;-non 
 cause of death in pneumonia. Other cases result in chronic 
 inflananation of connective tissue, epithelium causing so- 
 called broken wind, etc. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Usually responds to treatment, 10^ die. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Catarrhal commences as does bronchitis, (slowly) pre- . 
 ceded oy cough, but in croupous pneuiiaonia cough is rarely 
 heard but if it does occur it is small and T/eak. In catarrhal 
 pneumonia there is a smaller area affected or several small 
 areas. In CROUPOUS pneumonia there is complete dullness on 
 per-cussion whereas there is a tympanitic note elicited on 
 percussion in catarrhal pneumonia and mucous rales occur at 
 the height of the disease. In PLfiURISY the respiration is 
 abdominal, there is at first a friction sound which disappear:s 
 later in the disease, there is dullness on percussion bounded 
 by a straight line, not so in pneumonia. Oedematous pneumonia 
 is an infectious, disease hence tZae importance of preventing 
 the spread of this malady. The diagnosis is vague and cannot 
 b.e made from one case, but if a number of cases in the same 
 locality are affected at the same time the diagnosis is easy- 
 We have in oedematous pneumonia greater discoloration of the 
 m. m. The m. m. may be yellow, mahogany or light brown in 
 color, often showing petechia. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Keep up the strength of the animal by food and the 
 best of care. The animal should be placed out of doors if 
 possible under cover where he should be blanketed or at the 
 end of a stable near a window where there is plenty of fresh 
 air. He should be kept quiet. As the appetite is fickle it 
 should be tempted with scalded oats, bran, etc. Chopped feed 
 or even corn. Carlsbad salts should be given to stimulate 
 digestion. Cold water treatment should first be tried. The 
 chest should be bathed with cold water every five or ten 
 minutes or a hose run over the thorax. It i^ rarely possible 
 
(103) 
 
 to do this in stables. If the temperature be excessive 
 attempts should be made to reduce it by cold water tlois fall- 
 ing antifibrin or antipyrin in doses of tvrenty to forty grains 
 every t^wo hours until the temperature is normal should be 
 given- The latter treatment should only be used in the case 
 of hyperpyrexia as these drugs tend to weaken and depress the 
 animals Hov/ever the depression is not as apt to be fatal as 
 the excessive high temperature. Commence in all cases with 
 digitalis, small doses at first one dram every three or four 
 hours or if the pulse be very weak increase to half an ounce. 
 Quinine as an antipyretic is useful. Alcohol should be ad^ 
 . ministered in small doses. When resolution begins diuretics 
 are indicated. If tlie disease be severe and the animal's 
 breathing becomes very rapid and distressed mustard should be 
 used to prevent oedema of the lungs and the temperature must 
 be promptly reduced. Use mustard and hot v/ater or oil of 
 mustard and alcohol (very disagreeable to apply but acts 
 quicker). The elbov; should be greased with lard or eosmollne 
 on the thin skin so as to cause as little inconvenience as 
 possible. It may be applied to the skin or smeared- on paper 
 and then cover -with blankets. It is v/ell to walk him slowly 
 so as tb prevent him from lying down. Allow the plaster to 
 remain from forty to sixty minutes but on a draught horse it 
 may remain on for several hours allowing it to dry there when 
 the mustard may be brushed off. In an hour after removing 
 paper no oedema is noticed the plaster should be re-applied 
 and allowed to remain until oedema is noticed. Oil of mustard 
 and alcohol six parts in a hundred may be used on a sponge. 
 This will be found to have a quick action. Y/liere pleurisy is 
 threatened mustard should be promptly used as a counter irri- 
 tant. If gangrene is suspected inhalations of crebline are 
 indicated. 
 
 As the appetite is lost we should feed the animal arti- 
 ficially. Drench with milk and eggs or balls of oat meal and 
 eggs. When resolution occurs potassium iodide should be given. 
 In a good horse this should be kept up from six weeks to 
 three months. In a common horse one ounce will usually 
 suffice. 
 
 CATARRHAL PNEUMONIA (Lobular Pneumonia). 
 
 Characterized by exudate of catarrhal material in the air 
 cells known also as Broncho-pneumonia. The alterations are 
 in bronchial tubes same as bronchitis. 
 
 Chief cause is an attack of bronchitis. It is the most 
 common form in the dog. Often complicates distemper. It is 
 seen in all the species in young and old also calves and 
 lambs. It is the usual form affecting emaciated subjects. 
 Also results from long recumbent position. Hypostatic pneu- 
 monia is a catarrhal pneumonia. 
 
(104) 
 
 ALISRATIONS:- Catarrhal material in the air cells, little senjca 
 leucocytes, pus cells also epitiielial cells. Fibrin is ffiOt 
 coagulated. The disease is confined to scattered Irregular 
 patches in oae or both lungs, and called lobular pn^etunonia. 
 The affected area may be very small and is then called Miliary 
 Catarrhal pneiMionia. If cut is made into lung of catarrhal 
 pneumonia the surface is roug;.;, but not so rough as in croup- 
 ous pnetomonia. There are no distinct stages in this disease, 
 all portions show the same age of disease. When the lesion Is 
 fresh it is quite red and then becomes lighter. Tissue sur- 
 roujiding the diseased part is congested around which a dis- 
 tinct red zone is seen. It is frequently followed by indu- 
 ration and hardening and often by congestion. 
 
 symptoms;- Like acute bronchitis and begins as sucli with the 
 identical sjmiptoms after which the other symptoms develop. 
 Elevation of temperature, appetite lost, respiration accel- 
 erated, cough short and painful, depression. 
 
 PERCUSSION:- Dullness' in localized areas may be so small as not 
 to be detected. Sometimes tjniipanitic sound on percussioni 
 
 AUSCULTATION:- Pine mucous rales, crepitant rales and later as 
 cells become filled and larger mucous rale or there may be 
 complete silence and no sound wiiatever. Does not run a regu- 
 lar course, two to three weeks. May end in chronic inter- 
 stitial pneximonia, emphysema, necrosis or may die of suffoca- 
 tion from oedema. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Usually not so favorable as croupous pneumonia. Fre* 
 quently develops into chronic pneumonia. Weak and young 
 animals are the most susceptible. Most common form is that 
 which affects dogs in distemper and is fatal in about 75Jj of 
 cases. In ox and horse it is not as- serious as in dog 2"5~3oX 
 die. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Easy. Sometimes difficult to diagnose from capillary 
 bronchitis and croupous pneumonia. Course of disease is an 
 important point. It is preceded by an attack of bronchitis 
 and cough. 'vVhile croupous pneumonia (Commences suddenly and 
 no cough. Capillary broncMtis is diagnosed by^the greater 
 severity of the sy:nptoms and accelerated pulse while the fever 
 is not so high in pneumonia. No dullness on percussion, aus- 
 cultation gives' vesicular murmur in capillary bronchitis. 
 
 TREATIvlENT : - Similar to bronchitis. Stimulatei Keep temperature 
 dovm. Inhalations are important. Mild expectorants in small 
 doses and then stimulant expectorants. Also heart tonics as 
 digitalis, strophantus, caffeine, alcohol. Antlpyrln and cold 
 water on chest. 
 
