The Boy lc ,j| " SYSTEM I r VENTILATION, >J| ■ :Pil 4»; trtKlPIJ r iORTANT When specifying or order • ft\e;fui test Patent b ventilator' shou! fyxmll WmwMtig ff itat| THE GIFT OF JLLa:&^ A, XP..3Q S3 ill£h.%o,k- 4534 Coma* University Library TH 7675.B79 The "Boyle" system of ventilation. iiiiiiiiii 3 1924 015 343 738 F~t -*JU 1 (It TH 767 & \^\ TOE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015343738 ' |y not only as a business CdtAlo^tie bi*t Also ^5 a, practiCAl tteo-tiye ©n ventjlAtJoi?, aha how it mdky be sitccesjfcilly Acbie\)eAwitf\ the simplest meany by An intelligent comprehension of tfie Iaws which govern iffo movements of air An& tjte fctlli- 5dtion of $e -J>ower/til nAfardl przzb which Are bnceAjin^Iyin o|>erAtion. (See pa£es 3^,35, 59 anA. 95 ) T7>e Action of bo(fi nAt^rAl AnA Arb/iciAl metfto&s o/ ver/$- Idtion is likewise described an A illtytrateA by AiA^rdms*, \xiitfi ah exposition in brief of $e View; he] & by hi£h A*4norities> on the subject: * R/B.8S. D*PARKE5,F:R5. Incessant movement tf the air is a law ©/Nature,, we have only fo all°w tfiz, air in our cities And dwel- lings to frke share in this constant change ana Ven- tilation will^o on Unin- terruptedly WJ$)9&t°^ K C A fc "In this country, &■ indeed, in most countries, even^ comparative quiescence of (he Air for more tfian a jew hourj is 5carcely known. 7\ir is called 'still' when' it is really moving 1 orli miles an hour. 7\dvanta$e therefore can be taken of- tfris aspirating, power of- J/iewind \p cause a move- ment °f the air up a tube? D^J.W.HAYWARD. "If the inlets and outlets he properly proportioned &^ open, the ordinary atmos- pheric pressure will carry on tJSe Ventilation c[Uit_e ef- ficiently, And t^e whole— Hqspitdl will be Kepfjrc5h' and cprnfort»ble by tTie nat- ural forces Alone. j ifcem AlwAys ^ ASSisr ftie exhAttsf; And. tftsy, m<>re«0er, AJford aij AreA of exhd^st eonci&erAbly larger rtfon {he Are©*, of Jfie fabe? &*&*& Robert Bo/le: & son, l™ • Ventilating Engineers. $b $t & 64- / i1oLBORN VlADVCT, London, e.g.. no, both well street, GLASGOW. C— # ^ ^ ^ : #— » The (opyiHghr of this OCfclqgfce i? %<§istei' , e&, oJso the Designs fr llteistfations. ?> SIR. ARTHVRW. B19A\FIELD,ARA **&*&* A RCH ITECT. 1 have tise&ffte, Wir-PwmpVentrld4§r of y^e^Robert Boyle AnASon viith s&fyf&tfofy restilfs. 1 believe tt\e~ system fc» be a sotmd, (\n^ £ooa one.&eApdble of OArieo\ ApplicAtjpn wirh StJCCeSS."<-afc£3*--* V /\RTHUR.(>\TE5, F.R.I.BA ARCHITECT To THE CFPVJft. Ih&ve u^eAvour/Vir-ftimp Venltlry results. Thqse fiXeo\ unter my Airecljon At tfie Jjbr- Ary oF me Inner temple hAve re Aliped my eXpec- JAljons And complexly fulfil tfie object \*hich I had in \>iew. 1 consider tftis ApplicAlton of ihem a severe £es£ And rhe^ Sfciccess which hA£> &HT- enAeA itconfirms ffie. sfAtement^ which votu- mAKe A3, fa ijeir effiCAcy." the Bqyix''sysTEM or VEHTILATION. Part I. "Pure. Air is $e bre&tfi of life; fottl Air {he Angel of deditx" SVR5EOrt<}EHER£L "My experience of fhe_ proce^ of forcing Air injjo btiil&irvjs is noj-m ifs fk\)ofcir. The onlyjAffc An& coimA. mereljceJ men rAhhcr inclined to look vOifh a Qer(ain amobini - of ai5&Ain Upon prAcftcAl men, An A fa ^HinK |f\Af prActicAl mzn Know no- |fiim> Abon^tneir tobjedf tinlesc fney follow Hie dueiAfec of meoricfe. Bat thevj Are novo pA^inj* mfcch more Atjenffon te the i£Achin&s of A experience!' >•"? t^B) Why we Employ A Natural System of Ventilation. "Experiments seem to have demonstrated t/te perfect success of Messrs. Boyle's work!' — BUILDER. (See pages 74 to 79.) WE have occasionally been asked why, as Ventilating Engineers, we did not employ mechanical means of ventilation as well as natural. Our reply has been that, had we found that a mechanical, or any other form of artificial ventilation, answered the purpose better than a natural system, properly applied, we might then have adopted it ; but our experience had been all the other way, and, in any case, the climate of this country was not such as would justify the great expenditure involved in the installation and maintenance of mechanical ventilation which, though seem- ingly most excellent in theory, in practice had not been found to realise the expectations formed with regard to it. Our aim has been to popularise ventilation, to bring it within the reach of all, and not to make it restrictive by the employment of costly and unnecessary machinery. It is now over fifty years since the late Mr. Robert Boyle, Sen., as a co-worker with Professor Faraday, first turned his attention to ventilation and our Mr. Robert Boyle has devoted over thirty years to the practical study of the subject (we believe we were the first to exclusively practise ventilation engineering as a profession separate and distinct from anything else) and has visited the principal cities in almost every country in the world for the purpose of personally examining and testing the different methods of ventilation in use, and ascertaining how far they fulfilled the requirements of the climate, and of the buildings to which they were applied. The data acquired in connection with these researches afford convincing proof of the superiority of a natural system of ventilation, when properly applied, over mechanical or other artificial systems, though, undoubtedly, where it is unskilfully, or only partially applied, failure might, and most likely would, result. We have now in the course of our practice successfully ventilated with a natural system many thousands of public buildings in all parts of the world, in a large number of which mechanical and other methods of artificial ventilation had previously been tried, though, of course, like everything else, natural ventilation has also its limitations, and it is our opinion that no method of ventilation will ever be devised that will satisfy everyone and that will prove absolutely perfect under all conditions. Robert Boyle & Son, Ltd. WATCKpovjE RA Af^hitect- "I &m gl&& fohe&r £oo& reports of your Cowls fixe A d^ tt>e Dt^ke of West- minster's Jlctise? FLCTCHeR,FR:IBA- I nA\3e ^JseA.yobiK Air- Pfcimp' Ventilators in^ Several bfciilo.in^s & n dfu rol systems epmpefed., tne'BqyLE'' sy&tem (Na£ tir«\l) vuds ooJliA^eA. tf\£ be&t An* AWArAed tKt;£56 prize (only prize offered) wirh Q r&na' Diploma. .19 Wherever it" Ha s $» c most ijhporfcnt."— ParKes.- VenHl&ffon QAn only be 5MC- ce^flilly Accomplished &t&H' Jime5 vohen if ij ejfeclea vcitfroitt Assistance from mech-AnicAl or ArHjicieJ c<>nfri\)&nce5. Howece? perj^ci: tneje mdy AppeAr, tJUv CAn never AchieOe rcfalt^ superior tp those ensured by jM&iciot^ An& intelligent" AAApJAjjon of nAfurAl mentis; And. {Jiey-, necej^Arily stoffer from the- Oery serious Ai3AA0(XntA^e ^Kd-t" {Key Are Ii*ble t° int§rrupjj»n vOithot»t vOarnim>,a.nAu;itft pos- sibly AicA5l>W) con5ecjt(ence.s" G.H.BIBBY.F.R.I.B.A. Perfect Ventjla-tton mAy be obtAineA. "without" liAbili™ to mose A.«xm*e,r.s & Aiffic'wltfes lp be met wi^h \where A n&tjirA.l System is se^ ASiAe infAVotir of exclusively mechAnicAl-** moAe3. The expense of me- chAnicAl Oen(il 30- : 20 r5 100 90 : : 80 -5 70 '5 uj 30 Fig. 2. Highly Sensitive Gridiron Bulb Thermometer. Fitted with sliding index for ob- serving difference of temperature between any two localities, or in any given interval of time. Can be read to i-ioth of a degree by direct observation. Fi g- 3- Hygrometer. For registering the humidity of the air. Fig. 4. Carbonacidometer. For testing the proportion of carbonic acid contained in the air. 33 Air Analysis. In buildings, such as Hospitals and Asylums, an analysis of the air might be made periodically, as the Medical Superintendent would, in most cases, be qualified to judge if the tests were correctly made ; if he did not make them himself. In other buildings, such as Churches, Halls, Schools, Workrooms, &c, there would be some difficulty in securing reliable analysis, there being so many conditions under which tests may be made that might render them misleading, and valueless as indicating the general purity of the air. It is notorious that, in spite of elaborate tables of analysis of the air of many public buildings in which the most complete forms of artificial ventilation are in use, the condition of the air in these buildings is not found by those occupying them to be in accord with the analysis, so far as their sensations are concerned. In a recent report on the ventilation of the Houses of Parliament the following passage occurs: "When one considers the enormous volume of air, equal to ten times the cubic contents of the House of Commons, which is passed through it every hour, also that the elaborate tables of air analysis are apparently all that could be desired, and yet the ventilation is so notoriously bad, it is clear that there is something very radically wrong with mechanical ventilation by impulsion, and that tables of analysis and of volumes of air passed through a building are not to be accepted as correctly indicating either the general purity of the air, or the efficiency of the ventilation." Analysis of the air is a very good thing so far as it goes, but it may, with some justice, be objected that it does not go far enough, for all the tables of analysis in the world will not convince people that the air of a building is pure if they, from their own actual experience and the unerring test of their senses, are satisfied that it is not so. After all, the feelings of the occupants are the surest index of the state of the air in a building and should in most cases be accepted as conclusive, irrespective of air analysis which, however desirable, is not always to be relied upon. If the air but smells fresh and sweet, and there is an absence of that feeling of malaise and discomfort usually experienced in a badly-ventilated building, most people are content to look upon air analysis as a negligible quantity, though they may not always be correct in doing so. 39 5IR Jonii non^KTON, TOWN Q.ERK, LOISDON.^ I Am AskeA by MeS3 r -* Boyle. An^Son Xp state my personal ^{pericnce of flit recent Ventt- ld^on oj-ifte (pencil C? 1 * m bs^ I QAn Ao so in a wary few svorAc. UntjJ Ihe presenf j/e&r Ine^c* KnevO -whAt irSrtAS fo leave^ tfie (jfciilAhAJI on oi'(ommon^ Q)fc*ncil AAy' without a heAA- ache . I now A» not Know what a hea.AA.che is. In fact (he pAlpAble AlferA(jon^or (t»e^ better in the atmosphere, even on crowAeA AAys, is very sa(iy factory, <\nA it Appears to ni^., a non expert, that Mess 1 ":?. Boyle's system is cminenfjy OAhuAble AnA prActJcable'' ReO.MEWAVAMHALU Christ Qiurch, iambeih. (ROW1AHD HllLMEMOpjALQiURCH) *I (bnsi&er ofcr ventilali* very successful'.' "on 40 the "Boyix"sysTEM OF Ventiiation AS APPLIED to BVILD1NGS. PART III. Aless^i Robert~>^ the room in proper poji^lonf. Ihavte AAopteA {nem ire bbil&in&a in lieu of fn~e> Ven(ilo.(in^ ri&jSe Suhich I fcise&jformerly da the lA^teY Allows 50 miich &o\tin&r fu CO £ c O o J ■8 a p q t; 0) h -1 oi ***i ,< z: aj t- o *■ (0 £ O U c JtQ o H Z r 8! uJ O 1> ~D lu o u. £ o £3 c ■2 > >r. c z. o •- ? O "3 « y~ it. -; 3 O ,y; .O O rt Ji J- CI X U U. 4-> «) nj O C.tJ-, ■2 -.a D.° fc n exce speak een ca rt ^-°.£ r* ™ u- c .Si > ns 1- >< .0 M"5 « - u _ HI v anc unh iatec OUC 3. icti!! w Churc we ca the v LAS C 3 u ■w r"0 'J e Baptis month ed, an . Duu V .E5 u > V x. ■" c u 1- s — ' "3 41 5 ■£ •^ Co | '3 +3 O 1 = j» 3 O: 3 ■ t, '-n y a, -d g i) - s E rt > > 4J 3 -..-- E a- < _3 a , u , - w 1 1 - 3 ■>-> rt m rt iio^r o-c = c E >, «- -c >- U * J ">£■§ >>.= E x 'O 3 u ^ 0" .y i - •a 3 5P u rt c -> 1= M— : - " C -r- "3 ^ > O = ei = > £ t -*- ^ — { - — *W ^ " O C -J= u 45 The"Bovle"Syst€/a i or Ventilation /i$ Applied To &be Chuuch of JioYLE'S PATENT 'lft\f>.- Pump' Ventilator (^oncialed from view By parapet) St. MAR.Y, R.EDCLIFFE, J3RISTOL-. tWOF.* THE PIRE.CTION OF S.*/lRTHyR W, BUOMFILLP fl.R.fl Robert Boyle s-Son.!™. VenHlArin^ Engineers, LQmdom & Glasgow. " I have much pleasure in stating that your system of ventilation has answered admirably in the Church of St. Mary Redcliffe." — Rev. Charles E. CORNISH, Vicar, Church of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol. N.B. — For table of sizes and number of ventilators required for the ventilation of Churches see pages 156, 157. 46 ThE "Boyle" System of Concealed Roof Ventilation *n» Fresh Air Warming rafpecfivc valves.} - Branch Pipes connected with E^tracficm Flues in Wa!! c of Class Rooms Extraction Flues in walls communicating each witn Iwo PJoom*, Foul air OutleT From CLoiS l^ooms '.nfc Extraction Fluea Br&nch Extraction p.'p purified Hi Air-warm ei* L M &ir , may be fitted. * or Cooler, aS r&qiurcdJ BOYLE'^> Ventilating T^gdioJor aiimillinf warm utirifted < fresh 'air Supply P'f>e& to interior tu-befc and radiatorA Bovue'a Patent Air-pump VcMlAfor c-v V cv I 11 I V (jui||iii" ■ill | III'.. 'IIIWP" m Cross Slctiom — -PLAN -Note — ■"pie fresh 7\> r supply admlfTfl^ Ihroudh FVic. Inltirt, , purified a>nd W&rrped «r Cooled. sSforrv6 OrtiTs p»%!>&ge to Ih«,^ exirs In ftt obposiTc Willi ensurinc* complete clJruiion. and ch^noa of Aji - at z* 1 * ttme.5 without ' dr^u.ph.rr' LONGITUDINAL SECTION ''p<5 frqm top Class Rooms. H. Ve/iMafind opening* m Ceilings. A< ^'y ""9| J- Boyl«A.rlnia Brackets acbnittino; screened X purified. A.r aJmtthni* warmed, ned fc bun'Fiftd, • a:- NOTE. Plan of Ventilation ibr Ground & Fir6t Hoots The fotth air Supply Admitted, ^rtiroodh the inlets, screened buxified and watmed, or Cooled, as rtovired, l7AVerfi«S Jhc Class Room & , on iU way lo the tout air exit's , on the opposite aides of the roome , insuring complete diffusion. bnJ .cKanoe of Mr,e,t &tl times without- Plan ofVenfil&fiorv for Second floor Longitudinal Secfion '/>Msrf/ WWMrw>Wr/MfW:;v. ■ ■ ■■ ' ' ■ ■w \ '/i KflBERTBori-E. 6 SON, Cj! Vcnril»rinct L>l4 ; r>Ce»s Vcnril&rinct U4n«f^) " I cannot speak too highly of the system of ventilation in use at the Board Schools, Church Road, Lowestoft. Our rooms are very full indeed, yet visitors at four o'clock in the afternoon (usually the worst time of the day in a school) have pronounced them 'as sweet and fresh as if no children had been assembled there.'" Fredk. J. Ratcliffe, Head Master, Board Schools, Church Road, Lowestoft. N.B. — For lable of sizes and number of ventilators required for the ventilation of Schools, see pages 156, 157. The "Boyle." System of Ventilation ~As applied fo a National School. A. Boyle's Patent AiR.-Punp" Vektilator-S. B. Main Extraction Shaf^. C. Regulating, Valves. D. Branch Extraction Shaft's connected ■With Cone over Ventilating openings in ceiling covered on face vJit+» perforated penal s. E. Boyle's "Air-Inlet Brackets fitted .-Wirji Air Screens. BoYLE'5 Venfjlatjnjg Radiators for admitting warmed, screened 6- purified air. F. LONGITUDINAL SECTION Robert Boyix & Son, Ljp Ventilating Engineers, Lomdom e- .Glasgow. " Some years ago this School was in a very insanitary condition, owing chiefly to defective ventilation. Various methods were tried to remedy the evil, with but partial success. Having, however, been recommended by a F.R.I. B. A. to give your ' Patent " Air-Pump " Ventilators ' a trial, we had three placed on the roof, and there was an immediate change for the better. I am glad to say that this state of things has been maintained, and the School, instead of being one of the worst ventilated in the district, now ranks amongst the best. It seems little short of marvellous that so great a change should have been made by so little expenditure." — J. B. Bailey, Head Master, National Schools, Maryport. N.B For table of sizes and number of ventilators required for the ventilation of Schools, see pages 156, 157. . 