OLIN 
 
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 1913a 
 
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gr&iF 1 -, 
 
 NOTES ON THE CHATINO LANGUAGE 
 OF MEXICO ; 
 
 By FRANZ BOAS 
 
 Reprinted from the American Anthropologist (N.S.), Vol. XV,No. I, 
 i Jariuary-March, 1 9 13 
 
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 Lancaster Pa., U. S. A. 
 The 'New Era Printing Company 
 1913 < ' 
 
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[Reprinted from the American Anthropologist, Vol. 15, No. I, Jan.-March, 1913.] 
 
 NOTES ON THE CHATINO LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 
 By FRANZ BOAS 
 
 WHILE engaged in an investigation of the Mexican dialect 
 of Pochutla, Oaxaca, Mexico, for the International School 
 of American Archaeology and Ethnology, I had the 
 opportunity to spend a few hours with a Chatino, and collected a 
 little material which may be of interest, because it shows definitely 
 that Chatino is a remote branch of the Zapotecan family and 
 partakes of the very remarkable phonetics of that group of lan- 
 guages. I have not sufficient material to elucidate any one point of 
 the phonetics or morphology of the language fully, and therefore 
 must confine myself to a few disconnected remarks. 
 
 The language is spoken only in the district of Juquila. It is 
 
 v 
 
 called by the people themselves Ca 8 tinyo o/ \ It is spoken, according 
 to my informant, Ezdquiel Vasquez, in the following villages: 1 
 
 
 First Dialect 
 
 *Juquila 
 
 *Yolotepec (Santa Maria Yol 
 
 *Yaitepec 
 
 ♦Mialtepec (Santa Maria) 
 
 *Temaxcaltepec 
 
 *Ixpantepec (San Francisco) 
 
 Teotepec 
 
 *Quiahije (San Juan) 
 
 *Cuixtla 
 
 *Ixtapan (Santa Maria) 
 
 *Tiltepec 
 
 *Zacatepec 
 
 *Nopala 
 
 *Panixtlahuaca (San Miguel) 
 
 *San Gabriel Mixtepec 
 
 Tepenixtlahuaca 
 
 *Lachao (San Juan) 
 
 
 
 Second Dialect 
 
 
 Tataltepec 
 
 
 Third Dialect 
 
 *Tlapanalquiahuil 
 
 Zenzontepec 
 
 Tlacotepec 
 
 
 1 In the lists of places I follow the orthography of Dr Antonio Pefianel, Divisidn 
 Territorial de la Republica Mexicana, Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento, 1904. 
 
 78 
 
79 
 
 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 
 
 [N. S., 15, 1913 
 
 According to Eutimio Perez, 1 who bases his statements on the 
 reports of the priests of the various villages, Chatino is spoken in 
 the districts of Juquila, Juxtlahuaca, Teojomulco, and Yaitepec, 
 in the following villages: 
 
 Juquila 
 
 *San Miguel Panixtlahuaca 
 *Santa Marfa Ixtapan 
 *San Juan Quiahije 
 *San Francisco Ixpantepec 
 *Santa Marfa Mialtepec 
 *Santa Marfa Yolotepec 
 *San Juan Lachao 
 San Pedro Juchatengo 
 Trapiche de Santa Ana 
 Trapiche de Soledad 
 
 Teojomulco 
 
 San Lorenzo 
 Santiago 
 Santiago Minas 
 San Jacinto (Tlacotepec?) 
 Santa Marfa 
 "Tlapanalquiahuil 
 
 Juxtlahuaca 
 
 Apaluapan 
 San Martfn 
 San Pedro 
 Santiago Jicayan 
 San Miguel Elotepec 
 San Crist6bal 
 San Juan 
 
 Yaitepec 
 
 *Nopala 
 *Cuixtla 
 "Tiltepec 
 
 *San Gabriel (Mixtepec) 
 San Pedro 
 *Tamaxcaltepec 
 *Yaitepec 
 *Zacatepec 
 
 The villages of the two lists that could be ascertained as iden- 
 tical are marked with asterisks. 
 