 In dogs apomorphine will be found very valuable. V/hen 
 animal commences to recover give potassium iodide, good care 
 and careful feeding. 
 
(105) 
 
 TRAUMATIC 
 
 R 
 
 MEDICINAL PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Caused by fluids passing Into the lungs through the lar- 
 ynzc from careless drenching; also occurs in cerebrospinal 
 meningitis and milk fever of cow. 
 
 PATHOLOGY:- Mixed. May cause croupous, catarrhal or necrotic. 
 May find all forms in lung at one time. 
 
 SYl'IPTOMS:- Resemble first symptoms of Catarriial pneumonia. Comes 
 on slowly. No sudden chill or fever. Confined to the 
 anterior and inferior part of lungs. Accelerated respiration, 
 mucous rales and then silence in affected parts. No tendency 
 to recover- Usually v/ealoies-s follows, staggering gait; rest~ -" 
 lessj feeble, rapid pulse, complete loss of appetite. M. m. 
 yellov; or mahogany. Pulse •//aalcer, respiration more rapid, 
 corna and at this stage the breath is of a sickening odor, 
 putrid and foetid, which can be smelt for a distance, due to 
 gangrene. Pollovyfed by death. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- History, paralysis of tiiroat, severity of symptoms 
 
 of pneujnonla, foetid breatli. Be careful in making diagnosis 
 of traumatic pneumonia from the 'breath alone, as a necrotic 
 tooth will give the same odor. Examine teeth, nostril and 
 mouth in all suspected cases. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Very, bad. Some cases recover, but the irritant re- 
 mains in the lung. If it is not very violent and the Irritant 
 is soluble the animal may recover. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Same as for Catarrhal pneujtionia. Stimulants and 
 
 antipyretics. Mustard to the chest and inhialations of creo- 
 line. 
 
 MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Due to grov/th of fungi in the lungs. Chief fungi i;. uhe 
 "Aspergilus fumigatis"- Most frequent in fowls. Described 
 -^as epidemics in some districts. It is a nodular pneumonia 
 confin-ed to small areas may be numerous or rare from millet 
 seed to a pea and even larger. 
 
 MICROSCOPICALLY:- We see zone of hard fibrous tissue. In the 
 
 centre a mass of caseous tissue and a large mass of fungi and 
 spores, surrounded by a red zone. Nodules resemble those of 
 glanders. Not understood where the spores come from but the 
 supposition is that they come from the food. 
 
 SYTilPTOMS : - Like Catarrhal pneumonia confined to small areas. Has 
 a chronic prolonged course like tuberculosis. It v&ry much 
 resembles tuberculosis in horses and cattle. Accurate diag- 
 nosis cannot be made without the use of the microscope. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Unfavorable but not hopeless. Antiseptic inhalations 
 may cure, also givj stimulants. 
 
{.3-^6 ) 
 
 INTERSTITIAL P N E U M IT I 
 V Chronic Pneumonia} 
 
 Obronie inf lariiinatlon of interstitial connective tissue 
 follov;s other lung diseases especially capillary brsncihltrs. 
 
 ALTERATIONS ; r- Proliferation of connective tissue betxifeen lo'^ules 
 which is thick and strong. 
 
 S'^l.tPTOMS : - Resembles clit'onic EroncliO-pneumonia with emaciation. 
 Elevation of temperatiire ^ accGleration of respiration and 
 pulse. T2.1npan.Ltic and absence of murmurs in small areas. 
 Rapid emaciation resembling tuberculosis in cattle. In horses 
 we may suspect this form of pneiiinonia as tuberculosis don't 
 occur frequently. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Unfavorable, small per cent get v/ell. 
 
 TREATJiENT:- Absolute rest. Stimulants, expectorants and potassium 
 iodide. Heart stimuJ.ants= Must be continued for a long tim.e. 
 
 METASTATIC P N' E U M N I A . 
 
 Results from diseases in other parts of the body, as 
 abscess, tto'^ombi, etc. Sometimes emboli are carried to the 
 lungs, lodge there and develop metastatic pneumonia. Pus 
 also may be carried to the lung and lodge there. Teiminates 
 in Pyaemia. Eifficult to diagnose unless there is an abscess 
 or tiirombi, stc» as vre may suspect pyaemia from this cause. 
 
 SY&/IPTOMS:- High fever and chill, dyspnoea, intense cough and 
 pyaemia may follow. 
 
 TRJL^TIvtENT: - Same as gangrenous pneumonia. Stimulants, antiseptics 
 and antipyretics. 
 
 .E M P H Y 3 E M A (Heaves). 
 
 Is an overfilling of the lungs with air. Sometimes 
 simply a distention of the lungs *by the air cells 'being too 
 full. In other cases the air cells are riiptured and air 
 escapes into the interstitial connective tissue. These two 
 form.s are knov/n as simple and interstitial emphysema. Usually 
 result from forced inspiration. If the texture is altered the 
 forced inspiration does not have to be so excessive in old . 
 animals. Where the cause operates for a long time and the dis- 
 ease develops slo\7ly it caiises a distention of the air cells. 
 The disease usually results in ]riard v/orking animals — those 
 that travel at a rapid gait. Seen often m hunters. He fills 
 his j-ungs with air, c-loses the glottis and does not breathe 
 again till he lights on the other side of the fence., and the 
 sudden stopage forces the air out and opens the glottis. 
 SYlklPTOMS:- Alterations are seen chiefly in expiration. Breathes 
 more rapidly than an animal with sound lungs because the capil- 
 laries are stretched and this brings about an atrophy- They 
 become smaller and not enough blood is exposed. Heart is 
 hypertrophied, but this is scarcely detected except r 
 
» » » 
 
 aiiscultatiom It is louder and on percussion there is an 
 increased area of dullness. Natural sounds of the lungs are 
 increased in intensity. Bronchial and vesioular murmurs are 
 increased. Dry and rnoist rales (bronchial). A horse with 
 heaves is said to be short winded* 
 TftSAiMiSNT : " Not satlsfaetery* 3f§§d aarefuli^ Qn soneentrated food. 
 Cut hay and plenty of grain* Moisten the food with molasses 
 as it is t3Qth expectorant and laxative. If bronchitis accom- 
 panies heaves treat it accordingly. Give arsenious acid be- 
 cause it aots as a tonic and respiratory stimulant. Give 1 to 
 9 grains a- gay mixed with sodium of some sort in the feed. 
 
 F L i; U R I S Y , 
 
 Inflammation of the pleura, Any part m.ay become in- 
 flamed. Due to many causes, as chilling, exposure, etc. 
 V/hen from these causes it is called Rheumatic Pleurisy. In 
 some cases as lambs and calves it seeiTis to be infectious as 
 it arises in a number at one time from, no cause. Pneumonia 
 Is the most frequent cause. May also complicate croupous, 
 catarrhal or oedematous pneumonia. I-.iay result from tumors in 
 the mediastinal pleura, or lesions of oesophagus, extension 
 of inflammation from the pericardium, may be traumatic as from 
 from blows. 
 