52 REPORTS ON T The "Boyle" System of Ventilation AS APPLIED TO SCHOOLS. The "Boyle" System of Ventilation has been successfully applied to over 7,000 Schools. DANIEL MacANDREW, Esq., Architect, Aberdeen University. " Your system of Ventilation has been applied to nine of the most crowded Class Rooms in Aberdeen University, with great relief to Professors and Students." M. S. FORSTER, Esq., Bursar, Wellington College, Berks. " I am glad to inform you that the Ventilators placed in four of the large dormitories at Wellington College have proved quite satis- factory, and that we propose to place similar ventilators in four other dormitories." ARTHUR MOORE, Esq., Head Master, Board School, Stifford, Grays. "Your system of Patent 'Air- Pump' Ventilators was adopted in the erection of the new Schools at StilTord, Grays, and after the test to which they have been put during this excessively hot season (1896) I have no hesitation whatever in pronouncing them perfectly adapted to Schools. On one occasion in particular, on a very hot day when a surprise visit was paid the School by a Member of the Board (the Rev. H. H. Allott, M.A., Stifford Rectory), this gentleman was so struck with the coolness of the school atmosphere that a note on the good ventilation was forthwith recorded by him in my Log Book." Rev. J. DUGGAN, Maidstone. " When my School was built, inlets for fresh air were provided and outlets too ; but, the outlets, being mere openings, did not act. At the end of an attendance of two hours, the air of the Schoolroom often appeared positively poisonous to anyone who went in from the open air. Your 'Air-Pump' Ventilator was pui up several weeks ago, and now the air of the Schoolroom appears to be always nearly as pure as the outside air. There are no down-draughts or draughts of any kind. The improvement is very remarkable, especially when one considers the simplicity of the Ventilator, which is in action day and night without noise, without getting out of order, and without requiring attention." Rev. R. W. B. MOORE, Kingsgrove Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent. Your Ventilating appliances in the Kingsgrove Church Schools are completely satisfactory. Even when the rooms are used for crowded meetings or entertain- ments, the Ventilation now seems perfect." ARTHUR FOX, Head Master, Bardsea School, Ulverston. "I am glad to say that the 'Air-Pump' Ventilators supplied by you for this School a year ago are quite satisfactory. Our corres- ponding manager has remarked several times on the pureness of the air since they have been in use. Not the slightest down-draught was felt throughout last winter." E. SCHOFIELD, Esq., Head Master, Duckworth Street Schools, Darweti. "Perhaps the best testimonial I could give to your Self- Acting ' Air- Pump ' Ventilator which has been applied to these new Schools, would be to relate an incident which lately occurred. A gentleman, member of a neighbouring School Board, paid a visit in the middle of a warm afternoon this June. He remarked, ' How cool and fresh the air is ! There is none of that close, hot foul air, and bad smell which one always finds on entering a Schoolroom.' I have only to add that I believe your system as near perfect as it can be." PHILIP N. PEAKE, Esq., Head Master, Park Street Board School, Wellingboro? " I am happy to say they give the greatest possible satisfaction. Though I have had charge of many Schools both in Lancashire and Yorkshire, until now I have never enjoyed the luxury of working in any School in which so perfect a system of ventilation has been carried out." 53 Natural t?. Mechanical Ventilation of Schools. " The evidence certainly tends to show that artificial ventilation has not proved so satisfactory in actual practice as natural." — BUILDING NEWS. " After several tests in schools ventilated on each system, it was clearly demonstrated that in none of the schools examined and ventilated mechanically by extraction — even in a new school opened for a week or two — was the air found to be more pure than in those examined and ventilated naturally without any mechanism. " Draughts existed in the upper levels of every room ventilated mechanically by extraction, while the halls of such buildings were generally full of draughts." — Extract from a paper on Ventilation read before the Society of Arts, London. " The report on the influenza epidemic presented to Parliament by the Local Government Board indicates the extreme importance of proper ventilation, especially in schools. " The statistics given point to one town, where the schools are mechanically ventilated on the down-draught principle, as being the ' chief focus ' of the disease in Scotland. So far as the children in the schools are concerned this is easily accounted for, as the warm, infected air expelled from the lungs is returned by the descending current, and is not only reinhaled, but is also breathed by the other scholars. This is how infection is spread. " It would require a very powerful and wholly unbearable downward current to entirely overcome the natural upward tendency of the hot respired air ; therefore, where the air supply is introduced from above and finds its exit at a lower level, near the floor, rebreathal of the air already used is inevitable and unavoidable. " It is well known to sanitarians that such a mode of changing the air is inimical to health, being not only a direct cause, but a fruitful means of disseminating disease." — "Local Government fournal" on Report to Parliament by the Local Government Board. " In naturally ventilated schools the cost of the ventilation is but a fraction. With mechanically ventilated schools this comparison cannot be made. To fit up a school for r,ooo children with mechanical ventilation would cost from ^400 to .£700 more than if one of the ordinary methods were employed." — PROFESSOR CARNELLEY. " Mechanical ventilation has not worked satisfactorily, and it is still a question whether we have gained by its adoption anything equivalent to the expense." — Report from the Clerk to the Birmingham School Board. " It is a curious fact, and one that should be carefully noted, that in the whole of the report not one single instance is given of the mechanical system having been tested against, or even compared with, any automatic system, the schools mechanically ven- tilated being tested against schools having only the windows and doors to rely upon for ventilation —that is to say, schools in which no system of ventilation existed at all. It would have been interesting to have known what the results would have been had a good natural system been in use applied under equally skilled advice as the mechanical. . . . The deductions arrived at are, for all scientific or practical purposes, valueless, as they prove no more than that an elaborate and costly system of mechanical ventilation has been found in a few instances to be slightly more effective than where there was no system of ventilation in use at all. " Architects and School Boards contemplating the adoption of mechanical ventilation would do well to first satisfy themselves that the outlay would be justified by the results and whether the same, or better results, might not be secured by simpler and less costly methods ; the results attained in other quarters certainly point in that direction." — Building News. 54 Ventilation of Hospitals and Asylums. " The evidences of injury to health from impure air are found in a larger proportion of ill-health — i.e., of days lost from sickness in the year — than under other circumstances ; an increase in the severity of many diseases, which, though not caused, are influenced by impure air, and a higher rate of mortality!' — pARKES. In warm weather, when there is but little difference between the inside and outside temperature, windows may safely be utilised for the admission of air. Care should, however, be taken that the incoming air does not blow directly on to the patients. In towns or cities canvas or copper wire screens should be fixed across the openings to filter the air and break the force of the current. These screens should be cleansed at short periods. In cold weather, when the heating arrangements are in operation, it is necessary to make special provision to admit the air without draught, and in such a manner as to ensure the most complete diffusion and an equable movement throughout the ward. A number of small air inlets fixed round the walls at a height of about 5 ft. 9 in. ensures the best distribution. The air should pass directly through the openings in the walls into the tubes or brackets, and be delivered in an upward direction at a velocity not exceeding 2 ft. per second. These inlets should be fitted with filters and regulating valves, and be easy of access for cleansing purposes. Long air channels should be avoided as they harbour dirt, and are difficult of access. When the air supply is warmed by passing through a ventilating radiator, it may be admitted at a low level. Inlet openings under the beds are not to be recommended unless provision be made for warming the incoming air in cold weather, otherwise a disagreeable draught on the feet of the attendant nurses and doctors would result. In the winter, when the external air is cold and heavy, if windows are opened at the top, the air upon entering immediately descends, owing to its greater density, and presses down and returns the ascending exhausted air to be rebreathed. This down-draught cannot but prove injurious to the patients as well as to the other occupants of the ward. Open windows should, therefore, never be resorted to in cold weather. The vitiated air should be extracted at the ceiling level to where it naturally ascends and never allowed to return to be rebreathed. The authorities on the subject recommend a natural method of ventilation in preference to mechanical or other artificial arrangements, as, when properly planned, it is found to be at least equally as effective, and more easily and cheaply applied than artificial ventilation. (See pages 60, 61.) Dr. Parkes says, " For Hospitals natural ventilation certainly seems the proper plan." Mechanical ventilation, either by propulsion or extraction, is undesirable on account of the draughts created. (See pages 23, 24, 25.) Sir Douglas Galton, in " Hospital Construction '' — referring to the mechanical ventilation of hospitals with respect to its complicated and unreliable character — says : " the more the question is examined, the more advisable does it appear to adhere to simplicity in all details of hospital construction." Ventilation by means of hot-air aspirating shafts has seldom proved satisfactory, and it is a very expensive plan. (See page 62.) Downward ventilation by propulsion, or forcing air in at the higher parts of the wards and permitting it to escape at a lower level, is a total inversion of the laws of nature which govern ventilation and as such is correspondingly defective, as the powerful ascensional movement of the warm expired air which is expelled from the lungs at a temperature 85° to 100° F. instead of being employed as an aid to the ventilation, as with a natural system, is an obstacle which has to be overcome by the expenditure of a great deal of power, for which there is no equivalent return, before the system can be said to be operative. Only what would prove a wholly unbearable down-draught could possibly prevent the warm expired air from ascending, which, with this system, is returned to be rebreathed along with the products of combustion and other impurities. With down-draught ventilation by propulsion from three to four times the volume of air is required than is necessary with the upward method, constituting it a very expensive system. (See pages 26, 27.) Open fireplaces in wards should never be employed as foul air exits, as the upper strata of heated impure air is drawn downwards towards the fire and rebreathed by the occupants of the ward. Provision should be made for a separate supply of air to the fires, so that they will not draw from the wards or unduly interfere with the ventilating arrangements. If it is desired to utilise the up-draught created by the fire, a mica flap valve might be fixed in the flue immediately below the ceiling. It may be accepted as an axiom in ventilation that the warm exhausted air which naturally ascends, should never under any circumstances be permitted to return to the breathing zone, and any method of yentilation which admits of this is not only worse than useless, but is a positive danger to health, and completely fails to achieve the object in view. The wards of an hospital or the dormitories of an asylum should never be heated by hot air. If the fresh air supply is raised to a temperature such as is necessary to efficiently heat a building, its health-giving properties are thereby considerably deteriorated, and the oxygen it contains being partially destroyed it is rendered unsuitable for healthy respiration. (See page 36.) 55 6 o J3 a o S CO as CO o G S & u Z 13 •= "8 s ^ S e -i .2 58 C •" "U r-J « O o > 0) c s Q OS O Q ai o S g J a> l v n c !> u X! H 56 The'Boyle Systcm or Ventilation As applied to an I NFECTI0V5 DISEASES Hq^PITAL, './BoYi.e'3, Patent AiB-PgnPVtNTIHTOR BoyLESVtNTILftTING Rapiator admitting wAflM PURIFIED AIR ^J BojLts Am Inih Ta»t F'TTtO WITH AIA PILTIR ANO CHAMOCn FCR WATER ICE OR, ^ OlSINCfaANTS _^___ 4^1MAY BE Pitted WITH AIR. WARMER. . '/HIU///H///.//I TRrtMSVtRSL 5LCTION. B.B.B Boole's ventilating Radiators admitting warm Purified AIR. B. B. LoNfalTUPHSrtl. StCTtoN. Shewing iNLt-Tj for FRt-SM A'R-&r>& Extraction tubes £j3 wW»SMiW* J >r3>)»,ljT, | NOTE : _Frssh pcir-ihttA »ir warmed " or cooled, a&rriirre Vtnrilo\.rin& Engineers. ISNDON & GLASGOW. " In reply to your request that I should tell you how the ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators recently fixed in the new building here are answering, I am able to inform you that they appear to fulfil their object in a completely satisfactory manner." — F. Foord Caiger, M.D., Medical Superintendent, South Western Fever Hospital, London. N.B. — For table of sizes and number of ventilators required for the ventilation of Fever Hospitals, see pages 156, 1 57. 57 REPORTS ON The "Boyle" System of Ventilation as applied to Hospitals and Asylums. The " Boyle " System of Ventilation has been successfully applied to over 4,000 Hospitals and Asylums. NEW WORKHOUSE INFIRMARY, NEWTON ABBOT. Ventilated throughout with the "Boyle" System ofVentilation, embracing Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilators and Air Inlets. Extracts from speeches made at the opening of the Infirmary on January 6th, 1898. Colonel Walcott, Chairman of the Building Committee. " The arrangements for keeping the rooms full of fresh air are excellent. . . . Twelve Boyle's Fresh Air Inlets have been erected in each of the wards. . . . The ventilation is splendid." Lord Clifford, Member of the House of Lords Committee on Hospitals. " There is a sense of comfort about this Infirmary which will be greatly valued by the inmates. . . . The ventilation seems to be perfect." H. Preston Thomas, Esq., Poor Law Inspector to the Local Government Board. ." Here you have a building which, in a pre-eminent sense, presents the idea of comfort which should properly belong to such a place . . . and carried out upon a scheme of ventilation which entirely removes every notion of stuffiness, and provides abundance of fresh air." Lieutenant-Colonel Manuel Cano, Madrid. " I have to state that from the use which I have made of Robert Boyle & Son's Ventilators as applied under my direction to the new Military Hospital, Caranchel, for the garrison of Madrid, I have obtained results so satisfactory that I have no hesitation in recommending them for all hygienic buildings by reason of their simplicity, convenience, and efficiency." Senor Jose Grases Riera, Architect-in-Chief Madrid. " I have great pleasure in informing you that Boyle's Ventilating System, which you fitted up in 1896 at the Princesa Hospital, Madrid, has produced results which are unsurpassable, and continues to act with great regularity without there having been the slightest hitch during the two years it has been in use." Dr. J. C. Steele, Superintendent, Guy's Hospital, London. " There can be small doubt of the efficiency of this contrivance" (Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator). Dr. Arthur G. Blomfield, Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter. " I am satisfied with the beneficial results as regards the ventilation." J. F. Fuller, Esq., Architect, Dublin. " Your system of ventilation has been very successful in the new wing of the Killarney Asylum." Dr. George Morgan, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Brighton. "The whole of the new part of this Hospital is fitted with Boyle's Ventilators, and I should say they give universal satisfaction." Dr. Edward Sergeant, Medical "Officer of Health, &c, Bolton. " I am glad to be able to state that your ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators seem to have performed their work at the Bolton Fever Hospital very satisfactorily." Dr. P. Chatterton, late House Physician, Hotel Dieu, Paris. " My pursuits have rendered me practically acquainted with many systems of Ventilation now in use, both automatic and otherwise, and after careful examination I have arrived at the con- clusion that your system is not only the simplest but the most efficacious I have yet met with." 53 Experiments WITH The "Boyle" System of Ventilation APPLIED TO THE Small-pox Hospital Ship "Castalia." (Metropolitan Asylums Board.) " One of the wisest acts of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, since its formation, was the acquirement of the Castalia (which was originally built on the twin principle for the prevention of sea sickness), and the conversion of the vessel into a small-pox hospital on the Thames. The deck area being extensive, it has been found practicable to construct several pavilions and to arrange them in such a way as to ensure the largest amount of light for each, in addition to unimpeded ventilation. These advantages are im- portant when it is remembered that 200 patients can be received in the Castalia. Knowing that in many hospitals there is inefficient ventilation, the Metropolitan Asylums Board invoked the aid of several experts on the subject, Professor de Chaumont being the principal adviser. After careful inquiry, it was decided to adopt Messrs. Robert Boyle & Son's system of ventilation as being the best and most suitable for the purpose. The Local Government Board approved of the selection, and Messrs. Boyle duly received in- structions to proceed with the work. '' As this is one of the largest and most important ventilating contracts that the firm has yet under- taken, and is considered to be one of the most unique examples of ventilation in this country, or indeed in the world, it is deserving of a detailed notice. For the extraction of the vitiated air there are provided twenty of the Self-Acting ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators, each six feet in diameter, connected with the wards by means of iron shafts, measuring from thirty inches to four feet in diameter. There are also sixteen ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators, three feet in diameter, connected with the water-closets, lava- tories, bath room, and other offices. Fresh air is admitted all round the wards by means of openings cut through the walls at the floor level. The air passes over hot-water pipes which are encased in a false skirting made of iron, perforated at the top to permit of the air being equally and imperceptibly filtered in and diffused throughout the wards. The supply of air is regulated by valves or shutters worked by means of screws as arranged by Mr. Adam Miller, the Engineer to the Board. " Several scientific and medical men watched the progress of the work, and much interest was excited as to how it would answer. Experiments were therefore instituted by the Board in order to test the efficiency of the system. The results were most satisfactory ; indeed, they are stated to have been far beyond anything that was anticipated. After an extended series of experiments to test the ' Air- Pump ' Ventilators under atmospheric changes, such as when there was a good wind blowing, and when there was no wind at all, it was found that the venti- lators extracted at the average rate of 5,000,000 cubic feet of air per hour, the air in the wards being entirely changed once in every five minutes, whilst there was not the least disagreeable draught. During the whole of the tests no appearance of a down- draught was found in the ventilators. Several anemometers were placed in the shafts of the venti- lators, and the readings were taken every two hours. Anemometers were also fixed outside to register the velocity of the wind. Messrs. Boyle were not present at any of these tests except the first, the engineers and experts appointed by the Asylums Board being alone entrusted with the trials. Dr. Bridges, Chief Inspector of Hospitals, after carefully investigating the system, expressed his full approval of its action, informing Messrs. Boyle that even when he tested it in a calm, he found a considerable up-draught in the shafts, and at no time any down- draught. Sir Charles Dilke and other members of the Royal Commission on the Dwellings of the Poor visited the Castalia, for the purpose of examining thearrangements.and expressed themselves satisfied with all they saw. Messrs. Boyle applied their system to the Castalia under a guarantee, and it is evident that the Asylums Board was satisfied that all the stipulated requirements had been fulfilled, and the system a success, when it is mentioned that immediately after the conclusion of the experiments their account was paid. The system is also applied to the ambulance and transport steamers Kedcross, Endymion, and Albert Victor. " From their practical character, the value of these experiments must be very great, as they demonstrate the true worth of Messrs. Boyle's system and its capabilities. "There is only one trustworthy way of proving the efficiency of any ventilating arrangements, and that is by actual and extended practical experience. Lecture-room experiments, as all privately conducted experiments can only be called, may be all very well in theory, and show certain results, but in actual practice the results are gener- ally found to be very different." — Architect. 