 The system of vowels of the Chatino is very rich. Every vowel 
 is pronounced either with a full oral breath or with nasal breath with 
 accompanying palato-lingual stricture, which produces a weak nasal 
 twang. It closes with a free escape of breath or with a glottal stop. 
 Furthermore, the vowels are long and short. It seems that e and 
 are always open. All these vowels have one of three pitch accents — 
 either the low pitch, which is left here without diacritical mark; 
 or the raised pitch, which I have indicated by * ; or, finally, the 
 
 1 Recuerdos Bistoricos del Episcopado OaxaqueHo, Oaxaca, 1888. 
 
boas] CHATINO LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 80 
 
 rising pitch, which I have indicated by ~. We have, therefore, a 
 system of vowels which may be illustrated by the following scheme: 
 
 _< _n« _8 _»S 
 
 * < -. n < > g -> nS 
 
 This series has been observed partially for the a, e, i, o, u series,; 
 but it is possible that the nasalized a group does not occur. 
 
 Besides these, vowels with whispered intonation occur, which 
 are indicated here by superior position. 
 
 The system of consonants is marked by the rarity of labials. 
 All voiced stops, particularly in initial position, tend to begin with 
 the corresponding voiced nasal. The labial b has been found only 
 in the exclusive first person plural pronoun m bare'. Long conso« 
 nants (expressed here by :) are quite frequent. 
 
 Stops Contin. Affric. Nasals Trill Laterals 
 
 Voiced Unvoiced Unvoiced Unvoiced Voiced Voiced Voiced Unvoiced 
 
 Labials b — — — — — — — 
 
 Dentals d t s i,c n r I I 
 
 Palatized dentals d- t- — — n- — — I' 
 
 Palatals g k x — — — — — 
 
 Labialized palatals gw kw — — — — — — 
 
 Palatized palatals g- k- x- — — — — — 
 
 y.io.h 
 
 All the words in my list terminate in vowels. 
 
 The pronominal forms include singular and plural; and in the 
 plural, inclusive and exclusive. The personal pronouns are in 
 Chatino and Zapotec of Oaxaca. 
 
 Chatino Zapotec 
 
 I na z na* 
 
 thou «"«"'*' Hi 
 
 he nUkwa" la'we 
 
 we, inch »<*' lahto 
 
 we, excl; "bare 11 la'do- - 
 
 ye wa" 1 la*to 
 
 they ne'kwa" la'kawe 
 
8 1 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s., 15, 19:3 
 
 Possessive and predicative forms of the singular and inclusive 
 plural are derived from the stem by modifications of the terminal 
 vowel. The third person has the low pitch; the second person, 
 raised pitch ; the first person singular has the vowel nasalized, with 
 low pitch; the inclusive, the vowel long and nasalized, with rising 
 pitch. The terminal vowel always retains its quality as breathed 
 or stopped vowel. The exclusive plural has the vowel long, with 
 raised pitch and the ending -wa; the second person plural, the 
 vowel long, with deep pitch and the ending - s wa B< ; the third person 
 plural, the same kind of vowel and the ending -we 8 . 
 
 The nasalization of the first person changes a to o B . 
 
 The pronouns may be emphasized by repetition of the inde- 
 pendent pronoun, following the stem. In this case the exclusive 
 takes the ending -re, the third person plural -kwa, thus completing 
 the respective pronominal forms. 
 