 Pleurisy is usually divided into tv/o classes, viz:- 
 
 1. Dry Pleurisy (or Pleuritls Sicca). 
 
 2. Hoist Pleurisy or exudative. 
 
 In dry Pleurisy there is but little exudation and no 
 fluid. 
 
 .EXUDATIVE PLEURISY:- More fluid and exu.dation. 
 
 ALTSRATIONS : - Blood vessels are overfilled and distended, slight 
 thickening due to oedema of the subpleura and it then becomes 
 cloudy, then a collection of fibrin on the sides of the pleu- 
 ral cavity. If the trouble stops at this point we have a so- 
 called Dry Pleurisy. 
 
 The blood vessels foi'm loops, the convexity of which 
 points toward the surface, fibrin is tlir-own out and. sometimes 
 forms adhesions and prevents expansion of the lungs. Dry 
 pleurisy is not so common as the moist form. After the 
 shreds collect on the pleura serum escapes from the blood in 
 large quantities. 20 to 50 quarts have been removed from one 
 horse or ox. The exudate is first yellov/ and then becomes 
 clouAv. Sometimes it contains shreda of fibrin. Leucocytes, 
 endothelial cells and blood are also found. May become mixed 
 with pus, is then called suppurative pleurisy. This is not 
 coiirnon but is met v/ith in gangrenous pneiamonia or when due to 
 injury where the thoracic walls are perforated. If the dis- 
 ease terminates in recovery the exudate is reabsorbed in about 
 two weeks after it is thrown out. This part is first taken 
 up and then the fibrin. 
 
(108) 
 
 Pleurisy usually leaves some trace' as thickening of the 
 pleura or fluid known as hydrothorax. The lungs are somewhat 
 altered usxially the same as In pneumonia. The lungs are com- 
 pressed so that the air is forced out of a portion and causes 
 the so-called airless lung or atelectasis. 
 
 The heart muscle is pale, soft and friable aad frequently, 
 hyper trophied. 
 
 SYlvlPTOMS:- Pleurisy usually comes on suddenly. Temperature 105 
 to 106, pulse rapid and weak, 75 to 100 in a hoi'se, respira- 
 tions accelerated. Chiefly abdominal . On each expiration 
 the animal moves the abdominal muscles a long distance, 
 stands with the front legs wide apart, anxious expression, 
 respiration may be so violent as to cause the whole body to 
 swing forward and backward, great depression, pressure causes 
 pain, percussion in the beginning reveals nothing, later there 
 is dullness in the lower part of the chest bordered superiorly 
 by a straight line. Auscultation shows rapid breathing, later 
 friction sounds and after exudation has commenced we can hear 
 a splashing sound. 
 
 In the depressed area the vesicular murmur is weak and 
 is sometimes crepitant. Urine in the beginning is lessened 
 or suppressed; later it becomes more natural and. where reab- 
 sorption coiimences is enormous in quantity. Usually runs an 
 acute course, two to three weeks. Terminates in four or five 
 days in death, occasionally due to exc-essive temperature, 
 heart failure, septicaemia or pyaemia. May become clironic 
 and will last for months or years and be either the dry or 
 moist form. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Is unfavorable. More so than in pneumonia but in 
 man it is the reverse. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Diagnosed from pneumonia by abdominal breathing. 
 
 Different auscultation and percussion. In pleurisy there is 
 no discharge from the nose as there is in pneumonia and runs 
 a less regular course. 
 
 TRI:ATIvISNT : - Must be heroic. If found eai-ly irrigate the chest as 
 in pneumonia. Apply mustard, temperature must be reduced, 
 give antipyrin. Heart must be kept strong. Give diuretics 
 such as digitalis, but this is not a sufficiently active 
 diioretic, so combine it with acetate of potash. In older 
 cases give stimulant diuretics as oil of wintergreen, turpen- 
 tine or the balsams. French veterinarians use calomel- It 
 has a beneficial action on all serous membranes, chest should 
 also be rubbed with mercurial ointment. To hasten absorption 
 give pilocarpine 1-/2 to 3 grs. subcutaneously. For -a dog 
 VlO to -^/s gr. by mouth. A Priessnltz bandage is good. 
 Do not irrigate or put mustard on the chest of a dog. 
 
 Operative Treatment:- Puncture with a capillary trocar 
 and remove the fluid with an aspirator- This treatment is 
 not advised only as the last resort. The indications for this 
 treatment are : - 
 
 1. To save life. 
 
 2. Excessive quantity of fluid in the chest. 
 
(-109) 
 
 3. If exudation is considerable and has been 
 present Tor a long time causing the animal to become weaker 
 and T/eaker from the exudation. 
 
 4. If suppurative should then puncture at once. 
 METHOD OF PUNCTURING."- Disinfect the place to be punctui-ed thor- 
 oughly, puncture v/ith small trocar and puir.p out with small 
 aspirator. By tliis method air can be prevented from entering 
 the chest cavity. There is but little danger in doing this 
 operation. Do not- puncture in front Of the .fifth rib on 
 account of the heart and not too close to the floor of the 
 thoracic cavity because it frequently contains fibrin and this 
 is apt to clog_the canula. Sometimes the puncture must be 
 repeated several tlm.es. Some veterinarians advise irrigation- 
 after making the puncture but this is not good treatment. 
 
 INPECTIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 An infectious disease is one comiimni cable from animal to 
 animal. Usually, however, it is due to bacterial infection 
 but this does not seem rational. 
 
 Contagious d isease as Rinderpest, Foot and Mouth disease, 
 Influ-enza, Distemper, Smallpox, etc. 
 
 Liia smatic as jlal'-'.rlL;, Cholera, Texas Fever, Anthrax, etc. 
 
 Contagio -- miasmutic Di s temper - 
 
 DISTEMPER OF HORSE. 
 (Colt Di s t empe r . S tr angl e s ) . 
 
 It is an infectious catarrli of upper air passages espe- 
 cially of nostril accompanied by suppuration of the lymph 
 glands due to a streptococcus which is found in the discharge. 
 If the germ is inoculated into healthy colts the disease will 
 develop. 
 
 It is a contagio-maasmatic disease and so is carried by 
 direct contact or germ may lie dormant in stable and after 
 many months the disease will manifest itself. It is confined 
 to solipeds and cannot be inoculated in other animals. Youth 
 is a predisposing cause but does affect old animals. One 
 ease on record of an animal 24 years old having been affected 
 and recovered. Other predisposing causes are debility, 
 catarrh of respiratory tract, poor ventilat.ion, raw weather 
 as in spring and fall. It is a very common disease in dealers 
 stables and stock fa^r-ms where young horses are kept for sale. 
 Disease is prevalent in all countries e::cept Iceland, as the 
 disease probably was never introduced there. 
 