59 Ventilation of Hospitals. (Mechanical.) "Any method of ventilation which depends upon mechanical or artificial means for its action cannot be reliable, and therefore is not to be recommended." — Professor Corfield (Professor of Hygiene and Public Health, University College, London). " Experience would seem to justify the hesitation which has been felt with respect to artificial ventilation. The following quotation from the Report of the Barracks and Hospital Improvement Commission explains this partly : — " ' In one hospital we examined, which was ventilated by one of the most perfect apparatus [mechanical] we have anywhere seen, and which professed to supply between 4,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of air per bed per hour, we found the atmosphere of the wards stagnant and foul to a degree we have hardly ever met with elsewhere. We at once pointed out this circumstance. An inquiry was immediately instituted, when it appeared that one of the valves of the supply-pipe had been tampered with, for no other reason, that we could perceive, except to save fuel by diminishing the quantity of warm air supplied to the sick. The ventilation, in this case, was worse than a delusion.' " The writer has visited, on several different occasions, three of the important hospitals in Europe and the United States of America in which the ventilation depended on propulsion, and on every occasion the propulsion happened to be out of use for the time. . . . " Methods of artificial ventilation are more or less dependent upon careful training in the assistants. They may answer well when first put into operation, but the arrangements, in their simplest form, present some complications and require some special knowledge for their efficient working. Hence the changes in personnel which necessarily take place in the course of time may introduce want of appreciation or of care in the management. Moreover, the continuous cost of working presses upon the resources of voluntary hospitals. " The more the question is examined, the more advisable does it appear to adhere to simplicity in all details of hospital construction. . . " The author visited a hospital recently in which the ventilation was by propulsion. The amount of fresh air which was entering the wards was stated to be at the time at a rate of over 5,000 cubic feet per patient per hour, and yet there was a distinct feeling of relief and freshness on passing from the ward to the open air. . . . " Surgeon-General Billings of the United States Army, mentioned an experiment in the Barnes Hospital, Washington, where fresh-air inlets for warmed air were placed near the ceiling, and extraction outlets in the floor. " In this experiment it was found, that when warm air was admitted near the ceiling there was a difference of ten degrees in the temperature between the floor and the ceiling, and that the patients complained of cold feet and discomfort. " Surgeon-General Billings also remarks that when the warm air is introduced near the ceiling it is impossible to vary the temperature at different beds, a thing which it is often desirable to accomplish in a hospital." — Hospital Construction, 1893 (Sir Douglas Galton, F.R.S). " Having regard to the temperate character of the British climate, we have yet to be convinced that it is desirable or necessary to introduce artificial ventilation into our hospitals. ... At Guy's Hospital (new building) the artificial system can be compared with the natural system in the older wards ; and the result of the comparison certainly does not make for the superiority of the former method." — Hospitals and Asylums of the World, 1893 (Sir Henry Burdett). 60 Ventilation of Hospitals. (Natural v. Mechanical.) " The System of propulsion for hospital ventilation has not found general favour with hospital Architects or Managers in this country." — Sir Douglas Galton, F.R.S. " There would be a difficulty in effectively ventilating hospitals by propulsion. The results might easily be mischievous rather than beneficial." — Dr. Francis Vacher. Extracts from a paper read by Mr. Keith D. Young, F.R.I. B.A., before the Architectural Association, London, November 2$rd, 1894. '• I cannot think it justifiable for the sake of those few days [when natural ventilation in this country might not be fully operative] to establish a complicated system, involving a certain amount of skilled labour in working and considerable cost for maintenance. " The question which concerns us is this : Is there any evidence to prove that wards cannot be kept sufficiently sweet and healthy without recourse to expensive appliances ? So far as the experience of hospitals in this country goes, I think that not only is there no such evidence, but that there is some very definite evidence in support of the exact converse. " There is a case cited by Dr. Bristowe and Mr. Holmes in the report to which I have before alluded, which goes to prove that mechanical ventilation can become a positive evil. " In the discussion which followed, "Mr. Alexander Graham, F.S.A., said he was very glad to hear Mr. Young advocate natural means of ventilation. . . . He was pleased to hear Mr. Young condemn some of the mechanical systems, for he never heard of one which was perfect in action, and he was sure they were very expensive. " Mr. GORDON Smith, F.R.I. B.A. (Architect to the Local Government Board), said in the main he endorsed all that Mr. Young had said in his condemnation of mechanical ventilation. " Dr. E. A. Fardon (Resident Medical Officer, Middlesex Hospital), said he had inspected many mechanical systems of ventilation, including those at the Houses of Parliament and the Law Courts, and had never seen one that was approved by those who used it. He thought the importance attached to uneven temperatures in wards was overrated." " The really important point to be kept in view in regard to ventilation is, that before any system depending upon mechanical contrivances can be pronounced worthy of adoption, it must be demonstrated beyond dispute that it is not only as good as ordinary methods, but appreciably better. For nothing but a substantial improvement would justify the largely increased cost, both of construction and maintenance, necessarily consequent on the adoption of mechanical ventilation." — Hospitals and Asylums of the World, 1893 (SlR HENRY Burdett). 61 Ventilation of Hospitals. (Hot Air Aspirating Shafts.) " The employment of heat to create an induced upward current is not only a costly, but an unsatisfactory method of ventilation!' — VENTILATION. Ventilation when attempted to be secured by heating the air in a shaft has seldom proved successful. This is chiefly owing to the downward pressure of the cold external air cooling the hot ascending air and impeding its exit. This might be avoided if a properly constructed ventilator were fixed on the top of the shaft to remove the air pressure, assist the extraction, and prevent down- draught, which, with the louvre-board turret generally employed, usually occurs. This form of ventilation is now practically discarded as " not in accordance with the views of modern engineers, or with their ordinary practice.'' " The Western Infirmary, Glasgow, is ventilated by means of hot water coils placed in shafts communicating with louvred turrets on the roof in which are placed hot water cylinders ; on testing this system a strong down-draught was experienced, flocks of cotton wool being driven with considerable force down the shafts. At no time during the experiments was there any abatement in the down-draught, or the slightest tendency to an up-draught." — Ventilation. " The history of St. Mary's Hospital [London] affords some instructive lessons in ventilation. In their report on this hospital, Dr. Bristowe and Mr. Holmes referred to the existence of a central shaft for extracting the foul air from the wards in which a fire was always kept burning. They said 'the Secretary informed us, however, that there was reason to suppose the whole apparatus is a failure ; that Dr. Sanderson had made numerous experiments which led him to the conclusion that the orifices of exit in the wards act little, if at all, and very often admit air instead of carrying it off, and that there is, in fact, rather a circulation of air in the shaft than an escape of air from it' In summing up their conclusions these gentlemen said : ' The hospital cannot certainly be regarded as a healthy one, for most of the diseases which constitute unhealthiness in a hospital seem to prevail in an unusual degree, and there seems also to be considerable spread of infectious fevers.' " — Hospitals and Asylums of the World (1893). " At this hospital [Bristol General Hospital] an apparatus was set up which consisted of a shaft in the garden from whence air was drawn into the basement, where it was heated by passing over a series of hot pipes ; from thence the warm air went to the wards. The foul air from the wards was drawn out by a series of shafts communicating with a central tower in which an up current was induced by heated flues, but after a short trial it was found that the hospital was becoming infected with erysipelas, and it was abandoned." — Hospitals and Asylums of the World (1893). 62 63 Co> in i; rt u o ~ ■& 2 o IH «= 2 " 0 -S SH ~ c ■a "2 ^£ « >, 3 3 w ni 3 a ■•5 hD -G l7 *-a i2 -. >,"<-■ ' 3 « £p OJ . s >. ♦3 ri « <~ M b o 2 5 «S» *S^ . S o j: r. c 13 " £^ S "5 c c i- E S 60 Z. ° "O o &• V otori entu iseas C Ot3 u ^3 t3 •C •£ C Hg* - £ lu T5 o .— K O- u if) 'uj j > o cO UJ E H . iliii a *3 £0 % < a t* a C 3 O *j o ■fi a c 1* P415 rt O 67 II The Boyle Systca \ of Ventilation As Applied to & 5t^ble NOTE: The Fresh air is admitted Hirou^h tf>« ~ will dh Hie re> Ventt'lAKntf, Engineers, Iondom & Glasgow. " You will be glad to hear that after the experience of some months your ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators are most satisfactory, and are as efficient as you represent them to be." — A. Dupont, Military Riding Academy, Brighton. N.B. — For table of sizes and number of ventilators required for the ventilation of Stables, see pag^- . --.- A . ,. 68 6 9 *D Z 8 c£ £ o c£ < z sS UJ T> > lu O. o <3 < h i0 > if) UJ J >- o cQ 1U r t- !-• ^» — »• °3 a. •-Jtf) Z ai > tn - o s i s- ft P-. o c 1) s o 6. h - I •8 .«: ,£> 11 < X - o en w ■p 70 < V "q. h Q. 01 «3 >- 10 fi < 'uj J >• o <• UJ E i— z £ 5 10 - o - _o CO < r o u. O z o IU u. o a o i H \il c r < o J h r E Ul o X IS I c = a »> ■4-» - *C a. J3 E 4-1 -* 3CL, w^ _ ts/1 ml £ '■5 rt «JT3 en -C 3 -w a c ■S E -a .2 a. 3 o .s <2 Ul 3 I) O "> 3 § iffi 1 u o -a j3 .h ° cy*0 OJ 41 •— -*-* u £ X tn .. »-• c : 'C en 3 W O u ex .23 "O § a rH IL. o (J h in a 5 .cQ r £ < $ o z 4 z t- 4 a o X r- «J O z I C • * o « -J CQ^ z: CO lil 73 if) O o r £ o h <0 3 u E O Q Z o -1 1 £ .1 O t h o < £ J o h z z. IU ' 0> > o £ £ T3 5. I/] ; i0 tf) 8 *> 8" I. a* •3 o « c >- s O ni Ufj c *■ o c ■J3 U " •13 > C E 2 « E 43 C 5 °U o . O en C 3 (J in rt i^ S '* CD s rt gU tn rt 43 ~ - rt C = -"-' o t! en ■ J3 3 " rt 3^ cu 4_» rt [> u o g^.S g .a <- o fro £ m O u t> o ■*3 h rt i-J 1) 3 - ni XI ■^ X 3 O ' S o o CU O m q JflO U U 2,« ^a; rt I X I O.X.I ■3 rt a> en > ni X rt H o •a ' B rt ... •C"0 o u . £ *-. ■w 3-a •BrB O e U B 0; > ^ V u 1) o s^s. &T3 o. £ _ .2 C u rt re ^1 .-« :B ^3 rt 5:5 >> u ^ c v OJ >£ z-sz V u B v. ,S rt CO «• o PQ >> 0) fl> rt ax o a, X a> 1 c o E Kurt m ^ aj l> rt >»£ s«- in ti V a rt C _ B rt ' ■a u in T3 6 * rt.oos >,o«§ o w rt k, > 1— 1 in ^ 76 Ventilation of the Council Chamber, Guildhall, London, WITH THE u Boyle" System of Ventilation: " We can quite endorse the favourable opinion of it which has been given by Sir John Monckton, the Town Clerk!' — Builder. " A NY ordinary observer who has had the privi- ■L\- lege of entering the Council Chamber of the Guildhall, London, even when devoid of occupants, would be almost sure to ask himself the question as to how the room was ventilated. It is one of those apartments that appears to strike the mind that a something more than can be seen is necessary for the healthful comfort of those whose civic duties compel them to pass a portion of their time in it, and if the stranger has had an opportunity of being present when the City parliament have been hold- ing their debates, he would have soon found that the atmosphere was anything but inviting ; and had he asked any of the officials, or even the members of the Council themselves, he would have heard dissatisfaction expressed on all hands, for it is notorious that, in spite of different attempts to remedy it, including what we may term an elabo- rate system introduced no later than three years since, the room in which the City Fathers hold their conclaves has been one of the worst ventilated apartments, for its size, in the metropolis. We say 'has been,' for a new system of ventilation has recently been completed that promises to surpass all previous attempts to introduce fresh air and exhaust the vitiated, and one that after many severe tests has received the approbation of all concerned in the carrying out of the plan. Smarting under the annoyances they had long laboured under, the City Architect, by the direction of the Corpora- tion of London, requested Messrs. Robert Boyle & Son, of Holborn Viaduct and Glasgow, whose success as ventilating engineers has become matter of world-wide notoriety, to submit to him a system of ventilation adapted to the requirements of the Chamber, but on the condition that it would only be accepted after exhaustive trials had proved to the City Architect and a committee that it was successful ; and if not to their satisfaction, every vestige of it was to be removed within a specified time, and everything made good at Messrs. Boyle's expense. " Thus the contract was entered upon on the principle of ' no cure, no pay.' Confident in their system, the firm accepted the terms, and the guar- antee, which was of a very stringent character, was drawn up by the Corporation, and was of such a nature as would put Messrs. Boyle's system to a most severe and crucial test. In January last the Chamber was handed over to them to commence operations, and as we have carefully watched the progress of the work, and were present only a few days since — it now having passed through the ordeals prepared for it — we have much pleasure in adding our testimony to its satisfactory results. It has received the approbation of the City Architect, the committee, and, we may add, of the public. Messrs. Boyle have had the privilege accorded them of inviting as many as they pleased to witness the results, and a large number of invitations were issued by them, in which they included those gentlemen they considered interested in the ques- tion of ventilation, and competent to pass an Opinion upon the work, and also competitors in their own profession, advocates of totally different systems. Amongst those who accepted the invi- tation were Dr. C. W. Siemens, F.R.S.; Captain Douglas Galton, C.B., F.R.S. ; Professor Corfield, London University College ; Captain McHardie, R.E., Home Office ; Dr. Steele, Guy's Hospital ; For results of mechanical ventilation of a Council Chamber by electric fan extraction, see pages 24, 25. 