 Examples of the possessive are the following: 
 
 wife father brother wife heart hand house 
 
 my x-»5"' (mo 8 ) sit" 1 /° ! o»" kuiyo"" 
 
 thy x-°d** (»««»'*) rfi' /<■«■£" kulyd" 
 
 his *"o"' (nukwa') sit" (•'«" kufyo n 
 
 ourincl. x-'d"' («o') sli n t°*o n * kulyo"" 
 
 ourexcl.*-°5""ttfo(re) sU'wa* l^'awc? kulyb'wa* tg-iwa* ya'wa 1 naa"kiwa t 
 
 your x- c o""wa nt s&"wa at P'a"wa n '' kuiyd''wa nt tg-Vhaa? ya"wa nt naa' t k&wa n * 
 
 their x-'o'tie 1 (kwa) sd'ne' Pa'ne' hdyo'ne* tg-Vrte* ya"ne* naa*kine' 
 
 Examples of verbs are the following: 
 
 sick good strong to sit down to see 1 to speak to go 
 
 I /**"' Wive? tg-ilo* n fkwo nn »oa»" kwi*' yo nt 
 
 thou tV &w? tg-ila* Pkwa": naa" kvA* ya x 
 
 he if £W tgila" Pkwa n noa" kwi' ya> 
 
 weincL i*!"' Shii"* tg-ifij*' 1 t°kwd* x na&» n ku&* yd»* 
 
 we excl. Pi'wa? ^we'via* tg-ilo'wa* Fkwa'wa 11 naa'wa* kwi'wc? yawa? 
 
 ye Wwa*' &we"wa»'- tg-ila"wa«* Pkwa'hva*' naa"wa nf km'hva? ya' W' 
 
 they tH'tie* Pwe'ite* tgM'n* PkwS'ne* woS'we* kwi"ne' ya'ne* 
 1 Here a does not change to 0. 
 
 AM. ANTH,, N. S., 15 — 6 
 
 tg-i» x 
 
 yo^* 
 
 naa n ki n% 
 
 tg-l % 
 
 ya' 
 
 naa n k? 
 
 tg-i* 
 
 ya' 
 
 naa'V 
 
 tgi* 
 
 yd*' 
 
 naa n lfr* 
 
boas] 
 
 CHATINO LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 
 
 82 
 
 There is another form of the possessive, of which the following 
 are examples,. 
 
 no'ye"" 
 
 mine (my property) 
 
 na'yS** 
 
 ours, incl, 
 
 ntM*" 
 
 thine 
 
 na'i"wa l 
 
 ours, excl, 
 
 naH«* 
 
 his 
 
 naWwa** 
 
 yours 
 
 
 
 naH n 'n& 
 
 theirs 
 
 It will be noticed that the only differences are in the first person 
 singular and in the inclusive. 
 
 I have, according to the same type, the following nouns ex- 
 pressing parts of the body: 
 
 kwina''yo n 
 
 kiSo n 'yo nt 
 
 «%eyo"" 
 
 my meat, my flesh 
 my hair 
 my blood 
 my bone 
 my skin 
 
 This form is evidently identical with that of the object of the 
 transitive verb, as is suggested by the following examples: 
 
 koho'i (nukwa 1 ) to°" he will kill me S"y°ho'i (nukwa') id"'* he will kill us, incl. 
 koho'i (nukwa') J"' he will kill thee $°y°ho'i (nukwa') i a bare' he will kill us, excl. 
 $yho n 'i i" f I shall kill thee $°y°ho'i (nukwa') *" t wo'»' he will kill you 
 
 $*y°ho'i (nukwa') **' he will kill him $*y°ho'i (nukwa') i"ne*kwa" he will kill them 
 
 In the two transitive verbs s u'i to have, ho'i to kill, the first 
 persons have the first vowel nasalized, not the terminal -i. 
 
 In the compound verbs ku?ni n to make some one eat 
 
 tHkltd"' 2 my nail is sore, only the termi- 
 nal stem is inflected. 
 