 Infection takes place tlxrough the m. m. of the respi- 
 ratory tract. Germ is inhaled, lodges here, m.ultipiies and 
 penetrates the m. m. v/hich causes the disease. Likely that 
 the products are carried into the blood from the first inocu- 
 lation and later they are absorbed by the l^Anph glands as in 
 first stage there is very high fever from the products in the 
 
(110) 
 
 blood but later the temperature falls and thfij iytnph channels 
 become injected. Period of incuoation is fi'-om four to eight 
 days after exposure. 
 SYllPTOMS:- Sudden rise of temperature IO0-IO6 degrees. Rapidity 
 of heart is not in proportion to the high temperature as in 
 most diseases 1 Pulse is from 50-60 showing tlrnt the blood 
 is normal and heart is nourished properly* Nasal Catarrh 
 soon develops. Pirst sero-mucous and then purulent material 
 is discharged from' tlie nose. Cough, tender throat, appetite 
 impaired, respiration slightly accelerated and a little de-. 
 pression. Later these symptoms become more pronounced, apper? 
 tite is gone, more depression. Intermaxillary glands are 
 sv/ollen, painful, and often hot, and is due to beginning 
 suppuration of these glands. From the 10th-14th day thlg 
 s^yelling 'becomes more marked and the TJhole region becomes 
 puffed up which soon fluctuates, breaft:s and discharges fhiclc, 
 creamy pus. Temperature then falls, appetite comes b^elf, 
 nasal discharge lessens, etc. Sometimes v/e may have compli- 
 cations v;hlcii are serious or slight. 
 
 1. Pharyngitis. Often seen in distemper. Thrqat is 
 sivollen, tender, cannot sv/allo'vi/ and post pharyngeal aljscesses 
 may be present. 
 
 2. Catarrh of lov/er air passages j trachea, lafynx and 
 broncliial tubes. 
 
 3. Sinuses and guttural pouches may be involved. 
 
 4. Conjunctiva may be affected and may take on a severe 
 form. 
 
 5. Cutaneous abscesses may be seen on the back, side, 
 thighs or anywhere. They are small, (cherry size) and some- 
 what resemble glanderous abscesses. 
 
 6. Catarrlial pneumonia. 
 
 7. M. m. of respiratory tract may have chronic catarrh, 
 especially nose. 
 
 8. Septicaemia or pyaemia and this proves fatal. 
 PROGNOSIS:- Good .but varies in some regions. Also depends on 
 
 strength of the individual. Out of 2200 affectecL 19 or ^ /2 of 
 Vfo died. Fatality is usually "^AX- 
 TREATI'.IENT: - Of a regular course is very simple. Pure air and 
 
 liberty in box stall. Keep clean, green and soft food. Open 
 the abscess as soon as formed. Internal medicine is not 
 required. Priessnltz bandage applied to the throat to hasten 
 suppuration may be useful as these glands alv;ays suppurate. 
 Abscess should be opened as soon as suspected even before pus 
 is present as this prevents metastatic ^abscess forming as pus 
 is discharged and not absorbed. Avoid tlie arteries in opening 
 the abscess. Make the incision only through the skin and 
 bore a hole v/ith closed scis:;ors to the gland and allow pus 
 to escape. If there is much discharge from the nose it is 
 well to steam the animal. As the appetite is poor and to 
 prevent catarrh give Carlsbad salts. 
 
 Complications should be treated as they arise. 
 
cm) 
 
 V 
 
 INFLUENZA* 
 
 Too often diagnosed. Tetmi. is used as a dumping ground, 
 The disease should be divided into three classes, yi^;r 
 1? :3calma. 
 2. Influenza, 
 g; Oedematous Pneumonia. 
 
 5 G A L M A . 
 
 Is a peculiar disease of solipeds not often spen. There 
 is great irritatDility of the larynx. Resembles whooping 
 eough of children; Was first recognised and described by 
 Dieckerhoff in Germany, aiid by Huidekoper in this country. 
 Temperature is often as high as 106-107. Pulse rapifi and 
 respirations are aqcelerated. No depression is one characr 
 teristie symptom even T/ith the higii temperature: Seems to be 
 exgited and more active tlian normal loss of appetite. Bjle- 
 quent, spasmodic cough; Temperature falls in a fev; days and 
 leaves a cough and the animal in an anaemic condition with 
 loss of appptite and a little excitement. M. m. pale, horse 
 Ig weak and rapidly emaciates. 
 
 ALISRASIONS; - Are indefinite. Hyperaemia of the air passage &^&. 
 of the digestive tract; These are the, 'only lesions but the 
 disease has not been studied carefully because it is not oft'^n 
 fatal.- Sometimes the anaemia is intense and the animgl dies 
 fKom emaciation. Blood is deficient in red blood corpuscles, 
 -white corpuscles are numerous and the organs are pale. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Mild expectorants as aiiimonium chloride. Give moypiiia 
 to quiet the excitement; Later give tonics especially i]?on. 
 
 PRpGNOSlS:-"js good/ 
 
 INFLUENZA "PROPER. 
 
 Is more often seen th^n scalma and. is supposed to be 
 commen. 
 STNDiTYJAS:- Pink eye, epizootic and by the Preneh as typhoid fever 
 because there is so much depression and fever- This is vague 
 and also applies to many other diseases. There is no relation 
 between it and typhoid fever in man. Is found in all parts 
 of the world and in all seasons, but is more common some 
 jfears than others. In 1873 there was a severe outbreak in 
 this country. About 75^ of all of our horses were affected. 
 It nearly suspended business. In 1883 there was an outbreak 
 in Europe. These outbreaks have occurred every ten or fifteen 
 years for centuries. It is by no means as common as it is 
 supposed. It is rather a rare disease. It is sometimes 
 diagnosed as an intestinal, pulmonary or hepatic pneumonia, 
 etc. It is an infectious disease but the infectious prin- 
 ciple has not yet been discovered. It is supposed to belong 
 to the animal kingdom and due to a protozoan. This is only 
 
(112) 
 
 reached by exclusion. The principal cause can be carried by 
 the v;lnd. The outbreak in 1873 ^:pread most rapidly in the 
 direction of prevailing winds. Can be carried by stable 
 utensils, therraometex' and clothing oi men» One attack confers 
 immunity. Period of incubation Is froin four to seven days. 
 SYIIPTOMS:- Depression. Animal sleepy a>id sluggish, no appetite, 
 elevation of temperature, m. m. are injected both of respi- 
 ■nation and digestion, breathes rapidly, pulse rapid, sometimes 
 50 to 100 per minute^ Eyelids red and svollen. Next fiay 
 there is more depression, m. m. redder, pulse more rapid and 
 v/eaker, respirations faster, legs more stocked and looks much 
 sicker- Third day there is profound depression, head down, 
 eyes s\vollen and closed, respirations accelerated, appetite 
 lost, staggers If moved, sometimes tT/itching of the muscles, 
 sclera is yellov/ and conjunctiva mahogany colored., sometimes 
 constipated, little colic, manure In small balls and covered 
 with mucous. Depression and high tem.perature continues, some 
 times diarrhoea, urine acid and contains albumen. Swelling 
 of the legs is pronounced. Slight catarrh of the respiratory 
 tract. Symptoms last from six to ten days and then usually 
 makes a good recovery but may have various complications. 
 Does not airways run a regular course,. Some of the complica- 
 tions are pneum.onia -- most common --It comes en sudd3nly 
 after the animal has been sick eight or ten days. It is the 
 croupous form and a large area of both lungs are affected. 
 