77 Mr. Ernest Hart; Major-General F. C. Cotton, R.E. ; Mr. A. Billing, Surveyor to Guy's Hospital and St. Olave's Board of Works ; Mr. H. Currey, Surveyor to St. Thomas's Hospital ;Mr. Alexander Graham, F.R.I. B.A. ; Dr. Sedgwick Saunders, Medical Officer of Health to the City of London ; Dr. Lavies, Medical Officer of Health for West- minster ; Mr. Thornhill, Surveyor to the London Hospital ; Mr. W. Butterfield, Architect ; Mr. E. J. Hansom, F.R.I.B.A. ; Mr. E. F. Griffith, C.E. ; Mr. C. W. Pugin, Architect ; and Mr. G. A. Bruce, C.E. ; besides numerous other Architects, Civil Engineers, and Medical Men. " The application of the system adopted may be described as follows : — Nine of Messrs. Boyle's Patent Self-Acting ' Air-Pump ' Ventilators are fixed on the top of iron shafts, standing at various heights above the roof, to clear them of obstruction. Four of these shafts, viz., two at each end of the Chamber, are 13-inch diameter, branching off a little above the ceiling into two 10-inch pipes, communicating with openings in the ceiling 2 feet in diameter, concealed by means of ornamental centre flowers, or ceiling plates. On the top of each shaft is fixed a 2-feet ' Air-Pump ' ventilator. At the east end of the Chamber a shaft 18 inches in diameter is carried through the roof, having a 30- inch ventilator on its top. This shaft expands at the bottom to 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, covering an opening of the same dimensions in the ceiling. At the west end, a shaft of 30J inches by 2o| is brought into requisition, and is carried up a considerable height to the top of an adjoining building, surmounted with a 3-feet ventilator. A shaft 16 inches diameter, that is connected with the large ' sunlight ' gas-burner in the lantern over the central dome of the Chamber, is also run into this shaft, the ventilation of the body of the room being partially effected by this means. On the top of the outer casing of the lantern three 13-inch shafts are fixed at equi-distant spaces, and crowned with 20- inch ventilators, the shafts communicating with openings in the interior of the lantern by means of expanded iron hoppers. These complete the ar- rangements for the extraction of the vitiated air from the chamber. It may be mentioned en passant that a portion of these shafts formed part of the old system of so-called ventilation, and were then surmounted with revolving cowls. " For the supply of fresh air to the Chamber Messrs. Boyle have turned to account, with certain alterations, some of the modes of ingress they found existing when the work was entrusted to them, and that were then of but little use. On the south side of the Chamber four vertical air tubes or brackets are fixed against the walls, two of these being 2 feet by 2 \ inches by 3 feet, the other two, which are placed a little higher up the wall, measuring 18 inches by 4 inches by 2 feet. The tubes commu- nicate direct with the outer atmosphere by. holes, cut through the walls and covered with cast-iron gratings. The air inlets are fitted with Messrs. Boyle's patent heaters, which are now so generally known amongst the profession as to render descrip- tion here unnecessary. These are, of course, added for the purpose of warming the incoming air to any temperature required as it enters the building. The north wall is similarly treated, with the addition of an extra tube at the end by the Lord Mayor's seat. At the public end of the Chamber three more inlet tubes are fixed, similarly fitted with the air warmers, while others, amounting in the aggregate to sixteen, are fixed in other positions, completing the arrange- ments for the fresh air supply. We may add that an abundant quantity is admitted, and the tests have shown that the air can be warmed in cold weather to a temperature of from 60 deg. to 120 deg., thus entirely preventing cold draughts, the usual attendant on most methods of admitting cold air to a building where provision is not made for warming it. " Referring to the extraction of the vitiated air, it is not necessary to give the full table of results from January until the present time ; we need only say that the average quantity withdrawn amounted to 500,000 cubic feet per hour, and that during the whole of the experiments, official and otherwise, not the slightest down-draught was experienced : had it been otherwise the conditions would not have been fulfilled, and the firm would have been called upon to remove their appliances, and their system would have been pronounced a failure, one of the principal conditions being that down- draughts should be entirely absent, and that a continuous and powerful up-draught should be maintained. " Previous to Messrs. Boyle undertaking this work great complaints had been made with respect to the draught always present in the Chamber, but since the completion of their arrangements lighted 73 candles have been placed in various parts of the room, the flame has been watched, and it has been clearly demonstrated that they were in all in- stances perfectly steady, showing that the draughts had ceased to exist. " After six months' practical experience, Mr. Horace Jones, City Architect, and President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, has certified that all the conditions have been fulfilled, and that the ventilation is successful ; and, as we before observed, this has been endorsed by the committee, and Messrs. Boyle have received their account. Thus another public building has been added to the long list of those that the firm have successfully ventilated. " The following report has been received by Messrs. Boyle from Sir John Monckton, the Town Clerk :— " ' Guildhall, E.C. " ' I am asked by Messrs. Boyle & Son to state my personal experience of the recent ventilation of the Council Chimber. I can do so in a very few words. Until the present year I never knew what it was to leave the Guildhall on a 'Common Council day' without a headache. I now do not know what a headache is. In fact the palpable alteration for the better in the atmosphere, even on crowded days, is very satisfactory, and it appears to me — a non-expert — That Messrs. Boyle's system is eminently valuable and practicable.' " In addition, the officials of the Court and many members of the Council have personally thanked Messrs. Boyle for the benefits they have derived, from a healthful point of view, from the application of the system. From a large number of equally favourable letters received by the firm from independent sources, we abstract the following received from an eminent London physician and sanitarian. (Dr. P. CHATTERTON, late House Physician, Hdtel Dieu, Paris) : — ' After thoroughly testing and examining your system of ventilation as applied to the Council Chamber of the Guildhall, I have great pleasure in being able to say that I am in every way satisfied with the result. It is, in my estimation, the most perfect system yet intro- duced, and I greatly doubt there being any room for improvement upon it. The fact of your appli- ances being entirely self-acting and having no movable parts liable to get out of order after having been placed, is a great boon, as it renders any after cost or attention unnecessary. During the time that I have devoted to testing your appliances I have always found them entirely free from down-draught, a feature I have not found in any other system, and which I opine to be of the greatest advantage, as it not only serves to ventilate the building more thoroughly, but furthermore main- tains an even temperature therein, which no sudden change of weather can affect. My pursuits have rendered me practically acquainted with many systems of ventilation now in use, both automatic and otherwise, and after careful examination I have arrived at the conclusion that your system is not only the simplest but the most efficacious I have yet met with. This opinion is, in so far as the Council Chamber is concerned, also shared by some friends of mine who are members of the Council, and who pronounce the application of your process simply faultless.' " — Architect. " We have had an opportunity of being present in the Chamber during a meeting of the Common Council, and being aware, from personal experience, of the bad state of the atmosphere which used to prevail on Court days, we are in a position to say that a marked improvement has been effected — so decided a change for the better, in fact, that we can quite endorse the favourable opinion of it which has been given by Sir John Monckton, the Town Clerk." — Builder. " We have witnessed the operation of the system, and can now speak from personal experience of the merits of the principle which Messrs. Boyle have applied to this and other public buildings in London and the provinces. . . . Messrs. Boyle & Son's system is extremely simple, and may be described to be the application of means by which the natural laws of ventilation can be effectively brought into operation. . . . Our examination of the up-draught in the shafts has shown the efficiency of the ventilators." — Building News. r-%- -#^- 79 Names of a few of the Royalty and Nobility who have been supplied with the " Boyle " System of Ventilation, and " Air-Pump " Ventilators. Her Majesty the Queen. His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Germany. His Imperial Majesty the Czar of Russia. His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Austria. His Majesty the King of Spain. His Majesty the King of Portugal. His Majesty the King of Norway and Sweden. His Majesty the King of Denmark. Her Majesty the Queen of Holland. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught. His Royal Highness the Duke of Albany. His Royal Highness the Duke of York. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge. His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury. His Grace the Archbishop of York. The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of London. The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Glou- cester and Bristol. His Grace the Duke of Atholl. His Grace the Duke of Beaufort. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch. His Grace the Duke of Bedford. His Grace the Duke of Cumberland. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire. His Grace the Duke of Fife. His Grace the Duke of Grafton. His Grace the Duke of Hamilton. His Grace the Duke of Leeds. His Grace the Duke of Marlborough. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland. His Grace the Duke of Portland. His Grace the Duke of Richmond. His Grace the Duke of Rutland. His Grace the Duke of Somerset. His Grace the Duke of Sutherland. His Grace the Duke of Wellington. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Abercorn. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Aberga- venny. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Ailsa. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Anglesey. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Bath. The Most ■ Honourable the Marquis of Breadal- bane. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Bristol. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Bute. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Dufferin. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Drogheda. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Exeter. The Most Honourable the Marquis of London- derry. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Lans- downe. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Lothian. The Most Honourable the Marquis of North- ampton. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Ripon. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Salisbury. The Most Honourable the Marquis of Zetland. The Right Honourable the Earl of Abingdon. The Right Honourable the Earl of Aberdeen. The Right Honourable the Earl of Albemarle. The Right Honourable the Earl of Ashburnham. The Right Honourable the Earl of Aylesford. The Right Honourable the Earl Brownlow. The Right Honourable the Earl Cairns. The Right Honourable the Earl of Carnarvon. The Right Honourable the Earl of Cawdor. The Right Honourable the Earl of Coventry. The Right Honourable the Earl Cowper. The Right Honourable the Earl of Cranbrook. The Right Honourable the Earl of Cleveland. The Right Honourable the Earl of Crewe. The Right Honourable the Earl of Derby. The Right Honourable the Earl of Dudley. The Right Honourable the Earl of Durham. The Right Honourable the Earl of Ellesmere. The Right Honourable the Earl of Eglinton. The Right Honourable the Earl of Elphinstone. The Pight Honourable the Earl of Granville. The Right Honourable the Earl of Glasgow. The Right Honourable the Earl Grey. The Right Honourable the Earl of Kimberley. The Right Honourable the Earl of Kenmare. The Right Honourable the Earl of Leicester. The Right Honourable the Earl of Leitrim. The Right Honourable the Earl of Macclesfield. The Right Honourable the Earl of Mar and Kellie. The Right Honourable the Earl of Morton. The Right Honourable the Earl of Mount-Edg- cumbe. The Right Honourable the Earl of Northbrook. The Right Honourable the Earl of Pembroke. The Right Honourable the Earl of Radnor. The Right Honourable the Earl of Rosebery. The Right Honourable the Earl of Shrewsbury. The Right Honourable the Earl Spencer. The Right Honourable the Earl of Sefton. The Right Honourable the Eail of Stair. The Right Honourable the Earl of Strafford. The Right Honourable the Earl of Warwick. The Right Honourable the Earl of Whamcliffe. The Right Honourable the Earl of Zetland. The Right Honourable Viscount Exmouth. The Right Honourable Viscount Boyne. The Right Honourable Viscount Falmouth. The Right Honourable Viscount Peel. The Right Honourable Lord Ampthill. The Right Honourable Lord Armstrong. The Right Honourable Lord Abinger. The Right Honourable Lord Arundell. The Right Honourable Lord Ashbourne. The Right Honourable Lord Bagot. The Right Honourable Lord Battersea. The Right Honourable Lord Boyle. The Right Honourable Lord Brassey. The Right Honourable Lord Burton. The Right Honourable Lord Chelmsford. The Right Honourable Lord Carrington. The Right Honourable Lord Churston. The Right Honourable Lord Cromer. The Right Honourable Lord Delamere. The Right Honourable Lord Dorchester. The Right Honourable Lord Elgin. The Right Honourable Lord Francis Hervey. The Right Honourable Lord Kelvin. The Right Honourable Lord Kenmare. The Right Honourable Lord Kinnaird. The Right Honourable Lord Leconfield. The Right Honourable Lord Rothschild. The Right Honourable Lord Sefton. The Right Honourable Lord Revelstoke. The Right Honourable Lord Wantage. The Right Honourable Lord Wolverton, &c, &c. 80 Names of a few of the Public Buildings in the United Kingdom to which the "Boyle" System of Ventilation and "Air-Pump" Ventilators have been applied. Windsor Castle. Osborne. Balmoral. Buckingham Palace London. St. James's ,, „ Lambeth „ , , Marlborough House „ War Office Admiralty Horse Guards „ Government Offices, Whitehall „ Somerset House „ South Kensington Museum „ National Gallery „ The Tower „ Royal Mint „ British Museum ,, Custom House Guildhall "„ Mansion House „ Bank of England „ St. Paul's Cathedral Brompton Oratory „ Zoological Gardens „ "Lloyd's" Inner Temple Library „ Council Chamber, Royal Institute of British Architects ,, Royal College of Music „ •Guildhall School of Music ,, Council Chamber, Royal Agricultural Society of England , , Agricultural Hall „ Olympia „ Royal Masonic Institution ,, Central Meat Markets, Smithfield ,, Burlington House „ People's Palace ,, Headquarters' Metropolitan Police ,, , , Honourable Artillery Co. ,, Royal Courts of Justice Chambers ,, ,, Exchange ,, Stock „ Wool Coal ,, • ,, Corn , , > > Regent's Park Barracks ,, Trafalgar , , > . Wellington ,, ,, Finsbury Militia „ ,, Knightsbiidge ,, ,, King's College ,, Royal Naval Schools London. New Medical Schools „ Westminster ,, „ Christ's Hospital (Blue Coat School) „ Brook Hospital, Shooter's Hill ,, Grove ,, Tooting „ Small-pox Hospital Ship "Castalia" „ St. Bartholomew's Hospital ,, London „ ,, Guy's Fountain „ „ Foundling „ ,, German ,, ,, Greenwich ,, „ Chelsea ,, „ South- Western „ ,, Finchley „ „ Royal Free „ „ Lambeth Lying-in „ „ Temperance ,, „ Great Northern Central Hospital „ West End Hospital „ Wandsworth and Clapham Infirmary ,, Greenwich Infirmary ,, Lambeth ,, ,, City of London „ „ Kensington „ ,, St. George's Workhouse ,, Wandsworth „ ,, Lambeth ,, „ Poplar ,, ,, Camberwell „ ,, West Ham „ ,, Reform Club ,, Carlton Club ,, Athenaeum Club „ United Service Club ,, St. James's Club „ Thatched House Club „ Junior Athenaeum Club „ Travellers' Club ,, Council Hall and Offices, Pharma- ceutical Society of Great Britain „ Public Library, Battersea „ ,, ,, Chelsea ,, , . ,, Newington ,, „ ,, Kensington ,, ,, „ Kensal Town ,, Deaf and Dumb Asylum ,, Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum. Hanwell Asylum. Hampton Court Palace. Canterbury Palace. Sandringham. Claremont. Royal Exchange, Glasgow Stock Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. ,, Dockyard ,, Royal William Dockyard, Plymouth. H. M. Dockyard, Portsmouth. H. M. ,, Sheerness. H.M. „ Devon port. H.M. „ Chatham. Inkerman Barracks, Woking. Aldershot Camp „ Aldershot. Portobello „ Dublin. Curragh Camp ,, Curragh. Citadel ,, Dover. Cavalry ,, Brighton. Maryhill ,, Glasgow. Portobello „ Edinburgh. Edinburgh Castle,, Edinburgh. Parkhurst ,, Isle of Wight. Naval „ Devonport. Royal Marine „ Plymouth. ,, Artillery ,, Sheerness. H.M. Barracks, Ipswich. ,, „ Portsmouth. Shorncliffe Camp. H. M. Prison, Portland. ,, ,, Broadmoor. ,, ,, Dartmoor. ,, „ Manchester. ,, „ Portsmouth. Derby. ,, „ Leicester. ,, ,, Glasgow. Trinity College, Cambridge. Caius , , , , Emanuel ,, „ St. John's „ ,, Eton ,, Eton. Harrow ,, Harrow. Marlboro' ,, Marlboro'. Wellington ,, Berks. Aberdeen University, Aberdeen. Cambridge Hospital, Aldershot Netley Hospital. Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. The Register House, Edinburgh. Royal Asylum, Edinburgh. Holloway Sanatorium, Virginia Water. Corporation Galleries, Glasgow. Art Galleries, Birmingham, &c, &c. 81 PR0FE5J0R5HAW IN HIS REPORT TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD OH THE VEMTI- LATIOM OF POOR-LAW SCHOOLS ( IS97), SAYS RE FOREST GATE5CHC01 " Each portion has a. Boyle's Ventjldtor on<- the riA^c.