 In the verb, classes may be distinguished like those of the 
 Zapotec. I found the following prefixes of tenses: 
 
 Present Past Future (to Future (to 
 
 go to — ) come to — ) 
 
 da x 
 
 to do, to be 
 
 n— 
 
 nga- 
 
 $a- 
 
 
 tn-tf* 
 
 to make 
 
 di- 
 
 ga- 
 
 Sa-, ku- 
 
 
 SW 
 
 good 
 
 — 
 
 nga- 
 
 ? 
 
 ka- 
 
 t-ha? 
 
 well 
 
 — 
 
 gwa n 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
83 
 
 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 
 
 [n. s., is, 1913 
 
 noa'li' 
 
 weak 
 
 (nfga-) 
 
 ngu- 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 tn:yo nt 
 
 tired 
 
 (nlga-) 
 
 gwa ngwa 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 tgtta' 
 
 strong, hard 
 
 (nt-ga-) 
 
 ngwa 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 (nga)ta' 1 
 
 black 
 
 — 
 
 ngwa 
 
 — 
 
 ha- 
 
 ko' 
 
 dirty 
 
 — 
 
 ngwa- 
 
 — 
 
 ka-, ntgka- 
 
 fe» 
 
 heavy 
 
 — 
 
 ngwa- 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 kwo nt 
 
 high 
 
 — 
 
 ? 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 IV 
 
 sick 
 
 — 
 
 ngwa- 
 
 — 
 
 ka- 
 
 ha* 
 
 to sleep 
 
 lr- 
 
 gway*- 
 
 foy*- 
 
 ka— 
 
 id' 
 
 to send 
 
 nd— 
 
 gwa-, nga- 
 
 Sa- 
 
 — 
 
 /<*■*« 
 
 it is lacking 
 
 — 
 
 ngu 
 
 Sa-, ku- 
 
 — 
 
 Pkwa* 
 
 to be seated 
 
 n- 
 
 ? 
 
 },ku- 
 
 — 
 
 naa" 
 
 to see 
 
 ? 
 
 gwa- 
 
 $a-, ku- 
 
 — 
 
 o x 
 
 to drink 
 
 nd— 
 
 ? 
 
 },ho- 
 
 — 
 
 na % 
 
 to hear 
 
 nd— 
 
 ? 
 
 Say*— 
 
 — 
 
 km? 
 
 to speak 
 
 mi- 
 
 gway 1 - 
 
 Say*- 
 
 — 
 
 ku x 
 
 to eat 
 
 nd— 
 
 gway*- 
 
 Say*- 
 
 
 km* 
 
 to hang 
 
 nd— 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 
 lokwe"" 
 
 to tremble 
 
 nd- 
 
 g- 
 
 ? 
 
 
 ha* 
 
 to die 
 
 ndi- 
 
 ? 
 
 — 
 
 ka~ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 nkhwi he is -dead 
 
 
 ka'ti 
 
 to wish 
 
 nd— 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 Skwa' 
 
 to lie down 
 
 n- 
 
 gwan- 
 
 la-, ka- 
 
 — 
 
 o' 
 
 to go 
 
 ? 
 
 y'~, y- 
 
 i«-,S- 
 
 — (seep. 81) 
 
 ««'*• 
 
 to have 
 
 nd— 
 
 y- 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 Mi 
 
 to kill (see: to die) 
 
 ? 
 
 y*— 
 
 Say'-, ko- 
 
 
 Some adjectives (only those designating colors?) have the 
 prefix ng- : 
 
 ngata" black ng a i l red 
 
 ngati"' white »g»ji' yellow 
 
 The prefix nfga- entered in the preceding list with some ad- 
 jectives means "to become." 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 all men kiUga n k-yi£ 
 
 alligator kwfna" 
 
 animal »»"' 
 
 arm, shoulder sku nt 
 
 banana x-ohva 11 
 
 to be nda* 
 
 black, I am ngato"' 1 (Zap. naga's) 
 
 blood t'ne (Zap. rtn) 
 
 bone /*•»" (Zap. nji'ta) 
 
 boy it? (Zap. taap*) 
 
 brain Ix-kwaki"' 
 
 to break (stick breaks) k u £a* 
 
 broom kwcf 
 
 brother V*a (see also: sister) 
 
BOAS] 
 
 CHATJNO LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 
 
 8 4 
 
 care, take — / n-a'aHu" 
 