 2. HEART ¥/"£AKNE3S -- Due to a change in the blood and 
 improper noarlshment. It gets -^eol^ , there is a cloU'-'iy 
 swelling and the animal dies from heart failure. 
 
 5. CEREBRAL DEPRESSION -- This to a certain ext3;v£ is a 
 constant symptom- The function of the brain is lost and 
 becomes paralyzed and is followed by paralysis of other por- 
 tions of the Dody and may die in a comatose state. 
 
 4. DIARRHOEA -- This complication is serious from the 
 exiiaiistion produced^ 
 
 5" FOUNDER -- Partly due to the continuous standing as 
 in pneiomonia. The etiology is net underst,ocd. Is supposed 
 to be a mstiistotlc lammitls but this term does not express 
 the, conditlon- 
 ALTERfVTIONS : - The chief trouble is' in the bloo.l The red blood 
 corpuscles become peoullar-ly altered in shape, the edge's are 
 serrated and 7;avy- The haem.oglobin is dissolved and when 
 allowed to stand the buffy coat does not form as in healthy 
 blood. This fact leads us -to believe that the trouble is due 
 to a protozoan. There is congestion of the' m.. m. of the 
 digestive tract and this causes the' diarrhoea. There is 
 hyperaemia and oedema of the m. m- of the respiratory tract. 
 A transudation of serum beneath the membranes of the brain 
 and spinal cord and into the aratanoid spaces and ventricles. 
 
(113) 
 
 Secondary alterations are sometimes not due to alteration 
 of blood combined with the high temperature, cloudy swelling 
 Oi the heart, kidneys, liver cells may degenerate and ecchymot- 
 ic spots may be seen on the spleen. Skeleton muscles may be 
 
 soft and friable, light colored, due to cloudy swelling. 
 Lymph glands swollen especially the bronchial and messenteric. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Is variable. Depends upon the outbreak. Dieckerhoff 
 treated 1700 cases, and lost only 4^ but tliis is low. Some 
 outbreaks as low as 1^ or as high as 20/o die. The complica- 
 tions alter the prognosis. Usually 5 or &fa die. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Is easy. Symptoms are pronounced. Depression, high 
 temperature, pulse rapid, yellow mahogany m. m» , legs swollen, 
 staggering gaft, conjunctiva swollen. This combination of 
 symptoms are found only in influenza- Sometimes these symp- 
 toms are less marked it is then not so easy to diagnose from 
 oedematous pneumonia or severe .croupous pneumonia, but In 
 these there are lung lesions that c-an be detected by percus- 
 sion and auscultation, yet if pneumonia is diagnosed v/e cannot 
 tell positively whether it is the primary lesion or a com- 
 plication. If other animals are affected in the same manner 
 it helps us. 
 
 TREATMENT:- Mild cqises with good air, care and clean food, usually 
 terminate favorably. But usiially is more serious, high tem- 
 perature, etc., so treat to prevent complications. Excessive 
 temperature is often most important. May reach 106 or 108 
 and must be reduced at once by injections into the rectum, 
 cold packs to the thorax, or can use antipyrlne, etc- Stimu- 
 late the heart, it may be rapid and we-^k and pulse cannot be 
 felt. Give tincture of digitalis 2 to 3 drams every 2 or 3 
 hours until a result is obtained. May give camphor and 
 alcohol but' it is irritating so is best given siibcutaneously. 
 Give one dram of the spirits of camphor in olive oil. An 
 abscess may follov;. Caffeine is also good. After the tem- 
 perature falls and the heart is not so weak give alkalies as 
 Carlsbad salts to improve the appetite, etc. May give four 
 or five ounces three times daily and continue until the 
 faeces become soft, then diminish the dose. Treat the eye 
 7/lth warm antiseptic packs 1% creolln kept constantly on the 
 eyes. 
 
 Treat the complications as they arise. 
 
 OEDEMATOUS PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Is a very old disease, was described by ancient writers. 
 Was thought to be pulmonary influenza and is so considered yet 
 by some veterinarians. Was first recognized by Dr. Diecker- 
 hoff. In this country was described by Dr- Huidekoper- The 
 disease is not well named, because there is not always an 
 oedema of the lungs. In some cases the lungs remain perfectly 
 normal. It Is a general disease but is often accompanied by 
 rneumonia anr^ there is oedema. In 117 cases 27 had no lung 
 
(114) 
 
 leiBions. The disease is caused Dy an oval -paeteria with 
 blunt ends and looks like diploeoecus. There ave ugiially two 
 together -- diplo-bacteria -- found in tl:e na^al discZaarge, 
 In hepatized lung, liver, spleen and' kidneyi It is carried 
 by the blood, but has never yet been seen in it. It is 
 stained by methyl blue or gentian violet, grqws in gelatin 
 iteadily and its gro^vth- is characteristic. Germs grow as 
 rround colonies at various points and do not liquefy gelatin 
 when grows in bullion, sinl\"s into the body of ths fluid, 
 upper part bein^ clear and transparent. ?^of. Shuet?:; wn<? the 
 first to inject it into the trachea and found the same germ 
 in the lung. Found in large stables where thgre are many 
 horses. It affects a young horse, and those th^at are debili- 
 tated chiefly. One attack renders hia irnmung for life; It 
 rarely affects more than one third of the horses in a stable 
 so ■sfe conclude that the others have eitlier a natural or 
 ac^julred imnunity. Contagion is carried by the breath and 
 .o'pjects in contact with the animal by the manure, blanket^, 
 attendants or i:y the veterinarian himself. It is'ia serious 
 disease, not on aceoiint of so many animals dying, but bejsause 
 it lasts so long. Horses during convalescence are more 
 Ylolent sources of contagion than if well or just attacked. 
 The germs enter through the respiratory t-'act and so pneumonia 
 ' is usually the chief s\i'nptom, yet tl.ey may pass through the 
 lung without affecting it. Period oi incubation from 8 to 20 
 days or even three weeks. Average time about 14 days. 
 ALUHE/ilFlQNS : - Lungs may be normal v/hen tliey are affected it is 
 croupous pneumonia with oedema. May be lobular or lobar in 
 either or both lungs. Lobar affects a larger area but the 
 lobular form is more fatal, because thex*e is more tendency to 
 pi:|;purlsy in this form. The gevnn enters by the lung but may 
 -pass into the circulation and not affect the lung. ¥/hen the 
 lungs ar:e affected (and they are in /s of the cases) the 
 Inflamniation' is very severe and intense followed by seriijTi in 
 the connective tissue about the air cells and into the air 
 cells and here coagulates. Excessive transudation causes 
 pressure and so shuts off the blood supply and the lung dies 
 in this area. Gems of putrefaction may be inhaled v/hich 
 lodge in this dead area, cause putrefaation and gangrene 
 which is recognized by depression, red m. m. and offensive 
 breath. At other tames germs of suppuration may be inlaaled 
 and. cause suppuration in the dead tissue and the surrounding 
 healthy tissue and an abscess is formed. May be carried by 
 the blood in some cases. If it is near the surface it may 
 break through the pleura and cause suppurative pleurisy and 
 death. The lung lesions may be in very small areas at a time. 
 These same lesions may occur in other organs and cause cloudy 
 swelling and fatty degeneration-, as in the 'heart, It becomes 
 pale, friable and brittle. May occur in liver, kidney, lymph 
 glands or imiscle-. In influenza the blood is altered, but In 
 oedemai-ous pneianonla it is not changed. The mucous membranes 
 
(115) 
 
 of the stomach and intestines are swollen and congested 
 usually and there is more tendency to gangrene than in ordi- 
 nary pneumonia. Gangrene and suppuration may terminate in 
 recovery in some rare oases due to the encapsulation of this 
 area. These encapsulated areas may be large enough to make 
 the horse short-winded and later heaves may develop or may ' 
 become grown fast to the pleura. 
 