-CAme in offer dinner, and tfte smell \vas n of op- pressive... . Boyle's ventilators saja fcbe e^reAt improvement have been tfnzrz nine months y^^^w SiRHEnRyBuRDEtr IH "HOSPITALS AND ASY- LUMS of the World" says respecting the Small-pox Hospital Ship'Castalia' (which is vehtilated w1th- f he Boyle System OF VENTILATIOH, SEE Page 59). <**xS773cx»s*e> "Altogether jj, e arrange- ments Are \tery complete AnA SAtisfActbr^'.' *2>> ^ THE "BoyLE'SySTEM OF Ventiiation 7\5 "APPLIED To 5LWERS, DRW),7\md SoIL P1PE5. PART IV. "Ottr o-rdunj An& seXverf are 50 many &e&tfi fraps fcnle^s V?entfl&te& in stick a manner fh\wl, Bqyles flir-PamtfVenfclAt^r is "well AdAptedjfbr/ixinooD tN frp °f <* soil pipe, '' in Any position in Vwhich exhA*4fb°n prod&ced by An indeed cur- rent is of VAltie.The Arrange- ment is extremely aimphe,&ri9 a continuous ctirrent »s set tip through the VentJlr.~ S.G.BILLINGHAM, Borough surveyor, <5S^£> devizes. "I have the greAtest> SAtis/Actjon in \zshfy\ng Jj> tnc VAllie of yotir ?Vir- ftjmp 1 VentjfAtors. I hAue fcsed (hem tp All the Ven- tilAtion pipes t^At 1 hAVf HaA erected in tftijBoro- fcgh on dll otfr mAinftwe- rs etc. with the best re/ultjr and I strongly recommend ihern^br similar plirposej" 84 c CJ u u 3 U J2 I ?§ ■ w .5 •" o c £- 3 O CL- " CJ C CU u ° -^"S '5 c 42 s u o .±± i rt 35 o « cd £ T3 u > "3 « •o-S fcuo . ?. o c 0) to ~ "en ^ '3 o o c o u, <0 n u C n) e 6 c to c n! rt <*-c O i- %£ >« h a O On C S? C U C/5 u 4) C a) a; *c5 >, XI o u e w O - Uh at D -M J5 •C 3 O £ 4-* o o 4-t .G z. o h < p 2 > lu o (J o UJ H UJ LU 00 £ T5 Q- <5 >> o s « en 1> — j« ■a** i> -o -5 c a, rt e >..o rTn 4-» If) C o a -a nf c _ — c .§ s ° S. c cr o « o ^ u c -M 4-> d) 3 U O rt ;- o b/J 1/ o « c £ 5 c « > nj > 14-1 O o c E o V c 5 «1 V5^ JJ § >v'-y O n! o£ ^ ui C u ^ c c > « J3 +3 O o o 86 Th e" Boy le." Double a*p Single Acton Systems or Soil Pipe Ventilation a& t//*/' Fie. I Fie. 3 Fig. i. — Elevation of Double Action System. With this system a double power is obtained, the aspirating force of the "Air-Pump" Ventilator A acting upon the up-cast pipe B, and the pressure of the air down the soil pipe C as it enters through the down-cast Ventilator D attached to the bottom of the " Air- Pump" Ventilator, and which catches the wind from every quarter, maintaining a through current at the junction E immediately above the Disconnecting Trap F. The air inlet being above the roof there is not the same danger from escaping noxious gases as when the inlet is at or a little above ground level. H Ventilating Pipe connected with drain. J Waste Pipe running into open gulley connected with drain. Fig. 2. Section showing the ventilation of soil pipe with the "Boyle" Double Action System, also ventilation of W.C.'s with Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator A and air inlets KK. 1-L 2 in. pipes connected with upcast shafts for the ventilation of discharge pipes and to prevent syphoning of traps. M Disconnecting Trap with inspection chamber. Fig. 3. — Section of Single Action System. A Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator (upcast). B Soil Pipe. CC Ventilating Pipes connected with discharge pipes to prevent syphoning of traps. D Drain Pipe. 87 Sewer Ventilator Upcast MP 225. Se"wer Ventil&tof DowncA&t M°228 Soil PipcVentilAt *" (Cheap form) H9227. Double Action Soil Pipe „„„, Ventj1at°>'H ? 226. Soil Pipe secure theiv efficient Action — jfail&re tisfcidllv resultx 4, i *$• R,ECoMMEMDATION5. Upon receipt of particulars voith rough sketch o^any building proposed t6 be- \JentildteA , stdtjiTg dimen- sions^ tfte purpose for vOhi^h it is Used, number of people it dccommoAAtes,And if ceiled or open roof, recommenda- tions vOill be mAdejfree of" charge, as t? fte number, sijjes &n& positions of hSe, oUtfet And inlet Venjilo.t?^ necessary. 0^g^g|^=aj» 90 Boyix's IATEjT PATENTED &I/"\PRCWQ> VEMTIIATING APPLIANCES. Parjv AU- PREVIOV5 PRICE LI5T5 CANCELLED. "They are constructed on sotino. scientific principles, act. in s{?icr Accordance Svitf? HTe taws of n&tpre,Ano. ^annoi"- fail fo operate ."^PRPFESSor.Gr^mt. '"when- Natural Ventilation FAIL5 "P\y experience is tfiAfa no-tj' tirAl sysijem of Venhl^ion i^,in the lpn^ run,tKe mo5J- relir.y / provjiAeA,of coarse,, that properly constructed Vep"- ldtot-5 <*re employe^ ^AftKey Are skilfully ApplieA by a com- petent engineer. I *m qni|| Wieo\. by $\e c.°n(?Aclbr, vOho,in Hie mojorihy of CAse5» h&& b^cn AeceiOeo. by mis- leading price lisi^ i^aeAby ine mdXers of rhe sptiriow^ Venjjl&ibr*. -C&*- PREVErTTIOM. ® <%*«*.© EACH © t*«&* © "AlR-PuMP'VEHTILdVroR MAS THE ACCQMPAHyiHG ©TRADE A\AR.rC^® -affixed withovt which hone are genuine gjks=§> Beware of spurious* i>\ i tat i o n 5 c5>^=j> 94 How the " Air-Pump" Ventilator IS Always in Operation. " Science proves that there is not a moment of time but when there is a movement of the air, and that this movement properly utilised is sufficient at all times to change the air in a building and secure ventilation" — Charles Houghton, C.E. " Incessant movement of the air is a law of nature. We have only to allow the air in our cities and dwellings to take share in this constant change, and ventilation will go on uninterruptedly without our care." — PARKES. The latest patented form of the "Air- Pump" Ventilator utilises to the fullest degree this continuous movement in the atmosphere as a never-ceasing exhausting force. Professor MACQUORN RANKIN (Professor of Engineering, Glasgow University), after twelve months' careful experiment, reports : " There is no time throughout the whole year but when there is a sufficient movement of the atmosphere to cause the ' Air-Pump ' Ventilator to act." Independent of its value as an exhaust the " Air-Pump " Ventilator, by removing the pressure of the external atmosphere from the top of the outlet shaft, prevents down-draughts and permits at all times of the unimpeded exit of the warm vitiated air, which naturally ascends to the highest point. This ascensional movement, assisted by the action of the ventilator, induces an inflow of fresh air through the inlets at the low levels, effectually changing the air in a building, even when there is no perceptible movement of the air outside. The " Air-Pump " Ventilator does not require wind to make it act. The " Air-Pump " Ventilator acts efficiently in all conditions of the -weather : on the coldest day in winter, in a dense fog, and on the closest and warmest day in summer. 95 Boy l£s> Latest Patent Air- pump" • VEMTl LPkTORjs. Mas Double. TttE extracting Power Af1DlS 50PERC EMT, LESS IH PRICE T/Wi EARL1 ER^FORJAS . !f. The Plainest & Cheap- est De5^n(M? 175) is als° made of a more ornament&l & archi- tect ra.1 eh oracle r- of rolled sleel plafec, &al vanned. & painrea, vobikl" fne workman- ship is of tfic hii*hetf class. QAH BE MADE. TO >\RcniTEcrs' OWN. DESIGNS or To FIT INTO TURRETS.*** Any of the aesi^n^ in this Catalogue can. be modified fo sui£ Vhe requirements of Architect jS.ftJ^.'? 96 .]^>75" BoyLE'S ^fe^ LatestPatent Ventilator >Ha5 Double The EXTR^QTIMG EOWER. OF EARLIER. FORTES. PRICE LIST Carrie Paid. 0\<\of InsiAcg-' Did.o/: DidofPipe N017C He*A. Base Pipe. Recom- • «••"'• Ins. Ins. Ins manded.jf. s . d 12 12 X 12 4 to 8 6 Ins. 150 14 14X 14 5 .. 7 " 1 10 o 16 i6x 16 6 „ 10 8 » 2 3 o 18 i8x 18 7 „ 1 1 9 m 2 15 o 20 20x20 8 „ 12 10 11 3 10 o 24 24x24 10 „ 14 12 <■ 4 10 o 27 27x27 11 „ 16 14 ,, 5 5 o 30 30x30 12 „ 18 15 „ 6 10 o 36 36x36 15 .. 21 18 .. 15 o 42 42X43 17 ..24 21 » 11 15 © 48 48x48 20„ 28 24" 1417 6 54 54X54 24 ..32 28 .. ,8 18 o Roof seats mot included. MADE FIREPROOF To FIT OVER SVNBURJSER.S lO°/o EXTRA- FORTABLE OF SIZES REQUIRED, _ J jfiiMi2c»- SEE PAGES 156-157. N.B.When specifying or ordering #e following formula should be usedTBoyles Latest Patent ' Air-Pamp Ventilator, Desi^nN? ,Diaofhea6. Diaofpipe ,Priceeach ': Note: Each Venljlator has rj^e accomp Ant- ing Trade Mark ft affixed \x/itfk>ut which, none are genuine 97 Z&8\1. Bos"* WooA seat; CoOece* BqyLE'5 Patent VEHTIL7\TOR. QATEST PATEMT) METHOD OF FIXING TO AH OPEN R0OE MoTE:_ "When orAerirv* \\opper SenA. s ecHon <\r&r<\u>in£ or t-oof- ^ojvin^ «.f,At,\r pitch. /aPl/W n^ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\VS\V\\V?7sS? il Ia\forttant. To cr75Wi-e tfte efficient" Action of a. RooF Ventilator- aI: &1I ttmes H: sho*«ylo.be FitfeA Above ifta highest point of Hie r"oof cleAr of All obstructions 50 tfiAl' tfce wind car h&\?e, Airect AnA x^nimpeAed Access tp it from e\?ery qtiArter. 98 Base of ftxed oOcr vtfooA sea); BqyLE'5 PATENT ^'Aifl-Pvmp'^ vent1l7vtor. (LATEST PATEMT) METHOD OF FIXING wo.*, ,..t To A CEILED R0OF. '*u?ithZincorlta& M*y be 5pl<>ye& if AesireA. Slaves (p be Be*l-Aini»,Ri<«? Pole 6- RaIW} 1a\POFCTANT. To entire tfte efficient" action of a. RooF Ventilator. at: .all ttvnes it shotilAbe Piked Above tfta highest point of Hie roof clear of All obstrtictTotrs so ffcal^tfte winA. can ho.Ce, direct And. "unimpeded Access IJ) it Prom e\?ery charter. 99 Base of Ventilator^ fixed over wood curb Covered with lgo.d. Boy le$ Patent VEMT1L7\T0R (Latest Patent) METHOD OF FIXING INTO A TURRET* ohe Venfjl&tor caw be moAe any recpair H.B. When specifying or ordering tfce following formula should be used "Boy le'5 Patent Air Pwmp' VenttlAfor for fitHne into cxTurret- D»o. of heeA...:-__,Dicx.ofpipe , Height ovtercdl ____,N?re<|t4ire&. Price e&ch (5«e whether round ocfc^ondl °x*f\i\&x 1a\pofctant. Toeirjure the efficient" action of >•*'-'• Ins. Ins. wte& 18. 7 to 1 1. 20. 8 „ 12. £ S. d. 9 ins. 10 „. 12 ... 14 I. • 24. IO ,, 14 27. II ,, l6 30. 12 „ l8. 15 „. 36. 15 „ 21. l8 „ . 42. 17 „ 24. 21 „. 48. 20 ,, 28. 24 ,, . 54. 24 „ 32 4 15 5 «o 7 7 8 15 10 10 14 10 18 18 24 10 28 ,,. 31 10 o. o. o. o. o. o. o, o. o. Roof seats hot included. H.B. When specifying or ordering the following formula should be used "Boyle's Patent" 'Air-rumpVenttlo.tor DesignN ..., Dia of bead , Did of pipe , H? required .Price each ...'.' 105 Boy LEb Patent rTvirtPvmpIb ventilator. (Latest Patent) PRICE LIST Ins. Ins. ™ e "*eA. j£ s d 18. 7 to 1 1. 9 ins 20. 8 „ 12. 10 ,, 24. 10 „ 14. 12 „ 27. 1 1 „ 16. 14 „ 18. 15 21. 18 24. 2] 30. 12 36. 15 42. 17 48. 20 ,, 28. 24 ,, 54. 24 „ 32. 28 „ o. o. o. o. 7 o 8 o 9 '5 " '5 14 10 o. 18 o o. 24 o o. 3' o o. 39 o o. Roof seats hot included. H.B. When specifying or ordering the fol losing formula should be used "Boy Ie'5 Patent '/\ir-rwmpVer?(jldtpr DesignN?..., Di&of be&& .Di&ofpipe , H? required. .Price e&cb..." 106 f X- 186 Boy leS Patent VEMTIL7\T0R- (Iatest Patent) PRICE LIST DiA.of Did. of DiAo/Pipe HOlXK Head. Pipe. Recom- ' ' • 1UU - 1ns. Ins. merited,. £ s . Ha5 Double The - HXTR^QJIMG eower. OF EARLIER. FORMS. X°183 PRICE LIST DiA.of He&A. DiAofPipe NO 177 Recom- £' J// - mended. j£ s . a. H9153. JE. S. d. 3 io 4 5 5 io 6 io 8 o io 17 14 17 18 10 23 o o. o. o. o. o. 6. 6. o. o. o. o. o. 5 5 6 o 8 o 9 12 6. 11 11 o. 15 «9 20 15 26 19 o. o. o. 34 IS o. £. S. d. 7 5 8 10 10 15 12 12 15 io 19 15 27 10 35 IS 43 10 -— ~:~=^ — '-, if? 184 N9J5Z jE. .&. d. ROOF SEATS MOT INCLUDED H.B. When specifying or ordering tfre follovOing formula should be used "Boyle's Patent" 'Air-PumpVei?tllo.l£r DesignN?..., Di&of bead , Did of pipe , N9 required , Price e&cb ..." Note: E&cb Venijldtor has tbe accompany- ing Trade Mark affixed t witftoti£ which, none are genuine. ] X2 Bqyi£'5 PATENT aTVlRrPVMPlB VEMTIL7\T0R (Latest Patent) >Ha5 Double The e.xtr£qtimg hower. of earlier, forws. Vi&.of Did °f Head. Pipe. Ins. Ins. 18. 7 to 11. 20. 8 „ 12. 24. 10 „ 14. 27. n „ 16. 30. 12 „ 18. 36. 15 „ 21. 42. 17 „ 24. 48. 20 „ 28. 54- 24 „ 32. PRICE LIST D f&& H°130*135. N°139. N°#0. mended. £ s d j£ s d. £. s. a. ins. 5 10 0. 770. 950 10 .,, . 660. 8 15 0. 11 11 12 „ . 880. 11 11 0. 14 17 6 14 „ • 9 9 0. 14 io 0. 18 5 >5 » . 12 0. 16 10 0. 20 15 18 „ . 16 10 0. 20 10 0. 28 0. 21 „ . 21 10 0. 28 18 0. 37 10 24 „ . 27 10 0. 37 0. 47 17 6. 28 „ . 34 '5 0. 46 15 0. 59 «9 0. X^3> ROOFSE/YTS NOT INCLUDED. H.'B. When specifying or ordering the following formula, should be used "Boyle's Patent 'Air-PtimpVenljlAU>r DesignN?..., Dia~ofbed& .Didofpipe , H? required ,Price e&cb..:; Nofc: Each Venljldtbr has the accompany- ing Trade Mark affixed "without which, none are genuine 113 Boy ix'5 Patent aTVlRrPUMPlK VENTILATOR. (Latest Patent) >Ha5 Double The EXTR^QTIMG HOWER. OF EARLIER. FORMS. yf-m PRICE LIST Die* of Did.°f Di. d. H919S. £. s. d. 5 5 6 6 8 o 9 '5 n 11 15 'o 20 o 27 o 34 o 7 o 8 5 10 to 12 5 •5 5 19 o 27 o 35 o 42 10 m^i Roof seats mot included. H.B. When specifying or ordering the following formula should be used "Boyle's Patent Air-P^mpVentjldtpr DesignH ..., Di&ofbedd .Didofpipe , N° requ i red , Price each . . ;; HoCe: E&cb Venljldtbr has tfae AccompAriy- \x\% Trade Mark ^ Affiled Nx/ithotif which, none are genuine 114 Boy le'5 Patent «AlRrPVMPl« VENTILATOR. (Iatest Patent) &Ha5 Double The & e.xtr/hqtimg eower. ^ OF EARLIER. FORMS. §&ti PRICE LIST DiA.of Did. of Head. Pipe. Ins. Ins. 24. 10 to 14. 27- 11 „ 16. 30. 12 „ 18. 36. 15 „ 21. 42. 17 „ 24. 48. 20 „ 28. 54. 24 „ 32. Recom- J1 - 12,z - mended, jfc. 5. d. N°/193*196. mi95. -£. 5. d. .£ s. d. 12 ins. 14 5 14 15 18 21 24 28 17 10 19 19 26 15 35 «5 45 «5 57 o 19 15 o, 24 10 o. 30 o 39 o .50 o 63 o 76 15 o. o. o. o. o. 22 O 28 10 38 o 49 o 63 o 79 o 95 o — __— X-J25 Roof seats mot included. H.B. When specifying or ordering the following formula should be used "Boy Ie'5 Patent 'Air-fumpVentrldtpr DesignN ..., Diaofhedd ,D'i6.ofpipe , H? required .Price each ..;; No^e-. Edch Venljldtor has tfte accompany- ing Trade Mark affiled 'without which, none are genuine "5 S, ttiey Are nof so, ef- fective Af a!1 times as maTurreiT form ofAiV*- Pump" VentjlArbr,\Ohich Acts wi{ft ecruAl efficien- cy vwini me vtfinA blowing from Any AirecHon. For Sizes To be vseb for. different buildinos.see page 156. PRICE LIST n°2i2. Section of 18 ins. dia. A.P.V. per ft. run £ 17 6. >> 2 4 »» »» t> >5 o. 3° ». .» m 1 15 o. 30 «! t> I) 2 2 o. M°213. N?21*. M?215. £1 7 6. £1 10 o. £1 15 o. 1 17 6. 2 o o. 2 7 6. 2 76. 2 12 6. 3 30. 2 15 o. 3 3 o. 3 15 o. When JHtteAto CeileA roq/5, Pipes £• (ones extrA.ACcorAin^ to length & size These Ventilators can be^tfeci witti regulating orsclfAcHn^ V*l\7e5(Seep.l24). y?zi$ H.5». When specifying or ordering the foIlovJing formula should be used "Boy !e'5 Patent Wir-Pump'RidJeVentflA&K N?..,.,..,E>iA. lengift Price pr ftx>t , Pitch of rooF Slewed orTi led." Nofc: Eo.cb Ventfldtor has (tie Accompany * in£ Trade Mark Affixed. >vittvotit^ whiclrj, none Are genuine Mztf 116 A°-Z)b BqyLE'5 Patent iaAiRrPuMP* c^ FUDGE VEMTIL7\T0.R. Qatest Patent) &!1a5 Double The. extraqtimg eower. of earlier. forms. M 21/ j&hese Ventj labors conjist* of one section of (he "Air-Primp" Venbl&tdr placed horrjon^Allv on the riA^e. They Are iiseftil Ventilatory, by t like &1J Ventilators of their rlasb, they arc not so ef- fecb_\7e af oJl limes as tfieTiirretr form of ~A\v- Pump" Ventilator, vOhich <\cfs wi(h eqtioJ efficien- cy with the vJinA blowing from a,iiy AirecHon. FoR5lZESToBE USED. For. DIFFERENT BUILDING5,SEEPAGEI56. PRICE LIST Section of 18 ins. dia. A.P.V. per ft. run ,, 24 •• " •• .. 30 «. M II ,, 3" ft t. 'I H°2l6&2l7. N°2l5. £1 17 6. £2 o o. 2 12 6. 2 15 o. 3 io o. 3 15 o. 450. 4 io o. £2 15 o. 3 10 o. 4 12 6. 5 «o o. When^/itied to ceiled roo/3, Pipes £■ Clones exrr<:coj"Ainr con- sisfiri^ ojF one secfion of th&f Venfildfor <*s shown in the Accompanying Ai«v- ^rArns, is intended fo be employed Where it foimpj-AcficAble or deemed &n- Advi^Able for Aesthetic reasons to fcse Hie Turret. J^orm of VentllAfor &&: A$ i£ is obvious mAl" Ventilators of this cIass c&nnof be fully opera- tive ertcepf" when Hie wind is in cerfdin directions; they Are liable tb-- the objection y which Applies to every form of ifiem, tnAf there will be certain periods *vohen (heir Action will be reduced. They can be e»r?- sh-Mcted. to suit* either open or ceiled, roofs, &n&&rz re commented, as foe- me tji? most" Powerful And reliAble Ventjld.t°r*S of fjfieir cld55. t-fes»~° FoR.5lZ.E5 To 5E USED FoR. DIFFERENT BUILDINGS, SEE PAGES 156"7 PRICE LIST N922I. Section of 18 ins. dia. A.P.V. (width of base not exceeding 30 ins.} per foot run £0 17 6. »> 2 4 n ») ( i« RegtiUtJn^VeJve for open roof. Self -Acting V<\l0efor con- cealed or ri&ge ventilatory Prices Quoted Sclf-AcKn Valve for branch 124 ([filing Cone*. FITTINGS EMPlPyED iNTHe APPLICATION oF >jHE"BqyLE"sysrEM 0E VENTILATIONS Made in galvanised iron CeJHnrf Hopper: ^. *+ mmm°o°o°d Circular perfbrA^dv 3inc panel voitfi mot-tiding. Square per/brAt£6* 3inc panel voitft moulding. for open roof. ^x~. Perforated Zinc Aoiiblt p&nel for open roof..^ ESTIMATES GIVEN. Sen*. 125 nd. Pi pa FITTINGS EMPI?yED iNTHeAPPUCATIOHoF THE"BqyLE"5ySTEM orVEMTILATION.% Made in galvanised iron Pipe. pACKin* M&in pipe vuiifi IHfee junc^ons & ^Aper piece fwoiinz^) Dotiblc pipe Willi noncondticlTn^ Main pipe voilji ftvo junction^ and cen\Ve, ESTIMATES GIVEM. u Aeflcejrng pl^fe. 126 fi?265. T/lis method, of Ad- mitting the Air need only be employed when owin^ Jo sjjlictlirdil -— ArrAn£ementS a swpply of Air CAnnotJbe provi- ded direct through the *rhcUe"t'l A t or ' ' s abso- lutely "WA^er trghf /-tfir BqyLE'5 Patent DOWHCAST VEMTIL7\T0R. (Latest Patent) Thi5 Ventilafar 15 intended to be fixed Af the c»\?e5 of (he roof or in & lower position for the purpose of evening the~wind andv /oircin£ i^Ao-wn (he 5hs»^s>f»c_sars>. nETHOD5 OF riXING. PRICE LIST N°266. "The shaft; may be fixed, either outside orinsiAe the"\VAll &> should ennectdtthe botjpm with A Boy lej AiMNLET Bracket or Panel. so as t> deliver the air mtp {he room in <^n "fcjp'Wdrd direction. DiAof Did of Head. Pipe. Ins. Ins. 16. 6 to 10. 18. 7 „ 11. 20. 8 „ 12. 24. Dia. of pipe ,lt? required.., Price each " Down Cast Trademark. Boyle's patemt Downcast Vemtilator 12: Boyle's Air.