 Chatino fa'tittyo*" 
 
 church /d" 
 
 corn, Indian nSkwa* (Zap. cuuba") 
 
 coyote too" (borrowed from Zap. »e'« 8 ) 
 
 deer fovin-o' (Zap. wjr*'«) 
 
 to defecate &l nS 
 
 to die ha x 
 
 dirty £«' 
 
 dog c»»t" (Zap. vuik % ) 
 
 to drink o' 
 
 ear, my nSgo n< (Zap. dia'ya*, my — ) 
 
 to eat ku x 
 to make some one eat ku ! ni" 
 
 extended la, in lal-u', extended soil, 
 t. e. country. 
 
 eye, my (fet)/o B " (Zap. /o") 
 face, my l"lo nn (Zap. Uf) 
 father */*' 
 female £-e* 
 
 female animal »»"' £•«* 
 finger cini ya % , i. e. , fingers of hand (Zap. 
 Hkun'ni) 
 toes cini kiya", i. e. fingers of foot 
 fire &*' 
 
 fish kwila' 1 (Zap. »»6e/, i/eft') 
 flesh, meat kmna' 1 (Zap. Je%) 
 flower &?' (Zap. y» ,! , Tehuano «g-»e 8 ) 
 fog kd x 
 
 food cafnt-ku" (see: to eat £«') 
 foot (ki)ya" (Zap. »*a" my — ) 
 girl cgwa' 
 to give <fo' 
 to go a' 
 good Pwe* 
 
 hair, my (JW)«o»'« (Zap. y»g') 
 hair of my head ktfo"" kb* 
 hand ya z (Zap. tta'ya e , my — ) 
 to hang nd'kw? 
 to have y*tt'«, future AaW 
 head kl x (Zap. *g-o'' my — ) 
 
 to hear »a' 
 
 heart tg-C 
 
 heavy <V (Zap. na'an) 
 
 hen £<«' 
 
 — laying kttftna" 
 
 — hens kttfkiite' 
 high Jaw"' 
 
 house naa n (Zap. yfi"; Kjo' my — ) 
 
 — naa"k? house in which one lives 
 infant kwi* (Zap. vado'*) 
 
 to kill (yo)ho'i see: to die ha' (Zap. 
 
 r« 8 fe") 
 knife cij'tt' (borrowed from Spanish) 
 to be lacking /**•«' 
 land yS 1 (Zap. yu x ) 
 leaf 7.-feo' (Zap. valda'k*) 
 to lie down Ifawo' 
 light of weight lia 
 to live kf 
 to be lost guna" 
 to make /wo"' 
 male £#a" 
 
 male animals n*"' fej/o" 
 man ki'yu" (Zap. nig^'u) 
 many houses k-i'naa' nod,' 1 
 meat kwina'' 
 message, word tinyb"* 
 moon feo 8 (Zap. veo 1 ) 
 mouse tlnyo*'* (Zap. m bist'n-a) 
 mouth, my tuhvo n * (Zap. r«'a* my) 
 nail (of finger or toe), my (ki)td"'' 
 neck mm" 
 no a* 
 
 nose si n ye" (Zap. «*»*, «*') 
 numerals: 
 
 1 sfea' (Zap. for flat objects Saga) 
 
 2 tkwa? (Zap. t-op % ) 
 
 3 S&na' (Zap. &»: B ) 
 . 4 hakwa' (Zap. te£') 
 
 5 jfeo'ya' (Zap. ya'y) 
 
 6 rftoo" (Zap. cd'p") 1 
 
 1 e is c with -medial palatal stricture, resulting in the phonetic impression of a c 
 and accompanying medial palatal continuant, as in Mexican x. 
 