 SYIAPTOMS:- Sudden chill and fever, pulse quick, 50 to 60 or even 
 as high as 100 in rare cases, respirations are accelerated 
 from the fever, also more or less depression yet may not be 
 marked, differs in this respect from influenza, appetite lost, 
 m. m. red and later a yellow tinge but are not mahogany 
 colored except in the last stages from fatty liver and loss 
 of its function and bile colors the m. m. Usually a short, 
 shallow cough, later it becomes deeper but never voluminous 
 as in bronchitis and laryngitis. Legs do not swell except 
 from standing but it is not a distinct , puff iness. 
 
 PERCUSSION:- Dullness in the lower part. More frequent in the 
 left lung but if the lobular form there are small areas of 
 dullness scattered about. May be so small and deep that we 
 can get no dullness. 
 
 AUSCULTATION:- Over the dull area the vesicular sound is lessened 
 while the bronchial remains the same. When transudation com- 
 mences there is a crepitant rale and' may be complete silence. 
 The diseased part is usually surrounded by crepitant rales. 
 Where pleurisy develops there is a friction sound. Later this 
 disappears and v/e have a splashing sound and horizontal dull- 
 ness later, after a cavity forms there may be a crackpot sound 
 on percussion. If the lungs are bad there is dyspnoea. Dis- 
 charge from the nose may be a thick mucous or even pus, and as 
 recovery takes place the discliarge becomes a thick, brown 
 fluid. This is an exudate from the air cells. 
 
 When it runs a favorable com-se the symptoms abate in 
 6 to 8 days, temperature falls, heart is less irritable. 
 Polyurea indicates the beginning of reabsorption and increased 
 work of the kidneys. This indicates a rapid recovery or 
 decline. Recovery takes a long time because the change in 
 the lungs was so profound. After 2 to 4 weeks can be put at 
 light work. The case may be abortive and run its course in a 
 few days. In this case the symptoms are:- elevation of tem- 
 perature, m. m. red, rapid heart and respiration. The symp- 
 toms are not characteristic unless in a stable where the dis- 
 ease has been recently or is at the time. By itself v/e cannot 
 diagnose it except by exclusion. The disease may -become 
 chronic and run a long course and is perhaps a chronic pneu- 
 monia as a sequella of the oedematous form. May last for 
 years and render the animal useless. It is then a chronic 
 Interstitial pneumonia. 
 
■116) 
 
 aOlklPLIGATIONS;- Of various forms are met -with but heart failure 
 
 is the most common due to overv/ork and poor nutrition and the 
 animal dies from heart weakness. This is the most frequent 
 cause of death in this disease. In making a prognosis the 
 heart should be examined very thoroughly. If rapid and weak 
 the prognosis is bad, if rapid and strong it is fairly good. 
 Gastro-intestinal catarrh may occur. Hemorrhagic nephritis 
 is an uncommon complication. Septicaemia and pyaemia are 
 alos rare. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS:- Should be distinguished from pneumonia proper. In 
 
 Infliienza there- is more depression, and legs are swollen, but 
 not so in oedematous pneiamonia. M. m. are mahogany colored 
 in influenza. In croupous pneumonia not so many animals sick 
 in the same stable and there is a history of draught 5 over- 
 heating, etc, and the temperature is not so high. The germ 
 is characteristic. Take the discharge from the nostriij place 
 it on a cover glass, stain with methyl blue, fuchsinj, or 
 gentian violet. May not be able to find the germ in all eases 
 out if we do the diagnosis is positive. 
 
 PROGNOSIS:- Is not so good as in influenza. Prom 1 to 25^ die. 
 Average 5 to 6^> 
 
 TREATMENT:- Do not interfere with temperature even if it is 106° 
 (unless very dangerous) because it runs a regular course as 
 all infectious diseases do. The germ forms ptomaines, etc. 
 in the blood v/hich poisons the germ as this production con- 
 tinues there is enough to kill all the germs at the crisis of 
 the disease. Ptoiiiaines are then removed and health returns. 
 If the temperatui'-e is allowed to remain high there are more 
 ptomaines formed and the crisis of the disease is reached 
 sooner than if the temperature is reduced. If the heart is 
 weak and irritable the temperature should be reduced.. This 
 usually occurs if the terapsrature remains high for a few days. 
 Can then use cold water- Antipyrine, antiflbrin or alcohol. 
 The last drug is a good antipyretic and at the same time a 
 heart stimulant. The heart is often weak, especially toward 
 the end of the disease, so should give digitalis in three 
 dram doses a day at first, then increase the dose till one to 
 one and one half ounces per day is given. If the heart 
 becomes slow and full stop the digitalis altogether. May use 
 atropia, caffeine, alcohol or camphor. If depression and 
 high temperature, oil of camphor subcutaneously Is very good. 
 Caffeine makes a good change from digitalis. Apply mustard 
 to the chest also a Priessnitz bandage. Give expectorants 
 after the crisis is reached. If there is any gastric irrita- 
 tion give Carlsbad salts and if constipated give calomel. If 
 the -breath has bad odor give inhalations of creosote or cre~ 
 ' ■ olin. If roaring follows give potassium iodide. If the 
 animal becomes thin give arsenic or strychnia. V/here the 
 disease breaks out in a stable, isolate and disinfect the 
 
(117) 
 
 stalls thoroughly and supply good vent U-ation. In the German 
 Army there is often an outbreak. Temperature of each horse 
 is taken every night and if found "above normal he is isolated. 
 Recently inoculation has been- tried with fairly good results. 
 There are two methods, vlz:- 
 
 1st. Pure cultures are attenuated by growing at a low 
 temperature till when injected into mice, they will not die 
 of septicaemia for several days at least or even resist it. 
 This attenuated culture is then injected into the trachea. 
 •It causes a mild attack, and thus immunity is acquired. 
 