- Inlet Tubes. Fitted with regulating valves, brass fist jhdicators, ahd deflecting shields to prevent the walls) from being discolor ed, also air. filters when required . x&jts these tubes are so con- structed that dust cahmot lodge or. accumulate im them. 1 N°233. 5 ft. 9 in .X 8 in .X3'm.£o 16 6. 5 ,< 9 „ X 9 „ X4 .,. o 18 6. 5 ,, 9 ,, XIO„ X4|,.- « I o. 5 „ 9 „ XI2„ XS ». « S o. 5 „ 9 „ XI2„. X6-„. i 6 6. NliriJ^or medicate tRe Air 5s 6dfe7s 6A, extra. Open And. Shfct Indicator. Brass Letters and Pointer, 6A extra. » EnAmel Plate. Is extrA. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FlXlMG. Infixing fcheTubes, say °f (fke sixe 5'*)"x.io"*'H" holes should be cut^firoudh the Avails 5>"< 9" on tfre outside tapering t*pward5(A& shown in sectj n)t '- g"*©"' on tfce inside, smoothly lined •with cement £• protected with open p&tteFn cast-iron or other gratings. TheTubes are screwed, ts -tfie walls attnetop. the boftom slip being embeAdeA in (fie cement lining. One inch margin rotinA slip covers joint in wall 50 that no^ouching up 15 required. 5ecti°n. H.B.-NWhen specifying or ordering the .follosvinjSyormtilA should be Used.: "BoYLE'sVVir-lhletTcibe, Design H° Size..„..'..,N° required .Price each.—", If to be fiy-eA wiW Speci&l Indicator, Filter, or Water Tro"ujSh, please state s<» 128 Mote. _ Each Tu be hevs ihe. accomp- anying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine... <-~*~-» BOYLE'5 AIR INLET Boyle's Aifl- Inlet Tubes. ORMAME.MTAL DE5IGHS. Cam be made to architects' own designs. Prices quoted. iiggj 5» Ho. 340 Afo.2.41 tfo.242 ffo.^+S *» .444- g"*5" on the inside ^'2'Above^loor level, smooj^ly lined Stfi^fc cementj and protected, •with open pdt£ ern c&st-ir°n or other gratings. The Brackets are screwed t? {he 'wall dtth c ti?P> the- t>°y°m slip beinjS emteAdeA in tfic cement lining. Jt- One inch, m&r^in rotind slip cover/ joint in "wall so i^a£no torching t4p is required. ri.B.-VWhen specifying 01- ordering (tie ;foIIowinjS/brmUla should betised "BoYtE'sTMr-InletBmckcl-, Design H° , Size. ,H° required .Price each...", If to be fiy-eA wim special Indicator, Filler. or Wo^cr Tr&ugh, ple«se state so Note. _EdCh Bracket has the accomp- anying Trade Mark ajifixed.withou^- which none ared,eniuine,.v-^*— BOYLE'5 AIR INLET BoyLE'5 AlRrlHLET BRACKETS & PANELS. ORMAMEMTAL DESIGNS. (V\H BE MADE TO ARCHITECTS' OWN DE5IGMS. Prices quoted. 131 Boyle's Aifl- Inlet Panels. TO FIT FLUSH WITH WALL. FITTED WITH REGULA- TING VALVES, ALSO AIR. FILTERS WHEH REQ.UIRED. |w|IIIHIOIIIIII!lll l 1 1 % 1 lllllllllli illliili N?2>3- M92J7 Ins. 9X7X6. to X 8 X 7- 11X9x8. 12 X 10 x 9. fcH" 3ecti°n. M9256. H9259. Section. PRICE LIST Section °fH9259. ft°255. £0 8 6. o 10 6. o 12 o. o 14 6. N WAsh,cool 6- pfcri£/ or Aisin/eet the Air, cap be/TtfeA to t/ie jj^Anels A&'shcwn on design 7V9 2^9 ^ seetjon,At./»'om 5&.t? 7s. 6a. extra. Instructions for fixing lnj'ixin^ $e Panels holes should be ct»t {hrot^iJijKe waIIs °f same dimensions as ^ie Panels the f°P of Which should be 6ft dboVe tfie level o/^eJ^ooK line. These holes should be pro^ecfeA on tfie ot^side Svilfi cast-iron or ojfier open pdktt crn gratings ana lined. Swith cement >"t° which tfae panel is embedded* 6- Screwed against the "w^ll The. margin refund. panel covers joint in 'wall so that no^stichin^ iwp is re^uireo.. M.B.-When speciA/ing or ordering the /oIlo"Wm<|./oi"rnfcilA shoVilA be ttseA- "Boyle's Air- 1 nlet Panel, Design H°.. , 5ize ,H° rehired .Price each. ', If to be fitted •with Filter/ please state 3° MoTE._EACh PAncI has the Accomp- anying Trade Mark A^fixed.withotit which none dre^entiine,.^— *— BOYLE'S AIR 1HLET 132 Boyle's Aifl- Inlet Tubes. FOR. FITTING To WINDOW SILLS. These Tubes are usually employed where there 15 am objection to holes being wade through the wallf. NW1. N9402. M5. BoyLE'S AlRrlNLLT WlHDoW M9PPERS. Window hoppers should be fitted at the ipwer-Part of a window, mot the upper-, as is usually dome, whert a dowmdraught gemer7\liy results, N°4,o6. .Section-. Price5 q^otjed. N9^o9- i33 tf?foo. Bk Brd&5 or QypperWire Air Screen f or Vc n t? 1 atine, R^o. i <*t? r. I N f°^55 W*te »' TroYjd h/or Bmc ket; orTYjbe fitted vwith Cpf>}>er Wire Screen. Ice Filter for W*5hi njS b Cool 1 ng tfre'Air. H?^39 Copper wire Air 5ereen for large Air Inletl Channel. This Screen is_/i"tJjeA w3it/i hinges, dS is also ihe. external >- SraijiTgybr^g i\?im5 accesj "^o the AirQ/iannel Jbr cleansing ]ot 5rLm_n£L/SLerfectj (See J>&£e 58.) «f«d^. ThERlGHTHoiiovRABLE CSEALE-HAyriEAP (LffTE Pfl/MftJTCRGENER/U) 'I believe it (jlfie Boyle System of Ventilation] Xo bedbfoltitelythcbeft system of airing aptiblic buildinjg tftdtij" known tp^anifary science'.' 138 Bc^LES PATENT 7\HD L6TE5T IMPRPVED Fresh 7\u\.\x/ar^ing HmnriG appliance.^. PART VI. 'Heating should be &or\z by means of radiant; heat*, ana not; by means of &ir p>re\>ioTusJp "warmed."— Profe^or^ Corfield. UNMEALTIilliESS OF HOTAIFLHEATIHG. T>ie metKoAof wdrminj tfte waIIs by means of hcA^eA Air necessA- rily leases $e VOAII5 colder than jfie Air of tfte room, And the he At of tjie body is rAdiAted ijo t^e^ Colder waIIs. Hence,]/ {he walls dretp be wArmed by ttie Air admitted tp ffie room,f/fe i^mperAt^re of H^eVvArmed" Air m^jst be rAised beyond- whAt is either comj-ort$vble or heAltfryJor breAthinjs^fe' j^uj, ifyoti obj^inyour HcA^by w&ra)< ed Air Alone Admitted direct"' \p i^ic room, discomfort in one ^ornrv or t^e o$er CAn SvitfL dj^ictilty be Avoided? Sir Douglas Galtonjt.rs. danger of a Hot air Supply. "HeAting should be done by meAns of rAdiAnt heAt,And no^ by meAns of Air previous- ly VvArmed. If Air was pre- viously Wrmed it vwo^ild. lose A portion of i^ oxygen, And if Vvc 6o\ Air short of otfy- £en, we hAf fp breA^he A dre- dt£r number of times $ sup- ply tne reaViired Amount And indt meAnt more ejfort" PROFESSOR (oRFIELD (Professor of flygiene An d PwblicMedltn, London Univfy. 140 No. 389. The fresh air supply is admitted through the Radiators ■warmed to a temperature which does not in any way de- teriorate it, as is the case with furnace heating when hot air only is employed for heating as well as ventilation purposes. Full area of heating surfaces guaranteed. All tested to a pressure of 100 lbs. The Radiator is connected with Right and Left hand threaded nipples. Each Section is 7 inches wide. Height from floor to centre of opening is about 5 inches. The Radiator is tapped i£ inches, and bushed in accordance with our Standard List unless ordered otherwise. In estimating length of Radiator, allow £ inch for each bushing. This Radiator is fitted with our improved Ventilating Base for semi-direct heating. The Air Inlet can be brought up underneath Radiator through floor, or brought in at back of Radiator, above floor level. In ordering, state whether required for bottom or back inlet. Outside measurements of flange or lip around back air inlet of Ventilating Base, for attaching sheet-iron sleeve or pipe, are : Base. Inches. Base. Inches. 12-section 24t " 3 7-section .. 13* X 3 1 i-section . ■ 21^X3 6-section 8fX 3 10-section • i8fX3 5-section 8^X3 9-section • iSfX3 4-section . . 6 X3 8-section ■ IS X3 3-section 3*X3 Bottom of back air inlet opening is J of an inch above floor level. Where Air Conduit is brought up through floor, under Radiator, the opening in floor to be covered by dampers in Base should be : Base. Inches. Base. Inches. 1 2 -sec don 24 X4i 7-section . . l4iX4| 1 i-section • 21^x4! 6-section . . 8^X 4 f 10-section . 18 X4f 5-section 8£x 4 f 9-section ■ 18 X 4 f 4-section . . 5fX4l 8-section • UiX4f 3-section 5*X4& ■383® BoyLE'S VENTILATING RADIATOR. <3f 18 x 3 | 155X35 145X35 Base. 7-section 6-section 5-section 4-section 3-section Inches. IlfX3l six 35 65X32 Six 3 | 3j X3a 142 BoyLE'S VENTILATING RADIATOR, Registered Design. DIMENSIONS AND PRICES. 39I Inches High 33! Inches 1 rligh. 27% Inches High. n\ Inches High. «*H 7 Sq. Feet per Section. 5l'Sq. Feet per Section. 4$ Sq. Feet per Section. 3! Sq. Feet per Section. o . u o Length in Inches. Heating Surface. No. 391. Heating Surface. No. 391. Heating Surface. No. 391. Heating Surface No. 391. £ M Sq. Ft. £ s. d. Sq. Ft. £ s. d. Sq. Ft. £ s. d. Sq. Ft. £ s. ll. 2 6 14 1 12 6 1*4 1 9 5 9 1 5 6 6J I I IO 3 9 21 2 8 9 1 71 2 4 2 I3l 1 18 3 9| I 12 9 4 12 28 3 5 23 2 18 IO 18 2 11 13 2 3 8 5 i5 35 4 1 3 28} 3 13 7 22£ 3 3 9 i6i 2 14 7 6 18 42 4 17 6 34l 4 8 3 27 3 16 6 194 3 5 6 7 21 49 5 i3 9 4o£ 5 3- 3ii 4 9 3 22| 3 16 5 8 24 56 6 10 46 5 17 8 36 5 2 26 4 7 4 9 27 63 7 6 3 sii 6 12 3 404 5 14 9 29^ 4 19 3 IO 30 70 8 2 6 S7i 7 7 1 45 6 7 6 32i 5 9 2 ii 33 77 8 18 9 63i 8 I IO 49l 7 3 353 6 1 12 36 84 9 15 69 8 16 6 54 7 13 39 6 11 13 39 9i 10 11 3 74f 9 11 3 58J 8 5 9 42i 7 1 11 14 42 98 11 7 6 8oJ 10 5 11 63 8 18 6 454 7 12 10 •S 45 105 12 3 9 861 10 19 8 $7\ 9 11 3 4«f 8 3 9 16 48 112 13 92 1 1 15 4 72 10 4 52 8 14 8 U Si 119 13 16 3 97s 12 10 1 76J 10 16 9 551 9 5 7 18 54 126 14 12 6 103I 13 4 9 81 11 7 3 m 9 16 6 19 57 133 15 8 9 i09i 13 19 6 85J 12 2 3 61} 10 7 5 20 60 140 16 s 115 14 14 2 90 12 15 65 10 15 10 21 63 147 17 1 3 120f 15 8 n 944 13 7 9 68i 1 1 9 3 22 66 154 17 17 6 I26J 16 3 7 99 14 6 7i4 12 2 23 69 161 18 13 9 i32i 16 18 4 103$ 14 12 3 74f 12 11 1 24 72 168 19 10 138 17 13 108 IS 6 78 13 2 25 75 175 20 6 3 1431 18 7 9 112J 15 18 9 81} 13 12 11 Hei; ght . - 394 Inches. 33£ Inches. 274 Inches. 21 \ Inches. Price per Section 16s • 3d 14s. 9d. I2S. 9 d. I OS. 1 id This Radiator is also supplied without Ventilating Base. Price 2s. 3d. per section less. Full area of heating surfaces guaranteed. All tested to a pressure of 100 lbs. The Radiator is connected with Right and Left hand threaded nipples. Each Section is 8| inches wide. Height from floor to centre of opening is about 6 inches. The Radiator is tapped 2 inches and bushed in accordance with our standard list unless ordered otherwise. In estimating length of Radiator allow half an inch for each bushing. 143 BoyLE'S VENTILATING GRATE No. 420. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. This Grate is arranged to admit a supply of fresh air, filtered and warmed to a comfortable temperature, but not to such a degree as to in any way injure the quality of the air for respiratory purposes. Fig. 3. FlG. i. — A. Opening through external wall to admit fresh air. B. Gills for warming the fresh air. C. Stop plate to direct the air between the gills. D. Warm air chamber. E. Top of warming chamber. F. Fresh air inlet to room fitted with movable air filter and regulator. G. Smoke flue. Fig. 2. — Elevation of Grate. FlG. 3. — Plan of Grate. 144 Boyle's Fresh Air. Warm ihg Tubes, Brackets, ahd Chambers. Bracket. No. 430. Chamber. No. 432. Tube. No. 431. These appliances are intended for warming the fresh-air supply to a building by means of an atmospheric or an ordinary gas burner. The arrangement consists of a copper pipe about 2-in. diameter, placed in an inlet Bracket, Tube or Chamber. This pipe is of zigzag shape, causing the incoming air to repeatedly impinge upon it. At the bottom of the Bracket, Tube or Chamber, a cylinder is fixed, in which the burner is placed to heat the c'opper pipe. The temperature of the incoming air may be regulated as required without the deteriorating effects of furnace heating which results when hot air only is employed for heating as well as for ventilation purposes. The products of combustion do not come into contact or mix with the incoming air. When available hot water or steam pipes may be fitted into the Bracket, Tube or Chamber. PRICE LIST Made in Galvanized Steel, Painted, and fitted with Copper Pipes and Regulating Valves. 22 ins. by 14 ins. by 5 ins. 24 26 16 6 6 9 9 BRACKETS. No. 430. £3 10 o 450 500 No. 431. £3 10 o 450 S o o Fitted with Water Troughs 10s. to 20s. extra, Air Filters $s. to 10s. extra. Ornamental Wire TUBES. 5 feet 9 ins. by 10 ins. by 5 ins. 12 14 6 24 ins. by 24 ins. by 6 ins. 30 „ „ 24 „ „ 6 „ CHAMBERS. No. 432. Single Burner ... ... £5 10 o Double „ ... ... 700 Fitted with Filters 7s. 6d. to 15s. extra. Casing, extra. £100 145 "The name of BqyLE. in Qpnnec^ion witti Ventila- tion is A hoti/ehol& vtford t&ro'cijfh.oiit ifce 'world'!- "^ /iiti/dinjtNews. Experiments seem tpho.\?e A^rnon5b'«vteA ijic perfect: success of j*less r -f 5qyL.e'J" WrR'.'_ Builder. "The long experience of Mes3 r -f Robert BoyLe &joh> as pioneers of so.nit&ru- Vent? I&tjon, Has t^V*^htT tj)em ip effect t? e desired, end by (fie simplest of meo.n5!'__ Jffrchifect "The 'Air-Pump' Venti- lator creates n " vention \vhich ho.s made jfie Dime of BoVLE Vwld^/arnoiif! Sanitary Engineering. 146 THE "BoyLE"SySTEM or Ventiiation AS Applied to Ships AMD RAiLWAy (arblagej: PART VII. The evident VenttTc4jor\ of ^hip5 me&n$ a coi^i&erable AnnXidl ^av'\y\% in life &• money." ADMIRAL5IR/1A5TINGS RYELVERTON,aCB FiR5T 5ea Lord of THE ADAURAITTY.©^ l/\AveJred.tpleA5 , ure in recommencing MTBoyle as Sole inventor o^«xVenijlAt?»" which IjfotmA o^jfie^re^test tise AtmnjS my threej/eArs CommAnA in tfie AeAiterrdn- e&n, on boArA Her JHAJest^ls ship 'lor A W«x.rAen'. <§&aA* Since Wen AV Boyle /lAsjnf- teA A VentilAlfcr i? my ojfjfi'ciAl residence, l3,Hew S>tL r £>prinJ Gardens, which Answers Admirably. I cannot speak too Highly oflAK Boyle's aa- mirAme system o/Ventila ttnrf Ships An a n°tise3'.' DFC.HAHSEtt ON THE"BO>VLE 5>5TEn OF VEHTILATIori AS 5UPPL1 ED ToTHEFRAK 1 Am (pnOinccA Hratyour Ventilating System will prove fb be of the *Mfm°^J" value in tffare regions where the ship IWyeAry will be °lAr dwelling, Ana vuhere.of course, j*ooA. VenlflAfton is conditio fine <}ua< noTP.^or o-ur health & s^nit^" 148 Boyifs Patent 'Air-Pump" ventilators tor ships. (L7VTE5T PATEfiT). Fig. 10. Boyle's Patent " Air-Pump " Ventilator. (Upcast.) These Ventilators have double the power of earlier forms, so that smaller Ventilators may now be used, effecting not only a considerable reduction in the cost, but also a saving in space. They are watertight, and can be kept in action during the stormiest weather. Tiiey are fixtures requiring no trimming or attention. They are always in action. They have no mechanical movement, and therefore cannot get out of order. Note. — When specifying or ordering, the following formula should be used:— "Boyle's Patent 'Air-Pump' Ventilator (Fig. 10 or 12, upcast or downcast, as required). Diameter of head Diameter of pipe Over all deck height of ventilator Material to be made of No. required Price, each " Note.— Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilators are manufactured solely by us, and each Ventilator has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. Beware of Inferior Imitations. Report from LORD KELVIN. "I have seen several different forms of Mr. Boyle's 'Air-Pump' Ventilator in actual operation, and have much pleasure in testifying to their efficiency. They thoroughly realise the favourable anticipations which I formed from experiments on models shown to me by Mr. Boyle. Having one fitted up in my yacht, I find it has caused a very decided improvement in the draught." PRICE LIST MADE of the BEST ROLLED STEEL PLATES, RIVETTED THROUGHOUT, PAINTED, also BRASS and COPPER. Fig. 12. Boyle's Patent " Air-Pump " Ventilator (Downcast). GALVANIZED and Dia. of Head. 1 6 in. 18 20 27 3° 36 42 48 Dia. of Pipe. 8 in. to 10 in. Steel. f For diameters of pipes recommended see footnote 9 10 1 2 '4 iS ]8 21 24 to 11 to 12 to 14 to 16 to 17 tO 2 1 to 24 to 28 Figs. £4 5 6 9 11 '3 17 27 4i o& 12. o o 5 IS o o o 10 10 10 Brass.* Figs. 10 & 12. ,7 17 6 15 10 10 o 10 o 10 o 9 13 17 22 2 5 37 49 7i COPPEK.* Figs. 10 & 12. o o o £?> 15 II o 14 10 19 10 24 10 29 10 43 58 83 10 o o SMALLER SIZES, SPECIALLY MADE FOR YACHTS. 8 in. 1° ,» 12 ,, 14 » 16 „ 15 5 o 10 o £3 4 5 6 - 7 5 o 10 10 17 £3 4 6 7 8 15 10 6 10 15 4 in. to 5 in. £\ 5 .. to 6 „ 2 f For diameters of pipes recommended ... 6 „ to 7 „ 3 see footnote ... ... ... 7 „ to 8 „ 3 8 „ to 10 „ 4 Deck Coamings not included in above Prices. * N.B. — The Prices of Brass and Copper Ventilators are subject to alteration without notice. tNoTE. As the extracting or supply power of a properly constructed Upcast or Downcast Ventilator is solely determined by the size of the head, and not by the diameter of the pipe, the smaller pipe diameters are recommended. They take up less space and cost less. N.B. When ordering, state depth and outside diameter of coaming at widest part, when the pipe and Ventilator will be made to suit. The coaming for Fig. 12 should fit the outer cylinder, which is three-fourths the diameter of the head. Consulting Naval Engineer— SIR EDWARD J. REED, K.C.B., F.R.S. Special Catalogue of Ship Ventilators may be had on application. 149 Boyle's Patent Air-Pump Vehtiuvtofl AS APPLIED To7\ R/ULWAY CARRIAGE. LPJIGITUDIMAL SECTION. Cross Section Shewing Boyle's PdiTenl: "Air -Pump" VentflAfara Qjri-ie.ee roof. Cross Secb°n Shewing . Boyle s Patent "Air-Pfcimp"Ven(iJ(*td»- j6'*«A. l°rtgitu&ina.fly on centre oy= 150 Boyle'5 Patemt "Air-Pump U emulator For Railway Carriages. Boyle's Patent"Air.-Pump" Ventilator, js guaranteed \b be ike most powerful exhaust ventjld- torfor Railway Carriages t&at is at present '« existence. If is a fixture, has no mechanical movement, is entirety freedom down draught, and is impervious to rain,snow or sleet- Made in Cast-Irpn. Prices Quoted. 9»ns. head. Tins. did. pipe, height over dll 9ins. O » it 22 " " " " " " 62 " - 9' - -.! * I I I I I -ffl I M?471 Boyles Patemt "Air.