85 
 
 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 
 
 [N. s., IS, 1913 
 
 7 kali' (Zap. yaa'S) 
 
 8 sunu'* (Za p. c on:) 
 9 ka K (Zap. ya>) 
 
 10 tf' (Zap. «•) 
 
 11 tilka' 
 
 12 litx-kwa' 
 
 13 tiluna' 
 
 14 tix-dkwa' 
 
 15 tf'yw"' (Zap. «ny) 
 
 16 tVyvPcka' 
 
 17 H'yu n Hkwa' 
 
 18 ti?yu"luna' 
 
 19 ti'yu"x-akwa' 
 
 20 £a/ix' (Zap. &a/e) 
 
 Patricio /*'£« (first syllable probably 
 dropped out on account of rarity 
 of labials) 
 
 people «e* 
 
 assembly of men ne'k-u' 
 assembly of women ne'k tt na&" 
 
 pineapple Su' 
 
 prairie, plain n'ti" 
 
 property («o*) * B " 
 
 prostitute koe" 
 
 rain <•?' 
 
 red (wg»)a' 
 
 reverential n:i that lady or gentleman 
 
 rooster lakwe' 
 
 sea lUxoo" 
 
 to see »oo" (Zap. gwe) 
 
 to send Zo 1 
 
 sick tH\ tatH" 
 
 sickness k-£c? (Zap. k'tpt) 
 
 sister, my V'ona" nok u nad, n ' t , i. e. my 
 female brother 
 
 to sit fkwa" 
 
 skin («)«'' 
 
 to sleep (ytyha' 
 
 sleepiness skalc? 
 
 snake kwina' 1 (Zap. »«%', Tehuano 
 mbe*nda) 
 
 soil /■«' (Zap. *•«■«• land) 
 
 son sin:ye" (Zap.inga'wo my — ) 
 daughter sin:ye"sk w naa n,i i. e. fe- 
 male son 
 
 soon b'ra (Spanish ora) 
 
 sour t&* 
 
 to speak few* 
 
 to stand ndu n * 
 
 star toMakwi* 
 
 stick *fea' (Zap. yog') 
 
 stone £e' (Zap. g-i'e) 
 
 strong tgila" 
 
 sugar cane lx-ga (see: stick) 
 
 sun iMfd' (Zap. gubi''Z) 
 
 to talk &• (ca'tinyo^* Chatino language, 
 perhaps from $a* to talk, tinyo ,n,% 
 words) 
 
 tej6n (?) ti£u" 
 
 then £to£ 
 
 tired ln-o"' (Zap. njaya) 
 
 to i n< 
 
 tomb £w3 
 
 tongue Zf e' 
 
 tooth Z'yo' 
 
 to tremble lokwe"' x 
 
 tzopilote c«' 
 
 very i^a" 
 
 water /to" (Zap. wi'^io) 
 
 weak »oo' < /^ , (person) 
 (»g")»oo" (objects) 
 
 well i-fto* 
 
 white (»ga)^»' (Zap. ntgt'J!) 
 
 wife kul-o n 
 
 — a;.o »'< 
 
 wind kwe n e" (Zap. »»&*) 
 
 to wish ka'ti* 
 
 with /°o" (treated as noun) 
 
 wolf Jaid' 
 
 woman *M»od»" (Zap. ngu'na') 
 
 yellow (wg")^ (Zap. naya'°le) 
 
boas] CBATINO LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 86 
 
 Following is a short text with interlinear translation: 
 
 So" ngaln-o"" ndio'si* lal'u" ngada n n:i la* nd-ku" i n kiUga'* 
 
 When made God the world he gave to eat to every 
 
 (reverence) 
 
 «**" nPu'i lal'u", pero nguPx-i'* nekl*yu rt . Bra ko n '* nek\*yu' x 
 
 animal had the world, but was absent the man. Then when the man 
 
 (existing in) (Spanish) (Sp. ore) 
 
 ya K x-kw&ne'* lEo'ndio'si* la* k u da n n:i la % ndku" i n ne'*, ndio'si* 
 
 went to speak with God that he should give to eat to them, God 
 
 (reverence) >^ 
 
 bra ko"'* ngalo" tinyo"' 1 la* neWyu"- ku f n<? lo f laH'u'. 
 then sent the order that man should eat in this world 
 
 f*ane*. 
 his brothers. 
 
 Columbia University 
 New York City