 2nd. Take blood from a horse that has recovered from 
 the disease. Keep at a low temperature until serum can be 
 collected. Inject 50 C. C. under the skin of the animal to 
 be protected. After 5 days a second injection is made and in 
 one week make a third injection. He is then often immune. 
 These methods have not been tried in this country and are not 
 likely to be as the disease is not frequent enough. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS . 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS:- All of the domestic animals are more or less sub- 
 ject to this disease. Following is the order of frequency: - 
 cattle, swine, sheep, horse, dog, cat. Fowls are not infre- 
 quently attacked. It is very frequently seen in cattle and 
 swine, not so much so in sheep. It is thought to be a differ- 
 ent variety from that attacking other animals = Lesions are 
 much the same., but the bacilli of tuberculosis of fowls will 
 not cause the disease in cattle and vice versa. After the 
 jacilll is established in fowls it thrives well and spreads 
 rapidly. -It must become accustomed to its host. Tuberculo- 
 sis is one of the oldest diseases known recognized over many 
 hundred years ago. The contagious nature was known thirty 
 years ago, the bacilli being discovered by Koch in 1881. It 
 is the most frequent disease of cattle and is very common but 
 how common it is cannot be stated exactly as there are no 
 accurate statistics. It is certain that it is becoming more 
 prevalent i*ii the Eastern states and it is unknown in some 
 Western states. 
 
 In Germany all animals that are slaughtered are examined 
 for tuberculosis, every case being noted also the origin of 
 the animal. The per cent varies from 10-30^. It is likely 
 that 30^ will be the average all over Germany. The percentage 
 is not so great in the United States as shown by report of 
 steers killed in England being exported from the United 
 States. Partly due to these animals coming from the very far 
 West where it is a rare disease. Out of 1000 animals killed 
 only 2 were found to be tuberculous. Records of Eastern in- 
 spectors show about 70X to have suffered- with the disease, 
 la aome herds Ibfa have been known to be affected and in some 
 
(118) 
 
 herds as large as 90^ have suffered. The latter figures were 
 taken from a N. Yo herd. Other herds on the other hand are 
 entirely free from the disease « Certain breed as the Guern- 
 sey, Jersey and Frisian are said to be most susceptible but 
 this is not positively proven^ Dr- Pearson does not believe 
 in .inaking this statement until it can be positively proven* 
 Channel Island cattle v/ere first brought here in large numbers 
 about 20 years ago. They became very popular and brought 
 large prices — one bull sold for 10,000 dollars before weaned. 
 This caused them to be bred rapidly and metissage was carried 
 on extensively which intensified the weak condition. They 
 were closely housed and so became tuberculous. If other 
 cattle were treated in a similar manner they would be just as 
 susceptible to tuberculosis. 
 
 SPREAD OP THE DISEASE:-' It spreads by the sputiim, etc., entering 
 by the respiratory and digestive tract. The tubercle bacilli 
 is thrown out by respiratory t'ract, dries and is inhaled by 
 other animals, it also falls into trough or feed box and is 
 often taken in this manner or i^aay be fed in milk. The bacilli 
 may also multiply on the skin. The disease may be ".ongenital 
 although heredity is not a chief cause. In 1,500,000 calves 
 slaughtered in Munich only 10 had tuberculosis. Inherited 
 predisposition is common, and may come from father, mother 
 or both. Sometimes it spreads rapidly. In one herd iqaown to 
 be healthy for 12 years a tuberculous calf was bought and 
 kept in the runway in front of the cows. The next spring 
 eight in a herd of forty died from tuberculosis, and of the 
 balance 19 responded to the tuberculin test. The disease 
 spreads more rapidly in a dirty, poorly ventilated stable as 
 the bacilli are not then diluted. 
 
 In swine it is more frequent in the alimentary canal due 
 to eating tuberculous food, found more in the East than in 
 the West because here swine are fed on slaughter-house offal. 
 In the West where they are fed on corn the disease is very 
 rare. In sheep the lungs are the most common seat of the 
 disease. In the horse the intestines are the most common seat 
 especially the raesenverie lymph glands. The disease is much 
 more common in horse than was: supposed and is usually due to 
 food or to tuberculous attendants. " The mesenteric lymph 
 glands may become as large as a man's head, and cause death 
 by colic. 
 
 In dogs may be of lungs or intestines about equally 
 divided, and Is often taken from a tuberculous master. In 
 the cat the disease is very rare. 
 
 symptoms:- Differ with location or part affected. Lungs should 
 be examined yet a physical diagnosis is hard to make because 
 the interferance with respiration is but slight, no elevation 
 of temperature, appetite good, etc. If wide spread we can 
 detect dullness on percussion and silence, sibilant or sono- 
 rous rales on auscultation and resembles chronic bronchitis 
 
(13:91 
 
 sonorous rales on auscultation and resembles chronic bronchi- 
 tis or chronic pneumonia somewhat. Skin is harsh and dry. 
 Superficial lymph glands should be examined carefully espe- 
 cially the intermaxillary before and behind shoulder, middle 
 of the escutcheon, in flank, behind last rib in front of the 
 hip. The last named are small in health and cannot be felt 
 but in tuberculosis they look like small lumps. They may be 
 large and yet the animal be free from tuberculosis. Tubercu- 
 losis .of the peritoneum (Pearl disease) is not nearly so 
 common as is generally supposed. Animals that have tubercu- 
 losis should be removed from the healthy ones and the stalls, 
 watering trough, etc. thoroughly disinfected and the stable 
 ventilated. The disease cannot be exterminated by simply 
 removing the diseased animals, even when the best precautions 
 are observed the disease may continue. 
 TUBERCULIN:- Is a chemical product of the tubercle bacillus. A 
 
 culture is made in beef broth to which is added b% of glycer- 
 ine. This is sterilized by heat and filtered through porce- 
 lain- Is then evaporated to about /lO of its volume over a 
 water bath. It is a brown color and is about QOfo glycerine. 
 In closely stoppered bottles it will keep indefinitely. Ppr 
 use it is diluted with a 1.-/2% solution of carbolic acid in 
 distilled water which has been freshly boiled. 
 
 Take the temperature of the animal in the evening and 
 about 6 o'clock inject /4 G. C or 4 drops of tuberculin in 
 one dram of the carbolic acid solution. If the cow is large 
 you may inject ■'-/s C- G. or even /lO C. C. but this is the 
 limit. If the animal is tuberculous the reaction should begin 
 in about 6 or 8 hours, but if free from the disease there will 
 be no change. Temperature may rise from 2° to 7°. Principle 
 of the reaction depends upon the fact that tuberculin is a 
 t oxalbimien . In tuberculosis there is always low fever when 
 the disease is advanced due to the formation and absorption 
 of tuberculin. This stimulates the heart centres and as a 
 result the temperature rises. If tuberculosis is slight 
 tuberculin will be formed in small amounts and the temperature 
 remains normal as the disease progresses the animal becomes 
 accustom.ed to this poison and may not caiase rise of tempera- 
 ture, but when we inject a new supply of tuberculin the in- 
 flamed area around the tubercle, due to the tuberculin formed 
 by the tubercle bacillus, is very susceptible and even a 
 small quantity of tuberculin causes an extension of the in- 
 flammation and a rise of temperature. In inflanmation from 
 other causes there will be no rise of temperature, because 
 the fever is not due to tuberculin. Wlien injected into a 
 healthy animal the amount is not sufficient to stimulate the 
 heat centres. In 800 animals examined with tuberculin 280 
 were killed with what responded to the test and every one was 
 found on post mortem to be tuberculous. It is possible tliat 
 