- Pump" Railway Carriage Ventilator. LongituAin&l Section 5hewing Metf*°a of fixing REGULATORS rr\&d.e in brass AnA o{her metals Prices quoted- M?47* Wood moul&ing 151 N9477. Boyle's Therolite jsAfitfed, £ in Open Ro^f? t-or W&sh- houses. Dryin* -rooms. m.Jor w&rmirx* «" preventing condensation. N e 52o ./*. ! - V - Boyle's Therolite As/jtfcA & & Ceiled Roof: I^oyle's Therolite _/"oi'_/iijjn<£ iii£°^ BoyLE\T/1ER9UTE (, KAT EMTJ tMtHWMU^nuHM^tltt FoF^ASS^TING THE UP- DRAUGttT IN 5LUGGI5M Ventilating 5haft5 and flue5.bhbh3b The Therolite may be usefully employed in com- bination with the "Air-Pump" Ventilator for the prevention of condensation and the removal of exhausted steam from Wash-houses, Laundries, Drying Rooms, Breweries, Malt Kilns, &c. It is also of assistance where ventilating shafts or flues are surmounted with ordinary cowls, which fa'I to create a sufficient up-draught and are subject to down-draught. When the "Air-Pump " Ventilator is employed — which creates at all times a powerful and continuous exhaust — the Therolite is unnecessary. Where it is desired, however, to make assurance doubly sure, the Therolite may be used in conjunction with the "Air-Pump" Ventilator — particularly for such build- ings as the above-mentioned — as it superheats the cold steam or vapour at the point of exit, and warms the Ventilator and shaft, preventing condensation, and accelerating the exhaust. Description. A Section of shaft of Therolite 2 in. larger than ventilating shaft. B Coil burner of improved construction, giving the maximum of heat with a minimum consump- tion of gas. C Cone for accelerating the velocity of the hot-air current. D Supporting rods. E Gas pipe. E Flame protector. G Expansion chamber. H Double spreader, for deflecting the heated air on to sides of expansion chamber, and diverting any down current into outer cylinder J, from whence it passes through valve K. The spreader also acts as a calorifer for super- heating the up-current and further assisting the exhaust. L Door in shaft giving access to Therolite. Note. — Where the ceiling is not too high the Therolite may be lighted from below by means of a taper and long rod. M Ventilating ceiling panel, with opening in centre, to permit of lighting from below. N Boyle's Patent "Air- Pump" Ventilator, made fireproof. Boyle's Therolite f°r fi\Xin£ tnC° External Pipe/. Did,. °_f Tmerpute Pipe. ins. DlA.O_f tipper Ventjiatfni Pipe. ins. M°/520 Therolite^i- fitting mtbfiue; fcextsKnarpipe; 4 *re*5 eqtial % Ven£ldtinj! piper. .Section. N9522* THEROLl-rfe in pipejtoi 1 open roof: -Section. M9523. Exp&nsion Oiamberjitjed & d.°U5'n.&r«»\icht Cylindei*_*L <5ect)°n. H9.524t Therpute. i» pipe.fi tjTeA "VOitfi o.oor. .Section. 119525 Expansion S-douon Ara^M ii 9 £0 18 6 £l I O £1 12 6 £13 £1 15 12 10 126 1 5 I 15 O i 8 1 17 6 14 12 1 10 6 1 12 6 2 1 16 250 16 14 1 17 6 1 19 276 230 2 12 6 17 15 250 230 2 12 6 276 300 20 13 2 15 2 12 6 3 5 2 17 6 3 12 6 23 21 3 5 3 5 4OO 3 10 4 12 6 26 24 3 19 3 18 6 5 5 4 3 6 5 17 6 30 28 4 18 6 4 «5 7 5 O | 7 15 Q | * May be used separately or in conjunction with No. 523. t „ „ ,, „ No. 525. 152 rttmi.TUUIji BqyLEjBACTolITE ( Patent,)-^^v^*=s l^lfoR. DE5TRPY1MG l!§G§I DISEASE GER£\S. The Bactolite is intended for use in small- pox and other infectious diseases hospitals. The disease germs in the air of the hospital are entirely consumed in their passage through the asbestos furnace situated in the roof and connected with the " Air-Pump " Ventilator, so that they do not pass into and contaminate the outer air, spreading infection. With the "Boyle" system of ventilation, as applied to small-pox hospitals, the air inlets communicate direct with the outer air through specially constructed openings made in the walls fitted with self-acting valves to prevent the air of the hospital from passing by any chance out through these openings. The incoming air is warmed in cold weather to an agreeable temperature by means of Boyle's Ventilating Radiators with- out the deterioration and discomfort which results when hot air heating is employed. In warm weather the fresh air supply is cooled in its passage through the refrigerat- ing chambers attached to the Radiators, and washed and purified by filtration through saturated and medicated screens. The outlets and inlets are accessible in all parts for cleansing purposes. Description. A Boyle's Patent "Air- Pump" Ventilator made fireproof. Main extraction shaft encased in larger shaft with space between packed with non-conducting material. Double grill with space between filled with perforated asbestos balls, through which the disease germs pass and are consumed. Note. — Mure than one of these double grills may, where required, be fitted one above the other. Ring of atmospheric burners, the flames from which render the asbestos balls incandescent. Fireproof Chamber containing grills. Door ' giving access to chamber for lighting and other purposes. Gas pipe. Branch extraction shafts connected with openings in ceiling. Cone covering opening in ceiling. "Weighted regulating valve. Doors giving access to extraction shafts for cleansing purposes. B C D E F G HH J K LL Estimates Given. i53 Second Quality Ventilators. These Ventilators are supplied to meet the demand for a cheap, reliable Ventilator for Buildings where cost is a primary consideration. Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilators. 2ND QUALITY. Carriage paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. DiA.of Head. Inside of B&seqf 541 DiA.of He&d. 6 ins. 8 „ 10 „ 12 „ For Di*.of Pipe. 2 to 3 ins. 3 11 4 »> 4 >i 5 >> 5 ., 6 „ 10 x 10 ins . 4 to 12 x 12 „ 4 „ 14 x 14 „ 16 x 16 ,, 5 „ 6„ 18 x 18 „ 7 „ 20 x 20 ,., 8 „ 24x24 „ 10 „ 27x27 „ 11 „ 30x30 „ 36x36 „ 12 „ 15 „ 42 X42-,, 48 x 48 „ •7 ,, 20 „ 54x54 „ 24 „ Soil Pipes, Drains Dia.ofPipe M9542. Recom- r , mended. JO. S. a. 2 ins. 7 6. 3 » 10 6. 4 ,, 5 ,. 14 0. 18 6. Dia.of Pipe. 6 ins. 8 „ 9 „ jo „ «i » 12 » 14 » 16 „ 18 „ 21 „ 24 „ 28 „ 32 •„ DiA.ofPipe Recom- mended. 5 ins- 6 „ 7 » 8 „ 9 „ 10 „ 12 „ • 4 „ 15 „ 18 „ 21 „ 24 „ 28 „ No. 541a. and Sewers. DiA.of HcAd. 14 16 18 20 ns. Didi.o^ Pipe. 6 to 7 ins. 7 >» 8 „ 8 „ 9 „ 9 ., i° « DiA.ofPipe Recom mended. 6 ins. 7 ,. 8 .. H9M2. j£ S. d. 1 5 o. 1 15 o. 270. 3 1 o. Note. — Each Ventilator has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S PATENT 'AIR-PUMP' VENTILATOR 2nd Quality. N.B, — When specifying or ordering, the following formula should be used :—" Boyle's Patent 'Air Pump' Ventilator, 2nd Quality, No Dia. of Head Dia. of Pipe No. required Price, each " No. 542. Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator for Soil Pipes (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station in the "United Kingdom. H9543. Jb. S. d. Di&qf Did.?/ Head. Pipe 4 ins. 2 ins 6 „ 3 „ 8 „ 4 „ 10 „ 5 ,, 12 „ 6 „ o o o o o 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. No. 543. Note. — Each Ventilator has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S PATENT 'AIR-PUMP' VENTILATOR (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality. N.B. — When specifying or ordering, the following formula should be used: — "Boyle's Patent 'Air-Pump' Ventilator (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality, No. 543. Dia. of Head Dia. of Pipe No. required Price, each " 154 Second Quality Ventilators. These Ventilators are supplied to meet the Buildings where cost is Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator. (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality, for Factories, Stables, &c. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. Note. — Each Ventilator has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S PATENT AIR-PUMP' VENTILATOR (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality. No. 544. Dia of Did.of DiA.ofPipe wo^ZL HbaA. Pine. Recorn- ii-Jt. t mended. £ s d 6 ins. Head Ins 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 24. 30. 36. 42. 48. Pipe. Ins. 6 to 8. 7 .. 9- 10. 11. 12. 14. 18. 21. 24. 27. 8 9 10 12 15 18 21 24 7 8 9 10 12 15 18 21 24 o 15 18 1 2 1 7 1 12 2 5 2 19 6. 3 «9 6- 6 15 o. Roof FlAnjges j£ 5. A. 3 3- 3 4 5 6 7 9- 3. o. o. 6. 011 6. 16 o. 1 6 1 16 o. o. r N.B. — When specifying or ordering, the following formula should be used: — "Boyle's Patent 'Air-Pump' Ventilator (Cheap Form), 2nd Quality, No. 544. Dia. of Head Dia. of Pipe No. required Price, each Pitch of Roof " Boyle's Air Inlet Bracket. » 2ND Quality. Fitted with Regulating Valve. Carriage paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. M°561 18 in. X 8 in. 18 „ x 9 „ 20 „ xio.„ 24 „ x 12 „ 24 „ X12 „ Inlet has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. No. 561. Note. — Each x 3 in. x 4 ,. x 5 „ x 6 „ £0 o 5 7 o 8 o 12 o 13 6. o. o. o. 6. BOYLE'S AIR INLET, 2nd Quality. demand for a cheap, reliable Ventilator for a primary consideration. Boyle's Patent "Air-Pump" Ridge Ventilator. 2nd Quality. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. Note. — Each Ventilator has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S PATENT RIDGE VENTILATOR, 2nd Quality. 545- Section of 18 ins. diam., A.P.V., per foot run N X 9 „ X 4 „ o is o. 5 „ 9 „ Xio „ X 4l» o 17 6. 5 ,. 9 ,i X12 „ X 5 „ 1 1 o. 5 „ 9 „ X12 „ -X 6 „ 1 2 6. Note. — Each Inlet has the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S AIR INLET, 2nd Quality. No. 549. Boyle's Air Inlet Panel 2ND Quality. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. N°573. X 6 in. £0 7 x 7 .. o 9 x 8 „ o 10 x 9 ,. o «2 Inlet has 9 in. X 7 in 10 ., X 8 „ 11 » X 9 „ 12 „ X 10 „ 573- Note. — Each the accompanying Trade Mark affixed, without which none are genuine. BOYLE'S AIR INLET, 2nd Quality. 155 Table of Approximate Sizes and Number of Boyle's Patent "Air- Pump" Ventilators and Air Inlets Necessary for the Ventilation of different classes of Buildings. "It is essential to the success of a natural system of ventilation that both the outlet and inlet ventilators be of correct construction and skilfully applied. Where this is not observed failure generally ensues with this form of ventilation!' — De CHAUMONT. Important. It having been represented to us by Architects that it would be a great convenience to them, when specifying our Ventilators, if they were provided with a table giving the sizes and number of Outlet and Inlet Ventilators necessary for the ventilation of different buildings, we have now much pleasure in complying with this desire. We have hitherto refrained from publishing such a table, believing that unscrupulous persons would take advantage of it to issue tables similarly arranged but recommending smaller size or cheaper class Ventilators, with the object of making it appear that a building could be ventilated at a less cost with their arrangements. We think, however, it is hardly necessary to point out that it is not only the amount that is expended, but also the results obtained for that expenditure which have to be considered. In cases where expense is an important consideration smaller sizes of Ventilators than are here recommended may be employed, but whatever the amount expended we guarantee that the ventilation provided will be more efficient and satisfactory than could be secured by the use of any other arrangements at the same cost, whilst our Ventilators are all substantially made of the best material and of the highest class workmanship, and are intended to last as well as to act. Robert Boyle & Son, Ltd. Accommodation from ( Boyle's Patent Air-Pump " Ventilators. Boyle's Patent " Air- Pump" Concealed, or Ridge Ventilators. Boyle's Air Inlets. Middle size. Churches & Halls 200 to 30O... 2 24 in. dia . 12 in. dia . pipe. .2 2 ft. 6 in. lengths 30 in. dia. sec. 8 to 10 3) Jj 3OO „ 4OO... 2 4OO „ 500... 2 600 „ SOO. ..2 800 „IOOO... 2 27 in. 30 in. 36 in. 42 in. 14 in. 15 in. 18 in. 21 in. ll )) ,2 ■3 •3 ■3 3 2 3 3 ft. „ 30 in. ft. 6 in. „ 30 in. ft- „ 36 in. ft. 6 in. „ 36 in. „ 10 12 „ 16 „ 20 „ 12 „ H „ 20 » 24 Schoolrooms „ ... „ ... ,, ... 30 „ 50... I 50 „ 70... I 70 „ IOO. ..I IOO „ I SO... 2 18 in. 20 in. 24 in. 20 in. )) 1) 9 in. 10 in. 12 in. 10 in. JJ I! 1) ' )! .1 .1 .1 .2 2 2 2 2 ft. length 24 in. ft. 6 in. „ 24 in. ft. 6 in. „ 30 in. ft. lengths 30 in. 3 4 5 6 » 4 ,. 5 „ 6 „ 8 „ ... ISO „ 200... 2 24 in. 1) 12 in. )) .2 2 ft. 6 in. „ 30 in. 8 „ 10 Prices and Formulas. For Prices and Formulas to be employed when specifying or ordering, see pages 97, 116, 117, 118, 128, 130, 132. To Prevent Errors. When specifying or ordering, the TITLES of the Ventilators should be given IN FULL as well as the Catalogue Numbers. For Addresses see Pages 5 & 160. (Continued on page 1^]-) 156 Table of Sizes, &c. (Continued). Accommodation Boyle's Patent from "Air- Pump" Ventilators. Hospital Wards 2 to 4 .. 6 „ Council Chambers Billiard Rooms » >) Offices . . . j) • • • i) ... it Workrooms 9 13 17 21 30 40 6O 8O no 5 8 12 16 20 24 40. 60. 80. 1 10. 140. 1 table 2 tables 4 to 6 „ 10 •5 20 30 Stables for 3 to 4 horses ,- 4 .1 7 7 » 10 Dining and Drawing Rooms Sitting Room Bed Room W.C. 6. 8. 10. 1: 20. 30. 40. ...I 20 in. dia. 10 in. dia. pipe... ...I 24 in. „ 1 2 in. „ ...I 30 in. „ 15 in. „ ...2 24 in. „ 12 in. „ ...2 27 in. „ 14 in. „ ...2 30 in. „ 15 in- . .2 36 in. „ 18 in. . . . I 30 in. „ 15 in . . . I 36 in. „ 18 in. . .. I 42 in. „ 21 in. „ . .. I 48 in. „ 24 in. ...I 54 in. „ 28 in. 27 in. „ 14m. „ 24 in. „ 12 in. „ 20 in. „ ioin. „ 24 in. „ 12 in. ...I 27 in. „ 14 in. „ 30 in. „ 15 in ...I 24 in. „ 12 in. ). ..I 27 in. „ 14 in. )...! 30 in. „ 15 in 24 in. „ 12 in. „ 27 in. „ 14 in. „ 30 in. „ 15 in. „ ... i8in. „ 9 in. „ ... 16 in. „ Sin. „ ... 12 in. „ 6 in. „ ... 1 2 in. „ 6in. Boyle's Patent "Air- Pump" Concealed, or Ridge Ventilators. 2 ft. length 30 in. dia. 2 ft. 6 in. „ 30 in. 2 ft. lengths 30 in. 2 ft. 6 in. „ 30 in. 3 ft- - 3 6 in. 2 ft. 6 in. „ 36 in. 3 ft. „ 36 in. 3 ft. length 36 in. 4 ft „ 36 in. 2 3 ft. lengths 36 in. 2 3 ft. 6 in. „ 36 in. 2 4 ft. 6 in. „ 36 in. 1 3 ft. length 30 in. 2 2 ft. 6 in. lengths 30 in. Boyle's Air Inlets. Middle size. sec. 3 to 4 4 -> 5 6 9 13 17 21 4 6 7 8 10 8 12 16 20 24 5 7 9 10 12 4 8 3 4 5 6 5 6 4 6 Recommendations for other buildings furnished upon application stating particulars, accompanied by rough sketch where convenient. NOTE. — When preferred one larger or a greater number of smaller " Air-Fump " Ventilators may be employed of equal total price of sizes and numbers as above given. N.B. — In special cases, and where the conditions are unfavourable, larger Ventilators may have to be used than the sizes above recommended. Plans and Estimates furnished free of charge. Skilled Engineers and Experienced Workmen sent to any part of the United Kingdom. Prices and Formulas. For Prices and Formulas to be employed when specifying or ordering, see pages 97, 116, 117, 118, 128, 130, 132. To Prevent Errors. When specifying or ordering, the TITLES of the Ventilators should be given IN FULL as well as the Catalogue Numbers. For Addresses see Pages 5 & 160. 157 IMDEX. PART L PAGES THE W BOyLE , '5Y5TE7 v l OF VENTILATION 7 To IM- PART 1L Ventil7\tioh 15 - 4o PART III. THE'BqyLE"SYSTEM OF VENTILATION A5 APPLIED To BUILDINGS 4* ~ 52 PART IV. THE , BqyLE"SY5TEM OF VENTILATION A5j-\PPL1EDToSEWER5,DK\IHS&SoHPIPEJ S3 - 90 PARTV. Boole's Patent & iate5t improved Ventilating 7\ppliances 91-135 PART VI. BqyLE'S PATENT & IATE5T IMPROVED f R.ESH AIR WAGING APPLIAHCE5 139 - 1 T 6 Part vh. THE"BOyLE"5Y5TEM oF VENTILATION as applied to ships and Railway carriages *~/&—** n < a BOOLE'S THER.OLITE FoB assisting te UPDRAVGHT IH 5HAFT& & FLUES BqyLE'S BACTOLITE For. destrpving disease Geravs SECOND QUAL1TCJ VENTILATORS ■ ■- » SIZES & HVMBERof VEMTIIAT0R5 NECEjgARY SUPPLEMENT • • • a Natural &- Mechanical AVethodj of Ventilation | — VM 158 147- -151 - - .152 _ m .155 154- -155 156- -157 Robert Boyle, Inventor & Sanitarian. (Founder of the Profession of Ventilation Engineering.) By Lawrence Saunders. New and Enlarged Edition, Price Six Shillings. Opinions of the London Press. " Robert Boyle was a savant. There was no trace of selfishness in his actions, and in his inventions he was thinking more of the public good than of his own rewards. ... It is full of interest as an account of » useful and benevolent life, and is also a very complete record of the progress of science in dealing with the difficult subject of ventilation." — Architect. "A tribute of respect to one of the workers in the field of industry, whose efforts live in the form of benefits handed down to subsequent generations." — Building News. " Deserves recommendation." — Saturday Review. " Rouert 130YLE was the author of many brilliant inventions, the best known of which is the method of ventilating public buildings which by general consent is the most effective that has yet been introduced. His career was an interesting one." — Academy. "The subject of this sketch is worthy of remembrance." — Notes and Queries. "This clever biographical sketch is well worth reading as the record of an active and well-spent life." — Literary World. "The son of a Scotch surgeon, who made the lenses for his magic lantern missionary lectures, organised at Glasgow an industrial museum, invented an explosive shell, and who was led by his experience of the foul air of the slums to think out the well-known 'air-pump' ventilator." — Graphic. "An enthusiastic tribute to the memory of an ingenious inventor and earnest man. " — Daily Chronicle. "A little book with much in it to suggest thoughts. It is a biographical sketch of the two Boyles, father and son, who have made their names famous by their system of ventilation. More enthusiastic, simple-hearted men it would be hard to find. The history of their lives, their genius, and their inventions is most interesting. " — Life. " This little book gives the life work of two honest and persevering Scotchmen. Their inventive energies took a practical turn. The discovery of a new explosive, that of the still more important ' air-pump ' ventilator, and other suggestions of a useful sort, together with a philanthropic kind-heartedness, render these worthy men deserving of their success. " — Bookseller. "A sketch — rather too brief— of the lives of Robert Boyle, father and son, who have brought the question of ventilation and sanitation to a science by the discoveries of their inventive genius." — Christian World. " A bright story of true Christian heroism. As we read through these pages of the almost insurmountable difficulties overcome by the