(120) 
 
 the reaction will not take place if the animal is tuberculous- 
 Dro Pearson has found three such cases but in these minute 
 lesions were foiind which were calcified and surrounded by a 
 thick capsule. It is thought that these cases had made a 
 recovery. These cases are so rare that tuberculin practically 
 detects all cases- 
 
 One objection to tuberculin raised by stock men is that 
 it is too delicate a test. It is a qualitative test not a 
 qtiantitative. This objection is a poor one because if the 
 animal does have but a slight attack it seldom gets better 
 and we do not know v/hen it may become bad. Tuberculous milk 
 is dangerous to those who use it. Bacilli have been found 
 in milk even when the udder was free from tubercles- We have 
 no positive proofs that people have taken tuberculosis in this 
 manner J but v^e do have good circumstantial evidence- In a 
 boarding school in France several young ladies died with 
 tuberculosis. It was found that these young ladles had been 
 drinking milk from a tuberculous cow. A four year old brother 
 of Harper in N. Y. was sent to the country apparently healthy 
 at the time he left home. He died with tubercular meningitis, 
 A tuberculous cov; was found in the herd from which he drank 
 the milk, Dr- Pepper stated recently that 60^ of children 
 brought to the post mortem table with tuberculosis are 
 affected in the intestinal tract showing that the disease is 
 taken in by the food- 
 
 0- 
 
(2) 
 
 -C- 
 Golic Obstruction _____-- 41 & 46 
 
 " Prevention of - - V - - - - - 46 . 
 
 " Rheumatic __---_-- 40 
 
 " Spasmodic - - - - - - - -40&44 
 
 " Squibb 's Mixture __-__- 46 
 Swine ---------48 
 
 " SjTuptomatic ____--- 34 
 
 " Thrombotic Embolic ----- 41 & 44 
 
 True __-_---_- 34 
 
 " Varieties of --___-_ 40 
 
 Constipation _-__-_-- 30 
 
 , " in Fowls - - - - - - 33 
 
 Collection of Sinuses __---.- 94 
 " " Guttural Pouches ',■.-;- - - - 94 
 
 Coryza --___^_-_-91 
 Croupous Enteritis - - - - - - - 53 . . 
 
 Cystitis -_-_---_- 77 
 
 -D- 
 
 Depraved Appetite of Cattle ----- 10 
 
 Disease of Digestive Organs of Cattle - - - 17 
 
 Diseases of Liver _______ 60 
 
 " " Genito Urinary Tract _ - _ 68 
 
 Distemper of Horses _______ i09 
 
(4) 
 
 -G- 
 
 Gastric Ulcers - - - - - - - - 48 
 
 Genito-Urlnary Tract _______ 68 
 
 Glottis, Oederm of --____ _ 9S 
 
 Gastro Enteritis, Mycotic _____ 54 
 
 " Toxic ----- _ 58 
 
 -H- ■• • 
 
 Hemorrhage Gastric _-___-_ 49 
 
 " Intestinal - - - - - - 49 
 
 from Lungs - -,,-,-- - - 99. 
 
 Hemorrhagic Proctitis of Cattle - - - - 50 
 
 Hemorrhoides --'---___ 50 
 
 Hepatitis _ _ .. - _ _ _ _ 61 
 
 " Interstitial - - - - _ ' .- 62 
 
 Hoven - - _ :: _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 
 
 -I- 
 
 Irapaction of Crop --_____ 9 
 
 " " 3rd Stomach ----- - 19 
 
 . " '■ Rumen -------24 
 
 Influenza ------__- m 
 
 Intestinal Hemorrhage ---___ 49 
 Intestinal Ulcers - - - _ _ _ _ 4Q 
 
(S) 
 
 -N- 
 Nasal Catarrh of Sheep - - - - - - , , 92 
 
 " Gleet - - - - * - - - - ' 91 
 
 Nephritis Acute _____--- 73 
 
 " Chronic ------- 75 
 
 Interstitial - - - - - - .^^ 62 
 
 Nose Bleeding -------- 93 
 
 " Timiors __-_ __-_-93 
 
 >v.*J ■ -0- 
 
 Oedeito of Glottis ------- 96 
 
 Oedenimtous Pneumonia - - - - .- - 113 
 
 Oesophagus, Stricture of ------8 
 
 -'\^ " Dilation of------ 8 
 
 Paralysis -___-_ 9 
 
 Oesophagitis __-___-- 7 
 
 -P- 
 
 Parotitis _____--__ 3 
 
 Parturient Paralysis _______ 82 
 
 Septicaemia -___-- 81 
 
 Peritonitis Acute -.-__-_. .,, _ 53 
 
 " Chronic ------- qq 
 
 Pharyngitis -___-__-_ 3 
 
 Physiology of Digestion ------ n 
 
 " " Digestive Tract of Cattle - - 17 
 
 / 
 -*"■ 
 
(7) 
 
 Piles ----_____- 50 
 
 Pleurisy - - - - - _.- - - 107 
 
 ' Pneumonia -______.__. gg 
 
 " Catarrhal - — - - - - 103 " 
 
 " Croupous - _ _ -. _ - 100 
 " Interstitial -___-- 106 
 " Metastatic _„_-_-- i06 
 " Mycotic - -. _ _ _ ' _ 105 
 " Oedematous - - - - - - 113 
 
 "" Traumatic ______ 105.' 
 
 Poisons - - - - - - - - - - d8 
 
 By Acids --------58 
 
 " Arsenic ------- 59 
 
 • Ergot --------59 
 
 " Corranon Salt ------ 58 
 
 Ptyalism --------- 3 
 
 Pyelitis --------- 75 
 
 Putrid Sore Throat -^-----56 
 
 -R- 
 
 Respiratory Tract ------- 91 
 
 • ■ _ - 97 
 Roaring 
 
 25 
 Rumenotoray -----."" 
 
 -S- 
 Scalma ___------- HI 
 
 - - - - 25 
 Scours - - ~ ~ 
 
(a) 
 
 Sexual Appetite, .Excessive - - - - - 84 
 
 " " Loss of ----- 85 
 
 Sheep, V/ool Eating - . -■ - - - - - 10 
 
 Stomatitis Catarrhal __-----l 
 
 " Ulcerous _ _ _ _ -,;,;.i' - '^ 
 
 Strangles ____--- - 1G9 
 
 Squibb 's Colic Mixture _-___- 46 
 
 -T- 
 
 Tu'berculosis - - - - - - -- 117 
 
 Tumors of Nose _.^__-. _--93 
 
 Tympanitis of Rviminants (Acute) _ _ _ _ 21 
 
 "■ " " Chronic - - - - 23 
 
 -U- 
 
 Udder __________ 88 
 
 " Oedema of -------- 88 
 
 " Parenchymatous Inflammation - - - - 89 
 
 Ulcers Gastric - - - - - - - -48 
 
 " Intestinal ______-. 48 
 
 Urine _____-__-- 68 
 
 " Chemical Examination _____ 70 
 
 " Retention of _______ 75 
 
 -W- 
 Wool Eating of Sheep ______ xo