Boyles, father and son ; of the good done ; the sanitation achieved ; the inventions perfected ; we see men whose sole aim was to serve God, benefit mankind, and whose example should be held up to all our boys beginning life." — Christian. " The record of an earnest, energetic, and untiring life ; a life governed by high principle and devoted to noble ends. . . . His useful and laborious life needs no eulogy. Self-culture and help to others were his most marked traits. He was foremost in all social and sanitary improvements, and has left a legacy to the world of at least one invention which is of national worth — the 'air-pump' ventilator — that invention which has made the name of Boyle world famous. . . . His name may therefore be enrolled, without hesitation, among the bene- factors of the human family." — Sanitary Engineering. "The record of the life of one of those strong, heroic, and enthusiastic men in whom the late Charles Kingsley would have delighted. It is rarely indeed that any man succeeds in crowding into his life so much of what is really good and useful as did the late Robert Boyle." — Civil Service Gazette. "Had Mr. Boyle distinguished himself by nothing but the invention of the ' air-pump ' ventilator, he would have well deserved to have a memorial of his career placed before the public. . . . The son inherits the ability and character of his father, and is highly esteemed for his scientific attainments, his literary power, and his influential position as the head of a large and important industry." — British Mail. "There are few better known names in the scientific world than that of Mr. Robert Boyle, the inventor of the ' air-pump ' ventilator. ... A work full of interest to all who admire a useful and benevolent life. " — Builder's Weekly Reporter. "A man of indubitable inventive genius, and strong philan- thropic zeal." — Scotsman. " Robert Boyle bore a distinguished name in science and proved himself worthy of it. He is now best and most widely known through his ' air-pump' ventilator, which has been applied with signal success to many of our public buildings." — Edinburgh Courant. " Boyle, the inventor. — From his earliest youth of an inven- tive turn of mind. ... As a philanthropist and a lecturer he gained a wide reputation, but it is as an inventor of sanitary appliances that his name will always be most associated. . The result being the now famous ' air-pump ' ventilator, which is so widely used not only in this but in other countries." — Liverpool Courier. " Mr. Saunders gives an interesting sketch of the lives of a father and son unusually distinguished for their energy and invention." — Newcastle Chronicle. Opinions of the Provincial Press. "An excellently written biography of the eminent inventor and philanthropist, Robert Boyle. . . . The work is practically a biography of the late Robert Boyle and of his son Robert, who is still living and carrying on his father's great work as a sanitary engineer. Both are characters such as Samuel Smiles might well apply his genius to describing." — Hull Express. " A very readable sketch of the life of a remarkable man — a practical friend of the people, a worker rather than a talker, a man of broad intellect. " — Chester Chronicle. " A Scotchman of a peculiarly earnest mind, gifted at once with the inventive faculty and an intense desire to be useful and to confer benefits on his fellow-men." — Halifax Courier. " A biographical sketch of the two Boyles, father and son, from whom came the now celebrated 'Boyle' ventilator." — Plymouth Western Mercury. Robert Boyle & Son, Limited, 64, Holborn Viaduct, London, E.C. 159 m RPBERT BQy LE r 5 "Sanitary Crusades'! f * .,(oj'ciiAAn) A 5AnitAryO&SAAe thrown Iceland And The Faroes.. RPBERT BQyLE&59N ® © ® © © © limited, Ventilating Engineers, 6^,Holborh Viaduct (g£j>^*r#^s>^® London. HO, BOTHWELL5TREET GL3\5GOW, *x& ?\nd ?\t> Pdrij,Berlin,5tPct;cD"torg,V?iennA, Brfcisjels, MAAri&rfarir;,Qpen- h&£er>, Stockholm, Oi ft^ti An 1a, ?\m5tcrAAm, New York, San- Francisco, Montreal, Btienoj- Ayres, Lima.Mel boUrne, Qi r i- StcbVirch (HZ.), 7tacKlano, Wellin^n,(AlcutJ:A,DombAy, YoKoh am o.j£ hangh ai . 160 Supplement. Reproductions of Diagrams illustrating the action Of Natural & Mechanical Methods of Ventilation Which Appeared in a Series of Pamphlets containing Reprints of Articles on Ventilation Published in the Local Government Journal Sept. ist, Oct. 13th, Dec. 15th, 1894, an( ^ ^ e ^- 16th, 1895, Extracts from which are here given by permission of the Publishers. ■MECHANICAL VENTILATION ON THE DOWNDRAUGHT PRINCIPLE, BY IMPULSION, OR THE PLENUM SYSTEM, APPLIED TO A HOSPITAL WARD. A Roof Ventilator. B Main Upcast Shaft. C Horizontal Foul Air Trunk. DD Connecting Pipes from Fou! Air Flues. EE FF Foul Air Flues. Foul Air Exits from Ward into Foul Air Flues EE. Fresh Air Supply Duct carried along Centre of Ceiling. Discharge Tubes. Blue — Fresh air supply. Yf.li.ow — Products of combustion. BROWN — Products of respiration. Reu — Products of respiration froi patient. " Downward ventilation returns the vitiated respired air to be rebrearhed, also the poisonous products of combustion. Only an unendurable and highly dangerous downdranght could prevent the hot respired air ascending to a height sufficient to ensure its rebreathal. With this system the patients in a hospital inhale foul air only. If the foul air exits are placed either above, below, or at the side of the bed, the results are the same, also when the fresh air is forced in at the upper parts of the side or end walls, or is projected up on to the ceiling." A SOURCE OF INFECTION. " The breath from a fever patient being of a higher temperature than that of a person in ordinary health, ascends to a greater height, before being pressed down by the descending current, and is inhaled by those who may be close to the bedside, owing to the spreading and consequent diffusion that takes place. Where the current is upwards, as in natural ventilation, the breath from the patient ascends in an unbroken column, and is immediately drawn away without coming into contact with anyone. " With a downdraught system the patient must inevitably rebreathe a considerable portion of not only his own exhausted air, but also a certain proportion of that of the patients on each side of him, and of persons standing about his bed. " The wat'ery vapour of his breath, in which the disease germs are suspended, is likewise precipitated on to the bedclothing by the downward current, and there accumulating, proves not only a means of considerably retarding his recovery, if it is not indeed the actual cause of his death, but is a dangerous source of infection to others." — Local Government Journal. MECHANICAL VENTILATION ON THE DOWNDRAUGHT PRINCIPLE, BY IMPULSION, OR THE PLENUM SYSTEM, APPLIED TO A HALL OR CHURCH. A B C I»D EE FF Roof Ventilator. Main Upcast Shaft. Horizontal Foul Air Trunk. Connecting Pipes from Fou Air Flues. Foul Air Flues. Foul Air Exits froi Church (or Hall) into Foul Air Flues EE. G Fresh Air Supply Flue. Note. —Several of these Flues are usually constructed in each of the side walls. Inlet Tubes through which the fresh air is mechanically pro- jected at a high velocity on to the ceiling and then descends. Blue — Fresh air supply. YelLOW — Products of combustion. RrOWN — Products of respiration. Red — Products of respiration from infected persons. " ' In halls arranged with galleries, the difficulty of so arranging downward currents that, on the one hand, the air rendered impure in the galleries shall not contaminate that which is descending to supply the main floor below, and, on the other hand, the supply for the floor shall not be drawn aside to the galleries, is so great that it is almost an impossibility to e fleet it.'— Extract from Government Report to Congress on the failure of mechanical ventilation at the Capitol, Washington, U.S.A. " ' The air is delivered by fan propulsion and is taken out at the floor, giving a downward system of ventilation. The air vitiated by respiration is brought back to be reinhaled. . . . M. Trelat emphatically condemns downward ventilation.' — Extract from Official Report on the failure of mechanical ventilation at the Chamber of Deputies, Paris." COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF UPWARD AND DOWNWARD METHODS OF VENTILATION. "In a Government report on ventilation laid before the United States Congress, Clause 3 of the report states : — 'In large rooms an enormous quantity of air must be introduced in the downward method if the occupants are to breathe pure, fresh air, or about three times the amount which is found to give satisfactory results with the upward method. " ' For these and other reasons the Board are of opinion that the upward method should be preferred.' " — Local Government Journal. Ill " MECHANICAL VENTILATION ON THE DOWNDRAUGHT SYSTEM, BY IMPULSION, OR THE PLENUM PRINCIPLE, APPLIED TO SCHOOLROOMS. A B C DD Roof Ventilator. Main Upcast Shaft. Horizontal Foul Air Trunk. Connecting Pipes from Foul Air Flues. Foul Air Flues. Foul Air Exits into Flues* EE. GO Fresh Air Supply Flues through which the air is mechanically projected at a high velocity up on to the ceiling arid then de- scends, escaping at Exits FF into Flues EE. BLUE-Fresh air supply. BROWN-Products of respiration. Yellow — Products of combustion. Red — Products of respiration from infected scholars. " ' With all downdraught systems diluted foul air only is breathed, never fresh, pure air, as the respired and exhausted air first, owing to its greater levity, ascends, and is returned by the downward current to the breathing level mixed with the products of combustion, and is there reinhaled. Only a very strong, and what would be an unendurable downdraught, could prevent the highly rarefied respired air from rising to a height sufficient to ensure its rebrealhal. . . . It is universally condemned by scientific authorities as most pernicious, contrary to the laws of Nature, and — from causes which are well known — fatal to health, insidiously sowing the seeds of disease.' — Building News," DOWNDRAUGHT VENTILATION. "This is one of the very earliest forms of mechanical ventilation, devised at a time when the law of diffusion was but imperfectly understood in connection with its relation to ventilation, and when it was the popular belief that carbonic acid gas and other impurities evolved in an occupied building fell to the lower level, and there accumulated in stratas — hence the supposed necessity for expelling the foul air at the floor level, a method now obsolete and out of date." — Local Government Journal. IV 1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION ON THE LATERAL AND DOWNWARD PRINCIPLE, BY IMPULSION, OR THE PLENUM SYSTEM, APPLIED TO A SCHOOL. A, A Roof Ventilator. B Main Upcast Shaft. O Horizontal Air Trunk. D Connecting Pipe with Foul Air Flue E. E Foul Air Flue. F Fresh Air Supply Pipe. O Foul Air Exit from School into Foul Air Flue E. Blue— Fresh air supply. Yellow — Products of comhustion. Products of respiration. Products of respiration from infected scholar. " ' It is well known to sanitarians that such a mode of changing the air (downward ventilation) is inimical to health, being not only a direct cause, hut a fruitful means of disseminating disease, as evidenced by the report issued by the Local Government Board, one town, where the schools are mechanically ventilated on the downdraught principle, being specially mentioned as the "chief focus" of the disease '(influenza) in Scotland.' — Local Government Journal on Report to Parliament by the Local Government Board." HOW INFECTION IS SPREAD. " The report on the influenza epidemic presented to Parliament by the Local Government Board indicates the extreme importance of proper ventilation — especially in schools — which is pronounced to be the only real safeguard against that disease. " The statistics given point to one town, where the schools are mechanically ventilated on the downdraught principle, as being the ' chief focus ' of the disease in Scotland. So far as the children in the schools are concerned this is easily accounted for, as the warm, infected air expelled from the lungs is returned by the descending current, and is not only reinhaled, but is also breathed by the other scholars. This is how infection is spread." — Local Government Journal. MECHANICAL VENTILATION BY IMPULSION, OR THE PLENUM PRINCIPLE, APPLIED TO SCHOOLROOMS. Roof Ventilator. Main Upcast Shaft. Horizontal Foul Air Trunk. Foul Air Shafts. Foul Air Exit in ceiling. Fresh Air Supply Flue, show- ing the Air being propelled up on to ceiling. G Fresh Air Supply Flue, show- ing alternative plan of pro- pelling air at an angle. HH Dotted line.s indicate alter- native Foul Air Flues and Exits in walls instead of ceiling, in conjunction with air inlet in opposite wall -The fresh air supply heated to such a temperature, as ' tally warm a building, is thereby ] for breathing purposes ; there- re to secure healthy ventilation e heating of a building should , .ways be separate and distinct om that of the air supply. Blue— Fresh air supply. Bkown— Products of respiration. Yellow— Products of combustion. Red— Products of respiration from infected scholars. '*' Mechanical ventilation by impulsion forces air into a building under pressure and at a high velocity— destructive oi diffusion— causing disagreeable and dangerous draughts in the vicinity, and in the line of the inlets and outlets, the other parts of the building being left wholly unventilated, as the incoming columns of air usually travel, or are propelled, in a direct line to the nearest outlet, and there make their escape. Engine-driving columns of air through a building is not ventilating it. . . . It is wholly misleading to take the registered volumes of air forced into or out of a building at certain points as in any way indicating how often in a given time the whole of the air is changed.' — Buildittg News." " Note.— When a volume of air is forced in under pressure a certain portion is deflected and descends, as with the downward system, returning the respired air to be reinhaled, also the products of combustion." AIR ANALYSES AND DEFECTIVE VENTILATION. " It is now admitted that air analyses cannot always be accepted as correctly demonstrating the general purity of the air or efficiency of the ventilation, as in buildings where the ventilation has been condemned as dangerously defective the air analyses were seemingly all that could be desired, whilst the registered volumes of air forced in were enormous. " Wonderful results may be shown in the way of tables of cubic feet of air propelled into a building, but they are illusory as in any way indicating the efficiency of the ventilation. "The architect to the Local Government Board reports that 'mechanical ventilating arrangements are generally utter failures.' " — Local Government Journal. VI ■NATURAL SYSTEM OF VENTILATION BY EXTRACTION AND DIFFUSION, APPLIED TO SCHOOLROOMS. Roof Ventilator. Main Upcast Shaft. Branch Pipes connecting; with Foul Air Exit openings in ceilings. Foul Air Exit opening made in ceiling close to wall on opposite side to air inlets, the fresh air traversing, in an upward direction, the full width of class room. nlets for fresh air screened and washed, cooled or wanned, admitted at a low velocity to secure the most perfect diffusion. Radiating Inlets for fresh air screened and warmed, con- nected with openings through external wall. Blue— Fresh air supply. Yellow — Products of combustion. Brown — Products of respiration. Red — Products of respiration from infected scholars. " ' Science proves that there is not a moment of time but when there is a movement of the air, and that this movement properly utilised is sufficient at all times lo change the air in a building and secure ventilation.' _ " ' Ventilation can only be successfully accomplished at al' times when it is effected without assistance from mechanical or artificial contrivances. However perfect these mayappear. they can never achieve results superior to those ensured by judicious and intelligent adaptation of natural means; and they necessarily suffer from the very serious disadvantage that they are liable to interruption without warning, and with possibly disastrous consequences.' — Professor Wade, Lecturer on Hygiene, Oxford University Extension." NATURAL MECHANICAL EXTRACTION. " In a paper on ' Ventilation ' read before the Society of Arts, London, February ist, 1893, the respective values of natural and mechanical methods of ventilation were explained by the lecturer, who said : — " ' After several tests in schools ventilated on each system, it was clearly demonstrated that in none of the schools examined and ventilated mechanically by extraction — even in a new school opened for a week or two — was the air found to be more pure than in those examined and ventilated naturally without any mechanism. " ' Draughts existed in the upper levels of every room ventilated mechanically by extraction, while the halls of such buildings were generally full of draughts.' " According to the analyses, the number of bacteria found in the air of the schools ventilated naturally were about 25 per cent less than in the air of the schools mechanically ventilated." — Local Government Journal* VII Paris Exhibition 1900 Awarded % Gold Medals and i Silver Medal High Award •THE UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS presents his compli- 1 ments to Messrs. Boyle and Son, 'and is directed by the Secretary 'of State for Foreign Affairs to ' transmit to them the accompanying ' diploma, which has been received ' through her Majesty's Ambassador 'at Madrid from the Ninth Inter- ' national Hygienic Congress held 'last year in that City. — Foreign 'Office, August 10, 1899." vui Printers: SIR JOSEPH CAUSTON & SONS, Ltd., London. [Entered at Stationers' Hall.]